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Ife 


OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY 

OF        ^ 

REFERENCE 
&  BiBLIOG. 


^11 


4 


4 


HARPER'S 


BOOK    OF    FACTS 


A  CLASSIFIED 

HISTORY    OF    THE    WORLD 

EMBRACING 

SCIENCE,  LITERATUKE,  AND  ART 


COMPILED  BY 

JOSEPH  H.  WILLSEY 

EDITED 

By    CHARLTON    T.   LEWIS 


NEW  YORK 
HARPER    &    BROTHERS    PUBLISHERS 

1895 


5^ 


66^//^ 


Copyright  1895,  by  Harper  &  Brothers. 
KAll^jfi^hts  reserved. 


PREFACE  0^^ 

Perhaps  the  most  useful  of  all  books  of  reference  for  the  general  read.er  and  the 
family  circle  is  the  Dictionary  of  Dates,  first  prepared  by  Joseph  Haydn  in  1841.  His 
design  was  "  to  attempt  the  compression  of  the  greatest  body  of  general  information  that 
has  ever  appeared  in  a  single  volume,  and  to  produce  a  book  of  reference  whose  extensive 
usefulness  may  render  its  possession  material  to  every  individual."  It  has  passed  through 
twenty  large  editions,  each  new  one  carefully  corrected  as  to  the  past  and  brought  down 
by  additions  to  its  date,  until  it  is  esteemed  by  those  to  whom  London  is  the  world's 
centre  as  the  model  repertory  of  facts  in  history,  science,  art,  and  literature.  It  has  also 
had  a  large  sale  in  the  United  States. 

But  the  usefulness  of  the  work  in  America  has  been  limited  by  its  comparative 
neglect  of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  The  insular  mind  of  the  mother-country  has  never 
yet  fully  awakened  to  the  change  in  the  centre  of  civilization  which  has  resulted  from 
the  growth  of  the  New  World. ^To  residents  of  this  continent  it  is  surprising  that 
Europe  and  its  dependencies  still  seem  to  so  many  intelligent  minds  of  the  older  nations 
substantially  to  comprise  humanity  in  its  present  interests  and  hopes,  as  well  as  in  its 
memorable  past.  Multitudes  who  have  long  made  the  Dictionary  of  Dates  a  constant 
companion,  illustrating  their  reading  and  satisfying  curiosity  on  the  thousand  and  one 
questions  which  conversation  and  study  hourly  suggest,  have  felt  this  limitation  of  its 
field  of  view  as  a  defect.  They  have  wished  for  the  ideal  Book  of  Facts,  which  should 
represent  the  greater  civilization  of  both  hemispheres  as  fully  as  the  earlier  work  repre- 
sents that  of  Europe  and  the  East.  It  has  been  the  ambition  of  the  compiler  of  the 
present  work,  Mr.  J.  H.  Willsey,  of  Buffalo,  N".  Y.,  to  make  such  a  book,  y 

Taking  from  the  magnificent  compilation  of  Haydn  and  his  successors  every  fact 
which  has  more  than  a  narrow  and  local  interest,  he  has  added,  in  a  form  so  minutely 
classified  as  to  be  accessible  in  all  detail  at  a  glance,  the  events  worth  notice  in  the  entire 
history  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  and  of  each  of  its  political  divisions.  The  United 
States,  for  example,  and  every  State  singly,  are  represented  by  chronological  tables  in 
which  the  origin,  foundation,  political  changes,  and  economic  activities  of  each  may  be 
read.     Each  of  the  principal  cities  is  similarly  treated.     Events  of  national  importance 

^5  1 1 1 


PREFACE 

are  themselves  independently  recorded.  Inasmuch  as  the  curiosity  of  the  American 
reader  is  commonly  much  more  varied  than  that  of  his  British  cousin,  it  has  been  found 
expedient  to  extend  the  field  of  view,  especially  in  literature,  science,  and  art,  by  insert- 
ing in  each  of  these  departments  of  knowledge  whole  classes  of  facts,  more  recondite  or 
more  detailed  than  bad  seemed  necessary  in  the  London  work.  No  attempt,  of  course, 
is  made  to  embody  the  systematic  elements  of  any  branch  of  study,  such  as  are  presented 
in  educational  treatises;  but  apart  from  this  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  compiler  to  make 
a  hand-book  of  universal  knowledge,  which  will  furnish  ready  and  accurate  answers  to  the 
questions  of  fact  which  are  likely  to  arise  in  active  inquiring  minds.  If  this  ideal  is  too 
high  to  be  attainable,  it  will  still  be  found,  as  the  editors  and  the  publishers  confidently 
believe,  that  the  Book  of  Facts  contains  by  far  the  largest  amount  of  precise  and  accurate 
information  on  subjects  of  general  interest  that  has  ever  been  condensed  into  a  single 
volume. 

N.B. — In  a  work  of  this  character  endless  repetition  can  be  avoided  only  by  cross  references.  These 
are  made  in  this  book  by  printing  in  small  capitals  the  article  referred  to.  Whenever  a  word  appears 
in  small  capitals  it  is  a  title  to  be  consulted  for  further  information. 


;'  •■'  -'.  i  <..  X   J.-  X. 


HARPER'S    BOOK    OF    FACTS 


A    CLASSIFIED    HISTORY    OF    THE    WORLD 


A.  Etre  marque  a  fA^  to  be  of  first-class  quality.  A  is  ! 
the  distinctive  mark  of  money  minted  in  Paris,  which  is  purer  i 
and  freer  from  alloy  than  any  other  in  France.  j 

Aa  (from  Latin  aqua,  water),  the  name  of  about  40  small  | 
rivers  in  Europe. 

A  1,  Symbol  used  in  the  Record  of  American  and  Foreign 
Shipping  and  in  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,  in  rating  vessels  for  insurance.  A  1  is  the  highest. 
Hence  A  1  is  used  of  the  highest  mercantile  credit,  and,  col-  i 
loquially,  A  1  or  A  No.  1  is  equivalent  to  first-class— first- 
rate.    "An  A  number  one  cook,  and  no  mistake." — Mrs.  Stowe. 

Aaroll'§  Breastplate,  described  Exod.  xxviii. 
15-29  (1491  B.C.,  Usher),  contained  precious  stones  emblem- 
atic of  the  several  tribes  of  Israel,  thus : 


First  row.. 

(     Zebtjlon. 
••  1    Carbuncle. 

ISSAOHAB. 

Topaz. 

JrnAH. 

Sardius. 

Second  "  . . 

(       Gad. 
••  (  Diamond. 

Simeon. 
Sapphire. 

Reuukn. 
Emerald. 

Third    "  . . 

t  Bknjamin. 
••  \  Amethyst. 

Manassbui. 
Agate. 

Epjiraim. 
Ligure. 

Fourth  "  .. 

i  Naphtali. 
•  •  \     Jasper. 

ASHEE. 

Onyx. 

Dan. 

Beryl. 

*'  As  the  Hebrew  is  written  from  right  to  left,  the  stones  with 
their  inscribed  names  would  probably  appear  as  above.  This 
is  the  order  of  the  tribes  as  they  were  arranged  in  their  camp 
and  on  the  march." — "  The  Tabernacle,"  Henri/  W.  Saltan, 
p.  206. 

A.  B.  Plot.  Ninian  Edwards,  ex-United  States  sena- 
tor from  III,  attacks  William  H.  Crawford,  sec.  of  the  Treas- 
ury, candidate  for  president,  in  letters  signed  A.  B.,  reflecting 
■on  his  integrity.  Edwards  is  sent  on  a  public  mission  to  Mex- 
ico, and  while  on  his  way,  Apr.  1824,  avers  the  authorship 
and  makes  new  accusations.  Recalled  for  investigation,  he 
fails  to  sustain  the  charges.     United  States,  Ap?:  1824. 

abacus,  the  uppermost  part  ot  tKe  capital  of  a  column, 
usually  a  slab  or  tile,  just  under  the  architrave.  That  on  the 
Corinthian  column  is  ascribed  to  Callimac'nus,  about  540  b.c. 
{2)  A  frame  traversed  by  stiff  wires,  on  which  beads  are  strung. 
Used  by  the  Greeks,  Romans,  and  Chinese. 

Abae,  N.  Greece,  early  celebrated  for  its  oracle  of  Apollo, 
•of  greater  antiquity  than  that  at  Delphi. 

abattoirs  {a-hat-wor''),  slaughter-houses  for  cattle. 
First  erected  near  Paris  in  1818;  at  Edinburgh,  1851;  Lon- 
don, 1855 ;  and  in  the  United  States,  1866. 

Abbassides,  descendants  of  Mahomet's  uncle,  Abbas- 
Ben-Abdul-Motalleb.  Merwan  H.,  the  last  of  the  Ommiades, 
was  defeated  and  slain  by  Abul  Abbas  in  750,  who  became 
■caliph.  37  Abbasside  caliphs  (including  Haroun  al-Raschid, 
786-809)  reigned  from  750  to  1258.  They  settled  at  Bag- 
dad, built  by  Al-Mansour  about  762.  Their  color  was 
•black ;  that  of  the  Fatimites  green ;  that  of  the  Ommiades 
Avhite. 

Abbaye  {ab-hay'-ie),  a  military  prison  in  Paris,  where 

164  prisoners  were  murdered  by  republicans  led  by  Maillard. 

At  this  time,  2-5  Sept.  1792, 1200  persons  in  all  were  murdered, 

^mong  them  the  princess  de  Lamballe.     Fran'Ce,  Sept.  1792. 

1  ■ 


ABD 

Abbe,  Cleveland.     Weather  Bureau. 

abbess,  the  head  of  a  convent  or  abbey  for  women.  In 
England  they  attended  ecclesiastical  councils  as  early  as  694, 
when  they  took  precedence  of  presbyters  in  signing  the  acts. 

Abbeville  {dbh-veeV),  N.  France,  an  ancient  city  fa- 
mous for  the  Gothic  church  of  St.  Wolfram.  Here  Henry  HL 
of  England  met  Louis  IX.  of  France  and  made  peace,  re- 
nouncing Normandy  and  other  provinces,  20  May,  1259. 

abbeys,  monasteries  for  men  or  wonaen.  Monachism 
and  Convents.  The  first  abbey  founded  in  England  was  at 
Bangor  in  560 ;  in  France,  at  Poitiers,  about  360 ;  in  Ireland 
in  the  5th  century;  in  Scotland  in  the  6th  century.  110 
alien  priories  were  suppressed  in  England,  2  Henrj'  V.  1414. — 
Salmon.  The  disorders  in  these  establishments  led  to  their 
destruction  in  Britain.  After  visitations  of  inquiry,  king 
Henry  VIII.  began  to  suppress  small  monasteries  to  raise  rev- 
enues for  Wolsey's  colleges  at  Oxford  and  Ipswich,  7  June, 
1525 ;  many  were  suppressed  in  1536 ;  and  all  religious  houses 
by  parliament,  1539-40.  Many  abbeys  were  suppressed  in 
France  in  1790,  in  Spain  in  1837  and  1868,  and  in  Italy  in 
1866-73.  After  Henry  VIII.  suppressed  the  English  monas-r^ 
teries,  many  of  the  buildings  were  made  private  dwelling 
still  called  abbej's — for  example,  "Newstead  Abbey,"  tl 
home  of  lord  Byron. 

abbot  (from  ah,  father),  the  head  of  an  abbey.  In 
England,  mitred  abbots  were  lords  of  parliament ;  27  ahbots 
and  2  priors  thus  distinguished,  1329 ;  the  number  reduced  to 
25  in  IS^Q.—Coke.  The  abbots  of  Reading,  Glastonbury,  and 
St.  John's,  Colchester,  were  executed  as  traitors  ♦  r  d<^nying 
the  king's  supremacy,  probably  for  not  surrender  ig  tlieir  ab- 
beys, 1539.  Glastonbury.  In  the  reign  of  ^'  nry  V^III.  26 
abbots  sat  in  the  House  of  Lords. 

Abbot«ford,  the  residence  of  sir  W  .iter  Scott,  on  the 
Tweed,  begun  in  1817  and  finished  in  Wl-i.  Sir  WnUer  de- 
vised the  name,  fancying  that  the  abli^'  '•■»'^^-  ~-  -  icient 
tiir.'^s.  forded  the  Tweed  here.     He  '  <  one 

year  when  his  reverse  oan.e   V's  \  .      The 

projierty  was,  hcv  ever,  wholly  disencumbered  in  j647.     Here 
sir  Walter  died,  1832 ;  and  his  son-in-law,  J.  G.  Lockhart,  1854. 

ABC  Club,  a  name  adopted  by  certain  republican  en- 
thusiasts in  Paris,  professing  to  relieve  the  abaisses,  or  de- 
pressed. Their  insurrection,  5  June,  1832,  suppressed  with 
bloodshed,  6  June,  is  described  by  Victor  Hugo  in  "  Les 
Miserables"(1862). 

Abd-el-Kader,  general  of  the  Algerians  against  the 
French  invasion,  born  near  Mascara,  1807 ;  emir  of  Jlac^ara, 
1831;  defeated  and  captured  by  the  French,  22  Dec.  1847; 
released  by  Napoleon  HI.,  1852;  d.  at  Damascus,  1883.  Al- 
giers. 

Abde'ra,  a  city  in  Thrace,  where  was  born,  about  490 
B.C..  Democritus,  known  as  the  "laughing  philosopher."  but 
in  truth  of  the  materialistic  school  and  a  theorizer  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  modern  doctrine  of  Atomism.     Ato.ms. 

abdication!*  of  sovereigns,  voluntary  or  compulsory, 
have  been  numerous;  the  chief  are  those  of 


ABE 

8ulU,  Roman  dictator.  vohmUry B.c.      79 

Diocletiau,  Rt)man  oniiHTur,  volunury a.d.    306 

Stepheo  II.  uf  Hungnry.  voluutary,  fW)m  a  bed  of  sickness;  as- 
sumes the  hat)it  ot  li  monk,  and  dies  the  same  year 1131 

Albert  the  Bear,  of  UrundonburK,  vohmUry 1168 

John  Balliol  of  ScotlHud.  coiniwllod  by  Kdward  I.  of  England. .  1296 
Eric  VII.  of  IK^umark,  and  XIII.  of  Sweden,  virtually  deposed.  1439 

Charles  V.  as  emperor,  voluntary 16S5 

"as  ruler  of  the  Netherlands,  in  fkvor  of  bis  son 

Philip 26  Oct  1666 

Charles  V.,  as  king  of  S|>ain,  in  fkvor  of  his  son  Philip..  16  Jan.  1666 

Christina  of  Swc*len,  voluntary 6  June,  1664 

John  Casimer  of  Poland,  voluntary ;  retires  to  a  cloister 1668 

James  II.  of  England,  fled 11  Dec.  1688 

His  flight  declared  an  abdication  by  lords  and  commons. 
Frederick  Augustus  II.  of  Poland,  compelled  by  Charles  XII. 

of  Sweden 1706 

Philip  V.  of  S()ain,  voluutary,  in  fkvor  of  his  son,  who,  after  a 

reign  of  eight  months,  dies;  Philip  resumes 1724 

Tictur  .'Vintideus  II.  of  Sardinia,  voluntary,  in  fkvor  of  his  son, 

Clwrlos  Emmanuel 1730 

Amadous  alnlicates  to  marry  the  countess  of  San  Sebastian. 
Afterwards  repenting,  and  attempting  to  regain  power,  he 

dies  in  prison 1732 

Charles  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  voluntary,  on  accession  to  the 

throne  of  Spain  as  Charles  III 1759 

Stanislaus  II.  of  Poland,  compelled  by  the  partition  of  the 

kingdom 1795 

Charles  Emmanuel  IV.  of  Sardinia,  in  favor  of  his  brother, 

Victor  Emmanuel 4  June,  1802 

Francis  II.,  emperor  ot  Germany,  to  become  emperor  of 

Austria 11  Aug.  1804 

Charles  IV.  of  Spain,  compelled  by  the  people,  in  favor  of  his 

son 19  Mch.  1808 

Restored  by  Napoleon,  then   abdicates  in  favor  of  Napo- 
leon  11  May,  1808 

Joseph  Bonaparte,  of  Naples  (for  Spain),  at  request  of  Napo- 
leon  1  June,  1808 

Oustavus  IV.  of  Sweden,  compelled 29  Mch.  1809 

Louis  of  Holland,  brother  of  Napoleon,  at  his  order,  Holland 

annexed  to  France 1  July,  1810 

Napoleon  I.  of  France,  compelled 5  Apr.  1814 

Napoleon  I.  of  France,  compelled 22  June,  1815 

Victor  Emmanuel,  of  Sardinia,  compelled,  in  favor  of  his 

brother,  Charles  Felix 13  Mch.  1821 

Pedro  IV.  of  Portugal  (Pedro  I.  of  Brazil),  in  favor  of  his 

daughter 2  May,  1826 

Charles  X.  of  France,  compelled,  in  favor  of  his  grandson, 
Henry,  duke  of  Bordeaux,  later  count  of  Chambord  (Henry 

v.),  who  is  not  accepted  by  the  French 2  Aug.  1830 

Pedro  I.  of  Brazil  (IV.  of  Portugal),  in  favor  of  his  son,  Pedro 

II ; 7  Apr.  1831 

William  I.  of  Holland,  in  favor  of  his  son.  William  II. . .  .8  Oct.  1840 
Louis  Philippe  of  France,  compelled  by  the  people,  in  favor  of 

his  grandson,  the  count  of  Paris;  not  accepted 24  Feb.  1848 

Ferdinand  of  Austria,  compelled,  in  favor  of  his  nephew, 

Francis  Joseph  1 2  Dec.  1848 

\  Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia,  in  favor  of  his  son.  Victor  Em- 

S    manuel  II 23  Mch.  1849 

Isabella  II.  of  Spain,  fled  to  France 25  June,  1870 

Amaileus  of  Spain  (second  son  of  Victor  Emmanuel  II.),  vol- 
untary  11  Feb.  1873 

Milan  I.  of  Servia,  voluntary,  in  favor  of  his  son 6  Mch.  1889 

Pedro  IL  of  Brazil,  compelled  by  the  people 15  Nov.  1889 

Brazil  o'eclares  a  republic. 

Abecedarians,  followers  of  Nicholas  Storch,  an  Ana- 
baptist iji  the  16th  century,  named  from  rejecting  worldly 
knowledge,  even  of  the  alphabet,  lest  it  impede  the  soul  in 
apprehe:ision  of  divine  truth. 

abecedarium,  a  logical  machine,  constructed  by  Mr. 
William  Stanley  Jevons,  and  described  in  his  "  Principles  of 
Science,"  1874 ;  designed,  by  symbolic  terms,  to  perform  all 
the  processes  of  aiialytrc-reasoning  with  infallible  awurac^. 

A  Becket,  Thomas.     Becket. 

Abelard,  a  teacher  of  theology  and  logic,  in  1118  fell  in 
love  with  Helolse,  niece  of  Fulbert,  a  canon  of  Paris,  became 
her  tutor,  and  seduced  her.  After  compulsory  marriage,  lie 
placed  her  temporarily  in  a  convent.  Having  been  cruelly 
mutilated  at  the  instigation  of  her  relatives,  he  entereil  the 
abbey  of  St.  Denis,  whence  he  was  driven,  accused  of  heresy, 
for  censuring  the  dis.soluteness  of  monks.  He  then  built  and 
leetured  at  the  oratory  of  the  Paraclete  (or  Comforter)  which 
eventually  he  made  a  convent,  with  Heloise  for  the  abbess.  He 
died  under  charge  of  heresy,  21  Apr.,  1142,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Paraclete,  where  also  Heloise  was  laid,  17  May,  1164. 
Their  ashes  were  removed  to  the  garden  of  the  Museum  Fran- 
^ais  in  1800,  and  to  the  cemetery  of  Pere  la  Chaise  in  1817. 
Their  epistles,  etc.,  were  published  in  1616.     Philosophy. 

Abenakis  or  Abnakis,  a  tribe  of  Indians  of  the 
Algonquin  class,  inhabiting  at  the  time  of  the  first  English 
settlements  lands  now  in  Maine.  The  river  Penobscot  bears 
the  name  of  one  tribe,  Androscoggin  of  another.     Indians. 


2  ABO 

Abeiieerra'fi^eM,  a  powerful  Moorish  tribe  of  Grana- 
da, opposed  to  the  Zegris.  From  1480  to  1492  their  quarrels 
deluged  Granada  with  blood  and  hastened  the  fall  of  the 
kingdom.  They  were  exterminated  by  Boabdil  (Abu  Abdal- 
lah),  the  last  king,  who  was  dethroned  by  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella in  1492;  his  dominions  were  annexed  to  Castile. 

Abeniiberg,  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  were  here  de- 
feated by  Napoleon  I.,  20  Apr.,  1809. 

Abcreronibic,  James,  I7O6-8I.    Fort  Ticondkr- 

OGA. 

Aberdeen,  N.  Scotland,  said  to  have  been  founded  in 
the  3d  century,  and  made  a  city  about  893.     Old  Aberdeen 
was  made  a  royal  burgh  in  1154;  it  was  burned  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1336;  and  soon  after  New  Aberdeen  was  built. 
The  university  was  founded  by  bishop  William  Elphinstone,  who 
had  a  buU  from  pope  Ale.xander  VI.  in  1494.     King's  college  was 
erected  in  1600-6.    Marischal  college  was  founded  by  George  Keith, 
earl  marischal  of  Scotland,  in  1593;  rebuilt  in  1837.    In  1858  the 
university  and  colleges  were  united. 

Aber  EdlV,  S.  Radnorshire.  Near  here  Llewelyn,  the 
last  independent  prince  of  Wales,  was  surprised,  defeated,  and 
slain  by  the  lords  marchers,  11  Dec.  1282. 

aberration  of  light ;  discovered  by  James  Bradley,, 
observing  an  apparent  motion  of  the  fixed  stars,  1727. 

Abhorrer§,  a  name  given  in  1679  (reign  of  Charles 
II.)  to  the  court  party  in  England,  the  opponents  of  those  (af- 
terwards Whigs)  who  addressed  the  king  for  the  immediate 
assembly  of  parliament,  which  was  delayed  because  it  was 
adverse  to  the  court.  The  court  party  (afterwards  Tories) 
expressed  abhorrence  of  men  who  would  encroach  on  the  royal 
prerogative,  1680. — Hume.  The  commons  expelled  several 
Abhorrers,  among  them  sir  Francis  Withens,  whom  they  sent 
to  the  Tower,  and  prayed  the  king  to  remove  others  from 
places  of  trust.  They  resolved,  "that  it  is  the  undoubted 
right  of  the  subject  to  petition  for  the  calling  of  a  parliament,, 
and  that  to  traduce  such  petitions  as  tumultuous  and  sedi- 
tious is  to  contribute  to  the  design  of  altering  the  constitu- 
tion."    Oct.  1680. 

Abingfdon  Law.  In  1644-45,  lord  Essex  and  Waller 
held  Abingdon,  an  ancient  abbey  town  in  Berks,  against  Charles 
I.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  sir  Stephen  Hawkins  in 
1644,  and  by  prince  Rupert  in  1645;  when  the  defenders  put 
every  Irish  prisoner  to  death  without  trial;  hence  the  term 
"Abingdon  law " — " first  hang  the  offender,  then  try  him." 

abiog^eneiis  (a,  not,  l3iog,  life,  yevemg,  origin),  the 
production  of  living  from  non-living  matter,  proposed  by  pro- 
fessor Huxley  in  his  British  Association  address,  1870,  instead 
of  the  less  accurate  phrase  "spontaneous  generation." 

abjuration  of  the  pope  was  enjoined  by  statutes  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Elizabeth,  and  James  I.,  that  of  certain  doctrine* 
of  the  church  of  Rome  by  Charles  II.  1673.  The  oath  of  ab- 
juration of  the  house  of  Stuart  was  enjoined  by  stat.  Will. 
III.  1702  ;  the  form  was  changed  in  after- reigns.  By  21  &  22^ 
Vict.  c.  48  (1858)  one  oath  was  substituted  for  the  three  oaths- 
of  abjuration,  allegiance,  and  supremacy.     Oaths. 

Abner,  cousm  Vl  Saul,  first  king  of  Israel ;  after  Saul 
died,  1055  b.c.,  supports  his  son  Ishbosheth  against  David; 
alienated  from  Ishbosheth,  he  a;  ranges  secretly  with  Davitt  to 
bring  Israel  over  to  him,  but  is  treacherously  slain,  1048  b.c, 
by  Joab,  almost  immediately  after.  The  celebrated  dirge  ever 
his  grave  by  David  has  been  thus  translated : 

"Should  Abner  die  as  a  villain  dies? — 
Thy  hands— not  bound, 
Thy  feet— not  brought  into  fetters; 
As  one  falls  before  the  sons  of  wickedness,  fellest  thou. ' ' 

Abo  (a'boo  or  o'-boo),  a  port  of  Russia,  founded  before 
1157,  was  till  1809  capital  of  Swedish  Finland,  but  then  ceded 
to  Russia.  The  university,  erected  by  Gustavus  Adolphua 
and  Christina,  1640  et  seq.,  was  removed  to  Helsingfors,  1827.. 
By  the  peace  of  Abo  Sweden  ceded  part  of  Finland  to  Russia, 
18  Aug.  1743. 

abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United  States.     Slavery.. 

AbolitioniitS,  a  term  applied  to  those  desiring  the 
immediate  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United  States.  Most 
of  the  northern  states  passed  law?  before  1800  for  gradual 


ABO  3 

emancipation,  and  the  disposition  of  the  whole  country  then, 
and  some  time  after,  towards  slavery  was  mere  toleration 
with  hope  of  its  ultimate  extinction.  But  the  more  southern 
states,  under  climatic,  productive,  and  territorial  influences, 
gradually  came  to  regard  slavery  as  not  only  right,  but  a 
blessing.  The  slavery  agitation  had  two  periods :  during  the 
first,  1780-1819,  it  was  general  and  spiritless;  during  the  sec- 
ond, 1820-65,  it  became  sectional  and  aggressive.  During  the 
latter  period  the  term  Abolitionists  was  first  applied  to  the 
agitators  for  emancipation.  The  Abolitionists,  in  the  pream- 
ble to  the  Constitution  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society, 
organized  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  1833,  advocate  "The  imme- 
diate emancipation  of  the  slaves ;  elevation  of  the  race,  rec- 
ognition of  their  equality  in  civil  and  religious  privileges"— 
all  to  be  accomplished  without  physical  force.  Immediate 
abolition  being  their  supreme  aim,  both  Church  and  State 
were  subordinate  to  this  idea.  Restive  under  delay,  they 
often  tried  the  patience  of  their  more  conservative  but  no  less 
humane  coadjutors.     Slaveky. 

abori^'ine§  (without  origin),  a  name  given  to  the 
earliest  known  inhabitants  of  Italy  (whence  the  Latini)  ;  now 
applied  to  the  original  inhabitants  of  any  country.     Indians. 

AbOUkir  (d-boo-keer'),  Egypt,  the  ancient  Canopus. 
In  the  j:)ay  Nelson  defeated  the  French  fleet,  1  Aug.  1798. 
Nile.  A  Turkish  army  of  15,000  was  defeated  here  by  5000 
French  under  Honaparte,  25  July,  1799,  A  British  expedition 
to  Egypt,  under  general  sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  landed,  and 
Aboukir  surrendered  after  a  sanguinary  conflict  with  the 
French,  8  Mch.  1801.     Alexandria. 

Abracaclab'ra,  a  magical  word  once  used  as  a  charm 
against  ague  and  fevers.  Its  meaning  and  origin  are  dis- 
puted. As  a  charm  it  was  written  so  as  to  form  an  inverted 
triangle  by  dropping  the  last  letter  at  each  successive  repeti- 
tion. 

Abrabam  or  Abram,  father  of  the  Israelites,  first- 
born son  of  Terah,  a  Shemite,  who  left  Ur  of  the  Chaldees,  in 
northeast  Mesopotamia,  with  Abram  and  Lot,  and  moved 
westward,  entering  Canaan  1921  b.c.  (Usher).  Sojourned  in 
Egypt  one  year,  1920  b.c.  •,  died  in  Canaan,  1821  b.c.  The 
era  of  Abraham,  used  by  Eusebius,  began  1  Oct.  2016  b.c. 

Abraham,  Heights  or  Plains  of,  near  Quebec,  named 
"  from  Abraham  Martin,  a  pilot  known  as  Maitre  Abraham, 
who  owned  a  piece  of  land  here  in  the  early  times  of  the  col- 
ony."—F.  Parkman  ("Montcalm  and  Wolfe,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  289.) 
On  this  plateau  was  fought  a  battle  between  French  and 
English,  13  Sept.  1759,  gaining  Canada  for  the  English.  Both 
commanders,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  were  killed,  the  latter  at 
the  moment  of  victory. 

Abrahamites,  a  sect  holding  the  errors  of  Pau'.us, 
suppressed  by  Cyriacus,  the  patriarch  of  Antioch,  early  in  the 
9th  century.  (2)  A  sect  in  Bohemia  professing  the  faith  of 
Abraham,  and  accepting  from  the  Scriptures  only  the  Ten 
Commandments  and  the  Lord's  Prayer.  Being  required  to 
unite  with  some  one  of  the  religions  tolerated  in  the  empire, 
and  refusing,  thev  were  banished  by  emperor  Joseph  II.  in 
1783. 

Abrailte§,  Portugal.  By  a  treaty  between  France  and 
Portugal,  signed  here  29  Sept.  1801,  the  war  was  ended,  and 
the  French  army  withdrew ;  money  compensation  was  fixed, 
and  territories  in  Guiana  ceded  to  France.  At  the  conven- 
tion of  Cintra,  22  Aug.  1808,  it  was  surrendered  to  the  English 
by  the  French.  Junot,  one  of  Napoleon's  marshals,  derived 
his  title  of  "  duke  of  Abrantes"  from  this  town. 

Ab§alOIIl,  one  of  the  sons  of  David,  king  of  Israel,  re- 
bels, is  defeated  and  slain  by  Joab  (1024-23  b.c.).  2  Sam. 
xv.-xix. 

abiinthe,  a  strong  liquor  made  by  steeping  flowers 
and  leaves  of  wormwood  in  alcohol,  chiefly  at  Neufchatel  in 
Switzerland,  but  also  in  many  places  in  France.  It  became 
popular  in  France  during  the  war  with  Algiers  (1844-47), 
when  the  French  soldiers  mixed  it  with  wine  to  keep  off 
fever.  It  is  the  most  dangerous  of  the  favorite  liquems,  and 
the  French  government  has  forbidden  its  use  in  the  army  and 
navy. 

absolution.     Till  the  3d  century  the  consent  of  the 


ABY 

congregation  was  necessary  to  absolution ;  but  soon  after  the 
power  was  reserved  to  the  bishop ;  and  in  the  13th  century 
the  form  "  I  absolve  thee "  was  general,  though  it  remained 
for  the  Council  of  Trent,  in  the  16th  century,  to  decree  this 
form,  instead  of  "  The  Lord  absolve  thee."     Holy  Cross. 

abstinence,     it  is  said  that  St.  Anthony  lived  to  the 
age  of  105  on  12  ounces  of  bread  and  water  daily,  and  James 
the  hermit  to  the  age  of  104;  that  St.  Epiphanius  lived  to 
115;  Simeon  the  Stylite  to  112;  and  Kentigern,  commonly 
called  St.  Mungo,  to  185  years  of  age.— Spottiswood. 
Cicely  de  Ridgway,  said  to  have  fasted  40  days  rather  than  plead 
when  charged  with  the  murderof  her  husbaud,  John;  discharged 
as  miraculously  saved,  1347. 
Ann  Moore,  the  "  Fasting  Woman  of  Tutbury,"  Staffordshire,  said 
to  have  lived  20  months  without  food;  her  imposture  was  de- 
tected by  Dr.  A.  Henderson,  Nov.  1808. 
An  impostor  named  Cavanagh,  at  Newry  in  Ireland,  reported  to 
have  lived  2  years  without  meat  or  drink,  Aug.  1840;  was  ex- 
posed in  England,  and  imprisoned,  Nov.  1841. 
Sarah  Jacobs,  the  Welsh  fasting  girl,  aged  13,  said  by  her  father 
to  have  lived  more  than  a  year  without  food;  after  close  watch 
for  a  week,  died  from  exhaustion,  17  Dec.  1869.     Her  parents 
were  sentenced  at  Carmarthen  to  imprisonment  for  fraud    15 
July,  1870. 
Dr.  Tanner,  at  New  York,  fasted  40  days,  drinking  a  little  water; 

losing  36  lbs.  from  157><^  lbs. ;  noon  28  June  to  noon  7  Aug.  1880. 
Louise  Lateau,  Belgian  fanatic,  at  Bois  d'Haine,  said  to  have  lived 
12  years  without  food ;  died,  aged  33,  Aug.  1883.  She  had  wounds 
resembling  the  stigmata  of  the  crucifix. 
The  members  of  the  Arctic  Expedition  of  1881-84,  lieut.  Greely 
commanding  (Northeast  and  Northwest  Passage),  passed  the 
winter  of  1883-84  at  lat.  78°  45'  N.,  Jong.  74°  15'  W.  From  1 
Nov.  to  1  Mch.  the  daily  allowance  for  each  man  was  14.88 
ounces  of  solid  food,  the  army  ration  being  46  ounces.  From 
1  Mch.  to  12  May  the  daily  ration  was  10  ounces  of  bread 
and  meat,  with  1  to  3  ounces  of  shrimps.  From  12  May  to  22 
June,  when  the  survivors  were  rescued,  there  was  no  food  to 
serve:  only  a  few  shrimps,  reindeer  moss,  and  black  lichen 
scraped  from  the  rocks  were  found.  There  was  water,  but  brack- 
ish. But  7  were  alive  when  found,  out  of  25,  and  1  died  soon 
after.  Average  loss  in  weight,  about  48  lbs.  each.  Average  at- 
mospheric temperature,  5  to  10°  Fahrenheit. 
Giovanni  Succi,  an  Italian,  ended  a  fast  of  40  days  at  the  Westmin- 
ster Aquarium,  London.  Eng.,  26  Apr.  1890.  He  was  permitted 
to  drink  water  and  to  smoke.  His  loss  of  weight  averaged  }4  lb. 
a  day. 
Succi  began  a  45  days'  fast  in  city  of  New  York,  5  Nov.  1890,  ended 
successfully  20  Dec.  1890.  His  weight  fell  from  147^  lbs.  to  104% 
lbs.  He  drank  21  qts.  of  mineral  water  and  9X  qts.  of  Croton 
water. 
At  the  Westminster  Aquarium,  London,  he  engaged  to  fast  52  days, 

but  stopped  on  the  44th  day,  29  Jan.  1892. 
Other  recent  cases  of  still  longer  abstinence  are  not  sufficiently  at- 
tested. 

Abu,  a  famous  mountain  in  W.  India,  with  ancient  jain 
temples,  attracting  pilgrims  for  Buddhist  worship. 

Abu  Klea  Wells,  about  120  miles  from  Khartoum. 
Here  gen.  sir  Herbert  Stewart  defeated  the  Mahdi's  troops, 
17  Jan.  1885.     Soudan. 

Aby'dos,  an  ancient  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  now  Arabat- 
el-Matfoon.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Osiris  in 
which  Mr.  Bankes  discovered  in  1818  the  "  Tablet  of  Abydos," 
dedicated  to  his  ancestors  by  Pharaoh  Rameses  H.  (1311-1245 
B.C.),  bought  for  the  British  Museum,  1837.  A  second  tablet, 
the  "  New  Tablet  of  Abydos,"  more  complete,  was  discovered 
here  (1864-65),  by  M.  Auguste  Mariette  (Mariette  Bey),  bear- 
ing names  or  partial  records  of  76  Pharaohs  prior  to  Rameses 
II.     Egypt;  Hellespont. 

Abyssinia,  a  country  of  Eastern  Africa,  having  Nubia 
on  the  north  and  northwest,  the  Danakils  on  the  east-south- 
east, the  Gallas  on  the  south,  and  on  the  west  the  region  of  the 
Upper  Nile.  Its  one  seaport,  Massowah,  on  the  Red  sea,  is 
controlled  by  Italy.  It  contains  about  168,000  square  miles 
and  a  population  between  3,000,000  and  4,000,000.  The  name 
Abyssinia  is  derived  from  the  Arabic  word  Uabesck,  signi- 
fying mixture  or  confusion ;  changed  by  the  Portuguese  into 
Abassia,  and  so  into  Abyssinia.  The  chief  ruler  is  styled  Ne- 
gus, and  the  governors  of  the  three  chief  provinces— Tigre, 
in  the  north ;  Amhara,  central ;  and  Shoa,  in  the  south— are 
termed  Ras.  Abyssinia  was  included  in  the  ancient  kingdom 
of  Ethiopia.  The  Hebrews  had  intercourse  with  the  Ethio- 
pians, and  after  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans 
many  Jews  settled  here,  bringing  the  Jewish  religion.  The 
kingdom  of  Auxumite  (its  chief  town  Auxume)  flourished 
in  the  1st  and  2d  centuries.  The  religion  of  the  Abyssinians 
is  a  corrupt  Christianity,  introduced  about  329  by  Frumen- 


ABY 

tiiw,  and  during  the  6th  centun'  the  monastic  system 
sproail  largely.  About  627,  instigated  by  the  (ireek  emperor 
Justinian,  Abyssinia  conquered  Yemen,  Arabia,  and  held  it  67 
years.  Judith,  a  Jewish  princess,  about  960,  murdered  part 
of  the  royal  family  and  reigned  40  years.  The  young  king, 
however,* escapetl,  and  the  royal  house  was  restored  in  1268 
in  his  descendant,-  Icon  Amlac  A  belief  long  prevailed  in 
Europe  of  a  Christian  kingilom  in  the  Far  East  whose  mon- 
arch was  "  Trester  John,"  and  the  Portuguese  who  arrived 
here  in  1490  identitied  it  with  Abyssinia,  and  presented  the 
emperor  a  letter  from  the  king  of  Portugal.  The  Portuguese 
missions  commenced  soon  afterwards,  and  after  much  opposi- 
tion were  ex|>elled  in  1633.  The  encroachment  of  the  Gallas 
and  intestine  disorders  soon  broke  the  empire  into  petty  gov- 
ernments, and  kept  Europeans  away,  until  the  visits  of  James 
Bruce,  1768-78;  Henrj'  Salt,  1809-10;  Dr.  Edward  RUppell, 
1831-34;  major  Harris,  1841 ;  Mansfield  Parkyns,  1844-47. 
Treaty  of  commerce  with  king  of  Sboa  concluded  by  capt. 

Harris 16  Nov.  1841 

Mr   Flowdeo  (made  British  consul  at  Massowab,  1848)  coQ- 

cladfls  treaty  with  Ras  Ali,  ruler  of  Ambara 2  Nov.  1849 

Ras  Ali  deposed  by  his  son-in-law  Theodore,  who  is  crowned 

as  tMyio,  or  king  of  kings 11  Feb.  1856 

Protestant  missionaries  received,  replaciug  Itomau  Catholics,      " 
Mr.  Plowden  (who  bad  Joined  the  parly  of  Theodore)  killed  by 

rebels,  Fel). ;  Theodore  overcomes  the  rebels 1860 

Capt  C.  D.  Cameron  succeeds  consul  riowden Nov.  1861 

Received  by  Theodore,  7  Oct. ;  is  sent  with  a  letter  for  the 
queen,  desiring  alliance  against  tbo  Turks,  which  arrived 

12  Feb.  1863 
This  letter  is  not  answered;  Cameron,  ordered  by  earl  Russell 

to  remain  at  Massowab.  returns  to  Al>yssinia June,     " 

Rev  H.  Stern,  missionary,  beaten  and  imprisoned  for  alleged 

intrusion  uiwn  Theodore Oct.      " 

Cameron,  and  all  British  subjects  and  missionaries,  impris- 
oned for  pretended  insults,  3  Jan. ;  report  of  imprisonment 
reached   Ix)ndou,  7  May  ;  prisoners  sent  to  Magdala.  and 

chained  like  criminals Nov.  1864 

Mr  Hermuzd  Ras8;im,  a  Cbaldee  Christian,  first  assistant 
Britisb  political  resident  at  Aden,  sent  to  Abyssinia;  arrives 
at  Massowab,  24  July  ;  lieut.  Prideaux  and  Dr.  Blanc  ap- 
pointed to  accomi>any  him " 

Mr.  Rassani  having  negotiated  without  effect  for  a  year,  Mr. 
Giflbnl  I'algrave  appointed  by  earl  Russell  to  Abyssinia,  July; 
but  stopped  learning  that  Theodore  has  invited  Rassam, 

12  Aug.  1865 
Mr.  Rassam,  lieut.  Prideaux,  and  Dr.  Blanc  at  Matemma  from 

Massowab,  21  Nov.  1865;  well  received  by  Theodore.  .28  Jan.  1866 
Prisoners  released  12  March;  seized  and  imprisoned  about 

13  Apr.     " 
Mr.  Flad  sent  to  England  by  Theodore  for  British  workmen, 

April;  arrives,  July;  introduced  to  queen  ;  receives  from 
her  autograph  letter  dated 4  Oct.      " 

Mr.  Flad  returned  with  workmen  to  Massowab,  29  Oct. ;  Theo- 
dore received  the  queen's  letter about  19  Dec.      " 

Lord  Stanley's  ultimatum  to  Theodore,  demanding  release  of 
captives  in  three  months  (not  received),  sent 16  Apr.  1867 

Mr.  Flad  received  by  king,  sent  to  his  family  in  prison. .May,     " 

Preparations  for  war ;  sir  Robert  Napier  appointed  commander ; 
force  sails  from  Bombay 14  Sept.      " 

Formal  letter  trom  British  government  to  Theodore  (never 
arrived) 9  Sept.      " 

Advanced  brigade  (3500)  sail  from  Bombay,  7,  8  Oct. ;  land  at 
Zulla 21  Oct.      " 

Napier's  proclamation  issued  in  Abyssinia 26  Oct.      " 

British  parliament  meets  ;  queen's  speech  announces  war,  19 
Nov. :  2,000,000/.  voted 26,  27  Nov.      " 

Third  ultimatum  sent  by  sir  R.  Napier;  intercepted  by  a  rebel 
chief  and  given  to  Mr.  Rassam,  who  suppressed  it  as  likely 
to  endanger  the  lives  of  the  captives 1868 

Arrival  of  sir  R  Napier  at  Annesley  bay 4  Jan.     ' ' 

Battle  of  Arogee  ;  Theodore's  troops  attack  British  first  bri- 
gade; defeated  with  much  slaughter  (Good  Friday) ..  10  Apr.      " 

Mutiny  of  Abyssinian  troops ;  Magdala  bombarded  and 
stormed  ;  Theodore  kills  himself 13  Apr.     " 

Magdala  burned  to  the  ground  (Magdala) 17  Apr.     " 

Returned  troops  arrive  at  Plymouth 21  June,     " 

[Cattle  employed  in  the  expedition:  45  elephants,  7417 
camels,  12,920  mules  and  ponies.  7033  bullocks,  827  donkeys. 
Many  natives  in  transport  service.] 

Theodore's  son  Alamayofi,  aged7,  arrives  at  Plymouth..  14  July,     " 

Pension  of  350Z.  to  col.  Cameron  [died  30  May,  1870] ;  5000/. 
given  to  Mr.  Rassam  ;  2000/.  to  Dr.  Blanc  ;  2000/.  to  lieut. 
Prideaux;  announced 23  Dec.     " 

Prince  Alamayou  sailed  to  India  for  education  (returned  to 

England  end  of  1871) 26  Jan.  1869 

'Expenses  of  the  war:  5,000,000/.  voted  18  Dec.  1868;  3,300,000/, 

more  voted 4  Mch.     " 

[Total  :  8,977,500/.,  Feb.  1880] 

Kassa,  king  of  Tigr6,  proposes  to  be  crowned  emperor  and  ne- 
gus of  all  Abyssinia,  21  Nov. ;  punishes  Catholic  missionaries 
for  partisanship;  forms  alliance  with  Egypt July,  1871 

Kassa  crowned  at  Axum  as  Johanni  II 12  Jan.  1872 

War  with  Egypt;  Khedive's  troops  enter  Abyssinia;  natives 
retire,  but  surprise  and  defeat  Egvptians  at  Kherad  Iska  (a 
massacre)  and  at  Gonda  Gouddi  (desperate  fight) 16  Oct  1875 


ACA 

Abyssinians  defeated  in  three  days' conflict 17-19  Feb.  1876 

Johanni  defeats  Menelek,  king  of  Shoa June,  1877 

Prince  Alamayo6  dies  at  Leed-s.  14  Nov. ;  buried  at  Windsor  . .  1879 
Johanni   receives  admiral   Hewitt   from   Suakim   and   signs 

treaty  with  English about  26  May,  1884 

Abyssinian  envoys  arrive  at  Plymouth,  Eng Aug.  Ib84 

Italians  occupv  Massowab  and  hoist  their  Uag, 6  Feb.  1885 

The  Mahdists  "invade  Abyssinia 1885-86 

Detachment  of  540  Italian  troops  near  Dogali  destroyed  by 

20.000  Abyssinians  under  Ras  Aloula Jan.  1887 

Italian  government  determines  on  war " 

British  government  appealed  to  by  Johanni;  ineffectual  nego- 
tiation      " 

Italian  army  at  Massowab  consists  of  238  oflicers,  4772  men,  and 

160  pieces  of  artillery 1888 

Further  re-enforced  by  13,000  oflicers  and  men " 

Overtures  of  peace  by  Johanni,  who  rejects  conditions  offered 

by  Italian  government 31  Mch.     " 

France,  Greece,  and  Turkey  protest  against  occupation  of  Mas- 
sowab by  Italians " 

Italian  government  annexes  Zulla Aug.     " 

Johanni  repulsed  and  mortally  wounded  in  attack  on  der- 
vishes' stronghold  at  Metumneh  on  the  frontier  of  Soudan, 

10  Mch.  1889 

The  king's  camp  taken  and  his  army  routed 12    "         " 

The  Italians  take  formal  possession  of  Keren 2  June,     " 

King  Menelek  of  Shoa  crowned  as  negus  at  Adira,  the  sacred 

city  of  Abyssinia Sept     " 

The  Italians  treat  with  Menelek,  who  accepts  Italian  protec- 
torate over  Ethiopia;  ratified  by  king  of  Italy 25  Sept     " 

Italian  government  assumes  protectorate  of  Abyssinia..  13  Oct.  1889 

Under  treaty  of  1889  and  a  convention  ratified 25  Feb.  1890 

Abyssinia  is  wholly  under  Italian  influence. 

Abys§illiail  Era  is  reckoned  from  the  creation,  5493 
B.C.,  29  Aug.  old  style.  To  reduce  Abyssinian  time  to  the 
JULIAN  YEAR,  Subtract  5492  years,  125  days. 

Aca'cian§,  followers  of  Acacius,  bishop  of  Caesarea,  in 
the  4th  century,  in  peculiar  doctrines  of  Christ's  person.  (2) 
Partisans  of  Acacius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  promoter 
of  the  Henoticon,  482^84. 

academiei.  A  cademia  was  a  shady  grove  without  the 
walls  of  Athens  (bequeathed  by  Academus  for  gymnastic  ex- 
ercises), where  Plato  first  taught  philosophy,  and  his  followers 
took  the  title  of  Academics,  378  b.c. — Stanley.  This  school 
of  philosophy  lasted  till  Cicero's  time,  gradually  branching, 
however,  into  several  schools.  Ptolemy  Soter,  Greek  con- 
queror of  Egypt,  established  at  Alexandria  an  academy  about 
314  B.C. — the  origin  of  the  library  at  Alexandria,  the  most 
famous  of  the  ancient  world.  The  Saracens,  after  the  con- 
quest of  Spain,  established  academies  at  Granada,  Cordova, 
and  as  far  east  as  Samarcand.  Charlemagne  founded  an  acad- 
emy at  the  instigation  of  Alcuin,  and  Alfred  one  that  grew 
into  the  university  of  Oxford.  The  modern  academy  is  not 
always  a  school,  but  often  an  association  of  learned  men  for 
the  advancement  of  science,  literature,  and  the  arts,  sometimes 
aided,  if  not  endowed,  by  the  State.  There  are  many  such 
organizations  known  as  societies,  associations,  lyceums,  insti- 
tutes, museums,  etc.,  but  this  list  contains  only  those  known 
as  academies. 

PRINCIPAL  ACADEMIES  ARRANGED    BY  DATE. 

YsiT'lS,  Sorhonne  (suppressed  1790;  on  the  reorganization  of  the 
university  of  France  in  1808,  it  became  the  seat  of  the  acad- 
emy of  France) 1255 

Florence,  Belles-lettres 1272 

Toulouse,  Floral  Games  (Jeaux  Floraux);  still  bears  the  name.  1323 

Milan,  Architecture 1380 

Paris,  Painting 1391 

Basel 1460 

Naples,  Rossana 1540 

Paris,  Music 1543 

Verona,  Music 1543 

Parma,  Innominati 1553 

Naples,  Mathematics 1560 

Perosa,  Insensati 1561 

"       Filigirti  1574 

Florence,  Delia  Orusca,  now  united  with  the  Fiorentina  (estab- 
lished by  Cosmo  I.  1549)  under  that  name 1582 

Rome,  Lined 1600 

Faenza,  Philoponi 1611 

Padua,  Poetry 1612 

Rome,  Umoristi 1613 

"      Fantascici 1625 

Brescia,  Erranti 1626 

Paris,  the  French,  established  by  Richelieu 1635 

Ancona,  Caglinosi 1642 

Palermo,  Medical 1645 

Paris,  Fine  Arts 1648 

Vienna.  Academia  Naturae  Curiosorum 1652 

Rome,  Infecondi 1653 

Florence,  Del  Cimento  (by  Cardinal  de'  Medici) 1657 


ACA 

Germany,  Naturce  Curiosi,  now  Leopoldine 1662 

Paris,  Inscriptions  et  Belles-lettres,  established  by  Colbert 1663 

Rome,  Painting 1665 

Paris,  Sciences,  established  by  Colbert 1666 

Paris,  Architecture 1671 

"      Music 1672 

Soissons 1675 

Nimes,  Royal 1682 

Angers,  Belles-lettres 1685 

Bologna,  Ecclesiastical 1687 

Rome,  Arcadi 1690 

Bologna,  Mathematics 169(f 

Naples,  Science 1695 

Dresden,  Fine  Arts 1697 

Berlin,  Royal,  Leibnitz  first  President 1700 

Venice,  Medical 1701 

Berlin,  Princes 1703 

Bordeaux,  Arts,  Science,  and  Belles-lettres 1703 

Mantua,  Vigilanti,  Science 1704 

Vienna,  Sculpture  and  the  Arts 1705 

Caen,  Science  and  Belles-lettres 1705 

Montpellier,  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 1706 

Lyons,  Science,  Belles-lettres,  and  Art 1710 

Bologna,  Science  and  Art 1712 

Bordeaux,  Ethnology  and  Science  (suppressed  1793,  restored 

1816) 1712 

Madrid,   Royal 1V13 

Geneva,   Medical 1715 

Milan,  Science 1719 

Upsala,  Sweden,  Science 1720 

St.  Petersburg,  Science,  established  by  Catherine  1 1725 

Marseilles,  Belles-lettres  (suppressed  1793,  reorganized  1802)..  1726 

Cortona,  Italy,  Etruscan  Antiquities 1726 

Madrid,  History 1730 

London,  Music 1734 

Gottingen 1734 

Rouen,  Science  and  Art 1737 

Stockholm,  Fine  Arts,  etc 1739 

Dijon,  Science,  Belles-lettres,  and  Arts  (suppressed  1793,  re- 
stored 1800) 1740 

Stockholm,  Science 1741 

Dublin,  Arts 1742 

Copenhagen,  Science,  established  by  Count  Holstein 1743 

Montauban,  France,  Archaeology 1744 

Amiens,  France 1750 

Genoa,  Painting 1751 

Rome,  English 1752 

Madrid,  Painting  and  Arts 1753 

Valladolid,  Spain,  History  and  Geography 1753 

Stockholm,  Belles-lettres 1753 

Warsaw,  Language  and  History 1753 

Erfurt,  Germany,  Science 1754 

Vienna,  Oriental  Language 1754 

Mannheim,  Baden,  Science,  founded  by  elector  Chas.  Theodore  1755 

Naples,  Herculaneum,  Archaeology  and  History 1755 

Turin,  Italy,  Science 1759 

Munich,  Arts  and  Science 1759 

Haerlem,  Science 1760 

St.  Petersburg,  Arts 1764 

London,  Royal,  Fine  Arts  (reorganized  1865) 1768 

Brussels,  Belles-lettres,  Science,  and  Fine  Arts  (reorganized 

1845) 1773 

Mannheim,  Sculpture 1775 

Turin,  Fine  Arts,  "  The  Albertine  "  (see  above,  1759) 1778 

Naples,  Science  and  Belles-lettres 1779 

Munich,  Science 1779 

Lisbon,  Science 1779 

Boston,  U.  S. ,  Arts  and  Science 1780 

Verona,  Science 1780 

Stockholm,  Agriculture 1781 

Toulouse,  Science,  Inscriptions,  Belles-lettres 1782 

Dublin,  Royal,  Science 1782 

Genoa,  Science , 1783 

Stockholm,  Royal,  1753;  reorganized,  History  and  Antiquities 

added 1786 

Padua,  Science,  Letters,  and  Arts 1792 

I'aris,  Natural  Philosophy 1796 

Berlin,  Architecture 1799 

Connecticut,  New  Haven,  U.  S.,  Arts  and  Science 1799 

Pennsylvania,  Phila.,  U.  S.,  Fine  Arts 1807 

Florence,  Antiquities,  Tuscan 1807 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.  S.,  Natural  Science 1818 

Dublin,  Sculpture 1823 

New  York,  National,  of  Design 1828 

Paris,  of  Morals  and  Politics.      (The   "Institute  of  France," 
established  by  Louis  XVL,  at  first  consisted  of  4  Academies.) 

This  was  added 1832 

Rome,  Nuovi  Lincei  (see  above,  1600) 1847 

Washington,  D.  C,   U.  S.,  National,  incorporated  by  Congress  1863 

New  York,  Science  (formerly  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  1817)  1876 

Philadelphia,  American,  of  Political  and  Social  Science 1889 

Societies  and  Institutions  of  Art  and  Science. 

academy,  an  educational  institution,  in  grade  between 
a  school  and  a  college.     Educational  Institutions. 

academy,  military.     Annapolis  and  West  Point. 

Aca'dia,  the  British    provinces  now  known   as  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  especially  the  former,  so  called  by 


ACC 

the  French  who  planted  a  colony  at  Port  Royal,  now  Annap- 
olis, under  Pourtrincourt,  1605;' the  English  make  an  easy 
conquest  of  it,  1654;  Acadia  restored  to  France  by  the  treaty 
of  Breda,  1667 ;  Massachusetts  fits  out  a  small  fleet  under  sir 
William  Phipps,  which  retakes  Acadia,  1690;  retaken  by  the 
French  under  Villabon,  1692;  restored  to  the  English  bv  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713.  Under  these  changes  the  French  in- 
habitants remained  undisturbed  (settled  along  the  bay  of 
Fundy  from  Annapolis  to  the  basin  of  Minas)  up  to  1755. 
New  England,  apprehensive  of  the  French  from  this  quarter 
—they  having  established  forts  at  the  isthmus  connecting 
Nova  Scotia  with  New  Brunswick,  and  also  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John's  river,  N.  B.— sent  an  expedition  under  John 
Winslow,  of  3000  troops  from  Boston,  and  seized  the  forts, 
with  little  resistance,  16  June,  1755.  The  French  inhabitants 
of  Acadia  were  then  between  14,000  and  15,000.  By  the 
terms  granted  them  when  the  British  authorities  took  pos- 
session of  the  province,  1713,  they  were  excused  from  any 
obligation  to  bear  arms  against  France,  and  were  thence 
known  as  "French  Neutrals."  New  England  insisted  that 
they  were  not  really  neutral,  but  dangerous  neighbors,  being 
French  and  Roman  Catholics.  It  was  argued  that  these  peo- 
ple could  not  remain,  and  if  ordered  to  quit  the  country  would 
retire  to  Canada  and  strengthen  the  enemy  there.  A  pitiless 
scheme  was  therefore  devised,  whereby  the  inhabitants  could 
be  captured,  or  rather  kidnapped,  without  being  able  to  resist, 
and  transported  to  the  English  colonies  along  the  Atlantic. 
Assembled,  under  various  pretences,  at  their  parish  church, 
they  were  surrounded  by  troops,  made  prisoners,  and  hurried 
on  board  the  ships.  In  the  intentional  hurry  and  confusion, 
wives  were  separated  from  husbands,  children  from  parents, 
and  thus  carried  away,  never  again  to  be  united.  Their  lands, 
crops,  cattle,  and  money — everything  except  the  scantiest 
wardrobe — were  declared  forfeit  to  the  crown  ;  and  to  impov- 
erish those  who  escaped  capture,  the  growing  crops,  houses, 
barns,  and  cattle,  as  far  as  possible,  were  destroyed.  More 
than  a  thousand  of  these  exiles  were  carried  to  Massachusetts, 
and  others  scattered  from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia.  From 
these  uncongenial  localities  survivors  wandered  —  some  in 
search  of  lost  relatives,  others  of  their  native  tongue  —  to 
France,  to  St.  Domingo,  to  Canada,  to  Louisiana.  To  such 
as  reached  Louisiana,  lands  were  assigned  in  the  district  west 
of  New  Orleans,  bordering  on  the  "  Bayou  Teche,"  still  known 
as  the  "Acadian  Land,"  and  the  inhabitants-  as  "Cajuns." 
These,  from  a  few  thousands,  now  number  over  200,000.  The 
"Evangeline"  of  Longfellow  is  founded  on  this  event. 

Acale'phae  (Gr.  aKoXrjcprj,  nettle),  the  scientific  name 
for  jelly-fish,  sea-nettles,  etc. 

AcailtllU§,  a  genus  of  plants  of  the  natural  order  J  con- 
thacece,  whose  foliage  is  supposed  to  have  suggested  the  dec- 
oration of  the  Corinthian  capital  ascribed  to  Callimachus, 
about  540  b.c. 

Acapul'CO,  Mexico,  a  city  on  the  Pacific  coast  almost 
directly  south  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  During  the  18th  cen- 
tury it  traded  largely  with  Manilla,  capital  of  the- Philippine 
islands.  Com.  George  Anson,  in  the  British  ship  Centurion, 
captured  a  Spanish  galleon,  from  Acapulco  to  Manilla,  laden 
with  gold  and  precious  wares,  estimated  at  $5,000,000,  June, 
1743.  He  returned  to  Spithead,  Eng.,  having  circumnavi- 
gated the  globe,  15  June,  1744. 

Acarna'llia,  N.  Greece.  The  people  were  prominent 
in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  had  asked  help  from  Athens 
against  the  Ambracians,  432  B.c.  They  were  subdued  by 
Sparta  in  390 ;  took  part  in  200  with  Macedon  against  the 
Romans,  by  whom  they  were  defeated  in  197  and  subjugated 
in  145. 

Acca'dians,  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Babylonia. 
The  city  "  Accad  "  was  grouped  with  Babel,  Erech,  and  Calnch 
in  the  land  of  Shinar  (Gen.  x.  10).  They  are  believed  to 
have  been  of  Turanian  origin,  and  to  have  come  from  the 
north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  their  language  antedating  the 
proper  Assyrian  cuneiform  inscriptions.  Such  scholars  as 
Rev.  A.  H.  Sayce,  Prof.  Paul  Haupt,  M.  Francois  Lenormant, 
and  Geo.  Smith,  of  the  department  of  oriental  antiquities  of 
the  British  museum,  and  other  distinguished  philologists  and 
antiquarians,  have  thrown  much  light  on  the  history  of  those 
primitive  times,  by  deciphering  the  cuneiform  writing  of  the 


AGO 

brick-legends  of  their  earliest  kinjpi.  These  people  are  now 
coiwideretl  the  earliest  civilizers  of  eastern  Asia,  the  source  of 
the  philo*)phv  and  arts  of  the  Assyrians  and  the  Phanucians, 
and  hence  of  lircece.  "  Whole  sciences  that  have  dominated 
the  thought  of  men  and  changed  the  face  of  the  world  are 
found  to  have  had  their  beginnings  and  an  astonishing  devel- 
opment among  this  giftetl  and  retieclive  peo|de."  —  ^ w«r. 
Jountal  ofnUologjf,  voL  iiu  p.  469,  1882.     Assyria  and  Tu- 

R.\MAX. 

acCCIllM  were  first  intnxluced  in  (Ireek  by  Aristophanes 
of  Bvzantium.  a  grammarian  and  critic  who  taught  at  Alex- 
antlria  about  264  B.C.  Accents  were  first  used  by  the  French 
in  the  reign  of  Ixmis  XIII.  (about  1610). 

AeceSRion,  The,  i.  e.  that  of  the  House  of  Hanover  to 
the  throne  of  Great  Britain,  in  the  person  of  George  I.  elector 
of  Hanover,  son  of  Sophia,  daughter  of  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  James  I.  He  succeeded,  1  Aug.  1714,  by  the  act  of  settle- 
ment passed  under  William  III.  12  June,  1702,  which  limited 
the  succession  to  his  mother  (as  a  Protestant)  if  queen  Anne 
should  die  without  issue. 

ac'cessory  is  one  who  participates  in  a  crime,  not  as 
principal,  but  by  aid,  counsel,  or  concealment.  In  treason  and 
in  misdemeanors,  the  law  regards  all  guilty  as  principals. 

Ac'ClU§,  a  tragic  poet  of  Rome  born  about  190  b.c.  Cic- 
ero, when  a  boy,  knew  him.  Few  fragments  of  his  writings 
remain. 

acclimatization,  the  adaptation  to  changed  cli- 
mate of  any  organic  life.  That  of  men  has  been  most  fully 
tested  by  immigration  into  America.  Dr.  W.  H.  Thomson 
reported  to  the  surgeon-general  in  1862,  after  examining  9000 
men,  a  far  higher  average  of  physical  strength  and  endurance 
in  native  Americans  than  in  any  class  of  immigrants. 

accordion,  a  small  free-reed  wind-instrument  with 
keys,  invented  at  Vienna  by  Damian  about  1828,  and  now 
made  chiefly  in  Paris. 

accuscri.  Occult  writers,  such  as  Agrippa,  make  ac- 
cusers the  eighth  order  of  devils,  whose  chief  is  called  Aste- 
roth,  or  Spy.  In  Rev.  xii.  10,  the  devil  is  called  "  the  ac- 
cuser of  the  brethren."  False  accusers  were  to  be  hanged  by 
24  Henry  VI.  1446,  and  burned  in  the  face  with  an  F  by  37 
Henry  VIII.  1645.— ^^ow. 

Acel'dania,  a  field  said  to  have  been  bought  with 
thirty  pieces  of  silver  given  to  Judas  for  betraying  Christ,  is 
shown  to  travellers.  Matt,  xxvii.  8;  Acts  i.  19.— This  name 
was  g^ven  to  an  estate  purchased  by  judge  Jeffreys  after  the 
"  bloody  assizes  "  in  1685. 

ace'tylene,  a  luminous  hydrocarbon  gas  resembling 
coal  gas,  discovered  by  Berthelot,  and  made  known  in  1862. 

Achaia  (a-ka'-ya\  N.  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  said  to 
have  been  settled  by  Achaeus,  the  son  of  Xuthus,  about  1330 
B.C.  (?).  The  kingdom  was  united  with  Sicyon  or  subject  to 
the  iEtolians,  until  about  284  b.c.  The  Achaei,  descendants 
of  Achaeus,  originally  inhabited  the  neighborhood  of  Argos ; 
but  when  the  Heraclidae  drove  them  thence,  they  retired 
among  the  lonians,  expelled  the  natives,  and  seized  their 
thirteen  cities,  viz.  Pellene,  iEgira,  ^Egium,  Bura,  Tritaea, 
Leontium,  Rhypes,  Cerynea,  Olenos,  Helice,  Patrae,  Dyme, 
and  Pharae,  forming  the  Achaean  League. 

B.C. 

Achaia  invaded  by  Epaminondas 366 

The  Achaean  League  revived  by  4  cities  about  280,  and  by 

others. 275,  274 

Aratus  made  prsetor 245 

The  league  joined  by  Corinth  (captured  243),  Megara,  etc. .  242-228 

Supported  by  Athens  and  Antigonus  Doson 229 

The  Achaeans  defeated  at  Ijidocea,  by  the  Spartans,  under  Cle- 

omenes  III.,  226;  defeat  them  at  Sellasia 221 

Social  war  begun ;  battle  of  Caphyse  in  Arcadia ;  Aratus  defeated,  220 

The  Peloponnesus  ravaged  by  the  ./Etolians 219 

Peace  of  Xaupactus 217 

jfratus  poisoned  at  iEgium 213 

Philopoemen,  head  of  the  league,  defeats  the  Spartan  tyrant 

.Machanidas 208 

Alliance  of  the  league  with  the  Romans 198 

Philopoemen  defeated  by  Nabis  in  a  naval  battle 194 

All  the  Peloponnesus  joins  the  league 191 

War  with  Messenia:  Philopoemen  made  prisoner  and  slain. . .  183 

The  Achaeans  overrun  Messenia  with  fire  and  sword 182 

The  Romans  enter  Achaia,  and  carry  off  numbers,  including 

Polybius  the  historian 165 


AGO 

War  with  Rome,  160;  Metollus  enters  Greece 147 

The  Achaeans  defeated  by  Mummius  at  Leucopetra,  147;  the 
league  dissolved ;  Corinth  taken;  Greece  subjected  to  Rome, 
,       and  named  the  province  of  Achaia 146 

i  A.D. 

Achaia  made  a  I^tin  principality  by  William  oi  Champlitte. .  1205 

Obtained  bv  Geoflrey  Villehardouin,  1210;  by  GeoflVey  II 1218 

By  his  broihcr  William,  1246;  who  conquers  the  Moors,  1248; 
makes  war  with  the  emperor  Michael,  1259;  and  gains  three 

fortresses 1262 

Succoodod  by  Isabella,  1277;  who  marries  Florenzof  Hainault.  1291 
Their  daughter  Maud,  princess,  1311;  thrice  married;  forcibly 

married  to  John  do  Gravina,  and  dies  in  prison 1324 

Achaia,  a  fief  of  Naples 1246-1430 

Conquered  by  the  Turks. about  1540 

Acheen',  AtChCCn',  or  Achin',  a  kingdom  in 
the  north  of  the  island  of  Sumatra.  Visited  by  the  Portu- 
guese, 1506.  The  Dutch  established  factories,  1599 ;  the  Eng- 
lish, 1602.  The  French  sought  a  foothold  here  in  1621,  but 
failed.  By  a  formal  understanding  between  the  English  and 
the  Dutch  in  1824,  the  latter  agreed  not  to  begin  hostilities 
against  the  Acheenese.  This  understanding  was  abandoned, 
2  Nov.  1871.     The  Dutch  land  a  force  at  Acheen,  Apr.  1873. 

Capture  the  capital 24  Jan.  1874 

Acheen  reported  subdued  by  the  Dutch 1881 

War  breaks  out  afresh 1882 

Ship  Nisero  stranded  on  the  territory  of  the  chief  of  Pangah, 
a  Malay  dependant  of  Tuku  Iman  Muda,  the  rajah  of  Tenom, 

subject  to  the  sultan  of  Acheen 16  Nov.  1883 

18  British  and  6  other  sailors  made  prisoners,  the  captain 
released  to  negotiate;  efforts  to  secure  release  fail;  Dutch 

storm  Tenom ;  the  prisoners  carried  away 7  Jan.  1884 

Rajah  demands  free  trade  and  subjection  to  Great  Britain; 

British  government  counsels  conciliation May,     " 

Prisoners  released.  11  Sept. ;  Dutch  pay  100,000  guilders  and 
raise  the  blockade  as  ransom;  20  prisoners  released,  the 
others  having  died  of  hardship  and  ill-treatment;  arrived  in 

Thames 24  Oct.     " 

The  officers  of  the  Nisero,  set  free,  were  tried  in  Holland  for 
culpable  negligence,  and  were  convicted,  but  sentence  was 

suspended  on  account  of  suffering 1885 

Coast  blockaded  by  the  Dutch " 

Great  Britain  urged  to  interfere  to  protect  the  pepper  trade..  1886 
Tuku  Omar,  an  Acheenese,  captures  a  steamship,  killing  all 
but  captain's  wife  and  engineer;  the  Dutch  pay  $25,000  for 

ransom " 

The  Dutch  government  plans  a  railroad  to  the  coal-fields  on 
the  Umbile  river  to  be  completed  in  six  years;  coal  beds  sup- 
posed to  contain  200,000,000  tons 1887 

The  strongest  foe  to  the  Dutch,  the  berri-berri  disease 1888 

Reverses  to  the  Dutch  army  during 1889 

The  Dutch  government,  after  great  sacrifice  of  life,  and  ex- 
penditure of  200,000,000  guilders,  has  not  subdued  Acheen. .  1890 
The  Dutch  gain  some  successes,  and  blockade  the  entire  north 

coast " 

War  continues 1891 

Acll'onry,  Sligo,  N.  Ireland,  a  bishopric  founded  by 
St.  Finian,  who  built  the  church  of  Achad,  or  Achonry,  about 
520,  for  his  disciple  Nathy  (Dathy,  or  David),  first  bishop. 
The  see,  held  with  Killala  since  1612,  was  united  with  Tuara 
in  1834. 

achroma'tiC  tele§COpes,  in  which  different 
kinds  of  glass  are  so  combined  as  to  correct  one  another's 
irregularities  of  refraction,  and  transmit  pure,  uncolored  light, 
were  invented  by  John  DoUond,  and  described  in  Phil.  Tynans. 
of  the  Royal  Society,  London,  1753-58. 

acid§  (now  defined  as  salts  of  hydrogen)  are  generally 
soluble  in  water,  redden  organic  blues,  decompose  carbonates, 
and  destroy  alkalies,  forming  alkaline  salts.  The  number  of 
acids  was  increased  by  the  Arabs ;  Geber  (8th  century)  knew 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acid.  Theories  of  acids  were  put  forth 
by  Becher  (1669),  Lemery  (1675),  and  Stahl  (1723).  After 
the  discovery  of  oxygen  by  Priestley,  1  Aug.  1774,  Lavoisier 
(1778)  concluded  that  oxygen  was  a  constituent  of  all  acids ; 
but  about  1810,  Davy,  Gay-Lussac,  and  others  proved  acids  to 
exist  without  oxygen.  In  1816  Dulong  proposed  the  binary 
or  hydrogen  theory  of  acids,  and  in  1837  Liebig  applied  the 
theories  of  Davy  and  Dulong  to  explain  the  constitution  of 
several  organic  acids.  In  1852  oxygen  acids  were  termed 
anhydrides  by  Gerhardt,  Many  acids  have  been  discover- 
ed in  the  advance  of  organic  chemistry. —  Watts.  Scheele 
(1742-86)  discovered  most  of  the  vegetable  acids,  or  suggested 
methods  for  their  discrimination. 

ac'oiyte§  (Gr.  dKuXovBoi^,  attendant),  an  inferior  order 
of  clergy  in  the  Latin  church,  unknown  to  the  Greek  church 
for  400  years  after  Christ. 


AGO 

aCOll§'tiC§  (from  the  Greek  aKovu),  I  hear),  the  science 

of  sound,  was  so  named  by  Sauveur  in  the  17th  century.     To 

Pj'thagoras,  about  500  b.c.,  is  ascribed  the  doctrine  of  different 

sounds  produced  by  vibrating  strings  of  varied  length,  and 

the  communication  of  sound  to  the  ear  by  the  vibrating  at- 

raospliere.     It  was  mentioned  by  Aristotle,  300  b.c.,  explained 

by  Galileo,  1600  a.d.,  and  investigated  by  Newton  in  1700. 

Biot,  Savart,  Wheatstone,  Lissajous,  Helmholtz,  Henry,  Tyn- 

<lall,  and  others  in  the  present  century  have  promoted  the 

science. 

A  speaking-trumpet  or  horn  by  which  Alexander  called  sol- 
diers ten  miles  away,  is  alluded  to  in  an  old  manuscript 
■  found  in  the  Vatican  Library,  quoted  by  Kircher  in 1652 

Velocity  of  sound  first  measured  by  P.  Mersenne  in  1657,  and 
by  the  Academicians  of  Florence 1660 

Robert  Hooke  experiments  before  the  Royal  Society,  making 
musical  sounds  by  the  teeth  of  a  rapidly  revolving  wheel 
striking  the  edge  of  a  card 27  July,  1681 

Velocity  of  sound  measured  by  Walker,  in  England 1698 

Sauveur  pronounces  the  lowest  sound  to  be  that  produced  in 
a  pipe  of  40  ft.,  corresponding  to  25  vibrations  per  second. . .  1700 

Modes  of  vibration  corresponding  to  higher  tones  of  strings, 
discovered  by  Noble  and  Pigot  in  Oxford,  1676,  and  inde- 
pendently by  Sauveur '. . . .  1701 

Experiment  illustrating  the  absence  of  sound  in  a  vacuum,  by 
a  bell  struck  in  the  receiver  of  an  air  pump,  shown  the 
Royal  Society  by  a  philosopher  named  Hawksbee. ... ...  1705 

dalileo's  theorem  of  the  harmonic  curve  demonstrated  by 
Brook  Taylor 1714 

Resultant  tones  in  music  discovered  in  1745  by  the  German 
organist  Sorge,  and  independently  by  the  Italian  violinist 
Tartini • 1754 

First  exact  experiments  on  the  velocity  of  sound  in  air  by  La 
Caille,  Maraldi,  Cassini  de  Thury,  and  others,  a  commission 
of  the  Academy  of  Science,  at  the  Paris  Observatory,  the 
Pyramid  of  Montmartre,  the  Mill  of  Fontenay-aux-Roses,  and 
the  Chateau  de  Lay  at  Montlh^ry:  result  1093  ft.  per  second 
at  0°  cent 1758 

Sounds  produced  by  combustion  of  hydrogen  in  tubes,  by  Dr. 
Higgins 1777 

Successful  experiments  on  imitating  vowel  sounds  mechani- 
cally, by  Von  Kempelen  of  Vienna  and  by  Kratzenstein,  be- 
fore Academy  of  St.  Petersburg 1779 

Ernest  Florens  Frederic  Chladni  discovers  the  formation  of 
nodal  lines  in  symmetrical  figures  on  glass  plates  vibrated 
by  a  violin-bow  across  the  edge 1785 

Sounds  of  hydrogen  gas  burning  in  tubes  investigated  by 
Chladni  and  G.  De  la  Rive 1802 

Velocity  of  sound  made  between  Montlh^ry  and  Villejuif,  about 

•  61,067  ft.,  measured  at  request  of  laplace  by  the  Bureau  des 
Longitudes;  result,  1086  ft.  per  second  at  zero 1822 

Velocity  of  sound  in  water  4708  ft.  per  second,  determined  by 
Messrs.  Colladon  and  Sturm  in  lake  Geneva  between  Rolle 
and  Thonon,  about  8  miles.  (Previous  experiments  by  Beu- 
dant  at  Marseilles) 1826 

Prof  Robison,  producing  musical  sounds  by  quick  succession 
of  puffs  of  air.  invents  the  first  form  of  the  sirkn;  improved 
by  Cagniard  de  la  Tour  in 1827 

Arthur  Trevelyan  discovers  cause  of  production  of  sound  by 
contact  of  two  metals  unequally  heated,  noted  by  M.  Schwartz 
of  Saxony  in  1805,  and  constructs  his  so-called  "rocker" 

about  1829 

Savart  estimates  the  range  of  perception  of  the  human  ear  at 
from  7  vibrations  to  24,000  per  second 1830 

Experiments  on  propagation  of  sound  in  water,  oflf  the  coast  of 
the  United  States,  by  Mr.  Bonnycastle 1838 

€hronoscope  invented  by  sir  Charles  Wheatstone 1840 

Demonstration  of  rising  pitch  in  the  sound  of  an  approaching 
locomotive-whistle  and  the  corresponding  fall  after  the  train 
passes,  made  by  M.  Buys  Ballot  on  the  Dutch  railway  be- 
tween Utrecht  and  Maarsen 1845 

Count  Schaffgotsch  of  Berlin  shows  that  a  gas-flame  surmount- 
ed by  a  short  tube  may  be  extinguished  by  a  voice  pitched 
to  the  note  of  the  tube 1856-57 

Action  of  sound  upon  a  naked  fish-tail  flame  first  observed  by 
Dr.  Leconte  at  a  musical  party  in  the  United  States 1858 

Leon  Scott  devises  the  P/ionautograph,  an  instrument  for  reg- 
ulating the  vibrations  of  a  sounding  body — the  first  form  of 
the  PHONOGRAPH about  1858 

Paper  by  prof  Joseph  Henry,  on  causes  of  aberration  of  sound, 
especially  in  fog  signals,  before  the  Washington  Philosoph- 
ical Society 11  Dec.  1872 

Prof  Tyndall  begins  investigations  on  transmission  of  sound, 
and  aberration,  especially  in  fog  signals,  under  the  auspices 
of  Trinity  House,  England 19  May,  1873 

Experiments  on  difl'raction  of  sound  and  production  of  sound- 
shadows  in  water,  by  prof  John  Leconte  and  his  son,  in 
San  Francisco  bay,  show  that  the  exposed  ends  of  thick 
glass  tubes,  placed  horizontally  in  the  water  between  two 
piles,  the  nearest  one  40  ft.  from  a  dynamite  cartridge  used 
in  blasting  a  reef,  were  shattered  by  the  explosion,  while  the 
portion  in  the  sound-shadow  of  the  pile  remained  intact 1874 

Experiments  on  aberrations  of  sound  in  fog  signals  described 
to  Philosophical  Society  of  Washington  by  Arnold  B.  John- 
son  22  Oct.  1881 

Captain  Journe'e  of  the  French  army  proves  by  projectiles 
that  when  air  is  displaced  at  a  greater  velocity  than  that  of 
ordinary  vibration,  an  explosive  report  results 23  Jan.  1888 


ACT 

J.  Violle  and  Theodore  Vauticr  describe  before  the  Paris  Acad- 
emy experiments  showing  that  the  velocity  of  sound  dimin- 
ishes with  intensity,  and  that  pitch  has  no  influence  on 
velocity 3  ^pr.  igsg 

acre,  the  principal  land-measure  in  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States.  The  English  imperial  or  standard  acre  bv 
statute  (Geo.  IV.  1824)  contains  4840  square  yards,  and  is  u.sed 
in  the  United  States.  The  French  hedai'e,  the  measure  in 
France,  Germany,  Italy,  and  Spain  =  2  acres,  1  rood,  and  35.38 
perches.     The  old  'Romsin  jugerum  was  about  f  of  an  acre. 

Acre  or  Acca,  anciently  Ptolemais.  in  Syria,  80  miles 
north-northwest  from  Jerusalem,  was  taken  by  Saracens  in  638; 
by  the  crusaders  under  Baldwin  I.  in  1104 ;  by  Saladin  in  1187 ; 
and  again  by  Richard  I.  and  other  crusaders,  12  July,  1 191,  after 
a  siege  of  2  years,  with  a  loss  of  6  archbishops,  12  bishops,  40 
earls,  500  barons,  and  300,000  soldiers.  It  was  then  named  St. 
Jean  (VAcre.  It  was  retaken  by  Saracens,  1291,  when  60,000 
Christians  perished,  and  the  nuns,  who  had  mangled  their  faces 
to  preserve  chastity,  were  put  to  death.  Acre  was  gallantly 
defended  by  Djezzar  Pacha  against  Bonaparte,  till  relieved  by 
sir  Sidney  Smith,  who  resisted  twelve  attempts  by  the  French, 
between  16  March  and  20  May,  1799,  when  Bonaparte  retreated. 
Acre,  as  a  Turkish  pachalic,  was  seized  27  May,  1832,  by  Ibra- 
him Pacha,  who  had  revolted.  On  3  Nov.  1840,  it  was  stormed 
by  the  allied  fleet  under  sir  Robert  Stopford,  and  taken  after  a 
bombardment  of  a  few  hours,  the  Egyptians  losing  upwards  of 
2000  in  killed  and  wounded  and  3000  prisoners,  while  the  Brit- 
ish had  but  12  killed  and  42  wounded.    -Syria  and  Turkey. 

acrop'Oli§,  a  citadel  usually  on  the  summit  of  a  rock 
or  hill.  The  most  celebrated  was  at  Athens.  Its  principal  en- 
trance, a  splendid  structure,  bore  the  name  of  Propylaea.  Be- 
sides other  temples  it  contained  the  Parthenon,  or  temple  of 
Minerva. 

acroitic,  a  poem  in  which  the  first  or  last  letters  of 
each  line,  read  downwards,  form  a  word,  is  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Porphyrins  Optalianns  in  the  fourth  century. 
Double  acrostics  became  very  popular  in  1867.  Edgar  Allan 
Poe  worked  the  name  of  Frances  Sargent  Osgood  in  the  poem 
"  A  Valentine,"  and  that  of  Sarah  Anna  Lewis  in  another, "  An 
Enigma,"  so  that  the  name  was  found  by  reading  the  first  let- 
ter of  the  first  line,  the  second  letter  of  the  second,  the  third 
letter  of  the  third,  and  so  on. 

Acs  or  ACZ  (atch),  Hungary.  The  Hungarians  under 
Gorgey  were  clefeated  here  by  Austrians  and  Russians  on  2 
and  10  July,  1849. 

Act  of  Settlement,  etc.  Accession,  Succession, 
Supremacy,  and  Uniformity  Acts. 

Acta  ]>iurna,  a  kind  of  Roman  gazette  containing 
an  authorized  account  of  daily  transactions.  Its  origin  is  at- 
tributed to  Julius  Caesar;  by  some  to  Servius  TuUius,  550  B.C. 

Acta  Sanctorum  ("acts  of  the  saints"),  a  publica- 
tion of  the  Jesuits,  begun  in  1643 ;  interrupted  in  1794,  when 
54  volumes,  bringing  the  work  down  to  15  Oct.,  had  been  pub- 
lished ;  it  was  resumed  in  1837,  and  6  more  volumes  had  been 
published  in  1867.  The  writers  have  been  named  Bollandists, 
from  John  Boiland,  who  published  the  first  two  volumes. 

actinometer,  an  instrument  to  mea.sure  the  heating 
power  of  solar  rays,  invented  by  sir  John  F.  Herschel,  and  de- 
scribed by  him  in  1825.     Sun. 

Actium,  a  promontory  of  Acarnania,  W.  Greece,  near 
which,  2  Sept.  31  b.c.,  the  fleet  of  Octavianus  Caesar  and  that 
of  Marc  Antony  and  Cleopatra  fought  and  decided  the  fate  of 
Antony,  300  of  his  galleys  going  over  to  Caesar.  This  victory 
made  Octavianus  master  of  the  world,  and  the  Roman  empire 
is  commonly  dated  1  Jan.  30  b.c.  (the  Action  Era).  The  con- 
queror built  Nicopolis  (the  city  of  victon,')*  and  instituted  the 
Actian  games. 

actre§se§  appear  to  have  been  unknown  to  the  an- 
cients, men  or  eunuchs  performing  the  female  parts.  Charles 
II.  is  said  to  have  first  encouraged  the  appearance  of  women  on 
the  stage  in  England  in  1662;  but  Anne,  queen  of  James  I.,  had 
previously  performed  in  a  theatre  at  court.— Theat.  Biog.  Mrs. 
Davenport  as  Roxalana  and  Mrs.  Saunderson  (afterwards  Mrs. 
Betterton)  as  Ianthe,m  Davenant's  "Siege  of  Rhodes,"  in  1661, 
were  the  first  English  public  actresses,  although  Mrs.  Coleman 


ACT 

cnact«d  JiMthe  in  ihe  same  pUy  to  a  select  audience  in  1C56. 
Trkatrbs. 

Acts,  in  dramatic  poetry,  first  employed  by  the  Romans. 
Am  aeca  are  mentioDed  by  Uoraoe  ("  Art  of  Poetry  ")  as  the 
rale  (aboot  8  b.c). 

Acts  or  the  Apostles,  Luke's  continuation  of  his 
Gaapel«  ending  63  a.d. 

aets  of  the  British  Parliament.  Parlia- 
MRNT.    The  foUoiring  are  celebrated  early  sututes : 

ProrisloiM  of  Merton,  133ft-3& 
StAtttte  of  Marlborough,  IMT. 

"      of  Btgann-,  l'i76-7d. 

«'     of  Gloucester,  the  eartleat  sutute  of  record,  6  Edw.  1. 1278. 

"      of  Mortmain,  1279. 
Qoo  Warrwito,  Oct  lasa 
Statute  of  MerohanU  or  AotonBomel,  1388. 
Sututea  of  Walea,  1384. 

"      ot  Wlncheater,  Oct  1384. 

••      of  Westminster,  1375, 1385, 1390.  ^_^ 

Statute  forbidding  taxes  without  consent  of  parliament,  1297. 
'«      of  Pmroonire,  1306. 

.  first  printed  in  the  reign  of  Richard  III.,  1483. 
of  the  Realm,  ttom  Magna  Cbarta  to  George  I.,  printed  from 
original  records  and  MSS.  in  12  vols,  folio,  under  direction 
of  commissioDers  appointed  in  1801, 1811-28. 
Publication  of  the  revised  edition  of  the  Statutes  (1326-1878),  18  vol- 
umes, published,  1870-85. 

Adamites,  a  sect  said  to  have  existed  about  130  a.d., 
and  to  have  been  naked  in  their  religious  assemblies,  asserting 
that  if  Adam  had  not  sinned  there  would  have  been  no  mar- 
riages. Their  chief  was  named  Frodicus ;  they  deified  the  ele- 
ments, rejected  prayer,  and  said  it  was  not  necessary  to  confess 
Chnat.—Eusfbius. '  A  sect  of  this  name  arose  at  Antwerp  in 
the  12th  century,  under  Tandemus  or  Tanchelin,  whose  fol- 
lowers,  8000  soldiers  and  others,  committed  many  crimes.  It 
became  extinct  soon  after  his  death ;  but  a  similar  sect,  named 
Turinpins,  appeared  soon  after  in  Savoy  and  Dauphiny.  Pic- 
ard,  a  Fleming,  revived  it  in  Bohemia,  about  1415 ;  it  was 
suppressed  by  Ziska,  1420. 

Adams,  Fort,  one  of  the  three  chief  fortresses  of  the 
United  States,  mounting  500  guns ;  built  1824-39  at  the  en- 
trance of  Newport  harbor,  R.  I.     Forts. 

Adams,  John,  administration  of.  United  States, 
1797. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  administration  of.  United 
States,  1825. 

Adamses,  The  Three.  John  Adams  (1735-1826),  sec- 
ond president  of  the  United  States;  his  son,  John  Quincy  Adams 
(1767-1848),  sixth  president  of  the  United  States;  and  his  son, 
Charles  Francis  Adams  (1807-86),  distinguished  diplomatist, 
minister  to  England,  1861-68, 

Adelaide,  capital  of  South  Australia,  founded  in  1836. 
It  contained  14,000  inhabitants  in  1850,  and  18,259  in  1855; 
about  30,000  in  1875;  133,220  in  1891.  It  was  made  a  bish- 
opric in  1847.     University  founded,  1876. 

Aden,  a  free  port  on  the  southern  coast  of  Arabia,  near 
the  entrance  to  the  Red  sea,  where  in  Dec.  1836  a  British  ship 
was  wrecked  and  plundered.  The  sultan  promised  compensa- 
tion and  agreed  to  cede  the  place  to  the  English.  His  son 
repudiating  this  agreement,  a  British  force,  under  capt.  H. 
Smith,  of  the  Volage,  seized  Aden,  19  Jan.  1839.  It  is  now 
a  garriison  and  coal  depot  for  Indian  steamers,  etc. 

Adige  (d'-de-je),  a  river  of  the  Austrian  Tyrol  and  N. 
Italy,  near  which  the  Austrians  defeated  the  French  on  26 
30  Moh.  and  5  Apr.  1799.  ' 

Adirondack  Mountains,  in  the  N.  of  the  state 

of  New  York.  Mount  Marcy,  the  highest,is  5344  ft. high.  Ex- 
tensive deposits  of  magnetic  iron  ore  were  discovered,  1835.  A 
topographical  survey  by  the  state,  under  Verplanck  Colvin,was 
begun,  1872.     New  York,  1885. 

Administrations  of  England  and  of  Great  Brit- 
ain. Until  the  Restoration,  1660,  there  was  no  cabinet  in 
the  modern  sense.  The  sovereign  was  aided  by  privy-council- 
lors, varying  in  number,  the  men  and  offices  being  frequently 
changed.  The  cabinet  as  distinct  from  the  privy  council  be- 
came prominent  under  William  III.,  and  the  control  of  the 
chief,  now  termed  the  premier,  began  in  the  reign  of  Anne. 
"The  era  of  ministries  may  most  properly  be  reckoned  from 


ADM 

the  day  of  the  meeting  of  the  parliament  after  the  general 
election  of  ]69ii."—Macuiday.  Till  1850  the  cabinet  council 
usually  consisted  of  12  members.  In  1850  the  number  was  15. 
In  1868  the  Gladstone  cabinet  consisted  of  the  same  number; 
that  of  Disraeli,  in  Feb.  1874,  of  12 ;  that  of  Gladstone,  1892^ 
17,  as  follows : 

1.  First  lord  of  the  treasury  and  lord  of  privy  seal.     William  K 

Oladstone,  premier. 

2.  Lord  high  chancellor. 

3.  Lord  president  of  the  council  and  secretary  of  state  for  India. 

4.  UoTne  secretary. 
6.  Foreign      " 

6.  Colonial     " 

7.  War  "• 

8.  First  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

9.  Chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

10.  Chi^  secretary  for  Ireland. 

11.  Secretary  for  Scotland. 

12.  President  of  the  board  of  trade. 

13.  President  of  the  local  government  board. 

14.  First  commissioner  of  works. 

16.  Chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster. 

16.  Postmxister-general. 

17.  Vice-president  of  the  committee  of  council  on  education. 

The  average  duration  of  a  ministry  has  been  set  down  at  four,, 
five,  and  six  years;  but  some  ministries  have  lasted  much 
longer:  sir  Robert  Walpole  was  minister  from  1721  to  1742 
(21  years) ;  Mr.  Pitt,  1783  to  1801  (18  years) ;  and  lord  Liver- 
pool, 1812  to  1827  (15  years).  Several  ministries  have  not 
lasted  beyond  a  few  months,  as  the  Coalition  Ministry  in  1783, 
and  the  "  Talents  "  Ministry  in  1806.  The  "  Short-lived  "  Ad- 
ministration lasted  10  to  12  Feb.  1746. 

Henry  VIII.— Archbishop  Warham;  bishops  Fisher  and  Fox; 

earl  of  Surrey,  etc 1509 

Cardinal  Thomas  Wolsey,  etc 1514 

Earl  of  Surrey ;  Tunstall,  bishop  of  London,  etc 1523 

Sir  Thomas  More;  bishops  Tunstall  and  Gardiner,  and  Cranmer 

(afterwards  archbishop  of  Canterbury) 1529 

Archbishop  Cranmer;  lord  Cromwell,  afterwards  earl  of  Essex; 

Thomas  Boleyn,  earl  of  Wiltshire,  etc 1532 

Thomas,  duke  of  Norfolk ;  Henry,  earl  of  Surrey;  Thomas,  lord 

Audley ;  bishop  Gardiner;  sir  Ralph  Sadler,  etc 1540 

Lord  Wriothesley;  Thomas,  duke  of  Norfolk;  lord  Lisle;  sir 

William  Petre;  sir  William  Paget,  etc 1544 

Edward  VI.— Lord  Wriothesley,  earl  of  Southampton,  lord 
chancellor  (expelled) ;  Edward,  earl  of  Hertford,  lord  protec- 
tor, created  duke  of  Somerset;  John,  lord  Russell;  Henry, 
earl  of  Arundel;  Thomas,  lord  Seymour;  sir  William  Paget; 

sir  William  Petre,  etc 1547 

John  Dudley,  late  lord  Lisle  and  earl  of  Warwick,  created  duke 
of  Northumberland;  John,  earl  of  Bedford ;  bishop  Goodrich, 

sir  William  Cecil,  etc 1551 

Mary.  —  Stephen  Gardiner,  bishop  of  Winchester;  Edmund 
Bonner,  bishop  of  London;  William,  marquess  of  Winches- 
ter; sir  Edward  Hastings,  etc 1554 

Elizabeth. — Sir  Nicholas  Bacon;  Edward,  lord  Clinton;  sir 
Robert  Dudley,  afterwards  earl  of  Leicester;  sir  William 

Cecil,  afterwards  lord  Burleigh 15.5g 

William,  lord  Burleigh  (minister  during  nearly  all  the  reign); 

sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  etc 1572. 

Lord  Burleigh ;  sir  Thomas  Bromley ;  Robert  Devereux,  earl  of 
Essex  (a  favorite);  earl  of  Leicester;  earl  of  Lincoln ;  sir  Wal- 
ter Mildmay ;  sir  Francis  Walsingham,  etc 1579 

Lord  Burleigh;  Robert,  earl  of  Essex;  sir  Christopher  Hatton, 

etc 158T 

Thomas  Sackville,  lord  Buckhurst,  afterwards  earl  of  Dorset; 
sir  Thomas  Egerton,  afterwards  lord  EUesmere  and  viscount 

Brackley ;  sir  Robert  Cecil,  etc 1599 

James  I.— Thomas,  earl  of  Dorset;  Thomas,  lord  EUesmere; 
Charles,  earl  of  Nottingham;  Thomas,  earl  of  Suffolk;  Ed- 
ward, earl  of  Worcester;  Robert  Cecil,  afterwards  earl  of 

Salisbury,  etc leOS 

Robert  Cecil,  earl  of  Salisbury ;  Thomas,  lord  EUesmere ;  Henry, 
earl  of  Northampton;  Charles,  earl  of  Nottingham ;  Thomas, 

earl  of  Suffolk,  etc 1609 

Henry,  earl  of  Northampton;  Thomas,  lord  EUesmere;  Ed- 
ward, earl  of  Worcester;  sir  Ralph  Winwood;  Charles,  earl 
of  Nottingham ;  Robert,  viscount  Rochester,  afterwards  earl 

of  Somerset,  etc 1612 

Thomas,  lord  EUesmere ;  Thomas,  earl  of  Suffolk ;  Charles,  earl 
of  Nottingham;  sir  George  Villiers  (a  favorite),  afterwards  vis- 
count Villiers,  and  successively  earl,  marquess,  and  duke  of 

Buckingham 1615- 

Sir  Henry  Montagu,  afterwards  viscount  Mandeville  and  earl  of 

Manchester 1620 

Lionel,  lord  Cranflield,  afterwards  earl  of  Middlesex  ;  Edward, 
earl  of  Worcester;  John,  earl  of  Bristol;  John  Williams,  dean 
of  Westminster;  George  Villiers,  marquess  of  Buckingham ; 

sir  Edward  Conway,  etc 1621 

Charles  I. — Richard,  lord  Weston,  afterwards  earl  of  Portland ; 
sir  Thomas  Coventry,  afterwards  lord  Coventry;  Henry,  earl 
of  Manchester  (succeeded  by  James,  earl  of  Marlborough,  who 
gave  place  to  Edward,  lord,  afterwards  viscount,  Conway); 

William  Laud,  bishop  of  London;  sir  Albert  Morton,  etc 162S 

William  Laud,  archbishop  of  Canterbury;  Francis,  lord  Cotting- 


ADM 

ton;  James,  marquess  of  Hamilton;  Edward,  earl  of  Dorset- 

sir  John  Coke ;  sir  Francis  Windebank,  etc .'  1635 

William  Juxon,  bishop  of  London;  sir  John  Finch,  afterwards 
lord  Finch;  Francis,  lord  Cottington;  AVentworth,  earl  of 
Strafl'ord;  Algernon,  earl  of  Northumberland;  James,  mar- 
quess of  Hamilton;   Laud,  archbishop  of  Canterbury;   sir 

Francis  Windebank ;  sir  Henry  Vane,  etc 1640 

[The  king  beheaded,  30  Jan.  1649.] 

Commonwealth. — Oliver  Cromwell,  protector,  named  a  council, 
not  to  exceed  21  members,  or  be  less  than  13 1653 

Richard  Cromwell,  his  son,  succeeded  on  Oliver's  death.  A 
council  of  officers  ruled  at  Wallmgford  house 1658 

Charles  II.— Sir  Edward  Hyde,  afterwards  earl  of  Clarendon; 
George  Monk,  created  duke  of  Albemarle ;  Edward  Montagu, 
created  earl  of  Sandwich ;  lord  Saye  and  Sele ;  earl  of  Man- 
chester; lord  Seymour;  sir  Robert  Long,  etc 1660 

Cteorge  Monk,  duke  of  Albemarle,  first  commissioner  of  the 
treasury,  etc 1667 

'■'■CabaV^  Ministry:  CliiTord,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Arlington, 
Lauderdale  (Cabal) 1670 

Thomas,  lord  Cliflbrd;  Anthony,  earl  of  Shaftesbury;  Henry, 
earl  of  Arlington;  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglesey;  sir  Thomas  Os- 
borne, created  viscount  Latimer;  Henry  Coventry;  sir  George 
Carteret ;  Edward  Seymour,  etc 1672 

Thomas,  viscount  Latimer,  afterwards  earl  of  Danby,  lord 
high  treasurer 26  June,  1673 

Arthur,  earl  of  Essex  (succeeded  by  Lawrence  Hyde,  afterwards 

earl  of  Rochester) ;  Robert,  earl  of  Sunderland,  etc 1679 

[The  king  nominated  a  new  council  on  21  Apr.  1679,  of  30 
members  only,  chiefly  the  great  officers  of  state  and  of  the 
household.] 

Sidney,  lord  Godolphin;  Lawrence,  earl  of  Rochester;  Daniel, 
earl  of  Nottingham;  Robert,  earl  of  Sunderland;  sir  Thomas 
Chicheley;  George,  lord  Dartmouth;  Henry,  earl  of  Claren- 
don ;  earls  of  Bath  and  Radnor 1684 

James  II. — Lawrence,  earl  of  Rochester;  George,  marquess  of 
Halifax ;  sir  George  Jeffreys,  afterwards  lord  Jeffreys ;  Henry, 
earl  of  Clarendon;  sir  John  Ernley;  viscount  Preston,  etc..  1685 

The  earl  of  Rochester  displaced,  John,  lord  Belasyse,  made  first 
commissioner  of  the  treasury  in  his  room,  4  Jan. ;  earl  of  Sun- 
derland president  of  the  council;  viscount  Preston,  secretary 

of  state,  etc 1687-88 

[King  left  Whitehall  by  night  11  Dec.  1688  ;  fled  from  Roch- 
ester 18  Dec,  and  landed  at  Ambleteuse,  in  France,  20  Dec] 

William  III.  and  Mary. — Charles,  viscount  Mordaunt ;  Thomas 
Osborne,  earl  of  Danby,  created  marquess  of  Carmarthen, 
afterwards  duke  of  Leeds;  George,  marquess  of  Halifax; 
Arthur  Herbert,  afterwards  lord  Torrington;  earls  of  Shrews- 
bury, Nottingham,  and  Sunderland;  earl  of  Dorset  and  Mid- 
dlesex; William,  earl  (afterwards  duke)  of  Devonshire;  lord 
Godolphin ;  lord  Montagu ;  lord  De  la  Mere,  etc 1689 

Sidney,  lord  Godolphin;  Thomas,  earl  of  Danby;  Richard 
Hampden;  Thomas,  earl  of  Pembroke;  Henry,  viscount 
Sydney ;  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  etc 1690 

Sir  John  Somers  became  lord  Somers  in  1697,  and  lord  chan- 
cellor; Charles  Montagu,  afterwards  lord  Halifax,  made  first 
commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1  May,  1698,  succeeded  by 
Ford,  earl  of  Tankerville 1699 


PREMIERS      OF     ENGLAND      FROM     1700,     AND     LENGTH     OF 
ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Anne. — Sidney,  earl  of  Godolphin 8  May,  1702 

Robert  Harley,  earl  of  Oxford 29  May,  1711 

Charles,  duke  of  Shrewsbury  (made  premier  three  days  before 

the  queen's  death) 29  July,  1714 

•George  I.— Charles,  earl  of  Halifax  (dies  19  May,  1715;  suc- 
ceeded by  the  earl  of  Carlisle) 5  Oct.     " 

Robert  Walpole Oct.  1715 

James,  earl  Stanhope 15  Apr.  1717 

Charles,  earl  of  Sunderland Mch.  1718 

Robert  Walpole,  earl  of  Orford 1721 

George  II.— Robert  Walpole,  earl  of  Orford 1727 

Earl  of  Wilmington  (dies  26  July,  1743) Feb.  1742 

Henry  Pelham 25  Aug.  1743 

Henry  Pelham,  Broad-bottom  administration Nov.  1744 

Earl  of  Bath,  Short-lived  administration 10-12  Feb.  1746 

Henry  Pelham  (again) 12  Feb.     " 

Thomas  H.  Pelham,  duke  of  Newcastle Apr.  1754 

Duke  of  Devonshire  (William  Pitt  virtually  premier). .  .16  Nov.  1756 

Duke  of  Newcastle  (and  William  Pitt) June,  1757 

George  III.— Duke  of  Newcastle  (and  William  Pitt) 1760 

John,  earl  of  Bute May,  1762 

George  Grenville 8  Apr.  1763 

Charles,  marquess  of  Rockingham 13  July,  1765 

William  Pitt,  earl  of  Chatham Aug.  1766 

Augustus  Henry,  duke  of  Grafton Dec.  1767 

Frederick,  lord  North.     (Lord  North  was  minister  during  the 

whole  of  the  American  war) Jan.  1770 

Marquess  of  Rockingham  (dies  1  July,  1782.     Charles  James 
Fox  and  Edmund  Burke  were  members  of  this  cabinet), 

Mch.  1782 

William  Petty,  earl  of  Shelburne July,     " 

William  Henry  Cavendish,  duke  of  Portland  (called  the  "Coa- 
lition Ministry  ") 5  Apr.  1783 

William  Pitt  (second  son  of  the  earl  of  Chatham) 18  Dec.     " 

Henry  Addington Mch.  1801 

William  Pitt  <dies  23  Jan.  1806) 12  May,  1804 

George,  lord  Grenville Feb.  1806 

1* 


ADR 

Duke  of  Portland  (dies  30  Oct.  1809). 25  Mch  1807 

Spencer  Perceval .' Nov.  1809 

Begency.— Spencer  Perceval  (Phot  by  Bellingham  in  the  lobby 

ot  the  House  of  Commons,  11  May,  1812) 5  Feb.  1811 

Robert,  earl  of  Liverpool ' May  1812 

George  IV — Robert,  earl  of  Liverpool !..!*.'.*.*.!! 29  Jan!  1820 

vKn^Serlcr^  '^"«-  '''''' ' ^  ^l'  '^ 

Duke  of  Wellington.' .■;.■;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;•;;;;;;;;;; .  j^J  i828 

William  IT.— Duke  of  Wellington  (resigns  16  Nov.  1830), 

Charles,  earl  Grey ""^  ^Zl'  ^^"^ 

^M  """.i/.^"^'  \'sco"nt  Melbourne  (administration  di^olved,' 
Nov  1834;  seals  of  office  in  the  hands  of  the  duke  of  Wei- 

siSSiv^::::::::::::::::: ^^''^ 

Viscount  Melbourne ..........'...'..... Apr   1835 

Victoria.— Viscount  Melbourne 20*  June   1837 

Viscount  Melbourne  resigns,  8  May,  1839,  but  returns  to  power'. 

Sir  Robert  Peel  (resigns  29  June,  1846) ^^  Sevtl  1841 

Lord  John  Russell..   !..... JX  }^J 

Lord  John  Russell  resigns,  21  Feb.  1851,  but  is  'induced '(after 

the  failure  of  lord  Stanley '»  party  to  form  an  administration) 

to  return  to  power o  vr-i,'  -.qk, 

Edward  earl  of  Derby •. .  .•.•;.V;;;;;;.27  Feb!  \^l 

Earl  of  Aberdeen 28  Dec     " 

Henry,  viscount  Palmerston *.'.*.'.'.''.*.'.*. *.'.'.'.'.*.'.'.'.  .7  Feb  1865 

Edward,  earl  of  Derby .....!    25  Feb  S 

Viscount  Palmerston  (d.  18  Oct.  1865.     Lord  Palmerston  was 

premier  during  the  American  civil  war) 18  June  1859 

John,  earl  Russell .' oct  1865 

Edward,  earl  of  Derby 6  July,  1866 

Benjamin  Disraeli 29  Feb.  1868 

William  Ewart  Gladstone .9  Dec.    " 

Benjamin  Disraeli  (earl  of  Beaconsfield,  16  Aflg.  i876J.'.'21  Feb   1874 

William  E.  Gladstone 28  Apr.  1880 

Robert,  marquis  of  Salisbury  (resigned  in  consequence  of  a 

minority  on  the  amendment  to  the  address  [329-250],  27  Jan. 

,^1,^?*^)-  ■•••••, 24  June,  1885 

William  E.  Gladstone  (resigned  in  consequence  of  a  majority 

against  his  Irish  Home  Rule  bill  [343-313],  20  July,  1886), 

26  Feb.  1886 
Robert,  marquis  of  Salisbury  (resigned  in  consequence  of  want 

of  confidence  voted  by  the  Commons  [350-310],  11  Aug.  1892), 

26  July.     «' 

William  E.  Gladstone  (resigns,  3  Mch.  1894) 18  Aug!  1S92 

Archibald  Philip  Primrose,  lord  Rosebery 3  Mch.  1894 

administrations  of  the  U.  S.     United  States. 

admiral.  The  title  first  appears  in  England  about  1300, 
but  earlier  in  France. — Sir  Harris  Nicolas.  The  nanoe  is 
doubtless  of  Asiatic  origin,  as  it  appears  to  have  been  unknown 
in  Europe  before  the  crusades.  Before  the  word  admiral  the 
title  of  custos  maris  was  in  use. — Encycl.  Brit.  9th  ed.  Alfred, 
Athelstan,  Edgar,  Harold,  and  other  kings  were  commanders 
of  their  own  fleets.  The  first  French  admiral  is  said  to  have 
been  appointed  1284.  The  rank  oi  admiral  of  the  English 
seas  was  first  given  to  William  de  Leybourne  by  Edward  I. 
in  1297.—  Spehnan  ;  Rymer.  The  first  Lord  High  Admiral 
in  England  was  created  by  Richard  II.  in  1385 ;  there  had 
been  previously  high  admirals  of  districts — the  north,  west, 
and  south.  The  duties  have  generally  been  executed  by  lords 
commissioners.  Admiralty.  A  similar  dignity  existed  in 
Scotland  from  the  reign  of  Robert  III.  In  1673,  Charles  II. 
bestowed  it  on  his  natural  son  Charles  Lennox,  an  infant,  after- 
wards duke  of  Richmond,  who  resigned  the  office  to  the  crown 
in  1703 ;  after  the  union  it  was  discontinued.  The  dignity  of 
lord  high  admiral  of  Ireland  (of  brief  existence)  was  conferred 
upon  James  Butler  by  Henry  VIII.  in  May,  1534.  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet  is  the  highest  rank  in  the  royal  navy,  correspond- 
ing to  field-marshal  in  the  army.     Navy,  English. 

admiral,  United  States.     Navy,  U.  S.,  1862-64,  etc. 

Ad'miralty,  Court  of  (English),  a  court  for  the  trial  of 
causes  relating  to  maritime  aflFairs,  said  to  have  been  erected 
by  Edward  III.  in  1357.  The  United  States  navy  is  controlled 
by  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  and  admiralty  jurisdiction  is  ex- 
ercised by  the  circuit  and  district  courts. 

adoption  controversy  in  Spain  towards  the 
close  of  the  8th  century.  The  archbishop  of  Toledo,  Elipan- 
dus,  and  the  bishop  of  Urgel,  Felix,  maintained  that  Christ's 
human  nature  was  the  son  of  God  only  by  adoption.  Felix 
recanted  before  a  synod  called  by  Charlemagne  at  Ratisbon, 
792.  The  archbishop,  however,  secure  in  his  see  at  Toledo, 
retained  his  views. 

Ad'riano'ple,  in  Turkey,  named  for  its  restorer,  em- 
peror Hadrian  (who  died  10  Jtdy,  138).    Near  here  Constantino 


ADR 

defeated  LIcinius  and  gained  the  empire,  3  July,  323;  and  the 
emperor  Valens  was  defoated  and  slain  by  the  (ioths,  9  Aug. 
878.  Adrianople  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  under  Amurath,  in 
1861,  and  was  their  capital  till  the  capture  of  Constantinople 
in  1458.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  on  20  Aug.  1829,  and 
restored  14  Si>pt.  same  year;  occupied  by  the  Russians,  with- 
out leaisunce,  20  Jan.  1878.     Pop.  1890, 150,000.     Turkey. 

Adriatic.  The  annual  ceremony  of  the  doge  of  Venice 
wetttling  the  Adriatic  sea  (instituted  about  1173 ;  first  omitted, 
1797)  took  place  on  Ascension  day.  The  doge  dropped  a  ring 
into  the  sea  rn>m  his  Bucentaur,  or  state  barge,  attended  by 
his  nobility  and  foreign  ambassadors. 

Adlllllllll,  a  cave  to  which  David  fled  from  the  persecu- 
tion of  Said  about  1062  luc.  (I  Sam.  xxii.  1,  2).  As  a  gather- 
ing place  for  "every  one  that  was  in  distress,"  or  "  in  debt," 
or  "discontcnteil,"  it  has  often  been  humorously  alluded  to,  as 
by  the  baron  of  Bradwardine  in  "  Waverley,"  chap.  57. 

adultery  was  punished  with  death  by  the  law  of  Moses 
(1490  ac. ;  Lev.  xx.  10),  and  by  Lycurgus  (884  b,c.).  The 
early  Saxons  burned  the  adulteress  and  erected  a  gibbet  over 
her  ashes,  whereon  they  hanged  the  adulterer.  The  ears  and 
nose  were  cut  off  under  Canute,  1031.  Adultery  was  made 
capital  by  parliament,  14  May,  1650,  but  there  is  no  record  of 
this  law  taking  effect,  and  it  was  repealed  at  the  Restoration. 
In  New  England  adultery  was  made  capital  to  both  parties, 
and  several  suflTered  for  itj  1662.— I/ardie.  Till  1857  in  Great 
Britain  the  legal  redress  against  the  man  was  by  civil  action 
for  money  com|)en8ation,  the  woman  was  liable  to  divorce. 
By  20  and  21  Vict.  c.  85  (1857),  the  "action  for  criminal  con- 
versation "  was  abolished,  and  the  Court  for  Divorce  and  Mat- 
rimonial Causes  established  with  power  to  grant  divorce  for 
adultery  and  ill-usage.  Divokck.  An  act  was  passed,  1869, 
permitting  parties  to  give  evidence.  In  the  United  States 
adultery  is  variously  punished  under  state  laws,  usually  by 
tine  or  imprisonment  or  both.  It  is  also  a  cause  for  absolute 
divorce  in  nearly  all  the  states. 

Advent  (adventus,  arrival).  The  period  of  the  approach 
of  the  Nativity.  The  season  includes  four  Sundays,  previous 
to  Christmas,  the  first  the  nearest  Sunday  to  St.  Andrew's  day 
(Nov.  30),  before  or  after.  Homilies  respecting  Advent  are 
mentioned  prior  to  378,  and  it  has  been  recognized  since  the 
6th  century  as  the  commencement  of  the  ecclesiastical  year. 

Adventi§t§.  An  American  sect  who  look  for  the  early 
second  coming  of  Christ,  which  is  spoken  of  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment, It  arose  from  the  preaching  of  William  Miller  from  1836 
to  1843,  when  he  predicted  the  coming.     Millerites. 

ad¥er'tiseinent§  in  newspapers  were  not  general  in 
England  till  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.  A  penalty  of 
50/.  was  inflicted  on  persons  advertising  a  reward  for  stolen 
goods  with  "  No  questions  asked,"  and  on  the  printer,  1754. 
The  advertisement  duty  (first  enacted  1712),  formerly  charged 
by  lines,  was  afterwards  fixed  in  England  at  3s.  6c?.  and  in  Ire- 
land at  Is.  6d.  each  advertisement.  The  duty  (further  reduced, 
in  England  to  \s.  6d.  and  in  Ireland  to  Is.  each,  in  1833)  was 
abolished  in  1853. 

Early  advertisements  are  found  in  Perfect  Occurences  of  every 
Date,  26  Mch.  to  2  Apr.  1647,  and  Mercurius  Elencticus,  4  Oct.  1648 

The  American  system  of  advertising  agencies  was  originated 
by  Orlando  Bounie  in  1828,  and  was  followed  in  1840  by  V.  B. 
Palmer,  who  established  agencies  in  Philadelphia,  New  York, 
and  Boston.     The  system  was  vastly  extended  about  1860. 

iCdile§.  Roman  city  officers  of  three  degrees,  named 
from  their  charge  of  the  cedes,  or  temi)le,  of  Ceres.  (1)  Two 
plebeian  lediles  were  appointed  with  the  tribunes  to  look  after 
buildings,  weights  and  measures,  the  supply  of  provisions  and 
water,  etc.,  494  b.c.  (2)  The  (ediles  curules,  at  first  patricians, 
were  appointed  365  b.c.  (3)  Julius  Caesar  appointed  cedUes  cere- 
ales  for  watching  over  the  supply  of  corn.  The  aediles  became 
a  police  under  the  emperors. 

JBdui  or  Hedui,  a  Celtic  people,  N.E.  France,  who 
were  delivered  from  subjection  to  the  Sequani  by  Julius  Caesar, 
58  B.C.;  but  afterwards,  opposing  him,  were  subjugated  by  him, 
52.  Their  insurrection,  headed  by  Julius  Sacrovir,  21  a.d.,  was 
quelled  by  C.  Silius. 

^ga'te§  I§ie§,  west  of  Sicily ;  near  these,  during  the 


10  ^TO 

first  Punic  war,  the  Roman  consul  C.  Lutatius  Catulus  gained  a 
decisive  victory  over  the  Carthaginian  fleet  under  Hanno,  10 
Mch.  241  B.C.  Peace  ensued,  the  Romans  obtaining  Sicily 
and  a  tribute  of  3200  talents. 

iKlJCi'lia,  a  (ireck  island,  rival  of  Athens,  was  humbled  by 
Themistocles,  485  n.c,  and  its  works  destroyed,  455.  Its  in- 
habitants expelled,  431,  were  restored  by  Sparta,  404;  they 
renewed  war  witli  Athens,  388,  and  made  peace,  387. 

iEllC'id,  the  great  Latin  epic  poem  on  the  adventures 
of  yEneas,  written  about  24  b.c.  by  Virgil  {Publius  Vergilius 
Maro),  who  died  22  Sept.  19  B.C.,  aged  51,  leaving  it  unfin- 
ished.    Was  first  printed  in  1469  at  Rome. 

cenilipnia.  Samson's  riddle  (about  1141  r.c.  ;  Judg. 
xiv.  12)  is  the  earliest  on  record.  Gale  attributes  aenigmati- 
cal  speeches  to  the  Egyptians.  The  ancient  oracles  occasion- 
ally gave  responses  admitting  of  contrary  interpretations.  In 
Nero's  time  the  Romans  had  recourse  to  this  method  of  con- 
cealing truth.  The  following  epitaph  on  Fair  Rosamond 
(mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  England,  about  1173)  is  a  mediaeval 
specimen  :  "  Hie  jacet  in  tombsi  Rosa  mundi,  non  Rosa  mun- 
da ;  Non  redolet,  sed  olet,  quae  redolere  solet." 

iHo'lia,  in  Asia  Minor,  was  colonized  by  a  principal 
branch  of  the  Hellenic  race  about  1124  B.C.  The  JEolians 
built  several  large  cities,  both  on  the  mainland  and  the  neigh- 
boring islands;  Mitylene,  in  Lesbos,  was  considered  the  cap- 
ital. 

^^Oiian  Harp  (from  Aeolus,  god  of  the  wind),  A 
stringed  instrument,  upon  which  the  wind  produces  musical 
sounds,  first  described  by  Kircher,  about  1650. 

seoll'na,  a  free-reed  wind-instrument,  invented  by 
Wheatstone  in  1829. 

seol'opile,  a  hollow  ball  with  an  orifice  in  which  a 
tube  might  be  screwed,  used  in  17th  century  as  a  boiler  for 
experimental  steam-engines ;  a  similar  apparatus  is  described 
by  Vitruvius,  1st  century  a.d. 

^QUi,  an  ancient  Italian  race,  inhabiting  the  upper 
valle\'  of  the  Anio  (now  Teverone),  a  branch  of  the  Tiber, 
were  finally  subdued  by  the  Romans  and  their  lands  annexed^ 
302  B.C. 

A 'crated  VTateri,  Apparatus  for  combining  gases 
with  water  were  patented  by  Thomson  in  1807,  F.  C.  Bakewell 
in  1832  and  1847,  Tylor  in  1840,  and  by  others.     Bread. 

Ae'rlans,  followers  of  Aerius,  a  presbyter  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury, who  held  bishop  and  presbyter  the  same;  that  there  was 
no  Pasch  to  be  observed  by  Christians,  that  Lent  and  other 
fasts  should  not  be  observed ;  and  that  no  prayers  be  offered 
for  the  dead. — Epiphanius. 

a'erolttes.     Meteors. 

a'eronautici  and  a'erostatics.  Balloons  and 
Flying. 

a'eropliore,  an  apparatus  invented  by  M.  Denaj'rouze 
to  furnish  pure  air  in  the  midst  of  smoke  and  fire.  It  comprises 
an  air-pump,  lamp,  and  flexible  tubing.  It  was  tried  at  Chat- 
ham, Eng.,  12-14  Jan.  1875,  and  reported  successful.  A  gold 
medal  was  awarded  to  the  inventor  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition^ 
1873. 

^SCUla'pill§,  god  of  medicine ;  his  worship  introduced 
at  Rome  about  291  b.c. 

iCI§op'§  Fable§.     Fables. 

se§tiiet'ic§  (from  Gr.  aicrOrjcng,  perception),  the  science 
of  the  beautiful  and  sublime  (especially  in  art);  a  term  in- 
vented by  Baumgarten,  a  German  philosopher,  whose  work 
"iEsthetica"  was  published  in  1750. 

iEtO'lia,  in  Greece,  named  for  ^tolus  of  Elis,  who  is  said 
to  have  accidentally  killed  a  son  of  Phoroueus,  king  of  Argos, 
left  the  Peloponnesus,  and  settled  here.  After  the  ruin  of 
Athens  and  Sparta,  the  ^Etolians  became  the  rivals  of  the 
Achaeans,  and  were  alternately  allies  and  enemies  of  Rome. 

B.C. 

^tolians  join  Sparta  against  Athens 455 

.^tolian  league  of  tribes  opposes  Macedon 323 

Invaded  by  Antipater  during  the  Latnian  war 322 

Aid  in  expulsion  of  the  Gauls 279 

Invade  the  Peloponnesus,  ravage  Messenia  (Social  war),  and  de- 
feat the  Achaeans  at  Caphyse 220 


AFF  11 

Philip  V.  of  Macedon  invades  ^tolia,  and  takes  Thermum- 

peace  of  Naupactus  concluded J    217 

Alliance  with  Rome .........'.'..'.'.     211 

Deserted  by  the  Romans,  the  ^tolians  make  peace  with  Philip.    205 

War  with  Philip,  200;  he  is  defeated  at  Cynoscephalje 1<J7 

^tolians  invite  the  kings  of  Macedon,  Syria,  and  Sparta  to 

coalesce  against  the  Romans 193-92 

Defeat  of  the  allies  near  Thermopylaj 191 

Conquered  by  the  Romans  under  Fulvius 189 

Leading  patriots  massacred  by  the  Roman  party 167 

^tolia  made  a  province  of  Rome 146 

Theodorus  Angelus,  a  noble  Grecian,  seizes  ^tolia'and  EpVru's! 
He  leaves  ^tolia  to  his  son  Michael,  who  maintains  it  against 
Michael  Palaeologus,  first  emperor  of  the  Greeks  after  the  ex-   a.d. 

pulsion  of  the  Latins  from  Constantinople 1260 

Seized  by  the  Turks 1432 

Turks  driven  out  by  George  Castriot  (Scanderbeg)",'who  with 

a  small  army  withstands  the  whole  Ottoman  power. 1450-67 

[The  Venetians  in  possession  at  his  death.] 

Turks  again  in  possession 1478 

[Now  included  in  the  Kingdom  of  Greece.] 

afflnity.  Marriage  within  certain  degrees  of  kindred 
has  been  prohibited  almost  universality,  but  has  often  taken 
place.  The  Jewish  law  is  given  in  Lev.  xviii.  (1490  b.c).  In 
the  English  prayer-book  the  table  restricting  marriage  within 
certain  degrees  was  set  forth  by  authority,  1563.  Prohibited 
marriages  were  made  incestuous  and  unlawful  by  the  99th 
canon  in  1603.  All  marriages  within  forbidden  degrees  are 
declared  void  by  5  and  6  Will.  IV.  c.'54, 1835.  Marriage  (of 
Wife's  Sister).  These  degrees  were  set  forth  in  25  Henry  VIII. 
c.  22, 1533-34. 

afflrmatioil.  Quakers.  The  affirmation  was  al- 
tered in  1702,  1721,  1837,  and  in  Apr.  1859.— The  indulgence 
was  granted  to  persons  formerly  Quakers,  who  had  seceded 
from  that  sect,  2  Vict.  1838 ;  and  extended  to  other  dissenters 
by  9  Geo.  IV.  c.  32,  1828,  and  18  and  19  Vict.  c.  2, 1855.  For 
Mr.  Bradlaugh's  case,  see  Parliament,  1880-81. 

Afgfliaili§tail',  a  mountainous  country  in  Central  Asia 
reaching  from  Beloochistan  northward  to  the'Oxus ;  and  from 
the  frontier  of  Persia  on  the  west  to  the  Punjab  on  the  east; 
in  each  direction  about  500  miles;  with  a  population  of  about 
5,000,000.  The  chief  cities  are  Cabool,  the  capital,  to  the  east, 
Herat  in  the  west,  Kandahar  in  the  south,  and  Balkh  in  the 
north.  There  is  no  unity  or  permanence  in  the  government. 
The  several  districts,  although  nominally  under  one  head,  "  the 
ameer,"  have  their  petty  rulers,  called  "  sirdars,"  each  govern- 
ing in  his  own  fashion. 

Early  Afghan  conquests  in  India 1200-90 

Conquests  by  Genghis  Khan  about  1221,  and  by  Tamerlane 1398 

Baber  conquered  Cabool 1525 

[On  his  death  Afghanistan  divided  between  Persia  and  Hin- 
dostan.] 
Afghans  revolt  in  1720;  invade  Persia  and  take  Ispahan;  re- 
pulsed by  Nadir  Shah  in  1728,  who  subdues  the  whole  of 

the  country 1738 

On  his  assassination,  one  of  his  officers,  Ahmed  Shah,  an  Af- 
ghan, made  Afghanistan  independent 1747 

Timur  Shah  succeeds,  1773;  dies 1793 

Zeman  becomes  ameer;  dethroned ISOO 

Mahmud  Shah,  son,  ameer,  1800;  deposed  by  his  brother,  1803; 
restored,  1809 ;  flees  from  Cabool  and  becomes  ruler  at  Herat.  1816 

Dost  Mahomed  Khan  becomes  ameer 1826 

Is  dethroned  by  the  British  and  sent  to  Calcutta;  Suja  Shah 

restored 1838 

British  occupation  of  Cabool ;    insurrection ;   sir  Alexander 

Burnes  and  23  others  killed 2  Nov.  1841 

Akbar  Khan,  son  of  Dost  Mahomed,  head  of  rebels;  invites  sir 
Wm.  Macnaghten  to  meet,  and  assassinates  him  and  others. 

British  army  leaving  Cabool  is  massacred  by  Ghilzais  in  Khy- 

ber  pass;  of  3849  soldiers  and  about  12,000  camp-followers 

only  Dr.  Brydone  and  four  or  five  natives  escape. .  .6-13  Jan.  1842 

Sir  George  Pollock  forces  Khyber  pass;  defeats  Akbar  Khan  at 

Tezeen;  captures  Cabool  and  releases  lady  Sale  and  others, 

16  Sept. ;  retires 12  Oct.      " 

Dost  Mahomed  ameer " 

He  dies,  appointing  Shere  Ali,  his  third  son,"  to  succeed.. 9  June,  1863 
Shere  Ali  honorably  received  at  Umballah  by  viceroy  of  India, 

earl  of  Mayo,  and  receives  a  subsidy 27  Mch.  et  seq.  1869 

Limits  of  his  territory  defined June,  1870 

Shere  Ali  agrees  to  new  boundaries  and  receives  another  Brit- 
ish subsidy Oct.  1873 

Shere  Ali  rejects  a  British  resident;  subsidy  withheld;  he  raises 

an  army 1877-78 

The  ameer  signs  a  treaty  with  Russia,  accepting  Russian  pro- 
tectorate  Aug.  1878 

Intercourse  with  the  British  declined Sept.     " 

Mission  with  military  escort  under  sir  Neville  B.  Chamberlain, 
commander  of  Madras  army,  starts  from  Peshawur.  .21  Sept.      " 

Forced  to  retire  in  the  Khyber  pass 24  Sept.      " 

British  send  an  ultimatum  (answer  required  before  Nov.  20), 

28  Oct.      " 


1878 


AFG 

British  army  formed  in  three  divisions:  atQuettah,  Peshawur 
and  Kuram  (;u,730  natives;  12,740  Europeans).. about  16  Nov 

iiritish  army  advances,  21  Nov. ;  gen.  Roberts  victorious  at 
1  eiwar  pass,  2  Dec. ;  and  occupies  Jellalabad 20  Dec     " 

Shere  All  flees  from  Cabool  to  Balkh,  13  Dec. ;  Yakoob  Khan' 
sou  of  the  ameer,  assumes  command;  Russian  mission  with- 
tlraws ; pg^     ,. 

Gen  Roberts  proclaims  annexation  of  Kuram V.'.V.26  Dec     " 

Candahar  abandoned  6  Jan, ;  entered  by  gen.  Stewart  unop- 
posed -  J       .,„_« 

Death  of  Shere  Ali ......'.; io  Feb     '' 

Yakoob  Khan,  son  of  late  ameer,  arrives  at"  Gandainak  to  ne- 
gotiate 8  May;  recognized  as  ameer  9  Mav     " 

Peace  signed  at  Gandamak  (British  to  wxupy ' khyber  pa^ 
and  Kuram  and  Pisheen  valleys;  to  have  resident  at  Cabool- 

ffi''.H^o!^t°"''«  ^".^f"'y  °^  ^0'<^«'-  I"  ameer),  26  May;  rat- 

ifled  30  May ;  British  troops  retire .     .     8  June     " 

Sir  Louis  Cavagnari  and  escort  honorably  received  at' Cabool' 

Several  regiments  of  Afghan  soldiers  arrive  in  Cabwt  from 
Herat;  about  13  Aug.,  aided  by  populace,  they  besiege  Brit- 
ish residents,  who,  after  brave  resistance,  are  massacred  (in- 
cluding sir  L.  Cavagnari 34  sppt     " 

Gen.  Roberts  marches  towards  Cabool .'.'e  Sent  et  sea     " 

Gen.  Baker  reaches  Kushi,  24  Sept. ;  receives  ameer  Yakoob 
with  son,  gen.  Daoud.  and  suite 27  Sept     " 

Gen.  Roberts  arrives  at  Cabool,  28  Sept. ;  occupies  Dakka, 

Battle  of  Charasiab  with  Afghans  before  Cabool;  about  70 

killed  and  wounded 6  Oct     " 

Enemy  decamps;  about  98  guns  abandoned.'.'.'.'.*.*." .'.*.8,'9  Oct     •' 
Gen.  Roberts  visits  the  abandoned  Bala  Hissar.  11  Oct. ;  enters 

Cabool,  12  Oct. ;  Jellalabad  occupied  by  Gough 14  Oct.    " 

Gen.  Roberts's  proclamation;  heavy  fine;  martial  law;  gen. 
Hills  to  be  military  governor,  with  Glfolam  Hussein  Khan, 
„      ,  14  Oct.     " 

Proclamation  of  gen.  Roberts  announcing  British  occupation 

of  Cabool,  etc 30  Oct.    " 

Gen.  Roberts  concentrates  forces  in  Sherpur  cantonments, 
.  ^  ^  14  Dec.    '• 
Afghans  (25,000)  defeated  with  great  loss  near  Sherpur  canton- 
ments, by  gens.  Roberts  and  Gough 23  Dec.    " 

Cabool  left  by  the  enemy,  24  Dec. ;  the  city  and  Bala  Hissar  re- 
occupied  by  the  British 26  Dec.     " 

Enemy  dispersed „ 28  Dec.    " 

Gen.  Roberts  proclaims  amnesty  with  few  exceptions;  hili 

tribes  generally  subdued about  6  Jan.  1880 

Sir  D.  Stewart  lakes  chief  command  at  Cabool 2  May,     " 

Gen.  Burrows  (with  about  2400  men)  sent  from  Bombay  tow- 
ards Candahar 1  July,     «' 

Abdur-Rahman,  cousin  of  Ayoob  Khan,  recognized  as  ameer 

at  Cabool  by  the  British,  and  proclaimed 22  July,     '« 

Ayoob  Khan  (son  of  the  late  ameer,  Shere  Ali).  governor  of 
Herat,  marches  upon  Candahar  with  about  12,000  men  and 
20  guns;   repulses  gen.  Burrows  with  heavy  loss  on  both 

sides ;  many  officers  of  66th  regi ment  killed 27  July,     '« 

Candahar  citadel  held  by  about  4000  British 28  Julv,     " 

Ayoob  encamped  at  Kokaran 9  Aug.     " 

Gen.  sir  F.  Roberts  with  about  10,000  men,  etc.,  marches  from 

Cabool  to  relieve  Candahar 9  Aug.     " 

Sir  D.  Stewart,  after  interview  with  ameer  Abdur-Rahman, 

withdraws  troops  from  Cabool 11  Aug.     " 

Ineffectual  sortie  from  Candahar,  under  gen.  Primrose,  against 
Deh  Kwajee  village;  heavy  loss  on  both  sides;  several  offi- 
cers, among  them  gen.  Brooke,  and  180  men  killed. .16  Aug.     '« 
Ayoob  Khan's  army  (strengthened  by  Ghilzais)  20,000  about 

25  Aug. ;  retires  from  Candahar about  30  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Roberts  arrives  at  Candahar,  31  Aug. ;  declines  Ayoob's 
terms;  disperses  his  army  at  Mazra  near  the  Argandab; 

captures  camp  at  Baba  Wall  Kotal 1  Sept.     " 

Alleged  expenses  of  the  war,  1878-80, 16,605,000Z Jan.  1881 

Russian  correspondence  with  ameer  Shere  Ali  in  1878  pub- 
lished; explained  by  Russia  as  relating  to  probable  war  in 

the  East 9,  10  Feb.     " 

Thanks  of  parliament  to  gen.  Roberts  and  army 5  May,     •' 

Prospect  of  war  between  Ayoob  Khan  of  Herat  and  Abdur- 
Rahman  of  Cabool May,  June,     " 

Ayoob  Khan  defeats  ameer's  army  under  Gholam-Hyder  at 

Karez-i-atta,  26  July;  enters  Candahar 30  July,     " 

Ameer  Abdur-Rahman  defeats  Ayoob  Khan  and  drives  him 

into  Persia. 4  Oct.     " 

Abdur-Rahman  virtual  ruler  of  all  Afghanistan Oct.     " 

Ameer  accepts  subsidy  from  British  Indian  government, 

21  July,  1883 

Ameer  accepts  proposal  of  a  frontier  commission Aug.  1884 

Ameer  meets  lord  Dufferin,  viceroy  of  India,  at  Rawul  Pindi, 
2  Apr. ;  declares  at  a  grand  durbar  that  England  and  Af- 
ghanistan will  stand  side  by  side,  8  Apr. ;  leaves 12  Apr.  1885 

Ayoob  Khan  again  advances  from  Persia;  is  defeated;  sur- 
renders to  the  English  and  is  removed  to  India. 1887 

Ameer  suppresses  a  revolt  of  the  Ghilzai " 

Another  insurrection  under  Ishak  Khan  suppressed 1888 

Ameer,  a  vigorous  ruler,  supported  by  the  government  of  India     " 
Joint   Anglo  -  Russian    Boundary    Commissioners    determine 

boundary  between  Russian  territory  and  Afghanistan. 4  Feb.     " 
Central  Asia  railroad  finished  to  Samarcand,  and  opened  by 

the  Russian  government July?     " 

[Total  cost  of  the  line,  43,000,000  rubles;  distance  from 
the  Caspian  sea  to  Samarcand,  900  miles.] 
Great  Britain  disputes  with  Russia  respecting  the  Pamir  flron- 
tier Sept.-Oct.  1891 


AFR  *2 

Aflrtca  {Ubifa  of  the  Greeks)  ia  the  vast  southwestern 
peninsula  of  the  Old  World,  connected  with  Asia  by  the  nar- 
row isthmus  of  Suez.  It  is  triangular  in  form,  with  its  base 
to  the  north.  The  Mediterranean  lies  on  the  north,  the  Red 
aea  and  hulian  ocean  on  the  cast,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the 
west.  From  Kas-el-Kerun,  its  most  northerly  point,  to  cape 
Agulhas,  iis  most  southerly  point,  is  about  5000  miles,  and 
from  cape  tiuardafiii  on  the  east  to  cape  Verde  on  the  west  it 
is  4600.  Area  about  12,000,000  square  miles ;  said  to  have 
been  first  peopled  by  Ham.  For  its  history,  see  Abyssinia, 
Aloikks,  Asiiantek,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Carthagk,  Cy- 
RKNK,  Congo  Free  State,  Egypt,  Libkkia,  Morocco,  Sa- 
hara, Sol'dan,  South  Africa,  Zambusia,  German  East 
and  West  Africa,  etc 

Cape  of  Good  Hojw  discovered  by  Diaz,  1487. 

Vasco  de  Gama  doubles  the  cape  aud  explores  the  coast,  19  Nov. 
1497. 

Portugiiose  settlements  begun,  1450. 

English  nierchantij  visit  Guinea,  1560;  EUzabeth  grants  a  patent  to 
an  African  company,  1688. 

Dutch  colony  at  the  cape  founded,  1650. 

Capt.  Slubbs  Siiilod  up  tbc  Gambia,  1723. 

Bruce  commenced  his  travels  in  1768.     Nilk. 

Sierra  Leone  settled  by  the  English,  1787. 

MuDgo  Park  sailed  to  Aft-ica,  22  May,  1795;  again,  30  Jan.  1804,  and 
never  returned.     Park. 

Africa  visited  by  Salt,  1805  and  1809;  Burckhardt,  1812;  Campbell, 
1813;  Homemann,  1816;  Denham,  Clapperton,  and  Dr.  Oudray, 
1822-24,  who  cross  the  Great  Desert  south  to  lake  Tchad. 

Liberia  founded  by  American  philanthropists,  1822  (Liberia); 
Laing  explorations,  1826;  the  brothers  Lander,  1830. 

Niger  expedition  to  colonize  central  Africa  (for  which  the  English 
parliament  voted  60,000/.),  consisting  of  the  Albert,  Wilberforce, 
and  Soudan  steamships,  began  ascent  of  the  Niger,  20  Aug.  1841. 
The  expedition  was  abandoned  owing  to  disease,  heat,  and  hard- 
ahii>s,  and  all  the  vessels  returned  and  cast  anchor  at  Clarence 
Cove.  Fernando  Po,  17  Oct.  1841. 

James  Richardson  explored  the  Sahara  in  1845-46,  and  in  1849  (by 
direction  of  Foreign  Office)  he  left  England  to  explore  central 
Aft-ica  with  Drs.  Barth  and  Overweg.  He  died  4  Mch.  1851; 
Overweg  died  27  Sept.  1852. 

Dr.  VOgel  sent  out  with  reinforcements  to  Dr.  Barth,  20  Feb.  1853; 
in  Apr.  1857,  said  to  have  been  assassinated. 

Dr.  Barth  returning  to  England,  received  Royal  Geographical  Socie- 
ty's medal,  16  May,  1856.  His  travels  were  published  in  5  vols, 
in  1858. 

Dr.  David  Livingstone,  a  missionary,  returned  to  England  in  Dec. 
1856,  after  16  years  of  travel,  mostly  on  foot,  in  the  heart  of  south 
Africa.  He  walked  about  11,000  miles,  principally  over  country 
hitherto  unexplored.  His  book  was  published  in  Nov.  1857.  In 
Feb.  1858,  he  was  appointed  British  consul  for  Portuguese  pos- 
sessions in  Africa,  and  left  England  soon  after. 

Du  Chaillu's  travels  in  central  Africa,  1856-59,  excited  much  con- 
troversy, 1861. 

Second  expedition  of  Dr.  Livingstone,  Mch.  1858. 

Capt.  John  H.  Speke  discovers  lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  1858. 

Capta  Speke  and  Grant  announce  the  discovery  of  a  source  of  the 
Nile  in  lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  23  Feb.  1863.  They  also  discover 
Albert  Nyanza,  140  miles  long  and  40  broad. 

Du  Chaillu  starts  on  a  fresh  expedition,  6  Aug.  1863;  returned  to 
London  late  in  1865.  He  described  his  journey  to  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  8  Jan.  1866. 

Livingstone  returns  23  July,  1864. 

Death  of  Dr.  W.  B.  Baikie,  at  Sierra  Leone,  30  Nov.  1864.  [As  spe- 
cial envoy  to  negro  tribes  near  the  Niger  from  the  Foreign 
Office,  about  1854,  he  opened  commercial  relations  with  central 
Africa.] 

Sir  Samuel  Baker  visits  the  lake  discovered  by  Speke,  and  called  it 
lake  Albert  Nyanza,  14  Mch.  1864. 

Livingstone  British  consul  for  inner  Africa,  24  Mch.  1865. 

Narrative  of  Livingstone's  Zambesi  expedition,  1858-64,  published 
1866. 

Livingstone  left  Zanzibar  to  continue  his  search  for  the  sources  of 
the  Nile,  Mch.  1866. 

Expedition  of  E.  D.  Young  in  search  of  Livingstone,  sailed  9  July, 
.     1867;  returning,  reported  to  Royal  Geographical  Society  belief 
that  Livingstone  was  alive,  27  Jan.  1868. 

Letter  from  Dr.  Livingstone  dated  Bembo,  2  Mch.  1867;  heard  of 
down  to  Dec.  1867. 

His  despatch  to  lord  Clarendon  dated  7  July,  1868;  read  to  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  8  Nov.  1869. 

Letter  dated  30  May,  1869,  published  Dec.  1869. 

Expedition  of  sir  Samuel  Baker  to  suppress  slave-trade  on  the  Upper 
Nile  (Egypt),  Jan.  1870. 

Expedition  to  seek  Livingstone,  under  lieut.  Dawson,  organized  by 
Royal  Geographical  Society;  started  9  Feb.  1872. 

[Returned  hearing  that  Stanley  had  found  Livingstone.] 

Dutch  Guinea  settlements  purchased  and  transferred  (Elmina),  6 
Apr.  1872. 

Expedition  to  seek  Livingstone  sent  by  James  Gordon  Bennett  of 
the  Xew  York  Herald,  at  a  cost  of  8000/. 

Henry  M.  Stanley,  chief  of  expedition,  left  Zanzibar,  found  Living- 
stone at  Ujiji,  near  Unyanyembe,  10  Nov.  1871,  remained  with  him 
till  14  Mch.  1872,  and  brought  away  his  diary  and  other  documents. 
Stanley  reported  Livingstone  at  Ujiji. 

Reports  that  Livingstone  is  alive.  May,  June,  1872. 


AFR 

Controversy  between  Stanley,  members  of  lieut.  Dawson's  expedi- 
tion. Dr.  Livingstonu,  Dr.  Kirk,  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
aud  others,  Aug. -Oct.  1872. 

Letter  ft^m  Dr.  Livingstone  at  lijiji,  dated  Nov.  1871,  to  Mr.  Ben- 
nett {New  York  Herald,  26  July,  reprinted  in  Times,  27  July, 
1872),  describes  his  explorations  and  painful  journey  to  Ujiji; 
meeting  SUinley ;  ho  speaks  of  the  Nile  springs  as  about  600  miles 
south  of  south  end  of  lake  Victoria  Nyanza;  and  of  about  700  miles 
of  water-shed  in  central  Africa,  of  which  he  had  explored  about 
(WO;  and  of  waters  gathered  into  four,  aud  then  into  two,  mighty 
rivers  in  the  great  Nile  valley  (?)  between  10°  and  12°  S.  lat.  Sec- 
ond letter  (dated  Feb.  1872)  describes  horrors  of  slave-trade  in  east 
Africa,  printed  in  Times  29  July,  1872. 

Livingstone's  despatches  of  1  and  16  Nov.  1871,  received  by  Foreign 
Office,  1  Aug.  1872;  letter  of  1  July,  1871,  received  2  Oct.  1872. 

Stanley  described  discovery  of  Livingstone  to  British  Association  at 
Brighton  before  ex-emperor  and  ex-empress  of  the  French,  16 
Aug. ;  received  a  gold  snuff-box  from  queen  about  30  Aug.  1872. 

New  expedition,  under  sir  Bartle  Frere,  to  Zanzibar,  to  suppress 
east  African  slave-trade;  lieut.  Verney  Lovett  Cameron's  offer  to 
aid  Livingstone's  expedition  was  accepted;  sailed  20  Nov.  1872. 
Zanzibar. 

Expedition  to  explore  upper  part  of  Congo  (Mr.  Young  of  Kelly  to   - 
subscribe  2000/.,  Royal  Geographical  Society  to  aid)  proposed 
Nov.  1872. 

Lieut.  Verney  Cameron,  after  the  finding  of  Livingstone,  continued 
his  explorations,  1872-73. 

Livingstone  died  of  dysentery  in  Ilala,  central  Africa  (his  pupil 
Jacob  Wainwright,  a  young  negro  mi.ssionary.  present),  1  May, 
1873,  aged  60;  remains  interred  in  Westminster  Abbey,  18  Apr. 
1874;  last  journals  published  Dec.  1874. 

Leaving  Ujiji,  14  May,  1874,  Cameron  followed  Livingstone's  route; 
explored  1200  miles  of  fertile  country;  arriving  at  Portuguese  set- 
tlements, 4  Nov  1875. 

He  was  received  by  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  gave  account 
of  his  journey,  11  Apr.  1876. 

Stanley  (supported  by  Daily  Telegraph  and  New  York  Herald)  sur- 
veyed lake  Victoria  Nyanza  (about  300  miles  by  180),  1875. 

Stanley  reports  survey  of  lake  Tanganyika;  he  left  Ujiji,  crossed 
Africa  from  east  to  west,  identified  the  Lualaba  with  Congo  river, 
which  has  an  uninterrupted  course  of  over  1400  miles,  24  Aug. 
1876-6  Aug.  1877. 

Arrives  at  Cape  Town,  21  Oct.  1877;  in  London,  22  Jan.  1878;  pub- 
lished "Through  the  Dark  Continent,"  May,  1878. 

Italian  expedition  of  marchese  Antinori  well  received  by  king  of 
Scida;  announced  2  Dec.  1876;  his  death  reported,  Nov.  1877. 

Portuguese  government  grants  20,000/.  for  expedition  into  the  in 
terior,  announced  Dec.  1876. 

Dr  Gussfeld,  a  German,  entered  southwest  central  Africa,  1873;  de- 
clared difficulties  insuperable,  1875. 

Portuguese  government  send  major  Serpa  Pinto  through  AlVica; 
discovers  affluents  of  the  Zambesi,  1877. 

Stanley,  with  an  international  Belgian  expedition,  explored  the  Con- 
go, 1879-80. 

Royal  Geographical  Society's  expedition  into  east  Africa,  under  Mr. 
A.  Keith  Johnston,  leaves  England  14  Nov.  1878;  starts  from  Zan- 
zibar about  14  May,  1879.  Mr.  Johnston  dies  28  June;  succeeded 
by  Joseph  Thomson,  who  returns  to  England,  Aug.  1880. 

Trade  route  with  4  stations  on  the  Congo  reported  established  by 
Stanley,  14  Aug.  1882. 

Royal  Geographical  Society  grants  2600/.  for  an  expedition  to  Africa: 
Joseph  Thomson  starts  13  Dec.  1882;  after  successful  exploration 
arrives  at  Zanzibar  in  June,  1884;  describes  his  travels  to  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  3  Nov.  1884. 

Death  of  Dr.  Moffat,  missionary  and  traveller,  aged  87,  9  Aug.  1883. 

H.  H.  Johnston  arrives  at  Kilimanjaro,  June,  1884;  builds  village  at 
height  of  11,000  feet,  Oct. ;  ascends  to  16,200  feet  from  summit  of 
KibO,  Nov.  1884. 

Stanley's  ' '  Explorations  of  the  Congo  and  Founding  of  its  Free  State ' ' 
published  by  Harper  k  Bros.,  1885. 

Emin  Pasha,  associate  of  gen.  Gordon,  holds  Wadelai  as  governor 
of  equatorial  Africa  since  1878  with  black  troops;  news  brought 
by  Dr.  Junker,  who  reports  to  Royal  Geographical  Society  his 
travels  in  central  Africa  in  1885-86,  9  May,  1887. 

Expedition  of  Stanley  on  behalf  of  the  Emin  Pasha  Committee 
starts  from  London,  21  Jan.  1887. 

[They  embarked  with  natives  at  Zanzibar  for  the  west  coast,  25 
Feb. ,  and  sailed  up  the  Congo.  After  danger  and  suffering  through 
famine,  disease,  and  native  opposition,  Stanley  met  Emin  Pasha 
on  lake  Nyanza,  29  Apr.  1888;  and  with  him  and  remains  of  his 
party  arrived  at  the  German  station  Bogamoya,  5  Dec.  1889.  Dur- 
ing this  expedition  Stanley  makes  important  discoveries— locat- 
ing the  "Mountains  of  the  Moon,"  the  race  of  pigmies,  and  dis- 
covers lake  Albert  Edward  Nyanza,  16  June,  1889.  He  and  his 
officers  (except  maj.  Barttelot,  killed  by  one  of  his  carriers,  19 
July,  1888)  arrived  at  Cairo,  14  Jan.  1890;  at  Rome,  11  Apr. ;  at 
Brussels,  19  Apr. ;  in  London,  26  Apr. ;  dined  with  the  queen, 
6  May;  with  his  companions,  lieut.  Stairs,  surgeon  Thomas  H. 
Parke,  capt.  Nelson,  A.  M.  Jephson,  and  Bonny,  received  gold 
medals  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  from  the  prince  of 
Wales,  5  May.  He  received  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London,  13 
May;  of  Edinburgh,  11  June;  and  of  Glasgow,  Dundee,  Aberdeen, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  Manchester,  in  June.  His  book,  entitled 
"In  Darkest  Africa;  or,  the  Quest,  Rescue,  and  Retreat  of  Emin, 
governor  of  Equatoria,"  was  published  28  June.  He  married  Miss 
Dorothy  Tennant  at  Westminster  Abbey,  12  July,  1890.] 

Emin  Pasha,  after  a  long  illness  occasioned  by  a  fall  from  a  veran- 
da at  Bogamoya,  5  Dec.  1889,  arrives  at  Zanzibar,  2  Mch.  1890. 
Enters  the  German  service,  and  proceeds  with  a  military  expedi- 
tion to  Victoria  Nyanza,  31  Mch.  1890. 

Maj.  Gaetani  Casati,  born  in  1838;  left  Italy  for  Africa,  Dec.  1879;  at 


AGA 


Khartoum,  May,  1880;  with  Emin  Pasha,  1883-89;  received  by 
the  khedive  at  Cairo,  4  May,  1890;  by  the  king  of  Italy,  17  July. 
His  book,  "Ten  Years  in  Equatoria— the  return  with  Emin 
Pasha,"  published  Mch.  1891. 

The  principal  nations  of  Europe  claim  enormous  possessions 
in  Africa,  which  may  be  said  to  be  divided  among  them. 
British  Africa  comprises  Briti.sh  Guinea,  British  South  Africa, 
British  East  Africa,  with  an  area  of  2,570,926  square  miles, 
and  a  population  of  over  40,000,000.  French  Africa  comprises 
most  of  the  Mediterranean  coast,  Sahara,  western  Soudan, 
French  Congo,  island  of  Madagascar,  with  an  area  of  2,902,624 
square  miles,  and  a  population  of  24,000,000.  Portuguese 
Africa,  East  and  West  Africa  and  islands ;  area,  850,000  square 
miles.  Spanish  Africa,  northwestern  coast;  area,  204,000 
square  miles.  German  Africa,  East  and  Southwest  Africa; 
area,  822,000  square  miles.  Italian  Africa,  Abyssinia,  Somal, 
Galla,  etc. ;  area,  602,000  square  miles.  Turkish  Africa,  Egypt 
and  Tripoli;  area,  836,000  square  miles.  Anglo-Frknch 
Agreements,  etc. 

Ag^amen'tiClli,  now  York  county,  Maine,  settled  by 
the  English,  1636.     Maine. 

agapse  (ag'-q-pe;  Gr.  ayairr],  love,  charity),  "feasts  of 
charity,"  referred  to  Jude  12,  and  described  by  Tertullian,  held 
by  early  Christians  of  all  ranks  as  one  family.  Disorders 
creeping  in,  these  feasts  were  forbidden  in  churches  by  the 
councils  of  Laodicea  (366)  and  Carthage  (390).  They  are 
still  recognized  by  the  Greek  church,  and  are  held  weekly  by 
the  Glasites  or  Sandemanians,  and  in  a  modified  form  by  Mo- 
ravians, Wesleyans,  Methodists,  and  others. 

Ag^apemone  {ag-a-pem'-d-ne;  Greek,  the  abode  of 
love),  an  establishment  at  Charlinch,  near  Bridgewater,  Somer- 
setshire, founded  in  1845,  where  Henry  James  Prince  and  his 
deluded  followers,  formerly  persons  of  property,  lived  in  com- 
mon, professing  to  seek  innocent  recreation  and  to  maintain 
spiritual  marriage.  It  is  described  by  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon  in 
his  "  Spiritual  Wives,"  published  in  Jan.  1868.  Meetings  of 
the  sect  were  held  at  Hamp,  near  Bridgewater,  Dec.  1872. 

Ag^'awam,  Indian  name  of  Ipswich,  Mass.,  settled  by 
colonists  from  Boston,  1633.     Incorporated  as  Ipswich,  1634. 

Age.  Annalists  have  divided  the  time  between  the  crea- 
tion and  the  birth  of  Christ  into  ages.  Hesiod  (about  850  b.c.) 
described  the  Golden,  Silver,  Brazen,  and  Iron  ages.  Dark 
Ages.  b.c. 

First  Age  (from  the  Creation  to  the  Deluge) 4004-2349 

Second  Age  (to  Abraham's  entrance  into  Canaan) 2348-1922 

Third  Age  ^to  the  Exodus  from  Egypt) 1921-1491 

Fourth  Age  (to  the  founding  of  Solomon's  Temple) 1490-1014 

Fifth  Age  (to  the  capture  of  Jerusalem) 1014-  588 

Sixth  Age  (to  the  birth  of  Christ) 588-      4 

Seventh  Age,  to  the  present  time. 

ag^e.  In  Greece  and  Rome  25  was  full  age  for  both  sexes, 
but  a  greater  age  was  requisite  for  holding  certain  offices— e.^. 
30  for  tribunes,  43  for  consuls.  In  England  the  minority  of 
a  male  terminates  at  21,  and  of  a  female  in  some  cases,  as  that 
of  a  queen,  at  18.  In  1547,  the  majority  of  Edward  VI.  was, 
by  the  will  of  his  father,  fixed  at  18  years;  his  father,  Henry 
VIII.,  had  assumed  the  reins  of  government,  in  1509,  when 
still  younger.  A  male  at  12  may  take  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
at  14  maj'  consent  to  marriage  or  choose  a  guardian,  at  17  may 
be  an  executor,  and  at  21  is  of  age ;  but  according  to  the  stat- 
ute of  wills,  7  Will.  IV.  and  1  Vict.  c.  26,  1837,  no  will  made 
under  the  age  of  21  is  valid.  K  female  hX  12  may  consent  to 
marriage,  at  14  may  choose  a  guardian,  and  at  21  is  of  age.  In 
the  United  States  the  legal  age  of  majority  is  21  years,  but  in 
some  states  18  is  the  legal  age  for  women.  Men  of  18  and  wom- 
en of  16  may  devise  property  by  will,  and  at  14  and  12,  respec- 
tively, in  some  states,  may  contract  marriage.  The  president 
and  vice-president  of  the  United  States  must  be  35  years  of  age, 
senators  30,  and  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  25. 
"  Age  of  Rea§011,"  by  Thomas  Paine  (b.  England, 
1737;  d.  New  York,  1809),  written  while  in  France,  1792-94,  a 
work  at  that  time  celebrated  for  freedom  of  thought.  "  Crisis  " 
and  "  Common  Sense." 

Aghrim  {awg-rim'),  a  small  village  in  Galway,  Ireland, 
where  the  forces  of  William  III.,  under  gen.  Ginkell,  defeated 
those  of  James  II.,  under  St.  Ruth,  numbering  25,000, 12  July, 
1691,  and  broke  the  power  of  James  in  Ireland.  St.  Ruth  was 
killed.     Gen.  Ginkell  was  created  earl  of  Athlone. 


13  AGR 

Agincourt    (ii-zhang-koor')    or    Azlncour,  N. 

France,  a  village  where  Henry  V.  of  England,  with  about  9000 
men,  defeated  about  60,000  French  on  St.  Crispin's  day,  25  Oct. 
1415.  Of  the  French  there  were,  according  to  some  accounts, 
10,000  killed,  including  the  dukes  of  Alen9on,Brabant,and  Bar, 
the  archbishop  of  Sens,  1  marshal,  13  earls,  92  barons,  and  1500 
knights;  and  14,000  prisoners  were  taken,  among  whom  were 
the  dukes  of  Orleans  and  Bourbon,  and  7000  barons,  knights, 
and  gentlemen.  The  English  lost  the  duke  of  York,  the  earl 
of  Suffolk,  and  about  20  others.  St.  Remy  asserts,  with  more 
probability,  that  the  English  lost  1600  men.  Henry  V.  soon 
after  obtained  the  kingdom  of  France. 

AgnadellO  (dn-ija-M'-lo),  N.E.  Italy.  Here  Louis 
XII.  of  France  routed  the  Venetians,  some  of  whom  were  ac- 
cused of  cowardice  and  treachery,  14  May,  1509.  This  is  also 
termed  the  battle  of  the  Rivolta. 

agnoi'tae  (Gr.  ayvoia,  ignorance),  a  sect  founded  by 
Theophronius  of  Cappadocia  about  370;  said  to  have  doubted 
the  omniscience  of  God.  (2)  Followers  of  Themistius  of  Alex- 
andria, about  530,  who  held  peculiar  views  of  Christ's  body  and 
doubted  his  divinity. 

agno§tie§,  philosophers  who  deny  all  knowledge  but 
that  acquired  by  the  senses.     Comte  ;  Philosophy. 

agonis'tiei  (Gr.  ayiov,  a  conflict)  were  African  ascetics, 
a  branch  of  the  Donatists  in  the  4th  century.  They 
preached  with  boldness  and  incurred  persecution. 

A'gra,  N.W.  India,  founded  by  Akbar  in  1566,  was  the 
capital  of  the  great  Mogul.  Mausoleums.  In  1658  Aurung- 
zebe  removed  to  Delhi.  The  fortress  of  Agra, "  the  key  of  Hin- 
dostan,"  in  the  war  with  the  Mahrattas  surrendered  to  the  Brit- 
ish, under  gen.  Lake,  17  Oct.  1803,  after  one  day!s  siege ;  162 
pieces  of  ordnance  and  240,000/.  were  captured.  In  June,  1857, 
the  city  was  abandoned  to  mutineers  by  the  Europeans,  who 
took  refuge  in  the  fort,  whence  they  were  rescued  by  maj. 
Montgomery  and  col.  Greathed.  Allahabad  was  made  capital 
of  the  northwest  provinces  of  India,  instead  of  Agra,  in  1861. 

A'gram.    Zagrab. 

agrarian  laiV  (Agraria  lex)  decreed  an  equal  di- 
vision among  the  Roman  people  of  all  lands  acquired  by  con- 
quest, limiting  the  possessions  of  each  person.  It  was  first  pro- 
posed by  the  consul  Spurius  Cassius,  486  b.c.,  and  occasioned 
his  judicial  murder  when  he  went  out  of  office  in  485.  An 
agrarian  law  was  passed  by  the  tribune  Licinius  Stolo.  376; 
and  for  demanding  extensions  Tiberius  Gracchus,  in  133,  and 
his  brother  Caius,  in  121,  were  murdered.  Livius  Drusus,  a 
tribune,  was  murdered  for  a  like  cause,  91.  Julius  Caesar  pro- 
pitiated the  plebeians  by  an  agrarian  law  in  59.  In  modern 
times  the  term  has  been  applied  to  a  division  of  the  lands  of  the 
rich  among  the  poor,  frequently  proposed  by  demagogues,  such 
as  Gracchus  Babeuf,  editor  of  the  Tribim  du  Peuple,  in  1794. 
Babeuf  Conspiracy. 

agrieulture.     Cain  and  Noah  were   agriculturists, 
Gen.  iv.  2 ;  ix.  21.    The  Egyptians  were  from  the  first  an  agri- 
cultural people.    The  Babylonians,  Romans,  and  Israelites  were 
also  great  agricultural  nations  of  antiquity. 
Cato  the  censor  (died  149  b.c.)  and  Varro  (died  28  b.c.)  were  eminent 

Roman  writers  on  agriculture. 
Virgil's  "Georgics,"  30  B.C.     Agriculture  in  England  improved  by 

the  Romans  after  44  a.d. 
Fitzherbert's  "Book  of  Husbandry,"  printed  1524. 
Tusser's  "Five  Hundred  Points  of  Husbandry,"  1562. 
Googe's  "Whole  Art  of  Husbandry,"  1578. 
Blythe's  "Improver,"  1649. 
Hartlib's  "Legacy,"  1650. 
Mortimer's  "Whole  Art  of  Husbahdry,"  1706. 
Jethro  Tull's  "Horse-hoeing  Husbandry,"  1731. 
Arthur  Young's  "  Agricultural  Works,''  1783-86. 
Dickson's  "Practical  Agriculture  or  Complete  bystem  of  Modern 

Husbandry,"  1805. 
Neither  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  squash,  carrots,  cabbage,  nor  turnips 

wereknown  in  England  until  aftertheboginniugof  the  Kith  centiir\\ 
About  the  end  of  the  18th  century  following  was  gradually  superseded 

"  SLtorT&gHcSKrnTfrices  in  England(1259-1400),''b^ 

aJriotlSa^lSoSSies. -The  first  mentioned  in  Great  Britain  was 
^X  SoSv  onmprovers  of  Agriculture  in  ^f.^'l^^-  •"^•'":j,<^ '° 
1723  A  Dublin  agricultural  society  (1749)  stimulate^  agruulture 
?n  Ireland  its  origin  is  attributed  to  Mr.  Prior  of  Rathdowney, 
O^ieen's  countv  in  1731.  The  Bath  and  We.^t  of  England  Society 
?stSsheS  mV;  and  the  Highland  Society  of  Scotland.  179a 
County  agricultural  societies  are  now  numerous. 


AGR 


London  Board  of  Agriculture  psiablishcd  by  purliainent,  1793. 
Royal  AgriouUural  Soi-lely  t)f  England  csUiblished  in  18HH  by  tho 

chief  landtHl  propriotors ;  inror|K»natHl  by  royal  i-lmrler,  26  Mch. 

1840;  tiolds  two  meetings  annually— one  in  lA)ndon,  the  other  in 

the  country;  avvanis  priios.  and  publishes  a  valuable  journal. 
Royal  Agricultural  Stxioiy  oflrelaud  instituted,  1841. 
♦'Chambers  of  Agriculture"  were  e.^ttablished  in  France  in  1861. 

In  tSreat  Mntain,   l^G-s,  they  had  increased  from  36  to  70.     A 

Journal  oonimenc.Ht  «'arly  in  186K. 
Royal  Agricultural  College  at  Cirencester  chartered,  1845. 

AGRICULTURAL  STATISTICS  OF  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES 


14  AGR 

Suffolk  Agricultural  College  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  opened,  1874. 

Other  colleges  opened. 
Royal    Agricultural    Benevolent    Institution.— It   relieves   farmers 

and  their  widows  and  orphans;  founded  chiefly  by  Mr.  Mechi, 

18(H). 
Agricultural  returns  of  Great  Britain  were  issued  for  the  first  time 

by  tho  newly  constituted  AKiicullural  Department,  1883.     Second 

return  presented  21  Oct.  1884,  and  continued  annually. 
Board  of  agriculture  established  at  Paris,  1889;  at  Vienna,  2  Sept 

184H);  and  at  The  Hague,  7  Sept.  1891. 


-CROPS. 


I    Wbmt  (bu.). 


Au.stria,  1890. 

Belgium     -*     

Denmark  "    

Franco      "    

Germany  "    

Holland,  1S87 

Hungar>-,  1890 

Italy,  1890 

Sweden,  1890. 

Russfa  in  Europe,  1890 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  1891. 


Barley  (bu.). 


42,701.286  62,766,396  101,009,177 

18,969,600  3,978,018  29,639,210  19,087,760 

8,910,302  22,980,283  36,666,185  16,207,205 

321.618.670  47,182,492  267,497,070  66,468,372 

66,710,252  44,934,680  96,691,527  115,472,499 

6,677,421  6,076,833  11,750,183  13,349,911 

143,463,476  61,278,649  51,f)35,589  48,632,463 

127,380,000  10,623,250  18,425,000  4,290,000 

3,834,050  15,599,100  70,840,275  21,579,525 

206,329,430  158,077,228  523,996,203  652,389,089 

72,127,263  72,129,095  112,386,261 

AGRICULTURAL  STATISTICS   OF  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES 

Honw.  Milch  Cows.  Other  Cattle 


OhU  (bu.). 


Rye  (bu.). 


Maize  (bu.). 
18,628,940 


Potatoes. 


23,080,788 


87.132,554 
72,649,500 

23,476,399 


162,042,311  cwt. 

54,687,470  CWt. 

11,956,274  bu. 
217,247,479  cwt. 
458,923,(530  bu. 

74,393,368  bu. 

81,826,253  bu. 

11,877,943  cwt. 

33,914,375  bu. 
320,565,621  bu. 
6,090,047  tons 

LIVE  -  STOCK. 

Sheep.  Swine. 


Hay  (tons). 


11,357,953 

5,830,223 

649,300 

20,823,768 

24,561,252 

6,578,040 

17,144,660 

1,805,500 

12,671,447 


Austria,  1890. . . . 
Belgium,  1880. . . 
Denmark,  1888. . 
France,  1890. . . . 
Germany,  1883. . 
Holland,  1887... 
Hungary,  1884.. 

Italy,  1890 

Sweden,  1889. . . , 


1,548,197 
271,974 
375,533 

2,8«;2,273 

3,522,545 
274,300 

1,748,859 
720,000 
479,992 

19,663,336 
2,026.170 


4,254.303 

796,178 

954,250 

6,509,325 

9,087,293 

907,200 

1,752,406 

1,864,827 

1,542,281 


Russia  in  Europe,  1888 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  1891 

Aurrieulture  in  the  United  States. 
Cattle  first  brought  to  America  by  Columbus  in  his  second  voyage,  1493. 
Swine  brought  into  the  territory  of  southern  U.  S.  by  De  Soto,  1538. 
Firstslave  labor  in  this  territory  at  the  founding  of  St.  Augustine,  1565. 
Tobacco  carried  to  England  from  America  by  Raleigh,  1586.  Pota- 
toes introduced  into  England  from  America,  1586,  by  Raleigh. 
Wheat,  barley,  rye,  and  oats  introduced  into  the  United  States  by  the 

earliest  settlers,  1607-20;  buckwheat  by  Swedes  and  Dutch. 
First  cattle  and  swine  brought  to  Massachusetts,  1624. 
Hops  first  introduced  about  1628. 
First  horses  in  Massachusetts,  1629-30. 
First  apples  picked  in  the  colonies  in  Boston,  1639. 
Jared  Eliot,  a  clerg>'man  of  Connecticut,  published  valuable  essays 

on  agriculture,  1747. 
New  Jersey  first  in  wheat  production  of  the  colonies,  1750. 
Sugar-cane  brought  into  Louisiana,  1751. 
First  improved  cattle  brought  to  the  United  States,  1783. 
South  Carolina  and  Philadelphia  agricultural  societies  founded,  1784. 
New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  founded,  26  Feb.  1791.    Robert 

R.  Livingston,  first  president.     Incorporated,  1798. 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society  established,  1792. 

[Most  states  have  them  now,  and  i.ssue  annual  reports.] 
First  cotton  (8  bales)  sent  from  United  States  to  England,  and  seized 

by  custom-house  on  the  ground  that  the  United  States  cannot  have 

produced  so  much,  1784. 
First  recorded  United  States  thresher  patent,  1791. 
Whitney's  cotton-gin  invented,  1793. 

First  caJst-iron  plough  patent  to  Newbold  of  New  Jersey,  1797. 
Jeflerson  investigates  scientifically  the  mould-board  question,  1798. 
First  agricultural  exhibition  in  the  United  States  at  Georgetown, 

D.C,  10  May,  1810. 
Plough  patent  to  Jethro  Wood  of  Scipio,  N.  Y.,  issued,  1810-19. 
The  American  Farmer, oldest  agricultural  paper  in  the  United  States, 

pub.  Baltimore,  1819. 
The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  New  York  established  at  Albany, 

1819. 
American  Institute  of  Agriculture,  New  York,  incorporated,  1829. 
First  useful  mowing-machine  (Manning's)  patented  in  the  United 

Sutes,  1831. 
First  useful  reaper  patents  in  the  United  States  (Schnebley's  and 

Hussey's,  both  of  Maryland)  granted,  1833. 
E.  C.  Bellinger  of  South  Carolina  obtains  a  patent  for  a  steam  plough, 

1833. 
Guano  begins  to  come  into  use  about  1840. 


Cattle. 

24,609,264 

11,343,686 


4,389,633 

3,186,787 

586,637 

365,400 

505,277 

1,225,196 

7,053,360 

21,658,416 

6,699,471 

19,189,715 

618,400 

804,300 

3,126.632 

10,594.831 

2,918,400 

6,900,000 

789,152 

1,338,193 

1 

44,465,454 

33,533,988 

3,549,700 

646,375 

770,785 

6,017,238 

9,206,195 

490,254 

4,803,639 

1,800,000 

621,635 

9,242,997 
4,272,764 


first 


The  American  Agriculturist,  Geo.  Peter,  publisher,  New  York, 
issue.  Apr.  1842. 

Pennsylvania  the  first  state  in  the  production  of  wheat;  yield, 
15,000,000  bushels,  1850. 

Yale  College  Agricultural  Department  established.  1852. 

World's  Fair,  New  York,  promotes  use  of  agricultural  machinery,  1853. 

Sorghum  introduced  into  France  from  China,  1851,  and  from  France 
into  the  United  States,  1854. 

Trial  of  threshing,  reaping,  and  mowing  machines  in  France— Amer- 
ican machines  preeminent,  1855. 

Ohio  first  state  in  the  production  of  wheat,  1855. 

First  agricultural  college  established  in  the  United  States  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  1855. 

One  at  Lansing,  Mich.,  1857. 

Illinois  first  state  in  the  production  of  wheat,  1860. 

Agricultural  college  established  at  Bellefonte,  Centre  county,  Pa. ,  1862. 

Agricultural  college  act  passed  by  congress;  granting  to  the  several 
states  30,000  acres  of  land  for  each  senator  and  representative  in 
congress  under  the  apportionment  of  1860,  to  endow  at  least  one 
college,  1862.     Education. 

Department  of  Agriculture  established  by  coneress,  15  May,  1862, 
under  a  commissioner  of  agriculture. 

Organization  of  the  Grangers  (an  association  of  farmers  to  protect 
their  interests),  1867. 

Farmer^s  Bulletin,  published  to  notify  farmers  of  weather  changes, 
1872. 

Poultry  World,  first  published,  1873. 

Great  sale  of  .short-horned  neat  cattle  at  New  York  Mills,  1873. 

[Cow  sold  for  $4600;  a  five-months  calf  for  $2700;  and  109  an- 
imals for  $382,000,  or  $3587  each.] 

Connecticut  establishes  the  first  agricultural  experiment  station  at 
Sheffield  Scientific  School;  first  report  published,  1877. 
[Most  of  the  states  now  have  them.  J 

First  great  cotton  fair  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1881. 

Department  of  Agriculture  created  an  executive  department,  21  May, 
1888  ;  approved,  11  Feb.  1889. 
[The  secretary  of  this  department  a  member  of  the  cabinet.] 

North  and  South  Dakota  the  first  states  in  the  production  of  wheat, 
1890. 

United  States  Weather  Bureau  transferred  from  the  War  Depart- 
ment to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  Mark  W.  Harrington 
appointed  chief,  30  June,  1891. 

R.G.Dyrenforthandhisstaffexperiment  in  artificial  rainproduction  by 
dynamite  bombs,etc., near  Midland,Tex.,andotherplaces,Aug.l891. 


TABLE   SHOWING   PRODUCTION  OF  CEREALS  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


Com  (bu.). 
Wheat  "  . 
Oats  "  . 
Barley  "  . 
Rye         "    . 


1840. 


377,531,875 
84,823.272 

123,071,341 
4,161,504 
18,645,567 


692,071,104 

100,485,944 

146,584,179 

5,167,015 

14,188,813 


1860. 


1870. 


1,717,434,543 

498,549,868 

417,885,380 

4.5,165,346 

24,540,829 

TABLE   SHOWING   PRODUCTION   OF  COTTON,  HAY,  ETC.,  IN  THE    UNITED   STATES. 

I  I«40.  I  1850.  I860.  1870. 


838,792,740 
173,104,924 
172,643,185 
15,825,898 
21,101,380 


1,094,2.55.000 
235,884,700 
247,277,400 
26,295,400 
15,473,600 


2,060,154,000 

611,780,000 

738,394,000 

75,000,000 

33,000,000 


Cotton  (bales). 

Hay  (tons) 

Tobacco  (lbs.). 
Potatoes  (bu.). 


1,976,198 

10,248,108 

219,163,319 

108,298,060 


2,469,093 
13,838,642 
199,752,655 
65,797,896 


5,387,052 

19,083,896 

434,209,461 

111.148,867 


3,011,996 

24,525,000 

262,735,341 

114,775,000 


5,757,397 

31,925,233 

449,880,014 

167,659,570 


7,313,726 
1893 
65,766,158 

565,795,000 

1888. 
201,984,140 


AGR 


15 


ALA 


TABLE   SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  HORSES,  CATTLE,  ETC.,  IN  THE   UNITED  STATKS. 


Horses  I   .. 

Mules  )   . . 
Milch  Cows 


Cattle 
Sheep . 
Swine. 


U,971,586 


19,311,374 
26,301,293 


4,336,719 

559,331 
6,385,094 

11,993,813 
21,723,220 
30,354,213 


6,249,174 

1,151,148 
8,581,735 

17,034,284 
22,471,275 
33,512,867 


1870. 

1880. 

1894, 

8,248,800 

11,201,800 

16,081,139 

1,179,500 
10,095,600 

1,729,500 
12,027,000 

2.352,231 
15;4S7,400 

15,388,500 
40,853,000 
26,751,400 

21,231,000 
40,765,900 
34,034,100 

36,608,168 
45,048,017 
45,206,498 

See,  also,  the  various  staples  separately — viz. :  Cotton,  Sugar, 
Tobacco,  etc. 

AgrigentUin  (now  Girgenti),  a  city  of  Sicily,  built  about 
582  B.C.  It  was  governed  by  tyrants  from  566  to  470 ;  anaong 
these  were  Phalaris  (Brazen  Bull)  ;  Alcamanes;  Theron,  who, 
with  his  stepfather  Gelon,  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  Hi- 
niera,  480;  and  Thrasydaeus,  his  son,  expelled  in  470,  when  a 
republic  was  established.  It  was  taken  by  the  Carthaginians 
in  405  B.C.,  and  held,  except  during  short  intervals,  till  gained 
by  the  Romans  in  262  b.c.  From  825  till  1086  it  was  held  by 
the  Saracens, 

Allith'opliel,  counsellor  of  king  David,  and  afterwards 
of  Absalom.  His  wise  counsel  being  slighted  in  the  pursuit 
of  the  king  (2  Sam.  xvii.  14),  he  retires  to  his  home  and  hangs 
himself,  1023  b.c.  (2  Sam.  xvii.  23).  The  only  deliberate  suicide 
in  the  Old  Testament. 

air  or  atmosphere.  Anaximenes  of  Miletus  (530 
B.C.)  declared  air  a  self-existent  deity,  the  first  cause  of  every- 
thing. Philosophy.  Posidoiiius  (about 79  B.c.)estimated the 
height  of  the  atmosphere  at  800  stadia.  The  pressure  of  air, 
about  15  lbs.  to  the  square  inch,  was  discovered  by  Galileo,  1564; 
demonstrated  by  Torricelli  (who  invented  the  barometer)  about 
1643  A.D. ;  and  was  found  bj-^  Pascal,  in  1647,  to  vary  with  the 
height.  Halley,  Newton,  and  others  have  illustrated  the  agency 
and  influences  of  the  air  by  various  experiments,  and  numerous 
inventions  have  followed — among  others,  the  Air-gun  of  Guter 
of  Nuremberg  about  1656;  the  Air-jmmp,  invented  by  Otto 
von  Guericke  of  Magdeburg  about  1650;  improved  by  Robert 
Boyle  in  1657,  by  Robert  Hooke  about  1659  (Sprengel's  air- 
pump,  invented  1863,  converts  the  space  to  be  occupied  into 
a  Torricelian  vacuum);  and  the  Air-pipe,  invented  by  Sut- 
ton, a  brewer  of  London,  about  1756.  The  density  and  elas- 
ticity of  air  were  determined  by  Boyle;  and  its  relation  to  light 
and  sound  by  Hooke,  Newton,  and  Derham.  The  atmosphere 
is  supposed  to  extend  above  the  earth  about  45  miles.  Its 
composition,  about  77  parts  of  nitrogen,  21  of  oxygen,  and  2 
of  other  matters  (such  as  carbonic  acid,  watery  vapor,  a  trace 
of  ammonia,  etc.),  was  ascertained  by  Priestley  (who  discov- 
ered oxygen  gas  in  1774),  Scheele  (1775),  Lavoisier,  and  Cav- 
endish. '  Under  the  investigations  of  Dr.  R.  Angus  Smith, 
F.R.S.,  it  is  found  that  the  percentage  of  oxygen  in  sea- 
shore air  and  in  the  Scotch  moors  and  highlands  is  20.999 ; 
while  in  the  free  air  of  towns  it  may  sink  to  20.92,  sitting-room 
which  feels  close  20.89,  lighted  by  petroleum  lamp  20.83,  gal- 
lery of  theatre  20.36,  when  candles  go  out  18.5,  scarcely  main- 
taining life  17.2.  The  laws  of  refraction  were  investigated  by 
Dr.  Bradley,  1737.  The  researches  of  Dr.  Schonbein,  a  Ger- 
man chemist  of  Basel,  between  1840  and  1859,  discovered  two 
states  of  the  oxygen  in  the  air,  which  he  calls  ozone  and  anto- 
zone.  Dr.  Stenhouse's  Air-Jilters  (in  which  powdered  charcoal 
is  used)  were  first  set  up  at  the  Mansion-house,  London,  in 
1854.  In  1858  Dr.  R.  Angus  Smith  made  known  a  chemical 
method  of  ascertaining  the  amount  of  organic  matter  in  the 
air,  and  published  his  "  Air  and  Rain"  in  1872.  Raoul  Pictet 
of  Geneva  and  Cailletet  of  Paris,  by  means  of  great  pressure 
and  intense  cold, compressed  air  into  the  liquid  state,  Dec.  1877; 
Jan,  1878.  At  the  Royal  Institution,  London,  prof.  James 
Dewar  exhibited  liquid  air  obtained  at  the  temperature  of 
—  192°  Cent,,  5  June,  1885,  Acoustics,  Atmospheric  Rail- 
way, Balloons,  Nitrogen,  Oxygen,  Ozone,  and  Pneu- 
matic Despatch. 

The  Aero-steam  Engine,  the  invention  of  George  Warsop,  a  mechanic 
of  Nottingham,  who.  by  employing  compressed  air  united  with 
steam,  was  said  to  save  47  per  cent.-  of  fuel.  The  plan  was  re- 
ported to  the  British  Association  at  Exeter  in  Aug.  1869,  and  was 
said  to  act  successfully  in  a  tug  steamer  (for  China)  in  the  Thames, 
26  Mch.  1870.  .  ^    , 

Col.  Beaumont's  air-engine  for  propelling  railway-carnages,  tried  at 
Woolwich,  reported  successful  (a  little  steam  is  used),  6  Oct.  1880. 
Victor  Popp  applies  compressed  air  as  a  motive  power  to  clocks,  1881. 


An  Air-telegraph,  employing  waves  of  air  in  a  tube  instead  of  elec- 
tricity, invented  by  sig.  Guattari,  was  exhibited  In  London  in  1870. 
It  obtained  a  gold  medal  in  Naples. 

Isaac  Wilkinson  patented  a  method  of  compressing  air  by  a  column 
of  water  in  1757,  and  William  Mann  patented  stage-pumping  by 
compres.sed  air  in  1829.  The  force  of  compressed  air  was  employed 
in  boring  the  Cenis  tunnel,  and  is  now  in  general  use  in  mining, 
etc. 

Aix-la-€liapelle  (aks-la-shd'-peW ;  Ger,  Aachen, 
i,  e,,  "waters"  or  "fountains"),  a  Roman  city,  now  in  RJien- 
ish  Prussia.  Several  ecclesiastical  councils  held  here  (799- 
1165).  Here  Charlemagne  was  born,  742,  and  died,  814; 
having  built  the  minster  (796-804)  and  conferred  many  priv- 
ileges on  the  city,  in  which  55  emperors  have  since  been 
crowned.  The  city  was  taken  by  the  French  in  Dec.  1792; 
retaken  by  the  Austrians,  Mch,  1793 ;  by  the  French,  Sept 
1794;  ceded  to  Prussia,  1814. 

First  treaty  of  peace  signed  here  was  between  France  and  Spain, 
when  France  yielded  Franche-Comte,  but  retained  her  conquests 
in  the  Netherlands,  2  May,  1668. 
Second  celebrated  treaty  between  Great  Britain,  France,  Holland, 
Germany,  Spain,  and  Genoa.  (By  it  the  treaties  of  Westphalia  in 
1648,  of  Nimeguen  in  1678  and  1679,  of  Ryswick  in  1697,  of  Utrecht 
in  1713,  of  Baden  in  1714,  of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  1717,  of  the 
Quadruple  Alliance  in  1718,  and  of  Vienna  in  1738,  were  renewed 
and  confirmed.)  Signed  for  England  by  John,  earl  of  Sandwich, 
and  sir  Thomas  Robinson,  7  Oct.  1748.  Austrian  Succession. 
Congress  of  sovereigns  of  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  with  minis- 
ters from  England  and  France,  here  signed  a  convention,  9  Ocu 
1818,  for  withdrawal  of  army  of  occupation  from  France. 

Ajaccio  {d-ydt'-cho),  chief  town  in  Corsica,  noted  as 
the  birthplace  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  born  (5  Feb.  1768,  bap- 
tismal register;  doubtful),  15  Aug.  1769. 

Ajnadin'  or  Aiznadin',  Syria.  Here  the  Ma- 
hometans defeated  the  army  of  the  emperor  Heraclius,  13 
July,  633.     They  took  Damascus  in  634. 

Akerman,  Bessarabia.  After  being  several  times  tak- 
en, it  was  ceded  to  Russia  in  1812.  Here  a  treaty  between 
Russia  and  Turkey  was  concluded,  4  Sept.  1826,  which  secured 
the  former  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea,  recognized  the  Dan- 
ubian  principalities,  etc. 

Aklialzikll  (d-kal-zeeF),  Armenia.  Near  here  prince 
Paskiewitch  and  the  Russians  defeated  the  Turks,  24  Aug.,  and 
gained  the  city,  28  Aug.  1828. 

Alabama  (an  Indian  word,  meaning  "  Here  we  rest"), 
a  southern  state  of  the  Union,  the  22d  in  order  of  admission. 
It  lies  between  lat.  30°  15'  and 
35°  N.,  and  between  Ion.  84°  56' 
and  88^48'  W.from  Greenwich. 
Its  length  north  to  south  is  336 
miles ;  its  greatest  breadth,  200 
miles;  area,  52,230  square  miles. 
Pop.  1890,  1,513,017.    Number 
of  counties,  66.    Capital,  Mont- 
gomery. A.D. 
De  Soto  leads  about  1000  men 
from  Florida  to  the  Missis- 
sippi   1540 

France  claims  all  the  Missis- 
sippi valley  (Louisiana).  . .  1697 
De  Bienville  (Louisiana)  builds  fort  St.  Louis  on  the  west  side 

of  Mobile  Bay }l^ 

Colony  removed  to  present  site  of  Mobile 1»11 

Fort  Toulouse  built  by  French  at  the  confluence  of  the  Coosa 

and  Tallapoosa  rivers y-"V:"*:r 

All  the  territory  now  Alabama  north  of  31°  and  west  to  the 

Mississippi  ceded  to  England  by  France • .  •  • 1  '63 

[West  Florida  from  1764  to  1781  included  much  of  the  pres- 
ent territory  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi.    The  British  prov- 
ince of  west  Florida  was  bounded  by  3-l°  28'  N.,  while  all  Ala- 
bama north  of  32°  28'  was  in  the  British  province  of  Illinois.] 
Spain  declares  war  against  Great  Britain. ............ .8  May,  mw 

Don  Bernardo  de  Galvez  Spanish  governor  of  Louisiana.    Cap- 

tures  Mobile ,•,:  •••;•••  ^*  ^!^h  ^^^ 

Great  Britain  cedes  to  the  United  States  all  territory  east  of 
the  Mississippi  except  Florida,  the  boundary  of  west  Florida 


ALA 

again  flxod  at  31°  N. ;  and  codes  Florida  back  to  Spain 

by  treaties  of 1783 

A  treaty  bt>t\vt'ou  the  Federal  Kovornment  and  the  Choctaw 
Indians  cuutlnninK  the  cession  of  the  territory  obtained  by 

the  British  from  that  tribe 3  Jan.  1786 

Georgia  cluiins  to  include  by  royal  charter  what  is  now  Ala- 
bama and  Mississippi,  and  creates  Houstoun  county  out  of 

pari  of  Alubatna  north  of  the  Tennessee  river 1785 

Spain  claims  west  Florida,  S'i"  '28'  N.,  and  occupies  the  terri- 
tory, but  relinquishes  her  claims  north  of  31°  ufler  tedious 

negotiations Mch.  1798 

This  region  ttom  31"  to  3*2°  28'  N.  lat,  between  the  Mississippi 
and  Uie  Chattahoochee,  is  formed  by  congress  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi territory " 

Winthrop  Sargent  of  Massachusetts  appointed  by  president 

Adams  first  governor '« 

[Seat  of  government,  Natchez  on  the  Mississippi.] 
^Mtnish  garrison  at  Fort  St.  Stephen  relieved  by  Federal  troops, 

May,  1799 
Washington  county,  comprising  all  eiist  of  the  Pearl  river  to 

the  ChiUUihoocboe.  formed  by  gov.  Sargent Juno,  1800 

First  census  of  Washington  county,  showing  733  whites,  494 

negro  slaves,  and  23  H-oe  negroes " 

(Mobile  not  included,  being  under  Spanish  rule.] 

Congress  provides  a  legislature  for  the  territory " 

President  Jeflerson  appoinu  William  C.  C.  Claiborne  of  Ten- 
nessee governor 1801 

Georgia  cedes  to  the  U.  S.  all  between  the  31st  and  the  35th 

parallels  for  $1,250.000 24  Apr.  1802 

Congress  extends  the  Mississippi  territory  to  35°  N 1804 

Robert  Williams  of  North  Carolina  governor. 1805 

Madison  county  treated 1808 

David  Holmes  of  Virginia  governor 1809 

Baldwin  county  created " 

The  three  counties  in  what  is  now  Alabama  have  6422  whites 

and  2624  negroes 1810 

Madimn  OazetU  started  at  Huntsville 1812 

Spanish  garrison  at  fort  Charlotte  (Mobile)  surrenders  to  the 

U.  S.  forces  under  gen.  Wilkinson 13  Apr.  1813 

U.  S.  forces  occupy  Spanish  west  Florida,  and  the  district  E. 
of  Pearl  river  and  S.  of  31"  N.  is  added  to  the  Mississippi 

territory 1812-13 

First  engagement  in  the  war  with  the  Creek  (so  called  by  the 
whites  because  of  the  numerous  creeks  within  their  terri- 
tory) or  Muscogee  Indians  on  Burnt  Corn  creek 27  July,  1813 

[The  whites  under  col.  Caller  repulsed.] 
Fort  Mimms.  a  stockade  near  the  R.  bank  of  the  Alabama  river 
(now  Baldwin  county),  is  surprised  at  midday  by  1000  Creek 
warriors  led  by  Weatherford  and  the  prophet  Francis.  There 
were  in  the  fort  245  men  with  arms,  and  308  women  and 
children.     After  a  stubborn  resistance  till  5  p.m.  they  are 

overpowered— about  50  escape 30  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Tallasahatchie  (now  in  Calhoun  county).  The  Ind- 
ians defeated  by  gen.  Coffee 3  Nov.     " 

Battle  of  Talladega.      Gen.  Jackson   defeats  the    Indians, 

9  Nov.     " 

Capt.  Sam  Dale's  "  Canoe  fight "  with  Indians 12  Nov.     " 

Hiilabee  Town.     Massacre  of  Indians  by  gen.  White.     This 

attack  was  made  without  the  knowledge  of  Jackson.  18  Nov.     " 
Aattose  towns.     Indians  defeated  by  gen.  Floyd  and  towns  de- 
stroyed  29  Nov.     " 

Econochoca  or  "Holy  Ground"  Indians  defeated  by  gen. 

Claiborne 23  Dec.     " 

Battles  of  Emuckfau  and  Enotochopco  (now  in  Tallapoosa 

county).    The  Indians  atUck  and  are  repulsed. .  .22,  24  Jan.  1814 
Calebee  river.     Indian  attack  repulsed  by  gen.  Floyd.  .27  Jan.     " 
Gen.  Jackson,  re-enforced,  attacks  Indians  fortified  at  Great 

Horse-shoe  Bend  (Tohopeka)  of  Tallapoosa  river 27  Mch.     " 

[By  this,  the  bloodiest  battle  of  the  war,  the  power  of  the 
Indians  was  destroyed.] 
Indians  by  treaty  cede  to  the  U.  S.  nearly  half  the  present 

state  of  Alabama. 9  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Jackson  captures  Pensacola,  Fla 7  Nov.     " 

Chickasaw  Indians,  by  treaty,  relinquish   all   claim   to   the 

country  south  of  the  Tennessee  for  $65,000 14  Sept.  1816 

Territory  east  of  what  is  now  Mississippi  organized  as  the  ter- 
ritory of  Alabama 3  Mch.  1817 

William  Wyatt  Bibb  appointed  governor  by  Monroe; " 

Territorial  legislature  first  meets  at  St.  Stephens 19  Jan.  1818 

Congress  authorizes  Alabama  to  form  a  state  constitution, 

2  Mch.  1819 
Convention  at  Huntsville  to  frame  a  constitution,  conclude  their 

labors 2  Aug.     " 

First  general  assembly  at  Huntsville,  45  representatives  and 

22  senators 25  Oct.     " 

William  W.  Bibb  chosen  governor 9  Nov.     " 

Joint  resolution  of  congress  admitting  Alabama  into  the  Union 

approved  by  president  Monroe 14  Dec.     " 

The  seat  of  government  removed  to  Cahaba 1820 

Pop.  of  the  state  (whites,  85,451 ;  negroes,  42,450) . .  127,901 " 

Rank  as  to  pop 19 " 

Pop.  per  sq.  mile 2.4 " 

Act  to  establish  a  state  university  at  Tuscaloosa  passed. .  18  Dec.     " 
[It  was  not  opened  until  18  Apr.  1831.] 

State  bank  established  and  located  at  Cahaba " 

The  principal  towns  in  Alabama  were  Huntsville,  Claiborne, 
Mobile,  Cahaba,  St.  Stephens,  Florence,  and  Montgomery  in     " 

Gen.  Lafayette  received  at  the  capital 1824 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Tuscaloosa 1826 

William  Weatherford,  the  Indian  warrior  and  chief  at  the  fort 
Mimms  massacre,  dies  in  Monroe  county " 


16 


ALA 


Spring  Hill  college  (R.  C.)  at  Mobile  opened 182^ 

University  of  Alabama  (non.-sec  )  at  Tuscaloosa  opened 1831 

First  cotton  factory  erected  in  Madison 1832 

Creeks  cede  to  the  U.  S.  all  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi 

for  $210,000  by  treaty " 

First  railroad  completed  from  Tuscumbia  to  Decatur,  44  miles.  1834 

Cherokees  cede  their  lands  to  the  state  by  treaty 29  Dec.  1835 

[They  receive  $5,000,000  and  7,000,000  acres  beyond  the 
Mississippi— to  remove  within  2  years.] 

Great  financial  convulsion  in 1837 

Howard  College  (Baptist)  at  Birmingham  opened 1842 

Seat  of  governuient  removed  to  Montgomery 1847 

Medical  college  of  Ala.  founded  at  Mobile 1859 

Pop.  of  the  state  about  the  time  of  its  secession  (whites,  526,431; 

negro  slaves,  435,080;  free  negroes,  2690) 964,201 186(> 

Rank  as  to  pop 13 " 

Pop.  to  the  sq.  mile 18.7....     " 

Per  cent,  of  increase 24.9 " 

The  general  assembly  by  resolution  requires  the  governor,  if 
a  Black  Repi'blican  be  elected  president  of  the  U.  S.,  in  No- 
vember, to  order  elections  of  delegates  to  a  constitutional 

convention 24  Feb.     '* 

Alabama  passes  an  ordinance  of  secession  by  61  to  39;  the 

fourth  state  to  secede 11  Jan.  1861 

Alabama  seizes  U.  S.  arsenal  and  arms  at  Mobile,  and  occupies 

forts  Morgan  and  Gaines  at  entrance  of  Mobile  bay Jan.     " 

Provisional  congress  of  delegates  from  6  seceded  states  meet  at 

Montgomery 4  Feb.     " 

Adopt  a  provisional  constitution 8  Feb.     " 

Jeflerson  Davis  inaugurated  president  of  the  Confederacy  at 

Montgomery 18  Feb.     " 

Seat  of  confederate  government  removed  from  Montgomery  to 

Richmond,  Va July,     " 

There  were  liberated  by  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  435,132 

slaves  in  Alabama 1  Jan.  1863 

Confederate  fleet  defeated  in  Mobile  bay  by  admiral  Farragut, 

5  Aug.  1864 
[State  furnishes  to  the  confederate  service  65  regiments 
of  infantry,  12  regiments  of  cavalry,  and  22  batteries  of  ar- 
tillery.    Brewer's  "History  of  Alabama."] 

Mobile  evacuated  by  confederate  forces 12  Apr.  1865 

State  convention  meets  and  annuls  ordinance  of  secession, 

25  Sept.     " 

New  constitution  adopted 5  Nov.     " 

[This  constitution  was  not  ratified  until  Nov.  1875.] 
State  was  admitted  to  a  representation   in  congress  by  act 

passed  over  president's  veto 25  June,  1868 

Under  proclamation  of  gov. -elect  W.  H.  Smith,  26  June,  the 
legislature  a.ssembles  and  ratifies  the  14th  Amendment  to 

the  Constitution  of  the  U.S 13  July,     " 

State  turned  over  to  civil  authorities  by  gen.  Meade. .  .14  July,     " 

Immigration  convention  meets  at  Montgomery 2  June,  1869 

Gov.  Smith,  claiming  majority  in  state  election  of  8  Nov.,  files 
injunction   restraining  president  of  senate  from  counting 

votes  for  governor 25  Nov.  1870 

Votes  for  lieut.  governor  being  counted,  E.  H.  Moren  is  declared 
elected  and  is  inaugurated;  as  ex-offlcio  president  of  the  sea- 
ate  he  then  counts  the  votes  for  governor— R.  B.  Lindsay, 

77,721 ;  W.  H.  Smith,  76,292 26  Nov.      " 

An  amicable  settlement  of  dispute  after  suit  to  recover  books, 
papers,  etc.,  of  the  governor's  office  begun  by  gov.  Lindsay, 

7  Dec.     " 

Birmingham  founded  (chief  iron  centre  of  Ala.) 1871 

University  of  Alabama  reorganized  and  opened 4  Oct.     " 

George  Goldthwaite,  dem.,  elected  U.  S.  senator,  7  Dec.  1870; 

qualifies 15  Jan.- 1872 

Legislature  passes  a  new  election  law,  provides  for  an  agricul- 
tural college,  and  adjourns 26  Feb.      " 

State  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  at  Auburn  chartered 

and  opened " 

Election  returns  of  5  Nov.  disputed.  Republican  membersof  leg- 
islature organize  at  U.  S.  court-house  in  Montgomery;  demo- 
cratic members  at  state  capitol,  each  claiming  a  constitutional 

quorum.     Gov.  Lindsay  recognizes  the  latter 18  Nov.     '* 

David  P.  Lewis,  rep.,  declared  elected  governor,  23  Nov.,  and 
assumes  the  office,  recognizing  the  court-house  legislature, 

25  Nov.     " 
Legislative  dispute  referred  to  attorney-general  of  the  U.  S., 
who  proposes  a  compromise  to  take  effect  18  Dec.  when  the 
senate  organizes  at  the  capitol,  the  courthouse  assembly 

continuing  its  sessions 18  Dec.     '* 

Pursuant  to  adjournment,  21  Dec,  both  houses  meet  13  Jan. 
1873,  to  examine  contested  seats  and  transact  business  inde- 
pendently until  a  joint  resolution  passed  by  the  lower  house 
is  agreed  to,  informing  the  governor  of  the  organization  of 

the  general  assembly 1  Feb.  1873 

State  normal  college  at  Florence  opened , " 

State  normal  and  industrial  school  opened  at  Huntsville " 

Colored  labor  state  convention  meets  at  Montgomery.  .18  Nov.     " 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Montgomery 6  Sept.  1875 

New  state  constitution  ratified  by  95,672  to  30,004 16  Nov.      " 

Act  to  fund  state  debt  in  new  bonds  at  reduced  interest  and  sur- 
render certain  securities  held  by  the  state,  approved.. 23  Feb.  1876 
First  biennial  session  of  legislature  under  new  constitution, 

begins 15  Nov.     " 

Act  to  establish  a  public-school  system ;  a  superintendent  of 

education  to  be  elected  every  two  years,  etc 1876-77 

John  T.  Morgan,  dem.,  senator,  presents  credentials  in  the  U.  S. 

senate 27  Feb.  1877 

Act  granting  $75  to  any  resident  of  the  state  who  lost  an  arm 
or  leg  in  the  confederate  army 1879 


ALA  17 

George  S.  Houston  qualifies  as  U.  S.  senator 18  Mch.  1879 

U.  S.  senator  George  S.  Houston  dies 31  Dec.     " 

Luke  Pryor,  dem.,  qualifies  as  U.  S.  senator  under  executive 

appointment  to  fill  vacancy 15  Jan.  1880 

James  L.  Pugh,  U.  S.  senator-elect,  qualities 6  Dec.      " 

State  normal  and  industrial  school  opened  at  Tuskegee 1881 

State  treasurer  I.  H.  Vincent  absconds,  leaving  a  deficit  of  about 

$212,000 Jan.  1883 

State  agricultural  department  goes  into  operation  with  E.  C. 

Betts  of  Madison  county  as  commissioner 1  Sept.     " 

Alabama  normal  college  for  girls  at  Livingston  opened " 

State  normal  school  at  Jackson  opened " 

Congress  grants  the  state  46,080  acres  of  land  for  the  benefit  of 

the  university 23  Apr.  1884 

Foundation  of  a  monument  to  the  confederate  soldiers  of  the 

state  laid  on  the  grounds  of  the  capitol  in  Montgomery  by 

Jefferson  Davis 29  Apr.  1886 

State  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  burned;  loss $100,000, 

24  June,  1887 

State  normal  school  at  Troy  opened " 

Lease  of  convicts  in  state  penitentiary  awarded  to  the  East 

Tennessee  Coal,  Iron,  and  Railroad  company,  the  convicts  to 

be  employed  in  the  Pratt  coal  mines  near  Birmingham 1888 

Alabama  academy  for  the  blind  opened  at  Talladega " 

Southern  interstate  immigration  convention,  nearly  600  dele- 


ALA 

gates  from  all  the  southern  states  meet  at  Montgomery, 

12  Dec.  1888 

Mardi  Gras,  Good  Friday,  and  26  Apr.  added  to  the  legal  holi- 
days, and  $.";o,000  appropriated  for  relief  of  disabled  confed- 
erate soldiers  or  their  widows  by  the  legislature  of 1888-89 

Southern  interstate  farmers'  association  meets  in  Montgomery, 

21  Aug.  1889 

Rube  Burrows,  a  notorious  criminal  and  murderer,  breaks  jail 
and  is  shot  and  killed  at  Birmingham 8  Oct.  1890 

Ex-gov.  E.  A.  O'Neil  dies  at  Florence 7  Nov.     " 

Eleventh  annual  convention  of  American  federation  of  labor  at 
Birmingham,  meets 14  Dec.  1891 

4955  disabled  confederate  soldiers  apply  for  pensions,  each  re- 
ceived $26.50  from  a  fund  of  $131,362.02  raised  by  special 

tax 189a 

[38  blind  applicants  received  each  $38.57.] 

Conference  of  colored  people  at  Tuskegee,  in  the  "black  belt," 
to  consider  the  condition  of  the  race;  regretting  the  pov- 
erty of  the  South,  and  lack  of  means  for  education,  inability 
to  build  school-houses  or  furnish  teachers,  etc.,  it  admitted 
the  friendliness  and  fairness  of  the  whites,  etc " 

Two  state  tickets  in  the  field— gov.  Thomas  G.  Jones  heading 
Conservatives,  and  ex -commissioner  of  agriculture  R.  F. 
Kolb,  the  "  Jeflersonian  Democrats."  Two  platforms  issued; 
Kolb  defeated,  charges  frauds  at  the  polls Aug.     " 


GOVERNORS  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  TERRITORY. 
Including  the  present  States  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 


Names. 

Term  of  Office. 

Remarks. 

Winthrop  Sargent       

1799        to        1801 
1801        "        1805 
1805       "       1809 
1809       "       1817 

Appointed  by  president  Adams  from  Massachusetts. 
"          "         "        Jefferson"    Tennessee. 

Wm  C  G  Claiborne 

Robt  Williams     . 

"                                              "     North  Carolina. 

David  Holmes 

"                                            "    Virginia. 

Wm.  Wyatt  Bibb. 


GOVERNOR  OF  THE  TERRITORY  OF  ALABAMA. 
,...|        Mch.   1817  to  Nov.   1819        | 


GOVERNORS  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


Wm.  Wyatt  Bibb 

Thomas  Bibb 

Isreal  Pickens 

John  Murphy 

Gabriel  Moore 

Saml.  B.  Moore 

John  Gayle 

Clement  C.  Clay 

Hugh  McVay 

Arthur  P.  Bagby 

Benj.  Fitzpatrick 

Joshua  L.  Martin 

Reuben  Chapman 

Henry  Watkins  Collier. 

John  A.  Winston 

Andrew  B.  Moore 

John  Gill  Shorter 

Thomas  H.  Watts 


Nov.  1819  to  July,  1820 
July,  1820  "  Nov.  1821 
Nov.    1821 

"      1825 

"  1829 
Mch.  1831 
Nov.    1831 

"  1835 
July,  1837 
Nov.    1837 

"      1841 

"      1845 

"      1847 

"      1849 

"       1853 

"      1857 

"      1861 

"      1863 


Lewis  E.  Parsons. 
Robt.  M.  Patton  . . 
Wm.  H.  Smith... 
Robt.  B.  Lindsay. 
David  B.  I,ewis. . . 
Geo.  S.  Houston . . 


Rufus  W.  Cobb. 


Edward  N.  O'Neal. 

Thomas  Seay 

Thomas  G.  Jones  . . 
William  C.  Gates  . . 


"  1825 

"  1829 

Mch.  1831 

Nov.  1831 

"  1835 

July,  1837 

Nov.  1837 

"  1841 

"  1845 

"  1847 

"  1849 

"  1853 

"  1857 

"  1861 

"  1863 

Apr.  1865 

Interregnum  of  two  months. 

June,  1865  to  Dec.  1865 

Dec.     1865   "  July,  1868 

Julv,  1868  "  Nov.  1870 


Died  in  office. 


Elected  U.  S.  senator. 


Elected  U.  S.  senator. 


Elected  U.  S.  senator,  1841. 
Elected  U.  S.  senator,  1853. 


Confederate  government. 


Nov. 


1870 
1872 
1874 
1876 
1878 
1880 
1882 
1884 
1886 
1888 
1890 
1892 
1894 


1872 
1874 
1876 
1878 
1880 
1882 
1884 
1886 
1888 
1890 
1892 
1894 
1896 


Appointed  provisional  governor  by  president  Johnson, 
Appointed  by  an  act  of  congress. 

No  republican  ticket  placed  in  nomination. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  ALABAMA. 


Names. 


William  R.  King. . 
John  W.  Walker. . 
William  Kelley... 

Wm.  R.  King 

John  W.  Walker. . 

Wm.  Kelley 

Wm.  R.  King 

Henry  Chambers . 

Wm.  R.  King 

Israel  Pickens. . . 
John  McKinley.. 
Wm.  R.  King.... 
John  McKinley.. 

Wm.  R.  King 

John  McKinley. . 

Wm.  R.  King 

Gabriel  Moore.. . 

Wm.  R.  King 

Gabriel  Moore  . . . 


No.  of  Congress. 


Sixteenth 
Seventeenth 

Eighteenth 

Nineteenth 

(( 

Twentieth 

Twenty-first 

Twenty-second 

Twenty-third 


Date. 


1819  to  1821 
1821  "  1823 

1823*"  1825 
1825  "  1827 


1827  "  1829 

((    U    (1 


1829   "  1831 
1831  "  1833 


1833  "  1835 


Elected  in  place  of  Walker.     Seated  21  Jan.  1823. 
Resigned. 

Died  25  Jan.  1826. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Chambers.     Seated  10  Apr.  1826. 
Elected  in  place  of  Chambers.    Seated  21  Dea  182& 


18 


UNITED  STATBSg  SENATORS  FROM  ALABAMA  A.— (Continued.) 

N«»«.                      1 

No.  of  CouKTuii. 

\     Date.              1 

Remarks. 

Wm  R.  King    

Twenty-fourth 
Twenty-fifth 
Twenty-sixth 

Twenty-seventh 

Twenty-eighth 

11 
Twenty-ninth 

Thirtieth 

t( 

ti 

Thirty-flrst 

Thirty-second 

Thirty-third 

Thirty-fourth 

Thirty-fifth 

Thirty-sixth 

Thirty-seventh 

Thirty-eighth 

Thirty-ninth 

Fortieth 

Forty-first 
Forty-second 

Forty-third 
Forty-fourth 

Forty-fifth 

Forty-sixth 

Forty-seventh 

II 

Forty-eighth 

Forty-ninth 

Fiftieth 

Fifty-first 
Fifty-second 

Fifty-third 

1835  to  1887 

1837   "  1839 

11      It      II 

1889  II  1841 

1841  "  1843 

II      II     II 
1843  "  1845 

1845  "  1847 

ii      II     II 

1847  "  1849 

tt     II     (1 
1849  '«  1851 

1851  "  1853 
11     ((     ti 

It         K         11 

1853  *'  1855 

11     It     II 

1866  "  1867 

1857  »  1859 

II     II     II 

1859   "  1861 

1861  "  1863 
1863  "  1865 
1865  "  1867 

1867  "  1869 

It      ti      II 

1869  "  1871 

1871  "  1873 

II      It     II 

1873  "  1875 

II         U         II 

1875  "  1877 

11         II         u 

1877  "  1879 

It          II          u 

1879  "  1881 

1881  "  1883 

II      II     It 

1883  "  1885 

II     II     II 

1885  "  1887 
1887  "  1889 

1889  "  1891 

II     ti     II 

1891   '1  1893 
1893  "  1895 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  1  July,  1836,  and  28  Jan.  1837. 

Gubriel  Mtwre      

Wm  K.  King 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  2  July,  1838. 

Clemoul  C  Clav 

Wm   K  King        

President  pro  tem. 
Resigned  1841. 

Wm.  R  King 

Arthur  P.  Bagby 

Arthur  P.  Bagbv  

Elected  in  place  of  Clay.    Seated  27  Dec.  1841. 

Wm  R  King               

Resigned  15  Apr.  1844. 

Dixon  H  Lewis.          

Appointed  in  place  of  King.    Seated  7  May,  1844 

Dixon  H.  Lewis. 

Arthur  P  Bagby      

Resigned,  16  June,  1848. 
Died  -25  Oct.  1848. 

Wm.  R  King 

( Appointed  in  place  of  Bagby.     Seated  13  July,  1848,  afterwards 
(     elected  by  legislature. 
Appointed  in  place  of  Lewis.    Seated  11  Dec.  1848. 

Bei^.  Fitzpatrick 

Wm.  R  King 

President  pro  tem. 

Jeremiah  Clemens 

Resigned.     Elected  vice-president  of  the  U.  S.     Died  18  Apr.  1853. 
Appointed  in  place  of  King.    Seated  20  Jan.  1853. 

Elected  in  place  of  King.    Seated  19  Dec.  1853. 

Benj.  Pitzpatrick 

Clement  C.  Clay,  jun 

Beiy.  Fitzpatrick 

Clement  C.  Clay,  jun 

Benj.  Fitzpatrick 

Clement  C.  Clay,  jun 

Beiy.  Fitzpatrick 

Elected  president  pro  tem.  7  Dec.  1857. 

Retires  from  the  senate,  21  Jan.  1861.     Died  9  Sept.  1866. 

President  pro  tem.  9  Mch.  1859.    Retires  from  the  senate,  21  Jan.  186L 

State  seceded.                                                            [Died  25  Nov.  1869. 

Clement  C.  Clay,  jun 

Benj.  Fitzpjitrick 

Vacant 

ii 

t( 

Seated  25  July,  1868. 

Williard  Warner 

u       21    "        " 

George  E.  Spencer 

Williard  Warner 

George  Goldthwaite 

<}eorge  E.  Spencer 

Seated  15  June,  1872. 

George  Goldthwaite 

George  Goldthwaite 

Oeorge  E.  Spencer. 

4 

Seated  27  Feb.  1877. 

John  T.  Morgan 

See  State  Record,  1879. 

James  L.  Pugh 

Seated  6  Dec.  1880. 

John  T.  Morgan 

James  L.  Pugh 

John  T.  Morgan 

James  L.  Pugh 

John-T.  Morgan  . .   . 

James  L.  Pugh 

Alabama,  a  steam-vessel  of  1040  tons,  with  2  engines 
of  300  horse-power,  built  by  the  Lairds  at  Birkenhead,  Eng., 
and  launched  15  May,  1862,  for  the  confederate  service.  She 
was  first  known  as  "  290,"  her  number  on  the  list  built  by  the 
Lairds.  She  carried  8  guns — 1  Blakely  100-pound  rifled,  1 
^-inch  solid  shot,  and  6  32-pounders — and  a  crew  of  144  men 
under  capt.  Semmes.  She  did  great  damage  to  the  Ameri- 
can mercantile  shipping.  On  19  June,  1864,  off  Cherbourg, 
France,  she  encountered  the  federal  war-ship  Kearsarge,  capt. 
Winslow,  carrying  7  guns— 2  11-inch  pivot  smooth-bores,  1 
28-pound  rifled,  4  32-pounders — with  a  crew  of  163.  After 
an  engagement  of  one  hour S'^Q  Alabama  surrendered,  and  soon 
after  sank.  Her  loss  was  9  men  killed  and  21  wounded;  the 
Kearsarge  lost  3  wounded,  1  mortally. 

Alabama  €laim§  and  Award.  Claims  against 
Great  Britain  for  losses  sustained  by  the  U.  S.  through  depreda- 
tions on  her  commerce  by  confederate  vessels  fitted  out  or  sup- 
plied in  English  ports.  As  finally  presented  they  were  as  follows: 


Alabamxi 

Boston , 

Chickamauga 3 

Florida 38 

Georgia 5 

Nashville 1 

Retribution 2 

tiallie 1 

Shenandoah 40 

Sumter 3 

Tallahassee 17 


No.  of  Vessels 
Destroyed. 

....  58  $6,547,609.86 


400.00 

95,654.85 

,698,609.34 

383,976.50 

69,536.70 

20,334.52 

5,540.00 

,488,320.31 

10,695.83 

579,955.55 


For  losses  from  increased  war  premiums 1,120,795.15 

$19,021,428.61 

Discussion  between  the  two  governments  respecting  claims 
for  damage  by  the  Alabama  and  other  confederate  cruis- 
ers    1865 

A  fruitless  convention  for  their  settlement  by  a  commission 
signed  at  London 10  Nov.  1868 

Second  convention,  signed  by  earl  of  Clarendon  and  Mr.  Rev- 
erdy  Johnson,  14  Jan. ;  rejected  by  U.  S.  senate 13  Apr.  1869 


ALA 


19 


Joint  commission  (British,  earl  de  Grej%  sir  Stafford  Northcote, 
and  others;  American,  sec.  Fish,  geu.  Schenck,  and  others) 
to  settle  fishery  disputes,  Alabama  claims,  etc.  Announced, 
9  Feb. ;  met  at  Washington,  27  Feb. ;  signed  a  treaty  at 
Washington 8  May,  1871 

Commission  for  Anglo-American  claims  met  at  Washington, 

25  Sept.     " 

Formal  meeting  of  the  arbitration  commission  at  Geneva  (ad- 
journs to  15  June) 18  Dec.     " 

The  British  and  American  cases  presented  20  Dec.  Excite- 
ment in  England  at  introduction  of  claims  for  indirect  losses 
into  the  American  case;  loss  by  transfer  of  trade  from  Amer- 
ican to  British  ships,  increased  rates  of  marine  insurance, 
and  losses  by  prolongation  of  war Jan.  1872 

Correspondence  between  the  governments;  British  despatch,  3 
Feb. ;  reply,  1  Mch. ;  continued ;  counter-cases  presented  at 
Geneva 15  Apr.     " 

Continued  correspondence,  supplementary  treaty,  both  nations 
agree  to  abstain  from  claims  for  indirect  losses,  presented  to 
American  senate;  approved 25  May,     " 

British  government  object  to  certain  modifications;  further 
correspondence;  excitement  in  parliament;  proposed  ad- 
journment of  meeting  of  arbitration  commission  ;  differ- 
ences about  mode  of  procedure;  congress  adjourns,  leaving 
affair  unsettled 10  June      " 

Arbitration  tribunal,  consisting  of  count  Frederic  Sclopis  for 
Italy,  president;  baron  Staempfli  for  Switzerland;  vicomte 
d'ltajuba  for  Brazil;  Mr.  C.  F.  Adams  for  United  States;  and 
sir  Alexander  E.  Cockburn  for  Great  Britain,  meet  at  Geneva. 
The  British  government  presents  a  note  of  existing  differ- 
ences; the  conference  adjourns 15  June,     " 

Further  adjournment,  17  June;  the  arbitrators  declare  indirect 
claims  contrary  to  international  law,  19  June;  president 
Grant  consents  to  their  withdrawal 25  June,     " 

British  government  withdraw  application  for  adjournment  of 
conference 27  June,     " 

Tribunal  records  decision  against  indirect  claims  and  long  ad- 
journment, and  adjourns  to  15  July 28  June,     " 

Final  meeting;  all  the  arbitrators  agree  to  award  damages  for 
injuries  done  by  the  Alabama;  four  for  those  done  by  the 
Florida;  and  three  for  those  done  by  the  Shenandoah.  The 
judgment  not  signed  by  sir  A.  Cockburn.  whose  reasons  were 
published;  the  damages  awarded  (including  interest),  about 
3,229,166i.  13s.  4d. ;  those  claimed,  9,476,166i.  13s.  4d.  (De- 
cision based  on  admission  of  a  new  ex-posl-facto  international 
law,  by  Great  Britain  by  treaty  of  Washington) 14  Sept.     " 

Judgment  of  sir  A.  Cockburn  admitting  award  for  the  Ala- 
bama, opposing  other  awards,  yet  counselling  submission  to 
the  judgment,  signed  14  Sept.,  and  published  in  London  Ga- 
zette with  other  documents 20  Sept.     " 

3,200,()00Z.  were  voted;  the  receipt  of  3,196,874^.  ($15,500,000) 
acknowledged  by  sec.  Fish Sept.  1873 

All  awards  made ;  about  $8,000,000  surplus 1876 

Increased  by  interest  to  $9,500,000 1885 

Alabama  Letter,  The.  Henry  Clay,  whig  can- 
didate for  president  in  1844,  had  a  fair  prospect  for  election 
when  his  letter  to  a  friend  in  Alabama  on  the  annexation  of 
Texas  appeared  in  the  North  Alabamian  on  16  Aug.  It  was^ 
represented  by  his  adversaries  as  a  complete  change  of  policy 
on  his  part.  The  whig  campaign  became  "  defensive  "  from 
this  time  and  resulted  in  defeat.     United  States. 

Aladja  Dag^ll   (a-la'-ja    dag),  near  Kars,  Armenia. 
Here  the  Turks,  under  Ahmed  Mukhrar,  after  severe  conflicts, 
were  defeated  by  Russians,  under  grand-duke  Michael  and 
gens.  Loris  Melikoff,  Lazareff,  and  Heimaun,  14, 15  Oct.  1877. 
The  Turkish  army  was  divided  and  broken  up,  the  strong  camp 
taken,  with  many  prisoners,  including  7  pashas,  and  88  guns.    The 
Russian  strategy  was  highly  commended.     This  disaster,  which 
led  to  the  investment  of  Kars,  was  attributed  to  Mukhtar  s  main- 
taining too  extended  lines,  which  were  turned  (20  miles  with  only 
40,000  men,  when  200,000  were  required). 

A'lamo,  a  fort,  originally  a  Spanish  mission,  in  Texas, 
near  San  Antonio.  Here  occurred  the  massacre  of  the  Alamo, 
6  Mch.  1836,  when  a  Mexican  force  of  1500  or  2000  men, 
under  Santa  Anna,  after  having  besieged  and  bombarded  its 
garrison  of  140  Texans,  under  col.  Travis,  from  23  Feb., 
stormed  the  place  and  took  it,  after  being  twice  repulsed. 
Col.  David  Crockett  was  killed  here.  But  6  Texans  were 
left  alive  after  the  assault,  and  these  were  murdered  in  cold 
blood  in  Santa  Anna's  presence,  by  his  order,  after  surrender 
on  promise  of  protection.     Mexican  loss,  500.     Texas. 

Ala'ni,  a  Tartar  race,  invaded  Parthia,  75  a.d.  They 
joined  the  Huns  in  invading  the  Roman  empire,  and  were 
defeated  by  Theodosius,  379-382.  They  were  subdued  by  the 
Visigoths,  452,  and  eventually  incorporated  with  them. 

Alarcos,  central  Spain.  Here  the  Spaniards,  under 
Alfonso  IX.,  king  of  Castile,  were  totally  defeated  by  the 
Moors,19  July,  1195. 

Ala§'ka,  formerly  Russian  America,  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Arctic  ocean,  on  the  east  by  the  British  posses- 


ALB 

sions,  on  the  south  by  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Behring  sea  and  straits.  From  the  main  portion  of  the 
territory  a  narrow  strip  with  a  breadth  of  about  50  miles  ex- 
tends southeast  along  the  Pacific  coast,  and  terminates  at  the 
confines  of  British  Columbia  in  54°  40'  N.  lat.  From  north 
to  south  the  extreme  length  is  1100  miles,  and  greatest  breadth, 
800  miles.  It  contains  about  577,390  sq.  miles.  The  distance 
between  Portland  channel,  52°  n.  lat.  130°  w.  Ion.,  separating 
the  lower  part  of  Alaska  from  British  America  and  Atoo,  the 
westernmost  island  of  the  Aleutian  chain,  is  2100  miles.  If 
Atoo  be  accepted  as  the  western  extremity  of  the  United 
States,  San  Francisco  is  nearly  its  geographical  centre  of  long- 
itude. Capital,  Sitka. 
This  territory  was  first  discovered  by  a  Russian  expedition 

under  command  of  Behring 1741 

Territory  granted  to  a  Russian-American  fur  company  by  em- 
peror Paul 1799 

This  charter  renewed 1839 

[New  Archangel,  now  Sitka,  on  the  island  of  Sitka,  was 
and  is  the  principal  settlement  and  capital.] 

Privileges  of  the  fur  company  expired 1863 

Ceded  by  Russia  to  the  United  States  for  $7,200,000,  by  treaty 

signed  30  Mch.  and  ratified 20  June,  1867 

Formal  possession  taken  by  the  United  States 9  Oct.     " 

Alaska  made  by  congress  a  military  and  collection  district 1870 

Congress  provided  a  civil  government 17  May,'  1884 

Rev.  Sheldon  Jackson  appomted  general  agent  of  education 

for  the  territory Apr.  1885 

A.  P.  Swineford  arrives  at  Sitka  as  governor 15  Sept.     " 

Gold  first  discovered  at  Silver  Bay,  near  Sitka,  in 1887 

Expedition  sent  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodesic  Survey,  under 
J.  E.  McGrath,  to  determine  the  exact  boundary  between 

Alaska  and  the  British  possessions June,  1889 

The  North  American  Commercial  company  secures  the  Alaskan 

fur-seal  rights  for  20  years 28  Feb.  1890 

Population  reported  by  the  census  Agent,  31,000,  consisting  of 
900  Aleuts,  5000  Indians,  18,000  Esquimaux,  2300  Chinese, 

aitd  4800  whites 29  Aug.  1S91 

Governors.— John  H.  Kinkea'd,  1884-85;  Alfred  P.  Swineford, 
1885-89;  Lyman  E.  Knapp 1889-93 

Alba  Long^a,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Ascanius,  son  of  ^neas,  1152  b.c.    Its  history 
is  mythical. 
Ascanius,  son  of  ^neas,  1152  B.C.;  Sylvius  Posthumus,  1143; 

jEneas  Sylvius ^ b.c.  1114 

Reign  of  Latinus,  1048;^lba,  1038;  Atys,  or  Capetus,  1002; 

Capys,  976;  Capetus 916 

Reign  of  Tiberinus,  903;  being  defeated  in  battle  near  the  river 
Albula<^ie  throws  himself  into  the  stream,  is  drowned,  and 

hence  this  river  is  called  the  Tiber 895 

Agrippa,  894;   Romulus  Silvius,  864;   Aventinus,  845;   Procas, 

808 ;  Numitor 795 

,•  Am uli us.  brother  of  Numitor,  seizes  the  throne,  794;  killed  by 

'  Romulus,  who  restores  his  grandfather  Numitor 754 

Romulus  builds  and  fortifies  Rome 753 

Alba  conquered  by  Tullus  Hostilius.  and  incorporated  with 

Rome '. 665 

Alba'nia,  a  province  of  European  Turkey,  part  of  an- 
cient Epirus.     The  Albanians  became  independent  during 
the  decline  of  the  Greek  empire.     They  were  successfully  at- 
tacked by  the  Turks  in  1388.    From  1443,  under  George  Cas- 
triot  (Scanderbeg),  they  baffled  the  efforts  of  Amurath  II.  to 
subdue  them  till  the  siege  of  Scutari  in  1478,  when  they  sub- 
mitted to  his  successor,  Mahomet  II.,  Ali  Pacha  of  Janina, 
in  1812,  defeated  the  Turkish  pachas,  and  governed  Albania 
ably,  but  cruelly  and  despotically,  till  Feb.  1822,  when  he  and 
two  sons  were  slain,  after  surrendering  under  promise  of  safety. 
A  revolt  in  Albania  was  suppressed  in   1843.     Area,  about 
18,944  sq.  miles;  pop.  about  1,300,000. 
An  Albanian  league  (favored  by  the  Turks)  formed  to  resist  ces- 
sion of  any  part  of  the  country  to  Austria  and  Montenegro  in 
April,  said  to  have  caused  the  death  of  Mehcmet  Ali.. 7  Sept.  1878 

Country  semi-independent Apr.  1879 

Army  formed  rebel  against  Turkey .Apr.  1880 

League  forces  defeated  in  attack  on  Dervish  Pacha  m  Uskub 
between  Pristma  and  Prisend,  19  Apr.;  he  reported  the  coun- 
try settled,  but  asked  reinforcements;  more  fighting;  Alba- 
nians said  to  be  defeated,  struggle  almost  over 12  Maj',  1881 

Revolt  of  chiefs,  severe  fights,  2,  3  June,  1883.  Turks  defeated 
with  loss ;  reported  dispersion  of  chiefs  about  8  June. 
Continued  fighting  12  June  et  seq.  Turks  successful  m 
fight;  Albanians  submit,  announced  21  June.  Unsettled 
25  June.  Insurrection  subsiding  about  19  July.  Albanians 
appeal  to  the  powers  for  annexation  to  Greece,  about  3  Nov. 
General  disorder  and  much  brigandage  reported,  Aug.  1884. 

Continued  disturbance 18JU-»i 

All>an§,  St.,  Hertfordshire,  England,  near  the  Roman 
Verulam,  named  for  Alban,  the  British  protoraartyr,  said  to 
have  been  beheaded  during  the  persecution  by  Diocletian,  23 
June,  286.     A  stately  monastery  to  his  memory  was  erected 


ALB 

about  795,  by  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  wbo  granted  it  many  priv- 
ileges.  Its  superior  sat  as  premier  abbot  in  parliament  till  tbe 
dissolution  in  1539.  Francis  Bacon  made  baron  Verulam, 
July,  1018,  and  viscount  St.  Albans,  Jan.  1621.  A  meeting 
was  held  22  June,  1871,  U)  raise  funds  to  restore  the  abbey, 
the  earl  of  Verulam  chairman.  The  results  were  favorable, 
and  the  work  was  confided  to  Mr.  G.  Gilbert  Scott,  who  is- 
sued a  report  in  June,  1872.  Verulam  was  built  on  the  site 
of  the  capital  of  Cassivelaunus  taken  by  Julius  Caesar,  54  B.C. 
It  was  reuken,  after  much  slaughter,  by  Boadicea  or  Boudicea, 
queen  of  the  Iceni,  61  a.d. 

First  battle  of  St.  Albans,  lAncastrians  defeated,  their  loader,  Ed- 
mund, duke  of  Somerset,  slain,  and  king  Henry  VI.  taken  by  duke 
of  York  and  partisans,  22  or  2:{  May,  1456. 
Second  battle,  queen  Margaret  toUUly  defeated  Yorkists  under  earl  of 

Warwick,  and  rescued  llio  king,  Shrove-Tuesday,  17  Feb.  1461. 
St.  Albans  incoriwratod  by  Edward  VI.  1553. 
Disfranchised  for  bribery,  17  June,  1852. 

Alban§,  St.,  raid  (Vkkmont),  Oct.  1864. 

Albany  or  Albaillll,  ancient  name  of  the  Scottish 
Highlands.  Robert  Stewart,  brother  of  king  Robert  III.,  was 
created  first  duke  of  Albany  in  1398,  and  the  title  has  since  be- 
longed to  the  crown  of  Scotland. 

Albany,  capital  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Pop.  1890, 
94,923.     State  of  New  York  throughout, 

Albemarle,  the  confederate  iron-clad  ram,  was  built 
by  John  L.  Porter  in  the  Roanoke  river  in  1863.  She  was 
152  ft.  long,  45  ft.  wide,  with  a  draught  of  8  ft.,  2  engines  of 
200  horse-power  each,  and  armed  with  2  rifled  Brooke's  guns, 
each  worked  through  3  port-holes  as  occasion  required.  In 
Apr.  1864,  the  ram  sank  the  U.  S.  vessel  Norikjield,  and  on 
5  May  engaged  7  U.  S.  war  vessels  in  Albemarie  sound,  among 
them'the  /S'«s«acMS,  which  attempted  to  sink  her  by  ramming, 
but  failed;  the  fight  continued  until  dark,  when  both  retired, 
the  Albemarle  returning  to  Plymouth  badly  damaged,  where 
on  the  night  of  27  Oct.  1864,  she  was  sunk  by  lieut.  W.  B. 
Gushing  of  the  U.  S.  navy  by  a  torpedo.  Subsequently 
raised  and  towed  to  the  Norfolk  navy  yard,  where,  stripped  of 
her  armament,  machinery,  etc.,  she  was  sold  15  Oct.  1867,  for 
$3200. 

Albigren'§e9,  a  name  given  to  persons  who  opposed  the 
church  of  Rome,  living  at  Albi,  in  Languedoc,  and  at  Toulouse, 
in  the  12th  century.  They  were  persecuted  as  Manichaeans, 
1163,  and  a  crusade  (proclaimed  by  pope  Innocent  III.)  against 
them  began  in  1207.  Simon  de  Montfort  commanded  500,000 
men,  and  at  Bezieres,  1209,  he  and  the  pope's  legate  put  friends 
and  foes  to  the  sword,  saying,  "  God  will  find  his  own  I"  At 
Minerba  he  burned  150  of  the  Albigenses  alive;  and  at  La 
Vaur  he  hanged  the  governor  and  beheaded  the  chief  people, 
drowning  the  governor's  wife  and  murdering  other  women. 
He  defeated  Raymond,  count  of  Toulouse,  but  was  himself 
killed  in  1218.  Louis  VIII.  and  IX.,  kings  of  France,  sup- 
ported the  crusade;  count  Raymond  was  subdued,  and  abdi- 
cated in  1229 ;  and  the  heretics  were  given  up  to  the  Inqui- 
sition.   They  had  little  in  common  with  the  Waldenses. 

Albion.  Britain  is  so  called  by  Aristotle.  Julius  Caesar 
and  others  are  said  to  have. named  it  (from  albus,  white)  from 
its  chalky  cliffs. 

Albion,  Xew,  name  given  to  California  by  sir  Fran- 
cis Drake  when  he  took  possession  in  1577. 

Albue'ra  or  Albuhe'ra,  Estremadura,  Spain. 
Here  the  French,  under  marshal  Soult,  were  defeated  by  the 
British  and  Anglo-Spanish  army,  under  marshal  (afterwards 
lord)  Beresford,  16  May,  1811. 

Albufera,  E.  Central  Spain,  a  lagoon  near  which  the 
French  marshal  Suchet  (afterwards  duke  of  Albufera)  defeated 
the  Spaniards  under  Blake,  4  Jan.  1812 ;  this  led  to  his  cap- 
ture of  Valencia  on  9  Jan. 

Aleala',  Spain,  near  the  Roman  Complutum.  At  the  uni- 
versity here  was  printed  the  Complutensian  Polyglot  Bible,  at 
the  expense  of  cardinal  Ximenes,  1502-15.  Cervantes  was  born 
here,  1547. 

Alcan'tara,  a  town  on  the  Tagus,  W.  Spain.  A  fine 
bridge  was  built  here  by  Trajan  about  104.  The  duke  of  Alva 
acquired  Portugal  for  Spain  by  defeating  the  Portuguese  army 
here,  24  June,  1580.     The  Spanish  military  order  of  knight- 


20  ALD 

hood  of  Alcantara  was  established  in  1156.     The  sovereign  of 
Spain  has  been  grand  master  since  1495. 

Aleaz'ar-Kebeer'  (the  great  palace)  near  Fez, 
N.W.  Africa,  where  the  Moors  totally  defeated  the  Portu- 
guese, whose  gallant  king  Sebastian  was  slain,  4  Aug.  1578. 
The  Portuguese  disbelieved  his  death  and  long  expected  his 
return — this  led  to  the  appearance  of  five  impostors. 

al'Ctaemy,  the  forerunner  of  chemistry ;  its  chief  ob- 
jects being  the  discovery  of  the  philosopher's  stone  (which 
was  to  effect  the  transmutation  of  metals  into  gold),  an  alka- 
hest, or  universal  menstruum,  and  the  elixir  of  life.  M.  Martin 
Ziegler  patented  a  method  of  jiroducing  a  "  vital  fluid"  by  com- 
bining nitrogen  and  carbon  in  a  porous  cell  containingammonia, 
immersed  in  a  vessel  filled  with  molasses.  The  current  was  to 
flow  through  silk  threads  attached  to  the  vessel;  about  18G8. 
The  alchemists  asserted  that  their  founder  was  Hermes  Tris- 
megistus  (thrice  greatest),  an  ancient  Egyptian  king.  Pliny 
says  the  emperor  Caligula  was  the  first  who  prepared  natural 
arsenic,  to  make  gold  of  it,  but  desisted,  because  the  charge  ex- 
ceeded the  profit.  Modern  science  dates  from  three  discover- 
ies :  First,  that  of  Copernicus  in  astronomy,  which  served  to 
destroy  astrology;  second,  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere  bj' 
Torricelli  and  Pascal ;  and  third,  oxygen. 
Zosimua  wrote  on  the  subject  about  410. 

The  Arabians  cultivated  alchemy  and  were  followed  (in  the  13th  cen- 
tury) by  Roger  Bacon,  Albert  Groot,  commonly  known  as  Albertus 
Magnus,  Aquinas,  Raymond  Lullius,  Basil  Valentine  (born  1394), 
Paracelsus  (died  1541),  and  others. 
In  1404  the  craft  of  multiplying  gold  and  silver  was  made  felony  by 

5  Henry  IV.  c.  4  ;  repealed  in  1689. 
A  license  to  practise  alchemy  with  all  metals  and  minerals  was 

granted  one  Richard  Carter,  1476. — Rymer''s  Fcedera. 
Dr.  Price,  of  Guildford.  England,  in  1782,  published  his  experiments, 
and  brought  specimens  of  gold  to  the  king,  alflrmkig  that  they 
were  made  by  means  of  a  red  and  white  powder.  Being  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  he  was  required,  under  pain  of  expulsion, 
to  repeat  his  experiments  before  members  of  the  society,  but  after 
much  equivocation  he  took  poison  and  died,  Aug.,  1783. 

alcohol.  Pure  spirit  of  wine  or  hydrated  alcohol  ia 
said  to  have  been  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  fermented 
liquors  by  Abucasis  in  the  12th  century,  and  made  anhydrous 
by  Raymond  Lullius  in  the  13th  century  by  carbonate  of  po- 
tassium. Alcohol  has  never  been  solidified,  but  becomes  viscid 
at  very  low  temperatures.  In  1820,  Faraday  ahd  Hennell  ob- 
tained traces  of  alcohol  by  passing  olefiant  gas  (bicarburetted 
hydrogen)  through  sulphuric  acid,  and  in  1862  this  process 
was  examined  and  confirmed  by  Berthelot.  Brandy,  Dis- 
tillation, Gin,  Rum,  and  Spirits.  About  250  medical  men, 
including  the  president  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  and 
many  hospital  officials,  issued  a  caution  concerning  the  use  of 
alcohol  in  medicine,  Dec.  1871.     Temperanck. 

Alden,  John,  one  of  the  first  passengers  in  the  May- 
Jlower,  1620.  Marries  Priscilla  Mullens,  "  The  Puritan  Maid- 
en." Characters  in  Longfellow's  "  Miles  Standish."  Massa- 
chusetts. 

alderman.  The  Saxon  ealdorman  was  next  to  the 
king  and  frequently  a  viceroy,  but  after  the  Danes  came  the 
title  was  gradually  displaced  by  earl.  Aldermen  in  corpora- 
tions are  next  in  dignity  to  the  mayor.  The}'  were  appointed 
in  London  (where  there  are  26)  in  1242,  and  in  Dublin  (where 
there  are  24)  in  1323.  Aldermen  chosen  for  life  instead  of  an- 
nually, 17  Rich.  II.  1394.  Present  mode  of  election  established, 
11  Geo.  1. 1725.  Aldermen  made  justices  of  the  peace,  15  Geo. 
II.  1741.  London  aldermen  are  elected  by  wards.  The  cor- 
responding term  in  Scotland  is  baillie.  In  most  cities  of  the 
U.  S.  the  aldermen  are  elected  by  wards  and  form  a  legislative 
common  council. 

Al'derney,  an  island  in  the  English  Channel,  with 
Jersey,  etc.,  was  acquired  by  William  the  Conqueror,  1066. 
The  strait  called  "  The  Race"  is  celebrated  for  two  fatal  oc- 
currences :  William  of  Normandy,  son  of  Henry  I.  of  England, 
and  many  young  nobles  (140  youths  of  the  principal  families 
of  France  and  Britain),  were  overtaken  by  a  storm  and  lost, 
25  Nov.  1120.  The  British  man-of-war  Victory,  of  100  guns 
and  1160  men,  was  wrecked  here,  5  Oct.  1744;  the  admiral,  sir 
John  Balchen,  and  all  his  crew,  perished.  Through  it  the 
French  escaped  when  defeated  at  La  Hogue  by  admirals  Rus- 
sell and  Rooke,  19  May,  1692.  The  construction  of  a  break- 
water, to  make  Alderney  a  naval  station,  was  begun  in  1852, 
but  was  suspended  by  parliament  in  1871.     In  1874  the  con- 


ALD 


trol  of  the  harbor  and  lands  was  transferred  from  the  board  of 
trade  to  the  admiralty  and  the  war  department.  The  island 
is  about  8  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  noted  for  its  breed 
of  cows. 

Alder§hOt  Camp,  on  a  moor  near  Farnham,  about 
35  miles  from  London.     In  Apr.  1864,  the  war-office,  with  a 
grant  of  1,000,000/.,  purchased  4000  acres  of  land  for  a  per- 
manent camp  for  20,000  men. 
Additional  land  purchased  in  1856. 

Barracks  since  erected  for  4000  infantry,  1500  cavalry,  and  several 
batteries  of  artillery. 

Aldine  I*re§S,  that  of  Aldo  Manuzio  (Aldus  Manu- 
tius)  at  Venice,  produced  many  first  editions  of  (Jreek,  Latin, 
and  Italian  classics,  beginning  in  1494  with  Musaeus. 

ale,  l>eer,  and  wine,  according  to  fable,  invented 
by  Bacchus.  Ale  was  known  in  404  b.c.  Herodotus  ascribes 
the  art  of  brewing  barley-wine  to  Isis,  the  wife  of  Osiris,  and 
such  a  beverage  is  mentioned  by  Xenophon,  401  b.c.  The 
Romans  learned  from  the  Egyptians  to  prepare  fermented 
liquor  from  corn. — Tacitus.  Ale-houses  are  mentioned  in  the 
laws  of  Ina,  king  of  Wessex.  Booths  were  set  up  in  England, 
728,  and  laws  passed  for  their  regulation.  None  but  freemen 
were  allowed  to  keep  ale-houses  in  London,  13  Edw.  I.  1285. 
They  were  further  regulated  by  5  and  6  Edw.  VI.  c.  25,  1551. 
By  i  James  I.  c.  9,  1603,  one  full  quart  of  the  best,  or  two 
quarts  of  small  ale,  were  to  be  sold  for  one  penny.  Excise 
duty  on  ale  and  beer  was  imposed  by  parliament  in  1643,  and 
continued  by  Charles  II.,  1660 ;  repealed,  1  Will.  IV.  c.  51, 
1830.     Porter,  Victuallers,  and  Wine. 

Alemanni  or  All  Men  («.  e.  men  of  all  nations), 
hence  Allemand,  German.  A  body  of  Suevi,  who  took  this 
name,  were  defeated  by  Caracalla,  214.  After  several  repulses 
they  invaded  the  empire,  but  Aurelian  subdued  them  in  three 
battles,  271.  They  were  again  vanquished  by  Julian,  356, 357 ; 
by  Jovinus,  368 ;  and  were  subjugated  by  Clovis  at  Tolbiac  (or 
Zulpich),  496.     The  Suabians  are  their  descendants. 

Aleppo,  N.  Syria,  a  large  town  named  Beroea  by  Seleu- 
cus  Nicator,  about  299  b.c.  The  pachalic  of  Aleppo  is  one  of 
the  five  governments  of  Syria.  It  was  taken  by  the  Saracens, 
638  A.D.,  who  restored  its  ancient  name  Haleb  or  Chaleb;  b}' 
Saladin,  1193 ;  and  sacked  by  Timour,  Nov.  1400.  Its  depopu- 
lation by  plague  has  been  frequent :  60,000  persons  were  said 
to  have  perished  by  it  in  1797 ;  many  in  1827.  The  cholera 
raged  here  in  1832.  Aleppo  suffered  from  terrible  earthquakes 
in  1822  and  1830,  and  has  been  the  scene  of  fanatical  massacres. 
On  16  Oct.  1850,  Mahometans  attacked  the  Christians,  burn- 
ing everything.  3  churches  were  destroyed,  5  plundered,  and 
thousands  of  persons  slain.  The  loss  of  property  amounted  to 
about  a  million  sterling;  no  interference  was  attempted  by  the 

P^^^^*  "In  Aleppo  once, 

Where  a  malignant  and  a  turban'd  Turk 
Beat  a  Venetian,  and  traduc'd  the  state." 

Shakespeare,  "Othello,"  act  v.  sc.  ii. 

Ale§ia,  a  strongly  fortified  city  of  the  Mandubii,  a  tribe 
of  ancient  Gaul  near  the  head-waters  of  the  Seine  (central 
France),  where  the  final  struggle  between  the  Romans,  under 
Caesar,  and  the  united  Gauls,  under  Vercingetorix,  took  place, 
52  B.C.,  ending  in  the  complete  overthrow  of  the  Gauls.  Caesar 
destroyed  the  city.  It  was  rebuilt,  but  again  destroyed  by  the 
Normans  in  the  9th  century. 

Alessandria,  a  city  of  Piedmont,  built  in  1168  under 
the  name  of  Caesar  by  the  Milanese  and  Cremonese,  to  defend 
the  Tanaro  against  Frederick  Barbarossa,  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  afterwards  named  after  pope  Alexander  III.  It  has  often 
been  besieged.  The  French  took  it  in  1796,  were  driven  out 
by  Suwarrow,  21  July,  1799,  recovered  it  after  Marengo,  14 
June,  1800,  and  held  it  till  1814,  when  the  fortifications  erected 
by  Napoleon  were  destroyed.  These  have  been  restored  since 
June,  1856. 

Aleutian  Isles,  in  the  N.  Pacific  ocean,  discovered 
by  Behring,  1741 ;  visited  by  Cook,  1778 ;  settled  bj'  Russians, 
1785 ;  included  in  cession  of  Alaska  to  U.  S.  1867. 

Alexander,  £ra  of,  dated  from  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  12  Nov.  323  B.C.  In  computing  it  the  Crea- 
tion was  dated  5502  years  before  Christ,  our  year  1  a.d.  being 
reckoned  5503,  and  our  year  284  a.d.  was  called  5786.     But 


21  ALE 

after  this  10  years  were  omitted,  and  the  next  was  called  5777. 
This  is  still  the  Abyssinian  era.  The  date  is  reduced  to  the 
Christian  era  by  subtracting  5502  before  5786,  and  by  sub- 
tracting 5492  thereafter. 

Alexandria,  Egypt,  with  walls  15  miles  in  circuit, 
founded  by  Alexander  the  Great,  332  b.c.;  buried  here,  322; 
later,  the  residence  of  Greek  sovereigns  of  Egypt,  the  Ptole- 
mies, 323.     17  councils  were  held  here,  231-633  a.d. 
Ptolemy  Soter  erects  the  Museum,  Serapeum,  Pharos,  and  other  b.  c. 

edifices,  and  begins  the  library  about 298 

These  works  completed  by  his  son,  P.  Philadelphus,  and  grand- 
son, P.  Euergetes 283-222 

Alexandria  taken  by  Julius  Caesar;  when  a  iibrary  fabled  to 
contain  700,000  vols.,  including  every  known  literary  work, 
whether  Egyptian,  Jewish,  Greek,  Latin,  Phoenician,  Chaldee, 

Syriac,  or  Persian,  is  burned 43 

Which  Antony  replaces  by  one  brought  from  Pergamus! ......      36 

City  restored  by  Hadrian 122 

Massacre  of  the  youth  by  Caracalla  in  revenge  for  an  insult. '. '.    215 
Alexandria,  supporting  the  usurper  Achilleus,  is  taken  bv  Dio- 
cletian after  a  long  siege \ 297 

Disturbed  by  feuds  between  Athanasians  and  Arians .*.'.*.    321 

George  of  Cappadocia  killed,  362,  Athanasius  finally  restored. .     363 

50,000  persons  perish  by  an  earthquake 365 

Paganism  suppressed  by  Theodosius;  a  second  library  burned 

(the  Serapeum) 390 

Alexandria  captured  by  Chosroes  II.  of  Persia 616 

And  by  Amrou,  general  of  the  caliph  Omar,  who  ordered  the 
library  burned,  supplying  the  baths  with  fuel  for  six  months 

22  Dec.  640 
[The  saying  ascribed  to  Omar — "That  if  the  books  agreed 
with  the  book  of  God,  they  were  useless;  it  they  disagreed, 
they  were  pernicious" — is  denied  by  Mahometans.  It  is  also 
attributed  to  Theophilus,  archbishop  of  Alexandria  (390),  and 
to  cardinal  Ximenes  (1500).] 

Recovered  by  the  Greeks ;  retaken  by  Amrou 644 

Cairo  founded  by  Saracens;  hastening  decay  of  Alexandria. . .     969 

Alexandria  plundered  by  the  crusaders 1365 

French  capture  Alexandria July,  1798 

Battle  of  Alexandria,  or  Canopus:  the  British  under  gen.  sir 

Ralph  Abercromby  defeat  the  French  under  Menou..21  Mch.  1801 
Abercromby  dies  of  his  wounds,  28  Mch. ;  Menou  surrenders  it 

with  10,000  French  to  the  British 2  Sept.     " 

Alexandria  taken  by  British  under  Fraser,  20  Mch. ;  evacuated 

by  them 23  Sept.  1807 

By  the  convention  of  Alexandria,  Egypt  was  guaranteed  to  Me- 

hemet  Ali  and  his  successors 1841 

Railway  to  Cairo  built 1851 

New  port,  first  stone  laid  by  the  khedive 15  May,  1871 

The  fellow  of  the  obelisk  of  London  (reared  at  Heliopolis  about 
1500  B.C.  by  Thothmes  III.  and  removed  to  Alexandria  about 

25  B.C.)  was  ottered  to  the  U.  S.  in 1877 

Offer  confirmed May,  1879 

Steamer  bearing  the  obelisk  sailed  from  Alexandria. .  .12  June,  1880 
Arrives  at  New  York 20  Julj^,     " 


Alexandria,  a  city  of  Virginia  on  the  Potomac,  7 
miles  below  Washington.  Here  on  24  May,  1861,  E.  E.  Ells- 
worth, col.  of  the  New  York  Fire  Zouaves,  was  shot,  after  tak- 
ing down  a  confederate  flag  from  the  roof  of  the  Marshall  house, 
by  Jackson,  the  proprietor.  Jackson  was  immediately  after 
shot  by  a  soldier  of  the  regiment.     Virginia,  1861. 

Alexandrian  Codex,  a  MS.  of  the  Septuagint 

said  to  have  been  written  by  a  lady  named  Thecla  in  the 
6th  century,  and  to  have  belonged  to  the  patriarch  of  Alex- 
andria in  1098 ;  was  presented  to  Charles  I.  of  England  in 
1628  by  Cyrillus  Lascaris,  patriarch  of  Constantinople ;  placed 
in  the  British  museum  in  1753,  and  printed  in  facsimile,  1786- 
1821.        • 

Alexandrian  Era.    Mundane. 
Alexandrian  Liibrary.     Alexandria  and  Li- 
braries. 
Alexandrian   Schools   of  Philosophy. 

The  first  school  arose  soon  after  the  foundation  of  Alexandria, 
332  B.C.;  flourished  under  the  Ptolemies  till  about  100  B.C.; 
including  Euclid  (300),  Archimedes  (287-212),  Apollonius  (250), 
Hipparchus  (150),  and  Hero  (150).  The  second  school  arose 
about  140  A.D.,  and  lasted  till  about  400.  Its  most  eminent 
members  were  Ptolemy,  the  author  of  the  Ptolemaic  system^ 
(150),  Diophantus  the  arithmetician,  and  Pappus  the  geome- 
ter (350).     Philosophy. 

Alexandrines,  verses  of  12  syllables,  forming  six 
iambic  feet,  named  from  Alexander  of  Paris,  who  introduced 
it  into  French  literature  about  1164.  It  corresponds  with  the 
iambric  trimeter,  the  principal  metre  of  dramatic  dialogue  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  is  the  heroic  verse  of  French  classic 
writers,  but  is  not  suited  to  German  or  English  poetry,  ex- 


ALF 

cept  in  briugtng  to  an  end  a  sonorous  stanza  or  system  of  verses. 
The  last  line  of  the  Spenserian  stanza  is  an  Alexandrine.     In 
Pope's  "  Essay  on  Criticism"  it  is  thus  exemplified : 
"  A  noodless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song, 
That,  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along." 

The  longest  English  poem  wholly  in  Alexandrine  verse  is 
Drayton's  "  Polyolbion,"  pub.  1612-22. 

Alftftlfto,  a  species  of  Chilian  grass  or  clover  well  fitted 
from  its  long  "tap  root''  to  live  and  grow  where  other  grass- 
es would  wither  through  excessive  droughts.  Grown  exten- 
sively in  the  western  United  States,  especially  in  California, 
Colorado,  Washington,  Arizona,  etc.  Excellent  forage  for  cat- 
tle, of  rapid  growth,  yielding  under  favorable  circumstances  3 
crops  a  year  and  from  6  to  10  tons  per  acre; 

Alford,  N.  Scotland,  liattle  of.  Gen.  Baillie,  with  a  large 
bodv  of  covenanters,  was  defeated  by  the  marquess  of  Montrose, 
2  July,  1645. 

Al'l^ebar,  an  Arabic  and  poetical  name  of  the  constella- 
tion Orion. 

*'  Begirt  with  many  a  blazing  star 
Stood  tho  great  giant  Algebar, 
Orion,  hunter  of  the  beast!" 

— Longfellow,  "Occult  of  Orion." 

al'irebra,  the  generalized  method  of  computation,  called 
by  Newton  "universal  arithmetic,"  in  which  signs  represent 
operations  and  symbols  stand  for  quantities;  Diophantus,  the 
reputed  inventor,  wrote  about  350  a.d.  The  Arabs,  who 
brought  algebra  to  Spain,  ascribe  the  invention  to  Mohammed 
of  Buziana,  about  850  a.u.  Leonardo  Bonaccio  of  Pisa  intro- 
tluced  Indian  algebra  into  Italy  in  1220.  In  1494  Luca  Paccioli 
published  the  first  printed  book  on  algebra  in  Europe. — Serret. 
Some  algebraic  signs  were  introduced  either  by  Christophe 
Rudolph  (1522-26)  or  Michael  Stifelius  of  Nuremberg,  1544, 
and  others  by  Francis  Vieta,  in  1590,  when  algebra  came  into 
general  use. — MoreH.  Jerome  Cardan  published  his  "Ars 
Magna,"  containing  his  rule,  1545.  The  first  treatise  in  the 
English  language  on  algebra  was  written  by  Robert  Recorde, 
teacher  of  mathematics,  Cambridge,  about  1557;  here,  for  the 
first  time,  the  modern  sign  for  equality  was  used.  Thos.  Har- 
riot's important  discoveries  appeared  in  his  "  Artis  AnalyticaB 
Praxis,"  1631.  Descartes  applied  algebra  to  geometry  about 
1637.  The  binomial  theorem  of  Newton,  the  basis  of  the  doc- 
trine of  fiuxions,  and  the  new  analysis,  1666.  "  The  Greek 
algebra  was  as  nothing  compared  with  the  Greek  geometry; 
and  the  Hindu  geometry  was  as  little  worthy  of  comparison 
with  the  Hindu  algebra." — Calcutta  Review  (1846),  p.  540. 

Important  writers  on  algebra : 


Harriot 1631 

Descartes 1637 

Pascal 1654 

Isaac  Newton  (binomial  the- 
orem)    1666 

Leibnitz 1677 

Lagrange 1767 

Euler 1770 

Budan 1807 

Horner 1819 

Sturm 1835 

Bourdon 1840 


Diophantus  350 

Bonacci 1220 

Paccioli  or  De  Borgo 1494 

Rudolph 1522 

Stifelius 1544 

Cardan 1545 

Ferrari  (flrst  to  resolve  bi- 
quadratic equations) 1545 

Tastalea 1546 

Recorde 1557 

Vieta. 1590 

Girard. 1629 

[But  the  most  wonderful  development  of  algebraic  anal- 
ysis has  taken  place  in  recent  years;  the  works  of  Whit- 
worth,  Salmon,  Todhunter,  and  others  in  England;  of  Bar- 
nard, Bartlett,  and  others  in  America,  and  of  scores  of  great 
investigators  in  Germany  and  France,  form  a  library  of  prob- 
lems successfully  solved  by  algebraic  methods  in  all  branches 
of  science.] 

Algeilras  or  Old  Gibraltar,  S.  Spain.    Here 

the  Moors  entered  Spain  in  711,  and  held  it  till  taken  by  Al- 
fonso XI.,  Mch.  1344. 

Algiers,  now  Algreria,  N.W.  Africa,  part  of  the  an- 
cient Mauritania;   conquered  by  Romans,  46  b.c.  ;  by  Van- 
dals, 439  A.D. ;  recovered  for  the  empire  by  Belisarius,  534 ; 
and  subdued  by  Arabs  about  690.     Pop.  of  Algeria  in  1866, 
2,921,146;  in  1886,  3,817,465.     Sq.  miles,  122,867. 
Town  of  Algiers  founded  by  Arabs  near  site  of  Icosium..  .about    936 
Becoming  seat  of  Barbary  pirates,  cajptured  by  Ferdinand  of 
Spain,  1509;  retaken  by  Horuc  and  Haydreddin  Barbaros-sa, 
and  made  capital  of  a  state;  governed  by  a  dey,  nominally 

subject  to  Turkey 1516-20 

Emperor  Charles  V.  loses  a  fine  fleet  and  an  army  in  an  expe- 
dition against  Algiers 1541 

Algiers  terrified  into  pacific  measures  by  Blake,  1655;  by  Du 
Quesne 1633-84 


22  ALI 

Treaty  with  the  U.  S 1795 

War  declared  against  tho  U.  S 1815 

Commodore  Decatur  enters  tho  bay  of  Algiers  wiih  a  r.  S.  lleet 

and  dicUites  a  peace "iH  June,     " 

British  fleet,  under  lord  Exmouth,  bombards  the  pirate  city, 

27  Aug.  1816 

A  new  treaty ;  Christian  slavery  abolished " 

Treaty  of  peace  with  the  U.  S. .'. 22  Dec.     " 

French  armament  under  Bourmont  and  Duperrd  captures  Al- 
giers; dey  deposed.barbarian  government  overthrown, 5  July,  1830 
Arab  chief  Abd-el-Kuder  preaches  a  holy  war,  and  attacks  the 

French,  at  first  successfully 1833 

He  is  recognized  as  emir  of  Mascara  by  the  French 1834 

France  announces  intention  to  retain  Algiers 20  May,     " 

War  renewed 1835-36 

Abdcl-Kadcr  submits  to  French  supremacy 30  May,     " 

War  renewed ;  French  defeated Dec.  1839 

Algeria  annexed  to  France,  the  emir  declared  a  rebel Feb.  1842 

He  is  defeated  by  Bugeaud  at  Isly 14  Aug.  1844 

500  Arabs  in  a  cave  at  Karthani  refuse  tosurrender;  sufTocatedby 
smoke;  said  to  have  been  ordered  by  gen.  Pelissier  .18  June,  1845 

Abd-cl-Kader  surrenders  to  Lamoricidre 23  Dec.  1847 

[He,  with  suite,  embarked  at  Oran,  landed  at  Toulon  28  Dec. 
following;  was  removed  to  castle  of  Amboise,  near  Tours,  2 
Nov.  1848,  and  released  by  Louis  Napoleon,  16  Oct.  1852,  after 
swearing  on  the  Koran  never  to  disturb  Africa  again.  He 
was  to  reside  at  Broussa,  in  Asia  Minor;  but  in  consequence 
of  the  earthquake  at  that  place,  28  Feb.  1855,  removed  to 
Constantinople.  In  July,  1860,  Ahd-el-Kader  held  the  citadel 
of  Damascus,  and  protected  Christians  whom  he  had  rescued 
fVom  massacre  by  the  Turks.  He  received  honors  from  the 
English,  French,  and  Sardinian  sovereigns.  He  visited  Paris 
and  liOndon  in  Aug.  1865.  He  offered  to  serve  in  the  French 
army  in  July,  1870.  Died  at  Damascus,  26  May,  1883,  aged 
75  years.] 

Arab  tribes  attack  French;  defeated 31  Oct.  and  6  Nov.  1859 

Algiers  visited  by  Napoleon  III Sept.  1860 

Marshal  Pelissier,  duke  of  Malakhofl",  appointed  governor-gen- 
eral of  Algeria Nov.     " 

Death  of  marshal  Pelissier,  22  May;  MacMahon,  duke  of  Ma- 
genta, succeeds  him 8  Sept.  1864 

Fresh  revolts;  insurgents  defeated  by  Jolivet 2  Oct.     " 

10,500  refugees  from  Alsace-Lorraine  emigrate  to  Algeria 1871 

Gen.  Chanzy  gov. ;  replaced  by  Albert  Gr(5vy 1878 

Dispute  with  Tunis;  outrages  by  savage  tribes,  Kroumirs,  etc. 

(Tunis) Apr.  1881 

Troops  sent  from  France  in  anticipation  of  insurrection.. .  Aug.     " 

Resignation  of  gov.  A.  Grevy 6  Nov.     " 

M.  Louis  Tirman  appointed Dec.     " 

Annexation  of  the  province  Mazab  to  Algeria Dec.  1882 

Algonquins.     Indians. 

Alhambra,  a  Moorish  palace  and  fortress  near  Grana- 
da, S.  Spain,  founded  by  Mohammed  I.  of  Granada  about  1253, 
surrendered  to  the  Christians  about  Nov.  1491.  The  ruins  are 
described  in  a  magnificent  work  by  Owen  Jones  and  Jules 
Goury,  pub.  1842-45.  Washington  Irving  wrote  of  the  pal- 
ace and  its  surroundings  a  pleasing  work,  entitled  "The  Al- 
hambra,"  pub.  1832. 

All,  sect  of  (Shiites,  or  Fatimites).     All  (a  son  of  Abu 
Talib,  uncle  of  Mahomet),  one  of  the  prophet's  earliest  sup- 
porters, becoming  his  vizier,  613,  when  quite  young,  and  mar- 
rying his  daughter,  Fatima,  about  632;  caliph,  655;  assassi- 
nated, 23  Jan.  661.     He  was  called  by  the  prophet,  As'ad 
Allah  Al-ghalib,  "  the  lion  of  God,  always  victorious."     All's 
right  to  succeed  to  the  caliphate  divided  the  Mahometan  world 
into  two  great  sects,  the  Sonnites  and  the  Shiites,  the  for- 
mer denying  and  the  latter  affirming  it.     The  Turks  belong 
to  the  former,  the  Persians  to  the  latter  sect. 
The  first  four  successors  of  Mahomet — Abubeker,  Omar,  Othman, 
and  Ali,  his  chief  agents  in  establishing  his  religion  and  extirpat- 
ing unbelievers,  and  whom  he  styled  the  "cutting  swords  of 
God"— all  died  violent  deaths;  and  his  family  was  extirpated 
within  thirty  years  after  his  decease. 

Alien  and  (Sedition  L^anrs.    In  1798,  when  war 

between  France  and  the  United  States  was  threatened,  there 
were  in  the  United  States,  by  estimate,  30,000  Frenchmen  or- 
ganized in  clubs,  and  50,000  sympathizers  with  France  who 
had  been  British  subjects.  In  apprehension  of  danger,  con- 
gress, 25  June,  authorized  the  president  to  banish  alien  ene- 
mies at  his  discretion  during  the  ensuing  two  years.  Another 
I  act  authorizing  the  president  to  apprehend  and  remove  alien 
enemies  was  passed  6  July.  These  alien  laws  were  never 
actively  enforced.  The  sedition  act  of  14  July,  1798,  defined 
sedition  and  affixed  severe  penalties  to  it.  These  laws  were 
very  unpopular,  and  helped  to  drive  the  federal  party  from 
power.     Resolutions  of  1798. 

alien§  or  foreigners  were  banished  from  England 
in  1155,  being  thought  too  numerous.  In  1343  they  were  ex- 
cluded from  ecclesiastical  benefices.     By  2  Rich.  II.  st.  1, 1378, 


ALI  '. 

they  were  much  relieved.  In  1353,  under  Edward  III.,  half 
of  each  jury  empanelled  to  try  an  alien  must  consist  of  for- 
eigners.— "  The  Encyclopaedic  Diet.,"  Jury.  They  were  re- 
strained from  exercising  any  trade  or  handicraft  by  retail,  1483, 
a  prohibition  relaxed  in  1663. 

Alien  priories  (cells  and  estates  belonging  to  foreign  persons)  sup- 
pressed in  England.  1414:. 
The  alien  act  passed,  Jan.  1793. 
Act  to  register  aliens,  1795. 
Baron  Geramb,  a  fashionable  foreigner,  known  at  court,  ordered  out 

of  England.  6  Apr.  1812. 
Bill  to  abolish  naturalization  by  holding  stock  in  the  banks  of  Scot- 
land, June,  1820. 
3few  registration  act,  7  Geo.  IV.  1826.     This  last  act  was  repealed 

and  another  statute  passed,  6  Will.  IV.  1836. 
The  rigor  of  alien  laws  mitigated  in  1844  and  1847. 
"Foreigners  have  reclaimed  our  marshes,  drained  our  fens,  fished 

our  seas,  and  built  our  bridges  and  harbors." — Smiles,  1861. 
Their  status  defined  by  naturalization  act,  12  May,  1870. 

An  act  of  congress  relieving  from  alienage  children  of  cit- 
izens of  the  United  States,  born  elsewhere,  was  passed  1855. 
In  1857  the  attorney-general  held  that  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  may  renounce  his  citizenship.  Aliens  are  readily  nat- 
uralized in  the  United  States.  Naturalization.  In  the 
United  States  aliens  may  sue  and  be  sued,  but  cannot  serve  a 
process,  vote,  or  hold  office.  Some  states  restrict  the  power 
of  aliens  to  hold  real  estate,  others  do  not.  The  inheritance 
of  property  of  aliens  has  been  the  subject  of  several  treaties 
between  the  United  States  and  foreign  nations.  United 
States,  1855,  etc. 

Aliiwal,  a  village  of  N.W.  India,  site  of  an  obstinate 
battle,  28  Jan.  1846,  between  the  Sikh  army  under  sirdar 
Runjoor  Singh  Majeethea,  19,000  strong,  with  68  guns,  and 
British  under  sir  Harry  Smith,  12,000  men  with  32  guns. 
The  Sikhs  were  defeated,  with  nearly  6000  killed  or  drowned. 

alizar'ine,  a  crystalline  body,  the  coloring  principle  of 
madder,  discovered  by  Robiquet  and  Colin  in  1831.  Schunck 
showed  that  the  finest  madder  colors  contained  only  alizarine 
combined  with  alkalies  and  fatty  acids.  Graebe  and  Lieber- 
mann  obtained  anthracene  from  alizarine  in  1868,  and  aliza- 
rine from  anthracene  in  1869.  The  crystalline  body  anthra- 
cene was  discovered  in  coal  oils  by  Dumas  and  Laurent  in 
1832.     Madder. 

Aljubarrota,  Portugal.  Here  John  I.  of  Portugal 
defeated  John  I.  of  Castile,  and  secured  his  country's  inde- 
pendence, 14  Aug.  1385. 

al'kalles  (from  kali,  Arabic  name  for  the  plant  from 

which  an  alkaline  substance  was  first  procured)  are  ammonia, 

potash,  soda,  and  lithia.  Black  explained  the  difference  be- 
tween caustic  and  mild  alkalies  in  1736. 

Fixed  alkalies,  potash  and  soda,  decomposed,  and  the  metals  potas- 
sium and  sodium  freed  by  Humphry  Davy  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, London,  1807. 

Dr.  Ure  invented  an  alkalimeter,  1816. 

Alkalies  are  extensively  manufactured  in  Lancashire  and  Cheshire, 
by  decomposing  common  salt  (chloride  of  sodium)  by  a  process  in- 
vented by  a  Frenchman,  Le  Blanc,  about  1792. 

Losh  obtained  crystals  of  soda  from  brine  about  1814.  Various 
modifications  of  these  processes  are  now  in  use. 

"Alkali  works"  are  works  for  manufacturing  alkali,  sulphates  of 
soda,  sulphate  of  potash,  and  in  which  muriatic  gas  is  evolved. 

William  Gossage's  process  for  condensing  muriatic-acid  gas  pa- 
tented in  1836. 

"Ammonia  process"  of  making  soda  invented  by  Dyer  and  Hem- 
ming in  1838;  patents  respecting  it  taken  out  by  Solvay,  1863, 
1867,  1872;  Gossage,  1854;  Schloesing,  1854,  1858;  Young,  1871, 
1872;  Weldon,  1872,  1873;  and  by  others. 

Walter  Weldon  received  French  Lavoisier  medal  for  important  im- 
provements in  the  alkali  manufacture,  July  1877. 

To  stop  injury  to  vegetation  by  alkali  works  in  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire,  the  alkali  works  act  "  for  the  more  effectual  condensa- 
tion [of  95  per  cent.]  of  muriatic-acid  gas"  (or  hydrochloric  acid) 
was  passed  28  July,  1863;  came  into  operation  1  Jan.  1864;  proved 
successful,  was  re-enacted  1868,  and  amended  1874. 

James  Greenwood  produced  caustic  soda  and  chlorine  from  common 
salt  by  electrolytic  process,  Jan.  1892. 

Allahabad'  (city  of  God),  N.W.  Hindostan,  the  "  holy 
city  "  of  the  Indian  Mahometans,  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Jumna  and  Ganges.  The  province  of  Allahabad  was  succes- 
sively subject  to  the  sovereigns  of  Delhi  and  Oude,  but  in 
1801  was  partly  and  in  1803  wholly  incorporated  with  the 
British  possessions.  By  treaty  here,  Bengal,  etc.,  was  ceded 
to  the  English  in  1765.  During  the  Indian  mutiny  several 
sepoy  regiments  rebelled  and  massacred  their  officers,  4  June, 
1857 ;  col.  Neil  marched  promptly  from  Benares  and  suppressed 


^  ALL 

the  insurrection.  In  Nov.  1861,  lord  Canning  made  this  city 
the  capital  of  the  N.W.  provinces. 

Allatoo'na  Pass  (Ga.),  battle  of,  fought  6  Oct.  1864. 
After  his  evacuation  of  Atlanta,  Hood  covered  the  road 
to  Macon.  Soon,  however,  he  shifted  southward  to  the 
West  Point  road,  and  then  boldly  pushed  northward  against 
Sherman's  communications.  Sherman  followed  him  with  the 
bulk  of  his  army,  but  on  6  Oct.  had  onlv  reached  Kenesaw. 
Hood,  farther  north,  that  day  attacked  *Allatoona  Pass,  the 
most  important  station  on  the  road,  stored  with  one  and  a 
half  million  of  rations,  defended  by  1944  men.  Gen.  Corse 
conducted  the  defence  successfully  until  Sherman  arrived, 
when  Hood  was  compelled  to  withdraw.  Corse  was  severely 
wounded.     Union  loss,  707. 

allegiance,  in  the  United  States  the  paramount  alle- 
gianceofacitizenisdueto  thegeneral government  and  nottothe 
particular  state  in  which  he  was  born  or  is  domiciled.    Oath. 

allegory  abounds  in  the  Bible  and  in  Homer:  see  Ja- 
cob's blessing  upon  his  sons,  Gen.  xlix.  (1689  b.c),  Ps.  Ixxx., 
and  all  the  prophets.  Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene  "  (1590)  and 
Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress  "  (1678)  are  allegories  through- 
out. The  SjJectator  (1711),  by  Addison,  Steele,  and  others, 
abounds  in  allegories.  The  allegorical  interpretation  of 
Scripture  is  said  to  have  begun  with  Origen  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury :  "  But  he  who  was  of  the  bondwoman  was  born  after 
the  flesh  ;  but  he  of  the  freewoman  was  by  promise.  Which 
things  are  an  allegory.^'' — Gal.  iv.  23,  24. 

Allen,  Ethan.     Fort  Ticonderoga  and  Vermont. 

Allia,  Italy,  a  small  river  flowing  into  the  Tiber,  where 
Brennus  and  the  Gauls  defeated  the  Romans,  16  July,  390  b.c. 
The  Gauls  sacked  Rome,  and  the  day  was  thereafter  held  to 
be  unlucky  (nefastus),  and  no  public  business  was  permitted 
to  be  done  thereon. 

alliance,  treaties  of,  between  the  high  European  pow- 
ers.    The  following  are  the  principal : 

Of  Leipsic 9  Apr.  1631 

Of  Vienna 27  May,  1657 

The  Triple 28  Jan.  1668 

Of  Warsaw 31  Mch.  1683 

The  Grand 12  May,  1689 

The  Hague 4  Jan.  1717 

The  Quadruple 2  Aug.  1718 

Of  Vienna 16  Mch.  1731 

Of  Versailles. 1  May,  1756 

Germanic 23  July,  1785 

Of  Paris 16  May,  1795 

Of  St.  Petersburg 8  Apr.  1805 

Austrian 14  Mch.  1812 

Of  Sweden 24  Mch.     " 

Of  Toplitz 9  Sept.  1813 

Holy  Alliance 26  Sept.  1815 

Of  England,  France,  and  Turkey  (at  Constantinople)..  12  Mch.  1854 

Of  England  and  France  ratified 3  Apr.     " 

Of  Sardinia  with  the  western  powers  (at  Turin) 26  Jan.  1855 

Of  Sweden  with  the  western  powers 19  Dec.     " 

Of  Prussia  and  Italy June,  1866 

Of  Germany,  Austria,  and  Italy 13  Mch.  1887 

Coalitions,  Conventions,  Treaties,  United  Kingdom. 

Alliance,  Farmers'.     Political  Parties. 

Alloto'roges,  Gauls,  defeated  by  Q.  Fabius  Maximus, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Rhone  and  the  Saone,  121  b.c. 

All-saints'  Day  (l  Nov.)  or  All-Hallon  s,  a 

festival  common  to  the  Roman  Catholic,  English,  and  Lu- 
theran churches,  said  to  have  been  begun  by  pope  Boniface  IV. 
about  607,  celebrated  in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome,  and  established 
by  pope  Gregory  IV.  (about  830)  for  commemoration  of  saints 
and  martyrs  in  whose  honor  no  particular  day  is  assigned.  The 
reformers  of  the  English  church,  1549,  struck  out  of  their  cal- 
endar many  anniversaries,  leaving  only  those  at  their  time 
connected  with  popular  feeling  or  tradition.     Halloween. 

All-souls'  Day  (2  Nov.),  a  festival  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  to  commemorate  the  souls  of  the  faithful,  in- 
stituted, it  is  said,  at  Cluny  about  993  or  1000. 

Allsman,  Andrew,  The  case  of.  A  confederate,  coL 
Porter,  during  a  raid  upon  Palmyra,  Mo.,  in  Sept.  1862,  cap- 
tured, among  others,  an  old  and  respected  citizen  of  that 
place,  Andrew  Allsman,  who  was  not  paroled  as-  the  others 
were,  but  carried  off  and  it  was  believed  would  be  put  to 
death  by  his  captors.     Gen.  John  McNeil,  then  in  command 


or 


ALM 


of  the  district  of  N.E.  Missouri,  hearing  of  this,  circulated 
widely  a  notice,  8  Oct.  1862  (even  leaving  a  copy  with  the 
wife  of  col.  Porter),  that  if  AUsman  was  not  returned  un- 
harmed within  ten  days,  ten  prisoners  of  col.  Porter's  band 
would  be  shot.  As  Allsman  was  not  returned,  ten  men  were 
selected  to  pay  the  penalty,  and  were  shot  at  Palmyra,  18 
Oct.  A  vindictive  reuliatory  order  was  issued  by  president 
Davis,  17  Nov.  1862,  but  was  never  carried  out. 

AlUia,  a  river  in  the  Crimea,  near  which  was  fought  a 
battle  on  20  SepL  1854.  The  allied  armies — English,  French, 
and  Turkish  (about  57,000  men)— crossed  the  Alma  and  at- 
tacked 40,000  Russians,  driving  them  back  with  a  loss  of  about 
5000.     Total  loss  of  the  allies,  3400. 

almanac  (borrowed  from  the  Arabic  al  manaW),  a  cal- 
endar; a  word  of  unknown  origin,  which  appeared  in  Arabic 
in  the  16th  century.  The  Egyptian^  computed  time  by  in- 
struments. An  almanac  was  published  by  the  Greeks  at  Alex- 
andria about  the  2d  century.  In  the  British  museum  and 
universities  are  specimens  of  early  almanacs.  Michael  Nostra- 
damus, the  astrologer,  wrote  an  almanac  in  the  style  of  Merlin, 
1556. — Diifresnoy.  Prof.  Augustus  de  Morgan's  valuable  "Book 
•of  Almanacs,  with  an  index  of  reference,  by  which  the  almanac 
may  be  found  for  every  year,"  was  published  in  March,  1851. 
Among  the  earlier  and  more  remarkable  almanacs  were 

Solomon  Jarchus 1150 

John  Somer's  Calendar,  written  iu  Oxford 1380 

Purbach 1450-()1 

One  in  Lambeth  palace,  written  in 1460 

First  printed  one,  published  at  Buda 1472 

Shepheard's  Kalendar  (first  printed  in  England)  by  Richard 

Pynson 1497 

Regiomontanus 1475-1506 

Tybalt's  Prognostications 1533 

Almanac  Li^geois 1636 

Lilly's  Ephen^eris 1644 

Poor  Robin's  Almanac t 1652 

British  Merlin 1658 

Counaissance  des  Temps  (by  Picard) 1679 

Edinburgh  Almanac 1683 

Almanach  de  France 1699 

Moore's  Almanac 1698  or  1713 

Lady's  Diary 1705 

Season  on  the  Seasons 1735 

Gentleman's  Diary 1741 

Almanach  de  Gotha 1764 

Nautical  Almanac,  begun  by  Dr.  Neville  Maskelyne  (materially 

improved,  1834) 1767 

British  Imperial  Kalendar 1809 

Hone's  Everyday  Book 1826 

British  Almanac  and  Companion 1828 

Anniversary  Calendar,  published  by  W.  Kidd 1832 

Chambers's  Book  of  Days 1862-63 

Whitaker's  Almanack 1869 

[The  Stationers'  company  claimed  the  exclusive  right  of  pub- 
lishingalmanacs  by  letters-patent  from  James  L  to  them  and  the 
two  universities ;  but  the  monopoly  was  broken  by  the  court  of 
Common  Pleas  in  1775.  A  bill  to  renew  the  privilege  was  lost 
in  1779.  The  Stamp  Duty  on  English  almanacs,  first  imposed 
in  1710,  was  abolished  in  Aug.  1834;  since  when  almanacs  are 
innumerable,  being  issued  by  tradesmen  with  their  goods.] 

almanacs,  American.  No  copy  is  known  to  exist  of 
the  almanac  of  1639,  the  first  published  in  America,  calculated 
for  New  England  by  William  Pierce,  mariner;  another,  the 
"  Boston  Almanac,"  by  John  Foster,  1676.  William  Bradford 
at  Philadelphia  published  an  almanac  of  20  pages,  1685,  com- 
monly received  as  the  first  almanac  published  in  the  colonies 
(Pennsylvania)  ;  a  copy  from  the  Brinley  librarv  sold  in  New 
York,  Mch.  1882,  for  $555.00. 
First  in  New  York,  by  J.  Clap 1697 

"     "  Boston,         "  Samuel  Clough 1700 

New  England  Almanac,  B.  Green  &  J.  Allen 1703 

Nathaniel  Ames's  (father  of  Fisher  Ames)  Astronomical  Diary 

and  Almanac,  for  50  years  from 1725 

Leeds's  American  Almanac,  Philadelphia 1726 

First  almanac  in  Rhode  Island,  Newport,  James  Franklin 1728 

"  "        "  Virginia,  Warne's,  Williamsburg 1731 

Poor  Richard's  Almanac,  Philadelphia,  Benj.  Franklin 1732-86 

Father  Abraham's  Almanac,  Philadelphia 1759-99 

Low's  Almanac,  Boston 1762-1827 

First  almanac  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Benj.  West 1763 

"  "        "  Md.,  Annapolis 1763 

Webster's  Calender  or  the  Albany  Almanac  (the  oldest  family 

almanac  still  published  in  the  U.  S.).^ .' 1784 

Thomas  Farmer's  Almanac,  Boston,  still  continues 1793 

Family  Christian  Almanac 1821 

First  church  almanac  (Prot.  Epis. ) 1830 

Catholic  Almanac  and  Directory 1833 

First  comic  almanac about  1834 

"    Methodist  almanac 1834 

"    Baptist  almanac 1842 


24  ALP 

Nautical  almanac 1855 

First  Presbyterian  almanac 1858 

American  Almanac  and  Repository  of  Useful  Knowledge,  pub. 
Cambridge,  Mass.  1830-61.  Continued  as  Spoffbrd's  Ameri- 
can Almanac,  pub.  Washington,  D.  C 1878-90 

Whig  Almanac,  1838,  Horace  Greeley.  Continued  as  the  Trib- 
une Almanac  from 1866 

Evening  Journal  Almanac,  Albany  (discontinued  1893) 1860-92 

New  York  World  Almanac 1868 

Daily  News  Almanac,  Chicago 1885 

[Many  daily  journals  in  the  United  States  publish  almanacs 
containing  elaborate  political  and  industrial  statistics.] 
Almanza,  S.E.  Spain.     Here  on  25  Apr.  1707,  Eng- 
lish, Dutch,  and  Portuguese  forces  under  the  earl  of  Galway 
were  defeated  by  French  and  Spanish  commanded  by  James  ■ 
Fitzjames,  duke  of  Berwick  (illegitimate  son  of  James  II.). 
Most  of  the  English  were  killed  or  made  prisoners,  the  Portu- 
guese fleeing  at  the  first  charge. 

Almeida  (dl-md'e-da),  Portugal,  a  frontier  town,  capt- 
ured by  Massena,  27  Aug.  1810.  The  French  entered  Spain, 
leaving  a  garrison  at  Almeida;  blockaded  by  the  English,  6 
Apr.  1811;  retaken  by  Wellington,  11  May,  and  Massena  re- 
tired from  Portugal. 

Almena'ra,  a  village,  N.E.  Spain,  where,  on  28  July, 
1710,  an  English  and  German  army  defeated  the  Spanish  army 
supporting  Philip  V.  Stanhope,  the  English  general,  killed 
the  Spanish  general,  Amezaga,  in  single  conflict — an  event 
unparalleled  in  modern  warfare. 

AFmoliad[C§,  a  faction  of  Mahometans  in  Africa,  fol- 
lowers of  Mohammed  ben  Abdalla,  surnamed  El-Mehedi,  about 
1120;  subdued  Morocco,  1145 ;  entered  Spain  and  took  Seville, 
Cordova,  and  Granada,  1146-56;  founded  a  dynasty  and  ruled 
Spain  till  1232,  and  Africa  till  1278. 

al'moner,  anciently  a  clergyman  who  gave  the  poor  the 
first  dish  from  the  royal  table  or  alms  in  money.  By  an  ancient 
canon  all  bishopswere  required  to  keep  almoners.  InFrancethe 
grand-almoner  was  the  highest  ecclesiastical  dignitary  before 
the  revolution,  1789.  Queen  Victoria's  almoner  (rev.  dr.  Wel- 
lesley,  dean  of  Windsor,  appointed  28  May,  1870),  or  the  sub- 
almoner,  distributes  the  queen's  gifts  on  Maundy-Thursday. 
Almo'raTldes,  Mahometan  partisans  in  Africa,  rose 
about  1050;  entered  Spain  by  invitation,  1086;  were  over- 
come by  the  Almohades  in  1147. 

almshoUiCS  for  aged  and  infirm  persons  have  been 
founded  in  large  numbers  in  England  since  the  abolition  of 
religious  houses  at  the  reformation  in  the  16th  century.  A 
list  of  those  in  London  will  be  found  in  Low's  "  Charities  of 
London."    Poor. 

Alnivick  (an'nick ;  Saxon  Ealnwic),  on  the  river  Alne 
in  Northumberland,  England,  was  given  at  the  Conquest  to 
Ivo  de  Vesci.  It  has  long  belonged  to  the  Percies.  Malcolm, 
king  of  Scotland,  besieged  Alnwick,  and  he  and  his  sons  were 
killed  13  Nov.  1093.  It  was  taken  by  David  L  in  1136,  and 
attempted  in  July,  1174,  by  William  the  Lion,  who  was  de- 
feated and  taken  prisoner.  It  was  burned  by  king  John  in 
1215,  and  by  the  Scots  in  1448.  Since  1854  the  castle  has 
been  splendidly  repaired  and  enlarged. 

alpa'ca  or  paco,  a  species  of  the  llama;  its  soft  hairy 
wool  is  largely  used  in  cloths.  It  was  introduced  into  Eng- 
land, about  1836,  by  the  earl  of  Derby.  An  alpaca  factory 
(covering  eleven  acres),  with  a  town,  park,  almshouses,  etc., 
for  the  work-people,  was  erected  at  Saltaire,  near  Shipley, 
Yorkshire,  by  Titus  Salt  in  1852.  A  statue  of  him  at  Brad- 
ford was  unveiled  1  Aug.  1874.  He  died  29  Dec.  1876.  Fac- 
tories erected  in  several  parts  of  the  United  States. 

alphabet,  from  d\^a  (alpha)  and  (SrJTa  (beta),  the 
first  two  of  the  Greek  letters;  Hebrew,  aleph  and  beth.  Our 
alphabet  has  a  history  which  may  be  traced  as  follows : 

Characters.  Time.  Peoples. 


Egyptian  (Hieroglyphic). 
"         Hieratic. 

Old  Semitic  (written  from  right  to 
left,  without  true  vowels,  and  in- 
variably 22  letters). 

Phoenician  (written  from  right  to  left, 
without  true  vowels,  and  invaria- 
bly 22  letters). 

Old  Greek. 

Latin. 
English. 


4000  B.C. 
1900  B.C. 


Adopted    from ) 
the  Egyptian,  j 


About  1100  B.C. 

Close    of    9th  > 
century  b.c.  j 
About  600  A.  D. 


Hamitic. 


Semitic. 


Semitic. 


Aryan. 


ALP 


25 


About  1900  B.C.  a  Semitic  people,  probably  the  Israelites  in 
Egypt,  adopted  the  Egyptian  symbols,  using  them  for  what 
is  known  as  old  Semitic,  as  seen  in  the  Siloam  inscription  at 
Jerusalem  and  the  Moabite  stone  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 
Though  no  writings  in  the  Phcenician  language  have  de- 
scended to  our  time,  we  have  sufficient  authority  for  the  num- 
ber and  form  of  their  letters.  The  opinion  of  De  Rouge  and 
others,  that  the  Phoenicians  adopted  the  old  Semitic  symbols, 
is  generally  accepted.  It  is  instructive  to  see  what  truth  there 
is  in  the  old  Greek  legend  of  Cadmus,  son  of  Agenor,  of  Egyp- 
tian descent,  introducing  into  Greece  from  Phoenicia  or  Egypt 
an  alphabet  of  16  letters :  viz..  A,  dX^a  ;  B,  /3j)ra  ;  F,  yafifxa  ; 
A,^£Xra;  E,  t^tXov;  F, /^au;  I,«wra;  K,Kcnnra;  A,\afi^^a', 
M,  jxv  ;  N,  ru  ;  O,  0  fiiKpov  ;  n,  7rT  ;  P,  pS) ;  2,  alyp,a  ,  T,  rav. 
Additions  were  made  to  these  later  by  the  Greeks  them- 
selves, until  about  400  b.c.  they  had  24  letters.  "  That  the 
Greek  alphabet  is  derived  from  the  Phoenician,  the  analogy 
of  the  two  proves  beyond  dispute.'' — Grote,  "History  of 
Greece,"  vol.  iii.  p.  340.  The  Greek  alphabet  thus  acquired 
was  carried  by  the  Chalcidians  of  Euboea,  at  the  end  of  the 
9th  century  b.c.,  to  Cumae  in  Campania,  Italy,  where,  reach- 
ing the  earl}'^  Romans,  it  was  transmitted  by  them  to  Latin 
Christendom,  and  so  became  the  literary  alphabet  of  Europe 
and  America.  It  is  now,  except  the  Arabic,  the  onlj'  alpha- 
bet with  any  claim  to  cosmopolitan  extension.  Of  nearly  200 
alphabets  known,  about  50  are  now  in  use,  mostly  derived  from 
those  named  above.  The  alphabets  of  the  principal  nations 
contain  the  following  number  of  letters : 

Hebrew 22 

Arabic 28 

Persian 32 

Turkish 28 

Sanscrit 44 

Chinese  radical  characters..  214 
Chinese  alphabet  said  to  be 
invented  by  bishop  Eligius 
Cosi  of  Canton  (1880) 33 

Taylor's  learned  work,  "  The  Alphabet,"  was  published 
y,  1883.     Egypt;  Hieroglyphics. 

iLlphonsine    Tal>le§,  astronomical   tables,  com- 

led  by  Spanish  and  Arab  astronomers,  and  collected  in 

j3  under  Alphonso  X.  of  Castile  (the  Wise),  who  is  said 

to  have  expended  400,000  crowns  upon  the  work,  and  wrote 

the  preface.    The  Spanish  government  began  a  republication, 

1863. 

Alp§,  European  mountains.  Those  between  France  and 
Italy  were  passed  by  Hannibal,  218  b.c.  ;  by  the  Romans,  154 
B.C.;  and  by  Napoleon  I.,  May,  1800.  Roads  over  Mont  Cenis 
and  the  Simplon,  connecting  France  and  Italy,  were  constructed 
by  order  of  Napoleon,  between  1801-6.  Simplon.  The  Al- 
pine club  of  British  travellers  in  the  Alps  was  founded  in  1858, 
and  published  its  first  work,  "  Peaks,  Passes,  and  Glaciers," 
1859 ;  and  a  journal  since.  Matterhorn  ;  Mont  Blanc. 
They  are  named, 


English 26 

French 25 

Italian 22 

Spanish 27 

German 26 

Slavonic 42 

ian 35 

1 22 

k 24 


Maritime, 

Cottian  (Mt.  Cenis  Tunnel), 

Dauphine, 

Graian, 

f  Great  St.  Bernard, 
Mt.  Blanc  and  Rosa, 
Matterhorn, 

[  Simplon  Pass, 
Bernese, 
North  Swiss, 


Pennine 


Lepontine  (St.  Gothard  Tunnel), 

Rhoetian, 

Lombard, 

Vindelician, 

Northern  Noric, 

Central  Tyrol, 

Styrian, 

South  Tyrol, 

Venetian,  and 

South  Eastern. 


Al§ace'  or  El§a§§,  formerly  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Austrasia,  afterwards  the  French  departments  of  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Rhine,  was  incorporated  with  the  German  empire  in  the 
10th  century.  A  portion  was  restored  to  France,  1648,  and  th^ 
whole,  including  Strasburg,  in  1697.  Alsace  was  reconquered 
by  the  Germans,  Aug.-Sept.  1870.  The  Alsatians  were  per- 
mitted to  choose  their  nationality,  before  30  Sept.  1872.  45,000 
emigrated  into  France.  The  German  system  of  compulsory 
education  was  introduced.  Alsace-Lorraine  was  constitut- 
ed a  province  of  the  German  empire  by  law  of  9  June,  1871, 
having  been  ceded  by  France  by  the  treaty  of  peace  concluded 
10  May,  1871.  Belfort.  The  province  sends  15  members 
to  the  German  parliament. 

Al§a'tia,  a  name  given  to  the  precinct  of  Whitefriars, 
London,  is  described  in  Scott's  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel."  Its  priv- 
ilege of  sanctuary  was  abolished  in  1697. 


ALU 

Al§eil,  Denmark,  besieged  by  the  Prussians,  and  heroic- 
ally defended,  26  June;  taken,  29  June,  1864. 

altar.  One  was  built  by  Noah,  2348  b.c.  (Gen.  viii.  20) ; 
others  by  Abraham,  1921  (Gen.  xii.  8).  Directions  for  mak- 
ing an  altar  are  given,  Exod.  xx.  24  (1491  b.c.).  Altars  were 
raised  to  Zeus,  in  Greece,  by  Cecrops,  1556  b.c.  He  intro- 
duced among  the  Greeks  the  worship  of  the  deities  of  Egypt. 
—Herodotus.  The  Lord's  table  was  called  "  altar  "  for  300  years 
after  Christ  (Heb.  xiii.  10).  Christian  altars  in  churches  Were 
instituted  by  pope  Sixtus  I.,  135  A.r>.;  and  were  first  conse- 
crated by  pope  Sylvester.  The  Church  of  England  terms  the 
table  on  which  the  elements  are  placed  an  altar.  Since  the 
time  of  Elizabeth  there  has  been  much  controversy  on  the 
subject,  and  the  Puritans  in  the  civil  war  destroyed  many  an- 
cient stone  altars,  substituting  wooden  tables.  In  Jan.  1845, 
it  was  decided,  in  the  Arches  court,  that  stone  altars  were  not 
to  be  erected  in  English  churches. 

Altenkirchen,  Prussia.  Here  the  French  defeated 
the  Austrians,  4  June,  1796 ;  but  were  defeated,  and  their  gen- 
eral, Marceau,  killed,  19  Sept.  following. 

alter  ego  {another  or  second  /),  applied  to  Spanish 
viceroys  when  exercising  regal  power;  used  at  Naples  when 
the  crown-prince  was  appointed  vicar-general  during  an  in- 
surrection in  July,  1820. 

Alton  riot.  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  established  the 
St.  Louis  Observer  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  22  Nov.  1833. 
Taking  decided  grounds  against  slavery^  Apr.  1835,  he  is 
obliged  to  remove  his  paper,  going  to  Alton,  111.,  8  Sept.  1836. 
Here  his  press  is  destroyed  on  the  night  of  21  Aug.  1837 ; 
another  press  destroyed  by  a  body  of  disguised  men  21  Sept., 
as  soon  as  landed.  A  third  press  arrives  7  Nov.,  and  is  stored 
for  safe  keeping  in  a  stone  building  guarded  by  citizens,  who 
are  attacked  by  an  armed  mob  the  same  night.  During  the 
siege,  which  lasted  several  hours,  Mr.  Lovejoy  is  shot  and  in- 
stantly killed,  and  the  press  destroyed.  The  leaders  of  the 
mob  were  tried  but  acquitted.  Illinois  and  United  States, 
1837. 

AltO'na,  Holstein,  N.  Germany,  acquired  by  the  Danes, 
1660,  and  made  a  city,  1664.  It  was  occupied  first  by  the 
German  federal  rroops,  24  Dec.  1863,  and  then  by  the  Prus- 
sians (the  federal  diet  protesting),  12  Feb.4864. 

Alt-Ranitadt,  Prussia,  where  the  treaty  of  peace 
dictated  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  to  Frederick  Augustus 
of  Poland  was  signed  24  Sept.  1706,  o.  s. 

alimi,  a  salt,  is  said  to  have  been  first  discovered  at 
Roccha,  in  Syria,  about  1300 ;  found  in  Tuscany  about  1470 ; 
its  manufacture  perfected  in  England  by  sir  T.  Challoner,  in 
large  alum  works  near  Whitby  in  1608;  discovered  in  Ire- 
land, 1757 ;  in  Anglesey,  1790.  Alum  is  used  as  a  mordant  in 
dyeing,  to  harden  tallow,  to  whiten  bread,  and  in  the  paper 
manufacture. 

Alumbag'll,  a  palace  with  other  buildings  near  Luck- 
now,  Oude,  India,  taken  from  the  rebels,  23  Sept.  1857,  and 
heroically  defended  by  the  British  under  sir  James  Outram. 
He  defeated  an  attack  of  30,000  sepoys  on  12  Jan.  1858,  and 
of  20,000  on  21  Feb.  and  was  relieved  by  sir  Colin  Campbell 
in  March. 

alumin'iuni,  a  metal,  the  base  of  the  earth  alumina, 
which  is  combined  with  silica  in  clay,  and  which  was  distin- 
guished from  lime  by  Marggraff  in  1754.  Oerstedt  in  1826 
obtained  the  chloride  of  aluminium ;  in  1827  the  metal  was 
obtained  from  it  by  F.  Wohler,  but  was  long  a  scientific  curi- 
osity, the  process  being  expensive.  It  is  never  found  in  a 
'metallic  state,  but  always  with  oxygen  in  the  form  of  AljOg. 
The  production  was  afterwards  simplified  by  Buiisen  and 
others,  especially  by  H.  Ste.-Claire  Deville,  who  in  1856  suc- 
ceeded in  procuring  considerable  quantities.  First  bar  ex- 
hibited at  Palais  de  ITndustrie,  1855.  It  is  very  light  (sp.  g. 
2.25),  malleable,  and  sonorous;  its  atomic  weight  27.4  to  27.5; 
density  2.5  to  2.67  when  hammered;  electrical  conductivity 
4  times  that  of  iron;  when  pure  does  not  rust,  and  is  iipt 
acted  on  by  sulphur  or  any  acid  except  hydrochloric.  The 
eagles  of  the  French  colors  have  been  made  of  it,  and  many 
other  ornamental  and  useful  articles.  Helmet  made  for  the 
king  of  Denmark,  1856.     Deville's  work,  «  De  I'Aluminium," 


AMA 

was  published  in  1859.  An  aluminium  manufactory  was  es- 
tablished at  Newcastle,  Eng.,  in  18G0,  by  Messrs.  Bell.  They 
obtain  the  metal  from  a  French  mineral,  bauxite.  Their  alu- 
minium bronze,  an  alloy  of  10  per  cent,  of  aluminium  and  90 
per  cent,  of  copper,  invented  by  dr.  John  Percy,  F.IJ.S.,  was 
made  into  watch-cases,  etc.,  by  Messrs.  Reid  of  Newcastle,  in 
1862.  Other  important  works  are  established  in  England. 
One  at  Birmingham  produces  the  metal  on  a  large  scale.  The 
principal  works  in  the  United  States  are  the  Cowles  Electric 
Smelting  and  Aluminium  Works  at  Cleveland,  O.,  and  another 
at  Lockport,  N.  Y.  —  the  latter  running  2  dynamos  of  217 
horse-power.  The  alloys  of  aluminium  are  numerous  and 
useful.  Aluminium  brass  has  been  selected  by  the  United 
States  government  for  propeller  blades  of  the  war-vessels  now 
in  course  of  construction.  The  cost  of  the  production  of  the 
metal  is  constantly  lessening. 

Ainadi§  of  Gaul,  a  Spanish  or  Portuguese  romance, 
stated  to  have  been  written  about  1342  by  Vasco  de  Labeira.  It 
was  enlarged  by  De  M<»ntalvo  about  1485;  and  first  printed  (in 
Spanish),  1519;  in  French,  1540-5(3.     Litkkatukk,  Spanish. 

Am'alckite^  (descendants  of  Amalek,  grnndson  of 
Esau,  the  brother  of  Jacob)  attacked  the  Israelites,  1491  b.c., 
when  perpetual  war  was  denounced  against  them.  They  were 
subdued  by  Saul  about  1079  ;  by  David,  1058  and  1056;  and  by 
the  Simeonites  about  715  B.c. 

Amaru,  a  city  on  the  gulf  of  Salerno,  Naples,  in  the  8th 
century  became  the  seat  of  a  republic  and  of  flourishing  com- 
merce till  1075,  when  it  was  taken  by  Roger  Guiscard  and 
eventually  incorporated  with  Naples.  The  Pisans,  in  their 
sack  of  the  town  in  1135,  are  said  to  have  found  the  Pandects 
of  Justinian,  and  thus  revived  the  study  of  Roman  law ;  the 
story  is  now  doubted.  Flavio  Gioia,  a  native  of  Amalfi,  is 
the  reputed  discoverer  of  the  mariner's  compass,  about  1302. 

Am'ana  In8pirationi8t§.  A  Pietist  community 
•which  came  from  Germany  in  1842,  under  Christian  Metz, 
and  settled  at  Ebenezer,  near  BufiFalo,  N.  Y.  In  1855,  "  com- 
manded by  inspiration,"  they  removed  to  Iowa  and  settled  at 
Amana,  on  the  Iowa  river,  about  75  miles  from  Davenport 
They  are  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  communities  in  the 
United  States. 

Am'azoil,  a  river  in  S.  America,  discovered  by  Vicente 
Yanez  Pinzon  in  ihOO,  explored  by  Francisco  Orellana  in  1540. 
Coming  from  Peru,  he  sailed  down  the  Amazon  to  the  Atlan- 
tic, and,  observing  armed  women  on  its  banks,  he  called  the 
country  Amazonia,  and  the  river,  previously  called  Maranon, 
the  Amazon. 

Ainazon§,  fabled  tribes  or  warlike  communities  of 
women  in  Scythia,  Asia,  and  Africa.  They  were  said  to  be 
descendants  of  Scythians  of  Cappadocia,  where  their  husbands, 
having  made  incursions,  were  all  slain  in  ambuscades.  The 
widows  formed  a  feminine  state,  declaring  matrimony  a  shame- 
ful servitude.— Quin^Ms  Curtius.  They  were  said  to  have  been 
conquered  by  Theseus,  about  1231  b.c.  According  to  Homer 
they  were  allies  of  the  Trojans  in  the  siege  of  Troy,  where 
their  queen  Penthesilea  was  slain  by  Achilles.  Theseus  and 
Hippolyta,  queen  of  the  Amazons,  are  characters  in  Shake- 
speare's "Midsummer-Night's  Dream,"  in  which  Theseus  al- 
ludes to  his  defeat  of  Hippolyta  in  battle : 

"Hippolyta,  I  woo'd  thee  with  my  sword, 
And  won  thy  love  doing  thee  injuries; 
But  I  will  wed  thee  in  another  key. 
With  pomp,  with  triumph,  and  with  revelling." 

—Act  I.  so.  i. 
The  Amazons  were  constantly  at  war ;  and,  for  ease  in  hand- 
ling weapons,  their  right  breasts  were  destroyed,  whence  their 
name  from  the  Greek — d,  without,  fiaZSt;,  breast.  Others  de- 
rive the  name  from  maza,  the  moon,  which  they  are  supposed 
to  have  worshipped.  About  330  b.c.  their  queen  Thalestris 
visited  Alexander  the  Great,  in  Asia,  with  300  women  in  her 
train. — Quintus  Curtius. 

aillba§§a€lor§.  Accredited  agents  and  representatives 
between  monarchs  are  referred  to  in  nearly  ages.  In  most 
countries  they  have  great  privileges,  and  in  England  they  and 
their  servants  are  secured  against  arrest.  England  has  now 
(1893)  8  ambassadors,  27  ministers,  and  about  36  chief  consuls, 
resident  at  foreign  courts,  besides  inferior  agents.  The  dip- 
lomatic agents  of  the  different  governments  rank  thus:  (1) 


26  AMB 

ambassadors;  (2)  envoys  and  ministers  plenipotentiary;  (8) 
ministers  resident;  (4)  charges  d'affaires.  The  United  States 
sent  none  of  higher  rank  than  envoys  extraordinary  and  min- 
isters plenipotentiary,  until  1893,  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  of  Dela- 
ware, to  Great  Britain  being  the  first  ambassador.  Unitku 
Statks,  1893. 

The  Russian  ambassador's  imprisonment  for  debt  to  a  lace-mer- 
chaut,  '27  July,  IToS,  led  to  the  statute  of  7  Anne  for  the  protec- 
tion of  ambassadors,  1708. 
Two  men,  convicted  of  arresting  the  servant  of  an  ambassador,  were 
sentenced  to  bo  conducted  to  the  house  of  the  ambassador,  with 
a  label  on  their  breasts,  to  a.sk  his  pardon;  one  of  them  was  also 
imprisoned  for  three  months,  and  the  other  fined,  12  May,  1780. 
The  first  ministers  of  the  United  States  to  France  were  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, Silas  Deano,  and  Arthur  Lee,  1778.     Deane  and  Lee  were  soon 
recalled,  and  Franklin  made  sole  envoy. 
The  first  minister  plenipotentiary  from  the  United  States  to  Eng- 
land, John  Adams,  presented  to  the  king,  1  June,  1785;  the  first 
from  Great  Britain  to  America  was  Mr.  Hammond  in  1791. 
First  ministers,  under  the  constitution,  to  the  principal  pow- 
ers of  Europe : 

Gouverneur  Morris,  N.  J.,  commissioner.  Great  Britain.  .13  Oct.  1789 
William  Short,  Va.,  charge  d'affaires,  France  (first  commission 

signed  by  Washington) 6  Apr.  1790 

William  Carmichael.  Md.,  charge  d'affaires,  Spain 11  Apr.     *' 

David  Humphrey,  Conn.,  minister  resident,  Portugal. .  .21  Feb.  1791 
Thomas  Pinckney,  S.  C.  minister  plenipotentiary,  Great  Brit- 
ain  12  Jan.  1792 

Gouverneur  Morris,  N.  J.,  minister  plenipotentiary,  France, 

12  Jan.     " 

William  Short.  Va.,  minister  resident,  Netherlands 16  Jan.     " 

John  Jay,  N.  Y.,  envoy  extraordinary.  Great  Britain. .  .19  Apr.  1794 
John  Q.  Adams,  Mass.,  minister  plenipotentiary,  Prussia, 

1  June,  1797 

John  Q.  Adams,  minister  plenipotentiary,  Russia 27  June,  1809 

Jonathan  Russell,  R.  L,  minister  plenipotentiary,  Norway  and 

Sweden 18  Jan.  1814 

Henry  Wheaton,  N.  Y.,  charge  d'affaires,  Denmark 3  Mch.  1827 

David  Porter  (admiral),  charge  d'affaires.  Turkey 1831 

John  Nelson,  Md.,  charge  d'affaires,  Roman  States  and  king- 
dom Two  Sicilies " 

Henry  A.  Muhlenberg,  Pa.,  minister  plenipotentiary,  Austria. .  1838 

George  P.  Marsh,  Vt.,  minister  plenipotentiary,  Italy 1861 

George  Bancroft,  N.  Y.,  minister  plenipotentiary,  German  Em- 
pire   1871 

Thomas  F.  Bayard,  Del.,  ambassador  (the  first)  to  Great  Britain  1893 
James  B.  Eustis,  La.,  ambassador  (the  first)  to  France 1893 

amber,  a  carbonaceous  mineral,  of  great  repute  from 
the  earliest  time,  principally  found  in  northern  Europe,  also  in 
southern  Europe,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  Asia;  anciently 
esteemed  as  medicine.  Theophrastus  wrote  upon  it,  300  b.c. 
150  tons  were  found  in  one  year  on  the  sands  of  the  shore  near 
Pillau. — Phillips.  The  origin  of  amber  is  much  disputed.  It 
is  considered  by  Berzelius  to  have  been  a  resin  dissolved  in 
volatile  oil.  It  often  contains  perfect  insects.  Sir  D.  Brewster 
regards  it  as  indurated  vegetable  juice.  When  rubbed  it  evolves 
electricity,  and  from  its  Greek  name,  ijXiKTpop,  the  word  elec- 
tricity  is  derived. 

aillbergri§,  a  solid  fatty  inflammable  substance  of  a 
dull  gray  or  blackish  color,  variegated  like  marble,  and  of  a 
sweet  earthy  odor.  It  is  a  morbid  secretion  formed  in  the  in- 
testines of  the  spermaceti  whale,  as  was  first  satisfactorily 
established  by  Dr.  Swediaur  in  a  communication  to  the  Royal 
Society  (^Philosophical  Transactions,  vol.  Ixxiii.). 

Amblef,  near  Cologne,  Germany.  Here  Charles  Martel 
defeated  Chilperic  II.  and  Ragenfroi,  mayor  of  the  Neustri- 
ans,  716. 

AlIlt)Oi§e  (am-bwaz'),  C.  France.  Here  a  conspiracy  of 
the  Huguenots  (here  first  so  called)  against  Francis  II.,  Cath- 
erine de'  Medicis,and  the  Guises,  was  suppressed  in  Jan.  1560; 
1200  massacred.  On  19  March,  1563,  the  Pacification  of  Am- 
boise  was  published,  granting  toleration  to  the  Huguenots. 
The  civil  war  was,  however,  soon  renewed. 

Amboy'na,  chief  of  the  Molucca  isles,  discovered  about 
1512  by  the  Portuguese,  but  not  wholly  occupied  by  them  till 
1580 ;  taken  by  the  Dutch,  1605.  The  English  factors  were 
cruelly  tortured  and  put  to  death,  17  Feb,  1624,  by  the  Dutch, 
on  an  accusation  of  a  conspiracy  to  expel  them  from  the  isl- 
and, where  the  two  nations  shared  in  the  pepper  trade  of  Java. 
Cromwell  compelled  the  Dutch  to  give  £300,000  to  the  de- 
scendants of  the  sufferers.  Amboyna  was  seized  by  the  Eng- 
lish, 16  Feb.  1796,  but  was  restored  by  the  treaty  of  Amiens  in 
1802.  It  was  again  seized  by  the  British,  17ll9  Feb.  1810; 
and  again  restored  at  the  peace  of  May,  1814. 

ai]lbulance§.      Wheeled  ambulances  for  the  rapid 


AME 


27 


transportation  of  wounded  soldiers  from  the  battle-field  are 
due  to  the  French  surgeon,  Larrey,  who  employed  them  in 
the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  1792.  Ambulance  wagons  did  not 
exist  in  the  British  army  even  during  the  Crimean  war;  they 
were  introduced  into  the  service,  however,  by  lord  Hubert's 
commission  in  1857-58. 
Congress  establishes  a  uniform  system  of  ambulances  in  the 

United  States 11  Mch.  1864 

Bellevue  hospital  ambulance  service  established  in  New  York, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  commissioners  of  public  charities, 

by  M.  T.  S.  Brennan 1869 

St.  John's  Ambulance  Association  established  in  England  by 
the  duke  of  Manchester  for  the  purpose  of  disseminating 
general  information'  as  to  first  aid  to  the  sick  and  injured  . .  1877 
Street  ambulance  branch  of  the  London  hospital  association 
established  with  55  stations 1889 

amen,  an  ancient  Hebrew  word  meaning  true,  faithful, 
certain,  used  in  Jewish  and  Christian  assemblies  at  the  end 
of  prayer :  see  1  Cor.  xiv.  16  (59  a.d.).  It  is  translated  "  vei'- 
ily"  in  the  Gospels. 

amende  honorable,  in  France,  in  the  9th  cen- 
tury, a  punishment  for  traitors  and  sacrilegious  persons:  the 
offender  was  delivered  to  the  hangman ;  stripped  of  his  shirt, 
a  rope  round  his  neck,  and  a  taper  in  his  hand,  he  was  led  into 
court  to  beg  pardon  of  God  and  the  country.  Death  or  ban- 
ishment sometimes  followed.  The  term  is  often  applied  to  a 
recantation  or  an  apology  to  an  injured  person. 

Amendmenti  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.     Constitution. 

Amer'ica,  the  western  continent  comprising  North, 
Central,  and  South  America.  From  its  northern  point,  Point 
Barrow,  71°  24'  n.  lat.,  to  its  southern.  Cape  Horn,  55°  58'  s. 
lat.,  it  extends  127°  22'  of  latitude;  while  from  Cape  Prince  of 
Wales,  167°  30'  w.  Ion.,  its  western  limit,  to  Cape  St.  Roque, 
35°  20'  w.  Ion.,  its  eastern,  it  extends  132°  10'  of  longitude,  with 
an  area  of  17,598,220  sq.  miles.  North  America  being  9,537,154, 
Central  305,531,  and  South,  7,755,535,  including  the  islands. 
Pop.  1890:  N.  America,  including  Central,  about  88,500,000; 
S.  America,  33,300,000.  Its  name  is  derived  from  Amerigo  Ves- 
pucci, a  Florentine  merchant,  who,  born  in  1451,  died  in  1512. 
He  accompanied  Ojeda  in  his  voyage  on  the  eastern  coast 
in  1498,  and  described  the  country  in  letters  to  friends  in 
Italy.  He  is  charged  with  presumptuously  inserting  "Tierra 
de  Amerigo  "  in  his  maps.  Irving  discusses  the  question  in  the 
Appendix  to  the  "  Life  of  Columbus,"  but  comes  to  no  conclu- 
sion. Humboldt  asserts  that  the  name  was  given  to  the  con- 
tinent in  the  popular  works  of  Waldseemiiller,  a  German  ge- 
ographer, without  the  knowledge  of  Vespucci.  America  is  the 
native  place  of  maize,  the  turkey,  the  potato,  Peruvian  bark, 
tobacco,  and  the  tomato.  Of  its  history  prior  to  Columbus  little 
is  known.  The  Spaniards  found  in  Mexico  and  Peru  a  people 
far  more  civilized  than  elsewhere  on  the  continent,  but  wheth- 
er their  civilization  was  advancing  or  receding  is  conjectural. 
Ruins  of  cities  in  Central  America  and  Mexico  seem  to  be  rel- 
ics of  still  higher  civilization. 

CONJECTURAL  HISTORY.  B.C. 

(1)  The  Pre-Toltec  period,  semi-mythic  traditions  of  the  earliest 
civilization,  to  about  500  a.d.  (2)  The  Toltec  period,  to  the 
11th  century  a.d.  (3)  The  Chichimie  period,  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Aztec  power.  (4)  The  Aztec  period,  ending  in 
1523  by  the  Spanish  conquest. 
Civilization  of  aborigines  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  begun 

by  the  advent  of  Votan about    955 

Zamna  introduces  the  Maya  civilization  and  founds  Mayapan, 

capital  of  what  is  now  Yucatan about    800 

Pirna  dynasty  probably  begins  in  Peru 476 

[The  Toltecs  arrive  in  Mexico  and  Central  America  about 
the  Christian  era,  and  displace  the  previous  government.] 
[The  lunar  calendar  introduced.]  a.d. 

Mexican  history  begins  according  to  Ixtli'lxochitl 503 

Toltecs  established  throughout  Mexico 600 

Pirna  dynasty  declines  in  Peru 830 

End  of  the  Toltec  power  in  Mexico 1050 

Incas'  rule  begins  in  Peru 1240 

Rise  of  Aztec  power  and  founding  of  city  of  Mexico 1325 

Overthrow  of  Aztec  power  by  Spaniards  under  Cortez 1523 

Hieroglyphic  documents  containing  traditions  of  the  Pre-Toltec 
or  Votan  period,  said  to  have  been  publicly  destroyed  by 

Francisco  Nunez  de  la  Vega,  bishop  of  Chiapas 1691 

[The  best  connected  account  of  the  histories  of  the  ancient 
peoples  of  Central  America  and  Mexico  is  by  abbe  Brasseu 
de  Bourbourg,  4  tomes,  8vo,  1857-59.] 
THE   NORSEMEN   IN   ICELAND,   GREENLAND,  AND   AMERICA. 

Iceland  discovered  by  Nadodd,  a  Norse  rover 861 


AME 

First  settlement  by  Norsemen 875 

Grumbiorn  sights  a  western  land 876 

Land  discovered  by  Eric  the  Red,  and  named  Greenland 982 

Second  voyage  from  Iceland  to  Greenland  by  Eric 985 

Bjarni  sails  from  Iceland  for  (ireenland,  but  is  driven  south  by 
a  storm  and  sights  land  at  Cape  Cod  or  Nantucket,  also  at 

Newfoundland,  and  returns  to  Greenland 985 

Voyage  of  Leif,  son  of  Eric  the  Red.     He  sails  in  1  ship  with 

35  men  in  search  of  the  land  seen  by  Bjarni 1000 

Touching  the  Labrador  coast,  stops"  near  Boston,  Mass.,  or 
farther  south,  for  the  winter.  He  loads  his  vessel  with  tim- 
ber ;  he  returns  to  Greenland  in  the  spring  of 1001 

[He  calls  the  land  Vinland,  from  its  grapes.] 
[Thorwald,  Lief  s  brother,  visits  Vinland  in  1002,  and  win- 
ters near  Mt.  Hope  bay,  R.  I.  In  the  spring  of  1003  he  sent  a 
party  of  his  men  to  explore  the  coast,  perhaps  as  far  south 
as  Cape  May.] 
Thorwald  explores  the  coast  eastward,  and  is  killed  in  a  skir- 
mish with  the  natives  (skraelings)  somewhere  near  Boston..  1004 

His  companions  return  to  Greenland 1005 

[Thornflnn  Karlsefne  sails  with  3  ships  and  160  persons 
(5  of  them  young  married  women)  from  Greenland  to  es- 
tablish a  colony  about  1007-8.  Landing  in  Rhode  Island,  he 
remains  in  Vinland  three  years,  where  he  has  a  son,  ancestor 
of  Albert  Thorwaldsen,  the  Danish  sculptor.] 
Icelandic  manuscripts  mention  a  bishop  in  Vinland  in  1121, 

and  other  voyages  there  in  1125,  1135,  and 1147 

[The  fullest  relation  of  these  discoveries  is  the  "  Codex 
FlatOiensis,"  written  1387-95,  now  preserved  in  the  Royal  Li- 
brary at  Copenhagen,  found  in  a  monastery  on  the  island  of 
Flato,  on  the  western  coast  of  Iceland.] 

[Nicolo  Zeno,  a  Venetian,  in  Greenland  about  1390  ;  met 
fishermen  who  had  visited  the  coast  of  America.] 

Latest  tidings  of  Vinland 1347 

Esquimaux  appear  in  Greenland 1349 

Communication  with  Greenland  ceases  about .  .r 1400 

ERA  OF  PERMANENT  DISCOVERY. 

Pizigani's  map  of  the  Atlantic 1367-73 

Berthancourt  settles  the  Canary  islands 1402 

Madeira  islands  re-discovered  by  the  Portuguese 1418-20 

These  islands  previously  discovered  by  Machan,  an  English- 
man, 1327-78.     Madeira. 
The  "  Claudius  Clavus  "  map,  giving  the  earliest  delineation  of 

any  part  of  America  (Greenland) 1427 

"Narrative  and  Critical  Hist,  of  America,"  vol.  i.  p.  117. 

Columbus  born 1435-36  (?)  1445 

Visits  England  and  Iceland  prior  to 1470 

Columbus  in  Portugal 1470-84 

Marco  Polo's  travels  first  printed 1477 

Columbus  in  Spain.     Announces  his  views  to  Ferdinand  and 

Isabella 1485-86 

The  views  of  Columbus  referred  to  a  junto  of  ecclesiastics, 
which  declares  them  vain  and  impracticable.   Salamanca  .  1487-90 

Columbus  leaves  Spain  for  France Jan.  1492 

[But  is  recalled  while  on  his  journey.] 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella  arrange  with  Columbus 17  Apr.     " 

Columbus  sailed  on  his  first  expedition  from  Palos  in  Anda- 
lusia on  Friday,  with  3  vessels  supplied  by  the  sovereigns  of 
Spain— the  Santa  Maria,  a  decked  vessel  with  a  crew  of  50 
men,  with  Columbus  in  command,  and  2  caravels— the  Pm<a 
with  30  men,  under  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon,  and  the  Siha 
with  24  men,  under  Vicente  Yaiiez  Pinzon,  brother  of  Mar- 
tin   3Aug.     " 

[The  cost  of  outfit  was  about  $9000.] 

Leaves  the  Canary  islands 6  Sept.     " 

Influenced  by  Pinzon,  he  changes  his  course  from  due  west  to 

southwest r'L?'''^' 

[The  original  course  would  have  struck  the  coast  ot  i  lor- 
ida.] 
Rodrigo  de  Triana,  a  sailor  on  the  Nina,  discovers  land  at  I 

A.M.  Friday yr--^\ ^'\^^^-     '' 

Columbus  lands  on  Guanahani,  one  of  the  Bahamas  ;  takes 
possession  in  the  name  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Castile, 

and  names  it  San  Salvador,  Friday 12  Oct.     " 

He  discovers  Cuba,  28  Oct. ;  and  Hispaniola  (now  Hayti),  where     ^^ 

he  builds  a  fort.  La  Navidad ;;••.*'  P®^' 

Columbus  sails  for  Spain  in  the  Nifia,  the  Santa  Maria  hav- 

ing  been  abandoned ;«  xr  u"    It 

Reaches  Palos ,••••••••.•:•  ^^  '^l'^^- 

Received  with  distinguished  honors  by  the  Spanish  court  at     ^^ 

Barcelona •  •. ^\^- 

Bull  of  demarcation  between  Spain  and  Portugal  issued  by     ^^ 

pope  Alexander  VI V  • :  •  •,;  *  \^*  V^^' 

The  letter  of  Columbus  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  describing     ^^ 

his  voyage  first  printed  in  Latin •  •  •  •  •      ^| 

He  sails  from  Cadiz  on  his  second  expedition '2o  Sept. 

His  fleet  consisted  of  3  galleons  and  14  caravels,  with  1500  men, 
besides  animals  and  material  for  colonization;  discovers  the 
Caribbee  isles— Dominica,  3  Nov. ;  Guadaloupe,  4  Nov. ;  An- 
tigua 10  Nov.:  finding  his  previous  settlement  destroyed 
and  colony  dispersed,  he  founds  Isabella  in  Hispaniola,  the     ^^ 

first  Christian  city  in  the  New  World •  U^c. 

He  discovers  Jamaica,  3  May;   and  Evangelista  (now  Isle  oi 

Pines),  13  June;  war  with  the  natives  of  Hispaniola -^r-'l 

Visits  various  isles  and  explores  their  coasts r/  Tnne   U96 

Returns  to  Spain  to  meet  charges;  /caches  Cadiz        11  June,  1496 
Patent  from  Henry  VII.  of  Eng.  to  John  Cabot  and  h'y^^°°/^95_96 

John  Cabot  discovers  the  North  American  continent.  •  24  June^  1*97 
Columbus  sails  with  6  ships  on  his  third  voyage,  30  May,  d.s- 


AME 

covers  Trinidad,  31  July;  lands  on  f<»rro/fr»»ui  without  know- 
ing it  to  l>e  a  new  continent,  naming  it  Isla  Sant^t. . .  1  Aug.  H98 

Discovers  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco Aug.     " 

Alonso  de  Ojeda  discovers  Surinam, Juno;  and  the  gulfof  Veno-        ^ 
suela.     Amerigo  Vespucci  accompanies  him  on  this  voyage,  1499 

Amerigo  Vespucci's  tlrst  voyage 

Vicente  Vaflcz  I'iuzon  discovers  Brazil,  20  Jan.,  and  the  river 

Amazon 26  Jan.  1500 

Pedro  Alvarez  de  Cabral,  of  Portugal,  discovers  Brazil  22  Apr., 

and  takes  possession  of  for  the  king  of  Portugal 3  May,     '• 

Gasper  Corteroal,  in  the  service  of  Portugal,  discovers  Labrador,     " 
Franoisio  de  Bobadilla  appointed  governor  of  Hispaniola  and 

leaves  SjNiin July,     " 

Bobadilla  arrests  Columbus  on  his  arrival  at  Hispaniola  and 
sends  him  to  Spain  in  irons.  He  is  received  with  honor  at 
court  and  the  charges  dismissed  without  inquiry. . .  17  Dec.     " 

The  first  map  to  show  "  America  "  is  Las  Casas's «' 

Columbus  sails  on  his  fourth  and  last  voyage  with  4  caravels 

and  150  men  from  Cadiz '. 9  May,  1602 

Discovers  the  island  of  Martinique 13  June,     " 

Discovers  various  islands  on  the  coast  of  Honduras  and  ex- 
plores the  coast  of  the  Isthmus July,     '« 

Amerigo  Vespucci  on  the  South  Ainerican  coast 1501-3 

Columbus  finally  leaves  the  New  World  for  Spain I'i  Sept  1504 

Queen  Isabella  of  Spain  dies 26  Nov.     " 

Columbus  dies  at  Valladolld 20  May,  1606 

[He  was  buried  at  Valludol  d,  but  his  reuiuius  were  soon 
after  transferred  to  Seville,  where  his  son  Diego  was  buried. 
In  1536  the  remains  of  both  were  carried  to  San  Domingo  and 
reburied  in  the  cathedral.  On  the  cession  of  that  island  to 
the  French  in  1795-96  they  were  (as  was  supposed)  taken  to 
the  cathedral  in  Havana.  But  many  believe  they  still  rest 
in  San  Domingo.  The  "success  of  Columbus  as  a  discoverer 
was  "a  conquest  of  reflection  "  (Humboldt).] 
Juan  Diaz  de  Soils  and  Vicente  Yaflez  Plnzon  are  on  the 

southeast  coast  of  Yucatan " 

[De  Cordova,  1517;  Grljalva,  1518;  Cortez,  1519.] 

WaldseemQller's  or  the  "  Admiral's  "  map probably  1507 

Cuba  found  to  be  an  Island 1508 

First  English  publication  to  mention  America 1509 

Francisco  Pizarro  reaches  Darien " 

Alonso  de  Ojeda  founds  San  Sebastian,  the  first  colony  in 

South  America 1510 

Diego  Velasquez  subjugates  Cuba  and  founds  Havana 1511 

Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  discovers  Florida 27  Mch.  1512 

I>auds  near  St.  Augustine 8  Apr.     " 

Vespucci  dies  at  Seville,  Spain,  aged  61  years " 

Vasco  Nufiez  Balboa,  crossing  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  discov- 
ers the  Pacific  and  takes  possession  of  It  for  the  king  of 

Spain,  calling  it  the  "South  Sea " 25  Sept.  1513 

Juan  Diaz  de  Solis  discovers  the  La  Plata '. Jan.  1516 

[He  is  killed  by  natives  in  an  attempt  to  land.  This  river 
named  in  1527  from  silver  plate  possessed  by  natives.] 

Spaniards  at  Darien  hear  of  the  empire  of  the  Incas 1512-17 

Ferdinand  of  Spain  dies 23  Jan.  1516 

Las  Casas  made  "  Universal  Protector  of  the  Indians  " " 

Francisco  Fernandez  de  Cordova  discovers  Mexico 1517 

Vasco  Nufiez  Balboa  executed  at  Darien " 

Ancient  ruins  in  Cozumel  observed  by  the  Spaniards " 

Grijalva  at  Cozumel  and  Vera  Cruz,  penetrates  Yucatan  and 

names  it  New  Spain 1518 

Hernando  Cortez  sails  from  Cuba  to  conquer  Mexico. .  .18  Feb.  1519 
First  letter  of  Cortez  on  the  conquest  of  Mexico  to  Charles  V. 

of  Spain 10  July,     " 

Panama  founded  by  Pedrarias " 

Montezuma,  emperor  of  the  Mexicans,  dies 30  June,  1520 

Magellan  discovers  the  straits  which  bear  his  name,  and  passes 

into  the  Pacific  ocean 21  Oct.  27  Nov.     " 

Cortez  accomplishes  the  conquest  of  Mexico 1521 

Pizarro  sails  from  Panama  for  Peru,  but  returns  for  supplies 

and  repairs 14  Nov.  1524 

Francis  de  Hoces,  in  command  of  one  of  the  ships  of  Loyasas, 

discovers  cape  Horn 1525 

Narvaez's  expedition  to  the  upper  gulf  of  California 1527 

Pizarro  enters  Peru  and  destroys  the  government  (Peru).  .  .1531-33 
Jacques  Cartler  enters  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  sails  to 

the  present  site  of  Montreal.     French  in  America 1534-5 

Grijalva's  expedition,  equipped  by  Cortez,  discovers  Cali- 
fornia    1535 

Antonio  de  Mendoza  appointed  viceroy  of  Mexico,  the  first  in 

the  New  World 1535-50 

Francisco  Orellana  explores  eastward  from  Peru,  down  the 
Amazon,  reaching  the  ocean  (voyage  of  seven  months).  Aug.  1541 

Don  Pedro  de  Valdivia  invades  and  conquers  Chill " 

Cortez  returns  to  Spain,  1540;  and  dies  there,  aged  Gi 1547 

Las  Casas  returns  to  Spain " 

Davis  discovers  the  strait  that  bears  his  name 1585 

Falkland  islands  discovered  by  Davis 1592 

[For  the  further  settlement  and  history  of  America,  see 
the  countries  of  North  and  South  America,  the  United  States, 
and  the  several  states.] 

PRINCIPAL  PERSONS    CONNECTED  WITH    THE    DISCOVERY  OF 
AMERICA,    AND   WHY  KNOWN. 

Almagbo,  Diego  de,  Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Spain,  1463  (?), 

with  Pizarro  in  Peru ;  put  to  death  by  Pizarro July,  1538 

Ayllon,  Lucas  Vasqcez  de,  Spanish  explorer,  d.  Virginia, 

18  Oct.  1526 
[Sailing,  with  3  vessels  and  600  persons,  with  supplies  for 
a  colony,  along  the  coast,  he  enters  Chesapeake  bay  and 


AME 

attempts  a  settlement  near  Jamestown,  where  he  died.    His 
colonists  returned  to  San  Domingo  in  the  spring  of  1527.] 

Balboa. Vasco  Ni-rez.  Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Spain,  1475;  ex- 
ecuted at  Darien  on  a  charge  of  treason,  1517 ;  the  discoverer 
of  the  Pacific  otean 25  Sept.  1618 

BoHADiLLA,  Francisco,  b.  Spain,  sent  to  San  Domingo  to  re- 
lieve Columbus,  sent  Columbus  and  his  brother  Diego  back 
to  Spain  in  chains.  He  loses  his  life  by  shipwreck  on  his 
return  voyage 29  June,  1502 

Cabot,  John,  Venetian,  date  of  birth  and  death  unknown.  In 
the  .service  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng.,  discovers  the  mainland  of 
North  America  (supposed  coast  of  Labrador) 24  June,  1497 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  son  of  John,  b.  Venice,  1475  (?),  d.  London 
about  1557;  the  discoverer  of  Newfoundland  and  explorer  of 
the  North  American  coast 1498-1517 

Cabral,  Pedro  Alvarez  de.  Portuguese  navigator,  d.  about 
1626;  the  discoverer  of  Brazil 22  Apr.  1500 

Cartier,  Jacqi'es.  b.  St.  Malo,  France,  1494,  d.  about  1555; 
the  discoverer  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence 1534-35 

CoLUMBi's,  Christopher,  b.  Genoa,  1435-45  (?);  died  at  Valla- 
dolld, Spain,  20  May,  1506.  The  discoverer  of  the  New 
World  (America)  1492-98 

Cordova,  Francisco  Fernandez  de,  d.  Cuba,  1518;  discovers 
Mexico  and  explores  the  coast  of  Yucatan 1517 

CoRONADO,  Francesco  Vasquez  de,  d.  1542 ;  explorer  of  the  ter- 
ritory north  of  Mexico,  now  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Col- 
orado 1540-42 

Cortereal,  Gasper,  Portuguese  navigator,  b.  Lisbon d.  1501 

[Sails  along  the  coast  of  North  America  and  names  Labra- 
dor; returns  to  Lisbon  and  sails  on  his  second  voyage,  1501, 
but  never  returns.] 

Cortez,  Hernando,  Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Spain,  1485  ;  d. 
Spain,  2  Dec.  1547  ;  conqueror  of  Mexico 1519-21 

Davis,  John,  b.  Eng.  1550;  d.  coast  of  Malacca,  1605;  discoverer 
of  Davis's  strait,  1585 ;  of  the  Falkland  islands 1592 

De  Soto,  Fernando,  b.  Spain,  1496  (?);  d.  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  June,  1542;  explorer  of  the  southern  U.  S. ;  dis- 
coverer of  the  Mississippi 1540-42 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  b.  Eng.  1537  (?) ;  d.  Puerto  Bello,  27  Dec. 
1595;  explores  the  coast  of  California,  1578-79;  first  English- 
man to  sail  around  the  globe,  reaching  England 1580 

Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  b.  Eng.  1536;  d.  Plymouth,  Eng.  7  Nov. 
1594 ;  discovers  Frobisher's  strait 21  July,  1676 

Gomez,  Esteban,  Spanish  navigator,  b.  Spain,  1478  (?)  ;   d.  at 

sea,  1530  (?) ;  explores  the  eastern  coast 1525 

[Perhaps  as  far  north  as  Conn.] 

Grijalva,  Juan  de,  b.  Spain;  d.  Nicaragua,  21  Jan.  1527.  Ex- 
plores Yucatan  and  hears  of  Mexico  and  Montezuma 1518 

Hudson,  Henry,  b.  Eng. ;  discoverer  and  explorer  of  the  Hud- 
son river  in  the  interests  of  the  Dutch,  Sept.  1609,  and  Hud- 
son bay,  1611.  Sent  adrift  in  an  open  boat  by  his  crew  and 
never  heard  of  afterwards 1611 

Las  Casas,  Bartholomew,  b.  Seville,  Spain,  1474 ;  d.  Spain, 
July,  1566.  Accompanies  Columbus  to  America,  1493,  and 
during  the  next  50  years  crosses  the  Atlantic  14  times  in  the 
interest  of  the  natives.     Made  "  LTniversal  Protector  of  the 

Indians  "  by  the  Spanish  government 1516 

[His  whole  life  was  spent  in  trying  to  assuage  the  suffering  of 
the  Indians  and  free  them  from  the  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards.] 

Magellan,  Fernando,  Portuguese  navigator,  b.  1470 .  Discov- 
ers the  strait  of  Magellan,  which  he  enters  21  Oct.  1520,  and 
names,  passing  through  into  the  ocean,  27  Nov.  1520,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  Pacific.  He  was  killed  at  one  of 
the  Philippine  islands,  by  the  natives,  17  Apr.  1521.  Only 
one  of  his  ships,  under  Sebastian  del  Cano,  reached  Seville 
(the  first  ship  to  circumnavigate  the  globe) 8  Sept.  1522 

Ojeda,  Alonso  de,  Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Spain,  1465;  d.  His- 
paniola, 1515.  Accompanies  Columbus  on  his  second  voyage. 
With  Amerigo  Vespucci  he  explores  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America,  1499,  and  established  a  settlement  at  San  Se- 
bastian    1510 

PiNzoN,  Martin  Alonso,  Spanish  navigator,  b.  Spain,  1441 ;  d. 

Spain 1493 

[Commander  of  the  Pinta  in  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus. 
Attempts  to  deprive  Columbus  of  the  discovery,  is  baffled 
and  disgraced.] 

PiNZON,  Vicente  Yanez;  brother  of  Alonso,  b.  Spain,  1460;  d. 
Spain,  1524.  Commands  the  Nina  in  Columbus's  first  voy- 
age. Discovers  cape  St.  Augustine,  Brazil,  20  Jan.  1500,  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  26  Jan.  Explores  the  east  coast  of 
Yucatan 1506 

Pizarro,  Francisco,  Spanish  adventurer,  b.  Spain  about  1471; 
assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru,  26  June,  1541.    The  destroyer  of 

the  Peruvian  government 1531-33 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Juan,  Spanish  soldier,  b.  1460  (?)  ;  d.  Cuba, 
1521.     The  discoverer  of  Florida,  27  Mch.  1512 ;  landing  at 

St.  Augustine 2  Apr.  1512 

[Sailing  south  he  discovers  the  Tortugas  and  explores  the 
western  shores  of  Florida.] 
SoLis,  Juan  Diaz  de,  Spanish   navigator,  b.  Spain,  1471 ;   d. 
South  America,  1516.     Reputed  the  most  experienced  navi- 
gator of  his  time.     Discovers  the  river  La  Plata,  S.  A.,  Jan.  1516 
[Killed  by  Indians  on  that  river.] 
Verazzano,  Giovanni  de,  Florentine  navigator,  b.  near  Flor- 
ence, 1470;  d.  either  at  Newfoundland  or  Puerto  del  Rico, 
1527.     Explores  for  France  the  North  American  coast  as  far 

north  as  New  York  and  Narragansett  bays 1524 

Vespucci,  Amerigo,  b.  Florence,  1451;  d.  Spain,  12  Feb.  1512. 

Explorer  of  the  South  American  coast 1499-1504 

[The  western  continent  is  named  for  him,  as  is  believed, 
unjustly.     Amkrica.] 


AME 

America,  Central,  that  part  of  America  which 
lies  between  the  isthmuses  of  Tehuantepec  and  Panama,  orig- 
inally one  state  under  Spain,  the  kingdom  of  Guatemala ;  now 
divided  into  the  republics  of  Guatemala,  San  Salvador,  Hon- 
duras, Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  the  territory  of  Balize  or 
British  Honduras.  The  total  area  of  these  States  is  175,865 
sq.  miles,  with  a  pop.  of  about  3,000,000.  The  States  declared 
their  independence  21  Sept.  1821,  and  seceded  from  the  Mex- 
ican confederation,  21  July,  1823.  They  made  a  treaty  of 
union,  21  March,  1847.  There  has  been  among  them  since 
much  anarchy  and  bloodshed.  In  Jan.  1863,  a  war  began  be- 
tween Guatemala  (afterwards  joined  by  Nicaragua)  and  San 
Salvador  (afterwards  supported  by  Honduras).  The  latter 
were  defeated  at  Santa  Rosa,  16  June,  and  San  Salvador  was 
taken  26  Oct. ;  the  president  of  San  Salvador,  Barrios,  fled ; 
and  Carrera,  the  dictator  of  Guatemala,  became  master  of  the 
confederacy.  In  Feb.  1885,  gen.  Barrios,  president  of  Guate- 
mala, attempts  the  union  of  the  five  states  with  himself  as 
dictator.  He  is,  however,  opposed  by  all  except  Honduras. 
He  is  defeated  and  killed  in  an  engagement  at  Chalchuapas, 
2  Apr.  1885,  and  a  peace  is  concluded  the  16th  of  same  month. 
Darien,  Panama,  and  the  States  separately. 

America,  Soutfl,  the  western  continent  south  of  the 
isthmus  of  Darien.  It  lies  mostly  in  the  torrid  zone,  but  ex- 
tends to  56°^.  lat.  It  contains  6,900,000  sq.  miles,  with  about 
26,400,000  people.  Its  extreme  length  is  4800  miles,  and  its 
greatest  width  3760.  It  includes  the  Argentine  Republic, 
Bolivia,  Brazil,  Chili,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Guiana,  Paraguay, 
Peru,  Uruguay,  Venezuela.     For  its  history  see  each  state. 

American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  resembling  the  British 
association,  held  its  first  meeting  at  Philadelphia,  1848,  and 
annually  since,  as  follows : 

1.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  W.  C.  Redfleld,        pres Sept.  1848 

2.  Cambridge,  Mass.,    prof.  Jos.  Henry,  ••    Aug.  1849 

3.  Charleston,  S.  C,         "    A.  D.  Bache,  "    Mar.  1860 

4.  New  Haven,  Conn.,      "  '•  "   Aug.     " 

5.  Cincinnati,  0.,  "  "  "    .May,  1851 

6.  Albany,  N  Y.,  "     L.  Agassiz,  "   Aug.      " 

7.  Cleveland,  0.,  "    Benj.  Peirce,  "    July,  1853 

8.  Washington,  D.  C,      "    J.D.Dana,  "   Apr.  1854 

9.  Providence,  R.  I.,        "    John  Torrey,  "   Aug.  1855 

10.  Albany,  N.  Y.,  "  Jas.  Hall,  "   "  1856 

11.  Montreal,  Ont.,  "  J.W.Bailey,  "   "  1857 

12.  Baltimore,  Md.,  "  A.Caswell,  "    Apr.  1858 

13.  Springfield,  Mass.,  "  S.  Alexander,  "   Aug.  1859 

14.  Newport,  R.  I.,  "  Isaac  Lea,  LL.D.,      "    '^  1860 

15.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  "  F.  A.  P.  Barnard,       "    "  1866 

16.  Burlington.  Vt.,  "  J.S.Newberry,  "    "  1867 

17.  Chicago,  111.,  "  B.A^  Gould,  "    "  1868 

18.  Salem,  Mass.,  "  J.lV.  Foser,  "    "  1869 

19.  Troy,  N.  Y,  '•  William  Cbauvenet.  "    "  1870 

20.  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  "  Asa  Gray,  '"   "  1871 

21.  Dubuque,  Iowa,  "  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  "    "  1872 

22.  Portland,  Me.,  "  Joseph  Levering,       "   "  1873 

23.  Hartford,  Conn.,  "  J.  L.  Le  Conte,  "   "  1874 

24.  Detroit,  Mich.,  "  J.  E.  Hilgard,  "    "  1875 

25.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  "  W  B.  Rogers,  "    "  1876 

2().  Nashville,  Tenn.,  "  Simon  Newcomb,      "   "  1877 

27.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  "  O.  C.  Marsh,  "  "  1878 

28.  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  "  G.  F.  Barker.  "  "  1879 

29.  Boston,  Mass.,  "  L.H.Morgan,  "  "  1880 

30.  Cincinnati,  0.,  "  G.  J.  Brush,  "  "  1881 

31.  Montreal,  Ont,  "  J.  AV.  Dawson,  "  "  1882 

32.  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  "  C.A.Young,  "  "  1883 

33.  Philadelphia,  Pa,  "  J.P.Lesley,  "  Sept.  1884 

34.  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  "  H.A.Newton,  "  Aug.  1885 

35.  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  "  E.S.Morse,  "  "  1886 

36.  New  York,  N.  Y.  "  S.  P.  Langley,  "  "  1S87 

37.  Cleveland,  0.,  "  J  W.  Powell,  "  "  1888 

38.  Toronto,  Ont..  '^  T.  C.  Mendenhall,  "  •'  1889 

39.  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  "  G.  L.  Goodale,  "  "  1890 

40.  Washington,  D.  C,  '•  Joseph  Le  Conte,  "  "  1891 

41.  Rochester,  N.  Y,  "  William  Harkness,  "  "  1892 

42.  Madison,  Wis.,  "  1893 

American  Institute  of  Instruction,  in- 
corporated in  Massachusetts,  1831.  Meets  annually  in  vari- 
ous cities  for  educational  discussion.  Francis  Wayland,  first 
president. 

American  org^an,  a  free-reed  keyed  wind  instru- 
ment, somewhat  like  the  harmonium  as  a  principle,  discovered 
about  1835  by  a  workman  of  Alexandre  of  Paris.  The  inven- 
tion was  taken  to  America,  where  instruments  were  made  by 
Mason  &  Hamlin  of  Boston  about  1860. 

American  Party.     Political  Parties. 

American  System.    Tariff. 


29 


AMN 

Americanisms  explained  in  a  dictionarv  bv  John  R. 
Ba_rtlett,  first  published  in  1848;  reprinted,  1859*;  revised  ed. 
18/8. 

amethyst,  the  ninth  stone  upon  the  breastplate  of  the 
Jewish  high-priest,  1491  b.c.  Aaron's  Breastplate.  It  is 
of  a  rich  violet  color.  One  worth  200  rix-doUars,  rendered 
colorless,  equalled  a  diamond  in  lustre,  valued  at  18,000  gold 
crowns.— Z)e  Boot.  Amethysts  discovered  at  Kerry,  in  Ire- 
land, in  1775. 

Amiens  (am'e-enz),  a  city  of  Picardy,  N.  France;  the 
cathedral  was  built  in  1220.  Taken  by  the  Spanish,  1 1  Mch., 
retaken  by  the  French,  25  Sept.  1597.  The  formal  "  Peace 
of  Amiens"  between  Great  Britain,  Holland,  France,  and 
Spain  was  signed  here  27  Mch.  1802,  by  the  marquis  of  Corn- 
wallis  for  England,  Joseph  Bonaparte  for  France,  Azara  for 
Spain,  and  Schiramelpenninck  for  Holland.  After  a  conflict, 
in  which  the  French  were  defeated,  27  Nov.  1870,  the  German 
general,  Von  Goeben,  entered  Amiens,  28  Nov.  Here  Peter 
the  Hermit  was  born  about  1050.     Pop.  1886,  80,288. 

Amistad,  Case  of  the.  A  Portuguese  slaver  land- 
ed a  cargo  of  kidnapped  Africans  near  Havana;  a  few  days 
afterwards  they  were  placed  on  board  the  Amistad  to  be 
taken  to  Principe.  On  the  voyage  the  negroes,  led  by  Cinque, 
captured  the  vessel,  but  killed  only  the  captain  and  the  cook. 
They  then  ordered  the  white  crew  to  take  the  ship  to  Africa ; 
but  the  sailors  brought  her  into  American  waters,  where  she 
was  seized  by  lieut.  Geding,  of  the  U.  S.  brig  Washington,  and 
brought  into  New  London,  Conn.,  29  Aug.  1839.  A  commit- 
tee, consisting  of  S.  S.  Jocelyn,  Joshua  Leavitt,  and  Lewis 
Tappan,  was  appointed  in  New  York  to  solicit  funds  and  em- 
ploy counsel  to  protect  the  rights  of  the  negroes.  After  a 
great  struggle  the  court,  through  justice  Story,  pronounced 
them  free.  Their  return  to  Africa  founded  the  Mendi  mis- 
sion.    United  States  and  Connecticut,  1839. 

ammonia,  a  volatile  alkali,  mainly  produced  by  or- 
ganic decomposition  ;  named  by  reputed  production  from  heat- 
ed camels'  dung  near  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon  in  Libya. 
Shown  to  be  a  compound  of  nitrogen  and  hydrogen  by  Joseph 
Priestley,  1774.  By  the  recent  labors  of  chemists  both  the 
oxide  of  the  hypothetical  metal  ammonium,  and  ammonium 
amalgam,  have  been  formed;  and  specimens  of  each  were 
shown  at  the  Royal  Institution  in  1856  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann. 
An  apparatus  to  improve  the  voice  and  lungs  by  inhaling 
combinations  of  ammonia,  hydrogen,  etc.,  called  the  ummo- 
niaphone,  was  invented  by  Dr.  Carter  Moffat  of  Edinburgh, 
1883. 

Ammonites,  descended  from  Ben-Ammi,  the  son  of 
Lot  (1897  B.C.),  invaded  Canaan  and  made  the  Israelites  trib- 
utaries, but  were  defeated  by  Jephthah,  1143  b.c.  On  a  sec- 
ond invasion,  with  threats  to  put  out  the  right  eyes  of  all  they 
subdued,  Saul  overthrew  them,  1095  b.c.  They  were  after- 
wards many  times  vanquished ;  and  Antiochus  the  Great  took 
Kabbah,  their  capital,  and  destroyed  the  walls,  198  b.c. — Jo- 
sephus.  In  natural  history,  ammonites  are  a  large  genus  of 
extinct  cuttle-fish,  so  called  from  fancied  resemblance  to  the 
horns  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  the  Egyptian  sun-god. 

"  Huge  ammonites  and  the  first  bones  of  time. " — Tennyson. 

amnesty  (a  general  pardon)  was  granted  by  Thrasybu- 
lus,  the  Athenian  patriot,  after  expelling  the  thirty  tyrants, 
403  B.C.  Acts  of  amnesty  were  passed  after  the  civil  war  in 
1651.  and  after  the  two  rebellions  in  England  in  1715  and  1745. 
— After  his  victorious  campaign  in  Italy,  Napoleon  III.  of 
France  granted  an  amnesty  to  all  political  offenders,  17  Aug. 
1859. — President  Lincoln  issued  a  proclamation  of  conditional 
amnesty  to  former  rebels.  8  Dec.  1863.  President  Johnson 
issued  amnesty  proclamations  on  29  May,  1865 ;  7  Sept.  1867 ; 
4  July,  1868;  'and  25  Dec.  1868.  This  'last  offered  complete 
amnesty  to  all  who  had  been  in  rebellion ;  its  validity  was 
contested.  An  amnesty  was  granted  by  act  of  congress,  10 
Apr.  1871,  and  another,  22  May,  1872,  which  restored  the  po- 
litical  privileges  of  all  participants  in  the  rebellion,  except- 
ing only  about  600  persons. — An  amnesty  for  political  offences 
was  granted  by  the  emperor  of  Austria  at  his  coronation  as 
king  of  Hungary,  8  June,  1867. — An  amnesty  association  on 
behalf  of  the  Fenians  was  active  in  Great  Britain,  Oct.  1873. 
— 2245  French  communists  pardoned  by  decree,  published  17 


AMO  ' 

Jan.  1879;  manyothere  during  the  year.  A  general  amnesty  for 
political  offences  passed  by  the  chain  ber(33iJ-140)  2lJune,1880. 

amoeba  (a-mi'bd).     Protoplasm. 

Anipllictyon'iC  Council,  according  to  tradition 
founded  1498  [1113,  Clinton]  b.c.  at  Thermopylae,  by  Amphic- 
tyon,  for  the  general  interests  of  Greece,  and  composed  of  12  of 
the  wisest  and  most  virtuous  men  of  various  cities;  still  ex- 
isted 31  B.C.  Its  special  office  was  to  attend  to  the  temples 
and  oracles  of  Delphi.  It  required  the  Greek  states  U)  punisli 
the  Phocians  for  plundering  Delphi,  and  thus  caused  the  sacred 
wars,  595-586  and  356-346  ii.c. 

Amphip'ollS,  Macedon,  N.  Greece.  Founded  by  the 
Athenians,  437  B.C. ;  seized  by  Brasidas  the  Spartan,  424 ;  both 
he  and  the  Athenian  general,  Cleon,  were  killed  in  Cleon's 
fruitless  attempt  to  capture  the  city,  422. 

ampllitlie'atres,  round  or  oval  buildings  said  to 
have  been  first  constructed  by  Curio,  76  b.c.,  and  by  Julius 
Caesar,  46  ac,  to  exhibit  combats  of  gladiators  with  wild 
beasts,  etc.  They  were  generally  built  of  wood,  but  Statilius 
Taurus  made  one  of  stone,  under  Augustus  Caesar ;  the  Fla- 
vian amphitheatre  (capable  of  holding  87,000  persons)  was 
built  between  70  a.d.  and  80.  Coliseum.  The  amphitheatre 
at  Verona  was  next  in  size,  and  then  that  of  Nismes. 

Amphltrite  {a)n-Ji-tri'te),di\  Greek  mythology  the 
supreme  goddess  of  the  sea,  wife  of  Poseidon  (Neptune). 

amputation,  in  surgery,  was  greatly  improved  by 
the  invention  of  the  tourniquet  by  Morel,  a  French  surgeon,  in 
1674,  and  of  the  flap-method  by  Lowdham  of  Exeter,  in  1679. 
Surgery  and  Medical  Science. 

Am'iterdam,  Holland.  The  castle  of  Amstel  was 
commenced  in  1100;  the  building  of  the  city  in  1203.  Its 
commerce  grew  at  the  expense  of  Antwerp  after  1609.  The 
exchange  was  built  in  1634;  the  stadthouse,  in  1648,  cost 
3,000,000  guilders;  it  stood  on  13,659  piles,  282  ft.  long,  235 
wide,  and  116  high.  Amsterdam  surrendered  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  who  invaded  Holland  in  favor  of  the  stadtholder,  in 
1787.  The  French  were  admitted  without  resistance,  18  Jan. 
1795.  The  Dutch  government  was  restored  in  Dec.  1813.  A 
crystal  palace  for  an  industrial  exhibition  was  opened  by  prince 
Frederick  of  the  Netherlands,  16  Aug.  1864.  The  canal,  from 
Amsterdam  to  the  North  sea,  opened  by  the  king,  1  Nov.  1876. 
A  new  university  opened,  Dec.  1877.     Pop.  1890, 417,539. 

amyl  (am'if),  a  chemical  alcohol  radical  (first  isolated 
by  professor  Edward  Frankland  in  1849). 

amylene  {am'-i-ken),  a  hydrocarbon,  a  colorless,  mobile 
liquid,  first  procured  by  M.  Balard  of  Paris,  in  1844,  by  distil- 
ling fusel  oil  (potato-spirit)  with  chloride  of  zinc.  The  vapor 
was  first  used  as  an  anaesthetic  by  Dr.  Snow,  in  1856,  and  has 
since  been  tried  in  many  hospitals,  but  is  more  unpleasant 
than  chloroform,  and  very  dangerous  to  life. 

anabaptists,  opponents  of  baptism,  usually  applied  to 
those  who  reject  infant  baptism.  Baptists.  The  name  was 
first  given  to  Thomas  MUnzer,  Storck,  and  other  fanatics  who 
preached  in  Saxony  in  1521,  and  excited  a  rebellion  of  the 
lower  classes  in  Germany.  The  allied  princes  of  the  empire, 
led  by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  put  down  the  rebellion,  and 
Miinzer  was  defeated,  captured,  put  to  the  torture,  and  ulti- 
mately beheaded  in  1525.  A  similar  insurrection  took  place 
in  Westphalia,  headed  by  Matthias,  1533  ;  and,  after  his  assas- 
sination, by  John  Boccoldt  of  Leyden,  who  was  crowned  "  king 
of  Sion"  in  MUnster,  24  June,  1534,  Munster  was  taken  in 
June,  1535 ;  and  John  was  put  to  death  in  the  most  cruel  man- 
ner that  could  be  devised,  13  Feb.  1536.  It  was  in  the  year 
1534,  when  Boccoldt  was  in  the  height  of  his  glory  in  Miin- 
ster,  that  Ignatius  Loyola  took  the  first  steps  towards  founding 
the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  and  the  extension  and  rapid  success  of 
that  celebrated  fraternity  are  to  be  attributed  in  a  very  large 
measure  to  the  reaction  against  Protestantism  produced  by  the 
share  which  the  anabaptists  took  in^he  peasants'  war  and  the 
character  of  the  spiritual  sovereignty  which  they  set  up  at 
Munster  while  it  was  in  their  hands.  Several  anabaptists 
were  executed  in  England  in  1535, 1538,  and  1540.  On  6  Jan. 
1661,  about  80  anabaptists  in  London  appeared  in  arms,  head- 
ed by  their  preacher,  Thomas  Venner,  a  wine-cooper.  They 
fought  desperately,  and  killed  many  soldiers  brought  against 


>  ANA 

them.     Their  leader  and  IG  others  were  executed  19  and  21 
Jan. 

Anab'asiN  ((Jr.  avajiamQ,  a  march  into  the  interior), 
the  title  of  Xeiioplion's  narrative  of  the  expedition  of  Cyrus 
the  Younger  ai;;iinst  his  brother,  401  B.C.  Retreat  of  the 
Ten  Thousand  Gueeks. 

Anacreontic  ver§e,  of  the  bacchanalian  strain, 
named  after  Anacreon  of  Teos,  the  (Jreek  lyric  poet,  died 
about  559  b.c.  His  odes  have  been  frequently  translated ; 
Thomas  Moore's  version  was  published  in  1800.  "  We  sang 
the  songs  of  Anacreon — the  songs  of  the  son  of  Teos." — Poe. 
Literature. 

anaesthetics.  Amylene,  Chloroform,  Cocaine^ 
Ether,  Kerosolene,  Nitrous  Acid,  Opium.  Intense  cold 
has  been  employed  in  deadening  pain. 

anag^rams,  formed  by  the  transposition  of  the  letters 
of  a  word  or  sentence  (as  ai-my  from  Mary),  are  said  to  have 
been  made  by  ancient  Jews,  Greeks,  etc.  On  the  question 
put  by  Pilate  to  our  Saviour,  '■'■Quid  est  Veritas  f"  (What  is 
truth?)  we  have  the  anagram,  "  Est  vir  qui  adest"  (The  man 
who  is  here) ;  from  "  Horatio  Nelson  "  is  "  Honor  est  a  Nilo  " 
(Honor  is  from  the  Nile) ;  William  Noy,  attorney-general  to 
Charles  I.,  /  moyl  in  lav).  Such  trifles  began  to  be  popular  in 
Europe  in  the  16th  century. 

Anam'  or  Annam',  an  empire  of  Asia,  to  the  east  of 
India,  comprising  Tonquin,  Cochin  China,  part  of  Cambodia,. 
and  various  islands  in  the  Chinese  sea ;  said  to  have  been  con- 
quered by  the  Chinese,  234  b.c.,  and  held  by  them  till  263  a.d. 
In  1406  they  reconquered  it,  but  abandoned  it  in  1428.  After 
much  anarchy,  bishop  Adran,  a  French  missionary,  obtainetl 
the  friendship  of  Louis  XVI.  for  his  pupil  Gia-long,  son  of  the 
nominally  reigning  monarch,  and  with  a  few  of  his  country- 
men established  Gia-long  on  the  throne,  who  reigned  till  his 
death,  in  1821,  when  his  son  became  king.  In  consequence  of 
the  persecution  of  Christians,  war  broke  out  with  the  French, 
who  defeated  the  army  of  Anam,  10,000  strong,  about  22 
Apr.  1859,  when  500  were  killed.  On  3  June,  1862,  peace 
was  made;  3  provinces  were  ceded  to  the  French,  and  per- 
secution ceased.  An  insurrection  in  these  provinces  against 
the  French,  begun  about  17  Dec.  1862,  was  suppressed  in  Feb. 
1863.  Ambassadors  from  Anam  to  regain  the  ceded  provinces 
reached  Paris,  Sept.  1863 ;  had  no  success.  These  provinces 
were  annexed  to  the  French  empire  by  proclamation,  25  June, 
1867.  Several  native  Christians  were  massacred  by  order  of 
a  bonze,  July,  1868. 

Hoang-Nam  succeeded  his  father,  Thicutri  as  king 1847 

By  treaty  at  Saigon,  France  recognized  the  independence  of 
the  king  of  Anam,  his  ports  were  opened  to  commerce,  and 

toleration  of  Christians  was  secured 15  Mch.  1874 

Tu  Due,  emperor  34  years,  resists  the  French  in  Tonquin,  1883; 
dies,  aged  54, 17  July,  1883;  Heiphnea  succeeds. 

French  protectorate  recognized  by  treaty  at  Hu€ 25  Aug.  1833 

King  assassinated  by  enemies  of  the  French;  succeeded  by 

Yoe  Due about  14  Dec.    " 

A  prince  who  promoted  massacre  of  Christians  in  Dec.  and 

Jan.  executed about  2(5  xVIay,  1884 

King  dies;  succeeded  by  his  brother  Kienphuoe;  announced 

2  Aug.     " 
The  French  repulse  an  attack  on  their  camp  at  Hud,  and  capt- 
ure the  regent  Thu-Hong 5-6  July,  1885 

Chanl  Mong  proclaimed  king 14  Sept.      " 

The  king  dies;  his  son,  10  years  old,  called  Thau  Khai,  pro- 
claimed  31  Jan.  1889 

Taken  by  the  French  to  Algeria  as  a  prisoner June,  1892 

anath'ema  (Gr.  dvaOrj^ia,  a  votive  offering),  the  sen- 
tence of  excommunication  (1  Cor.  xvi.  22)  used  by  the  early 
churches,  365.  Excommunication.  Pope  Pius  IX.  propound- 
ed a  series  of  anathemas,  Feb.  1870. 

AnatO'lia,  Asia  Minor,  comprises  the  ancient  Lycia^ 
Caria,  Lydia,  Mysia,  Bithynia,  Paphlagonia,  and  Phrygia. 

anat'omy  (Gr.  dvuTOixr],  a  cutting  up).  The  struct- 
ure of  the  human  body  became  a  branch  of  medical  education 
under  the  second  Hippocrates,  who  was  born  460  B.C.  and  died 
about  377.  Aristotle  made  his  chief  anatomical  investigations 
between  334  and  327  b.c.  Herophilus'  and  Erasistratus  of 
Alexandria  first  applied  dissection  to  men,  previously  confined 
to  animals,  300  and  293  b.c.,  followed  by  Celsus  early  in  the 
1st,  and  by  Galen  in  the  2d  century  a.d.  Pope  Boniface 
VIII.  forbade  human  dissection,  1297.  In  modern  times  the 
revival  of  anatomical  study  began  in  Italy  with  Mondini  ot 


ANC 


31 


Bologna,  flourished  about  1315,  and  Eustachi,  about  1495- 
1500,  after  whom  are  named  a  tube  in  the  ear  and  a  valvu- 
lar membrane  in  the  heart.  Fallopio  or  Fallopius,  1523-62, 
gave  name  to  the  Fallopian  tubes  of  the  uterus.  The  first 
anatomical  plates  designed  by  Titian  were  employed  by  Ve- 
salius  about  1538.  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  Raphael,  and  Michael 
Angelo  studied  anatomy.  Of  the  early  English  anatomists 
the  most  illustrious  was  Harvey,  born  1578.  He  discovered 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  1616,  and  published  his  great 
work,  1628;  died  1657.  William  and  John  Hunter,  1718-83 
and  1728-93.  Quain's  and  Wilson's  large  anatomical  plates, 
pub.  1842,  and  Bourgery's  work  by  Jacob,  1830-55.  Com- 
parative anatomy  has  been  treated  systematically  in  the  pres- 
ent century  by  Cuvier,  Owen,  Mliller,  Huxley,  and  others. 
In  England  the  schools  were  long  supplied  with  bodies  un- 
lawfully exhumed  from  graves,  and,  until  1832,  the  bodies 
of  executed  murderers  were  surrendered  for  dissection.  In 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  surgeons  were  granted 
four  bodies  of  executed  malefactors  for  "  anathomyes"  and 
the  privilege  was  extended  in  following  reigns;  but  crimes 
committed  by  resurrection-men  to  supply  surgical  schools 
(robbing  churchyards  and  even  murder — Burkikg)  led  to  a 
statute  in  1832  which  abated  the  ignominy  of  dissection  by 
prohibiting  that  of  executed  murderers,  and  provided  for  the 
wants  of  surgeons  by  permitting,  under  certain  regulations, 
the  dissection  of  persons  dying  in  workhouses,  etc.  The  act 
also  appointed  inspectors  of  anatomy,  regulated  the  schools, 
and  required  persons  practising  anatomy  to  obtain  a  license. 
Medical  Sciknce,  Surgery. 
anchorets  and  anchorites.    Monachism. 

anchors  were  invented  by  the  Tuscans. — Pliny.  The 
second  tooth,  or  fluke,  was  added  by  Anacharsis  the  Scythian 
(592  B.C.). — Straho.  Anchors  are  said  to  have  been  forged  in 
England  578  a.d.  The  admiralty  anchor  was  introduced  about 
1841.  Anchors  improved  by  Pering  and  Rodgers  about  1828; 
by  Porter,  1838  ;  by  Costell",  1848  ;  by  Trotman,  1853;  and  by 
others.  Trotman's  is  attached  to  the  queen's  yacht  Fairy. 
Acts  for  the  proving  and  sale  of  chain  cables  and  anchors  were 
passed  in  1864  and  1871. 

ancient  buildings  of  England.  A  society  for 
their  protection  from  injudicious  restoration,  etc.,  was  estab- 
lished in  1877 ;  lord  Houghton,  prof.  S.  Colvin,  Thomas  Car- 
lyle,  and  many  eminent  artists,  members. 

ancient  history  beginning  in  the  Scriptures  4004 
B.C.,  and  with  Herodotus  about  1687  b.c.  ;  is  considered  to  end 
with  the  fall  of  the  Eastern  empire,  476  a.d. 

ancient  monuments  in  Britain.  Bills  to  pre- 
serve these  (especially  the  prehistoric  ones)  have  been  long  de- 
layed in  parliament.  One  by  sir  John  Lubbock,  read  second 
time,  7  March,  1877,  was  withdrawn  ;  again  read  second  time, 
19  Feb  1878;  read  second  time  in  the  lords,  11  Mch.  1880. 
Such  bills  became  laws  at  last,  1882  and  1892. 

Ancient  Order  of  United  l¥orkmen. 

United  Workmen,  Ancient  Order  of. 

ancients.     Councils,  French. 

Anco'na,  an  ancient  Roman  port  on  the  Adriatic.  The 
mole  was  built  by  Trajan,  107.  After  many  changes  of  rulers 
(Lombards,  Saracens,  Greeks,  and  Germans),  Ancona  was  an- 
nexed to  the  papal  states  in  1532 ;  taken  by  the  French,  1797 ; 
retaken  by  the  Austrians,  1799;  reoccupied  by  the  French, 
1801  ;  restored  to  the  pope,  1802  ;  occupied  by  the  French  in 
1832 ;  evacuated  in  1838 ;  and,  after  an  insurrection,  was  bom- 
barded and  captured  by  the  Austrians,  18  June,  1849.  The 
Marches  (comprising  this  city)  rebelled  against  the  papal 
government  in  Sept.  1860.  Lamoriciere,  the  papal  general, 
fled  to  Ancona  after  his  defeat  at  Castelfidardo,  but  surrendered 
with  the  city  and  garrison,  29  Sept.  The  king  of  Sardinia 
entered  soon  after. 

Andalu'sia,  a  province  of  S.  Spain,  once  part  of  ancient 
Lusitania  and  Baetica.  The  name  is  corrupted  from  Vandalitia. 
it  having  been  held  by  the  Vandals  from  419  to  429,  when  it  was 
acquired  by  the  Visigoths,  whom  the  moors  expelled  in  711, 
establishing  the  kingdom  of  Cordova,  which  stood  till  1236. 

An'daman  Islands,  bay  of  Bengal,  inhabited  by 
dwarfs  in  lowest  barbarism.     At  Port  Blair,  on  South  island, 


ANE 

made  a  penal  settlement  for  Sepoy  rebels  in  1858,  the  eari  of 
Mayo,  viceroy  of  India,  was  assassinated  by  Shere  Alee,  a  con- 
vict, 8  Feb.  1872,  when  going  on  board  the  Glasyow. 

Andernach,  Rhenish  Prussia,  once  an  imperial  city. 
Near  here,  the  emperor  Charies  I.,  while  attempting  to  de- 
prive his  nephews  of  their  inheritance,  was  defeated  by  one  of 
them,  Louis  of  Saxony,  8  Oct.  876. 

Anderson,  Major  Robert.  Fort  Sumter. 
Andersonviile  prison.  An  open  pen  on  a  hill- 
side field,  1540  by  750  feet,  surrounded  by  a  stockade,  near  An- 
dersonviile, Ga.,  in  which  prisoners  of  war  were  first  lodged  by 
the  Confederates,  15  Feb.  1864.  In  one  year  44,882  prisoners 
were  received,  of  whom  12,926  died  of  "starvation  and  want 
of  proper  care.  Henry  Wirz,  one  of  the  prison  officers,  was 
hanged  10  Nov.  1865,  for  his  cruelty  to  prisoners  under  hia 
charge.  There  is  a  national  cemetery  here  which  contains 
13,714  graves.     Cemeteries. 

Andes,  Cordillera  de  los,  the  great  mountain  system  of 
South  America,  forms  a  continuous  line  of  mountainous  high- 
lands along  its  western  coast,  and  under  different  names  trav- 
erses the  North  American  continent,  terminating  at  Point 
Barrow.     Volcanoes. 

Chimborazo,  Ecuador,  21,420  ft,  perpetually  snowclad,  was  as- 
cended by  Alexander  von  Humboldt  to  the  height  of  19,286  ft., 
23  June,  1802;  by  Boussingault  and  Hall,  19,695  ft.,  16  Dec.  1831; 
by  Edward  Whymper,  20.545  ft.,  3  Jan.,  and  20,489  ft.,  3  July. 
1880. 
Colopaxi^  Ecuador,  volcanic;  ascended  by  Ed.'Whymper,  19,600  fl.. 

18  Feb.  1880. 
He  also  first  ascended  Antisana,  Ecuador,  19.260  ft,  10  Mch.;  and 

Cayambe„  Ecuador,  19.200  ft,  4  Apr.  1880. 
In  Bolivia  the  volcano  of  Sahama  is  23,000  ft  in  elevation,  the  peak 

of  Illimani  21,300,  and  Sorata,  24,800. 
The  culminating  peak  of  the  Andes  in  Chili  is  Aconcagua  (22,427  ft); 
the  other  principal  summits  are  the  Cima  del  Mercedario  (22.302 
ft),  the  volcanoes  of  Tapungato  (20,269  ft),  and  San  Jo8€  (20.0JO 
ft);  several  others  range  from  16,000  to  19,000  ft 

Andorra,  a  small  republic  in  the  Pyrenees,  with  the 
title  "the  valleys  and  sovereignties  of  Andorra,"  made  inde- 
pendent by  Charlemagne  about  778,  reserving  certain  rights 
to  the  bishop  of  Urgel.  The  feudal  sovereignty,  long  belong- 
ing to  the  counts  of  Foix,  reverted  to  the  French  king,  Henry 
IV.,  in  1589 ;  but  was  given  up  in  1790.  On  27  Mar.  1806, 
an  imperial  decree  restored  old  relations  between  Andorra  and 
France.  The  republic  is  governed  by  a  council  elected  for 
four  years;  but  magistrates  are  appointed  alternately  by  the 
French  government  and  the  Spanish  bishop  of  Urgel,  to  both 
of  whom  tribute  is  paid.  The  population  is  about  10,000. 
Andorra,  though  neutral,  was  attacked  by  Carlists  in  Sept. 
1874. 

Andre,  Major  John,  born  London,  1751.  Execution  of, 
1780.     New  York. 

Andrew,  St.,  said  to  have  been  martyred  by  cruci- 
fixion, 30  Nov.  69,  at  Patrse,  in  Achaia.  His  festival  was 
instituted  about  359.  The  Royal  Society's  anniversary  is 
kept  on  St.  Andrew's  day.  The  Russian  order  of  St.  Andrew 
was  instituted  in  1698  by  Peter  I.  For  the  British  order,  see 
Thistle. 

Andrew's,  St.,  E.  Scotland,  made  a  royal  burgh  in 
1140.  Here  Robert  Bruce  held  his  first  parliament  in  1309; 
and  here  Wishart  was  burned  by  archbishop  Beaton,  1546, 
who  was  murdered  here,  1546.  The  university  was  founded, 
1411,  by  bishop  Wardlaw.  The  cathedral  (built  1159-1318) 
was  destroyed  by  a  mob,  excited  by  a  sermon  of  John  Knox, 
June,  1559.  Sir  R.  Sibbald's  list  of  bishops  commences  with 
Killach,  872.  The  see  became  archiepiscopal  in  1470,  but 
ceased  in  1688.     Bishops. 

Andros,  sir  Edmund.  Connecticut,  1687;  Massa- 
chusetts, 1686;  New  York,  1674,  etc. 

AndrUSSOV,  Peace  of  (30  Jan.  1667),  between  Russia 
and  Poland,  for  13  years,  with  mutual  concessions,  although 
the  latter  had  been  generally  victorious. 

anemom'eter  (Gr.  iivefiog,  the  wind),  to  measure 
the  velocity  of  wind,  was  invented  by  Wolfius  in  1709.  The 
extreme  velocity  was  thought  by  Dr.  Lind  to  be  93  miles  per 
hour.  Osier's  and  Whewell's  anemometers  were  highly  ap- 
proved of  in  1844.  "  Robinson's  anemometer  is  the  simplest 
and  best." — Buchan.  1867. 


ANE 

aneroid.    Baromktkr. 

ang'Cl,  a  gold  coin,  impressed  with  an  angel,  weighing 
four  pennyweights,  valued  at  6s.8rf.  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI., 
and  at  10s.  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  1562.  The  angelot,  a 
gold  coin,  value  lialf  an  angel,  was  struck  at  Paris  when  held 
by  the  English,  1431. —  Wood.     Coin. 

Ang'Crs,  W.  Central  France,  the  Roman  Juliomagus, 
possessing  an  amphitheatre ;  afterwards  Andegavum,  the  cap- 
ital of  Anjou.  It  was  frequently  besieged,  and  many  c»)uncils 
were  held  in  it  between  453  and  1448,  for  ecclesiastical  disci- 
plme.  «  yqj,  ,„eQ  ^f  Angers  open  wide  your  gates, 
And  let  young  Arthur  duke  of  Bretagne  in." 

—Shakespeare,  "  King  John,"  act.  ii.  sc.  ii. 

Ang^evin  or  Allgpevine,  pertaining  to  Anjou,  espe- 
cially applied  to  the  family  of  Hlantagenets,  descended  from 
Greoffrey  Plantagenet,  coiuit  of  Anjou,  and  Maud  or  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England.  They  reigned  in  England 
from  Henry  II.'s  accession,  1154,  to  Richard  III.'s  death,  1486. 
Anjou. 

Anglesey,  a  small  island  containing  193,511  acres, 
called  by  the  Romans  Mona,  separated  from  N.  Wales  by  the 
Menai  strait,  seat  of  Druids,  who  were  massacred  in  great 
numbers  when  Suetonius  Paulinus  ravaged  the  isle,  61  A.D. 
It  was  conquered  by  Agricola  in  78 ;  occupied  by  Normans, 
1090 ;  and,  with  all  Wales,  annexed  by  Edward  I.  in  1284. 
He  built  the  fortress  of  Beaumaris  in  1295.  The  Menai  sus- 
pension bridge  was  erected  1818-25,  and  the  Britannia  tubu- 
lar bridge  1849-50. 

Ang^liean  Church.     Church  of  England. 

angling'.     Allusion  is  made  to  it  in  the  Bible;  Amos 
iv.  2  (787  B.C.). 
Oppian  wrote  his  "Halieutics,"  a  Greek  epic  poem  on  fishes  and 

fishing,  about  198  a.d. 
In  the  book  on  "  Hawkynge  and  Huntynge,"  by  Juliana  Berners,  or 

Barnes,   prioress   of  Sopwith,  near  St.  Albans,  "  emprinted   at 

Westmestre  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  "  in  1496,  is  "The  treatise  of 

fysshyng  with  an  Angle." 
Izaak  Walton's  "Compleat  Angler"  was  first  published  in  1653. 

Anglo-French  agreements,  etc.,  with  Great 

Britain  respecting  Africa. 

Axglo-French  Agrkemext  signed  by  marquis  of  Salisbury  and  M. 
Waddington,  French  ambassador  in  Loudon,  5  Aug.  1890;  recog 
nizing  British  protectorate  over  Zanzibar  and  French  over  Mad 
agascar.  The  delimitation  of  territories  in  Africa  subject  to  the 
influence  of  France  to  be  settled  by  two  commissioners  at  Paris. 

Anglo-German  Agreement  of  1890  determined  the  boundaries  of 
British  and  German  territories  in  E.  Africa  ;  the  protectorate  of 
Zanzibar,  Witii,  Somaliland  or  V^tu,  was  given  to  Great  Britain; 
Heligoland  ceded  to  Germany;  signed  at  Berlin  by  sir  Edward 
Malet  and  sir  Henry  Percy  Anderson  for  England;  by  gen.  von 
Caprivi  and  Dr.  Krauel  for  Germany,  1  July;  ratified  by  act  of 
parliament  approved,  4  Aug.  1890. 

Anglo-Italian  Agreement  respecting  Africa.  Sir  Evelyn  Baring 
and  gen.  sir  Francis  Grenfell  received  at  Rome  by  sig.  Crispi,  24 
Sept.  1890.  Conference  at  Najiles,  lord  Diifferin  and  sig.  Crispi 
present;  no  result,  4-10  Oct.  1890.  .  Treaty  for  the  delimitation  of 
British  and  Italian  spheres  of  influence  in  E.  Africa;  signed  at 
Rome,  15  Apr.  1891. 

Anglo-Portuguese  Agreement  delimiting  territories  subject  to 
the  influence  of  Great  Britain  and  Portugal  in  E.  Africa;  text 
of  agreement  settled  in  London,  20  Aug.  and  published  in  The 
Times.  Free  navigation  of  the  Zambesi,  and  uninterrupted  com- 
munication between  British  territories  insured,  26  Aug.  1890. 
Portugal  gives  up  claim  to  Zambesi  and  Nyassaland.  Agreement 
annulled,  and  a  modus  vivendi  agreed  to,  14  Nov.  1890.  New 
modified  treaty,  signed  at  Lisbon,  11  June,  1891,  and  afterwards 
ratified. 

Anglo-I^axons  or  Angles,  named  from  a  village 
near  Sleswick,  called  Anylen,  whose  population  (called  Angli 
by  Tacitus)  joined  the  first  Saxon  freebooters.  East  Anglia 
was  a  kingdom  of  the  heptarchy  founded  by  the  Angles,  one  of 
whose  chiefs,  Uffa,  assumed  the  title  of  king,  571;  the  king- 
dom ceased  in  792.  Britain.  Caedmon  paraphrased  part  of 
the  Bible  in  Anglo-Saxon  about  680 ;  a  translation  of  the 
gospels  was  made  by  abbot  Egbert,  of  lona,  721 ;  of  Boethius, 
Orosius,  etc.,  by  Alfred,  888.  The  Anglo-Saxon  laws  were 
printed  by  government  in  1840.  The  Anglo-Saxon  language 
was  spoken  in  England  from  about  450  to  1066  a.d. 
A  professorship  of  Anglo-Saxon  was  founded  at  Oxford  by  Dr.  Rich- 
ard Rawlinson  in  1795;  one  at  Cambridge  by  Dr.  Joseph  Bosworth 
in  1867. 

AngO'la,  S.  W.  Africa,  settled  by  the  Portuguese  soon 
after  the  discovery  by  Diego  Cam,  about  1484.  Loanda,  their 
capital,  was  built  1578.     These  possessions  of  the  Portuguese 


32 


AN  I 

in  west  Africa  extend  from  the  mouth  of  the  Congo,  6^  S.  lat., 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Cunene,  lat.  18°  30'  S.,  and  consist  of  the 
smaller  districts  of  Ambriz,  Benguela,  and  Mossamedes.  Area 
about  600,000  sq.  miles ;  pop.  10,000,000. 

AngO'ra,  a  city  and  province  of  Turkey  in  Asia.  As 
the  ancient  city  Anc3'ra  it  belonged  to  Phrygia,  and  after- 
wards became  the  chief  town  in  Galatia.  It  was  the  seat  of 
one  of  the  earliest  Christian  churches,  and  councils  were  held 
here,  314,  358,  376.  Near  it,  on  the  28  July,  1402,  Tamerlane 
defeated  and  captured  the  Turkish  sultan  Bajazet.  In  1415 
it  was  recovered  by  Mahomet  I.,  and  since  has  belonged  to 
the  Turkish  empire.  The  province  is  famous  for  its  Angora 
goats,  which  produce  the  mohair  of  commerce. 

AngOUl^nie,  the  Roman  Iculisma,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Angoumois,  Central  France,  W.,  was  a  bishopric  in  260. 
Angouleme  became  an  independent  country  about  856;  was 
united  to  the  French  crown  in  1308;  was  held  by  the  Eng- 
lish, 1360  to  1372,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  The  count  of 
Angouleme  became  king  of  France  as  Francis  I.  in  1515. 

Anguilla,  Snake  island.  West  Indies,  settled  by  the 
British,  1666.  Valuable  deposits  of  phosphate  of  lime  were 
found  here  in  1859. 

Anhalt,  House  of,  in  Germany,  deduces  its  origin  from 
Berenthobaldus,  who  made  war  upon  the  Thuringians  in  the 
6th  century.  In  1606  the  principality  was  divided  among  the 
four  sons  of  Joachim  Ernest  by  the  eldest,  John-George.  Thus 
began  the  four  branches  —  Anhalt- Dessau  (descended  from 
John-George);  Zerbst,  extinct,  1793;  Plotsgau,  or  Coethen, 
extinct,  1847 ;  and  Bernburg,  extinct,  1863  (the  last  duke  died 
without  issue,  22  Aug.  1863).  The  princes  of  Anhalt  became 
dukes  in  1809.  Anhalt,  though  a  duchy  of  the  German  em- 
pire, is  internally  an  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy  (by 
law  19  Feb.  1872) ;  area,  870  sq.  miles;  pop.  in  1871,  203,437; 
in  1875,  213,565;  1886,  230,000.  Anhalt  joined  the  North 
German  Confederation,  18  Aug.  1866. 

Anholt,  Island  of,  Denmark,  occupied  by  England,  18 
May,  1809,  in  the  French  war,  because  Danish  cruisers  injured 
British  commerce.  The  Danes  made  a  fruitless  attempt  to  re- 
gain it,  27  March,  1811. 

an'iline,  an  oily  alkaline  body,  discovered  in  1826  by 
Unverdorben  among  the  products  of  distillation  of  indigo. 
From  benzole  Bechamp,  in  1856,  obtained  it  by  treatment 
with  concentrated  nitric  acid  and  reducing  agents.  The  Sci- 
entific relations  of  aniline  have  been  carefully  examined  by 
several  chemists,  especially  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann.  It  was 
long  known  to  yield  colored  compounds,  but  it  was  not  till 
1856  that  W.  H.  Perkin  showed  how  a  violet  oxidation- 
product  (mauve)  could  be  applied  in  dyeing.  Aniline  is  now 
manufactured  on  a  large  scale  for  the  commercial  production 
of  "mauve"'  and  "magenta"  (rosaniline),  and  other  coloring 
matters— aniline  blue,  1861 ;  violet,  1863 ;  "  night"  green,  etc. 

animal  magnetism  (to  cure  diseases  by  sympa- 
thetic affection)  was  introduced  by  father  Hehl,  a  Jesuit,  at 
Vienna,  about  1774,  and  had  its  dupes  in  France  and  England 
about  1788-89.  Hehl  for  a  short  time  associated  with  Mes- 
mer,  but  they  soon  quarrelled.  Mr.  Perkins  (died  1799)  in- 
vented "  metallic  tractors  for  collecting,  condensing,  and  ap- 
plying animal  magnetism,"  for  the  cure  of  rheumatism,  etc. ; 
but  drs.  Falconer  and  Haygarth  put  an  end  to  his  pretensions 
by  performing  the  same  cures  with  a  pair  o^  wooden  tractors. 
— Brande.  Mesmerism.  Animal  magnetism  exposed  by  corn-^ 
missions  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  1837-38 ;  inves- 
tigation closed  as  of  a  "dead  letter,"  1840. 

animarcules.  Leeuwenhoek's  microscopical  discov- 
eries were  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  for  1677 ;  in  his  "  Arcana  Naturae,"  at  Leyden, 
1696.  The  works  of  Ehrenberg,  of  Berlin,  on  the  "  Infusorial 
Animalculae,"  etc.,  were  issued  1838-57.  Pritchard's  "  Infuso- 
ria," ed.  1861 ;  and  W.  Savile  Kent's  "Manual  of  Infusoria," 
3  vols.  1880-82,  are  valuable.  The  Rev.  W.  H.  Dallinger  and 
Dr.  Drysdale  have  made  microscopical  observations  of  bac- 
teria and  other  low  forms  of  life,  1873-89. 

animals,  cruelty  to.  Mr.  Martin,  M.P.,  zealously  la- 
bored to  repress  it;  and  in  1824  the  Royal  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  was  instituted.     Its  new 


ANI 


33 


iTiouse  in  Jermyn  street,  London,  was  founded  4  May,  1869. 
It  opposed  vivisection  in  1860  in  unison  with  a  French  socie- 
ty, and  in  Oct.  1873,  offered  premiums  for  improved  trucks  for 
conveying  cattle.  A  jubilee  congress  of  this  and  similar  so- 
cieties met  in  London,  17  June,  1874.  Convictions  obtained 
by  the  society,  1835  to  June,  1876,  28,209.  Viviskction. 
Martin's  act  was  passed  1822,  and  similar  acts  in  1827,  1835, 
1837,  1849,  and  1854.  Dogs  were  forbidden  to  be  used  for 
draught  in  1839. 
Fellowship  of  Animals^  Friends,  organized  about  10  July,  1879;  earl 

of  Shaftesbury,  president. 
The  American  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals 
(Henry  Bergh,  president)  was  organized  in  New  York  city,  1865. 
It  has  branches  and  auxiliary  societies  in  many  cities  of  the 
Union,  and  nearly  all  the  states  have  passed  laws  punishing  cru- 
elty to  animals  with  fine  and  imprisonment. 
Sheltering  Home  of  Animals,  established  at  Brighton,  Mass.,  by 
Ellen  M.  Gilford,  where  homeless  and  maimed  dogs  and  cats  are 
taken  to  be  cured  and  protected. 

aili]Ili§IIl,  the  doctrine  that  the  soul  is  the  only  cause 
•  of  life,  and  that  the  functions  of  animals  and  plants  depend 
upon  vitality  and  not  on  mere  chemical  and  mechanical  ac- 
.tion,  was  opposed  by  Descartes  and  others.  Materialism, 
Philosophy. 

Alljoil  {an-zhoo'),  a  province,  W.  France,  was  taken  by 
Henry  IL  of  England  from  his  brother  Geoffrey,  in  1156  •, 
■their  father  Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  count  of  Anjou,  having  mar- 
ried the  empress  Matilda  in  1127.     Angevin.      It  was  taken 
bj'^  king  John  from  Philip  of  France  in  1205 ;  reconquered  by 
Edward  III. ;  relinquished  by  him  at  the  peace  of  Bretigny 
in  1360,  and  given  b}'-  Charles  V.  to  his  brother  Louis  with 
the  title  of  duke.     The  university  was  formed  in  1349. 
1360.     Louis  I.,  duke,  invested  by  the  pope  with  the  dominions  of 
Joanna  of  Naples,  1381;  his  invading  army  destroyed  by  the 
plague,  1383;  he  dies,  1384. 
1384.     Louis  II. ,  his  son,  receives  the  same  grant,  but  is  also  unsuc- 
cessful. 
Louis  III.,  adopted  by  Joanna,  dies  1434. 

1434.  Regnier  or  Ren6  le  bon  (a  prisoner)  declared  king  of  Naples, 
1435 ;  his  daughter,  Margaret,  married  Henry  VI.  of  England,  1445 ; 
he  was  expelled  from  Anjou  by  Louis  XL,  1474,  and  his  estates 
confiscated. 
.Francis,  duke  of  Alenp on,  brother  to  Henry  III.  of  France,  became 
duke  of  Anjou ;  at  one  time  he  favored  the  Protestants,  and  vain- 
ly offered  marriage  to  Elizabeth  of  England,  1581-82;  died  1584. 

Anjou  or  Beauge,  Battle  of,  between  the  English 
and  French  ;  the  latter  commanded  by  the  dauphin  of  France, 
22  Mch.  1421.  The  English  were  defeated ;  the  duke  of  Clar- 
ence was  slain  by  sir  Allan  Swinton,  a  Scotch  knight,  and 
1500  men  fell ;  the  earls  of  Somerset,  Dorset,  and  Huntington 
were  taken.  This  battle  turned  the  tide  of  success  against 
'the  English. 

annal§  (annales,  from  annus,  a  year).  A  record  of 
historical  events  arranged  year  by  year.  The  annual  record 
of  the  Roman  state  for  its  first  6  centuries  said  to  have  been 
kept  by  the  Pontifex  Maximus.  Many  modern  books  bear  the 
title  of  annals,  as  Grotius's  "Annales,"in  imitation  of  Tacitus, 
1557 ;  Baronius,  "  Annales  Ecclesiastici,"  for  the  first  12  cen- 
turies of  the  Christian  era ;  Hailes's  "  Annals  of  Scotland  from 
the  Accession  of  Malcolm  HI.  to  the  Accession  of  the  House 
of  Stuart ";  "  Annals  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States," 
1789-1824;  changed  to  Congressional  Register,  1825-36;  to 
■Congressional  Globe,  1837. 

Annap'olii,  capital  of  Maryland.  The  United  States 
Naval  Academy  was  founded  here  in  1845  by  George  Bancroft, 
then  sec.  of  the  navy.  It  was  removed  to  Newport,  R.  I.,  in 
May,  1861,  owing  to  the  civil  war,  but  re-established  at  An- 
napoHs  in  Sept.  1865.     Maryland,  1696,  Navy,  U.  S.,  etc. 

annexation,  United  States.  The  area  of  the  United 
States  at  the  close  of  the  revolution,  1783,  was  827,844  sq. 
miles.     Since  that  time  have  been  added  : 

Sq.  miles.  Cost. 

Louisiana,  purchased  of  France. 1803 1,171,931 $15,000,000 

Florida,  "  "Spain.. 1819 59,268 5,000,000 

Texas,  by  asking  for  admission .  1845 376, 133 

Mexican  Cession  1848 545,783 *28,250,000 

•Gadsden  Purchase,  from  Mexico.  1853 45,535 10,000,000 

Alaska,  purchased  of  Russia....  1867 577,390 7,200,000 

*  Paid  to  Mexico,  $18,250,000  ;  to  Texas,  $10,000,000. 

Anno  Domini,  A.D.,  the  year  of  our  Lord,  of  Grace, 
of  the  Incarnation,  of  the  Circumcision,  and  of  the  Crucifixion 
^(J'rabeaiionis).     The  Christian  era  begins  Jan.  1  in  the  mid- 
2 


ANT 

die  of  the  4th  year  of  the  194th  Olympiad,  the  763d  year  of 
the  building  of  Rome,  and  in  4714  of  the  Julian  period'  This 
era  was  invented  by  a  monk,  Dionysius  Exiguus,  or  Denys  le 
Petit,  about  532.  It  was  introduced  into  Italy  in  the*  6th 
century,  and  ordered  to  be  u.sed  by  bishops  by  the  council  of 
Chelsea,  in  816;  but  was  not  generally  employed  for  several 
centuries.  Charles  III.  of  Germany  was  the  first  who  added 
"  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  "  to  his  reign,  in  879.  Some  believe 
that  Christ  was  born  Friday,  5  Apr.  4  b.c. 

Annual  Reg^i§ter,  a  summarj'  of  the  history  of 
England  for  each  year  (beginning  with  1758,  and  continued 
to  the  present  time),  commenced  by  R.  <fe  J.  Dodsley.  (Ed- 
mund Burke  at  first  wrote  the  whole  work,  but  afterwards  be- 
came only  an  occasional  contributor.— Prior.)  A  similar  work, 
"  Annuaire  des  Deux  Mondes,"  begun  in  Paris,  1850. 

annuitie§.  The  annual  payment  of  a  fixed  sum,  for 
a  term  of  years,  or  for  one  or  more  lives.  In  England  in 
1512,  20/.  a  year  were  given  to  a  lady  of  the  court  for  ser- 
vices ;  and  6/.  13s.  4d  for  the  maintenance  of  a  gentleman, 
1536.  13/.  6s.  8c?.  deemed  competent  to  support  a  gentleman 
in  the  study  of  the  law,  1554.  An  act  empowered  that  gov- 
ernment to  borrow  one  million  sterling  upon  an  annuity  of  14 
per  cent.,  4-6  Will,  and  Mary,  1691-93.  This  mode  of  bor- 
rowing soon  became  general  among  governments.  An  annuity 
of  1/.  2s.  lid,  accumulating  at  10  per  cent,  compound  interest, 
amounts  in  100  years  to  20,000/.  The.  Government  (English) 
Annuities  and  Life  Assurances  Act,  passed  in  1864  for  the 
benefit  of  the  working  classes,  enables  that  government  to 
grant  deferred  annuities  for  small  instalments.  Works  on  an- 
nuities were  published  by  De  Witt,  1671 ;  De  Moivre,  1724 ; 
Simpson,  1742;  Tables  by  Price,  1792;  Milne,  1815;  Jones, 
1843 ;  Farre,  1864 ;  Institute  of  Actuaries,  1872.     Pknsioxs. 

annunciation   of  the  Virgin  Mary,  25 

Mch.,  Lady -DAY,  a  festival  commemorating  the  tidings 
brought  to  Mary  by  the  angel  Gabriel  (Luke  i.  26) ;  its  origin 
is  referred  to  the  4th  or  5th  century.  The  religious  order  of 
the  Annunciation  was  instituted  1232,.and  the  military  order, 
in  Savo}%  by  Amadeus,  count  of  Savoy,  about  1362,  in  mem- 
ory of  Amadeus  I.,  who  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against  the 
Turks,  1355.     New  statutes,  1869. 

anointing",  an  ancient  ceremony  at  the  inauguration 
of  priests,  kings,  and  bishops.  Aaron  was  anointed  as  high- 
priest,  1491  B.C. ;  and  Saul  as  king,  1095  b.c.  Alfred  the 
Great  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  king  anointed  in  England, 
871  A.D. ;  and  Edgar  in  Scotland,  1098.  The  religious  rite  is 
derived  from  the  epistle  of  James  v.  14,  about  60  a.d.  It  is 
said  that  in  550,  persons  in  expectation  of  death  were  anoint- 
ed with  consecrated  oil,  and  that  this  was  the  origin  of  ex- 
treme unction  as  a  sacrament  of  the  church. 

anorth'OSCOpe,  a  new  optical  apparatus,  described 
by  Dr.  Carpenter  in  1868.  In  it  distorted  figures  lose  their 
distortion  in  rapid  motion. 

ant,  a  small  insect  of  many  genera  and  hundreds  of  sp9- 
cies,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world  except  the  polar  regions. 
They  are  the  most  intelligent  of  all  creatures  except  men,  and 
naturalists  report  proofs  of  industry,  strength,  and  associated 
effort  in  their  communities  which  seem  like  fairy  tales.  Ru- 
ber's "  Traite  des  Moeurs  des  Fourmis  "  has  been  translated. 
Sir  John  Lubbock  in  England  ("Ants,  Bees,  and  Wasps"), 
and  the  Rev.  H.  McCook  in  this  country  ("  The  Ants  of  Tex- 
as ")  have  described  the  latest  and  best  observations  on  them. 

antagoni§m  as  a  beneficial  universal  principle  in 
nature  was  discussed  by  sir  W.  R.  Grove  in  a  discourse  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  London,  20  Apr.  1888. 

Antal'cidas,  Peace  of.    In  387  b.c.  Antalcidas 

the  Lacedaemonian  made  peace  with  Artaxerxes  of  Persia,  on 
behalf  of  Greece,  especially  of  Sparta,  giving  up  the  cities  of 
Ionia  to  the  king. 

Antarctic  Continent.     Southern  Continent. 

antediluvian  history.  This  is  entirely  Biblical 
(Gen.  iv.  v.  vi.),  the  deluge  occurring  2348  b.c.,  or  in  the 
year  of  the  world  1656  (Usher).  According  to  Whiston,  the 
population  of  the  world  was  then  549,755,000,000 1 

anthems.  Originally  hymns  sung  in  alternate  parts ; 
now  applied  to  sacred  music  adapted  to  psalms  or  other  script- 


ANT 

ural  wonls.  Hilary,  bishop  of  Poictiers,  and  St.  Ambrose 
composed  them  about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century.— Lfn^r- 
Ut.  Intrwluced  into  the  church  service  in  386.— Baker.  Ig- 
natius is  said  to  have  introduced  them  into  the  Greek,  and 
St.  Ambrose  into  the  Western,  church.  Introduced  into  the 
Reformed  churches  under  Elizabeth  about  15G0.  Music. 
ExoiJSH  AsTHKM-wRiTKRS.  1520-1«25,  Tyo,  Tallis,  Byrd,  Gibbons, 
1650-17'20,  Humphrey,  Blow,  Purcoll,  Croft,  Clarke;  1720-1845, 
Greene,  Boyce,  Hayes,  Kent,  Battishill,  Attwood,  Walmisloy 

anthology  {Gr.  dv9o\oyia  =  (l)  a  flower-gathering, 
(2)  a  collection  of  poems).  The  Greek  anthology  was  a  col- 
lection of  popular  epigrams  and  small  poems  written  by  Archilo- 
chus,  Sappho,  Simonides,  Meleager,  Plato,  and  others,  between 
680  and  95  B.C.J  collected  by  Meleager,  Philippus,  Agathias, 
and  others,  especially  by  Maximus  Planudes,  a  monk  in  the 
14th  century,  A.n.  A  MS.  collection  by  Constantine  Cephalas 
was  found  at  Heidelberg  by  Salmasius  in  1606,  and  pub- 
lished by  Brunck,  1772-76.  Translations  have  been  made  by 
Bland,  Merivale,  and  others. 

anthropology  (Gr.  dvOpwTrog,  man),  science  of  the 
natural  history  of  man.  "  In  the  general  classification  of  knowl- 
edge it  is  the  highest  section  of  zoology,  or  the  science  of 
animals,  itself  the  highest  section  of  biology,  or  the  science 
of  life."  First  anthropological  society  held  its  first  meeting, 
London,  24  Feb.  1863.  The  Anthropological  Review  first  came 
out  in  May,  1863.  The  anthropological  and  ethnological  so- 
cieties were  amalgamated  17  Jan.  1871,  and  styled  "  The  An- 
thropological Institute."  An  anthropological  congress  at  Paris 
was  opened  16  Aug.  1878,  others  since ;  at  Moscow,  13  Aug. 
1892.     For  the  races  of  mankind,  see  Ethnology. 

anthropomorphism  (Gr.  dvOpojironop^og,  of  hu- 
man form),  the  ascription  to  divine  beings  of  human  form  or 
attributes;  the  conception  by  man  of  divinities  in  his  own 
likeness.  This  tendency  of  the  human  mind  is  regarded  by 
Feuerbach  and  other  atheistic  philosophers  as  the  source  of  all 
religions. 

antichrist  (opponent  of  Christ),  1  John  ii.  18,  termed 
the  "  man  of  sin,"  2  Thess.  ii.  3 ;  of  these  passages  many  in. 
terpretations  have  been  given,  and  many  myths  were  current 
in  the  middle  ages  respecting  the  incarnation  of  the  devil, 
etc.  Roman  Catholic  and  Protestant  writers  have  applied  the 
term  to  one  another.  It  has  also  been  ascribed  to  many  false 
Messiahs. 

Antietam  Creek  (an-tee'tam),  battle  of,  Mary- 
land Campaign.  On  this  battle-field  a  national  cemetery 
was  dedicated,  17  Sept.  1867 

Anti-Federal  party.    Political  parties. 

Antilles  Greater  and  Less.    West  Indies. 

Anti-]?Iasonie  party.     Political  parties 

an'timony,  a  white,  brittle  metal,  compounds  of  which 
Avere  early  known  ,  used  to  blacken  eyes  in  the  East  (2  Kings 
ix.  30,  and  Jer  iv.  30).  Mixed  with  lead  it  forms  printing- 
type  metal.  Basil  Valentine  wrote  of  antimony  about  1410. — 
PiHestley.  Antimony  also  enters  into  Britannia  metal,  and  is 
an  active  principle  in  tartar-emetic  and  m  James's  powder, 
both  extensively  used  as  medicines.  Antimonial  wine  is  a 
solution  of  tartar-emetic  m  sherry. 

Anti - IVebraska.  Political  parties,  United 
States,  1854,  etc 

Antinomian  (Gr.  avri,  against,  and  vouoq,  law). 
John  Agricola  so  called  by  Luther  (in  1538),  as  holding  "  that 
it  mattered  not  how  wicked  a  man  was  if  he  had  but  faith." 
(Opposed  to  Rom.  iii.  28,  and  v.  1,  2.)  He  retracted  these 
doctrines  in  1540.  The  Antinomians  of  England,  who  fol- 
lowed Dr.  Tobias  Crisp  (d.  1642)  in  teaching  that  the  sins 
of  the  elect  were  assumed  by  Christ  so  as  not  to  be  charged 
to  them,  were  condemned  by  the  British  parliament,  1648. 

Antioeh,  now  Antakieh,  Syria,  built  by  Seleucus, 
300  B.C.  (after  the  battle  of  Ipsns,  301),  called  "Queea  of  the 
East."  Here  the  disciples  were  first  called  Christians,  42  a.d. 
(Acts  xi.  26).  Antioeh  was  taken  by  Persians,  540 ,  by  Sara- 
cens about  638,  recovered  for  the  Eastern  empire,  966;  lost 
again  in  1086,  retaken  by  Crusaders  in  June,  1098;  made 
capital  of  a  principality,  1099,  and  held  by  them  till  captured 
by  the  sultan  of  Egypt,  June,  1268.     It  was  taken  from  the 


34  ANT 

Turks  in  the  Syrian  war,  1  Aug.  1832,  by  Ibrahim  Pasha,  but 
restored  at  the  peace.  Antioeh  suffered  by  an  earthquake, 
and  about  1600  persons  were  killed,  3  Apr.  1872. — The  Era 
of  Antioeh,  used  by  early  Christian  writers  of  Antioeh  and 
Alexandria,  placed  Creation  5492  years  b.c.  31  councils  were 
held  at  Antioeh,  252-1161.     Syria. 

Anti-Pedobaptists.    Pedobaptists. 

antip'odes  (Gr.  dm',  opposite,  and  irohQ^  feet),  in- 
habitants of  the  opposite  side  of  our  globe.  Plato  is  said  to 
be  the  first  who  thought  antipodes  possible  (about  388  b.c.). 
Boniface,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  legate  of  pope  Zachary,  is 
said  to  have  denounced  a  bishop  as  a  heretic  for  believing  in 
them,  741  a.d.  The  antipodes  of  England  are  southeast  of 
New  Zealand,  near  Antipodes  island. 

anti-pope,  a  claimant  of  the  papal  chair,  in  opposition 
to  the  regularly  elected  pope.  About  thirty  such  were  set 
up,  usually  by  French  and  Italian  factions,  from  1305  to  1439. 
(In  the  list  of  Popes,  anti-popes  are  in  italics.) 

antiQUaries.      A  college  of  antiquaries  is  said  to 

have  existed  in  Ireland,  700  b.c.     The  annual  International 

Congress  of  Prehistoric  Archaeology  originated  at  La  Spezzia 

m  1865,  meetings  have  been  held  since  at  Paris,  Norwich,  etc. 

A  society  was  founded  by  archbishop  Parker,  Camden,  Stow,  and 
others  in  1572. — Spelman. 

Application  was  made  to  Elizabeth  for  a  charter,  her  death  ensued, 
and  her  successor,  James  I,  was  far  from  favoring  the  design. 

The  "Antiquaries'  Feast,"  mentioned  by  Ashmole,  2  July,  1659. 

The  Society  of  Antiquaries  revived,  1707 ;  received  its  charter  of  in- 
corporation from  George  II.,  2  Nov.  1751;  met  in  Chancery  Lane, 
1753;  apartments  in  Somerset  House  (granted  1776),  occupied,  15 
Feb.  1781;  removed  to  Burlington  House,  1874  ,  first  meeting,  14 
Jan.  1875.  Memoirs  entitled  "  Archseologia,"  first  published  ini 
1770;  president,  earl  Stanhope,  elected  1846;  d.  24  Dec.  1875;  suc- 
ceeded by  Frederic  Ouvry;  by  the  earl  of  Carnarvon,  1878. 

British  Archaeological  Association  founded  Dec.  1843. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  formed  by  a  seceding  part 
of  the  association,  1845. 

Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Edinburgh  founded  in  1780. 

Since  1845  many  county  archaeological  societies  have  been  formed 
in  the  United  Kingdom 

The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  France  (1814)  began  in  1805  as  the 
Celtic  Academy. 

The  Antiquary,  a  magazine,  began  1880. 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society,  incorporated  at  Worcester,  Mass., 
12  Oct.  1812. 

United  States  National  Museum,  organized  at  Washington,  D  C,  1846. 
It  possesses  among  other  valuable  material  a  collection  of  casts 
from  Palenquk,  and  other  places  in  Yucatan  and  Mexico,  pro- 
cured by  Mr  Charney  and  purchased  by  Pierre  Lorillard.  The 
government  grants  it  $75,000  per  annum. 

Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society,  instituted  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1  Jan  1858. 

Peabody  Museum,  founded  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  8  Oct.  1866  Con- 
nected with  Harvard  university  This  is  the  leading  archaeological 
institution  in  the  U.  S. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  organized  at  Boston,  Mass., 
17  May,  1879  Object,  the  promotion  and  direction  of  archaeolog- 
ical investigations,  both  American  and  foreign.  The  American 
Journal  of  Archceology  and  History  of  the  Fine  Arts  is  the  official 
organ  of  this  institute,  established  1885,  pub.  quarterly. 

American  School  of  Classical  Study  at  Athens,  Greece;  founded  by 
the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  2  Oct.  1882.  Supported 
by  a  number  of  the  principal  colleges  in  the  U.  S.  It  co-operates 
with  the  Archaeological  Institute  in  conducting  explorations  and 
excavations  of  classic  sites,  etc.     Egypt. 

anti-rentism.  The  first  settled  territory  m  the  state 
of  New  York  along  the  Hudson  was  granted  by  the  Dutch 
government  to  settlers  termed  "patroons"  in  fee,  especially  in: 
Albany,  Rensselaer,  Delaware,  Greene,  and  Columbia  coun- 
ties. The  largest  manors  were  that  about  Albany,  granted 
in  1630  to  the  Van  Rensselaers,  and  confirmed  by  James  II., 
and  at  first  covering  over  300,000,  acres,  lying  mostly  in  Al- 
bany and  Rensselaer  counties,  and  the  Livingston  manor,  in 
Columbia  county,  granted  in  1686,  covering  160,240  acres. 
The  original  Dutch  settlers  were  satisfied  with  the  condi- 
tions offered  by  the  patroons.  But  difficulties  began  soon  after 
the  Revolution,  and  on  7  Jan.  1795,  the  Livingston  manor  ten- 
antry called  on  the  legislature  to  examine  the  patroon's  title, 
claiming  that  the  grant  was  fraudulently  enlarged.  The 
trouble  subsided  until  the  death  of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer, 
in  1839,  when  the  rents  had  fallen  into  arrears  and  the  at- 
tempt to  collect  for  his  successor  was  resisted.  "  Anti-renters  " 
became  an  organized  body  in  state  politics,  supported  by  the 
"  Seward  wing  "  of  the  Whigs  and  the  "  Barnburners"  of  the 
Democracy,  and  sees.  12,  13,  14,  and  15  of  art.  1  of  the  state 
constitution  of  1846  were  introduced  by  their  efforts.     In  a 


ANT 


35 


suit  brought  by  the  attorney-gen.  against  Harmon  Livingston 
to  try  his  title  the  state  was  beaten.  Troops  were  sent  to 
Rensselaersville  from  Albany  in  1839  to  enforce  the  law,  but 
there  was  no  foe  to  subdue.  In  Aug.  1845,  an  officer  named 
Steele  was  shot  while  trying  to  collect  rent  in  Delaware  county, 
(iov.  Wright  proclaimed  the  county  in  a  state  of  insurrection. 
In  this  act  the  disturbance  culminated.  Two  persons  were  con- 
victed and  sentenced  to  death  for  this  murder,  but  gov.  Wright, 
commuted  the  sentence  to  imprisonment  for  life,  and  his  suc- 
cessor, gov.  Young,  pardoned  them  in  1847.  These  vast  mano- 
rial estates  have  now  been  broken  up  among  small  proprietors. 

anti-slavery  party.  Free-Soil  party.  Polit- 
ical PARTIES,  Slavery  in  the  U.  S. 

anti  -  slavery  SOeieties.  Slavery,  United 
States. 

An tt  -  Trinitarians.  Theodotus  of  Byzantium, 
about  200  A.D.,  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  theologian  to 
assert  the  simple  humanity  of  Jesus.  This  doctrine,  advocated 
by  Arius  about  318,  spread  widely  after  the  Keformation,  when 
it  was  adopted  by  Laelius  and  Faustus  Socinus.  Arians,  So- 
ciNiANS,  Unitarians. 

Antium,  maritime  city  of  Latium,  now  Porto  d'Anzio, 
near  Rome ;  struggled  long  for  independence,  but  became  a 
Roman  colony  after  the  Latin  war,  340-338  b.c.  It  is  men- 
tioned by  Horace,  and  was  a  favorite  retreat  of  emperors  and 
wealthy  Romans,  who  erected  villas  in  its  vicinity.  The 
treasures  in  the  temple  of  Fortune  here  were  taken  by  Oc- 
tavius  Caesar  in  his  war  with  Antony,  41  B.C. 

Antwerp  (Fr.  Anvers),  the  principal  port  of  Bel- 
gium, mentioned  in  history,  517-  It  was  a  small  republic  in 
the  11th  century,  and  was  the  first  commercial  city  in  Europe 
till  the  wars  of 'the  16th  century.     Pop.  1891,  227,225. 

Its  fine  exchange  built 1531 

[It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  and  given  up  to  a  three 
days'  pillage,  4  Nov.  1576,  termed  the  "Spanish  Fury."] 
Taken  after  14  months'  siege  by  the  prince  of  Parma,  17  Aug.  1585 
Truce  of  Antwerp  (between  Spain  and  United  Provinces)  for  12 

years  concluded 2!)  Mch.  1609 

Peter  Paul  Rubens  (b.  Siegen,  Westphalia,  29  June,  1577)  dies 

30  May,  1640 
Much  injured  by  tolls  on  the  Scheldt  levied  by  the  treaty  of 

Munster 1648 

After  Marlborough's  victory  at  Raraillies,  Antwerp  surrenders 

at  once 6  June,  1706 

The  Barrier  treaty  concluded  here 16  Nov.  1715 

Taken  bv  marshal  Saxe 9  May,  1746 

Occupied  by  the  French 1792-93, 1794-1814 

Great  Napoleon  wharves  built 1803-10 

Civil  war  between  the  Belgians  and  the  House  of  Orange.  Bel- 
gium    1830-31 

Belgian  troops,  entering  Antwerp,  were  opposed  by  a  Dutch 
garrison,  who,  after  a  hard  flght,  being  driven  into  the  cita- 
del, cannonaded  the  town  with  red-hot  balls 27  Oct.  1830 

The  citadel  bombarded  by  the  French,  4  Dec. ;  surrendered  bv 

gen.  ChassfS 23  Dec.  1832 

Exchange  burned;  archives,  etc.,  destroyed 2  Aug.  1858 

A  fine-art  fete  held 17-20    "      1861 

Great  Napoleon  wharf  destroyed  by  fire;  loss,  25  lives  and 

about  400,000Z 2  Dec.     " 

Great  fete  at  the  opening  of  the  port  by  the  abolition  of  the 

Scheldt  dues 3  Aug.  1863 

Fortifications  constructed 1860-70 

Statue  of  Leopold  I.  uncovered 2  Aug.  1868 

Plantin-Moretus  Museum,  containing  collections  of  about  300 
years — viz.,  12,000  old  letters,  printing- types,  portraits,  etc., 
made  by  the  Plantins  (descendants  of  Charles  de  Tiercelin, 
seigneur  de  la  Roche  du  Maine),  who  were  printers  to  the 
kings  of  Spain — opened  about 20  Aug.  1877 

Anvar-i  -ISuliaili,  or  the  JAgtit»  of  Cano- 

pus,  the  ancient  Persian  version  of  the  ancient  fables  of 
Pilpay,  Bidpai,  or  Vishnu  Sarma,  made  by  Husain  Vaiz,  at 
the  order  of  Nushirvan,  king  of  Persia.  The  English  trans- 
lation by  E.  B.  Eastwick  published  1854.     Fables. 

Apaelies.     Indians. 

ap'atite,  mineral  phosphate  of  lime,  about  1856,  began 
to  be  largely  employed  as  a  fertilizer.  It  abounds  in  Norway, 
and  in  Sombrero,  a  small  West  India  island. 

Apoc'alypseorItevelation,writtenbySt.John 

in  the  isle  of  Patmos  about  95  a.d.  ;  others  ascribe  it  to  Cerin- 
thus,  the  heretic,  or  John,  the  presbyter,  of  Ephesus.  In  the 
first  centuries  many  churches  disowned  it;  and  in  the  fourth 
century  it  was  excluded  from  the  sacred  canon  by  the  council 
of  Laodicea,  but  received  by  other  councils,  and  confirmed  by 


APO. 

that  of  Trent,  held  in  1545  et  seq.  Although  the  book  had 
been  rejected  by  Luther,  Michaelis,  and  others,  and  its  author- 
ity questioned  in  all  ages,  from  the  time  of  Justin  Martyr 
(who  wrote  his  first  "  Apology  for  Christians  "  in  139  a.d.),  its 
canonical  authority  is  generally  accepted. 

Apoc'rypha  (Gr.  airoKpvcpa,  concealed  writings),  the 
name  given  by  the  early  church  to  books  or  treatises  claimed 
to  be  inspired,  but  not  admitted  to  the  canon  of  Scripture, 
especially  to  14  books  added  to  the  Hebrew  Bible  in  the 
ancient  Greek  and  Latin  versions.  The  preface  to  the  Apoc- 
rypha says,  "  These  books  are  neyther  found  in  the  Hebrue 
nor  in  the  Chalde."— .BiWe,  1539.  Their  history  ends  135  b.c. 
They  are  not  in  the  Jewish  canon,  were  rejected  at  the  council 
of  Laodicea  about  366  a.d.,  but  were  received  as  canonical  by 
the  Catholic  council  of  Trent,  8  Apr.  1546.  Parts  of  them 
were  read  as  lessons  of  the  church  of  England,  by  the  6th 
article,  1563,  but  many  of  these  were  omitted  bv  the  act  passed 

B.C. 

1  Esdras from  about  623-445 

2  Esdras "  *     * 

Tobit "  734-678 

Judith "  656 

Esther "  510 

Wisdom  of  Solomon *     * 

Ecclesiasticus 300  or  180 

Baruch *     * 

Song  of  the  Three  Children *     * 

History  of  Susannah *     * 

Bel  and  the  Dragon .*. *     * 

Prayer  of  Manasses 676 

1  Maccabees about  323-135 

2  Maccabees from  about  187-161 

The  Apocryphal  New  Testament  consists  of  forged  gospels  and  epis- 
tles, never  received  by  the  churches. 

ApollinaristS,  followers  of  ApolUnaris,  a  reader  in 
the  church  of  Laodicea,  who  taught  (366)  that  the  divinity  of 
Christ  was  instead  of  a  soul  to  him;  that  his  flesh  was  pre- 
existent,  was  sent  down  from  heaven,  and  conveyed  through 
the  Virgin ,  that  there  were  two  sons,  one  born  of  God,  the 
other  of  the  Virgin,  etc.  These  opinions  were  condemned  by 
the  council  of  Constantinople,  381. 

Apollo,  son  of  Zeus  and  Leto,  god  of  the  fine  arts,  medi- 
cine, music,  poetry,  and  eloquence,  in  many  nations  of  antiquity 
identified  with  the  sun,  had  many  temples  and  statues.  His 
most  splendid  temple,  at  Delphi,  was  built  1263  b.c.  Delphi. 
His  temple  at  Daphne,  built  434  b,c.,  during  a  pestilence,  was 
burned  362  a.d.,  and  the  Christians  were  accused  of  the  crime. 
— Lenglet.  The  statue  of  Apollo  Belvedere,  discovered  at  An- 
tium in  1503,  was  purchased  by  pope  Julius  II.  and  placed  in 
the  Vatican.     Sculpture. 

apolog[ies  for  Cliristianity  were  addressed  by 
Justin  Martyr  to  the  emperor  Antoninus  Pius  about  139,  and 
to  the  Roman  senate  about  164.  Apologies  were  written  by 
Quadratus,  Aristides,  and  other  early  fathers  of  the  church. 

Apostles  (Gr.  airoaToXoQ,  one  sent  forth).  12  were 
appointed  by  Christ,  31  a.d. — viz.,  Simon  Peter  and  Andrew 
(brothers),  James  and  John  (sons  of  Zebedee),  Philip,  Nathan- 
ael  (or  Bartholomew),  Matthew  (or  Levi),  Thomas,  James  the 
Less  (son  of  Alphaeus),  Simon  the  Canaanite  and  Jude  or  Thad- 
deus  (brothers),  and  Judas  Iscariot.  Matthias  was  elected  in 
the  room  of  Judas  Iscariot,  33  a.d.  (Acts  i.);  and  Paul  and 
Barnabas  were  appointed  by  the  Holy  Spirit,  45  a.d.  (Acts 
xiii.  2).  "  The  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,"  a  small  vel- 
lum volume  in  Greek,  dated  about  1056,  discovered  by  Philo- 
theos  Bryennios,  metropolitan  of  Nicomedea,  in  the  library  of 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  monastery  at  Constantinople  in  1873 ;  and 
published  by  him  in  1875.  The  compo.sition  is  ascribed  to  the 
1st  centurj'.  The  text,  with  English  translation  and  introduc- 
tion, was  published  by  R.  D.  Hitchcock  and  Francis  Brown  in 
1884;  improved  edition,  spring,  1885.  In  law, "  the  apostles" 
are  a  summary  of  a  case  sent  by  any  court  to  an  appellate 
court  for  review. 

Apostles'  Creed,  erroneously  so  called,  is  mentioned 
as  the  Roman  creed  by  Rufinus  (d.  about  410).  Iren.-eus,  bish- 
op of  Lyons  (d.  202), gives  a  creed  resembling  it.  Its  repetition 
in  public  worship  was  ordained  in  the  Greek  church  at  Antioch, 
and  in  the  Roman  church  in  the  11th  century,  whence  it  passed 
to  the  church  of  England. 

Apostolie  Succession  is  claimed  to  be  the  trans- 


APO 

mission  through  the  laying  on  of  hands  of  the  power  and  au- 
thority committed  by  Christ  to  his  apostles  for  the  guidance 
and  government  of  the  church.  Those  who  hold  the  doc- 
trine of  ajwstolic  succession  claim  that  Christ  as  the  head  of 
the  church  established  through  his  apostles  a  hierarchical  or- 
der whicli  has  continued  unbroken  from  its  establishment  to 
the  present.  This  excludes  all  from  the  ministry  who  cannot 
show  proper  ordination.  This  doctrine  is  held  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  and  most  Episcopalians.  The  rev.  John  II. 
Blunt,  M.A.F.S.A.,  in  his  dictionary  of  "  Doctrinal  and  Histori- 
cal Theology,"  says,  "The  doctrine  of  the  'apostolic  succes- 
sion '  has  been  held  by  the  most  learned  writers  of  the  church 
of  England,  as  Andrews,  Bramhall,  Hammond,  Hall,  Taylor, 
Wilson,  and  many  others,  and  is  the  only  foundation  on  which 
episcopacy  can  rest  as  a  divine  institution."  All  Episcopalians 
do  not  so  believe.  Dean  Alford  declares,"  It  is  a  fiction  of  which 
I  find  in  the  New  Testament  no  trace";  and  archbishop  Whate- 
ly  says,  "  There  is  not  a  minister  in  Christendom  who  is  able 
to  trace  up  with  any  degree  of  certainty  his  own  spiritual  pedi- 
gree." Opponents  say  that  Paul  never  received  apostolic  or- 
dination ;  that  there  is  no  historical  evidence  of  an  unbroken 
line  of  succession ;  that  ministers  are  a  divine  order  only  in 
the  sense  that  it  is  the  divine  will  that  there  should  be  an 
office  of  the  ministry  in  the  Christian  church  for  divinely  ap- 
pointed work. 

ApOitoIical.     Canons  and  Fathers. 

Apostol'ici,  a  sect,  at  the  end  of  the  2d  century,  which 
renounced  marriage,  wine,  flesh,  etc.  Another  sect,  founded 
by  Sagarelli  about  1261,  wandered  about,  clothed  in  white,  with 
long  beards,  dishevelled  hair,  and  bare  heads,  accompanied  by 
women  called  spiritual  sisters,  preaching  against  the  corrup- 
tions of  the  church  of  Rome,  and  predicting  its  downfall.  They 
renounced  baptism,  the  mass,  purgatory,  etc.,  and  by  their  en- 
emies were  accused  of  licentiousness.  Sagarelli  was  burned 
alive  at  Parma  in  1300,  his  followers  were  dispersed  in  1307, 
and  extirpated  about  1404. 

apoth'ccary  (literally,  a  keeper  of  a  storehouse).  On 
10  Oct.  1345,  Edward  III.  settled  sixpence  per  diem  for  life  on 
Coursus  de  Gangeland,  apothecarius  London',  for  taking  care 
of  him  during  his  severe  illness  in  Scotland.— i?j/?wer's  Foe-dera. 
In  1518  the  physicians  of  London  were  incorporated,  and  the 
barber-surgeons  in  1540.  But  independently  of  the  physicians 
and  the  surgeons  there  were  irregular  practitioners  who  were 
molested  by  their  rivals,  and  an  act  was  passed  in  1548  for 
their  protection.  As  many  of  these  practitioners  kept  shops 
for  the  sale  of  medicines,  the  term  "apothecary"  was  ap- 
plied to  their  calling.     Pharmacy  and  Medical  science. 

Apothecaries  incorporated  with  grocers 1606 

London  Apothecaries'  company  separated  from  the  Grocers' 

and  incorporated,  1617 ,  hall  built 1670 

Their  practice  regulated  and  their  authority  extended  through 
England  by  the  Apothecaries  act,  1815;  amended,  1825;  they 

are  authorized  to  license  practitioners  of  medicine  in 1874 

[In  the  U.  S.  an  apothecary  is  simply  a  seller  of  drugs,  under 
such  restrictions  as  to  competency  and  license  as  are  im- 
posed by  the  law  of  each  state.] 

apotheo'iis  (Gr.  d7ro9ew<Ttc,  deification),  the  eleva- 
tion of  a  king  or  hero  to  the  rank  of  a  god.  Julius  Caesar  was 
deified  by  order  of  Augustus,  13  b.c.  "•  Sixty  persons  alto- 
gether are  recorded  as  having  been  raised  to  divine  honors 
from  the  time  of  Caesar  to  that  of  Constantine.  The  estab- 
lishment of  Christianity  put  an  end  to  apotheosis  as  an  avowed 
belief  and  a  public  ceremony,  although  the  principle  on  which 
it  rested  is  still  conspicuous  in  the  adoration  and  invocation 
of  saints  by  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  African  churches." — Encyc. 
Brit.  9th  ed. 

Appala'chian  Mountains,  the  general  name 
of  a  vast  system  of  elevation  near  the  eastern  or  Atlantic  coast 
of  the  United  States.  The  name  is  taken  from  a  tribe  of  Ind- 
ians, the  Appalachees,  living  in  middle  Florida,  or  near  the 
Appalachicola  river.  The  range  extend  from  northern  Ala- 
bama to  northern  Maine,  1400  miles;  known  in  New  Hamp- 
shire as  the  White  Mountains,  in  Vermont  as  the  Green, 
in  New  York  as  the  Adirondack  and  Catskill,  in  Penn- 
sylvania as  the  Alleghany,  in  Virginia  as  the  Blue  Ridge,  in 
North  Carolina  as  the  Smoky,  in  Tennessee  and  Alabama  as 
the  Cumberland,  and  in  Georgia  as  the  Sand,  Lookout,  etc. 
Mt.  Mitchell,  in  North  Carolina,  is  the  highest  peak,  6711  ft. ; 


36  APP 

Balsam  Cone,  in  the  same  range  (Smoky)  and  state  is  second, 
6671  ft. 

appeal  or  assize  of  battle.    By  the  old  law 

of  England  a  prosecutor,  when  dissatisfied  with  the  acquittal 
or  the  pardon  of  the  accused,  might  institute  an  action,  within 
a  year,  for  the  penalty,  when  the  accused  must  either  accept  a 
new  trial  by  jury  or  demand  a  "  wager  of  battle,"  that  is,  a  duel 
with  the  prosecutor,  to  determine  his  guilt  or  innocence.  In 
1817  a  young  maid,  Mary  Ashford,  was  believed  to  have  been 
violated  and  murdered  by  Abraham  Thornton,  who,  on  trial, 
was  acquitted.  On  appeal,  he  claimed  his  right  by  wager  of 
battle,  which  the  court  allowed ;  but  the  appellant  (the  brother 
of  the  maid)  refused  the  challenge,  and  the  accused  was  dis- 
charged, 16  Apr.  1818.  This  law  was  repealed  by  69  Geo.  IIL 
c.  46,  1819. 

In  1631  lord  Rea  impeached  David  Ramsey  of  treason,  and  offered 
battle  in  proof;  a  commission  was  appointed,  but  the  duel  was  pro- 
hibited by  king  James  I. 

appeals.     In  the  time  of  Alfred  (869-901),  appeals  lay 
from  courts  of  justice  to  the  king  in  council;  but  being  soon 
overwhelmed  with  appeals  from  all  parts  of  England,  he  framed 
a  body  of  laws  which  long  served  as  the  basis  of  English  juris- 
prudence.    The  house  of  lords  is  the  highest  court  of  appeal 
in  civil  causes.    Courts  of  appeal  at  the  exchequer  chamber,  in 
error  from  the  judgments  of  the  superior  and  criminal  courts, 
were  regulated  by  statutes  in  1830  and  1848.     Appeals  from 
English  tribunals  to  the  pope  were  first  introduced  about  1151, 
were  long  vainly  opposed,  and  were  abolished  by  Henry  VIII. 
1534;  restored  by  Mary,  1554;  again  abolished  by  Elizabeth, 
1559.     A  proposition  for  establishing  an  imperial  court  of  ap- 
peal submitted  to  the  house  of  lords  by  the  lord  chancellor 
Hatherly,  15  Apr. ;  was  referred  to  a  select  committee,  30  Apr. 
1872.     A  similar  proposition  by  lord  chancellor  Selborne,  13 
Feb.  1873.     Privy  Council,  and  Justices,  Lord. 
The  jurisdiction  of  the  house  of  lords  as  a  court  of  appeal  was  abol- 
ished by  the  Judicature  act,  1873.     The  abolition  was  suspended 
in  1875 ;  and  a  provisional  court  established,  which  first  sat  8  Nov. 
1875:  present  the  lord  chancellor,  lord  Coleridge,  baron  Bramwell, 
and  justice  Brett. 
The  house  of  lords  was  reconstructed  as  a  court  of  final  appeal  by 
the  Appellate  Jurisdiction  act  introduced  by  lord  Cairns,  11  Feb., 
and  passed  11  Aug.  1876. 
Two  lords  of  appeal  are  appointed;  to  be  peers  for  life.    Appeals 
may  be  heard  during  prorogation  or  dissolution  of  parliament. 
The  new  Supreme  Court  of  Appeal  first  sat  21  Nov.  1876.     Courts 
OF  THE  United  States. 

Appenzell,  a  Swiss  canton,  threw  off  the  supremacy 
of  the  abbots  of  St.  Gall  early  in  the  1 5th  centurj',  and  became 
the  13th  member  of  the  Swiss  confederation,  1513.  Furnished 
soldiers  to  the  Catholic  party  of  France  against  Henry  IV.  in 
the  battle  of  Ivry,  1590. 

"  With  all  its  priest-led  citizens  and  all  its  rebel  peers, 
And  Appenzell's  stout  infantry  and  Egmont's  Flemish  spears." 

— Macaulay. 
Appian  Way  (appia  via).      Roads. 

apples  {Pirus  Malus).  Several  kinds  are  indigenous  to 
England ;  but  those  in  general  use  have  come  from  the  conti- 
nent. Richard  Harris,  fruiterer  to  Henry  VIII.,  is  said  to  have 
planted  orchards  in  Kent;  and  lord  Scudamore,  ambassador  to 
France  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  planted  many  in  Hereford- 
shire. Ray  reckons  78  varieties  of  apples  in  his  day  (1688). 
The-  Romans  had  22  varieties  {Pliny).  No  country  in  the 
world  excels  the  northern  United  States  in  this  fruit,  either 
in  quality,  quantity,  or  variety.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

apportionment  of  members  of  congress.     Reprk- 

SENTATIVES. 

apprentices.  Those  of  London  were  obliged  to  wear 
blue  cloaks  in  summer  and  blue  gowns  in  winter  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth,  1558.  10  pounds  was  then  a  great  apprentice 
fee.  From  20  to  100  pounds  were  given  in  the  reign  of 
James  I. — Stoio's  Survey.  The  apprentice  tax  enacted  43 
Geo.  HI.  1802.  The  term  of  7  years,  not  to  expire  till  the 
apprentice  was  24  years  old,  required  by  the  statute  of  Eliza- 
beth (1563),  was  abolished  in  1814.  Adam  Smith  strongly  dis- 
approved of  apprenticeship.  An  act  for  the  protection  of  ap- 
prentices, etc.,  was  passed  in  1851.  The  apprentices  of  London 
have  been,  at  times,  very  riotous ;  they  rose  in  insurrection 
against  foreigners  on  Evil  May-day,  1  May,  1517.     London. 

appropriations  of  church  property  began  in  the 


APP  37 

time  of  William  I.  The  parochial  clergy,  commonly  Saxons, 
Avere  impoverished  by  bishops  and  higher  clergy  (generally 
Normans),  to  enrich  monasteries  possessed  by  the  conqueror's 
friends.  Where  the  tithes  were  so  appropriated  the  vicar  had 
only  such  a  competency  as  the  bishop  or  superior  thought  fit 
to  allow.  Pope  Alexander  IV.  complained  of  this  as  the  bane 
of  religion,  the  destruction  of  the  church,  and  a  poison  that 
infected  the  nation.  Lay  appropriations  began  after  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monasteries,  1536. 

appropriatioiii  by  €ongre§§.   The  Congress 

of  the  United  States  makes  appropriations  for  the  expenses  of 
the  government  for  each  fiscal  year  ending  June  30.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  the  different  objects  for  which  the  appro- 
priations are  made : 

Deficiencies.  Forts  and  fortifications. 

Legislative,  executive.  Military  academy, 

and  judicial.  Post-office  department. 

Sundry  civil.  Pensions. 

Army.  Consular  and  diplomatic. 

Navy.  Agricultural  department. 

Indian.  District  of  Columbia. 

River  and  harbor.  Miscellaneous. 

While  the  amounts  for  the  various  objects  vary  from  year  to 
year,  the  total  is  increasing,  owing  largely  to  the  pension  ac- 
count. The  total  appropriations  for  the  year  1880  were  $162,- 
404,248,  for  pensions  $56,233,200 ;  1890,  -$218, 115,440,  for  pen- 
sions $81,758,700;  1893,  $304,710,198,  pensions  $146,737,350. 
a'pricot,  Prunus  A  rmeniaca,  from  Asia  Minor,  said  to 
have  been  first  planted  in  England  about  1540  by  the  gar- 
dener of  Henry  VIII. 

April,  the  fourth  month  of  our  year,  the  second  of  the 
ancient  Romans.  In  many  countries,  as  England,  France,  Ger- 
many, and  the  United  States,  the  custom  has  long  prevailed 
of  seeking  victims  on  the  1st  of  April  for  practical  jokes.  Its 
origin  is  unknown.  In  Scotland  the  subject  of  the  trick  is 
called  a  "  gowk,"  in  the  United  States  an  "  April  fool,"  and  in 
France  "poisson  (TAvril"  "  April  fish." 

ap'teryx  (wingless),  a  bird  of  New  Zealand,  first  brought 
to  England  in  1813,  and  in  the  collection  of  the  earl  of 
Derby.  Fossil  specimens  of  a  gigantic  species  (named  Di- 
nornis)  were  discovered  in  New  Zealand  by  Walter  Mantell 
in  1843  and  since. 

Apu'lia,  a  province  in  S.  E.  Italy.  The  people  favored 
Hannibal,  and  were  severely  punished  by  the  Romans  at  his 
retreat,  207  b.c.  Apulia  was  conquered  by  the  Normans,  whose 
leader  Guiscard  received  the  title  of  duke  of  Apulia  from  pope 
Nicholas  II.  in  1059.  After  many  changes  of  masters  it  was 
absorbed  into  the  kingdom  of  Naples  in  1265. 

Aqua'rians.  A  branch  of  the  Encratites,  followers  of 
Tatian,  about  170  a.d.,  who  denounced  marriage,  used  water 
instead  of  wine  in  the  Lord's  supper,  and  met  secretly  at  night 
during  persecution ;  also  certain  Christians  in  Africa,  in  the  3d 
century,  who  took  water  instead  of  wine  in  the  eucharist,  and 
were  censured  by  Cyprian  (martyred  258). 

aqua'riuin  or  aquaviva'rium,  a  vessel  con- 
taining water  (marine  or  fresh)  in  which  animals  and  plants 
may  coexist,  mutually  supporting  each  other;  snails  being  in- 
troduced as  scavengers.  In  1849  N.  B.  Ward  succeeded  in 
growing  seaweeds  in  artificial  sea-water;  in  1850  R.  War- 
ington  demonstrated  the  conditions  necessary  for  the  growth 
of  animals  and  plants  in  jars  of  water;  and  in  1853  the  glass 
tanks  in  the  Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  London,  were 
set  up  by  D.  Mitchell.  In  1854  Mr.  Gosse  published  "The 
Aquarium."  W.  Alford  Lloyd,  late  of  Portland  Road,  London, 
by  his  enterprise  in  collecting  specimens,  did  much  to  increase 
the  value  and  interest  of  aquaria  and  erected  several.  The 
great  aquarium  (50  yards  long  and  12  wide)  at  the  Jardin 
d'Acclimatation  at  Paris,  was  constructed  under  his  direction 
in  1860.  He  also  constructed  the  aquarium  at  Hamburg  and 
others.  That  at  Brighton  was  inaugurated  by  prince  Arthur, 
30  Mch.,  and  publicly  opened  by  the  mayor,  10  Aug.  1872. 
That  at  the  Crystal  Palace  was  opened  Jan.  1872. 

a'quedllCt§,  artificial  channels  or  conduits  for  convey- 
ing water,  especially  for  supplying  large  cities.  The  struct- 
ures of  masonry  or  iron  by  which  such  channels  cross  rivers  or 
valleys  are  properly  called  aqueduct  bridges.  An  aqueduct 
built  by  Eupalinus,  an  architect  of  Megara,  to   supply  the 


AQU 

city  of  Samos  with  water  is  described  by  Herodotus  (b.  484 
B.C.).  Its  southern  entrance  was  accidentally  discovered  in 
1883.  Among  the  finest  and  best  preserved  of  the  ancient 
Grecian  aqueducts,  still  in  use  at  Syracuse,  are  one  12  miles 
long,  feedmg  the  fountain  of  Arethusa  from  the  Anapus,  and 
one  from  the  springs  of  Mt.  Crimiti.  Of  the  ancient  Roman 
aqueducts  and  more  modern  structures  the  following  examples 
are  noteworthy ;  o  i 

Aqua  Appia  at  Rome,  about  10  miles  iu  length,  begun  by  Ap. 


312 


27 

A.D. 


plus  Claudius 

Aqua  Marcia,,  at  Rome,  length  6o"  miles,' about  7*  nii'lesbuiVt  on 
arches  and  high  enough  to  supply  water  to  the  summit  of 
the  Capitohne  mount;  built  by  Q.  Marcius  Rex 144 

Aqua  Julia,  at  Rome;  total  length  about  15  miles.  7  of  which 
were  above  ground,  partly  on  arches.  Part  of  the  distance 
It  was  carried  above  and  on  the  same  foundation  with  Aqua 
Tepula  and  Aqua  Marcia;  built. ....  33 

Aqueduct  at  Nismes,  or  Pont  du  Card,  to  carry 'waterVrom  the 
Eure  and  the  Airan  to  Nismes,  a  distance  of  about  25  miles 
It  crosses  the  river  Gardon  at  a  height  of  over  150  ft.  on  a 
bridge  885  ft.  long,  with  3  tiers  of  arches.  Supposed  to  have 
been  built  about 

Aqua  Claudia,  about  46,  and  Anio  Novus,  about  59  miles  long 
over  9  miles  built  on  arches,  some  109  ft.  in  height  united 
near  Rome,  and  were  carried  on  the  same  foundation  one 
above  the  other.     Built 38-52 

Aqueduct  bridge  of  Spoleto;  length,  8I0' ft.';' height, '426  ft' • 
composed  of  2  tiers  of  gothic  arches,  10  below  and  30  above' 
built  by  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Goths,  over  the  river  De  la 
Morgia -^, 

Aqueduct  to  supply  water  of  the  Belgrade- valley  to 'Constanti- 
nople includes  the  Crooked  aqueduct,  the  aqueduct  of  Jus- 
tinian, 840  ft.  long  and  112  high,  probably  erected  in  the  time 
of  Cdnstantine,  and  the  Long  aqueduct,  85  ft.  in  height,  2229 
in  length,  and  composed  of  2  tiers  of  arches,  50  in  the  up- 
per and  48  in  the  lower.  The  latter  structure  was  erected 
by  Suleiman  the  Magnificent 1550 

Acqua  Paola,  supplying  the  Vatican  at  Rome,  composed  of  the 
ancient  Aqua  Trajana,  built  110  a.d.,  and  restored  by  Belisa- 
rius,  537  a.d.,  and  the  Alsietina,  united  and  restored  by 
I'aul  V : 16H 

Aqueduct  bridge  of  Maintenon,  to  convey  the  waters  of  the 
Eure  to  Versailles,  4400  ft.  in  length.  200  ft.  high;  work  be- 
gun 1684,  and  after  costing  22,000,000  francs,  abandoned.. .  1688 

Aqueduct  bridge  at  Lisbon,  crosses  a  valley  2400  ft.  in  width 
by  several  arches,  the  largest  250  ft.  in  height  and  115  ft. 
span,  completed  in 1733 

Aqueduct  of  Arcueil,  ten  miles  long,  built  to  supply  Paris, 
passes  over  the  valley  of  Arcueil  by  a  bridge,  1200  ft.  long 
and  72  ft.  high,  consisting  of  25  arches.  It  was  originallv 
built  by  Julian,  360  a.d.;  was  repaired  in  1613  by  order  o"f 
Mary  de  Medici  to  supply  the  Luxembourg;  rebuilt  in  1634. 
and  again  in 177T 

Aqueduct  bridge  carrying  the  EUesmere  canal  over  the  river 
Ceiriog,  in  AVales;  length,  710  ft. ;  height,  70  ft.  The  first  in 
which  iron  plates  forming  the  bottom  were  used;  work  be- 
gun, 17  June,  1796;  completed 1801 

Aqueduct  bridge  on  EUesmere  canal,  over  the  Dee,  1007  ft.  long, 
126  ft.  high;  completed  by  T.  Telford  and  opened 26  Dec.  1805 

Canal  de  I'Ourcq,  60  miles  in  length,  built  to  supply  Paris. .  .1801-22 

Roquefavour  aqueduct  bridge  over  the  Arc,  France,  1289  ft. 
long;  built  on  3  stages  of  arches  a  total  height  of  271  ft.; 
cost,  $750,000;  is  a  part  of  the  Marseilles  conduit  to  supply 
waters  of  the  Durance  river,  built 1841-47 

High  bridge,  carries  the  old  Croton  aqueduct,  N.  Y.,  over  the 
Harlem  river.  Conduit  consists  of  2  3-foot  cast-iron  and  1 
7-foot  wrought-iron  pipe  on  a  granite  bridge  of  15  spans  100 
ft.  above  high-water.    Length  of  aqueduct,  38^  miles;  built 

18:^7-42 

Aqueduct  bridge  carrying  the  Ganges  canal  over  the  r.ver 
Solani,  is  920  ft.  in  length,  and  consists  of  15  arches.  The 
canal  cros.ses  the  valley,  which  is  2  to  3  miles  wide,  on  a 
raised  embankment  averaging  17  ft.  in  height.    Canal  opened  1854 

AVashington  aqueduct,  supplying  AVashington,  D.  C,  with  wa- 
ter from  the  Potomac,  crosses  Cabin  John  creek  on  a  single 
arch  of  masonry,  with  a  span  of  220  ft.  On  the  same  line 
is  the  Georgetown  creek  bridge.  200  ft.  span,  with  2  cords 
of  iron  pipe  4  ft.  in  diameter,  used  as  water  conduits.  Aque- 
duct built 1852-69 

Loch  Katrine  aqueduct  of  the  Glasgow  water- works,  is  35  miles 
in  length,  about  26  of  which  is  aqueduct  proper.  3  valleys 
are  crossed  by  iron  siphon-pipes,  and  on  the  line  is  the 
Drymen  bridge,  and  one  70  ft.  in  height  at  Ballewan.  Aque- 
duct built 1856-(lct.  1859 

Vaune  aqueduct,  83  miles  in  length,  supplies  Paris  with  water 
from  the  Dhuys  and  Vanne.  37  miles  are  constructeil  of 
B^ton  Agglom6r6.  There  are  8  or  10  bridges,  2)4  to  3  miles 
of  arches,  and  11  miles  of  tunnels.    Aqueduct  completed 1869 

Aqueduct  from  Kaiserbrunn  springs  to  Rosenhiigcl,  2  miles 
from  Vienna;  total  length,  56i^  miles.  There  are  16  miles 
of  tunnels  and  9><^  miles  of  masonry  bridges,  the  flnesl  of 
which  is  the  MOdling,  crossing  a  narrow  gorge  from  tunnel 
to  tunnel.  Aqueduct  begun,  1869,  and  completed,  at  a  cost 
of  nearly  $11.000,000 Sept  1873 

Conduit  supplying  Boston  from  Sudbury  river,  crosses  the 
Charles  by  a  granite  aqueduct  bridge  475  ft.  long  and  75  ft. 
high ;  length  of  aqueduct,  16  miles.    Aqueduct  built 1875-78 


AQU  ' 

Aqueduct  to  supply  Baltimoro  with  water  from  Gunpowder 
rivor,  a  continuous  tunnel  7  niilos  long,  begun  1876;  opening 
celebrated Oct.  1881 

Aqueduct !(» miles  long  to  supply  Venice  with  water,  begun  in 
1880;  completed  and  inaugumted '2;id  July,  1885 

Aqueduct  to  supply  Liverpool  with  water  from  the  Vyrnwy 
valley.  North  Wales,  (W  miles  in  length;  authorized  188(); 
water  let  into  the  distributing  reservoir  at  Proscott,  19  June,  1891 

Croto.v  Aqi'kdcct,  Tunnkls. 

Aqtlid'aban,  Paraguay.  Here  the  war  with  Brazil 
eniletl  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  president  Lopez,  1  Mch. 
1870. 

Aq'llila,  S.  Italy.  Near  here  the  Arragoncse  under  the 
coudottiere  Braccio  Forte-Braccio  were  defented  by  the  allied 
papal,  Neapolitan,  and  Milanese  army  under  Jacob  Caldora, 
2  June,  1424.  Braccio,  a  wounded  prisoner,  refused  to  take 
foot!,  and  died,  5  June. 

AQUilC'ia,  Istria,  made  a  Roman  colony  about  180  b.c. 
and  fortitied  168  a.i>.  Constantino  II.  was  slain  in  a  battle 
with  Onstans,  fought  at  Aquileia  towards  the  close  of  Mch. 
340.  Maxiraus  defeated  and  slain  by  Theodosius,  near  Aqui- 
leia, 28  July,  388.  Theodosius  defeated  Eugenius  and  Arbo- 
gastes,  the  Gaul,  near  Aquileia,  and  remained  sole  emperor,  6 
Sept.  394.  Eugenius  was  put  to  death,  and  Arbogastcs  died 
by  his  own  hand.  St  Ambrose  held  a  synod  here  in  381.  In 
452  Aquileia  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  Attila  the  Hun, 
and  near  it  in  489  Theodoric  and  the  Ostrogoths  totally  de- 
feated Odoacer,  the  king  of  Italy. 

AQUitaine',  the  Roman  province  Aquitania  (S.W. 
France),  so  called  from  its  inhabitants,  the  Aquitani,  conquered 
by  the  Romans,  28  b.c.  ;  by  the  Visigoths,  418  a.d.  ;  taken 
from  them  by  Clovis  in  507.  Henry  II.  of  England  obtained 
it  with  his  wife  Eleanor,  1152.  It  was  made  a  principality  for 
Edward  the  Black  Prince  in  1362;  but  annexed  to^^France  in 
1370.  The  title,  duke  of  Aquitaine,  was  assumed  by  Henry 
V.  of  England,  by  right  of  conquest,  in  1418.  The  province 
was  lost  in  the  reign  of  Henr}'  VI. 

Ara'bia,  W.  Asia.  The  terms  Petrcen  (stony),  Felix 
(happy),  and  Deserta  are  said  to  have  been  applied  to  its  di- 
visions by  Ptolemy,  about  140  a.d.  The  Arabs  claim  descent 
from  Ishmael,  the  eldest  son  of  Abraham,  born  1910  b.c.  (Gen. 
xvi.).  Arabia  was  unsuccessfully  invaded  by  Gallus,  Roman 
governor  of  Egypt,  24  b.c.  In  622  A.D.,  Arabians  under  the 
name  of  Saracens,  followers  of  Mahomet  (b.  at  Mecca,  570), 
their  general  and  prophet,  commenced  their  conquests.  Ma- 
hometan ism.  Arabia  was  conquered  by  Ottomans,  1518-39. 
The  Arabs  fostered  literature  and  science,  especially  mathe- 
matics, astronomy,  and  chemistry.  The  Koran  was  written 
in  Arabic  (622-632).  The  Bible  was  printed  in  Arabic  in 
1671.  Wahabeks.  The  aggression  of  the  Turks  on  the 
South  Arabs  excited  jealousy  in  England,  and  was  checked 
by  the  sultan,  Nov.  1873.  An  Egyptian  commission  for  the 
preservation  of  Arab  monuments  was  appointed  Jan.  1882. 
Area,  173,700  sq.  miles;  pop.  estimated,  6,000,000. 

Arabian  Blights'  Entertainnienti  (or  looi 

Nights)  are  the  "Contes  Arabes "  collected  by  Antoine  Gal- 
land,  a  French  Orientalist  who  travelled  under  the  patronage 
of  Colbert.  They  were  published  in  Paris  in  12  vols,  in  1704-8, 
but  their  authenticity  was  doubted  for  many  years.  It  is  now 
admitted  that  they  were  composed  in  substantially  their  pres- 
ent form  not  long  after  1500  a.d.;  but  scholars  have  found  in 
various  languages  much  older  originals  for  many  of  the  best 
of  them.  The  best  English  translation  is  that  of  E.  W.  Lane, 
published  1839,  with  notes  and  illustrations.  Sir  Richard 
Burton  in  1887  found  two  of  these  tales  in  Arabic  in  a  Per- 
sian library. 

Arabic  fig^ures  (i,  2,  3,  etc.).    Ahithmetic. 

Ar'a^on,  part  of  the  Roman  Tarraconensis,  a  kingdom, 
N.  E.  Spain,  was  conquered  by  the  Carthaginians,  who  were 
expelled  by  the  Romans  about  200  b.c.  It  became  an  inde- 
pendent monarch}'  in  1035  a.d.     Spain. 

Aram,  Aramaea,  from  the  Hebrew  Aram  ("  high 
land,"  as  distinguished  from  Canaan,  "low  land"),  a  name 
given  to  the  country  N,  E.  of  Palestine,  including  Syria,  Baby- 
lonia, and  Mesopotamia.  The  people  used  two  dialects:  in 
the  west,  Syriac;  in  the  east,  Aramaic  (improperly  termed 
Chaldee),  called  Hebrew  at  the  time  of  Christ. 


ARB 

AraiVlUCZ  (a-ran-hweth'),  C.  Spain,  contains  a  fine 
royal  palace,  at  which  several  important  treaties  were  con- 
cluded. On  17  Mch.  1808,  an  insurrection  against  Charles  IV. 
and  his  favorite,  (iodoy,  the  prince  of  peace,  compelled  Charles 
to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  son,  Ferdinand  VII.,  19  Mcli. 

Arap'ahoCN.     Indians. 

Ar'arat,  a  mountain  in  Armenia  (about  17,112  feet  above 
the  sea-level),  on  which  Noah's  ark  is  supposed  to  have  rest- 
ed, 2349  B.C.  The  Persians  call  it  Koh-i-Nuh  (Noah's  moun- 
tain) ;  the  Armenians,  Masis ;  the  Turks,  Agri-Dagh. 

It  was  ascended  by  Dr.  Parrot,  27  Sept.  1829;  by  major  Stuart,  1856, 
and  by  others  since.  Mr.  James  Bryce,  who  ascended  11, 12  Sept. 
187(').  describes  the  summit  as  a  little  plain  of  snow,  silent  and 
desolate,  with  a  bright,  green  sky  above;  the  view,  stern,  green, 
and  monotonous. 

Arauea'nia,  a  district  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  South 
America,  extending  northward  about  190  miles  from  the  par- 
allel of  40  S.  lat.  Its  inhabitants  waged  intermittent  war  with 
the  Spaniards  from  1537  to  1773,  when  their  independence  was 
recognized.     They  are  now  nominally  subject  to  Chili. 

Arau'HiO,  now  Orailg'e,  S.  E.  France.  Through  the 
jealousy  of  the  Roman  proconsul,  Q.  Servilius  Cfepio,  who 
would  not  wait  for  the  army  of  the  consul  C.  Manlius,  both 
were  routed  here  by  the  Cimbri,  105  b.c. 

Arbe'la.  The  third  and  decisive  battle  between  Alex- 
ander the  Great  and  Darius  Codomanus  decided  the  fate  of 
Persia,  1  Oct.  331  b.c.,  on  a  plain  in  Assyria,  between  Arbela 
and  Gaugamela.  The  army  of  Darius  consisted  of  1,000,000 
foot  and  40,000  horse;  the  Macedonian  army  amounted  to 
only  40,000  foot  and  7000  horse. — A?-rian.  The  gold  and 
silver  found  in  Susa,  Persepolis,  and  Babylon,  which  fell  to 
Alexander  from  this  victory,  amounted  to  thirty  millions  ster- 
ling; and  the  jewels  and  other  precious  spoil,  belonging  to 
Darius,  sufficed  to  load  20,000  mules  and  5000  camels.— P/m- 
tarch. 

arbitration  (in  law).  Submission  to  arbitration  was 
authorized  and  made  equivalent  to  the  decision  of  a  jury  by  9 
and  10  Will.  IIL  (1698).  Submissions  to  arbitration  may' be 
made  rules  of  any  court,  and  arbitrators  may  compel  attend- 
ance of  witnesses,  3  and  4  Will.  IV.  c.  42  (1833).  The  Com- 
mon Law  Procedure  act  (1854)  authorizes  judges  of  superior 
courts  to  order  compulsory  arbitration ;  and,  by  an  act  of  1859, 
railway  companies  may  settle  disputes  with  each  other  by 
arbitration.  The  Arbitration  (Masters  and  Workmen)  act  was 
passed  6  Aug.  1872.  In  New  York  and  some  other  state.'j, 
arbitrations  and  references  are  provided  for  by  law,  and  the 
awards  may  have  the  force  of  judgments  of  courts  of  record. 
Alabama  Claims,  Fisiiekies. 

Arbor  Day,  for  restorng  forest  trees  ;  devised  and  rec- 
ommended by  gov.  Morton  of  Nebraska,  especially  to  raise  a  bar- 
rier of  trees  to  protect  the  land  from  the  fierce  winds  of  the  west 
and  south.  Owing  to  the  rapid  disappearance  of  forest  trees, 
and  the  desire  to  extend  the  forests,  the  day  became  exceed- 
ingly popular,  and  most  of  the  states  have  legalized  it.  Its 
observance  may  be  said  to  be  entirely  under  tlie  control  of  the 
public  schools.  The  date  of  the  observance  of  Arbor  Day  in 
the  states  where  established  is  as  follows:  Hirst  observed 

California 27  Nov.  1886 

Colorado 3d  Friday  in  Apr.  1884 

Connecticut,  day  designated  by  gov 1886 

Florida  "  "  '• 

Illinois  "  "  "   1887 

Indiana,  2  days Apr. ,  Nov.  1884 

Iowa Apr.  or  iMay,  1882 

Kansas,  day  fixed  by  gov. 

Kentucky,  instituted  by  joint  resolution  of  Gen.  Assembly 1886 

Maine 1887 

Maryland,  legalized  1884 1888 

Massachusetts,  last  Saturday  in  Apr.  by  proc 1886 

Michigan,  by  proc.  of  gov 1885 

Minnesota,  not  established  by  law " 

Mi.ssouri,  legalized Apr.  1886 

Nebraska,  originator,  legalized 22  Apr.  1872 

[Since  starting,  up  to  1890,  400,000,000  trees  planted.] 

Nevada,  legalized Apr.  1887 

N'ew  .Jersey.  "        "      1884 

New  York,  legalized  Friday  following  1  May 3  May,  1889 

Ohio,  legalized 26  Apr.  1882 

Oregon.     "        "        1889 

Pennsylvania,  legalized  2  days Apr.,  Oct.  1885 

Rhode  Island,        "        not  observed. 

Tennessee,  "        Nov.  1887 


ARB 


39 


Texas,  legalized 22  Feb.  1889 

Vermont,  not  legalized,  but  observed 1885 

Wisconsin,  legalized 30  Apr.  1889 

Arbutlmot  and  Aiiil>ri§ter,  €a§e  of.    Alex- 

.ander  Arbuthnot,  a  Scotchman,  then  nearly  70  years  of  age, 
came  to  Florida  from  New  Providence  in  his  own  schooner  in 
1817,  to  trade  with  the  Indians.  Ambrister,  born  in  London  in 
1785,  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  English  marine  service,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  For  fighting  a  duel  with 
a  brother  officer  he  was  suspended  for  one  A'ear.  While  with 
his  uncle,  the  governor  of  New  Providence,  he  m.et  Arbuthnot, 
with  whom  he  visited  Florida.  Here  it  was  alleged  they  be- 
came implicated  in  Indian  difficulties  that  gen.  Jackson  was 
sent  to  quell  in  1818.  By  order  of  gen.  Jackson,  Arbuthnot 
^nd  Ambrister  were  seized  and  tried  by  a  military  court  con- 
vened 26  Apr.  1818,  at  Fort  St.  Marks,  Fla.,  gen.  Ed.  P.  Gaines 
president,  for  inciting  the  Creek  Indians  to  war  against  the 
United  States.  Ambrister  made  no  defence,  but  threw  him- 
self on  the  mercy  of  the  court.  Arbuthnot  was  sentenced  to 
be  hanged.  Ambrister  was  first  sentenced  to  be  shot,  but  his 
sentence  was  commuted  to  fifty  stripes  on  the  bare  back,  and 
confinement  at  hard  labor,  with  ball  and  chain,  for  one  year. 
Gen.  Jackson  disapproved  the  commutation,  and  ordered  the 
•original  sentence  in  both  cases  to  be  carried  out,  which  was 
^done,  30  Apr.  1818.  This  arbitrary  act  of  Jackson  created 
.great  excitement  at  the  time,  and  the  attention  of  Congress 
■was  called  to  it.     United  States,  1819. 

ar'butUi.  The  Arhutus  Andrachne,  Oriental  straw- 
berry-tree, was  brought  to  England  from  the  Levant  about 
1724.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

Arca'dia,  a  country  in  the  centre  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
•Greece.  The  Arcadians  regarded  their  nation  as  the  most 
ancientof  Greece,  and  older  than  the  moon  {rrpoasXijvog,  ante- 
lunar,  though  Doderlein  thinks  it  may  mean  pre-Hellenic). 
Pelasgus  is  said,  in  their  mythology,  to  have  taught  them  to 
feed  on  acorns,  as  more  nutritious  than  herbs,  their  former 
food  ;  for  which  they  honored  him  as  a  god,  1521  b.c.  Areas 
afterwards  taught  them  agriculture  and  the  art  of  weaving. 
From  this  second  benefactor  the  people  and  their  country 
were  respectively  called  Arcades  and  Arcadia.  Here  Pan,  their 
tutelary  deity,  invented  the  flute. 

"And  round  us  all  the  thicket  rang 
To  many  a  flute  of  Arcady  " 

— Tennyson,  "  In  Memoriam,"  xxiii. 

The  early  history  of  Arcadia  is  that  of  the  separate  towns, 
^vhich  had  no  common  political  interests  till  the  time  of 
Epaminondas.  All  dates  and  events  earlier  than  the  7th  cen- 
tury B.C.  are  mythical. 

Aristocrates  I.  (of  Orchomenus)  put  to  death  for  ofifering  vio- 
lence to  the  priestess  of  Artemis 715 

Aristocrates  II.  stoned ;  a  republic  founded 681 

Arcadians  fight  under  Sparta  in  the  Persian  wars 490-475 

Supremacy  of  Sparta  (acknowledged  560)  abolished  by  the  The- 

bans ;  Megalopolis  founded  by  Epaminondas 371 

Arcadians  allied  with  Athens,  defeated  by  Archidamus 367 

Arcadia,  having  joined  the  Achaean  league,  on  its  suppression 
is  annexed  by  Rome 146 

arcll.  It  appears  in  early  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  ar- 
chitecture. The  oldest  arch  in  Europe  is  probably  in  the 
Cloaca  Maxima,  at  Rome,  constructed  under  the  early  kings, 
about  588  B.C.  The  ancient  Chinese  bridges  are  of  great  mag- 
nitude, and  are  built  with  stone  arches  much  like  those  of  the 
Romans.  Triumphal  arches  were  a  leading  feature  of  Roman 
architecture ;  especially  those  of  Titus  (80  a.d.),  of  Trajan 
(U-i),  and  of  Constantine  (312).  The  arches  in  London  parks 
were  erected  about  1828.  The  Marble  arch,  formerly  before 
Buckingham  palace  (whence  it  was  removed  to  Cumberland 
^ate,  Hyde  park,  in  1851)  was  modelled  from  the  arch  of  Con- 
stantine.    Bridges. 

arell£eolOg°y, thescienceof antiquities.   Antiquaries. 

arcliaeop'teryx  (ancient  bird),  the  earliest  known 
Dird,  found  in  the  lithographic  slate  of  Solenhofen,  by  Her- 
man von  Meyer  and  dr.  Haberlein  in  1861,  closely  resembling 
•a  reptile.     It  was  described  by  Owen  in  1863. 

Areliangel,  N,  Russia,  a  city,  named  from  a  monastery 
founded  here,  and  dedicated  to  St.  Michael  in  1584.  The 
passage  to  Archangel  was  discovered  by  the  English  navi- 
gator Richard  Chancellor  in  1553 ;  it  was  the  only  seaport  of 
Jiussia  till  the  formation  of  the  docks  at  Cronstadt,  and  foun- 


ARC 

dation  of  St.  Petersburg  in  1703.  A  fire  destroved  the  cathe- 
dral and  upwards  of  3000  houses  in  June,  1793.  Pop.  1890, 
20,000.  ' 

arcllbi§llop   (Gr.  apxniriaKO'Trdi;),  a  title  given  in 

the  4th  and  6th  centuries  to  bishops  of  chief  cities,  such  as 

Rome,  Alexandria,  Antioch,  and  Constantinople,  who  presided 

over  other  metropolitans  and  bishops  in  surrounding  districts. 

The  word  is  first  found  in  the  Apology  against  the  Arians,  by 

Athanasius,  who  died  373.     The  Eastern  archbishops  have 

since  been  styled  patriarchs.— Riddle. 

Before  the  Saxons  came  to  England,  there  were  3  archbishops  Lon- 
don York,  and  Caerleon-upon-Usk;  but  soon  after  St.  Augustin 
settled  the  metropolitan  see  at  Canterbury,  602.    CAJfTERBURY 

York  continued  archiepiscopal ;  but  London  and  Caerleon  lost  the 
dignity.     St.  David's. 

The  bishoprics  in  Scotland  were  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  York  until  the  archbishoprics  of  St.  Andrew's  and  Glas- 
gow were  created  in  1470  and  14.91;  these  last  were  discontinued 
at  the  Revolution  of  1688.     Glasgow,  St.  Andrew's. 

The  bishop  of  Moray,  etc.,  is  now  styled  Primus. 

The  rank  of  archbishop  was  early  in  Ireland. 

4  archbishops  were  constituted.  Armagh,  Cashel.  Dublin,  and  Tuam 
(until  then  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  had  jurisdiction  over 
Irish  as  well  as  English  bishops,  as  the  archbishop  of  York  had 
over  those  of  Scotland),  1151. 

Of  these  4  archbishoprics  2  were  reduced  to  bishoprics  (Cashel  and 
Tuam)  under  the  stat.  3  and  4  Will.  IV.  (leaving  Armagh  and  Dub- 
lin), which  also  reduced  the  22  sees  in  Ireland  to  12, 1833. 

arclldeacoil,  originally  the  first  or  eldest  deacon, 
who  attended  the  bishop  without  power;'  but  since  the  council 
of  Nice  his  function  has  become  a  dignity  above  a  priest's. 
The  appointment  in  Great  Britain  is  referred  to  the  8th  cen- 
tury. There  are  75  archdeacons  in  England  (1878),  2  or  more 
to  assist  each  bishop  in  the  inspection  and  management  of  his 
diocese.  The  archdeacon's  court  is  the  lowest  in  ecclesiastical 
polit}' ;  an  appeal  lies  from  it  to  the  consistorial  court,  by  24 
Henry  VIII.  (1532).  A  few  dioceses  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church  in  the  United  States  have  introduced  the  title 
of  archdeacon. 

archery,  the  art  of  using  the  bow  and  arrow,  especially 
the  long-bow,  as  distinguished  from  the  cross-bow  or  arbalist,  is 
ascribed  to  Apollo,  who  communicated  it  to  the  Cretans. 

Ishmael  "became  an  archer  "  (Gen.  xxi.  20) 1892 

Philistine  archers  overcame  Saul  (1  Sam.  xxxi.  3) 1056 

David  commanded  the  use  of  the  bow  to  be  taught  (2  Sam.  i.  18).  1055 
Aster  of  Amphipolis,  slighted  by  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  at  the 
siege  of  Methone  shot  an  arrow,  inscribed,  "Aimed  at  Philip's 
right  eye,"  which  it  put  out;  Philip  drew  out  the  arrow  with 
these  words,  "  If  Philip  take  the  town,  Aster  shall  be  hanged," 
and  kept  his  word 353 

A.D. 

Archery  introduced  into  England previous  to    440 

Harold  and  his  two  brothers  were  killed  by  arrows  from  cross- 
bows of  Norman  soldiers  at  battle  of  Hastings 1066 

Richard  I.  revived  archery  in  England  in  1190,  himself  kliled 
by  an  arrow  while  besieging  the  castle  of  a  vassal  in  Nor- 
mandy    1199 

[The  victories  of  Crecy  (1346),  Poictiers  (1356),  and  Agin- 
court  (1415),  were  won  chiefly  by  archers.] 

4000  archers  of  the  king  surrounded  the  houses  of  parliament 
ready  to  shoot;  pacified  by  the  king,  21  Richard  II. — Slow. .  1397 

Citizens  of  London  formed  companies  of  archers  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  III. ;  and  a  corporate  body  called  "The  Fraternity 
of  St.  George,"  29  Henry  VIII 1538 

Roger  Ascham's  "Toxophilus,  the  School  of  Shooting."  pub. .  1571 

Scorton  Annual  Arrow  Meetings — a  silver  arrow  shot  for;  ar- 
ticles agreed  to 14  May,  1673 

Royal  company  of  archers,  instituted  by  the  marquess  of  Athol, 
as  the  king's  body-guard  for  Scotland 1676 

The  longbow  was  6  ft.  long,  the  arrow  3  ft. ;  usual  range  from 
300  to  500  yards.  Robin  Hood  is  said  to  have  shot  from  600 
to  800  yards.  The  cross-bow  was  fixed  to  a  stock,  and  dis- 
charged with  a  trigger. 

The  use  of  the  long-bow  was  taught  in  Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  as 
early  as  1833.  The  archery  revival  in  America  dates  ft-om  the 
year  1877,  when  the  first  club  was  organized  in  Oakland,  CaL 
Artillery  Company,  Toxophilites. 

architecture  (Lat.  architectma,  from  Gr.  apxiTtKTuiv, 
chief  artificer).  The  five  great  orders  are,  the  Doric,  Ionic, 
and  Corinthian  (Greek);  the  Tuscan  and  Composite  (RoTnan). 
Gothic  as  well  as  Saracenic  or  Arabian  arose  about  the  9th 
century.  Orders  and  Gothic.  The  architecture  of  a  peo- 
ple is  an  index  of  their  mental  and  moral  qualities,  and  of  the 
state  of  civilization  which  they  have  reached.  It  may  be 
considered  more  trustworthy  than  language  in  settling  the 
question  of  race.— Etiq/clopfBdic  Dictiotiuiry.  The  five  great 
orders  of  architecture  do  not  include  all  known  styles.  The 
Chinese  have  one  in  eastern  Asia,  and  in  India  are  several, 


ARC 

and  there  existed  more  or  less  remote  a  Phoenician,  a  Jewish, 
an  Assyrian,  a  Babylonian,  a  IVrsepolitan,  nnd  a  Sassanian, 
and  in  America  the  Mexican  ami  IVrtivtan,  while  Europe  has 
the  CyclojHjan,  Etruscan,  and  nniidioal.  The  following  are 
the  leading  styles  or  phases  of  English  architecture,  arranged 
in  clironological  order; 

I.  Korman 10f>6-1154 

II.  Trausitioual  fVom  Norman  to  Poiiittd 1154-1189 

III.  Karly  Kuglish;  First  Pointed  or  l.iiiu.t 1189-1272 

IV.  Trausiiion  from  Early  Pointed  to  Comil.U' 1272-1307 

V.  nwonited i:J07-1377 

VI.  Transitiomd  from  Docoratc<l  i.)  i'tiiHuthnilar 1377-1399 

VII.  Periwndicular 1399-1547 

VIII.  Tudor 1550-1600 

IX.  Jacobean  1603-1641 

EoTPn AN.— Pyramids  of  Cheops  or  Suphis,  Chephercn  and 
Mycerinus  at  Gizeh.     Egypt,  i.  to  iv.  dynasty. 
Great  Sphinx  and  Temple.     Egyht,  iv.  dynasty. 
Ol)elisk  ofOsortasen  at  Heliopolis,  cir.  2400  ac.     Eotpt,  xii. 

dynasty. 
Temples  of  Kamac,  Luxor,  Isamboul,  and  the  Colossi  or 
▼ocal  Memnon,  cir.  2000-1500  b.c.     Egypt,  xviii.  dynasty. 

IXDIAN.— Rock- hewn  temple  or  Chaitya  cave  at  Karli 86  b.o. 

Dravldian  temple  at  Soringham 17tb  century 

Temple  at  Chillambaran 17th-18th      " 

Peromal  pagoda  at  Madura 18th      " 

AvctKirr  GKmaxs.— Cyclopean  or  P«/a«^.— Walls  of  Tiryns 
and  Mycente,  Gate  of  the  Lions,  "  The  Treasury  "  or  tomb 

of  Atreus. 1200-1000 

Doric.— Temple  of  Pallas  (M'nerva)  at  Corinth 655-681 

Temple  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  at  ^Egina 508-499 

"       of  Theseus  at  Athens,  built 469 

"       at  Agrigentum.  begun 480 

"       of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  at  Prestura cir   450 

•'       of  Apollo  Epicurus  in  Arcadia cir   450 

Parthenon  of  Athens,  finished 438 

Ionic — Temple  of  Here  (Juno)  at  Samos cir.  700 

Temple  of  Artemis  (Diana)  at  Ephesus 544 

"      on  the  river  at  Ilyssus 484 

"      of  Erectheus  at  Athens 420 

Corinthian.  —  Temple  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  Olyrapius  at  Athens, 
6tb-2d  century  b.c. 

Tower  of  the  Winds  at  Athens cir.  350 

Monument  of  Lysicrates  at  Athens 335 

Combination  of  Orders. — Temple  of  Athene  (Minerva)  at  Tegea 

cir.  300 

AxaKXT  RojfAX.— Temple  of  Capitoline  Jupiter,  dedicated 507 

Pantheon  at  Rome 27 

Temple  of  Vesta  at  Tivoli cir.     27 

"        the  Sun  at  Palmyra,  rebuilt  by  Romans.  a.d. 

Colosseum  at  Rome,  dedicated 80 

Roman  temple   at  Nlsmes,  France  (Maison  Carrie),  2d 
century  a.d. 

Temple  of  Jupiter  at  Baalbec 150 

"        the  Sun  at  Baalbec 200 

Early  Christian.— Basilica  of  San  Paolo  fuori  le  Mura  at 

Rome 388-395 

Basilica  of  St  Clement's  at  Rome,  4th  century,  rebuilt,  1099-1118 
Byzantine.— Church  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople,  com- 
menced   532 

Church  of  St.  Mark's  at  Venice 977-1085 

"         St.  Antonio  at  Padua 1237-1307 

Romanesque.— Baptistery  and  church  of  San  Miniato  at  Flor- 
ence  cir.  1013 

Church  of  Holy  Apostles  at  Cologne,  apse  erected 1035 

"         St.  Saturnin  at  Toulouse,  dedicated 1096 

Cathedral  of  Pisa,  Italy 1067-1118 

Church  of  San  Zenone  at  Verona,  Lombardy,  12th  century. 
Cathedral  of  Parma,  Italy,  12th  century. 

Church  of  San  Michele  at  Lucca,  Italy 1188 

"         St.  Stephen  at  Caen,  France 1066-1077 

"         St.  Trinity  at  Caen,  France,  commenced 1083 

Anglo-Norman.— Winchester  cathedral 1070-1493 

Norwich  cathedral 1096-1135 

Chapter  house  at  Bristol '  ll55_ii7o 

Canterbury  cathedral,  rebuilt .'. 1175 

Saracenic. — Mosque  at  Cordova,  Spain .!  786-796 

Mosque  of  Ibn  Touloun,  Cairo ,,,    876 

"          the  sultan  Barkook  and  tombs  of  the  Mame- 
lukes, Cairo II49 

Mosque  at  Old  Delhi.  India,  commenced  about 1190 

Alhambra  at  Granada,  Spain 1273-1333 

Mosque  of  the  sultan  Hassan,  Egypt 1356 

"        at  Futtepore  Sikri,  India cir.  1560-1600 

Palace  at  Delhi,  India cir.  1628-1658 

T^j  Mahal  at  Agra,  India "cir.  1628-1658 

Gothic— Cathedral  of  St.  Denis,  France,  consecrated 1144 

Convent  church  at  Alcobaja,  Portugal 1148-1222 

Cathedral  of  Paris,  (Notre  Dame),  France 1163-1214 

"  Chartres,  France,  completed 1260 

"  Rheims,  France,  1211 ;  dedicated 1241 

«'  Amiens,        "         1220-1257 

Church  of  San  Francisco  at  Assisi 1228-1253 

Cathedral  of  Strasburg,  Germany,  nave  flnished 1275 

"  Toledd.  Spain,  begun 1227 

"  Siena.  Italy,  begun 1243 

"  Cologne,  Germany,  124H;  choir  completed....  1322 


40  ARC 

Cathedral  of  Hurgos,  Spain,  western  fapado 1442-. 

Sta.  Maria  del  Fiore  of  Florence,  Italy 1294-1444 

Churdi  at  Halallia,  I'ortuKul 1385 

Cathcilral  ..r  \Iihii,  Itiilv 1385-1440' 

Convciii  uiCihis;.  at  I'avia,  Italy,  1396;  facade  built 1473 

cliurc  ii  at  licltiii,  I'ditugal,  commenced 1500' 

Renaissa.vck.  - /yo/cH//;;*.— ciiurcli  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Flor- 
ence, comitleteil,  ir.tli  ceiil  iiry. 
Chun-h  of  San  Spirilo,  Klnreiice;  BruncUcschi,  arch.  .1377-1444 

Church  of  San  Andrea  at  Mantua;  Alberti,  arch 1398-1472 

Ricairdi  palace,  Florence,  begun 1430- 

Pi  tti  palace.  "  "     1435 

Rucellai  palace,        "  "    146Q' 

Strozzi  palace,  "  "     1489 

Venetian.— V&liizzo  Vendramini  Calergi,  begun 1481 

Library  of  St.  Murk's 1536 

Grimani  jtalace cir.  1540-1550' 

Church  of  San  Giorgio  Maggiore;  Palladio,  arch 1518-1580' 

"         Santa  Maria  della  Salute 1632 

"  "  "       Zobenico 1680- 

Dogana  at  Venice,  architect  unknown (?)  1682 

iZoman. —Vatican,  reconstruction  begun 1447 

St.  Peter's  church,  1450;  dedicated 1626- 

Cancellaria  palace,  begun cir.  1495 

Court  of  the  Loggie,  Vatican;  Bramante,  arch 1444-1540- 

Belvedere  court,  V^atican,  begun 1506 

Farnese  palace,  begun 1530' 

Borghese  palace 1590^ 

Barberini  palace 1624-1630' 

Terra  Cotta. — Fapade  of  the  Certosa  at  Pavia,  Italy,  begun. .  1473 

French. — Louvre,  Paris,  begun 1204 

Chateau  of  Chambord,  begun 1526 

Church  of  St.  Eustache,  Paris 1532. 

Luxembourg  palace,  begun cir.  1611 

New  palace  at  Versailles,  begun 1664 

Dome  of  the  Invalides,  Paris 1680-1706. 

Church  of  St.  Genevieve  or  Pantheon  of  Paris 1755-1781 

Spanish. — Cathedral  of  Granada,  begun 1529 

Escurial,  near  Madrid 1563-1593' 

Cathedral  of  Valladolid,  begun cir.  1560-90' 

"  Zaragoza  (del  Pilar),  begun 1677 

^regr^M.— Banqueting-house,  Whitehall 1619-1621 

St.  Paul's  church,  Covent  Garden 1631 

St.  Stephen's  church,  Walbrook,  completed 1679 

St.  Paul's  cathedral 1675-1710' 

Mexican,  American,  and  Modern.— Cathedral  of  Mexico,  1573-1657 

Cathedral  of  Arequipa,  Peru,  1621-1656;  rebuilt 1844 

Theatre  at  Bordeaux,  France 1773-1780 

Capitol  at  AVashington,  D.C 1793-1867 

Glyptothek  at  Munich,  completed 1830^' 

Theatre  and  museum  at  Berlin 1825-1835 

Windsor  castle,  restoration  begun 1826 

Walhalla,  near  Ratisbon.  Bavaria,  completed 1839 

St.  Isaac's  church,  St.  Petersburg 1818-1858- 

Houses  of  parliament  at  London  or  palace  of  Westminster, 

begun 1840- 

New  opera-house  at  Paris,  opened 6  Jan.  1875- 


Agamedes,  Greek, 
fl.  1450  B.c 


EMINENT  ARCHITECTS. 

With  Trophonius,  built  the  temples  of 
Apollo  at  Delphos,  Poseidon  near  Manti- 
nea,  and  Apollo  near  Lebadea. 

^  fl.t2So'B^c.''^'.  I  ««'lt  the  Cretan  labyrinth. 

Theodorus,  Greek,  (Built  labyrinth  of  Lemnos  and  the  tem- 

fl.  700  B.c (     pie  of  Here  at  Samos. 

Hermogenes,  Greek,  (  Built  temple  of  Artemis  in  Magnesia,  audi 

fl.  650  B.c (     temple  of  Bacchus  at  Troas. 

rtpcsinhnn   ftrppt  (Designed  and  commenced  the  temple  of 

fl  finn  ^'f^  '  1     Artemis  (Diana)  at  Ephesus,  carried  on< 

"•  *'""  ^-^ (     by  his  son  Metagenes. 

'^'defSesd1toT''and  (Architects  of  the  marble  temple  to  Zeus- 
£in?"fl  S'b.o.  '  (     (J-^l^'t-)  01y™P-«  -'  Athens. 

rallimnchiK!  PrppV         (Invented  the  Corinthian  capital  and  es- 

fl  540  B  r  '  tablished  the  proportions  of  the  Corin- 

(     thian  order. 


Daphnis,  Greek, 
fl.  500  B.c 


Mycon.  Greek, 
fl.  500  B.c 

Agaptos,  Greek, 
fl.  450  B.c 


Erected  the  marble  temple  of  Apollo  at 
J  Miletus  in  concert  with  Peonius  and 
1  Demetrius  ;  and  completed  the  temple- 
ts   of  Artemis  (Diana)  at  Ephesus. 

I  Built  the  temple  of  Theseus. 

(Inventor  of  porticos  around  the  square- 
\     attached  to  the  Greek  Stadii ;  built  the- 


(     portico  at  Elis. 

( Built  the  Parthenon  at  Athens  in  company 

(     with  Ictinus. 

j Architect  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens;, 

I     built  the  temple  of  Apollo  Epicurus. 


Callicrates,  Greek, 

fl.  450  B.c 

Ictinus,  Greek, 

fl.  450  B.c 

Libon.  Greek,  1  t,   •,.  .        ,      ^r,  ^, 

fl  450  B  c  J  ^^''*'  temple  of  Zeus  near  Olympia. 

Andronicus,  Greek,  (d   -iwi,    m  «•.!,    -rn-   j      *  ».i- 

fl.  350  EC  I  ""'•''  *^he  Tower  of  the  Winds  at  Athens. 

Dinocrafes,  Greek, 

fl.  330  B.c 

Sostratus,  the  Cnidian,    "(„  •„  ^u    i-  v,*i,  .u    •  ,      rr^v. 

fl.  300  B  c  I  ^"'l''  t^^  lighthouse  on  the  isle  of  Pharos. 

Cossutius  Roman  (One  of  the  first  Romans  to  adopt  the  Gre- 

fl,  200  B  c  '  )     ^"'^'^  orders;  flnished  the  temple  of  Zeus 

(     Olympius  at  Athens. 


Builder  of  Alexandria. 


ARC  41 

Vitruvius     Pollio,    Ro-  ( Writer  on  architecture;  built  temple  of 

man,  fl.  30  b.c (     Justice  at  Fano. 

Severus  and  Celer,  Ro-  (Architects  to  Nero,  who  employed  them 

man,  fl.  50  a.  d (     in  construction  of  the  "  Golden  House. ' ' 

^  TnlinsT.appr  Roman    (Built  temple  of  San  Giuliano  at  Alcan- 

fl.  80  ll^   .^   ?!^!  !         *^'"'''  ^P^'°:  ^■^•■^^  ^'■'*^g«  o^er  tb«  Ta- 

( Architect  to  Trajan;  built  a  stone  bridge 
over  the  Danube  in  Lower  Hungary, 
the  Great  square  of  Trajan,  Basilica  Ne- 
pia,  baths  of  Trajan,  etc. 
(Architect  to  Adrian;  restored  the  Panthe- 
on, the  forum  of  Augustus,  etc. ;  built 
the  mausoleum  of  Adrian,  and  the  bridge 
of  St.  Angelo. 

""a'dSruf  of  ffile'.  j^""^  ,^^"-^  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constanti- 

tus,fl.525 i     '^^P'^- 

Homualdus,  French,        (Built  cathedral  of  Rheims;  destroyed  by 

fl.  840 \     Are  in  1215. 

Buschetto  da  Dulichio,  (  ,_„,  .»     ^    e^-.         ,..  j    ,    ^t^. 

Italian  fl  1016  '  |  Architect  of  the  cathedral  of  Pisa. 

'''Ipanisi!  n^^::  {Built  cathedral  of  Chartres. 
■Guglielmo,  or  Wilhelm,  /Built  the  leaning  tower  of  Pisa,  begun  in 
German,  fl.  1170 \    1174. 

^  Fr'Jich^^fl.  12??!'?!'."'  {  f^'^^ig'^^1  ^^t^^^^-^l  of  Amiens. 

Arnolfo,  Florentine,         (Built  abbey  and  church  of  Santa  Croce, 

1250-1310 \     Florence. 

Andrpn    Ha    Pisia     Tfal    ( Designed  the  castle  of  Scarperia,  arsenal 

i«n  i97n  iqif '  1     at  Venice,  and  church  of  San  Giovanni, 

^??enct  fl"?30b {  R^^""*  ^^'^'^'^'  «f  R^«i»« 

William  de  Wvkeham  (Bu'lt  ^^^w  college,  Oxford,  rebuilt  the 
KXh  13241405  '  !  g''«^t«''  Pa^^  «f  Winchester  cathedral, 
l!.ngiish,  1324-1405...  I     and  planned  part  of  Windsor  castle. 

'  Completed  cathedral  of  S.  Maria  del  Fiore 
at  Florence  as  far  as  the  lantern;  built 
Pitti  palace  at  Florence  to  second  story; 
built  church  of  San  Spirito. 
Built  church   of   St.  Francis   at  Rimini, 
tribune  of  the  church  della  Nunziata  at 
Florence,  church  of  S.  Andrea  at  Man- 
tua, and  was  one  of  the  principal  re- 
storers of  ancient  architecture. 
Michelozzo  Michelozzi, 
Florentine,         1402-  { Built  palazzo  Riccardi  at  Florence. 
1470 ( 

^Tamant'e'd'urb'i'i'o'*  f  The  first  architect  of  St.  Peter's  church  at 

Italian,  1444-1540. . . .  (     ^'""®- 
Michael  Angelo  Buona-  I 

rotti,    Italian,    1474-  I  Built  cupola  of  St.  Peter's. 

1563 ( 

•"'soTno'ualTan' U??"  i  ^uiit  library  of  St.  Mark's  at  Venice,  1536 ; 
1570  '  I     and  Palazzo  Corner,  begun  in  1532. 

f  Employed  as  architect  of  St.  Peter's.     De- 

Baldassare  da  Siena  Pe-  |      signed  palazzo  Massimo  at  Rome,  pal- 

ruzzi,   Italian,   1481- -J      ace   of   La  Farnesina  at  Longara,  and 

1536 gate  of  S.  Michele  in  Bosco.    Made  plans 

[     and  model  for  cathedral  of  Carpi. 
Antonio  da  San  Gallo,  (Architect  on  St.  Peter's;  commenced  the 
Italian,  1482-1546 (     Farnese  palace. 

(Built  palazzo  Grimani  at  Venice,  cathedral 
of  Monte  Fiascone,  and  church  of  S.  Do- 
menico  at  Orvieto.  Introduced  trian- 
gular and  pentangular  bastions  on  fort- 


J'ilippo  Brunelleschi, 
Italian,  1377-1444. . 


Leon  Battista  Alberti, 
Italian,  1398-1472. . . . 


"Giovanni  Battista  di  To- 
ledo, Spanish,  -1567. . 


Galeazzo  Alessi,  Italian, 
1500-1572 


Bartolomeo  Ammanati, 
Italian,  1511-1589. . . . 


Andrea    Palladio, 
ian,  1518-1580. . 


Ital- 


■Giovanni  d'  Herrera, 
Spanish— d.  1597 

•Giacomo  da  Vignola  Ba- 
rozzi,  Italian,  1507- 
1573 


Domenico  Fontana, 
Italian,  1543-1607. 


Vincenzio  Scamozzi, 
Italian,  1552-1616. 
2* 


Assisted  in  planning  the  Strada  di  To- 
ledo in  Naples.  Built  the  church  of 
S.  lago,  near  Cuenpa.  Commenced  the 
Escurial. 

Built  the  church  of  the  Madonna  at  Genoa; 
completed  the  fortress  of  Perugia. 

Built  new  bridge  of  the  Trinity  over  the 
Arno  at  Florence;  completed  Pitti  palace 
at  Florence ;  continued  palazzo  Rucellai 
at  Florence. 

Wrote  a  treatise  on  architecture,  1570. 
Built  villa  Capra,  or  Rotonda,  near  Vi- 
cenza,  church  of  S.  Giorgio  Maggiore, 
Venice;  church  of  II  Redentore,  Venice, 
and  palazzo  Barbaro  at  Maser  in  the 
Trevigiano. 
'Completed  the  Escurial  begun  by  Giovanni 
j  Battista  di  Toledo ;  built  palace  of  Aran- 
juez,  and  bridge  of  Segovia. 

Architect  of  St.  Peter's;    built  Caparola 
I     palace,  30  miles  from  Rome. 

Built  chapel  of  the  Persepio  in  S.  Maria 
Maggiore,  and  the  little  palace  Della 
Villa  at  Rome.  Raised  obelisks  and 
built  parts  of  the  Vatican  and  Quirinal 
palaces. 
'  Built  fortress  of  Palma  near  Friuli,  Pro- 
curatie  Nuove,  and  palazzo  Cornaro, 
Venice. 


Alessandro  Algardi, 
Italian,  1598-1654... 

Frangois  Mansard, 
French,  1598-1666. 


Claudius  Perrault, 
French,  1613-1688.... 

Sir  Christopher  Wren, 
English,  1632-1723 . . 


Man- 
1645- 


Jules  Hardouin 
sard,  French, 
1708 

Johann  Bernard  Fisch- 
ers, German,  1650- 
1738 

Augustin  Charles  d'Avi- 
ler,  French,  1653- 
1700 

Robert  de  Cotte, 
French,  1657-1735. . . 


Germain  Boflfrand, 
French,  1667-1754, 


Abate  Filippo  Ivara, 
Italian,  1685-1735. 


Luigi  Vanvitelli, 
Italian,  1700-1773. 


James  Wyatt,  English, 
1743-1813 


ARC 

Po.i    »T  A  T.  ..       f  Completed  St.  Peter's,  and  the  palace  at 

i««^,*.l^'"°*''^^^'*°'i     ^""^^^    Cavallo;  built   palazzo    Mattel. 

1556-1629 1      Partly  completed  the  Barberini  palace 

-  .      ^  I     of  Urban  VIII. 

il^o^^fo'  ^°«1'8*^.     ) Bu'lt  the  Banqucting-house  at  Whitehall; 

1572-1652.. \     Coven  t  Garden,  Ix)ndon,  etc. 

Giovanni  Lorenzo  Ber-  fBuilt  portico  of.St.  Peter's,  chapel  in  church 
nini,    Italian     1589--i      of  Sta. Maria  della  Vittoria,  Rome,  part 

1680 1     ofBarberini  palace,  the  Chigi  palace,  and 

I     Collegio  Urbano  di  Propaganda  Fide. 

I  Built  villa  Pamflli  at  Rome. 

{Restored  the   Hotel  Toulouse;  built  for 
president  de  Longueil  the  chateau  de 
Maisons  near  St.  Germain  en  Laie.     In- 
ventor of  the  Mansard  roof 
Francesco    Borromini   ( Bu'lt  the  church  of  S.  Carlino,  and  the  fe- 
Italian,  1599-1667...    )     f?^®  ^{}^^  chun-h  of  St.  Agnes  in  the 

(     piazza  Navona,  Rome. 
?^m  nS^?^'  Spanish,  |  Called  the  Michael  Angelo  of  Spain,  being 

1601-1667 I     at  once  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect. 

'  Designed  the  east  fapade  and  colonnades 
of  the  Louvre,  and  a  triumphal  arch  at 
entrance  of  Faubourg  St.  Autolne. 
Built  St.  Paul's  cathedral  (first  stone  laid 
21  June,  1675).    Built  "The  Monument," 
London,  St.  Stephen's  church,  Walbrook, 
and  more  than  50  others. 
Built  the  dome  of  the  Hotel  des  Invalides, 
la  galerie  du  Palais  Royal,  Chateau  de 
Clagny,  mansion  of  St.  Cyr,  etc. 
Built  the  palace  of  SchOnbrunn,  1696,  and 
church  of.St.  Charles  Borromeo,  at  Vien- 
na, 1716. 
Built  the  archiepiscopal  palace  at  Tou- 
louse, and  the  gate  at  Montpellier  called 
La  Porte  Perou,  designed  by  D'Orbay. 
Built  Ionic  colonnade  of  palace  of  Trianon 
gallery  of  Toulouse,  chapel  of  Louis  XIIL 
in  cathedral  at  Paris.     First  to  intro- 
duce ornamenting  of  rooms  by  means 
of  mirrors. 
Published  a  book  on  architecture  at  Paris, 
1745.      Built  hospital   of  the    Enfants 
Trouves  at  Paris. 

iFapades  of  church  of  Carmelites  at  Turin, 
and  cathedral  of  Milan.     Finished  cu- 
pola of  S.  Andrea,  Mantua,  and  of  cathe- 
dral at  Como. 
Ferdinando  Fuffa  (Designed  the  Triclinio  in  the  piazza  of 

rtl?an  1699  ^  '  ^^^  J"^"  ^ateran   and  Corsini  palace, 

iiauan,  loyy ^     ^^^^     Erected  Reclusorio  hospital. 

An  architect  of  St.  Peter's.  Built  convent 
of  S.  Agostino  at  Rome,  royal  palace  of 
Charles  III.  at  Caserta,  Italy,  and  church- 
es of  S.  Marcellino,  Delia  Rotonda,  and 
La  Nunziata  at  Naples. 

M.  Louis,  French Built  theatre  at  Bordeaux. 

Built  Oxford  street  Pantheon,  London; 
finished  in  1772,  afterwards  destroyed  by 
fire.  Built  Fonthill  abbey,  Huntworth 
church,  etc. 


Sir  John    Soane,  Eng- 
lish, 1752-1837 


B.  H.  Latrobe,  Ameri- 
can, 1764-1820 

Karl  Friedr  ich  Sch  i  nkel, 
German,  1781-1841. . . 

Leon  von  Klenze, 
German,  1784-1864. 


Architect  of  Bank  of  England. 

Succeeded  Dr.  William  Thornton  as  archi- 
tect of  the  Capitol  at  Washington.     De- 
signed the  original  columns  in  the  Cap- 
itol (purely  American)  representing  corn- 
stalks bound  together. 
I  Built  theatre,  museum,  and  new  guard- 
house at  Berlin. 
Built  Walhalla  near  Ratisbon,  and  Glypto- 
[     thek  at  Munich. 
AlfonzoRicarddeMont-  (Built  church  of  SL  Isaac  at  St.  Petersburg, 

ferrand I     Russia. 

^'liSf^lgL^SBO^'  ^°^"  {Architect  of  houses  of  Parliament. 
Henry   H.  Richardson,  ( Built  Trinity  Church,  Boston ;  State  Capi- 

American,  1838-1886.  (  tol,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
An  architectural  club  was  formed  in  1791.  An  architectural  soci- 
ety existed  in  London  in  1806.  The  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  was  founded  in  1834— Earl  de  Grey,  president,  1835-61. 
The  Architectural  Society,  established  in  1831,  was  united  to  the 
Institute  in  1842.  The  Architectural  Association  began  about  1846. 
The  Architectural  Museum,  Westminster,  opened  21  July,  1869. 
Mr.  James  Fergusson's  "  History  of  Architecture  "  (the  best),  2d  ed. 

1874-76. 
American  Institute  of  Architects,  organized  and  incorporated  in 
New  York  in  1857.     Holds  annual  conventions  at  different  places 
and  publishes  proceedings.     Various  cities  have  independent  or- 
ganizations, but  are  enrolled  as  chapters  of  the  institute  and  their 
members  become  associate  members  of  that  body. 
arclioni.     When  royalty  was  abolished  at  Athens,  in 
memory  of  king  Codrus,  killed  in  battle,  1044  or  1068  B.C.,  the 
executive  government  was  vested  in  magistrates  called  ar- 
chons,  elected  for  life.     Medon,  eldest  son  of  Codrus,  was  the 
first.   The  office  was  limited  to  10  years,  752  b.c.,  and  was  con- 
ferred on  9  persons  for  1  year,  683  b.c.— In  the  eastern  em- 
pire the  title  was  given  to  certain  high  officers  of  the  court. 


ARC 

Arco'le,  Lombardy,  where  battles  between  the  FVench 
under  Bonaparte  and  the  Austrians  under  field-marshal  Al- 
vuizi  were  fought  14-17  Nov.  1796.  The  Austrians  lost  18,000 
men  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  4  flags,  and  18  guns. 
The  French  lost  about  15,000,  and  became  masters  of  Italy. 
In  one  contest  Bonaparte  was  rescued  from  imminent  danger 
by  his  troops. 

Ar'COt  (East  Indies).  This  city  (founded  1716)  was 
taken  by  col.  Clive,  31  Aug.  1751 ;  was  retaken,  1758,  but 
again  surrendered  to  col.  Coote,  10  Feb.  1760 ;  besieged  and 
taken  by  Hyder  Ali,  who  defeated  the  British  under  col.  Baillie, 
31  Oct.  1780.  Arcot  has  been  subject  to  Great  Britain  since 
1801.     India. 

Arctic  Cxpcdition§.  Northwest  Passage  and 
Franklin's  expedition.  The  German  Arctic  societj'  ap- 
ph'ing  to  the  German  government,  a  committee  of  13  profess- 
ors was  appointed,  who  reported  that  no  more  expeditions 
should  be  sent  out,  but  stations  established  for  scientific  ob- 
servations; 1876. 

Arctic  Ocean.    Ocean. 

Arctu'ril§  (Gr.  'Ap»cro{)pofT=: Bear-ward), a  fixed  star  of 
the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Bootes.  It  is  one  of 
the  brightest  stars  in  the  northern  heavens.  According  to 
Humboldt  it  has  moved  in  latitude  W  in  752  years,  and  in 
20  centuries  has  moved  2^  times  the  apparent  diameter  of 
the  moon.  As  this  star  stands  in  solitary  grandeur  in  the 
sky,  it  is  probably  not  the  star  mentioned  in  Job  ix.  9, 
xxxviii.  32.     Stars,  Fixed. 

Ardcn,  Forest  of.  Formerly  a  densely  wooded  tract  in 
England  lying  between  the  Avon  and  the  Severn  river,  and 
extending  indefinitely  northward ;  the  scene  of  one  of  Shake- 
speare's loveliest  dramas. 

"  Oliver.    Where  will  the  old  duke  live? 

"  Charles.  They  say  he  is  already  in  the  forest  of  Arden,  and  a 
many  merry  men  with  him;  aud  there  they  live  like  the  old  Robin 
Hood  of  England;  they  say  many  young  gentlemen  flock  to  him 
every  day,  and  fleet  the  time  carelessly  as  they  did  in  the  golden 
world."  —"As  You  Like  It,"  act  i.  sc.  i. 

Ardennes,  an  extensive  hilly  forest  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  Belgium ;  also  a  frontier  department  of  France  bor- 
dering on  Belgium  near  the  field  of  Waterloo ;  the  wood  of 
Soignies  being  a  remnant  of  this  forest. 

"And  Ardennes  waves  above  them  her  green  leaves." 

—Byron,  "Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage." 

Areiop'agU§  or  Areop'agU§,  the  supreme  tri- 
bunal or  council  of  elders  in  Athens,  which  sat  upon  the  hill 
called  'Apeiog  irdyog,  the  hill  of  Mars,  from  the  legend  that 
Mars  was  there  tried  for  the  murder  of  Halirrhotius,  who  had 
violated  his  daughter  Alcippe.  This  court  was  of  immemorial 
antiquity,  and  preserved  its  dignity  and  influence,  in  spite  of 
political  changes,  for  many  centuries.  Its  powers  were  en- 
larged by  Solon  about  594  b.c.,  and  diminished  by  Pericles,  461 
B.C.     Paul  preached  on  Mars'  hill  52  a.d.  (Acts  xvii.). 

areom'eter  or  araeom'eter  (from  Gr.  dpaiog, 
thin),  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  density  and  specific 
gravity  of  fluids.  Baume  described  his  areometer  in  1768. 
Others  have  been  made  by  Nicholson  and  Mohr. 

Arequf  pa,  Peru,  founded  by  Pizarro,  1539 ;  was  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake,  13  Aug.  1868 ;  surrendered  to  the 
Chilians,  25  Oct.  1888. 

AretilU'sa  (Gr. ' ApkSovaa),  a  famous  fountain  in  the 
island  of  Ortygia  in  Syracuse ;  fabled  to  have  been  an  Arca- 
dian nymph  turned  into  a  perennial  spring  by  Artemis,  to 
save  her  from  the  pursuit  of  the  river-god  Alpheus,  and  then 
to  have  flowed  under  the  land  and  sea,  and  reappeared  in 
Syracuse  ;  hence  Shelley's  poem  of  Arethusa. 

Arezzo  (a-rei'zo),  near  the  ancient  Arretium  or  Are- 
tinura,  an  Etrurian  city,  which  made  peace  with  Rome  for 
30  years,  308  b.c.,  was  besieged  by  the  Galli  Senones  about 
283  B.C.,  who  defeated  the  Roman  army  Metellus  sent  to  its 
relief— a  disgrace  avenged  signally  by  Dolabella.  Arezzo  was 
an  ancient  bishopric;  the  cathedral  founded  in  1277.  It  is 
renowned  as  the  birthplace  of  Maecenas,  Petrarch,  Vasari,  and 
other  eminent  men.  Michael  Angelo  was  born  in  the  vi- 
cinity. 


42  ARG 

Arg;enta'ria,  now  Colmar,  Alsace,  N.  E.  France^ 
where  the  Roman  emperor  Gratian  totally  defeated  the  Ale- 
manni  and  secured  the  peace  of  Gaul,  May,  378. 

Arg^entine,  or  La  Plata,  Confederation, 

S.  America,  14  provinces  (Buenos  Ay  res,  one).  This  country 
was  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1515,  settled  by  them  in. 
1553,  and  formed  part  of  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru  till  1778,  when 
it  became  that  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  It  joined  the  insurrection 
in  1811,  and  became  independent  in  1816.  It  was  at  war  with 
Brazil  from  1826  to  1828  for  the  possession  of  Uruguay,  which 
became  independent  as  Montevideo;  and  at  war  with  France 
1838-40.     Pop.  in  1869, 1,877,490.     Buenos  Ayres. 

Buenos  Ayres  seceded  in  1853 ;  reunited 1859 

J.  Urquiza  elected  president,  20  Nov.  1853,  was  succeeded  by 

Dr.  S.  Derqui 8  Feb.  ISeO- 

An  insurrection  in  San  Juan  in  Nov.  1860;  suppressed  in  Jan.  1862 
Gen.  Bartholomew  Mitre,  elected  for  6  years,  assumed  the  pres- 
ident's office 12  Oct.     " 

Lopez,  president  of  Paraguay,  declared  war  against  Mitre,  and 
invaded  the  Argentine  territories,  May.  Mitre  declared  war 
against  Paraguay,  16  Apr.,  and  made  alliance  with  Brazil 

and  Uruguay 4  May,  1865 

[See  Buenos  Ayres  for  the  disputes  with  that  state,  and 
Brazil  for  the  war  with  Paraguay.] 
Col.  Dominique  F.  Sarmiento  elected  president  for  6  years, 

12  Oct.  186S. 

He  suppresses  the  insurrection  of  Corrientes Nov.     " 

Urquiza  murdered 12  Apr.  1870^ 

Treaty  with  Brazil Jan.  1873- 

Defeat  of  Lopez  Jourdan,  rebel,  announced Dec.     " 

Dr.  N.  Avellaneda  inaugurated  president  for  6  years. . .  12  Oct.  1874 
Insurrection  of  Mitre  at  Buenos  Ayres,  Sept.-Nov.,  suppressed; 

he  submits 2  Dec.     " 

National  bank  stops;  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  gov- 
ernment    16  May,  1876' 

End  of  rebellion;  capture  of  Jourdan;  announced 12  Dec.     " 

Disputes  with  Buenos  Ayres;  settled June-July,  1880 

Gen.  Roca  (opposed  to  supremacy  of  Buenos  Ayres)  nominated 

for  president,  opposed  by  Dr.  Tejedor June-July,     " 

Gen.  Roca  becomes  president Oct.     " 

Tranquillity  restored;  Buenos  Ayres  to  be  definitive  capital  of 

the  republic 7  Dec.     " 

Political  disturbances  frequent,  insurrections,  etc 1880-90' 

Great  financial  disturbance 1890-92: 

Arglnu'sae,  isles  between  Lesbos  and  Asia  Minor;  near 
these  Conon  and  the  Athenian  fleet  defeated  the  Spartan  ad- 
miral, Callicratidas,  406  b.c. 

Ar'gonaut§,  in  Greek  legend,  a  band  50  in  number 
including  many  famous  heroes  of  legendary  Greece,  under 
Jason,  sailed  in  the  ship  A  rgo  from  lolcos  in  Thessaly,  to  ^a 
in  Colchis,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  to  fetch  the 
Golden  Fleece,  then  in  the  possession  of  ^etes,  king  of  Col- 
chis, and  guarded  by  a  dragon  in  a  grove  sacred  to  Mars.  Only 
through  the  aid  of  Medea,  daughter  of  king  iEetes,  was  the 
expedition  successful.  "  One  of  the  most  celebrated  and  widely 
diffused  among  the  ancient  tales  of  Greece.  .  .  .  Not  only 
are  we  unable  to  assign  the  date  or  identify  the  crew  or  de- 
cipher the  log-book  of  the  A  rgo,  but  we  have  no  means  of 
settling  even  the  preliminary  question  whether  the  voyage 
was  actual  or  legendary  from  the  beginning. — Grote,  "Hist, 
of  Greece,"  vol.  i.  p.  237.  The  Argonauts  and  their  voyage 
have  been  a  theme  for  poets  ancient  and  modern. 
"  I  swear  to  Jove  that  only  in  my  hand, 
The  fleece  shall  be  when  I  again  take  land 
To  see  my  father's  hall. "... 

— Wm.  Morris,  "Jason." 

Arg'OS,  the  most  ancient  city  of  Greece,  said  to  have 
been  founded  either  by  Inachus,  1856  b.c,  or  his  son  Phoro- 
neus,  1807,  received  its  name  from  Argus,  the  fourth  of  the 
Inachidae,  1711  b.c.  But  its  history  is  wholly  mythical  until 
the  8th  century  b.c.  b.c. 

Pheidon's  prosperous  rule 770-736' 

Argives  fine  Sicyon  and  ^gina  for  helping  Cleomenes  of  Sparta    514 

Sparta  becomes  superior  to  Argos 495-49a 

Themistocles  an  exile  at  Argos 471 

Argives  destroy  Mycenae  and  regain  superiority 468 

Peloponnesian  war— Argos,  long  neutral,  joins  Athens 420- 

Aristocratical  party  makes  peace  with  Sparta,  and  overthrows 

democracy 417 

A  reaction — alliance  with  Athens  resumed 395 

War  with  Sparta;  combat  of  300  on  each  side 347 

Pyrrhus  of  Epirus,  besieging  Argos,  slain 272. 

Argos  governed  by  tyrants  supported  by  Macedon;  freed;  joins 

Achaean  league 229 

Subjugated  by  Romans I4d^ 

A.D. 

Argos  taken  from  Venetians 1686- 

Taken  by  Turks  1716,  who  held  it  until 1826 

United  to  Greece  under  king  Otho 25  Jan.  1833- 


ARI  43 

Arians,  followers  of  Arius  of  Alexandria  (d.  336),  who 
preached  that  the  Son  of  God  was  a  secondary  God  created 
by  the  Father,  who  raised  him  above  all  men,  but  not  equal 
with  the  Father.  A  violent  controversy  arose,  which  was 
taken  up  by  Constantine,  who  presided  at  the  first  great  oecu- 
menical council  of  Nice,  June  to  Aug.  325,  and  the  Arians 
were  condemned  ;  but  their  doctrine  long  prevailed.  It  was 
favored  by  Constantius  II.  341 ;  carried  into  Africa  by  Vandals 
in  the  5th  century ;  into  Asia  by  Goths.  Servetus  published 
his  treatise  against  the  Trinity,  1531,  and  was  burned,  1553. 
Leggatt,  an  Arian,  was  burned  at  Smithfield  in  1614.     Atha- 

NASIAN  CREED,  SoCINIANS,  UNITARIANS. 

Arica,  Peru,  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  inundated 
by  waves  of  the  sea,  13  Aug.  1868. 

Ari§toteliaii  philosophy.      Philosophy  and 

Libraries. 

Aristotle,  works  of,  etc. 

Barth^lemy  St.  Hilaire's  complete  translation  of  Aristotle,  35 
vols.,  published  early  in 1891 

A  papyrus  containing  the  lost  treatise  of  Aristotle  on  the 
"Constitution  of  Athens,"  discovered  in  Egypt  and  con- 
veyed to  the  British  museum,  was  published  by  the  trustees, 
with  a  preface  and  notes  by  F.  G.  Kenyon,  Jan. ;  and  photo- 
graphs of  the  MS.  were  published  Mch  1891.  The  work  was 
previously  known  only  by  extracts  in  ancient  writers.  The 
MS.  was  considered  genuine  by  Barthelemy  St.  HilaircMch.  1891 

A  family  tomb,  discovered  at  F^retria,  in  the  island  of  Euboea, 
by  Dr.  Charles  Waldstein,  early  in  1891,  was  considered  by 
him  to  be  probably  that  of  Aristotle's  family. 

arithmetic  said  to  have  been  introduced  from  Egypt 
into  Greece  by  Thales  about  600  b.c.     The  Chinese  used  the 
abacus,  or  swanpan^  at  an  early  period.    The  ancient  Hindus 
are  said  to  have  had  a  decimal  system. 
The  oldest  treatise  upon  arithmetic  is  by  Euclid  (7th,  8th,  and 
9th  books  of  his  "  Elements  ")  about." b.c.    300 

A.D. 

The  sexagesimal  arithmetic  of  Ptolemy  used 130 

Diophantus  of  Alexandria  author  of  13  books  of  arithmetical 

questions  (6  are  extant)  about 156 

Notation  by  9  digits  and  zero  (Arabic  figures)  known  in  the 

6th  century  in  Hindostan ;  introduced  thence  into  Arabia, 

about  900;  into  Spain,  about  980;  into  France,  by  Gerbert, 

991 ;  into  England,  probably  in  the  14th  century. 

Maximus  Flanudes 1350 

Date  in  Caxton's  "  Mirrour  of  the  World,"  Arabic  characters,  is,  1480 

Arithmetic  of  decimals  invented 1482 

John  Sherwood's  (bishop  of  Durham)  "  Ludus  Arithmo-Ma- 

chinse,"  printed  at  Rome " 

Luca  Paccioli's  (Di  Borgo)  "Summa  de  Arithmetica"  was  one 

of  the  earliest  works  on  arithmetic 1494 

First  arithmetic  printed  in  England  ("  De  Arte  Supputandi  ") 

by  Tonstall,  bishop  of  Durham '. 1522 

Robert    Recorde's  "Grounde  of  Artes"  and  "Whetstone  of 

Witte  "  were  arithmetical  works  of  great  value 1558 

Nicol5  Tartaglia,  Italian  mathematician,  died 1559 

Michael  Stefelius,  "Arithmetica  Integra,"  1544,  said  to  have 

been  the  inventor  of  the  signs  of  -\-  and  — 1486-1567 

Peter  Ramus,  "ArithmeticesLibri  Duo,  et  Algebra  Totidem,"  1515-72 
Theory  of  decimal  fractions  perfected  by  Napier  in  his  "  Rhab- 

dologia  " :   1617 

James  Hodder's  "Arithmetic,"  London 1661 

Cocker's  "  Arithmetic  "  appeared  in 1677 

John  Marsh,  "  Decimal  Arithmetic  Made  Perfect " 1742 

Nystrom's  "Tonal  System,"  with  16  as  a  basis,  pub 1862 

Sawyer's  "  Automatic  System,"  pub 1878 

arithmetic  in  the  United  States.  One  of  the  earliest 
American  arithmetics  was  a  work  called  "Arithmetic — ^Vul- 
gar and  Decimal,"  published  at  Boston,  1724 ;  author  unknown. 
Up  to  the  time  of  the  revolution,  the  English  and  foreign 
works  mentioned  above  were  in  use  in  the  colonies.  Since 
1800,  arithmetics  for  school  use  have  been  very  numerous. 
In  1846,  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  James  B.  Thompson  published 
his"Mental  Arithmetic,"  which  reached  its  125th  ed.  in  1858. 
Other  popular  writers  have  been  David  Adams,  Joseph  Raj', 
Charles  Davies,  Pliny  E.  Chase,  Benjamin  Greenleaf,  Dana  P, 
Colburn,  Horatio  Robinson.  The  principal  works  published 
in  the  U.  S.  from  1780  to  1800  are  as  follows : 
School -master's  Assistant ;  Thomas  Dilworth,  London,  1781,  and 

Hartford,  Conn.  (23d  ed.) 1786 

New  and  Complete  System  of  Arithmetic,  Nicholas  Pike,  New- 

buryport,  1788;  Worcester 1797 

Treatise  on  Arithmetic  in  Theory  and  Practice,  John  Gough, 

Bpston 1789 

Preceptor's  Assistant  or  Student's  Guide,  John  Vinall,  Boston,  1792 

The  Federal  Arithmetician,  Thomas  Sarjeant,  Philadelphia 1793 

Introduction  to  Arithmetic,  Erastus  Root,  Norwich,  Conn 1795 

The  American  Accountant,  William  Milns,  New  York 1797 

The  American  Tutor's  Assistant,  John  Todd  and  others,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  (3d  ed.) " 


ARK 

The  American  Arithmetic,  David  Cook,  New  Haven,  Conn 1800 

The  School-master's  Assistant,  Nathan  Daboll,  New  London. 

Conn \ '     u 

[Used  almost  universally  in  the  U.S.  until  1840.']' 

Arizona,  a  territory  of  the  United  States  between  31° 
and  37°  n.  lat.,  and  between  109°  and  114°  40'  w.  Ion.  Utah 
and  Nevada  lie  on  the  north,  on  the  east  is  New  Mexico, 
Mexico  on  the  south,  California  and  Nevada  on  the  west.  It 
contains  about  113,916  sq.  miles.  It  has  11  counties— Apache, 
Cochiso,  Coconimo,  (iila,  Graham,  Maricopa,  Mohave,  Pima, 
Pinal,  Yavapai,  and  Yuma.  Pop.  1880,  40,440;  1890,  69,620. 
Capital,  Phoenix. 

First  explorations  made  by  Vasquez  Coronado  sent  from  Mex- 
ico by  viceroy  Mendozo 1540 

Spaniards  again  enter  and  establish  a  military  post  where  Tuc- 
son now  stands 1500 

Jesuit  missionaries  on  Santa  Cruz  river,  about. . . . '. . '. ', . ' '. '. ".  *.  *.  *.  I6OO 

Spaniards  from  Mexico  form  settlements  from  Tucson  to  the 
Mexican  line,  and  partly  occupy  the  country  for  nearly  150 
years.     They  are  finally  driven  out  by  the  Indians  before  1821 

First  hunters  and  trappers  from  the  U.  S.  probably  visited 
Arizona  in 1324 

All  Arizona  north  of  the  river  Gila  is  included  in  cession  by 
Mexico  to  U.  S.  by  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 2  Feb.  1848 

First  American  settlers  were  persons  on  their  way  to  California, 
who  stopped  on  the  Gila  to  engage  in  stock-raising 1849 

Gadsden  purchase  brought  to  the  U.  S.  all  of  Arizona  south 
of  the  Gila 30  Dec.  1853 

Act  of  Congress  organizing  the  territory 24  Feb.  1863 

Gov.  John  N.  Goodwin,  in  camp  at  Navajo  springs,  formally 
organizes  the  territorial  government  and  fixes  its  temporary 
seat  near  fort  Whipple .* 29  Dec.     " 

First  territorial  legislature  adopts  a  mining  law  and  the  so- 
called  Howell  code  of  general  laws;  sits 26  Sept. -10  Nov.  1864 

Tucson  made  the  capital  by  a  majority  of  1  vote 1867 

Arizona  a  military  district  by  order  of  gen.  Halleck Oct.     '• 

Act  to  establish  public  schools  in  the  territory  and  a  board  of 
education  and  levying  a  tax  of  10  cts.  on  each  $100 1868 

Maj.  J.  W.  Powell,  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with  a  party 
of  10,  in  4  boats,  descends  the  canyon  of  the  Colorado  from 
Green  river  to  rio  Virgin May-Aug.  1869 

Arizona  and  southern  California  made  a  military  department, 
headquarters  at  fort  Whipple * " 

40  citizens  and  100  Papagos  from  Tucson  and  vicinity  massacre 
85  Indian  prisoners  of  war  (77  of  them  women  and  children) 
at  camp  Grant,  and  capture  30,  who  are  sold  to  the  Papagos 
as  slaves.  (108  persons  were  afterwards  tried  for  murder 
and  acquitted. ) Apr.  1871 

"Arizona  Diamond  Swindle."  Excitement  over  supposed  dia- 
mond fields  in  Arizona ;  the  San  Francisco  and  New  York  Min- 
ingand  Commercial  Co.,  with  a  capital  of  f  10, 000, 000,  formed; 
Clarence  King,  U.  S.  geologist,  finds  the  field  "salted"  with 
rough  diamonds  from  Africa,  Brazil,  etc 1872 

A  long  war  waged  by  gen.  Crook  with  hostile  Apaches  in  Ari- 
zona ends  by  surrender  of  the  Tontos,  Hualapais,  and  Yava- 
pais  in  1873,  and  other  bands  in 1874 

Mormon  colonists  from  Utah  settle  in  Apache  co Mch.  1876 

Prescott  chosen  as  permanent  capital 1877 

New  public-school  law  enacted 1883 

Raid  of  Loco's  band  of  Chiricahua  Indians  in  the  valley  of  the 
Gila  begins 19  Apr.     " 

Acts  to  establish  an  insane  asylum  at  Phoenix,  a  normal  school 
atTempe,  and  the  university  of  Arizona  at  Tucson,  Jan. -Mch.  1885 

Act  providing  that  no  polygamist  or  bigamist  shall  vote  or  hold 
office Jan.-Mch.     " 

Congress  appropriates  $2000  to  repair  the  ruin  of  Casa  Grande, 
near  Florence,  Pinal  co.,  reserving  from  settlement  the  en- 
tire site  of  the  ancient  city 2d  Mch.  1889 

State  capital  removed  from  Prescott  to  Phoenix 4  Feb.  1890 

40  lives  lost  bv  broken  mining-dam  on  the  Hassayampa  river, 

23  Feb.     " 

Yuma  nearly  destroyed  by  flood 27  Feb.  1891 

Friday  after  1  Feb.  each  year  made  a  legal  holiday  as  Labor 
day 19  Jan. -19  Mch.     " 

11  bills  submitted  to  gov.  Zulick  for  approval,  21  Mch.  1889;  as 
60  consecutive  days  had  passed  since  the  organization  of  the 
legislature,  he  left  them  unsigned,  assuming  that  the  session 
had  expired  by  limitation.  The  territorial  supreme  court  de- 
clared the  session  legal  for  60  days  of  actual  legislative  work, 
and  the  bills  became  laws  without  the  governor's  approval. .      " 

Discovery  of  a  lake  forming  in  Salton  Sink  from  the  overflow 
of  the  Colorado  river 29  June     " 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Phoenix, 7  Sept,  and  adopts 
a  complete  constitution 2  Oct.     " 

Ex-gov.  A.  P.  K.  Saffbrd  dies  at  Tarpon  springs,  Fla. ..16  Dec.     " 

Land  reclaimed  by  irrigation,  343,000  acres  up  to 18'.  2 

[Capableofbeingreclaimed  under  the  present  waterdevelop- 
ment,  1,730,000 acres.  Supposed amountthatcanbcreclairaed 
with  the  water  available  in  the  territory,  24,000,000  acres.] 
GOVERNORS  OF  THK   TERRITORY. 


R.  C.  McCormick 1867-69 

A.  P.  K.  Safford 1870-77 

JohnP.  Hoyt 1878 

John  C.  Fremont 1879-82 


Frederick  Tuttle 1882-85 

C.  Meyer  Zulick 1885-89 

Lewis  Wolfley 1889-91 

Nathan  0.  Murphy 1892-96 


Ark.    God  commanded  Noah  to  preach  repentance  and  to 
build  an  ark ;  see  Gen.  vi.,  vii.    After  the  deluge  the  ark  rest- 


ARK 

ed  (2848  B.C.)  "upon  the  mountains  of  Ararat,"  Gen.  viii.  4. 
Some  assert  Apamea,  in  Phrygia,  300  miles  west  of  Ararat, 
to  be  the  spot;  and  medals  have  been  struck  there  with  a 
chest  on  the  waters,  and  the  letters  NOE,  and  2  doves.  The 
Ark  of  the  Covenant,  made  by  Moses  to  contain  the  2  tables 
of  the  law,  1491  B.C.  (Exod.  xxv.),  was  placed  in  Solomon's 
temple,  1004  b.c.  (1  Kings  viii.). 

Arkan'§a§  (formerly  Arkansaw'),  a  southwestern  state 
between  33^  and  36^  30'  n.  laU,  and  89^  40'  and  94°  42'  w. 
Ion.  from  Greenwich.  The 
state  of  Missouri  bounds  it 
on  the  north,  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  and  a  small  part 
of  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
state  of  Missouri  on  the  east, 
Louisiana  on  the  south,  and 
the  Indian  territory  mostly  on 
the  west.  It  contains  75  coun- 
ties;  area,  63,045  sq.  miles. 
Pop.  1890,  1,128,179.  Capi- 
tal, Little  Rock. 
This  state  probably  visited 

by  De  Soto 1541 

La  Salle  passes  down  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth 1682 

Louis  XV.  of  France  grants  to  John  Law,  originator  of  the 
"Mississippi  scheme,"  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Arkansas  river 

(Law  however  neglects  it).     (Law's  Bcbble) 1720 

Transfer  by  France  to  Spain  of  Louisiana  includes  the  present 

state  of  Arkansas 3  Nov   1762 

First  settlement  at  Arkansas  Post 1785 

Spain  cedes  Louisiana  to  France  by  treaty  of  Ildefonso 1800 

Province  of  Louisiana  ceded  by  France  to  the  U.  S.,  who  pay 

$11,250,000  and  assume  the  "  French  spoliation  claims  " . . .  1803 
Missouri  territory  established,  including  Arkansas  and  ail  north 

of  the  state  of  Louisiana  and  west  of  the  Mississippi. 1812 

Arkansas  territory,  including  all  north  of  the  state  of  Louisiana, 
and  south  of  36°  30',  and  west  from  the  Mississippi  river  to 

the  100°  meridian,  formed 2  Mch.  1819 

Arkansas  Gazette,  first  newspaper  in  the  territory,  published  at 

Little  Rock,  Wm.  E.  Woodruff,  editor 20  Nov.     " 

Western  boundary  fixed,  reducing  its  area  to  the  present  limits 

of  the  state 1828 

Admitted  into  the  Union,  the  25th  state.  Pop.  52,240.. 15  June,  1836 
U.  S.  arsenal  at  Little  Rock  seized  by  the  state  authorities,  8  Feb.  1861 

Arkansas  convention  met about  1  Mch.     " 

Was  visited  by  William  S.  Oldham  of  the  confederate  congress 
and  a  commissioner  from  Jefferson  Davis;  but  voted  against 

secession  (vote  39  to  35) 16  Mch.     " 

Arsenals  seized  at  Napoleon  and  fort  Smith 23-24  Apr.     " 

Act  of  secession  adopted  by  the  legislature— yeas,  69;  nay,  1, 

6  May,     " 
[The  negative  vote  was  cast  by  Dr.  Isaac  Murphy,  after- 
wards (1864-1868)  governor.] 
Battle  of  Pea  Ridge  between  union  and  confederate  forces, 

6-7  Mch.  1862 
[Union  gen.  Samuel  R.Curtis  had  about  10,250  men.    The 
Confederates,  under  gens.  Earl  Van  Dorn,  Sterling  Price,  and 
Ben.  McCulloch,  numbering  14,000,  were  forced  to  retire  with 
severe  loss;  gen.  McCulloch  was  killed.     Pea  Ridge  is  in  the 
northwestern  corner  of  the  state,  in  Benton  county.] 
Union  troops  under  gen.  Washburne  occupy  Helena. . .  11  July,     " 
Battle  of  Prairie  Grove.     U.  S.  gens.  Francis  J.  Herron  and 
James  G.  Blunt;  confederate  gen.  Thomas  C.   Hindman. 
Confederates  retire  during  the  night  with  a  loss  of  1317. 

Federal  loss,  1148 7  Dec.     " 

Arkansas  Post  captured  with  5000  men  by  the  U.  S.  forces  under 

McClernand,  Sherman,  and  admiral  Porter 11  Jan.  1863 

Confederate  gens.  T.  H.  Holmes  and  Sterling  Price  with  about 


44 


ARK 


8000  men  attempt  to  retake  Helena.     Gen.  B.  M.  Prentiss 
with  about  4000  men  repulses  them  with  heavy  loss.  .4  July,  1863 

Union  forces  occupy  Little  Rock 10  Sept.     " 

Union  state  convention  assembles  to  form  a  new  constitution, 

^     ,  8  Jaii.  1864 

Dr.  Isaac  Murphy  provisional  governor;  inaugurated. .  .22  Jan.     " 

Constitution  ratified  by  vote  of  the  people 14  Mch.     " 

[The  legislature  under  this  constitution  is  not  recognized 
by  congress.] 
Arkansas  and  Mississijipi  formed  into  the  4th  military  district 

under  gen.  Edward  0.  C.  Ord 1867 

New  constitution  reported 4  Feb.  1868 

"  "  adopted  and  ratified 13  Mch.     " 

State  readmitted  to  the  Union  over  Johnson's  veto.. .  .22  June,     " 
Military  commander  gen.  A.  C.  Gillem  turns  over  the  state  to 

the  civil  authorities 22  June      *' 

Gen.  Thomas  C.  Hindman  assassinated  at  Helena  by  one  of  his 

former  soldiers <« 

Powell  Clayton  elected  governor ,,*.'.'  *     «' 

Gov.  Clayton  places  10  counties  under  martial  law 9  Nov.     " 

Elisha  Baxter  nominated  for  governor  by  the  Rep.  party,  and 

Joseph  Brooks  by  the  Liberal  Rep.  party 1872 

Disturbance  occasioned  by  frauds  charged  against  both  parties 

in  the  election  continues  throughout 1873-74 

Convention  called  to  revise  the  constitution,  meets 14  July,  1874 

[The  fifth  convened  in  the  state,  the  other  years  being 
1836, 1861,  1864, 1868.] 

New  constitution  ratified  by  a  majority  of  53,890 13  Oct.     " 

"  "  proclaimed 30  Oct.     " 

[Governor's  term  reduced  from  4  to  2  years.    Office  of  lieut.- 
gov.  abolished,  president  of  the  senate  substituted.] 

Election  frauds  and  outrages  occur 1888 

C.  R.  Breckenridge,  Dem.,  and  John  M.  Clayton,  Rep.,  vigorous- 
ly contest  the  2d  congressional  district " 

John  M.  Clayton  assassinated  at  Plummersville 29  Jan.  1889 

[He  claimed  to  have  been  elected,  and  was  collecting  evi- 
dence to  contest  the  election  at  this  time.] 
State  treasurer  Woodruff  short  in  his  accounts  about  $138,800, 

13  Jan.  1891 
[1st  trial,  Oct.  1891,  of  ex-slate  treasurer  Wm.  E.  Woodruff, 
jury  disagree;  2d  trial,  Apr.  1892,  verdict,  not  guilty,  released.] 

Legislature  passes  Australian  ballot  law " 

U.  S.  senate  confirms  the  president's  appointment  ot  congress- 
man C.  R.  Breckenridge  to  be  minister  to  Russia.. .  ,20  July,  1894 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS   OF   ARKANSAS. 


Names. 

Term  of  office. 

Uemarks. 

1819  to  1825 
1825  "  1829 
1829  "  1835 
1835  "  1836 

George  Izard 

John  Pope 

William  S.  Fulton 

STATE   G 

James  S.  Conway 

Archibald  Yell 

3VERNORS   OF 

1836  to  1840 
1840  "  1844 
1844  "  1844 
1844  "  1848 
1848  "  1852 
1852  "  1860 
1860  "  1862 
1862  "  1864 
1864  "  1868 
1868  "  1871 

1871  "  1872 

1872  "  1874 
1874  "  1876 
1877  "  1881 
1881  "1883 
1883  "  1885 
1885  "  1889 
1889  "  1893 
1893  "  1895 
1895  "  1897 

ARKANSAS. 

Acting. 

Thomas  S.  Drew 

John  S.  Roane 

Elias  N.  Conway 

Henry  M.  Rector 

Harris  Flanagin 

Isaac  Murphy 

Powell  Clayton 

Elected  to  the  U  S  Senate 

OrzoH.  Hadley 

Elisha  Baxter 

Acting. 

Augustus  H.  Garland 

Wm.  R.Miller 

Elected  U.  S.  Senator. 

Thos.  J.  Churchill 

Jas.  H.  Berry 

Simon  P.  Hughes 

James  P.  Eagle 

Wm.  M.  Fishback 

James  P,  Clarke 

UNITED 

STATES  SENATORS 

FROM  THE  STATE  OF  ARKANSAS. 

Names. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

William  S.  Fulton 

Twenty-fourth 

Twenty- fifth 

Twenty-sixth 

Twenty-seventh 

Twenty-eighth 

Twenty-ninth 
Thirtieth 

Thirty-first 
Thirty-second 
Thirty-third 

1835  to  1837 
1837  "  1839 
1839  "  1841 
1841  "  1843 
1843  "  1845 

1845  "  1847 
1847  "  1849 

((        (I        u 

a     u     (( 
If      u      u 

1849  "  1851 

11       It       u 

1851  "  1853 
1853  "  1855 

U         l<        (< 

Seated  5  Dec.  1836. 

Ambrose  H.  Sevier 

Wm.  S.  Fulton 

Ambrose  H.  Sevier 

Wm  S  Fulton 

Wm.  S.  Fulton 

Elected  in  place  of  Fulton.    Seated  4  Dec.  1844. 
Died  15  Aug.  1844. 

Wm.  S.  Fulton 

Died  29  Apr.  1848. 

Elected  in  place  of  Sevier.     Seated  24  Apr.  1848. 
Appointed  in  place  of  Ashley.    Seated  31  May,  1848. 
^   Resigned  15  Mch.  1848. 

Wm  K  Sebastian 

Ambrose  H  Sevier   

Solon  Borland      ...          .                    .... 

Wm  K  Sebastian                                 .... 

Elected  in  place  of  Borland.     Seated  4  Mch.  185a 

Wm.  K.  Sebastian 

UNITED  STATES   SENATORS  FROM 

ARM 

THE  STATE  OF  ARKANSAS. -(Con«n«cd.) 

Names. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarki. 

Robert  W.  Johnson 

Wm.  K.  Sebastian 

Thirty-fourth 

Thirty-fifth 

Thirty-sixth 

Thirty-seventh 

Thirty-eighth 

Thirty-ninth 

Fortieth 

Forty-first 

Forty- second 

Forty- third 

Forty-fourth 

Forty- fifth 

Forty-sixth 

Forty-seventh 

Forty-eighth 

Forty-ninth 

Fiftieth 

Fifty-first 

Fifty-second 

Fifty-third 

1855  to  1857 
1857  "  1859 

11        (C       u 

1859  "  1861 

u      u      u 

1861  "  1863 
1863  "  1865 
1865  "  1867 
1867  "  1869 

1869  "  1871 

1871  "  1873 

1873  "  1875 

1875  "  1877 
u     u     u 

1877  "  1879 

K        It        U 

1879  "  1881 

1881  1'  1883 

1883  "  1885 

1885  "  1887 

"     to   " 

1887  "  1889 

it      a      i< 

1889  "  1891 
1891  "  1893 

11         U         li 

1893  II  1895 

Robert  W.  Johnson 

Wm.  K.  Sebastian 

Robert  W.  Johnson 

Wm.  K.  Sebastian 

Vacant 

State  seceded. 

u                                                       

"         " 

Alexander  McDonald 

" 

Benj.  F.  Rice 

Seated  23  June,  1868. 

Alexander  McDonald 

u     24     "         " 

Beni.  F.  Rice 

Powell  Clayton 

Benj.  F.  Rice. 

Powell  Clayton 

Stephen  W.  Dorsey 

Powell  Clayton 

Stephen  W.  Dorsey 

Stephen  W.  Dorsey 

James  D.  Walker 

Augustus  H.  Garland 

James  D.  Walker 

Augustus  H.  Garland 

James  D.  Walker 

Augustus  H  Garland 

Resigned;  appointed  attorney-general  of  TJ.  S. 
Elected  in  place  of  Garland. 

• 

James  K.  Jones 

James  K.  Jones 

James  H.  Berry  

James  K.  Jones 

Term  expires  1897. 
"      1901. 

James  H    Herry  

Arkansas  Po§t.     Arkansas,  1786, 1863. 

Arle§  {arl;  Lat.  Arelatum,  from  the  Celtic  Ar-lait,  near 
the  waters),  S.  France  (said  to  have  been  founded  2000  b.c.),  a 
powerful  Roman  city,  made  capital  of  Provence  by  Boson  in  879 
A.D. ;  and  of  the  kingdom  of  Aries  or  Transjurane  Burgundy  by 
Rodolph  II.  in  933.  He  was  succeeded  by  Conrad  I.  937  ;  and 
by  Rodolph  III.  993;  who  at  his  death,  i032,  transmitted  his 
kingdom  to  the  emperor  Conrad  II.  After  various  changes, 
it  was  annexed  to  France  in  1486.  Many  councils  (314-1275) 
were  held  at  Aries;  the  most  celebrated  in  314,  when  British 
bishops  were  present. 

Arma'da,  the  Invincible,  collected  and  equipped  by 
Philip  II.,  king  of  Spain,  for  the  subjugation  of  England. 
The  following  particulars  are  taken  from  Morant's  account 
(accompanying  Pine's  engravings  of  the  tapestries  formerly 
in  the  House  of  Lords),  printed  1739.  Described  in  Kingsley's 
"  Westward  "Ho,"  and  Froude's  "  History  of  England  "  : 
It  consisted  of  132  ships  (besides  caravels),  3165  cannon,  8706 
sailors,  2088  galley-slaves,  21,855  soldiers,  1355  volunteers 
(noblemen,  gentlemen,  and  their  attendants),  and  150  monks, 
with  Martin  Alarco,  vicar  of  the  Inquisition — commanded  by 

the  duke  of  Medina-Sidonia 1587 

English  fleet  under  lord  Charles  Howard,  sir  Francis  Drake,  and    • 
sir  John  Hawkins,  ready  for  sea,  and  three  armies  on  land, 

Dec.     " 
Armada  sailed  from  Lisbon ;  soon  dispersed  by  a  storm..  19  May,  1588 

Re-collected,  entered  the  Channel  off  Cornwall 19  July,     " 

Suffered  in  engagements  (sharpest  on  25  July) 21-27  July,     " 

Dispersed  by  fire-ships  sent  into  the  midst 28  July,     " 

Many  vessels  sunk  or  taken  by  the  English 29  July,     " 

The  remainder  retreat  under  adverse  winds,  around  Scotland  and 
Ireland,  to  Spain,  suff"ering  from  severe  storms. .  Aug.  and  Sept.     " 
[Computed  Spanish  loss,  35  ships,  13,000  men.] 
Queen  attended  a  thanksgiving  at  St.  PauFs,  and  a  medal  was 

struck  inscribed  "  Deusflavit  et  dissipati  sunt " 24  Nov.      " 

Annual  thanksgiving  sermon  endowed  by  Mr.  Chapman,  who 

died 1616 

19  July,  1888 

by  Froude,  pub 1892 


National  memorial  founded. 
"Spanish  Story  of  the  Arm 

Armagll,  metropolis  of  N.  Ireland  from  the  6th  to  the 
9th  century,  seat  of  the  first  ecclesiastical  dignity  in  Ireland, 
founded  by  St.  Patrick,  first  bishop,  about  444,  said  to  have 
built  the  first  cathedral,  450.  6  saints  of  the  Roman  calendar 
have  been  bishops  of  this  see.  The  see  was  reconstituted  (Pal- 
lium) in  1161. — Beatson.  Armagh  was  ravaged  by  the  Danes 
on  Easter  day,  852,  and  by  O'Neil  in  1564,     Archbishop. 

Armagnacs  {ar-man'-yac),  a  faction  in  France,  follow- 
ers of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  murdered  by  the  Burgundians,  23 
Nov.  1407,  derived  their  name  from  his  father-in-law,  the  count 


of  Armagnac.  About  3500  of  them  were  massacred  at  Paris  in 
June,  1418,  by  their  opponents,  followers  of  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gund}^  The  quarrel  divided  France  from  1390  until  the  treaty 
of  Arras  was  made,  1436,  between  the  duke  of  Burgundy  and 
Charles  VII.  During  this  period  Henry  V.  of  England  entered 
France,  assisted  largely  by  the  Burgundian  faction. 

armed  neutrality,  the  confederacy  against  Eng- 
land, formed  by  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark,  1780 ;  ended, 
1781;  renewed,  and  a  treaty  ratified  to  cause  their  flags  to  be 
respected  by  the  belligerent  powers,  16  Dec.  1800.  Great 
Britain  rejecting  principle  that  neutral  flags  protect  neutral 
bottoms,  war  ensued,  and  Nelson  and  Parker  destroyed  the 
fleet  of  Denmark  before  Copenhagen,  2  Apr.  1801.  This  event, 
and  the  murder  of  the  emperor  Paul  of  Russia,  led  to  the  dis- 
solution of  the  armed  neutrality. 

Arme'llia,  formerly  a  vast  country  in  Asia  extending 
from  the  Caspian  sea  to  Asia  Minor  and  northward  to  the  Cau- 
cassus,and  including  districts  now  belonging  to  Russia  and  Per- 
sia as  well  as  Turkey.  Here  Noah  is  said  to  have  resided  when 
he  left  the  ark,  2348  b.c.  Armenia  belonged  successively  to  the 
Assyrian,  Median,  and  Persian  empires,  and  after  the  defeat  of 
Antiochus  the  Great,  190  b.c,  to  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria.  The 
Romans  formed  kingdoms  of  Armenia  Major  and  Minor,  but 
their  influence  was  impaired  by  frequent  aggressions  of  Par- 
thians.  In  all  political  troubles  the  Armenians  have  maintained 
Christianity  and  a  church  governed  by  patriarchs  not  subject 
to  Rome.  Since  1716  an  Armenian  convent  has  existed  at  Ven- 
ice, where  books  are  printed  in  the  Armenian  language.      b.c. 

City  of  Artaxarta  built 186 

Antiochus  Epiphanes  invades  Armenia 166 

Tigranes  the  Great  reigns  in  Armenia  Major. 95 

Becomes  king  of  Syria,  and  assumes  the  title  of  "king  of  kings  "  83 
Defeated  by  Lucullus,  69 ;  he  lays  his  crown  at  the  feet  of  Pom- 


pey. 


66 


His  son,  Artavasdes,  reigns,  54;  assists  Pompey  against  Julius 

Caesar,  48;  and  the  Parthians  against  Mark  Antony 36 

Antony  subdues  and  sends  him  in  silver  chains  to  Egypt 34 

Artaxias,  his  son,  made  king  by  the  Parthians 33 

Deposed  by  the  Romans,  who  enthrone  Tigranes  II 20 

A.D. 

Armenia  subjected  to  Parthia.  i- 15 

Reconquered  by  Germanicus,  grandson  of  Augustus 18 

Tiridates  made  king  by  the  Romans 68 

Parthian  conquerors  of  Armenia  are  expelled  by  Trajan 115 

Severus  makes  Volagarses  king  of  part  of  Armenia 199 

Christianity  introduced between  100-300 

Armenia  added  to  the  Persian  empire 232 

Tiridates  obtains  the  throne  through  Diocletian,  286;  is  ex- 
pelled by  Narses,  294 ;  restored  by  Galerius 298 


ARM 


On  his  death,  Armenia  becomes  subject  to  Persia,  342;  is  made 

neutral  by  Rome  and  I'orsia. 384 

Rome  and  Persia  divide  Armenia  by  treaty 443 

Armenian  version  of  the  Bible  begun  by  Miesrob 410 

Armenia  conquered  and  reconquered  by  Greek  and  Persian  sov- 
ereigns.  577-687 

And  by  the  Greek  emperors  and  Mahometans 093-1065 

Armenian  church  reconciled  to  Rome about  1830 

Leon  VI.,  last  king  of  Armenia,  Uken  prisoner  by  the  Saracens, 

1375 ;  released,  he  dies  at  Paris. 1393 

Overrun  by  the  Mongols,  1235;  by  Timour,  1383;  by  the  Turks, 

1516 ;  by  the  Persians,  1534 ;  by  the  Turks 1583 

Shuh  Abbas  of  Persia  yielding  Armenia  to  the  Turks,  transports 

2'2,000  Armenian  families  to  Persia 1604 

Armenia  overrun  by  the  Russians 18*28 

Surrender  of  Erzeroum 9  July,  18'29 

By  the  Berlin  treaty,  Kars,  Ardahan,  and  Batoum  were  ceded 

to  Russia,  with  other  changes July,  1878 

Syria  and  Rrsso  Turkish  Wars,  I.  and  II. 

ar'millary  §plicre,  an  astronomical  instrument  fit- 
ted with  brass  circles  to  show  the  greater  and  lesser  circles  of 
the  sphere  in  their  natural  position  and  motion.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Eratosthenes  about  255  B.C.,  and  was 
employed  by  Tycho  Brahe  and  others. 

ArniiiiiaiiN  or  Rcinoiistraiit§,  from  James 
Arminius  (or  Harmensen).  a  Protestant  divine  of  Leyden, 
Holland  (b.  1560;  d.  19  Oct.  1609),  whose  followers  pre- 
sented a  Remonstrance  to  the  states-general  in  1610.  They 
separated  from  the  Calvinists,  rejecting  predestination,  etc. 
Their  doctrines  were  condemned  in  1619  at  the  synod  of 
Dort;  they  were  exiled  till  1625.  The  Calvinists  were 
sometimes  styled  Gomarists,  from  Gomar,  opponent  of  Ar- 
minius. James  I.  and  Charles  I.  favored  Arminian  doc- 
trine. 

armor.  That  of  Goliath  is  described  (about  1063  b.c.), 
1  Sam.  xvii.  5.  Skins  and  padded  hides  were  early  used,  and 
brass  and  iron  armor,  in  plates  or  scales,  followed.  The  body 
armor  of  the  Britons  was  skins  of  wild  beasts,  exchanged,  after 
the  Roman  conquest,  for  the  well-tanned  leathern  cuirass. — 
Tacitus.  Hengist  is  said  to  have  had  scale  armor,  449  a.d. 
The  earliest  historical  collections  of  arms  and  armor  date  back 
no  further  than  1500  a.d.  The  oldest  is  that  of  Louis  XII.  at 
Amboise  in  1520.  That  at  Dresden  was  begun  about  1553,  and 
the  Ambras  collection  at  Vienna  in  1570.  Other  collections 
are  scattered  throughout  Europe.  Among  the  principal  are 
those  at  St.  Petersburg  and  at  Madrid.  The  collection  at  the 
Tower  of  London  contains  about  6000  examples  from  the  early 
middle  ages  downwards. 

Norman  armor  formed  breeches  and  jacket 1066 

The  hauberk  had  its  hood  of  the  same  piece 1100 

John  wore  a  surtout  over  a  hauberk  of  rings  set  edgeways 1199 

Heavy  cavalry  covered  with  a  coat  of  mail.     Some  horsemen 

had  vizors  and  skull-caps about  1216 

Armor  exceedingly  splendid about  1350 

Black  armor,  used  not  only  for  battle,  but  for  mourning,  Hen- 
ry V 1413 

Armor  of  Henry  VII.  consisted  of  a  cuirass  of  steel,  in  the  form 

of  a  pair  of  staj's about  1.500 

Armor  ceased  to  reach  below  the  knees,  Charles  1 1625 

[In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  officers  wore  no  other  armor 
than  a  large  gorget,  which  is  commemorated  in  the  diminu- 
tive ornament  known  at  the  present  day. — Meyrick.] 

armorial  t>earing§  became  hereditary  at  the 
close  of  the  12th  century.  They  were  emploj'^ed  by  the 
crusaders,  1100.  The  lines  to  denote  colors  in  arms,  by 
their  direction  or  intersection,  were  invented  by  Colum- 
biere  in  1639.     The  armorial  bearings  of  the  English  sov- 


46  ARM 

■  ereigns  are  given  under  England.  Armorial  bearings 
were  taxed  in  1798,  and  again  in  1808.  The  tax  produced 
64,515/.  in  the  year  ending  31  March,  1868;  1878,  83,104/.; 
1884,  78,766/.  The  tax  is  now  21.  2«. ;  if  not  on  carriages, 
it  is  1/.  la.  annually  (1889).  Sir  Bernard  Burke's  "General 
Armory,"  1883,  contains  the  arms  of  above  66,000  British  fam- 
ilies. 

Armorica,  now  Brittany,  N.  France,  was  con- 
quered by  Julius  Caesar,  66  b.c.  Many  Gauls  are  said  to  have 
retired  thither  and  preserved  the  Celtic  tongue,584  a.d.    Brit- 


arms.  The  club  was  the  first  offensive  weapon ;  then 
followed  the  mace,  battle-axe,  pike,  spear,  javelin,  sword  and 
dagger,  bows  and  arrows.  Pliny  ascribes  the  invention  of  the 
sling  to  the  Phoenicians.     See  article  on  each  weapon. 

army.     Egypt  was  the  first  country  to  have  a  military 
organization.    Trained  by  his  father,  Sesostris  or  Rameses  III. 
seems  to  have  been  the  first  military  organizer  of  Egypt,  about 
1620  B.C.     The  first  guards  and  regular  troops  of  a  standing 
army  were  formed  by  Saul,  1093. — Eusebim.     Cyrus,  founder 
of  the  Persian  empire,  devised  the  military  organization  which 
established  his  power,  557  B.C.     Xerxes  was  three  years  pre- 
paring to  invade  Greece,  and. his  army  is  represented  to  have 
numbered  1,700,000  foot  and  80,000  horse.     The  Greeks  orig- 
inated the  "  phalanx,"  which  became  the  basis  of  all  their  tac- 
tics, and  was  perfected  in  the  Macedonian  phalanx  by  Philip  of 
Macedon,  about  360  b.c.     This  phalanx,  as  finally  formed  by 
Alexander,  numbered  16,384  heavy-armed  infantry.     It  was 
formed  16  deep.   The  principal  weapon  was  the  pike,  24  ft.  long. 
The  nucleus  of  the  Roman  army  was  the  legion,  ascribed  to 
Romulus,  but  reorganized  by  Servius  Tullius  and  lasting  until 
the  disruption  of  the  Roman  Empire.     It  consisted  of  10  co- 
horts, each  of  6  centuries.    At  first  the  legion  contained  3000  in- 
fantry and  300  cavalry,  but  it  was  gradually  increased  to  4500 
and  finally  to  6000.    The  number  of  the  legions  varied.    Under 
Augustus  there  were  45.     They  were  usually  designated  by 
numerals  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  levied. — The  his- 
tory of  armies  (European)  since  the  overthrow  of  the  Roman 
empire  may  be  divided  into  four  periods:  (1)  The  barbarous 
stage,  when  the  armies  were  national  and  denominated  hordes, 
being  without  tactics  or  organization ;  (2)  the  feudal  period, 
when  the  army  was  made  up  of  well-equipped  knights  and 
men-at-arms,  followed  by  peasants  or  slaves ;  (3)  the  standing- 
army  period,  the  army  forming  a  distinct  class,  tactics  and 
organization  becoming  a  science  (1400  to  1800);  (4)  armies 
once  more  national  under  conscription  embracing  the  whole 
male  population  between  certain  ages,  trained  and  organized 
with  science  and  skill.    (See  Table.)     The  first  modern  stand- 
ing army  was  maintained  by  Charles  Vll.of  France,  1445.    The 
British  army  mainly  arose  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  in  1661, 
in  consequence  of  the  extinction  of  feudal  tenures.     The  first 
five  regiments  of  British  infantry  were  established  between 
1633  and  1680.     James  II.  established  several  regiments  of 
dragoon  guards  (1685-88).     In  1685  the  army  consisted  of 
7000  foot  and  1700  horse.     Standing  armies  were  introduced 
by  Charles  I.  in  1638;  were  declared  illegal  in  England,  31 
Car.  II.  1679;  but  one  was  then  gradually  forming,  which  was 
maintained  by  William  III.,  1689,  when  the  mutiny  act  was 
passed.    Grose's  "  History  of  the  British  Army  "  was  published 
in  1801. 


ESTIMATED   NUMBER  OF 

SOLDIERS   IN  THE   CHIEF   EUROPEAN   ARMIES,  1892. 

Nation. 

Peace-footing. 
All  branches. 

Active  Army 

and 
Field  Reserve. 

Possible  War- 

footinp. 
All  branches. 

Remarks. 

Austria 

Gt.  Britain.. 
British  Col.. 

France 

Germany.... 

Italy 

309,187 
140,968  " 

570,000 
513,983 

241,722 

1,554,479 

204,626 
225,000 

2,376,588 
2,471,925 

1,053,934 

4,000,000 

\  1,179,626 

3,240,000 

2,977,629 

2,586,437 

^Military  service  is  obligatory  on  all  men  who  have  completed  their  20th  year. 
\     Only  certain  family  conditions  and  physical  and  mental  incapacity  cause  ex- 
(     emption.     No  substitutes  are  allowed. 
The  distinction  between  the  British  army  and  that  of  almost  every  other  state  of 

Europe  is  that  the  service  is  voluntary.     Enlistments  are  by  free  choice  for  a 

definite  term. 
The  active  army  is  composed  of  all  the  young  men  not  exempt  who  have  reached 

the  age  of  20,  and  the  reserve  of  those  who  have  passed  through  the  active 

army.     In  1887  all  exemptions  were  abolished. 
No  substitution  is  allowed.     Every  German  capable  of  bearing  arms  must  serve 

in  the  standing  army  for  7  years  from  the  20th  of  his  age,  3  in  active  service 

and  4  in  the  reserve, 
f  Universal  liability  to  arms  forms  the  basis  of  the  military  organization.     The 
J      time  of  service  in  the  standing  army  for  the  first  category  of  recruits  is  5  years 
1      in  infantry,  4  in  cavalry,  and  3  in  other  arms.     Period  of  service  in  standing 
t     army  and  reserve  19  years. 

ARM 


47 


ARM 


Nation. 


Spain. . 
Turkey 
Eussia . 


ESTIMATED  NUMBER  OF  SOLDIERS  IN  THE  CHIEF  EUROPEAN  ARMIES,  1892. -{Continued.) 


Peace-footing. 
All  branches. 


89,908 


185,000 


840,500 


Active  Army 

and 
Field  Reserve. 


154,388 


479,864 


2,606,592 


Possible  War- 
footing. 
All  branches. 


1,135,196 


Remarki. 


AH  Spaniards  past  20  are  liable  to  be  drawn  for  the  permanent  army,  in  which 
they  serve  3  years;  they  then  serve  3  years  in  the  first  or  active  reserve,  and  6 
years  in  the  second  reserve.  By  a  payment  of  1500  pesetas  any  one  can  pur- 
chase  exemption.  mt  j  ^ 

By  a  law  of  1869  the  military  service  is  compulsory  for  all  Turks,  and  is  carried 
out  either  by  recruiting  or  by  ballot  The  length  of  service  is  20  years  4  in  the 
active  army,  2  in  the  first  reserve,  6  in  the  second  reserve,  and  8  in  the  Land- 
sturm. 

All  men  must  serve  from  the  21st  year,  4  years  in  the  active  army  13  years 
in  the  reserve,  and  5  years  in  the  Zapas  or  second  reserve.  In  the  European 
armies  the  troops  are  divided  into  field,  fortress,  local,  reserve,  second  reserve 
and  auxiliary.  ' 


army,  United  States,  the  Continental,  or  army  of  the 
revolution,  was  organized  by  the  continental  congress,  15  June, 
1775.  George  Washington  commander-in-chief  with  the  rank 
of  maj.-gen. 

This  congress  at  the  same  time  chose  4  maj-gens.  and  8  brig. -gens., 
and  appointed  1  adj. -gen.,  1  quartermaster-gen.,  1  commissary- 
gen.,  1  paymaster- gen.,  and  1  chief-engineer. 


Congress  established  a  board  of  war  and  ordnance  consisting  of  6 
members,  12  June,  1776.     United  States. 

During  the  continuation  of  this  board  from  1776  to  1781  there  were 
6  secretaries.  In  Feb.  1781,  congress  created  the  office  of  sec.  of 
war,  with  gen.  Benjamin  Lincoln  as  secretary,  from  30  Oct.  178L 

Continental  army  was  disbanded,  5  Nov.  1783. 

1000  men  were  however  retained  until  the  peace  establishment  cotild 

be  organized.    United  States,  1775-89. 


TROOPS   (CONTINENTAL  AND  MILITIA)  FURNISHED  BY  THE  THIRTEEN  STATES  DURING  THE  REVOLUTION,  1775  TO  1783 

INCLUSIVE. 


1775 

1776 

1777 

1778 

1779 

1780 

1781 

1782 

1783 

Toul. 

TotaL 

State. 

Cont'Is. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

Cont'Is. 

Cont'Is. 

Cont'Is. 

Militia. 

N.  H. . . . 

2,824 

3,019 

1,172 

1,111 

1,283 

1,004 

222 

1,017 

760 

700 

.... 

744 

733 

12,496 

2,093 

Mass. . . . 

16,444 

13,372 

4,000 

7,816 

2,775 

7,010 

1,927 

6,287 

1,451 

4,553 

3,436 

3,732 

1,566 

4,423 

4,370 

68,007 

15,155 

R.  I 

1,193 

798 

1,102 

548 

630 

2,426 

507 

756 

915 

464 

481. 

372 

5,908 

4,284 

Conn.... 

4,507 

6,390 

5,737 

4,563 

4,010 

3,544 



3,133 

554 

2,420 

1,501 

1,732 

1,740 

32,039 

7,792 

N.  Y. . . . 

2,075 

3,629 

1,715 

1,903 

921 

2,194 

2,256 

2,179 

668 

1,728 

.... 

1,198 

1,169 

18,331 

3,304 

N.J 

3,193 

5,893 

1,408 

1,586 

1,276 

1,105 

162 

823 

660 

675 

10,726 

6,055 

Penn.... 

400 

5,519 

4,876 

4,983 

2,481 

3,684 

3,476 

3,337 

.... 

1,346 

1,265 

1,598 

25,608 

7,357 

Del 

609 

145 

229 

349 

317 

325 

231 

89 

.... 

162 

235 

2,317 

376 

Md 

637 

2,592 

2,030 

1,535 

3,307 

2,849 

2,065 



770 



1.280 

974 

13,912 

4,127 

Va 

6,181 

5,744 

1,289 

5,236 

3,973 

2,486 



1,215 

4,331 

1,204 

629 

26,668 

5,620 

N.  C 

.... 

1,134 

1,281 

1,287 

1,214 

2,706 



545 

1,105 

697 

7,263 

2,706 

s.  c 

2,069 

1,650 

1,650 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

139 

5,508 

.... 

Ga 

351 

1,423 

673 

.... 

87 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

145 

2,679 

Total.... 

27,443  1  46,901 

26,060 

34,750 

10,112 

32,899 

4,353 

26,790 

5,135 

21,115 

5,811 

13,832 

7,398 

14,256 

13,476 

231,462 

58,869 

Conjectural  estimate  of  militia  employed  from  the  different 

states  in  addition  to  the  above. 

1775 from  3  to   9  months 10,180 

16,700 

23,800 

13,800 

12,350 

16,000 

1781 8,750 

1782 3.750 


1776.... 

"     4  "    8 

1777.... 

"     2  "    8 

1778.... 

"     2  "    6 

1779.... 

"     2  "    9 

1780.... 

"     2  "  12 

Additional  militia 105,330 

Militia  proper 58,869 

Continentals....  231,462 
Total....  395,661 
Army  under  the  Constitution.  The  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  art.  1,  sec.  2,  empowers  congress  "  to  raise  and 
support  armies,"  and  art.  2,  sec.  2,  designates  the  president  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  of  the  militia 
when  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

The  War  dept.  was  established  by  act  of 7  Aug.  1789 

The  standing  army  was  first  organized  under  the  code  of  the 
continental  congress  of  1776,  the  basis  of  the  present  articles 
of  vmr,  though  greatly  modified  in  1806.  Congress  fixes  the 
rank  and  file  at  1216,  comprising  1  regiment  of  infantry  (12 
companies)  and  1  regiment  of  artillery  (4  companies).. 3  Sept.  1790 

An  additional  regiment  of  900  men  was  authorized 1791 

The  army  consisted  of  4  regiments  of  infantry,  of  8  companies 
each,  2  companies  of  light  dragoons,  and  a  corps  of  artiller- 
ists and  engineers,  with  1  maj.-gen.  and  1  brig. -gen 1796 

The  maj.-gen.  was  discharged  as  unnecessary 1797 

A  provisional  force  of  10,000  men  raised  owing  to  the  threat- 
ening attitude  of  France 1798 

[Washington  made  commander-in-chief, with  rank  of  lieut.- 
gen.  As  the  danger  passed,  the  army  was  reduced  to.  its  for- 
mer size.] 

Office  and  title  of  lieut. -gen.  abolished  by  congress 3  Mch.  1799 

A  provisional  volunteer  force  of  25,000  authorized  by  congress 

for  the  war  with  England,  besides  volunteers  and  militia 1812 

[This  did  not  affect  the  regular  army.] 
Force  disbanded 1815 

1  regiment  of  dragoons,  the  first,  authorized 1833 

2  regiments  of  dragoons  authorized 1836 

The  whole  number  of  troops  of  the  line  was  7244  men  at  the 

breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war 1846 

The  regular  army  was  increased  to  20,000  by  enlistments 
aside  from  volunteers;  9  new  regiments  of  infantry,  1  of  dra- 
goons, 1  of  mounted  rifles,  were  added  during  the  war,  but 

discharged  except  the  mounted  rifles 1849 

H  regiments  of  infantry  and  2  of  cavalry  added  to  the  army. . .  1855 


Total  number  of  line  troops,  12,931  in 1860 

The  grade  of  lieut.-gen.  was  revived  in  "  brevet, ' '  and  held  by  gen. 
Winfield  Scott  from  15  Feb.  1855,  until  his  retirement .  .Nov.  1861 

[The  rank  was  revived  in  1864,  and  conferred  upon  gen. 
Grant.] 

The  president  by  proclamation  added  to  the  regular  army  11  regi- 
ments, viz.,  1  of  cavalry,  1189  officers  and  men;  1  of  artillery  of 
12  batteries,  6  pieces  each,  1909  men;  and  9  of  infantry  of  3 
battalions  of  8  companies  each,  22,068  officers  and  men.  .4  May,  1861 

Flogging  abolished  in  the  army 5  Aug.  1861 

TROOPS    FURNISHED   THE   GOVERNMENT    DURING    THE   CIVIL 
WAR    FROM    1861    TO   1865. 

Under  call  of  15  Apr.  1861,  for  75,000  men  for  3  mos 91,816 

Under  call  of  3  May,  1861,  for  500,000  men  for  6  mos.,  1  yr., 

2  yrs. ,  3  yrs 700,680 

Under  call  of  2  July,  1862,  for  300,000  men  for  3  years 421,465 

Under  call  of  4  Aug.  1862,  for  300,000  men  for  9  mos 87,588 

Under  proclamation,  15  June,  1863,  men  for  6  mos 16,361 

Under  call  of  17  Oct.  1863  (including  drafted  men  of  1863), 

and  call  of  1  Feb.  1864,  for  500,000  for  3  yrs 317,092 

Under  call  of  14  Mch.  1864,  for  200,000  for  3  yrs 259,515 

Militia  for  100  days,  mustered  in  between  Apr.  23  and  July 

18,1864 83,612 

Under  call  of  18  July,  1864,  for  500,000  (reduced  by  excess 

credits  of  previous  calls)  for  1  yr.,  2  yrs.,  3  yrs.,  and  4  yrs..  385,163 
Under  call  of  19  Dec.  1864,  for  300,000  men  for  1  yr.,  2  yrs., 

3  yrs.,  4  yrs 211,762 

Other  troops  furnished  by  states  and  territories  which,  after 

first  call,  had  not  been  called  upon  for  quotas  when  gen- 
eral call  for  troops  was  made 182,367 

By  special  authority  granted  May  and  June,  1862,  New  York, 

Illinois,  and  Indiana  furnished  for  3  mos. 15,007 

Total 2,772,408 

Number  of  men  who  paid  commutation •     86,  t24 

Grand  total 2,859,132 

Aggregate  reduced  to  a  3  yrs. '  standard 2,320,272 

ACTUAL    STRENGTH    OF    THE    ARMT    BETWEEN    1    JAN.  1860, 

AND   1    MAY,  1865. 

Date  Regulars.  Volunteers.  TotaL 

1  Jan.1860 16,435 16,435 

1    "      1861 16,367 ,15'^fJ 

Jjulv     "   16422 170,329 186,751 

iiarf'1862 22  425 553,492 575,917 

oi  Mch     "  ...  .23,308 613,818 b3<,126 

'    Jan    1863::::.......25  463 892:728 918,191 

1     u      iQfiA  24  636 aS6,101 860,737 

;  u  r^ ■.■.■.::22,oi9 937441 959,460 

3iMch." :::::. .:::.2i:669 958;4i7 ,.98o,o86 

IMay,     "  


,1,000,51S 


ARM 

There  were  absent  (Vom  the  army,  volunteers  and  regulars, 

338,536,  or  about  one  third  of  the  total  force 1  Jan.  1866 

The  regular  army  reached  its  maximum  strength,  66,815, 

Oct.  1867 
Hazimam  strength  fixed  by  congress  at  26,000  enlisted  men, 

16  Aug.  1876 

STRENGTH  OF  THE  REGULAR  ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

1  JAN.  1893. 

M^.  -generals 3 

Brig,  -generals 6 

Staff- department 2,467 

r.      1^    in  »»in.<.n*a  JCommissioned 432 

Cavalry,  10  regiments,  ^£^,53^^^, ^^^ 

A-.jii«-»  K        «i  (Commissioned 280 

Artillery,  6  lEnlisted 3,675 

ini.nt.7,26  "      |gSr"r'.::: "i; i:!:: i! ! ! i! !  i2,?5J 
Military  academy,  {^52^":::::::::::::::::::::::::::    34? 

Various  others  unattached,  etc 2,233 

Total 28,602 

Retired  oflQcers 607 

"      enlisted  men 736 

STRENGTH  OF  THE  MILITIA  FORCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


48  ARM 

SALARIES     PAID    COMMISSIONED     OFFICERS    OF     THE     U.     S. 
ARMY. 


SUte. 

Alabama 

Arkansas. 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada. 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode  Island... 
South  Carolina.. 
South  Dakota... 

Tennessee 

Texas .   

Vermont 

Virginia. 

Washington 

West  Virginia . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Territories 

Total 


Organised  Aggregate.  Unorf^anited  but  Available. 


2,958 
1,094 
4,218 

825 
2,687 

601 
1,021 
4,577 

308 
4,389 
2,459 
2,443 
1,738 
1,319 
1,152 
1,114 
2,094 
5,611 
2,515 
1,838 
1,712 
2,387 

570 
1,073 

575 

1,229 

4,233 

13,539 

1,686 

513 
5,373 
1,506 
8,469 
1,434 
5,616 

526 
1,357 
3,368 

786 
2,844 
1,145 

728 
2,737 

309 

2,297 

110,673 


160,000 

116,620 

153,389 

86,000 

91,766 

38,000 

47,705 

264,021 

10,000 

650,000 

468,608 

243,299 

250,000 

395,000 

138,439 

96,937 

125,000 

339,691 

400,000 

154,000 

233,480 

350,000 

34,350 

125,000 

10,540 

34,000 

284,887 

650,000 

235,000 

36,178 

600,000 

40,796 

735,622 

47,000 

116,000 

60,000 

290,246 

300,000 

44,164 

220,000 

59,600 

90,000 

308,717 

13.000 

74,203 

9,121,258 


STAFF-DEPARTMENT  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES  ARMY. 

With  the  exception  of  the  quartermaster  -  general's  department 
the  highest  rank  in  the  staff-department  of  the  Army  prior  to  1861 
was  colonel.  From  that  date  the  rank  of  the  heads  of  the  differ- 
ent departments  has  been  gradually  changed  to  that  of  brig. -gen., 
until  now  they  all  bear  that  rank.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
names  of  those  who  first  ranked  as  brig.  -gen.  in  the  different  depart- 
ments. 

Thomas  S.  Jessup,  q.  m.  -gen. ,  as  brig.-gen.  fi-om  8  May,  1818 

Lorenzo  Thomas,     adjt.-gen.,  "         "  3  Aug.  1861 

Jas.  W.  Ripley,        chief  of  ord.,  "         "  3  Aug.     " 

Wm.  A.  Hammond,  surg. -gen.,  "  "        25  Apr.  1862 

Joseph  P.  Taylor,    commissary-gen.,  "  "  9  Feb.  1863 

Joseph  G.  Totten,     chief  of  engineers,  "  "         3  Mch.     " 

Joseph  Holt,  judge- advocate  gen.,       "         "       22  June,  1864 

Benj.  W.  Brice,        paymaster- gen.,  "  "       28  July,  1866 

Randolph  B.Marcy,  inspector-gen.,  "  "        12  Dec.  1878 

Albert  J.  Myer,        chief  sig.  off.,  "         "      16  June,  1880 


MlU-gen.. 
Brig.-gen. 

Colonel . . 


Lt.  Col. 


Major 

Capt  m'fd., 

"  not  "     . , 
Regt  adjt. . . , 

"     q.m 

Ist  Lt.  m't'd., 

"  not  " 
2d  Lt.  m't'd. , 

"  not  " 
Chaplain 


AmoQDt 
per  J  ear. 


$7,600 
5,500 

3,500 
3,000 

2,600 

2,000 
1,800 
.1,800 
1,800 
1,600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,400 
1,500 


{Increase  of  10  per  cent,  every  5  years 
of  service  up  to  $4,500,  the  limit. 
( Increase  of  10  per  cent,  every  5  years 
(     of  service  up  to  $4,000,  the  limit. 
J  Increase  of  10  per  cent,  every  5  years 
\    of  service  for  20  years. 


Retired  officers  receive  75  per  cent,  of  pay  (salary  and  increase) 
of  their  rank  {act  July  15,  1870,  sec.  24)  with  the  exception  of  the 
chaplain,  who  receives  90  per  cent. 

The  pay  of  privates  to  sergeants  inclusive  ranges  from  $13  to  $45 
per  month  the  first  year,  and  from  $16  to  $48  per  month  the  next 
four  years,  and  after  that  from  $18  to  $50  a  month. 

PRINCIPAL  DEPARTMENT   ARMIES   OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

Army  of  thk  Cumberland  organized  30  Oct.  1862.  First  command- 
er, maj.-gen.  Wm.  S.  Rosecrans— 3  corps,  14th,  20th,  21st.  Battle 
of  Stone  river  or  Murfreesboro.  31  Dec.  1862-2  Jan.  1863,  viclori 
ous.  Battle  of  Chickamaiiga,  defeated,  19 -20  Sept.  1863.  20th  and 
21st  corps  consolidated,  forming  the  4th  corps,  Oct.  1863;  maj.- 
gen.  George  H.  Thomas  2d  commander,  relieving  gen.  Rosecrans, 
Oct.  1863.  11th  and  12th  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  united 
with  the  army  of  the  Cumberland,Oct.  1863.  Defeats  confederates 
in  a  series  of  battles  around  Chattanooga,  Nov.  1863-llth  and  12th 
corps  consolidated,  Jan.  1864,  forming  the  20th.  Participates  in 
the  Atlanta  campaign,  1864.  The  14th  and  20th  corps  accompany 
gen.  Sherman  on  his  "march  to  the  sea. "  The  4th  corps,  return- 
ing to  Nashville,  engages  in  the  battle  of  Franklin,  30  Nov.  1864, 
and  of  Nashville,  15-16  Dec.  1864. 

Army  of  the  Gulf  organized  1863,  including  the  troops  within  the 
dept,  of  the  Gulf  Mostly  comprised  of  the  19th  corps,  maj.-gen, 
N.  P.  Banks  commander.  Engaged  in  the  siege  of  Port  Hudsox 
and  in  the  Red  river  campaign,  Mch.,  Apr.  1864. 

Army  of  the  James  (i.  e.  the  James  river)  comprised  the  10th  and 
18th  corps,  and  cavalry  under  command  of  maj.-gen.  Benj.  F. 
Butler;  and  acting  in  conjunction  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac, 
operated  south  of  Richmond  around  Petersburg,"  1864. 

Army  of  the  Middle  Military  Div.,  organized  Aug.  1864,  com- 
prised the  6th,  8th,  and  19th  corps,  with  2  divs.  of  cavalry  under 
command  of  maj.-gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan.  Battle  of  Winchester, 
19  Sept.  1864;  battle  of  Fisher's  Hill,  '25  Sept.  1864;  and  battle  of 
Cedar  Creek,  19  Oct.  1864.     In  all  victorious. 

Army  of  the  Ohio  organized  9  Nov.  1861,  mnj.-gen.  Don  Carlos 
Buell  1st  commander.  Aids  in  securing  victory  at  the  battle 
of  Shiloh  or  Pittsburg  Landing,  6-7  Apr.  1862;  Perrysville,  8 
Oct.  1862.  Gen.  Buell  relieved,  30  Oct.  1862,  Wm.  S.  Rosecrans 
in  command.  Changed  to  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  Reor- 
ganized, maj.-gen.  H.  G.  Wright  in  command,  1862;  maj.-gen.  Am- 
brose E.  Burnside,  1863,  operating  in  east  Tenn. ;  maj.-gen.  John 
G.  Foster,  1864;  maj.-gen.  John  M.  Schofleld,  28  Jan.  1864.  Atlanta 
campaign.  Battles  of  Franklin  and  Nashville,  1864;  Fort  Fisher, 
186,5. 

Army  of  the  Potomac  organized  July,  1861,  maj.-gen.  George  B. 
McClellan  1st  commander.  7  days'  battles  before  Richmond, 
June  and  July,  1862.  Battle  of  Antietam,  17  Sept.  1862;  vic- 
torious. Maj.-gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside  2d  comihander,  5  Nov. 
1862.  Battle  of  Fredericksburg,  10  Dec.  1862;  defeated.  Gen. 
Burnside  relieved,  25  Jan.  1863;  maj.-gen.  Joseph  Hooker  3d  com- 
mander. Battle  of  Chancellorsville,  2,  3,  and  4  May,  1863;  de- 
feated. Gen.  Hooker  relieved,  27  June,  1863;  maj.-gen.  George 
G.  Meade  4th  .commander.  Battle  of  Gettysburg,  1-3  July, 
1863;  victorious.  Under  gen.  Grant,  general  -  in  -  chief,  fought 
the  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  5-6  May,  1864;  Spottsylvania, 
11  May,  1864;  Cold  Harbor,  3  June,  1864.  Siege  of  Richmond, 
1864-65. 

Army  op  the  Tennessee  organized  Apr.  1862,  maj.-gen.  H.  W.  Hal- 
leck  commander;  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  Grant  in  command,17  July,  1862. 
It  comprised  the  13th,  15th,  16th,  and  17th  corps,  18  Dec.  1862. 
Vicksburg  campaign  and  capture  of  Vicksburg,  4  July,  1863. 
Maj.-gen.  William  T.  Sherman  in  command,  27  Oct.  1863.  Par- 
ticipates in  the  battles  around  Chattanooga,  Nov.  1863.  Maj.- 
gen.  J.  B.  McPherson  in  command,  12  Mch.  1864.  Atlanta  cam- 
paign. Maj.  -gen.  O.  0.  Howard  appointed  to  the  command  on  the 
death  of  gen.  McPherson,  killed  22  July,  1864.  With  Sherman 
on  the  march  through  Ga.  John  A.  Logan  in  command,  19  May, 
1865. 

Army  of  Virginia  Organized  26  June,  1862,  maj.-gen.  John  Pope 
commander.  It  comprised  3  corps  and  about  5000  cavalry.  With 
the  army  of  the  Potomac  it  fought  the  battles  of  Groveton  and 
second  Bull  Run,  29  and  .30  Aug.  1862;  defeated.  Gen.  Pope  re- 
lieved at  his  own  request,  and  the  army  merged  in  that  of  the 
Potomac. 


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NUMBER  OF  TROOPS  EMPLOYED  (REGULAR  AND  MILITIAS  TN  TPP  <iVT>xnnr,  «™  m„ 

^  WARS  SERVICE  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  ITS  SEVERAL 


Revolution. 


Northwestern  Indians. . 

France  

Tripoli , 

Creek  Indian 

England 

Seminole 

Black  Hawk 

Cherokee  

Florida  Indian 

Aroostook  disturbance. 

Mexican 

Civil  War 


Length  of  war. 


19  Apr.    1775  to  11  Apr. 


19  Sept. 
9  July, 

10  June, 
27  July, 
18  June, 

20  Nov. 

21  Apr. 

23  Dec. 

24  Apr. 
12  Apr. 


1790  to 
1798  " 
1801  " 
1813  " 
1812  " 
1817  " 
1831  '< 
1836  " 
1835  " 
1838  " 
1846  " 
1861  " 


3  Aug. 

30  Sept. 

4  June, 
9  Aug. 

17  Feb. 
21  Oct. 

31  Sept. 

14  Aug. 

4  July, 
9  Apr. 


1795 
1800 
1805 
1814 
1815 
1818 
1832 
1837 
1843 
1839 
1848 


Regula 


231,462 


85,000 

1,000 

1,339 

935 

11,169 

30'954 


Number  of  troops  employed. 


58,869— proper.  ^ 
105,332— conjecturaL  I 
164,201  J 


13,181 

471,622 

6,911 

5,126 

12,483 

29,953 
1,500 

73,776 


396,663 


13,781 

556,622 

7,911 

6,466 

13,418 

41,122 

1,500 

104,730 

2,772,408 


GENERALS-IN-CHIEF    OF    THE    ARMIES    OF   THE   UNITED 
STATES   UNDER   THE  CONSTITUTION. 


Names. 

Term  of  Service. 

Rank. 

Josiah  Harmar 

Sept.  1789  to      Mch.  1791 

Lt.-col. 

Arthur  St.  Clair 

4  Mch.  1791 

'    5  Mch.  1792 

Maj.-gen. 

Anthony  Wayne 

5  Mch.  1792 

'  15  Dec.   1796 

James  AVilkinson 

15  Dec.  1796  ' 

'    3  July,  1798 

Brig. -gen. 

George  Washington, . . 

3  July,  1798 

'14  Dec.   1799 

Lt.-gen. 

.James  Wilkinson 

15  June,  1800  ' 

'  27  Jan.   1812 

Brig. -gen. 

Henry  Dearborn 

27  Jan.   1812  ' 

'15June,1815 

Maj.-gen. 

Jacob  Brown 

15June,1815  ' 
24  May,  1828  ' 

'  24  Feb    1828 

Alexander  Macomb. . . 

'  25  June,1841 

" 

Winfield  Scott 

25  June,  1841  ' 

'    1  Nov.  1861 

(  Maj.-gen.  & 

( brev.  It.  -gen. 

Maj.-gen. 

George  B.  McClellan.. 

1  Nov.  1861  ' 

'  11  Mch.  1862 

Henry  W.Halleck.... 

11  July,  1862  ' 

12  Mch.  1864 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

12  Mch.  1864  ' 

25  July,  1866 

Lt-gen. 

"            

25  July,  1866  ' 

4  Mch.  1869 

General. 

William  T.  Sherman. . . 

4  Mch.  1869  ' 

INov.  1883 

" 

Philip  H.Sheridan.... 

1  Nov.  1883  ' 

'    5  Aug.  1888 

Ltgen.&gen. 

John  M.  Schofleld 

14  Aug.  1888 

Maj.-gen. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  treason  of.  United  States  and 
New  York,  1780. 

SiroinatiCi.  Acron  of  Agrigentum  is  said  first 
to  have  made  great  fires  and  burned  aromatics  in  them, 
to  purify  the  air;  thus  stopping  the  plague  at  Athens, 
429  B.C. 

Aroo'StOOk  disturbance.  In  1837-39  the  un- 
settled boundary  between  Maine  and  Nevir  Brunswick  nearly  led 
to  active  hostilities  on  the  Aroostook  river.  Maine  sent  armed 
men  to  erect  fortifications,  and  congress  authorized  the  presi- 
dent to  resist  the  encroachments  of  the  British.  Gen.  Scott 
arranged  a  truce  and  joint  occupation.  The  boundaries  were 
finally  adjusted  by  treaty,  Aug.  9, 1842.  Ashburton  Treaty 
and  U.  S.  Record,  1839. 

Arpi'num,  now  Arpi'no,  S.  Italy.  Originally  a 
Volscian  town,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Samnites,  and 
thence  under  the  dominion  of  Rome.  Its  inhabitants  became 
Roman  citizens  in  302  b.c.,  and  received  the  right  of  voting, 
188  B.C.  Here  Caius  Marius  was  born,  about  157  b.c.,  and 
Cicero,  3  Jan.  106  b.c. 

Arques  (Arc),  N.  France.  Near  here  the  league  army, 
commanded  by  the  due  de  Mayenne,  was  defeated  by  Henry 
IV.,  21  Sept.  1589. 

arraig^nment  consists  in  reading  the  indictment  and 
calling  upon  the  prisoner  to  plead  to  it.  In  England,  formerly, 
persons  who  refused  to  plead  in  cases  of  felony  were  pressed  to 
death  by  weights  on  the  breast.  A  person  standing  mute  was 
declared  convicted  by  an  act  passed  1772 ;  but  in  1827  the  court 
was  directed  to  enter  a  plea  of  "  not  guilty  "  in  such  cases. 
Mute. 

Arras,  N.  E.  France,  the  country  of  the  ancient  Atre- 
bates,  the  seat  of  a  bishop  since  390.  Here  a  treaty  was  con- 
cluded between  the  king  of  France  and  duke  of  Burgundy, 
the  latter  abandoning  his  alliance  with  England,  21  Sept. 
1436.  By  another  treaty  of  Maximilian  of  Austria  with  Louis 
XI.  of  France,  Burgundy  and  Artois  were  given  to  the  dau- 
phin as  a  marriage  portion,  23  Dec.  1482. —  Fe%.  Arras  was 
held  by  the  Austrians  from  1493  till  1640,  when  it  was  taken 
by  Louis  XIII. 

arrest  for  debt  practically  abolished  in  England,  1869. 
For  the  United  States,  Debtors. 


Arsac  idae,  a  Parthian  dynasty,  from  Arsaces,  about 
260  B.C.  to  Artabanus,  killed  in  battle  with  Artaxerxes,  found- 
er of  the  Sassanidae,  226  a.d. 

arsenal,  a  military  or  naval  repository.  The  principal 
one  in  England  is  at  Woolwich.  Nearly  every  state  in  the 
United  States  has  at  least  one  arsenal  or  armory  for  its  militia. 
New  York  has  14.  The  Rock  Island  arsenal.  111.,  is  the  most 
completely  equipped  arsenal  of  the  U.  S.  Most  of  the  U.  S. 
arsenals  are  designed  for  construction  an4  repairs  as  well  as 
supply;  but  not  the  state  or  city  arsenals.  The  national  ar- 
senals are  at : 

Name.  Place.  E.Ub 

Allegheny Pittsburg,  Pa 1814 

Augusta Augusta,  Ga *  i826 

Benicia Benicia,  Cal '.  186I 

Columbia Columbia,  Tenn 1889 

Frankford Philadelphia,  Pa .' ."  '1815 

Indianapolis Indianapolis,  Ind 1863 

Kennebec Augusta,  Me '.  1827 

Monroe Old  Point  Comfort,  Va. 1838 

New  York Governor's  Island *  183^ 

Rock  Island Rock  Island,  111 '  1863 

San  Antonio San  Antonio,  Tex 1855 

Watervliet West  Troy,  N.  Y 1814 

Watertown Watertown,  Mass I8I6 

Arsenians,  partisans  of  Arsenius,  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople, who  excommunicated  the  emperor  Michael  Palseolo- 
gus  for  blinding  his  colleague,  young  John  Lascaris,  1261,  and 
was  deposed  1264. 

arsenic,  a  steel-gray  colored  brittle  metal,  used  with 
lead  in  making  small  shot.  The  name  is  popularly  applied  to 
arsenious  add,  a  compound  of  the  metal  with  oxygen,  which 
is  highly  poisonous.  It  was  known  in  early  times,  being 
mentioned  by  Theophrastus,  a  Greek  philosopher,  b.  382  b.c. 
Brandt,  in  1733,  made  the  first  accurate  experiments  on  its 
chemical  nature.  Arsenic  acid,  prepared  from  the  white  ar- 
senic or  arsenious  acid  of  commerce,  is  largely  used  in  making 
aniline  dyes.  Brilliant  greens  on  wall-papers  often  contain  this 
acid,  but  the  popular  notion  that  such  colors  can  poison  the 
air  has  no  foundation. 

arson,  punished  with  death  by  the  Saxons,  remained  a 
capital  crime  on  the  consolidation  of  the  laws  in  1827  and 
1837.  It  is  punishable  in  England  by  penal  servitude  for  life 
and  minor  degrees  of  imprisonment.  In  some  states  the  law 
remains  as  in  England;  others  punish  firing  an  inhabited 
house  by  imprisonment  for  life.  There  are  various  degrees 
of  arson,  with  minor  punishments  for  minor  degrees. 

Arsouf,  Syria.  At  a  battle  here  Richard  L  of  England, 
commanding  the  Christian  forces,  reduced  to  30,000,  defeated 
Saladin's  army  of  300,000  Saracens  and  other  infidels,  on  6 
Sept.  1191.  Ascalon  surrendered  and  Richard  marched  tow- 
ards Jerusalem,  1192. 

Ar'temis,  a  Greek  goddess;  called  by  the  Romans  Di- 
ana.— An  asteroid,  the  106th.  It  was  discovered  by  J.  C. 
Watson,  16  Sept.  1868. 

Arteniis'ilim,  a  promontory  in  Eubcea,  near  which  in- 
decisive conflicts  took  place  between  the  Greek  and  Persian 
fleets  for  three  days,  480  B.C.  The  former  retired  on  hearing 
of  the  battle  of  Thermopylae. 

artesian  ^ivells  (from  Artesia^  now  Artois,  in  France, 
where  there  are  many)  are  formed  by  boring  through  upper 


ART 

aoil  to  strata  containing  water  which  has  percolated  from  a 
higher  level,  and  which  rises  to  that  level  through  the  boring- 


66  ART 

tube.     The  following  are  some  of  the  deepest  wells  in  the 
world : 


EUROPE. 
Depth. 


Passv,  France 

lA  Chapelle,  Paris 

Grenelle,  "    

Neusalwerk,  near  Minden. 
KissiDgen,  Bavaria 

Sperenberg,  near  Berlin. . . 

Pestb,  Hungary 


2000  ft. 
2950  " 
1798  " 
2288  " 
1878 J  " 

4194  " 

3182  " 


1855-61 
1866-69 
1833-41 

1858 
1850-78 

1868-79 


6,682,000  gals,  daily;  rises  64  ft. 

Warm,  82°  Fahr. ;  743,040  gals,  daily;  rises  32  ft. 

1,077,000  gals,  daily.     Mineral;  rises  58  ft. 
Salt.     Sait-bod  reached  at  280  ft.  and  not  passed. 

The  deepest  well  in  the  world. 
Hot,  165°  Fahr. 


LocAUon. 

UNITED  STATES. 

Depth.               Bored. 

Remark.. 

St  Louis,  Mo 

2197  ft. 
3843  " 
2086  " 
2775i  " 
206  '« 
1250  " 

1849-62 
1866-70 
1856-67 

1848 

108,000  gals,  daily.     Salty. 

Does  not  rise  to  the  surface.     Salty. 

330,000  gals,  daily.     Mineral. 

Water  saline,  91°  Fahr. ;  no  force. 

72,000  gals,  daily. 

28,800  gals,  daily.     Saline. 

Charleston,  S.  C : 

South  Dakota,  sometinaes  called  the  "Artesian  state,"  has 
many  powerful  artesian  wells  in  the  valley  of  the  James  river, 
from  800  to  1600  ft.  deep,  affording  a  bountiful  supply  of  pure 
water.  The  water  from  great  depths  is  always  warmer  than 
at  the  surface. 

Arthur,  king  of  Britain,  said,  raythicallv,  to  have  lived 
502-632  A.D. 

The  events  of  his  life  and  the  conflicts  of  the  knights  of  his 
RorND  Table,  as  sung  by  the  Welsh  poets  Taliesin,  Llywarch 
Hen,  and  Aneurin,  were  incorporated  into  a  Latin  history  by 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  about  1115,  who  died  1154;  put  into 
French  verse  by  Geoffrey  Gaisnar,  and  by  Wace  soon  after; 

and  into  an  English  poem  called  Brut  by  Layamon about  1205 

Walter  Map,  by  incorporating  in  his  version  the  legend  of  the 

Holy  Grail,  introduced  the  religious  element about  1171 

Sir  Thomas  Malorys  •'  Morte  d' Arthur,"  printed 1485 

Lord  Lyttoa's  "  King  Arthur,"  pub 1848 

Tennyson's  "  Idyls  of  the  King  " 1859-69 

Arthur's,  Chester  A.,  administration.  United  States, 
1881. 

artichokes  are  said  to  have  been  introduced  from 
the  East  into  western  Europe  in  the  15th  century,  and  to 
have  reached  England  in  the  16th. 

articles  of  confederation  for  the  American 
Colonies.  Confederation,  Articles  of,  and  United 
States,  1778. 

articles  of  religion.  On  8  June,  1536,  after 
long  disputes,  the  English  clergy  in  convocation  published 
"Articles  decreed  by  the  king's  highness,"  Henry  VIII.,  who 
in  1539,  by  the  "  Statute  of  Six  Articles,"  proclaimed  the  ac- 
knowledgment of  transubstantiation,  communion  in  one  kind, 
vows  of  chastity,  private  masses,  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and 
auricular  confession.  Offenders  were  punishable  as  heretics. 
In  1551  42  were  prepared,  and  published  in  1653.  These 
were  modified  by  the  convocation,  and  reduced  to  39  in 
Jan.  1563 ;  which  received  the  royal  authority  (queen  Eliza- 
beth's) and  the  authority  of  parliament  in  1571.  These  arti- 
cles may  be  classified  thus:  (I)  articles  i.-v.,  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinitj' ;  (2)  vi.-viii.,  the  rule  of  faith  ;  (3)  ix.-xviii., 
doctrines  concerning  sin,  redemption,  and  their  cognate 
notions;  (4)  xix.-xxxix.,  the  general  theory  of  the  church 
and  the  doctrine  of  the  sacraments.  They  also  give  prom- 
inence to  the  tenets  which  distinguish  the  church  of  England 
from  that  of  Rome.  The  supremacy  of  the  pope  is  denied  in 
art.  xxxvii. ;  the  infallibility  of  the  church  of  Rome  and  of 
the  general  councils,  xix.,  xxi. ;  the  enforced  celibacy  of  the 
clergy,  xxxii. ;  the  denial  of  the  cup  to  the  laity,  xxx. ;  tran- 
substantiation, xxviii. ;  5  out  of  7  of  the  alleged  7  sacraments, 
XXV. ;  purgatory,  relics,  and  the  worship  of  images,  xxii, ;  and 
works  of  supererogation,  xiv.  The  Lambeth  Articles,  of  a 
more  Calvinistic  character,  proposed  by  archbishop  Whitgift, 
were  withdrawn  because  of  the  displeasure  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth, 1595.  104  articles  were  drawn  up  for  Ireland  by  arch- 
bishop Usher  in  1614;  but  in  1635  the  Irish  church  adopted 
the  English  articles.  Perth  Articles.  The  39  articles 
were  excluded  from  the  studies  at  Oxford  in  Nov.  1871. 

articles  of  war  were  decreed  bj'  Richard  I.  and 
John.  Those  made  by  Richard  II.  in  1385  appear  in  "  Grose's 
Military  Antiquities."     The  British  articles  now  in  force  are 


based  upon  an  act,  passed  b)'  William  III.  in  1689,  to  regulate 
the  army  about  to  engage  in  his  continental  warfare.  In  the 
United  States,  congress  only  can  make  articles  of  war.  These 
have  been  based  on  the  English  articles  and  mutiny  act. 
They  were  first  adopted  by  the  continental  congress,  July  30, 
1775,  and  extended  Mch.  20,  1776 ;  enacted  again,  with  little 
alteration,  Apr.  10,  1806.  Some  additions  were  made  from 
1861-65,  and  in  1874  they  were  codified  as  section  1342  of  the 
Revised  Statutes  of  the  U.  S. 

artificers  and  manufacturers.    Their  affairs 

were  severely  regulated  by  the  statutes  of  laborers  in 
England,  1349,  1350,  1360,  1549,  and  especially  1562.  They 
were  prohibited  from  leaving  the  country,  and  those  abroad 
were  outlawed  if  thej'  did  not  return  within  6  months  after 
notice.  A  fine  of  100/.  and  imprisonment  for  3  months  were 
penalties  for  seducing  them  from  the  realm,  by  9  Geo.  II. 
1736,  and  other  statutes.     The  law  was  modified  in  1824. 

artillery,  a  term  once  including  all  heavy  military  en- 
gines for  projectiles  now  restricted  to  cannon.     A  small  piece 
was  contrived  by  Schwartz,  a  German  cordelier,  soon  after  the 
invention  of  gunpowder,  in  1330.     Artillery  is  said  to  have 
been  used  by  the  Moors  of  Algesiras,  in  Spain,  in  1343  ;  and  at 
the  battle  of  Crecy,  in  1346,  when  Edward  III.  had  4  pieces 
of  cannon.     The  English  had  artillery  at  the  siege  of  Calais, 
1347,  and  the  Venetians  against  the  Genoese  at  sea,  1377. — 
Voltaire.     Said   to  have  been  cast,  with  mortars  for  bomb- 
shells, by  Flemish  artists,  in   Sussex,  1543. — Rymer^s  "  Foe- 
dora."     Made  of  brass,  1635;  improvements  by  Browne,  1728. 
Bombs,  Cannon,  Carronades  (under  Carron),  Fire-arms, 
Howitzers,  Mortars,  Petard,  Rockets.     The  royal  artil- 
lery regiment  was  established  in  the  reign  of  Anne. 
Honorable  Artillery  Company  of  London,  instituted  in  1585, 
having  ceased,  was  revived  in  1610.     It  met  for  military  ex- 
ercise at  the  Artillery  ground,  Finsbury,  where  the  London 
archers  had  met  since  1498  (Archkry).     In  the  civil  war, 
1642-48,  the  company  sustained  parliament  with  great  eflfect. 
It  numbered  1200  in  1803,  and  800  in  1861.    Since  1842  officers 
are  appointed  by  the  queen. 
The  Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  Company,  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  the  oldest  military  organization  in  the  U.  S.,  organ- 
ized    1638 

Its  printed  series  of  annual  sermons  begins  with  the  discourse 
of  Urian  Oakes 1672 

Artois  (_A  r-twa'),  N.  France,  a  province  once  held  by  the 
Atrebates,  conquered  by  the  Franks  in  the  5th  century,  given 
by  Charles  the  Bold,  with  Flanders,  as  a  dowry  to  his  daugh- 
ter Judith,  on  her  marriage  with  Baldwin  Bras-de-fer  in  863. 
Louis  XV.  created  his  grandson,  Charles  Philippe,  count  of 
Artois,  who  became  king  as  Charles  X.,  16  Sept.  1824. 

Reunited  to  the  crown  by  Philip  Augustus 1180 

Formed  into  a  county  for  his  brother  Robert,  by  Louis  IX 1237 

Acquired,  with  Flanders,  through  marriage,  by  the  duke  of 

Burgundy 1384 

Passed,  by  marriage  of  Mary  of  Bifl-gundy  to  Maximilian,  to 

the  house  of  Austria 1477 

Restored  to  France 1482 

Reverted  to  Austria 1493 

Conquered  for  France 1640 

Finally  confirmed  to  it  by  the  treaty  of  Nimeguen. .  .10  Aug.  1678 

arts.  In  the  8th  century,  the  circle  of  sciences  was 
composed  of  7  liberal  arts — the  trivium  (grammar,  rhetoric, 
logic),  the  quadi-ivium  (arithmetic,  music,  geometry,  and  as- 


ARU  57 

tronoray).  —  Harris.  Aside  from  the  arts  of  the  races  of 
Egypt  and  the  East,  the  history  of  the  manual  arts  of  archii- 
tccture,  sculpture,  and  painting  falls  naturally  into  4  peri- 
ods :  (1)  the  Greek  and  Roman  period,  from  about  700  B.C.  to 
400  A.D. ;  (2)  the  Christian  period,  from  400  to  1 260  in  Italy, 
and  about  1460  in  northern  Europe.;  (3)  the  Renaissance  pe- 
riod, till  about  1620 ;  (4)  the  modern  period. — "  Fine  Arts," 
Encyc.  Brit,  9th  ed. 

The  Royal  Society  of  England  obtained  its  charter 2  Apr.  1663 

First  public  exhibitiou  by  the  artists  of  the  British  metropolis 

took  place  at  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  Arts 1760 

Repeated  there  for  several  years,  till  the  Royal  Academy  was 

founded 1768 

Society  of  British  Artists  was  instituted 21  May,  1823 

Their  first  exhibition  opened 19  April,  1824 

Art  Union  of  London,  444  West  Strand,  was  founded  14  Feb. 
1837 ;  and  chartered  1  Dec.  1846.     The  Art  Union  Indemnity 

act  was  passed i 3  Aug.  1844 

Arundel  Society  for  the  promotion  of  the  knowledge  of  art, 

established  in  England 1848 

Pre- Raphael ites  became  prominent  about 1850 

Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Fine  Arts,  founded  in  Dec.  1858 
Art  unions  began  in  France  and  Germany  early  in  the  present 

century.     (First  in  Britain  was  established  at  Edinburgh.) 
Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club,  for  exhibition  of  works  of  art, 

etc. ,  founded 1868 

A  memorial  of  a  convention  for  promoting  reproductions  of 
works  of  art  for  museums  of  all  countries,  signed  by  prince 
of  Wales,  crown  princes  of  Prussia,  Russia,  Denmark,  Swe- 
den, Italy,  Saxony,  and  others,  sent  to  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough  12  Mch.  1868 

National  Association  for  the  advancement  of  art,  first  meeting 

in  Liverpool  (meets  annually) 3-7  Dec.  1888 

Arts  and  Crafts  Society,  begun " 

Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  founded 1891 

In  the  United  States ; 
Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Phil.,  organized  l)ec.  1805; 

incorporated 28  Mch.  1806 

[Two  or  more  exhibitions  held  every  year.    The  oldest  in- 
stitution of  its  kind  in  the  U.  S.J 
National  Academy  of  Design,  N.  Y. ;   instituted  1826;   incor- 
porated    1828 

[Academicians  limited  to  100,  associates  to  100.] 
Philadelphia  School  of  Design  for  Women,  founded  1847;  in- 
corporated    1853 

[Object,  instruction  of  women  in  decorative  art.] 
Cooper  Union,  N.  Y.,  for  the  advancement  of  science  and  art; 

founded  by  Peter  Cooper 1857 

[Aim,  to  afford  instruction  in  the  art  of  design  to  women.] 

America7i  Water  Color  Society,  N.  Y. ;  organized 1868 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston ;  incorporated 1870 

[Object,  preservation  and  exhibition  of  works  of  art.] 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  N.  Y. ;  chartered 13  Apr.     " 

[To  encourage  the  study  of  the  fine  arts.] 
Corcoran'' s  Gallery  o/^r«,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  chartered  24  May, 

1870;  opened 1874 

[With  an  endowment  of  $900,000.] 
Pennsylvania  Museum  and  School  of  Industrial  Art,  Phil. ;  in- 
corporated  26  Feb.  1876 

[Similar  in  plan  to  the  South  Kensington  museum  and 
school  in  London,  Eng.] 

Society  of  American  Artists,  N.  Y. ;  organized 1878 

[Object,  the  advancement  of  the  fine  arts.] 

Art  Institute  of  Chicago;  organized 24  May,  1879 

Cincinnati  Museum  Association  ;  incorporated 15  Feb.  1881 

[General  plan  similar  to  that  of  South  Kensington,  Eng.] 

American  Art  Union,  N.  Y. ;  incorporated 11  May,  1883 

[Object,  to  promote  interest  in  the  fine  arts  by  establish- 
ing galleries  for  the  exhibition  and  sale  of  works  of  art, 
holding  art  exhibitions  in  different  parts  of  the  country, 
publishing  engravings  and  other  artistic  works,  and  an  art 
journal,  establishing  an  artists'  benevolent  fund,  and  pro- 
moting social  intercourse  among  members.] 
National  Academy  of  Art,  established  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia by  an  act  of  the  52d  congress 1892 

Academies,  Architecture,  National   Gallery,  Painting,  Royal 
Academy,  Sculpture,  etc. 


Arundel  Ca§tle,  Sussex,  built  by  the  Saxons  about 
800.  The  duke  of  Norfolk  enjoys  the  earldom  of  Arundel,  as 
a  feudal  honor,  by  inheritance  and  possession  of  the  castle, 
without  other  creation.  Philip  Howard,  son  of  the  attainted 
duke  of  Norfolk,  was  made  earl  of  Arundel,  by  summons,  as 
possessor  of  this  castle,  1580.  It  was  thoroughly  repaired  by 
a  late  duke. 

Arundelian  Marble§,  one  containing  the  chro- 
nology of  ancient  history  from  1582  to  355  B.C.,  and  said  to 
have  been  sculptured  264  b.c.  They  consist  of  37  statues, 
128  busts,  and  250  inscriptions,  found  in  the  isle  of  Paros  about 
1610.  They  were  collected  by  W.  Petty,  purchased  by  lord 
Arundel,  and  given  by  his  grandson, Henry  Howard,  afterwards 
duke  of  Norfolk,  to  the  university  of  Oxford  in  1667;  and  are 
therefore  called  also  Oxford  Marbles.     The  inscriptions  are 


ASH 

Greek.  A  variorum  edition  of  the  inscriptions,  by  Maittaire, 
appeared,  1732,  a  fine  one  by  Chandler,  1763  ;  and  translation* 
by  Selden,  1628  ;  by  Prideaux,  1676. 

Ar'yan,  in  Sanscrit  signifying  (1)  a  tribe  or  nation  ;  (2> 
noble.  A  family  of  nations  sometimes  inaccurately  called 
Japhetic,  more  commonly  Indo-European  or  Indo-Germanic. 
"  The  ancestors  of  most  modern  Europeans  lived  together  a» 
one  people,  speaking  the  primeval  Aryan  tongue,  in  central 
Asia  and  apparently  near  the  Pamir  steppe.  Their  separa- 
tion took  place  at  so  remote  a  period  that  while  thev  seem  to 
have  known  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  they  were  unacquainted 
with  iron."— iJ/ax  Midler, «  Science  of  Language,"  vol.  ii.  p.  258. 
The  Aryan  race  invaded  India  in  remote  antiquity,  possibly 
1700  B.C.,  and  still  remain  the  dominant  race  there.'  The  Ar- 
yan stock  not  Asiatic  but  European.  This  view  is  supported 
by  canon  Ii»aac  Taylor,  A.  H.  Sayce;  by  the  Germans,  O.  Schra- 
der,  Karl  Peuka,  Posche,  Geiger;  and  in  France  by  M.  de  La- 
ponge.  "  The  conclusion  may  be  accepted  that  the  Aryan  peo- 
ple originated  in  western  Europe  and  migrated  eastward."— 
Brinton's  "  Races  and  Peoples,"  p.  147.     Language. 

a§,  a  Roman  weight;  a  pound;  also  a  coin  of  varying^ 
weight.  Originally,  about  400  b.c.,  it  was  nominally  12  ounce* 
of  copper,  but  gradually  fell  to  2  ounces,  and  at  last",  in  80  ac.^ 
to  ^  ounce,  worth  about  1^  cents. 

Asaph,  St.,  N.  Wales,  a  bishopric  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Kentigern,  bishop  of  Glasgow.  ,  On  returning  into- 
Scotland,  about  560,  he  left  St.  Asaph  his  successor,  from  whom 
the  see  is  named.  It  is  valued  in  the  king's  books  at  187/.  11*. 
&d.  The  present  cathedral  was  erected  by  bishop  Redman^ 
1472-95.  By  an  order  in  council,  1838,  the  sees  of  St.  Asaph 
and  Bangor  were  to  be  united  on  the  next  vacancy  in  either,, 
and  the  bishopric  of  Manchester  created.  This  order  was  an- 
nulled in  1846.  Present  income  4200/.  Manchkster.  The 
cathedral,  restored  by  sir  Gilbert  Scott,  reopened  2  Sept.  1875. 

a§be§tO§,  a  native  fossil  stone  regarded  as  a  variety  of 
hornblende,  which  may  be  split  into  threads  and  filaments,  and 
is  unconsumed  by  fire.  Cloth  was  made  of  it  by  the  Egyptian* 
{Herodotus),  and  napkins  in  the  time  of  Pliny,  74  a.d.;  and  also 
paper.  The  spinning  of  asbestos  known  at  Venice  about  1500. 
— Porta.  The  finest  asbestos  was  discovered  in  Canada  in 
1874,  but  it  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  globe.  It  is  mined  iu 
Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  Maryland,  Delaware,  and 
Staten  Island  in  N.  Y.     It  is  steadily  increasing  in  usefulness. 

A§'calO]l,  Syria,  a  city  of  the  Philistines,  shared  the  fate 
of  Phoenicia  and  Judea.  The  Egyptian  army  was  defeated 
here  by  the  crusaders  under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  12  Aug.  1099. 
Ascalon  was  besieged  by  the  latter  in  1148,  taken  in  1163,  and 
again  in  1191.  Its  fortifications  were  destroyed  for  fear  of  the 
crusaders  by  the  sultan,  1270. 

A§ceil§iOIl,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  800  miles 
northwest  of  St.  Helena,  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  on  As- 
cension day,  20  May,  1501 ,  and  seized  by  the  English,  Oct. 
1815. 

Ascen§ion  Day  or  Holy  Thursday,  when 

the  church  celebrates  the  ascension  of  Jesus,  the  fortieth  day 
after  his  resurrection,  14  May,  33 ;  first  commemorated,  it  is- 
said,  68. 

Aschaflfenburg,  on  the  Maine,  Bavaria,  S.  W.  Ger- 
many. Here,  on  14  July,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
German  Federal  arm}',  captured  the  town,  and  took  2000  pris- 
oners. 

As'CUlum,  now  As'COli,  Apulia,  S.  Italy.  Near  it 
Pyrrhus  of  Epirus  defeated  the  Romans,  279  b.c.  Asculum,  a 
city  of  the  Piceni,  with  all  their  country,  was  conquered  by  the 
consul  Sempronius,  268  b.c.  Here  Andrea,  general  of  the  em- 
peror Henry  VI.,  endeavoring  to  wrest  Naples  from  Tancred,. 
was  defeated  and  slain,  1190  a.d. 

Aslian'tee§,  a  warlike  negro  people  inhabiting  the  coun- 
try above  the  Gold  Coast,  W.  Africa.  Trouble  arising  between 
the  English  of  the  Gold  Coast  and  the  Ashantees,  sir  Garnet 
Wolseley,  sent  by  the  English  government  with  troops  into- 
their  country,  4' Oct.  1873,  took  and  destroyed  their  chief 
town,  Coomassie,  6  Feb.  1874.  Treaty  of  peace— terms :  per- 
petual peace;  indemnity  of  50,000  oz.  of  gold;  supremacy  over 
other  tribes  renounced;  free  trade  guaranteed;  and  humaa 


ASH 


68 


ASS 


sacrifices  prohibited— signed,  13  Feb.  1874.     Expedition  cost 

A»illburtOIl  Treaty,  so  called  from  lord  Ashburton 
^Alexander  Baring,  head  of  the  house  of  Baring  brothers), 
commissioner  for  Great  Britain,  who  with  Daniel  Webster, 
secretary  of  state  under  president  Tyler,  framed  the  treaty; 
signed  at  Washington,  9  Aug.  1842 ;  ratified,  20th  same  month ; 
and  proclaimed  10  Nov.  Besides  providing  for  the  extradition 
of  criminals,  etc.,  it  settled  the  boundary  line  between  Canada 
and  Maine.     Aroostook. 

Ashdod  or  Azo'tU§,  seat  of  the  worship  of  the  Phoe- 
nician god  Dagon,  which  fell  before  the  ark  of  the  Lord,  capt- 
ured by  the  Philistines  from  the  Israelites,  about  1141  n.c.  (1 
Sam.  v.).  Ashdod  was  taken  by  the  Egyptians  after  29  years' 
siege,  the  longest  recorded. 

A§hdOAVIl  or  A§§endune,  now  thought  to  be  As- 
ton, Berks,  where  Ethelred  and  his  brother  Alfred  defeated  the 
Danes  in  871.    At  Ashdown,  near  SafFron-Walden,  Essex,  Ca- 
nute defeated  Edmund  Ironside  with  great  slaughter,  1016. 
Tradition  says  that  the  day  after  the  battle  in  871  Alfred  caused  his 
army  to  carve  the  figure  of  a  white  horse,  the  standard  of  Hengist, 
by  cutting  out  the  sod  from  the  face  of  the  chalk  rocks,  at  the  side 
of  the  valley.     Thomas  Hughes  ('-Tom  Brown"),  in  his  book, 
"The  Scouring  of  the  White  Horse"  (1859),  describes  the  work 
and  festival  on  17  and  18  Sept.  1857,  a  ceremony  performed  at  in- 
tervals from  time  immemorial.    Records  are  found  of  the  "  scour- 
ing," 27  May,  1755;  15  May,  1776;  1780,  1785,  1803,  1812  or  1813, 
19,  20  Sept.,  1825;  Sept.  1843. 

Ashmolean  Museum  (books,  manuscripts,  coins, 
■etc.),  presented  to  the  university  of  Oxford  by  Elias  Ashmole, 
heraid  and  antiquary,  was  opened  1682.  It  included  the  col- 
lections of  the  Tradescants,  to  whom  he  was  executor.  He 
died  at  Lambeth  in  1692.  The  Ashmolean  Society,  Oxford 
(scientific),  was  established  in  1828. 

A§h'taroth,  a  Phoenician  goddess,  occasionally  wor- 
shipped by  the  Israelites  (see  Judg.  ii.  13),  about  1406  b.c.  ; 
by  Solomon,  about  984  B.C.  (1  Kings,  xi.  5). 

Astl-l¥edne§day,  the  first  day  of  Lent,  which  in 
•early  times  began  on  the  Sunday  now  called  the  first  in  Lent. 
It  is  said  that  pope  Felix  III.,  in  487,  added  the  four  days  pre- 
■ceding  the  old  Lent  Sunday  to  make  number  of  fasting  days 
40 ;  that  Gregory  the  Great  (pope,  590)  introduced  the  sprink- 
ling of  ashes  on  the  first  additional  day,  and  hence  the  name 
Dies  Cinei-um,  or  Ash- Wednesday.  The  Reformers  rejected 
this  practice  "  as  being  a  mere  shadow,  or  vain  show." 

A§ia,  the  largest  division  of  the  globe,  so  called  bj'  the 
Greeks  from  the  nymph  Asia,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
and  wife  of  Japhet.  Asia  was  the  first  quarter  of  the  world 
peopled — here  the  law  of  God  was  first  promulgated;  here 
many  of  the  greatest  monarchies  had  their  rise ;  and  hence 
most  of  the  arts  and  sciences  have  been  derived.  Its  early 
history  is  found  in  the  Bible  and  in  Herodotus,  who  relates 
the  wars  of  Croesus,  Cyrus,  and  others.  Its  enormous  area 
(17,300,000  sq.  miles),  nearly  five  times  that  of  Europe,  is 
.a  third  of  the  land  of  the  earth's  surface.  It  is  5300  miles 
from  the  southern  point  of  the  Malay  peninsula  to  the  most 
■northern  cape,  and  from  the  isthmus  of  Suez  to  the  East  cape 
it  is  6700  miles.  Two  great  progressive  European  powers, 
Russia  and  Great  Britain,  now  hold  sway  over  more  than  two 
fifths  of  Asia,  and  the  principal  political  changes  in  Asia  for 
two  centuries  have  had  their  origin  in  the  steady  growth  of 
these  powers.  The  British  have  extended  their  empire  tow- 
ards Burmah  and  inner  China,  and  northwestward  to  Afghan- 
istan. The  Russians  have  passed  southward  through  the 
■Caucasus  and  have  occupied  the  region  about  Mero  and  Sa- 
marcand.  A  belt  of  about  200  miles  separates  these  two  Eu- 
ropean powers  from  each  other.  Afghanistan,  China,  India, 
Jews,  Persia,  Siberia,  Turkey,  etc. 

Asia  Minor,  now  AnatO'lia,  comprised  the  Ionian 
•colonies  on  the  coast,  the  early  seats  of  Greek  civilization,  and 
the  countries  of  Cappadocia,  Caria,  Bithynia,  Galatia,  Lycia, 
Lydia,  Mysia,  and  Phrj'gia,  with  the  cities  of  Ephesus,  Smyr- 
na, and  Troy.  From  the  rise  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy,  about 
2000  B.C.,  to  that  of  the  Turks  under  Osman,  Asia  Minor  might 
■be  called  the  battle-field  of  the  East.  ^  ^ 

First  settlement  of  the  Ionian  Greeks about  1043 

Asia  Minor  subdued  by  the  Medes "        711 


Conquered  by  Cyrus about    54 

Contest  between  the  Greeks  and  Persians begins    54 

Asia  Minor  conquered  by  Alexander 33 

Contended  for  by  his  successors ;  separate  kingdoms  established, 

321-27 
A.r 

Gradually  acquired  by  the  Romans 188  b.c.  to      1 

Possessed  by  the  Persians 60 

Partially  recovered  by  the  emperor  Basil 87 

Invaded  by  Timour 140 

Taken  from  the  Greek  emperor  by  the  Turks  under  Mahomet  I.,  141 
Turkey. 

Asiatie  societies.  The  Asiatic  Society  of  Benga 
at  Calcutta,  was  established  by  sir  William  Jones  in  1784,  th 
bounds  of  its  investigation  to  be  the  geographical  limits  o 
Asia.  The  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  which  has  several  branche 
in  India,  was  founded  in  1823.  It  established  the  Orient? 
Translation  Fund  in  1828,  which  had  published  83  volumes  o 
Eastern  literature  in  1865;  the  Literary  Society  of  Madras 
1845. 

Asmonseans,  the  proper  name  of  the  family  terme 
Maccabees. 

Asperne,  Oreat,  a  town,  and  Essling,  a  village  nea 
the  Danube  and  Vienna,  the  scene  of  desperate  conflicts  be 
tween  the  Austrians  under  the  archduke  Charles  and  th 
French  under  Napoleon,  Massena,  etc.,  on  21-22  May,  180! 
ending  in  the  retreat  of  Napoleon.  The  Austrian  loss  exceede 
20,000  men,  and  the  French  30,000.  Marshal  Lannes  mortall 
wounded,  22  May;  died,  31  May.  The  bridge  of  the  Danub 
was  destroyed,  and  Napoleon's  retreat  endangered ;  but  th 
success  of  the  Austrians  was  fruitless. 

asphalt,  a  solid  bituminous  substance,  probably  derive 
from  decayed  vegetable  matter;  used  as  building  material  i 
ancient  Babylon.  Its  application  for  this  purpose  was  revive 
by  Eyrini  d'Eyrinis,  a  Swiss  physician  of  Greek  origin,  wh 
discovered  beds  of  it  near  Neufchatel  in  1712.  Asphalt  ston 
was  found  at  Seyssel,  near  Geneva,  in  1802 ;  and,  after  seven 
failures,  count  Sassenaj'  brought  it  into  use  for  pavement  aboi 
1832.  The  artificial  asphalt  from  gas-works  began  to  be  use 
as  pavement  about  1838.  Claridge's  patent  asphalt  was  lai 
down  in  Trafalgar  square,  Jan.  1864.  Various  kinds  of  aspha 
pavement  have  been  since  laid  in  London  and  New  York.  Tl 
most  celebrated  deposit  of  natural  bitumen  is  on  the  island  c 
Trinidad,  whence  the  United  States  obtains  its  chief  suppl; 
Extensively  used  in  paving  cities  throughout  the  U.  S. 

Aspromon'te,  Naples.  Here  Garibaldi  was  defeatei 
wounded,  and  taken  prisoner,  29  Aug.  1862,  having  rise 
against  the  French  occupation  of  Rome. 

As'sam',  N.  E.  India,  acquired  by  the  British  in  1825,  ar 
surrendered  by  the  king  of  Ava  in  1826.  The  tea-plant  wi 
discovered  here  by  Mr.  Bruce  in  1823.  A  superintendent  c 
tea-forests  was  appointed  in  1836,  cultivation  of  tea  havin 
been  recommended  by  lord  William  Bentinck  in  1834.  Tl 
Assam  tea  company,  which  imported  Chinese  laborers  ar 
coolies,  was  established  in  1839.  In  later  years  the  planti 
tions  declined  through  over-speculation  and  neglect  of  the  L 
borers ;  as  a  remedy,  a  labor  act  was  passed  at  Calcutta  aboi 
July,  1867, 

assassins  or  assassinians,  fanatical  Mahometan 
following  Hassan-ben-Sabah,  settled  in  Persia  about  1090.  1 
Syria  the}'  possessed  a  large  tract  of  land  among  the  moui 
tains  of  Lebanon.  They  murdered  the  marquess  of  Montfe 
rat  in  1192,  Lewis  of  Bavaria  in  1213,  and  the  khan  of  Ta 
tary  in  1254.  They  were  extirpated  in  Persia  about  1258  ar 
in  Syria  about  1272.  The  chief  of  the  corps  was  named  "  Ai 
cient  of  the  Mountain  "  and  "  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain."  The 
trained  up  young  people  to  assassinate  persons  designated  I 
their  chief. — Henault.     From  them  came  the  word  assassin. 

REMARKABLE    ASSASSINATIONS    AND    ATTEMPTS,   ARRANGE 
BY  DATES.  B 

Artaxerxes  III.  of  Persia,  by  Bagoas about    3: 

Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  by  Pausanias 3; 

Darius  III.  of  Persia,  by  Bessus July,    3: 

Julius  Caesar,  by  Brutus  and  others 15  Mch. 

A. 

Edmund  the  Elder  of  England,  ."r 26  Mch.  9 

Edward  the  Martyr  of  England 18     "      9 

Thomas  a  Becket,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 29  Dec.  11 

Albert  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  by  his  nephew  John. .  .1  May,  13( 
Edward  II.  of  England 27  Sept.  13; 


ASS  59 

Xouis  Valois,  duKe  of  Orleans,  by  Burgundians 23  Nov.  1407 

John  the  Fearless,  duke  of  Burgundy,  by  Orleanists. .  .10  Sept.  1419 

James  I.  of  Scotland,  by  nobles 21  Feb.  1437 

Edward  V.  of  England,  by  oider  of  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester, 

July,  1483 

James  lii.  cf  Scotland,  by  nobles 11  June,  1488 

David  Beaton   cardinal,  by  Reformers 29  May,  1546 

James  Murray,  earl,  regent  of  Scotland,  by  Hamilton  of  Both- 

wellhaugh,  at  Linlithgow, 21  Jan.  1570 

William,  prince  of  Orange,  by  Balthasar  Gerard  (Torture), 

10  July,  1584 
Henry,  duke  of  Guise,  by  order  of  Henry  III.  of  France.. 23  Dec.  1588 
Louis  of  Guise,  cardinal  of  Lorraine,  by  order  of  Henry  IIL  of 

France 24  Dec.     '« 

Henry  in.  of  France,  by  Jacques  Clement 2  Aug.  1589 

Henry  IV.  of  France,  attempt,  by  Jean  Chatel 27  Dec.  1594 

"       "    "        "       killed  by  Ravaillac  (Torture) 14  May,  1610 

'George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buckingham,  by  John  Felton..28  Aug.  1628 

William  III.  of  England,  plot  to  assassinate 14  Feb.  1696 

Louis  XV.  of  France,  attempt,  by  Damiens  (Torture) 5  Jan.  1757 

■Gustavus  III.  of  Sweden,  AnkarstrOm 16  Mch. ;  d.  29  Mch.  1792 

Marat,  by  Charlotte  Corday 13  July,  1793 

€eorge  III.  of  England,  mad  attempt  by  Margaret  Nicholson,  2 

Aug.  1786;  again,  by  James  Hatfield 15  May,  1800 

Napoleon  I.,  attempt  by  an  infernal  machine 24  Dec.     " 

Paul,  czar  of  Russia,  by  nobles 24  Mch.  1801 

Spencer  Percival,  premier  of  England,  by  Bellingham.  .11  May,  1812 

George  IV.  (when  regent),  attempt 28  Jan.  1817 

August  Kotzebue,  German  dramatist,  for  political  motives,  by 

Karl  Sand 23  Mch.  1819 

Charles,  due  de  Berri  (father  of  the  comte  de  Chambord), 

18  Feb.  1820 

€apo  d'Istria,  count,  Greek  statesman  (Torture) 9  Oct.  1831 

Audrew  Jackson,  president  U.  S.,  attempt 30  Jan.  1835 

Louis  Philippe  of  France,  manv  attempts,  by  Fieschi,  28  July, 
1835;  by  Alibaud,  25  June,  1836;  by  Meunier,  27  Dec.  1836; 
byDarmte,  15  Oct.  1840;  by  Lecomte,  14Apr.  1846;  by  Henry, 

29  July,  1846 

Denis  Aflfre,  archbishop  of  Paris 27  June,  1848 

Rossi,  conte  Pellegrino,  Roman  statesman 15  Nov.      " 

Frederick  William  IV.  of  Prussia,  attempt,  by  Sofelage. . .  22  May,  1850 

Francis  Joseph  of  Austria,  attempt,  by  Libenyi 18  Feb.  1853 

Ferdinand,  Charles  III.,  duke  of  Parma 27  Mch.  1854 

Isabella  II.  of  Spain,  attempts,  by  La  Riva,  4  May,  1847;  by 

Merino,  2  Feb.  1852;  by  Raymond  Fuentes 28  May,  1856 

Napoleon  III.,  attempts,  by  Pianori,  28  Apr.  1855;  by  Belle- 
marre,  8  Sept.  1855;  by  Orsini  and  others  (France).  .  .14  Jan.  1858 

Daniel,  prince  of  Montenegro 13  Aug.  1860 

Abraham  Lincoln,  president  of  the  U.  S.,  at  Ford's  theatre, 
Washington,  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,  on  the  evening  of  14 

Apr. ;  d 15  Apr.  1865 

Michael,  prince  of  Servia 10  June,  1868 

Prim,  marshal  of  Spain,  28  Dec. ;  d 30  Dec.  1870 

Georges  Darboy,  archbishop  of  Paris,  by  communists.  .24  May,  1871 
Richard,  earl  of  Maj'o,  gov. -gen.  of  India,  by  Shere  Ali,  a  con- 
vict, in  Andaman  islands 8  Feb.  1872 

Amadeus,  duke  of  Aosta,  when  king  of  Spain,  attempt.. 19  July,     " 
Bismarck,  prince,  attempt,  by  Blind,  7  May,  1866 ;  by  KuUman, 

13  July,  1874 

Abdul  Aziz,  sultan  of  Turkey 4  June,  1876 

Hussein  Avni  and  other  Turkish  ministers,  by  Hassan,  a  Cir- 
cassian officer 15  June,     " 

William  I.  of  Prussia  and  Germany,  attempts,  by  Oscar  Becker, 
14  July,  1861;  by  HOdel,  11  May,  1878;  by  Dr.  Nobiling, 

2  June,  1878 

Mehemet  Ali,  pacha,  by  Albanians 7  Sept.     " 

Humbert  I.,  king  of  Italy,  attempt,  by  John  Passananti..l7  Nov.     " 

Lytton,  lord,  viceroy  oflndia,  attempt,  by  Busa 12  Dec.     " 

Alfonso  XII.  of  Spain,  attempts,  by  J.  0.  Moncasi,  25  Oct.  1878; 

by  Francisco  Otero  Gonzalez 30  Dec.  1879 

Loris  MelikofT,  Russian  gen.,  attempt 4  Mch.  1880 

Bratiano,  premier  of  Roumania,  attempt,  by  J.  Pietraro..l4  Dec.  " 
Alexander  II.  of  Russia,  attempts,  by  Karakozow  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 16  Apr.  1866;  by  Berezowski  at  Paris,  6  June,  1867;  by 
Alexander  SoloviefT,  14  Apr.  1879;  by  undermining  a  railway 
train,  1  Dec.  1879;  by  explosion  of  Winter  palace,  St.  Peters- 
burg, 17  Feb.  1880;  killed  by  explosion  of  a  bomb  thrown  by 
a  man  who  is  himself  killed,  St.  Petersburg. ..  2  p.m.  13  Mch.  1881 
Garfield,  James  A.,  president  of  the  U.  S.,  shot  by  Charles  Jules 
Guiteau,  Washington,  2  Julj',  1831;  d.  from  his  wounds,  19 
Sept.  1881;  Guiteau  convicted  of  murder  in  the  first  degree, 

26  Jan.  1882 ;  sentenced  2  Feb. ;  hanged  on 30  June,  1882 

Marie  Franpois  Sadi  Carnot,  president  of  France,  stabbed  mor- 
tally at  Lyons  by  Cesare  Santo,  an  anarchist, 

Sunday,  24  June,  1894 
assay  of  gold  and  silver  originated  with  the  bishop 
of  Salisburj'-,  a  royal  treasurer  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I. — 
Du  Cange.  But  some  kind  of  assay  was  practised  as  early  as 
the  Roman  conquest.  Assay,  early  established  in  England, 
was  regulated  by  statutes,  1238, 1700,  and  1705.  The  alloy 
of  gold  is  silver  and  copper,  that  of  silver  is  copper.  Britisli 
standard  gold  is  2  carats  of  alloy  to  22  of  fine  gold.  Standard 
silver  is  18  dwts.  of  copper  to  11  oz.  2  dwts.  of  fine  silver.  Pyx. 
The  U.S. assay  office.  New  York  city,  receives  from  $20,000,000 
to  $5100,000,000  in  crude  bullion  of  gold  and  silver  to  be  assayed 
every  year.  There  are  also  oflftces  at  Boise  City,  Idaho ;  Hele- 
na, Mont. ;  and  St.  Louis,  Mo.     Coinage. 


ASS 

Assaye  (as-sa'),  E.  Indies.  The  British  armv,  under  gen. 
Arthur  Wellesley  (afterwards  duke  of  Wellington),  entered  the 
Mahratta  states  on  the  south ;  took  the  fort  of  Ahmednuggur,  12 
Aug. ;  and  defeated  Scindiah  and  the  rajah  of  Berar  at  Assaye, 
23  Sept.  1803.  This  was  Welleslev's  first  great  battle  with 
only  4o00  men  against  50,000.  The  enemy  fled,  leaving  artil- 
lery, etc.  *' 

assessed  taxes.  By  some  the  date  is  referred  to 
Ethelbert,  in  991;  to  Henry  VIII.  1522;  and  to  William  III. 
1689,  when  a  land-tax  was  imposed  in  England.  Land-tax 
Taxks.  ' 

assien'tO,  a  contract  of  the  king  of  Spain  with  other 
powers  to  supply  negro  slaves  to  Spanish  America,  began  with 
the  Flemings.  By  treaty  of  Utrecht,  13  July,  1713,  Great  Brit- 
am  engaged  to  furnish  4800  negroes  atniuallv  for  30  vears.  The 
contract  was  renewed  in  1748,  but  given  up' in  175o'.    Guinea. 

assig^natS  {as-seen-ijah'),  a  forced  paper  currency,  first 
issued  by  the  revolutionary  assembly  of  France,  Apr.  1790. 
At  one  period  8,000,000,000  francs,  or  nearly  $1,600,000,000  of 
this  paper  were  in  circulation.—^  lison.  Assignats  were  su- 
perseded by  mandats  in  1796. 

Assiniboines.     Indians. 

assize  eourtS  (from  assideo,  I  sit),  ancient  in  Eng- 
land, in  old  law-books  defined  as  an  assembly  of  knights  and 
other  substantial  men,  with  the  justice,  to  meet  at  a  certain 
time  and  place :  regulated  by  Magna  Charta,  1^15.  The  pres- 
ent justices  of  assize  and  nisiprius  are  derived  from  the  stat- 
ute of  Westminster,  13  Edw.  1. 1284.— CoA:^,  Blackstone.  "The 
king  doth  will  that  no  lord,  or  other  of  the  country,  shall  sit 
upon  the  bench  with  the  justices  to  take  assize  in  their  ses- 
sions in  the  counties  of  England,  upon  great  forfeiture  to  the 
king."  20  Rich.  H.  1^^.— Statutes,  Brovyh  act.  Assizes  are 
general  or  special;  general  when  the  judges  go  their  circuits, 
and  special  when  a  commission  is  issued  for  one  or  more 
causes.     Bloody  Assizes. 

assize  of  Jerusalem,  a  code  of  laws  compiled 

under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  king  of  Jerusalem,  in  1100. 

associations.  British  National  Associations, 
Christian  Societies,  etc. 

Assumption,  Feast  of  the,  15  Aug.,  observed 

by  the  church  of  Rome  in  honor  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  said  to 
have  been  taken  up  to  heaven,  body  and  spirit,  on  this  day, 
45  A.D.,  in  her  75th  year.  It  was  instituted  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury, and  enjoined  by  the  council  of  Mentz,  813. 

Assyria,  originally  Assur,  an  Asiatic  country  be- 
tween Mesopotamia  and  Media,  the  seat  of  the  earliest  record- 
ed monarchy.  Till  recently  its  history-  was  mainly  derived 
from  Greek  historians,  Ctesias,  Herodotus,  and  Diodorus  Sicu- 
lus,  Berosus,  a  Graeco-Chaldean  priest,  and  the  Holj^  Scriptures. 
The  discovery  by  sir  Austin  Layard  of  the  Ninevite  antiqui- 
ties, now  in  the  British  museum,  and  the  deciphering  of  cu- 
neiform inscriptions  b\^  Grotefend,  sir  H.  Rawlinson,and  other 
scholars,  have  thrown  much  light  upon  Assyrian  history.  The 
chronologers,  Blair,  Usher,  Hales,  and  Clinton,  differ  much 
in  the  dates.  The  results  of  recent  investigations  are  given 
in  the  rev.  G.  Rawlinson's  "  Five  Great  Monarchies  of  the 
Ancient  World,"  prof.  A.  H.  Sayce's  "  Assyria :  its  Princes, 
Priests,  and  People,"  1885,  and  W.  Boscawen's  article  "  Assy- 
ria, "  in  "  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,"  1888.  g  c. 

Nimrod  or  Belus  reigns [2554  H.  2235  C]  2245 

'■  Asshur  builded  Nineveh  "  (Gen.  x.  11)  about 2218 

Ninus,  son  of  Belus,  reigns  in  Assyria,  and  names  his  capital 

Nineveh [2182  C]  2069 

Babylon  taken  by  Ninus,  who,  having  subdued  the  Armenians, 
Persians,  Bactrians,  and  all  Asia  Minor,  establishes  the  As- 
syrian monarchv,  with  Nineveh  as  seat  of  empire. — Blair. 

[2233  C]  2059 

Ninyas,  an  infiint,  succeeds  Ninus 2017 

Seniiramis.  mother  of  Ninyas,  usurps  the  government,  enlarges 

and  embellishes  Babylon [2130  C]  2007 

She  invades  Libya,  Ethiopia,  and  \xxA\B..—Lenglet 1975 

She  is  put  to  death  by  her  son  Ninyas 1965 

Ninyas  put  to  death,  and  Arius  reigns 1927 

Reign  of  Aralius 1897 

Belochus,  the  last  king  of  the  race  of  Ninus 1446 

He  makes  his  daughter  Atossa,  surnamed  Semiramis  IL,  his 

associate  on  the  throne 1*33 

Atossa  procures  the  death  of  her  father,  and  marries  Belatores 
(or  Belaperes),  who  reigns 1*21 


AST 

Sardanajwlus.  luxurious  and  effeniinato  when  attacked  by  Ar- 
baces,  sitrap  of  .Media,  suddenly  becomes  energetic  and  war- 
like, defends  Nineveh  for  '2  years;  when  overcome,  burns 
himself  in  his  palace,  with  his  wives  and  treasures,  ending 

the  first  Assvriau  empire.— C<«»ta» 876 

[All  given  "above  is  mythical.    The  following  is  based  u|H)U 
the  records  in  the  ancient  Assyrian  tablets  and  the  Bible.] 

Assyria,  a  province  of  Babylonia,  becomes  independent;  tlrst 
king,  Bol-kapkapi;  under  his  successors  the  kingtloin  is 
greatly  enlarged;  Rimmon-nirari  I.  becomes  i)owerrul  about  1320 

His  son.  Shalmaneser  I.,  founds  Calah,  and  his  grandson.  Tig- 
lath  Adar  I.,  captures  Babylon 1280 

His  descendant,  Tiglath-pileser  I.,  a  groat  conqueror  and  the 
real  founder  of  the  Assyrian  empire 1140 

His  son,  Assur  bel-Kala,  a  weak  prince 1110 

Empire  falls  into  decay  for  nearly  2  centuries. 

Empire  revives  under  Assur-dan  11.,  and  is  fully  restored  by 
his  successors,  Himmon-nirari  II ....911-889 

And  Assur-natsir-pal 883-^88 

His  son,  Shalmaneser  II.,  makes  large  conquests  in  W.  Asia 

858  et  seq. 

At  Karkar  he  defeats  Benhadad,  king  of  Damascus,  Ahab,  king 
of  Israel,  and  Irkhuleni,  king  of  Hamath 854 

Empire  enlarged  by  his  sou,  Samas-Rimmon  II 823-810 

Assyrian  eponym  canon  records  a  solar  eclipse,  and  is  thereby 
the  basis  of  Assyrian  chronology 763 

Assur-uirari  king;  many  revolts 753  et  seq. 

Pulu,  or  Pul,  usurps  the  throne  and  styles  himself  Tiglath- 
Pileser.  Ho  consolidated  the  empire,  reformed  government, 
quelled  revolts,  and  enlarged  his  dominions  by  conquest  of 
Babylon,  etc 745-727 

His  weak  son,  Shalmaneser  IV.,  king,  727;  died  or  was  mur- 
dered by  Sargon  the  Tartan,  who  continues  the  war  in  As- 
syria, captures  Samaria,  and  replaces  the  inhabitants  by  col- 
onists (2  Kings  xvii. ) 720 

At  the  battle  of  liaphia  he  checks  the  advances  of  Egypt,  and 
captures  the  rich  Hittite  capital,  Carchemish 717 

Merodach-baladan  III.  raises  a  revolt  against  Sargon,  who,  after 
a  severe  campaign,  captures  Babylon  and  is  proclaimed  king    710 

Sargon  is  killed  in  his  new  palace July,  705 

His  son  Sennacherib,  succeeds  him. 

Babylonia  revolts;  Merodach-baladan  returns,  but  is  defeated 
at  Kisu ;  Sennacherib  conquers  Phoenicia,  and,  offended  by 
Hezckiah,  ravages  Judaea  and  besieges  Jerusalem,  which  is 
saved  by  the  sudden  destruction  of  his  army  (Isa.  xxxvii.  36- 
38);  he  is  killed  by  his  sons Dec.  681 

His  son  Esar-haddon  defeats  his  brothers,  reigns  at  Nineveh, 
and  reorganizes  the  empire 680  et  seq. 

He  invades  Judaea,  makes  Manasseh  prisoner. 

He  invades  Egypt,  captures  Memphis,  and  after  a  long  cam- 
paign subdues  and  becomes  ruler  of  nearly  all  the  ancient 
world 675  et  seq. 

Disturbed  by  a  rising  in  Egypt  and  conspiracies  at  home,  he 
makes  his  son  Assur-bani-pal  king  at  Nineveh,  Apr.  669, 
and  dies  during  a  campaign,  Oct.  667.  Assur-bani-pal,  weak 
but  ambitious,  continues  war  in  Egypt,  captures  Thebes,  in- 
vades Phoenicia,  and  takes  Tyre. 

He  appoints  his  brother,  Samas-sum-yukin,  viceroy  of  Baby- 
lon, who  heads  a  revolt,  which  lasts  five  years;  Babylon  is 
taken,  and  the  rebel  burns  himself  in  his  palace  with  many 
followers 647 

Gradual  fall  of  the  empire;  new  revolts;  Egypt  independent ; 
Kandanalu,  viceroy  of  Babylon,  and  his  successor,  father  of 
Nebuchadnezzar,  independent;  Assur-bani-pal  succeeded  by 
his  son  Assur-etil-iliyukinni 640 

Essar-haddon  II.  (the  Sarakos  of  Ctesias)  the  last  king;  the 
N.E.  provinces  invaded  by  a  vast  confederation  under  the 
command  of  Kazaril  (Cyaxares  the  Mede). 

Disruption  and  anarchy  closed  by  siege  and  destruction  of 
Nineveh about    606 

Assyria  becomes  a  Median  province. 

Assyria  subdued  by  Alexander  the  Great 332 

Afterwards  part  of  the  kingdoms  of  Syria,  Parthia,  and  Persia,  a.d. 

Conquered  by  the  Turks 1637 

Explored  by  col.  Chesney  and  the  Euphrates  exploring  expedi- 
tion   1835-37 

I^ayard's  "Discoveries,"  publ 1848-53 

Mr.  George  Smith,  of  British  Museum,  began  to  study  inscrip- 
tions, 1866  (received  aid  from  Daily  TeUgraph),  and  started 
to  explore  Assyrian  remains,  20  June,  1873  ;  worked  in 
1873-74;  publ.  "Assyrian  Discoveries" Mch.  1875 

Classes  for  the  study  of  Assyrian  language  formed;  A.  H.Sayce 
publishes  Assyrian  grammar " 

Smith  started  to  renew  explorations,  Oct.  1875;  died  at  Aleppo, 

19  Aug.  1876 

Explorations  resumed  by  Hormusd  Rassam.     Nineveh. 

a§teroid§.     Planets. 

A§tor  Library,  New  York.  John  Jacob  Astor  (b. 
at  Waldorf,  near  Heidelberg,  17  July,  1763 ;  d.  in  New  York, 
29  Mch.  1848)  left  by  will  $400,000  to  establish  "  a  public 
library  in  the  city  of  New  York."  It  was  opened  9  Jan.  1854, 
with  about  80,000  volumes.  In  Jan.  1856,  William  B.  Aster, 
son  of  the  founder,  gave  land  to  double  the  building.  In  1879 
John  Jacob  Astor  (the  second)  gave  land  and  an  additional 
building ;  also  built  a  central  vestibule,  frescoed,  and  orna- 
mented with  24  classic  busts  in  marble.  The  co.st  of  these  im- 
provements was  about  $250,000.     The  number  of  books  in 


60  AST 

the  library  is  300,000,  very  few  of  them  duplicates,  while  fu 
tion,  except  of  the  highest  order,  is  excluded.  The  librar 
is  rich  in  books  of  value  to  scholars,  and  it  is  maintained  s 
a  scholar's,  not  a  popular,  library. 

Aitor- place  riOt§,  made  by  friends  of  Edwi 
Forrest  to  interrupt  Mr.  Macready's  acting  at  the  Astor-plac 
Opera-house  in  New  York,  10  May,  1849.     Nkw  Yokk. 

A§torfi|[a,  N.W.  Spain,  the  ancient  Asturica  August 
was  taken  by  the  Frencli,  22  Apr.  1810,  and  treated  with  grei 
severity. 

Astoria,  Oregon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  rive 
founded  in  1810  by  John  Jacob  Astor  as  a  station  for  his  fi 
trade.  It  is  the  subject  of  a  picturesque  descriptive  worl 
entitled  "  Astoria,"  by  Washington  Irving,  1836.  Irving  ne^ 
er  visited  the  station,  but  wrote  from  documents  furnish( 
by  Astor,  and  from  recollections  of  another  northwestern  fu 
trading  post.     Oregon. 

Astracan,  S.E.  Russia,  a  province  acquired  from  tl 
Mogul's  empire  in  1554;  visited  and  settled  by  Peter  tl 
Great  in  1722. 

astrolabe,  an  instrument  for  observing  stars,  said  i 
have  been  employed  by  Hipparchus  about  130  b.c.,  and  I 
Ptolemy  about  140  a.d.  The  modern  astrolabe  was  describe 
by  Fabricius  in  1513. 

astrolog'y.  Judicial  astrology  was  cultivated  by  tl 
Chald£eans,  and  transmitted  to  the  Egyptians,  Greeks,  an 
Romans.  It  was  much  in  vogue  in  Italy  and  France  in  tl 
time  of  Catherine  de'  Medicis  (married  to  Francis  I.  of  Franc 
1533).— HenauU.  It  is  said  that  Bede,  673-735,  was  addictf 
to  it ;  and  Roger  Bacon,  1214-92.  Lord  Burleigh  is  said  1 
have  calculated  the  nativity  of  Elizabeth,  who,  like  other  cot 
temporary  princes,  was  a  dupe  of  Dee  the  astrologer.  At  tl 
birth  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France  (1638)  a  certain  Morin  de  VilL 
franche  was  placed  behind  a  curtain  to  cast  the  nativity  of  tl 
future  king.  It  is  said  that  Lilly  was  consulted  by  Charles 
of  England  respecting  his  projected  escape  from  Carisbrook  ca 
tie  in  1647. — Ferguson.  In  England  Swift  may  be  said  to  ha\ 
given  the  death-blow  to  astrology  by  his  famous  squib  ent 
tied  "  Predictions  for  the  Year  1708,"  by  Isaac  Bickerstal 
Esq.  Astrological  almanacs  still  published  in  London,  1892 
astronomer-royal.  Greenwich. 
astronomy.  The  earliest  astronomical  observatioi 
were  made  at  Babylon,  it  is  said,  about  2234  b.c.  The  stud 
was  much  advanced  in  Chaldaea  under  Nabonassar;  was  know 
to  the  Chinese  about  1100  t?.c.  ;  some  say  many  centuries  b* 
fore.  Comets,  Eclipses,  Moon,  Observatories,  Planet 
Stars,  Sun,  Telescopes.  b_ 

Lunar  eclipses  observed  at  Babylon,  and  recorded  by  Ptolemy, 

about    li 
Spherical  form  of  the  earth,  and  the  true  cause  of  lunar  eclipses, 

taught  by  Thales about    6( 

Anaxamander  erects  the  first  sun-dial  at  Sparta 5^ 

Phamenides  of  Elea  said  to  have  discovered  the  identity  of 

morning  and  evening  star 520-4( 

Further  discoveries  by  Pythagoras,  who  taught  the  doctrine 
of  celestial  motions,  and  believed  in  the  plurality  of  habitable 

worlds ;  died about    41 

Diogenes  of  Apollonia  states  that  the  inclination  of  the  earth's 

axis  causes  the  seasons 4f 

Meton  erects  the  flrst  sun-dial  at  Athens 4£ 

Meton  introduces  the  luni-solar  cycle  of  19  years 4S 

Eudoxus  introduces  into  Greece  the  year  of  3653^  days 31 

Treatises  of  Aristotle  "  concerning  the  heavens."  and  of  Au- 
tolycus  "on  the  motions  of  the  sphere  "  (earliest  extant 

works  on  astronomy) „ about    3S 

Aratus  writes  a  poem  on  astronomy 2S 

Archimedes  observes  solstices,  etc 21 

Hipparchus,  the  "Newton  of  Greece,"  determines  mean  motion 

of  sun  and  moon;  discovers  precession  of  equinoxes,  etc. .  .160-12 
The  precession  of  the  equinoxes  confirmed,  and  the  places  and   a.i 

distances  of  the  planets  discovered,  by  Ptolemy 139-16 

Omar  Khayyam,  a  Persian  astronomer,  proposed  to  reform  the 
calendar  by  interpolating  1  day  every  4th  year,  postponing 
to  the  33d  year  the  interpolation  belonging  to  the  32d  year. 
This  would  have  produced  an  error  of  only  1  day  in  5000 
years;  the  error  of  the  Gregorian  calendar  is  1  day  in  3325 

years 105 

Astronomy  and  geography  cultivated  by  the  Arabs  about  760; 

brought  into  Europe about  120 

Am'honsine  Tables  composed. .  > about  125 

Clocks  first  used  in  astronomy about  150 

^\w  doctrine  of  the  solar  .system  revived  by  Copernicus, 
nwhder  of  modern  astronomy;  his  "  Revolution  of  the  Heav- 
enly Bodies  "  publ 154: 


AST 


61 


Astronomy  advanced  by  Tycho  Brahe,  who  adheres  to  the  Ptol- 
emaic system about  1582 

Cialileo  constructs  a  telescope,  1609;  and  discovers  Jupiter's 

satellites,  etc 8  Jan.  1610 

True  laws   of  the  planetary  motions  announced  by  Kepler;  1st 

and  2d,  1(509;  8d 1618 

Various  forms  of  telescopes  and  other  instruments  used  in  as- 
tronomy invented 1608-40 

Oassendi  observes  the  first  recorded  transit  of  Mercury  over 

the  sun,  and  measures  the  diameter  of  the  planet 1631 

Cartesian  system  published  by  Descartes 1637 

Transit  of  Venus  first  observed  by  Horrox 24  Nov.  1639 

Huyghens  completes  the  discovery  of  Saturn's  ring 1654 

Cassini  draws  his  meridian  line,  after  Dante  (Bologna). 1655 

Huyghens  discovers  the  first  satellite  (Titan)  of  Saturn " 

Aberration  of  light  discovered  by  Horrebow 1659 

Gregory  invents  a  reflecting  telescope 1663 

Discoveries  of  Picard 1669 

Charts  of  the  moon  constructed  by  Scheiner,  Langrenus,  Heve- 

lius,  Riccioli,  etc. . . .about  1670 

Discoveries  of  ROmer  on  the  velocity  of  light,  and  his  observa- 
tion of  Jupiter's  satellites 1675 

Greenwich  observatory  founded " 

Motion  of  the  sun  round  its  own  axis  proyed  by  Halley 1676 

Four  satellites  of  Saturn  discovered  by  Cassini 1671-84 

Newton's  "Principia"  puhTTsIied;  and  the  system,  as  now 

taught,  demonstrated 1687 

Catalogue  of  the  stars  made  by  Flamsteed 1688 

Cassini's  chart  of  the  full  moon  executed 1692 

Halley  predicts  the  return  of  the  comet  (of  1758) 1705 

Flamsteeo'S'^Historia  Cselestis"  publ ,^^_^ 1725 

Aberration  of  the  light  of  the  stars  discovered  anSexplained  by 

Dr.  Bradley rTT;  .Trr.T.- 1727 

John  Harrison  produces  chronometers  for  determining  the  lon- 
gitude, 1735  et  seq.,  and  obtains  the  reward  (Harrison's  Time- 
piece)  .Trrrr 1764 

"Nautical  Almanac"  first  publ 1767 

Sir  \Vm.  Herschel's  first  observation  of  the  nebula  in  Orion —  1774 

Wilson  proves  sun-s'potB  to  be  depressed "' 

The  earCtrsTnean  density  jiscertained  by  Maskelyne " 

Celestial  inequalities  founVbyXagrange 1780 

URAxrs  discovered  by^Hcrschel  (Georgium  Sidus) 13  Mch.  1781 

Herschel''s"Tllst  CUlillOgue  of  double  stars " 

£e  i{ivestigates  the  earth's  motion  in  space 1783 

Herschel's  iirst  catalogue  of  nebulae 1786 

He  di.scovers  two  moons  of  Uranus 11  Jan.  1787 

AccStewttfo'n'of  the  moon's  mean  motion  explained  by  Laplace, 

-^  19  Nov.     " 

Herschel's  second  catalogue  of  nebulae 1789 


^HiS.40  foot  reflector  finished. 
"Two  inner  mooirsrof  Saturn, 


■irn  gt^pij  i^Y  i'     " 

Atmospheric  refraction  in  \  enus  oy  SchrOler 1792 

Saturn's  rotation  10  h.  16  min.,  shown  by  Herschel 1794 

"  Nebular  Hypothesis,"  by  LapTacc7publ 1796 

Herschel  first  measures  comparative  brightness  of  stars " 

0n)ers^sinWh2At3Erf-caruputing  comets'  orbits 1797 

"IBecauTtlTTeC^leste,"  Laf^ace,  2  vols,  publ 1799 

Meteoric  shower  at  Cumanea,  seeo-by  Humboldt '• 

Ceres  discovered  by  Piazzi T?". .  .TTTr>,.,. 1  Jan.  1801 

Pallas  ZT^^"-—^'  Olbers 28  Mch.  1802 


Binary  staTSTHsgovered  by 

Juno^Jiscoveredby "Harding 2  Sept.  1804 

Vesta^^::;;;;;;:;::::;;"   Olbers 29  Mch.  1807 

Perihelion  passage  of  great  comet 12  Sept.  1811 

.^^raunhofer  maps  324  dark  lines  in  the  sun's  spectrum 1815 

T!i5>«rTh  pa'^cS'through  a  comet's  tail 26  June,  1819 

FirsL-calculated  return  of  a  comet  (Encke's) 24  May,  1822 

Sir  Wm.  HerscleT  djes 25  Aug.     " 

Correction  for  '-personal  equation "  introduced  by  Bessel 1823 

Spectra  of  fixed  stars  exj3Jiiia£d  by  Fraunhofer " 

Sux's  distance  det.ccuiliis(l  bylTncke,  95,250,000  miles 1824 

Schwabe's  observa'tionsoTsun-spots  begun 1826 

Jfela  discovers  •' BJela's  comet " 27  Feb.     " 

ObservatoryaTCape  of  Good  Hope  finished 1829 

First  magnetic  observatory  ai  uoitingen 1833 

Star-shower  in  N.  America 12, 13  Nov.     " 

Sir  John  Herschel  lands  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope 16  June,  1834 

Halley's  comet  passes  perihelion 16  Nov.  1835 

Annular  eclipse  of  sun,  "  Baily's  beads"  seen 15  May,  1836 

Eta  Argus  bursts  out  into  brilliancy,  seen  by  Herschel Dec.  1837 

Parallax  of  61  Cygni  measurei.by  Bessel,  the  first  fixed  star. . .  1838 

"        of  Alpha  CeritaTiTrannounced  by  HenH^Srson 9  Jan.  1839 

J.  AV.  Draper  attempts  to  phcftOgrapii  the  moon 1840 

LChange  in  light-^waTeTby  motion  proved  by  Doppler 1842 

VB^il^  completes  experiments  on  weight  of  the  earth " 

Total  ecTT^e  of  sun,  corona  obServeTt  by  "Baily,  Struve,   and 

others 8  July,     " 

Great  comet  seen  at  noon  by  the  naked  eye 28  Feb.  1843 

Spiral  nebulae  discovered  by  the  earl  of  Rosse's  Parsonstown 

reflector Apr.  1845 

Sun  daguerreotyped  by  Foucault  and  Fizeau 2  Apr.      " 

NEPTrNE's  ^ce  assigned  by  calculations  by  .Ad»***s Dec.     " 

Duplicate  divTsion  of  »iela's  comet  seen  at  Yale  college.. 29  Dec.     '' 

Heat  found  in  moon's  rays  by  Melloni 1846 

Neptune  discovered  by  Galle  at  I.everrier's  direction. .  23  Sept.      " 

Satellite  of  Neptune  discovered  by'Lasseli:. ". . . . .'.' 10  Oct.     " 

Third  satellite  of  Uranus  discovered  by  Lassell 14  Sept.  1847 

Fourth  discovered  by  0.  Struve 8  Oct.     " 

Sir  J.  Herschel's  cyclone  theory  of  sun-spots " 

Displacement  of  Fraunhofer's  lines  by  motion,  noted  bj'  Fizeau,  1848 
New  star  in  Ophiuchus  seen  by  Hind 27  Apr.     " 


ASY 

Hyperion  (a  satellite  of  Saturn)  discovered  by  Bond  and  Lassell, 

c.        .    , ,  29  Sept.  1848 

Speed  of  light  first  determined  by  experiment  by  Fizeau 1849 

\  ega  photographed  at  Harvard  college 17  July,  1850 

Saturn's  dusky  ring  discovered  by  Bond 15  Nov.     " 

Periodicity  of  sun  spots  ascertained  by  Schwabe 1851 

Magnetic  period  of  sun-spots  proved  by  Sabine 6  May   1852 

Variable  nebula  in  Taurus  discoTCTed  by  Hind 11  Oct.     " 

Estimated  distance  of  sun  reduced  by  Hansen "  1854 

Saturn's  rings  shown  to  be  meteoric  by  Clerk  Maxwell .',*.*  1867 

Double-star  photography  begun  at  Harvard  college 27  Apr.     '• 

Photography  of  the  sun  begun  at  Kew ig5g 

Spectrum  analysis  taught  by  KirchhofT and  Bunsen. ...'." .' .' ."  .* "  1869 
Kirchhotr  describes  the  chemical  constitution  of  the  sun..  15  Dec.     " 

New  star  found  in  Scorpio  by  Auwers 21  May,  1860 

The  earth  in  the  tail  of  a  great  comet 30  June'  1861 

Kirchhoffs  map  of  the  sun's  spectrum 1861-62 

Hydrogen  discovered  in  the  sun  by  AugstrOm i862 

Companion  of  Sirius  discovered  by  Alvan  Clark,  jr 31  Jan      " 

Sun's  distance  determined  by  velocity  of  light,  Foucault " 

Rotation  period  of  Mars  ascertained  by  Kaiser 5  Mch.  1864 

Spectra  of  Betelgeux  and  Aldebaran  examined  by  Huggins. ...     " 

"       of  Tempers  comet  examined  by  Donati 5  Aug.     " 

Gaseous  nebulae  discovered  by  Huggins 29  Aug!     " 

Comet  of  1862  proved  to  have  identical  orbit  with  August  me! 

teors  by  Schiaperelli igeg 

Lunar  crater  Linnd  disappears,  announced  by  Schmidt Oct.     " 

Meteoric  shower  in  Europe,  as  predicted  by  H.  A.  Newton, 

13  Nov.     " 

Period  of  November  meteors  determined  by  Adams 1867 

Velocity  of  Sirius  from  the  earth  determined  by  Huggins 1868 

Death  of  sir  John  Herschel ll  May,  1871 

Line  displacements  by  sun's  rotation  proved  by  Vogel .'    '< 

liOrd  Rosse's  investigations  of  the  moon's  heat  published 1872 

Cornu's  experiments  on  velocity  of  light " 

Meteoric  shower  ascribed  to  Biela's  comet '. .  .27  Nov.     " 

Earth's  mean  density  ascertained  by  Cornu  and  Bailie 1873 

Transit  of  Venus 8  Dec.  1874 

New  star  in  Cygnus  discovered  by  Schmidt 24  Nov.  1876 

Spectrum  of  Vega  photographed  by  Huggins " 

Oxygen  lines  in  the  sun's  spectrum  found  by  H.  Draper 1877 

Two  satellites  of  Mars  discovered  by  Hall  at  Washington, 

16,  17  Aug.     " 

Canals  of  Mars  discovered  by  Schiaparelli " 

Changes  in  Trifld  nebula  announced  by  Holden " 

Spectra  of  sun-spots  observed  at  South  Kensington 1879 

Early  history  of  the  moon  by  G.  H.  Darwin " 

Great  southern  comet  seen  at  Cordoba 31  Jan.  1880 

Draper  photographs  the  nebula  in  Orion 30  Sept.    ' ' 

Tidal  retardation  investigated  by  G.  H.  Darwin 1881 

Spectrum    of   Tebbutt's    comet  photographed   by   Huggins, 

24  June,    " 

Saturn's  ring-system  measured  by  Struve 1882 

Sodium  rays  found  in  spectrum  of  comet  at  Dunecht,  27  May,    '• 
Great  comet  disappears  at  perihelion,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 

17  Sept     " 
Iron  lines  in  sun's  spectrum  seen  by  Copeland  and  Lohse, 

18  Sept.     " 

Doubling  of  canals  in  Mars  discovered  by  Schiaparelli " 

TTdal  observations  prove  the  earth  rigid,  G.  H.  Darwin " 

Great  comet  of  1882  seen  from  Cordom,  470,000,000  miles  away, 

1  June,  1883 
Sirius  found  to  be  returning  towards  the  earth,  Greenwich, 

16  Nov.     " 

Parallaxes  of  9  soutl^ern  stars  found  by  Gill  and  Elken ' • 

Pickering's  photometric  catalogue  of  4260  stars 1884 

Moon's  heat  spectrum  measured  by  Langley Feb.  1885 

Orbit  of  61  Cygni  computed  by  Peters " 

Paul  and  Henry  discover  nebula  in  the  Pleiades  by  photographv, 

16  Nov.    " 

Meteoric  shower  from  Biela's  comet 27  Nov.    " 

New  variable  star  in  Orion  found  by  Gore 13  Dec.     " 

Rotation  period  of  Mars  determined  by  Bakhuysen «' 

Pleiades  (40)  photographed  together  at  Harvard 26  Jan.  1886 

"       photographed  with  large  nebula  around,  three  hours' 

exposure,  by  Roberts 24  Oct.    " 

Great  comet  found  by  Struve  to  have  same  orbit  with  those  of 

1843, 1880,  and  1882 18  Jan.  1887 

G.  F.  Chambers's  "Handbook  of  Astronomy,"  new  edition.  1889-90 
C  H  F.  Peters,  of  Hamilton  College  observatory,  N.  Y.  ;  b. 

Schleswig,  19  Sept.  1813;  d 19  July,  1890 

Norman  Lockyer  announces  his  theory  of  the  constitution  of 

the  heavenly  bodies  (Meteors) 17  Nov.  1891 

Fifth  satellite  of  Jupiter  discovered  by  E.  E.  Barnard,  of  the 

Lick  observatory 9  Sept.  1892 

A8tu'ria§  (Ovie'dO  since  1833),  N.  W.  Spain,  an  an- 
cient principality.  Here  Pelayo  collected  the  Gothic  fugitives, 
about  713,  founded  a  new  kingdom,  and  checked  Moorish  con- 
quest. For  his  successors,  Spain.  The  heir -apparent  has 
borne  the  title  "prince  of  Asturias"  since  1388,  Avhen  it  was 
assumed  by  Henry,  son  of  John  I.,  king  of  Leon,  on  his  mar- 
riage with  a  descendant  of  Peter  of  Castile.  In  1808  the  junta 
of  Asturias  began  organized  resistance  to  French  usurpation. 

a§ylum§  or  privileged  plaees,  at  first,  were 

places  of  refuge  for  those  who  by  accident  or  necessity  had 
violated  the  law.  God  commanded  the  Jews  to  build  cities 
of  refuge,  1451  b.c.  (Numb,  xxv.)    The  Heraclidae  are  said  to 


ATE 

have  built  one  at  Athens  to  protect  themselves  against  their 
enemies;  and  Cadmus  one  at  Thebes,  1490  b.c.  ;  and  Romulus 
one  at  Mount  Palatine,  751  Kc.     Sanctuaries. 

ateliers  nationailX  {at'le-a  nas'yo-nd,  national 
workshops)  were  established  by  the  French  provisional  gov- 
ernment in  Feb.  1848.  They  interfered  with  private  trade, 
about  100,000  workmen  throwing  themselves  upon  the  gov- 
ernment for  labor  and  payment.  The  breaking-up  of  the 
system  led  to  fearful  conflicts  in  June  following,  and  it  was 
abolished  in  July. 

Athanaslan  Creed.  Athanasius.  of  Alexandria, 
was  elected  bishop,  326.  He  opposed  the  doctrines  of  Arius 
(who  denied  Christ's  divinity),  was  several  times  exiled,  and 
dietl  in  373. 

Lumby,  in  "History  oftho  Creeds"  (1874),  asserts  that  this  creed, 
beginning  ''  Quicunque  vult,'^  was  not  composed  by  Athanasius  ; 
that  it  is  made  up  of  two  distinct  parts,  and  was  originally  written 
in  Latin  and  put  into  its  present  shape  between  813  and  850  ;  not 
connected  with  Athanasius's  name  by  any  trustworthy  authority 
before  809;  set  forth  first  in  Gaul,  about  870;  gradually  extended 
into  lUily,  Britain,  etc. ;  accepted  by  the  Greek  church  about  1200. 
This  creed  asserts  the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Father 

and  the  Son.     Fiuoque. 
Dr.  Waterland's  "Critical  History"  of  this  creed,  publ.  1723.     He 

ascribes  it  to  Hilary,  bishop  of  Aries,  from  430  to  449  a.d. 
Much  agitation  against  the  general  use  of  this  creed  has  arisen  in 

the  church  of  England  among  both  clergy  and  laity,  1870-73. 
Modifications  approved  by  several  bishops  were  negatived  by  the 
lower  house  in  convocation  (62-7),  early  in  May,  1S72.     The  vote 
was  rejected  by  the  bishops,  and  the  agitation  continued. 
In  a  letter  to  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  22  July,  1872,  the  archbishops 
of  Canterbury  and  York  expressed  their  hope  of  devising  a  way 
for  rendering  the  reading  of  the  creed  during  public  worship  not 
compulsory. 
Great  meeting  of  laity  at  St.  James's  Hall  in  defence  of  the  creed, 
31  Jan.  1873. 

atheism  (from  the  Greek  a,  without,  Oeog,  God. — Psa. 
xiv.  1).  The  writings  of  Epicurus,  Lucretius,  and  many  mod- 
ern philosophers  deny  the  existence  of  a  personal  deity.  Phi- 
losophy. 

AtlienSB'a  were  great  festivals  celebrated  at  Athens  in 
honor  of  Pallas-Athene.  One  was  called  Panathenaea,  the 
other  Chalcea;  they  are  said  to  have  been  instituted  by 
Erichthonius  about  1495  b.c.,  and  revived  by  Theseus,  who 
caused  them  to  be  observed  by  all  the  Athenians,  the  first 
every  fifth  year,  1234  b.c. — Plutarch. 

Atlienae'lini,  a  place  at  Athens,  sacred  to  Pallas- 
Athene,  where  the  poets  and  philosophers  recited  their  com- 
positions. That  of  Rome,  of  great  beauty,  was  erected  by  the 
emperor  Hadrian,  125. — The  Athenaeum  club  of  London  was 
formed  in  1823.  The  club-house  was  erected  in  1829-30  on  the 
site  of  the  late  Carlton  palace;  it  is  of  Grecian  architecture,  and 
the  frieze  is  an  exact  copy  of  the  Panathenaic  procession  which 
formed  the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon. — The  Boston  Athenaeum, 
Boston,  Mass.,  originated  in  the  Anthology  club,  and  dates 
from  1804.  It  was  incorporated  1807.  It  is  an  association  of 
private  persons,  but  its  art  gallery  and  its  librarj^,  among  the 
finest  in  the  United  States,  are  practically  open  to  scholars 
and  students  not  members  of  the  society.  First  public  ex- 
hibition in  1826. — The  A  thenceum,  an  English  weekly  literary 
and  scientific  journal,  first  appeared  in  1828. 

Athens,  the  capital  of  ancient  Attica  and  of  modern 
Greece.  The  first  mythical  sovereign  is  Ogyges,  who 
reigned  in  Bceotia,  and  was  master  of  Attica,  then  called 
Ionia.  In  his  reign  (about  1764  b.c.)  a  deluge  laid  waste 
the  country,  which  so  remained  till  the  arrival  of  the  Egyp- 
tian Cecrops  and  a  colony,  by  whom  the  land  was  re-peopled 
and  12  cities  founded,  1556  b.c.  The  chief  city,  first  called 
Cecropia,  was  afterwards  named  Athens  in  honor  of  Pallas- 
Athene,  her  worship  having  been  introduced  by  Erichthonius, 
1495  B.C.  Athens  was  ruled  by  17  successive  kings  (487  years), 
by  13  perpetual  archons  (316  years),  7  decennial  archons  (70 
years),  and  lastly,  by  annual  archons  (760  years).  It  attained 
great  power,  and  the  number  of  its  illustrious  citizens  has 
never  been  equalled  by  any  other  city  in  the  same  time.  The 
ancients  called  Athens  Astu^  the  city,  by  eminence,  and  one  of 
the  ej'es  of  Greece.     Greece.  p  p 

Arrival  of  Cecrops  [15.58  Hales,  1433  Clinton].  — Usher 1556 

Areopagus  established 1507 

Deucalion  arrives  in  Attica 1502 

Reign  of  Amphictyon [1499  //.]  1497 

Panathenaean  games ; [1481  H.]  1495 


62 


ATH 


Erichthonius  reigns , . . .  1487 

Erechtheus  leaches  hu.sbaudry 1383 

Eleusiiiian  mysteries  introduced  by  Eumolpus 1356 

Erechtheus  killed  in  battle  with  the  Eleusinians 1347 

.*:geus  invades  Attica,  and  ascends  the  throne 1283 

Ho  throws  himself  into  the  sea  and  is  drowned  ;   hence  the 

name  of  the  ^Egean  sea.—Eusebius 1235 

Theseus,  his  son,  succeeds,  and  reigns  30  years " 

He  collects  his  subjects  into  one  city,  and  names  it  Alliens 1234 

Reign  of  Mnestheus,  1205 ;  of  DemophoOn 1182 

Court  of  Epheles  established 1179 

I'rianopsa)  instituted 1178 

Melanthus  conquers  Xuthus  in  single  combat  and  is  chosen  king  1128 

Reign  of  Codrus,  his  son,  the  last  king 1092 

In  a  battle  with  the  Heraclidie,  Codrus  is  killed.     He  had  re- 
solved to  perish,  the  oracle  having  declared  that  the  victory 

should  be  with  the  side  whose  leader  was  killed 1070 

Royalty  abolished ;  Athens  governed  by  archons,  Medon  the 

first [1070  H]  1044 

Alcmeon,  last  perpetual  archon,  dies 753 

Cherops,  1st  decennial  archon 748 

[Perhaps  the  first  trustworthy  date  in  Athenian  history.] 

Hippomenes  deposed  for  his  cruelly 713 

Erixias,  7th  and  last  decennial  archon,  dies 684 

Creon,  Isl  annual  archon 683 

Draco,  12lh  annual  archon,  publishes  his  laws,  said  "to  have 

been  written  in  blood  " 621 

Revolution  of  Cylon 612 

Sacked  War  (the  first),  Cirrha  in  Phocis  near  Delphi  destroyed,    595 

Solon  supersedes  Draco's  laws  by  his  excellent  code 594 

Pisistratus,  the  "  tyrant,"  seizes  the  supreme  power,  560;  flight 
of  Solon,  559.     Pisistratus  establishes  his  government,  537; 

collects  a  public  library,  531 ;  dies 527 

First  tragedy  acted  at  Athens,  on  a  wagon,  by  Thespis 535 

Hipparchus  assassinated  by  Harmodius  and  Arislogeiton 514 

Law  of  ostracism  adopted;  Hippias  and  the  Pisistratidse  ban- 
ished    510 

Lemnos  taken  by  Miltiades 504 

Persian  invaders  defeated  at  Marathon 490 

Death  of  Miltiades 489 

Aristides,  surnamed  the  Just,  banished 483 

Athens  taken  by  Xerxes 480 

Burned  to  the  ground  by  Mardonius 479 

Rebuilt  and  fortified  by  Themistocles ;  Piraeus  built. 478 

Themistocles  banished 471 

Cimon,  son  of  Miltiades,  overruns  all  Thrace 469 

Pericles  takes  part  in  public  affairs,  469;  he  and  Cimon  adorn 

Athens,  464 ;  the  latter  banished 461 

Athens  begins  to  tyrannize  over  Greece 459 

Long  wall  built 457 

Sacred  War  (the  second) 448 

Tolmidias  conducts  an  expedition  into  Bceotia,  and  is  defeated 

and  killed  near  Coronea 447 

30  years'  truce  between  Athenians  and  Lacedaemonians 445 

Herodotus  said  to  have  read  his  history  in  the  council  at  Athens,  " 

Pericles  obtains  the  government 444 

"       subdues  Samos 440 

Satirical  comedies  prohibited  at  Athens " 

Alliance  between  Athens  and  Corcyra,  then  at  war  with  Cor- 
inth, 433;  leads  to  the  Peloponnesian  war  (lasted  27  years); 

it  began 431 

A  dreadful  plague,  which  had  ravaged  Ethiopia,  Libya,  Egypt, 

and  Persia,  extends  to  Athens,  and  continues  for  5  years 430 

Death  of  Pericles  of  the  plague 429 

Disastrous  expedition  again.st  Sicily;  death  of  commanders  De- 
mosthenes and  Nicias;  Athenian  fleet  destroyed  by  Gylippus, 

415-413 

Government  of  the  "  400  " 411 

Alcibiades  defeats  the  Lacedaemonians  at  Cyzicus 410 

Alcibiades,  accused  of  aspiring  to  sovereign  power,  banished. .  407 

Athens  victorious  in  a  sea-fight  at  Arginusae 406 

Athenian  fleet  destroyed  by  Lysander  at  ^gospotami 405 

He  besieges  Athens  by  land  and  sea;  its  walls  are  destroyed 

I  and  it  capitulates,  and  the  Peloponnesian  war  terminates. . .  404 

Rule  of  the  30  tyrants,  who  are  overthrown  by  Thrasybulus. . .  403 

Socrates  (aged  70)  put  to  death 399 

Corinthian  war  begins 395 

Conon  rebuilds  the  long  walls  and  fortifies  the  Piraeus 393 

Plato  founds  the  Academy 388 

War  against  Sparta 378 

Lacedaemonian  fleet  defeated  at  Naxus  by  Chabrias 376 

General  peace  371 

Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  opposes  the  Athenians  (Macedon).  . .  359 

Sacred  War  (the  third) 357-55 

First  Philippic  of  Demosthenes 352 

Peace  with  Macedon 346 

Battle    of  Cheronaea  ;   Athenians  and  Thebans  defeated  by 

Philip 7  Aug.  338 

Philip  assassinated  by  Pausanias 336 

Athens  submits  to  Alexander,  who  spares  the  orators 335 

Death  of  Alexander 323 

Lamian  war;  the  Athenians  and  others  rise  against  Macedon, 

323;  defeated  at  Cranon ;  Demosthenes  poisons  himself 322 

Athens  surrenders  to  Cassander,  who  governs  well,  318;  execu- 
tion of  Phocion 317 

Demetrius  Poliorcetes  expels  Demetrius  Phalereus,  and  restores 
the  Athenian  democracy,  307;  the  latter  takes  the  chair  of 

philosophy 296 

League  between  Athens,  Sparta,  and  Egypt 277 

Athens  taken  by  Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of  Macedon,  268;  re- 
stored by  Aratus 256. 


ATH  6 

Athenians  join  the  Achaean  league 229 

They  join  the  ^tolians  against  Macedon,  and  send  for  assist- 
ance to  Rome 215 

Roman  fleet  arrives  at  Athens 211 

Romans  proclaim  liberty  at  Athens 196 

Subjugation  of  Greece 144 

Athenians  implore  assistance  against  the  Romans  from  Mithri- 
dates,  king  of  Pontus,  whose  general,  Archelaus,  makes  him- 
self master  of  Piraeus. about  87 

Athens  besieged  by  Sylla,  the  Roman  general;  it  is  reduced  to 

surrender  by  famine 86 

Cicero  studies  at  Athens,  79 ;  and  Horace 42 

Athenians  desert  Pompey,  to  follow  the  interests  of  Csesar 47 

A.D. 

Athens  visited  by  the  apostle  Paul 52 

Many  temples,  etc.,  erected  by  Hadrian 122-3.'i 

Athens  taken  by  Alaric,  and  spared  from  slaughter 396 

Acquired  by  Otho  de  la  Roche,  and  afterwards  made  a  duchy..  1205 

Subjected  by  the  Turks 1444 

"  "  Mahomet  II 1456 

"         "  the  Venetians 1466 

Restored  to  the  Turks 1479 

Athens  suffers  much  during  the  war  of  independence,  1821-27. 

Taken  by  the  Turks  (Greece) 17  May,  1827 

Becomes  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  modern  Greece 1833 

Pop.  41,298,  1861 ;  44,510, 1871 ;  68,677, 1879 ;  107,251 1889 

AthertOIl  SSLg,  To  prevent  discussion  of  slavery  in 
the  House  of  Representatives,  C.  G.  Atherton,  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, introduced  a  resolution,  passed  11  Dec.  1838,  that  all 
petitions  and  papers  relating  to  that  subject  should  be  "  laid  on 
the  table  without  being  debated,  printed,  or  referred."  It  was 
rescinded  in  1845.     Petitions,  United  States. 

Athlone,  Roscommon,  Ireland,  was  burned  during  the 
civil  war  in  1641.  After  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  col.  R. 
Grace  held  Athlone  for  James  II.  against  a  besieging  army, 
but  fell  when  it  was  taken  by  assault  by  Ginkell,  30  June, 
1691.     Aghrim. 

Atlanta  Campaign   (6  May-2  Sept.  1864),  in 

which  gens.  Sherman  and  Johnston  were  antagonists,  until 
the  latter  was  relieved  by  Hood,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  the  American  civil  war.  Gen.  Sherman,  at  the  instance  of 
gen.  Grant,  succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  military  division 
of  the  Mississippi,  14  Mch.  1864.  This  division  embraced  4 
departments — the  Cumberland,  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas. 
The  objective  point  of  the  campaign  was  Atlanta,  Ga.  The 
forces  under  gen.  Sherman  comprised 

The  army   of  the  Cumber-  )  infantry.       Cavalry.     Artillery.        Total. 

land,    under     maj.-gen.  [  . . .  .54,568 3828 2377. . .  .60,773 

George  H.  Thomas.            ) 
OftheTenn.,maj.-gen.Jas.i          00437           624         1404        24  465 
B.  McPherson.  p  •  •  •^^)*^'  •  •  •  •    t»^* ^*"*-  ■  •  -^^'^^^ 

^  M^  S^hoflS"''  "^''°'  '^*'^°  1  •  •  •  •  l^:^-  •  •  •  1^ •  •  •  •_^ •  •  •  -13,559 

Total .,..'. 88,188 6149 4460. . .  .98,797 

with  254  guns.  Estimated  strength  of  the  confederate  forces, 
60,000,  under  gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  The  confederate  posi- 
tion was  at  Dalton,  about  90  miles  from  Atlanta,  its  front  cov- 
ered by  a  ridge  or  mountain  known  as  "  Rocky  Face."  The 
following  are  the  important  events  of  the  campaign,  during 
which  the  opposing  forces  constantly  confronted  each  other, 
the  one  falling  back,  the  other  advancing,  but  with  no  general 
engagement. 

Gen.  Sherman  advances  on  Dalton,  4  May,  with  the  army  of  the 
Cumberland  in  the  centre;  that  of  the  Tennessee  on  the  right; 
that  of  the  Ohio  on  the  left.  The  army  of  the  Cumberland 
demonstrates  in  front  of  the  confederate  position  at  Rocky 
Face  ridge,  while  McPherson  is  sent  with  the  army  of  the 
Tennessee  to  turn  the  confederate  left  and  seize  Resaca  or 
some  other  point  in  the  rear  of  the  confederates.  McPherson 
thinking  his  force  not  strong  enough  to  occupy  Resaca,  forti- 
fies himself  at  Snake-Creek  Gap.  Sherman  reinforces  him 
with  gen.  Schofleld's  command  and  a  portion  of  the  army  of 
the  Cumberland.    This  compels  Johnston  to  evacuate  Dalton 

and  fell  back  on  Resaca 6-14  May,  1864 

Battle  of  Resaca,  partial  engagement  of  the  troops  under  How- 
ard, Hooker,  and  Schofield,  beginning  about  3  p.m.  .  .15  May,     " 
This  engagement,  coupled  with  the  continued  flanking  move- 
ment of  McPherson,  compels  the  confederates  to  fall  back 

from  Resaca  to  Cassville 16-19  May,     " 

Jeff.  C.  Davis  with  a  division  of  the  army  of  the  Cumberland  oc- 
cupies Rome,  destroying  the  mills  and  founderies. . .  17  May,     " 
Johnston  retreats  across  the  Etowah  on  the  night  of  19  May,     " 
and  occupies  a  fortified  position  covering  the  Allatoona  pass. 

Sherman  crosses  the  Etowah  and  moves  on  Dallas 23  May,     " 

Gen.  Hooker,  moving  from  Burnt  Hickory  towards  Dallas  with 
the  20th  corps,  meets  the  confederates  at  Pumpkinvine  creek 

in  a  severe  but  indecisive  engagement 25  May,     " 

Confederates  occupy  a  strongly  intrenched  position  from  Dal- 
las to  Marietta,  including  Kenesaw,  Lost,  and  Pine  mountains, 

26  May,      " 
Confederates  attack  McPherson  at  Dallas;  repulsed.. .  .28  May,     " 


ATM 

Gen.  Sherman,  moving  his  army  to  the  left,  envelopes  Allatoona 

pass  and  compels  the  confederates  to  evacuate  it  as  well  as 

their  intrenched  positions  at  Ackworth  and  NewHope  church, 

,,„  ,  1-6  June.  1864 

[Allatoona  pass  made  a  depot  of  supplies  by  gen.  Sherman.] 

Gen.  Frank  Blair  joins  Sherman  with  2  divisions  of  the  17th 

corps  and  a  brigade  of  cavalry,  raising  his  effective  force  to 

quite  Its  original  strength g  June      " 

Gen.  Sherman  moves  his  troops  to  Big  Shanty  and  close  up  to 

Kenesaw...   llJune.     •' 

Durmg  an  artillery  duel  the  confederate  general  Leonidas  Polk 

is  killed  on  Pine  mountain 14  June      " 

Confederates  retire  from  Pine  mountain,  15  Jiine,  and  Lost 

mountain 17  j^,^^      u 

Confederates  attempt  to  break  Sherman's  line  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  Thomas's  right  and  Schofleld's  left  near  what  is  known 
as  "  the  Kulp  house. "  The  attack  falls  on  Williams's  division 
of  the  20th  corps  and  Haskell's  of  the  23d;  repulsed  with  se- 
vere loss  to  the  confederates 22  June      **■ 

Sherman's  unsuccessful  assault  on  Kenesaw  (battle  of  Kenesaw 
mountain)  with  loss  of  3000,  including  gens.  Harker  and  Dan 

McCook,  killed.    Confederate  loss,  442 27  June      "■ 

Gen.  Sherman  again  orders  McPherson  forward  on  the  confed- 
erates' left  flank,  threatening  to  cross  the  Chattahoochee  at 
Turner's  ferry.    The  confederates  abandon  Kenesaw  and  fall 

back  to  the  Chattahoochee 2  July,     "■ 

Gen.  Sherman  shifts  his  troops  from  the  right  to  the  left— the 
army  of  the  Tennessee  being  now  on  the  extreme  left— and 
crossing  the  Chattahoochee  at  three  points,  compels  John- 
ston to  abandon  the  Chattahoochee  and  establish  a  new  line 

covering  Atlanta 4-17  July.     " 

Confederate  gen.  Johnston  relieved,  and  gen.  J.  B.  Hood  of 

Texas  appointed  in  his  place 17  July,     "■ 

Battle  of  Peach-tree  Creek.  Newton's  division  of  the  4th  corps, 
the  20th  corps,  and  Johnson's  division  of  the  14th  corps,  on 
crossing  Peach-tree  creek  are  attacked  in  force  by  confed- 
erates about  2  p.M 20  July,     "^ 

[The  confederates  are  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  not  less  than 
2000,  while  the  union  loss  is  1500.] 
Rousseau  starts  from  Decatur,  Ala.,  with  2000  cavalry  upon  his 
raid  against  the  West  Point  railroad  (10  July);  crosses  the 
Coosa,  and  defeats  Clanton  (13  July);  strikes  the  railroad,  de- 
stroys a  portion  of  it,  and  joins  Sherman 22  July.     " 

Battle  of  Decatur  or  Atlanta.  This  is  the  severest  battle  of 
the  campaign  and  results  in  the  loss  to  the  union  army  of 

3722  and  the  death  of  gen.  McPherson 22  July,     " 

[Hood  surprises  the  extreme  left  of  the  army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee about  noon  on  the  22d,  and  for  several  hours  prospects 
vary,  but  as  the  union  troops  consolidate,  he  is  repulsed.  Gen. 
McPherson  falling,  gen.  John  A.  Logan  assumes  temporary 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Tennessee.] 
Maj.-gen.  0.  0.  Howard  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  army 

of  the  Tennessee 27  July.     " 

[Maj.-gen.  Joseph  Hooker  of  the  20th  corps,  feeling  slighted 
at  the  appointment  of  gen.  Howard,  is  relieved  at  his  own  re- 
quest, maj.-gen.  Henry  W.  Slocum  succeeding.] 
Army  of  the  Tennessee  moves  from  the  extreme  left  to  the 
extreme  right,  with  the  general  aim  of  driving  Hood  out  of 

Atlanta  by  flanking  him 26-27  July,     " 

Gen.  Hood,  taking  advantage  of  this  movement,  attacks  the 
extreme  right  of  the  army  of  the  Tennessee,  15th  corps, 
Logan's — well  supported,  however,  by  Blair's  and  Dodge's 

corps,  at  Ezra's  church 28  July,     "^ 

[This  battle  commences  in  earnest  about  noon  and  con- 
tinues until  4  P.M.,  when  the  confederates  retire  with  a  loss 
of  2000.     The  un  ion  loss  600.  ] 
Gen.  Sherman  sends  gen.  Stoneman  on  a  raid  towards  Macon, 

Ga.,  with  about  5000  cavalry 28  July,     " 

[Stoneman  is  captured  with  part  of  his  command.] 

Siege  of  Atlanta 1-26  Aug.     "^ 

Gen.  Kilpatrick  raids  around  Atlanta,  destroying  the  West 

Point  and  Macon  railroad 18-22  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Sherman  discontinues  the  direct  siege  of  Atlanta,  with- 
drawing the  20th  corps  (Slocum's)  to  an  intrenched  position 
on  the  Chattahoochee,  and  moves  the  rest  of  the  army  south 

of  Atlanta 25-28  Aug.     " 

Army  of  the  Tennessee,  attacked  by  the  confederate  gen. 
Hardee  at  Jonesboro,  about  20  miles  south  of  Atlanta,  re- 
pulses him.  A  counter  attack  is  made  by  the  14th  corps 
under  gen.  Jeff'.  C.  Davis  late  in  the  afternoon,  but  owing  to 
the  lack  of  support  and  the  lateness  of  the  hour  it  fails  to 

take  the  confederates'  position 31  Aug.     " 

Confederates  retire  to  Lovejoy  during  the  night  of 31  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Hood,  blowing  up  his  magazines  and  destroying  his  stores, 

evacuates  Atlanta 1-2  Sept.     " 

Atlanta  occupied  by  gen.  Slocum  with  20th  corps 3  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Sherman  returns  to  Atlanta  from  Lovejoy  with  his  army, 

5-7  Sept.     " 
A  truce  of  10  days  between  Hood  and  Sherman  to  remove  the 
remaining  inhabitants  from  Atlanta,  446  families,  2035  per- 
sons, being  sent  south,  fully  accomplished  by 21  Sept.     " 

Allatoona  Pass,  Shkrman's  Great  March. 

Atlantic  Ocean.     Deep-sea  sounding,  Oce.vns. 

Atlantic  telegraph.  Electric  telegraph, 
under  Electricity. 

atniory§i§,  a  method  of  separating  the  constituent 
gases  of  a  compound  (such  as  atmospheric  air)  by  passing  it 
through  a  vessel  of  porous  material  (such  as  graphite);  made 


ATM  64 

known  in  Aug.  1863,  by  tlie  discoverer,  tlie  late  prof.  T. 
Oraham,  F.R.S.,  master  of  the  mint. 

atmoipherlc  railiray§.  The  idea  of  atmos- 
pheric pressure  as  a  motor  was  conceived  by  Papin,  the  French 
engineer,  about  1680.  Experiments  were  made  on  a  line  of 
rail  across  Wormwood  Scrubs,  London,  between  Shepherd's 
Bush  and  the  Great  Western  railroad,  to  test  atmospheric 
tubes,  the  working  of  the  air-pump,  and  speed  of  carriages 
upon  this  principle  in  June,  1840,  and  then  on  a  line  between 
Croydon  and  London,  1845.  Atmospheric  pressure  was  tried 
and  abandoned  in  1848,  on  the  South  Devon  line.  An  atmos- 
pheric railway  was  commenced  between  Dalkey  and  Killiney, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Dublin,  in  Sept.  1843;  opened  29  Mch.  1844; 
<liscontinued  in  1855.  A  similar  railway  was  proposed  in  the 
streets  of  London  by  T.  W.  Rammell  in  1857.  Mr.  Kam- 
mell's  pneumatic  railway  was  put  in  action  successfully  at  the 
Crystal  Palace  on  27  Aug.  1864,  and  following  days.  An  act 
for  a  pneumatic  railway  between  the  Waterloo  railway  station 
and  Whitehall  was  passed  in  July,  1865.  Atmospheric  press- 
ure was  proposed  for  a  submarine  railway  from  Dover  to  Calais 
in  1869.     Pneumatic  despatch. 

atomic  theory,  in  chemistry,  deals  with  the  indi- 
visible particles  of  all  substances.  The  results  of  fragmentary 
investigations  by  his  predecessors  (such  as  Wenzel,  in  1777) 
were  collected  by  John  Dalton  in  four  laws  of  combining  pro- 
portion, which  have  received  the  name  of  "  atomic  theory." 
His  "  Chemical  Philosophy,"  containing  his  views,  appeared 
in  1808.  Dr.  C.  Daubeny's  work  on  the  atomic  theory  was 
published  in  1850.  In  his  standard  of  atomic  weights  Dalton 
takes  hydrogen  as  1.  Berzelius,  who  began  elaborate  re- 
searches on  the  subject  in  1848,  adopts  oxygen  as  100.  The 
former  standard  is  used  in  England,  the  latter  on  the  con- 
tinent. The  theory  assumes  widely  varying  forms  in  the 
speculations  of  recent  chemists.  In  1855  Hinrichs  propounded 
a  new  hypothetical  science,  A  tomechanics,  lin  which  pantogen, 
composed  of  panatoms,  is  regarded  as  the*  primary  chemical 
principle.  ^  I 

atoni§.  Democritus  (Abdera)  held  that  all  things  con- 
sist of  innumerable  indestructible  atoms,  varying  in  form,  and 
combined  in  obedience  to  mechanical  laws;  that  the  soul  con- 
sists of  free,  smooth,  round  atoms,  like  those  of  fire ;  and  that 
nothing  happens  by  chance.  His  philosophy  was  adopted  by 
Epicurus  (about  306  B.C.),  whose  doctrines  are  poetically  ex- 
pounded by  Lucretius  in  his  "De  Rerum  Natura"  ("On  the 
Nature  of  Things"),  57  B.c.  A  modified  atomic  philosophy 
-was  adopted  by  Gassendi,  who  died  1655  a.d. 

Atrebates,  a  Belgic  people,  subdued  by  Caesar,  57  b.c. 
Artois. 

attainder,  acts  of,  punishing  a  person  by  declaring 
his  "  blood  attainted,"  and  involving  forfeiture  of  property, 
have  been  numerous.  Two  witnesses  in  cases  of  high-treason 
are  necessary  where  corruption  of  blood  is  incurred,  unless  the 
party  accused  shall  confess  or  stand  mute,  7  and  8  Will.  III. 
1694-95.  —  Blachstone.  The  attainder  of  lord  Russell,  who 
was  beheaded  in  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  21  July,  1683,  was  re- 
versed under  William,  in  1689.  The  rolls  and  records  of  the 
acts  of  attainder  passed  in  the  reign  of  James  II.  were  can- 
celled and  publicly  burned,  2  Oct.  1695.  Among  the  last  acts 
reversed  was  the  attaint  of  the  children  of  lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald (who  was  implicated  in  the  rebellion  in  Ireland  of  1798), 
1  July,  1819.  In  1814  and  1883  the  severity  of  attainders  was 
mitigated.  Several  attainders  reversed  about  1827,  and  one 
in  1853  (the  earl  of  Perth).  In  the  United  States  the  consti- 
tution says :  "  No  bill  of  attainder  shall  be  passed,  and  no  at- 
tainder of  treason,  in  consequence  of  a  judicial  sentence,  shall 
work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture,  except  during  the  life 
of  the  person  attainted." 

Attica.     Athens. 

At'tlla,  surnamed  the  "  Scourge  of  God,"  and  thus  distin- 
guished for  his  conquests  and  his  crimes,  having  ravaged  the 
Eastern  empire  from  445  to  450,  when  he  made  peace  with 
Theodosius.  He  invaded  the  Western  empire,  450,  and  was 
defeated  by  Aetius  at  Chalons,  451  (one  of  the  most  desperate 
contests  recorded  in  history) ;  he  then  retired  into  P^nnonia, 
where  tradition  says  he  died  bj-  bursting  a  blood-vessel  on  his 
nuptials  with  Ildico,  a  beautiful  virgin,  453. 


AUG 


V 


attorney  (from  tour,  turn),  a  person  appointed  or  de- 
puted by  another  to  act  in  his  behalf.  An  attorney-in-fact, 
is  one  authorized,  usually  by  written  document,  under  seal,  to 
contract  for  and  bind  his  principal,  to  execute  transfers  of 
stock,  deeds,  etc.  An  attorney -a  t-law  is  one  whose  business  it 
is  to  represent  others  before  courts  of  law  and  throughout  the 
processes  of  litigation.  The  number  in  England  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  IIL  was  under  400.  In  the  32d  of  Henry  VI.,  1454, 
a  law  reduced  the  practitioners  in  Norfolk,  Norwich,  and  Suf- 
folk from  80  to  14,  and  restricted  their  increase.  The  num- 
ber of  attorneys  practising  in  the  United  Kingdom  in  1872 
was  said  to  be  13,824.  The  qualifications  and  practice  of  at- 
torneys and  solicitors  are  regulated  by  acts  passed  in  1843, 
1860,  1870,  and  1874.  By  the  Supreme  Judicature  act  attor- 
neys are  styled  solicitors  since  Nov.  1875.  Solicitors.  In 
the  United  States  the  term  attorney  is  commonly  applied  to 
every  member  of  the  legal  profession,  including  advocates, 
counsel,  and  solicitors.  The  conditions  of  admission  to  prac- 
tice as  attorneys  in  the  courts  are  prescribed  in  each  state  by 
law  and  diflFer  widely.  « 

attorney-general.  In  England  a  law  officer  of  the 
crown,  appointed  by  letters-patent.  He  exhibits  informations 
and  prosecutes  for  the  sovereign  in  matters  criminal,  and  files 
bills  in  exchequer  for  claims  concerning  the  crown  in  inher- 
itance or  profit.  Others  may  bring  bills  against  the  sov- 
ereign's attorney.  The  first  English  attorney-general  was 
William  Bonneville,  1277.  The  attorney -general  is  not  a 
member  of  the  cabinet,  but  he  goes  out  with  the  ministry  from 
which  he  receives  his  appointment. 

attorney-g^eneral.  United  States.     Cabinet. 

attraction,  described  by  Copernicus,  about  1520,  as 
an  appetence  or  appetite  which  the  Creator  impressed  upon 
all  parts  of  matter;  by  Kepler,  1605,  as  a  corporeal  affection 
tending  to  union.  In  1687,  sir  Isaac  Newton  published  his 
"  Principia,"  expounding  as  a  law  of  nature  the  key  to  all 
movements  of  the  solar  system,  the  attraction  of  every  por- 
tion of  matter  for  every  other,  in  direct  proportion  to  its  mass 
and  in  inverse  proportion  to  the  square  of  the  distance.  Dr. 
C.  William  Siemens  exhibited  and  described  his  attraction- 
raster  at  the  Royal  Society,  1876.  Electricity,  Gravita- 
tion, Magnetism. 

Attn,  one  of  the  Aleutian  islands,  the  most  westerly  point 
of  the  United  States.  It  lies  400  miles  from  Kamchatka. 
Calling  Attn  the  western  extremity  of  the  U.  S.,  the  city  of 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  is  near  the  middle  of  its  geographical  ex- 
tent east  and  west,  the  territories  of  the  U.  S.  stretching 
through  120°  of  longitude. 

AtWOOd'i  maclline,  for  proving  the  laws  of  accel- 
erated motion  by  the  falling  of  weights,  invented  bv  George 
Atwood,  described  1784.     He  died  11  July,  1807. 

aubalne,  a  right  of  the  French  kings,  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  monarchy,  whereby  they  claimed  the  property  of 
every  unnaturalized  stranger  who  died  in  the  country,  was 
abolished  by  the  National  Assembly  in  1790-91,  re-established 
by  Napoleon  in  1804,  and  finally  annulled,  14  July,  1819. 

Auberoclie,  Guienne,  S.  France.  The  earl  of  Derby 
defeated  the  French,  besieging  this  place,  19  Aug.  1344. 

Aucfeland,  capital  of  New  Zealand  (north  island),  was 
founded  Sept.  1840.  The  population  of  the  district  in  1857 
was  estimated  at  15,000  Europeans  and  35,000  natives.  The 
saat  of  government  was  removed  to  Wellington,  on  Cook's 
strait,  Dec.  1864. 

auction,  a  method  of  sale  known  to  the  Romans,  men- 
tioned by  Petronius  Arbiter  (about  66  a.d.).  The  first  in  Eng- 
land was  about  1700,  by  Elihu  Yale  (founder  of  Yale  College) 
a  governor  of  fort  George,  now  Madras,  in  the  East  Indies,  who 
thus  sold  the  goods  he  had  brought  home.  Auction  and  sales 
tax  began  1779.  Various  acts  of  parliament  have  regulated 
auctions  and  imposed  duties,  in  some  cases  as  high  as  5  per  cent. 
By  8  Vict.  c.  15,  1845,  the  duties  were  repealed,  and  a  charge 
imposed  "  on  the  license  to  be  taken  out  by  all  auctioneers  in 
the  United  Kingdom  of  10/."  Ii\.1858  there  were  4358  licenses 
granted,  producing  43,580/.  The  abuses  at  auctions,  termed 
"  knock-outs,"  caused  by  combinations  of  brokers  and  others, 
excited  attention  in  Sept.  1866.     An  act  regulating  sales  of 


AUD  65 

land  by  auction  was  passed  15  July,  1867.  Certain  auctions 
are  now  permitted  without  license  to  the  auctioneer,  as  of 
goods  and  chattels  under  distress  for  rent,  and  sales  under  the 
small  debts  acts  for  Scotland  and  Ireland. — Abuses  at  auctions 
in  the  United  States  have  led  to  various  statutory  regulations 
in  the  several  states.  In  New  York,  auctioneers  must  give 
bonds  in  $100,000  for  faithful  conduct  of  business,  must  make 
semi-annual  accounts  of  sales,  and  pay  to  the  state  a  percent- 
age on  sales  of  goods,  with  some  exemptions. 

Alldiani,  followers  of  Audaeus  of  Mesopotamia,  expelled 
from  the  Syrian  church  about  338  a.d.  for  reproving  the 
vices  of  the  clergy.  He  was  banished  to  Scythia,  where  he 
is  said  to  have  made  many  converts.  His  followers  celebrate 
Easter  at  the  time  of  the  Jewish  Passover,  and  attribute  a 
human  figure  to  the  Deity. 

audiometer  (from  audio,  l  hear),  an  instrument  to 
measure  the  keenness  of  the  sense  of  hearing,  invented  by  prof. 
Hughes.  It  consists  of  a  battery  of  two  Leclanche's  cells,  with 
■a  simple  microphone  and  telephone :  described  to  the  Royal 
Societ)',  15  May,  1879. 

audiplione,  an  instrument  to  assist  dulness  of  hear- 
ing, invented  by  R.  G.  Rhodes  of  Chicago,  and  modified  by 
M.  Colladon  of  Geneva,  in  1880.  It  consists  of  a  thin  sheet 
of  hard  ebonite  rubber  or  card-board,  to  be  placed  against  the 
teeth,  through  which  and  other  bones  vibrations  are  conveyed 
to  the  auditory  nerve. 

auditor  (Lat.,  a  hearer),  a  person  authorized  to  inves- 
tigate and  settle  accounts.  The  treasury  of  the  United  States 
has  6  auditors  for  different  branches  of  its  accounts.  Most 
of  the  states  and  corporations  in  extended  business  have  audi- 
tors for  similar  work. 

Auer§tadt,  Prussia.  Here,  on  14  Oct.  1806,  the  French, 
tinder  Davoust,  signally  defeated  the  Prussians,  under  Blucher. 
Jkna. 

Aughrim.    Aghrim. 

Aug^iburg,  Bavaria,  originally  a  colony  settled  by  Au- 
gustus, about  12  B.C. ;  became  a  free  city,  and  flourished  during 
the  middle  ages.  Here  many  important  diets  of  the  empire 
have  been  held.  In  952  a.d.  a  council  confirmed  the  order  for 
the  celibacy  of  the  priesthood.  Augsburg  has  suffered  much 
by  war,  having  been  taken  by  siege — in  788,  1703,  1704,  and, 
last,  by  the  French,  10  Oct.  1805,  who  restored  it  to  Bavaria  in 
March,  1806. 

Augsburg  Diet,  summoned  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  to  settle 
the  religious  disputes  of  Germany,  met  20  June,  and  sepa- 
rated   Nov.  1530 

Confession  of  Augsburg,  compiled  by  Melanchthon,  Luther, 
and  others,  signed  by  the  Protestant  princes,  presented  to 

the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  read  to  the  diet 25  June,     " 

Interim  of  Augsburg,  a  document  issued  by  Charles  V. :  an  at- 
tempt to  reconcile  the  Catholics  and  Protestants  (it  was  fruit- 
less, and  was  withdrawn) , read  15  May,  1548 

"  Peace  of  Religion,"  signed  at  Augsburg 25  Sept.  1555 

League  of  Augsburg,  for  maintenance  of  the  treaties  of  Mun- 
ster,  Nimeguen:  a  treaty  between  Holland  and  other  powers 
against  France signed  9  July,  1686 

aug'Ur,  an  officer  of  ancient  Rome  charged  with  the 
interpretation  of  auspices  or  natural  signs  foreboding  future 
events.  Thunder  and  lightning,  the  flight  of  birds,  and  many 
other  sights  and  sounds  in  nature,  were  regarded  as  divine 
warnings  or  encouragements.  Tradition  ascribes  the  founda- 
tion of  the  college  of  augurs,  3  in  number,  to  Numa,  710  b.c. 
The  number  was  gradually  increased,  and  was  15  at  the  time  of 
Sulla,  81  B.C.  The  college  of  augurs  was  abolished  by  Theo- 
dosius  about  390  a.d. — The  superstition  which  connects  the 
flight  of  birds  with  supernatural  guidance  in  husbandry  and 
other  enterprises  is  very  ancient,  being  mentioned  by  Hesiod ; 
and  it  still  survives  in  many  countries. 

August,  the  8th  month  of  the  Roman  year  (previous- 
ly called  Sextilis,  or  the  6th  from  March),  by  a  decree  of  the 
senate  received  its  present  name  in  honor  of  Augustus  Caesar, 
in  the  year  8  b.c.,  because  in  this  month  he  was  created  con- 
sul, had  thrice  triumphed  in  Rome,  added  Egypt  to  the  Roman 
empire,  and  made  an  end  of  the  civil  wars.  He  added  one 
day  to  the  month,  making  it  31  days. — Shooting-stars  on  the 
10th  of  Aug.  were  observed  in  the  middle  ages,  and  termed 
"  St.  Lawrence's  tears."  Their  periodicity'  was  noticed  by  Mr. 
Forster  early  in  the  present  centur3% 


AUR 

Augu§ta,  Siege  of.  Augusta,  Ga.,  was  held  by  a  force 
under  a  loyalist  named  Brown  in  the  spring  of  1781.  While 
gen.  Greene  besieged  Fokt  Ninkty-six,  Lee,  Pickens,  Clarke, 
and  other  Southern  partisan  leaders  laid  siege  to  Augusta, 
beginning  23  May,  and  on  5  June  Brown  surrendered.  The 
Americans  lost  51  men  killed  and  wounded;  the  British  lost 
52  killed,  and  334,  including  the  wounded,  were  taken  prisoners 

Augustan  Age,  the  years  during  which  Caius  Octa- 
vius  (Caesar  Augustus),  nephew  of  Julius  Ciesar,  was  emperor 
of  Rome,  27  b.c.-14  a.d.,  distinguished  for  its  splendid  attain- 
ments in  arts,  arms,  and  especially  in  literature— the  days  of 
Horace,  Virgil,  Ovid,  and  Livy.  'The  reign  of  Louis  xiv.  is 
called  the  Augustan  age  of  France;  the  reign  of  Anne,  the 
Augustan  age  of  England. 

Augustan  Era  began  14  Feb.  27  b.c.,  or  727  years 

after  the  foundation  of  Rome. 

AugUStin  (or  Austin)  Friars,  a  religious  order, 
its  origin  ascribed  to  St.  Augustin,  bishop  of  Hippo,  who  died 
430.  They  first  appeared  about  the  llth  century  as  the  Austin 
of  Black  Canons,  and  the  order  was  constituted  by  pope  Alex- 
ander IV.,  1256.  The  rule  requires  poverty,  humility,  and 
chastity.  Martin  Luther  was  an  Augustin  monk.  The  Au- 
gustins  held  the  doctrine  of  free  grace,  and  were  rivals  of  the 
Dominicans.  The  order  appeared  in  England  soon  after  the 
conquest,  and  had  32  houses  at  the  suppression,  1536.  One  of 
their  churches,  at  Austin  Friars,  London,  erected  1354,  and 
since  the  Reformation  used  by  Dutch  Profestants,  was  partly 
destroyed  by  fire,  22  Nov.  1862.  It  was  restored,  and  reopened 
1  Oct.  1865.  A  religious  house  of  the  order,  dedicated  to  St. 
Monica,  mother  of  Augustin,  was  founded  in  Hoxton  square, 
London,  1864. 

Aulie  Council,  one  of  the  two  highest  courts  of  the 
German  empire,  established  by  Maximilian  I.  The  Imperial 
Chamber,  civil  and  criminal,  was  instituted  at  Worms,  1495, 
and  afterwards  held  at  Spires  and  Wetzler;  and  the  Aulic 
Council  at  Vienna,  1506.  These  courts,  of  concurrent  jurisdic- 
tion, heard  appeals  in  particular  cases  from  the  courts  of  the 
Germanic  states. 

Auray,  N.W.  France.  Here,  on  29  Sept.  1364,  the  Eng- 
lish, under  John  Chandos,  defeated  the  French  and  captured 
thMr  leader  Du  Guesclin.  Charles  of  Blois,  made  duke  of 
Brittany  b}-^  the  king  of  France,  was  slain,  and  a  peace  was 
made  in  April,  1365. 

auricular  confession.     Confession  at   the    ear 
(Lat.  auris)  of  the  priest  was  an  early  practice,  said  to  have 
been  forbidden  in  the  4th  century  by  Nectarius,  archbishop  of 
Constantinople.    It  was  enjoined  by  the  council  of  Lateran  in 
1215,  and  by  the  council  of  Trent  in  1551.     It  was  one  of  the 
6  articles  of  faith  enacted  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1539,  but  was 
abolished  in  England  at  the  Reformation.     Its  revival  has 
been  attempted  by  the  party  in  the  church  of  England  called 
Puseyites,  Tractarians,  or  Ritualists.     Puseyism. 
Rev.  Alfred  Poole,  curate  of  St.  Barnabas,  Knightsbridge,  was  sus- 
pended by  his  bishop  for  practising  auricular  confession  in  June, 
1858,  and  the  suspension  was  confirmed  in  Jan.  1859.     A  similar 
attempt  by  the  rev.  Temple  West  at  Boyne  Hill,  in  Sept.  1858,  ex- 
cited public  discussion. 
In  May,  1873,  483  clergymen  of  the   church  of  England  petitioned 
convocation  for  the  education,  selection,  and  licensing  of  duly 
qualified  confessors  under  the  canon  law.     Disapproved  by  the 
bishops. 
Letter  from  the  bishop  of  London  directing  confession  to  God;  that 

to  the  minister  optional,  21  July,  1873. 
Archdeacon  Denison  (in  a  letter)  denounces  all  opposing  auricular 

confession,  22  Aug.  1873. 
Address  of  96  peers  against  auricular  confession  to  archbishop  ot 
Canterbury  about  9  Aug.  1877.     Holy  Cross. 

au'riflamma  or  oriflamme,  the  national  ban- 
ner in  French  history,  belonging  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis, 
and  suspended  over  his  tomb.  Louis  le  Gros  was  the  first 
king  who  took  it  from  the  abbey  to  battle,  ll2L—HeiiauU. 
It  appeared  for  the  last  time  at  Agincourt,  25  Oct.  1415. — 
Tillet.     Others  say  at  Montlhery,  16  July,  1465. 

auro'ra  toorea'lis  and  auro'ra  austra'lis 

(northern  and  southern  polar  light),  rarely  seen  in  central 
Europe,  frequent  in  the  arctic  and  antarctic  regions.  The 
first  described  appearance  was  seen  in  London,  1560;  the  next 
in  1564, 7  Oct.  In  Brabant,  Cornelius  Gemm  describes  two  seen 
in  the  year  1575 ;  compares  them  to  spears,  fortified  cities,  and 


AUS 

armies  fighting  in  the  air.  In  1G21,  in  Sept.,  one  was  observed 
in  France,  and  described  by  Gassendi,  who  gave  it  the  name 
of  A  worn  borealis.  No  English  writer  mentions  its  appear- 
ance from  1574  until  1707,  when  a  small  one  was  noted  in 
Nov.  From  1621  to  1707  there  is  no  mention  made  of  an 
aurora  borealis  at  any  place.  In  Mch.  1716,  an  aurora  ex- 
tended from  the  west  of  Ireland  to  the  confines  of  Russia, 
mentioned  by  Dr.  Halley,  which  from  its  brilliancy  attracted 
universal  attention.  The  whole  horizon  lat.  57°  N.  was  over- 
spread with  continuous  haze  of  a  dismal  red  during  a  whole 
night,  Nov.  1765. — Mr.  Foster,  the  companion  of  capt.  Cook, 
saw  the  aurora  in  lat.  68°  S.  The  aurora  is  now  attributed 
to  the  passage  of  electric  light  through  rarefied  air  in  the 
polar  regions.  In  Aug.  and  Sept.  1859,  brilliant  auroras  were 
very  frequent,  telegraph-wires  were  seriously  affected,and  com- 
munications interrupted. 

Brilliant  display  throughout  Canada,  the  northern  U.S., and  Europe, 
15  Apr.  18G9.  The  Western  Union  Tel.  worked  their  lines  without 
the  aid  of  a  battt^ry  through  the  Middle  and  Eastern  states.  From 
Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg  a  battery  was  not  needed.  This  display 
extended  as  far  south  as  Richmond,  Va.  Another  noticeable  dis- 
play 24  Oct.  1870,  visible  in  northern  and  western  U.  S.,  Canada, 
England,  France,  Germany,  and  most  of  Europe;  lasted  from  11 
P.M.  until  3  A.M.  Telegraph  wires  were  again  affected.  Another 
display  4  Feb.  1872;  also  18  Apr.  1873;  and  during  the  year  1882 
on  16-17  Apr.,  14  and  18  May,  4  Aug.,  2  Oct.,  13  Nov.— all  very 
marked.  During  this  year,  at  the  Finnish  station  at  Sodankyla, 
Herr  Sophus  Tromholt,  experimenting  with  electricity  on  a  large 
scale,  placing  the  batteries  along  a  range  of  hills,  produced  an  ar- 
tificial aurora  differing  in  no  respect  from  the  real  aurora.  Prof 
C.  Piazzi-Smith  sums  up  the  final  mean  result  of  a  vast  number 
of  observations  by  the  members  of  the  Scottish  Meteorological 
Society,  showing  what  months  the  auroral  displays  are  the  most 
frequent.  These  observations  show  that  Feb.  and  Oct.  stand  first, 
while  Mch.  and  Sept.  follow.  Prof  Elias  Loomis  notes  that  the 
aurora  is  periodic,  the  grandest  displays  being  at  intervals  of  about 
60  years,  and  less  marked  at  intervals  of  10  to  11  years;  and  that 
the  maximum  and  minimum  displays  tend  to  correspond  with  the 
increase  and  decrease  of  the  solar  spots. 

auscultation.     Stethoscope. 

Au§terlitZ,  a  town  in  Moravia,  where  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  French  and  the  allied  Austrian  and  Rus- 
sian armies,  2  Dec.  1805.  As  Alexander  of  Russia,  Francis  of 
Austria,  and  Napoleon  of  France,  commanded,  it  is  sometimes 
called  the  "  battle  of  the  3  emperors."  The  killed  and  wounded 
exceeded  30,000  of  the  allies,  who  lost  40  standards,  150  pieces 
of  cannon,  and  thousands  of  prisoners.  The  decisive  victory 
of  the  French  led  to  the  treaty  of  Presburg,  signed  26  Dec. 
1805.     Pkesburg. 

Australa'§ia,  the  5th  great  division  of  the  world. 
This  name,  given  by  De  Brosses,  includes  Australia,  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  New  Guinea,  New  Zealand,  New  Britain,  New 
Caledonia,  etc.,  mostly  discovered  within  two  centuries.  Ac- 
cidental discoveries  were  made  by  Spaniards  as  early  as  1526; 
but  the  first  accurate  knowledge  of  these  lands  is  due  to  the 
Dutch,  who  in  1606  explored  part  of  the  coast  of  Papua,  or 
New  Guinea.  Torres,  a  Spaniard,  passed  through  the  strait 
which  now  bears  his  name,  between  that  island  and  Australia, 
and  gave  the  first  correct  report  of  the  latter,  1606.  The 
Dutch  continued  their  discoveries.  Grant  in  1800,  and  Flin- 
ders again  (1801-5),  completed  the  survey. — M^CuUoch. 

Australia  (formerly  BifeiV  Holland),  the  largest 
island  or  smallest  continent ;  including  five  provinces — New 
South  Wales,  Queensland,  South  Australia,  Victoria 
(formerly  Port  Phillip),  and  West  Australia  (or  Swan 
River).  Area,  2,957,000  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1888,  3,546,725. 
R.  H.  Major,  in  1872,  alleged  that  Australia  was  known  to  the 

French  prior  to 1531 

Alleged  discovery  by  Manoel  Godinho  de  Eredia,  a  Portuguese.  1601 

The  Dutch  also  discover  Australia Mch.  1606 

Coast  surveyed  by  Dutch  navigators;  north,  by  Zeachen,  1618; 
west,  by  Edels,  1619 ;  south,  by  Nuyts,  1627 ;  north,  by  Car- 
penter   1627 

Tasman  coasts  S.  Australia  and  Van  Diemen's  Land 1642-44 

Terra  Australia  (western  Australia)  named  New  Holland  by 

order  of  the  states-general 1665 

William  Dampier  lands  in  Australia Jan.  1686 

William  Dampier  explores  the  west  and  northwest  coasts  .  .1684-90 

Explorations  of  >Willis  and  Carteret 1763-66 

Capt.  Cook,  sir  Joseph  Banks,  and  others  land  at  Botany  Bay, 

and  name  the  country  "  New  South  Wales  " 28  Apr.  1770 

Exploration  of  Furneaux 1773 

Governor  Phillip  founds  Sydney  near  Port  Jackson,  with  1030 

persons 26  Jan.  1788 

[The  82d  anniversary  of  this  event  was  kept  with  much 
festivity,  26  Jan.  1870.] 


'  AUS 

Great  distress  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  the  store-ship 

Guardian,  capt.  Uiou 1790' 

Voyages  of  Bligh 1789-92 

First  church  erected Aug.  1793 

Government  gazette  first  printed 1795- 

Bass's  strait  discovered  by  Bass  and  Flinders 1798 

First  brick  church  built 1802 

Colony  of  Van  Diemen's  Laud  (now  Tasmania)  established 1803 

Grant,  1800,  and  Flinders  survey  the  coasts  of  Australia 1801-5 

Insurrection  of  Irish  convicts  (luelled —  1804 

Gov.  Bligh.  for  his  tyranny,  deposed  and  sent  home 1808 

Superseded  by  gov.  Macquarie 1809 

Population,  29,783  (three  fourths  convicts) 1821 

Expeditions  into  the  interior  by  Wentworth,  Lawson,  Blox- 

land,  1813;  Oxley,  etc 1817-23 

West  Australia  formed  into  a  province 1829 

Legislative  council  established " 

Sturt's  expeditions  into  S.  Australia 1828-31 

South  Australia  erected  into  a  province Aug.  1834 

First  Roman  Catholic  bishop  (Polding)  arrives Sept.  1835 

Port  Phillip  (now  Victoria)  colonized Nov.     " 

First  church  of  England  bishop  of  Australia  (Broughton)  ar- 
rives   June,  1836 

Sir  T.  Mitchell's  expeditions  into  E.  Australia 1831-36 

Colony  of  South  Australia  founded Dec.     " 

Eyre's  expedition  overland  from  Adelaide  to  King  George's 

sound 1836-37 

Melbourne  founded Nov.  1837 

Capt.  Grey  explores  N.  W.  Australia 1837-3&' 

Count  Strzelecki  explores  New  South  Wales  and  Tasmania, 
1838-43;  discovers  gold-fields  iu  Bathurst,  Wellington,  etc. 

(kept  secret  by  sir  George  Gipps). 183^ 

Suspension  of  transportation " 

Strzelecki  explores  the  Australian  Alps  ;    discovers  Gipps's 

Land ;  Eyre  explores  W.  Australia 1840' 

Census— 87,200  males;  43,700  females 1841 

Incorporation  of  city  of  Sydney 1842 

Leichhardt's  expedition  (never  returns) 1844 

Sturt  proceeds  from  S.  Australia  to  the  middle  of  the  conti- 
nent   1845 

Great  exertions  of  Mrs.  Chisholm ;  establishment  of  "Home 

for  Female  Emigrants  " 1841-4ff 

Census  (including  Port  Phillip)— 114, 700  males;  74,800  females.  1846 

Kennedy's  expedition,  1847 ;  killed ■. 1848 

Agitation  against  revival  of  transportation  by  earl  Grey 1849 

Port  Phillip  erected  into  a  separate  province  as  Victoria 1850 

Gold  discovered  by  Mr.  Hargraves,  etc 1851 

Census— males,  106,000;  females,  81,000  (exclusive  of  Victoria, 

80,000) " 

Mints  established March,  1863- 

Transportation  ceases " 

Gregory's  explorations  of  interior 1848,  1855-58 

Death  of  archdeacon  Cowper  (aged  80),  after  about  fifty  years' 

residence July,  1858 

Queensland  made  a  province 4  Dec.  1859 

Expedition  into  the  interior  under  Mr.  Landells  organized,  Aug.  I860' 
Robert  O'Hara  Burke,  William  John  Wills,  and  others  start 

from  Melbourne 20  Aug.     " 

Burke,  Wills,  and  two  others  cross  Australia  to  gulf  of  Carpen- 
taria; all  perish  on  their  return  except  John  King,  who  ar-      / 

rives  at  Melbourne Nov.  1861 

J.  McDouall  Stuart's  expeditions 1858-62 

Stuart,  McKinlay,  and  Landsborough  cross  Australia  from  sea 

to  sea 1861-62 

Remains  of  Burke  and  Wills  recovered;  public  funeral.  .21  Jan.  1863 
General  resistance  throughout  Australia  to  the  reception  of 

British  convicts  in  W.  Australi;\., about  June,  1864 

Cessation  of  transportation  to  Australia  in  3  years  announced 

amid  much  rejoicing 26  Jan.  1865 

Total  population  of  Australia,  exclusive  of  natives,  1.298.667, 

Jan.  1866- 
Capt.  Cadell  discovers  mouth  of  the  river  Roper  on  the  west 
coast  of  the  gulf  of  Carpentaria,  and  fine  pastoral  country, 

lat.  14°  45'  S Nov.  186T 

Great  drought,  1,000,000  animals  perish 1868 

Ernest  Morrison  walks  across  the  continent  from  the  gulf  of 

Carpentaria  to  Melbourne  in  120  days,  starting  about  18  Dec.  1882 
Gradual  formation  of  a  defensive  Australian  fleet  and  army. . .  1883- 
Intercolonial  conference  of  delegates  on  proposed  annexation 

of  New  Guinea  at  Sydney  recommended 6  Dec.     " 

Formation  of  Australasian  federal  commission 7-8  Dec.     " 

Charles  Winnicke's  exploring  party  map  40,000  miles  of  un- 
known country;  announced Jan:  1884 

Victoria,  Tasmania,  and  Queensland  accept  the  scheme  of  fed- 
eration   Aug.     " 

Opposed  by  New  South  Wales about  1  Nov.    " 

Several  states  protest  against  the  German  annexations  in  New 

Guinea,  etc Dec.      " 

British  flag  hoisted  on  Woodlark  and  other  islands Jan.  1885- 

Australian  colonies  proffer  military  contingents  for  the  Sou- 
dan ;  thanked  by  the  queen Feb.     " 

Government  of  Victoria  introduces  irrigation  bill  to  borrow 

4,000,000/.  for  supplying  water  to  3,242,000  acres  of  arid  land.  1886- 
Rabbit  pest  continues,  although  the  government  has  expended 
over  100,000/.    Government  offers  a  prize  of  25,000/.  for  a  sat- 
isfactory specific  ;  without  definite  results 188T 

Exploring  expedition  sent  into  Britisk  New  Guinea  from  Queens- 
land ;  discoveries  valuable " 

M.  Pasteur  sends  three  delegates  from  Paris  with  a  supply  of 
microbes  du  choldra  des  poules,  with  which  he  hopes  to  win 
the  25,000/.  prize  for  the  extermination  of  rabbits 188ft 


AUS  67 

Workingmcn  of  Australia  remit  to  England  50,000i.  to  aid  Iho 

London  dock-strikers jggg 

[No  deflnite  account  ever  rendered  of  it.] 

Great  financial  depression;  many  bank  failures  throughout  the 
difl'erent  provinces Jan.-May,  1893 

Austra'sia,  Oesterreich  (Eastern  Kingdono),  also  called 
Metz,  a  French  kingdom  from  the  6th  to  the  8th  century.  It 
began  with  the  division  of  the  realm  of  Clovis  by  his  sons,  511, 
and  ended  when  Carloman  became  a  monk,  yielding  the  throne 
to  his  brother  Pepin,  as  sole  king  of  France,  747. 

Austria,  Oesterreich  (Eastern  Kingdom),  anciently  No- 
ricum  and  part  of  Pannonia,  was  annexed  to  the  Roman  em- 
pire about  33  A.D.;  overrun  by  the  Huns,  Avars,  etc.,  during  the 
5th  and  6th  centuries,  and  taken  from  them  by  Charlemagne, 
791-96.  He  divided  the  government,  establishing  margraves 
of  eastern  Bavaria  and  Austria.  Louis  the  German,  son  of 
Louis  le  Debonnaire,  about  817,  subjugated  Radbod,  margrave 
of  Austria ;  but  in  883  the  descendants  of  the  latter  rose  in 
Bavaria  against  the  emperor  Charles  the  Fat,  and  eventually  the 
margraves  of  Austria  were  declaredimmediate  princes  of  the  em- 
pire. In  1156  the  margraviatewasmadean  hereditary  duchy  by 
the  emperor  Frederic  I. ;  and  in  1453  it  was  raised  to  an  arch- 
duchy by  the  emperor  Frederic  III.  Rudolph,  count  of  Haps- 
burg,  elected  emperor  of  Germany  in  1273,  acquired  Austria  in 
1278 ;  and  from  1493  to  1804  his  descendants  were  emperors  of 
Germany.  On  11  Aug.  1804,  the  emperor  Francis  II.  renounced 
the  title  of  emperor  of  Germany,  and  became  hereditary  em- 
peror of  Austria  as  Francis  I.  The  political  constitution  of 
the  empire  is  based  upon  (1)  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  Charles 
VI.,  1734,  which  declares  the  indivisibility  of  the  empire  and 
regulates  the  succession ;  (2)  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  Francis 
I.,l  Aug.  1804,  when  he  became  emperor  of  Austria  only;  (3) 
the  diploma  of  Francis  Joseph,  20  Oct.  1860,  granting  legisla- 
tive power  to  the  provincial  states  and  the  council  of  the  em- 
pire (Reichsrath) ;  (4)  the  law  of  26  Feb.  1861,  on  national  rep- 
resentation. Self-government  was  granted  to  Hungary,  17 
Feb.  1867.  The  empire  was  named  the  Austro-Hungarian 
monarchy,  by  decree,  14  Nov.  1868.  The  empire  is  now  di- 
vided into  two  parts,  separated  by  the  river  Leithe.  The  Cis- 
Leithan  section  comprises  14  provincial  diets :  Galicia,  Bohe- 
mia, Silesia,  Moravia,  lower  and  upper  Austria,  Styria,  Tyrol 
and  Voralburg,  Salzburg,  Carinthia,  Carniola,Trieste,  and  Istria, 
Dalmatia,  and  the  Bukovina.  The  Trans-Leithan  section  com- 
prises Hungary,  Transylvania,  Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  the  city 
of  Fiume.  Area,  241,000  sq.  miles,  with  a  pop.  1886,  of  38,- 
680,000 ;  including  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  1890,  41,345,329. 
Frederic  II.,  the  last  male  of  the  house  of  Bamberg,  killed  in 

battle  with  the  Hungarians 15  June,  1246 

Disputed  succession;  the  emperor  Frederic  II.  sequesters  the 
provinces,  appointing  Otto,  count  of  Eberstein,  governor  for 
the  emperor;  they  are  seized  by  Ladislaus,  margrave  of  Mo- 
ravia, in  right  of  his  wife,  Frederic's  niece,  Gertrude;  he 

dies  childless 1247 

Herman,  margrave  of  Baden,  marries  Gertrude,  and  holds  the 

provinces  till  his  death 1250 

Premislas  Ottocar  of  Bohemia  acquires  the  provinces 1254 

Compelled  to  cede  Styria  to  Hungary,  he  makes  war  and  recov- 
ers it,  in  consequence  of  a  great  victory 1260 

He  inherits  Carinthia,  1263;  refuses  title  of  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, 1272 ;  and  does  homage  to  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg,  elect- 
ed emperor 1273 

War  against  Ottocar  as  a  rebel ;  he  is  compelled  to  cede  Austria, 

Carinthia,  and  Styria  to  Rudolph 1274 

War  renewed;  Ottocar  perishes  in  battle  of  Marchfeld. . 26  Aug.  1278 
Albert  I.  assassinated  by  his  nephew  while  attempting  to  en- 
slave the  Swiss 1  May,  1308 

Successful  revolt  of  the  Swiss 1307-9 

They  totally  defeat  the  Austrians  under  duke  Leopold  at  Mor- 

garten 16  Nov.  1315 

Tyrol  acquired 1363 

Duke  Leopold  imposes  toll  on  the  Swiss;  they  resist;  he  makes 

war,  and  is  defeated  and  slain  at  Sempach July,  1386 

Duke  Albert  V.  obtains  Bohemia  and  Hungary,  and  is  elected 

emperor  of  Germany 1437 

Emperor  Frederick  III.,  head  of  house  of  Hapsburg,  creates 

the  archduchy  of  Austria  with  sovereign  power 6  Jan.  1453 

Austria  divided  between  him  and  his  relatives,  1457;  war  en- 
sues between  them  till 1463 

Low  Countries  accrue  to  Austria  by  marriage  of  Maximilian 

with  the  heiress  of  Burgundy 1477 

Also  Spain,  by  marriage  of  Philip  I.  of  Austria  with  the  heir- 
ess of  Aragon  and  Castile 1496 

Bohemia  and  Hungary  united  to  Austria  under  Ferdinand  I. . .  1526 

Austria  harassed  by  Turkish  invasions 1529-45 

Charles  V.,  reigning  over  Germany,  Austria,  Bohemia,  Hun- 
gary, Spain,  the  Netherlands,  and  their  dependencies;  abdi- 
cates (Spain) ." 1556 

Thirty  Years'  War 1618-48 


AUS 

War  of  the  Spanish  Succession 170114 

Mantua  ceded  to  the  emperor V  jkn   i708 

By  treaty  of  Utrecht  he  obtains  part  of  duchy  of  MilaiL.'il  Apr'  1713 

Rastadt  he  acquires  the  Netherlands 17U 

Naples,  etc    added  to  his  dominions 15  Nov   1715 

i  urther  additions  on  the  east  (Temeswar,  etc.)  by  peace  of  Pas- 

sa,rowitz i^iu 

Naples  and  Sicily  given  up  to  "spain  '.'.'.".*.*,■.■. 1735 

Death  of  Charles  VI.,  last  sovereign  of  the  male'line'of  house  of 

Hapsburg;  his  daughter,  Maria  Theresa,  becomes  queen  of 

Hungary ^  ^  -^.    ._^ 

Maria  Theresa  attacked  by  Prussia,  France,' BaVar'l a,  and  Sax- 

ony;  supported  by  Great  Britain  (Austrian  Succession,  war 


^T-r'ifJ^'  ?"^^*^^  Lorraine,whoha(i  mkVried'MaVia  ThVrVsk'in  "*^ 
1736,  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  as  Francis  I  1745 

Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Parma,  Milan,  etc.,  ceded  to  Spain! ' "  1748 
Seven  Years'  War  ;  part  of  Silesia  ceded  to  Prussia. . . . .  V15<^ 
Gahcia,  etc.,  acquired  from  Poland..  " '      1770 

War  with  France  (Battles) .''.".'.'.'.".'." 1792-97 

By  treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  the  emperor  gives  up  Lombard v 

and  obtains  Venice ^        15  Oot   1707 

Treaty  of  Luneville  (more  losses) V.'.V.'.".'.'.   . "  . .  I8OI 

P^rancis  IL,  emperor  of  Germany,  becomes  Francis  L  hered- 
itary emperor  of  Austria n  Aug  I804 

His  declaration  of  war  against  France '.'.'..'  5  Aur  1805 

Capitulation  of  his  army  at  Ulm .'.*.".'.  .20  Oct     " 

Napoleon  enters  Vienna *.*.."...".'...".  14  Nov     " 

Austrians  and  Russians  defeated  at  Austerlitz... V.'.V.  .2"Dec.    " 

Treaty  of  Presburg,  Austria  loses  Venice  and  TyroL 1  Jan   1806 

Vienna  evacuated  by  the  French 12  Jan.    " 

Dissolution  of  the  German  empire,  and  formal  abdication  of 

the  emperor. q  ^ug.    " 

French  again  take  Vienna '.'.  .'.'.'.'..13  May.  1809 

Restore  it  at  peace y 24  Oct!    " 

Napoleon  marries  archduchess  Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  the 

emperor 1  Apr.  1810 

Congress  at  Vienna. 2  Oct  1814 

Treaty  of  Vienna 25  Feb.  1815 

[Italian  provinces  restored  with  additions — Lombardo-  ' 

Venetian  kingdom  established,  7  Apr.] 

Francis  I.  dies;  Ferdinand  I.  succeeds 2  Mch.  1835 

Insurrection  at  Vienna;  flight  of  Metternich 13  Mch.  1848 

"  in  Italy  (Milan,  Sardinia,  Venice) 18  Mch.     " 

"  at  Vienna;  emperor  flies  to  Innspruck,  15-17  May,    '« 

Revolution  in  Hungary ii  Sept     " 

Insurrection  at  Vienna;  murder  of  count  Latour 6  Oct.    " 

Emperor  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  nephew,  Francis  Joseph, 

2  Dec.     " 
Attempted  assassination  of  emperor  by  Libenyi,  18  Feb. ;  who 

was  executed 28  Feb.  1853 

Austrians  enter  Danubian  principalities Aug.  1854 

Alliance  with  England  and  France  on  Eastern  question.  .2  Dec.    " 
Concordat  grants  the  pope  great  power  in  the  empire.  .18  Aug.  1855 

Amnesty  for  political  offenders  of  1848-49 12  July,  18.56 

Austrians  quit  the  Danube  principalities Mch.  1857 

Diplomatic  relations  between  Austria  and  Sardinia  broken  off 

in  consequence 23-30  Mch.    •' 

Excitement  throughout  Europe,  caused  by  the  address  of  the 

emperor  Napoleon  III.  to  the  Austrian  ambassador. . .  1  Jan.  1859 

Emperor  of  Austria  replies  in  a  similar  tone 4  Jan.     " 

Austria  enlarges  her  armies  in  Italy,  and  fortifies  the  line  of  the 

Ticino  between  her  provinces  and  Sardinia. .  .Feb.  and  Mch.     " 
Intervention  of  Russia;  proposal  for  a  congress;  disputes  on 

admission  of  Sardinia;  Sardinia  and  France  prepare  for  war, 

Mch.  and  Apr.     " 
Austria  demands  disarmament  of  Sardinia  and  dismissal  of 

volunteers  from  other  states  within  three  days 23  Apr.     " 

This  demand  rejected 26  Apr.     " 

Austrians  cross  the  Ticino 26  Apr.     " 

French  troops  enter  Piedmont 27  Apr.     " 

France  declares  war  (to  expel  Austrians  from  Italy) 3  May,     " 

Austrians  defeated  at  Montebello,  20  May;  at  Palestro,  30-31 

May ;  at  Magfenta,  4  June ;  at  Malegnano  (Marignano),  8  June,     •' 
Prince  Metternich  dies,  aged  86  (he  had  been  active  in  wars 

and  negotiations  of  Napoleon  I. ) 11  Ju  ne,     " 

Austrians  defeated  at  Solferino  (near  the  Mincio);  emperors 

of  Austria  and  France  and  king  of  Sardinia  present.  24  June,     " 
Armistice  agreed  upon,  6  July;  emperors  meet,  11  July;  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  signed  at  Villaft-anca  (Lombardy  given 

to  Sardinia;  an  Italian  confederation  proposed) 12  July,     " 

Manifesto  justifying  the  peace  issued  to  the  army,  12  July;  to 

the  people 15  July,     " 

Patent  issued,  granting  greatly  increased  privileges  to  the 

Protestants;  announced Sept     " 

Treaty  of  Zurich,  confirming  the  preliminaries  of  Villafranca, 

signed 10  Nov.     " 

Decrees  removing  Jewish  disabilities 6,  10  Jan.,  18  Feb.  1860 

Patent  issued  for  summoning  imperial  council  (Reichsrath)  of 

representatives  elected  by  provincial  diets 5  Mch.     " 

Austria  protests  against  annexation  of  Tuscany,  etc.,  by  Sar- 
dinia  Mch.     " 

Proscribed  Hungarian  count  Teleki,  at  Dresden,  given  up  to 

Austria  about  20  Deo. ;  released  on  parole 31  Dec.     " 

Amnesty  for  political  offences  in  Hungary,  Croatia,  etc.. 7  Jan.  1861 

New  constitution  for  Austrian  monarchy  publ 26  Feb.     '* 

Civil  and  political  rights  granted  to  Protestants  throughout    ^^ 

empire,  except  Hungary  and  Venice H  -^pr. 

Meeting  of  Reichsrath  — no  deputies  fW)m  Hungary,  Croatia,    ^^ 

Transylvania,  Venetia,  or  Istria. 29  Apr. 

Amnesty  to  political  offenders  in  Hungary 18  Nov.  1863 


AUS  ^ 

Reduction  in  tho  army  assMited  to;  and  a  personal-liberty  law 

passed Pec.  1862 

Insurrection  in  Russian  Poland.  Jan. ;  Austria  joins  in  the  in- 
tercession of  Kngiand  and  France Apr.  1863 

Transylvanian  deputies  accept  constitution,  and  take  scats  in 

Reiohsrath 20  Oct.     " 

Austria  joins  Prussia  in  war  with  Denmark Ian.  1864 

Galicia  and  Cracow  declared  in  state  of  siege J'.i  Feb.     " 

Archduke  Maximilian  emperor  of  Mkxico Apr.     " 

Peace  with  Denmark,  signed  at  Vienna M  Oct.     " 

Emperor  opens  Reiohsrath,  14  Nov. ;  flree  debate;  slate  of  siege 

in  (Jalicia  censured Dec.     " 

Convention  of  Gastkix  signed 14  Aug.  1865 

Emperor's  rescript  suppressing  the  constitution,  with  tho  view 

of  giving  autonomy  to  Hunuary 20  Sept.     " 

Rejoicings   in   Hungary;  dissatisfaction   in   Austria.  Croatia, 

etc Nov.,  Dec.     " 

Amnesty  for  Italy  issued 1  Jan.  1866 

Disputes  with  Prussia  on  Holstein Jan.,  Mch.     " 

Preparations  for  war  begin Mch.     " 

Archduke  Albrecht  commander  of  southern  army,  6  May ;  Ben- 

edek  of  northern 12  May,     " 

War  declared  by  Prussia,  18  June;  by  Italy 20  June,     " 

Austrians  enter  Silesia,  18  June  ;  and  Prussians  Bohemia, 

23  June,     " 
Italians  defeated  by  archduke  Albrecht  at  Custozza. .  .24  June,     " 

Prussian  victories  at  Nachod.  etc 27-29  June,     " 

Benedek  defeated  at  KOniggratz  and  Sadowa 3  July,     " 

[For  deUiils  of  the  war,  Italy,  Prussia.] 
Emperor  cedes  Vonetia  to  Napoleon,  and  requests  interven- 
tion  4  July,     " 

Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at  Nikolsburg 26  July,     " 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Prussia  at  Prague 23  Aug.     " 

"  "  "      Italy  at  Vienna,  ceding  Venetia,  3  Oct. ; 

the  iron  crown  given  up 11  Oct.     " 

Quadrilateral  and  Venice  surrendered  to  the  Italians,  11-19  Oct.     " 
Baron  Ferdinand  von  Beust,  late  Saxon  minister  of  foreign 

affairs,  made  Austrian  foreign  minister 30  Oct.     " 

Extraordinary  diet  convoked  (for  25  Feb.) 3  Jan.  1867 

Autonomy  for  Hungary  announced;  resignation  of  Belcredi, 

4  Feb. ;  Von  Beust  president  of  council 7  Feb.     " 

Rescript  restoring  a  separate  ministry  for  Hungary,  count 

Andrassy  president 17  Feb.     " 

Reiohsrath  opened  at  Vienna 20  May,     " 

Czechs  (of  Bohemia  and  Moravia),  Croats,  Slavonians,  Serbs, 
Roumans  (of  Transylvania),  and  Poles  (of  Galicia),  protest 
against  absorption,  and  demand  national  legislative  powers, 

May  and  July,     " 
Emperor  and  empress  crowned  king  and  queen  of  Hungary 

at  Buda 8  June,     " 

Von  Beust  chancellor  of  the  empire 23  June,     " 

Arrangements  for  dividing  the  financial  affairs  of  Austria  and 

Hungary,  signed 13  Sept.     " 

Changes  (respecting  marriage  and  education)  in  the  concordat 

proposed Sept.     " 

28  bishops  demand  maintenance  of  concordat 28  Sept.     " 

Letter  from  emperor  to  cardinal  Rauscher,  for  liberty  of  con- 
science in  opposition  to  the  concordat;  concordat  almost  an- 
nulled by  lower'  house Oct.     " 

Dualism  accepted  by  the  Reichsrath  at  Vienna Nov.     " 

Civil-marriages  bill  (annulling  clerical  jurisdiction  over  them) 
passed  by  upper  bouse,  after  sharp  resistance,  21-23  Mch. ; 

received  emperor's  assent 25  May,  1868 

Continued  opposition  of  clergy  to  government Jan.  1869 

Neutrality  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  announced 18  July,  1870 

Concordat  with  Rome  suspended  because  of  promulgation  of 

doctrine  of  papal  infallibility  30  July,     " 

Ministry  support  Great  Britain  in  opposing  the  Russian  repu- 
diation of  treaty  of  Paris  (Russia) Nov.     " 

Austrian  army,  864,869  regulars;   187,527  landwehr  (militia), 

Dec.     " 

New  German  empire  recognized  by  the  emperor JafK  1871 

Resignation  of  count  Beust,  arch-chancellor;  much  excite- 
ment  6  Nov.     " 

Count  Andrassy  appointed  minister  of  imperial  household  and 
of  foreign  affairs;  Von  Beust  ambassador  at  London;  Lon- 

yay,  premier  of  Hungary 13-14  Nov.     " 

Reichsrath  opened  by  the  emperor  with  speech  announcing 

political  and  educational  reforms 28  Dec.     " 

Kew  constitutional  law  promulgated,  giving  the  emperor  power 

to  order  new  elections  of  the  chambers 13  Mch.  1872 

Reform  bill  passed  changing  the  Reichsrath  into  a  national 

representative  assembly 10  Mch.  1873 

Elections  for  Reichsrath:  228  constitutionalists,  125  federals, 
30  Oct. ;  Reichsrath  opened  by  the  emperor,  5  Nov. ;  25th 
anniversary  of  the  emperor's  accession  celebrated;  amnesty 

for  political  offenders 2  Dec.     " 

Encyclical  letter  from  the  pope  condemning  the  new  ecclesi- 
astical laws,  dated 7  Mch.  1874 

Protest  of  Austrian  bishops;  both  parties  adopt  Cavour's  cry, 

"A  free  church  in  a  free  state  " Apr.     " 

New  bed  of  Danube  inaugurated  by  emperor 30  May,  1875 

Death  of  ex-emperor  Ferdinand " 29  June,     " 

Declaration  of  neutrality  in  Russo-Turkish  war  by  Austria  and 
Hungary;  foreign  policy  to  be  for  "the  interest  of  the  mon- 
archy, to  the  exclusion  of  all  antipathies  and  sympathies," 

M.  de  Tisza  (Hungarian) 26  June,  1877 

€ount  Andrassy  at  the  Berlin  conference 13  June--13  July,  1878 

Austria  to  occupy  and  administer  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  by 

treaty  of  Berlin 13  July,     " 

Austrians  enter,  and  war  ensues  (Bosma) 29  July,     " 


AUS 

Bosnia  occupied  (except  Novi-Bazar) Oct.  1878 

Andrassy  resigns;  baron  Haymerle  made  foreign  minister  and 
president  of  council 8  Oct.  1879 

Marriage  of  archduke  Rudolph  and  princess  Stephanie  of 
Belgium 10  May,  1881 

Sudden  death  of  baron  Haymerle 10  Oct.     " 

Insurrection  in  Herzegovina,  etc. ;  skirmishes  with  Austrians, 
ir>-31  Jan. ;  insurgents  defeated 1882 

Provisional  government  said  to  have  been  formed  by  insur- 
gents  about  9  Feb.     " 

Mahometans  sympathize  with  Christian  insurgents Feb.     " 

Successful  advance  of  the  Austrians;  capture  of  Dragali  an- 
nounced  14  Mch.     " 

Insurgents  adopting  guerilla  warfare about  12  May,     " 

"New  German  People's  party  "  formed;  manifesto  published, 

about  29  May,     " 

Execution  of  Overdank,  a  soldier,  for  attempted  assassination 
of  emperor 20  Dec.     " 

600th  anniversary  of  establishment  of  house  of  Hapsburg  cele- 
brated  27  Dec.     " 

Slavonic  agitation  against  Germans  and  Magyars  and  taxation 
(Croatia),  Aug.-Sept. ;  conciliatory  policy  of  government, 

Sept.  1883 

Birth  of  princess  to  archduke  Rudolph  and  the  princess  Ste- 
phanie   2  Sept.     " 

Much  social  disaffection  at  Vienna;  2  detective  policemen 
assassinated,  Hlubek,  Bloch Jan.  1884 

Corpl.  Hermann  Stellmacher,  assassin  of  Bloch,  captured,  25 
Jan.;  a  great  conspiracy  suspected;  law  decreed  by  count 
Taaffe  repressing  public  meetings,  the  press,  trials  by  jury, 
etc.,  30  Jan. ;  many  arrested  or  expelled Jan.     " 

Government  measures  pass  the  chambers 15  Feb.     " 

Hugo  Schenk  and  Schlossarck  executed  for  murder  of  several 
servant-girls 22  Apr.     " 

Stellmacher  executed 8  Aug.     " 

Reichsrath  dis.solves Apr.  1885 

Czar  of  Russia  meets  the  emperor  at  Kremsier  in  Moldavia, 

25  Aug.     " 

A  bill  for  creating  a  Landsturm  introduced  in  the  Reichsrath 

and  passed 16  Apr.  1886 

[Giving  the  nation  a  war-footing  of  1,500,000.] 

Count  Beust  dies  at  Altenberg,  near  Vienna 24  Oct.     " 

The  crown-prince  Franz  Karl  Joseph  Rudolph  dies  at  Meyer- 
ling 30  Jan.  1889 

[Supposed  suicide  in  consequence  of  a  love-affair  with  the 
young  baroness  Vetsera— physicians  report  mental  aliena- 
tion.] 

Resignation  of  the  prime-minister  Koloman  Tiszo,  for  15  years 

at  the  head  of  the  ministry 7  Mch.  1890 

[Succeeded  by  count  Julius  Sazapary.] 

MARGRAVES  OF  AUSTRIA. 
Leopold  I.,  928;  Albert  I.,  1018;  Ernest,  1056;  Leopold  TL    1075; 
Leopold  III.,  1096;  Albert  IL,  1136;  Leopold  IV.,  1136;  Henry  IL, 
1142  (made  a  duke,  1156). 

1150.  Henry  IT.  DUKES. 

1177.  Leopold  V.  He  captured  Richard  I.  of  England  when  return- 
ing incognito  from  the  crusade,  and  was  compelled  to  sur- 
render him  to  the  emperor  Henry  VI. 

1194.  Frederic  I.,  the  Catholic. 

1198.  Leopold  VI.,  the  Glorious.     Killed  in  battle. 

1230.  Frederic  II.,  the  Warlike.    Killed  in  a  battle  with  Hungarians, 
15  June,  1246. 
Interregnum. 

1276.  Rudolph  I. 

1282.  Albert  I.  and  his  brother,  Rudolph  II.  Albert,  emperor  of 
Germany,  1298. 

1308.  PYederic  I.  and  Leopold  I. 

1326.  Frederic  L 

1330.  Albert  II.  and  Otho,  his  brother. 

1339.  Albert  II. 

1358.  Rudolph  IV. 

1365.  Albert  III.  and  Leopold  II.  or  III.  (killed  at  Sempach). 

1395.  William  I.  and  brothers,  and  their  cousin  Albert  IV. 

1411.  The  same.  The  provinces  divided  into  duchies  of  Austria 
and  Carinthia,  and  county  of  Tyrol. 

1411.  Albert  V.,  duke  of  Austria;  obtains  Bohemia  and  Moravia; 
elected  king  of  Hungary  and  emperor,  1437;  dies,  1439; 
succeeded  by  his  posthumous  son. 

1439.  Ladislaus,  who  dies  childless,  1457. 

1457.  The  emperor  Frederic  III.  and  Albert  VI. 

1493.  Maximilian  I.,  son  of  Frederic  III.  (archduke),  emperor;  Ger- 
many, 1493-1804. 

KMPERORS. 

1804.  Francis  I.,  b.  1768  (late  Francis  II.  of  Germany),  styled  em- 
peror of  Austria  only,  11  Aug.  1804;  resigned  empire  of 
Germany,  6  Aug.  1806 ;  d.  2  Mch.  1835. 

1835.  Ferdinand,  his  son,  2  Mch. ;  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  nephew 
(his  brother  Francis  Charles  having  renounced  his  rights), 
2  Dec.  1848 ;  b.  1793 ;  d.  29  June,  1875. 

1848.  Francis  Joseph  (son  of  Francis  Charles),  b.  18  Aug.  1830; 
succeeded,  2  Dec.  1848;  married  24  Apr.  1854,  to  Elizabeth 
of  Bavaria;  crowned  king  of  Hungary,  8  June,  1867. 

Heir  presumptive:  archduke  Franz  Ferdinand,  b.  18  Dec.  1863; 
nephew  of  the  emperor  and/Son  of  archduke  Karl  Ludwig. 

Au§trian    Succe§§ioii,  War    of   (1740-1748). 

Charles  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany,  without  male  heirs,  desirous 
of  securing  the  succession  to  his   daughter,  Maria  Theresa, 


AUT  69 

queen  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  in  1731  framed  the  prag- 
matic sanction.  England  and  most  powers  of  Europe,  ex- 
cept France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia,  acceded.  The  emperor  died 
20  Oct.  1740,  when  Maria  Theresa  assumed  the  title.  Imme- 
diately counter-claims  to  the  succession  were  advanced  by  the 
electors  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony  and  the  kings  of  Poland  and 
Spain,  while  Sardinia  claimed  a  portion  of  the  empire,  and 
Frederick  II.  of  Prussia  wanted  Silesia.  France  espoused  the 
cause  of  Bavaria,  while  England  alone  offered  assistance  to  the 
queen.  The  war  that  ensued  is  termed  that  of  the  Austrian  suc- 
cession, in  which  nearly  allEurope  took  part.  The  succession  was 
confirmed  to  the  queen  by  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748. 

autllor§.     Literature. 

auto-da-fc  ("  act  of  faith "),  the  term  given  to  the 
punishment  of  a  heretic  (generally  burning  alive),  inflicted  by 
the  Inquisition.  The  first  auto-da-fe  was  held  by  Torque- 
mada  at  Seville,  in  1481.  The  last  was  probably  that  men- 
tioned by  Llorente,  the  historian  of  the  Inquisition,  as  solem- 
nized in  Mexico  in  1815. 

automaton  fig^ure§  or  androides,  made  to 

imitate  the  actions  of  living  beings,  are  of  early  invention. 
Archytas's  flying  dove  was  formed  about  400  B.C.  Friar  Bacon 
is  said  to  have  made  a  brazen  head  which  spoke,  1264  a.d. 
Albertus  Magnus  spent  30  years  in  making  another.  A  coach 
and  2  horses,  with  a  footman,  a  page,  a  lady  inside,  were  made 
by  Camus  for  Louis  XIV.  when  a  child,  1649 ;  the  horses  and 
figures  moved  naturally,  variously,  and  perfectly.  Vaucanson, 
in  1738,  made  an  artificial  duck,  which  performed  many  func- 
tions of  a  real  one — eating,  drinking,  and  quacking;  and  he 
also  made  a  flute-player.  The  writing  automaton,  exhibited 
in  1769,  was  a  pentagraph  worked  by  a  hidden  confederate. 
An  automaton  chess-player,  invented  by  baron  Kempelen,  of 
Presburg,  Hungary,  1769,  and  known  as  "Maelzel's  chess- 
player," excited  intense  curiosity  wherever  exhibited  for  many 
years ;  this  was  also  worked  by  a  concealed  person ;  so  was  the 
"invisible  girl,"  1800.  Maelzel  made  a  trumpeter  about  1809. 
Early  in  this  century  an  automaton  was  exhibited  in  London 
which  pronounced  several  sentences  with  tolerable  distinctness. 
The"anthropoglossus,"an  alleged  talking-machine,  exhibited 
at  St.  James's  hall,  London,  July,  1864,  was  proved  to  be  a  gross 
imposition.  The  exhibition  of  the  talking-machine  of  prof. 
Faber,  of  Vienna,  in  London,  began  27  Aug.  1870,  at  the  Palais 
Royal,  Argyll  street,  W.  The  automatic  chess-player  at  the 
Crystal  Palace,  1873.  Psycho,  an  automaton  card-player,  in- 
vented by  J.  N.  Maskelyne  and  John  Algernon  Clarke,  ex- 
hibited in  London,  Jan.  1875.  An  automaton  hare  was  hunted 
at  Hendon,  near  London,  9  Sept.  1876. 

autOtypog-'raphy,  a  process  of  producing  a  metal 
plate  from  drawings,  made  known  by  Mr.  Wallis  in  Apr.  1863 ; 
it  resembled  Nature-printing. 

Auttose  tOWll§.  Indian  villages  in  the  Creek 
country,  Alabama,  attacked  and  destroyed  by  brig.-gen.  John 
Floyd,  with  950  Georgia  militia,  29  Nov.  1813.     Georgia. 

Av'alon  or  Avilion,  the  earthly  paradise  of  Celtic 
Mythology,  a  "  green  island"  in  the  Atlantic  far  to  the  west- 
ward.    "  I  am  going  a  long  way  ...  <f 
To  the  island-valley  of  Avilion; 
Where  falls  not  hail,  or  rain,  or  any  snow, 
Nor  ever  wind  blows  loudly;  but  it  lies 
Deep-meadowed,  happy,  fair  with  orchard  lawns 
And  bowery  hollows  crown'd  with  summer  sea." 

—Tennyson,  "The  Passing  of  Arthur. " 
Avars,  barbarians  who  ravaged  Pannonia,  and  annoyed 
the  Eastern  empire  in  the  6th  and  7th  centuries;  subdued  by 
Charlemagne  about  799,  after  an  8  years'  war. 

Avetoury  or  Abury,  Wiltshire.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  the  largest  so-called  Druidical  work  in  England. 
They  have  been  surveyed  by  Aubrey,  1648 ;  Dr.  Stukeley, 
1720 ;  and  sir  R.  C.  HoaVe  in  1812,  and  by  others.  Stukelev's 
"  Abury  "  (1743),  and  Hoare's  "  Ancient  Wiltshire  "  (1812- 
21)  give  full  information.  Many  theories  have  been  put  forth, 
but  the  origin  of  these  remains  is  still  unknown.  They  are 
considered  to  date  from  the  "stone  age,"  i.e.  when  weapons 
and  implements  were  mainly  formed  of  stone.  Stonehenge. 
Avein  or  Availie  (Luxembourg,  Belgium),  where 
French  and  Dutch  defeated  Spaniards,  20  May,  1635. 


AZO 


Ave  Ma-ri'a 


Ave  mary"  the  saluta- 


tion of  the  angel  Gabriel  to  the  Virgin  (Luke  i.  28),  was  made 
a  formula  of  devotion  by  pope  John  XXL  about  1326.     About 

1500  A.D.  Vincentius  Ferrerius  used  it  before  his  discourses 

Bingham.     ,,^  ^  ,  , 

But  Ave  Mary  '  made  she  moan. 
And  'Ave  Mary  '  night  and  morn. "—Tennyson. 
Aventine  hill,  the  largest  of  the  7  hills  of  Rome,  was 
divided  from  the  Palatine  by  the  valley  of  the  Circus  Maxi- 
mus.  Around  its  northern  base  flows  the  Tiber.  It  was  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  Aventinus,  an  ancient  king  of 
Alba,  buried  here.     Rome. 

Avera§boro,  North  Carolina.  Here  on  16  Mch. 
1865,  gen.  Slocum  of  gen.  Sherman's  army  attacked  the  confed- 
erates under  gen.  Hardee,  who  opposed  his  progress,  and  com- 
pelled them  to  retreat.     Federal  loss,  77  killed,  477  wounded. 

Avigrnon  (A-ven-yon'),  a  city  (S.E.  France)  ceded  by 
Phihp  IH.  to  the  pope  in  1273,  and  made  the  papal  seat  by 
Clement  V.  in  1309.  In  1348  Clement  VL  purchased  the  sov- 
ereignty from  Jane,  countess  of  Provence  and  queen  of  Naples. 
In  1408,  the  French,  wearied  of  the  schism,  expelled  Benedict 
XIIL,  and  Avignon  ceased  to  be  the  papal  seat.  Here  were  held 
9  councils  (1080-1457).  Avignon  was  seized  and  restored  sev- 
eral times  by  French  kings ;  the  last  time  restored,  1773.  It 
was  claimed  by  the  National  Assembly,  1791,  and  confirmed  to 
France  by  a  congress  of  sovereigns  in  1815.  In  Oct.  1791, 
horrible  massacres  took  place  here.     Popes,  1309-94. 

axe,  wedge,  lever,  and  other  tools,  were  ascribed 
to  the  mythical  Daedalus,  an  artificer  of  Athens;  also  the  in- 
vention of  masts  and  sails  for  ships,  1240  b.c.    Many  tools  are 
represented  on  Egyptian  monuments. 
I       axiom  (Gr.  a^iw/tn),  a  self-evident  truth,  an  elementary 
j  principle  of  reasoning ;  especially  applied  to  the  assumptions 
I  of  geometry  which  cannot  be  proved,  but  are  regarded  as  ob- 
I  vious  and  indisputable  and  as  the  premises  of  mathematical 
1  deduction.     The  axioms  of  Euclid  (300  b.c.)  are  still  the  ac- 
cepted basis  of  Geometry. 

Axum  or  Auxume,  a  town  in  Abyssinia  said  to  have 
been  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  whose  people  were  converted  to 
Christianity  by  Frumentius  about  330,  and  were  allies  of  Jus- 
tinian, 533. 

AyacU'cllO,  Peru.  Here  the  Peruvians  finally  achieved 
their  independence  bj-^  defeating  the  Spaniards,  9  Dec.  1824. 

ayde  or  aide,  a  tax  paid  by  vassals  to  a  lord  upon  ur- 
gent occasions.  In  France  and  England  an  aide  was  due  for 
knighting  the  king's  eldest  son.  One  was  demanded  by 
Philip  the  Fair,  1313.  The  aide  due  upon  the  birth  of  a 
prince,  ordained  by  the  statute  of  Westminster  (Edward  L), 
1285,  was  not  to  be  levied  until  he  was  15  years  of  age,  for 
the  ease  of  the  subject.  The  aide  for  marriage  of  the  king's 
eldest  daughter  could  not  be  demanded  in  England  until  her 
7th  year.  In  feudal  tenures  there  was  an  aide  for  ran- 
soming the  chief  lord ;  so  when  Richard  I.  was  kept  prisoner 
hy  the  emperor  of  Germany,  an  aide  of  20*.  to  redeem  him 
was  levied  upon  every  knight's  fee.     Benevolence. 

Ayle§'bliry,  Buckinghamshire,  was  reduced  by  the 
West  Saxons  in  571.  St.  O'Syth,  beheaded  by  the  pagans  in 
Essex,  was  buried  there,  600.  William  the  Conqueror  invest- 
ed favorites  with  some  of  its  lands,  under  the  tenure  of  pro- 
viding "straw  for  his  bedchambers;  3  eels  for  his  use  in 
winter;  and  in  summer,  straw,  rushes,  and  2  green  geese 
thrice  every  year."     Incorporated  by  charter  in  1554. 

Ayle§ford,  Kent.  Here,  it  is  said,  the  Britons  were 
victorious  over  the  Saxon  invaders,  455,  and  Horsa  was  killed. 

Ayllon'§  {il-yon'),  de,  Settlement,  in  Virginia, 
1526.     America. 

Az'of,  Sea  of,  the  Palus  Maeotis  of  the  ancients,  commu- 
nicates by  the  strait*«of  Yenikal6  (the  Bosporus  Cimraerius) 
with  the  Black  sea,  and  is  entirely  surrounded  by  Russian 
territory,  Taganrog  and  Kertch  being  the  principal  places. 
An  expedition  of  British,  French,  and  Turkish  troops,  under 
sir  G.  Brown,  arrived  at  Kertch,  24  May,  1855,  when  the  Rus- 
sians retired,  after  blowing  up  the  fortifications.  On  the  25th, 
the  allies  marched  upon  Yenikal6,  which  offered  no  resistance. 
The  same  evening  the  allied  fleet  entered  the  sea  of  Azof,  and 
in  a  few  days  completed  their  occupation  of  it,  capturing  a 


AZO 

large  number  of  merchant  vessels,  etc.  Immense  stores  were 
destroyed  by  the  Russians. 

azofniidc,  a  compound  of  hydrogen  and  nitrogen 
(azote).  A  very  explosive  gas,  obtained  from  organic  sources, 
such  as  benzoyl -glycoUic  acid  and  hippuric  acid,  by  prof. 
Curtius  in  1890.     It  forms  salts  by  combination  with  metals. 

Azores'  or  IVcstcril  Isles,  N.  Atlantic,  belonging 
to  Portugal,  and  about  800  miles  from  its  coast,  often  identi- 
fied with  the  fabled  Atlantis  of  the  ancients.  Area,  1005  sq. 
miles;  pop.  1881,  270,000.  These  islands  are  first  found  dis- 
tinctly marked  in  a  map  of  1351,  with  names  given.  It  has 
been  conjectured  that  the  discoverers  were  Genoese.  The 
so-called  Flemish  discovery,  1432,  by  Vanderberg  of  Bruges, 
was  certainly  not  the  first.  Gonzalo  Velho  Cabral,  sent  by 
the  Portuguese  court,  fell  in  with  St.  INIary's  in  1432,  and  in 
1457  they  were  all  discovered  and  named  Azores  from  the  gos- 


'  BAB 

hawks  found  on  them.  They  were  given  by  Alfonso  V.  to 
the  duchess  of  Burgundy  in  146G,  and  colonized  by  Flemings. 
They  were  subject  to  Spain,  1680-1G40.  The  isle  of  Terceira, 
during  the  usurpation  of  dom  Miguel,  declared  for  donna 
Maria,  1829,  and  fixed  its  government  at  the  capital  Angra, 
1830-33.  A  volcano  at  St.  George's  destroyed  the  town  of 
Ursulina,  May,  1808;  and  in  1811  a  volcano  appeared  near 
St.  Michael's,  in  the  sea,  where  it  was  80  fathoms  deep ;  an 
island  then  formed  wliich  gradually  disappeared.  A  de- 
structive earthquake,  lasting  12  days,  occurred  in  1591  in 
St.  Michael's,  the  largest  island  of  the  group;  area,  200  sq. 
miles. 

UZ'Ote,  a  name  given  by  Lavoisier  and  French  chemists 
to  Nitrogen. 

Az'tecs,  the  ruling  tribe  in  Mexico  at  the  time  of  the 
Spanisli  invasion  under  Cortes  (1519).     America. 


B 


Ba'al  (Lord),  male  deity  of  the  Phoenicians;  often  wor- 
shipped by  Israelites,  as  by  Ahab,  918  b.c.  His  priests  and  vo- 
taries were  massacred  by  Jehu,  and  his  temple  defiled,  884  b.c. 

Baalbec  (Bdl'bec'),  IIeliop'oli§-(both  meaning 
"  City  of  the  Sun  "),  an  ancient  city  of  Syria,  of  which  magnifi- 
cent ruins  remain,  visited  by  Wood  and  Dawkins  in  1751,  and 
others.  Its  origin  is  lost  in  antiquity.  The  citj'-  was  sacked 
by  the  Moslems,  748,  and  by  Timour  Beg,  1400.  Here  are 
found  the  ruins  of  several  temples.  One  called  the  "  Great 
Temple  "  was  built  on  a  magnificent  platform,  which  extends 
east  and  west  1100  feet.  The  peristj'le  of  the  temple  proper 
was  of  54  columns,  with  shafts  62  feet  high,  7  feet  in  diameter 
at  the  base,  and  5  feet  at  the  top.  Here  Septimius  Severus 
built  a  temple  to  the  sun,  200  a.d. 

Babel,  Tower  of,  built  by  Noah's  posterity,  2247  b.c. 
(Gen.  xi.).  The  magnificent  temple  of  Belus,  which  some 
identify  with  this  tower,  is  said  to  have  had  lofty  spires,  and 
many  statues  of  gold,  one  of  them  40  feet  high.  In  the 
upper  part  of  this  temple  was  the  tomb  of  the  founder,  Belus 
(Nimrod  of  scripture),  deified  after  death. — Blair.  The  Birs 
Nimroud,  examined  by  Rich,  Layard,  and  others,  is  by  some 
held  to  be  the  remains  of  the  tower  of  Babel. 

Babeufs  conspiracy.  Fran9ois  -  Noel  Babeuf 
(Gracchus)  and  others,  in  Apr.  1796,  constituted  themselves 
a  "secret  directory  of  public  safety,"  at  Paris,  aiming  to  re- 
establish the  revolutionary  government;  but,  arrested,  Babeuf 
was  sentenced  to  death,  and  was  guillotined  after  attempting 
suicide,  27  May,  1797.     Agrarian  law. 

Babi-ism,  a  new  sect  in  Persia,  founded  in  1843  by 
Mirza  Ali  Mahomed,  an  enthusiast,  at  Shiraz.  He  termed 
himself  the  "  Bab,"  or  "  gate,"  of  knowledge,  and,  giving  a 
new  exposition  of  the  Koran,  claimed  to  be  the  incarnate 
Holy  Spirit.  His  destruction,  with  most  of  his  followers,  was 
due  to  Hossein,  one  of  his  disciples,  combining  political  and 
warlike  views  with  their  spiritual  dogmas.  The  sect  was 
tolerated  by  the  shah  Mahomet,  but  nearly  exterminated  by 
his  successor  in  1848-49.  The  Bab  himself  was  executed  15 
July,  1849.  The  present  head  of  the  sect,  still  numerous, 
Beheyah  Allah,  imprisoned  in  a  Turkish  fortress,  is  said  to  be 
well  conversant  with  the  Bible  and  to  teach  a  doctrine  based 
on  it,  termed  "  Bab  el  Huk"  (gate  of  truth).  E.  G.  Brown's 
"  Narrative  "  respecting  this  sect  publ.  1892. 

Babylonia  (Babilu,  Assyrian ;  Babirush,  Persian ;  the 
Shinar,  Babel,  and  land  of  the  Chaldees  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment), a  vast  plain  watered  by  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  the 
seat  of  a  great  Asiatic  empire,  traditionalh^  stated  to  have  been 
founded  by  Belus,  supposed  to  have  been  the  Nimrod  of  Gen. 
X.  1,  8.  Assyria.  According  to  the  earliest  existing  history 
the  country  was  divided  between  two  races,  the  Sumir  (Tura- 
nian), and  the  Accad — Accadian — (Semitic),  which  became 
predominant.  The  city  of  Babj-^lon  was  at  one  time  the  most 
magnificent  in  the  world.  The  hanging  gardens  are  described 
as  having  been  square,  rising  in  terraces  as  high  as  the  walls 


of  the  city,  with  steps  between  the  terraces.  The  whole  was 
sustained  by  arches  on  arches ;  and  on  the  top  were  flat  stones 
cemented  with  plaster  of  bitumen,  covered  with  sheets  of  lead, 
supporting  the  garden  mould,  with  large  trees,  shrubs,  flowers, 
and  various  vegetables.  There  were  5  gardens,  each  of  about  4 
English  acres,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre. — Strabo  ;  Di- 
odorus.  Pliny  said  that  in  his  time  it  was  but  a  wilderness. 
Mr.  Rich  visited  the  ruins  in  1811,  and  sir  R.  Ker  Porter  in 
1818.  The  laborious  researches  of  Mr.  Layard,  sir  H.  Raw- 
linson,  M.  Botta,  and  others,  and  the  relics  excavated  and 
brought  to  England  between  the  years  1849  and  1855,  have 
drawn  attention  to  the  history  of  Babylon.  INIany  inscriptions 
in  the  cuneiform  or  wedge-like  character  have  been  translated 
by  sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  George  Smith,  and  others,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.  In 
the  spring  of  1855  Rawlinson  brought  to  England  many  valu- 
able relics,  drawings,  etc.,  now  in  the  British  museum.  He 
lectured  on  Babylon  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London,  in  1851, 
1855,  and  1865.  The  Rev.  A.  H.  Sayce  lectured  on  Babylonian 
literature  at  the  same  place  in  1877.  "  The  fragmentary  Canon 
of  Kings,"  given  by  Berosus,  the  Graeco-Chaldean  priest,  268 
B.C.,  has  been  superseded  by  the  newly-discovered  Babj'lo- 
nian  canon  inscriptions  on  tablets  carefully  dated  from  2200  to 
647  B.C.,  an  unequalled  chronological  series.  Summaries  are 
given  by  Mr.  Boscawen  in  the  articles  "Assyria "and  "Baby- 
lonia," in  "  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,"  1888. 
Earliest  astronomical  observations  at  Babylon  [2230,  Hales ;   b.c 

2233,  Clinton] 2234 

Nabonassar  governor,  747;    his  son,  Nadinu,  734;  a  revolt, 

Ukinziru,  king,  about 732 

Babylonia  conquered  by  Pul  (Tiglath-Pileser),  king  of  Assyria, 

729;  becomes  independent;  Merodach-baladan  II.  king,  about  722 
Sargon,  king  of  Assyria,  captures  Babylon;  Merodach-baladan 

returns,  but  is  soon  expelled  by  Sennacherib 705 

Babylonia  ruled  by  viceroys.     Assyria. 

Nabu-ablautzar  (Nabopolassar),  gen.,  seizes  power  about  640; 

proclaimed  king 625 

Succeeded  by  his  son,  Nebuchadnezzar,  very  great  and  power- 
ful, who  restores  the  empire  and  rebuilds  Babylon 604 

[His  acts  are  recorded  on  innumerable  tablets  and  in  the 
Bible;  2  Kings  xxiv.,  xxv. ;  2  Chron.  xxxvi. ;  Jer.  xxxvii.- 
xxxix.,  lii. ;  Dan.  i.-iv.] 
He  captures  Jerusalem,  599;  destroys  the  city  and  carries  most 

of  the  inhabitants  captives  to  Babylon,  588 ;  d 561 

Evil  Merodach,  561 ;  Neriglissar,  king 559 

Labynetus,  556;  Nabonadius,  a  great  monarch,  551;  Belshazzar, 

king 539 

Babylon  taken  by  the  Medes  and  Persians,  under  Cyrus,  and 

Belshazzar  slain  (Dan .  v. ) 538 

Babylon  revolts,  and  is  taken  by  Darius 518 

Taken  by  Alexander,  331 ;  he  dies  here 323 

Seleucus  Nicator,  who  d.  280  b.c,  transfers  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment to  Seleucia,  and  Babylon  is  deserted.  Babylonia  is 
conquered  by  the  Parthians  about  140  b.c,  and  becomes  part 
of  the  Persian  empire.  On  the  overthrow  of  the  Sassanides 
by  the  Mahometans,  650  a.d.,  Babylonia  becomes  the  seat  of 
the  caliphs  till  1258.   Since  1638  it  has  been  subject  to  Turkey. 

Babyng^ton'S  conspiracy,  to  assassinate  Eliza- 
beth and  make  Mary  of  Scotland  queen,  devised  by  John  Sav- 
age, soldier  of  Philip  of  Spain,  approved  by  William  Gilford 
and  John  Ballard,  Catholic  priests,  and  embraced  hy  Anthony 


BAG 

Babvngton  and  others ;  betrayed  by  Pooley  Aspy.  14  were 
executed,  20,  21  Sept.  1586. 

BaCCliana'lia  (festivals  in  honor  of  Bacchus)  arose 
in  Egypt  and  were  introduced  into  Greece  by  Melarapos,  and 
called  Dionysia,  about  1415  B.C. — Diodorus.  In  Rome  the 
Bacchanalia  were  suppressed,  186  B.C.  The  priests  of  Bacchus 
were  called  Bacchanals.     Festivals,  Okgies. 

toaclielors.  The  Roman  censors  often  fined  unmar- 
ried men,  and  men  of  full  age  were  required  to  marry.  The 
Spartan  women  at  certain  games  seized  old  bachelors,  dragged 
■them  round  their  altars,  and  inflicted  on  them  marks  of  infamy 
and  disgrace. —  Vossius.  A  tax  laid  in  England  upon  bach- 
elors 25  years  of  age  (varying  from  12/.  \0s.  for  a  duke  to  Is. 
for  a  common  person),  lasted  from  1695  to  1706.  Bachelors 
(Catholic  priests  excepted)  were  subjected  to  an  extra  tax 
on  their  male  and  female  servants  in  1785. 

backgammon.  Some  call  Palamedes  of  Greece  the 
inventor  of  this  game,  about  1224  b.c.  -,  others  trace  it  to 
Wales  about  the  10th  century. — Strutt. 

Baconian  pllilO§Opliy,  expounded  by  Francis 
Bacon  in  his  "Novum  Organum  "  in  1620.  Its  principles  are 
utility  and  progress,  and  its  objects  the  alleviation  of  suffering 
and  promotion  of  comfort. — Macaulay.     Philosophy. 

Bacon's  rebellion.     Virginia,  1676. 

bacte'ria  (Gr.  (SaKTfjpia,  little  rods).  Animalcules, 
'Germ  theory. 

Bactriana,  a  province  in  Asia,  was  subjugated  by 
Cyrus  and  formed  part  of  the  Persian  empire,  when  conquered 
by  Alexander,  330  B.C.  About  254  b.c.,  Theodotus  or  Diodo- 
lus,  a  Greek,  threw  off  the  yoke  of  the  Seleucidaj,  and  became 
•king.  Eucratides  I.  reigned  prosperously  about  181  b.c.,  and 
Menander  about  126  b.c.  The  Greek  kingdom  seems  to  have 
been  broken  up  by  irruptions  of  Scythians  soon  after. 

BadajOS  (bad-a-hos'),  S.  W.  Spain,  an  important  bar- 
rier fortress,  surrendered  to  the  French,  under  Soult,  11  Mch. 
1811;  invested  by  the  British,  luider  lord  Wellington,  on  16 
Mch.  1812,  and  stormed  and  taken  on  6  Apr.  following.  The 
French  retreated  in  haste. 

Bad  Axe,  Battle  of,  Wisconsin,  U.  S.  troops  defeated 
Indians,  under  Black  Hawk,  1-2  Aug.  1832. 

Baddcsdoirn  hill  or  mount  Badon,  near 

Bath,  where  Bede  says  the  Britons  defeated  the  Saxons  in 
493 ;  others  say  in  511  or  520. 

Ba'den,  S.W.  Germany.  The  house  of  Baden  is  de- 
«cended  from  Hermann,  first  margrave  (1052),  son  of  Berthold 
I.,  duke  of  Zahringen ;  but  Hermann  II.  assumed  the  title, 
Feb.  1130.  From  Christopher,  who  died  1527,  proceeded  the 
branches  Baden-Baden  and  Baden-Dourlach,  united  in  1771. 
Baden  is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy  by  charter,  26 
May,  1818 ;  it  joined  the  German  empire  by  treaty,  15  Nov. 
1870.  Area,  596  sq.  miles;  pop.,  1  Dec.  1871,  1,461^562;  Dec. 
1875,  1,507,179;  1890,  1,656,817. 

Louis  William,  margrave  of  Baden-Baden,  gen.,  b.  1665;  sally- 
ing from  Vienna,  defeated  Turks,  1683 ;  d 1707 

Treat]/  of  Baden  :  Landau  ceded  to  France 7  Sept.  1714 

Charles  "William,  margrave  of  Baden-Dourlach,  b.  1679;  d 1746 

[Succeeded  by  his  son.] 
Charles  Frederic,  b.  1728;  margrave  of  Baden-Dourlach,  1738; 
acquired  Baden-Baden,  1771;  made  grand-duke  by  Napoleon.  1806 

Badon  made  a  grand-duchy  with  enlarged  territories " 

A  representative  constitution  granted  by  cbarter 18  Aug.  1818 

Baden  joins  the  Zollverein July,  1867 

Chambers  meet;  liberal  measures  promised,  24  Sept. ;  univer- 
sal suffrage  adopted  by  second  chamber 29  Oct.  1869 

€ivil  marriage  made  obligatory 17  Nov.     " 

Baden  joins  Prussia  in  war  with  France about  20  July,  1870 

badge  of  military  merit,  established  Aug.  178I, 

by  Washington;  conferred  upon  non-commissioned  officers 
and  soldiers  for  3  years'  good  conduct,  or  for  specially  merito- 
rious service,  and  entitling  the  bearer  "  to  pass  and  re-pass 
.all  guards  and  military  posts  as  fully  and  amply  as  any  com- 
missioned officer  whatever." 

Baffin's  bay,  N.  America,  discovered  by  William 
Baffin,  an  Englishman,  1616.  Its  extent  was  doubted,  until 
the  expeditions  of  Ross  and  Parry  proved  Baffin  substantially 
accurate.  Parry  entered  Lancaster  sound,  and  discovered  the 
islands  known  bv  his  name,  1818.     Northavest  Passagk. 


BAI 

bag^atelle  (hag-a-teV),  an  indoor  game,  first  described 
by  Cotton  in  his  "Compleat  Gamester,"  1674. 

Baghdad,  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  supposed  to  have  been 
built  by  Al  Mansour,  and  made  the  seat  of  the  Saracen  em- 
pire, about  762;  but  sir  H.  Rawlinson  discovered  in  1848  that 
the  western  bank  of  the  Tigris  was  lined  with  an  embankment 
of  solid  brickwork  dating  from  the  time  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
and  it  has  since  been  found  that  one  of  the  cities  of  the  time 
of  Sardanapalus  bore  the  name  of  Bagdad.  It  attained  its 
greatest  splendor  during  the  caliphate  of  Haroun-al-Kaschid, 
763-809.  a  jn  gootij  jj  ^,jjg  jj  goojjiy  ^j^jg^ 

For  it  was  in  the  golden  prime 
Of  good  Haroun  Alrascbid.  "—Tennyion. 
Taken  by  the  Tartars,  and  a  period  put  to  the  Saracen  rule, 
1258.    Often  taken  by  the  Persians,  and  retaken  by  the  Turks, 
with  great  slaughter;  the  latter  have  held  it  since  1638. 

bag^pipe,  an  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  instrument. 
On  a  piece  of  ancient  Grecian  sculpture,  now  in  Rome,  a  bag- 
piper is  represented  dressed  like  a  modern  Highlander.  Nero 
is  said  to  have  played  upon  a  bagpipe,  a.d.  51.  Highland 
regiments  in  the  English  army  retain  their  pipers.  Chaucer 
represents  the  miller  as  skilled  in  playing  the  bagpipe ;  and 
Shakespeare's  allusion  to  "  the  drone  of  a  Lincolnshire  bag- 
pipe "  (Henr}'  IV.,  part  i.  act  i.  sc.  ii.)  proves  that  the  in- 
strument has  not  always  been  peculiar  to  Scotland. 

Bahama  isle§,  stretching  more  than  600  miles  be- 
tween the  eastern  coast  of  Florida  and  San  Domingo,  were 
the  first  discovery  of  Columbus,  San  Salvador  (Cat  or,  as 
some  suppose,  Watling  island)  being  first  seen  bj^  him  on  the 
night  of  11  Oct.  1492.  Ovando,  governor  of  Hispaniola,  car- 
ried off  natives  in  1509  for  laborers  in  mines,  and  the  islands 
were  virtually  uninhabited  until  the  English,  in  1629,  settled  in 
New  Providence,  whence,  in  1641,  the  Spaniards  drove  them, 
but  made  no  attempt  to  settle.  The  English  again  occupied 
the  islands  in  1667,  and  in  1680  Charles  II.  granted  them  to 
settlers.  In  1703  the  French  and  Spaniards  utterly  destroyed 
the  settlement  on  New  Providence.  The  islands  now  became 
the  resort  of  pirates,  especially  of  the  notorious  Blackbeard. 
Virginia,  1718.  The  English  renewed  their  settlements  in 
1718.  The  cultivation  of  the  pineapple  and  of  cotton  intro- 
duced 1770.  In  1776,  commodore  Hopkins,  of  the  American 
navy,  captured  New  Providence,  but  soon  abandoned  it  as  un- 
tenable. The  Spaniards  again  nominally  occupied  the  Bahamas 
till  1783,  when  they  were  ceded  to  the  English.  In  1787  the 
descendants  of  the  original  lord  proprietors  reconveyed  their 
rights  to  the  English  crown,  receiving  therefor  2000/.  each. 
The  cultivation  of  cotton  was  quite  abandoned  in  1800.  The 
islands  during  the  American  civil  war,  1861-65,  profited  by  the 
blockade-running  trade. 

Baliar,  N.  India,  a  province  (conquered  by  Baber  in 
1530),  with  Bengal  and  Orissa,  a  princely  dominion,  became 
subject  to  the  English  East  India  Company  in  1765  by  the 
treaty  of  Allahabad  for  a  quit-rent  of  about  300,000/. 

Baise  (ha'ye),  an  ancient  town  of  Campania,  Itah',  on 
the  Sinus  Baianm,  famous  for  warm  springs  and  baths. 
Owing  to  these,  the  mild  climate,  and  the  beauty  of  the  land- 
scape, it  was  the  resort  of  the  rich  of  Rome.  C.  Marius,  Lu- 
cullus,  Pompey,  and  Julius  Caesar  spared  no  pains  to,^dorn  it 
under  the  republic;  while  it  was  a  fayoriie^'esort  joF  Nero, 
Caligula,  Hadrian,  and  Servius.  It  fl(u|«jiiWed  until  the  days 
of  Theodoric  the  Goth,  493-526.  'jnf  castello  di  Baja  was 
built  in  the  16th  century  b^  Bieti*  di  Toledo. 

bail.  By  ancient  OT(omon-law,  before  and  since  the 
conquest,  all  felonias  were  bailable,  till  murder  was  excepted 
by  statute;  and  by  the  3  Edw.  I.  (1275),  bail  in  treason  and 
in  divers  felonies  was  taken  away.  Bail  was  further  regu- 
lated in  later  reigns.  It  is  now  accepted  in  all  cases  except 
felony ;  and  where  a  magistrate  refuses  bail  it  may  be  grant- 
ed by  a  judge.  Acts  respecting  bail  passed  1826  and  1852. 
Excessive  bail  is  forbidden  by  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  by  those  of  most  of  the  states. 

baililfor  §lieriff,  said  to  be  of  Saxon  origin.  Lon- 
don  had  its  shire-reve  prior  to  the  conquest,  and  this  officer 
was  generally  appointed  for  counties  in  England  in  1079. 
Henry  Cornehill  and  Richard  Reynere  were  appointed  bailiflfs 
or  sheriffs  in  London  in  ll89.—Stow.     Sheriffs  were  appoint- 


BAI 

ed  in  Dublin  under  the  name  of  bailiffs  in  1308,  and  the  name 
waa  changed  to  sheriff  in  15-18.  There  are  still  places  wliere 
the  chief  magistrate  is  called  bailiff,  as  the  high-bailiff  of 
Westminster.  Bum-bailiff  is  a  corruption  of  bound -bailiff, 
every  bailiff  giving  bonds  for  his  good  beh&vioT.—Btackstone. 
Bairam  or  Beiram,  two  Mahometan  festivals;  the 
greater  lasts  one  day,  following  the  Ramadan  or  month  of 
fasting;  the  lesser  follows  the  tirst  at  an  interval  of  GO 
days,  and  is  the  feast  of  sacrifices  which  are  then  made  at 
Mecca,  at  which  all  Mahometans  offer  animals  to  commemo- 
rate Abraham's  offering  of  Isaac ;  this  lasts  4  days. 

baize,  a  manufacture  of  coarse  woollen,  was  brought  into 
England  by  some  Flemish  or  Dutch  emigrants  who  settled  at 
Colchester,  in  Essex,  and  received  privileges  from  parliament 
in  1660.  The  trade  was  under  the  control  of  a  corporation 
called  governors  of  the  Dutch  baize-hall,  who  examined  the 
cloth  previous  to  sale. — Anderso7u 

Balakla'va,  a  small  town  in  the  Crimea,  with  a  fine 
harbor,  10  miles  southeast  from  Sebastopol.    After  the  battle 
of  the  Alma,  the  allies  advanced  upon  it,  26  Sept.  1854. 
Battle  of  BalaJclava :  About  12,000  Russians,  commanded  by 
gen.  Liprandi,  took  some  redoubts  in  the  vicinity,  which  had 
been  intrusted  to  about  '250  Turks.     They  next  assaulted  the 
English,  but  were  driven  back,  mainly  by  the  charge  of  the 
heavy  cavalry,  led  by  brigadier  Scarlett,  under  the  orders  of 
lord  Lucan.     After  this,  from  an  unfortunate  misconception 
of  lord  Raglan's  order,  lord   Lucan  ordered  lord  Cardigan, 
with  the  light  cavalry,  to  charge  the  Russian  army,  which 
had  reformed  on  its  own  ground  with  artillery  in  front.    The 
order  was  promptly  obeyed,  but,  of  670  British  horsemen,  only 
198  returned. 

•'  Then  they  roJe  back,  but  not. 

Not  the  Six  Hundred." — Tennyson,  "  Charjfe  of  the  Light  Brigade." 

The  infantry  engaged  were  termed  a  "thin  red  line  ".  .25  Oct.  1854 
A  sortie  from  Sebastopol  led  to  a  desperate  engagement  here; 
the  Russians  were  repulsed,  with  the  loss  of  2000  killed  and 

wounded,  the  allies  losing  about  600 22  Mch.  1855 

A  banquet  was  given  to  the  survivors  of  the  charge  at  the  Al- 
exandra palace 25  Oct.  1875 

6753;.  raised  by  subscription  for  20  destitute  survivors  of  the 
Light  brigade  in  the  British  empire 1891 

balance  of  poiver,  to  assure  the  independency 
and  integrity  of  states  and  control  the  ambition  of  rulers;  a 
principle  first  defined,  it  is  said,  by  Italian  politicians  of  the 
15th  century  on  the  invasion  of  Italy  by  Charles  VIII.  of 
France,  1494. — Robertson.  It  was  recognized  by  the  treaty 
of  Munster,  24  Oct.  1648.  The  arrangements  for  the  balance 
of  power  in  Europe,  made  in  1815  without  consent  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  countries  interested,  have  been  nearlv  all  set  aside 
since  1830. 

baldachin  or  baldacllino,  more  properly  CiBO- 
RIUM,  a  canopy  over  the  altar  in  .some  ancient  churches;  first 
used  about  1130,  and  introduced  into  England,  1279.  The 
proposal  to  erect  one  in  St.  Barnabas's  church,  Pimlico,  was 
opposed  in  the  consistory  court,  Aug.  1873.  The  trial  took 
place  23,  24  Oct.  Dr.  Tristram  decided  against  the  erection 
of  the  baldachin,  15  Dec.  1873. 

Balearic  iilandi,  in  the  Mediterranean,  called 
by  the  Greeks  Balearides  and  by  the  Romans  Baleares,  from 
the  dexterity  of  the  inhabitants  at  slinging:  they  include 
Majorca,  Minorca,  Ivi<;a,  Formentera,  Cabrera,  Conejera,  and 
other  islets.  They  were  conquered  by  the  Romans,  123  b.c.  ; 
by  Vandals,  about  426  a.d.  ;  and  formed  part  of  Charlemagne's 
empire  in  799.  Conquered  by  the  Moors  about  1005,  and  held 
by  them  till  about  1286,  then  annexed  by  Aragon.  Majorca, 
Minorca. 

Balize.     Honduras. 

BalRan§,  the  ancient  Haemus,  a  range  of  mountains 
from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Euxine  ;  the  Koja  Balkan,  west  of 
the  Shipka  pass,  being  the  highest  range,  5900  ft.  The  pas- 
sage, deemed  impracticable,  was  made  by  the  Russians  under 
Diebitsch,  during  the  Russian  and  Turkish  war,  26  July,  1829. 
An  armistice  followed,  and  peace  was  signed  at  Adrianople, 
14  Sept.  following.  The  Balkans  were  crossed  by  Russians, 
under  Gourko,  13  July,  1877.  Russo-Turkish  vv^ar  II.  By 
the  treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July,  1878,  the  Balkans  became  the 
frontiers  of  European  Turkey.  The  Balkan  states  are  Servia, 
Bulgaria,  and  Roumelia. 

ballad§  m^y  be  traced  in  the  British  history  to  the 


72 


BAL 


Anglo-Sa.Kons. —  Turner.  Adhelme,  who  died  709,  it  is  said,, 
first  introduced  ballads  into  England.  "  The  harp  was  sent 
round,  and  those  might  sing  who  could." — Jiede.  Alfred  sang 
ballads. — Malmesbunj.  Canute  composed  one. — Turner.  IVIiu- 
strels  were  protected  by  a  charter  of  Edward  IV. ;  but  by  a 
statute  of  Elizabeth  were  punished  with  rogues  and  vagabonds 
and  sturdy  beggars. —  Viner.  "Give  me  the  writing  of  the 
ballads,  and  you  may  make  the  laws." — Fletcher  of  Saltoun. 
Dibdin's  sea-ballads  were  popular  in  the  French  war;  he  died 
20  Jan.  1833.  Percy's  "Reliquks,"  1765  et  seq.,  prof. 
Child's  great  work  in  course  of  publication,  Boston,  Mass. 

balletH  began  through  the  meretricious  taste  of  the 
Italian  courts.  One  performed  at  the  interview  between 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  and  Francis  I.  of  France  in  the  Field 
of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  at  Ardres,  1520. — Guicciardini.  The 
Italian  ballet  was  introduced  into  France  in  1581.  Ballets- 
became  popular  in  France,  and  Louis  XIV.  bore  a  part  in 
one,  1664.  They  came  to  Britain  with  operas  early  in  the 
18th  century. 

balloon§.  The  proper  idea  of  the  balloon  was  formed 
by  Albert  of  Saxony,  an  Augustin  monk  in  the  14th  century,, 
and  adopted  by  a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  Francesco  Mendoza,  who 
died  at  Lyons  in  1626.  It  is  also  attributed  to  Bartoloraeo  de 
Guzmao,  who  died  1724.  The  principles  of  aeronautics  in- 
clude: 1,  the  power  of  a  balloon  to  rise  in  the  air;  2,  the  ve- 
locity of  its  ascent;  and,  3,  the  stability  of  its  suspension  at 
any  height.  The  application  of  sails  and  rudders  has  been 
considered,  and  found  futile ;  but  in  1872  Helmholtz  thought 
steering  possible,  if  moving  slowly.  Fatal  accidents  have  beei> 
estimated  at  2  or  3  per  cent.  The  Aeronautical  Society  of 
Great  Britain,  founded  to  foster  and  develop  aeronautics  and 
aerology,  by  the  duke  of  Argyll,  James  Glaisher,  sir  Charles- 
Bright,  and  others,  12  Jan.  1866. 
Francis  Lana,  a  Jesuit,  proposed  to  navigate  air  in  a  boat 

raised  by  four  hollow  balls  of  thin  copper,  exhausted  of  air. .  1670' 
Joseph  Galien  suggests  tilling  a  bag  with  fine  diffuse  air  of 

the  upper  atmosphere ' 1755 

Henry  Cavendish  discovered  that  cotnmon  air  is  14.5  times 

heavier  than  hydrogen  gas !7T>: 1766. 

Black  of  Edinburgh  fills  a  bag  with  hydrogen  which  rose  to 

the  ceiling  of  the  room 1767 

Cavallo  fills  soap-bubbles  with  hydrogen 1782. 

Joseph  Montgolfler  makes  a  silken  bag  ascend  with  heated  air 

(first  fire  balloon) Nov.     " 

Joseph  and  Stephen  Montgolfler  ascend  safely  in  a  fire  balloon 

at  Annonay 5  Juno,  1783' 

First  ascent  in  a  hydrogen  balloon,  Paris,  by  MM.  Robert  and 

Charles 27  Aug.      " 

Joseph  Montgolfler  ascends  in  a  balloon  inflated  with  smoke 

of  burned  straw  and  wool 19  Sept.     ' ' 

First  aerial  voyage  in  a  fire  balloon — Pilatre  de  Rozier  and  the 

marquis  d'Arlaudes 21  Nov.     " 

Second  ascent  of  Charles  in  a  hydrogen  balloon,  9770  ft. .  1  Dec.     " 

Mr.  Tytler,  in  a  Montgolfler  balloon,  Edinburgh 27  Aug.  1784 

Ascents  of  Andreani,  25  Feb. ;  Blanchard,  2  Mch. ;  Guyton  de 
Morveau,  the  chemist,  25  Apr.  and  12  June;  Fleurant  and 
Madame  Thibl^  (first  female  aeronaut).  28  June;   duke  of 

Chartres  (Philippe  Egalite) 19  Sept.     " 

First  ascent  in  England,  Lunardi,  Moorflelds,  London.  .15  Sept.     " 
Blanchard  and  Jeff'ries  ascend  at  Dover;  cross  the  Channel; 

alight  near  Calais 7  Jan.  1785- 

First  ascent  in  Ireland,  Ranelagh  gardens,  Dublin 19  Jan.     " 

Rozier  and  Romain  killed  in  their  descent  near  Boulogne;  the 

balloon  takes  fire 15  June,     «' 

Parachutes  constructed  and  used  by  Blanchard Aug.      " 

Garnerin's  narrow  escape  descending  in  one  in  London,  2  Sept.  1802 
Sadler,  after  many  ascents  in  England,  falls  into  the  sea,  near 

Holyhead,  but  is  rescued 9  Oct.  1812 

Madame  Blanchard  ascends  from  Tivoli  at  night;  the  balloon, 
surrounded  by  fireworks,  taking  fire,  she  is  thrown  down 

.  and  killed 6  July,  1819 

Charles  Green's  first  ascent  (he  introduces  coal-gas  in  balloon- 
ing)   19  July,  1821 

Lieut.  Harris  killed  in  a  balloon  descent 25  Maj',  1824 

Sadler,  jun.,  killed,  falling  from  a  balloon 1825 

Great  Nassau  balloon,  previously  exhibited  in  ascents  from 
Vauxhall  gardens,  carries  3  persons  thence,  and  after  18. 
hours  in  the  air  descends  at  Weilburg,  duchy  of  Nassau, 

7  Nov.  1836- 
Mr.  Cocking  ascends  from  Vauxhall  to  try  his  parachute;  in 
its  descent  it  collapses,  and  he  is  thrown  out  and  killed, 

24  July,  1837 
An  Italian  aeronaut  ascends  from  Copenhagen ;  his  corpse  is 

found  on  the  shore  of  an  island,  dashed  to  pieces 14  Sept.  1851 

Ascent  from  Adrian.  Mich.,  Ira  Thurston  killed Sept.  185S 

J.  B.  Lassie's  model  of  an  "aerial  ship,"  with  a  screw,  sub- 
mitted to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  1859;  and  ex- 
hibited at  Washington .- 1859 

Mr.  Wise  and  3  others  ascend  from  St.  Louis  (travel  1150  miles, 
and  descend  in  Jeflferson  county,  N.  Y.,  nearly  dead),  23  June,    " 


BAL 

Nadar's  balloon  (largest  ever  made),  capacity  215,363  cubic  feet 
of  gas;  the  car,  a  cottage  in  wicker  work,  raises  35  soldiers 
at  Paris;  Nadar  Lopes  to  steer  by  a  screw;  first  ascent,  with 
14  persons,  successful 4.  Oct.  1863 

Second  ascent;  voyagers  injured;  saved  by  presence  of  mind 
of  Jules  Godard;  descend  at  Nienburg,  Hanover 12  Oct.      " 

:Nadar  with  balloon  at  Crystal  palace,  Sydenham •. .  Nov.     " 

Society  for  Promoting  Aerial  Navigation  formed  at  M.  Nadar's, 
at  Paris;  president,  M.  Barral 15  Jan.'  1864 

■Godard's  Montgolfier  or  Are  balloon  ascends.. 28  July  and  3  Aug.     " 

Nadar  and  others  ascend  in  his  balloon  at  Brussels 26  Sept.     " 

Mr.  Coxwell  ascends  from  Belfast  in  a  new  balloon;  it  is  lost 
and  several  persons  injured 3  July,  1865 

.Ascent  of  Nadar  in  his  Geant  balloon,  Paris 23  June'  1866 

Mr.  Coxwell  claims  550  successful  ascents  to Apr!  1867 

j^erial  screw  machine  (helicopteric)  suggested,  Paris,  1863;  de- 
scribed by  Dr.  J.  Bell  Pettigrew,  at  the  Royal  Institution,  Lon- 
don   22  Mch.     " 

Mr.  Hodsman  crosses  the  Channel  from  Dublin,  and  descends 
in  Westmoreland 22  Apr.     " 

•Great  balloon  exhibited  at  Ashburnham  park,  London ;  escapes ; 
captured  at  Bouldon,  Bucks 25  May,  1869 

•Charles  Green,  aeronaut,  said  to  have  made  about  600  ascents', 
d.  aged  84 27  Mch.  1870 

Dupuy  de  L6me  at  Vincennes  ascends  in  "navigable"  bal- 
loon, with  13  persons;  reported  success 2  Feb.  1871 

Mr.  Wise  proposes  to  cross  the  Atlantic  from  New  York  to 
Liverpool  in  a  balloon,  100  feet  in  diameter,  110  feet  high, 
with  supplementary  balloon  36  feet  in  diameter;  entire  lift- 
ing power  15,900  lbs.,  carrying-power  9500  lbs.,  disposable 
ballast  7500  lbs.,  July;  balloon  reported  imperfect,  Sept.  ;  a 
smaller  one,  under  W.  J.  Donaldson,  starts  (with  a  life  boat) 
9.19  A.M.,  6  Oct.,  and  descends  in  a  storm  in  Connecticut; 
narrow  escape 7  Oct.  1873 

Tincent  de  Groof,  Belgian  ("flying  man  "),  makes  a  parachute 
to  imitate  a  bird  in  flight;  ascends  from  Cremorne  gardens, 
Xiondon,  and  descends  with  it  more  than  300  feet  in  Essex, 
29  June;  at  his  next  attempt  the  parachute  becomes  disar- 
ranged and  he  is  killed 9  July,  1874 

TJnder  the  Government  Balloon  Committee,  Mr.  Coxwell  ascends 
atWoolwichtotryC.A.Bowdler'sapparatus(basedonthescrew- 

propeller)  for  steering  balloons;  failure  reported 25  July,     " 

fit  has  been  proved  that  a  vertical  screw  can  raise  or  de- 
press a  balloon,  saving  gas  and  ballast.] 

TH.  and  Mme.  Duruof  ascend  from  Calais  to  cross  the  Channel, 
31  Aug.;  carried  out  to  sea;  balloon  falls  in  and  drifts 
towards  Norway ;  rescued  by  a  smack  (the  Grand  Charge) ; 
aeronauts  land  at  Grimsby 4  Sept.     " 

Duruof,  etc.,  ascend  from  Crystal  palace 14  Sept.     " 

Menier's  hot-air  balloon  fails  on  trial 5  Sept.  and  16  Oct.     " 

Ascent  of  capt.  Burnaby  at  Crystal  palace  with  machine  to  trace 
course  of  wind  above  clouds;  reported  success 10  Nov.     '' 

MM.  Tissandier,  Croce  Spinelli,  and  Sivel  ascend  in  the  "Ze- 
nith" from  La  Villette,  near  Paris;  at  26,160  feet  Croce 
throws  out  ballast;  ascend  rapidly;  he  and  Sivel  are  suffo- 
cated; Tissandier  recovers 15  Apr.  1875 

Washington  J.  Donaldson,  aeronaut,  perishes  in  lake  Michigan 
during  a  storm 18  July,     " 

Failure  of  Carrol's  directing  apparatus  at  Paris July,  1878 

Frequent  ascents  in  a  "captive  balloon" Aug.     " 

Giflard's  captive  balloon,  "Paris,"  burst 16  or  17  Aug.  1879 

5  balloons  from  places  near  London  compete  for  a  silver  medal 
of  Balloon  Society;  the  "Owl,"  Mr.  Wright  and  commander 
Cheyne,  travels  48  miles  in  1  hour 4  Sept.  1880 

International  balloon  contest  at  Crystal  palace;  England 
("Eclipse"),  Mr.  Wright;  France,  M.  de  Fonvielle;  both 
alight  near  Portsmouth 21  Oct.     " 

■Giffard  and  De  L5me's  aerial  ship  said  to  be  successful  for  di- 
rection, speed,  etc Jan.  1881 

UIt.  Eugene  (after  about  2000  ascents)  narrowly  escapes  death 
in  a  storm  at  Vienna 21  Aug.     " 

"Walter  Powell,  M.P.,  crosses  Bristol  channel,  descending  at 
Dingeston,  goes  on  to  Hereford,  3  Nov. ;  Powell,  Templer,  and 
Gardner  ascend  at  Bath  in  war-oflBce  balloon  "Saladin" ;  de- 
scend near  Bridport;  2  fall  out;  Powell  drifts  to  sea;  not 
found 10  Dec.     " 

Hemains  of  the  balloon  said  to  have  been  found  on  Sierra  del 

Piedroza  mountain,  Spain about  20  Jan.  1882 

•Col.  Brine  and  Mr.  Simmons  start  across  Channel;  picked  up 
half  way 4  Mch.     " 

Col.  Burnaby  crosses  and  lands  at  Caen 23  Mch.     " 

Mr.  Simmons  goes  from  Maldon,  Essex,  to  Arras  (140  miles),  1 
b.  20  m 10  June,     " 

Mr.  Simmons  and  sir  Claude  C.  de  Crespigny  cross  from 
Maldon,  Essex,  to  Oudekgrk,  near  Flushing  (140  miles  in 
6  hours) 1_2  Aug.  1883 

Mr.  Simmons  and  Mr.  Smale  go  from  Hastings  to  cape  la 
Hague  (6h.  40  m.) 13  Sept.     " 

Electrical  balloon  constructed  by  Gaston  and  Albert  Tissandier, 
successful  trial  reported 8  Oct.     » 

M.  L'Hoste,  from  Boulogne  to  Folkestone,  9  Sept. ;  from  Bou- 
logne to  Romney,  1  h.  .30  m 7  Aug.  1884 

Gen.  Brine  crosses  from  Hythe  to  Hervelinghen 15  Aug.     " 

A^erial  navigation  said  to  be  effected  by  M.  Renard,  director  of 
the  French  military  ballooning  establishment  at  Meudon, 
with  an  air-ship — length  of  balloon,  50.42  metres;  diameter, 
8.40  metres;  cubic  capacity,  1864  metres;  filled  with  hydro- 
gen; sustaining  2000  kilogrammes — the  motors  were  Faure 
accumulator  of  10  horse-power;  after  going  4  miles  and  de- 
scribing a  curve  of  300  metres  radius  it  returns  to  the  place 
■of  starting • ...9  Aug.     " 


BAL 

Second  trial ;  result  uncertain. 12  Sent   18JU 

Reported  success  by  M.  Tissandier ".■.'.*.■  26  Sent      '' 

Third  trial  by  capt.  Renard ;  successful 8  Nov*     " 

Aid  to  build  a  vacuum  air-ship  asked  by  A.  de  Boisset  of  U.  S 
government—to  be  a  steel  cylinder  46  yards  in  diameter  218 
^fo^L'Vu'^'^^'^!  weight,  260,680  lbs.;  displacement  of  air, 
(19,709  lbs. ;  ascensional  force,  459,029  lbs.,  with  perfect vacu! 
um  electric  motors,  and  compound  exhaust  screw  to  propel 

and  guide *^    *      ,ggg 

Reported  that  prof  Samuel  P.  Langley  of  the  Smithsonian  in- 
stitution, Washington,  D.  C,  is  perfecting  a  working  model 

01  an  air-snip Mch   '"•'" 

Descent  from  balloons  by  means  of  a  patachiite  at  first  rarely 
perlormed;  now  common  with  practical  aeronauts 
[Some  descending  from  a  height  of  7000  feeL] 
MILITARY  AND   POSTAL  APPLICATIONS. 
Guyton  de  Morveau  ascends  twice  at  the  battle  of  Fleurus  ob- 
taining information  for  Jourdain 17  June   1794 

Balloons  devised  for  postal  purposes  by  G.  Shepherd  C  E  '  1851 
Balloons  used  at  battle  of  Solferino,  24  June,  1859-  by  the  Fed- 
eral army,  near  Washington July   iggi 

Balloon  corps  of  U.  S.  army  employed  by  gen.  McClel'lan  at  first 

siege  of  Richmond 1862* 

M.  Duruof  conveys  mail-bags  from  Paris  to  Toiirs  during  the 

siege 23  Sept   1870 

Postal  balloons  from  Metz  and  Paris .Sept. -Dec.     " 

"     balloon  from  Crystal  palace,Sydenham ;  successful,  6  Oct.     " 

Gambetta  escapes  from  Paris  in  a  balloon  to  Rouen 8  Oct.     " 

Many  balloons  from  Paris  and  other  places Oct.  187b-Feb   1871 

Military  experiments;  ascent  of  "Univers";  very  cold  weather  ■ 

valve  bursts;  severalhurt;  near  Vincennes;  nodeaths,  8  Dec'  1875 
Military  ascents  and  balloon  equipment  for  military  purposes 

adopted  at  Woolwich,  announced Apr.  1879 

Captive  balloon  at  the  volunteer  review,  Brighton 29  Mch   1880 

Royal  Engineers  Balloon  Corps  arrives  at  Suak'im 7  Mch!  1885 

France  and  Germany  adopt  captive  balloons  for  naval  pur- 
poses   189Q 

SCIKNTIFIC  ASCENTS. 
Gay-Lussac  and  Biot  at  Paris,  23  Aug. ;  Gay-Lussac  (to  the 

height  of  22,977  feet) 15  Sept.  1804 

Bixio  and  Barral  at  Paris  (19,000  feet,  traversing  a  cloud  9000 

feet) 1850 

Mr.  Welsh  ascends 17,  26  Aug.  21  Oct.  and  10  Nov.  1852 

Scientific  balloon  ascents  recommended  by  the  British  Associa- 
tion, and  funds  provided;  begun  by  James  Glaisher,  with 
suitable  apparatus,  in  Mr.  Coxwell's  balloon,  at  Wolverhamp- 
ton; 5  miles 17  July,  1862 

He  ascends  at  Crystal  palace,  18  Apr.  11,  21  July;  at  Wolver- 
hampton, 26  June;  at  Newcastle,  during  meeting  of  the  Brit- 
ish Association 31  Aug.  1863 

He  ascends  about  7  miles  at  Wolverhampton ;  at  5%  miles  be- 
comes insensible;  Mr.  Coxwell  loses  use  of  hands,  but  opens 

valve  with  his  teeth ;  descent  in  safety 5  Sept     *' 

Glaisher's  16th  ascent;  surveys  London 9  Oct.     " 

"  17th  ascent  at  Woolwich;  descends  at  Mr.  Brandon's,  Suf- 
folk  12  Jan.  1864 

He  ascends  from  Woolwich  (24th  time) 30  Dec.     " 

His  25th  ascent 27  Feb.  1865 

Other  ascents 2  Oct.,  2  Dec.  1865 ;  and  in  May,  1866 

Glaisher's  "Travels  in  the  Air  "  publ Jan.  1871 

"Astra  Castra:  Experiments  and  Adventures  in  the  Atmos- 
phere.    By  Hatton  Turner,"  a  copious  work,  appeared 1865 

Mr.  Coxwell's  scientific  ascent  in  the  "  Nassau  "  at  Hornsey,  22 

Sept.  1873 
BALLOON  SOCIETIES. 

French  Acad^mie  d' Aerostation  de  Met^orologique,  authorized, 

20  Sept  1872 
Balloon  Society  of  Great  Britain  formed  21  July,  1880,  by  mem- 
bers of  the  aeronautical,  geographical,  astronomical,  chem- 
ical, and  meteorological  societies,  and  other  scientific  bodies, 
to  promote  aeronautics  and  record  and  utilize  observations 
made  during  ascents.     Silver  medals  awarded  for  ascents, 

4  Sept  1880 
German  Aeronautical  Society  founded  at  Berlin Sept  1881 

ballot  (Fr.  ballotte,  a  little  ball).     Secret  voting  was 

practised  by  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Ronoaus  (Tabellariae 

Leges)  and  modern  Venetians;  in  the  United  States,  in  France, 

and,  since  1872,  in  Great  Britain  and  colonies.     Scrutin. 

A  ballot-box  used  in  electing  aldermen,  London 1526 

Its  use  by  the  Company  of  Merchant  Adventurers  in  electing 
an  agent,  prohi  bited  by  Charles  1 17  Dec.  1637 

Ballot-box  used  by  the  "Rota,"  a  political  club  at  Miles's  cof- 
fee-house, Westminster 1669 

A  tract  called  "The  Benefit  of  the  Ballot"  ascribed  to  An- 
drew Marvell,  publ.  in  the  "State  Tracts  " 1693 

Proposed,  in  a  pamphlet,  to  be  used  in  the  election  of  mem- 
bers of  Parliament 1705 

Bill  authorizing  vote  by  ballot  passes  the  commons,  rejected 
by  the  lords 1710 

George  Grote  introduced  into  the  commons  a  ballot  bill  6 
times 1833^ 

House  of  Commons  rejects  the  ballot— 257  being  against,  and 
189  for  it 30  June,  1851 

Voting  secret  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  France  from  1840 
to  1845,  and  is  so  since  the  coup  d'etat  in Dec.     " 

A  test-ballot  is  adopted  at  Manchester,  and  Ernest  Jones  is  chosen 
as  a  candidate  for  Parliament     He  dies  next  day,  22,  23  Jan.1869 


BAL  '4 

For  many  years  annually  proposed  by  Henry  Berkeley;  re- 
jected (bv  1«1  to  112.  12  July,  1867).     He  die& 10  Mch.  1870 

E.  Leathaiii  introduces  a  ballot  bill  in  Parliament,  Mch.  •  Mr. 
Gladstone  speaks  for  it;  bill  withdrawn 27  July,     " 

Ballot  employed  in  electing  the  London  school-board  in  9  dis- 
tricts  29  Nov.     '« 

Ballot  recommended  in  queen  Victoria's  speech,  9  Feb. ;  bill 
introduced,  passed  by  commons;  rejected  by  lords  (97  to  48), 

10  Aug.  1871 

Ballot  an  open  question  in  Whig  governments 1836-72 

Bill  to  amend  the  law  relating  to  procedure  at  parliamentary 
and  municipal  elections,  including  the  ballot,  read  in  the 
commons.  2d  time,  109-51,  15  Feb. ;  passed,  271-21G,  30  May; 
read  2d  time  in  the  lords  (86-5(>);  amendments  carried  in 
committee,  making  secret  voting  optional  (162-91);  passed, 
25  June;  lords' amendments  mostly  rejected  by  commons; 
optional  clause  given  up  by  the  lords,  8  July;  royal  assent 
(to  continue  in  force  till  31  Dec.  1880.  It  has  been  regularly 
continued,  and  is  now  a  permanent  policy) 13  July,  1872 

First  election  by  ballot,  at  Pontefract,  H.  E.  Childers  reelected 
very  peacefully 15  Aug.     " 

Awtralian  system  of  bal-loL  This  system  first  proposed  by 
Francis  S.  Dutton,  member  of  the  Legislature  of  S.  Australia, 
1861.  He  is  known  as  the  father  of  the  "  Australian  sys- 
tem." Adopted  in  Victoria,  Australia,  1856;  Tasmania,  New 
South  Wales,  and  S.  Australia,  1858 ;  Now  Zealand,  1870;  Eng- 
land, 1872;  British  Columbia,  1873;  Ontario,  1874;  Quebec 
and  Nova  Scotia. 1875 

Ballot  reform  on  Australian  or  English  system  first  advocated 
in  the  U.  8.  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "English  Elections," 
1882,  by  Henry  George 1883 

George  W.Walthaw  introduces  in  the  lower  House  of  the  Mich- 
igan Legislature  a  bill  embodying  the  Australian  ballot  sys- 
tem (the  first  presented  in  the  U.  S.) Jan.  1887 

It  is  again  introduced,  and  passes  the  House;  and  the  Senate 
on  the  last  dav  of  the  session,  1888.  Compromise  measures 
adopted '. 1889 

Ballot-reform  measures  vetoed  in  New  York  in  1888  and  1889 
by  gov.  Hill;  but  a  bill  is  approved  to  enforce  the  secrecy  of 

the  ballot,  etc 1890 

[The  several  State  Records,  1888.] 

Ball'§  Bluff,  Battle  of.  Gen.  McClellan  directed  brig.- 
gen.  Chas.  P.  Stone  to  make  a  slight  demonstration  towards 
Leesburg,  Va.,  20  Oct.  1861.  Gen.  Stone  thereupon  ordered  col. 
Devens,  of  the  15th  Mass.,  to  cross  the  Potomac  near  Ball's 
Bluif.  He  did  so  early  on  21  Oct.,  pushing  to  near  Lees- 
burg with  625  men  and  28  officers;  meeting  some  opposition, 
he  fell  back  to  the  place  of  crossing,  where  he  is  attacked 
about  noon  by  confederates.  Col.  Devens  retired  to  the  edge 
of  the  bluflfs,  where  he  was  reinforced  by  col.  E.  D.  Baker  with 
a  California  regiment  and  the  N.  Y.  Tammany,  increasing  his 
force  to  19(X).  Col.  Baker  assumed  command,  fighting  con- 
tinued until  about  5  o'clock  p.m.,  when  col.  Baker  was  killed, 
and  the  federals  gave  way ;  loss  about  1000,  being  300  killed 
and  700  wounded,  drowned,  and  prisoners — there  being  no 
proper  means  of  transportation  in  the  retreat.  Confederate 
loss,  155.  The  disaster  was  attributed  to  mismanagement, 
and  in  Feb.  1862,  gen.  Stone  was  arrested  on  charges  of  trea- 
son.    Stone,  Chas.  P.,  Case  of. 

Balmo'ral  castle,  Deeside,  Aberdeenshire ;  visited 
by  queen  Victoria  in  1848,  1849,  1850.  The  estate  was  pur- 
chased for  32,000/.  by  prince  Albert  in  1852.  In  1853  the 
present  building,  in  the  Scotch  baronial  style,  was  begun,  from 
designs  by  W.  Smith  of  Aberdeen. 

Baltic  sea,  Ost§ee,  or  Eastern  sea,  sepa- 
rates  Sweden  and  the  Danish  isles  from  Russia  and  Germany. 
Declared  neutral  for  commerce  by  treaty  between  Russia  and 
Sweden,  1759,  and  Denmark,  1760.  It  is  often  partly  frozen. 
Charles  X.  of  Sweden,  with  an  army,  crossed  the  Belts  in 
1658,  and  the  Russians  passed  from  Finland  to  Sweden  on  the 
ice  in  1809. 

BALTIC  EXPEDITIONS. 
Against  Denmark  (Armed  neitrality). — 1.  Under  lord  Nelson 
and  admiral  Parker,  Copenhagen  bombarded,  and  28  Danish 

vessels  taken  or  destroyed 2  Apr.  1801 

2.  Under  admiral  Gambier  and  lord  Cathcart,  18  sail  of  the  line, 
15  frigates,  31  brigs  and  gunboats  surrender  to  the  British, 

26  July,  1807 
Against  Russia.—!.  British  fleet,  sir  Charles  Napier,  sails  from 
Spithead  in  presence  of  the  queen,  who  leads  in  her  yacht. 

the  Fairy 11  Mch.  1864 

Arrives  Wingo  sound,  15  Mch. ;  in  the  Baltic 20  Mch.     " 

Gulf  of  Finland  blockaded 12  Apr.     " 

10,000  French  troops  embark  at  Calais  for  the  Baltic  in  Eng- 
lish ships  of  war,  the  emperor  present 15  July,     " 

Capture  of  Bomarsund,  one  of  the  Aland  islands,  and  surren- 
der of  the  garrison  (Bomarscnd) 16  Aug.     " 

English  and  French  fleets  start  homeward  to  winter 15  Oct.     " 

2.  Expedition  of  85  English  ships  (2098  guns),  under  admiral  R. 
S.  Dundas.  sails  20  Mch.-4  Apr.  1855;  16  French  ships  (408 
guns),  under  admiral  Pernand,  join  it June,  1855 


BAL 

3  vessels  silence  Russian  batteries  at  Hogland  island.  .21  July,  1855:' 
Fleet  proceeded  towards  Cronsladt.    Many  infernal  machines 

discovered.     Svoaborg  attacked  (Sveaborg) 9  Aug.     " 

Fleet  soon  returns  to  England. 

Baltimore,  the  metropolis  of  Maryland,  known  as  the 
"  Monumental  City,"  covers  an  area  of  31 J  sq.  miles.  A  towiiJ 
of  60  acres,  created  by  act  of  Assembly,  8  Aug.  1729,  and 
bounded  approximately  by  Liberty,  Saratoga,  and  Frederick 
streets  and  the  Basin,  was  laid  out  and  called  Baltimore  in 
honor  of  Cecilius  Calvert,  lord  Baltimore,  12  Jan.  1730.  In 
1752  the  place  contained  25  houses  and  200  inhabitants;  pop- 
ulation in  1790,  13,503;  1800,  26,114;  1810,  35,583;  1820,, 
62,738;  1830,  80,620;  1840,  102,313;  1850,  169,054;  I860,. 
212,418;  1870,267,354;  1880,332,313;  1890,434,439. 

Baltimore  laid  out 12  Jan.  1730' 

Jones's  Town,  afterwards  Old  Town,  east  of  the  falls,  laid  out, 

22  Nov.  1732. 
Parish  church  built  on  site  afterwards  occupied  by  St.  Paul's 
church,  cor.  Saratoga  and  Charles  sts.,  begun  1730,  com- 
pleted   1739 

Baltimore  and  Jones's  Town  consolidated  and  incorporated  as 

Baltimore  Town 28  Sept.  1745- 

Subscription  of  lOOl.  by  citizens  for  building  a  market-house 
and  town-hall,  erected  10  years  later,  on  northwest  cor.  Gay 

and  Baltimore  sts 23  Apr.  1751 

32  acres  of  Coles's  harbor  annexed 1753^ 

Mount  Clare  house  erected  by  Charles  Carroll;  built  of  im- 
ported brick 1754 

A  number  of  Acadian  exiles  settle  in  Baltimore 175&- 

Made  the  county  seat,  and  court-house  erected  where  Battle 

monument  now  stands 1768 

Mechanical  Company  organized,  and  a  flre-engine  purchased  1769^ 
First  umbrella  in  the  U.  S.  (brought  from  India)  used  here. 

Umbrella 1772 

Baptist  church  erected  cor.  Front  and  Fayette  sts. ;  after- 
wards site  of  the  shot-tower 1773 

First  newspaper,  the  Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Adver- 
tiser, established  by  William  Goddard;  first  issue 20  Aug.     " 

Stage  route  opened  to  Philadelphia ; " 

First  Methodist  meeting-house  in  Baltimore  built  in  Straw- 
berry alley Nov,     " 

Capt.  William  Perkins  arrives  at  Marblehead  with  3000  bush, 
of  Indian  corn,  20  bbls.  of  rye,  and  21  bbls.  of  bread  sent  by 

the  people  of  Baltimore  for  the  poor  of  Boston 28  Aug.  1774 

Baltimore  contains  564  houses  and  5934  inhabitants 1775 

St.  Peter's  church  (Roman  Catholic)  on  Saratoga  and  Charles 

sts.  built  and  occupied 1770-75 

Continental  Congress  holds  its  session  in  Congress  hall,  cor. 

Baltimore  and  Liberty  sts 20  Dec.  1776  to  20  Jan.  177T 

First  notable  riot  in  Baltimore.  Mr.  Goddard  of  the  Maryland 
Journal  beset  in  his  office  by  excited  members  of  the  "Whig 
Club,"  who  took  exception  to  an  article  in  his  paper  lauding 

king  George  and  Parliament 25  Mch.     " 

Count  Pulaski  organizes  his  corps  in  Baltimore Mch.  1778 

First  custom-house  erected 1780 

Paving  of  the  streets  begun 1781 

First  brick  theatre  in  Baltimore  erected  in  E.  Baltimore  St., 
nearly  opposite  the  Second  Presbyterian  church;  opened 

with  the  play,  "King  Richard  III." 15  Jan.  1782 

Regular  line  of  stage-coaches  established  to  Fredericktown  and 

Annapolis 178$ 

Policemen  first  employed " 

3  new  market-houses  erected 1784 

Streets  first  lighted  with  oil-lamps " 

Methodist  church  built  on  northwest  cor.  Light  st.  and  Wine 
alley;  begun  Aug.  1785,  dedicated  by  bishop  Asbury,  21  May,  178& 

First  destructive  flood  recorded 5  Oct.     " 

St.  Mary's  college  (seminary  of  St.  Sulpice)  established 1791 

Presbyterian  church  erected  on  northwest  cor.  Fayette  and 
North  sts.  (afterwards  razed  to  give  place  to  the  U.  S.  court- 
house, 1860) " 

Bank  of  Maryland  organized " 

Yellow-fever  epidemic Aug. -Oct.  1794 

Bank  of  Baltimore  incorporated 24  Dec.  1795 

First  directory  of  Baltimore  Town  and  Fell's  Point  pub 179* 

Act  passed  to  lay  out  and  establish  a  turnpike  from  the  city 

of  Washington  to  Baltimore  Town 31  Dec.     " 

Incorporated  as  a  city;  pop.  20,000 31  Dec.     " 

First  mayor,  James  Calhoun,  elected 16  Jan.  179T 

Library  Company  of  Baltimore,  afterwards  merged  with  the 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  incorporated 20  Jan.     " 

[Library  contained  4000  vols,  in  1800.] 
Maryland  Society  for  Promoting  the  Abolition  of  Slavery,  and 
the  relief  of  free  negroes  and  others  unlawfully  held  in 
bondage,  formed  in  Baltimore;  the  4th  in  the  U.  S..  .8  Sept.  1798'. 
Baltimore  American  and  Daily  Advertiser  first  issued.  14  May,  1799 
Jerome  Bonaparte  married  to  Miss  Elizabeth  Patterson  in 

Baltimore 24  Dec.  1803 

Union  bank  of  Maryland  organized  and  chartered 1804 

Mechanics'  bank  incorporated 1806 

Corner-stone  of  Roman  Catholic  church  laid 7  July,     " 

Baltimore  Water  Company  formed  with  capital  of  $250,000,  30 
Apr.  1804,  and  water  first  supplied  through  cast-iron  pipes 

May,  1807 
New  court-house  building  on  North  Calvert  st.  cor.  Lexington, 

begun  1805,  occupied 1809 

Mob  destroys  the  oflOice  of  the  Federal  Republican  (United 
States) 27  July,  1812- 


BAL  75 

•'New  Theatre,"  afterwards  called  "Holliday  Street  Theatre," 

opened 10  May,  1813 

First  steamboat  built  in  Baltimore,  the  Chesapeake,  construct- 
ed by  William  McDonald  &  Co " 

British  forces  under  gen.  Ross  advance  against  the  city, 

12  Sept.  1814 

Engagement  at  North  Point;  gen.  Ross  killed 13  Sept.     " 

Fort  McHenry  bombarded  by  British  fleet 12-13  Sept.     " 

The  "  Star-Si'angled  Banner  "  printed  in  the  Baltimore  Amer- 
ican and  Daily  Advertiser 21  Sept.     " 

Corner-stone  of  the   Washington  monument  laid  (height  of 

monument  180  ft. ) 4  July,  1815 

Corner  -  .stone  of  Battle  monument  laid;  erected  in  honor 
of  Baltimoreans  killed  in  defending  the  city  in  1814. 

12  Sept.    " 
Population  of  Baltimore  increased  16,000  by  annexation  of  the 

precincts 1816 

Maryland  hospital  incorporated 29  Jan.     " 

St.  Andrew's  Society  incorporated 1  Feb.     " 

Medical  Society  of  Maryland  incorporated 1  Feb.     " 

New  St.  Paul's  church  erected  on  cor.  Saratoga  and  Charles 
sts. ;  corner-stone  laid,  4  May,  1814,  completed  at  cost  of 

$126,140 1817 

Disastrous  freshet  in  Jones's  falls ;  part  of  the  city  called 
the  "Meadows"  overflowed  to  depth  of  10  to  15  feet. 

8  Aug.     " 
First  Odd  Fellows'  lodge  in  America,  Washington  Lodge  No.  1, 
organized  at  Fell's  Point,  13  Apr.  1819,  through  the  efforts  of 
Thomas  VVildey.     It  receives  a  charter  from  the  duke  of 

York's  lodge  at  Preston,  Lancashire,  Eng 1  Feb.  1820 

First  building  lighted  with  gas,  Peale's  museum,  on  Holliday 
St.,  afterwards  Old  City  Hall,  1816.  First  public  building 
lighted  with  gas,  the  •'  Belvidere  theatre,"  northwest  cor. 
North  and  Saratoga  st.s.,  and  flrst  private  house,  that  of 

Jacob  J.  Cohen  on  North  Charles  st " 

Exchange  building  opened  for  business June,    " 

Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  begun  1806,  consecrated  by  arch- 
bishop Mareschal 31  May,  1821 

Disastrous  (ire;  3  lumber-yards  and  25  to  30  buildings,  mostly 

warehouses,  burned 23  June,  1822 

Statue  placed  on  Battle  monument 12  Sept.     " 

Corner-stone  of  Baltimore  Athenaeum  at  southwest  cor.  St.  Paul 

and  Lexington  sts.  laid 10  Aug.  1824 

Gen.  Lafayette  visits  Baltimore 7-11  Oct.    " 

Mrs.  Ellen  Moale,  first  white  child  born  within   the  city  of 

Baltimore,  dies Mch.  1825 

Erection  of  Barnum's  City  hotel  begun " 

Maryland  Academy  of  Science  and  Literature   incorporated 

(continued  until  1844) 16  Feb.  1826 

First  exhibition  of  the  Maryland  institute 7  Nov.    " 

Subscription  books  for  stock  of  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail- 
road opened,  $4,178,000  taken  by  22,000  subscribers, 

20-27  Mch.  1827 

First  bank  opened  by  Evan  Poultney  in  Baltimore  st Tune,  1828 

Foundation  stone  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  laid  by 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Maryland,  assisted  by  Charles  Carroll  of 

Carrollton 4  July,    " 

Shot-tower,  Phoenix  Company,  234  feet  high,  circular,  and  of 

brick,  built  without  scaffolding;  completed 25  Nov.     " 

Corner-stone  of  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna  railroad  laid, 

and  centennial  of  Baltimore  celebrated 8  Aug,  1829 

First  public  school  opened 24  Sept.     " 

Old  Baltimore  museum,  cor.  Baltimore  and  Calvert  sts.,  opened, 

1  Jan.  1830 
[Building  sold  to  B.  &  0.  R.R.,  Mch.  1874.] 

Epidemic  of  cholera July-Sept.  1832 

Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  aged  95,  dies  at  Baltimore, 

14  Nov.    *' 

Bank  of  Maryland  fails 24  Mch.  1834 

Riot,  growing  out  of  failure  of  bank  of  Maryland Aug.  1835 

First  issue  of  the  Sun 17  May,  1837 

Sudden  freshet  in  Jones's  falls;  19  lives  lost;  Harrison  and 

Frederick  sts.  10  feet  under  water 14  July,     " 

City  of  Kingston,  first  steam  vessel  from  Baltimore  to  Europe 

direct,  leaves  port 20  May,  1838 

Baltimore  Academy  of  the  Visitation  opened,  1837  ;  chartered    " 

Greenmount  cemetery  dedicated 13  July,  1839 

Mercantile  Library  Association  organized 14  Nov.     " 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul's  church,  corner-stone  laid  by  archbishop 

Eccleston  21  May,  1840 ;  dedicated 7  Nov.  1841 

Explosion  of  steamer  Medora,  just  about  to  start  on  her  trial 

excursion;  27  killed.  40  wounded 15  Apr.  1842 

Historical  Society  of  Maryland  organized,  Gen.  John  Spear 

Smith  first  president 27  Jan.  1844 

Omnibus  line  established May,    " 

Magnetic  telegraph  from  Washington  city  to  the  railroad  de- 
pot in  Pratt  st.,  wires  covered  with  rope-yarn  and  tar,  com- 
pleted; first  communication,  "What  hath  God  wrought!" 

(Numbers  xxiii.  23),  received 27  May,     " 

Corner-stone  of  St.  Alphonsus's    church  laid,  1  May,  1842; 

church  dedicated 14  Mch.  1845 

Maryland  Institute  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Mechanics'  Arts 

organized 12  .Jan.  1848 

Fire  destroys  60  dwellings,  breaking  out  in  a  cotton  factory  in 

Lexington  st.  above  Fremont 28  May,    " 

Howard  Athenaeum  and  Gallery  of  Art,  northeast  cor.  Balti- 
more and  Charles  sts.,  opened  as  a  theatre 12  June,     " 

Baltimore  Athenaeum  opened  and  edifice  inaugurated.  .23  Oct.     " 

Baltimore  Female  college  opened,  1848;  chartered 1849 

Edgar  Allan  Poe  dies  in  Baltimore,  aged  40  years 7  Oct.     " 

Jenny  Lind  arrives  in  Baltimore  (J.  H.  Whitehurst, "  daguerreo-  | 


BAL 

typist,"  bids  $100  for  flrst  choice  of  seats  at  her  first  con- 
cert)....  8  Dec.  1850 

Reception  to  Louis  Kossuth 27  Dec.  1851 

Loyola  college,  Calvert  st.  near  Madison,  opened .15  Sept  1862 

Remains  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  tragedian,  arrive  in  Balti- 
more, his  home,  from  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  died,  2  Dec, 

Loudon  Park  cemetery  dedicated 14  July   1853 

Maryland  School  for  the  Blind  opened >' 

Baltimore  orphan  asylum,  Strieker  st.  near  Saratoga,' opened, 

...  10  Nov.    " 

Excursion  train  returning  to  Baltimore  from  Rider's  grove 
collides  with  accommodation  train  from  Baltimore,  near 
the  Relay  house;  over  30  killed  and  about  100  wounded, 

Water  works  purchased  by  the  city n 

Erection  of  the  new  First  Presbyterian  church' cor.  Madison 

and  Park  sts.  begun jajy^    u 

Trial  of  a  steam  flre-engine,  the  "Miles  Greenwood,"  b'liilt  at 
Cincinnati  for  the  corporation  of  Boston;  the  first  seen  in 

Baltimore. 2  Feb.  1866 

Melee  among  the  firemen;  2  killed,  many  injured 18  Aug     " 

St.  Paul's  church  burned,  29  Apr.  1854;  rebuilt  and  dedicated', 

Battle  between  the  Rip  Rap  club  and  the  New  Market  fire 

company,  many  wounded ;  city  election  dispute 8  Oct.    " 

Election  riot;  Democrats  and  Know-nothings 4  Nov     " 

Baltimore  Daily  News  established 1867 

Disastrous  fire,  37-41  S.  Charles  st. ;  14  persons  killed  "by  a 

falling  wall u  Apr.     " 

Strike  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  and  encounter  be- 
tween the  militia  and  rioters 29  Apr. -2  May,     " 

Banks  suspend  specie  payment 28  Sept.     " 

Maryland  club  incorporated 24  Feb.  1858 

Clearing-house  established 8  Mch.     " 

Steam  fire-engine,  the  "Alpha,"  the  first  ownefl  by  the  Balti- 
more fire  department,  arrives  in  the  city 18  May,     " 

Flood  almost  as  destructive  as  that  of  1837  occurs 12  June,     " 

Ordinance  passed  for  a  paid  city  fire  department Sept.     '' 

Reform  Association  organized  at  a  mass-meeting  in  Monument 

square 8  Sept.     " 

Peabody  institute,  endowed  by  George  Peabody  with  $1,300,000, 

1857;  incorporated,  9  Mch.  1858;  corner-stone  laid. .  .16  Apr.  1869 
Police  and  fire-alarm  telegraph,  adopted  June,  1858;  flrst  put  in 

operation 27  June,    '• 

First  car  placed  on  the  city  passenger  railway  on  Broadway, 

and  line  opened 27  Oct.     " 

Reception  to  Japanese  ambassadors,  guests  of  the  United  States 

government 8  June,  1860 

Druid  Hill  park  opened 19  Oct.     " 

A  secession  mob  attacks  the  6th  Massachusetts  and  7th  Penn- 
sylvania regiments  while  passing  through  the  city  on  their 
way  to  Washington.     12  citizens  and  3  soldiers  killed,  23 

soldiers  and  several  citizens  wounded 19  Apr.  1861 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  takes  military  possession 13  May,     " 

Thomas  Wildey,  the  "father  of  Odd-Fellowship  in  the  U.  S.," 

dies  in  Baltimore,  aged  80  yrs 19  Oct     " 

Corner-stone  of  St  Martin's  Roman  Catholic  church,  south- 
east cor.  Fulton  and  Fayette  sts.,  laid 9  July,  1865 

The  Wildey  monument,  erected  by  the  Odd-Fellows,  corner- 
stone laid,  26  Apr.  1865;  is  dedicated 20  Sept    " 

Southern  relief  fair,  in  aid  of  the  suffering  poor  of  the  Southern 
states,  held  at  the  hall  of  the  Marvland  institute;  receipts, 

$164,569.97 '. 2-13  Apr.  1866 

Maryland  state  normal  school  opened " 

Dedication  of  the  Peabody  institute 25  Oct     " 

Corner-stone  of  the  new  Masonic  temple  laid 20  Nov.     " 

Maryland  Academy  of  Sciences  incorporated 15  Mch.  1867 

Corner-stone  of  the  new  city  hall  laid 18  Oct     " 

Excessive  heat;    thermometer  97  to  101°   in  the  shade;  30 

cases  of  sunstroke,  21  fatal 16  July,  1868 

Most  disastrous  flood  on  record.  A  street-car  floats  down 
Harrison  street;  the  water  reaches  to  the  second  story  of 
buildings,  and  most  of  the  bridges  over  Jones's  falls,  includ- 
ing the  heavy  iron  bridge  at  Fayette  st,  are  swept  away, 

24  July,     " 
Maryland  Institution  for  the  Blind,  on  North  av.,  near  Charles 

st,  dedicated 20  Nov.     " 

Corner-stone  of  Mount  Vernon   Place   Methodist   Episcopal 

church  laid 26  Sep*.  1869 

Ford's  Grand  opera-house  inaugurated.     Shakespeare's  "As 

You  Like  It"  the  opening  play 3  Oct.  1871 

Third  National  bank  robbed  between  banking  hours,  Saturday 

and  Monday;  loss  over  $220,000 17-19  Aug.  1872 

Initial  number  of  the  Evening  News 4  Nov.     " 

Thermometer  10°  below  zero,  night  of 'id  Jan.  1873 

Church  of  the  Ascension,  Protestant  Episcopal,  destroyed  by 

fire 12  May,     " 

Baltimore  and  Potomac  tunnel,  about  1)^  miles  in  length,  begun 
June,  1871,  and  first  passenger  train  passes  through  to  Cal- 
vert station 29  June,     " 

Union  Railroad  tunnel  begun.  May,  1871 ;  completed  Juno,  1873, 

and  first  train  through 24  July,     " 

Most  extensive  fire  ever  known  in  the  city  breaks  out  in  a 
planing  mill  on  Park  and  Clay  sta  ;  113  buildings  destroyed, 
including  2  churches  and  3  school-housea    Loss,  $750,000, 

25  July,     " 

Johns  Hopkins  dies,  aged  79 24  Dec.     " 

Morning  Herald  established 187<> 

City  hail  completed •  •  •  •     " 

Monument  to  Edgar  Allan  Poe  unveiled. 17  Nov. 


BAM 

Johns  Hopkins  university  incorporated,  24  Aug.  1867 ;  endowed 

by  its  founder  with  f3,0O0,0OU;  is  opened 1876 

160th  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  the  city  celebrated, 

10-15  Oct.  1880 
Over  65  excursionists,  principally  from  Baltimore,  drowned 

by  the  giving  way  of  the  pier  at  North  point,  Tivoli, 

23  July,  1883 
Enoch   Pratt    free   library,   founded    by   Enoch  Pratt  with 

$1,250,000  in  1882,  formally  opened  to  the  public 5  Jan.  1886 

Croat  lire  in  Hopkins  place,  loss  $2,000,000,  7  Qremen  killed 

and  6  injured 2  Sept.  1888 

Asylum  for  Feeble-minded  Children  opened Jan.  1889 

Johns  Hopkins  hospital,  endowed  with  $3,600,000;  opened, 

7  May,     " 
6  days'  celebration  of  76th  anniversary  of  the  defence  of  the 

city  begun 9  Sept.     " 


76 


MAYORS. 


Saml.  Rinks 

Thomas  Swann 

Geo.  Wm.  Brown 

(Arrested  and  impris- 
oned by  U.  S.  authori- 
ties, Sept.  12,  18(51.) 

John  Leo  Chapman 

Robert  T.  Banks 

Joshua  Vansant 

Ferdinand  C.  Latrobe. . . 

Geo.  P.  Kane 

Ferd.  C.  Latrobe 

Wm.  Pinkney  Whyte. . . 

Ford.  C.  Latrobe 

Jas.  Hodges 

Ferd.  C.  lAtrobe 

Robt.  C.  Davidson 

Ferd.  C.  liatrobe 


1854-56 
1856-60 
1860-61 


1861-67 
1867-71 
1871-75 
1875-77 
1877-78 
1878-81 
1881-83 
1883-85 
1885-87 
1887-89 
1889-91 
1891-93 


Jas.  Calhoun 1797-1804 

Thorowgood  Smith 1804-08 

Edward  Johnson 1808-16 

Geo.  Stiles 1816-19 

Edward  Johnson 1819-20 

John  Montgomery 1820-23 

Edward  Johnson 1823-25 

Jacob  Small 1826 

Wm.  Stewart 1826-30 

Jesse  Hunt 1830-32 

Saml.  Smith 1832-iJ8 

Sheppard  C.  Leakin 1838-40 

Saml.  Brady 1840-42 

Solomon  Hillin,jr 1842-43 

Jas.  0.  lAW 1843-44 

Jacob  G.  Davies 1844-48 

Elijah  SUnsbury 1848-50 

J.  H.  T.  Jerome 1850-62 

J.  Smith  Hollins 1852-54 

Bamberg,  Bavaria,  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Saxons  in  804,  and  endowed  with  a  church  by  Charlemagne. 
Made  a  bishopric  in  1007 ;  the  bishop  was  a  prince  of  the  em- 
pire till  the  treaty  of  Luneville,  1801,  when  Bamberg  was  sec- 
ularized. Incorporated  with  Bavaria  in  1803.  The  cathedral, 
rebuilt  in  1110,  was  recently  repaired.  Bamberg  was  taken 
and  pillaged  by  the  Prussians  in  1759. 

Baniborough  or  Hamburg,  Northumberland, 
Engl.,  according  to  the  "  Saxon  Chronicle,"  built  by  king  Ida 
about  547,  and  named  Bebbanburgh.  The  castle  suffered  great- 
ly from  the  Danes  in  933,  was  taken  and  retaken  in  1463  by  the 
forces  of  Edward  IV.  and  Henry  VI.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
in  the  kingdom,  and  has  within  its  keep  an  ancient  draw-well 
145  feet  deep,  first  known  to  modern  times  in  1770,  it  having 
been  filled  with  sand  and  rubbish.  The  castle  and  estate,  the 
property  of  the  Forsters,  and  forfeited  to  the  crown  for  aiding 
the  rebellion  in  1715,  were  purchased  by  Nathaniel  lord 
Crewe,  bishop  of  Durham,  and  bequeathed  by  him,  1720, 
for  various  charitable  purposes,  one  of  which  is  aid  to  ship- 
wrecked sailors.  The  library  was  founded  by  the  trus- 
tees in  1778 ;  books  are  lent  to  persons  residing  within  20 
miles. 

Bampton  lectures  (theological),  at  Oxford  annu- 
ally, began  in  1780  with  a  lecture  by  James  Bandinel,  D.D. 
The  lecturer  is  paid  by  bequest  of  rev.  John  Bampton  (d.  1751) ; 
the  lectures  are  published.  Able  courses  bv  White  (1784), 
Heber  (1815),  Whately  (1822),  Milman  (1827),  Hampden  (1832), 
Mansel  (1858),  Liddon  (1866),  etc. 

Banbury,  Oxfordshire,  Engl.,  a  Saxon  town.  The  cas- 
tle, built  by  Alexander  de  Blois,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1125,  was 
•often  besieged,  as  by  parliamentary  troops  in  1644  and  in  1646, 
■when  it  was  taken,  and  demolished  a  few  years  after.  At 
Edgecot  or  Danesmore,  near  Banbury,  during  an  insurrection, 
the  army  of  Edward  IV.,  under  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  was  de- 
feated, 26  July,  1469 ;  the  earl  and  a  brother  were  soon  after 
taken  and  executed. — Banbury  cakes  were  renowned  in  the 
time  of  Ben  Jonson,  and  Banbury  Cross  (that  of  the  nursery 
rhyme)  was  destroyed  by  the  Puritans.  Cakes  presented  to 
the  queen  at  Banbury,  30  Nov.  1866. 

Banda  isles  (10),  Eastern  archipelago,  visited  by 
Portuguese  in  1511,  who  settled,  1521,  but  were  expelled  by 
Dutch  about  1600.  Rohun  island  ceded  to  English  in  1616. 
The  Bandas  were  taken  by  them  in  1796 ;  restored  in  1801 ; 
retaken  in  1811 ;  and  restored  in  Aug.  1816.  They  form  one 
of  the  Dutch  residencies  of  the  Molucca  group. 

Banda  Oriental  (the  eastern  side),  S.  America, 
part  of  the  vice-royalty  of  Buenos  Ayres,  of  which,  in  1828, 


BAN 

a  division  was  incorporated  with  Brazil,  while  another 
became  independent,  as  the  republic  of  Uruguay.  Uru- 
guay. 

Bangalore,  S.  India,  besieged  by  British  under  lord 
Cornwallis,  6  Mch.,  and  taken  by  storm,  21  Mch.  1791 ;  re- 
stored to  Tippoo  in  1792,  when  he  destroyed  the  strong  fort, 
deemed  the  bulwark  of  Mysore. 

Bangor,  Banelior  Iskoed,  or  Monaclio- 
rum,  Flintshire,  N.  Wales,  the  site  of  an  ancient  college, 
said  to  have  been  founded  180,  and  afterwards  converted 
into  a  monastery;  very  populous,  if  it  be  true  that  1200 
monks  were  slain  by  Ethelfrid,  king  of  the  Angles,  for  pray- 
ing for  the  Welsh  in  their  conflict  with  him  in  607.— Tan- 
ner. 

Bangor,  N.  Caernarvonshire,  N.  Wales.  The  church  is 
dedicated  to  St.  Daniel,  bishop,  516.  Owen  Glendower  defaced 
the  cathedral ;  bishop  Bulkeley  alienated  many  lands,  and 
even  sold  the  bells,  1553.  An  order  in  council  to  unite  the 
sees  of  Bangor  and  St.  Asaph  on  the  next  vacancy  in  either 
was  issued,  1838 ;  rescinded,  1847. 

Bangorian  controversy,  result  of  a  sermon  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Hoadley,  bishop  of  Bangor,  before  George  I., 
31  Mch.  1717,  on  the  text,  "  My  kingdom  is  not  of  this  world  " 
(John  xviii.  36),  expounding  the  spiritual  kingdom  of  Christ, 
exciting  the  indignation  of  most  of  the  clergy,  expressed  in 
hundreds  of  pamphlets. 

Bank  holidays.  —  ?7m7ecZ  States:  Christmas  and 
New  Year's  day,  22  Feb.,  30  May,  4  July,  Thanksgiving 
day,  and  in  each  state  all  legal  holidays. — England  and 
Ireland:  Easter  Monday,  Monday  in  Whitsun  week,  first 
Monday  in  Aug.,  26  Dec.  (if  a  week-day). — Scotland:  New 
Year's  day,  Christmas  day  (if  either  falls  on  Sunday,  the 
following  Monday),  Good  Friday,  first  Mondays  in  May  and 
Aug. 

Bank  of  England,  projected  by  William  Pater- 
son,  a  Scotch  merchant  (Darien),  to  assist  William  III.  in 
raising  supplies  for  the  French  war.  Led  bj^  Paterson  and 
Michael  Godfrey,  40  merchants  subscribed  500,000?.  towards 
1,200,000?.  to  be  lent  to  the  government  at  8  per  cent.,  in  re- 
turn for  a  bank  charter.  Passed  against  strong  opposition, 
the  bill  was  signed  25  Apr.  1694,  and  the  charter,  granted  27 
July,  made  sir  John  Houblon  first  governor,  and  Michael 
Godfrey  first  deputy-governor.  Business  opened  1  Jan.  1695, 
at  Grocers'  Hall,  Poultry,  by  issuing  notes  for  20?.  and  up- 
wards, and  discounting  bills  for  4J  to  6  per  cent.  The  Bank 
of  England  does  not  allow  interest  on  deposits.  The  average 
balance  of  the  assets  has  been  from  the  beginning  between 
3,000,000?.  and  4,000,000?.  The  charter  was  renewed  in  1697, 
1708,  1713,  1716,  1721,  1724,  1746,  1749,  1764,  1781,  1800, 
1808,  1816,  1833,  1844,  1861,  \%m.—Lawson. 
Run  on  bank;  notes  at  20  per  cent,  discount;  capital  raised 

to  2,201,171i.  10s Nov.  1696 

Bank  monopoly  established  by  forbidding  a  company  exceeding 

6  persons  to  act  as  bankers  (Scotland  excepted) 1708 

Capital  raised  to  5,559,995^.  10s 1710 

Bank  post  bills  issued  (1st  record) 14  Dec.  1738 

Run  for  gold  upon  rebellion  in  the  North;  bills  paid  in  silver; 

the  city  supports  the  bank Sept.  1745 

Richard  W.  Vaughan,  first  forger  of  Bank-of-England  notes, 

hanged 1  May,  1758 

101.  notes  issued 1759 

Gordon  riots;  bank  since  protected  by  military 1780 

bl.  notes  issued 1793 

Cash  payments  suspended,  by  order  in  council 26  Feb.  1797 

11.  and  11.  notes  issued Mch.     " 

Bank  Resljriction  act 3  May,     " 

Voluntary  contribution  of  200,000^.  to  the  government 1798 

Loss  by  Aslett's  frauds  (Exchequer),  342.697i 1803 

Abraham  Newland,  50  years  cashier,  resigns 18  Sept.  1807 

Bramah's  machine  for  numbering  notes  adopted 1809 

Bank  issues  silver  tokens  for  3s.  and  Is.  M 9  July,  1811 . 

Peel's  act  for  gradual  resumption  of  cash  payments July,  1819 

Cash  payments  for  notes  to  be  in  bullion  at  the  mint  price, 

1  May,  1821;  in  current  coin 1  May,  1823 

Commercial  panic— many  11.  notes  (accidentally  found  in  a 

box)  issued  with  beneficial  effects Dec.  1825 

Act  authorizing  joint-stock  banks  ends  the  monopoly 1826 

By  advice  of  government,  branch  banks  opened  at  Gloucester, 

19  July;  Manchester,  21  Sept. ;  Swansea,  23  Oct " 

And  at  Birmingham,  1  Jan.;  Liverpool,   2  July;  Bristol,   12 

July;  Leeds,  23  Aug. ;  Exeter,  17  Dec 1827 

Bank  loses  360,000Z.  by  Fauntleroy's  forgeries 1830 

Statements  of  bank  pub.  quarterly 1833 


BAN  77 

Peel's  Bank  Charter  act  (7  and  8  Vict.  c.  32) ;  renews  charter  till 
1  Aug.  1855,  and  longer,  if  public  debt  to  the  bank  (11,015,- 
100^. ),  with  interest,  etc.,  be  not  paid  after  notice;  establishes 
issue  department;  weekly  returns  to  be  published;  limits 
issue  of  notes  to  14,000,000^.,  etc 19  July,  1844 

Commercial  panic;  lord  John  Russell  suspends  restriction  of 
note  issue  ( not  acted  on) ;  bank  discount  8  per  cent.  .25  Oct.  1847 

Clerks  found  library  and  fidelity  guarantee  fund Mch.  1850 

Gold  bullion  in  bank  (largely  from  Australia),  21,845,390i. 

10  July,  1852 

Branch  bank,  Burlington  gardens,  London,  W.,  opened,  1  Oct.  1856 

Committee  on  the  bank  acts  appointed 12  May,  1857 

Bank  discount  9  per  cent. ;  Palmerston  authorizes  further 
issue  of  notes  (2,000,000/.  were  issued) 12  Nov.     " 

Committee  on  bank  acts  reappointed,  8  Feb. ;  report  recom- 
mending no  change  of  policy 1  July,  1858 

Alarm  at  bank  solicitor's  report  that  bank  paper  had  been 
stolen  from  makers  (forged  notes  soon  appeared) 16  Aug.  1862 

Bank  authorized  (in  accordance  with  the  act  of  1844)  to  in- 
crease issue  of  notes  by  250,000/ • 11  Feb.  1890 

Bank,  aided  by  the  Bank  of  France  and  others,  assists  Messrs. 
Baring  and  averts  a  panic 15  Nov.     " 


AVERAGE    AMOUNT 


OF    BANK -OF -ENGLAND    NOTES    IN 
CIRCULATION. 


1718 £1,829,930 

1778 7,030,680 

1790 10,217,000 

1800 15,450,000 

1810 23,904,030 

1815 26,803,520 

1820 27,174,000 

1830 20,620,000 


1835 £18,215,220 

1840 17,231,000 

1845 19,262,327 

1850  19,776,814 

1855 19,616,627 

1859 22,705,780 

1889 25,263,180 

1891 25,851,565 


PUBLIC  DEBT  TO  THE  BANK  OF   ENGLAND. 

1742 £10,700,000 

1746 11,686,000 

1816 14,686,000 

1844-89 11,015.700 


1694 £1,200,000 

1708 2,175,027 

1716 4,175,027 

1721 9,100,000 


Bank  of  Ireland,  established  at  St.  Mary's  abbey, 
Dublin,  1  June,  1783.  The  business  removed  to  the  late  par- 
liament house,  in  College  green,  in  May,  1808.  Branches 
formed  in  most  of  the  provincial  towns  in  Ireland,  all  since 
1828.     Irish  Banking  act  passed,  21  July,  1845. 

bank§  and  banking^.  The  name  is  derived  from 
banco,  a  bench  in  the  market-place  for  the  exchange  of  money. 
Banking  reached  a  high  development  among  the  ancients. 
Bankers  in  Greece  and  Rome  performed  nearly  the  same  ser- 
vices as  now,  but  seem  not  to  have  issued  notes.  They 
received  money  on  deposit,  and  repaid  on  demand,  with  or 
without  interest.  Banking  reappears  upon  the  revival  of 
civilization ;  first,  in  Italy,  808,  among  the  Lombard  Jews,  of 
whom  some  settled  in  Lombard  street,  London,  where  many 
bankers  still  reside.  The  Mint  in  the  Tower  of  London  was 
anciently  the  depository  for  merchants'  cash,  until  Charles  I. 
seized  the  money  as  a  loan,  and  in  1640  the  traders  lodged 
their  money  with  the  goldsmiths  in  Lombard  street.  b.c. 

Egibe's  bank  at  Babylon,  mentioned about    700 

Bank  of  England  (1890)  possesses  a  Chinese  bank-note,  supposed 
to  be  of  the  14th  century  a.  d. 

Bank  of  a.d. 

Venice  formed 1157 

Geneva 1345 

Barcelona  (the  earliest  existing  bank) 

Genoa 

Amsterdam 

Hamburg 

Rotterdam 

Stockholm 

England 

Scotland 

Copenhagen 

Berlin 


d'  Escompte,  France 

North  America,  in  Philadelphia 

Ireland 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

St.  Petersburg 

In  the  East  Indies 

The  United  States 

France :  laws  passed,  1803, 1806 ;  approved 

United  States  national  banks 

Italy 

Imperial  Bank  of  Germany  (formerly  of  Prussia) 1  Jan. 


1401 
1407 
1607 
1619 
1635 
1688 
1694 
1695 
1736 
1765 
1776 
1780 
1783 
1784 

1786 
1787 
1791 


1876 


ENGLISH  BANKS. 

Samuel  Lamb,  I;ondon  banker,  advises  Cromwell  to  establish 

a  public  bank 1656-58 

Francis  Child,  goldsmith,  opens  a  bank  about  1663;  d.  4  Oct. .  1713 

Run  on  London  bankers  (said  to  be  the  first) 1667 

Charles  II.  suspends  payments  to  bankers  of  their  deposits  in 

the  exchequer.;  they  lose  ultimately  3,321,313/ 2  Jan.  1672 

Hoare's  bank  begun  about 1680 

Bank  of  England  established 1694 


1716 
1765 
1824 
1826 


1834 
1844 
1855 
1873 


BAN 

Oldest  county  bank,  Wood's  at  Gloucester,  opened 

List  of  bankers  given  in  the  "  Royal  Kalendar  " 

Forgeries  of  Henry  Fauntleroy,  banker;  executed 30  Nov! 

Act  authorizing  joint-stock  banks 

Rowland    Stephenson,   M.  P.,  banker   and    treasurer   of  St. 

Bartholomew's  hospital,  absconds;   defaulter  to  200,000/  • 

70,000/.  in  exchequer  bills;  shock  to  confldence  in  bankers,  ' 

27  Dec 

Establishment  of  joint-stock  banks 

Rogers's  bank  robbed  of  nearly  50,000/.  (bank-note's  afterwards 

returned) ; 24  Nov 

Failure  of  Strahan,  Paul  &  Bates  (securities  unlawful'ly  used)  •' 

private  banking  much  injured. ; n  juno 

Check  bank  in  aid  of  persons  not  having  a  banker  opened  in 

Pall  Mall ° \     23  July 

Number  of  banks  in  London  alone  was  2*25  i'nV.V.'. i892 

Bank  of  England,  and  Banks. 

bank§  in  the  United  States.  Before  the  first  U.S. 
bank  was  chartered,  in  1791,  there  were  but  3  banks  in  the 
U.  S.,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $2,000,000:  the  Bank 
of  North  America,  chartered  by  Congress  in  1780  at  the  in- 
stance of  Robert  Morris,  and  by  Pennsylvania  in  1781,  with  a 
capital  of  $400,000 ;  the  Bank  of  Massachusetts,  chartered 
1784,  and  the  Bank  of  New  York,  chartered  the  same  year. 
The  charter  of  the  U.  S.  bank  was  limited  to  20  years  from 
1791 ;  its  capital  was  $10,000,000,  of  which  the  government 
could  subscribe  one  fifth,  $5,700,000,  to  be  held  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  the  remainder  to  be  distributed  among  the  8 
branches.  Its  headquarters  were  fixed  in  Philadelphia,  with 
20  directors.  The  government  sold  all  its  stock  at  a  pre- 
mium in  1802.  Congress  was  asked  to  renew  the  charter 
in  1808,  3  years  before  its  expiration,  but  did  nothing;  and 
a  few  weeks  before  the  charter  expired  the  bill  for  re- 
chartering  was  defeated.  United  States,  1811.  It  was  op- 
posed (1)  as  unconstitutional,  (2)  as  in  the  hands  of  foreign- 
ers, (3)  as  injurious  to  local  banks.  Specie  payments  were 
suspended  in  1814,  owing  largely  to  this  failure  to  re-charter. 
An  effort  was  made  (1814)  to  establish  a  similar  bank  under 
another  name.  In  1815  president  Madison  vetoed  a  bill  char- 
tering a  second  U.S.  bank,  but  in  1816  he  willingly  approved 
a  charter  limited  to  20  years,  with  a  capital  of  $35,000,000, 
of  which  the  government  subscribed  $7,000,000  and  citizens 
the  rest.  In  this  bank  the  government  funds  were  kept  on 
deposit.  This  second  U.  S.  bank  transacted  business  in  Phil- 
adelphia from  1817  until  Mch.  1836.  The  Suffolk-bank  sys- 
tem of  redemption  began  in  Boston,  Mass.,  1825;  while  the 
safety-fund  system  originated  in  New  York  in  1828.  Presi- 
dent Jackson,  in  his  first  message,  1829,  opposed  the  bank, 
and  continued  the  attack  in  1830  and  1831.  The  bank  asked 
a  renewal  of  its  charter,  1831 ;  the  act  passed,  but  Jackson  ve- 
toed it,  1832.  He  recommended  the  removal  of  the  U.  S.  de- 
posits from  the  bank  and  a  sale  of  the  stock  (1832),  but  Con- 
gress refused  to  authorize  the  measure.  President  Jackson 
dismissed  the  sec.  of  treasury,  Wm.  Duane,  for  refusing  to  re- 
move the  deposits,  and  appointed  Roger  B.  Taney,  who  re- 
moved them,  1833.  United  States.  The  effect  of  the  fail- 
ure to  renew  the  charter  was  disastrous.  13  days  before  the 
original  charter  expired  Pennsylvania  re-chartered  it,  with 
the  same  capital  as  the  U.  S.  Bank  of  Pennsylvania.  It  sus- 
pended specie  payments  in  1837,  again  in  1839,  and  in  1840-41 
made  a  final  suspension.  The  shares  were  quoted  at  1.25  in 
1837,  in  1839  at  1.11,  and  in  1843,  after  its  failure,  at  1|  per 
cent.  It  proved  a  total  loss  to  the  shareholders.  New  York 
adopted  in  1838  a  free-banking  system  (devised  by  rev.  John 
McVickers,  D.D.,  prof,  of  political  economy  in  Columbia  col- 
lege in  1827).  Ohio,  for  its  state  bank,  adopted  the  safety-fund 
system,  under  which  10  banks  had  failed  in  New  York,  with 
a  loss  of  $2,500,000,  including  all  their  capital.  Clearing- 
house in  New  York  established  Oct.  1853,  and  in  Boston  29 
Mch.  1856.  Clearing-house.  Financial  embarrassment  and 
suspension  of  specie  payment  throughout  the  L^  S.  followed 
the  failure  of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,  1857.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  in  18(51.  there  were  1601  state 
banks,  with  aggregate  capital  of  $429,000,000,  with  10,000 
different  kind  of  notes  in  circulation,  issued  in  the  34  states 
then  existing ;  their  condition  was  generally  sound,  but  sec- 
retary Chase  devised  a  national-bank  system  similar  to  the 
New  York  "  free-bank  system  ";  and  the  act  of  25  Feb.  1863 
(United  Statks),  made  the  paper  currency  and  the  bank- 
ing laws  of  the  country  uniform.  The  state  banks  were  in- 
duced by  privileges,  or  forced  by  taxes,  to  surrender  their 


BAN 

charters  and  become  national  banks.  By  an  act  approved 
12  June,  1870,  the  circulation  of  the  national  banks  was  lim- 
ited to  $354,(X)0,000,  secured  by  the  deposit  of  government 
bonds  with  the  treasurer.  This  limitation  was  afterwards  re- 
pealed. Although  the  national-bank  system  has  overshadowed 
the  state  banks,  many  of  the  latter  still  exist  (see  table  G  sub- 
joined), mainly  under  the  free-banking  laws.  The  national 
banks  in  22  principal  cities — viz.,  New  York,  47  ;  Chicago,  19 ; 
St.  Louis,  8;  Boston,  56;  Albany,  6;  Brooklyn,  5;  Philadel- 
phia, 45;  Pittsburg,  26 ;  Baltimore,  19 ;  Washington,  11 ;  New 


78  BAN 

Orleans,  10;  Louisville,  10;  Cincinnati,  13;  Cleveland,  10; 
Detroit,  8;  Milwaukee,  3;  St.  Paul, G;  Minneapolis,  G ;  Kansas 
City,  10;  St.  Joseph,  4;  Omaha,  9;  San  Francisco,  2 — are 
obliged  to  keep  a  reserve  of  25;^  on  deposits.  These  are 
known  as  reserve  cities.  The  banks  elsewhere  hold  a  reserve 
of  15%  on  deposits. 

The  following  tables,  1,  2, 3,  4,  and  5,  are  subjoined  to  show 
the  condition  and  growth  of  the  national-bank  system  up  to 
and  including  the  year  1891-2;  table  G,  the  condition  of  the 
other  banks  : 


TABLE  1. 
Number  and  Amount  of  National-bank  Notes  Issued  and  Redeemed  since  the  Organization  of  the  System,  and  the  Amount 

Outstanding,  31  Oct.  1890. 


Number  of  Note*. 

Amount  of  Notes. 

iMued. 

Redeemed. 

Outstanding. 

Issued. 

Redeemed. 

Outstanding. 

Ones         

23,169,677 

7,747,519 

108,957,768 

46,124.000 

14,416,178 

1,949,362 

1,472,733 

23,894 

7,379 

22,800.061 

7,655,573 

98,861,238 

40,362,126 

12,212,595 

1,754.196 

1,305,372 

23,528 

7,333 

369,616 

91,946 

10,096,530 

5,761,874 

2,203,583 

195,166 

167,361 

866 

46 

$23,169,677 

15,495,038 

544,788,840 

461,240,000 

288,323,560 

97,468,100 

147,273,300 

11,947,000 

7,379.000 

$22,800,061 
15,311.146 
494,306,190 
403,621,260 
244,251,900 
87,709,800 
130,537,200 
11.764,000 
7.333,000 

$3(59.616 
183,892 

Twos 

Fives 

50,482,650 
57,618,740 
44.071,660 
9.758,300 
16  736  100 

Fifties 

183,000 
46,000 

One-thousands 

Total 

203,868,510     |     184,982,022     |     18,886.488 
Jnpresented  fractions  of  notes  to  be  dedacted 
deemed  and  added  to  amount  of  notes  outstar 

11,597,084.515 

from  notes  re- 

iding 

$1,417,634,557 
25,748 

1179,449,958 
25  748 

I 

Total 

$1,417,608,809 

$179,475,706 

TABLE   2. 
Number  and  Authorized  Capital  of  Banks  Organized,  and 
the  Number  and  Capital  of  Banks  Closed  Each  Year  end- 
ing 31  Oct. 


Closed. 

Year. 

" 

In  voluntary  liquidation. 

1             Insolvent. 

No. 

Capital. 

No. 

Capital. 

j     No. 

Capital. 

1863 

134 

$16,378,700 
79,366,950 
242,542,982 

1864 

453 

3 

1865 

1014 

6 

$330,000 

1 

$50,000 

1866 

62 

8,515,150 

4 

650,000 

2 

500,000 

1867 

10 

4,260,300 

12 

2,160,000 

6 

1,170,000 

1868 

12 

1,210,000 

18 

2,445.500 

4 

410,000 

1869 

9 

1,500,000 

17 

3,372,710 

1 

50,000 

1870 

22 

2,736,000 

14 

2,550,000 

1 

250,000 

1871 

170 

19,519,000 
18,988,000 

11 

1,450.000 
2,180,500 

1872 

175 

11 

6 

1,806,100 

1873 

68 

7,602,700 

21 

3,524,700 

11 

3,825,000 

1874 

71 

6,745,500 

20 

2,795,000 

3 

250,000 

1875 

107 

12,104,000 

38 

3,820,200 

5 

1,000,000 

1876 

36 

3,189,800 

32 

2,565.000 

9 

965,000 

1877 

29 

2,589,000 

26 

2,539,500 

10 

3,344,000 

1878 

28 

2,775,000 

41 

4,237,500 

14 

2,612,500 

1879 

38 

3,595,000 

33 

3,750,000 

8 

1,230,000 

1880 

57 

6,374,170 

9 

570,000 

3 

700,000 

1881 

86 

9,651,050 
30,038,300 

26 

1,920,000 
16,120,000 

1882 

227 

78 

3 

1,561,300 

1883 

262 

28,654.350 

40 

7,736,000 

2 

250,000 

1884 

191 

16,042,230 

30 

3,647,250 

11 

1,285,000 

1885 

145 

16,938,000 

85 

17,856,590 

4 

600,000 

1886 

174 

21,3.58.000 

25 

1,651,100 

8 

650,000 

•  1887 

225 

30,546,000 

25 

2,537,450 

8 

1,550,000 

1888 

132 

12,053,000 

34 

4.171,000 

8 

1.900.000 

1889 

211 

21,240,000 

41 

4,316,000 

2 

250,000 

1890 

307 

36,250,000 

50 

5,050,000 

9 

750,000 

1891 

193 

20,700,000 

41 

4.485,000 

25 

3,662,000 

1892 

163 

15,285,000 

53 

6,157.500 

17 

2,450,000 

Total.. 

4811 

$698,748,182 

844 

$114,588,500 

181 

$33,070,000 

Total  in  operation,  1892,  3786. 


TABLE  3. 
Number  of  National  Banks  whose  Charters  will  expire  dur- 
ing Each  Year  from  1891  to  1902. 


Year. 

No.  of  Banks- 

Capital. 

Circulation, 

1891 

95 

$12,183,900 

$3,997,935 

1892 

100 

13,815,100 

4,562,760 

1893 

38 

4,701,000 

1,982,925 

1894 

63 

7,628,000 

2,812.720 

1895 

76 

11,259,000 

4,431,610 

1896 

23 

2,173,800 

986,650 

1897 

24 

3,419,000 

1,171,295 

1898 

25 

2,679,000 

1.198,350 

1899 

39 

4,995,000 

2,270,700 

1900 

50 

7,807,100 

2.153,330 

1901 

108 

14,669,150 

3,702,350 

1902 

132 

21,177,300 

5,352,350 

773 

$106,507,350 

$34,622,975 

TABLE  4. 
Table  showing  the  Number  of  National  Banks,  with  their  Earn- 
ings and  Dividends,  from  Mch.  1, 1882,  to  Mch.  1, 1892. 


Year. 

No.  of 
Banks. 

Capital. 

Surplus. 

Total 
Dividends. 

Total  Net 
Earnings. 

1382 

2137 

$460,354,485 

$131,291,889 

$19,915,375 

$27,083,599 

1883 

2267 

483,091,342 

137,570,105 

20,285,102 

26,432,934 

1884 

2491 

507,969,300 

145,600,849 

21,082,806 

27,994,764 

1885 

2650 

522,899,715 

14S,  771,121 

20,437,650 

21,601,202 

1886 

2708 

530,956,195 

153,532,919 

21,335,436 

27,527,666 

1887 

2855 

548,355,770 

163.731,900 

22,148,587 

31,698,794 

1888 

3044 

577,136,748 

179,397,147 

23.088,607 

32,601.294 

1889 

3147 

593,253,850 

192,507,500 

23.290.973 

35,109,889 

1890 

3294 

615,405,545 

204,546,434 

■    26.249,766 

35,24«,S39 

1891 

3542 

652,586,585 

219,430,741 

25,768,775 

40,145,974 

1892 

3671 

675,356,310 

234,676,901 

25,546,853 

34,363,090 

TABLE  5. 
Highest  and  Lowest  Points  reached  bv  the  National  Banks  in  the  Principal  Items  of  Resources  and  Liabilities,  since  the 

Establishment  of  the  System  (1866-92). 


Items. 


Capital 

Capital,  surplus,  and  undivided  profits 

Circulation , 

Total  investments  in  U.  S.  bonds , 

Individual  deposits 

Loans  and  discounts 

( National-bank  notes 

Cash  J  Legal-tender  notes 

(Specie , 


January  1,  1866. 


$403,357,346 
475,330.204 
213,239.-530 
440.380,350 
520,212,174 
500,650,109 

20,406,442 
187.846,548 

16.909.363 


Sept.  30,  1892. 


$686,573,015 

1,027,097,194 

143,423,298 

183,439,550 

1,765,422,983 

2,153,498,829 

19.557,474 

104,267.945 

209.116,379 


Highest  point  reached. 


$686,573,015 

1,027,097,194 

341,320,256 

712,437,900 

1,765,422,983 

2,153,498,829 

28,809,699 

205.793.579 

209,116,379 


Date. 


Sept.  30,  1892 

Dec.  26, 1873 
Apr.  4,  1879 
Sept.  30,  1892 

Dec.  31, 1883 
Oct.  1,  1886 
Sept.  30,  1892 


Lowest  point  reached. 


Amount. 


$403,357,346 

475,330,204 

122,928.084 

170,653,050 

501,407.586 

500,6.50,109 

11,841,104 

52,156,439 

8,050,330 


Date. 


Jan.  1,1866 

Oct.  2, 1890 

Oct.  8,1870 

Jan.  1,  1866 

Oct.  7.  1867 
Mch.  11, 1881 

Oct.  1,  1875 


BAN 

TABLE   6. 
Number,  Capital  Stock,  Surplus  and  Undivided  Profits,  and 
Deposits  of  all  State  Banks,  Savings  (Mutual  and  Stock), 
Private  Banks,  and  Loan  and  Trust  Companies  (1890-91). 


79 


Classes. 

No. 
Banks. 

Capital. 

Surplus  and 

Undivided 

Profits. 

Deposits. 

State  banks 

Loan     and      trust ) 

companies ) 

Savings    banks) 

(mutual) I 

Savings    banksi 

(Stock) j 

Private  banks 

2572 

171 

647 

364 
1235 

$208,564,841 
79,292,889 

32,106,127 
36,785,458 

$81,116,533 
55,503,845 

142,456,741 

13,400,752 
12,146,622 

$556,637,012 
355,330,080 

1,402,332,665 

252,493,477 
94,959,727 

Total 

4989 

$356,749,315 

$304,624,493 

$2,661,752,961 

bank§,  joint -stock.  The  Bank  of  England  was  the 
•only  joint-stock  bank  in  England  until  1826,  and  in  London 
until  1834.  Since  the  act  of  1826,  a  large  number  have  been 
established.  In  Ireland,  of  similar  banks,  the  first  was  the 
Hibernian  bank,  in  1825.  By  the  new  Companies  act,  passed 
15  Aug.  1879,  unlimited  companies  may  register  as  limited. 
The  total  capital  paid  up  and  reserves  of  the  various  joint- 
stock  banks  amounted  to  more  than  150,000,000?.  in  1892. 

Chief  London  Banks.  Founded. 

-  London  and  Westminster  (becomes  limited,  1879) 1834 

London  Joint-Stock 1836 

,    Union  Bank  of  London 1839 

Commercial  Bank  of  London '.*..*.*.*.'.'.*.*.     " 

London  and  County  (becomes  limited,  1879) ......'.'.     " 

City  Bank  (becomes  limited,  1880) 1855 

Bank  of  Loudon " 

bank§  of  Scotland.  The  old  Bank  of  Scotland  was  set 
up  in  1695  at  Edinburgh,  and  began  1  Nov.,  the  second  insti- 
tution of  the  kind  in  the  empire ;  lending  money  to  the  crown 
was  prohibited.  Royal  Bank  of  Scotland  chartered  8  Julv, 
1727. 

ban'neret,  knight,  a  dignity  between  baron  and  knight, 
anciently  conferred  by  the  king  under  the  royal  stand- 
ard on  the  field  of  battle.  Its  origin  is  uncertain  ;  Edmond- 
son  dates  it  736,  but  it  was  probably  created  by  Edward 
I.  John  Chandos  is  said  to  have  been  made  a  banneret  bj' 
the  Black  Prince  and  the  king  of  Castile  at  Najara,  3  Apr. 
1367.  The  dignity  was  conferred  on  John  Smith,  who  res- 
cued the  royal  standard  at  Edgehill,  23  Oct.  1642.  After  long 
disuse,  it  was  revived  by  George  III.  for  sir  William  Erskine, 
in  1764,  and  for  admiral  Pye,  and  capts.  Knight,  Bickerton, 
and  Vernon,  in  1773. 

baillier§  were  common  to  all  nations.  The  Jewish 
tribes  had  standards  or  banners  (Numb.  ii. — 1491  B.C.).  The 
standard  of  Constantine  bore  the  inscription  In  hoc  signo 
vinces  (  "  B}'  this  sign  thou  shalt  conquer  "  )  under  the  cross. 
Cross.  The  magical  banner  of  the  Danes  (a  black  raven  on 
red  ground)  was  taken  by  Alfred  when  he  defeated  Hubba, 
878.  St.  Martin's  cap,  and  afterwards  the  celebrated  auri- 
flamme,  or  oriflamme,  were  the  standards  of  France  about 

1100.      AUHIFLAMME,  STANDARDS,  etC. 

Bannockburn',  Stirlingshire,  the  site  of  2  bat- 
tles ;  (1)  between  Robert  Bruce  of  Scotland,  with  30,000  men, 
and  Edward  IL  of  England,  with  100,000  (of  whom  52,000 
were  archers),  24  June,  1314.  The  English  crossed  a  rivulet 
to  attack,  fell  into  covered  pits  dug  by  Bruce,  and  were  thrown 
into  confusion  and  routed.  Edward  narrowly  escaped,  and 
-60,000  were  killed  or  taken.  (2)  At  Sauchieburn,  near  here, 
James  III.  of  Scotland  was  defeated  and  slain  on  11  June, 
1488,  by  rebellious  nobles. 

bann§,  in  feudal  law,  were  any  solemn  proclamation; 
hence  the  custom  of  asking  banns,  or  giving  notice  before 
marriage;  said  to  have  begun  in  the  English  church  about 
1200.  The  proper  time  of  publishing  banns  was  much  dis- 
cussed, 1867. 

Bantam',  Java.  Here  a  British  factory  was  estab- 
lished by  capt.  Lancaster,  in  1603.  The  English  and  Danes 
were  driven  from  their  factories  by  the  Dutch  in  1683. 
Bantam  surrendered  to  the  British  in  1811,  but  was  restored 
to  the  Dutch  at  the  peace  in  1814. 

Bantry  bay,  S.  Ireland,  where  a  French  fleet  in 
aid  of  adherents  of  James  II.  attacked  the  English    under 


BAR 

admiral  Herbert,  1  May,  1689;  the  latter  retired  to  form  and 
were  not  pursued.  A  French  squadron  of  7  sail  of  the  line, 
2  frigates,  armed  en  fiute,  and  17  transports,  anchored  here 
for  a  few  days,  without  effect,  Dec.  1796.— Mutiny  of  the 
Bantry  bay  squadron  under  admiral  Mitchell  was  in  Dec.  1801. 
In  Jan.  1802,  22  of  the  mutineers  were  tried  on  the  Gladiator, 
at  Portsmouth;  17  were  condemned  to  death,  11  were  exe- 
cuted; the  others  sentenced  to  receive  each  200  lashes.  The 
executions  took  place  on  board  the  Majestic,  Centaur,  For- 
midable, Temeraire,  and  UAchille,  8-18  Jan.  1802. 

bapti§]Il,   the  ordinance  of  admission  to  the  church, 

practised  by  all  Christians  except  Quakers.  John  the  Baptist 
baptized  Christ,  30  (Matt.  iii.).  Infant  baptism  is  mentioned 
by  Irenaeus  about  97.  In  the  reign  of  Constantine,  319  bap- 
tisteries were  built,  and  baptism  was  performed  by  immersion. 
In  the  west  sprinkling  was  adopted.  Much  controversy  has 
arisen  since  1831  (particularly  in  1849  and  1850),  in  the  church 
of  England  respecting  baptismal  regeneration,  which  the 
arches  court  of  Canterbury  decided  to  be  a  doctrine  of  the 
church  of  England.  In  1849  the  bishop  of  Exeter  refused  to 
install  Mr.  Gorham  at  Brampton-Speke,  in  Devonshire,  because 
he  denied  spiritual  regeneration  by  baptism.  The  case  was 
brought  before  the  court  of  arches.  The  bishop  was  justified 
in  his  refusal.  Mr.  Gorham  appealed  to  the  judicial  commit- 
tee of  the  privy  council,  which  pronounced  its  opinion  (1850) 
that  "  the  doctrine  held  by  Mr.  Gorham  was  not  contrary  or 
repugnant  to  the  declared  doctrine  of  the  church  of  England, 
and  that  Mr.  Gorham  ought  not,  for  the  reason  of  the  doctrine 
held  by  him,  to  have  been  refused  admission  to  the  vicarage 
of  Brampton-Speke."  In  the  end  Mr.  Gorham  was  instituted 
into  the  vicarage  in  question,  7  Aug.  1850. — Demanding  fees 
for  baptism  was  made  unlawful  in  England  by  an  act  passed 
18  July,  1872. 

Bai>ti§t§.  A  sect  distinguished  by  holding  that  (1) 
the  proper  subjects  of  baptism  are  those  who  can  make  pro« 
fession  of  faith  ;  (2)  the  proper  mode  of  baptism  is  total  im- 
mersion. There  are  7  sections  of  Baptists :  Arminian,  Cal- 
yinistic  (or  particular),  etc.  The  first  Baptist  church  formed 
in  London  was  about  1608.  The  last  execution  for  heresy  in 
England  by  burning  alive  took  place  at  Lichfield,  11  Apr. 
1612,  the  condemned,  Edward  Wightman,  being  a  Baptist. 
Baptists  published  their  confession  of  faith  in  1643;  revised 
in  1689.     Anabaptists. 

Roger  Williams  baptizes  by  immersion  at  Providence,  R.  I 1639 

First  Baptist  church  in  the  North  American  colonies  erected 

at  Dover,  N.  H 1639-40 

John  Clarke  founds  a  Baptist  colony  on  Rhode  Island 1641 

First  Baptist  church  in  Massachusetts  at  Swansey 1663 

First  Baptist  church  in  Connecticut,  erected  at  Groton 1705 

First  incorporated  Baptist  institution  of  learning  in  the  (J.  S. 

was  founded  at  Warren,  R.  I.,  1764;  removed  to  Providence,  1770 

Baptist  college  at  Regent  Park,  Engl,  founded 1810 

First  theological  institution  by  Baptists,  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y 1820 

Owing  to  the  slavery  agitation  the  Baptist  church  separates 

into  north  and  south 1845 

University  of  Rochester,  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Baptist,  founded,  1850 
Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon's  (b.  19  June,  1834;  d.  31  Jan.  1892)  great 

Baptist  tabernacle,  Newington-Butts,  Engl.,  opened 1861 


GROWTH  OF  THE  CHURCH 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Year. 

Churches. 

Membetthip. 

1784 

471 

2164 

7771 

12,279 

26,060 

33,588 

35.101 

1812 

172i972 

1840 

571,926 

I860 

1,016,134 

1880 

2,296,327 

1890 

3.368,381 

NUMBER    OF    CHURCHES    AND    MEMBERSHIP    IN    THE    WORLD 

IN  1890. 


Location. 

Churches. 

MemWrship. 

34,761 

6 

3940 

743 

44 

186 

3,600,626 

'       '229 

404,782 

Agia^                       

75.844 

3.039 

Australia 

15,196 

Total 

39,680 

3.999,716 

These  numbers  do  not  include  all  who  are  called  Baptists,  viz.,  the 
Disciples,  the  Free-will,  the  Skvkxth-day,  Sabbatariaxs,  etc. 

Barata'ria,  an  island-city  in  Cervantes'  romance  of 


BAR 

"  Don  Quixote,"  of  which  Saucho  Panza  was  made  perpetual 
governor. 

Barataria  bay,  about  30  miles  west  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river,  on  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  was  the  rendezvous  of  smugglers  and  pirates  for  sev- 
eral years  prior  to  1815.  Three  brothers,  Frenchmen,  named 
Jean,  Pierre,  and  Dominique  Laffite,  ruled  the  band,  which 
plundered  Spaniards  and  Englishmen  alike,  and  defied  the 
laws.  This  resort  was  broken  up  without  resistance  by  com- 
modore Patterson,  16  Oct.  1814.     Laffite,  Jean. 

Barba'doe§,  a  West  India  island,  one  of  the  Wind- 
ward isles,  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  about  1600,  taken 
possession  of  by  the  English  1605,  and  settled  by  sir  Wm. 
Courteen,  who  founded  Jamestown,  1625.  As  many  royalists 
settled  here,  the  island  was  taken  by  the  parliamentarians  in 
1652.  Area,  166  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1876,  162,042:  white, 
16,660 ;  colored,  145,482.     1891,  182,322. 

A  hurricane ;  more  than  4000  perished 10  Oct.  1780 

A  large  plantation  with  buildings  destroyed  by  a  landslide, 

17  Oct.  1784 

A  flood,  Nov.  1795 ;  and  2  great  fires. May,  Dec.  1796 

Bishopric  established 1824 

Thousands  of  lives  and  much  property  destroyed  by  a  hurri- 
cane  10  Aug.  1831 

Nearly  17,000  persons  died  of  cholera 1854 

Property  about  300,000^.  burned  at  Bridgetown 14  Feb.  1860 

Great  increase  in  growth  of  cotton 1864-65 

Proposed  confederation  of  the  Windward  isles;  supported  by 

governor's  speech,  3  Mch. ;  opposed  by  planters Mch.  1876 

Blacks,  ignorantly  expecting  advantage  from  confederation, 
rise,  plunder  and  destroy  much  property  and  cattle;  negroes 

killed  and  wounded  by  police 21,  22  Apr.     " 

Panic  among  the  planters;  the  governor  and  clergy  said  to 

have  acted  judiciously;  peace  restored 24  Apr.     " 

Trial  of  450  rioters;  82  punished  (17  penal  servitude;  others 
light  sentences) 12-21  Oct.     " 

Barbary,  N.  Africa,  includes  Algeria,  Morocco,  Fez, 
Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  with  dependencies.  Piratical  states 
(nominally  subject  to  Turkey)  were  founded  here  by  Barba- 
rossa,  about  1518. 

barber§  lived  in  Greece  in  the  6th  century,  and  at 
Kome  iu  the  3d  century  b.c.  In  England  of  old  the  barber 
and  surgeon  were  one,  a  barber-surgeon.  A  London  com- 
pany was  formed  in  1308,  and  incorporated  1462,  partially  dis- 
solved in  1540,  wholly  in  1745.  "  No  person  using  any  shav- 
ing or  barbery  in  London  shall  occupy  any  surgery,  letting  of 
blood,  or  other  matter,  except  only  drawing  of  teeth." — 32 
Hen.  VIII.  1540.     Surgery. 

Barca,  N.  Africa,  the  Greek  Barce,  a  colony  of  Cyrene, 
successively  subjugated  by  Persians,  Egyptians,  and  Saracens. 
In  1550  sultan  Solyman  added  Barca  to  the  newly  conquered 
pachalic  of  Tripoli. 

Barcelo'na,  N.E.  Spain,  an  ancient  maritime  city, 
said  to  have  been  rebuilt  by  Hamilcar  Barca,  father  of  Hanni- 
bal, about  233  b.c.  Held  by  Romans,  Goths,  Moors,  and 
Franks,  and  with  the  province  about  it  made  independent 
about  864  a.d.,  and  incorporated  with  Aragon,  1164,  the  last 
count  becoming  king.  The  city  has  suffered  much  by  war. 
The  siege  by  the  French  in  1694  was  relieved  by  an  English 
fleet  under  admiral  Russell;  but  the  city  was  taken  by  the 
earl  of  Peterborough  in  1706.  It  was  bombarded  and  taken 
by  the  duke  of  Berwick  and  the  French  in  1714,  taken  by  Na- 
poleon in  1808,  and  retained  till  1814.  It  revolted  against  the 
queen  in  1841,  was  bombarded  and  taken  in  Dec.  1842,  by 
Espartero.     Pop.  1887,  272,481. 

bard§.  Demodocus  is  mentioned  as  a  bard  by  Homer ; 
and  Strabo  mentions  them  among  the  Romans  before  Augustus. 
The  Welsh  bards  formed  an  hereditary  order,  regulated,  it  is 
said,  by  laws  enacted  about  940  and  1078.  They  lost  their 
privileges  at  the  conquest  by  Edward  I.  in  1284.  The  institu- 
tion was  revived  by  the  Tudor  sovereigns;  and  the  Eistedd- 
fods (or  meetings)  have  been  frequently  held :  at  Swansea, 
Aug.  1863 ;  at  Llandudno,  Aug.  1864 ;  in  the  vale  of  Conway, 
7  Aug.  1865 ;  at  Chester,  4  Sept.  1866 ;  at  Carmarthen,  3 
Sept.  1867 ;  at  Ruthin,  5-7  Aug.  1868 ;  at  Rhyl,  8-12  Aug. 
1870 ;  at  Portmadoc,  Aug.  1872  ;  at  Mold,  Aug.  1873  ;  at  va- 
rious places  in  1874-76 :  at  Carnarvon,  21  Aug.  1877 ;  at 
Llanrwst,  1-3  Aug. ;  at  Menai  bridge,  Aug.  1878  ;  at  Conway, 
6  Aug.,  and  at  other  places,  1879.  The  Cyramrodorion  Soci- 
ety held  an  Eisteddfod  at  Carnarvon,  23  Aug.  1880.     In  1880 


80  BAR 

the  bards  decided  that  the  Annual  National  Eisteddfod  shouldJ 
be  held  alternately  in  North  and  South  Wales.  The  Gwyn- 
eddigion  Society  of  Bards  was  founded  in  1770.  Turlogh- 
O'Carolan,  the  last  of  the  Irish  bards,  died  in  1738. — Chambers. 

Barcbone'i  parliament.  Cromwell,  supreme 
in  the  3  kingdoms,  summoned  122  persons,  who,  with  6  from 
Scotland  and  6  from  Ireland,  met  as  a  parliament,  4  July,  1653.. 
It  bears  a  nickname  of  one  of  its  members,  a  leather-seller,, 
named  "Praise-God  Barbon."  The  majority  evinced  much 
sense  and  spirit,  proposing  to  reform  abuses,  improve  the- 
administration  of  the  law,  etc.  The  parliament  was  sud- 
denly dissolved,  13  Dec.  1653,  and  Cromwell  made  lord  pro- 
tector. 

Barflcur,  N.  France,  where  William,  duke  of  Norman- 
dy, equipped  his  fleet  to  conquer  England,  1066.  Near  it,. 
William,  duke  of  Normandy,  son  of  Henry  I.,  in  his  passage 
from  Normandy,  was  shipwrecked,  25  Nov.  1120;  he,  iiis 
sister,  and  many  others  perished.  Barfleur  was  destroyed  by 
the  English  in  the  campaign  of  Crecy,  1346.  The  French 
navy  was  destroyed  near  the  cape  by  admiral  Russell,  after- 
the  victory  of  La  Hogue,  19  May,  1692. 

Bari,  S.  Italy,  the  Barium  of  Horace,  in  the  9th  century 
a  stronghold  of  the  Saracens,  was  captured  by  the  emperor- 
Louis  II.,  a  descendant  of  Charlemagne,  in  871.  In  the  10th 
century  it  became  subject  to  the  Eastern  empire,  till  taken  by 
Robert  Guiscard,  the  Norman,  about  1060.  An  ecclesiastical 
council  held  here  on  1  Oct.  1098,  discussed  the  filioque  article- 
of  the  creed  and  the  procession  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Barings  island,  Arctic  sea,  discovered  by  capt.  Penny- 
in  1850-51,  and  named  after  sir  Francis  Baring,  first  lord  of  the- 
English  admiralty  in  1849. 

barium  (Gr.  (3apvg,  heavy),  a  metal  found  abundantly- 
as  carbonate  and  sulphate.  The  oxide  baryta  was  first  recog- 
nized as  an  earth  distinct  from  lime  by  Scheele  in  1774;  and 
the  metal  was  first  obtained  by  Humphry  Davy  in  1808. — 
Watts. 

Barmecides,  a  powerful  Persian  family,  celebrated 
for  virtue  and  courage,  were  massacred  through  the  jealousy 
of  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid  about  802.  His  vizier  Giafar 
was  a  Barmecide.  The  phrase  Barmecide  (or  imaginar}')  feast 
originated  in  the  story  of  the  barber's  6th  brother,  in  tlie- 
"Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments." 

Barnburners.  A  name  for  the  radical  wing  of  the- 
Democratic  party  in  the  state  of  New  York  (1844-48).  The- 
derivation  is  doubtful.  Thurlow  Weed,  in  a  letter  to  George- 
W.  Curtis  (1873)  assumes  that  it  started  in  "the  Dorr's  re-^ 
bellion,"  when  the  followers  of  Dorr  were  termed  "  robbers," 
"  rioters,"  "  incendiaries,"  and  "  barnburners."  The  radicals^ 
called  the  conservative  element  "  Old  Hunkers,"  from  their 
stubborn  resistance  to  active  reforms  (probably  from  the 
Dutch  word  honk,  a  post  or  station)  ;  the  latter  retorted  by 
calling  the  radicals  "  barnburners,"  as  reckless  law-breakers.. 
The  story  of  the  ignorant  farmer  who  burned  his  barn  to  de- 
stroy the  rats  is  another  version  of  its  derivation.  During- 
the  agitation  arising  out  of  the  slavery  question,  the  "  Old 
Hunkers"  maintained  their  usual  conservative  attitude,  while 
most  of  the  "Barnburners "  joined  the  Free-soil  party  of  1848. 

Barnet,  Hertfordshire,  Engl.  Here,at  Gladsmore  heath,. 
Edward  IV.  defeated  the  Lancastrians,  Easter  day,  14  Apr. 
1471,  when  the  earl  of  Warwick,  his  brother  the  marquess  of 
Montacute,  or  Montague,  and  10,000  men  were  slain.  A  col- 
umn commemorating  this  battle  stands  at  the  meeting  of  the 
St.  Albans  and  Hatfield  roads. 

barom'eters.  Torricelli,  a  Florentine,  first  used  mer- 
cury in  a  vacuum  tube,  resembling  a  pump,  and  made  the  firstj 
barometer,  about  1643.  Pascal  (1649)  made  it  useful  in 
measuring  heights.  Wheel  barometers  were  contrived  ii> 
1668  ;  pendent  barometers  in  1696 ;  marine  in  1700 ;  and  many 
improvements  have  been  made  since.  The  aneroid  barometer 
(from  a,  no,  and  vripug,  watery)  is  without  a  liquid;  the  at- 
mospheric pressure  acts  on  a  metallic  spring.  Its  invention 
(attributed  to  Cont6,  in  1798,  but  due  to  Vidi,  who  died  in 
Apr.  1866)  excited  much  attention  in  1848-49.  The  sj'mie- 
someter,  a  species  of  barometer,  invented  by  Adie,  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1819.     Barometers  were  placed  at  northeast  coast  sta- 


BAR  81 

tions,  England,  in  1860  by  the  duke  of  Northumberland  and 

others. 

James  B.  Jordan's  very  delicate  glycerine  barometer,  in  which 
1  inch  is  expanded  to  nearly  11  inches,  was  described  to  the  Royal 
Society,  22  Jan.  1880,  and  was  set  up  during  the  year  at  Kew  and 
other  places.  The  publication  of  two-hourly  variations  begun  in 
the  London  Times,  25  Oct.  1880. 

t>arOIl,  formerly  the  only  title  in  the  English  peerage, 
now  the  lowest.  Its  original  name  in  England,  vavasour,  was 
changed  by  the  Saxons  into  thane,  and  by  the  Normans  into 
baron.  Many  had  undoubtedly  assisted  in  or  been  summoned 
to  parliament  (in  1205);  but  the  first  precept  found  is  of  49  Hen. 
III.  1265.  The  first  baron  by  patent  was  John  de  Beauchamp, 
baron  of  Kidderminster,  by  Richard  IL,  1387.  The  barons 
took  arms  against  king  John,  and  extorted  the  charter  of  lib- 
erty and  the  charter  of  forests,  at  Runnymede,  near  Windsor, 
June,  1215.  Charles  II.  granted  a  coronet  to  barons  on  his 
restoration,  1660. 

ba.ronet§,  the  first  in  rank  among  the  gentry,  and  the 
only  knighthood  that  is  hereditary,  were  instituted  by  James 
I.  of  England,  1611.  The  rebellion  in  Ulster  seems  to  have 
given  rise  to  this  order,  it  having  been  required  of  a  baronet, 
on  his  creation,  to  pay  into  the  exchequer  as  much  as  would 
maintain  "  30  soldiers  3  years  at  8d.  a  day,  in  the  province  of 
Ulster,  in  Ireland."  It  was  further  required  that  a  baronet 
should  be  a  gentleman  born,  and  have  a  clear  estate  of  1000^. 
per  annum.  The  first  baronet  was  sir  Nicholas  Bacon  (whose 
successor  is  therefore  styled  Primus  Baronettorum  Anglice),  22 
May,  1611.  The  baronets  of  Ireland  were  created  in  1619, 
the  first  being  sir  Francis  Blundell.  Baronets  of  Nova  Scotia 
were  created,  1625,  sir  Robert  Gordon  the  first  baronet.  All 
baronets  created  since  the  Irish  Union  in  1801  are  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  Betham's  "  Baronetage  of  England,"  5 
vols.  4to,  1801-5. 

barons'  war  arose  from  the  faithlessness  of  Henry 
III.  of  England,  and  the  oppression  of  his  favorites  in  1258. 
The  barons,  headed  by  Simon  de  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester, 
and  Gilbert  de  Clare,  earl  of  Gloucester,  met  at  Oxford  in 
1262,  and  enacted  statutes  to  which  the  king  objected.  In 
1263  their  disputes  were  in  vain  referred  to  the  decision  of 
Louis  IX.  of  France.  War  broke  out,  and  on  14  May,  1264, 
the  king's  party  was  totally  defeated  at  Lewes,  and  De  Mont- 
fort became  the  virtual  ruler  of  the  kingdom.  The  war  was 
renewed,  and  at  the  battle  of  Evesham,  4  Aug.  1265,  De  Mont- 
fort was  slain,  and  the  barons  defeated ;  but  they  did  not  sub- 
mit till  1268.  A  historv  of  this  war  was  published  by  Mr.  W. 
H.  Blaauw  in  1844  ;  2d'ed.  1871. 

Barren  hill,  near  Valley  Forge,  Pa.  Gen.  Washing- 
ton detached  gen.  Lafayette,  Is'May,  1778,  with  about  2100 
men,  to  watch  the  British.  He  occupied  Barren  hill,  where 
he  was  approached  by  about  5000  British  troops  on  20  May, 
intending  a  surprise.  Lafayette,  assuming  to  be  preparing  to 
meet  the  attack,  skilfully  passed  the  enemy,  retreated  across 
the  Schuylkill,  and  occupied  a  strong  position,  whereupon  the 
British  retired. 

barrier  treaty,  by  which  the  Low  Countries  were 
ceded  to  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  of  Germany,  was  signed  by 
the  British,  Austrian,  and  Dutch  ministers,  15  Nov.  1715. 

barri§ter§  are  said  to  have  been  first  appointed  by 
Edward  I.  of  England,  about  1291,  but  there  is  earlier  mention 
of  professional  aclvocates.  They  are  of  various  ranks,  as  king's 
or  queen's  counsel,  sergeants,  etc.  Students  for  the  bar  must 
keep  certain  terms  at  the  Inns  of  Court  before  being  called, 
and  by  regulations  of  1853  must  pass  a  public  examination. 
Irish  students  must  keep  8  terms  in  England. 

Barro§a  or  Baros§a,  S.  Spain.  The  British  army, 
under  major-gen.  sir  Thomas  Graham,  afterwards  lord  Lyne- 
doch,  defeated  the  French  under  marshal  Victor,  5  Mch.  1811, 
who  lost  nearly  3000  dead,  0  pieces  of  cannon,  and  an  eagle, 
the  first  taken  by  British ;  the  British  lost  1169  men  killed 
and  wounded. 

Barrow  islan<l,  Arctic  sea,  discovered  by  capt. 
Penny  in  1850-51,  and  named  by  him  in  honor  of  John  Bar- 
row, esq.,  son  of  sir  John. 

Barrow,  Point,  Alaska,  the  most  northerly  point 
of  the  United  States,  lat.  71°  20'  N.,  Ion.  155^  50'  W.     A  re- 


BAR 

lief  station  was  established  here  in  1889  by  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment. 

barrow§,  circular  or  oblong  mounds,  found  in  Britain, 
and  other  countries,  ancient  sepulchres.  Sir  Richard  Hoare 
opened  several  barrows  near  Stonehenge,  finding  Celtic  orna- 
ments, as  beads,  buckles,  and  brooches,  in  amber,  wood,  and 
gold,  Nov.  1808.  230  barrows  were  opened  and  discoveries 
made,  chiefly  in  Yorkshire,  1866  et  seq.,  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  the  rev.  canon  William  Greenwell,  who  published  his- 
elaborate  work  "  British  Barrows  "  in  Dec.  1878. 
Barrows  at  Aldboume,  North  Wilts,  were  opened  by  canon 

Greenwell  and  rev.  Walter  Money Sept. -Oct.  187ft"- 

Canon  Greenwell  gave  urns  and  other  results  of  his  explora- 
tions to  the  British  museum  in.... 187^' 

Barrow'§  straits,  N.  Arctic  sea,  explored  by  Ed-^ 
ward  Parry  as  far  as  Melville  island,  lat.  74°  26'  N.  and  Ion. 
113°  47'  W.  The  strait,  named  after  sir  John  Barrow,  was^ 
entered  on  2  Aug.  1819.  The  thermometer  was  55°  below 
zero  of  Fahrenheit. 

bars  in  music  appear  in  Agricola's  "  Musica  Instrument 
talis,"  1529 ,  and  in  Morley's  "  Practical  Music,"  1597,  for  score- 
music.  Henry  Lawes  used  them  In  his  "Avres  and  Dia- 
logues," 1653. 

Bar-SUr-Aube,  N.E.  France.  Here  the  French^ 
under  Oudinot  and  Macdonald,  were  defeated  bv  the  allies^ 
27  Feb.  1814. 

Bartholdi's  IStatue  of  Liberty  Enli^rht- 

ening  the  World,  unveiled  on  Bedloe's  island,  N.  Y. 
harbor,  28  Oct.  1886.  Soon  after  the  establishment  of  the 
French  republic,  a  movement  was  inaugurated  in  France  to- 
evince  the  fraternal  feeling  existing  on  the  part  of  that  coun- 
try towards  the  United  States.  Thereupon  some  of  the  fore- 
most men  of  France  interested  themselves  in  the  formation  of 
the  French-American  Union  Society,  and  a  subscription  fund 
was  realized  of  over  1,000,000  francs,  for  the  execution  of  a 
suitable  memorial.  Frederic  August  Bartholdi  was  the  artist 
selected  to  do  the  work.  $300,000  was  raised  in  the  U.  S.  to- 
prepare  the  ground,  build  the  pedestal,  etc.  The  statue  was 
formally  delivered  to  the  American  minister  at  Paris,  4  July, 
1880.  Weight,  440,000  lbs.;  from  low -water  mark  to  the 
top  of  the  torch  it  is  305  ft.  11  in.  The  statue  is  151.2  ft., 
pedestal  91  ft.,  and  the  foundation  52.1  ft.  in  height. 
The  statue  of  Lafayette,  in  Union  square,  N.  Y.,  is  by  the- 
same  artist. 

Bartholomew,    St.,   the    apostle,    martyred    71.. 
The  festival  (3  Sept.)  is  said  to  have  been  instituted  1130. 
Monastery  of  St.  Bartholomew,  London   (of  Austin   Friars), 

founded  by  Rahere.  a  minstrel  of  Henry  1 1102 

Hospital  founded  by  him " about  1125 

Refounded  after  dissolution  of  monasteries  (with  100  beds,  1 

physician,  and  3  surgeons),  1544;  incorporated 1546- 

William  Harvey,  physiologist,  physician  here 1609-43 

Earliest  record  of  medical  school .* 1662 

Hospital  rebuilt  by  subscription 1729 

Medical  college  founded , 184S 

5803  in-patients;  160,520  out  patients  treated,  653  beds 1878 

New  buildings  for  medical  school,  museum,  etc.,  opened  by 

the  prince  of  Wales 3  Nov.  1879' 

Bartholomew  Fair.     Charter  was  granted  by  Henry  I.,  1133; 
long  held  in  Smithfield;  shows  discontinued,  1850;  the  fair 
proclaimed  for  the  last  time,  1855.     In  1858  H.  Morley  pub- 
lished an  illustrated  "History  of  Bartholomew  Fair." 
Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  began  at  Paris  on  the  night  of 

the  festival 24  Aug.  1572: 

According  to  Sully,  70,000  Huguenots,  or  French  Protestants, 
including  women  and  children,  were  murdered  in  the  king- 
dom by  secret  orders  from  Charles  IX.  at  the  instigation  of 
his  mother,  the  queen  dowager,  Catherine  de'  Medici. 
La  Pop61ion^re  calculates  the  victims  at  20,000;  Adrian!,  De 
Serres,  and  De  Thou  say  30,000;  Davila  states  them  at 
40  000-  and  P^retixe  makes  the  number  100,000.  Above 
500  persons  of  rank,  and  10,000  of  inferior  condition,  perished 
in  Paris  alone.  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  ordered  a  Te  Deum,  with 
other  rejoicings. 

Bartliolome-W,  St.,  a  West  Indian  island  held  by 
Sweden,  colonized  by  French,  1648 ;  several  times  taken  and 
restored  by  the  British;  ceded  to  Sweden  by  France  in  1785;. 
captured  by  the  English  and  restored,  1801 ;  ceded  to  France,. 
1877. 

Bartliolomites,  a  religious  order  expelled  from  Ar- 
menia, settled  at  Genoa  1307,  where  is  preserved  in  the  Bar- 


BAS  * 

tholomite  church  the  image  which  Christ  is  said  to  have  sent 
to  king  Abgarus,  The  order  suppressed  by  pope  Innocent  X. 
1650. 

base -ball,  the  American  national  game,  is  probably 
an  evolution  from  the  old-time  American  games  of  "  One-Old- 
Cat"  and  "Two-Old -Cat."  The  first  permanent  base-ball  or- 
ganization, the  Knickerbocker  club  of  New  York,  which  played 
regularly  at  the  Elysian  Fields,  was  formed  in  1845. 
First  match  gjimo  of  base-ball  recorded,  takes  place  at  Ho- 
boken,  N.  J.,  between  the  Kuickorbocker  and  New  York 

clubs 19  Juno,  1846 

The  Olympic  club  of  Boston,  the  first  organized  In  Masssachu- 

setts. 1854 

Convention  of  delegates  from  16  clubs  held  in  Now  York,  and 

uniform  rules  esuiblishcd  for  the  game May,  1867 

National  Association  of  Base-ball  Players  organized  . .  .10  Mch.  1858 
Excelsior  club  of  Brooklyn  plays  at  Albany,  Troy,  Buffalo,  Roch- 
ester, and  Newburgh;'tho  first  extended  trip  of  a  ball  club. .  1860 

Nationals  of  Washington  make  a  western  trip 1867 

Professional  ball-players  recognized  by  the  National  Associa- 
tion, and  the  first  "regular  professional  team,  the  Red  Stock- 
ings of  Cincinnati,  organized 1868 

<}reat  success  of  the  Red  Stockings,  champions  of  the  season. .  1869 
Arthur  Cununings,  of  the  Star  club,  introduces  curved  pitching,     " 
Mutuals  defeat  the  Chicagoes  on  their  home  grounds  by  score 

9  to  0,  whence  arises  the  expression  "  Chicagoed  " .  .23  July,  1870 
First  game  of  American  baseball  is  played  at  the  Cricket  oval 

London.  Engl 27  Feb.  1874 

First  professional  match  in  England ;  Athletics  beat  Bostons  at 

Liverpool 30  July,     " 

The  Bostons  win  the  championship  of  the  season,  being  the 

fourth  season  in  succession 1875 

National  League  of  professional  base-ball  clubs,  organized  at 

Louisville 2  Feb.  1876 

First  International  Association  organized  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 

20  Feb.  1877 
American  Association  of  professional  clubs,  organized  at  Cin- 
cinnati, 0 2  Nov.  1881 

Triparti,  or  national  agreement,  made  between  the  National 
League,  American  Association,  and  Northwestern  League, 

17  Mch.  1883 
National  Brotherhood  of  Ball-players,  organized  in  New  York, 

1885,  and  cliapters  formed  throughout  the  U.  S 1886 

Game  more  popular  than  ever. 1894 

Ba^el  (Basle,  Fr.  Bale),  a  rich  city  in  Switzerland.  The 
18th  general  council  sat  here  from  Dec.  1431,  to  May,  1443. 
Many  church  reforms  were  proposed,  but  not  effected;  among 
others  the  union  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  churches.  The 
university  was  founded  in  1460.  Treaties  of  peace  between 
France,  Spain,  and  Prussia  concluded  here  in  1795.  Made  a 
free  imperial  city  1392,  but  joined  the  Swiss  confederation 
1501. 

Ba§ientellO,  S.  j^aples.  Here  the  army  of  Otho  II., 
in  an  ambuscade,  was  nearly  cut  to  pieces  by  Greeks  and  Sar- 
acens, 13  July,  982;  Otho  barely  escaped. 

Ba§iliah§,  an  order  of  monks,  named  from  St.  Basil  (d. 
880) ;  was  re-formed  by  pope  Gregory  in  1569. — A  sect,  found- 
ed by  Basil,  a  physician  of  Bulgaria,  which  rejected  the  books 
of  Mo.ses,  the  eucharist,  and  baptism,  said  to  have  had  every- 
thing in  common,  1110.     Basil  was  burned  alive  in  1118. 

basil'ica,  a  body  of  law,  in  Greek,  including  the  Insti- 
tutes of  Justinian,  the  Pandects,  etc.,  arranged  by  order  of  the 
emperor  Basil  the  Macedonian,  and  his  son  Leo  tne  I'hiloso- 
pher,  875-911. — Places  of  worship  of  the  early  Christian  em- 
perors were  called  basilica  (palace). 

.  Ba§iI'ikon  Do'ron  (Royal  Gift),  precepts  on  the 
art  of  government,  composed  by  James  I.  of  England  for  his 
son  Henry;  first  published  at  Edinburgh  in  1599.  James's 
collected  works  were  published  at  London,  1616-20,  in  1  vol.  fol. 

Ba§qiie  provmce§,  N.W.  Spain  (Biscay,  Guipus- 
coa,  and  Alava).  The  Basques  were  termed  Vascones  by  the 
Romans,  whom  they  successfully  resisted.  They  were  sub- 
dued with  great  difiicnlty  by  the  Goths  about  580,  and  were 
united  to  Castile  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries.  Much  spec- 
ulation has  been  indulged  in  regarding  their  origin  without 
sufficient  special  knowledge ;  that  they  once  occupied  a  great 
part  of  Spain  and  southern  France  is  generally  believed. 
Their  language  is  still  spoken  by  about  600,000  Spaniards  and 
French;  it  appears  to  be  of  earlier  origin  than  any  Indo- 
European  or  Semitic  tongue. 

Ba§que  roacl§,  W.  France.  14  French  ships  of 
the  line,  riding  at  anchor  here,  were  attacked  by  lords  Gam- 
bier  and  Cochrane  (the  latter  commanding  the  fire-ships),  and 


'  BAT 

all  destroyed,  11-29  Apr.  1809.  Cochrane  accused  Gambier  of 
neglect  to  support  him,  but  a  court-martial,  26  July-4  Aug., 
acquitted  him. 

BaSiailO,  N.  Italy.  Here  the  Austrians,  under  Wurm- 
ser,  were  defeated  by  the  French  under  Massena,  8  Sept.  1796. 

baMiet  or  baN§ette,  or  Pour  et  Contre,  a  game  at 
cards,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  a  noble  Venetian,  in  the 
15th  century;  introduced  into  France,  1674. 

Basseterre  roads,  St.  Christopher's,  West  Indies. 
Here  the  French  admiral,  the  comte  de  Grasse,  was  repulsed 
with  loss  in  3  attacks  on  the  British  fleet,  under  sir  Thomas 
Graves,  25,  26  Jan.  1782. 

bassoon,  a  wooden  double-reed  wind-instrument,  said 
to  have  been  invented  by  Afranio,  a  canon  of  Ferrara,  early 
in  the  16th  century. 

"The  Wodding-Guest  here  beat  his  breast, 
For  he  heard  the  loud  bassoon." 

— Coleridge,  "The  Ancient  Mariner." 

Bassorah,  Bussorah,  or  Basrah,  Asia  Mi- 
nor, a  Turkish  city,  founded  by  caliph  Omar,  about  635;  often 
taken  and  retaken  by  the  Persians  and  Turks. 

Bass  roek,  an  isle  in  the  frith  of  Forth,  S.  Scot- 
land, was  granted  to  the  Landers,  1316 ;  purchased  for  a  state- 
prison,  1671;  taken  by  the  Jacobites,  1690;  surrendered,  1694; 
granted  to  the  Dalrymples,  1706. 

Bass's  strait,  Australia.  Mr.  Bass,  surgeon  of  the 
Reliance,  in  an  open  boat  from  Port  Jackson,  in  1796,  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Western  Port,  and  affirmed  that  a  strait  exist- 
ed between  New  South  Wales  and  Van  Diemen's  Land.  Lieut. 
Flinders  circumnavigated  Van  Diemen's  Land  and  named  the 
strait  after  Mr.  Bass,  1799. 

bastard,  a  child  not  born  in  lawful  wedlock.  An  at- 
tempt in  England,  in  1236,  to  legitimate  bastard  children  by 
the  subsequent  marriage  of  the  parents  failed.  The  barons 
assembled  in  the  parliament  of  Merton  answered,  Nolumus 
leges  A  nglioe  mutari  (•'  We  will  not  have  the  laws  of  England 
changed").  Women  concealing  their  children's  birth  deemed 
guilty  of  murder,  21  James  1. 1624.  In  Scotland  bastard  chil- 
dren could  not  dispose  of  their  movable  estates  by  will  until 
1836.  A  new  act,  facilitating  the  claims  of  mothers  and  mak- 
ing several  provisions  for  proceeding  in  bastardy  cases,  was 
passed  1845.  The  Bastardy  Laws  amendment  act  was  passed 
10  Aug.  1872.  In  the  United  States  bastardy  is  a  subject 
dealt  with  by  the  several  states  acting  independently.  In 
most  of  them  the  bastard  inherits  only  through  the  mother, 
and  there  are  statutes  for  compelling  the  father  of  a  bastard 
to  support  it  during  minority. — Name  applied  to  a  section  of 
the  Griquas  or  half-caste  Hottentots  who  migrated  with  the 
Boers  in  the  early  part  of  this  century  from  Cape  Colony. 

Bastarnse,  a  warlike  tribe  in  Podolia  and  Moldavia, 
hired  by  Perseus,  king  of  Macedon,  in  his  wars  with  Rome, 
168  B.C. ,  driven  across  the  Danube  by  M.  Crassus  for  theii 
encroachments,  30  b.c.  Supposed  to  have  been  the  ancestors 
of  the  Russians. — A  nthon^s  CI.  Diet, 

Bastile'  (bas-teel'),  Paris,  a  castle  built  by  Charles  V.j 
king  of  France,  in  1369,  to  defend  Paris  against  the  English; 
completed  1383 ;  afterwards  a  state-prison.  Henry  IV.  and 
his  veteran  army  assailed  it  in  vain  in  the  siege  of  Paris 
(1587-94).  "  The  man  with  the  iron  mask,"  the  mysterious 
prisoner,  died  here,  19  Nov.  1703.  Iron  mask.  On  14-lS 
Jul}',  1789,  the  Bastile  was  pulled  down  by  the  populace ;  the 
governor  and  other  officers  were  conducted  to  the  Place  de 
Greve ;  their  hands  and  heads  were  cut  off,  and  the  heads  car- 
ried on  pikes  through  the  streets. 

Basu'tO  Land,  near  Orange  river,  S.  Africa,  includ- 
ing the  Transkei  territory,  was  proclaimed  British  territory 
in  1868,  and  annexed  to  Cape  Colony  in  1871.  Its  inhabitants 
the  Basutos,  are  a  branch  of  the  Bechuana  group  of  Kafirs 
Hostile  to  the  English,  1879.  Peace,  1881.  Pop.,  whites,  400 
natives,  175,000.     Area,  10,293  sq.  miles. 

Bata'Tia,  the  capital  of  Java  and  the  Dutch  settlementi 
in  the  East  Indies,  built  by  the  Dutch  about  1619.  Taker 
from  the  French  (who  had  seized  it)  by  sir  Samuel  Auch' 
muty,  26  Aug.  1811 ;  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1814. 

Batll,  Somerset,  Engl.,  named  "^1  quce  solis  "  b}'  the  Rom 


BAT  ^ 

ans,  remarkable  for  its  hot  springs.     Coel,  a  British  king,  is 
said  to  have  given  this  city  a  charter,  and  the  Saxon  king 
Edgar  was  crowned  here,  973. 
Bath  plundered  and  burned  in  the  reign  of  William  Rufus,  and 

again  in 1137 

Abbey  church  commenced  in  1405 ;  finished 1009 

Beau  (Richard)  Nash,  "king  of  Bath,'   who  promoted  fame  of 

the  waters  and  amusements,  d Feb.  1761 

Bath  philosophical  society  formed 1817 

Bath  royal  literary  and  scientific  institution  established 1825 

Victoria  park  opened  by  princess  Victoria 1830 

Restoration  of  the  abbey  by  Sir  G.  G.  Scott 1863  et  seq. 

Batll,  Order  of  the  (motto,  Triajuncta  in  uno),  said  to 
be  of  early  origin,  but  formally  constituted  11  Oct.  1399,  by 
Henry  IV.  of  England,  2  days  before  his  coronation  in  the 
Tower,  when  he  conferred  the  order  upon  46  esquires,  who 
had  watched  the  night  before  and  bathed.  After  the  coro- 
nation of  Charles  II.  the  order  was  neglected  until  18  May, 
1725,  when  it  was  revived  by  George  I.,  who  fixed  the  num- 
ber of  knights  at  37. 

Prince   regent    (afterwards    George  IV.)    created  classes    of 
knights  grand  crosses  (72),  knights  commanders  (180),  with 

an  unlimited  number  of  companions 2  Jan.  1815 

Existing  statutes  of  this  order  were  annulled;  and  by  new 
statutes  the  order,  hitherto  exclusively  military,  was  opened 

to  civilians 25  May,  1847 

Dr.  Lyon  Flayfair  and  other  promoters  of  the  great  exhibition 

received  this  honor 1851 

Constitution.  Military.        Civil. 

1st  Class.  Knights  grand  cross 50  25 

2d  Class.  Knights  commanders 100  50 

3d  Class.  Companions 525  200 

toatllOHl'eter  (Gr.  (SaOvg,  deep),  an  apparatus  invent- 
ed by  Dr.  C.  William  Siemens  to  measure  the  depth  of  water 
without  a  sounding-line,  1861-7G. 
It  registers  the  diminution  of  gravitation  on  the  surface  of  the 

water  as  compared  with  that  of  the  earth,  since  water  (of  less 

density)  replaces  earth  (of  greater  density). 

1)Rtll§  were  early  used  in  Asia  and  Greece,  and  intro- 
duced by'Agrippa  into  Rome,  where  many  were  constructed 
by  Augustus  and  his  successors.  The  thermae  of  the  Romans 
and  gymnasia  of  the  Greeks  (of  which  baths  formed  merely 
an  appendage)  were  sumptuous.  The  marble  group  of  Laocoon 
was  found  in  1 506  in  the  baths  of  Titus,  erected  about  80,  and 
the  Farnese  Hercules  in  those  of  Caracalla,  erected  211. 
St.  Chad's  well,  Gray's  Inn  road,  derives  its  name  from  St. 

Chad,  the  5th  bishop  of  Lichfield 667 

In  London,  St.  Agnes  le  Clere,  in  Old  Street  road,  was  a  spring 

of  great  antiquity;  baths  said  to  have  been  formed  in 1502 

A  bath   opened  in  Bagnio  court,  now  Bath  street,  Newgate 

street,  London,  said  to  have  been  the  first  bath  in  England 

for  hot  bathing 1679 

batliyb'iui  Haeckel'ii  (Gr.  (BaQvs,  deep  ;  f3ioQ, 

life),  named  by  Huxley ;  a  supposed  low  form  of  animal  life, 
a  gelatinous  substance  found  on  stones  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  in  Deep-sea  soundings.  Its  existence  doubted  by  many 
naturalists,  1879. 

baton',  a  truncheon  borne  by  generals  in  the  French 
army,  and  afterwards  by  marshals  of  other  nations.  Henry 
III.  of  France,  before  he  ascended  the  throne,  was  made  gen- 
eralissimo of  the  army  of  his  brother  Charles  IX.,  and  received 
the  baton  as  the  mark  of  the  high  command,  XhQ^.—Henault. 
— The  baton  used  by  conductors  of  concerts  is  said  to  have 
been  introduced  into  England  by  Spohr  in  1820. 

Baton  Rouge  (bat'on  roozli),  La.,  Battle  of,  fought 
5  Aug.  1862.  The  town,  held  by  U.  S.  forces  under  gen.  Thomas 
Williams,  was  attacked  by  Confederates  under  gen.  Breckin- 
ridge, who,  in  a  severe  engagement,  were  repulsed.  Union  loss 
about  200,  among  them  gen.  Williams,  killed.  The  confederate 
iron-clad  gunboat  Arkansas,  designed  to  engage  the  naval 
force  in  the  river,  proved  useless,  and  the  next  day  was  at- 
tacked and  destroyed.     Vicksburg  Campaign. 

BatOUm'  or  Batum,  a  seaport  in  Lazistan,  on  the 
Black  sea.     After  repulsing  Russians,  4   May,  1877,  it  was 
ceded  to  Russia  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July,  1878,  to  be- 
come a  free  commercial  port. 
The    inhabitants  at  first  resisted,  but  were  persuaded   to  submit, 

many  emigrating,  July-Sept.     Russians  entered,  6  Sept.  1878. 

batteries  along  the  coasts  were  constructed  by  Henry 
VIII.  of  England.  The  10  floating-batteries  with  which 
Gibraltar  was  attacked,  in  the  siege  of  that  fortress,  were  in- 
vented by  D'Arcon,  a  French  engineer.     They  resisted  the 


BAT 

heavy  shells  and  32.pound  shot,  but  ultimately  yielded  to 
red-hot  shot,  13  Sept.  1782.     Gibraltar.     Formidable  float- 
ing-batteries are  now  erected.     Navy.     The  first  2  American 
floating-batteries  were  made  for  the  siege  of  Boston,  Oct.  1775. 
Plan   of  floating  battery  submitted  to  Congress  by  Robert  Fulton, 
the  building  of  which  was  authorized;  launched,  29  Oct.  1814.  This 
battery  carried  30  32-pound  carronades  and  2  columbiads  of  100 
pounds.     Length,  145  ft. ;  breadth,  55  ft.     Never  in  commission; 
blew  up  in  1829.  In  1842  Congress  commissioned  Robert  Livingston 
Stevens  to  build  a  floating-battery  to  protect  New  York  harbor; 
being  unfinished  at  his  death,  1856,  it  was  sold  at  auction  in  1880. 
batterings-ram  (testudo  ametaHa),  with  other  mil- 
itary implements,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Artemon,  a 
Lacedaemonian,  and  employed  by  Pericles,  about'441  b.c.    Sir 
Christopher  Wren  used  a  battering-ram  in  demolishing  old  St. 
Paul's  cathedral,  1675. 

Battle-abbey,  Sussex,  Engl.,  founded  by  William  I., 
1067,  on  the  battle-plain  of  Hastings,  dedicated  to  St.  Martin, 
and  given  to  Benedictine  monks,  who  were  to  pray  for  the 
souls  of  the  slain.  The  original  name  of  the  plain  was  Hethe- 
land.  Hastings.  After  the  battle,  a  list  was  taken  of  Will- 
iam's chiefs,  amounting  to  629,  and  called  the  Battle-roll,  and 
among  these  chiefs  the  lands  and  titles  of  the  followers  of  the 
defeated  Harold  were  distributed. 

battle-axe,  a  weapon  of  the  Celts.  The  Irish  were 
constantly  armed  with  an  axe. — Bums.  At  Bannockburn,  king 
Robert  Bruce  clove  an  English  champion  to  the  chine  at  one 
blow  with  a  battle-axe,  1314.  The  battte-axe  guards,  or 
beaufetiers,  vulgarly  called  beef-eaters,  whose  arms  are  a  sword 
and  lance,  were  first  raised  by  Henry  VII.  in  1485.  They 
were  originally  attendants  upon  the  king's  buffet.  Yeoman 
OF  THE  Guard. 

Battle  monument.     Baltimore,  1815. 

battles.  The  Grecian  hero,  Palamedes  (1193  b,c.),  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  to  form  an  army  in  regular  line  of 
battle,  place  sentinels  round  a  camp,  and  excite  the  soldier's 
vigilance  by  giving  him  a  watchword.  The  following  are 
the  most  memorable  battles,  in  chronological  order;  further 
details  are  given  in  separate  articles ;  n.  signifies  naval.  Those 
starred  in  this  list  are  important  battles,  but  those  italicised 
are  such  that  a  different  result  might  have  changed  the  his- 
tory of  a  nation,  possibly  of  the  world.  b.c. 

Abraham  defeats  kings  of  Canaan  (Gen.  xiv.) 1913 

Joshua  subdues  5  kings  of  Canaan  (Josh.  x. ) 1451 

Gideon  defeats  the  Midianites  (Judg.  vii.) 1245 

Trojan  war  commenced 1193 

Troy  taken  and  destroyed 1184 

Jephthah    defeats   Ammonites   and   sacrifices   his   daughter 

( Ju dg.  xi . ) 1113 

Ethiopians  defeated  by  Asa  (2  Chron.  xiv.) 9-il 

Horatii  vanquish  Curiatii 669 

Halys  (Medes  and  Lydians  stopped  by  eclipse) 584  or    585 

Thymbra  (Cyrus  defeats  Croesus) 548 

Lake  Regillus  (Romans  defeat  Latins) 499 

Marathon  (Greeks  defeat  Persians) 28  or  29  Sept.    490 

Thermopylae  (heroism  of  Leonidas) 7-9  Aug.    480 

Salamis,  n.  (Greeks  defeat  Persians) 20  Oct      " 

Himera  (Gelon  defeats  Carthaginians) " 

*Mycale  (Greeks  defeat  Persians) 22  Sept.    479 

Platcea         "  "  "        "  " 

Cremera  (Veientes  destroy  the  Fabii) 477 

Eurymedon,  n.  (Greeks  defeat  Cimon) 466 

Tanagra  (Spartans  defeat  Athenians) 457 

CEnophyta  (Athenians  defeat  Boeotians) 456 

Coronea  (Boeotians  defeat  Athenians) 447 

Romans  totally  defeat  Veientes 437 

Naupaktus,  n.  (Athenians  defeat  Spartans) 428 

Delium  (Boeotians  defeat  Athenians) •••    424 

Amphipolis  (Spartans  repulse  Athenians:  Cleon  and  Brasidas 

killed) *" 

Mantinea  (Spartans  defeat  Athenians) 418 

Athenians  defeated  before  Syracuse 413 

Cyzicus,  n.  (Alcibiades  defeats  Spartans) 410 

ArginusEe,  n.  (Conon  defeats  Spartan  fleet) 406 

^gospotamos,  n.  (Athenian  fleet  destroyed) 405 

*Cunaxa  (Cyrus  defeated  and  killed  by  Artaxerxes) 401 

Veii  taken  by  the  Romans Qo^Lis? 

Corinthian  war ^or 

Haliartus  (Lysander  killed) ^ 

Cnidus,  n.  (Conon  defeats  Spartans) «>»* 

Coronea  (Argesilaus  defeats  Athenians  and  allies) •  • '  V  W    oon 

AUia  (Brennus  and  the  Gauls  defeat  Romans) 16  Julj ,    wo 

Volsci  defeated  by  Camillas ^^ 

Volsci  defeat  the  Romans •  •  • " ' '     tin 

Naxus  (('habrias  defeats  Lacedc-emonians) ^<«>  or    an 

Tegyra  (Thebans  defeat  Spartans) |^» 

Leuctra      "  "  "  •••.• r." oon 

"  Tearless  victory  "  of  Archidamus  over  Argives,  etc 367 

Camillas  defeats  the  Gauls 


84 


BAT 

Cynosccphaljc  {Thebans  defeat  Thessalians). 364 

Manlineli  (Thobuns  viclors:  Kpam.nondas  slam) •  J6| 

Tanivnje  (.listhines  there) •  •. ooq 

Criraisi.8  (Timoleon  defeats  Carthaginians) auV  338 

ChiBronea  ^Philip  defeats  Athenians,  etc. ) Aug.  33» 

Thebes  destroyed  by  Alexander. •  •  •  •  •  •  •  go . 

Oranicus  (Alexander  defeats  Darius) "^     (S  ^ 

I*ttU  I,'  u  u       *  *  V.V.V. V.V.'.V. 1  Oct.  331 

Pa^ml^sia  (Alexander  of  Epirus  defteated  and  killed) 326 

Cranon  (.Vntiputer  defeats  Greeks) ^f^ 

SSe  Forks  (Roman  army  captured  by  Samnites) 321 

Gaza  (Ptolcin  V  defeats  Demetrius)  ■■••••••■••■-•  V  ;, ' ^{f 

Ecnomus  or  Himera  (Carthaginians  defeat  Agathocles) 311 

Fabius  defeats  the  Etruscans. ^^ 

Perusia  (Etruscans  defeated) •  •  •,•••••,;•. qqi 

Ipsus  (Seleucus  defeats  Antigonus,  who  is  slain) 3"^ 

Sentinum  (Romans  defeat  Samnites). . . .  ••••••••  •  •  •  „:,•  ..w:;, '  * "  283 

Gauls  defeat  Romans  at  Arret ium  284;  defeated  by  Dolabella. .  2M 

Vadimonian  lake  (Etruscans  and  Gauls  defeated) 

Corus  (Lysimachus  defeated  and  killed) ^°J 

Pandosia  (Pyrrhus  defeats  Romans) '.'.'.*",".'.'.*  279 

Beneventum  (Romans  defeat  Pyrrhus) 275 

First  Punic  war  begins ::•••', oaq 

Mylffi,  n.  (Romans  defeat  Carthaginians)............--- •••••••  ^ 

Carthaginians  under  Xantippus  the  Spartan  defeat  Regulus. ...  255 

Panormus  (Hasdrubal  defeated  by  Metellus). f^ 

Drepanum,  n.  (Carthaginians  defeat  Romans) ^*:| 

Lilybaeum  taken  by  Romans. ^^ 

iEgates,  n.  (Romans  defeat  Carthaginians) ^^^ 

I.Adocea  (Achseans  defeated) „„. 

Clusium  or  Pisse  (Gauls  defeated). ^ 

Sellasia  (Macedonians  defeat  Spartans) ^^ 

CaphyjB  (Achaeans  defeat  ^tolians) ^^ 

Srp"rw\?iSr;lnv;b.uVfea«uimai;,v.:;::::2i8 

Tribia  (Hannibal  defeats  Romans)^^^^^. '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.  217 


BAT 


..9  Aug.  378. 

.28  July,  388 

.  .OSept.  394 

.29  Mch.  403 


Adrianople  (Gauls  defeat  Valcns) 

Aquileia  (Ma.simus  slain) 

(Eugenius  slain) 

PoUentia  (Slilicho  defeats  Alaric) .           .  ,,,, 

Rome  taken  by  Alaric ^*  '^"K-  4^^ 

Ravenna  taken  by  Aspar „ 

Franks  defeated  by  itltius 

Genseric  takes  Carthage •  •  •  •  •  •.•  •  • ..^ 

•  Chalons  sur-Marne  (Attila  deleated  by  .Etiub) 40a 

Aylesford  (Britons  defeat  Saxons;  Horsa  killed) *oo 

Crayford,  Kent  (Hengist  defeats  Unions) *^' 

Soissons  (Clovis  defeats  Syagrius  and  Romaas) «» 

Verona  (Theodoric  defeats  Odoacer). .- 27  bept.  4»» 

Tolbiach,  or  Zulpich  (Clovis  defeats  Alemanni) *»» 

Vougl(S  (Clovis  defeats  Visigoths) •  •  •  •  •  o"| 

Baddesdown  hill  (Britons  defeat  Saxons) ^  *^<i,  oii 

Veseronce  (Gondemar  defeats  Clodomir) Aq<i^I 

Victories  of  Belisarius  in  Africa,  etc tk\ 

Narses  defeats  Totila,  552;  and  Teias o°* 

Heraclius  defeats  the  Persians  (Chosroes) ^^^ 

Beder  (first  victory  of  Mahomet) ^^^ 

Muta  (Mahometans  defeat  Christians) ^^^ 

Hatfield  (Heathfleld ;  Penda  defeats  Edwin) • .....  M* 

Ajnadin  (Saracens  defeat  Heraclius) o-.  a  ,^'  634 

Yermuk  (Saracens  victors) ^-^  Aug.  oa* 

"       (Saracens  defeat  Heraclius) ^•'Qfi-qg 

Saracens  subdue  Syria rIo. 

Kadseah  (Arabs  defeat  Persians) ^^* 


5  Aug. 


Leeds  (Oswy  defeats  Penda,  who  is  slain) •.•.••  "^^ 

Day  of  the  Camel  (Ali  victor) *  Nov.  bse 

Saracens  defeated  by  Wamba  in  Spain »*» 

Testri  (Pepin  defeats  Thierry) •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  °°' 

*  Xeres  (Saracens  defeat  Rodenc).. . ........... ...  .19-26  July,  -^l^ 

Amblef  and  Vincy  (Charles  Martel  defeats  Neustnans).     .^.716-17 

Tours  (Charles  Martel  defeats  the  Saracens) 10  Oct  T6Z 


Thrasymene  (Hannibal  defeats  Romans) 

Raphia  (Antiochus  defeated  by  Ptol.  Ph.lopator) •  .^. . . 

*  Cann»  (victory  of  Hannibal) 2  Aug.  2ib 

Munda  (Scipio  defeats  Hasdrubal).. .  ...••-.: •  •  •  •  • „fy. 

SSrcellus  surprised  and  killed  by  Carth*g'«'an  scouts 209 

*  Metaurus  (Nero  defeats  Hasdrubal,  who  is  killed) 2Uf 

*  Zama  (Scipio  defeats  Hannibal) ^oo 

Abydos  (siege  of) .- •  •  • i  oq 

Paneas  (Antiochus  defeats  Egyptians,  etc. ). i»» 

Cynoscephalae  (Romans  defeat  Macedonians) ^»! 

Boii  defeated  at  the  Vadimonian  lake ^^ 

Thermopylae  (Greeks  defeated). ^oq 

Magnesia  (Scipio  defeats  Antiochus) Vo  VunV  168 

Pydna  (Romans  defeat  Perseus) - 22  June,  lb» 

Eleasa  (Judas  Maccabseus  killed) ^^^ 

Third  Punic  war •  - 147 

Leucopetra  (Mummius  defeats  Achaeans) 

Carthage  taken  by  Publius  Scipio ,, 

Mummius  takes  Corinth -„j 

Allobroges  defeated  by  Q.  Fabiua  Maximus ^^^ 

Metellus  defeats  Jugurtha ,q5 

Arausio  (Cimbri  defeat  Romans).  ••••••••••••••; lO'i 

Aqu*  Sextiae  ( Aix ;  Marius  defeats  the  Teutones) 102 

*  Cimbri  and  Teutones  defeated  by  Marius ^"^ 

Chaeronea  (Sulla  defeats  Mithridates's  army). °o 

Sacriportus  (Marius  the  younger  defeated  by  bulla) o^ 

Cabeira  (Lucullus  defeats  Mithridates) \^ 

Petelia  (Spartacus  defeated  by  Crassus) 

Tigranocerta  (Lucullus  defeats  Tigranes) ^^ 

Pistoria  (Catiline  defeated) g^ 

Caesar  defeats  Cassi velaunus  in  Britain. . . .  •••.•••• •  • ' ; ' ' '     53 

Carrhae  (Crassus  defeated  and  killed  by  Parthians) 9  June,    M 

Alesia  (Caesar  defeats  Vercingetorix) ••.••• 

Pharsalia  (Caesar  defeats  Pompey). . . . . .  •  • . ...  •  • .  •  •  •••••,•«  ^"g-    *^ 

Zela  (Cffisar  defeats  Pharnaces ;  writes  "  Veni,  vidi,  vici    ) 4^ 

Thapsus  (Caesar  defeats  Pompeians) ^^  •^—     ^^ 

*  Munda        "  "  '  Q7  Anr     43 

Mutina  (Hirtius  defeats  Antony). ^<  ap  .      o 

Philijypi  (Brutus  and  Cassius  defeated) • • 

Mylae,  n.  (Agrippa  defeats  Pompey  the  younger) ^ J 

*  Actium,  n  (Octavius  defeats  Antony) 2  bept.  j^ 

*  Teutoburg  (Varus  defeated  by  Herman) ^ 

Shropshire  (Caractacus  taken) g^ 

Sunbury  (Romans  defeat  Boadicea) - ^^ 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Titus „g 

Agricola  conquers  Mona,  or  Anglesea. 

Ardoch  (Agricola  defeats  Galgacus  and  Caledonians) "* 

Dacians  defeated  and  Decebalus  slain ^^^ 

Issus  (Niger  slain) ig,^ 

Lyons  (Severus  defeats  Albinus). .... .... .  • „.„ 

Verona  (emperor  Philip  defeated  and  killed) ^^ 

Decius  defeated  and  slain  by  Goths  


Victories  of  Charlemagne 

Roncesvalles  (death  of  Roland) ' '° 

Hengestdown  (Danes  defeated  by  Egbert) o^» 

Charmouth  (Ethel wolf  defeated  by  the  Danes) .  ••.•••••• 1  ^^^ 

Fontenaille,  or  FonUneta  (Lothaire  defeated  by  Charles  and  ^^^ 

Louis) '      a.  A 

Clavijo  (Moors  defeated) „k„ 

Albaida  (Musa  and  Moors  defeated) °;f* 

Danes  defeat  king  Edmund  of  East  Anglia s'*^ 

Assendon,  or  Ashdown  (Danes  defeated) °'/ 

Basing  and  Merton  (Danes  victorious) 

Hafsfiord  (Harold  Harfager's  final  victory) s',-* 

Wilton  (Danes  victorious  over  Alfred) • .  •  •  • 

Andernach  (Charles  the  Bald  defeated) 8  Oct.    87b 

Ethandun  (Alfred  defeats  Danes) "'^ 

Farnham  (Danes  defeated) „- 

Zamora  (Alfonso  defeats  Moors). ^ 

Bury  (Edward  defeats  Ethel wald  and  Danes) ...••.     »"» 

Tettenhall  (Danes  defeated) 6Aug.    yiu 

Soissons  (king  Robert,  victor,  killed). ^f 

Merseburg  (Germans  defeat  Hungarians) ^^* 

Brunanburg  (Northmen  defeated) •••••• 

Simincas  (Spaniards  defeat  Moors) 6  Aug.    yd» 

Nicephorus  Phocas  defeats  Saracens. • .  • .  •  •  •  •     ^"^ 

BasientcUo  (Otho  IL  defeated  by  Greeks) 13  July,    982 

Clontarf  (Danes defeated  in  Ireland) 00  Tn?v      '' 

Zetunium  (Bulgarians  defeated) ^^  ^^'y. 

Brentford  (Edmund  defeats  Danes) May,  luib 

Assingdon,  Ashdon  (Canute  defeats  Edmund) -  • .  •  •  •  • 

Sticklestadt  (Olaf  defeated  by  Swedes) 29  July,  lOdU 

Civitella  (Normans  defeat  Leo  IX.) j"^^ 

Dunsinane  (Macbeth  defeated). •  •  •  •  •  •  •  j" 

Fulford  (Norwegians  defeat  English) 20  Sept.  lObb 

Stanford  Bridge  (Harold  defeats  Tostig) 1 .  nnt'      " 

Hastings  (William  L  defeats  Harold) i*  "ci. 

Fladenheim  (emperor  Henry  defeated) J^°^ 

Crusades  commence. V-i'ssn^  io93 

Alnwick  (Scots  defeated,  Malcolm  slain) "  Nov.  lUJd 

Dorylfeum  (Crusaders  defeat  Turks) .1  J"  y>  {^^ ' 

Ascalon  (Crusaders  victorious).  ••••••••••• ^^  ■*"^-  \{Z 

Tinchebray  (Robert  of  Normandy  defeated) •  •  •  •  ^f"" 

Brenneville  (Henry  L  defeats  French) \h^^^^^  im 

Fraga  ( Moors  defeat  Spaniards) V  '  *  V.     vi  t 

Northallerton,  or  battle  of  the  Standard  (Scots  under  David  I. 

defeated) • ok  Tnw'  IISO 

Ourique  (Portuguese  defeat  Moors) ovlv!  1  Ul 

Lincoln  (Stephen  defeated) 2  1^  eD.  ii4i 


Jaen  (Moors  defeated  by  Spaniards) •••••• 

Carcano  (Frederic  L  defeated  by  Italians) • «  Aug. 


1157 
1160 


Alnwick  VwiTliam  the  Lion  defeated) 12  July,  JJ^^ 

Legnano  (Italians  defeat  emperor) •  -^^  |W,  j|^^ 

Tiberias  (Saladin  defeats  Crusaders) ^-4  J»'y.  ff°i 


Ascoli  (Tancred  defeats  the  army  of  Henry  VI.  of  Germany 

-       -     "     saders ^«  ffl 

defeats  Saracens) -o  »epi. 


Acre  taken  by  Crusaders 


119C 
12  July,  119] 


Arsouf  (Richard  I. 


Vaferian  defeated  and  captured  by  Sapor. Arsoui  (Kicnaru  1.  ucio«i.=  .^""^^— "/ ik  T„i„   noj 

Naissus  (Claudius  defeats  Goths,  many  slain) 269  j  JJ^ou^.^j^  (Richard  I.  defeats  Philip  II.) 15  July,  119^ 

Chalons  (Aurelian  victor  over  rivals) 296  i  Arcadiapolis  (Bulgarians  defeat  emperor  Isaac) •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Allectus  defeated  in  Britain IZ'Ai:  01  n  I    ,» lo^^^o  ixunnra.  ripfpat  Snaniards) ^^  -{'"y '  . f„! 

Constantine  defeats  Maxec 

Adrianople  (Constantine  defeats  ^. , .    g^^ 

Aquileia  (Constantine  II.  slam) 356-357 

Julian  defeats  Alemanni VVTA: 3(>fi 

Thyatira  and  Nacolea  (Procopius  defeated) •  •  •  •  • 

Argentaria  (Gratian  defeats  Alemanni) May ,  o .  o 


Britain .  .••••••-• 27  Oct   312  I  Alarcos  (Moors  defeat  Spaniards) ^^  •''">'  \Y^ 

''^:^^^'^'^(-:. •••••••fjS323Gisors(UardLdefeats  French) ?^?,  L"  m 


(Richard  1.  ucica.,0  ^ , ic  thIv   121' 

Tolosa  (Moors  defeated). 1^  Juiy   izi. 

Muret  ( Albigenses  defeated) 07  fniv    121 

Houvines  (French  defeat  Germans) 27  . July    12r 

Lincoln  (French  defeated) 20  Maj ,  i^i 


BAT  85 

Corte  Nuova  (Frederic  II.  defeats  Milanese) 27  Nov.  1237 

Taillebourg  (Freuch  defeat  Henry  III.) 20  July,  1242 

Carizmians  defeated  twice 1247 

Fossalla  (Ghibelliues  defeated) 26  May,  1249 

Mansourah  (Louis  IX.  and  Crusaders  defeated) 1250 

Largs  (Scots  defeat  Northmen) 3  Oct.  1263 

Lewes  (English  barons  victorious) 14  May,  1264 

Evesham  (barons  defeated;  De  Montfort  killed) 4  Aug.  1265 

Benevento  (Charles  of  Anjou  defeats  Manfred) 26  Feb.  1266 

Tagliacozzo  (Charles  defeats  Conradin) 23  Aug.  1268 

Marchfeld  (Austrians  defeat  Bohemians) 26  Aug.  1278 

Aber  Edw  (Llewellyn  of  Wales  defeated) 11  Dec.  1282 

Zagrab  (defeat  of  Charles  Martel) 1292 

Dunbar  (Scots  defeated) 27  Apr.  1296 

Cambuskenneth  (Wallace  defeats  English) 10  Sept.  1297 

■Gcelheim  (Adolphus  of  Nassau  defeated) 2  July,  1298 

Falkirk  (Wallace  defeated) 22  July,    " 

Courtray  (Flemings  defeat  count  of  Artois) 11  July,  1302 

Roslin,  Scotland  (Comyn  defeats  English) 24  Feb.  1303 

€ephisus  (Brienne,  duke  of  Athens,  defeated). Mch.  1311 

Bannockburn  (Bruce  defeats  English) 24  June,  1314 

Morgarten  (Swiss  defeat  Austrians) 15  Nov.  1315 

Athenry  (Irish  defeated) 10  Aug.  1316 

Foughard,  or  Dundalk  (Edward  Bruce  defeated) 5  Oct.  1318 

Boroughbridge  (Edward  III.  defeats  barons) 16  Mch.  1322 

Miihldorf  (Bavarians  defeat  Austrians) 28  Sept.     " 

Duplin  (Edward  Baliol  defeats  Mar) 11  Aug.  1332 

Halidon  hill  (Edward  III.  defeats  Scots) 19  July,  1333 

Tarifa  (Moors  defeated) 28  or  30  Oct.  1340 

Auberoche  (earl  of  Derby  defeats  French) 19  Aug.  1344 

*  Crecy  (English  defeat  French) 26  Aug.  1346 

Durham,  Nevil's  Cross  (Scots  defeated) 17  Oct.    " 

La  Roche  Darien  (Charles  of  Blois  defeated) 1347 

*  Poitiers  (English  defeat  French) 19  Sept.  1356 

€ocherel  (Du  Guesclin  defeats  Navarre) 16  May,  1364 

Auray  (Du  Guesclin  defeated) 29  Sept.    " 

Najara  (Navarrete,  Logrofio)  (Black  Prince  defeats  Henry  of 

Trastamare) 3  Apr.  1367 

Montiel  (Peter  of  Castile  defeated) 14  Mch.  1369 

Rosbecque  (French  defeat  Flemings) 27  Nov.  1382 

Aljubarrota  (Portuguese  defeat  Spaniards) 14  Aug.  1385 

Sempach  (Swiss  defeat  Austrians) 9  July,  1386 

Otterburn  (Chevy  Chase  ;  Scots  victors; 10  Aug.  1388 

Niifels  (Swiss  defeat  Austrians) " 

Cossova  (Turks  defeat  Albanians,  and  Amurath  I.  killed). Sept.  1389 

Nicopolis  (Turks  defeat  Christians) 28  Sept.  1396 

Nesbit  (Scots  defeated) 7  May,  1402 

Ancyra  (Timour  defeats  Bajazet) 28  July,     " 

Homeldon  hill  (English  defeat  Scots.) 14  Sept.     " 

Shrewsbury  (Percies,  etc.,  defeated) 23  July,  1403 

Bramham  moor  (Henry  IV.  defeats  rebels) 19  Feb.  1408 

Tannenberg  (Poles  defeat  Teuton  knights) 15  July,  1410 

Harlaw  (lord  of  the  isles  defeated) 24  July,  1411 

*  Agincourt  (English  defeat  French) 25  Oct.  1415 

Prague  (Hussites  under  Ziska  victors) 14  July,  1420 

Anjou,  Beauge  (English  defeated  by  Scots) 22  Mch.  1421 

Crevant  (English  defeat  French  and  Scots) 11  June,  1423 

Aquila  (Aragonese  defeated  by  Italians) 2  June,  1424 

Verneuil  (English  defeat  French  and  Scots) 17  Aug.    " 

Herrings         "  "  " 12  Feb.  1429 

Orleans  (siege  relieved) 29  Apr.    " 

Patay  (English  defeated  by  Joan  of  Arc) 18  June,    " 

Lippau,  or  BOhmischbrod  (Hussites  defeated) 28  May,  1434 

Kunobitza  (Hunniades  defeats  the  Turks) 24  Dec.  1443 

St.  Jacob  (French  defeat  Swiss) 26  Aug.  1444 

Varna  (Turks  defeat  Hungarians) .  „ 10  Nov.    " 

Cossova  (Turks  defeat  Hunniades).!' 17  Oct.  1448 

Formigni  (English  defeated  by  French) 15  Apr.  1450 

Sevenoaks  (Jack  Cade  defeats  Stafford) 27  June,    " 

Aibar  (Agramonts  defeat  Beaumonts) 23  Oct.  1452 

Brechin,  Scotland  (Huntley  defeats  Crawford) 18  May,    " 

€astillon,  Chatillon  (French  defeat  Talbot) 17  or  23  July,  1453 

Belgrade  (Mahomet  II.  repulsed) 4  Sept.  1456 

Montlh6ry  (Louis  XI.  and  nobles;  indecisive) 16  July,  1465 

WAR  OF  THE  ROSKS — YORKISTS  AND  LANCASTRIANS. 

St.  Albans  (Yorkists  victorious) 22  or  23  May,  1455 

Bloreheath  (Yorkists  victors) 23  Sept.  1459 

Northampton  (     "  "       Henry  VI.  taken) 10  July,  1460 

Wakefield  (Lancastrians  victors) 31  Dec.     " 

Mortimer's  Cross  (Yorkists  victorious) 2  Feb.  1461 

St.  Albans  (Lancastrians  victorious) 17  Feb.     " 

Towton  (Yorkists  victorious) 29  Mch.    " 

Hexham  (Yorkists  victors) 15  May,  1464 

Edgecote,  or  Banbury  (Yorkists  defeated) 26  July,  1469 

Stamford  (Lancastrians  defeated) 13  Mch.  1470 

Barnet  "  "  14  Apr.  1471 

Tewkesbury       "  " 4  May,     " 

iJranson  (Swiss  defeat  Charles  the  Bold) 3  Mch.  1476 

Morat         "  "  "        •'      "     22  June,  " 

Nancy  (Charles  the  Bold  killed) 5  Jan.  1477 

*  Bosworth  (Richard  III.  defeated) 22  Aug.  1485 

Stoke  (Lambert  Simnel  taken) 16  June,  1487 

St.  Aubin  (Orleans  defeated) 28  July,  1488 

Sauchieburn,  near  Bannockburn  (James  III.  defeated  by  rebels,  " 

Fornovo  (French  defeat  Italians) 6  July,  1495 

Seminara  (French  defeat  Spaniards) " 

Blackheatb  (Cornish  rebels  defeated) 22  June,  1497 

Seminara  (Gonsalvo  defeats  French) 21  Apr.  1503 


BAT 

Cerignola  (Gonsalvo  defeats  French) 28  Apr 

Garigliano        "  "  «<      *   '27  Dec* 

Agnadello  (French  defeat  Venetians). ..'..". 14  May 

Ravenna  (Gaston  de  Foix,  victor,  killed) '."'."  ii  April' 

Novara  (Papal  Swiss  defeat  French) 6  June' 

Guinegate  (Spurs)  (French  defeated) , 16  Aug' 

Flodden  (English  defeat  Scots) 9  SenL 

Marignano  (French  defeat  Swiss) ia^is  Sept 

Bicocca,  near  Milan  (Lautrec  defeated).   .   .  29  Aor' 

Pavia  (Francis  I.  defeated) 24  Feb 

J'ran^enhausen  (Anabaptists  defeated) '. .'.".'  ".  " "  15  May' 

^^ohaO  (Turks  defeat  Hungarians) 29  Aue 

Cappel  (Zwinglius  slain) jj  Qct' 

Lauffen  (Hessians  defeat  Austrians) 13  May 

Assens  (Christian  III.  defeats  Danish  rebels) . .'.'.","'.'.' " 
Abancay  (Almagro  defeats  Alvarado,  South  America)'.*.'l2  July 

Solway  Moss  (English  defeat  Scots) 25  Nov' 

Ceresuola  (French  defeat  Imperialists) '14  Apr 

Muhlberg  (Charles  V.  defeats  Protestants) '24  Apr 

Pinkey  (English  defeat  Scots) , 10  Sept 

Ket's  rebellion  suppressed  by  Warwick Aug 

Marciano  (Florentines  defeat  French) '.  SAug 

St.  Quentin  (Spanish  and  English  defeat  French) .10  Aug. 

Calais  (taken) 7  jjm^ 

Gravelines,  n.  (Spanish  and  English  defeat  French).*.  ..13  July 

Dreux,  in  France  (Huguenots  defeated) 19  Dec! 

Carberry  hill  (Mary  of  Scotland  defeated) 15  June 

St.  Denis  "  "  "       10  Nov. 

Langside  "  "  "        13  May, 

Jarnac  (Huguenots  defeated) 13  Mch. 

Moncontour  (Coligny  defeated) 3  Oct. 

*  Lepanto,  n.  (Don  John  defeats  Turks) 7  Oct. 

Dormans  (Guise  defeats  Huguenots) 10  Oct. 

Alcazar-quiver  (Moors  defeat  Portuguese) 4  Aug. 

Alcantara  (Spaniards  defeat  Portuguese) ^ 24  June, 

Zutphen  (Dutch  and  English  defeat  Spaniards) 22  Sept. 

Coutras  (Henry  IV.  defeats  League) 20  Oct. 

*  Spanish  Armada  defeated,  n July,  Aug. 

Arques  (Henry  IV.  defeats  League) 21  Sept. 

*  Ivry,  or  Yvres  (Henry  IV.  defeats  League) 14  Mch. 

Epernay  taken  by  Henry  IV.  of  France 26  July, 

Fontaine  Franpaise  (Henry  IV.  beats  Spaniards) 5  June, 

Blackwater  (Tyrone  and  rebels  defeat  Bagnal) 14  Aug. 

Nieuport  (Maurice  defeats  Austrians) 

Kinsale  (Tyrone  reduced  by  Mountjoy) 

Kirchholm  (Poles  defeat  Swedes) 

Gibraltar  (Dutch  defeat  Spaniards) 

THIRTY   YEARS   WAR,  1618-48. 

Prague  (king  of  Bohemia  defeated) 8  Nov. 

Dessau  (Wallenstein  defeats  Mansfeld) 25  Apr. 

Rochelle  (taken) 28  Oct. 

Stuhm  (Gustavus  defeats  Poles) 

*  Leipsic,  or  Breitenfeld  (Gustavus  defeats  Tilly) 7  Sept 

*  Lech  (Imperialists  defeated ;  Tilly  killed) 5  Apr. 

* Lippstadt,  Lutzingen,  or Lutzen  (Swedes  victorious;  Gustavus 

slain) 16  Nov. 

Nordlingen  (Swedes  defeated) 27  Aug. 

Arras  (taken  by  the  French) 10  Aug. 

Leipsic  (Swedes  defeat  Austrians) 23  Oct 

Rocroy  (French  defeat  Spaniards) 19  May, 

Friedburg  (Cond^  victor) 3-5  Aug. 

Nordlingen  (Turenne  defeats  Austrians) 

CIVIL  W^AR  IN   ENGLAND. 

Worcester  (prince  Rupert  victor) 23  Sept 

Edgehill  fight  (issue  doubtful) 23  Oct 

Bradock-down  (Parliamentarians  defeated) Jan. 

Bramham  moor  (Fairfax  defeated) 29  Mch. 

Stratton  (Royalists  victorious) 16  May, 

Chalgrove  (Hampden  killed) 1«  June, 

Atherton  moor  (Royalists  victorious) 30  June, 

Lansdown  "  "        ^Iv'J' 

Devizes,  or  Roundway-down  (Royalists  victorious) 13  July, 

Gainsborough  (Cromwell  victor) 27  July, 

Newbury  (favorable  to  Royalists) ^  „P^ 

Cheriton,  or  Alresford  (favorable  to  Royalists) 29  Mch. 

Cropredy  bridge  (Charles  I.  victor) 29  June, 

*  Marston  moor  (prince  Rupert  defeated) 2  July, 

Tippermuir  (Montrose  defeats  Covenanters) L  «  r 

Newbury  (indecisive) .27  Oct 

Naseby  (Charles  I.  totally  defeated) -^t  t  ?®' 

Alford  (Montrose  defeats  Covenanters) .2  July, 

Kilsyth        "  "  "  loAug. 

Philiphaugh  (Covenanters  defeat  Montrose) 13  Sept 

Benburb  (O'Neill  defeats  English) 5  June, 

Dungan  hill  (Irish  defeated) •»  Aug. 

Preston  (Cromwell  victor) i<  ■*"»• 

Rathmines  (Irish  Royalists  defeated) i^S 

Drogheda  (taken  by  storm) 07  a nr 

Corbiesdale  (Montrose  defeated) q\^Vit 

*  Dunbar  (Cromwell  defeats  Scots). »  »ePJ- 

Worcester  (Cromwell  defeats  Charles  II. ) »  oeP^- 

Galway  (surrendered) •;•••••••,•, oi"  Vn'r 

Daventry  (Lambert  defeated  by  Monk) 21  Apr. 


1503 

1509 
1512 
1513 


1615 
1522 
1625 

1626 
1531 
1534 
1535 
1537 
1542 
1544 
1547 

1549 
1554 
1557 
1558 

1562 
1667 

1568 
1569 

1571 
1576 
1578 
1580 
1586 
1587 
1588 
1589 
1590 
1592 
1595 
1598 
1600 
1601 
1605 
1607 


1631 
1632 


1634 
1640 
1642 
1643 
1644 
1645 


1642 
1643 


1644 


1646 
1647 
1648 
1649 

1650 

1651 
1652 
1660 


Arras,  France  (Turenne  defeats  Cond6) ;;'.'.'.u'J»me*  1658 

Semoz  (Don  John  defeated  by  Schomberg) 8  June,  16g 

St  Gotthard  (Montecuculi  defeats  Turks) l  ^ug.  100* 


BAT 

villa  Viciosa  (Portuguese  defeat  Spaniards) 1666 

Pentlond  hills  (Covenanters  defeated) 28  Nov.  1666 

Candia  (taken  by  Turks) 6  Sept.  1669 

Choczini  (Sobieski  defeats  Turks) 11  Nov.  1673 

SenefTe  (French  and  Dutch;  indecisive) 11  Aug.  1674 

Ensisheim  (Turenno  defeats  Imperialists) 4  Oct.     " 

Miilhuusen        "         '•  "  31  Doc.     " 

Turckhetm        "  "  "  5  Jan.  1675 

Salzbach  (Turenne  killed) 27  July,     " 

Drumdog  (Covenanters  defeat  Claverhouse) 1  June,  1679 

Bothwell  Brigg  (Monmouth  defeats  Covenanters) 22  June,     " 

Vienna  (Turks  defeated  by  Sobieski) 12  Sept.  1683 

Sedgemoor  (Monmouth  defeated) ;.  .6  July,  1685 

MohAc^ (Turks  defeated) 12  Aug.  1687 

Killiecrankio  (Highlanders  defeat  Mackay) 27  July,  1689 

Newtown  butler  (Jacobites  defeated) 30  July,     " 

*  Boyne  (William  III.  defeats  James  II. ) 1  July,  1690 

Fleiirus  (Charleroi,  Luxembourg  victor) "  " 

Athlone  taken  by  Ginckel 30  June,  1691 

Aghrim  (.fames  II. 's  cause  ruined) 12  July,     " 

Salenckemen  (Louis  of  Baden  defeats  Turks) 19  Aug.     " 

Enghien  or  Steenkirk  (William  III.  defeated) 24  July,  1692 

Landen  (William  III.  defeated) 19  July,  1693 

Marsaglia  (Pignerol)  (French  victors) 4  Oct.     " 

Zenta  (prince  Eugdne  defeats  Turks) 11  Sept.  1697 

Narva  (Charles  XII.  defeats  Russians) 30  Nov.  1700 

Carpi,  .Modena  (allies  defeat  French) 9  July,  1701 

Chiari  (Austrians  defeat  French) 1  Sept.     " 

Clissau  (Charles  XII.  defeats  Poles) 20  July,  1702 

Santa  Vittoria  (Frencli  victors) 26  July,     " 

Friedlingeu  (French  defeat  Germans) 14  Oct.     " 

Pultusk  (Swedes  defeat  Poles) 1  May,  1703 

WAR  OF  THE  SPANISH    SUCCESSION,  1702-13. 

Hochstadt  (French  defeat  Austrians) 20  Sept.     " 

Donauwerth  (Marlborough  victor) 2  July,  1704 

Gibraltar  (taken  by  Rooke) 24  July,     " 

*  Blenheim  or  Hochstadt  (Marlborough  victor) 13  Aug.     " 

Tirlemont  (Marlborough  successful) 18  July,  1705 

Cassano  (prince  Eugene;  indecisive) 16  Aug.     " 

Mittau  (taken  by  Russians) 14  Sept.     " 

*  Ramillies  (Marlborough  defeats  French) 23  May,  1706 

Turin  (French  defeated  by  Eugene) 7  Sept.     " 

Kalitsch  (Russians  defeat  Swedes) 19  Nov.     '* 

Almanza  (French  defeat  allies) 25  Apr.  1707 

Gudenarde  (Marlborough  victor) 11  July,  1708 

Liesna,  Lenzo  (Russians  defeat  Swedes) .autumn,     " 

Lisle  (taken  by  the  allies) Dec.     " 

*  Pultowa  (Peter  defeats  Charles  XII.) 8  July,  1709 

*  Malplaquet  (Marlborough  victor) 11  Sept.     " 

Dobro  (Russians  defeat  Swedes) 20  Sept.     " 

Almenara  (Austrians  defeat  French) 28  July,  1710 

Saragossa  "  "  "        20  Aug.     " 

Villa  Viciosa  (Austrians  defeated) 10  Dec.     " 

Arleux  (Marlborough  forces  French  lines) 5  Aug.  1711 

Bouchain  (taken  by  Marlborough) 13  Sept.     " 

Denain  (Villars  defeats  allies) 24  July,  1712 

Friburg  (taken  by  French) 7  Nov.  1713 

Preston  (Scotch  rebels  defeated) 12,  13  Nov.  1715 

Dumblane  or  Sheriff-Muir  (indecisive) 13  Nov.      " 

*  Peterwardein  (Eugfene  defeats  Turks) 5  Aug.  1716 

Belgrade  "  "  "     16  Aug.  1717 

Bitonto  (Spaniards  defeat  Germans) 27  May,  1734 

Parma  (Austrians  and  French ;  indecisive) 29  June,     " 

Guastalla  (Austrians  defeated) 19  Sept.     " 

Erivan  (Nadir  Shah  defeats  Turks) June,  1735 

Krotzka  (Turks  defeat  Austrians) 22  July,  1739 

WAR  OF  THE  AUSTRIAN   SUCCESSION,  1741-48. 

Molwitz  (Prussians  defeat  Austrians) 10  Apr.  1741 

Dettingen  (George  II.  defeats  French) 16  June,  1743 

*  Fontenoy  (Saxe  defeats  Cumberland) 30  Apr.  1745 

Hohenfreiburg  (Prussians  defeat  Austrians) 4  June,     " 

St.  Lazaro  (Sardinians  defeat  French) 4  June,  1746 

Placentia  (Austrians  defeat  French) 16  June,     " 

Raucoux  (Saxe  defeats  allies) 11  Oct.     " 

Lafleldt  (Saxe  defeats  Cumberland) 2  July,  1747 

Exilles  (Sardinians  defeat  French) 19  July,     " 

Bergen-op-Zoom  (taken) 15  Sept.     " 

scots'  REBELLION. 

Preston  Pans  (rebels  defeat  Cope) 21  Sept.  1745 

Clifton  Moor  (rebels  defeated) 18  Dec.     " 

Falkirk  (rebels  defeat  Hawley) 17  Jan.  1746 

Culloden  (Cumberland  defeats  rebels) 16  Apr.     " 

INDIA. 

Calcutta  (taken  by  Surajah  Dowlah) 20  June,  1756 

Plassey  (dive's  victory) 23  June,  1757 

Wandewash  (Coote  defeats  Lally) 22  .Jan.  1760 

Buxar  (Munro  defeats  army  of  Oude) 23  Oct.  1764 

SEVEN  years'  WAR,  1756-63. 

Prague  (Frederick  defeats  allies) 6  May,  1757 

KoUin  (Frederick  defeated) 18  June,     " 

Norkitten  (Russians  defeated) 13  Aug.     " 

♦Rosbach  (Frederick  defeats  French) 5  Nov.     " 

Breslau  (Austrians  victors) 22  Nov.     " 

Lissa  (Frederick  defeats  Austrians) 5  Dec.     " 

Creveldt  (Ferdinand  defeats  French) 23  June,  1758 


1758 
1759 


1760 


1761 
176-2 


1764 


1745 
1754 


1755 


1757 
1758- 


1759- 


'  BAT 

Zomdorff  (Frodorick  defeats  Russians) 25,  26  Aug. 

Hochkirchen  (Austrians  defeat  Prussians) 14  Oct. 

Bergen  iFreuch  defeat  allies) 13  Apr. 

Zullichau  (Russians  defeat  Prussians) 23  July, 

Minden  (Ferdinand  defeats  French) 1  Aug. 

Cunncrsdorf  (Russians  defeat  Prussians) 12  Aug. 

I^ndshut,  Silesia  (Prussians  defeated) 23  June, 

Warburg  (Ferdinand  defeats  French) 31  July, 

Pfadendorf  (Frederick  defeats  Austrians) 15  Aug. 

Kloster  Campen  (English  and  Germans  with  French;  indeci- 
sive)   15, 16  Oct. 

*Torgau  (Frederick  defeats  Austrians) 3  Nov. 

Kirchdenkern  (allies  defeat  French) 15  July, 

Schweidnitz  (Frederick  II.  defeats  Austrians) 16  May, 

Johannisberg  (French  defeat  Prussians) 30  Aug. 

Freiberg  (Prussians  defeat  Austrians) 29  Oct. 

RUSSO-TURKISH   WAR. 

Choczim  (Russians  defeat  Turks) 30  Apr.  and  13  July,  17()9 

Galatz  (Russians  defeat  Turks) Nov.     " 

Bender  (taken  by  Russians) 28  Sept.  1770 

Brailow  (Russians  defeat  Turks) 19  June,  1773 

Silistria  (taken  by  Russians) 1774 

FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH   COLONIAL  WAR   IN   AMERICA. 

Louisburg  (taken  from  the  French  by  the  colonists). .  .17  June, 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  (then  a  fort,  surrendered  to  the  French)..  17  Apr. 
Great  Meadows  (Washington  defeats  French ;  Jumonville  killed), 

28  May, 
Fort  Necessity  (Washington  surrenders  to  the  French).  .3  July, 
Braddock's  Defeat  (French  and  Indians  defeat  English).  .9  July, 
Lake  George,  N.  Y.  (first  engagement;  French  defeat  English), 

8  Sept. 

"         "         "    (second  engagement;  English  defeat  French), 

8  Sept. 

Oswego  (English  surrender  to  Montcalm) 11  Aug. 

Kittanning,  Pa.  (English  defeat  Indians) 8  Sept. 

Fort  William  Henry,  N.  Y.  (English  surrender  to  Montcalm), 

6  July, 

Fort  Ticonderoga  (French  repulse  English) 6  July, 

Louisburg  (French  surrender  to  English) 26  July, 

Fort  Frontenac  (French  surrender  to  English) 27  Aug. 

"    Duquesne         "      evacuate 25  Nov. 

"    Niagara  "      surrender  to  English 24  July, 

"    Ticonderoga     "      evacuate 26  July, 

Montmorenci  (Montcalm  defeats  English) 31  July, 

Quebec  (Wolf  defeats  Montcalm) 13  Sept. 

AMERICAN  WAR  OF   INDEPENDENCE,  1775-82. 

Lexington  (the  first  conflict  of  the  war) 19  Apr. 

Concord  (British  retreat  to  Boston) " 

Ticonderoga  (captured  by  Ethan  Allen) 10  May, 

*Bunker  Hill  (Americans  retire  for  want  of  ammunition), 

17  June, 

Montreal  (taken  by  Montgomery) 13  Nov. 

Quebec  (Montgomery  killed) 31  Dec. 

Norfolk,  Va.  (burned  by  British) 1  Jan. 

Moore's  Creek  Bridge  (Tories  beaten) 27  Feb. 

Boston  (evacuated  by  British) 17  Mch. 

Fort  Sullivan,  Charleston,  S.  C.  (British  repulsed) 28  June, 

Brooklyn,  Long  Island  (Americans  beaten) 27  Aug. 

Harlem  Heights  (Americans  victorious) 16  Sept. 

White  Plains  (Americans  retreat) 28  Oct. 

Fort  Washington  (captured  by  the  British) 16  Nov. 

*Trenton  (Americans  victorious) 26  Dec. 

Princeton  (Americans  victorious) 3  Jan. 

Hubbard  ton,  Vt.  (Americans  beaten) 7  July, 

Oriskany,  N.  Y.  (Americans  defeat  Tories  and  Indians).  .6  Aug. 

*Bennington,  Vt.  (Americans  victorious) 16  Aug. 

Brandywine,  Pa.  (Americans  retreat) 11  Sept. 

First  battle  of  Bemis''s  Heights  (Americans  successful)..  19  Sept. 

Paoli  (massacre  of  Americans) 20  Sept. 

Philadelphia  (occupied  by  British) 25  Sept. 

German  town  (Americans  retreat) 4  Oct. 

Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery  (taken  by  British) 6  Oct. 

Second  battle  of  Demises  Heights  (Americans  victorious).  .7  Oct. 

Saratoga  (Burgoyne's  surrender) 17  Oct. 

Fort  Mercer  (British  repulsed) 22  Oct. 

"     Mifflin  (Americans  evacuate;  gallant  defence) 16  Nov. 

Monmouth  (British  retire  at  night) 28  June, 

Schoharie  (Indian  massacre) 2  July, 

Wyoming        "  "        3, 4  July, 

Quaker  Hill,  R.  I.  (gen.  Sullivan  repulses  attack  of  gen.  Pigot), 

29  Aug. 

Savannah  (taken  by  British) 29  Dec. 

Kettle  Creek,  Ga.  (Tories  defeated) 14  Feb. 

Brier       "        "    (Americans  defeated) 3  Mch. 

Stono  Ferry,  S.  C.  (Americans  repulsed) 20  June, 

Stony  Point  (Americans  victorious;  brilliant  exploit).  .16  July, 

Paulus's  Hook  (Americans  successful) 19  Aug. 

Bonhomme  Richard  and  Serapis,  n.  (Americans  victorious), 

23  Sept. 

Savannah  (Americans  repulsed) 9  Oct. 

Charleston  (surrender  to  British) 12  May, 

Washaw  (massacre  of  Buford's  men) 29  May, 

Springfield,  N.  J.  (British  repulsed) 23  June, 

Rocky  Mount,  S.  C.  (Americans  repulsed) 30  June, 

Hanging  Rock,  S.  C.  (loyalists  dispersed) 7  Aug. 

Sanders's  Creek,  near  Camden,  S.  C.  (Americans  defeated),  16  Aug. 

King's  Mountain  (loyalists  defeated) 7  Oct. 

Fish  Dam  Ford,  Broad  river  (Americans  victorious) 12  Nov. 


1776. 


177T 


1780- 


BAT 

Blackstocks  (Americans  victorious) 20  Nov. 

Cowpens  (British  defeated) 17  Jan. 

Cowan's  Ford,  S.  C.  (Americans  repulsed) 1  Feb. 

Haw  (total  defeat  of  the  loyalists) 25  Feb. 

Guilford  Court-house  (Americans  retreat) 15  Mch. 

Hobkirk's  Hill,  S.  C.  (Americans  retire) 25  Apr. 

Ninety-six  (besieged  by  Americans) May  and  June, 

Augusta  "  "  "  "      "       " 

Jamestown,  Va.  (Americans  retreat) 9  July, 

New  London  (taken  by  Benedict  Arnold) 5  Sept. 

Fort  Griswold  (captured  by  the  British) " 

Eutaw  Springs  (undecided) 8  Sept. 

*Yorktown  (Cornwallis  surrendered) 19  Oct. 

Blue  Licks  (Indians  victorious) 19  Aug. 

[Other  but  inferior  actions  took  place,  with  varying  success 
to  both  parties.  ] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Arcot  (Hyder  defeats  British) 31  Oct. 

Porto  Novo  (Coote  defeats  Hyder) 1  July, 

Rodney's  victory  over  De  Grasse,  n 12  Apr. 

Arnee  (Coote  defeats  Hyder) 2  June, 

Attack  on  Gibraltar  fails 13  Sept. 

Bedmore  (taken  by  Tippoo  Sahib) 30  Apr. 

Martinesti  ( Austrians  defeat  Turks) 22  Sept. 

Ismail  (taken  by  storm  by  Suwarrow) 22  Dec. 

Bangalore  (taken  by  storm) 21  Mch. 

Arikera  (Tippoo  defeated) 15  May, 

Seringapatam  (Tippoo  defeated) 6  Feb. 

FRENCH   REVOLUTIONARY  WARS. 

Qui^vrain  (French  repulsed) 28  Apr. 

Valmy  (French  defeat  Prussians) 20  Sept. 

Jemappes  (French  victorious) 6  Nov. 

Neerwinden  (French  beaten  by  Austrians) 18  Mch. 

St.  Amand  (French  defeated  by  English) 8  May, 

Valenciennes    "  "        "        "       23  May,  26  July, 

Lincelles  (Lake  defeats  French) 18  Aug. 

Dunkirk  (duke  of  York  defeated) 7,  8  Sept. 

Quesnoy  (reduced  by  Austrians) 11  Sept. 

Pirmasens  (Prussians  defeat  French) 14  Sept. 

Wattignies  (French  defeat  Coburg) 14,  15,  16  Oct. 

Toulon  (retaken  by  British) 19  Dec. 

Cambray  (French  defeated) 24  Apr. 

Troisville,  Landrecy  (taken  by  allies) 30  Apr. 

Tourcoing  (Moreau  defeats  allies) 18-22  May, 

Espierres  (taken  by  allies) 22  May, 

Howe's  naval  victory 1  June, 

Charleroi  or  Fleurus  (French  defeat  allies) 26  June, 

Misdon  (Vendeans  defeated) 28  July, 

Bois-le-Duc  (duke  of  York  defeated) 14  Sept. 

Boxtel  "  "  "       17  Sept. 

Maciejowice  (Poles  defeated) 10  Oct. 

Nimeguen  (French  victorious),  28  Oct. ;  (defeated) 4  May, 

Praga  (Warsaw  taken  by  Suwarrow) 4  Nov. 

Bridport's  victory  off  I'Orient,  n .22  June, 

Quiberon  (emigrants  defeated) 21  July, 

Mannheim  (taken  by  Pichegru) 20  Sept. 

Loano  (French  defeat  Austrians) 23,  24  Nov. 

Montenotte  (Bonaparte  victorious) 12  Apr. 

Mondovi  "  "  22  Apr. 

Lodi  "  "         10  May, 

Altenkirchen  (Austrians  defeated) v4  June, 

Radstadt  (Moreau  defeats  Austrians) 5  July, 

Altenkirchen  (Austrians  victors) 16  Sept. 

Roveredo  (French  defeat  Austrians) 4  Sept. 

Bassano  "  "  "  8  Sept. 

Biberach         "  "  "  2  Oct. 

Lonato  and  Castiglione  (French  defeat  Austrians) 3-5  Aug. 

Neresheim  (Moreau  defeats  archduke  Charles) 10  Aug. 

Areola  (Bonaparte  victorious) 14-17  Nov. 

Castelnuovo  (Bonaparte  victorious) , .21  Nov. 

Rivoli  "  "  14, 15  Jan. 

Cape  St.  Vincent,  n.  (Spaniards  defeated) 14  Feb. 

Tagliamento  (Bonaparte  defeats  Austrians) 16  Mch. 

Santa-Cruz,  Canary  islands,  n. ;  Nelson's  unsuccessful  attack; 

loses  his  right  arm 25-26  July, 

Camperdown,  n.  (Duncan  defeats  Dutch) 11  Oct. 

IRISH  REBELLION. 

Begins May, 

Kilcullen  (rebels  successful) 23  May, 

Naas  (rebels  defeated) .24  May, 

Tara  (rebels  defeated) 26  May, 

Oulart  (rebels  successful) 27  May, 

Gorey  or  New  Ross  (rebels  defeated) 4  June, 

Antrim  (rebels  defeated) 7  June, 

Arklow  (rebels  beaten) 10  June, 

Ballynahinch  (Nugent  defeats  rebels) 13  June, 

Vinegar  Hill  (Lake  defeats  rebels) 21  June, 

Castlebar  (French  auxiliaries  defeated) 27  Aug. 

Ballinamuck  (French  and  rebels  defeated) 8  Sept. 

NAPOLEONIC  WARS. 

Pyramids  (Bonaparte  defeats  Mamelukes) 13,  21  July, 

Nile,  n.  (Nelson  defeats  French  fleet) 1  Aug. 

El  Arisch  (French  defeat  Turks) 18  Feb. 

Jaffa  (stormed  by  Bonaparte) 7-10  Mch. 

Stokach  (Austrians  defeat  French) 25  Mch. 

Verona  "  "  "      28-30  Mch. 

Magnano  (Kray  defeats  French) 5  Apr. 

Mount  Thabor  (Bonaparte  defeats  Turks) 16  Apr. 


87 


1781 
1781 


1780 
1781 
1782 


1783 
1789 
1790 
1791 

1792 
1792 
1793 


1795 


1796 


1797 


1798 
1799 


BAT 

Ca^sano  (Suwarrow  defeats  Moreau) o?  Aor  I7«l.' 

Adda  (Suwarrow  defeats  French)        '^ ..  P''  ".r 

Seringapatam  (Tippoo  killed) 4  vf„„  u 

Zurich  (h  rench  defeated) 5  JunA  «» 

Trebia  (Suwarrow  defeats  French). '. '. ". '. '. '. ". ', '. ", '. ',  *. ', ". '  iylio  jlal  •« 

Alessandria  (taken  from  French). .   . .  o.  j"?f'  ., 

Aboukir  (Turks  defeated  by  Bonaparte). . .' .' .' .'  .* .'  .* .' .' .' .' .'  '5s  July  " 

Novi  (Suwarrow  defeats  French) .V. .      fn  A«a  u 

/uyper  Sluys  (French  defeated) 9  ^"t  « 

Bergen  and  Alkmaer (allies  defeated). .'/.'.'.".'.'.w's^Dr  M^  •• 

Zurich  (Massena  defeats  Russians). . .....  ^   258«nL  •« 

Heliopolis(Kleber  defeats  Turks). MMch  iflM 

Engen  (Moreau  defeats  Austrians) ....  1,  m,v  " 

Moeskirch  "  »  '«  « S.t'  u 

Biberach     "  "  »         ;; J  "'J'  ..* 

Montebello  (Austrians  defeated) *9  June  •♦ 

*Marengo  (Bonaparte  defeats  Austrians). .' .' .'.".'.'.'.'.'""  14  J une'  " 

Hochstadt  (Moreau  defeats  Austrians). , .  'lo  jnn«'  •« 

Hohenlinden    "  "  "         _        » Dec*  •• 

Mincio  (French  defeat  Austrians) '.'" '^vi  iw  •« 

Aboukir  (French  defeated) g  m-h  imi 

Alexandria  ( Abercrombie's  victory).  ,.*.', ',  '.'.'.'."."*. 21  Mch.  •« 

Copenhagen  (bombarded  bv  Nelson)      2  Apr  •• 

Ahmednuggur  (Wellesley  [Wellington]  victoriouBV.!!*.!!i2  Aug.  18(» 

Assaye  (Wellesley's  [Wellington]  first  great  victory). .  .23  Sept  '• 

Argaum  (Wellesley  [Wellington]  victor) .  .  29  Nov  " 

Furruckabad  (Lake  defeats  Holkar) 17  Nov'  1804 

Bhurtpore  (taken  by  I^ke) '. .',  2  Apr  180(^ 

Elchingen  (Ney  defeats  Austrians) 14  Oct  «• 

Ulm  surrenders  (Ney  defeats  Austrians) 17-20  Oct  «' 

♦Trafalgar,  n.  (Nelson  destroys  French  fleet;  killed) 21  Oct  " 

*Austerlitz  (Napoleon  defeats  Austrians  and  Russians).  .2  Dec.  " 

Buenos  Ayres  (taken  by  Popham) 27  June,  18M 

Maida  (Stuart  defeats  French) 4  July,  •« 

Saalfeld  (French  defeat  Prussians) .* 10  Oct  " 

Auerstadt     "         "  '«  14  Oct  •• 

Jena  "         «'  "  .'..|     «»  «« 

Halle  stormed  by  French .'..'.'...'.  .....n  Oct  ♦• 

Pultusk  (French  and  allies;  indecisive) 26  Dec.  " 

Mohrungen  (French  defeat  Russians  and  Pmssians). . . .  25  Jan.  1807 

Montevideo  (taken) 3  Feb.  '* 

Eylau  (indecisive) 7,  8  Feb.  •• 

Ostrolenka  (French  defeat  Prussians) 16  Feb.  •• 

Friedland  (French  defeat  Russians) 14  June,  '* 

Buenos  Ayres  ( Whitelock  defeated) 6  July,  •* 

Copenhagen  (bombarded  by  Cathcart) 2-6  Sept  '• 

Medina  de  Rio  Seco  (French  defeat  Spaniards) 15  July,  1808 

Baylen  (Spaniards  defeat  French) 20  July,  " 

Vimiera  (Wellesley  [Wellington]  defeats  Junot) 21  Aug.  " 

Tudela  or  Ebro  (French  defeat  Spaniards) 23  Nov.  " 

Corunna  (Moore  defeats  French) 16  Jan.  190^ 

Abenberg  (Austrians  defeated) 20  Apr.  " 

Landshut         "  "        21  Apr.  •• 

Eckmtihl  (Davoust  defeats  Austrians) 22  Apr.  " 

Ebersberg  (French  defeat  Austrians) ^  May,  " 

Oporto  (taken) 29  Mch.,  12  May,  «* 

Aspern  (Napoleon  defeated) 21, 22  May,  •' 

Essling         "  "         "  " 

*Wagram  (Austrians  defeated) 5,  6  July,  " 

Talavera  (Wellesley  [Wellington]  defeats  Victor) 27, 28  July.  «' 

Silistria  (Turks  defeat  Russians) 26  Sept  " 

Ocana  (Mortier  defeats  Spaniards) 19  Nov.  " 

Busaco  (Wellington  repulses  Massena) 27  Sept  1810 

Barrosa  (Graham  defeats  Victor) 6  Mch.  1811 

Badajoz  (taken  by  the  French) 11  Mch.  " 

Fuentes  de  Onoro  (Wellington  defeats  Massena) 3,  6  May,  " 

Albuera  (Beresford  defeats  Soult) 16  May,  " 

Ximena  (Spaniards  defeat  French) 10  Sept  " 

Merida  (Hill  defeats  French) 28  Oct  " 

Albufera  (Suchet  defeats  Spaniards) 4  Jao-  1812 

Ciudad  Rodrigo  (stormed  by  English) 19  Jan.  •' 

Badajoz  (taken  by  Wellington) 6  Apr.  ' 

Llerena  (Cotton  defeats  Soult) 11  Apr. 

Salamanca  (Wellington  defeats  Marmont) 21  July,  " 

Mohilow  (French  defeat  Russians) 2:?  July,  ' 

Polotzk  (French  and  Russians) 30,  31  July,  • 

Krasnoi,  Smolensko  (French  defeat  Russians) 15, 19  Aug. 

Moskwa  (French  defeat  Russians) 7  Sept  |^ 

♦Borodino    "  "  "        •     '  ,^ 

Moscow  (burned  by  Russians) :«^L^.  .» 

Polotzk  (retaken  by  Russians) *®'  ?S  ^V  « 

Malo-Jaroslawatz  (French  victors) :,i^  «. 

Witepsk  (French  defeated) i^,flv°3" 

Krasnoi        "  "       


Beresina 


.16-18  Nov. 
.25-29  Nov. 


Kalitsch  (Saxons  defeated) ^l^ 

MOckern  (Eugene  defeats  Russians) .8  Apr. 

Castalla  (.1.  M urray  defeats  Suchet) 13  A pj. 

Lutzen  (Napoleon  checks  allies  .  ••••••••. if  (i^l' 

Bautzen  (Napoleon  and  allies;  mdeclsive) ^^  .20  M«.v, 

Ho"chki?chen  (French  defeat  Austrians  and  Ru^i^).'.M  M^i 

Vittoria  (Wellington  defeats  king  Joseph) ^  j -.-f  „  aS 

Pyrenees  (Wellington  defeats  Soult) 28  Julyj2  Aug. 

Katzbach  (BlQcher  defeats  Ney) ••  • «  *»«• 

Dresden  (Napoleon  checks  allies). "^  si  am 

St.  Sebastian  (stormed  by  Graham) «  *°8- 

Dennewitz  (Ney  defeated) ^^^ 

MOckern  (French  defeated) •  :•  _  ^. 

♦Leipsic  (Napoleon  defeated) l*""  ^*' 


lais 


BAT 


1814 


lAapoMOB  TOiiin  Bmwmrmat) SO  Oct  1813 

«.J«n^l*-Lu(W«lllii«lM  defeats  Soali). lOKor.     >• 

Fi— ifi  nf  ifcf  Stit%  f  Dec ;  sererml  eBgacemeiiU  bet  wen  the 

•UiMMMlFrwek 10  to  IS  Dec 

Si.  INxier,  Frmace  (Praadi  rictora) 26  Jan 

BrieBM  (aUiw  defSHOedjL 29  Jan. 

iM  Rotni^r*  (KapokKW  defMOs  alliee) 1  Feb. 

Bar  mr  AQbe  (alliM  Tkton) 7  Feb. 

Miaeio  (priaoa  Eaftae  defeatt  Aortrians) 8  Feb. 

•Champ  Aabert  (French  deftat  allies) 10-12  Feh 

M«ntmima  11  Feb. 

TasRhamp  ..  u  Febi 

17  Feb. 

ISFebi 

Oithsa  (WeUlngton  defeaU  Soalt) 27  Feb. 

1  (FreQch  victors) 7  llch. 

(Graham  defeated; 8  Mch. 

ijMm  (French  defeated) 9-10  Mch. 


l-2S«pt.  ] 
.5  -Sept. 
1")  S«pt. 
ITSept. 


I  (Napoleon  defeats  St.  Priest) 13  Mch. 

(Wcili^ton  defeats  Soolt). 20  Mch. 


Fire  Ckaamnoiae  (French  defeated) . 
A  Disier  (lyenA  Tlelon) 


25Mch.  " 

28  Mch.  '• 

FteiB,  Montmartre.  RomainriUe  ( Fraoch  victors) 30  Mch.  '' 

Bsttle  of  the  Barriers,  90  Mch.  (Marmont  evacuates  Paris,  and 

thaaUiMi  enter  it) 31  Mch.  " 

Tsnlonae  (WeQington  defeats  Soult) 10  Apr.  '■ 

'Tolentino  (Marat  defeated) 3  May,  1815 

Ugnr  (Bllcher  repulsed). 16  June,     '• 

■4)aatre  Brss  (Key  repolsed) "  "• 

•Waterloo  (Xiqwleon  ftnaUy  beaten) 18  June,  *'. 

WAR   or  1812  BETWEKS    THK    USTTKn    STATES   ASD   GBKAT 
BRITAIN. 

19  June,  1812 

(captured  by  the  British). 17  July,  •• 

(Americans  retreat) 5  Aug.  " 

Bga  (British  retreat) 9  Aug.  " 

:  and  Alert,  n.  (U.  &  Essex  captures  Alert). 13  Aug.  " 

•Chicifo  (Indian  masBacre). 15  Aug^  " 

Detroit  (surrendered). 16  Aug.  " 

'Oanatitntion  and  Goecrlire,  n.  (Guerri^re  destroyed) ...  19  Aug.  '' 

Fort  Harrison  (defence  of  by  capt  Zachary  Taylor) .  .4,  5  Sept  '' 

Fort  Madison  (defence  of) 5,  6,  7,  and  8  Sept  " 

Daris's  Creek 11  Sept  " 

<Oaeenstoini  Heights  (Americans  finaUy  defeated) 13  Oct  " 

Pfmaitain's  Town 18  Oct  " 

Wasp  captures  Frolic,  n »•  " 

St  Regis  (captured  by  Americans) 22  Oct  " 

United  States  captures  Macedonian,  n. 25  Oct  " 

Fort  Niagara  (bombarded  by  British) 21  Nov.  " 

21,  22  Nov.  " 


Nov. 

captures  Java.  M. 29  Dec.  " 

Frem^town  (taken  by  Americans) 18  Jan.  1813 

River  Raisin  (.\mericans  defeated) 22  Jan.  " 

Elizabethtovm  (.Americans  capture) 7  Feb.  " 

■Ogdensburg  (British  capture) 22  Feb.  " 

Hornet  captares  Peacock,  a. 24  Febt  " 

Torfc,  Toronto  (captured;  death  of  gen.  Pike). 27  Apr.  " 

Fort  Meigs  (besieged  by  British  and  Indians). May,  « 

Tort  George  (captured  bv  Americans). 27  May,  " 

^Sadcett's  Harbor  (Americans  repulse  attack). 29  May,  " 

Chesapeake  surrenders  to  Shannon,  a. i  June^  *' 

:Slon7  Cre^  Burlington  Heights  (gen.  Winder  captured),6  June,  " 

"Ifainpton  (defence  of) 13  June,  " 

-i^anqrUand  (British  repulsed) 22  June,  " 

*• ** — IS  (Americans  surrender) 24  June,  " 

(skirmish  near) 8  July  " 

(defence  of) 11  July'  " 

Fort  (Seorge  (defence  of  outworks) 17  Jniy|  « 

Fort  Stephenson  (a^  Crogfaan's  gallant  defence  of) 2  Au&  " 

:Stonington  (bombarded ;  British  repulsed) 9, 10, 11  Aug.  " 

Fort  George  (defence  of  outwoite) 24  Aug.  " 

Enterprise  captares  Boxer,  n.  (both  commanders  killed),  4  Sept  " 

Bsttle  of  lake  Erie.  n.  (Ferry  captures  British  fleet)  .  .10  Sept  " 

diathsm  (skirmish) 4  Oct  " 

"nanMS  (Harrisim  defeats  Proctor ;  Tecomseh  kiUed) .! . ! 5  Oct  ' ' 

Fort  George  (skirmishes  near) 6  Ojt  «' 

FrendiCreA(Briti^  repulsed) 1,  2  Nov  " 

■guyriw^s  Held  (Americans  and  British  both  retire) ...  11  Nov.  " 

1*«*»»«  bnmed  by  Americans 10  Dec.  " 

^rt  Nagsra  (surrendered  to  British) 19  Dea  " 

»i^  Bo«*  (Americans  retreat  from) 30  Dec  « 

Boftlo  homed u  u 

-Omp  Defiance  (Indian  attack  on  repulsed)  .V.V.'.V.V.V. 27  Jan.  1814 

Saan,  •.^nrenders  to  tiie  Phort>e  and  Cherub). 28  Mch.  " 

La OoOe  Mills (Anericans  repulsed) SOMch.  " 

Fort  Oswego  (British  capture) 4.  5  Mav  « 

aandy  Creek  (British  snrrender). "...  30MaV'  " 

]rort&ie(AnMricans  capture) 3Julr'  " 

•Chippewa  (Americans  victorious) 5  July  " 

Niagara  Fans  (Londy's  Lane;  indecisive) !  25Julv  " 

Black  Rock  (British  repulsed) saue.'  " 

Fort  Madtinac  (Americans  repulsed) *4Au«  " 

Fort  Erie  (bombarded  by  British). '.islisAut  « 

T«t  Erie  (Amoicansrepalse  assault) 15  Aug.  " 

Bladensfanis (Americans defeated). 24Aait  " 

W^ashington  (Capitol  burned  bv  British) '-  « 

Moors  Fields,  Md.  (British  repulsed;  sir  Peter  Paiier  killed), 

30  Aug.  " 

Plattrfwrg  and  Lake  CniampUin  (British  defeated) U  Se^  " 


*  BAT 

North  Point,  Bahimon  (Americans  retire 
Fort  McHenry  (defenoo  of;  British  retire 

Fort  Bowywr  (British  repnlBedi 

Fort  Erie  (soccessftd  sortie  h7  Americaivaj 

Lyon's  Creek  (skirmish  at) 19  Oct 

Pensaoola  (Jackson  seises  U  from  the  Sponianis) 7  Nov. 

TUlerTs  Plantation,  New  Orleans  (JackHm  eunpB  the  i^ipnaeh 

of  the  British). 28  Dea 

Chalmette's  Plantatimi,  New  Orleans  (British  repulsed),  28  Dec 
Rodrigues*8Cnnal,  New  Orleans  (Britidi  artillery  bentoi),!  Jan.  1 

•New  Orleans  (British  defeated) .8  Jan 

Fort  St  PhUip  (soccessfU  defence  oO 9-18  Jan 

Point  Petre,  Ga.  (sorrenders  to  British) 13  Jan 

Constitution  captures  Cyane  and  Levant,  «. 20  Feb. 

[For  fuller  account  see  separate  articles  and  naval  bnttle&] 

THE  CEEEK.  IXDIAST  WAS. 

Burnt  Com  Creek,  AU.  (whites  defeated). 27  July,  1 

Fort  Mimms  (captured  by  Indians;  massacre) 30  Aug. 

i  Tsllasahatchie  (Indians  defeated  by  gen.  Coffee) 3  Nov. 

TS»Uad^;a  "  "         "  gen.  Jackson) 9  Nov. 

HiUabee  Town  (massacre  of  Indians  by  gOL  White) 18  Nov. 

j  Auttose  Towns  (Indians  defeated  by  gen.  Floyd) 29  Nov. 

I  EcoiK>chaco,  or  ''Holy  Ground"  (Indians  defeated  by  gen. 

I      CUibome) 23  Dec 

I  Emucfeu  (Jackstm  repulses  Indians) 22  Jan.  1 

,  Enotochopco  Cre^  (Jadcaon  again  repulses  Indians) .  .24  Jan. 

Calebee  Creek  (Indian  attain  repulsed  by  gen.  Floyd).  .27  Jan. 

Horse-shoe  Bend  ( Jacksm  signally  defeats  the  Indians),  27  Mcb. 

BLACK  HAWK  WAS— MISSISSIPPI  WAB. 

Stillman^s  Volunteers  (defeat,  Rock  river). 14  May,  1 

Pickatolica  River 15  June, 

Kellogg's  Grove  (2  skirmishes). 16  June, 

1  (Talena. 18  June, 

KeUc^s  Grove. 24  June, 

Blue  Mounds 21  July, 

Warrior,  steamer  (attack  on) i  Aug. 

Bad  Axe  (Indians  defeated) 2  Aug. 

Black  Hawk  was. 

SKMCIOLE  WAB. 

Fort  King  (massncre  t^goi.  Thompson  and  others) 28  Dec  1 

Wahoo  Swamp  (near,  massacre  of  maj.  Dade  and  100  menji 

28  Dec 
Withlacoochee  Ford  (U.  S.  troops  with  Oscetda  and  Alligatorl 

31  Dec 
Dnnlawton  {maj.  Putnam,  with  Indians  under  king  PhUip), 

18  Jan.  II 
Withlacoochee  Ford  (gen.  Gaines.  4  skirmishes),  27-29  FAl, 

5  Mch. 

Oloklikaha 31  Mch. 

Cooper's  Post  (defence  of  by  maj.  Coc^mr) Apr. 

Thlonotosassa 27  Apr. 

Micanopy 9  June, 

Welika  Pond 9  July, 

Ridgeley's  Mill 27  July, 

Fort  Drane 21  Aug. 

San  Velasco  Hammock 18  Sept 

Wahoo  Swamp 17,  18,  21  Not. 

Hatcheeloskie .27  Jan.  11 

Camp  Monroe  (Indian  attack  repulsed). 8  Feb. 

FortMellon  "  "  "         9F^. 

Mosquito  Inlet  (2  camps  of  Indians  captured) 10  Sept 

Osceola  (seized  by  order  of  gen.  Jesnp) 21  Oct 

Okechobee  Lake  (Indians,  rooted  by  od.  Tnylor). 25  Dec 

WaccasBusa  River 26  Dec 

Jnpito-  Credt 15  Jan.  IJ 

Jupiter  Inlet  (gen.  Jesup  wounded) 24  Jan. 

NewmansviDe 7  June, 

Carkmeahatchee  (coL  Harney  wounded) 23  July,  If 

Fort  King 28  Ape  If 

Levi's  Prairie 19  May,     ' 

Wacahoota 6  Sept 

Ever^ades  (expediticm  into ;  coL  Hamey  OHu'd'g) . . .  3-24  Dec     ' 

Micanopy  (lieut  Sherwood  kOIed) 28  Dec 

Fort  Brooke  (Indians  driven  ott) 2  Mch.  If 

Hawe  Creek 25  Jan.  18 

Pilaklikaha  (total  drfjeat  <rflndians) 19  Apr. 

XKXICAX  WAB. 

Fort  Brown  (attadc  on,  relieved  by  gen.  Taylor) 3-5  May,  M 

Palo  Alto  {gOL  Taylor  defeats  Mexicans) 8  May,  ' 

Resaca  de  la  Fahna  (gen.  Taylor  defeats  Mexicans) 9  May,  ' 

Monterey  (snrrmdeis  to  goo.  Taylor) 21-24Sept  < 

Brazito  (04.  Doniphan  dtfbnts  Mexicans) 25  Dec  ' 

San  Gabriel,  OsL  (Mexicans  defeated) S.9Jan.  IS 

Encamacion  (gen.  MUlon  civtnres  70  U.  &  cavalry) 22  Jan.  ' 

Caiiada  (ciri.  Price  defeats  Mexicans) 24Jan.  ^ 

BuenaT]sUCBni.Tkylord^!ats  Mexicans) SSFMl  * 

Pass  of  Sacramento  (coL  Donii^ian  defeats  Mexicans). . .  28  F^  ' 

Vera  Cruz  (surrendered  to  the  Americans) 29  Mch.  ' 

Alvarado 2  Apr.  * 

Cerro  Gordo  (gen.  Scott  defeats  Santa  Anna) 18  Apr.  * 

Toqan "  « 

Oontareias  (Soott  d^ats  Mexicans) 20  Aug.  * 


El  MoUno  del  Rey  (Mexicans  defeated) 8  Sept 

Oiapoltepec  '•  "        12-14  Sept 

City  of  Mexico  (surrenders  to  gen.  Scott) 14  Sept 

Pu^la  (coL  Oiikis  successfully  resists  gen.  Bea),  18  Sept-12  Oct 


BAT 

Huamantla  (gen.  Lane  defeats  Santa  Anna) 9  Oct  1847 

Atlixco  (gen.  Lane  defeats  gcu.  Rea) 18  Oct     ♦• 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Algiers  (bombarded  by  Exmouth) 27  Aug.  1816 

Chacabuco  (Chilians  defeat  Spaniards) 12  Feb.      " 

Kirkee  (Hastings  defeats  I'indarrees) 5  Nov.  1817 

Mehadpore  (Hislop  defeats  Holkar) 21  Dec.     " 

Valtezza  (Turks  defeated) 27  May,  1821 

Dragaschau  (Ipsilanti  defeated) 19  June,     " 

Tripolitza  (stormed  by  Greeks) 5  Oct     " 

Thermopylie  (Greeks  defeat  Turks) 13  July,  1822 

Corinth  (taken) 16  Sept     " 

Accra  (.-Vshautees  defeat  sir  C.  Macarthy) 21  Jan.  1824 

■  Ayacucho  (Peruvians  defeat  Spaniards) 9  Dec.     " 

Bhurtpore  (taken  by  Combermere) 18  Jan.  1826 

Accra  (Ashantees  defeated) 7  Aug.     " 

Athens  (taken) 17  May,  1827 

Navarino  (allies  destroy  Turkish  tleet) 20  Oct     " 

Brahilow  (Russians  and  Turks) 18  June,  1828 

Akhalzikh         "  '•       "       ; 24  Aug.     " 

Varna  (surrenders  to  Russians) 11  Oct.     " 

Silistria        "  "         '*        30  June,  1829 

Kainly  (Russians  defeat  Turks) 1  July,     " 

Balkan  (passed  by  Russians) 26  July,     " 

Adrianople  (Russians  enter) 20  Aug.     " 

Algiers  (captured  by  French) 5  July,  1830 

Paris  (days  of  July) 27-29  July,     " 

Grochow  (Poles  defeat  Russians) 19,  20  Feb.  1831 

Praga  ''        "  '•        25  Feb.     " 

Wawz  (Skrzynecki  defeats  Russians) 31  Mch.     " 

Seidlice  (Poles  defeat  Russians) 10  Apr.     " 

Ostrolenka  "         '■  "        26  May,     " 

Wilna  (Poles  and  Russians) 18  June,     " 

Warsaw  (taken  by  Russians) 7  Sept     " 

Horns  (Egyptians  defeat  Turks) 8  July,  1832 

Beylan  (Ibrahim  defeats  Turks) 29  July,     " 

Konieh  (Egyptians  defeat  Turks) 21  Dec.     " 

Antwerp  (citadel  taken  by  allies) 23  Dec.     " 

Hernani  (Carlists  defeated) 5  May,  1836 

St  Sebastian  "  "        1  Oct     " 

Bilbao  (siege  raised ;  British  legion) 24  Dec.     " 

Hernani  (Carlists  repulsed) 16  Mch.  1837 

Irun  (British  legion  defeats  Carlists) 17  May,     " 

Valentia  (Carlists  attacked) 15  July,     " 

Herrera  (don  Carlos  defeats  Buereno) 24  Aug.     " 

Constantina,  Algiers  (taken  by  French) 13  Oct     " 

St.  Eustace  (Canadian  rebels  defeated) 14  Dec.     " 

Pefiacerrada  (Carlists  defeated) .22  June,  1838 

Prescott  (Canadian  rebels  defeated) 17  Nov.     " 

Aden  (taken) 19  Jan.  1839 

Ghiznee  (taken  by  Keane) 23  July.     " 

Sidon  (taken  by  Napier) .27  Sept  1840 

Beyrout  (allies  defeat  Egyptians) 10  Oct.     " 

Afghan  war.     India. 

Acre  (stormed  by  allies) 3  Nov.     " 

Kotriah,  Scinde  (English  victors) 1  Dec.     " 

Chuen-pe  (English  victors) 7  Jan.  1841 

Canton  (English  take  Bogue  forts) 26  Feb.     " 

Amoy  (taken) 27  Aug.     " 

Chin-hae,  etc.  (taken) 10,  13  Oct     " 

Candahar  (Afghans  defeated) 10  Mch.  1842 

Ningpo  (Chinese  defeated).. "  " 

Jellalabad  (Khyber  pass  forced) 5,  6  Apr.     " 

Chin-keang  (taken) 21  July,     " 

Ghiznee  (Afghans  defeated  by  Nott) 6  Sept     " 

Meeanee  (Napier  defeats  Ameers) 17  Feb.  1843 

Maharajpoor  (Gough  defeats  Mahrattas) 29  Dec.     '> 

Isly  (French  defeat  Abd-el-Kader) 14  Aug.  1844 

Moodkee  (Hardinge  defeats  Sikhs) 18  Dec.  1845 

Ferozeshah      ''  "         "      21, 22  Dec.     " 

Aliwal  (Smith  defeats  Sikhs) 28  Jan.  1846 

Sobraon  (Gough  defeats  Sikhs) 10  Feb.     " 

St  I'bes  (Portugal) 9  May,     " 

Flensborg  (Danes  defeat  rebels) 9  Apr.  1848 

Dannewerke  (Prussians  defeat  Danes) 23  Apr.     " 

Curtatone  (Austrians  defeat  Italians) 29  May,     " 

Custozza  "  "  "       23  July,     " 

Velencze  (Croats  and  Hungarians) 29  Sept     " 

Mooltan  (Sikhs  repulsed) 7  Nov.     " 

Chilianwallah  (Gough  defeats  Sikhs) 13  Jan.  1849 

Goojerat  "  "         "      21  Feb.     " 

Gran  (Hungarians  victors) 27  Feb.     " 

Novara  (Radetzky  defeats  Sardinians) 23  Mch.     " 

Velletri  (Roman  republicans  defeat  Neapolitans) 19  May,     " 

Pered  (Russians  defeat  Hungarians) 21  June,     " 

Acs  (Hungarians  repulsed) 2  and  10  July,     " 

Waitzen  (taken  by  Russians) 17  July,     " 

Schassberg  (Russians  defeat  Bem) 31  July,     " 

Teraeswar  (Haynau  defeats  Hungarians) 10  Aug.     " 

Idstedt  (Danes  defeat  Holsteiuers) 25  July,  1850 

Nankin  (taken  by  imperialists) 19  July,  1853 

RUSSO-TURKISH  WAR. 

Oltenitza  (Turks  repulse  Russians) 4  Nov.  1853 

Sinope,  n.  (Turkish  fleet  destroyed) 30  Nov.     " 

Citate  (Turks  defeat  Russians) 6  Jan.  1854 

Silistria    "  "  »        13-15  June-,     " 

Giurgevo  "         "  "        7  July,     " 

Bayazid  (Russians  d.efeat  Turks) 29,  30  July,     *' 

Kuruk-Derek  "  "         "      5  Aug.     " 

Alma  (English  and  French  defeat  Russians) 20  Sept     " 


BAT 

Balaklava  (English  and  French  defeat  Russians) 25  Oct 

Inkermann  (Knglish  and  French  defeat  Russians) 5  ^'ov 

Eupatoria  (Turks  defeat  Russians) 17  Feb 

Malakhoff  Tower  (allies  and  Russians;  indecisive  night  corn- 
hats 22-24  Mav 

Capture  of  the  Mamelon.  etc .'.'.'.'.'.■.■ ' ' " "       7  June 

Unsuccessful  attempt  on  Malakhoff  tower  and  Redaii  (allies 

and  Russians) 18  June 

Tchernaya  or  bridge  of  Traktir  (kilies  defeat" Ru^ians).  16  Aug! 

Malakhoff  t^iken  bv  the  French n  «?eDt 

Ingour  (Turks  defeat  Russians) q  Sov 

Baldar  (French  defeat  Russians) ....'..'.*.'.'.".'.".  8  Dec. 

PERSIAN  WAR. 

Bushire  (English  defeat  Persians) 10  Dec 

Kooshab       "  "  "        8  Feb' 

Mohammerah  (English  defeat  Persians).  ..."...'.'.'.".*.' .".".'26  Mch. 

INDIAN   MUTINY.       (IndIA.) 
Conflicts  before  Delhi. . .  .30,  31  May;  8  June;  4,  9, 18  23  July 
Victories  of  gen.  Havelock  near  Futtehpore,  11  July  ■  Cawn- 

pore,  etc  12  Juiyiic  Aug. 

Pandoo  Nuddee  (victory  of  Neill) , .  .15  Aug 

Niy  uffghur  (death  of  Nicholson,  victor) 25  Aug 

Assault  and  capture  of  Delhi 14_20  Sept 

Victories  of  col.  Greathed 27  Sept  •  10  Oct 

Conflicts  before  Lucknow 25,  26  Sept ;  18,'  25  Nov." 

Cawnpore  (victory  of  Campbell) 6  Dec 

Futtehghur       '•  "         2  Jan." 

Calpi  (victory  of  Inglis) 4  peb. 

Alumbagh  (victories  of  Outram) 12  Jan!  and  21  Feb. 

Conflicts  at  Lucknow  (taken) 14-19  Mch. 

Jhansi  (Rose  victorious) 4  Apr 

Kooneh     "  "  11  May 

Gwalior    "  "  .'. . .  .17  June, 

Bajghur  (Mitchell  defeats  Tantia  Topee) 15  Sept 

Dhoodea  Khera  (Clyde  defeats  Beni  Mahdo) 24  Nov. 

Gen.  Horsford  defeats  the  begum  of  Oude  and  Nana  Sahib, 

10  Feb. 
ITALIAN  WAR.      (ItALY.) 

Austrians  cross  the  Ticino 27  Apr. 

French  troops  enter  Piedmont May, 

Montebello  (allies  victorious) 20  May^ 

30,  31  May, 

4  June, 

8  June, 

24  June, 


1854 
1855. 


1866. 
1867 


1861 


1858- 


1859^ 
186» 


Palestro 
♦Magenta 
Malegnano 
*Solferino 


[Armistice  agreed  to,  6  July,  1869.] 


Taku,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Peiho  or  Tien-tsin-ho  (English  at- 
tack on  the  Chinese  forts  defeated) 25  June,  1859^ 

Taku  forts  taken  (Chi.va) 21  Aug.  1860- 

Chang-kia-wan,  18  Sept ;  and  Pa-li-chiau  (Chinese  defeated), 

21  Sept     " 

Castillejo  (Spaniards  defeat  Moors) 1  Jan.  I860' 

Tetuan  "  "         "     4  Feb.     " 

Guad-el-Ras      "  "         "      23  Mch.     ♦' 

Calatiflrai  (Garibaldi  defeats  Neapolitans) 15  May,  I860- 

Melazzo  "  "  "  20, 21  July,     " 

Castel  Fidardo  (Sardinians  defeat  papal  troops) 18  Sept  " 

Volturno  (Garibaldi  defeats  Neapolitans) 1  Oct  " 

Isernia  (Sardinians  defeat  Neapolitans) .' IT  Oct  " 

Garigliano  (Sardinians  defeat  Neapolitans) 3  Nov.  •' 

Sardinians  defeat  Neapolitan  reactionists 22  Jan.  1861 

Gaeta  taken  by  the  Sardinians. 13  Feb.  " 

Insurrection  in  New  Zealand;  English  repulsed,  14,  28  Mch. ; 

27  June;  10, 19  Sept ;  9, 12  Oct  1860 
Maohetia  (Maoris  defeated) 6  Nov.     " 

AMERICAN  CIVIL  WAR. 

Fort  Sumter,  S.  C.  (fired  upon  by  confederates) 12  Apr.  1861 

Surrendered  (by  maj.  Robert  .Anderson) 13  Apr.  " 

Big  Bethel,  Va.  (federals  repulsed) 10  June,  " 

Booneville,  Mo.  (confederates  defeated) 17  June,  "   . 

Carthage,  Mo.  (federals  finally  retire) 6  July,  '* 

Rich  Mountain,  W.  Va.  (gen.  Rosecrans  defeats  confederates), 

11  July,  " 

*Bull  Run,  Va.  (confederates  defeat  federals) 21  July,  " 

Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.  (federals  retire;  gen.  Lyon  killed),  10  Aug.  " 
Hatteras  expedition  (capture  efforts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  N.  C), 

26-30  Aug.  " 

Carnifex  Ferry,  Va  (confederates  retreat) 10  Sept.  " 

Lexington,  Mo.  (taken  by  confederates) 20  Sept  " 

Santa  Rosa  Island 9  Oct  '« 

Ball's  Bluff,  Va.  (federals  defeated) 21  Oct  " 

Port  Royal  expedition  (capture  of  Hilton  Head,  S.  C. ), 

29  Oct. -7  Nov.  " 

Belmont,  Mo.  (confederates  reinforced,  federals  retire),  7  Nov.  " 
Middle  Creek,  Ky.  (Garfield  defeats  Humphrey  Marshall), 

10  Jan.  1862 

Mill  Spring,  Ky.  (gen.  Thomas  defeats  confederates) 19  Jan.  " 

Fort  Henry,  Tenn.  (captured  by  com.  Foote) 6  Feb.  " 

Roanoke  Island,  N.  C.  (captured  by  gen.  Burnside) 7,  8  Feb.  " 

Fort  Donelson,  Tenn.  (surrendered  to  gen.  Grant) 16  Feb.  " 

Pea  Ridge,  Ark.  (gen.  Curtis  defeats  Van  Dorn) 7,  8  Mch.  " 

Hampton  Roads,  Va.  (Monitor  and  Merrimac;  Merrimac  re- 
tires)  9  Mcb.  " 


BAT  90 

Newberne,  N.  C.  (captured  by  Burnside) 14  Mch.  1862 

Kernslown  or  Winchester,  Va.  (geu.  Shields  defeats  "Stone- 
wall "  Jackson) 23  Mch.  " 

Pittsburg  Landing  or  Shiloh,  Tonn.  (federals  defeat  confeder- 
ates)  6,  7  Apr.  " 

Island  No.  10  (surrenders  to  Pope) 7  Apr.  " 

New  Orleans  (com.  Farragut  passes  forts  St.  Philip  and  Jack- 
son)  24  Apr.  " 

New  Orleans  (occupied  by  federals) 25  Apr.  " 

Yorktown,  Va.  (evacuated  by  confederates) 4  May,  " 

Williamsburg,  Va.  (confederates  retire) 6  May,  '• 

Norfolk,  Va.  (occupied  by  federals) 10  May,  " 

Merriinao  (destroyed  by  confederates) 11  May,  " 

Winchester,  Va.  (Stonewall  Jackson  defeats  Banks) 25  May,  " 

Hanover  Court-house,  Va.  (gen.  Fitz-John  Porter  defeats  con- 
federates)  27  May,  " 

Corinth,  Tenn.  (confederates  evacuate) 30  May,  " 

Seven  Pines  and  Fair  Oaks,  Va.  (confederate  attack  repulsed), 

31  May,  1  June,  " 

Memphis,  Tenn.  (surrendered  to  federals) 6  June,  " 

Cross  Keys,  Va.  (Stonewall  Jackson  defeats  Fremont).  .8  June,  " 
Port  Republic,  Va.       "              "            "        Shields)... 9  June,  " 
Mechanicsville,  26  June;  Gaines's  Mill,  27  Juno;  Savage's  Sta- 
tion, 29  June;  Glendale,  30  June;  Fnizier's  Farm  or  White 
Oak  Swamp.  30  June;  Malvern  Hill,  1  July  (seven-days'  bat- 
tles; federals  change  base) 26  June-1  July,  " 

Baton  Rouge,I.A.(confederate8repulsedbygen.  Williams), 5  Aug.  " 
Cedar  Mountain,  Va.  (Banks  opposes  Stonewall  Jackson,  who 

retires) 9  Aug.  " 

Bristow  Station,  Va.  (Hooker  defeats  Ewell) 27  Aug.  " 

Groveton,  Va.  (unfavorable  to  federals) 29  Aug.  " 

Manassas  or  second  Bull  Run,  Va.  (federals  defeated).  .30  Aug.  " 
Chantilly,  Va.  (confederate attack  repulsed;  federal  gens.  Kear- 
ny and  Stevens  killed) 1  Sept.  " 

South  Mountain,  Md.  (Crampton  and  Turner's  Gap;  confeder- 
ates retire) 14  Sept.  " 

Harper's  Ferry,  Va.  (surrenders  to  Stonewall  Jackson;  10,000 

federal  prisoners) 15  Sept  " 

Antietam,  Md.  (confederates  retreat) 16, 17  Sept.  " 

Munfordville,  Ky.  (surrenders  to  confederates) 17  Sept.  " 

luka,  Miss.  (Rosecrans  defeats  Price) 19  Sept.  " 

Corinth,  Miss.  (Rosecrans  defeats  Van  Dorn  and  Price),  3-5  Oct.  " 

Perry vi He,  Ky.  (confederates  retire) 8  Oct.  " 

Prairie  Grove,  Ark.  (gens.  Blunt  and  Herron  defeat  confeder- 
ate Hindman) 7  Dec.  " 

Fredericksburg,  Va.  (Lee  defeats  Burnside) 13  Dec.  •' 

Holly  Springs,  Miss,  (captured  and  immense  stores  destroyed 

by  V'an  Dorn) 20  Dec.  " 

Chickasaw  Bayou,  Miss.  (Sherman  fails  to  take  Vicksburg), 

27-29  Dec.  " 

Stone  River  (Rosecrans  defeats  Bragg) 31  Dec.  1862-2  .fan.  1863 

Arkansas  Post,  Ark.  (captured  by  McClernand) 11  Jan.  " 

■Grierson's  raid  (from  Lagrange,  Tenn. ,  to  Baton  Rouge,  La.), 

17  Apr. -2  May,  " 
Streight's  raid  through  northern  Alabama  (Streight  with  his 

command  captured) 7  Apr. -3  May,  " 

Port  Gibson,  Miss,  (confederates  defeated  by  Grant). . .  1,  2  May,  " 
Chancellorsville,  Va.  (Lee  defeats  Hooker;  Stonewall  Jackson 

mortally  wounded) 1-4  May,  ' ' 

Raymond,  Miss.  (McPherson  and  Logan  defeat  confederates), 

12  May,  " 
Jackson,  Miss.  (McPherson  drives  the  confederates  from  Jack- 
son)  14  May,  " 

Champion  Hill,  Miss,  (confederates  defeated) 16  May,  " 

Big  Black,  Miss.                    "                   "        17  May,  " 

Vicksburg,  Miss,  (invested) 19  May,  " 

Port  Hudson,  La.  (Banks  assaults;  repulsed) 27  May,  " 

Milliken's  Bend,  La.  (confederates  repulsed) 7  June,  " 

Winchester,  Va.  (Milroy  driven  out) 15  June,  " 

Gettysburg,  Pa.  (Meade  defeats  hee) 1-3  July,  " 

Vicksburg,  Miss,  (surrenders  to  Grant) 4  July,  " 

Helena,  Ark.  (confederate  assault  repulsed) "  " 

Port  Hudson,  lia.  (surrendered  to  Banks) 9  July,  " 

Fort  Wagner,  S.  C.  (confederates  repulse  assault).  ..10,  18  July,  " 
Morgan's  raid— Ky.,  Ind.,  and  Ohio  (Morgan  captured), 

24June-26  July,  " 

€hickamauga,  Ga.  (Bragg  defeats  Rosecrans) 19,  20  Sept.  ' ' 

Wauhatchie,  Tenn.  (Hooker  repels  attack) 29  Oct.  " 

Campbell  Station,  Tenn.  (Burnside  retires  before  Longstreet), 

16  Nov.  " 

Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn.  (Hooker  victorious) 24  Nov.  " 

Missionary  Ridge,  Tenn.  (Bragg  defeated) 25  Nov.  " 

Knoxville,  Tenn.  (Longstreet's  attack  repulsed) 29  Nov.  " 

Olustee,  Fla.  (gen.  Seymour  defeated  by  confederates).  .20  Feb.  1864 

Sabine  Cross  Roads,  La.  (confederates  defeat  Banks) 8  Apr.  " 

Pleasant  Hill,  La.  (Banks  repels  attack) 9  Apr.  " 

Fort  Pillow,  Tenn.  (capture  and  massacre  of  colored  troops), 

12  Apr.  " 

Wilderness,  Va.  (Grant  attacks  Lee ;  indecisive) 5,  6  May,  " 

Spottsylvania Court-house,  Va.  (Grant attacks  Lee;  indecisive), 

7-12  May,  " 

Petersburg,  Va.  (Butler's  attack  fails) 10  May,  " 

Resaca,  Ga.  (confederates  retreat) 15  May,  " 

Pumpkin  vine  Creek,  Ga.  (Hooker  attacks) 25  May,  " 

Cold  Harbor,  Va.  (gen.  Grant's  attack  repulsed) 1-3  June,  " 

Petersburg,  Va.  (W.  F.  Smith's  attack  on,  repulsed),  16-18  June,  " 
Kearsarge    sinks    the   confederate    Alabama    off'   Cherbourg, 

France 19  June,  " 

Weldon  Railroad,  Va.  (federals  repulsed) 21-24  June,  " 

Kenesaw,  Ga.  (gen.  Sherman's  attack  repulsed) 27  June,  " 

Monocacy,  Md.  (gen.  Lew  Wallace  defeated) 9  July,  ' ' 


BAT 

Peach-tree  Creek,  Ga.  (confederate  attack  repulsed)  —  20  July, 

Atlanta,  Ga.  -  "  "  "  (McPherson 
killed)   22  July, 

V/im'B  Church,  (Ja.  "  "  "        28  July, 

Petersburg,  Va.  (mine  explosion,  failure) 30  July, 

Jonesborough,  Ga.  (confederates  defeated) 31  Aug.,  1  Sept. 

Atlanta,  (Ja.  (occupied  by  Sherman) 2  Sept. 

Winchester,  Va.  (Sheridan  defeats  Early) 19  Sept. 

Fisher's  Hill,  Va.        "  "  "      22  Sept. 

Allatoona,  Ga.  (gen.  Corse  repels  attack) 6  Oct. 

Cedar  Creek,  Va.  (gen.  Sheridan  routs  Early) 19  Oct. 

Hatcher's  Run,  Va.  (Hancock  retires) 27  Oct. 

•Franklin,  Tenn.  (Hood  attacks  SchoHeld;  repulsed). .  .30  Nov. 

Fort  McAllister,  Ga.  (gen.  Hazen  captures) 14  Dec. 

Nashville,  Tenn.  (gen.  Thomas  defeats  Hood) 15, 16  Dec. 

Fort  Fisher,  N.  C.  (captured  by  gen.  Terry) 15  Jan. 

Hatcher's  Run,  V^a.  (federals  successful) 5  Feb. 

Averasboro,  N.  C.  (confederates  retreat) 15  Mch. 

Bentonvillc,     "  "  "      18  Mch. 

Five  Forks,  Va.  (Sheridan  beats  confederates)  .  .31  Mch.,  1  Apr. 

Sailors'  Creek,  Va.  (gen.  Ewell  surrenders) 7  Apr. 

Appomattox,  Va.  (gen.  Lee  surrenders  to  Grant) 9  Apr. 

Mobile,  Ala.  (taken  by  federals) 12  Apr. 

Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  surrenders  to  gen.  Sherman,  26  Apr. 

Jefferson  Davis  captured  near  Irwinsville,  Ga 11  May, 

[For  details  of  the  important  battles,  see  separate  articles; 
also  Atlanta  Campaign,  Bull  Run  Campaign,  Chattanooga 
Campaign,  Grant's  Virginia  Campaign,  Maryland  Cam- 
paign, Peninsular  Campaign,  Pope's  Virginia  Campaign, 
Red  River  Campaign,  Sherman's  Great  March,  and  Vicks- 
burg Campaign.] 

DANISH    WAR. 

Oeversee  (Danes  and  allies) 6  Feb. 

Diippel  (taken  by  the  Prussians) 18  Apr. 

Alsen  "        "  "  29  June, 

Rendsburg  "        "  "         21  July, 

SOUTH   AMERICAN   WAR.       (BRAZIL.) 

Santayuna  (allies  defeat  Paraguayans;  Uruguayana  taken), 

18  Sept. 

Paso  de  la  Patria  (indecisive) 25  Feb. 

Parana  (allies  victors) 16  Apr. 

Estero  Velhaco  (allies  victors) 2  May, 

Tuyuty  (allies  defeated) 16, 18  July, 

Curupaiti  "  "  17,  19,  22  Sept. 

Tuyuty  (allies  victors) 30  Oct. 

Corumba  (taken  by  Brazilians) 13  June, 

SEVEN  weeks'  WAR  {Austria  and  Prussia). 

Custozza  (Austrians  defeat  Italians) 24  June, 

Lissa,  n.  "  "  "        20  July, 

[Prussian  victories  (as  inscribed  on  shield  exhibited  at  Ber- 
lin, 30  Sept.  1866).     Prussia.] 

Liebenau,  Turnau,  Podoll 26  June, 

Nachod,  Langensalza,  Osweicin,  Hiihnerwasser 27  June, 

Miinchengratz,  Soor,  Trautcnau,  Skalitz 28  June, 

Gitschin,  KOniginhof,  Jaromier,  Schweinschadel 29  June, 

*KOniggratz  and  Sadowa 3  July, 

Dermbach,  4  July ;  Hiinfeld 5  July, 

Waldaschach,  Hausen,  Hammelburg,  Friedericshall,  Kissingen, 

10  July, 

Laufach,  13  July ;  Aschaffenburg 14  July, 

Tobitschau,  15  July;  Blumenau,  22  July;  Hof 23  July, 

Tauber-Bischofsheim,  Werbach,  Hochhausen 24  July, 

Neubrunn,  Helmstadt,  Gerchsheim 25  July, 

Rossbrunn,  Wiirzburg,  Baireuth 28  July, 

Monte  Rotondo  (Garibaldians  victors) 27  Oct. 

Montana  (Garibaldi  defeated) 3  Nov. 

Arogee  or  Fahla  (Abyssinians  defeated) 10  Apr. 

Magdala  stormed 13  Apr. 

Russians  defeat  Bokharians  and  occupy  Samarcand. .  .25  May, 

Alcolea  (Spanish  royalists  defeated) 27,  28  Sept. 

Villeta  (Lopez  defeated  by  Brazilians),  etc 11  Dec. 

Lopez  defeated 12, 16,  18,  21  Aug. 

Aquidaban  (Lopez  defeated  and  killed) 1  Mch. 

(Franco-Prussian  War.) 
Saarbruck,  taken  by  the  French,  and  Prussians  repulsed,  2  Aug. 

Wissembourg  (French  defeated) 4  Aug. 

worth  (French  defeated) (i  Aug. 

Saarbruck  or  Forbach  (French  defeated) •' 

Courcelles  or  Pange  "  "  14  Aug. 

Strasburg (French  defeated) 16  Aug. 

Vionville  or  Mars-la-Tour  (French  defeated) " 

*Gravelotte  or  Rdzonville        "  "        18  Aug. 

Beaumont  (French  defeated) 30  Aug. 

Carignan  "  "         31  Aug. 

Metz  an  (1 

Sedan  "  "         V.  V. '.V.  *.'.'.'.'.".'.  ".'.".31  Aug.,  1  Sept. 

Before  Paris  (French  defeated) 30  Sept. 

Thoury  (Germans  surprised  and  repulsed) 5  Oct. 

St.  Remy  (French  defeated) 6  Oct. 

Before  Metz  "  "         7  Oct. 

Artenay         "  " 10  Oct. 

Cherizy  (Germans  repulsed) " 

Orleans  (French  defeated) 11  Oct. 

Ecouis  (indecisive) 14  Oct. 

Chateaudun  (French  defeated) 18  Oct. 

Coulmiers,  near  Orleans  (Germans  defeated) 9, 10  Nov. 


1864 


1865 


1865 
1866 


1867 


1866 


1867 
1868 


1870 
1870 


BAT  91 


Near  Amiens  (French  defeated) 27  Nov.  1870 

Villiers,  before  Paris  (French  retreat) 30  Nov.,  2  Dec.  " 

Before  Orleans  (French  defeated) 4  Dec.  " 

Beaugency              "            "          7, 8  Dec.  " 

Nuits  (French  defeated) 18  Dec.  " 

Pont  k  Noyelles  (French  claim  a  victory) 23  Dec.  " 

Bapaume  (indecisive) 2,3  Jan.  1871 

Le  Mans           "           6  Jan.  " 

Le  Mans  (Chanzy  defeated  by  prince  Frederick  Charles),  10-12 

Jan.  " 

Belfort  (Bourbaki  defeated) 15-17  Jan.  " 

St.  Quentin  (Faidherbe  defeated) 19  Jan.  " 

Paris  (Trochu's  grand  sortie  repulsed) "  " 


1872 
1873 


1874 


Oroquieta  (Carlists  defeated) 4  May, 

Elmina  (Ashantees  defeated  by  British) 13  June, 

Elgueta  (Carlists  said  to  be  victorious) 5,  6  Aug. 

Maiieru  (Carlists  and  republicans;  indecisive) 6  Oct. 

Abrakampra  (Ashantees  defeated) 5,  6  Nov. 

Borborassie  "  "         29  Jan. 

Amoaful  "  "         31  Jan.      " 

Bocquah  "  "         1  Feb.      " 

Fommannah  "  "         2  Feb.     " 

Ordahsa  "  "         4  Feb.     " 

Before  Bilbao  (several  days;   Carlists  retreat;  Concha  enters 

Bilbao) 2  May,     " 

Estella  (sharp  conflicts;  Carlists  retreat;  Concha  killed),  25,  27 

June,     " 

Irun  (Laserna  defeats  Carlists) 10  Nov.     " 

Sorota,  Peru  (Pierota  and  insurgents  defeated) 3  Dec.     " 

Near  Tolosa  (Carlists  repulse  Loma) , 7,  8  Dec.     " 

Khokand  (Russians  under  Kaufman  defeat  the  Khan's  troops, 

etc.) 4,  21  Sept.  1875 

Abyssinians  defeat  Egyptians Oct.     " 

Assake  (Khokand  chiefs  defeated) 30  Jan.  1876 

SERVIAN  WAR. 

Saitschar  (severe  conflicts;  Servians  retreat) 2,  3  July,  1876 

Urbitza  (Montenegrins  defeat  Turks) 28  July,  " 

Turkish  wars  with  Servia  and  Montenegro  declared. .  .2  July,  " 

Zaicar,  or  Saitschar  (Turks  and  Servians;  indecisive). .  .3  July,  " 

Novi -Bazar  (Turks  said  to  be  victors) 6  July,  " 

Urbitza  (Montenegrins  victors) 28  July,  " 

Ourgusovatz  (Turks  victors) 5-7  Aug.  " 

Medun  (Montenegrins  victors) 7  or  14  Aug.  " 

Morava  valley,  near  Alexinatz  (severe  conflicts,  favorable  to 

Turks) 19-27  Aug.  " 

Podgoritza  (Montenegrins  victors) 26  Aug.  " 

Alexinatz  (Turks  victors),  1,  2,  28,  29  Sept. ;  captured. .  .31  Oct.  " 

Peace  between  Turkey  and  Servia 1  Mch.  1877 

RUSSO-TURKISH  WAR. 

Tahir  (Turks  defeated) 16  June,  1877 

Nicopolis  (stormed  by  Russians;  severe  fights) 15, 16  July,  " 

Plevna  (Russians  defeated) 19,  20,  and  30,  31  July,  " 

Valley  of  Lom  (Russians  defeated) 22-24  Aug.  " 

Kurukdara  or  Kizil  Tepe  (Russians  defeated) 24,  25  Aug.  " 

Shipka  Pass  (dreadful  conflicts;  Turks   under   Suleiman  re- 
pulsed)   20-27  Aug.  " 

Karahassankoi,  etc.,  on  the  Lom  (severe;  Russians  retreat), 

30  Aug.  " 

Lovatz  or  Luftcha  (taken  by  Russians) 3  Sept.  " 

Plevna  (held  by  Osman  Pacha;  severe  conflicts;  Russians  de- 
feated)  11, 12  Sept.  !' 

Shipka  Pass  (Suleiman  defeated) 17  Sept.  " 

Near  Kars  (Russians  defeated) 2-4  Oct.  " 

Aladja  Dagh,  near  Kars  (Turks  under  Mukhtar  totally  defeated), 

14, 15  Oct.  " 
Deve-Boyun,  Armenia  (Turks  under  Mukhtar  defeated  after  9 

hours'  fighting) 4  Nov.  " 

Azizi,  near  Erzeroum  (Russians  defeated) 9  Nov.  " 

Kars  (taken  by  storm  by  Russians) 17,  18  Nov.  *' 

Elena  (taken  by  Turks  after  sharp  conflict) 4  Dec.  " 

Plevna  (Osman  Pacha  endeavors  to  break  out;  totally  defeated; 

surrenders  unconditionally) 9  10  Dec.  " 

Senova  in  the  Balkans  (Turks  defeated) 9,  10  Jan.  1878 

Near  Philippopolis             "            "        14,  15  Jan.  " 

AFGHAN   WAR.       (AFGHANISTAN.) 

AH  Musjid  (captured  by  British) 22  Nov.  1878 

Peiwar  Pass  (victory  of  gen.  Roberts) 2  Dec.     " 

Futtehabad  (victory  of  gen.  Gough) '.*.'. '.".".".'.2  Apr.  1879 

Char-aseab  (Afghans  defeated) 6  Oct      " 

Severe  fighting  near  Cabul Dec'  1879-Apr.  1880 

Ahmed  Khel  (Stewart  defeats  Afghans) 19-23  Apr      " 

Kuschki-Nakhud  or  Maiwand  (Ayoob  Khan  defeats  Burrows', 

Mazra  or  Baba  Wall  (Roberts  totally  defeats  Ayoob  Khan),'l  Sept      " 

ZULU   WAR.       (ZULULAND.) 

Isandula  (British  surprised  and  defeated) 22  Jan   1879 

Rorke's  Drift  (successfully  defended  by  British) "         " 

Ulundi  (Cetewayo  totally  defeated  by  lord  Chelmsford),  4  July,     « 
CHILIAN  AND    PERUVIAN   WAR.      (ChILI.) 

Iquique  (Chilians  defeat  Peruvians) Nov.  1879 

Choukos  and  Miraflores  (Chilians  defeat  Peruvians) 17  Jan.  1881 

RUSSIAN   WAR. 
Geok  or  Denghli  Tepg  (Russians  and  Turkomans;  indecisive), 

9  Sept.  1879 


1882 


BAV 

Geok  Tepe  (besieged  by  Russians;  severe  conflicts),  24  Dec 
1880;  4,  9,  10  Jan.  1881;  taken ,  .24  Jan.  1881 

TRANSVAAL   WAR. 

Laing's  Nek  (British  defeated) 28  Jan  " 

IngogoRiver      "  "        g  Feb!  " 

MajubaHill        "  "        27  Feb.  " 

WAR  IN  EGYPT. 

Bombardment  of  forts  at  Alexandria n  July 

Tel-el-Mahuta  and  Masameh  (natives  defeated  by' British),      ' 

Kassasin  (natives  defeated  by  British) 28  Aug.  and  9  Sept." 

Tel-el-Kebir   "  "  "  decisive). ...... .13  Sept. 

Soudan.  * 

Arabs  in  the  Soudan  defeated  by  Hicks 29  Apr 

El  Obeid  or  Kashgal  (Hicks  and  his  army  destroyed')"  3-5  Nov 

Tokar  (Egyptians  defeated) '      s  Nov 

Near  Teb,  Baker  with  Egyptians  defeated  by  Ara'bs.'. .'.' "  4  Feb" 

Teb  (Graham  totally  defeats  Arabs) 29  Feb' 

Abu  Klea  (Stewart  defeats  natives) 17  jan 

Gubat  (Arabs  defeated) 19  Jan 

Kerkeben"  "        gen.  Earle  killed). ..'.!  *.'.'.".'.■.■.!!  10 'Feb 

Hasheen  (Arabs  defeated) 20  Mch' 

Arab  attack  near  Suakim  repulsed ..."....'!!  .22  Mch 


1884 
1885 


Ak  Tapa  (Russians  defeat  Afghans) 30  Mar.  1885 

Cualchuapa,Central  America  (Barrios  defeated  and  killed),  2  Apr.'     " 

Dagoli,  near  Massowah  (Italians  annihilated  by  Abyssinians), 

a     ,  ■      ,A     ^  .  25,  26  Jan.'  1887 

Suakim  (Arab  dervishes  defeated  by  British) 20  Dec   1888 

Wounded  Knee,  S.  Dak.  (U.  S.  troops  with  Indians). . .  .29  Dec.  1890 
United  States. 

Tokar  Soudan  (Osman  Digna  defeated) 19  Feb.  1891 

Placilla,  Chili  (Balmaceda  defeated  by  congressists) 28  Aug.     " 

[For  small  conflicts  and  skirmishes,  Basuto  Land,  Chili, 
Egypt,  Franco- Prussian  War,  Herzegovina,  India,  Kafirs, 
Lagos,  Manipur,  Russo  -  Turkish  Wars,  Salvador,  Sene- 
gal, Soudan,  Spain,  Sumatra,  Tonquin,  Turkey,  United 
States,  Zululand,  etc.,  and  for  details  of  important  en- 
gagements, see  separate  articles.] 

Bautzen,  a  town  in  Saxony,  near  which  desperate 
battles  were  fought  20,  21,  and  22  May,  1813,  between  the 
French,  commanded  by  Napoleon,  and  the  allies,  under  the 
emperor  of  Russia  and  the  king  of  Prussia.  The  struggle 
commenced  on  the  19th,  with  a  contest  on  the  outposts, 
which  cost  each  army  a  loss  of  above  2000  men.  On  the 
20th  (at  Bautzen)  the  French  were  more  successful ;  and  on. 
the  21st  (at  Wurschen)  the  allies  were  compelled  to  retire ; 
but  Napoleon  obtained  no  permanent  advantage.  Duroc  was 
killed  at  Reichenbach  by  a  cannon-ball,  on  22  May. 

Bavaria  (part  of  ancient  Noricum  and  Vindelicia),  a 
kingdom  in  S.  Germany,  conquered  from  the  Celtic  Gauls 
(Boii)  by  the  Franks  between  630  and  660.  The  country  was 
afterwards  governed  by  dukes  subject  to  the  French  monarchs. 
Tasillon  II.  was  deposed  by  Charlemagne,  who  established 
margraves  in  788.  The  margrave  Leopold,  895,  father  of  Ar- 
nulph  the  Bad,  is  styled  the  first  duke.  Bavaria  was  made  a 
constitutional  monarchy,  26  May,  1818.  It  joined  the  German 
empire,  22  Nov.  1870.  Pop.  1886,  5,420,199 ;  1890,  6,589,382. 
Area,  29,632  sq.  miles. 

Bavaria  supports  Austria  in  the  contest  with  Prussia. .  .June,  1866 
Takes  part  in  the  war,  and  makes  peace  with  Prussia.. 22  Aug.     " 

Population  (after  cessions,  1866),  4,824,421 Dec.  186T 

An  international  exhibition  in  a  crystal  palace  opened,  20  July,  1869 
The  Chambers  dissolved,  as,  through  a  party  struggle,  no  pres- 
ident was  elected 6  Oct.     '* 

Resignation  of  the  ministry,  25  Nov. ;  only  partially  accepted 

by  the  king 9  Dec.     '* 

Vote  of  want  of  confidence  in  prince  Hohenlohe  the  president, 

12  Feb. ;  he  resigns 14  Feb!  1870 

The  king  announces  his  intention  of  joining  Prussia  in  the 

war  with  France about  20  July,     " 

Bavarian   contingent  highly  distinguishes   itself  in  the  war; 

Otho,  duke  of  Bavaria,  killed  near  Beglie 27  Jan.  1871 

Dr.  D511inger  excommunicated  for  denying  papal  infallibility, 

18  Apr. ;  elected  rector  of  the  university  of  Munich,  29  July,     " 
President  of  council,  and  foreign  minister,  A.  de  Pfretzsch- 

ner  (Franco-Prussian  War) 22  Aug.     " 

Government  protests  against  papal  infallibility  (Germany), 

27  Sept.     " 

"  Old  Catholic  "  church  opened  at  Munich end  of  Sept.     " 

The  king,  in  a  letter  to  the  king  of  Saxony,  proposes  the  king 

of  Prussia  for  emperor  of  Germany,  about 5  Dec.     " 

The  king  charges  Von  Gasser  to  form  an  ultramontane  minis- 
try, opposed  to  German  unity,  3  Sept. ;  he  fails Sept.  1872 

Queen  dowager,  Mary  of  Prussia,  received  into   the  Catholic 

church 12  Oct.  1874 

New  ultramontane  ("popular  Catholic  ")  party  formed,  6  Mch.  1877 

International  exhibition  at  Munich  opened 19  July,  1879 

7th  centenary  of  foundation  of  the  dynasty  (Otto  of  Wittels- 

bach  made  duke  by  Frederick  Barbarossa) 25  Aug.  1880 

The  king  (insane)  drowns  himself  in  a  small  lake,  near  one  of 
his  castles,  after  killing  Dr.  Gudden,  his  physician.  .13  June,  1886 


1331. 


1294. 
1347. 
1375. 
1397. 


BAY 

Hl«  brother,  Odu,  heir  to  the  throne,  not  being  of  sound  mind, 
the  govoruineui  appoint  as  regent  prince  Lultpold,  his  undo, 

..UKK8.  14  June,  1886 

1071.  Uoeiri.,au  illustrious  warrior. 

1101.  tiueiril. ;  son;  marries  the  countess  Matilda,  1089. 

irw.  Henry  the  Black ;  brother. 

iri6.  Henry  tlio  Proud;  son.  (He  competed  with  Conrad  of  Ho- 
henstaufcn  for  the  empire,  foiled,  and  was  deprived  or  Ba- 
varia. ) 

llSa  Leopold,  margrave  of  Austria ;  d.  1142. 

1142.  Henry  of  Austria;  brother;  d.  1177. 

1154.  Henry  the  Lion  (son  of  Heury  the  Proud),  ancestor  of  the 
Brunswick  family,  restored  by  the  emperor  Frederick  Bar- 
barussa,  but  e.xpollod  by  him  1180  (Bkinhwick);  d.  1195. 

1180.  Otho,  count  of  Wittelsbach,  made  duke;  d.  1183. 

1183.   Louis;  sou. 

Otho  II..  the  Illustrious;  son;  gained  the  palatinate;  assassi- 
nated 1231. 
I.oui8  II.,  the  Severe;  son;  d.  1294. 
Im\x\»  III. ;  son  (without  the  palatinate),  emperor;  d.  1347. 
Stephen  I.;  son;  d.  1375. 
John;  brother;  d.  1397. 
Ernest;  brother;  d.  14.sa 

1438.  Albert  L;  son;  d.  1460. 

1460.  John  II.  and  Sigismund;  sons;  resigned  to 

1465.  Albert  II.;  brother;  d.  1608. 

1508.  William  I.;  son;  opposes  the  Reformation,  1522;  d.  1550. 

155a  Albert  III  ;  son;  d.  1573. 

1579.  William  II.;  son;  abdicates  1596 ;  d.  1626. 

1596.  Maximilian  the  Great;  son;  the  flrst  elector  of  Bavaria,  26 
Feb.  1623;  the  palatinate  restored,  1648;  d.  27  Sept.  1651. 

1651.  Ferdinand  Mary ;  d.  26  May,  1079. 

1679.  Maximilian  Emanuel;  sou;  allies  with  France,  1702;  defeat- 
ed at  Blenheim,  1704;  restored  to  his  dominions,  1714;  d. 
26  Feb.  1726. 

1726.  Charles  Albert;  son;  elected  emperor,  1742;  defeated,  1744; 
d.  20  Jan.  1745. 

1745.  Maximilian  Joseph!.;  son;  as  elector;  d.  30  Dec.  1777  (end 
of  younger  line  of  Wittelsbach). 

1778.  Charles  Theodore  (the  elector  palatinate  of  the  Rhine  since 
1743).  French  take  Munich;  he  treats  with  them,  1796; 
d.  1799. 

1799.  Maximilian  Joseph  II. ;  elector;  territories  changed  by  treaty 
of  Luneville,  1801;  enlarged  when  made  king,  by  treaty  of 
Presburg,  Dec.  1805. 

•     KINGS  OF  BAVARIA. 

1805.  Maximilian  Joseph  I.    He  deserts  Napoleon,  and  has  bis  en- 
larged territories  confirmed  to  him,  Oct.  1813;  grants  a  con- 
stitutional charter,  22  Aug.  1818;  d.  13  Oct.  1825. 
1825.  Louis  I..  13  Oct. ;  abdicates  21  Mch.  1848;  d.  29  Feb.  1868. 
[His  abdication  w^as  mainly  caused  by  his  attachment  to  a 
woman,  known  by  the  assumed  name  of  Lola  Montez;  who,  in 
the  end,  was  banished  for  interference  in  state  affairs.     St^e  de- 
livered lectures  in  London   in  1859;   thence  proceeded  to  the 
United  SUtes.  and  died  in  New  York,  17  Jan.  1861.] 
1848.  Maximilian  Joseph  II. ;  son;  b.  28  Nov.  1811;  d.  10  Mch.  1864. 
1864.  Louis  II. ;  son;  b.  25  Aug.  1845;  d.  13  June,  1886. 
1886.  Otto,  b.  27  Apr.  1848. 
"      Prince  Luitpold,  regent 

Bay  I§lands  (the  chief,  Rustan),  in  the  bay  of  Hon- 
duras, belonged  to  Spain  till  1821 ;  then  to  Great  Britain, 
which  formed  them  into  a  colony  in  1852,  but  ceded  them  to 
Honduras,  28  Nov.  1859.     Honduras. 

Bay  State,  popular  name  for  Massachusetts ;  so  called 
from  the  settlements  about  Boston  designated  as  '*  The  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay  colony,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  "  Pl^'mouth 
colony."     Massachusetts,  1630. 

Bayeux  (Bd'yu')  tapestry,  said  to  have  been 
wrought  by  Matilda,  queen  of  William  I.  (?).  It  is  19  inches 
wide,  214  feet  long,  and,  in  compartments,  shows  events  from 
the  visit  of  Harold  to  the  Norman  court  to  his  death  at  Hast- 
ings ;  now  preserA'ed  in  the  public  library  of  Bayeux,  near 
Caen.  A  copy,  drawn  by  C.  Stothard,  and  colored  after  the 
original,  was  published  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1821- 
23.  A  reproduction,  by  autotype  process,  was  published  by 
F.  R.  Fowke,  with  notes,  1875. 

Baylen,  S.  Spain,  where,  on  20  July,  1808,  the  French, 
under  Dupont  and  Wedel,  were  defeated  by  the  Spaniards, 
under  Reding,  Coupigny,  and  other  generals. 

Baylor's  eavalry,  massacre  of.     New  York,  1778. 

bayonet,  a  sharp-pointed  instrument  of  steel  for  thrust- 
ing, fixed  at  the  end  of  fire-arms,  said  to  have  been  invented 
at  Bayonne  (whence  the  name),  in  France,  about  1647, 1670, 
or  1690.  It  was  used  at  Killiecrankie  in  1689,  and  at  Mar- 
saglia  by  the  French,  in  1693,  "  with  great  success  against 
the  enemy,  unprepared  for  the  encounter  with  so  formidable  a 
novelty."  It  was  at  first  inserted  in  the  bore  of  the  gun;  but 
is  now  made  with  a  ring  to  slip  over  the  muzzle  so  that  the 


92  BEA 

gun  can  be  fired  with  the  bayonet  fixed.  The  ring-bayonet 
was  adopted  by  the  British,  24  Sept.  1693. 

Bayonne',  S.  France,  an  ancient  city,  held  by  the  Eng- 
lish from  1295  till  it  was  taken  by  Charles  VII.  The  queens 
of  Spain  and  France  met  the  cruel  duke  of  Alva  here,  June, 
1556,  it  is  supposed  to  arrange  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. Charles  IV.  of  Spain  abdicated  here  in  favor  of  "  his 
friend  and  ally "  Napoleon,  4  May;  and  his  sons,  Ferdinand, 
prince  of  Asturias,  don  Carlos,  and  don  Antonio,  renounced  the 
Spanish  throne,  6  May,  1808.  Near  Hayonne  was  much  fight- 
ing between  the  French  and  British  armies,  9-13  Dec.  1813. 
Bayonne  was  invested  by  the  British,  14  Jan.  1814;  on  14 
Apr.  the  French  rallied  and  attacked  the  English  vigorously, 
but  were  driven  back.  The  loss  of  the  British  was  consider- 
able, and  lieut.-gen.  sir  John  Hope  was  wounded  and  taken. 

Bayreuth  {hVroyt),  N.  Germany,  long  a  margraviate 
of  a  branch  of  the  Brandenburg  family,  but  with  that  of 
Anspach  abdicated  by  the  reigning  prince  in  favor  of  the  king 
of  Prussia,  1790.  The  archives  were  brought  (in  1783)  from 
Plassenburg  to  Bayreuth,  which  was  given  to  Bavaria  bv  Na- 
poleon in  1806. 

bazaar',  or  covered  market,  an  Arabic  word.  The 
magnificent  bazaar  of  Ispahan  was  excelled  by  that  of  Tauris, 
which  has  held  30,000  men  in  order  of  battle. 

Bazeille§  (ba-zaye),  a  village  in  the  Ardennes,  N.E. 
France.  During  the  battle  of  Sedan,  1  Sept.  1870,  Bazeilles 
was  burned  by  the  Bavarians,  and  atrocious  outrages  were 
said  to  have  been  committed.  Of  nearly  2000  inhabitants,  it 
was  asserted,  scarcely  60  remained  alive,  and  these  indig- 
nantly denied  having  given  provocation.  Much  controversv 
ensued,  and  in  July,  1871,  gen.  von  der  Tann  showed  that  the 
number  of  deaths  had  been  grossly  exaggerated,  that  there 
had  been  much  provocation,  and  denied  the  alleged  cruelties. 

Beachy  Head,  S.E.  Sussex,  Engl.,  a  promontory 
near  which  the  British  and  Dutch  fleet,  commanded  by  the  earl 
of  Torrington,  was  defeated  by  a  superior  French  force  under 
admiral  Tourville,  30  June,  1690  ;  the  allies  suffered  severely. 
The  Dutch  lost  2  admirals,  500  men,  and  several  ships — sunk 
to  save  them  from  the  enemy ;  the  English  lost  2  ships  and 
400  men.  Both  admirals  were  blamed— Torrington  for  not 
fighting,  Tourville  for  not  pursuing  the  victory. 

Beaeon  hill,  Boston.  So  called  from  a  pole  placed 
on  its  summit  in  1635,  with  a  torch,  said  to  have  been  a  barrel 
of  tar,  to  alarm  the  country  \n  case  of  attack  by  the  Indians. 
Boston,  1811. 

beads,  early  used  in  the  East  for  reckoning  prayers.  St. 
Augustin  mentions  them  in  366.  About  1090  Peter  the  Her- 
mit is  said  to  have  made  a  series  of  55  beads.  To  Dominic 
de  Guzman  is  ascribed  the  invention  of  the  rosary  (a  series 
of  16  large  and  150  small  beads),  in  honor  of  the  blessed  Vir- 
gin, about  1202.  Beads  soon  af^ter  were  in  general  use.  The 
bead-roll  was  a  list  of  deceased  persons,  for  the  repose  of  whose 
souls  a  certain  number  of  prayers  was  recited.  Beads  liave 
been  found  in  British  barrows. 

beam  and  scales.  The  apparatus  for  weighing  goods 
was  so  called,  "as  it  weighs  so  much  at  the  king's  beam."  A 
public  beam  was  set  up  in  London,  and  all  commodities  or- 
dered to  be  weighed  by  the  city  officer,  called  the  weigh-mas- 
ter,  who  was  to  do  justice  between  buyer  and  seller  (stat.  3, 
Edw.  II.  1309).— /S'to^i'.  Beams  and  scales,  with  weights  and 
measures,  were  ordered  to  be  examined  by  the  justices  at 
quarter-sessions,  35  Geo.  III.  1794.    Weights  and  Measures. 

beans,  black  and  white,  were  used  by  the  ancients  in 
gathering  the  votes  of  the  people  for  the  election  of  magis- 
trates. A  white  bean  signified  absolution,  and  a  black  one 
condemnation.  The  precept  ascribed  by  later  writers  to  Py- 
thagoras, abstain  from  beans,  abstine  afabis,  has  been  various- 
ly interpreted.  "  Beans  do  not  favor  mental  tranquillity." — 
Cicero.  The  finer  kinds  of  beans  were  brought  to  England 
in  Henry  VIH.'s  reign.  We  have  no  certain  information 
that  the  species  of  bean,  Phaseolus  vulgaris,  existed  in  the 
Old  World  prior  to  the  discovery  of  America.— /I  merican  Nat- 
uralist, vol.  19,  p.  447, 1885.  The  evidence  for  the  antiquity 
of  the  bean  in  America  is  circumstantial  and  direct.— /fiew^ 
p.  448.     The  Lima  bean,  Phaseolus  lunatus,  is  unquestionably 


BEA 

of  American  origin,  and  De  Candolle  assigns  its  original  hab- 
itat to  Brazil.  This  bean  has  been  found  in  the  mummy 
graves  of  Peru. — Idem,  p.  452.  The  bean  is  mentioned  by 
early  explorers  of  America  as  in  use  by  the  aborigines ;  and 
the  young  Indian  corn  and  the  unripe  shelled  bean,  boiled 
together,  make  the  savory  dish  called  succotash,  which  is 
Indian  in  origin  and  name. 

toear-baiting',  an  ancient  popular  English  sport,  pro- 
hibited by  Parliament  in  1835. 

beardi.  The  Egyptians  did  not  wear  beards;  the  As- 
syrians did.  They  have  been  worn  for  centuries  by  the  Jews, 
who  were  forbidden  to  mar  their  beards,  1490  B.c.  (Lev.  xix. 
27).  The  Tartars  waged  a  long  war  with  the  Persians,  de- 
claring them  infidels,  because  they  would  not  cut  their  beards, 
after  the  custom  of  Tartary.  The  Greeks  wore  their  beards 
till  the  time  of  Alexander,  who  ordered  the  Macedonians  to  be 
shaved,  lest  the  beard  should  give  a  handle  to  their  enemies, 
330  B.C.  Beards  were  worn  by  the  Romans,  390  B.C.  The  em- 
peror Julian  wrote  a  diatribe  (entitled  "Misopogon")  against 
wearing  beards,  362  A.i>.  In  England  they  were  not  fashion- 
able after  the  Conquest,  1066,  until  the  13th  century,  and  were 
discontinued  at  the  Restoration.  Peter  the  Great  enjoined  the 
Russians,  even  of  rank,  to  shave,  but  was  obliged  to  keep  offi- 
cers on  foot  to  cut  off  the  beard  by  force.  Since  1851  the 
custom  of  wearing  the  beard  gradually  increased  in  Great 
Britain.  Before  1840  shaving  was  almost  universal  in  the 
United  States. — A  bearded  woman  was  taken  by  the  Russians 
at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  presented  to  the  czar,  Peter  I., 
1724;  her  beard  measured  IJ  yds.  A  woman  is  said  to  have 
been  seen  at  Paris  with  a  bushy  beard,  and  her  whole  body 
covered  with  hair. — Diet,  de  Trevoux.  Margaret  of  Savoy, 
daughter  of  Maximilian  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  and  governess 
of  the  Netherlands,  1507-30,  had  a  very  long  stiff  beard.  In 
Bavaria,  in  the  time  of  Wolfius,  a  virgin  had  a  long  black 
beard.  Mdlle.  Bois  de  Chene,  born  at  Geneva  (it  was  said) 
in  1834,  was  exhibited  in  London  in  1852-53,  when,  conse- 
quently, 18  years  of  age ;  she  had  a  profuse  head  of  hair,  a 
strong  black  beard,  large  whiskers,  and  thick  hair  on  her  arms 
and  down  from  her  neck  on  her  back,  and  masculine  features. 

Beam,  S.  France,  the  ancient  Benecharnum,  was  held 
successively  by  the  Romans,  Franks,  Goths,  and  Gascons,  and 
became  an  hereditary  viscounty  in  819,  under  Centule  I.,  son 
of  Loup,  duke  of  Gascony.  From  his  family  it  passed  to  the 
houses— of  Gabaret,  1134;  of  Moncade,  1170;  of  Foix,  1290; 
and  of  Bourbon,  1550.  Its  annexation  to  France  was  decreed 
by  Henry  IV.,  1594 ;  affirmed  by  Louis  XIIL,  1620. 

Beaulieu,  Abbey  of  (reformed  Benedictines),  founded 
by  king  John,  in  the  New  Forest,  Hampshire,  Engl.,  in  1204, 
and  dedicated  to  the  blessed  Virgin,  had  the  privilege  of  sanc- 
tuary. It  was  the  asylum  of  Margaret,  queen  of  Henry  VI., 
after  the  defeat  of  Warwick,  at  Barnet,  14  Apr.  1471 ;  and  of 
Perkin  Warbeck,  Sept.  1497. 

Beaumont,  a  village  near  Sedan,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, N.E.  France.  Near  here  a  part  of  the  army  of  mar- 
shal MacMahon  under  De  Failly  was  surprised,  defeated,  and 
driven  across  the  Meuse  at  Mouzon,  30  Aug.  1870,  by  the 
Germans  under  the  crown-prince  of  Prussia,  while  retreating 
after  vainly  endeavoring  to  succor  Metz.  The  French  loss 
included  about  7000  prisoners,  many  guns,  and  much  camp 
equipage.     The  victory  was  chiefly  gained  by  the  Bavarians. 

Beaune-la-Rollande,  a  village  in  the  Loiret, 
France.  Here  the  French  army  of  the  Loire,  under  gen. 
D'Aurelle  de  Paladines,  was  defeated  by  Germans,  under  prince 
Frederick  Charles,  in  an  attempt  to  march  by  Fontainebleau 
to  relieve  Paris,  28  Nov.  1870.  French  loss'  as  reported  by 
Germans  was  1000  dead,  4000  wounded ;  above  1700  prison- 
ers.    German  loss  heavy. 

Beauval§  (bd'va'),  N.  France,  the  ancient  Bellovaci, 
formerly  capital  of  Picardy.  When  besieged  by  Charles  the 
Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  with  80,000  men,  the  "women,  under 
Jeanne  Fourquet  or  Laine,  also  de  la  Hachette,  from  her  wea- 
pon, distinguished  themselves,  and  the  duke  raised  the  siege, 
10  July,  1472,  Hence  the  women  of  Beauvais  head  the  pro- 
cession on  the  anniversary  of  their  deliverance. 

Beaver  Bams,  Ont.,  now  Homer,  3  miles  east  of 


'^  BEE 

St.  Catharines,  was  the  scene  of  an  engagement,  24  June,  1813, 
between  a  body  of  United  States  troops  over  500  strong,  under 
lieut.-col.  Charles  G.  Boestler,  sent  out  from  Fort  (iEORGK  by 
gen.  Dearborn,  and  a  body  of  British  troops  and  Indians.  The 
Americans,  although  outnumbering  the  British  force,  were  de- 
ceived and  surrendered. 

Becliuana-land,  S.  Africa,  proclaimed  British  ter- 
ritory 8  Oct.  1885.  Area,  170,000  sq.  miles;  chief  industry, 
agriculture. 

Becket'§  murder.  Thomas  a  Becket  was  born  in 
1119.  His  father,  Gilbert,  was  a  London  trader,  and  his 
mother,  it  is  said,  a  convert  from  Mahometanism.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  made  archdeacon  by  Theobald,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  who  introduced  him  to  king  Henry  II. 
He  became  chancellor  in  1155,  but  when  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  in  1162,  resigned  the  chancellorship,  offending  the 
king.  He  opposed  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon  in  1164, 
fled  the  country,  and  in  1166  excommunicated  all  the  clergy 
who  agreed  to  them.  He  and  the  king  met  at  Fretville,  in 
Touraine,  on  22  July,  1170,  and  were  formally  reconciled.  On 
his  return  he  recommenced  his  struggle  with  the  king,  which 
led  to  his  murder  at  the  altar,  29  Dec.  1170.  The  king  was 
absolved  of  guilty  knowledge  of  the  crime  in  1172,  and  did 
penance  at  the  tomb  in  1174.  The  bones  of  Becket  were  en- 
shrined in  gold  and  jewels  in  1220,  but  were  burned  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  1639.  The  Merchant  Adventurers  were 
at  one  time  termed  "  the  Brotherhood  of  St.  Thomas  a  Beck- 
et." A  Roman  Catholic  church  at  Canterbury,  dedicated  to 
him,  was  opened  by  cardinal  Manning,  13  Apr.  1875. 

bed.  The  ancients  slept  on  skins.  Beds  were  after- 
wards made  of  loose  rushes,  heather,  or  straw.  The  Romans 
are  said  to  have  first  used  feathers.  An  air-cushion  is  said 
to  have  been  used  by  Heliogabalus,  218-222 ;  air-beds  were  in 
use  in  the  16th  century.  Feather-beds  were  in  use  in  Eng- 
land in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The  bedsteads  of  the 
Egyptians  and  later  Greeks,  like  modern  couches,  became 
common  among  the  Roman  upper  classes. 
The  ancient  great  bed  at  Ware,  Herts,  capable  of  holding  12  persons, 

was  sold,  it  is  said,  to  Charles  Dickens,  6  Sept.  1864. 
A  bedstead  of  gold  was  presented  to  the  queen  of  England  on  2  Nov. 

1859,  by  the  maharajah  of  Cashmere. 
Air-beds  and  water-beds  have  been  made  since  the  manufacture  of 

india-rubber  cloth  by  Clark  in  1813;  and  by  Mackintosh  in  1823. 
Dr.  Arnott's  hydrostatic  bed  invented  in  1830. 

bed  of  jUitice,  a  French  court  presided  over  by  the 
king,  whose  seat  was  termed  a  "  bed."  It  controlled  the  ordi- 
nances of  the  parliament.  The  last  was  held  by  Louis  XVI.  at 
Versailles,  19  Nov.  1787,  to  raise  a  loan. 

Beder,  Arabia.  Here  Mahomet  gained  his  first  vic- 
tory (over  the  Koreish  of  Mecca),  623.  It  was  reputed  mi- 
raculous.    Battles. 

Bedford,  a  town,  N.N.W.  London,  EngL,  renowned  for 
its  many  free  educational  establishments,  endowed  in  1561  by 
sir  William  Harpur,  a  London  alderman.  Here  John  Bunyan 
preached,  was  imprisoned,  and  wrote  the  "  Pilgrim's  Prog- 
ress." 
A  statue  of  Bunyan,  gift  of  the  duke  of  Bedford,  uncovered  here, 

10  June,  1874.     Bronze  gates  for  the  Bunyan  church,  given  by 

the  duke,  were  inaugurated  by  him  5  July,  1876. 

Bedford  L^evel,  a  portion  of  the  fen  districts  in  the 
eastern  counties,  Engl.,  drained  earh"^  in  the  17th  century  by 
the  earl  of  Bedford,  aided  by  the  Dutch  engineer,  sir  Cornelius 
Vermuyden,  amid  great  opposition.     Levels. 

Bedouins,  wandering  Arabs,  living  on  the  plunder  of 
travellers,  etc.  They  profess  Mahometanism,  are  governed  by 
sheiks,  and  are  called  descendants  of  Ishmael.  See  the  proph- 
ecy (Gen.  xvi.  12),  1911  b.c. 

"  Beeclier'§  bible§."  During  the  "  Kansas  troub- 
le," 1854-60,  Henry  Ward  Beecher  declared  that  for  the  slave- 
holder of  Kansas  the  Sharpe  rifle  was  a  greater  moral  agency 
than  the  Bible;  and  so  those  rifles  became  known  as  "Beech- 
er's  bibles." 

bees.  Mount  Hybla,  for  its  odoriferous  flowers,  thyme, 
and  abundant  honey,  is  called  the  "empire  of  bees."  Hy- 
mettus,  in  Attica,  was  also  famous  for  bees  and  honey.  The 
economy  of  bees  was  admired  in  the  earliest  ages;  Eumelus 
of  Corinth  wrote  a  poem  on  bees,  741  b.c.     Bees  were  intro- 


BEE 

duced  into  Boston  in  1670,  and  have  since  spread  over  North 
America.  Mandeville's  satirical  "Fable  of  the  Bees"  ap- 
peared in  1723.  Uuber  published  his  observations  on  bees  in 
1792.  The  Apiarian  Society  had  an  establishment  at  Muswell 
hill,  near  London,  Engl.  (1800-62).  The  Ligurian  honey-bee 
was  successfully  introduced  into  England  in  1860. 

beet-root  is  of  recent  cultivation  in  England.  Beta 
vulgai-is,  red  beet,  is  used  as  a  salad.  Margraff  Hrst  produced 
sugar  from  white  beet-root  in  1747.  M.  Achard  produced  good 
sugar  from  it  in  1799 ;  and  the  chemists  of  France,  at  the  in- 
stance of  Bonaparte,  largely  extracted  sugar  from  beet-root  in 
1800.  60,000  tons  of  sugar,  about  half  the  consumption,  are 
now  manufactured  in  France  from  beet.  It  is  also  largely 
manufactureil  in  other  countries.  A  refinery  of  sugar  from  beet- 
root has  been  erected  at  the  Thames  bank,  Chelsea.  The  cul- 
tivation of  beet-root  in  England  and  Ireland  much  advocated, 
1871.     Sugar. 

begr|i[ar§  were  tolerated  in  ancient  times,  being  often 
musicians  and  ballad-singers.  In  modem  times  severe  laws 
have  been  passed  against  them.  In  1672,  by  14  Eliz.  c.  5, 
sturdy  beggars  were  ordered  to  be  "grievously  whipped  and 
burned  through  the  right  ear;"  the  third  offence  capital.  By 
the  Vagrant  act  (1824),  5  Geo.  IV.  c.  83,  all  public  beggars  are 
liable  to  a  month's  imprisonment.  The  "  Beggar's  Opera," 
by  John  Gay,  a  satire  against  sir  Robert  Walpole's  ministry, 
produced  at  Lincoln's-inn-fields  theatre,  29  Jan.  1727-28,  ran 
63  nights.     Gueux. 

be'i[Uin§  (princesses)  of  Oude.  The  spoliation  of  these 
princesses  was  one  of  the  charges  against  Warren  Hastings 
in  his  impeachment  before  the  English  House  of  Commons, 
1788.  Chunar  and  Sheridan's  speech.  Macaulay's  review 
of  Gleig's  "Life  of  Warren  Hastings,"  1841,  gives  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  cruelties  practised  towards  them. 

beheadings,  the  decollatio  of  the  Romans,  introduced 
into  England  from  Normandy  (as  a  less  ignominious  mode  of 
putting  criminals  to  death)  by  William  the  Conqueror,  1076. 
Waltheof,  earl  of  Huntington,  Northampton,  and  Northum- 
berland, was  first  so  executed.  This  mode  of  execution  be- 
came frequent,  particularly  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII., 
Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  when  even  women  of  the  noblest  blood 
thus  perished :  Anne  Boleyn,  19  Maj',  1536 ;  the  aged  countess 
of  Salisbury',  27  May,  1541 ;  Catherine  Howard,  12  Feb.  1542; 
lady  Jane  Grey,  17  years  of  age,  12  Feb.  1554 ;  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots,  8  Feb.  1587 ;  Marie  Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  guil- 
lotined 16  Oct.  1793. 

Behi§tllll,  in  Persia.  Here  a  rock  has  important  in- 
scriptions in  3  languages,  in  cuneiform  (or  wedge-shaped) 
characters,  which,  deciphered  and  translated  by  sir  H.  Raw- 
linson  in  1844-46,  were  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Asiatic  Society.  Each  paragraph  begins,  "  I  am  Darius  the 
Great  King." 

Beliring'i  sea  lies  south  of  Behring's  strait  and  north 
of  the  Aleutian  islands.  Within  and  about  this  sea  are  the 
most  important  seal-fisheries  in  the  world.  Alaska  was  pur- 
chased from  Russia  by  the  United  States  in  1867,  and,  as  this 
purchase  was  considered  to  include  Behring's  sea,  the  United 
States  claimed  jurisdiction  over  these  waters,  and  seized  a 
British  Columbia  sealer,  the  Black  Diamond,  as  a  trespasser, 
3  July,  1889. 

The  British  government  claimed,  as  heretofore,  the  right  of 
fishing  in  waters  beyond  the  territorial  limits.  The  govern- 
ments agreed  to  refer  the  question  to  arbitration,  Feb.  1890. 
President  Harrison  proclaimed  the  Behring  sea  closed  to  un- 
licensed seal  fishing,  25  Mch.  A  blue-book  was  published, 
15  Aug.,  containing  the  correspondence  between  the  two 
governments  from  1  Sept.  1886,  to  2  Aug.  1890.  The  mar- 
quis of  Salisbury  demanded  that,  pending  arbitration,  Brit- 
ish sealing  vessels  should  not  be  molested,  adding  that  if  so, 
they  should  be  protected,  2  Aug.  1890.  United  States,  13 
Mch.,  17  Dec.  1890;  12  Jan.,  15  June,  7  Aug.,  2  Oct.   1891; 

29  Feb 18  Apr.  1892 

The  2  governments  agree  by  treaty  to  submit  the  questions 

in  dispute  to  a  tribunal  of  arbitration 9  May,     " 

[The  court  as  finally  constituted  consisted  of  7  members, 
viz. :  justice  John  M." Harlan  and  senator  John  T.  Morgan, 
United  States;  lord  Hannen  and  sir  John  S.  D.  Thompson, 
Great  Britain;  baron  de  Courcel,  France;  marquis  Emilio 
Viscounti  Venosta,  Italy;  judge  Gram,  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way. Besides  these  seven  there  were  others  connected  with 
the  court,  viz. :  hon.  John  W.  Foster,  ex-sec.  State,  Ameri- 
can agent;  and  E.  J.  Phelps,  James  C.  Carter,  Henry  W. 


94  BEL 

Blodgett,  F.  R.  Coudert,  and  Robert  Lansing,  counpol  for  the 
United  States;  C.  H.  Tuppcr,  Canadian  niiiiistcr  of  Marine, 
British  agent;  and  sir  Charles  Russell,  sir  Henry  \Vob.-ter, 
hon.W.  H.  Cross,  and  C.  Robinson,  counsel  for  Great  Britain.] 
Commissioners  of  arbitration  meet  at  Paris  and  acyourn  until 

23  Mch 23  Feb.  189J 

Court  of  arbitration  held  its  first  session  at  Paris "         " 

Arguments  commenced  in  the  arbitration  court 4  Apr.     " 

Decision  rendered 15  Aug.     " 

While  the  legal  questions  submitted  were  decided  against  the 
formal  claim  of  the  U.  S. ,  the  policy  prescribed  for  the  future 
regulation  of  the  seal-fisheries  was  satisfactory  to  the  Amer- 
ican people.  The  principal  points  were:  (1)  The  close  sea- 
son fixed  from  1  May  until  31  July.  (2)  A  protective  zone  estab- 
lished extending  CO  miles  around  the  islands  in  the  Behring's 
sea.  Pelagic  sealing  allowed  outside  of  this  zone  from  1 
Aug.     (3)  The  use  of  fire-arms  prohibited  in  sealing,  etc. 

Behring^'§  §trait,  discovered  by  capt.  Vitus  Behring, 
a  Danish  navigator  in  the  service  of  Russia.  He  proved  that 
the  continents  of  Asia  and  America  are  about  39  miles  apart, 
1728.  He  died  at  Behring's  island  in  1741.  In  1778,  capt, 
James  Cook  surveyed  the  coasts. 

Belfast,  capital  of  Ulster,  N.  Ireland.  Its  castle,  sup- 
posed built  by  John  de  Courcy,  was  destroyed  by  Scots  under 
Edward  Bruce,  1315.     Orange. 

Belfast  granted  by  James  I.  to  sir  Arthur  Chichester,  lord  dep- 
uty, 1612 ;  and  erected  into  a  corporation 1613 

Long  bridge  (21  arches,  2562  feet  long)  built 1682-86- 

First  edition  of  the  Bible  in  Ireland  printed  here 1704 

Bel  fort  or  Befort,  a  fortified  town  in  Alsace,  E. 
France,  invested  by  Germans  3  Nov.  1870;  capitulated  16  Feb. 
1871 ;  reserved  to  France  when  Alsace  was  ceded,  26  Feb. ; 
quitted  by  Germans  Aug.  1873. 

Belg^ilim,  the  southern  portion  of  the  Netherlands,  an- 
ciently territory  of  the  Belgae,  finally  conquered  by  Julius 
Caesar,  51  b.c.  Its  size  is  about  one  eighth  of  Great  Britain, 
and  it  is  one  of  the  most  densely  populated  countries  in  the 
world.  Its  government  is  a  liberal  constitutional  monarchy, 
founded  in  1831.  For  previous  history,  Flanders,  Holland, 
Netherlands.  Pop.,  31  Dec.  1862,  4,836,566;  1870, 
5,087,105;  1890,  6,147,041.     Area,  11,400  sq.  miles. 

Revolution  begins  at  Brussels 25  Aug.  1830 

Provisional  government  declares  independence  (M.  Van  de 

Weyer  active) 4  Oct.     " 

Antwerp  taken  (except  the  citadel) 23  Dec.     " 

Independence  acknowledged  by  allied  powers 26  Dec.     " 

Duke  de  Nemours  elected  king  (his  father,  the  French  king, 

refused  consent) 3  Feb.  1831 

Surlet  de  Chokier  elected  regent 24  Feb.     " 

Leopold,  prince  of  Saxe-Coburg,  accepts  the  crown,  12  July ; 

enters  Brussels 19  July,     " 

War  with  Netherlands  begins 3  Aug.     " 

France  sends  50,000  troops  to  assist  Belgium;  an  armistice 

ensues Aug.     " 

Conference  of  ministers  of  5  powers  in  London ;  24  articles  of 

pacification  accepted 15  Nov.     " 

Convention;  England  and  France  against  Holland 22  Oct.  1832 

Antwerp  besieged,  30  Nov. ;  citadel  taken  by  French. .  .23  Dec.     " 

French  army  returns  to  France 27  Dec.     " 

Preliminary  convention  with  Holland  signed 21  May,  1833 

Treaty  of  Holland  and  Belgium  at  London 19  Apr.  1839 

[Result  of  a  conference  in  London  on  Belgium,  which  de- 
cided to  maintain  the  treaty  of  15  Nov.  1831,  and  the  com- 
pensation of  60,000,000  francs  offered  by  Belgium  for  terri- 
tories adjudged  to  Holland  was  rejected.] 

Increase  of  army  to  100,000  men  voted 10  May,  1853 

Opposition  to  religious  charities  bill June,  1857 

[At  the  revolution  in  1830,  the  Catholic  clergy  lost  the  ad- 
ministration of  public  charities,  which  they  have  since 
struggled  to  recover.  In  April,  1857,  M.  Decker,  head  of  the 
ministry,  brought  in  a  bill  for  this  purpose,  but  had  to  with- 
draw it,  and  eventually  to  resign.] 

The  king  proclaims  neutrality  in  Italian  war May,  1859 

Rumors  of  annexation  to  France  bring  loyal  addresses  to  the 

king 13  June,  1860 

Octrois  abolished 21  July,     " 

Commercial  treaty  with  France  signed 1  Maj%  1861 

"  "  "    Great  Britain,  adopted  by  chambers, 

22  Aug.  1862 
Dissensions  through  Catholics,  Jan. ;  ministry  resigns,  but  re- 
sumes office,   4   Feb.;    dissolution   of  chambers,  17  July; 

Protestants  succeed  in  election Aug.  1864 

Death  of  Leopold  I lO  Dec.  1865 

Mr.  Phillips,  lord  mayor  of  London,  and  1100  English  volunteers 
visit  Belgium  under  col.  Lloyd-Lindsay;   other  foreigners 

attend;  banquet  by  the  king  at  Brussels 20  Oct.  1866 

About  2400  Belgians  (garde  civique  and  volunteers)  visit  Eng- 
land; arrive,  10  July;  received  by  lord  mayor,  12  July;  by 
prince  of  Wales  at  Wimbledon,  13  July;  dine  at  Windsor,  16 
July;  ball  at  Agricultural  hall,  18  July;  received  by  Miss 
Burdett-Coutts,.  19  July;  attend  review  at  Wimbledon,  20 

July;  leave  London 22  July,  1867 

New  ministry  (under  M.  Fr^re-Orban) ;  liberal 3  Jan.  1868 


BEL  95 

Monument  to  Charlemagne  at  Liege,  inaugurated 26  July,  1868 

International  congress  of  workmen  at  Brussels 6-13  Nov.      " 

Crown  prince  Leopold  Ferdinand,  duke  of  Brabant,  d. .  .22  Jan.  1869 
Concession  for  a  Luxembourg  railway  to  a  French  company, 
without  assent  of  state,  prohibited  by  Assembly,  13  Feb. ; 

dispute  with  French  government  arranged May,     " 

Treaty  for  neutrality  between  Great  Britain  and  Prussia,  signed 

9  Aug. ;  and  France,  signed 11  Aug.  1870 

After  Sedan,  French  soldiers  enter  Belgium ;  disarmed  and 

interned 1,  2  Sept.     " 

Comte  de  Chambord  arrives  at  Antwerp,  17  Feb. ;  compelled 

to  quit  Belgium  by  popular  demonstrations 27  Feb.  1872 

France  denounces  the  treaty  of  commerce 29  Mch.      " 

Treaty  of  commerce  with  France  signed 5  Feb.  1873 

Czar  at  Brussels 22  May,     " 

M.  Van  de  Weyer,  statesman;  active  in  revolution  of  1830; 

ambassador  to  England,  1831-67 ;  d 23  May,  1874 

International  conference  at  Brussels  on  rights  of  neutrals — no 

results 27  July-28  Aug.     " 

Notes  from  German  government,  complaining  of  publications 
favoring  censured  German  ecclesiastics,  Feb. ;  respecting 
Duchesne's  proposal  to  the  archbishop  of  Paris  to  assassinate 

Bismarck 15  Apr.  1875 

Dignified  Belgian  replies Mch.  and  May,     " 

Popular  opposition  to  religious  processions;  riots. . .  May,  June,     " 
Catholic  successes  in  elections;  riots  at  Brussels  and  Antwerp, 

about  16, 17  June,  1876 
Statue  of  Van  de  Weyer,  at  Louvain,  inaugurated  by  the  king, 

1  Oct.     " 
International  congress  on  hygiene,  etc. ,  at  Brussels, 

27  Sept. -2  Oct.     " 
Catholic  minority  in  elections;   Malou  ministry  resign,  13, 14 

June;  M.  FrSre-Orban  forms  a  liberal  ministry 20  June,  1878 

Gigantic  weir  for  water-distribution  at  La  Gileppe,  near  Ver- 

viers,  inaugurated  by  the  king 28  July,     " 

Eugene  T' Kindt  de  Rooden  Veke,  a  clerk,  convicted  of  em- 
bezzling 20,000,000  francs  of  the  Bank  of  Belgium  (149 
thefts);  the  governor  Fortamps,  of  fraudulently  repurchasing 

shares,  etc 3  Dec.     " 

King  sanctions  new  education  law 1  July,  1879 

Pastoral  of  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  against  government  plan 
of  mixed  education   (sacraments   refused  to  teachers  and 

parents,  etc. )  publ.  in  Germany Sept.     " 

Archduke  Rodolph  of  Austria  betrothed  to  princess  Stephanie, 

Mch.  1880 
Permanent  international  exhibition  opened  at  Brussels. 1  June,     " 
Elections  for  Parliament ;  struggle  between  liberals  and  clericals 

on  education;  liberals  retain  moderate  majority June,     " 

National  exhibition  at  Brussels  opened  by  the  king  and  queen, 

16  June,      " 
Representative  at  Vatican  recalled  through  ecclesiastical  dis- 
putes; diplomatic  intercourse  suspended 28  June,     " 

Jubilee  to  celebrate  national  independence 18  July,     " 

Statue  of  Leopold  I.  unveiled  at  Laeken 21  July,     " 

Parliamentary  reform-bill  passed 17  Aug.  1883 

Henri  Conscience,  national  Flemish  poet  and  novelist,  dies, 

aged  73 9  Sept.     " 

Death  of  cardinal  J3eschamps,  abp.  of  Mechlin,  the  primate, 

29  Sept.     " 
Elections;  majority  of  clericals  through  dissension  of  moderate 
liberals  and  reformers,  about  10  June;  resignation   of  M. 

FrSre-Orban 11  June,  1884 

M.  Jules  Malou  forms  conservative  Catholic  ministry, 

12,  13  June,      " 

Senate  dissolved,  June ;  new  Senate  clerical July,     " 

Meeting  of  burgomasters  at  Brussels  to  oppose  M.  Jacobs's  reac- 
tionary education  bill,  9  Aug. ;  it  is  accepted  by  the  deputies 

(80-49),  30  Aug. ;  by  the  Senate  (40-25) 10  Sept.     " 

Royal  assent  to  the  bill 13  Sept.     " 

Communal  elections;  great  liberal  majority 19  Oct.     " 

MM.  Malou,  Jacobs,  and  Woeste  (Catholics)  resign ;  M.  Bernaert 

becomes  premier 24  Oct.     " 

Parliament  meets 11  Nov.     " 

Leopold  proclaimed  sovereign  of  Congo  Free  State 2  May,  1885 

Universal  exhibition  at  Antwerp,  opened "        " 

Death  of  Charles  Rogier,  aged  85,  member  of  provisional  gov- 
ernment 1830;  6  times  minister 27  May,     " 

Castle  of  Laeken,  built  1728,  burned;  valuable  works  of  art, 

and  historical  documents,  etc.,  lost 1  Jan.  1890 

Death  of  prince  Baldwin,  aged  21  years 23  Jan.  1891 

Chamber  of  Representatives  adopt  universal  suffrage,  with  a 
provision  for  a  plural  vote  by  property  owners,  18  Apr.,  and 
the  Senate  approve 21  Apr.  1893 

KINGS. 

1831.  Leopold,  first  king  of  Belgians;  b.  16  Dec.  1790;  crowned  21 
July,  1831,  at  Brussels;  married,  9  Aug.  1832,  Louise,  eld- 
est daughter  of  Louis  Philippe  of  France  (she  d.  11  Oct. 
1850).     He  d.  10  Dec.  1865. 

1865.  Leopold  II.,  son;  b.  9  Apr.  1835;  married  archduchess  Maria 
Henrietta  of  Austria,  22  Aug.  1853. 

Daughter.— Princess  Louise,  b.  18  Feb.  1858;  married  duke  Philip 
of  Saxony,  4  Feb.  1875. 

Heir  brother.— Philip,  count  of  Flanders,  b.  24  Mch.  1837;  married 
Mary,  princess  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,  25  Apr.  1867; 
son  Baldwin,  b.  3  June,  1869;  d.  23  Jan.  1891;  Albert,  b.  8 
Apr.  1875. 

ttelg^rade,  an  ancient  city  in  Servia,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Danube,  was  taken  from  the  Greek  emperor  by  Solomon, 
king  of  Hungary,  in  1072 ;  gallantly  defended  by  John  Hun- 


BEL 

niades  against  Turks,  under  Mahomet  II.,  July-Sept.  1456^ 
who  was  defeated,  with  the  loss  of  40,000  men.  Belgrade  was 
taken  by  sultan  Solyman,  Aug.  1521,  and  retaken  by  Imperi- 
alists in  1688,  from  whom  it  was  again  taken  bv  Turks,  1690. 
It  was  besieged  in  May,  1716,  by  prince  Eugene  ;  the  Turkish 
army,  200,000  strong,  approached  to  relieve  it,  and  on  5  Aug., 
in  a  battle  at  Peterwaradein,  the  Turks  lost  20,000  men. 
Eugene  defeated  the  Turks  here,  16  Aug.  1717,  and  Belgrade 
surrendered  18  Aug.  In  1739  it  was  ceded  to  the  Turks,  after 
Its  fortifications  had  been  demolished ;  was  retaken  in  1789, 
and  restored  at  the  peace  of  Reichenbach,  in  1790.  The  Ser- 
vian insurgents  had  possession  1806-13.  In  1815  it  was  placed 
under  prince  Milosch,  subject  to  Turkey.  The  fortifications  were 
restored  in  1820.  On  19  June,  1862,  the  Turkish  pacha  was  dis- 
missed for  firing  on  the  town  during  a  riot.  The  university  was 
established  by  private  munificence,  1863.  The  fortress  was  sur- 
rendered by  Turks  to  Servians,  18  Apr.  1867.  The  independ- 
ence of  Servia  proclaimed  here,  22  Aug.  1878.     Servia. 

bell,  book,  and  candle.  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
ceremony  of  Excommunication,  the  bell  is  rung,  the  book  is 
closed,  and  candle  extinguished,  to  symbolize  exclusion  from 
the  society  of  the  faithful,  divine  service,  and  the  sacraments. 
Its  origin  is  ascribed  to  the  8th  century. 

Bell  Rock  lig^ht-llOU§e,  nearly  in  front  of  the 
Frith  of  Tay,  one  of  the  finest  in  Great  Britain  ;  it  is  115  ft. 
high,  upon  a  rock  427  ft.  long  and  200  ft.  broad,  and  is  about 
12  ft.  under  water.  It  was  erected  in  1806-10.  It  has  2  bells 
for  hazy  weather. 
Upon  this  rock,  it  is  said,  the  abbots  of  Aberbrothock  fixed  the 

Inchcape  bell,  to  be  rung  by  the  impulse  of  the  sea  to  warn  mariners. 

It  is  said  that  a  Dutchman,  who  took  the  apparatus  away,  was  here 

lost  with  his  ship  and  crew. 

Bellei§le,  an  isle  on  the  south  of  Brittany,  France,  made 
a  duchy  by  Louis  XV.,  for  marshal  Belleisle,  in  1742,  to  reward 
military  and  diplomatic  services.  Belleisle  was  taken  by  the 
British,  under  commodore  Keppel  and  general  Hodgson,  after  a 
desperate  resistance,  7  June,  176 1 ,  but  restored  to  France  in  176a, 

belle§-lettres  or  polite  learning.  Acade- 
mies, LiTEUATURE. 

belligerent  act  towards  France.  United 
States,  1798 ;  Provisional  army. 

bellmen  in  London  proclaimed  the  hour  at  night  be- 
fore public  clocks  became  general;  numerous  about  1556. 
They  were  to  ring  a  bell,  and  cry,  "  Take  care  of  your  fire 
and  candle,  be  charitable  to  the  poor,  and  pray  for  the  dead." 

bellOW§.  Anacharsis,  the  Scythian,  is  said  to  have 
invented  them,  about  569  b.c.  ;  also  tinder,  the  potter's  wheel, 
anchors  for  ships,  etc.  Bellows  were  not  used  in  the  furnaces 
of  the  Romans.  Great  bellows  were  used  in  foundries  in  early 
times.     Blowing-machines. 

bell§  were  used  among  the  Jews,  Greeks,  and  Romans. 
The  responses  of  the  Dodonaean  oracle  were  in  part  conveyed 
by  bells. — Sti-abo.  The  monument  of  Porsenna  was  decorated 
with  pinnacles,  each  surmounted  by  bells. — Pliny.  Said  to  have 
been  introduced  by  Paulinus,  bishop  of  Nok,  in  Campagna, 
about  400  ;  and  first  known  in  France  in  550.  The  army  of 
Clothaire  II.,  king  of  France,  was  frightened  from  the  siege  of 
Sens  by  the  bells  of  St.  Stephen's  church.  The  second  excerp- 
tion of  king  Egbert  of  England  commands  every  priest,  at  proper 
hours,  to  sound  the  church-bells.  Bells  were  rung  in  churches  by 
order  of  pope  John  IX.,  about  900,  as  a  defence  against  thunder 
and  lightning.  Bells  are  mythically  said  to  have  been  cast 
by  Turketul,  abbot  of  England,  about  941.  The  celebrated 
"  Song  of  the  Bell,"  by  SchiUer,  has  been  frequently  trans- 
lated, while  "  The  Bells,"  one  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe's  most 
finished  poems,  is  as  widely  known.  The  following  list  is 
that  given  by  E.  Beckett  Denison,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
later  ones,  in  his  discourse  on  bells  at  the  Royal  Institution,  6 
Mch.  1857 :  Weight. 

Tons,    cwt 

Moscow,  1736;  broken  1737 250  — 

[The  metal  in  this  bell  has  been  valued,  at  the  lowest 

estimate,  at  66,565^.     Gold  and  silver  are  said  to  have 

been  thrown  in  as  votive  offerings.] 

Another,  1817 110  — 

3  others 16  to  31  — 

Novgorod 31  — 

Cologne,  1875. 26  — 

Olmutz 17  18 


BEL 


Weight. 
Ton».    cwt. 
14 


lOX 


13 

15 

13 

12 

16 

12 

15 

11 

3 

11 



10 

17 

10 

15 

10 

6 

8 



7 

12 

7 

11 

•7 

10 

7 

3 

7 

IJ^ 

6 

1 

5 

8 

18 

18 

10 

8 

— 

Vienna,  1711 17 

London,  1883  (St.  Paul's),  "Great  I>aul,"  note  E  flat; 
C08^300(U. 173tf— 

Weetmlnster.  18S6,  "  Big  Ben  " 16      S^tf 

[This  bell,  the  largest  in  England  (nnmed  Big  Ben, 
after  sir  Benjamin  HhII,  tho  then  chiur  commissiuuer 
of  works),  caKt  at  Hougbtoulc  Spring,  Durhutn,  by 
Messrs.  Warner,  under  tho  superintendence  of  K. 
Beckett  Denisun  and  the  rev.  W.  Taylor,  cost  3343f. 
14«.  W.  Tho  comiKjsilion  was  22  parts  copper  and  T 
tin.  The  diameter  was  9  ft,  5}^  in. ;  the  height  7  ft. 
lO^tfin.  Theclapperweighedl2cwt.— /Je».  W.  Taylor.] 

Westminster,  1868,  "  St.  Stephen" 13 

[The  bell  "  Big  Ben"  being  cracked,  on  24  Oct  1857, 
was  broken  up,  and  another  cast  with  the  same  metal, 
in  May,  1858,  by  .Messrs.  .Mcars,  Whitechapcl.  It  is 
diflerent  in  shape  fVom  its  predecessor,  and  about  2 
tons  lighter.  Its  diameter  is  9  ft.  G  in. ;  the  height, 
7  ft.  10  in.  It  was  struck  for  the  first  time  18  Nov. 
1868.  The  clapper  weighs  6  cwt.  Its  note  is  E  nat- 
ural; the  quarter  bells  being  G,  B,  E,  F.  On  1  Oct. 
1859,  this  bell  was  also  found  to  be  cracked.] 

Erfurt,  1497 

,  Sens 

Paris.  Notre  Dame,  1680. IS 

Montreal,  1847 

<;ologne.  1448 

Breslau,  1507 

GOrlitz 

York,  184.5 

Bruges,  1680 10 

St.  Peter's,  Rome 

Oxford,  "  Great  Tom,"  1680 

Lucerne,  1636 

Halberstadt,  1457 

Antwerp . 

Brussels 

Dantzic,  1453 

Lincoln,  1834 

St  Paul's,  1716.  The  clapper  of  St.  Paul's  bell  weighs 
180  lbs. ;  the  diameter  is  10  ft.  (Mr.  Walesby  says 
6  ft.  9)4  in.),  and  its  thickness  10  in.  The  hour  strikes 
upon  this  bell,  the  quarters  upon  2  smaller  ones.  Clocks. 

•Ghent 

Boulogne,  new 

Exeter,  1675 

Old  Lincoln,  1610 

Fourth-quarter  bell,  AVestminster.  1857 

Liberty  bell,  Philadelphia,  first  cast  by  Lester  &  Feck,  207  White- 
chapel,  London,  1752,  hung  in  the  state  house,  Philadelphia. 
Same  year— found  to  bo  cracked  in  the  rim — recast  3  times 
in  Philadelphia  before  it  was  a  success.  23  years  afterwards 
it  was  rung  on  Independence  day  in  that  city.  On  8  July, 
1835,  it  was  cracked  while  tolling  for  the  death  of  chief- 
justice  Marshall.  In  1843  it  was  removed.  It  bore  this  in- 
scription, "Proclaim  liberty  throughout  the  land  to  all  the 
inhabitantsthereof"(Lev.  XXV.  10).  Weight  2080 lbs.  Taken 
to  Chicago  to  be  exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair. 29  Apr.  1893 

Baptism  of  bells.— They  were  anointed  and  baptized  in  churches,  it 
is  said,  from  the  10th  century.— i>M  Fresnoy.  The  bells  of  the 
priory  of  Little  Dunmow,  in  Essex,  Engl.,  were  baptized  by  the 
names  of  St  Michael,  St  John,  Virgin  Mary,  Holy  Trinity,  etc., 
in  1501.  —  Weever.  The  great  bell  of  Notre  Dame  of  Paris  was  bap- 
tized by  the  name  of  Duke  of  Angoulfime,  1816.  On  the  Continent, 
in  Catholic  states,  they  baptize  bells  as  the  English  do  ships,  but 
with  religious  solemnity. — Ashe. 

Ringing  of  bells,  in  changes  of  regular  peals,  is  almost  peculiar  to 
the  English. — Stow. 

"  Companie  of  the  Schollers  of  Chepeside,"  1603  ;  "  Society  of  Col- 
lege Youths,"  1637;  "Society  of  Cumberland,"  1683  ;  the  "So- 
ciety of  Union  Scholars,"  1713;  the  "  Society  of  Eastern  Schol- 
ars," 1733  ;  "London  Youths,"  1753  ;  "Westminster  Youths," 
1776. 

Fabian  Stedman,  about  1650,  invented  "Stedman's  principle." 
Benjamin  Anable  soon  after  invented  "  Grandsire  Triples." 

720  changes  can  be  rung  in  an  hour  upon  12  bells;  479,001,600 
changes  rung  upon  them,  require  75  years,  10  months,  and  10  days. 

Nell  Gwynne  left  the  ringers  of  the  bells  of  St  Martin's-inthe- 
Fields  money  for  a  weekly  entertainment,  1687,  and  many  others 
have  done  the  same. 

Carillons,  a  collection  of  bells,  in  2  or  3  chromatic  scales,  played 
by  pedals  or  keyboards,  or  by  machinery.  First  said  to  have  been 
made  at  Alost,  in  Flanders,  in  1487,  and  that  country  and  Holland 
are  renowned  for  carillons.  Matthias  van  den  Gheyn  was  an  emi- 
nent maker  (1721-85).  Excellent  carillon  machines  are  now  made 
by  Messrs.  Gillet  Bland  &  Co. ,  Croydon,  Engl.  One  at  Manchester, 
started  1  Jan.  1879,  plays  35  tunes  on  20  bells. 

Belmont,  Mo.,  Battle  of, opposite  Columbus,  Ky., fought 
7  N0V.I86L  Gen,  Grant  drove  the  confederates  under  gen.  Pil- 
low from  their  first  position,  but  they  were  reinforced  from 
Columbus,  finally  compelling  Grant  to  withdraw.  Union  force 
about  2500  men ;  loss,  killed,  wounded,  and  missing, 485;  confed- 
erate loss,  642.   This  was  gen.  Grant's  first  battle  in  the  civil  war. 

BelOO'elliStail'  or  BelUChiStan,  the  ancient 
Gedrosia,  S.  Asia,  The  country  of  the  Baluchis,  whose  name 
is  derived  from  Belus,  king  of  Babylonia,  the  Nimrod  of  the 


96  BEN 

Scriptures. — Keith  Johnston.    Area,  106,800  sq.  miles.     Pop. 

350,000.     Khelat,  the  capital,  was  taken  by  the  British  in  the 

Afghan  war,  1839;  abandoned,  Jul}',  1840;  taken  and  held  a 

short  time,  Nov.  1840. 

The  khan  was  subsidized  in  1854,  under  conditions  which  were  not 
observed;  the  arrangement  was  broken  up  in  1873;  the  negotiations 
of  major  Sandeman,  in  1875,  were  successful,  and  Quettah  was 
occupied  by  the  British  in  1877,  and  has  since  become  a  pros- 
perous station.  The  khan  prolfered  assistance  after  the  defeat  ot 
gen.  Burrows  in  July,  1880. 

Bel  voir  (bee'ver)  castlC^  Leicestershire,  Engl.,  built 
after  the  Conquest  by  Robert  de  Todeni.  Its  next  owner  was 
Robert  de  Ros,  who  died  1285.  The  castle  fell  into  ruins 
during  the  wars  of  the  Roses  and  reign  of  Richard  III.  The 
Manners'  family  obtained  it  in  the  16th  century,  and  hold  it 
still.  In  the  civil  war  it  was  defended  for  the  king.  In  1649 
the  Parliament  ordered  it  demolished.  The  castle  was  rebuilt 
after  the  Restoration.  The  last  general  repairs  cost  60,000/.  It 
was  visited  by  George  IV.  as  regent,  1814,  and  by  queen  Vic- 
toria and  the  prince  consort  in  1843.  Of  the  cost  of  living  at 
the  castle,  the  following  is  a  published  account  of  particulars 
from  Dec.  1839  to  Apr.  1840:  Wine,  200  doz.;  ale,  70  hogs- 
heads; wax-lights,  2330;  sperm  oil,  630  gals.  Dined  at  his 
grace's  table,  1997  persons :  in  the  steward's  room,  2421 ;  in  the 
servants'  hall,  nursery,  and  kitchen  department,  including  com- 
ers and  goers,  11,312  persons.  There  were  consumed  8333  loaves 
of  bread ;  22,963  lbs.  of  meats,  exclusive  of  game.  The  money 
value  of  meat,  poultry,  eggs,  and  every  kind  of  provision  (ex- 
cluding stores  on  hand)  consumed  during  this  period  amounted 
to  1323/.  7s.  lift/.,  or  $6700.  There  were  killed  during  the 
season  on  the  estate,  1733  hares,  987  pheasants,  2101  par- 
tridges, 28  wild  ducks,  108  woodchucks,  138  snipes,  947  rabbits, 
776  grouse,  23  black  game,  and  6  teal. — Timbs^  "  Abbeys  and 
Castles  of  England  and  Wales,"  etc. 

Be]]lis'§  Heig-htS,  First  Battle  at.  Gen.  Gates,  with 
the  American  army,  in  the  autumn  of  1777,  established  a  for- 
tified camp  on  Bemis's  heights,  near  Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
was  attacked  by  British  and  Hessians,  under  gen.  Burgoyne,  on 
19  Sept.  Night  ended  the  conflict'  and  both  parties  claimed  the 
victory.  Burgoyne,  however,  fell  back  a  few  miles  to  his  camp, 
to  wait  for  reinforcements.  The  British  force  engaged  was  about 
3000,  and  the  American  about  2500.  The  former  lost,  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing,  a  little  less  than  500 ;  the  latter,  319. 

Bemis's  Heig^htS,  Second  Battle  at.  Despairing  of 
reinforcements,  his  army  diminishing  by  desertions,  Burgoyne 
decided  to  attack  Gates,  which  he  did  on  7  Oct.,  almost  upon 
the  battle-ground  of  19  Sept.,  but  had  to  fall  back  to  the  heights 
of  Saratoga,  now  Schuylerville,  where  he  was  compelled  to 
surrender  on  17  Oct.  The  number  of  troops  surrendered  was 
5791,  of  whom  2412  were  Hessians,  under  baron  Riedesel;  the 
remainder  British  regulars  and  Canadians.  Nkw  Yokk, 
United  States,  and  Convention  troops. 

Bena'res,  in  India,  a  holy  city  of  the  Hindoos,  with 
many  temples,  was  ceded  by  the  nabob  of  Oude,  Asoph-ud- 
Dowlah,  to  the  English  in  1775.  An  insurrection  here  nearly 
proved  fatal  to  British  interests  in  Hindostan,  1781.  (De- 
scriptions of  this  insurrection  introduced  in  Poe's  "  Tale  of  the 
Ragged  Mountains.")  The  rajah  Cheyt  Sing  was  deposed  in 
consequence  in  1783.  Mr.  Cherry,  capt.  Conway,  and  others 
were  assassinated  at  Benares  by  vizier  Aly,  14  Jan.  1799.  In 
June,  1857,  col.  Neil  suppressed  attempts  of  native  infantry 
to  join  the  mutiny.     India. 

Benburb,  near  Armagh,  N.  Ireland.  Here  O'Neill 
defeated  the  English  under  Monroe,  5  June,  1646.  Moore  says, 
"  the  only  great  victory,  since  the  days  of  Brian  Boru,  achieved 
by  an  Irish  chieftain  in  the  cause  of  Ireland." 

BencOO'leil,  Sumatra.  The  English  East  India  Com- 
pany made  a  settlement  here,  which  preserved  the  pepper  trade 
after  the  Dutch  had  dispossessed  them  of  Bantam,  1682.— J  w- 
derson.  York  fort  erected  by  the  East  India  Company,  1690. 
In  1693  dreadful  mortality  here,  the  town  being  built  on  a 
pestilent  morass;  the  governor  and  council  perished.  The 
French,  under  count  d'Estaing,  destroyed  the  English  settle- 
ment, 1760.  Bencoolen  was  reduced  to  a  residency  under  the 
government  of  Bengal,  in  1801 ;  was  ceded  to  the  Dutch  in 
1824,  in  exchange  for  possessions  in  Malacca.     India. 

Bender,  Bessarabia,  European  Russia.    Near  it  Charles 


BEN 


97 


.3CII.  of  Sweden,  was  pennitted  to  reside  by  the  Turkish  sultan 
.after  his  defeat  at  Pultowa  by  Peter  the  Great,  8  July,  1709. 
The  peace  of  Bender  was  concluded  in  1711.  Bender  was  taken 
from  the  Turks  by  the  Russians  in  1770,  1789,  and  1809 ;  re- 
stored at  the  peace  of  Jassy,  but  retained  at  the  peace  of  1812. 

Benedict.  Fourteen  popes  have  borne  the  name  of 
Benedict,  573-1740.     Popes. 

Beiieclictine§,  an  order  of  monks  founded  by  St. 
Benedict  (lived  480-543),  who  introduced  monastic  life  into 
western  Europe,  in  529,  founding  the  monastery  on  Monte 
•Casino,  in  Campania,  and  11  others  afterwards.  His  Regula 
Monachorum  (rule  of  the  monks)  became  the  common  rule 
of  western  monachism.  No  religious  order  has  been  so 
remarkable  for  extent,  wealth,  and  men  of  note  and  learning 
^s  the  Benedictine.  Among  branches,  the  chief  were  the 
'Cluniacs,  founded  in  912 ;  the  Cistercians,  founded  in  1098, 
and  reformed  by  St.  Bernard,  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  in  1116; 
and  Carthusians,  from  the  Chartreux  (hence  charter-house), 
founded  by  Bruno  about  1080.  The  Benedictine  order  was 
introduced'  into  England  by  Augustin,  in  596  ;  and  William  I. 
built  an  abbey  for  it  on  the  plain  of  the  battle  of  Hastings, 
1066.  Battle-abbey.  William  de  Warrenne,  earl  of  War- 
renne,  built  a  convent  at  Lewes,  in  Sussex,  in  1077  ;  this  or- 
der is  said  to  have  had  40  popes,  200  cardinals,  50  patriarchs, 
116  archbishops,  4600  bishops,  4  emperors,  12  empresses,  46 
Jtings,  41  queens,  and  3600  saints.  Their  founder  was  canonized. 
— Baronius.  The  Benedictines  have  taken  little  part  in  poli- 
tics, but  have  produced  many  literary  works.  The  congrega- 
tion of  St.  Maur  published  "  L'Art  de  Verifier  lea  Dates,"  in 
1750,  and  edited  many  ancient  authors. 
Benedictines  with  other  orders  expelled  from  France  by  decree, 

19  Mch.  1880 
14th  centenary  of  the  birth  of  St.  Benedict  kept  at  Monte 

Casino  and  other  places Apr.      " 

benefice  (literally,  a  good  deed  or  favor)  or  fief,  a  terra 
first  applied  under  the  Roman  empire  to  portions  of  land  the  usu- 
fruct of  which  was  granted  by  the  emperors  to  soldiers  or  others 
for  life,  as  a  reward  or  beneficium  for  past  services,  and  as  a  re- 
tainer for  future  service.  The  same  method  was  applied  under 
the  feudal  system, and  in  the  church,  such  grants  being  formally 
recognized  by  the  council  of  Orleans,  511.  Vicarages,  rectories, 
perpetual  curacies,  and  chaplaincies  are  termed  benefices  in  dis- 
tinction from  dignities,  such  as  bishoprics,  etc.  A  rector  is  en- 
titled to  all  tithes;  a  vicar,  to  a  small  part  or  none. — All  benefices 
that  should  become  vacant  within  6  months  were  given  by  pope 
dement  VH.  to  his  nephew,  in  1534. — Notitia  Monastica. 

Beneventum,  now  Benevento,  an  ancient  city  j 

in  S.  Italy,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Diomedes  the  Greek,  I 
after  the  fall  of  Troy.  Pyrrhus  of  Macedon,  during  his  invasion 
of  Italy,  was  defeated  near  Beneventum,  275  b.c.  Near  it  was 
erected  the  triumphal  arch  of  Trajan,  114  a.d.  Benevento 
was  formed  into  a  duchy  by  the  Lombards,  571.  At  a  battle 
here,  26  Feb.  1266,  Manfred,  king  of  Sicily,  was  defeated  and 
«lain  by  Charles  of  Anjou,  who  thus  became  virtually  master 
of  Italy.  The  castle  was  built  1323  ;  the  town  was  nearly  de- 
«troyed  by  an  earthquake,  1688,  when  the  archbishop,  after- 
wards pope  Benedict  XIII.,  was  dug  out  of  the  ruins  alive,  and 
"helped  rebuild,  1703.  It  was  seized  by  the  king  of  Naples,  but 
restored  to  the  pope  on  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits,  1773. 
Talleyrand  de  Perigord,  Bonaparte's  archchancellor,  was  made 
prince  of  Benevento,  1806.  Benevento  was  taken  by  French, 
1798,  and  restored  to  the  pope  in  1815. 

benevolences  (aids,  free  gifts,  actually  forced  loans) 
■appear  to  have  been  claimed  by  Anglo-Saxon  sovereigns. 
Such  were  levied  by  Edward  IV.,  1473,  by  Richard  III.,  1485 
hy  Henry  VII.,  1492,  and  by  James  I.,  1613,  on  the  marriage  of 
princess  Elizabeth  with  Frederick,  elector  palatine,  afterwards 
king  of  Bohemia.  In  1615  Oliver  St.  John,  M.P.,  was  fined 
6000/.,  and  chief-justice  Coke  disgraced,  for  censuring  such 
exactions.  Benevolences  were  declared  illegal  by  the  bill  of 
rights,  Feb.  1689. 

BengRl,  chief  presidency  of  British  India.  Capital, 
Calcutta.  Its  governors  were  appointed  by  the  sovereigns  of 
Delhi  till  1340,  when  it  became  independent.  It  was  added 
to  the  Mogul  empire  by  Baber,  about  1529 ;  it  forms  a  lieu- 
tenant-governorship, with  an  area  of  203,473  sq.  miles  and  a 
pop.  of  66,691,456. 
4 


BER 

English  first  permitted  to  trade  to  Bengal 1534 

They  establish  a  settlement  at  Hooghly about  1652 

Factories  of  the  French  and  Danes  set  up 1664 

Bengal  made  a  distinct  agency 1680 

English  settlement  removed  to  fort  William 1698 

Imperial  grant  vesting  the  revenues  of  Bengal  in  the  company, 

making  it  really  sovereign 12  Aug.  1765 

India  bill;  Bengal  made  chief  presidency;  supreme  court  of 

judicature  established 16  June,  1773 

Bishop  of  Calcutta  appointed 21  July,  1813 

Railway  opened 15  Aug.  1854 

Bennington,  Battle  of,  took  place  at  Hoosick,  N.  Y., 
5  miles  from  Bennington,  Vermont,  on  16  Aug.  1777,  be- 
tween British  and  (ierman  detachments,  under  cols.  Baume 
and  Breyman,  of  Burgoyne's  army,  and  gen.  John  Stark,  with 
New  Hampshire  militia.  British  were  defeated,  with  a  loss, 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  of  almost  1000  men.  Amer- 
icans had  100  killed  and  as  manj'  wounded.  Burgoyne  sent 
this  expedition  to  procure  cattle  and  stores.  It  was  a  severe 
blow  to  him,  and  led  to  his  final  defeat.  It  is  counted  one 
of  the  important  battles  of  the  Revolution.     New  York. 

Bentonville,  N.  C.  Here  on  18  Mch.  1865,  the  con- 
federates under  gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  fiercely  attacked  part 
of  Sherman's  army  under  gen.  Slocum,  especially  the  corps  of 
gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  but  were  finally  repelled.  The  concentra- 
tion of  gen.  Sherman's  forces  and  the  fear  for  his  line  of  retreat 
compelled  gen.  Johnston  to  fall  back  on  Raleigh.  Federal  loss, 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  1643. 

benzole  or  benzine,  a  compound  of  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  discovered  by  Faraday  in  oils  (1825),  and  by  C.  B. 
Mansfield  in  coal-tar  (1849).  Mansfield  died  from  a  burn 
while  experimenting  on  it  (25  Feb.  1855).  Benzole  has  become 
useful  in  the  arts.  Chemists  have  produced  from  it  Aniline, 
the  source  of  the  modern  dyes  mauve,  magenta,  and  many 
others.     Alizarine. 

Aromatic  essences  and  perfumes  have  been  obtained  from  benzole 
by  Perkin,  Tiemann,  Harrmann,  and  others.  Febrifuge  medicines, 
by  0.  Fischer,  Dewar,  McKendrick,  and  others,  in  1881.  And 
saccharine,  a  principle  220  times  sweeter  than  cane-sugar,  by 
Fahlberg  and  Remsen,  patented  in  Great  Britain  in  1886;  not  nu- 
tritious, and  said  to  cause  indigestion. 

Beoirulf,  an  ancient  Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem,  describ- 
ing the  deeds  of  Beowulf,  a  Scandinavian  hero,  who  probably 
flourished  in  the  middle  of  the  5th  century ;  supposed  to  have 
been  written  after  597.  The  preponderance  of  opinion  now 
ascribes  to  this  most  important  surviving  monument  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  poetry  a  west-Saxon  origin,  and  a  date  between  705  and 
750.  An  edition  by  Kemble  was  published  in  1833.  It  has  been 
translated  by  Kemble,Thorpe,  and  Wackerbarth.  Manuscript. 

Bereng^arians,  followers  of  Berengarius,  archdeacon 
of  Angers,  who,  about  1049,  opposed  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation  or  the  real  presence.  Several  councils  of  the  church 
condemned  his  doctrine,  1050-79.  After  much  controversy,  he 
recanted  about  1079,  and  died,  grieved  and  wearied,  6  Jan.  1088. 

Beresl'na,  a  river  in  Russia,  crossed  by  the  French 
main  army  after  defeat  by  the  Russians,  25-29  Nov.  1812.  The 
French  lost  upwards  of  20,000  men,  and  the  retreat  was  ruinous. 

Berg",  W.  Germany,  on  the  extinction  of  its  line  of  counts, 
in  1348,  was  incorporated  with  Juliers.  Napoleon  I.  made  Murat 
grand-duke  in  1806.    The  principal  part  is  now  held  by  Prussia. 

Berg^amO,  N.  Italy,  a  Lombard  duchy,  annexed  to 
Venice,  1428 ;  which  chiefly  held  it  till  it  revolted  and  joined 
the  Cisalpine  republic,  1797.  It  was  awarded  to  Austria  in 
1814 ;  ceded  to  Sardinia,  1859. 

Bergen,  Norway,  founded  1070;  was  the  royal  residence 
during  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 

Bergen,  Germany,  Battle  of.  French  defeated  allies, 
13  Apr.  1752.— In  Holland  the  allies,  under  the  duke  of 
York,  were  defeated  by  the  French,  under  gen.  Brune,  with  great 
loss,  19  Sept.  1799.  In  another  battle,  2  Oct.  same  year,  the 
duke  gained  a  victory  over  Brune ;  but  on  the  6th  was  defeated 
before  Alkmaer,  and  on  the  20th,  by  a  convention,  exchanged 
his  army  for  6000  French  and  Dutch  prisoners  in  England. 

Bergen-op-Zoom,  Holland.  This  place,  deemed 
impregnable,  was  taken  by  the  French,  16  Sept.  1747,  and  again 
in  1795.  An  attempt  by  the  British,  under  gen.  sir  T.  Graham 
to  storm  the  fortress  was  defeated ;  after  forcing  an  entrance 
their  retreat  was  cut  oflF,  and  nearly  all  were  cut  to  pieces  or 
taken,  8  Mch.  1814.         ^..--•'^7;^ 


BER  ' 

Berif  crac,  France.  Here  John  of  Gaunt,  then  earl  of 
Derby,  dfleatetl  French  in  1344 ;  here  a  temporarj'  treaty  be- 
tween Catholics  and  Protestants,  establishing  liberty  of  con- 
science, was  signed  17  Sept.  1577. 

Berkeley  oastle,  Ciloucestershire,  Engl.,  begun  by 
Henry  I.  in  1108,  was  Hnished  in  the  next  reign.    Here  Edward 
II.  was  murderetl,21  Sept.  1327,  with  circumstances  of  peculiar 
atrocity.   His  queen  Isabella  (princess  of  France)  and  her  par- 
amour, Mortimer,  earl  of  March,  were  held  as  accessories.  Mor- 
timer was  hanged  at  the  Elms,  near  London,  29  Nov.  1330,  by 
Edward  III.,  who  also  confined  his  mother  in  her  own  house 
at  Castle  Rising,  near  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  till  her  death,  1357. 
"  Mark  tlie  year,  and  mark  the  night. 
When  Severn  shall  re-echo  with  affVlght 
The  shrieks  of  death  through  Berkeley's  roof  that  ring, 
Shrieks  of  an  agonizing  king." — Oray^s  Ode,  "The  Bard." 

Berlin,  capital  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg, 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  margrave  Albert  the  Bear,  about 
1163.  Its  5  districts  were  united  under  one  magistracy  in  1714 ; 
it  afterwards  became  the  capital  of  Prussia  and  was  greatly 
improved.  It  was  taken  and  held  by  Russians  andAustrians, 
9-13  Oct.  1760.  Establishment  of  Academy  of  Sciences,  1702; 
of  the  university,  1810.  On  27  Oct.  1806,  after  the  battle  of 
Jena  (14  Oct.),  the  French  entered  Berlin,  whence  Napoleon 
issued  the  famous  Berlin  Decree.     Pop.  1890, 1,579,244. 

BERLIN  CONGRESS  ON   THE  EASTERN   QUESTION. 

Representatives  (with  resident  ambassadors):  Germany,  prince 
Bismarck,  president;  Russia,  prince  Gortschakoff;  Turkey, 
Alexander  Carathdodori ;  Great  Britain,  lord  Beaconsfleld  and 
marquis  of  Salisbury  (lord  Odo  Russell  ambassador) ;  Austria, 
count  Andrassy ;  France,  M.  Waddington;  Italy,  count  Corti. 

First  meeting,  13  June;  20th  and  last ;  treaty  signed. .  l3  July,  1878 

Articles  1-12.  Bulgaria  constituted  an  autonomous  principal- 
ity, tributary  to  the  sultan;  the  Balkans  southern  limit; 
the  prince  to  be  elected  by  the  people,  approved  by  the 
sultan  and  other  powers;  public  laws,  and  other  details. 

Articles  13-22.  Eastern  Rumelia  made  a  province;  partly  au- 
tonomous; boundaries  defined;  Christian  governor-general 
to  be  appointed  by  the  sultan ;  to  be  organized  by  an  Austrian 
commission;  Russian  army  of  occupation  for  9  months. 

Article  23.  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  to  be  occupied  and  admin- 
istered by  Austro- Hungary. 

Articles  24-30.  Montenegro  independent;  new  frontiers;  An- 
tivari  annexed. 

Articles  31-39.    Servia  independent,  with  new  frontiers. 

"       40-49.    Roumania  independent,  losing  part  of  Bessa- 
rabia to  Russia,  with  compensation. 

Articles  50-64.     Regulation  of  navigation  of  the  Danube,  etc. 
"       55-57.     Legal  reforms  in  Crete,  etc. 

Article  58.  The  Porte  cedes  to  Russia  Ardahan,  Kars,  and 
Batoum,  and  settles  boundaries. 

Article  59.    Batoum  to  be  a  free  commercial  port. 
"     60.    Alasgird  and  Bayazid  restored  to  Turkey. 

Articles  61,  62.  The  Porte  promises  legal  reforms,  religious 
liberty,  etc. 

Article  63.  The  treaty  of  Paris  (30  Mch.  1856)  and  of  London 
(13  Mch.  1871)  maintained  when  not  modified  by  this  treaty. 

Article  64.    To  be  ratified  in  3  weeks.    Ratified 3  Aug.     " 

Circular  on  delay  in  executing  treaty  from  earl  Granville, 
foreign  secretary,  to  foreign  powers May,  1880 

Berlin  conference 16  June-1  July,     " 

Ambassadors:  for  Great  Britain,  lord  Odo  Russell;  France, 
comte  de  St.Vallier,  etc.,  president;  prince  Hohenlohe,  Ger- 
man foreign  minister. 

They  agree  to  a  collective  note  to  the  sultan  of  Turkey  (urging 
surrender  of  Dulcigno  and  cession  of  provinces  to  Greece) ; 
presented 15  July,     '• 

DcLciGNo;  Turkey;  Greece,  1880-81;  Samoan  Islands, 
1889,  etc. 

Berlin  Decree.  An  interdict  issued  by  Napoleon  I. 
from  Berlin  against  British  commerce,  21  Nov.  1806;  an  attempt 
to  destroy  the  foreign  trade  of  England  as  well  as  a  retalia- 
tory measure  to  offset  the  British  Order  in  Council  issued  16 
May,  1806.  It  declared  a  blockade  of  British  islands,  and  or- 
dered all  Englishmen  in  countries  occupied  by  French  troops 
to  be  treated  as  prisoners  of  war.  No  letters  in  the  English 
language  were  to  pass  through  the  French  post-offices.  All 
trade  in  English  merchandise  was  forbidden.  No  vessel  di- 
rectly from  England  or  the  English  colonies  was  to  be  admitted 
into  any  French  port,  and  by  a  later  interpretation,  all  merchan- 
dise derived  from  England  and  her  colonies,  by  whomsoever 
owned,  was  liable  to  seizure,  even  on  board  neutral  vessels,  and 
whether  even  the  vessels  themselves  might  not  also  be  liable 
to  confiscation  was  reserved  for  future  consideration.  British 
Orders  in  Council,  Milan  Decree,  United  States,  1806. 

Bermuda  Hundred,  Va.,  a  peninsula  between  the 
Appomattox  and  James  rivers,  occupied  by  gen.  B.  F.  Butler, 


BET 

6  May,  1864,  with  between  15,000  and  25,000  men,  threatening- 
Petersburg  and  Richmond  on  the  south.  Army  of  the  James. 
An  attack  by  Beauregard  17  May,  1864,  stopped  the  advance, 
and  the  confederates  erected  a  line  of  works  across  the  penin- 
sula. Soon  after  gen.  Butler's  force  was  depleted  by  sending 
reinforcements  to  gen. Grant  across  the  Jame.s,  so  that  he  could 
not  assume  the  offensive,  and  his  condition  was  aptly  expressed 
in  his  own  words, "  The  necessities  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac 
have  bottled  me  up  at  Bermuda  Hundred." 

Berinu<las  or  §onier§'i  isles,  a  group  consisting 

of  about  100  coral  reefs  and  rocks  with  5  islets,  in  the  N.  Atlantic 
ocean,  32°  26'  n.  lat.,  64°  37'  w.  Ion.,  discovered  by  Juan  Ber- 
mudas, a  Spaniard,  in  1522,  but  not  inhabited  until  1609,  when^ 
sir  George  Somers  was  cast  away  upon  them.  They  were  settled 
by  Stat.  9  James  1. 1612.  Among  the  exiles  from  England  dur- 
ing the  civil  war  was  Waller,  the  poet,  who  wrote,  while  here,  a: 
poetical  description  of  the  islands.  There  was  a  hurricane  here,. 
31  Oct.  1780,  and  by  another  a  third  of  the  houses  was  destroj'ed,. 
and  the  shipping  driven  ashore,  20  July,  1813.  A  large  iron, 
dry-dock  here,  which  cost  250,000/.,  was  towed  froratheMedway 
in  June  and  July,  1869.     Pop.  15,534;  area  about  41  sq.  mile.^. 

Bernard',  Mount  ^t.,  so  called  from  a  monastery 
founded  on  it  by  Bernardine  Menthon  in  962.  Velan,  its  high- 
est peak,  about  8000  ft.  high,  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow.. 
Hannibal,  it  is  said,  led  his  army  by  this  route,  over  the  Little- 
st. Bernard  pass,  into  Italy  (218  b.c.)  ;  and  in  May,  1800,  Bona- 
parte crossed  with  his  troops  by  the  same  road.  Near  the 
summit  is  the  ancient  monastery,  still  held  by  a  community 
of  monks,  who  entertain  travellers;  also  noted  for  its  fine  breed 
of  dogs,  the  St.  Bernard.     Alps. 

Bernardines  or  IVhite  Iflonks,  a  strict  order 

of  Cistercian  monk.s,  established  by  St.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux,. 
about  1115.     He  founded  many  monasteries. 

Berne,  the  sovereign  canton  of  Switzerland,  joined  the 
Swiss  league,  1362 ;  the  town  Berne  was  made  a  free  city  by 
the  emperor  Frederick,  May,  1218 ;  it  repulsed  Rudolph  of 
Hapsburg,  1288.  It  surrendered  to  the  French  under  gen. 
Brune,  12  Apr.  1798.  The  town  has  bears  for  its  arms,  and 
still  maintains  a  bear-pit  on  funds  specially  provided.  It  was- 
made  capital  of  Switzerland,  1848. 

Berry  (the  ancient  Bitui-igvm  Regis),  central  France,, 
held  by  Romans  since  Caesar  (58-50  b.c.),  till  subdued  by  the- 
Visigoths ;  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  Clovis  in  507  a.d.  It 
was  made  a  duchy  by  John  II.  in  1360,  and  not  incorporated 
into  the  royal  domains  till  1601. 

Beri¥ieli-on-Tiveed,  a  fortified  town  on  the 
northeast  extremity  of  England,  the  scene  of  many  bloody 
contests  between  England  and  Scotland ;  claimed  by  the  Scots- 
because  it  stood  on  their  side  of  the  river.  Upon  the  treaty 
entered  into  between  England  and  Scotland  for  the  ransom  of 
William  the  Lion,  who  was  taken  prisoner  near  Alnwick  in 
1174,  the  castle  of  Berwick  was  surrendered  to  the  English, 
but  was  restored  to  Scotland  by  Richard  I.  in  1188.  Here 
John  Baliol  did  homage  for  Scotland,  30  Nov.  1292.  It  was 
annexed  to  England  in  1333 ;  was  taken  and  retaken  many 
times,  and  finally  ceded  to  England  in  1482.  In  1551  it  was 
made  independent.  The  town  surrendered  to  Cromwell  in 
1648,  and  to  gen.  Monk  in  1659.  Since  the  union  of  the 
crowns  (James  I.,  1603)  the  fortifications  have  been  neglected. 

Bessara'bia,  frontier  province  of  European  Russia,, 
part  of  ancient  Dacia;  known  to  the  Greeks.  After  possession 
by  Goths,  in  the  2d  century,  and  Huns,  at  the  end  of  the  5th,. 
it  came  into  possession  of  the  Bessi  in  the  7th  century,  from 
whom  the  country  derived  its  present  name. — Encyc.  Brit.  9th 
ed.  It  was  conquered  by  Turks,  1474,  seized  by  Russians,  1770, 
and  ceded  to  them  in  1812.  The  part  annexed  to  Roumania  in 
1856  was  restored  to  Russia  at  the  peace  of  1878,  in  exchange 
for  Dobrudscha,  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July,  and  given 
up  21  Oct.  1878. 

Bessemer.     Steam  navigation,  Steel. 

Betllleliem,  about  6  miles  from  Jerusalem,  is  a  place 
of  great  antiquity,  and  under  the  name  of  Ephrath  is  men- 
tioned in  Gen.  xlviii.  7.  Birthplace  of  David,  1085  b.c.,  be- 
comes one  of  the  world's  most  memorable  spots  as  the  birthplace 
of  Christ.  It  now  contains  a  large  convent,  enclosing,  as  is  said,. 


BET  99 

the  birthplace  of  Christ ;  a  church  erected  by  the  empress 
Helena  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  about  325  ;  '•  the  Chapel  of  the 
Nativity,"  where  the  manger  in  which  Christ  was  laid  is  shown  ; 
another,  called  the  Chapel  of  St.  Joseph ;  and  a  third,  of  the 
Holy  Innocents.     Bethlehem  is  much  visited  by  pilgrims. 

Betlinal  Oreen,  E.  London,  Engl.,  a  poor  but  popu- 
lous parish ;  said  to  have  been  the  seat  of  Henry  de  Montfort, 
hero  of  the  "  Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green  "  (Percy  ballads). 
Many  churches  have  been  recently  erected  under  bishop  Blom- 
field  and  others,  and  the  district  has  been  favored  by  the  bar- 
oness Burdett-Coutts.  The  East  London  museum,  a  branch  of 
that  at  South  Kensington,  was  opened  by  the  prince  of  Wales, 
24  June,  1872.  Sir  Richard  Wallace  lent  to  it  for  a  year  a  col- 
lection of  fine  pictures  and  valuable  curiosities.  The  gardens 
opened  19  May,  1875. 

Beverley,  E.  Yorkshire,  Engl.,  the  Saxon  Beverlac  or 
Beverlega.  St.  John  of  Beverley,  archbishop  of  York,  founded 
a  monastery  here,  and  died  721 ;  and  on  his  account  the  town 
received  honors  from  Athelstane,  William  I.,  and  other  sover- 
eigns. It  was  disfranchised  for  corruption  in  1870,  after  a  long 
investigation. 

Beverly  Ford,  Va.     United  States,  1863. 

BeyrOllt'  (the  ancient  Berytus),  a  seaport  of  Syria,  col- 
onized from  Sidon.  It  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  566 ; 
was  rebuilt,  and  was  alternately  possessed  by  the  Christians 
and  Saracens ;  and  after  man}-^  changes  fell  into  the  power  of 
Amurath  IV.  It  was  taken  during  the  Egyptian  revolt  by 
Ibrahim  Pacha  in  1832.  The  defeat  of  the  Egyptian  army  by 
the  allied  British,  Turkish,  and  Austrian  forces,  and  evacuation 
of  Beyrout  (the  Egyptians  losing  7000  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners,  and  20  pieces  of  cannon),  took  place  10  Oct.  1840. 
Sir  C.  Napier  was  the  English  admiral.  Beyrout  suffered  from 
the  massacres  in  Syria  in  May,  1860.  In  Nov.  1860,  above 
27,000  were  said  to  be  in  danger  of  starving.     Syria. 

Bianehi  (Whites),  a  political  party  at  Florence  in  1300, 
in  favor  of  the  Ghibellines  or  imperial  party,  headed  by  Vieri 
de'  Cerchi,  opposed  the  Neri  (or  Blacks),  headed  by  Corso  de' 
Donati.  The  latter  banished  their  opponents,  among  whom 
was  Dante,  in  1302.  "  Bianehi "  were  also  male  and  female 
penitents,  clothed  in  white,  who  travelled  through  Italy  in 
Aug.  1399,  and  were  suppressed  by  pope  Boniface  IX.,  1400. 

Biareliy.  Aristodemus,  king  of  Sparta,  left  twin  sons, 
Eurysthenes  and  Procles;  and  the  people,  not  knowing  to 
whom  precedence  should  be  given,  placed  both  upon  the 
throne,  and  thus  established  the  first  biarchy,  1102  B.c.  Their 
descendants  reigned  for  about  800  years. — Herodotus. 

Biberaeh,  WUrtemberg.  Here  Moreau  twice  defeated 
the  Austrians — under  Latour,  2  Oct.  1796,  and  under  Kray, 
9  May,  1800. 

Bible  (from  the  Gr.  j8t/3Xoc,  a  book),  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
The  Old  Testament  is  said  to  have  been  collected  and  arranged 
by  Ezra  between  458  and  450  b.c.  The  Apocrypha  are  con- 
sidered as  inspired  writings  by  Catholics,  but  not  by  Jews  and 
Protestants.     Apocrypha. 

The  division  of  the  Bible  into  chapters  has  been  ascribed  to  arch- 
bishop Lanfrauc  in  the  11th,  and  to  archbishop  Langtou  in  the 
13th  century;  but  T.  Hartwell  Home  refers  it  to  cardinal  Hugo  de 
SanctoCaro,  aboutl250.  Thedivision  into  sections  was  commenced 
by  rabbi  Nathan  (author  of  a  concordance),  about  1445,  and  com- 
pleted by  Athras.  a  Jew,  in  16(51.  The  present  division  into  verses 
was  introduced  by  the  printer  Robert  Stephens  in  his  Gr.  Testa- 
ment (1551)  and  in  his  Latin  Bible  (1556-57). 
The  original  copies  of  the  New  Testament  writings  were  probably 
written  on  papyrus  rolls,  and  were  so  soon  worn  out  by  frequent 
use  that  we  do  not  possess  any  historical  notice  of  their  existence. 
Manuscripts.  They  must,  however,  have  been  written  in  uncial 
or  large  capital  letters,  without  division  of  words  or  punctuation, 
without  accents,  breathings,  etc.,  and  probably  without  any  titles 
or  subscriptions  whatever.  The  uncial  character  held  its  ground 
till  about  the  10th  century,  when  the  use  of  a  cursive  or  running 
hand  became  general.  Euthalius  of  Alexandria,  in  the  second 
half  of  the  5th  century,  divided  the  text  into  lines  to  suit  the 
sense — Encyc.  Brit.  9th  ed. 

OLD  TESTAMENT.  B.C. 

Genesis  contains  the  history  of  the  world  from 4004-1635 

J^^odus 1635-1490 

Leviticus 1490 

JJumbers '. .'.  .'.'.'.'.V.'.  1490-1451 

Deuteronomy , 1451 

i^\ ...about  1520 

J  osh  ua 1451-1420 


BIB 

Judges , 

Ruth '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

1st  and  2d  Samuel ...'. 

1st  and  2d  Kings .....*.....' 

1st  and  2d  Chronicles *.*."...'. 

Book  of  Psalms  (principally  by  David) .'.*.*.'.'.'.'".* 

Proverbs  written about 

Song  of  Solomon ■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.'.'.■.■.■.'      '' 

Ecclesiastes u 

Jonah «( 

Joel .!!..!.!!!!  1 !!!! ! " 

Hosea ..*..'.".*.".*.*" '< 

Amos (i 


Isaiah 

Micah 

Nahum 

Zephaniah 

Jeremiah 

Lamentations. 

Habakkuk 

Daniel 


Ezekiel 

Obadiah .'.'.'.'.'.■.■.■.'.■.■.■.■.■  .'."about 

Ezra n 


Esther. . . . 
Haggai,... 
Zechariah.. 
Nehemiah . 
Malachi . . . 


1322-1312 

1171-1017 

1015- 

562 

1004- 

536 

1063-1015 

1000- 

700 

1014 

977 

862 

800 

785- 

725 

787 

760-  698 

750-  710 

713 

630 

629- 

588 

588 

626 

607- 

534 

595- 

574 

587 

536- 

456 

521- 

495 

520 

520- 

518 

446-434 

397 

NEW  TESTAMENT.  ^  ^ 

Gospels  by  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke,  and  John 5  b.c  -33 

Acts  of  the  Apostles 33-65 

Epistles— 1st  and  2d  of  Paul  to  Thessalonians! '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  ."about  54 
"  ■  58 


To  Galatians.. 


1st  Corinthians 59 

2d  Corinthians .".*.*.'.'.*.!  !.'."!!!.* 60 

Romans .,.'*.'.','.'*.".".',".'.".'*.'    " 

Of  James .'...'.*.'..*.*.*..... ...'.'    " 

1st  of  Peter '.'.*'.'.".*.*.*.'.*.*...'.*...'..    '* 

ToEphesians,  Philippians,  Colossians,  Hebrewsj  Philemon.*.'.'.  64 

Titus,  and  1st  to  Timothy 55 

2d  to  Timothy 66 

2d  of  Peter u 

Of  Jude *.*.*.'.'.'.*  .* ." '.'.'.'. '.  .*  .* !    " 

1st,  2d,  and  3d  of  John .after  90 

Revelation gg 

The  most  ancient  copy  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  was  at  Toledo, 
"the  Codex  of  Hillel;"  it  was  probably  of  the  4th  century  a.d.  , 
some  say  about  60  years  before  Christ.  The  copy  of  Ben  Asher, 
of  Jerusalem,  was  made  about  1100. 

Probably  the  oldest  copy  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  in  Greek  is 
the  Codex  Sinaiticus,  referred  to  the  4th  century.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  M.  Constantine  Tischendorf  at  St.  Katherine's  mon- 
astery in  1844  and  1859,  and  presented  to  the  czar  of  Russia,  at 
whose  cost  a  splendid  edition  was  publ.  in  1862.     Manuscripts. 

The  famous  Vatican  Codex,  written  in  the  4th  or  5th  century,  is  regard- 
ed as  substantially  equal  to  the  former  in  antiquity  and  authority 
Mai's  edition  appeared  1857.  The  next  in  age  is  the  Alexandrian 
Codex  (referred  to  the  5th  century)  in  the  British  museum,  pre- 
sented by  the  Greek  patriarch  to  Charles  I.  in  1628.  It  has  been 
printed  in  England,  edited  by  Woido  and  Baber,  1786-1821.  Codex 
Ephrcemi,  or  Codex  Regius,  ascribed  to  5th  century,  in  the  Royal 
library,  Paris;  publ.  by  Tischendorf  in  1843. 

The  Hebrew  psalter  was  printed  at  Bologna  in  1477  The  complete 
Hebrew  Bible  was  first  printed  by  Soncino  in  Italy  in  1488,  and 
the  Greek  Testament  (edited  by  Erasmus)  at  Rotterdam  in  1516. 
Aldus's  edition  was  printed  in  1518,  Stephens's  in  1546,  and  the 
textus  receptus  (or  received  text)  by  the  Elzevirs  in  1624. 

TRANSLATIONS. 

The  Old  Testament,  in  Greek,  termed  the  Septuagint,  said  to  have 
been  made  by  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphos,  king  of  Egypt,  about 
286  or  285  B.C. ;  of  this  many  fabulous  accounts  are  given. 

Origen,  after  28  years  in  collating  MSS.,  began  his  polyglot  Bible  at 
Csesarea  in  231  a.d.,  including  the  Greek  versions  of  Aquila,  Sym- 
machus,  and  Theodotion,  all  made  in  or  about  the  2d  century  a.d. 

The  following  are  ancient  versions:  Syriac,  1st  or  2d  century;  the 
old  Latin  version,  early  in  the  2d  century,  revised  by  Jerome  in 
384;  who,  however,  completed  a  new  version  in  405,  now  called 
the  Vulgate;  first  edition  (without  date)  about  1456;  the  first 
dated  1462;  Coptic,  2d  or  3d  century;  Ethiopic;  Armenian,  4th  or 
5th  century;  Slavonic,  9th  century;  and  the  Mceso- Gothic,  by 
Ulfilas,  the  ajiostle  of  the  Goths,  about  360  (a  manuscript  copy, 
called  the  Codex  Argenteus,  is  at  Upsala).  Manuscripts.  ThePstlms 
were  translated  into  Saxon  by  bishop  Aldhelm  about  706;  Caed- 
mon's  metrical  paraphrase  of  a  portion  of  the  Bible,  about  680; 
and  the  Gospels  by  bishop  Egbert,  about  721;  parts  of  the  Bilile 
by  Bede,  in  the  8th  century.  A  complete  and  literal  translation 
of  the  Vulgate  existed  in  Germany  perhaps  as  early  as  the  begin- 
ning of  the  14th  century.  The  earliest  remains  of  Romance  ver- 
sions are  thought  to  be  as  old  as  the  11th  century;  but  the  work 
of  translation  assumed  important  dimensions  in  the  12th  and  13th 
centuries,  though  the  church  of  Rome  strove  to  suppress  it. 
The  prohibition  of  the  Bible  in  the  vulgar  tongue,  put  forth  by 
the  council  of  Toulouse  in  1229,  was  repeated  by  other  councils  in 
various  parts  of  the  church,  but  failed  to  quell  the  rising  inter- 
est in  the  Scriptures.  In  England  and  in  Bohemia  the  Bible  was 
translated  by  the  reforming  parties  of  Wycliffe  and  Huss,  and  was 
printed  not  only  in  Latin,  but  in  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  Ger- 
man, and  Dutch. 


Bible. 
U71 
1476 
1477 
1478 
1487 
1488 
1530 
1636 
1541 
1550 
1561 
1569 
1588 
1689 
1666 
1686 
1743 
1748 
1767 
1814 
1821 
1822 
1822 
1823 


BIB  ^^ 

MODERK  TRANSLATIONS.        N.  Tett. 

Italian — 

Dutch — 

Flemish — 

Spanish  (Valencian) — 

French — 

Bohemian — 

German 1522 

English 1626 

Swedish 1526 

Danish 1524 

Polish 1561 

Spanish 1543 

Welsh 1567 

Hungarian 1574 

Massachusetts  Indians  (Eliot's) 1661 

Irish 1602 

Georgian — 

Portuguese 1712 

Manx. 1748 

Turkish 1666 

Modern  Greek 1638 

Russian  (parts) 1519 

Sanscrit: 1808 

Chinese 18U 

ENOUSH  VERSIONS  AND  EDITIONS. 

MS.  paraphrase  of  the  whole  Bible  at  the  Bodleian  library,  Ox- 
ford, dated  by  Usher 1290 

Versions  (from  the  Vulgate)  by  Wycliffe  and  his  followers 

(above  170  MS.  copies  extant) 1356-84 

[Part  publ.  by  Lewis,  1731;  by  Baber,  1810;  the  whole  by 
Madden  &  Forshall.  at  Oxford,  1850.] 

William  Tyndale's  version  of  Matthew  and  Mark  from  the 
Greek,  1524;  of  the  New  Testament,  1525;  6  editions 1525-30 

Miles  Coverdale's  version  of  the  Bible ;  printing  finished,  4  Oct.  1535 
[Ordered  by  Henry  VIII.  to  be  laid  in  the  choir  of  every 
church,  "  for  every  man  that  will  to  look  and  read  therein. "] 

T.  Matthews's  (said  to  be  fictitious  name  for  John  Rogers)  ver- 
sion (partly  by  Tyndale  and  Coverdale) 1537 

[Tyndale  was  strangled  and  his  body  then  burned  at  Ant- 
werp, 6  Oct.  1536,  at  the  instigation  of  Henry  VIII.  and  his 
council.] 

Cranmer's  Great  Bible  (Matthews's  revised),  the  first  printed 
by  authority 1539 

Bible-reading  prohibited 1542-57 

Geneva  version,  "Breeches  Bible"  (the  first  with  figured 
verses),  1540-57;  publ 1560 

Archbishop  Parker's,  called  the  "Bishops'  Bible  "  (8  of  the  14 
persons  employed  being  bishops) 1568 

Catholic  authorized  version;  New  Testament  at  Rheims,  1582; 
Old  Testament  at  Douay 1609-10 

ENGLISH  VERSION  OF   1611.       (KING  JAMES'S  BIBLE.) 

The  English  Bible,  or  "authorized  version,"  is  a  revision  of  the 
"  Bishops'  Bible,"  begun  in  1604,  and  published  in  1611.  It  arose 
out  of  a  conference  between  the  High  Church  and  Low  Church 
parties,  held  by  James  I.  at  Hampton  court  in  1604.  The  appoint- 
ment of  the  revisers  was  a  work  of  much  responsibility  and  labor, 
and  5  months  elapsed  before  they  were  selected  and  their  respec- 
tive portions  assigned.  The  47  who  began  the  work  included  the 
leading  scholars  of  England.  These  were  divided  into  6  com- 
mittees. The  following  table  gives  the  name  of  each  committee, 
its  president,  and  the  work  assigned  it: 


BIB 


Committees. 


Westminster,  Heb. 
Cambridge,       " 

Oxford,  " 

Cambridge,  Greek. 

Oxford,  " 

Westminster,  " 


Bishop  Andrewes  of  Win- 
chester. 

Prof  Lively,  regius  prof, 
of  Hebrew. 

Prof  Harding,  regius  prof 
of  Hebrew,  and  pres.  of 
Magdalen  college. 

Prof  Duport,  master  of  Je- 
[     sus  college,  etc. 

Bishop  Ravis  of  London. 

"      Barlow  of  Lincoln. 


Genesis-2  Kings. 
1  Chroa-Eccles. 

Isaiah-Malachi. 

Apocrypha. 

Gospels,  Acts, 
and  Revela- 
tion. 

Epistles. 


A  set  of  15  rules  was  drawn  up  to  guide  the  larger  body.  They 
comprised  3  general  heads:  (1)  To  follow  the  "Bishops'  Bible," 
and  to  alter  as  little  as  the  truth  of  the  original  will  permit.  (2) 
To  refrain  from  marginal  notes.  (3)  To  use  the  utmost  diligence 
in  arriving  at  a  true  interpretation,  sending  to  any  other  scholar 
not  directly  engaged  for  his  opinion  or  judgment.  The  care  be- 
stowed upon  this  translation  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  parts  of 
it  passed  through  the  committees'  hands  17  times.  Although  the 
work  began  in  1604,  it  was  1611  before  Robert  Barker,  ihe  king's 
patentee,  issued  the  first  volume.  Since  that  time  millions  of  this 
revised  translation  have  been  printed. 

[Dr.  Benjamin  Blayney's  revised  edition,  1769.] 

Authorized  Jewish  English  version 1851-61 

A  revision  of  the  English  version  was  recommended  by  bishops 
in  convocation,  10  Feb.  1870.  The  committee,  eminent  scholars 
of  various  denominations,  appointed  in  May,  met  first  at  West- 
minster abbey,  22  June,  1870,  and  consisted  finally  of  52  members 
—divided  into  2  companies,  one  for  the  revision  of  the  Old,  and 
the  other  of  the  New  Testament.  The  American  clergy  and  schol- 
ars were  invited  to  co-operate.    The  American  house  of  bishops 


(Episcopalian)  declined  to  commit  itself  formally  to  the  enter- 
j)riso,  not  restricliug,  however,  the  free  action  of  its  members. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  American  Board  was  in  Now  York,  Dec. 
1871.  The  number  of  American  co-operating  with  English  re- 
visers was  32,  with  Philip  Schafl",  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  president,  including 
eminent  clergy  and  scholars  of  different  denominations. 
Revision  of  New  Testament  completed  (103d  se§sion,  407  days),  11 
Nov.  1880;  editions  publ.  17  May,  188L  Revision  of  Old  Testa- 
ment completed,  1884;  Issued  19  May,  1885. 

NOTED  AND  PECULIAR  BIBLES. 

Paragraph  Bibles  published  in  England  by  John  Reeve,  1808;  by 
the  Tract  Society,  1848;  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  by  Dr.  Coit,  1834. 

Smallest  Bible  known  (4^x2x1-  inches;  weight  under  3^  oz.),  issued 
from  Oxford  University  press,  Oct.  1875. 

"  .Mazarine  Bible."    Printing,  Books. 

"  Bishops'  Bible,"  see  English  Versions,  1568. 

"Breeches  Bible."  The  Geneva  Bible,  often  so  called  from  the 
translation  of  Gen.  iii.  7,  where  the  word  "breeches"  is  used  in- 
stead of  "aprons." 

"Bug  Bible,"  an  edition  of  Matthews's  Bible,  printed  in  1551,  so 
called  from  the  rendering  of  "terror"  in  Ps.  xci.  5,  as  "bugges," 
in  the  sense  of  a  frightful  form. 

"Wicked  Bible."  An  edition  so  called  from  the  accident  of  leav- 
ing the  word  "  not "  out  of  the  seventh  commandment.  Similarly 
a  Bible  of  1653  omits  the  word  "not"  from  St.  Paul's  utterance 
(1  Cor.  vi.  9),  rendering  it,  "Know  you  not  that  the  unrighteous 
shall  inherit  the  kingdom  of  God?" 

"Vinegar  Bible."  So  called  because  in  Matt.  xx.  the  "parable  ot 
the  vineyard"  was  printed  "parable  of  the  vinegar,"  1617. 

" Placemakers'  Bible."  Matt.  v.  9,  was  printed  "Blessed  are  the 
placemakers,"  instead  of  "peacemakers." 

The  first  Bible  printed  in  the  U.  S.  (aside  from  Eliot's  Indian  trans- 
lation, 1661-66)  was  printed  at  Germantown,  Pa.,  in  German, 
by  Christopher  Sauer  in  1743.  The  first  in  English  was  one  at 
Boston  by  Kneeland  &  Green,  1752,  with  London  imprint.  First 
in  Philadelphia,  1782,  by  Robert  Aitken. 

Bible  dictionaries.  The  most  remarkable  are  Cal- 
met's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  1722-28 ;  Kitto's  "Cyclopgedia 
of  Biblical  Literature,"  1843  and  1851;  Smith's  elaborate  '•  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible,"  1860-63  ^  and  McClintock  and. Strong's 
"  Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Literature."     Concordances. 

Bible  societies.  The  total  number  of  Bibles  and 
Testaments  distributed  by  80  Bible  societies  in  the  world, 
since  the  foundation  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Society,  has 
been  over  220,000,000  copies.  The  following  is  a  partial  list 
of  the  principal  and  oldest  Bible  societies : 

Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  organized 1698 

Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  organized,  1701 
Society  in  Scotland  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  or- 
ganized   1709 

Society  for  Promoting  Religious  Knowledge  among  the  Poor, 

organized : 1750 

Naval  and  Military  Bible  Society,  organized 1780 

Sunday-school  Society,  organized 1785 

French  Bible  Society,  organized 1792 

British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  begun  1803;  organized 1804 

Hibernian  Bible  Society,  organized 1806 

First  Bible  society  in  the  U.  S.  organized  at  Philadelphia 1808 

Connecticut  Bible  Society,  organized  at  Hartford May,  1809 

Massachusetts  Bible  Society,  organized  at  Boston July,     " 

New  York  Bible  Society,  organized  at  New  York Nov.     " 

New  Jersey  Bible  Society,  organized  at  Princeton,  N.  J.. .  .Dec.     " 
Convention  of  35  Bible  societies  meets  at  New  York,  and  or- 
ganizes the  American  Bible  Society 8-13  May,  1816 

[The  early  presidents  were : 

Hon.  Elias  Boudinot,  LL.D.,  elected  1816. 
Hon.  John  Jay,  "        182L 

Hon.  Richard  Varick,  "        1831.] 

A  bull  from  pope  Pius  VII.  against  Bible  societies  appeared  in  1817 

Bible  Association  of  Friends  in  America,  organized 1828 

American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  organized 1837 

American  Bible  Society,  incorporated 25  Mch.  1841 

American  Bible  Union,  organized 1850 

Bible  House  at  Astor  place,  N.  Y.  city,  completed  and  occupied 

by  American  Bible  Society May,  1853 

Foundation  stone  of  new  Central  hall,  of  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  laid  in  Queen  Victoria  St.,  London. . .  .11  June,  1866 

Biblia  Pauperum  (the  "Bible  for  the  Poor"), 
consisting  of  40  leaves  printed  on  one  side,  making  20  when 
pasted  together,  and  illustrated  with  engravings  of  Scripture 
history,  the  texts  carved  in  wood — a  "  block  book  " — printed 
early  in  the  15th  century,  compiled  by  Bonaventura,  general 
of  the  Franciscans,  about  1260.  Fac-simile  published  by  J. 
Russell  Smith  in  1859.     Books. 

Biblical  arciiseology,  Society  for,  established  by 
Dr.  Samuel  Birch  and  others;  1871.  Besides  a  journal,  it  has 
published  "Records  of  the  Past,"  translations  from  the  As- 
sjT^an,  Egyptian,  and  other  languages,  1873-78.     Palestine. 

Bibliog^rapliy,  the  science  of  books. 

CATALOGITES   and  bibliographical   DICTIONARIES. 

1  Gesner's  "  Bibliotheca  Universalis  "  appeared 1545 


BIG  101 

Ostern's  "  Bibliothdqiie  Universelle  "  (list  of  printed  books 

from  1500  to  1624) 1625 

"Biblioth^queRoyale"  (French)  begun  in  1739;  10  vols,  finished,  1753 

De  Bure's  "  Bibliographie  Instructive  " 1763 

Brunet's  "  Manuel  du  Libraire  "  (several  editions),  first  publ. .  1810 

Home's  "  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Bibliography  " 1814 

Peignot's  "  Manuel- du  Bibliophile  " 1823 

Watt's  "Bibliotheca  Britanuica" 1824 

Ebert's  "  Allgemeines  Bibliographisches  Lexikon  " 1830 

English  translation  publ.  in  Oxford,  4  vols 1834 

Lowndes' s ' '  Bibliographer' s  Manual, ' '  1834 ;  new ed. by  Bohn,  1857-62 

Querard's  "La  France  Litt6raire " 1828-64 

Sampson  Low's  "  British  Catalogue  " 1835-80 

Allibone's  "Dictionary  of  Authors,"  1858;  last  ed 1891 

Leypoldt's  "  American  Catalogue,"  1876;  1st  supplement,  1876- 

84;  2d 1884-90 

Sabin's  "Bibliotheca  Americana,"  1868,  still  unfinished,  the 

letter  "Q"  having  been  reached  in  the  xcii.  part,  issued  in  1886 

Poole's  "  Index  of  Periodical  Literature  " 1882-87 

Fletcher's  "Co-operative  Index  to  Leading  Periodicals,"  issued 

quarterly 1884 

Books,  Printing. 

Bicocca,  N.  Italy.  Lautrec  and  the  French  were  here 
defeated  by  Colonna  and  the  imperialists,  29  Apr.  1522,  and 
Francis  thereby  lost  his  conquests  in  Milan. 

bicycle  or  velocipede.  A  machine  of  this  kind 
was  invented  by  Blanchard  the  aeronaut,  and  described  in  the 
Journal  de  Paris,  27  July,  1779 ;  and  one  was  invented  by 
Nicephone  Niepce  in  1818.  The  dandy-horse  or  "Draisena, 
a  machine  called  a  velocipede,"  was  patented  for  baron  von 
Drais  in  Paris  and  London  in  1818,  and  described  in  "  Acker- 


BIO 

man's  Repository,"  Feb.  1819.  These  machines  came  again 
into  use  in  1861,  and  since  1867  have  been  common  in  various 
forms.  In  1869  M.  Michaux  of  Paris  conceived  the  idea  of 
making  the  front  or  driving-wheel  much  larger  than  the  hind 
wheel. 

Pickwick  Bicycle  Club,  organized  in  England about  1869 

Cunningham,  Heath  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  begin  the  importation 

of  English  bicycles  into  the  United  States 1877 

Publication  of  the  American  Bicycling  Journal,  now  the  Bi- 
cycling World,  the  pioneer  wheelman's  paper,  begun " 

First  bicycle  manufactory  in  the  U.  S.  established  by  A.  A. 

Pope  of  Boston,  Mass i878 

League  of  American  Wheelmen  (L.  A.  W.)  organized  at  New- 

port 31  May,  1880 

James  Stanley,  inventor  of  the  modern  bicycle  and  tricycle, 

d.  in  England,  aged  50 June,  1881 

Mr.  Terry  crosses  the  English  channel  on  a  marine  bicycle; 
leaves  Dover  at  9  a.m.  and  arrives  at  Calais  5  p.m.,  28  July,  1883 

Safety  bicycles  begin  to  come  into  use 1886-87 

Thomas  Stevens,  American,  makes  a  trip  around  the  world  on 
a  bicycle.  Total  distance  about  30,000  miles,  12,550  on  his 
wheel.  He  leaves  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  22  Apr.  1884,  pro- 
ceeds via  Boston,  Liverpool,  Constantinople,  Meshed,  re- 
turning to  Constantinople,  Lahore,  Calcutta,  Canton,  Shang- 
hai, Nagasaki,  and  arrives  at  San  Francisco 7  Jan.  1887 

Providence  Ladies'  Cycling  Club,  organized  4  Feb.  1890,  and 

the  first  ladies'  club  to  join  the  L.  A.  W 4  Mch.  1890 

Pneumatic  tire  safety  bicycles  introduced  into  the  U.  S " 

International  Cyclists'  Association  organized,  London,  Engl. ; 
Howard  Raymond,  American  representative,  elected  pres- 
ident, and  it  was  decided  to  hold  the  first  annual  competi- 
tive meeting  at  Chicago,  111.,  during  the  World's  Fair  in  1893, 

25  Nov. 


1892 


BICYCLE   RECORDS. 


W.J.  Morgan. 
H.  Higbam  . . . 

G.P.Mills.... 


20  Dec.    1886 
18  Mch.  1880 

4-8  Oct.     1891 


Minneapolis,  Minn 

Agricultural  hall,  London,  Engl, 


miles.      yards. 
234        — 
230.25   — 


d.    h.    m.    sec. 


16   59  30 


J.  S.  Johnson. 


H.  C.Tyler 

W.  C.Sanger.... 
M.  F.  Dirnberger. 


J.  S.Johnson 

W.W.  Windle 

A.  A.  Zimmerman. 

J.  S.  Prince 

J.  S.  Johnson 


W.  W.  Windle 

A.  W.  Harris 

W.  W.  Windle 

F.  Pope 

L.  S.  Meintjes 

F.  Pope 

W.  H.  Penseyres&i 
C.  W.  Dorntage...  ( 

G.  E.  Osmond  k\ 

J.  W.  Stocks J 

L.  S.  Meintjes 

J.  W.  Stocks 

L.  S.  Meintjes , . 

J.  W.  Stocks 

L.  S.  Meintjes 

J. W  Stocks 

H.  Fournier 

J.  W.  Stocks 

L.  S.  Meintjes. 

Jules  Dubois 

A.  Linton 

F.  Waller 

A.  Linton 

F.  E.  Spooner 

F.  W.  Shoreland . . . 

F.  E.  Spooner 

F.  W.  Shoreland... 


BEST   TUACK  RECORDS   (Safety). 

31  Oct.    1893     Independence,  la .25 


4  Sept. 

" 

19  June 

" 

18  Nov. 

" 

30  Oct. 

" 

26  Oct. 

" 

6  Sept. 

1892 

6  Oct. 

1893 

28  Sept. 

1894 

24  Oct. 

(( 

9  Nov. 

1893 

11  Oct. 

" 

2  Oct. 

« 

17  Oct. 

ti 

26  Oct. 

u 

11  Sept. 

" 

26  Oct. 

" 

21  July, 

1892 

1  Sept. 

1893 

14  Sept. 

" 

30  Aug. 

" 

14  Sept. 

(( 

30  Aug. 

11 

14  Sept. 

i( 

30  Aug. 

" 

13  Aug. 

1892 

30  Aug. 

1893 

12  Aug. 

" 

17  Sept. 

1892 

21  Oct. 

1893 

11  June, 

1892 

7  Oct. 

1893 

8-9  July, 

1892 

21-22  July, 

1893 

8-9  July, 

1892 

.21-22  July, 

1893 

Hartford,  Conn . 
London,  Engl  . , 
Nashville,  Tenn. 


Independence,  la. 

Springfield,  Mass. 

Hartford,  Conn... 

London,  Engl 

Waltham,  Mass. .. 

Buffalo,  N.Y 

Independence,  la. 


Springfield,  Mass  , 

London,  Engl 

Springfield,  Mass  , 

London,  Engl 

Springfield,  Mass . 
London,  Engl 

Baltimore,  Md 


London,  Engl 

Springfield,  Mass . 

London,  Engl 

Springfield,  Mass  . 

London,  Engl 

Springfield.  Mass  . 

London,  Engl 

Paris,  France 

London,  Engl 

Springfield,  Mass . 

Paris,  France 

London,  Engl 

Alameda,  Cal 

London,  Engl. , . . . 

Chicago,  111 

London,  Engl 

Chicago,  111 

London,  Engl 


.25  — 

.25  — 

.5  — 

.5  — 


10 

10 

15 

15 

25 

25 

25 

50 

50 

50 

100 

100 

200 

200 

300 

300 

400 

426 


440 


- 

- 

24.4 

— 

_ 

25.8 

— 

— 

27.8 

- 

- 

54 

— 

— 

55 

— 

— 

55.8 



1 

0L8 

_ 

1 

05.4 

_ 

1 

50.6 

— . 

1 

35.4 

- 

1 

58.2 

— 

1 

56.8 

_ 

2 

04.2 

_ 

6 

43 

_ 

6 

53.4 

— 

11 

09.6 

— 

11 

33.2 

- 

12 

14.8 

— 

11 

17.2 



23 

04.6 

_ 

23 

20 

_ 

34 

37  • 

— 

35 

20.6 



57 

40.6 

— 

59 

06.8 

1 

01 

21 

2 

05 

45.6 

2 

11 

06.8 

2 

11 

10 

4 

29 

39.2 

5 

45 

— 

10 

01 

— 

11 

47 

15 

16 

30 

21 

18 

29 

28 

22 

43 

04.8 

24 

— 

- 

Without  dismounting. 

(Without  sleep  in  his  ride  from 
\    Land's  End  to  John  O'Groat's. 

(Amateur,    against    time    (kite 
1     track). 

(Amateur,  in  competition  (oval 
(     track). 

Amateur,  against  time. 
(       "       flying  start  with  pace- 
(     maker. 

I  Amateur,  flying  start  against 
(     time  (kite  track). 
( Amateur,   against    time    (oval 
(     track). 

Amateur,  in  competition. 

Professional,  against  time. 

Amateur,flying  start  with  pacer. 

( Amateur,  standing  start  against 
\     time. 

(Amateur,  flying  start  against 
(     time. 
Amateur,  against  time. 


Tandem,  against  time. 
Amateur,  against  time. 


Professional,  against  time. 
Amateur,  against  time. 

Professional,  against  time. 
Amateur,  against  time. 
Professional,  against  time. 
Amateur,  against  time. 


BID  102 

BICYCLE  RECORDS. 
BEST  TKACK  RECORDS  (Safety).— Conhnued- 


BIM 


N»m«. 

Dat«. 

Pl.c«. 

Distance. 

Time. 

Remarks. 

Wm.  Martin 

18-24  Oct     1892 

it        i(         (( 
li        «         (( 

Madison  square,  N  Y 

mllei.         lap». 
1466          4 
1441          1 
1342         — 
1327          6 

d.    h.    m.    MC. 

6  days'  race. 

Ashinger 

u                   o 

Lamb      •••>..•••• 

it                   (i 

(1      n           u 

Shock, 

<(                   it 

BEST   ROAD  RECORDS  (Safety) 


C.T.  Knisely 

W.  B.  Hurlburt.... 

24  June,  1893 

li          (( 

20  Sept     " 
24  June,    '< 

1  Nov.     " 
23  Oct       «' 
26  Aug.      " 
12  Sept  1892 

21  Oct     1893 

22  Oct       " 
12  Sept  1892 

4-6  Sept  1893 

1-19  June,  1885 

liOUlsville,  Ky 

10  miles. 
16     " 
20      " 
26      » 

25  " 

26  *' 
60      " 
60      «' 
53      " 

100      " 

100      " 

100      " 

1000      " 

2054      " 

26  20 

43  18 

67  46 

—  1   01   — 

—  1    11   59 

—  1   04  — 

—  2   21   46 

—  2   32   '20 

—  3   19   30 

—  5    12   02 

—  .5   37    15 

—  7   12  04 
4  23  30  — 

19 

Detroit,  Mich 

41 

H.  B.James 

W.  B.  Hurlburt .... 

Melbourne,  Sydney  R'd,  Australia. 
Detroit,  Mich 

" 

E.  Oxborrow 

Great  North  Road,  Engl 

A.  Pellant 

K                t>                tl              u 

F.  A.  Foell 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Hiss  Dudley 

Great  North  Road,  Engl 

11 

E  Hale       

.             . 

J.  W.  Linnemann.. 
Miss  Dudley 

Newark,  N.J 

Great  North  Road,  Engl 

H 

L.  Fletcher 

England 

H.  R.  Goodwin 

1  Land's  End  to  John  O'Groat's  and 
(    back,  and  then  to  London i 

Biddendeil  inaid§.  A  distribution  of  bread  and 
cheese  to  the  poor  takes  place  at  Biddenden,  Kent,  on  Easter 
Mondays,  supported  by  the  rental  of  20  acres  of  land,  in  1875 
yielding  about  20/.,  the  reputed  bequest  of  two  Biddenden 
maids,  sisters  nanaed  Chulkhurst,  joined  like  the  Siamese 
twins,  who  died  in  the  12th  century.  In  1656,  William  Hor- 
ner, the  rector,  was  nonsuited  in  an  attempt  to  add  the  "  Bread 
and  Cheese  lands  "  to  his  glebe. 

Bigr  Bethel,  Va.,  Battle  of,  fought  10  June,  1861. 
Gen.  Pierce  attacked  the  confederates  in  their  fortifications, 
and  was  repulsed,  after  a  partial  success,  losing  about  40  men. 
Among  them  maj.  Theodore  Winthrop,  killed,  author  of  "  Cecil 
Dreeme,"  "  John  Brent,"  etc. 

Big  Black  River,  Miss.,  Battle  of.  Here  the  con- 
federates, under  Peraberton,  made  their  last  stand  before  re- 
tiring into  Vicksburg,  17  May,  1863.  They  were  driven  from 
their  position  and  retired  into  Vicksburg  on  the  18th.  Vicks- 
burg Campaign. 

bigamy.  The  Romans  branded  bigamists  with  an  in- 
famous mark ;  and  in  England  the  punishment,  formerly,  was 
death.  An  act  respecting  it  was  passed  5  Edvv.  I.  1276. — 
Viner's  Statutes.  Made  felony,  without  benefit  of  clergy,  1 
James  1. 1603.  Punishable  by  imprisonment  or  transporta- 
tion, 35  Geo.  HI.  1794 ;  by  imprisonment,  24  and  25  Vict.  c.  100 
(1861).     In  the  United  States,  by  imprisonment. 

Bilbao,  N.E.  Spain,  founded  about  1300;  taken  by 
the  French  and  held  a  few  days,  July,  1795;  delivered 
from  Carlists  by  Espartero,  assisted  by  British,  24  Dec.  1836 ; 
besieged  by  Carlists  from  Feb.  to  May,  1874 ;  relieved  by  mar- 
shal Concha,  who  entered  Bilbao  2  May. 

bill  of  excepti011§.  The  right  of  excepting  by 
bill  to  errors  in  a  judge's  charge,  or  any  definition  of  the  law, 
at  a  trial  provided  by  the  2d  statute  of  Westminster,  13  Edw. 
I.  1284,  was  abolished  by  the  Judicature  act,  1875.  The 
practice  is  maintained  in  American  courts. 

bill  of  right§.  The  Convention  Pariiament  that  gave 
the  crown  of  England  to  William  and  Mary  adopted  a  bill  of 
rights,  13  Feb.  1689,  which  the  new  monarchs  confirmed  by 
their  signatures.  It  asserted  the  right  of  subjects  to  petition ; 
the  right  of  Parliament  to  freedom  of  debate ;  the  right  of 
electors  to  choose  representatives  freely,  and  other  privileges. 
This  bill  of  rights  contained  the  fundamental  principles  of 
political  liberty,  yet  the  crown  would  not  apply  them  to  the 
American  colonists.  Had  the  bill  of  rights  been  extended  to 
the  American  colonies  the  principal  cause  of  their  final  sepa- 
ration would  have  been  removed. 

billiard§.     The  origin  of  the  game  is  uncertain;  it 
was  introduced  into   Europe  by  knights  templars  on  their 
return  from  the  first  crusade  (about  1100),  and  brought  into 
France  in  the  time  of  Louis  XI.  (1461-83). 
Billiard-tables  with  bed  of  stone  covered  with  cloth,  made  by 

Henrique  de  Vigne,  of  Paris about  1571 

M.  Mingaud,  of  Paris,  invents  the  leather-tipped  cue 1823 

Slate  billiard-tables  introduced  into  England 1827 


Micliael  Fhelun  (American)  invents  the  improved  vulcanized 
rubber  cushion 1854 

First  public  match  of  importance  in  the  U.  S.  at  San  Francisco, 
Michael  Phelan  defeats  M.  Damon  (French) Feb.  1855 

First  billiard  tournament  in  New  York i860 

BEST   BILLIARD   RECORDS,  5X10   TABLE. 

Three-ball,  straight  rail.  Highest  average  333>^,.Jacob  Schaefer, 
Music  hall,  Chicago,  game  with  George  F.  Slosson  . .  .15  May,  1879 

Three-ball,  straight  rail.  Highest  run  1531,  by  Maurice  Vig- 
naux,  at  Paris,  against  George  F.  Slosson 10-14  Apr.  1880 

Cushion  carroms,  highest  run  77,  made  by  William  Sexton  at 
Tammany  Hall,  N.Y.,  against  Jacob  Schaefer 19  Dec.  1881 

Champion's  game  (corner-play  barred),  highest  run  398,  made 
by  George  F.  Slosson  at  Paris,  against  Maurice  Vignaux, 

30  Jan.-3  Feb.  1882 

Highest  run  in  America,  J.  R.  Heiser,  351,  New  York  city,  in 
contest  with  Ed.  McLaughlin 11  Feb.  1884 

Balk-line  (8  in.),  highest  run  329,  made  by  Maurice  Vignaux 
at  Paris Jan.     " 

Balk-line  (14  in.),  highest  run  230,  by  Jacob  Schaefer  at  Cos- 
mopolitan Hall,  N.  Y.,  against  Maurice  Vignaux.  .8-13  Mch.  1886 

Three-ball,  straight  rail;  table, 4^X9.  Harvey  McKenna,  high- 
est run  2572  points;   game  with  F.  Eames;  average,  416%, 

Boston 20,  21  Dec.  1887 

[Tables  of  this  size  are,  however,  barred  from  records.] 

Amateur  championship  of  the  U.  S.  and  a  silver  tankard  val- 
ued at  $1000,  won  by  Orville  Oddie,  Jr.,  at  New  York  Rac- 
quet Club 23-28  May,     " 

Jacob  Schaefer  (800)  beat  George  F.  Slosson  (592),  match  for 
championship  at  14-inch  balk-line.  New  York  citv. .  .22  Jan.  1892 

Frank  C.  Ives  (800)  beat  Jacob  Schaefer  (499),  14-inch  balk-line, 
championship.  Chicago,  111 19  Mch.     " 

Frank  C.  Ives  (800}  beat  Geo.  F.  Slosson  (488),balk-line  billiards, 
Chicago,  111 21  May,     " 

Frank  C.  Ives  beat  John  Roberts  at  London,  Engl.,  game  of  6000 
points,  in  6  days.  1000  at  each  meeting;  spot  and  push  shots 
barred.  Ives  won  by  2100  points;  highest  run,  1540.  Roberts 
highest  run,  249 29  May-3  June,  1893 

Frank  C.  Ives  beat  John  Roberts  at  Chicago,  111.  Game,  6000 
points;  table,  6x12,  with  pockets;  spot  and  push  shots 
barred.  Ives  won  by  698  points;  highest  run,  434.  Roberts 
highest  run,  166 Sept.  18-24,     " 

BiIling[Sgate,  the  fish-market  in  London,  is  said  to 
be  named  from  Belinus  Magnus,  a  British  prince,  father  of 
king  Lud,400  b.c.,  but  Stow  thinks  from  a  former  owner.  It 
was  the  old  port  of  London,  and  customs  were  paid  here  under 
Ethelred  II.,  979  a.d. — Stow.  Billingsgate  was  made  a  free 
market,  1699. 

bills  of  exehang'e  were  invented  by  the  Jews  as  a 
means  of  removing  property  from  nations  where  they  were 
persecuted,  1160. — Anderson.  Said  to  have  been  used  in  Eng- 
land, 1307.  The  only  legal  mode  of  sending  money  from 
England,  4  Richard  II.  1381.  Regulated,  1G98  \  first  stamped, 
1782 ;  duty  advanced,  1797 ;  again,  June,  1801 ;  and  since. 
It  was  made  capital  to  counterfeit  them  in  1734.  In  1825,  the 
year  of"  bubble  "  speculation,  it  was  computed  that  there  were 
400,000,000/.  represented  by  bills  of  exchange  and  promissory 
notes.  Days  of  grace  were  abolished  in  Great  Britain  for 
sight  bills  of  exchange  in  Aug,  1871 ;  in  New  York,  Jan.  1895. 
For  the  laws  and  regulations  in  force  in  the  U.  S.,  see  Harper's 

"Cyclopaedia  of  Commerce,  "p.  167  et  seq. 

bimetallism,  the  system  of  2  standard  metallic  cur- 
rencies in  a  country — gold  and  silver — advocated  by  MM. 
H.  Cernuschi  and  E.  Lavellye  and  others  since  1867.      By 


BIN  103 

56  Geo.  III.  c.  68  (1816),  "gold  coins  only  should  be  legal- 
tender  in  all  payments  of  more  than  40s."  in  Great  Britain. 
A  bimetallic  currency  was  established  in  France  in  1803 ;  was 
recommended  for  Germany  in  1879,  and  discussed  at  the  mon- 
etary conference  at  Paris,  Apr.  1881.  A  conference  of  dele- 
.gates  from  the  United  States  and  the  principal  countries  of 
Europe  on  bimetallism  met  at  Brussels,Belgium,22  Nov.  1892. 
The  proposals  and  views  of  the  various  countries  were  so  di- 
vergent that  no  satisfactory  method  could  be  decided  upon, 
and  the  conference  suspended  its  sittings  17  Dec,  and  ad- 
journed to  13  May,  1893.  The  tendency  of  the  conference  was 
unfavorable  to  bimetallism.     Silvek. 

binary  arithmetic,  counting  by  twos,  used  in  as- 
•certaining  the  property  of  numbers  and  constructing  tables, 
-was  invented  by  Leibnitz  of  Leipsic,  about  1703.  For  the 
binary  theory  in  chemistry,  compound  radical, 

binomial  expre§§ion,  in  algebra,  composed  of  2 
terms  connected  with  the  sign  -|-(plus)  or  —(minus);  a  term 
first  used  by  Recorde  about  1557,  when  he  published  his 
*''  Algebra."  The  binomial  theorem  of  Newton  is  said  to  have 
been  first  presented  in  1666.     Algebra. 

biogpraphy  (Gr.  ^ioq,  life,  and  ypcKpto,  I  write),  de- 
fined as  "  history  teaching  by  example."  Genesis  contains 
the  biography  of  the  patriarchs,  the  Gospels  that  of  Christ. 
Plutarch  wrote  the  "Lives  of  Illustrious  Men;"  Cornelius 
^epos,  "Lives  of  Military  Commanders;"  and  Suetonius, 
"Lives  of  the  Twelve  Caesars"  (all  three  in  the  first  century 
after  Christ) ;  Diogenes  Laertius,  "  Lives  of  the  Philosophers  " 
<about  205). — Boswell's  "  Life  of  Johnson  "  (published  1790), 
Stanley's  "  Life  of  Dr.  Arnold"  (London,  1845),  and  Trevelyan's 
^'  Life  and  Letters  of  Lord  Macaulay  "  (London,  1878),  are 
perhaps  the  mqst  famous  of  British  biographies. 

•Chalmers's  "Biographical  Dictionary,"  32  vols 1812-17 

" Noiivelle  Biographie  Gdn6rale,"  46  vols 1852-66 

Applelon's  "Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography,"  6  vols.  imp. 

octavo 1887 

Steplieu's  "Dictionary  of  National  Biography  "  (Rngl.)  begun  1885; 
vol.  xxxiv.  L.-M.,  June,  1893.    Now  (1893)  edited  by  Sidney  Lee. 

biolog'y,  the  science  of  life  and  living  things,  so  called  by 
Treviranus,  of  Bremen,  in  his  work  on  physiology,  published 
.  1802-22,  includes  Zoology,  Anthropology,  and  Ethnology. 
Herbert  Spencer's  "  Principles  of  Biology,"  published  1865-67. 
T.  H.  Huxley,  "  Practical  Instruction  in  Biology,"  1875. 
In  1831  about  70,000  animals  were  known  and  described:  in  1881, 
about  320,000. 

bircl§  were  divided  by  Linnaeus  into  6  orders  (1735);  by 
Blumenbach  into  8  (1805) ;  and  by  Cuvier  into  6  (1817). 
Works  on  birds  published  by  John  Gould,  F.R.S.,  consist  of 
nearly  40  folio  volumes  of  colored  plates,  etc.,  and  include  the 
birds  of  Europe,  Asia,  Australia,  Great  Britain,  and  New 
Guinea,  besides  monographs  of  humming-birds,  etc.  John 
•Gould  died  3  Feb.  1881.  Dr.  John  Latham's  "Synopsis  of 
Birds,"  1781-90.  John  .lames  Audubon's  "  Birds  of  America," 
1826-40,  4  vols. ;  later  edition,  1869. 

Alexander  Wilson's  great  work  partially  finished ;  1st  vol.  appeared 
in  1808 ;  2d  in  1810.     Work  continued  by  Charles  Lucien  Bona-  • 
parte,  4  vols.  4:to,  Phila.  (1825-33). 
British  Ornithologists'  Union,  founded  1858  :    published  the  Ibis 

1859  et  seq. 
A  morphological  classification  of  birds  (based  on  Huxley's),  by 
professors  Parker  and  Newton;  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica," 

9th  ed 1878 

International  Congress  of  Ornithologists;  1st  meeting  at  Vien- 
na, Apr.  7-11,  1884;  2d  congress  met  at  Buda-Pesth.  .May  17,  1891 

Birming^ham,  formerly  Bromwicham  and 

Br ummegem,  Warwickshire,  Engl.,  existed  in  the  reign 
•of  Alfred,  872 ;  and  belonged  to  the  Bermengehams,  at  Domes- 
day Survey,  1086.  There  were  "  many  smythes  "  here  in  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII.  (Le^awtf),  but  its  importance  began  in  the 
reign  of  William  IIL     Pop.  1891,  429,171. 

■Grammar-school  founded  by  Edward  VI 1552 

Besieged  and  taken  by  prince  Rupert 1643 

Button  manufactures  established 1689 

:Soho  works  established  by  Matthew  Boulton  about  1764;  and 

steam-engine  works  about 1774 

Birmingham  canal  originated 1767 

•    Dr.  Ash's  hospital  founded,  1766;   first  Birmingham  musical 

festival  for  it 1768 

Hiots  against  Dr.  Priestley  and  others  commemorating  tlie 

French  revolution 14  jujy   1791 

Birmingham  made  a  borough  by  reform  act  (2  members)....'  1832 
iBirmingham  and  Liverpool  "Grand  Junction  "  railway  opened, 

4  July,  1837 


BIS 

Railway  to  London  opened 17  Sept.  1838 

Town  incorporated,  and  police  act  passed 1839 

Corn  exchange  opened 27  Oct.  1847 

Queen's  college  organized Jan!  1853 

Free  library  opened 4  Apr.  1861 

Meeting  of  National  Social  Science  Association 7  Oct.  1868 

Erdmgton  orphan-houses  endowed  by  Josiah  Mason,  steel-pen 

manufacturer;  begun  1858;  finished July,  1869 

National  Education  League  meet 12, 13  Oct.     " 

Sir  Josiah  Mason  (knighted  1872)  endows  a  college  for  practi- 
cal science 1373 

Statue  of  Priestley  (in  commemoration  of  his  discovery  of  oxy- 
gen) unveiled  by  prof.  Huxley 1  Aug.  1874 

Foundation  of  sir  Josiah  Mason's  college  laid  by  himself  and 

Mr.  Bright 23  Feb.  1875 

Wm.  Dudley  bequeaths  100,000^.  for  charitable  purposes  in 

Birmingham .Mch.  1876 

Birmingham  Liberal  Federation  formed May,  June,  1877 

Central  library,  chief  free  reference  library,  with  the  Shake- 
speare library,  Cervantes  collection,  etc.,  priceless  treas- 
ures, destroyed  by  fire n  Jan.  1879 

Death  of  sir  Josiah  Mason 16  June,  1881 

Statue  of  queen  Victoria,  by  T.  Woolner  (to  accompany  that  of 
the  prince  consort,  by  Foley),  in  the  free  library,  uncovered, 
„.  ^  9  May,  1884 

Birmingham  created  a  city 14  Jan.  1889 

Death  of  John  Bright,  M.P 27  Mch.     " 

His  son,  J.  Albert  Bright,  elected  his  successor  as  M.P., 

15  Apr.  " 
birth§  were  taxed  in  England,  viz.:  of  a  duke,  30/.;  of 
a  common  person,  2s.,  7  Will.  IIL  1695.  Taxed  again,  1783. 
Instances  of  4  children  at  a  birth  are  numerous ;  it  is  re- 
corded that  a  woman  of  Konigsberg  (3  Sept.  1784),  and  the 
wife  of  Nelson,  a  tailor,  of  Oxford  Market,  London  (Oct.  1800), 
had  5  children  at  a  birth.  Queen  Victoria  presents  a  small 
sum  to  a  poor  woman  bearing  3  or  more  living  children  at 
once. 

bisliop  (Gr.  kTriaKOTTOQ,  overseer),  a  name  given  by  the 
Athenians  to  inspectors  of  the  city.  The  Jews  and  Romans 
had  like  officers.  St.  Peter,  styled  first  bishop  of  Rome,  was 
martyred  65.  Presbyter  was  the  same  as  bishop. — Jerome. 
The  episcopate  became  an  object  of  contention  about  144. 
The  title  of  pope  was  anciently  assumed  by  all  bishops,  and 
exclusively  claimed  by  Gregory  VII.  (1073-85). 

bi§hop§  in  England  were  coeval  with  Christianity. 
The  see  of  London  is  mythicallj^  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Lucius,  king  of  Britain,  179. 

Bishops  have  the  title  of  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of .    The 

archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  taking  precedence  of  dukes, 
have  the  title  of  The  Most  Rnv.  His  Grace  the  Lord  Archbishop 

of .     The  bishops  of  London,  Durham,  and  Winchester  have 

precedence  of  other  bishops;  the  others  rank  according  to  seni- 
ority of  consecration. 

Bishops  made  barons 1072 

Intervention  of  the  pope  in  regard  to  bishops,  13th  century. 
The  conge  d'elire  of  the  king  to  choose  a  bishop  originated  in 
an  arrangement  by  king  John. 

Bishops  elected  by  the  king's  conge  d^elire,  25  Hen.  VIII 1534 

Bishops  to  rank  as  barons  by  stat.  Hen.  VIII 1540 

Seven  deprived  for  marriage 1554 

Several  martyred  under  queen  Mary  (Protestants) 1555-56 

Bishops  excluded  from  voting  in  the  house  of  peers  on  tem- 
poral concerns,  16  Char.  1 1641 

Several  protest  agajnst  legality  of  acts  passed  while  they  are 

deprived  of  votes,  28  Dec. ;  committed  to  Tower 30  Dec.     " 

Order  of  archbishops  and  bishops  abolished  by  the  Parlia- 
ment  9  Oct.  1646 

Bishops  regain  their  seats Nov.  1661 

Seven  bishops  (Canterbury,  Bath,  Chichester,  St.  Asaph,  Bristol, 
Ely,  and  Peterborough)  sent  to  Tower  for  not  reading  the 
king's  declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience  (intended  to  give 
Catholics  ecclesiastical  and  civil  power),  8  June;  tried  and 

acquitted 29,  30  June,  1688 

Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (Dr.  Sancroft)  and  5  bishops  (Bath 
and  Wells,  Ely,  Gloucester,  Norwich,  and  Peteborough)  sus- 
pended for  rejecting  oaths  to  William  and  Mary,  1689;  de- 
prived   1690 

Retirement  of  bishops:  the  bishops  of  London  and  Durham 

retired  on  annuities 1856 

Bishop  of  Norwich  resigned 1857 

The  Bishops'  Resignation  (for  infirmity)  act  (authorizing  the 
appointment  of  bishop  coadjutors),  passed,  11  Aug.  1869; 

made  perpetual  by  act 14  June,  1875 

Bishopric  of  St.  Albans  created,  dioceses  of  London,  AVinches- 
ter,  and  Rochester  rearranged,  38  and  39  Vict.  c.  34,  29  June,     " 

Bishopric  of  Truro  founded,  39  and  40  Vict.  c.  54 11  Aug.  1876 

The  Bishoprics  act,  41  and  42  Vict.  c.  68,  authorizes  4  new  bish- 
oprics—.Liverpool,  Newcastle,  Wakefield  (York),  and  South- 
well (Canterbury).     Number  of  bishops  in  Parliament  not  to 

be  increased. . .' 16  Aug.  1878 

ENGLISH  BISHOPRICS. 
R(>«9.  Founded.  I  Sees.  Founded. 

.  .4th  cent.     Llandafl" 5th  cent. 

. .      "         I  St.  David's '" 


York  (abpc. )  . . 
Sodor  and  Man. 


BIS 


104 


BIS 


Beet.  Founded. 

Bangor about  616 

8t  Asaph "     660 

CANTKRBrRT  (ObpC.) 698 

Rochester 604 

London 609 

East  Auglia  (afterwards  Nor- 
wich, 1091) 630 

Lindisfarne,  or  Holy  Island 

(afterwartls  Durham,  995),  634 
We8tSaxons(aflerwardsWin- 

chester,  705) 636 

Mercia  (afterwards  Lichfield, 

669) 666 

Hereford. 676 

Worcester 680 

Lindisse  (afterwards    Lin- 
coln, 1067) " 

Sherborne  (afterwards  Sal- 
isbury, 1042) 705 


8e«i.                                    Fonnd«d. 
Cornwall  (afterwards  Dev- 
onshire, afterwards  Exe- 
ter. 1050) 909 

Wells " 

Bath 1088 

Ely 1108 

Carlisle 1132 

Peterborough 1641 

Gloucester " 

Bristol 1642 

Chester. " 

Oxford '« 

Ripon 1836 

Manchester 1847 

St.  Alban's 1876 

Truro 1877 

Newcastle,  authorized 1878 

Southwell           "  " 

Liverpool 1880 

blstaop§  in  Ireland  are  said  to  have  been  consecrated  in 
the  2d  century.     Church  of  Ireland. 
Prelacies  constituted,  and  divisions  of  bishoprics  in  Ireland  by 

cardinal  Paparo,  legate  of  pope  Eugene  III 1151 

Several  prelates  deprived  by  queen  Mary 1554 

Bishop  Atherton  suffered  death  ignominiously 1640 

Two  bishops  deprived  for  refusing  oaths  to  William  and  Mary,  1691 
Church  Temporalities  act,  reducing  number  of  bishops  in  Ire- 
land. 3  and  4  Will.  IV.  c.  37 ;  passed 14  Aug.  1833 

[Of  the  4  archbishoprics  of  Armagh,  Dublin,  Tuam,  and 
Cashel,  the  last  2  were  made  to  terminate  at  the  deaths  of 
the  incumbents;  8  of  the  then  18  bishoprics  should,  as  they 
became  void,  be  united  to  other  sees,  which  was  completed 
in  1850.  The  Irish  church  at  present  has  2  archbishops  (Ar- 
magh and  Dublin)  and  10  bishops.] 
See*.  Founded.  Sees.  Founded. 

598 
604 
606 
612 
618 
620 
631 

j  Leighlin 632 

Mayo about    665 


402  I  Ferns about 

432  j  Cloyne before 


Ossory 

Trim 

Killala about    434  I  Cork about 

Armagh,  445 ;  abpc 1152    Glandalough before 

JImly about    448  (  Derry before 

Elphin 450    Kilmacduach about 

Ardagh 454  j  Lismore " 

Clogher before    493 

Down about    499  ,  .......  „ „^v/u., 

Ardfert  and  Aghadoe,  before    500  I  Raphoe before 

Connor about     "    i  Cashel,  before  901 ;  abpc. . .  1152 

Tuam,  about  501 ;  apbc 1152  I  Killaloe  (abpc.) 1019 


Dromore about  510 

Kildare before  519 

Meath 520 

Achonry 530 

Louth 534 

Clonmacnois 548 

Clonfert 558 

Ross about  570 


Waterford 1096 

Limerick before  1106 

Kilmore 1136 

Dublin  {abpc.) 1152 

Kilfenora before  1254 

[For  the  new  combina- 
tions, see  the  separate  ar- 
ticles. 1 


bi§hop§  in  Scotland  were  probably  nonoinated  in  the 

4th  century. 

The  Reformers,  self-styled  "the  Congregation  of  the  Lord," 
having  in  arms  defeated  the  queen-mother,  Mary  of  Guise, 
called  a  parliament,  which  set  up  a  new  church  polity  on  the 
Genevese  model,  replacing  bishops  by  "superintendents ". .  1561 

Episcopacy  restored  by  regent  Morion 1572-73 

Three  Scottish  prelates  consecrated  at  Lambeth  (.John  Spottis- 
wood,  Gawin  Hamilton,  and  Andrew  Lamb)  for  Glasgow,  Gal- 
loway, and  Brechin 21  Oct.  1610 

Episcopacy  abolished,  the  bishops  deposed,  4  excommunicated 
by  parliament  elected  by  the  people  (Covenanters),  at  Glas- 
gow  Dec.  1638 

Episcopacy  restored;  archbishop  (James  Sharp)  and  3  bishops 
consecrated  by  Sheldon,  bishop  of  London 15  Dec.  1661 

Scottish  convention  expels  the  bishops;  abolishes  episcopacy; 
declares  throne  vacant;  draws  up  a  claim  of  right;  proclaims 
William  and  Mary 11  Apr.  1689 

Episcopacy  abolished,  the  bishops'  revenues  sequestrated, 

19  Sept.     " 

The  Episcopal  church  was  thus  reduced  to  a  Nonconformist 
body,  at  first  barely  tolerated.    Its  first  congress  met.  19  May,  1874 

Bishop  Rose  connected  the  old  Episcopal  church  of  Scotland  with 
later  tolerated  form  of  it;  he  was  bishop  of  Edinburgh  from  1687 
till  1720,  when,  on  his  death,  Dr.  Fullarton  became  the  first  post- 
revolution  bishop  of  that  see.  Fife  (St.  Andrews,  so  called  in 
1844)  now  unites  the  bishopric  of  Dunkeld  (reinstituted  in  1727) 
and  that  of  Dunblane  (reinstituted  in  1731).  Ross  (of  uncertain 
date)  was  united  to  Moray  (reinstituted  in  1727)  in  1838.  Argyll 
and  the  Isles  never  existed  independently  until  1847,  having  been 
conjoined  to  Moray  and  Ross,  or  to  Ross  alone,  previously  to  that 
year.    Galloway  has  been  added  to  the  see  of  Glasgow. 


Seei.  Founded. 

Orkney Uncertain. 

Isles 360 

Galloway before    500 

St.  Andrews,  800;  a^pc 1470 

Glasgow,  about  560;  abpc,  1488 

Caithness about  1066 

Brechin before  1155 

Moray 1115 

Ross 1124 


Sees.  Founded. 

Aberdeen 1125 

Dunkeld 1130 

Dunblane ,  .before  1153 

Argyll 1200 

Edinburgh 1633 

POST-REVOLUTION  BISHOPS. 

Edinburgh 1720 

Aberdeen  and  the  Isles  ....  1721 


Seet.  Founded.  I         Sees.  Fonnded., 

Moray  (and  Ross),  primus. .  1727    St.  Andrews  (Dunkeld,  Dun- 

Brechin 1731        blane,  etc.) 1733: 

Glasgow  (and  Galloway), . .     "     |  Argyll  and  the  Isles 1847 

Roman  Catholic  bishoprics  revived  by  pope  Leo  XIII. .  .4  Mch.  1878^ 
Scotch  Protestant  bishops  protest 13  Apr.     " 

bi§llop§,  British  colonial,  etc.  By  15  and  16  Vict.  c. 
52  (1852),  and  16  and  17  Vict.  c.  49  (1853),  colonial  bishops 
may  perform  all  episcopal  functions  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
but  have  no  jurisdiction. 

Between  1847-59,  Miss  (now  baroness)  Burdett-Coutts  gave  60,000^;. 
to  endow  colonial  bishoprics.  In  186(5  she  petitioned  Parliament, 
because  some  of  the  bishops  claimed  independence  of  the  church 
of  England.  Colonial  bishops  are  since  appointed  without  inter- 
vention of  the  civil  power.  Much  discussion  took  place  in  1867, 
through  the  deposition  of  Dr.  Colenso,  bishop  of  Katal,  by  his 
metropolitan.  Dr.  Gray,  bishop  of  Cape  Town,  and  the  attempts  of 
the  latter  to  consecrate  a  new  bishop,  in  opposition  to  the  law. 
Africa,  Church  op  England. 

Nelson,  N.  Z 1858 

Brisbane,  Queensland 1859t 

British  Columbia " 

Goulbourn,  N.  S.  W " 

St.  Helena " 

Waiapu,  N.  Z " 

Ontario,  Canada 1861 

Nassau,  Bahamas " 

Grafton,  Australia 1863 

Dunedin,  N.  Z. 1866 

Maritzburg,  S.  Africa 1869- 

Auckland,  N.  Z " 

Bathurst " 

Huron 1871. 

Trinidad 1872: 

Ballarat " 


Nova  Scotia 1787 

Quebec 1793 

Calcutta 1814 

Barbadoes 1824 

Jamaica " 

Madras 1835 

Australia  (Sydney) 1836 

Montreal " 

Bombay 1837 

Newfoundland 1839 

Toronto " 

Gibraltar 1841 

New     Zealand      (  Christ- 
church)  " 

Antigua 1842 

Guiana,  S.  America. " 

Huron,  Canada " 

Tasmania ** 

Colombo,  Ceylon 1845 

Fredericton,  N.  B " 

Adelaide,  S.  Australia 1847 

Cape  Town " 

Melbourne " 

Newcastle,  N.  S.  W " 

Sydney    (metrop.  of  Aus- 
tralia)       " 

Rupert's  Land 1849 

Victoria,  Hong  Kong " 

Sierra  Leone 1852' 

Graham's  Town 1853 

Natal,  S.  Africa " 

Mauritius 1854 

Labuan 1855 

Christchurch,  N.  Z 1856 

Perth,  W.  Australia " 

Wellington,  N.  Z 1858 


Algoma 1873. 

St.  John's,  Kaffraria " 

Athabasca 1874 

Saskatchewan " 

Niagara 1875- 

Rangoon 1877 

Transvaal " 

Lahore " 

North  Queensland 1878 

Travancore  and  Cochin 1879^' 

New  Caledonia  (British  Co- 
lumbia)       " 

New  Westminster " 

Mid  China 1880- 

Riverina 1883 

Mackenzie  River 1884 

Qu'Appelle " 

Chota  Nagpur 1890^- 

Selkirk 1891 


MISSIONARY  BISHOPS. 

Jerusalem 1841  1  Bloemfontein 1870- 

Melanesia 1860  Zululand 1871 

Honolulu 1861  North  China 1872 

Zanzibar  and  Central  Africa,  1863  Japan 1883" 

Niger  Territory 1864  E.  Equatorial  Africa 1884 

Falkland  Isles 1869  Corea 1889 

Madagascar 1870  Cochin 1890' 

bi§hops,  Episcopal,  in  the  United  States.  The  first  was 
Samuel  Seabury,consecrated  bishopof  Connecticut  at  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,by  the  nonjuring  bishops  KiIgour,Petrie,and  Skinner,. 
14  Nov.  1784.  William  White,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Samuel  Pro- 
voost,  of  New  York,  consecrated  bishops  in  the  chapel  of  Lam- 
beth palace,  London,  Engl.,  4  Feb.  1787,  by  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, assisted  by  the  archbishop  of  York,  the  bishop  of  Bath, 
and  Wells,  and  the  bishop  of  Peterborough.  James  Madison,  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Virginia  19  Sept.  1790,  in  the  chapel  of  Lam- 
beth palace,  by  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  assisted  by  the 
bishop  of  London  and  Rochester.  Madison  was  the  third  and 
last  bishop  consecrated  by  bishops  of  the  Anglican  church. 
Thomas  John  Claggett,  consecrated  bishopof  Maryland,  1792,  in 
Trinity  church,  N.  Y.,  by  bishop  Provoost,  assisted  by  bishops- 
Seabury,  White,  and  Madison;  first  consecration  of  a  bishop  ia. 
the  U.  S.     Church  ;  Methodism  in  the  U.  S.,  1784-87. 

bishops,  suffragan,  to  assist  metropolitans,  existed  in- 
the  early  church.  26,  appointed  by  Henry  VIIL  1534,  were 
abolished  by  Mary,  1553,  and  restored  by  Elizabeth,  1558. 
The  last  appointed  is  said  to  have  been  Sterne,  bishop  of 
Colchester,  1606.  The  appointment  of  suffragan  bishops  was- 
revived  in  1869,  and  archdeacon  Henry  Mackenzie,  suffragan 
bishop  of  Nottingham  (diocese  of  Lincoln)  was  consecrated  2: 
Feb.  1870,  and  archdeacon  Edward  Parry,  suffragan  bishop  of 
Dover  (diocese  of  Canterbury),  23  Mch.  1870.  Others  have 
been  appointed  since :  Guildford,  1874;  Bedford,  1879. 


BIS  105 

bi§iniltll,  recognized  as  a  distinct  metal  by  Agricola  in 
1529,  is  fusible  and  brittle,  and  of  a  yellowish-white  color. 

I>ii§extile.     Calendar,  Leap-ykar. 

Bitliyilia,  a  province  in  Asia  Minor,  previously  called 
Bebricia,  is  said  to  have  been  invaded  by  the  Thracians  under 
Bithynus,  son  of  Zeus,  who  gave  it  its  name.  It  was  subject 
:successively  to  Assyrians,  Lydians,  Persians,  and  Macedonians. 
Most  of  the  cities  were  rebuilt  by  Grecian  colonists.  g  p. 

Dydalsus  revolted  and  reigned about  440-430 

Botyras.  bis  son,  succeeds 378 

Bas,  or  Bias,  son  of  Botyras,  376;  repulses  the  Greeks 328 

Zipsetes,  son  of  Bias,  resists  Lysimachus 326 

He  dies,  leaving  4  sons,  of  whom  the  eldest,  Nicomedes  I.,  suc- 
ceeds (he  invites  the  Gauls  into  Asia) 278 

He  rebuilds  Astacus,  and  names  it  Nicomedia 264 

rZielas,  son  of  Nicomedes,  reigns about  250 

Intending  to  massacre  the  chiefs  of  the  Gauls  at  a  feast.  Zielas 

is  detected,  is  himself  put  to  death,  and  his  son  Prusias  I. 

made  king about    228 

Prusias  defeats  the  Gauls,  and  takes  cities 223 

Prusias  allies  with  Philip  of  Macedon,  and  marries  Apamea,  his 

daughter 208 

He  receives  and  employs  Hannibal,  then  a  fugitive,  187;  who 

poisons  himself  to  escape  betrayal  to  the  Romans 183 

Prusias  II.  succeeds 180 

Nicomedes  II.  kills  his  father  Prusias  and  reigns 149 

Nicomedes  III.,  surnamed  Philopator 91 

Deposed  by  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus 88 

Restored  by  the  Romans : 84 

Bequeaths  his  kingdom  to  the  Romans 74 

A.D. 

Pliny  the  Younger  proconsul 103 

■Oghusian  Tartars  settle  in  Bithynia 1231 

•Othman  Turks  take  Prusa,  the  capital,  and  fix  their  court  here 
till  they  possess  Constantinople 1327 


BLA 


BitontO,  Naples.  Here  Montemar  and  the  Spaniards, 
defeating  the  Germans,  27  May,  1734,  acquired  the  kingdom 
•of  the  Two  Sicilies  for  don  Carlos. 

black  art.  Alchemy,  Witchcraft. 
Black  Book  (Liber  Niger),  a  book  in  the  exchequer, 
-which  held  the  orders  of  the  court ;  publ.  by  Hearne  in  1728. 
A  book  doubtfully  said  to  have  been  kept  in  monasteries,  wherein 
details  of  enormities  practised  in  religious  houses  were  entered 
for  inspection  of  visitors,  under  Hen.  VIII.  1535.  The  name  was 
given  to  the  list  of  pensioners,  printed  1831;  and  to  other  books, 
Italy,  1876.  The  title  "Black  Book"  was  given  to  a  list  of  ha- 
bitual criminals,  1869-76;  pub.  by  lieut.-col.  Du  Cane  of  Brixton, 
Engl.,  Mch.  1877. 

black  death.     Plagues,  1347. 
Black  Flags.    Tonquin. 
Black  Friar§.     Dominicans. 

Black  Friday,  ll  May,  1866,  the  height  of  the  com- 
mercial panic  in  London,  through  the  stoppage  of  Overend, 
Gurne}--  &  Co.  (limited),  on  10  May.  Messrs.  John  Henry 
and  Edmund  Gurney  and  their  partners,  committed  for  trial 
for  conspiracy  to  defraud,  21  Jan.  1869,  were  tried  and  acquit- 
ted, 13-23  Dec.  1869.  In  the  United  States  the  term  Black 
Friday  is  applied  to  Friday,  24  Sept.  1869,  when  a  group  of 
speculators  in  New  York  advanced  the  price  of  gold  suddenly 
to  1621^,  causing  a  panic. 

Black  Hawk  war,  the,  was  an  outbreak  of  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes,  under  the  leadership  of  Black  Hawk,  one  of 
their  chiefs,  in  1832.  The  encroachment  of  whites  on  their 
territory  was  the  principal  cause.  Black  Hawk  resisted  the 
survey  of  the  land  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  although  most  of  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes  were  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  trouble 
commenced  in  1831,  and  after  several  skirmishes  culminated 
at  Ihe  battle  of  Bad  Axe  river.  Wis.,  1-2  Aug.  1832.  Shortly 
after.  Black  Hawk  was  captured  by  a  party  of  friendly  Indians, 
and  taken  to  the  principal  cities  of  the  East,  to  impress  him 
with  the  greatness  of  the  country.     He  died  in  1838. 

Black  Prince,  Edward,  eldest  son  of  king  Edward 
in.,  born  15  June,  1330;  victor  at  Poictiers,  19  Sept.  1356  ;  at 
Najara,  3  Apr.  1367;  died  8  June,  1376. 

Black  Republican,  a  term  of  reproach  applied 
to  members  of  the  Republican  party  by  the  Democrats  and 
Southerners  1856-70,  for  their  advocacy  of  the  abolition  of 
slavery  and  rights  of  the  blacks. 

Black  Rock.     Buffalo;  New  York,  1813. 

black  rod  with  a  gold  lion  at  top,  is  carried  by  the 
usher  of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter  (instituted  1349),  instead 
of  the  mace.     He  also  keeps  the  door  when  a  chapter  of  the 


order  is  sitting,  and  during  the  sessions  of  Parliament  attends 
the  lords  and  acts  as  messenger  to  the  commons. 

Black  §ea,  the  Fuxine  {Pontus  Euximsofihe  an- 
cients), a  large  inland  sea  between  the  S.W.  provinces  of  Rus- 
sia and  Asia  Minor,  connected  with  the  sea  of  Azof  by  the 
strait  of  Yenikale,  and  with  that  of  Marmora  by  the  Bos- 
porus. It  is  about  720  miles  in  length,  and  380  in  breadth. 
Its  total  area,  including  the  Sea  of  Azof  (14,000  sq.  miles)  is 
about  172,500  sq.  miles. 
It  was  much  frequented  by  Greeks  and  Italians,  till  closed  to 

all  by  the  Turks  after  the  fall  of  Constantinople 1453 

Russians  obtained  admission  by  treaty  of  Kainardji. .  .10  July,  1774 
Partly  opened  to  British  and 'other  traders  (since  when  the 

Russians  gradually  obtained  the  preponderance) 1779 

Entered  by  British  and  French  fleets,  on  requisition  of  the 
Porte. after  destruction  of  Turkish  fleet  at  Sinope  by  Russians, 

30  Nov.  1853 3  .Tan.  1854 

Black  sea  opened  to  commerce  by  treaty  of 1856 

A  treaty  was  signed  by  all  parties  to  the  treaty  of  Paris,  30 
Mch.  1856,  by  which  the  neutralization  of  the  sea  was  abro- 
<rated;  but  with  a  special  protocol  that  no  nation  shall  liber- 
ate itself  from  a  treaty  without  the  consent  of  the  other 

signers 13  Mch.  1871 

Blockade  of  the  Black  sea  declared  by  Turkey  during  the  war, 

about  3  May,  1877 

Black  Warrior,  a  steamship,  belonging  to  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  was  seized  at  Havana,  Cuba,  by 
Spanish  authorities,  25  Feb.  1864,  and  with  its  cargo  was  de- 
clared confiscated.  The  proceeding  aroused  a  bitter  feeling 
against  Spain,  and  a  special  messenger  was  despatched  in- 
structing the  American  minister  at  Madrid  to  demand  as  im- 
mediate redress  indemnification  to  the  owners  of  $300,000. 
The  reluctance  of  the  Spanish  government  to  accede,  with 
other  causes,  led  to  the  Ostend  Conference.  Ostend  Mani- 
festo. The  vessel  was  finally  released  on  the  payment  by 
the  owners  of  a  fine  of  $6000,  and  amicable  relations  with 
Spain  were  restored. 

Black  Watch,  armed  companies  of  the  loyal  clans 
(Campbells,  Monros,  etc.)  employed  to  watch  the  Highlands 
from  about  1725  to  1739,  when  they  were  formed  into  the  cel- 
ebrated 42d  regiment,  enrolled  as  "  The  Royal  Highland  Black 
Watch."  Their  removal  for  foreign  service  probably  facili- 
tated the  outbreak  in  1745.  They  wore  dark  tartans,  and  hence 
were  called  Black  Watch.  They  distinguished  themselves  iu 
the  Ashantee  war,  Jan.,  Feb.  1874,  and  in  Egypt,  1882-85. 

Blackburn,  Lancashire,  Engl.,  so  called  in  Domesday- 
book.  The  manufacture  of  a  cloth  called  Blackburn  check,  in 
1650,  was  superseded  by  Blackburn  grays.  In  1767,  James 
Hargreaves,  of  this  town,  invented  the  spinning-jenny,  for 
which  he  was  eventually  expelled  from  the  county.  About 
1810  or  1812,  the  townspeople  availed  themselves  of  his  dis- 
coveries, and  engaged  largely  in  the  cotton  manufacture,  now 
their  staple  trade. 

Blackburn's  ford,  engagement  at.     Bull  Run. 

Blackheatll,  Kent,  near  London,  Engl.  Here  Wat 
Tyler  and  followers  assembled,  12  June,  1381 ;  and  here  Jack 
Cade  and  20,000  Kentishmen  encamped,  1  June,  1450.  Tyler, 
Cade.  Here  the  Cornish  rebels  were  defeated  and  Flammock's 
insurrection  quelled,  22  June,  1497.  The  ancient  cavern,  on 
the  ascent  to  Blackheath,  popularly  termed  "  the  retreat  of 
Cade,"  and  of  banditti  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  was  rediscov- 
ered in  1780.  Several  highway  robberies  were  committed  near 
the  heath,  and  youthful  culprits  punished,  in  1877. 

Black-hole.  When  Suraj-ud-Daula,  the  nawab  of 
Bengal,  besieged  fort  William  at  Calcutta,  India,  the  majority 
of  the  English  officials  fled  to  the  mouth  of  the  Hiigli  river. 
The  Europeans  who  remained  were,  after  a  brief  resistance, 
compelled  to  surrender.  These  prisoners,  146  ih  number,  were 
thrust  into  the  guard-room  prison,  scarcely  20  ft.  square. 
Next  morning  only  23  were  taken  out  alive,  among  them  Mr. 
Holwell,  the  annalist  of  the  "  Black-hole."  This  event  took 
place  on  20  June,  1756. 

black-letter,  employed  in  the  first  printed  books  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century.  The  first  printing-types  were 
Gothic  ;  but  were  modified  into  the  present  Roman  type  about 
1469  ;  Pliny's  "  Natural  History"  was  then  printed  in  the  new 
characters.     Printing. 

black-mail,  a  compulsory  payment  for  protection  of 
cattle,  etc.,  made  in  the  border  counties,  prohibited  by  Eliza- 


BLA  106 

beth  in  1601.     It  was  exacted  in  Scotland  from  lowlanders  by 
highlanders  till  1745,  and  checked  agricultural  improvement. 

BlaekstoekS,  Battle  at.  On  20  Nov.  1780,  Ameri- 
cans under  gen.  Sumter  met  British  cavalry  under  col. 
Tarleton,  at  Blackstock's  plantation,  on  the  Tyger  river,  Union 
District,  S.  C.  After  a  sharp  engagement  Tarleton  fled,  leaving 
nearly  200  men  dead  or  wounded  upon  the  tield.  Sumter  lost  8 
killeil  and  5  wounded. 

Blackirater,  Battle  of,  in  Ireland,  14  Aug.  1598,  when 
the  Irish  chief  O'Neil  defeated  the  English  under  sir  Henry 
Bagnall.  Pope  Clement  VIII.  sent  O'Neil  a  consecrated  plume, 
and  granted  his  followers  the  same  indulgence  as  to  crusaders. 

BladeniburiT,  engagement  at,  24  Aug.  1814.  This 
was  an  attempt  to  defend  Washington  from  capture  by  a  British 
force  of  about  5000  men,  under  gen.  Ross  and  admiral  Cock- 
bum.  The  Americans,  mostly  militia,  assembled  hastily  under 
gen.  Winder,  upon  the  rapid  approach  of  the  British,  and  met 
them  at  Bladensburg,  4  miles  from  Washington,  but  were 
quickly  discomfited,  with  slight  loss  to  either  side.  The 
British  then  occupied  Washington  and  burned  the  Capitol. 
Here  also  many  duels  have  been  fought,  among  the  most 
noted  that  between  commodores  Decatur  and  Barron,  22  Mch. 
1820.  The  former  was  mortally,  the  latter  severely  wounded. 
DiST.  OF  Columbia. 

Bland  iilver  bill.  A  bill  introduced  25  July,  1876, 
by  Richard  P.  Bland,  M.  C.  from  Missouri,  providing  for  un- 
limited coinage  of  silver.  As  finally  amended  and  passed  by 
the  Senate,  15  Feb.  1878,  by  48  to  21,  it  directed  the  treasury 
to  purchase  and  coin  not  less  than  $2,000,000  or  more  than 
$4,000,000  of  silver  every  month.  The  silver  dollar  to  be 
412J  grs.  troy,  and,  with  all  silver  dollars  heretofore  coined  of 
like  weight  and  fineness,  to  be  legal-tender.  The  House  con- 
curred, 203  to  72.  President  Hayes  returned  the  bill  with  his 
veto,  28  Feb.  1878,  but  on  the  same  day  both  the  House  and 
Senate  passed  the  bill  over  the  veto. 

l>lanket§  are  said  to  have  been  first  made  at  Bristol  by 
Thos.  Blanket,  in  the  14th  century.     This  is  doubtful. 

Blarney  §tone,  said  to  confer  on  the  person  kissing 
it  the  power  to  speak  agreeably.  It  is  built  in  the  wall  on  the 
summit  of  Blarney  castle  (about  4  miles  northwest  from  Cork). 
This  castle  was  built  by  Cormick  McCarty,  1449.  The  true 
Blarney  stone  recognized  by  the  natives  is  not  the  one  com- 
monly saluted,  but  is  in  the  wall  several  feet  from  the  top,  and 
can  only  be  kissed  with  great  difficulty  and  with  assistance  by 
leaning  over  the  parapet. 

bla§plieni^  was  punished  with  death  by  the  law  of 
Moses  (Lev.  xxiv.),  1491  b.c.  ;  and  b}-^  the  code  of  Justinian, 
529  A.D.  It  is  punishable  by  the  civil  and  canon  law  of  Eng- 
land, regulated  by  60  George  III.  c.  8  (1819).  Daniel  Isaac 
Eaton  was  tried  and  convicted  in  London  of  blasphems',  6 
Mch.  1812.  Robert  Taylor,  a  Protestant  clergyman,  was  tried 
twice  for  the  same  crime.  He  was  sentenced  to  2  years'  im- 
prisonment, and  heavily  fined,  July,  1831.  In  Dec.  1840,  2 
publishers  of  blasphemous  writings  were  convicted.  In  the 
case  of  Cowan  vs.  Milbourn  in  1867,  the  defendant  had  broken 
his  lease  of  a  lecture-room  to  the  plaintiflF,  on  discovering  that 
the  lectures  were  to  maintain  that  "  the  character  of  Christ  is 
defective,  and  his  teaching  misleading,  and  that  the  Bible  is 
no  more  inspired  than  any  other  book."  The  court  held  that 
the  publication  of  such  doctrine  was  blasphemy,  and  the 
contract  illegal,  reaffirming  the  dictum  of  C.  J.  Hale  that 
"  Christianity  is  part  of  the  laws  of  England."    - 

bla§tingr  g^elatine  (a  mixture  of  nitro-glycerine 
and  gun-cotton),  a  violent  explosive  prepared  by  Alfred  Nobel, 
and  modified  by  prof.  Abel,  1879. 

blazonry.  Coats-of-arms  were  introduced  and  be- 
came hereditary  in  France  and  England  about  1192,  the 
knights  painting  their  banners  with  different  figures,  to  dis- 
tinguish them  in  the  crusades. — Dugdale. 

bleaching  was  known  in  Egypt,  Syria,  India,  and 
Gaul. — Pliny.  The  Dutch  introduced  chemical  improvements 
into  England  and  Scotland  in  1768.  There  were  large  bleach- 
fields  in  Lancashire,  Fife,  Forfar,  and  Renfrew,  and  in  the  vale 
of  the  Leven,  in  Dumbarton.  The  application  of  chlorine  gas 
to  bleaching  is  due  to  Berthollet's  discovery,  about  1785.     Its 


BLI 

combination  with  lime  (chloride  of  lime)  was  devised  by  Mr. 
Tennant,  of  Glasgow,  who  patented  the  process  in  1798,  and  by 
his  firm  it  is  still  extensively  manufactured.  In  1822  Dr.  Ure 
published  elaborate  experiments  on  this  substance.  In  I860' 
bleaching  and  dyeing  works  in  Great  Britain  were  regulated, 
by  the  Factories  act. 

Blenheim  or  Plintheim,  a  village  in  Bavaria  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  near  Hochstett,  where,  on  13. 
Aug.  1704,  the  English  and  Austrians,  commanded  by  the- 
duke  of  Marlborough  and  prince  Eugene,  defeated  the  French 
and  Bavarians,  under  marshal  Tallard  and  the  elector  of  Ba- 
varia, the  latter  losing  about  12,000  killed  and  wounded,  and. 
13,000  prisoners  (including  Tallard).  Bavaria  fell  to  the  con- 
querors. Parliament  gave  Marlborough  the  honor  of  Wood- 
stock and  the  hundred  of  Wotton,  and  built  for  him  the^ 
house  of  Blenheim. 

"  'Great  praise  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  won, 
And  our  good  prince  Eugene.' 
'  Whv,  't  was  a  very  wicked  thing !' 

Said  little  Wilhelmine. 
'  Nay,  nay,  my  little  girl  1'  quoth  he, 
'  It  was  a  famous  victory.' " 

—Southey,  "Battle  of  Blenheim." 

Blennerha§sett's  i§land,  an  island  in  the  Ohio^ 
river,  a  few  miles  below  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  purchased  in 
1798  by  Herman  Blennerhassett.  He  was  born  in  Hampshire,. 
Engl.,  8  Oct.  1764,  married  a  daughter  of  lieutenant-governor 
Agnew  of  the  isle  of  Man,  1796,  disposed  of  his  estate  and  came 
to  the  United  States,  1797.  On  this  island  he  erected  a  spacious 
mansion,  where  he  was  visited  in  1805  by  Aaron  Burr,  who  en- 
listed him  in  his  schemes  of  western  colonization.  He  was  ar- 
rested as  an  accomplice  of  Burr's,  his  house  and  grounds  entirely 
ruined  ;  finally,  discharged  without  trial,  he  purchased  a  planta- 
tion near  Port  Gibson,  Miss.  This  venture  proving  unfortunate^ 
he  removed  to  Montreal  in  1819,  where  he  began  the  practice 
of  law,  hoping  to  obtain  a  judgeship;  failing  in  this,  he  sailed 
for  Ireland  in  1822,  to  recover,  if  possible,  a  part  of  his  estate  ;. 
unsuccessful,  he  retired  to  the  island  of  Guernsey,  where  he 
died  1831.  In  1842  his  wife  returned  to  the  U.  S.  and  petitioned 
Congress  for  compensation  for  the  ruined  island  home.  The 
petition  was  presented  by  Henry  Clay,  and  in  the  Senate  a  fa- 
vorable report  was  made;  but  she  died  in  New  York  in  destitu- 
tion before  a  vote  on  the  bill,  and  was  buried  by  Sisters  of 
Charity.     Burr's  Conspiracy. 

blind.  The  first  public  school  for  the  blind  was  estab- 
lished by  Valentine  Haiiy,  at  Paris,  in  1784.  The  first  in 
England  was  at  Liverpool  in  1791 ;  in  Scotland,  at  Edinburgh, 
in  1792  ;  and  the  first  in  London  in  1799.  Printing  in  raised 
or  embossed  characters  for  the  blind  was  begun  at  Paris  by 
Haliy  in  1786.  The  whole  Bible  was  printed  at  Glasgow  in 
raised  Roman  characters  about  1848.  A  sixpenny  magazine 
for  the  blind,  edited  by  rev.  W.  Taylor,  F.R.S.,  so  eminent  for 
his  40  years'  exertions  on  behalf  of  these  sufferers,  was  pub- 
lished in  1855-56.  By  his  aid  a  college  for  the  wealthy  blind 
was  founded  at  Worcester,  Engl.,in  1866.  In  many  department* 
of  knowledge  blind  persons  have  obtained  distinction.  Laura 
Bridgman,  born  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  21  Dec.  1829,  became 
through  sickness  dumb  and  blind  2  years  after.  She  was 
so  well  taught  by  Dr.  Howe,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  as  to  become  an 
able  instructor  of  blind  and  dumb  persons.  She  died  at  South 
Boston,  24  May,  1889. 

James  Holman,  the  "blind  traveller"  (b.  1786,  d.  1857),  vis  ted 
all  parts  of  the  world.  His  travels  were  publ.  in  1825.  In  Apr. 
1858,  a  blind  clergyman,  rev.  J.  Sparrow,  was  elected  chaplain  to 
the  Mercers'  Company,  London,  and  read  the  service,  etc.,  from 
embossed  books. 
Viscount  Cranborne  (blind)  wrote  interesting  historical  essays.  He 
died  in  June,  1865.  On  13  July,  1865,  Henry  Fawcett,  the  blind 
professor  of  political  economy  at  Cambridge,  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Brighton ;  for  Hackney,  1874  and  1880;  appointed  postmaster-gen- 
eral, Apr.  1880.    F.  J.  Campbell  (blind)  ascended  Mont  Blanc  in  1880. 

blinding^,  by  consuming  the  eyeballs  with  lime  or 
scalding  vinegar,  was  inflicted  anciently  on  adulterers,  per- 
jurers, and  thieves.  In  the  middle  ages  the  penalty  was  fre- 
quently changed  from  total  blindness  to  a  diminution  of  sight. 
A  whole  army  of  Bulgarians  were  deprived  of  sight  by  the 
emperor  Basil.     Bulgaria. 

blisters,  used  by  Hippocrates  (460-357  B.C.),  made,  it  is 

said,  of  CANTHARIDES. 

blizzard.    Storms. 


BLO 


107 


BOA 


Block  i§lancl,  Long  Island  sound.  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  1636;  Manisees;  New  York,  1614. 

blockade  is  the  closing  an  enemy's  ports  to  com- 
merce ;  a  practice  introduced  by  the  Dutch  about  1584.  The 
principle  recognized  by  European  powers  is  that  a  blockade, 
to  be  binding,  must  be  effective.  The  Elbe  was  blockaded  by 
Great  Britain,  1803 ;  the  Baltic,  by  Denmark,  1848-49  and 
1864;  the  gulf  of  Finland  by  the  allies,  1854;  and  the  ports 
of  the  confederate  States  by  president  Lincoln,  19  Apr.  1861. 
The  naval  force  of  the  United  States  then  consisted  of  90  ves- 
sels ;  only  42  were  in  commission,  mounting  between  500  and 
600  guns.  The  home  squadron  consisted  of  12  vessels.  The 
proclamation  of  the  blockade  was  a  recognition  of  belligerent 
rights  in  the  confederates.  Many  vessels  succeeded  in  running 
the  blockade  during  the  war ;  1143  were  captured  by  block- 
ading squadrons,  valued  at  $24,500,000 ;  and  355  destroyed, 
valued  at  $7,000,000.  Alabama  Claims,  Berlin  Decree, 
British  Orders  in  Council,  Milan  Decree,  United 
States. 

Bloi§,  France,  the  Roman  Blesum.  Stephen  of  England 
was  earl  of  Blois  through  his  father,  count  of  Blois,  who  mar- 
ried Adela,  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror.  The  count 
Guy  n.  sold  it  witli  his  domains  to  Louis,  duke  of  Orleans,  in 
1391,  and  eventually  it  accrued  to  the  crown.  The  States- 
general  were  held  here  1576  and  1588,  on  account  of  the  re- 
ligious wars ;  and  here  Henry,  duke  of  Guise,  and  his  brother, 
I  the  cardinal,  were  assassinated  by  order  of  Henry  HL,  23  Dec. 
1588.     Maria  Louisa,  wife  of  Napoleon,  retired  here  in  1814. 

blood.     The  circulation  of  the  blood  was  a  fact  ob- 
scurely  conjectured   by  Aristotle,   Nemesius,  Mondino,  and 
Berenger,  and  partly  taught  by  Caesalpinus,  Fabricius,  and 
Michael  Servetus  (b.  1509,  burnt  at  Geneva,  1553).    The  latter 
first  maintained  the  imperviousness  of  the  septum  and  the 
^transition  of  the  blood  by  what  he  terms  an  unknown  route, 
^namely,  from  the  right  ventricle  by  the  pulmonary  artery  to 
the  lungs,  and  thence  into  the  pulmonary  vein  and  left  auricle 
and  ventricle,  from  which,  he  adds,  afterwards  it  is  conveyed 
by  the  aorta  to  all  parts  of  the  body;  but  the  honor  of  fully 
!  explaining  the  circulation  belongs  to  William  Harvey,  who  first 
announced  it  in  1619,  and  published  his  first  work  in  1628. 
A  memorial  window  in  the  church  at  Folkestone,  Kent,  Engl., 
the  place  of  his  birth  (1578-1657),  was  uncovered  9  Apr.  1874. 
plating  blood  was  prohibited  to  Noah  (Gen.  ix.);  to  the  Jews  (Tjev. 
xvii.,  etc.);  and  to  the  Gentile  converts  by  the  apostles  at  an 
assembly  at  Jerusalem,  52  a.d.  (Acts  xv.) 
Blood-drinking  was  anciently  tried  to  give  vigor  to  the  system. 
Louis  XI.    in  his  last  illness  drank  the  warm  blood  of  infants,  iu 
the  vain  hope  of  restoring  his  decayed  strength,  1483. — Henault. 
In  the  15th  century  an  opinion  prevailed  that  the  declining  vigor  of 
the  aged  might  be  repaired  by  transfusing  into  their  veins  the 
blood  of  young  persons.     It  was  countenanced  in   France   by 
physicians  about  1668,  and  prevailed  for  many  years,  till,  fatal 
effects  having  ensued,   it  was  suppressed   by  an  edict.     "An 
English  physician  (Louver,  or  Lower)  practised  in  this  way;  he 
died   in   1691."— i^remd.     It  was  attempted  again  in  France  in 
1797,  and  more  recently  there,  in  a  few  cases,  with  success;  and 
in  England  (but  rarely)  since  1823.     Tried  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Apr.  1877;  in  London,  unsuccessful,  10  May,  1877. 

Bl00d'§  COn§piracy.  Blood,  a  discarded  officer 
of  Oliver  Cromwell's  household,  with  confederates,  seized  the 
duke  of  Ormond  in  his  coach,  intending  to  hang  him,  and  took 
him  to  Tyburn,  when  he  was  rescued  by  his  friends,  6  Dec. 
1670.  Blood  afterwards,  disguised  as  a  clergyman,  attempted 
to  steal  the  royal  crown  from  the  Jewel-office  in  the  Tower,  9 
May,  1671 ;  yet,  was  not  only  pardoned  by  Charles  H.,  but  re- 
ceived a  pension  of  500/.  per  annum,  1671.  He  died  24  Aug.  1680. 

"  bloody  assize§,"  held  by  Jeffreys  in  the  west  of 
England,  in  Aug.  1685,  after  the  defeat  of  Monmouth  at 
Sedgmoor.  Upwards  of  300  persons  were  executed  after  short 
trials;  many  were  whipped,  imprisoned,  and  lined  ;  and  n^krly 
1000  were  sent  as  slaves  to  American  plantations. 

Bloody  Marsh,  Battle  of.     Georgia,  1742. 

bloomer  costume,  introduced  in  the  United 
States  in  1849  by  Mrs.  Ann  Bloomer.  It  consisted  of  an 
open-fronted  jacket  and  loose  trousers,  the  latter  wide  like  those 
of  the  Turks,  but  gathered  at  the  ankles.  It  never  became 
popular  and  was  soon  totally  disused. 

Blorelieath,  Staffordshire,  Engl.,  where,  23  Sept. 
1459,  the  earl  of  Salisbury  and  the  Yorkists  defeated  the  Lan- 


castrians, whose  leader,  lord  Audley,  was  slain  with   many- 
Cheshire  gentlemen.     A  cross  commemorates  this  conflict. 

blowing-machines.  The  large  cylinders  used 
in  blowing-machines  were  erected  by  Mr.  Smeaton  at  the 
Carron  Iron-works,  1760.  One  to  supply  air  for  40  forge- 
fires  was  erected  at  the  king's  dockyard,  Woolwich.  The 
hot-air  blast,  an  important  improvement,  economizing  fuel, 
was  invented  by  James  B.  Neilson,  of  Glasgow,  and  patented 
in  1828.     The  inventor  died  18  Jan.  1865. 

blow-pipe.  An  P^gyptian  using  one  is  among  the 
paintings  on  the  tombs  at  Thebes.  The  blow-pipe  was  em- 
ployed in  mineralogy  by  Antony  von  Swab,  a  Swede,  about 
1733,  and  improved  by  Wollaston  and  others.  In  1802,  prof. 
Robert  Hare,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  invented  the  compound 
blow-pipe,  in  which  intense  heat  is  produced  by  a  flame  of 
mixed  oxygen  and  hydrogen.  By  Newman's  improved  blow- 
pipes, in  1816,  Dr.  E.  D.  Clarke  fused  the  earths,  alkalies, 
metals,  etc.  Books  on  the  blow-pipe,  by  Plattner  and  Mus- 
pratt,  pub.  1854 ;  by  G.  Plympton,  1874. 

blue  was  the  favorite  color  of  the  Scotch  covenanters  in 
the  17th  century.  Blue  and  orange  or  yellow  became  whig 
colors  after  the  revolution  of  1688;  and  were  adopted  on  the 
cover  of  the  whig  periodical,  the  Edinhurgh  Review,  first  publ. 
in  1802.  Prussian-blue  dye  was  discovered  by  Diesbach,  at 
Berlin,  in  1710.  Fine  blues  are  now  obtained  from  coal-tar. 
Aniline.  Blue-coat  schools,  so  called  fr(Jm  the  costume  of 
the  children.  The  Blue-coat  school  in  Newgate  street,  Lon- 
don, was  instituted  by  Edward  VI.  in  1552.  Christ's  Hos- 
PITAU  Blue  is  the  prescribed  color  of  the  uniform  of  the 
army  of  the  United  States.  Blue-stocking,  a  term  applied  to 
a  literary  lady,  was  originally  conferred  on  a  society  compris- 
ing both  sexes  (1760  et  seq.).  Among  its  active  members 
was  Benjamin  Stillingfleet,  the  naturalist,  who  wore  blue 
worsted  stockings ;  hence  the  name.  The  beautiful  Mrs.  Jer- 
ningham  is  said  to  have  worn  blue  stockings  at  the  conversa- 
ziones of  Mrs.  Montagu. 

blue-books,  reports  and  other  papers  printed  by  order 
of  the  British  Parliament ;  so  named  from  their  wrappers  ;  70 
vols,  were  printed  for  the  lords,  and  76  vols,  for  the  commons 
in  1871.  Blue-book,  U.  S.  government,  contains  lists  of  all 
persons  under  the  government  in  the  civil,  military,  and  naval 
departments,  including  the  law  office.  So  called  from  the 
color  of  the  cover. 

blue  laws  of  Connecticut,  a  code  adopted  by  the  set- 
tlers as  early  as  1639-42.  "True  Blue  Laws,"  edited  by 
J.  Hammond  Trumbull,  1876,  gives  the  several  codes  of  the 
Connecticut  colonies,  and  S.  A.  Peters's  "  History  of  Connecti- 
cut," edited  by  S.  J.  McCormick,  New  York,  1877,  gives  an 
exaggerated  account  of  them.  Connecticut  ;  Massachu- 
setts, 1631. 

Blue  liicks,  Battle  of,  in  Nicholas  county.  Ky.,  be- 
tween 182  Kentucky  pioneers  and  a  strong  body  of  Indians 
imder  Simon  Girty,  19  Aug.  1782.  Through  haste  and  rash- 
ness the  Kentuckians  were  drawn  into  an  ambuscade  and  de- 
feated with  great  slaughter,  losing  62,  among  them  a  son  of 
Daniel  Boone. 

blue  lights.  During  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1813, 
commodore  Decatur,  with  the  frigates  United  States  and  Mac- 
edonian and  the  sloop-of-war  Hot-net,  was  closely  blockaded  in 
New  London  harbor,  Conn.,  by  sir  Thomas  Hardy,  with  2 
74's,  2  frigates,  and  several  smaller  vessels.  Decatur  prepared 
to  run  this  blockade  with  great  secrecy  on  the  night  of  12  Dec. 
Everything  was  favorable,  and  he  was  about  to  weigh  anchor 
when  word  was  brought  that  blue  lights  were  burning  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  Decatur  had  no  doubt  they  were  sig- 
nals to  warn  the  enemy ;  so  the  ships  remained  imprisoned 
during  the  rest  of  the  war.  The  Federalists,  as  the  party  op- 
posed to  the  war,  were  reproached  for  exhibiting  the  lights. 
United  States,  1814. 

Blue  Bidge.     Appalachian  Mountains. 

Blue-Stocking^.    Blue. 

Board  of  War.     United  States,  12  June,  1776. 

boat-races.  Thomas  Doggett,  an  eminent  actor  of 
Drury  lane,  at  the  first  anniversary  of  the  accession  to  the 
throne  of  George  I.,  1  Aug.  1715,  gave  a  waterman's  coat 


BOC 


and  silver  badge  to  be  rowed  for  by  6  young  watermen  in 
honor  of  the  day,  and  bequeathed,  at  his  death  in  1722,  a 
sum  of  money  to  continue  the  custom.  Coat  and  badge 
won  by  Wm.  A.  Barry,  1  Aug.  1891.     On  10  June,  1829, 

8  OARS-HARVARD-YALE 


108  BOD 

was  rowed  the  first  boat-race  between  the  universities  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  Engl.;  and  boat-racing  between  Har- 
vard and  Yale  began  in  1852.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
Harvard-Yale, Oxford-Cambridge, and  international  boat-races: 


DftU. 

Count. 

DliUnca. 

winner. 

Time.        1                           Won  by 

Min. 

Sec. 

3  Aug.    185a 

Centre  harbor,  lake  Winnepesaukee,  N.  H. 

2  miles  straight. 

Harvard. 

— 

2  lengths. 

ai  July,  1855 

Connecticut  river.  Springfield. 

3  miles  with  turn. 

22 

— 

1  mill.  38  sees. 

26     "      1859 

Worcester,  lake  Quiusigaiuoud,  Mass. 

tl          tt 

19 

18 

1  min. 

24     "      1860 

tl          tl 

" 

18 

53 

12  sees 

29     "       1864 

({           ii               It              (t 

tl          11 

Yale. 

19 

1 

42>s^  sees. 

28     "       1865 

((           11               it              tt 

tl          It 

'• 

17 

i'2y, 

261^     " 

27     "       1866 

(t           It               tt              tt 

11           It 

Harvard. 

18 

43 

27        " 

19     •'       1867 

<i           It               tt              tt 

It          tl 

" 

18 

13 

1  min.  12X  sees. 

24    "      1868 

tt           it               It              tt 

tl           tl 

" 

17 

iii>4 

50  sees. 

23     "      1869 

It           It               It              It 

11          If 

" 

18 

2 

9    " 

30  June,  1876 
80    "      1877 

Connecticut  river,  Springfield,  Mass. 

4  miles  straight. 

Yale. 
Harvard. 

2'2 
24 

3 
36 

31    " 

8    " 

28     "      1878 

Thames  river.  New  London,  Conn. 

tl           11 

'• 

20 

44% 

44^  sees. 

27     "      1879 

" 

22 

15 

1  miu.  43  sees. 

1  July,  1880 

It                    It                              K                         tt 

tt           tt 

Yale 

24- 

27 

42  sees. 

1     "      1881 

II                    It                              tt                         It 

" 

22 

13 

6    " 

SO  June,  1882 

It                    It                              II                         (t 

It          tl 

Harvard. 

20 

47 

3J^  sees. 

28    "      18H3 

tt                   It                              II                         il 

" 

24 

26 

1  min.  33  sees. 

26    "      1884 

It                    it                              II                         (t 

It           tl 

Yale. 

20 

31 

15  sees. 

26    *'      1885 

It                    11                              II                         tl 

It           11 

Harvard. 

25 

1^^ 

1  min.  UX  sees. 

a  July,  1886 

It                    II                             It                         II 

It 

Yale. 

20 

413^ 

24X  sees. 

1     "      1887 

" 

22 

56 

14X     " 

29  June,  18S8 

U                 tl                          tt                      II 

It 

" 

20 

10 

1  min.  14  sees. 

28     "       1889 

tt            t(                  tt               It 

" 

21 

30 

25  sees. 

27     "       1890 

II          It               tt             tt 

It                   u 

Yale. 

21 

29 

11  sees. 

26     "       1891 

11            11                  tl               It 

tt            tl 

Harvard. 

21 

23 

34  sees. 

IJuly,  1892 

II          tt               tt             tt 

tl            It 

Yale. 

20 

48 

54X  sees. 

80  June,  1893 

It            tl                  tt                tt 

tl            tt 

" 

25 

ly. 

13X  sees. 

28  Ju^p,  1894 

tt            tt                  tt                tt 

It          tl 

" 

22 

47 

53  sees. 

8  OARS— OXFORD-CAMBRIDGE. 


ENGLISH.     FIRST  RACE,  1829  ;  ANNUAL 
parties  were  equal ;  up  to  1880,  Oxford 


SINCE  1856. 
was  1  ahead.) 


(In  1864,  after  20  contests,  the  opposing 


D»W. 

Course. 

Distance. 

Winner. 

Time. 

Won  by 

22Mch.   1880 

Putney  to  Mortlake,  Thames,  Engl. 

4  mis.  and  440  yds. 

Oxford. 

21m.  23  s. 

33^  lengths. 

8  Apr.    1881 

It              It              11           It 

" 

21  "51  " 

3 

1    "       1882 

It             11              It           It 

t' 

20  "  12  " 

7           " 

15Mch.  1883 

It                        It                         It                   K 

" 

21  "  18  " 

3>^       " 

7  Apr.    1884 

tl                       tl                         11                   (f 

Cambridge. 

21  "39  " 

2^        " 

128  Mch.   1885 

11                        11                         tl                   If 

Oxford. 

21  "  36  " 

2><r     " 

3  Apr.    1886 

tl                       It                         11                   11 

Cambridge. 

22  "  29  " 

%          " 

26  Mch.  1887 

11                        11                        tl                   It 

" 

20  "  52  " 

2  V       "    No.  7  Oxf.  broke  oar. 

24     "      1888 

tl                        tt                        tl                   It 

" 

20  "  48  " 

7          « 

30     "       1889 

It                       tl                         It                   It 

" 

20  "14" 

2)4       " 

26     "       1890 

It                       11                         tl                   <l 

Oxford. 

22  "    3  " 

1           " 

21     "       1891 

It                       tl                         It                   It 

tl 

21  "  48  " 

>^ 

9  Apr.     1892 

tl                       11                         It                  l< 

II 

19  "  21  " 

2K       " 

22  Mch.   1893 

II                       tt                         It                   It 

18  "47  " 

2^       " 

17     "       1894 

tl                       11                         tt                   l( 

tt 

21  "  39  " 

33       " 

4  OARS-INTERNATIONAL.    HARVARD-OXFORD 

Date.           1                                       Oonrse. 

Distance. 

Winner. 

Time. 

Won  by 

17  Aug.  1869  1         Putney  to  Mortlake,  Thames,  Engl. 

iX  miles. 

Oxford. 

Min.   Sec. 
22       17 

3  lengths. 

LONDON  R.  C.-ATALANTA  B.  C,  NEW  YORK,  AMATEURS. 

Date. 

Course. 

Distance.               |          Winner. 

Time. 

10  June,  1872 
4-5  July,  1878 

Putney  to  Mortlake,  Thames,  EngL 
Henley,  Thames,  Engl. 

41^  miles.            London  R.  C. 
2X    "                    Columbia. 

Min.   Sec. 
21        16 
8       42 

Wins  Visitors'  Challenge  cup. 

LONDON  R.  C.  AND  THE  SHO-WAE-CAE-METTES,  OF  MONROE,  MICH. 

Date.           1 

Course.                                       1              Distance. 

Winner,                 Time. 

4-5  July,  1878 

Henley,  Thames,  Engl.                  |         2J^  miles. 

Min.   Sec. 

London  R.  C.      8       26 

Wins  Steward's  Challenge  cup. 

VIENNA,  AUSTRIA-CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  U.  S. 


11   Aug.  1881 


Winner. 


Vienna,  Danube.  |  3  miles.  Vienna 

THAMES  R.  C. -HILLSDALE,  MICH.,  R.  C,  AMATEURS 


Min.    Sec. 
28       30 


Won  by 


Thames,  Engl. 


i}^  miles. 


Thames  R.  C. 


Min.    Sec. 
20       40 


Won  by 


Alfi-ed  Johnson,  a  young  man,  started  from 
America"  in  the  boat  Centennial,  20  feet  long,  15  June,  and 
landed  at  Abercastle,  Pembrokeshire,  Wales 11  Aug.  1876 

Boccaccio's    (bok-kat'cko)    Dccamcronc,  a 

collection  of  100  stories  (many  immoral),  severely  satirizing 
the  clergy,  feigned  to  have  been  related  in  10  days,  during 
the  plague  of  Florence  in  1348.    A  copy  of  the  first  edition  (by 


Valdarfer  in  1471)  was  sold  at  the  duke  of  Roxburghe's  sale 
to  the  duke  of  Marlborough  for  2260/.,  17  June,  1812,  and  was 
afterwards  sold  by  public  auction  for  875  guineas,  5  June,  1819. 
Lite  RAT  UBE. 

Bodleian  ^Library,  Oxford,  founded  in  1598,  and 
opened  in  1602  by  sir  Thomas  Bodley  (d.  28  Jan.  1612).  Is 
open  to  the  public,  and  receives  by  the  copyright  law  a  copy 


BCE  109 

of  every  book  published  in  Great  Britain.  In  1868  it  con- 
tained about  250,000  vols.  For  rare  works  and  MSS.  it  is  said 
to  be  second  only  to  the  Vatican.  Mr.  Macray's  "  Annals  of 
the  Bodleian  Library,"  publ.  1868. 

BCBO'tia,  a  division  of  Greece,  north  of  Attica,  known 
previously  as  Aonia,  Messapia,  Hyantis,  Ogygia,  and  Cadmeis. 
Thebes,  the  capital,  was  celebrated  for  the  exploits  and  mis- 
fortunes of  its  kings  and  heroes.  The  term  Boeotian  was  used 
by  the  Athenians  as  a  synonym  for  dull ;  but  unjustly — since 
Pindar,  Hesiod,  Plutarch,  Democritus,  Epaminondas,  and  Co- 
rinna  were  Boeotians.  The  early  history  and  dates  are  myth- 
ical. Thebes. 
Arrival  of  Cadmus,  founder  of  Cadmea  (Hales,  liM;  Clinton,   b.c. 

1313) 1493 

Reign  of  Polydore 1459 

Labdachus  ascends  the  throne 1430 

Amphion  and  Zethus  besiege  Thebes,  and  dethrone  Laius 1388 

Myth  of  (Edipiis;  he  kills  in  an  affray  his  father  Laius;  con- 

firming  the  oracle  foretelling  his  death  by  the  hands  of  his 

son,  1276;  resolves  the  Sphinx's  enigmas 1266 

War  of  the  7  captains 1225 

Thebes  besieged  and  taken 1213 

Thersander  reigns,  1198;  slain 1193 

Thebans  abolish  royalty  (ages  of  obscurity  follow)  about 1120 

Thebans  fight  with  Persians  at  Plataea 479 

Spartans  aiding  Thebans  defeat  Athenians  near  Tanagra 456 

Battle  of  Coronea,  Thebans  defeat  Athenians 447 

Thebans,  under  Epaminondas  and  Pelopidas,  enroll  their  sacred 

band,  and  join  Athens  against  Sparta 377 

Epaminondas  defeats  Lacedsemonians  at  Leuctra,  and  restores 

Thebes  to  independence 371 

Pelopidas  killed  at  Cynoscephalae — 364 

Epaminondas  victorious  at  Mantinea,  but  slain 362 

Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  defeats  Thebans  and  Athenians  near 

Chseronea 338 

Alexander  destroys  Thebes,  but  spares  Pindar's  house 335 

Boeotian  confederacy  dissolved  by  the  Romans 170 

Bceotia  henceforth  partakes  of  the  fortunes  of  Greece;  and  is  a.d. 

conquered  by  the  Turks  under  Mahomet  II 1456 

Boer§  (peasants),  a  name  given  to  the  Dutch  settlers  in 
South  Africa,  since  the  16th  century,  who  still  retain  their 
national  character.  Discontented  with  British  rule  in  the  Cape, 
since  1814  large  numbers  of  them  emigrated  northward  in 
1836-37,  and  founded  the  Orange  Free  State  (1836)  and  the 
Transvaal  Republic  (1848). 

bog's,  probably  the  remains  of  forests,  covered  with  peat 
and  loose  soil.  An  act  for  drainage  of  Irish  bogs  passed  Mch. 
1830.  The  bog-land  of  Ireland  has  been  estimated  at  3,000,000 
acres;  that  of  Scotland  at  upwards  of  2,000,000;  and  that  of 
England  at  near  1,000,000  acres.  In  Jan.  1849,  Rees  Reece 
patented  certain  products  from  Irish  peat.  Candles  and  other 
articles  made  from  peat  have  been  sold  in  London.  Fuel  for 
railway  engines  and  other  purposes  was  made  from  peat  (Apr. 
1873) ;  and  a  peat,  coal,  and  charcoal  company  established. 
Much  destruction  has  been  caused  by  the  motion  of  bogs.     Leland 

(about  1546)  speaks  of  Chat  Moss  shifting.     Mischief  was  done  at 

Enaghmore,  Ireland,  3  Jan.  1853;  and  farm-houses  and  fields  near 

Dunmore  were  covered,  Oct.  1873. 

Botieinia,  formerly  the  Hercynian  forest  (Boiemum, 
Tacitus),  derives  its  name  from  the  Boii,  a  Celtic  tribe.  It  was 
governed  by  dukes  (Borzivoi  I.  891),  till  Ottocar  assumed  the 
title  of  king,  1198.  The  kings  at  first  held  their  territory 
from  the  empire;  and  the  crown  was  elective  till  it  became 
hereditary  in  the  house  of  Austria.  The  original  Bohemians 
term  themselves  Czechs,  and,  imitating  Hungary,  now  call 
for  autonomy.  Prague,  the  capital,  is  famous  for  sieges  and 
battles.  Pop.  in  1857,  4,705,525  ;  in  1870,  5,140,544  ;  in  1890. 
5,843,250.     Area,  20,060  sq.  miles.     Prague.  ^  ^ 

Czechs  (Slavonians)  seize  Bohemia about    550 

City  of  Prague  founded 795 

Introduction  of  Christianity 894 

Bohemia  conquered  by  the  emperor  Henry  III.,  who  devastates 

the  country 1041 

Ottocar  (Premislas)  I. ,  first  king  of  Bohemia 1198 

Ottocar  II.  rules  over  Austria,  and  obtains  Styria,  etc.,  1253; 

refuses  the  imperial  crown 1272 

Ottocar  vanquished   by  Kudol|)h,  and   deprived   of  Austria, 

Styria,  and  Carniola,  1277;  killed  at  Marchfeld 26  Aug.  1278 

King  John  (blind)  slain  at  Crecy 1346 

John  Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague,  early  reformers,  burned  for 

heresy ;  an  insurrection  follows 1415-16 

Ziska,  Hussite  leader,  takes  Prague,  1419;  dies  of  plague 1424 

Albert,  duke  of  Austria,  marries  the  daughter  of  the  late  em- 

peror,  receives  the  crowns  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary 1437 

Succession  infringed  by  Ladislas,  son  of  the  king  of  Poland, 

and  George  Podifebrad,  a  Protestant  chief 1440-58 

Ladislas,  king  of  Poland,  elected  king  of  Bohemia  on  the  death 

of  Podiebrad 1471 


BOI 

Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  marries  Anne,  sister  of  Louis,  late  king, 

and  obtains  the  crown 1527 

Thirty  years'  war  begun !.!.!!!.'!'.!!!*.!!!.'.  1618 

Emperor  Ferdinand  II.,  oppressing  Protestants,  is  deposed- 
Frederic,  elector- palatine,  elected  king 5  Sept.  1619 

Frederic,  defeated  at  Prague,  flees  to  Holland 9  Nov  1620 

Bohemia  secured  to  Austria  by  treaty 1648 

Silesia  and  Glatz  ceded  to  Prussia !!!!!.*.'!!!!  1742 

Prague  taken  by  the  Prussians .'.".*.'.'!!!!!  1744 

Prussians  defeat  Austrians  at  Prague;  7  years'  war  begins,' " ' 

Revolt  of  the  peasantry _  _  1775 

Edict  of  toleration  promulgated... '..'....'. 1781 

French  occupy  Prague 1806 

Insurrection  at  Prague,  12  June  ;  submission,  siege  raised, 

r.        •  ^  ,  20  July,  1848 

Prussians   enter   Bohemia,  which   becomes  the  seat  of  war 

,  (Germany,  1866) 24  June,  1866 

Agitation  of  Czechs  that  the  emperor  be  crowned  king  of  Bo- 
hemia with  the  crown  of  St.  Wenceslas  at  Prague,  .autumn,  1867 

Riots  at  Prague  ;  habeas-corpus  act  suspended 10  Oct.  1868 

Bohemian  agitation  for  self-government;  addresses  to  the  em- 
peror... .         14  Sept  and  5  Oct.  1870 

Manifesto  of  the  emperor 14  Sept.  1871 

Bohemian  deputies  absent  from  the  Reichsrath Dec.     '• 

"  Young  Czech  "  party  defeated  in  elections July,  1874 

Czech  deputies  enter  Reichsrath 8  Oct.  1879 

Motion  of  the  Young  Czechs  in  the  assembly  for  the  coro- 
nation of  the  emperor  as  king  of  Bohemia  negatived,  after 

several  days'  warm  debate 9  Nov.  1889' 

Diet  reopened  14  Oct.;   the  Young  Czechs  obstruct  legisla- 
tion   Oct.  1890 

Young  Czechs  ask  for  autonomy  like  Hungary Dec.     " 

Gradual  dissolution  of  the  Old  Czechs  party  (moderates). .    "       " 
Austrian  government  will  make  no  more  concessions  to  the 

Czechs;  announced  in  the  Diet 5  Jan.  1891 

Young  Czechs  victorious  in  the  elections;  the  Old  Czech  party 
totally  defeated Mch.     '• 

KINGS. 

1198.  Premislas  Ottocar  I. 

1230.  Wenceslas  III. 

1253.  Premislas  Ottocar  II. 

1278.  Wenceslas  IV.,  king  of  Poland. 

1305.  Wenceslas  V. 

1306.  Rudolph  of  Austria. 

1307.  Henry  of  Carinthia. 
1310.  John  of  Luxemburg  (killed  at  Crecy). 
1346.  Charles  I.,  emperor  (1347). 
1378.  Wenceslas  VI.,  emperor. 
1419.  Sigismund  I.,  emperor. 

'1438.  Albert  of  Austria,  emperor. 

1440.  Ladislas  V. 

1458.  George  von  Podiebrad. 

'147L  Ladislas  VL,  king  of  Hungary  (in  1490). 

1516.  Louis,  king  of  Hungary  (killed  at  Mohatz). 

1526.  Bohemia  united  to  Austria  under  Ferdinand  I.,  elected  king  ; 
Germany,  emperors. 

Bohemian  Brethren,  a  body  of  Christians  in 
Bohemia,  appear  to  have  separated  from  the  Calixtines, 
a  branch  of  the  Hussites,  in  1467.  Dupin  says,  "  They  re- 
jected the  sacraments  of  the  church,  were  governed  by  simple 
laics,  and  held  the  Scriptures  for  their  only  rule  of  faith.  They 
presented  a  confession  of  faith  to  king  Ladislas  in  1504  to  jus- 
tify themselves  from  errors  laid  to  their  charge."  Though 
perhaps  in  sympathy  with  the  Waldenses,  they  were  distinct 
from  them.  '  Luther,  in  1533,  testifies  to  their  purity  of  doc- 
trine, and  Melanchthon  commends  their  discipline.  They  were 
dispersed  during  the  religious  wars  of  Germany  in  the  17th 
century. 

Boii,  a  Celtic  people  of  N.  Italy,  who  emigrated  into 
Italy,  were  defeated  at  the  Vadimonian  lake,  283  B.C.,  and 
were  subdued  by  Scipio  Nasica,  191  b.c.  Recrossing  the  Alps 
they  betook  themselves  to  what  is  now  Bohemia,  but  their 
existence  as  a  separate  people  was  soon  lost. 

boilings  of  liquids.  Dr.  Hooke,  about  1683,  as- 
certained that  liquids  cannot  increase  in  heat  after  beginning 
to  boil,  hotter  fire  only  making  them  boil  more  rapidly.  The 
following  are  boiling-points ; 


Fahr. 


Phosphorus 554«  Fahr. 

Sulphuric  acid 600      " 

Mercury 662      " 

Sulphur 822      " 


Ether 93° 

Alcohol 173 

Nitric  acid 187 

Water 212 

Oil  of  turpentine  ...  312 

boilings  to  death,  a  capital  punishment  in  Eng- 
land, bv  Stat.  22  Hen.  Vin.  1531  (repealed  1547),  passed  when 
17  persons  had  been  poisoned  by  Richard  Rosse,  otherwise 
Coke,  the  bishop  of  Rochester's  cook,  2  of  whom  died.  Mar- 
garet Dav}',  a  young  woman,  suffered  this  penalty  for  a  sim- 
ilar crime,*  28  Mch.  1542.— *S7ozy. 

Boi§-le-due,  Dutch  Brabant,  where  the  British  were 


BOE 


110 


BON 


defeated  by  a  French  republican  army,  and  driven  from  their 
position  to'  Schyndel,  14  Sept.  1794.  The  place  was  capturod 
by  the  French,  10  Oct.  following ;  surrendered  to  the  Prussian 
army,  under  Bulow,  in  Jan.  1814. 

Boklin'rn,  central  Asia,  the  ancient  Sogdiana,  after 
successively  forming  part  of  the  empires  of  Persia,  of  Alex- 
ander, and  Bactriana,  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  the  6th 
century,  by  the  Chinese  in  the  7th,  and  by  the  Arabs  about 
705.  After  various  changes  of  masters,  it  was  subdued  by  the 
Uzbek  Tartars,  its  present  possessors,  in  1505.  The  British 
envoys,  col.  Stoddart  and  capt.  ConoUy,  were  murdered  at  Bok- 
hara, the  capital,  by  the  khan,  about  June,  1843.  In  the  war 
with  Russia,  begun  1866,  the  emir's  army  was  defeated  several 
times  in  May  et  seq.  Peace  was  made  11  July,  1867.  The 
Russians  were  again  victors,  25  May,  1868,  and  occupied  Sa- 
marcand  the  next  day.  Further  conquests  were  made  by  the 
Russians,  and  Samarcand  was  secured  by  treaty,  Nov.  1868. 
A  new  political  and  commercial  treaty  with  Russia  was  pub- 
lished Dec.  1873.     Pop.  2,030,000  ;  area,  83,980  sq.  miles. 

Bolivia,  a  republic  in  South  America,  formerly  part  of 
Peru,  population  in  1875  about  2,000,000;  in  1880,  2,325,000; 
1890,  2,333,350;  area,  784,554  sq.  miles,  between  lat.  lO''  and 
22°  S.,  Ion.  58°  and  70°  W. 
An  insurrection  of  the  ill-used  Indians,  headed  by  Tupac  Amaru 

Andres,  takes  place  here 17S0-82 

Country  declares  its  independence 6  Aug.  1824 

Secured  by  the  victory  of  Ayacucho 9  Dec.     " 

Named  Bolivia,  in  honor  of  gen.  Bolivar 11  Aug.  1825 

First  congress  meet 25  May,  1826 

General  Sucre  governs  ably 182(5-28 

Slavery  abolished 1836 

Santa  Cruz  rules 1828-39 

Free  trade  proclaimed 1853 

General  Cordova,  president 1855-57 

Succeeded  by  the  dictator  Jos6  Maria  Linares 31  Mch.  1859 

George  Cordova,  constitutional  president 1860 

Succeeded  by  Jos6  M.  de  Acha May,  1861 

Gen.  Melgarejo  defeats  president  De  Acha 28  Dec,  1864 

Becomes  dictator Feb.  1865 

Puts  down  an  insurrection  under  Belzu Mch.     " 

Routs  Arguedas  at  Viacha  and  proclaims  amnesty 24  Jan.  1866 

Suppresses  a  revolt 17  Oct.     " 

Proclaims  amnesty 21  Dec.  1867 

Civil  war 1867-70 

President  A.  Morales,  1871,  said  to  have  been  murdered. .  .Jan.  1873 

President,  Dr.  Tomas  Frias 14  Feb.  1874 

Corral's  insurrection  suppressed Sept.     " 

Gen.  Hilarion  Daza,  president 4  May,  1876 

Bolivia  joins  Chili  in  war  against  Peru  (Chili) Apr.  1879 

Revolution;  Daza  deposed;  flees;  Campero  president.  .1  June,  1880 
Peace  with  Chili  finally  arranged;  loses  all  of  her  coast  terri- 
tory  Dec.  1883 

Bollandi§t§.     Acta  Sanctorum. 

BolOg^na,   central  Italy,  the   ancient  Felsina,  after- 
wards Bononia;  distinguished  for  its  architecture;    made  a 
Roman  colony,  189  b.c. 
University  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Theodosius  about 

433;  really  in 1116 

Bologna  joins  the  Lombard  league 1167 

Pope  Julius  II.  takes  Bologna;  enters  in  triumph 11  Nov.  1506 

Added  to  the  states  of  the  church 1513 

In  the  church  of  St.  Petronius,  remarkable  for  its  pavement, 

Cassini  draws  his  meridian  line  (over  one  drawn  by  father 

Ignatius  Dante,  1575) 1653 

Taken  by  French,  1796;  by  Austrians,  1799;  by  French,  after 

battle  of  Marengo,  1800;  restored  to  the  pope 1815 

Revolt  suppressed  by  Austrian  interference 1831 

Rebellion,  1848;  taken  by  Austrians 16  May,  1849 

Austrians  evacuate;  cardinal  Ferretti  departs;  citizens  rise  and 

form  a  provisional  government 12  June,  1859 

It  decrees  that  all  public  acts  shall  be  headed  "  Under  the  reign 

of  king  Victor  Emmanuel,"  etc 1  Oct.     " 

He  enters  Bologna  as  sovereign 2  May,  1860 

bolometer  (Gr.  l36\og,  a  throw  or  cast),  an  electrical 
instrument  invented  by  prof.  S.  P.  Langley,  who  also  terms  it 
an  "  actinic  balance."  By  means  of  it  he  made  discoveries  in 
the  ultra  red  rays  of  the  spectrum.  It  is  much  more  sensitive 
to  radiant  heat  than  the  thermopile. 

Bomariuncl,  a  strong  fortress  on  one  of  the  Aland 
isles  in  the  Baltic  sea,  taken  by  sir  Charles  Napier,  with  his 
Baltic  expedition,  and  a  French  contingent  under  gen.  Bara- 
guaj'^  d'Hilliers,  15  Aug.  1854.  Gov.  Bodisco  and  the  garrison, 
about  2000  men,  prisoners  ;  the  fortifications  destroyed. 

Bombay,  the  most  westerly  and  smallest  of  the  Indian 
presidencies,  was  visited  by  the  Portuguese,  1509,  acquired  by 
them,  1530 ;  given  (with  Tangier  in  Africa,  and  300,000/.  in 


money)  to  Charles  II.  as  the  marriage  portion  of  the  infanta 
Catherine  of  Portugal,  1662.  In  1668  it  was  granted  to  the 
East  India  Company,  "  in  free  and  common  socage,"  as  of  the 
manor  of  East  (ireenwich,  at  an  annual  rent  of  10/.  Confirmed 
by  William  III.,  1689.  The  2  principal  castes  at  Bombay  are 
Parsees  (descendants  of  ancient  Persian  fire-worshippers)  and 
Borahs  (sprung  from  early  converts  to  Islamism) ;  both  re- 
markable for  commercial'  activity.  Pop.  1891,  26,960,421  ; 
area,  188,195  sq.  miles. 

First  British  factory  established  at  Ahmednuggur 1612 

Mr.  (Jyfford,  deputy-governor,  100  soldiers,  and  other  English 

die  under  the  climate Oct.  1675-Feb.  1676 

Capt.  Keigwin  usurps  the  government 1681-84 

Bombay  made  chief  of  company's  settlements 1687 

The  island,  except  the  fort,  seized  and  held  for  a  time  by  the 

mogul's  admiral 1690 

Bombay  a  distinct  presidency 1708 

Additions  to  the  Bombay  territory:  Bancot  river,  1756;  island 

of  Salsette ; . .  1775 

Bishopric  established 1837 

Lord  Elphinstone  governor 1853 

Pop.  of  the  presidency,  12,0:U.483 1858 

Benevolent  s  r  Jamsetjee  Jejeebhoy,  a  Parsee  (who  erected 

hospitals,  etc.)  dies 15  Apr.  1859 

His  son  sir  Cursetjee  visits  England 1860 

Sir  G.  R.  Clerk,  governor " 

Rioting  against  the  income  tax  suppressed Nov.  and  Dec.     " 

Sir  Henry  Bartle  Frere  governor Mch.  1862 

Great  speculation  in  the  cotton  trade Nov.  1864 

Failure    of  Byramjee  Cama,   a  Parsee,    for  3,300,000Z. ;  and 
others;  great  depression ;  project  of  international  exhibition 

in  1867  abandoned May,  1865 

Recovering  from  commercial  crisis Aug.      " 

W.  R.  Seymour  Fitzgerald  appointed  governor,  Nov.  1866 ;  ar- 
rives  28  Feb.  1867 

Holds  a  durbar  of  native  princes  at  Poena 6  Oct.  1868 

Reception  of  the  duke  of  Edinburgh 11  Mch.  1870 

Sir  Philip  Wodehouse  governor Apr.  1872 

Riots:     Mahometans   attack    Parsees  for  publishing  part  of 
Washington  Irving's  "  Life  of  Mahomet;"  several  lives  lost 

and  property  destroyed 13-15  Feb.  1874 

Culprits  punished  by  British " 

Prince  of  Wales  welcomed,  8  Nov.  1875;  sails  homeward, 

13  Mch.  1876 
Loyal  Mahometans  petition  queen  Victoria  in  favor  of  the 

s'ultan 24  Sept.     " 

Famine  relieved  by  government  and  private  subscriptions: 1877 

Statue  of  prince  of  Wales  (given  by  sir  Albert  Sassoon)  uncov- 
ered  26  or  27  June,  1879 

Sir  James  Fergusson  nominated  governor Feb.  1880 

A  patriotic  fund  for  sufferers  by  Afghan  war  subscribed  by  na- 
tives and  others Aug.     " 

Lord  Reay  appointed  governor Dec.  1884 

Native  troops  sail  for  the  Soudan 23  Feb.  1885 

New  Bombay  water- works  opened 31  Mch.  1892 

bombs  (iron  shells  filled  with  gunpowder),  said  to 
have  been  invented  at  Venlo  in  1495.  and  used  by  the  Turks 
at  the  siege  of  Rhodes  in  1522,  came  into  general  use,  1634 
(previously  used  only  by  the  Dutch  and  Spaniards).  Bomb- 
vessels  were  invented  in  France  in  1681. —  Voltaire.  The 
shrapnel  shell  (invented  by  col.  Henry  Shrapnel,  d.  1842)  a 
bomb  filled  with  balls,  exploded  by  a  fuse  in  its  flight. 

Bonaparte  family.     The  name  appears  at  Flor- 
ence and  Genoa  in  the  13th  century;   in  the  15th  a  branch 
settled  in  Corsica. 
Carlo  Maria  Bonaparte,  b.  29  Mch.  1746;  d.  24  Feb.  1785;  married, 

1767,  Letitia  Ramolina  (b.  24  Aug.  1760;  d.  Feb.  1836);  issue, 

1.  Joseph,  b.  7  Jan.  1768;  king  of  Two  Sicilies,  1805;  of  Naples 
alone,  1806;  of  Spain.  1808;  in  United  States,  1815:  comes  to  Eng- 
land, 1832;  settles  in  Italy,  1841;  dies  at  Florence,  28  July,  1844. 

2.  Napoleon  I.,  emperor,  b.  15  Aug.  1769;  d.  5  May,  1821.     France. 

3.  Lucien,  prince  of  Cauino,  born  1775;  at  first  aided  his  brother's 
ambition,  but  later  opposed  it.  He  was  taken  by  the  English  on 
his  way  to  America,  aud  resided  in  England  till  1814.  He  died  at 
Viterbo,  30  June,  1840.  His  son  Charles  (b  1803,  d.  1857)  was 
an  eminent  naturalist,  and  ranks  with  Audubon  and  Wilson  in 
ornithology.  He  resided  for  some  years  in  the  United  States,  re- 
turning to  France,  1828.  Another  son  of  Lucien  was  prince  Pierre, 
(b.  1815.  In  1870  he  shot  Victor  Noir,  and  though  acquitted,  was 
obliged  for  a  time  to  leave  France,  owing  to  the  strong  feeling 
against  him;  d.  1881). 

4.  Marie  Anne  Elisa,  b.  3  Jan.  1777,  married  Felix  Bacciochi, 
1797;  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  she  lived  at  Santo  Andrea,  near 
Trieste,  where  she  died,  1820. 

5.  Louis,  b.  2  Sept.  1778;  king  of  Holland,  1806;  d.  15  July,  1846. 
Married  in  1802  Hortense  Beauharuais  (daughter  of  empress  Jo- 
sephine) ;  had  3  sons  :  1  Najwleon  Louis  (b.  1803,  d.  1807) ;  2. 
Louis  Napoleon  (b.  1804,  d.  1831) ;  and 

3.  Charles  Louis  Napoleon,  b.  20  Apr.  1808 ;  educated  under  his 
mother  at  Arenberg,  Switzerland,  and  at  Thun,  under  gen. 
Dufour. 
Shared  in  Carbonari  insurrection  in  Papal  states.  ..Mch.  1831 

Attempted  a  revolt  at  Strasburg 30  Oct.  1836 

Sent  to  America 13  Nov.     " 


BON 


111 


BOO 


Jlepairs  to  London 14  Oct.  1838 

Lands  at  Boulogne  with  50  followers 6  Aug.  1840 

Condemned  to  imprisonment  for  life 6  Oct.      " 

Escapes  from  Ham 25  May,  1846 

Arrives  at  Boulogne 2  Mch.  1848 

Elected   deputy,  8   June,  and   takes   his  seat,  27  Aug.     " 

(France,  1848-71) ;  d.  at  Chislehurst 9  Jan.  1873 

Son :  Napoleon  Eugene  Louis  Jean  Joseph,  b.  16  Mch. 
1856;    educated  at   Military   academy,  Woolwich; 

killed  in  Zululand 1  June,  1879 

«.  Marie  Pauline,  b.  1780;  married  gen.  Leclerc  and  went  to  San  Do- 
mingo, 1801,  but  returned  to  France  on  his  death  in  1802.  On  28 
Aug.  1803, she  married  Camillo,  prince  Borghese.  As  Napoleon's  fa- 
vorite sister,  she  wished  to  share  hise.xile  at  St.  Helena.  She  lived 
estranged  from  her  husband  nearly  until  her  death,  9  June,  1825. 
She  was  extremely  beautiful  and  her  statue  as  Venus  Victrix,  by 
Canova,  is  well  known. 
7.  Marie  Annonciade  Caroline,  b.  1782;  married  to  Murat,  1800; 
queen  of  Naples,  1808.  She  afterwards  resided  at  Trieste  with 
her  sister  Elisa.  In  1838  pensioned  by  the  French  government; 
d.  18  May,  1839. 
.S.  Jerome,  b.  15  Nov.  1784;  d.  24  June,  1860;  king  of  Westphalia, 
1  Dec.  1807-14,  married :  L  Elizabeth  Patterson,  in  America,  24 
Dec.  1803  (she  died,  aged  94,  4  Apr.  1879;  sou  Jerome,  born  at 
Camberwell,  London,  7  July,  1805;  married  Miss  Williams,  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.;  d.  1870;  his  children  — .lerome,  b.  1832,  graduate 
of  West  Point,  serves  U.  S.  army,  1854;  goes  to  France,  serves 
through  Crimean  war,  Algiers,  etc.  Charles  Joseph,  b.  9  June, 
1851;  graduate  Harvard  University,  1871;  lawyer  at  Baltimore). 
IL  Princess  Catherine  of  Wurtemberer.  12  Aug.  1807.  Governor 
-of  the  invalides,  184S;  and  marshal,  1850;  issue— 

Mathilde,  b.  27  May,  1820;  married  to  prince  A.Demidoffin  1841. 
Napoleon,  Joseph  Chaiies  Paul  Jerome,  b.  9  Sept.  1822;  d.  17  Mch. 
1891  (nicknamed  •'  Plon-Plon,"  from  his  own  habitual  exclama 
tion  in  the  Crimean  war — "  Du  Plomb !  du  Plomb !" — at  every 
sound  like  the  whizzing  of  a  bullet;  others  say  it  was  a  name 
he  gave  himself  when  young);  married  princess  Clothilde  of 
Savoy,  daughter  of  Victor  Emmanuel  of  Sardinia,  30  Jan. 
1859;  issue:  Victor,  b.  18  July,  1862;  Louis,  b.  1^  July,  1864; 
Marie,  b.  20  Dec.  1866;  after  the  death  of  the  Prince  Im- 
perial, 1879,  prince  Victor  separates  from  his  father,  and  is 
accepted  as  chief  of  the  Bonapartists;  his  father  publishes 
painful  correspondence.  June,  1884  ;  expelled  from  France, 
June,  1886;  disinherited,  Mch.  1891;  accepted  as  head  of  the 
family,  31  Mch.  1891. 

bondage.    Villanage. 

l>ones.  The  art  of  softening  bones  was  discovered  about 
1688,  and  they  are  made  into  handles  for  cutlery,  etc.  Bone- 
dust  has  been  used  as  a  fertilizer  since  Liebig's  researches  in 
1810. 

boneietting'  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  practised 
scientifically  until  1620.— Bell. 

Boniface,  the  nanae  of  9  popes ;  first,  418^22,  ninth, 
1390-1404.     PoPKS. 

Bonn,  a  town  on  the  Rhine  (the  Roman  Bonna),  in  the 
■electorate  of  Cologne ;  often  besieged ;  assigned  to  Prussia, 
1814.  The  academy  founded  by  the  elector  in  1777  ;  made  a 
university,  1784;  abolished  by  Napoleon;  re-established  and 
enlarged,  1818. 

bOOR§  (Anglo-Saxon,  boc ;  Ger.  Buck),  were  originally 
■made  of  boards,  or  the  inner  bark  of  trees ;  afterwards  of  skins 
and  parchment.  Papyrus,  an  indigenous  plant,  was  adopted 
in  Egypt  long  before  Herodotus.  Books  (i.  e.,  rolls  or  volumes), 
with  leaves  of  vellum  were  invented  by  Attains,  king  of  Per- 
gamus,  about  198  b.c.  The  MSS.  in  Herculaneum  are  papyrus 
Tolls,  charred  and  matted  together  by  fire,  about  9  in.  long,  and 
1,  2,  or  3  in.  in  diameter,  each  a  separate  treatise.  The  most 
Ancient  books  are  the  Pentateuch  of  Moses  and  the  poems  of 
Homer  and  Hesiod.  Wax  tablets  continued  in  use  in  Europe 
during  the  middle  ages  ;  the  oldest  specimen,  now  in  the  mu- 
seum at  Florence,  is  of  1301  a.d.  The  first  printed  books  were 
not  from  movable  types,  but  from  solid  carved  wooden  blocks, 
•and  consisted  of  a  few  leaves  only,  bearing  images  of  saints  or 
historical  pictures  with  a  few  explanatory  lines.  The  block 
was  wetted  with  a  thin  ink,  and  the  paper  then  laid  on  and 
rubbed  with  a  smooth  burnisher  till  an  impression  was  made. 
The  sheet  could  be  printed  only  on  one  side.  These  are  known 
AS  "Image"  or  "Block"  books,  and  form  a  distinct  group  in 
the  history  of  the  invention  of  printing.  The  best  known  of 
the  earlier  block-books  are,  "Ars  Moriendi "  Biblia  Pau- 
PEKUM,  "Apocalypse,"  and  the  "Canticum  Canticorum ;"  the 
first  and  third  (ierman,  the  second  and  fourth  Dutch.  The  lat- 
est block-book  of  any  size,  the  "  Figure  del  Testaraento  Vec- 
«hio,"  was  printed  at  Venice,  1510.  But  the  "  Speculum  Hu- 
manae  Salvationis  "  is  the  most  perfect  in  design  and  execution. 
It  was  translated  into  German,  Flemish,  and  other  languages, 
;and  often  reprinted,  1440-50,    The  "Letters  of  Indulgence"  of 


pope  Nicholas  V.,  printed  1454,  fix  tlie  earliest  period  of  the  im- 
pression of  metal  types  with  a  date  subjoined. — Dibdin.  Prob- 
ably the  first  book  printed  from  movable  types  was  the  undated 
edilioprinceps  of  the  Bible  (called  the  "  Mazarin  Bible,"  from 
a  copy  found  in  the  cardinal's  library).  It  is  usually  ascribed 
to  a  date  between  1450  and  1455.  It  is  in  2  volumes  of  324  and 
317  pages,  each  page  double  columns,  42  lines  to  column,  char- 
acters Gothic,  large  and  handsome,  resembling  manuscript.  No 
fewer  than  20  copies  are  known.  Before  the  discovery  of  this 
Bible,  the  Bamberg  Bible  of  Pfister,  36  lines  to  the  page,  gen- 
erally passed  for  the  first.  The  first  printed  book  with  date  is 
the  "  Psalter"  of  Faust  and  Schoffer,  printed  at  Mentz,  1457. 
Titles  of  chapters  were  first  used  in  the  "  Epistles  of  Cicero," 
1470.  The  Gothic  characters,  which  were  at  first  uniformly  used, 
were  supplanted  in  1467  by  the  Roman  type,  which  was  first 
used  in  England  by  Richard  Pynson,  1509.  Hallam  asserts  that 
the  price  of  books  was  reduced  four-fifths  by  the  invention  of 
printing.  Jerome  (who  d.  420)  says  that  he  ruined  himself  by 
buying  the  works  of  Origen.  From  a  letter  of  Andreas,  bishop 
of  Aleria,  to  the  pope,  it  would  seem  that  100  golden  crowns 
was  the  maximum  demanded  for  a  valuable  MS.,  and  the  first 
printed  books  were  sold  for  about  4  golden  crowns  a  volume. 
Much  of  the  value  of  editions  of  the  15th  century  arises  from 
the  limited  number  of  impressions.  They  were  seldom  more 
than  300.  At  the  sale ofthe  McCarthy  library,  the  "Psalter  "of 
Faust  and  Schoffer,  on  vellum,  was  bought  by  Louis  XVIII.  for 
12,000  francs.  The  Naples  edition  of  "Horace,"  of  1474,  is  called 
by  Dibdin  the  "  rarest  classical  volume  in  the  world,"  and  it 
was  chiefly  to  possess  this  book  that  earl  Spencer  bought  the 
famous  library  of  the  duke  of  Cassano.  At  the  sale  of  the  duke 
of  Roxburghe's  library,  17  June,  1812,  a  copy  ofthe  first  edition 
of  Boccaccio's  Decamerone  (that  of  Valdarfer,  1471)  fell  to  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  after  a  spirited  competition  with  earl 
Spencer,  for  2260/.  (about  fl  1,300).  At  the  sale  of  the  Perkins 
library,  6  June,  1873,  a  copy  of  the  Mazarin  Hible  (see  above) 
on  vellum  sold  for  3400/. ;  one  on  paper  sold  for  2690/.  A 
copy  belonging  to  sir  John  Thorold,  of  Syston-park,  sold  for 
3900/.,  13  Dec.  1884 ;  a  copy  belonging  to  the  earl  of  Crawford, 
sold  for  2650/.,  15  June,  1887;  lord  Hopetoun's  copy  sold  for 
2000/.,  25  Feb.  1889 ;  sir  John  Thorold's  copy  of  the  "  Book  of 
Psalms"  (by  Faust  and  Schoffer,  1457),  on  vellum,  sold  for 
4950/.,  19  Dec.  1884  (formerly  sold  for  136/.).  At  the  duke  of 
Marlborough's  sale,  1881,  a  Bible  of  1462  sold  for  1600/. 

TITLES  OF  THE  EARLIEST  BOOKS  OF   CAXTON  AND   WYNKYN 
DE  Vi'ORDE. 

The  Game  and  Plate  of  the  Chesse.  Translated  out  ofthe  Frenche 
and  emprynted  by  me  William  Caxton.  Fynysshid  the  last  day  of 
Marche  the  yer  of  our  Lord  God  a  thousand  foure  hondred  and 
Ixxiiij.     (Probably  printed  at  Cologne.) 

[A  fac-simile  was  printed  by  Vincent  Figgins  in  1859.] 

The  Dictes  and  Wise  Sayings  of  the  Philosophers  is  said  to  be 
the  first  book  printed  by  Caxton  in  England,  1477.  (Fac-simile 
published  by  Elliot  Stock,  1877.) 

The  Boke  of  Tulle  of  Olde  Age  Emprynted  by  me  simple  per- 
sone  William  Caxton  into  Englysshe  as  the  playsir  solace  and 
reverence  of  men  grouing  in  to  old  age  the  xij  day  of  August  the 
yere  of  our  Lord  M.  cccc.  Ixxxj. — Herbert. 

The  Polycronycon  conteyning  the  Berynges  and  Dedes  of  many 
Tymes  in  eyght  Bokes.  Imprinted  by  William  Caxton  after  having 
someivhat  chaunged  the  rude  and  olde  Englysshe,  that  is  to  wete 
[to  wit]  certayn  Words  which  in  these  Dayes  be  neither  vsyd  ne 
understanden.  Ended  the  second  day  of  Jvyll  at  Westmestre  the 
xxij  yere  of  the  Regne  of  Kynge  Edward  the  fourth,  and  of  the 
Incarnacion  of  owe  Lord  a  Thousand  four  hondi-ed  four  Score  and 
Tweyne  [US2].—Dibdin's  "  Typ.  Ant." 

The  Cronicles  of  Englond  Empnted  by  me  Wyllyam  Caxton  thabbey 
of  Westmynstre  by  london  the  v  day  ofJuyn  the  yere  of  thincama- 
cion  of  our  lord  god  m.  cccc.  lxxx. 

Polycronycon.  Ended  the  thyrtenth  daye  of  Apryll  the  tenth  yere  of 
the  reyne  ofkinge  Harry  the  seuenthAnd  ofthe  Jncarnacyon  of  our 
lord    MCCCCLXxxxv.      Emprynted    by    Wynkyn   The    worde   at 

The  Hylle  of  Perfection  emprynted  at  the  instance  of  the  reverend 
relygyous  fader  Tho.  Prior  ofthe  hous  of  St.  Ann,  the  order  of  the 
charterouse  Accomplysshe[d]  they  fynysshe[d]  att  Westmynster  the 
uiii  day  of  Janeuer  and  ere  of  our  lord  Thousande  cccc.  Lxxxxvir. 
And  in  the  xii  yere  of  kynge  Henry  the  vii  by  me  wynkyn  de 
worde. — Ames,  Herbert,  Dibdin. 

The  Descripcyon  of  Englonde  Walys  Scotland  and  Irlond  speaking 
of  the  Noblesse  and  Worthynesse  of  the  same  Fynysshed  and  em- 
prynted in  Flete  strete  m  the  syne  ofthe  Sonne  by  me  Wynkyn  de 
Worde  the  yere  of  our  lord  a  m  ccccc  and  ij.  mensis  Mayiis  [mense 
Mali].— Dtftdin's  "Typ.  Ant." 

The  Festyvall  or  Sermons  on  sondays  and  holidais  taken  out  ofUie 
golden  legend  enprynted  at  london  in  Flete- strete  at  y  sygne  of  y 
Sonne  by  wynkyn  de  worde.  In  the  yere  of  our  Lord  m.  ccccc.  viii. 
And  ended  the  xidaye  of  M aye.— Ames. 


BOO 

Thk  u)ri>*8  prayer,  f  As  printed  by  Caxton  in  1483.]  Father  our 
that  art  in  heav^ts,  hallowfd  be  thy  name:  thy  hingdome  come  to 
us  ;  thy  will  t>e  done  in  earth  as  is  in  heavei\ :  our  everp  day  bread 
give  us  to  day  ;  ami  forgive  us  oure  trespasses,  as  we  Jorgive  them 
that  trespass  against  us;  and  lead  us  not  in  to  temptation,  but 
deliver  iisfrom  all  evil  sin,  amen. — Lewises  "  Lifo  of  Caxton." 

A  Placard.  [As  printed  by  William  Caxton.]  If  it  plese  ony  man 
spirituel  or  temperel  to  bye  ony  pies  of  two  or  three  comemoracitis 
of  Salisburi  use  enprynted  after  tt£  forme  of  this  preset  lettre 
whiche  ben  wel  and  truly  correct,  latt  him  come  to  westmonesler  in 
to  the  almonestye  at  the  rted  pale  [red  pale]  and  he  shail  have  them 
good  there. — Dibilin^s  "Typ.  Ant." 

First  book  (Almanac)  printed  in  the  U.  S.  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  1639 

Bay  State  Psalm  book,  Cambridge,  Mass 1G40 

First  books  printed  in  the  U.  S.  {Stephen  Daye,  publisher). .  1639-49 
'*        "  "        "    "      "     (Samuel  Green,  publisher)..  1649-92 

[Thomas's  ''History  of  Printing  in  America,"  pub.  1810.] 

Blumenbach's  "Physiology  by  Eliotson,"  the  first  book  printed  by 
machinery,  1817.  The  machine  employed  was  Konig's,  one 
which  printed  both  sides  in  one  operation  at  the  rate  of  900  sheets 
an  hour. 

BiBuooRAPHT,  Libraries,  LaxKRATfRK,  XfA-NrscRiPTS,  Printing,  etc. 

Book-collect  or§.     Libraries. 

"  Book  of  the  Dead."  A  collection  of  prayers 
and  exorcisms  written  in  Egj'ptian  hieroglyphic  or  hieratic 
characters,  composed  for  the  benefit  of  the  pilgrim  soul  in  his 
journey  through  Amenti  (the  Egyptian  Hades).  Portions  of 
these  papyri  were  placed  with  the  mummy  in  his  tomb.  They 
are  said  to  form  fully  one  half  of  the  thousands  which  are  ex- 
tant. The  "  Book  of  the  Dead  "  is  dated  from  the  4th  dynasty, 
8733-3566  b.c.  Aft«r  much  toil  a  pure  text  with  illustrations 
was  published  by  M.  Edouard  Naville,  1886.  Translations  in 
several  European  langtiages  have  appeared.  A  fac-simile  of 
the  papyrus  of  Ani  in  the  British  museum  was  printed  in  1890. 

book-keeping.  The  system  by  double-entry,  called 
originally  Italian  book-keeping,  was  first  taught  in  the  course  of 
algebra  published  by  Luca  di  Borgo,  in  1495,  at  yenice.  John 
Growgne,  a  printer,  published  a  treatise  "  on  the  kepyng  of  the 
famouse  reconynge  .  .  .  Debitor  and  Creditor,"  I^ndon,  1543. 
This  is  the  earliest  English  work  on  book-keeping.  James 
Peele  published  his  "Book-keeping"  in  1569.  John  Mellis 
published  "A  Briefe  Instruction  and  Manner  how  to  Keepe 
Bookes  of  Accompts,"  in  1588.  Improved  systems  were  pub- 
lished by  Benjamin  Booth  in  1789  and  by  Edward  Thomas 
Jones  in  1821  and  1831. 

book-plate,  an  engraving  as  a  mark  of  ownership, 
often  elaborate.  The  earliest  book-plates  are  probably  Ger- 
man, of  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century.  Many  were  fine 
examples  of  wood-engraving.  Albert  Dlirer  designed  book- 
plates, some  earlier  than  1524.  It  is  said  that  one  of  the 
earliest  English  book-plates  is  that  of  cardinal  Wolsey,  about 
1525.  They  have  multiplied  in  later  years,  and  often  exhibit 
quaint  and  beautiful  designs. 

bOOk8eller§.  "The  trade  in  bookselling  seems," 
says  Hallam,  "to  have  been  established  at  Paris  and  Bologna 
in  the  12th  century ;  it  is  very  improbable  that  it  existed  in 
what  is  known  as  the  Dark  Ages.  Peter  of  Blois  mentions  a 
book  which  he  bought  of  a  public  dealer.  These  dealers  were 
denominated  stadonarii,  perhaps  from  their  practice  of  having 
booths  or  stalls  at  the  corners  of  streets  and  in  markets."  The 
modern  system  of  bookselling  arose  soon  after  the  introduction 
of  printing.  The  earliest  printers  were  also  editors  and  book- 
sellers. Schoffer,  about  1469,  printed  a  catalogue  of  books  for 
sale  by  himself  or  agents.  It  was  printed  on  one  side  of  a 
sheet,  and  was  meant  to  be  posted  as  an  advertisement  in 
towns  visited ;  the  name  of  the  place  where  the  books  could 
be  obtained  being  written  at  the  bottom ;  there  were  21  books 
thus  advertised."  —  DuJ^,  "Early  Printed  Books."  Antony 
Koburger,  who  introduced  printing  into  Nuremberg  in  1470, 
was  more  a  bookseller  than  a  printer,  for  besides  his  own  16 
shops,  we  are  informed  by  his  biographers,  he  had  agents  for 
the  sale  of  his  books  in  every  city  in  Christendom.  Wynkyn 
de  Worde,  who  succeeded  the  Caxton  press  in  Westminster, 
had  a  shop  in  Fleet  street,  London. 

Ix>ndon  Company  of  Stationers  incorporated 1556 

Earliest  bookseller's  catalogue  is  said  to  be  that  published  by 

Andrew  Maunsell,  of  Lothbury,  dedicated  to  queen  Elizabeth,  1595 
"A  catalogue  of  the  most  vendible  books  in  England"  was 

publ. 


1658 

The  chief  publishers  in  London  formed  an  association  and  fixed 

the  discount,  29  Dec.  1829,  and  for  some  years  restricted  retail 

booksellers  from  selling  below  the  publishing  price.     A  dispute 

arose  as  to  the  right  of  the  retailers  to  sell  purchased  stock  at 


112  BOO 

such  less  profit  as  might  satisfy  them,  which  was  referred  to  lord 
chief  justice  Campbell,  at  Stratheden  house,  14  Apr.  18>Vi.  He  dc 
cided  against  the  association,  which  disbanded,  19  May  following. 

Booiieville,  Mo.,  Battle  of,  17  June,  1861.  Gov. 
Jackson  of  Missouri,  a  confederate  sympathizer,  had  abandoned 
Jefferson  City,  which  was  immediately  occupied  by  gen.  Lyon. 
Before  the  confederate  forces  could  concentrate  about  Booiie- 
ville, 50  miles  above  Jefferson  City,  Lyon  moved  upon  Booiie- 
ville, and  with  2000  men  defeated  Marmaduke,  who  offered 
little  resistance,  in  20  minutes.  This  compelled  the  confeder- 
ate detachments  to  move  to  the  southern  border  of  the  state. 

Boothia  Felix,  a  large  peninsula,  northwest  point 
of  America,  discovered  by  sir  John  Ross  in  1830,  named  after 
sir  Felix  Booth,  who  had  given  20,000/.  to  fit  out  his  polar 
expedition.     Sir  Felix  died  at  Brighton,  Feb.  1850. 

Booth's  conspiracy.  On  the  morning  of  16  Apr. 
1865,  the  whole  northern  United  States  was  appalled  by  the 
intelligence  of  the  assassination  of  president  Lincoln  the  pre- 
vious evening  (14  Apr.)  at  Ford's  theatre,  Washington,  by- 
John  Wilkes  BootJi ;  and  at  the  same  time  a  murderous  attack. 
was  made  upon  Mr.  Seward  by  another  assassin,  the  secretary 
then  lying  almost  helpless  from  injuries  received  by  the  up- 
setting of  his  carriage  a  few  days  previous.  It  soon  became- 
evident  that  the  head  of  the  conspiracy  to  assassinate  the  pres- 
ident, vice-president,  gen.  Grant,  and  the  secretary  of  state,, 
was  John  Wilkes  Booth,  aided  and  abetted  by  George  A.  Atze- 
rodt,  chosen  to  assassinate  vice-pres.  Johnson;  Lewis  Payne- 
(Powell),  chosen  to  assassinate  Mr.  Seward;  Michael  O'Laugh- 
lin,  chosen  to  assassinate  gen.  Grant;  David  E.  Herold,  John 
H.  Surratt,  his  mother,  Mary  E.  Surratt,  Edward  Span^der,, 
Samuel  Arnold,  and  Dr.  Samuel  A.  Mudd.  The  following  is  a. 
summary  of  the  events  connected  with  this  tragedy  : 
President  Lincoln's  messenger  engages  a  private  box  for  the 
evening  for  the  president,  his  wife,  and  gen.  and  Mrs.  Grant, 
to  witness  the  play  of  ''Our  American  Cousin,"  at   Ford's 

theatre morning,  14  Apr.  1865. 

Atzerodt  engages  a  room  at  the  Kirkwood  House,  where  vice- 
president  Johnson  lodges,  paying  in  advance  for  one  day, 

morning,  14  Apr.  " 
[Gen.  Grant  being  called  to  Philadelphia  on  business  by 
telegram,  president  Lincoln  takes  maj.  Rathbone  and  Miss 
Harris  into  the  presidential  party  in  place  of  gen.  and  Mrs. 
Grant,  and  they  arrive  at  the  theatre  about  9  p.m.] 
Booth  enters  the  president's  box  unnoticed  shortly  after  10 
o'clock,  and  immediately  shoots  the  president,  the  ball  pen- 
etrating his  skull  on  the  back  of  the  left  side  of  his  head 
and  lodging  behind  the  right  eye.  Maj.  Rathbone.  who  oc- 
cupied the  box  with  the  president,  attempting  to  seize  Booth, 
is  severely  wounded  with  a  dagger.  Booth  then  leajis  from 
the  box  to  the  stage;  in  so  doing  his  spur  catches  in  the 
drapery  (folds  of  the  American  flag),  causing  him  to  miss 
his  footing  and  stumble,  fracturing  his  left  leg;  cro.ssing  the 
stage  brandishing  his  dagger,  and  crying  "Sic  semper tyran- 
nis,"  he  escapes  on  a  horse  in  waiting  in  an  alley  in  the  rear 
of  the  theatre,  his  exit  made  easy  by  Spangler.  President 
Lincoln,  unconscious  from  the  moment  of  shooting,  dies  at 

about  half  past  7  a.m 15  Apr.     "' 

The  attempt  upon  the  life  of  Mr.  Seward  is  made  about  the 
same  time  by  Lewis  Payne  (Powell),  who  enters  the  sec- 
retary's house  in  the  guise  of  a  messenger  with  a  parcel 
from  his  physician,  Dr.  Verdi,  and  demands  a  personal  inter- 
view. Payne  succeeds  in  passing  the  porter  and  ascends 
the  stairs,  where  he  is  met  by  the  secretary's  son  Frederick, 
who  refuses  his  demand.  The  assassin  strikes  him  down 
with  his  pistol,  fracturing  his  skull.  He  then  rushes  into 
the  room  where  the  secretary  lies.  Serg.  George  F.  Robinson 
meets  him  at  the  door;  Payne  attacks  him  with  his  knife, 
and,  rushing  to  the  bed,  attempts  to  stab  the  secretary,  but 
only  succeeds  in  inflicting  several  serious  cuts  about  the 
face  and  neck,  when  he  is  seized  by  serg.  Robinson  and  maj. 
Augustus  Seward,  who  enters  from  an  adjoining  room.  After 
a  severe  struggle  Payne  escapes  to  the  street,  wounding  E. 
W.  Hansel,  a  nurse,  on  the  stairs,  as  he  passes  out.  A  horse 
is  in  waiting  at  the  door,  on  which  the  assassin  escapes. 
Booth  and  Herold  arrive  at  Surrattsville,  stopping  at  Lloyd's 

tavern,  about  midnight 14  Apr.     '*' 

Booth  and  Herold  reach  the  home  of  Dr.  Samuel  Mudd,  near 
Bryantown,  Md.,  about  30  miles  from  Washington,  about 
4  A.M.     Here  Booth  has  his  broken  leg  roughly  bandaged, 

and  remains  until  about  3  p.m 15  Apr.     " 

Samuel  Arnold  arrested  at  fortress  Monroe 17  Apr.     "■ 

Michael  O'Laughlin  arrested  in  Baltimore "         " 

Payne,  who  has  been  in  hiding  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city, 
returns  to  the  house  of  Mrs.  Surratt  in  the  guise  of  a  work- 
man seeking  a  job,  and  is  arrested  by  government  military 

police  then  in  charge  of  the  house midnight,  17  Ai)r.     «» 

Funeral  services  of  president  Lincoln  held  at  the  executive 

mansion  at  noon 19  Apr.     " 

Atzerodt  arrested. in  Montgomery  county,  Md.  ..'...".*'.  .20  Apr.     "- 

[Dr.  Mudd  placed  under  arrest  about  the  same  time.] 
Booth  and  Herold  are  hidden  in  the  pine  woods  near  Port 


BOO  113 

Tobacco  by  Thomas  Jones,  a  contraband  trader,  for  a  week. 
They  then  cross  the  Potomac,  go  to  Port  Conway,  cross  the 
Rappahannock,  and  take  shelter  in  a  barn  on  the  Garret  farm, 
3  miles  from  Port  Royal,  on  the  road  to  Bowling  Green,  24  Apr.  1865 

A  cavalry  squad  detailed  from  the  16th  New  York  regiment, 
commanded  by  lieut.  Dougherty  and  accompanied  by  E.  J. 
Conger  and  L.  B.  Baker,  detectives,  trace  Booth  to  his  hiding- 
place;  Herold  surrenders;  the  barn  is  fired,  and  Booth,  re- 
fusing to  surrender,  is  shot  in  the  head  by  serg.  Boston  Cor- 
bett,  about  2  a.m 26  Apr.     " 

Booth  dies  from  the  effects  of  his  wound  about  sunrise.  .26  Apr.     " 

Executive  order  for  trial  by  military  commission  of  the  alleged 
assassins  of  president  Lincoln,  issued 1  May,     " 

Military  commission  designated  as  follows:  maj.-gen.  David  H. 
Hunter,  president;  maj.-gen.  Lewis  Wallace;  brevet  maj.- 
gen.  August  V.  Kautz;  brig. -gen.  Albion  P.  Howe;  brig. -gen. 
Roberts.  Foster;  brevet  brig. -gen.  James  A.  Elkin  (appointed 
10  May);  brig.-gen.  T.  M.  Harris;  brevet  col.  C.  H.  Tompkins 
(appointed  10  May);  lieut. -col.  David  R.  Clendennin,  8th  HI. 

cavalry ;  brig.-gen.  Joseph  Holt,  judge  advocate 6  May,     " 

'  Trial  of  conspirators  begins 11  May,     " 

Trial  closes,  and  sentence  pronounced  by  the  commission  and 
confirmed  by  president  Johnson — Herold,  Atzerodt,  Payne, 
and  Mary  E.  Surratt  to  be  hanged;  O'Laughlin,  Arnold,  and 
Mudd  imprisoned  for  life;  and  Spangler  for  6  years  in  mili- 
tary prison  at  Dry  Tortugas 30  June,     " 

Herold,  Atzerodt,  Payne,  and  Mrs.  Surratt  hung  under  direction 
of  gen.  Hancock  in  the  yard  of  the  old  Capitol 7  July,     " 

John  H.  Surratt  seen  in  Washington,  14  Apr.  1865;  next  heard 
of  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  and  Montreal,  Can.,  18  Apr. ;  sails  on 
the  Peruvian  for  Liverpool,  16  Sept. ;  enlists  in  the  army  of 
the  pope  in  Italy,  Apr.  1866;  is  arrested,  but  escapes  to  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  where  he  is  apprehended,  and  brought  to  the 
U.  S.  on  the  U.  S.  man-of-war  Swatara.     His  trial  begins, 

10  June,  1867 

Hearing  of  evidence  in  the  Surratt  case  begins,  17  June;  con- 
cludes, 26  July;  argument  concluded,  7  Aug.,  and  the  jurj', 
failing  to  agree,  are  discharged 10  Aug.     " 

Surratt  released  from  custody 22  June,  1868 

A  second  indictment  is  afterwards  found  against  him,  and,  the 
district-attorney  entering  a  nolle  prosequi,  the  prisoner  is  set 
at  large 22  Sept.     " 

Dr.  Mudd  pardoned 11  Feb.  1869 

Arnold  and  Spangler  pardoned 1  Mch.     " 

bOOt§,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Carians,  were 
mentioned  by  Homer,  907  b.c.,  and  often  by  Roman  histo- 
rians. Many  forms  appear  in  Fairholt's  "  Costume  in  Eng- 
land." An  instrument  of  torture  formed  "  the  boot "  was  used 
in  Scotland  upon  the  Covenanters  about  1666. 

borax  (boron),  known  to  the  ancients,  used  in  solder- 
ing, brazing,  and  casting  gold  and  other  metals,  was  called 
chrysocolla.  Borax  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  Thibet,  and 
was  brought  to  Europe  from  India  about  1713.  Homberg,  in 
1702,  discovered  in  borax  boracic  acid,  which  was  decomposed, 
1808,  by  Gay-Lussac,  Thenard,  and  H.  Davy  into  oxygen  and 
the  new  element,  boron.  Borax  has  lately  been  found  in 
Saxony.  It  is  largely  manufactured  from  boracic  acid,  found 
by  Hoefer  in  gas  from  certain  lagoons  in  Tuscany,  which 
have  enriched  their  owner,  M.  Lardarel,  since  1818.  Its  pro- 
duction on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States  is  confined 
to  California  and  Nevada.  The  purest  crystallized  borax  is 
found  in  the  lakes  and  springs  of  Lake  county,  Cal.  10,000,000 
pounds  were  produced,  1887. 

Bordeaux,  W.  France,  the  Roman  Burdigalla,  in 
Aquitania,  was  taken  by  the  Goths,  412;  by  Clovis,  508.  It 
was  acquired  by  Henry  II.  of  England  on  his  marriage  with 
Eleanor  of  Aquitaine,  1151.  Edward  the  Black  Prince  brought 
John,  king  of  France,  captive  hither  after  the  battle  of  Poic- 
tiers,  19  Sept.  1356,  and  here  held  court  1 1  years ;  his  son, 
Richard  II.  of  England,  was  born  at  Bordeaux,  1366.  After 
several  changes  Bordeaux  surrendered  to  Charles  VII.  of 
France,  14  Oct.  1453.  An  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XV.  was 
erected  in  1743.  Bordeaux  was  entered  by  the  victorious 
British  after  the  battle  of  Orthes,  27  Feb.  1814.  13  vessels 
were  burned  and  others  injured  in  the  port  by  burning  petro- 
leum, 28  Sept.  1869.  The  French  delegate  government  re- 
moved here  from  Tours,  11  Dec.  1870.  M.  Gambetta  remained 
for  a  time  with  the  army  of  the  Loire.  The  "  pacte  de  Bor- 
deaux," among  parties  of  the  national  assembly,  made  M. 
Thiers  chief  of  the  executive,  17  Feb.  1871.  The"  French  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  Science  held  its  first  meet- 
ing here,  5  Sept.  1872 ;  M.  Quatrefages,  president. 

Borgne  lake,  La.,  naval  battle  on.  Here,  14  Dec. 
1814,  the  British  with  about  60  barges  and  1200  men  under 
capt.  Lockyer,  defeated  5  American  gunboats  with  182  men  un- 
der lieut.  Thomas  A.  C.  Jones.  The  British,  losing  about  300 
men,  gained  control  of  the  lake. 


BOS 

Borneo,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  disputes  with  Nkw  Guin- 
ea the  title  of  the  largest  island  in  the  world.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese  about  1618.  It  extends  more  than 
800  miles  from  north  to  south,  is  more  than  600  miles  wide,  and 
contains  about  289,000  sq.  miles. 
Dutch  trade  here  in  1604;  establish  factories,  1609;  abandon 

them,  1623 ;  re-establish  them ,  1775 

Sarawak  settled  by  sir  James  Brooke;  appointed  rajah 1841 

Pirates  of  Borneo  chastised  by  British,  1813;  by  capt.  Keppel', 

By  treaty  with  the  sultan,  negotiated  by  sir  James  Brooke  the 
island  of  Labooan,  or  Labuan  (northwest  of  Borneo),  and  its 
dependencies,  ceded  to  Great  Britain  and  formally  occupied 

in  presence  of  Bornean  chiefs 2  Dec    184ft 

James  Brooke,  rajah  of  Sarawak  (1846),  governor' of  Labuan 

and  consul-general  of  Borneo,  visits  England Oct   1847 

He  destroys  many  Bornean  pirates "'         1849^ 

Labuan  made  a  bishopric;  F.  J.  MacDougall  consecrated' bishop 
at  Calcutta,  the  first  English  bishop  consecrated  out  of  Eng- 
land. ....     18  Oct.  1855. 

Chmese  m  Sarawak  rise  and  massacre  Europeans;  sir  James 
Brooke  escapes  by  swimming;  returns  with  Malays,  etc.   and 

chastises  the  insurgents;  2000  are  killed 17,  ISFeb.  1857 

He  comes  to  England  for  help  from  government,  without  success  185» 

His  health  being  broken,  a  subscription  for  him  asked " 

Deputation  of  merchants  proposes  to  the  earl  of  Derby  the 

purchase  of  Sarawak,  which  is  declined 30  Nov.     " 

Sir  James  Brooke  returns  to  Borneo 20  Nov   1860 

Returns  to  England;  d ■.■.'.'n  June"  1868 

Rajah  of  Sarawak,  with  Malays  and  Dyaks,  suppresses  a  ma- 
rauding decapitating  tribe  of  Dyaks June,  1870 

Freedom  of  trade  in  the  archipelago  agreed  on  by  Great  Brit- 
ain, Germany,  and  Spain,  1877,  and  further  with  Spain 1884 

N.  Borneo,  with  Sarawak  and  Brunei,  constituted  a  British 

protectorate 1885- 

Governor  appointed !..!!!.!..!.*  1892 

Bornou,  an  extensive  kingdom  in  central  Africa,  ex- 
plored by  Denham  and  Clapperton  (sent  out  by  the  British 
government)  in  1822.  Population  estimated  by  Denham  at 
6,000,000,  by  Barth  at  9,000,000 ;   area,  62,000  sq.  miles. 

Borodino,  a  Russian  village  on  the  river  Moskwa,. 
near  which  one  of  the  most  sanguinary  battles  of  history  was 
fought,  7  Sept.  1812,  between  the  French  under  Napoleon, 
and  the  Russians  under  Kutusoff,  240,000  men  being  en- 
gaged. Loss  80,000.  Each  party  claimed  the  victory ;  but 
the  Russians  retreated,  leaving  Moscow,  which  the  French 
entered,  14  Sept. 

1>Oroi1g°ll  or  burgll,  anciently  a  company  of  ten 
families  living  together;  now  a  town  represented  in  Parlia- 
ment, since  the  election  of  burgesses  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  1265.  Charters  were  granted  to  towns  by  Henry  I.,  1132 ; 
which  were  remodelled  by  Charles  II.  in  1682-84,  but  restored 
in  1688.  22  new  English  boroughs  were  created  in  1553. 
Burgesses  first  admitted  into  Scottish  Parliament  by  Robert 
Bruce,  1326 ;  into  the  Irish,  1366.  Acts  to  amend  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  people  in  England  and  Wales  passed  7  June,, 
1832,  and  15  Aug.  1867;  and  the  act  for  the  regulation  of  mu- 
nicipal corporations,  9  Sept.  1835.  In  the  United  States 
borough  is  a  corporate  town,  not  a  city. —  Worcester, 

Borougll-bridg^e,  W.  R.  of  York,  Engl.  Here  Ed- 
ward II.  defeated  the  earls  of  Hereford  and  Lancaster,  16  Mch, 
1322.  Lancaster  was  mounted  on  a  lean  horse,  led  to  an  em- 
inence near  Pontefract,  and  beheaded. 

Bo§eobel,  near  Donington,  Shropshire,  Engl.  Charles 
II.  (after  his  defeat  at  Worcester,  3  Sept.  1651),  tlisguised  in  the 
clothes  of  the  Pendrills,  remained  from  4  to  6  Sept.  at  White 
Ladies ;  on  7  and  8  Sept.  he  lay  at  Boscobel  house,  near  an  oak, 
said  to  be  the  scion  of  the  royal  oak  in  which  the  king  was 
part  of  the  time  hidden  with  col.  Careless. — Sharpe.  The 
"Boscobel  Tracts"  were  published  in  1660.  In  1861  Mr.  F. 
Manning  published  "  Views,"  illustrating  them.  W.  H.  Ains- 
worth's  "  Boscobel,"  an  historical  novel,  publ.  1872. 

Bosnia,  in  European  Turkey,  formerly  part  of  Panno- 
nia,  was  governed  by  chiefs  till  a  brother-in-law  of  Louis, 
king  of  Hungary,  was  made  king,  1376.  He  was  defeated  by 
the  Turks  in  1389,  and  became  their  vassal.  Bosnia  was  in- 
corporated  with  Turkey  in  1463.  Many  efforts  have  been 
made  by  the  Bosnians  to  recover  their  independence.  A  re- 
bellion, begun  in  1849,  was  quelled  by  Omar  Pacha  in  1851. 
The  Bosnians  joined  the  insurgents  in  Herzegovina,  Sept. 
1875 ;  revolt  was  subdued,  Aug.  1877.  Pop.,  1889,  1,504,091. 
About  100,000  Bosnian  fugitives  said  to  be  in  Austrian  territo- 
ries.....  July-  1878 


BOS 


114 


BOS 


Proclamation  of  the  emperor  before  entering  Bosnia  (in  pur- 
suance of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July) 27  July,  1878 

Advance  of  Austrians",  'Id  July,  resisted  by  Bosnian  bogs,  aided 

by  Turks. 4-C  Aug.  " 

Bosnians  defeated  Iwtween  Zej)ce  and  Maglai 7,  8  Aug.  " 

Austrians  occupy  Travnik,  the  old  capital,  11  Aug. ;  repulsed, 

16  Aug.  " 
Victories  of  rhilippovich  at  Han  Belalovich,  16  Aug. ;  of  Teg- 

ethoff. 18  Aug.  " 

Ser^evo,  the  capital,  bombarded  and  taken  by  storm,  19  Aug. ; 

other  successes 30  Aug.,  5  Sept.  " 

Fortress  Trebinje  voluntarily  surrenders 7  Sept.  " 

Behacs  firmly  resists,  10  Sept. ;  taken 19  Sept.  *' 

Seukovics,  a  fortress,  with  arms  and  ammunition,  taken. 

•21  Sept.  " 

Zwornik,  a  stronghold,  surrenders. about  25  Sept.  " 

I.ivno  bombarded  and  taken 28  Sept.  " 

Other  places  surrender about  12  Oct.  " 

Resistance  ended ;  general  amnesty  issued about  9  Nov.  " 

Austrian  loss  estimated  5000  killed,  wounded,  missing Nov.  " 

•Country  adopted  gradual  political  reforms Jan.  1880 

Bo§'porU8  (improperly  Bosphorus),  Thraciaii,  now 
strait  of  Constantinople,  connecting  the  Black  sea  with  the 
sea  of  Marmora,  is  about  16  miles  in  length,  and  varies  from  2 
miles  to  550  yards  in  width.  Darius  Hystaspes  crossed  it  on 
41  bridge  of  boats  to  invade  Greece,  493  b.o. 

Bo§porus,  now  Circa§§ia,  near  the  Bosporus  Cim- 
anerius,  now  the  strait  of  Kertch  or  Yenikale,  connecting  the 
Black  sea  with  the  sea  of  Azof  or  Azov.  It  was  named  Cim- 
merian, from  the  Cimmerii  who  dwelt  on  its  borders  about 
750  B.C.  It  is  spoken  of  by  Herodotus,  is  conquered  by  the 
Scythians,  285  b-C,  by  Mithridates-VI.  of  Pontus,  80  b.c.,  and 
■comes  under  Roman  influence,  47  b.c. 

BOiton,  the  principal  city  of  New  England,  and  capital 
of  Massachusetts,  lies  at  the  head  of  Massachusetts  bay,  on 
peninsula  called  "Shawmut"  by  the  Indians,  meaning  "liv- 
ing fountains."  It  was  first  named  Trimontaine  by  the  Eng- 
lish, but  soon  afterwards  Boston,  in  compliment  to  Mr.  Isaac 
Johnson,  from  Boston,  Engl.,  one  of  the  principal  promoters 
of  the  colonv.  Pop.  1790, 18,038 ;  1800,  24,937 ;  1810, 33,250; 
1820,43,298';  1830,61,392;  1840,93,383;  1850,136,881;  1860, 
177,840;  1870,250,526;  1880,362,839;  1890,448,477.  By  this 
census  it  stands  the  6th  city  in  the  U.  S.  in  point  of  popula- 
tion. Present  area,  37  sq.  miles.  Lat.  42°  21'  28"  N.,  Ion.  71° 
04' W. 

First  settlement  at  Boston  dates  from 17  Mch.  1630 

First  vessel.  Blessing  Vie  Bay,  launched 4  July,  1632 

Hade  the  capital  of  the  Massachusetts  colony «' 

First  meeting-house  built  in  Boston  on  south  side  of  State  st., 

Aug.     " 

Castle  island  fortified 1633 

[These  works   subsequently  rebuilt   and   named    Castle 

William,  in  honor  of  William  III.     Site  now  occupied  by 

fort  Independence.] 

Boston  Commons,  48  acres  set  apart  for  public  use 1634 

First  Latin  school  established  on  part  of  the  ground  on  School 

St.,  afterwards  occupied  by  King's  chapel 1635 

First  military  company  formed  (now  known  as  the  "Ancient 

and  Honorable  Artillery  Company  of  Boston  ") 1638 

Vost-oflice  established  at  the  house  of  Richard  Fairbanks  for 

"all  letters  which  are  brought  from  beyond  the  seas  or  are 

to  be  sent  thither  " 1639 

First  printing-press  at  Cambridge,  Stephen  Daye,  printer " 

First  printing  done  in  the  colonies,  "Freeman's  Oath  "  and  an 

almanac  for  New  England  (liooKS,  Massachusetts,  Pkinting),     " 

Ship  Trial  built;  makes  a  voyage  to  Spain 1644 

First  mint  established,  "pine-tree  shilling  "  coined  (Coinage),  1651 

Water  company  incorporated 1652 

First  town-house  erected;  built  on  pillars,  the  space  under- 
neath used  as  a  market 1658 

'General  court  grants  Boston  1000  acres  for  the  support  of  free 

schools 1660 

First  local  Baptist  church  organized 1662 

Old  South  church,  foundation  laid 12  May,  1669 

[This  stood  until  1729,  when  the  present  brick  one  was 

erected  on  the  same  site.] 
Oldest  man  in  New  England,  Boniface  Burton,  dies  at  Boston, 

aged  113  years " 

Colonial  court  establish  a  post-office  in   Boston,  appointing 

John  Hey  ward  postmaster 1676 

<Jreat  fire,  46  dwellings  burned,  including  North  meeting-house 

in  North  square 2  Niav.     " 

First  fire-engine  received  from  England 27  Jan.  1679 

Great  fire ;  88  dwellings,70  warehouses  destroyed ;  loss,  200,000Z. 

8,  9  Aug.     " 
Episcopalians  become   permanently  established   in   Boston; 

King's  chapel,  on  spot  occupied  by  the  tower  and  front  of 

the  second  chapel,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $1425;  first  meeting 

held,  30  June.  1087;  building  completed *. .  June,  1689 

First  brick  meeting-house,  built  by  the  Quakers  on  Brattle  St., 

afterwards  the  site  of  the  Quincy  house 1697 

Severe  winter;  Massachusetts  bay  frozen  over " 


Boston  News  Letter,  first  American  newspaper  pub. ;  James 
Campbell,  editor.  (Year  commenced  25  Mch.  up  to  1717.) 
First  regular  issue 24  Apr. 

Benjamin  Frauklln  born 17  Jan. 

First  public  sewer  act,  specifying  that  they  be  built  of  brick 
or  stone,  passed 

Extensive  fire  begins  in  William's  court;  nearly  100  buildings 
destroyed,  including  the  First  church 1  Oct. 

Act  passed  providing  for  a  board  of  10  fire-wardens,  1711;  ap- 
pointed  Feb. 

Old  Brick  church,  built  on  site  afterwards  occupied  by  the 
Joy  building,  and  later  by  the  Rogers  building  on  Washington 
St.,  opposite  head  of  State;  first  occupied 3  May, 

Library  ol  rev.  Ebenezer  Perabcrton  sold  at  auction;  the  first 
of  such  sales 

Thomas  Fleet  publishes  "Mother  Goose's  Melodies"  (Massa- 
chusetts, 1715) 

Boston  Chuette  first  pub.,  William  Brookes,  editor 21  Dec. 

Five  printing-i)re.sses  running  in  Boston 

Small-pox  first  appears  in  Boston,  very  severe  ;  inoculation 
opposed  (Massachusetts) 

New  England  Courant  first  pub.,  James  Franklin,  editor, 

17  Aug. 

Christ  church  (Episcopal)  erected 

[In  its  tower  was  placed  a  chime  of  bells,  each  bearing  a 
separate  inscription  ;  that  on  the  3d  bell  reads:  "  We  are  the 
first  ring  of  bells  cast  for  the  British  empire  in  North  Amer- 
ica A.  R.  1744."  From  its  tower  the  lantern  was  hung  out 
which  sped  Paul  Revere  on  his  "midnight  ride,"  18  Apr. 
1775.] 

First  Masonic  lodge  established  in  America July, 

First  market  opened 4  June, 

Corner  stone  of  Trinity  church,  erected  on  site  of  the  "Seven- 
Star  inn,"  cor.  Sumner  and  Hawley  sts.  (see  1877)  laid, 

15  Apr. 
Faneuil  hall,  called  the  "Cradle  of  Liberty, "-erected  by  Peter 

Faneuil  and  completed,  Sept.  1742.    First  town-meeting  held 

therein 14  Mch. 

[Building  destroyed  by  fire  in  1761  and  rebuilt.] 

Severe  riots  owing  to  the  acts  of  the  English  press-gang 

Old  State-house  erected  (still  standing) 

First  recorded  dramatic  entertainment,  Otway's  "The  Or- 
phans ;  or,  the  Unhappy  Marriage  " 

[This  was  almost  immediatel}'^  suppressed;  not  opened 
again  until  1794.] 

King's  chapel  rebuilt  and  opened  for  service 21  Aug. 

Great  earthquake 18  Nov. 

349  houses  burned ;  loss,  $500,000 20  Mch. 

Riots  in  opposition  to  the  stamp  act  (Massachusetts) Aug. 

Boston  M assaork 5  Mch. 

Tea  thrown  overboard  in  the  Boston  harbor  (Massachusetts), 

16  Dec. 
Passing  of  the  "  Boston  Port  bill  "  by  the  British  Parliament, 

7  Mch.  1774;  goes  into  effect  (Massachusetts) 1  June, 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill 17  June, 

Washington  takes  command  of  the  army  at  Cambridge. 2  July, 

Siege  of  Boston  commences " 

British  evacuate  the  city  and  retire  to  Halifax 17  Mch. 

Boston  Light,  first  established,  1715;  destroyed  by  the  British, 
1776;  light-house  erected 

Massachusetts  bank  established 

Charles  River  bridge,  1503  ft.  in  length,  42  in  width,  resting  on 
75  piers  and  with  a  30-foot  draw,  opened ...17  June, 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society  founded 

Union  bank  chartered 

Federal  Street  or  "  Boston  "  theatre,  on  northwest  cor.  Frank- 
lin and  Federal  sts.,  built  and  opened 3  Feb. 

[Burned  and  rebuilt,  1798.] 

Haymarket  theatre,  the  second  in  the  city,  on  Tremont  and 
Boy Iston  sts. ,  opened 26  Dec. 

First  Roman  Catholic  church  erected  in  Boston,  afterwards 
known  as  the  Franklin  St.  Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Cross,  dedi- 
cated  29  Sept. 

Samuel  Adams,  b.  27  Sept.  1722 ;  d 2  Oct. 

South  Boston  annexed  to  the  city 6  Mch. 

State  bank,  afterwards  State  National  bank,  established 

Beacon  hill  levelled 

First  daily  paper,  the  Advertiser,  started 

Handel  and  Haydn  Society  (musical)  organized  30  Mch.  1815, 
and  constitution  adopted 20  Apr. 

First  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  in  Boston  organized 26  Mch. 

Corner-stone  of  St.  Paul's  church,  Tremont  St.,  laid  4  Sept.  1819, 
and  church  consecrated 30  June, 

Massachusetts  General  hospital,  founded  1799,  incorporated 
1811,  and  opened  for  reception  of  patients 

English  High  school  opened May, 

City  incorporated,  John  Phillips  first  mayor;  pop.  about  47,000. 

23  Feb. 

Gas-works  erected  on  Copp's  hill 

Corner  stone  of  Bunker  Hill  monument  laid  (Bunker  Hill, 
Battle  of) 17  June, 

Boston  Athenaeum  founded,  1804;  first  public  exhibition 

Corner-stone  of  Tremont  house  laid 4  July, 

[Hotel  opened,  Oct.  1829.] 

Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  organized 17  Mch. 

200th  anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  Boston  celebrated,  and 
city  government  removed  from  Faneuil  hall  to  the  Old  State- 
house  17  Sept. 

Noddle's  island,  now  East  Boston,  annexed  (settlement  begun 
3  years  later) 

Pasturing  of  cows  on  the  Commons  forbidden  by  law 


1704 
1706 

1709 

1711 

1712 

1713 
1717 
1719 

1721 
1723 


1733 
1734 


1743 


1747 
1748 


1750 


1754 
1755 
1760 
1765 
1770 

1773 

1774 

1775 


1783 
1784 

1786 
1791 
1792 

1794 


1796 


1804 
1811 


1815 
1820 


1821 


1825 
1826 
1828 


1834 


1835 


183T 

1840 


1844 
1846 


1847 
1848 


1849 


1850 
1851 


BOS  115 

llount  Auburn  cemetery,  Cambridge,  formally  dedicated.  .Sept.  1831 

First  number  of  the  Boston  Post  issued 9  Nov.     " 

Perkins  Institute  and  Masssachusetts  School  for  the  Blind, 
South  Boston,  incorporated,  2  May,  1829;   opened,  with  6 

blind  pupils,  under  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe 1832 

[Laura  Bridgman  was  educated  here.] 
Frederic  Tudor  ships  his  first  cargo  of  ice  to  Martinique,  1805-6; 
to  Charleston,  S.C.,  1817;  aud  begins  export  trade  in  ice  to 

Calcutta,  India May,  1833 

Morning  Journal  established " 

First  locomotive  set  in  motion  in  Massachusetts  on  the  Bos- 
ton and  Worcester  railroad,  4  Apr.  1834;  and  first  excur- 
sion train  runs  to  Davis's  tavern,  in  Newton,  7  Apr.  First 
regular  trains  begin  running  from  depot  in  Indiana  place, 

between  Washington  and  Tremont  sts 16  May, 

■City  streets  first  lighted  with  gas 

.^tock- exchange  organized 13  Oct. 

American  house  opened  (rebuilt  1851) 

"William  Lloyd  Garrison  mobbed  (Slavery) 21  Oct. 

Broad  Street  not  between  fire  companies  and  Irish. .  .11  June, 

Britannia,  first  Cunarder,  enters  Boston  harbor 20  July, 

Boston  harbor  frozen;  the  Britannia  sent  to  sea  through  a 
canal  7  miles  long,  100  ft.  wide,  cut  through  ice  2  ft.  thick, 

3  Feb. 

Boston  Daily  Herald  first  issued 31  Aug. 

Howard  Athenaeum,  on  Howard  St.,  previously  known  as  Mil- 
ler's Tabernacle,  and  occupied  l)y  the  Millerites,  opened  as  a 
theatre,  13  Oct.  1845.  Building  burned,  25  Feb.  1846;  re- 
built and  reoccupied 25  Oct. 

Boston  museum,  Tremont  St.,  first  opened,  June,  1841;  new 

building  erected  and  opened. 2  Nov. 

Hevere  house  built.  -. 

Forest  Hills  cemetery  opened 

Water  introduced  from  lake  Cochituate,  20  miles  west,  contain- 
ing 650  acres 25  Oct. 

•Cholera  visits  the  city;  out  of  a  population  of  130,000,  5080  die, 
Athenseum  building,  E.  S.  Cabot,  architect;  corner-stone  laid, 

1847 ;  completed  at  a  cost  of  $200,000 

Warren  Manufacturing  Company  (Edward  Howard  and  others) 
begin  the  manufacture  of  watches  at  Roxbury ;  first  made  in 

America 

Woodlawn  cemetery  opened 

Sims,  the  negro,  se'ized  and  returned  to  the  South  as  a  sla\(3 

(Mass.\chusetts,  Slavery) " 

Boston  Young  Men's  Christian  Union  instituted  " 

Completion  of  railroad  lines  connecting  the  city  with  Canada 

and  the  great  lakes  celebrated 17-19  Sept.     " 

Telegraphic  fire-alarm  introduced " 

Boston  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  organized Dec.     " 

Mount  Hope  cemetery  consecrated 24  June,  1852 

Boston  Public  library  incorporated  (540,000  vols.  1891) " 

Somerset  club  organized " 

Boston  Normal  school  opened " 

Boston  Music  hall  dedicated 20  Nov.     " 

Daily  Globe  established 1853 

Antislavery  riot  in  Court  square  (Trials) 26  May,  1854 

•Old  "  watch,"  which  had  existed  since  1631,  abolished,  and  po- 
lice department  established;  250  men  under  chief  of  police, 

2  deputies,  and  8  captains 26  May,     " 

First  steam  fire  engine  introduced " 

Boston  Art  club  organized " 

Boston  theatre  opened 11  Sept.      " 

JNew  city  charter  adopted 15  Nov.     " 

Washington  Village  anne.\ed 1855 

Parker  house  established "■ 

First  street  railroad  chartered,  21  May,  1853  (the  Metropolitan). 
Street  railroad  lines  opened  to  Cambridge  and  Roxbury,  1856, 

and  Dorchester  Ave.  line  opened Oct. 

Clearing-house  established 

Atlantic  Monthly  established ;  Ticknor  &  Fields,  publishers 

•Uniforming  of  city  police  begun 

Jron  bo.xes  placed  in  ditferent  sections  of  the  city  for  deposit 
of  prepaid  letters,  to  be  collected  by  carriers;  system  goes 

into  operation 2  Aug. 

Public  garden,  24)^  acres,  formerly  a  part  of  the  Commons, 

and  site  of  Botanic  garden,  1837;  established 

Webster  statue  in  the  State-house  grounds  unveiled.. 17  Sept 

Boston  college  dedicated " 

Corner-stone  of  new  city-hall  laid 22  Dec. 

Union  club  established .    9  Apr.  1863 

Draft  riot  in  the  North  End,  instigated  and  led  at  first  by 

women 14  July,     " 

City  hospital  at  South  End  dedicated 24  Maj%  1S64 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  incorporated  1861,  and 

School  of  Industrial  Science  opened 1865 

Corner-stone  of  Horticultural  Hall  building  in  Tremont  st.laid, 

18  Aug.  1864,  and  building  dedicated 16  Sept.      " 

New  city-hall  in  School  st.  begun,  1862,  and  occupied.  .18  Sept.     " 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  established,  1866,  incor- 
porated   1867 

Corner-stone  of  the  Masonic  temple,  cor.  Tremont  and  Boyl- 

ston  sts.,  laid 22  June,     " 

New  England  Conservatory  of  Music,  the  largest  school  of  mu- 
sic and  associate  art  in  the  world,,  established " 

Everett  statue  erected Nov.     " 

Town  and  city  of  Roxbury,  30,000  inhabitants,  annexed. .  .Jan.  1868 
Ether  monument,  on  northwest  cor.  of  Public  garden, dedicated, 

2TJune,     " 

New  England  Woman's  club  organized " 

Grand  Musical  Peace  Jubilee;  concert  of  10,371  voices  and 
1094  instruments,  with  anvils,  bells,  etc.,  begun. ..  15  June,  1869 


1856 
1857 


1858 
1859 


1860 
1862 


BOS 

Colossal  equestrian  bronze  statue  of  Washington  in  the  Public 

garden,  unveiled 3  July,  1869 

Horace  Mann  School  for  the  Deaf  opened " 

Dorchester  annexed Jan.  1870 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts  founded " 

Boston  University  founded,  1869  (in   theology,  Methodist;  in 

medicine,  homoeopathic) ;  opened 1871 

International  Peace  Jubilee;  chorus,  20.000  voices;  orchestra 
1000,  with  military  bands  and  other  performers  from  difler- 
ent  nations;  a  day  allotted  to  each  nation. .  .17  June-4  July,  1872 
Great  fire  in  Boston,  about  80  acres  burned  over;  loss  esti- 
mated at  between  75  and  80  million  dollars 9-11  Nov.    " 

Boylston  club  (vocal  music)  organized May,  1873 

Massachusetts  Normal  Art  school  established " 

Apollo  club  organized,  1871;  incorporated " 

City  of  Charlestown  and  towns  of  Brighton  and  West  Roxbury 

annexed Jan.  1874 

Hotel  Brunswick  built  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $1,000,000 " 

New  "Old  South  church,"  built  at  cost  of  $500,000 1874-75 

Celebration  of  the  100th  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Bunker 

Hill 16, 17  June,  1875 

Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Cross;  corner-stone  laid,  25  June,  1866; 

dedicated 8  Dec.     " 

Great  elm  on  Boston  Commons  blown  down 15  Feb.  1876 

Massachusetts  homoeopathic  hospital,  chartered,  1855  ;   new 

building  opened  for  patients May,     " 

Museum   of  Fine  Arts,  St.  James  ave.  and   Dartmouth  St., 

founded,  1870;  first  portion  opened " 

System  of  public  parks  established,  Apr.  1876,  and  Back  bay 

park  project  adopted 1877 

Trinity  church  (Episcopal),  at  intersection  of  Huntington  ave. 
and  Boylston  and  Clarendon  sts..  Back-bay  district,  the 
finest  Protestant  church  edifice  in  America,  erected  at  a  cost 

of  $750,000;  consecrated 9  Feb.     " 

Prof  A.  Graham  Bell  telephones  from  Salem  to  his  laboratory 

in  Exeter  place,  off  Chauncey  street ....13  Feb.     " 

Army  and  Navy  monument  on  the  Commons, corner-stone  laid, 

18  Sept.  1871 ;  dedicated 17  Sept.     " 

Marcella  Street  Home  opened " 

Cecilia  club  (vocal  music)  established " 

Produce  exchange  organized " 

Daily  Evening  Record  established 1878 

Park  theatre  opened 14  Apr.  1879 

Erection  of  People's  church  begun " 

Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  incorporated  1831;  cele- 
brates its  semi-centennial 28  Apr.  1880 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  founded  1780,  cele- 
brates its  centennial May,     " 

Scollay  square  lighted  by  electricity " 

[Boston  English  High  and  Latin  school  building,  began, 
1877;  finished,  1880;  cost  $750,000  (the  largest  building  in 
the  world  used  as  a  free  public  school).  ] 

St.  Botolph  club  organized " 

250th  anniversaryof  the  settlement  of  Boston  celebrated,17Sept.     " 

National  Law  and  Order  league  organized 22  Feb.  1882 

St.  James  hotel  purchased  for  the  use  of  the  New  England 

Conservatory  of  Music " 

Foreign  exhibition  opened 3  Sept.  1883 

Wendell  Phillips,  b.  1811 ;  d 2  Feb.  1884 

Algonquin  club  organized 1885 

Statue  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison  (by  Olin  L.  Warner)  un- 
veiled in  Commonwealth  ave 1886 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  b.  1807 ;  d 21  Nov.     ' ' 

William  Warren,  the  actor,  dies 21  Sept.  1888 

Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  presents  his  medical  library  to  the 

Boston  Medical  Library  association Jan.  1889 

Electric  street  railway  first  introduced " 

Maritime  exhibition  opened 4  Nov.     " 

Great  fire,  loss  estimated  at  $5,000,000 28  Nov.     " 

First  annual  convention  of  letter-carriers  of  the  U.  S.  held 

(100  delegates) 13  Aug.  1890 

Centennial  celebration  of  Methodism  in  New  England  begins, 

21  Oct.     " 
Centennial  celebration  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 

24  Jan.  1891 
First  world's  convention  ofthe  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 

■    Union  opened 10  Nov.     " 

Corner-stone  of  State-house  on  Beacon  hill,  laid  4  July,  1795; 
occupied,  1798  ;   extension  much  larger  than  the  original 

building  added 1888-92 

Phillips  Brooks,  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  diocese  of 

Massachusetts,  dies 23  Jan.  1893 

Great  fire,  loss  estimated  at  $4,500,000 10  Mch.     " 

Statue  of  Columbus  unveiled " 

Public  library  building,  Copley  square,  facing  Public  gardens; 
frontage  on  Dartmouth  st.  225  ft.,  on  St.  James  ave.  229  ft., 
69  ft.  high.  Final  plans  drawn  1888;  completed  at  a  cost  of 
over  $2,000,000 1894 


John  Phillips 1822 

Josiah  Quincy 1823 

Harrison  Gray  Otis 1829 

Charles  Wells 1832 

Theodore  Lyman,  jr 1834 

SamuelT.  Armstrong 1836 

Samuel  Atkins  Eliot 1837 

Jonatlian  Chapman 1840 

Martin  Brimmer 1843 

Thomas  A.  Davis 1845 

Josiah  Quincy,  jr 1846 


John  P.  Bigelow 1849 

Benjamin  Seaver 1852 

Jerome  V.  C.  Smith 1854 

Alexander  H.  Rice 1856 

Frederick  W.  Lincoln,  jr. .  1858 

Joseph  W.  Wightman 1861 

Frederick  W.  Lincoln 1863 

Otis  Norcross 1867 

Nathaniel  B.  Shurtleff 1868 

William  Gaston 1871 

Henry  L.  Pierce 1873 


BOS 


116 


BOU 


Albert  Palmer 1883 

Augustus  P.  Mnrtin 1884 

HughOBricn 1886 

Thomas  N.  Hart 1889 

Nathan  Matthews,  jr 1891 

Massachusetts, 


Samuel  C.  Cobb 1874 

Frederick  0.  Prince 1877 

Henry  L.  Pierce 1878 

Frederick  O.  Prince 1879 

Samuol  A.  Greene 1882 

B<»Htoii,  evacuation  of. 

1775-76. 

Boston  massacre.  Owinc;  to  the  unfriendly  at- 
titude of  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  and  especiall}'  of  Bos- 
ton, towards  the  British  government,  3  regiments  were  sent 
over  from  England  in  1768,  under  gen.  Gage,  to  suppress  dis- 
turbances. This  act,  together  with  the  presence  of  the  troops 
in  Boston,  was  a  source  of  constant  irritation  to  the  citizens,  so 
that  frequent  encounters  took  place  (Massachusktts,  1770), 
culminating  in  "the  Boston  Massacre"  on  the  evening  of  5 
Mch.  1770.  Several  hundred  citizens  had  engaged  in  a  disturb- 
ance, attacking  with  various  missiles  a  sentinel;  capt.  Preston, 
going  to  his  assistance  with  several  soldiers,  was  also  attacked, 
when,  without  orders,  the  soldiers  fired ;  3  of  the  populace  were 
killed  and  5  wounded.  The  crowd  retreated,  but  reassembled 
in  greater  numbers  as  the  bells  of  the  city  rang  out  an  alarm. 
Further  conflict  was  avoided  upon  gov.  Hutchinson's  assurance 
that  justice  would  be  rendered  in  the  morning.  Next  day  the 
people  demanded  the  immediate  withdrawal  of  the  troops,  and 
the  trial  of  capt.  Preston  and  his  men  for  murder.  These  de- 
mands were  complied  with.  The  troops  removed  to  Castle 
William  on  12  Mch.,  and  capt.  Preston  and  his  men  were  tried 
before  a  Boston  jury,  but,  being  ably  defended  by  John  Adams 
and  Josiah  Quincy,  were  acquitted,  except  2,  who  were  slightly 
punished.  The  anniversary  of  this  day  was  observed  until  the 
revolutionary  war  began,  and  the  incidents  of  the  day  were  the 
subject  of  oratory. 

Boston  Port  bill.  Massachusetts,  Mch.-June, 
1774. 

BosiVOrth  Field,  Leicestershire,  Engl.,  site  of  the 
13th  and  last  battle  between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lan- 
caster, 22  Aug.  1485,  when  Richard  IIL,  through  the  desertion 
of  sir  William  Stanley,  was  defeated  by  the  earl  of  Richmond 
(afterwards  Henry  VH.)  and  slain. 

botany.  Aristotle  is  considered  the  founder  of  the  sci- 
ence (about  347  b.c.).  "  Historia  Plantarum,"  of  Theophrastus, 
was  written  about  320  b.c.  Authors  on  botany  became  numer- 
ous at  the  close  of  the  15th  century.  FuchsiuS,  Bock,  Bauhin, 
Caesalpinus,  and  others  wrote  between  1535  and  1600.  The 
system  and  arrangement  of  the  great  Linnaeus  was  made  known 
about  1735 ;  and  Jussieu's  system,  founded  on  Tournefort's,  and 
called  "  the  natural  system,"  in  1758.  At  Linnaeus's  death 
(1778)  the  species  of  plants  actually  described  amounted  to 
11,800;  it  .cannot  now  fall  short  of  100,000.  J.  C.  Loudon's 
"Encyclopaedia  of  Plants,"  a  comprehensive  work,  first  ap- 
peared in  1829.  De  CandoUe's  "  Prodromus  Systematis  Na- 
turalis  Regni  Vegetabilis"  (of  which  vol.  i.  appeared  in  1818) 
was  completed,  1876.  An  international  botanical  congress  was 
opened  in  London  23  May,  1866,  A.  De  CandoUe,  president ; 
another  at  Amsterdam,  13  Apr.  1877.  Robert  Brown,  who  ac- 
companied Flinders  in  his  survey  of  New  Holland  in  1803,  and 
died  10  June,  1858,  aged  85,  was  long  acknowledged  to  be  the 
chief  botanist  of  his  day. 

Asa  Gray,  b.  Paris,  N.  Y.,  18  Nov.  1810;  d.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  30  Jan. 
1888 ;  distinguished  botanist  and  profef5sor  of  natural  history  in 
Harvard,  author  of  many  works  on  botany,  among  them,  "  Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  U.  S.,"  and  "Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
Northern  U.  S.,"  "Structural  and  Systematic  Botany,"  the  1st 
vol.  of  "The  Botany  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition  under 
Capt.  Wilkes."  Alphonso  Wood's  "  Class  Book  of  Botany,"  1845, 
has  passed  its  50th  edition;  author  also  of  "American  Botanist 
and  Florist,"  1870.  Chapman's  "Flora  of  the  Southern  U.  S.," 
1860.    Flowers  and  Plants. 

GARDENS. 

Established  about 

Coimbra 1773 

St.  Petersburg. 1785 

Calcutta 1793 

Dublin 1800 

Horticultural  Society's,Chis- 

wick 1821 

Royal  Botanic  Society's,  Re- 
gent's park 1839 

Washington,  D.  C.  (10  acres)  1850 
Royal     Horticultural    Soci- 
ety's, S.  Kensington 1860 

Kew,  1760;  greatly  improved, 

1841-65 


BOTANIC 
Eatablisbed  about 

Padua 1545 

Montpellier 1558 

Leyden 1577 

Leipsic 1580 

Paris  (Jardin  des  Plantes).  1624 

Jena 1629 

Oxford 1632 

Upsal 1657 

Chelsea 1673-86 

Edinburgh 1680 

Vienna 1753 

Madrid 1755 

Cambridge. 1763 


Botany  Bay,  Australia,  discovered  by  capt.  Cook, 
28  Apr.  1770,  named  from  the  great  variety  of  plants  on  the 
shore.  Made  a  colony  of  convicts  from  Great  Britain.  The 
first  governor,  capt.  Arthur  Phillip,  who  sailed  from  England 
in  May,  1787,  arrived  in  Jan.  1788.  The  colony  was  eventu- 
ally established  at  Port  Jackson,  about  13  miles  north  of  the 
bay.     New  South  Wai.ks,  Tkanspoutation. 

Botllivell  Bridg^C,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland.  The 
Scotch  Covenanters,  who  took  up  arms  against  the  tyranny 
of  Charles  IL,  and  defeated  Claverhouse  at  Drumclog,  1  June 
1679,  were  totally  routed  by  the  earl  of  Monmouth  at  Both- 
well  Bridge,  22  June,  1679;  many  prisoners  were  tortured  and 
executed. 

bottles,  anciently,  were  of  leather.  Glass  bottles  and 
drinking-glasses  were  known  to  the  Romans  at  least  before 
79  A.D. ;  such  vessels  have  been  found  in  the  ruins  of  Pompeii. 
Bottles  were  made  in  England  about  1558.  A  bottle  which 
contained  2  hogsheads  was  blown,  we  are  told,  at  Leith,  in 
Scotland,  in  Jan.  1747-48.  Largest  bottle-glass  works  in  the 
United  States  are  the  Whitney  Glass  Works,  at  Glassboro, 
N.  J.,  established  in  1775.     Glass. 

Bouillon  (hoo-le-yon'),  Belgium,  formerly  a  duchy, 
was  sold  by  Godfrey,  its  ruler,  to  Albert,  bishop  of  Liege,  to 
obtain  funds  for  the  crusade,  1095 ;  was  seized  by  the  French 
in  1672,  and  held  till  1815,  then  given  to  the  king  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, as  duke  of  Luxemburg;  awarded  to  Belgium  after  the 
revolution  of  1830. 

BoulangistS.     France,  1886-91. 

Boulevards  (bulwarks),  sites  of  old  fortifications  in 
Paris  and  other  French  towns,  now  planted  with  rows  of  trees, 
and  used  as  avenues.  The  name  is  often  given  to  broad 
streets  in  England  and  America. 

Boulog^ne  (boo-lon'),  a  seaport  in  Picardy,  N.  France, 
added  to  Burgundy,  1435 ;  to  France,  1447.  Here  Henry  VI 1 1, 
and  Francis  I.  concluded  a  treaty  to  oppose  the  Turks,  28  Oct. 
1532.  Boulogne  was  besieged  by  Henry  VH.,  2  Oct.  1492,  for 
a" few  days;  taken  by  Henry  VJH.  on  14  Sept.  1544,  but  re- 
stored for  a  sum  of  money,  1550. 
Lord  Nelson  attacked  a  flotilla  here,  disabling  10  vessels  and 

sinking  5 3  Aug.  1801 

In  another  attempt  he  was  repulsed  with  great  loss,  and  capt. 
Parker  of  the  Medusa  and  two  thirds  of  his  crew  were  killed, 

18  Aug.  " 
Bonaparte  assembled  160,000  men  and  10,000  horses,  also  1300 
vessels  and  17,000  sailors,  to  invade  England  in  1804;  the 
coasts  of  Kent  and  Sussex  were  covered  with  martello  towers 
and  lines  of  defence;  nearly  half  the  adult  males  of  Britain 
formed  volunteer  corps  ;  sir  Sydney  Smith  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  burn  the  flotilla  with  flre-machines  called  cata- 
marans  2  Oct.  1804 

Army  withdrawn  on  war  with  Austria 1805 

Congreve  rockets,  in  another  attack,  fired  the  town 8  Oct.  1806 

Louis  Napoleon  (afterwards  emperor)  made  a  fruitless  descent 

here  with  about  50  followers 6  Aug.  1840 

As  emperor,  reviewed  French  troops  destined  for  the  Baltic.  10 
July,  1854;  and  entertained  prince  Albert  and  the  king  of  the 

Belgians 5  Sept.  18.54 

Statue  of  Edward  Jenner  here  inaugurated 11  Sept.  1865 

Pilgrims  adore  an  image  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  said  to  have 

been  miraculously  brought  hither  in  a  boat  in  633 1857-75 

Law  authorizing  construction  of  a  new  deep-sea  harbor  by 
M.  Stoecklin  (in  15  years),  cost  about  680,000i. ;  passed  19 
June;  first  stone  laid  by  M.  Frej'cinet 9  Sept.  1878 

boundaries.  Ashburton  Treaty,  Mason  and 
Dixon's  Line,  United  States,  and  States. 

bounties,  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  of  1754  the 
French  offered  bounties  for  British  scalps.  The  colonists 
offered  100/.  for  Indian  scalp,  1754.  In  1755  Massachusetts 
offered  to  every  soldier  enlisting  and  furnishing  his  own  gun, 
Si. ;  also,  40/.  for  the  scalp  of  every  male  Indian  over  12  year5 
of  age,  and  20/.  for  the  scalp  of  every  Indian  woman  and 
child.  John  Penn,  grandson  of  William  Penn,  and  governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  offered,  for  every  male  Indian  captured  over 
10  years  of  age,  $150,  and  for  every  one  killed  and  scalped, 
$134;  for  a  male  under  10,  $130,  and  for  a  female,  $50.— The 
approximate  amount  of  bounties  paid  by  the  loyal  states  to 
the  soldiers  during  the  civil  war  was  $285,941,036. 

Bounty  mutiny  took  place  on  board  the  Bounty,  a 

British  armed  ship  which  quitted  Otaheite,  with  bread-fruit 

trees,  7  Apr.  1789.     The  mutineers  put  their  captain,  Bligh, 

I  and  19  men  into  an  open  boat,  with  a  small  stock  of  provisions. 


BOU 

near  Annamooka,  one  of  the  Friendly  isles,  28  Apr.  1789; 
these  reached  the  island  of  Timor,  south  of  the  Moluccas,  in 
June,  after  a  voyage  of  nearly  4000  miles.  Some  of  the  mu- 
tineers were  tried  15  Sept.  1792 ;  6  were  condemned  and  3  ex- 
ecuted.     PiTCAIKN  ISLAND. 

Bourbon,  house  of,  from  which  came  the  royal  houses 
of  France,  Spain,  and  Naples,  derives  its  name  from  the  rich 
district  in  the  centre  of  France  called  the  Bourbonnais,  which 
in  the  10th  century  was  one  of  the  3  great  baronies  of  the 
kingdom.  The  first  of  the  long  line  of  Bourbons  sketched  in 
history  was  Adhemar,  who  was  invested  with  the  barony 
towards  the  end  of  the  9th  century. 

Robert,  count  of  Clermont,  son  of  Louis  IX.  of  France,  married 
the  heiress  (Bourbon)  Beatrice  in  1272;  d.  1317;  and  (as  the 
elder  branches  of  the  family  had  become  extinct)  their  sou 
Louis  L  was  created  duke  of  Bourbon  and  peer  of  France  by 

Charles  IV 1327 

In  1488  the  line  of  his  descendants  ended  with  Jean  IL,  who 
died  that  year.  The  whole  of  the  estates  passed  to  Jean's 
brother  Pierre,  lord  of  Beaujeu,  who  married  Anne,  sister  of 
Louis  XI.  Pierre  d.  1503,  leaving  only  a  daughter,  Suzanne, 
who  married  Charles,  duke  of  Montpensier,  1505,  made  con- 
stable of  France  by  Francis  I.,  but  afterwards,  offended  by 
his  sovereign,  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor  Charles  V. 

of  Germany,  and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Rome 6  May,  1527 

With  the  constable  ended  the  direct  line  from  Pierre,  due  de 
Bourbon.  But  Louis,  count  of  V^endOme,  and  Chartres,  the 
fourth  in  descent  from  Pierre's  brother  Jacques,  became  the 
Ancestor  of  the  royal  bouse  of  Bourbon,  and  of  the  noble 
families  of  Cond6,"Conti,  and  Montpensier.  In  direct  de- 
scent and  fourth  from  Louis  of  VendOme  was  Antoine  de 
Bourbon,  who  married  (1548)  Jeanne  d'Albret,  daughter  of 
Henry,  king  of  Lower  Navarre,  and  who  became  king  of  that 
province  on  the  death  of  Henry,  1554.  Their  son,  Henry,  b. 
at  Pau,  14  Dec.  1553,  became  king  of  France  as  Henry  IV., 

31  July,  1589 
Henry  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Louis  XIII.,  who  left  2  sons,  Louis 
XIV.  and  Philippe,  due  d'Orleans,  head  of  the  Orleans  branch. 
Louis  XIV. 's  son,  the  dauphin,  died  before  his  father,  leaving  3 
sons,  one  of  whom  died  without  issue.  Of  the  others,  the  elder, 
Louis  of  Burgundy,  d.  1712,  and  his  only  surviving  son  became 
Louis  XV.  of  France,  while  the  younger  Philippe,  duke  of  Anjou, 
became  king  of  Spain,  and  founded  the  Spanish  branch  of  the 
Bourbon  family.  l,ouis  XV.  of  France  was  succeeded  by  his 
grandson,  Louis  XVI..  who  perished  on  the  scaffold,  and  his  son, 
the  dauphin,  Louis  XVII.,  in  prison.  After  the  Restoration  the 
throne  was  occupied  by  Louis  XVIII. ,  brother  of  Louis  XVI.,  who 
in  turn  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  X. ,  who  was  ex- 
pelled in  1830.  The  Orleans  branch  of  the  Bourbons  then  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  of  France  in  the  person  of  Louis  Philippe, 
1830-48.  The  second  son  of  Charles  X.,  the  due  de  Berri,  left  a 
son,  Henri  Charles  Ferdinand,  due  de  Bordeaux  and  count  de 
€hambord,  who  was  claimant  of  the  throne  of  France,  and  was 
designated  by  his  adherents  Henri  V.  until  his  death,  1883.  Since 
then,  comte  de  Paris,  grandson  of  Louis  Philippe,  represents  the 
Orleans  branch.  Spanish  Branch  :  Philippe,  due  d' Anjou,  grand- 
son of  Louis  XI\'.,  became  king  of  Spain  as  Philip  V.,  in  1700. 
In  1746  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Ferdinand  VI.,  who,  dying 
without  family,  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  III.,  1759, 
who  became  king  of  Naples  as  well.  Charles  III.  was  succeeded 
by  his  eldest  son,  Charles  IV.,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  his 
son  Ferdinand  VH.,  and  he  by  his  daughter  Isabella.  Upon  the 
accession  of  Isabella,  Don  Carlos,  Ferdinand's  brother,  claimed 
the  throne  of  Spain  (1833)  on  the  ground  of  the  Salic  law.  and  his 
descendants  have  claimed  it  since.  Carlists.  Isabella  abdicated 
in  favor  of  her  son,  Alphonso  XIL,  1870,  who  d.  1885,  leaving  as 
heir  to  the  throne,  Alphonso  XIII.  Neapolitan  Branch:  The 
first  Bourbon  on  the  throne  of  Naples  was  Charles  III.  of  Spain, 
who  resigned  his  kingdom  of  Naples  to  his  son  Ferdinand,  on 
his  succession  to  the  Spanish  throue,  1759.  In  1825  Ferdinand 
was  succeeded  Ijy  his  son  Francis  I.,  and  he  by  his  son  Ferdinand 
II.,  1830,  and  he  by  his  son  Francis  IL,  who  was  deprived  of  the 
kingdom  in  1860,  when  it  was  gradually  incorporated  into  the 
kingdom  of  Italy.     France,  Naples,  Spaix. 

Bourbon,  Isle  of,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  discovered  by 
the  Portuguese  about  1542.  The  French  are  said  to  have  first 
settled  here  in  1642.  It  surrendered  to  the  British,  under  admi- 
ral Rowley,  21  Sept.  1809,  and  was  restored  to  France  in  1815. 
— A  lison.  Hurricane,  in  Feb.  1829,  did  much  mischief.  Bour- 
bon was  named  "  I'lle  de  la  Reunion  "  in  1848.     Mauritius. 

BourignonistS,  a  sect  founded  by  Antoinette  Bou- 
rignon,  who,  in  1658,  took  the  Augustin  habit  and  travelled 
in  France,  Holland,  England,  and  Scotland;  in  the  last  she 
made  many  converts  about  1670.  She  maintained  that  Chris- 
tianity does  not  consist  in  faith  and  practice,  but  in  inward 
feeling  and  supernatural  impulse.  A  disciple  named  Court 
left  her  a  good  estate.  She  died  in  1680,  and  her  works,  21 
vols.  8vo,  were  pub.  1686. 

bournoui,  the  Arabic  name  of  a  hooded  garment  worn 
in  Algeria,  which  has  been  introduced  in  a  modified  form  into 
England  and  France  since  1847. 


11^  BOX 

Bouvines  (boo-veen'),  N.  France,  scene  of  a  desperate 
battle,  27  July,  1214,  in  which  Philip  Augustus  of  France  was 
victorious  over  the  emperor  Otho  and  his  allies,  consisting  of 
more  than  150,000  men.  The  counts  of  Flanders  and  Bou- 
logne were  taken  prisoners,  and  the  earl  of  Salisbury,  brother 
of  king  John. 

bougie-knife.  The  first  bowie-knife  was  made  by 
R.  P.  Bowie,  and  not  by  col.  James  Bowie,  as  is  often  incor- 
rectly stated,  somewhere  about  1820.  The  blade  was  9J 
in.  long  and  1 J  in.  wide,  single  edge,  not  curved ;  to  be  used  as 
a  hunting- knife. 

boirl§  or  bowling,  an  English  game  as  early  as  the 
13th  century.  Henry  VIII.  and  Charles  I.  played  at  it,  and 
also  Charles  II.  at  Tm\hndge.—  Gra7n7nont. 

Boivyer,  Fort,  on  Mobile  bay,  ^0  miles  from  Mobile, 
Ala.,  was  attacked  15  Sept.  1814,  by  a  British  force  from  Pensa- 
cola — 4  vessels  carrying  78  guns  and  a  land  force  of  regulars  and 
Indians,  in  all  about  1300  men.  The  garrison,  134  men,  under 
maj.  William  Lawrence,  repulsed  the  assailants,  who  lost  232 
men,  162  of  them  killed.  The  defence  lost  5  killed  and  4 
wounded.     United  States,  1815. 

boxing^  or  prize -figllting[  (the  pugilatus  of  the 
Romans),  once  a  favorite  sport  with  the  strong-armed  British, 
and  a  good  school  for  bayonet  fighting. 

ENGLISH   matches. 
Broughton's  amphitheatre,  behind  Oxford  road,  London,  built,  1742 

Schools  opened  in  England  to  teach  boxing 1790 

Mendoza  opened  the  Lyceum  in  the  Strand,  London 1791 

Boxing  very  popular  from  about  1820  to 1830 

Tom  Winter  (nicknamed  "Spring"),  besides  other  victories, 

beat  Langan  (for  1000^) 8  June,  1824 

John  Gully,  butcher,  afterwards  prize-fighter,  grew  rich,  and 

was  M.  P  for  Pontefract,  1835 ;  d 9  Mch.  1863 

Tom  King  beat  Mace,  took  the  champion's  belt,  etc 26  Nov.  1862 

He  beat  Goss,  1  Sept.,  and  John  C.  Heenan,  whose  friends 

charged  foul  play 10  Dec.  1863 

A  trial  ensued— culprits  discharged  on  promising  not  to  offend 

again 5  Apr.  1864 

Wormald  champion  after  fighting  Marsden 4  Jan.  1865 

Contest  for  championship  between  Mace  and  O'Baldwin,  a  giant, 

prevented  by  the  arrest  of  Mace 15  Oct.  1867 

Railways  prohibited  carrying  persons  to  a  prize-fight,  30  and  31 

Vict.  c.  119 1868 

INTERNATIONAL  MATCHES. 

John  C.  Heenan,  the  "Benicia  Boy"  (American),  challenged 
Thomas  Sayers,  the  champion  of  England,  for  the  champion- 
ship of  that  country  and  $1000.  Sayers  was  5  ft.  8  in.  and 
Heenan  6  ft.  1  in.  in  height.  After  42  rounds,  lasting  2  h.  and 
20  min. ,  it  was  interrupted  by  friends  of  Sayers,  Farnborough, 

Engl 17  Apr.  1860 

Each  man  received  a  silver  belt 31  May,     " 

Heenan  died  on  his  way  to  California 25  Oct.  1873 

John  L.  Sullivan  and  Charles  Mitchell  (London  prize-ring  rules) ; 
declared  a  draw  after  a  contest  of  several  hours France,  1888 

IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

First  distinct  match  in  the  U.  S.  was  that  of  Jacob  Hyer  (father 

of  "  Tom  ")  and  Thos.  Beasley 1816 

[They  parted  friends.] 

"Tom  "  Hyer  defeated  "  Yankee  "  Sullivan  (real  name,  Frank 
Ambrose  Murray)  for  the  championship  of  America  and 
810,000.     16  rounds  in  17  min.  18  sec,  at  Rock  Point,  Md. 

7  Feb.  1849 
[Hyer  died  in  N.  Y.  city,  26  June,  1864,  aged  45  years.] 

"Yankee  "  Sullivan  and  John  Morrissey  fought  at  Boston  Cor- 
ners, N.  Y. ;  Sullivan  defeated 12  Oct.  1853 

[Sullivan  went  to  California;  was  arrested  by  the  vigilance 
committee,  1856,  and  died  in  prison.] 

Bill  Poole,  of  N.  Y.  city,  defeated  Morrissey,  at  Amos  Dock, 

N.  Y. 27  July,  1854 

[Loiiis  Baker,  a  friend  of  Morrissey,  shot  Poole  mortally,  24 
Feb.  1855,  at  Stanwix  Hall,  579  Broadway,  N.  Y.  city,  and  took 
the  brig  Isabella  Jewett  for  the  Canary  islands.  Geo.  Law,  sr. , 
furnished  the  clipper-ship  Grapeshot  for  pursuit,  which  mter- 
cepted  the  Jewett,  17  Apr.  1855.  Baker  was  brought  back  and 
tried,  but  the  jury  failed  to  convict.  Poole,  who  died  8  Mch. 
1855.  represented  the  "American"  or  "Know-nothing"  ele- 
ment in  N.  Y.  city,  and  his  funeral,  11  Mch.,  was  largely  at- 
tended.] ^ 

John  Morrissey  met  and  defeated  John  C.  Heenan  at  Long 

Point,  Canada,  in  11  rounds;  time,  21  min 20  Oct.  1858 

[Morrissey  afterwards  a  leader  of  New  York  Democracy; 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  5th  district  in  1866,  and  re-elect- 
ed, 1868;  state  senator,  1875,  and  re-elected,  1877.  Died  at 
Saratoga,  N.Y.,1  May,  1878.]  . 

John  L.  Sullivan  defeated  Jack  Kilrain,  for  the  championship 
of  America,  at  Richburg,  Miss. •.•  -8  July,  18»9 

John  L.  Sullivan  met  "Jim"  Corbett  of  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
for  the  championship  of  America,  at  the  "Olympic     arena, 

New  Orleans,  on  the  evening  of •  •  •  •  •  • '  »ep^-  ^°^^ 

[Contest  began  at  9  p.m.  (Queensberry  rules);  Sullivan  was 


BOX 


118 


BRA 


beaten  in  21  roands;  a  wagor  of  $10,000  a  side  was  put  up, 
while  the  "Olympic  club"  offered  $26,000  for  the  "mill," 
the  entire  nmuuui  to  go  to  the  winuor.  J 
James  J.  Corbett  met  Charles  Mitchell  (English)  at  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Duval  Athletic  club, 

25  Jan.  1894 
[Corbett  defeated  Mitchell  in  3  rounds.     Club  paid  $'20.000 
to  winner,  and  $5000  to  cover  expenses  of  both  for  training.] 

Boxtel,  a  village  of  Dutch  Brabant,  Holland,  where  the 
British  and  allied  army,  under  the  duke  of  York,  was  defeated 
by  the  French  republicans,  who  took  2000  prisoners  and  8 
pieces  of  cannon,  17  Sept.  1794. 

box-tree,  indigenous  to  England.  In  the  United  States 
the  tree  is  common  from  Massachusetts  i  >  Florida.  It  is  called, 
indifferently,  boxwood  or  dogwood.  The  \>  ood  is  largely  used 
by  engravers  and  by  mathematical-instrument  makers. 

boycotting,  Ireland,  1880.     A  fund  to  assist  capt. 
Boycott  in  his  trouble  was  subscribed  in  1880-81. 
Trades  unions  and  Knights  of  I^bor  in  the  U.  S.  adopted  boy- 
cotting to  enforce  demands  and  punish  opponents about  1885 

Mrs.  Gray  and  Mrs.  I-andgrafl",  two  bakers  in  New  York,  were 

boycotted Apr.  and  May,  1886 

[Citizens  assisted  Mrs.  I-andgraff  by  large  orders  for  bread 
for  charity  hospitals.] 
Paul  Wilzig  convicted  in  Xew  York  of  conspiracy,  for  boycot- 
ting George  Theiss,  and  extorting  $1000  from  him . .  26  June,     <•* 
George  Ehret,  a  brewer  of  New  York,  boycotted  for  testimony 

against  conspirators June,     " 

[Boycott  ineffective,  public  sentiment  resisting  it.] 

Boydell'§  lottery  for  the  Shakespeare  gallery  of 
paintings  (1786)  of  alderman  Boydell,  lord  maj'or  of  London. 
Every  ticket  was  sold,  when  the  alderman  died,  12  Dec.  1804, 
before  the  drawing. 

Boyle  lectures,  instituted  by  will  (18  July,  1691), 
by  Robert  Boyle  (son  of  Richard  Boyle,  earl  of  Cork),  a  distin- 
guished natural  philosopher,  who  died  30  Dec.  1691,  leaving 
50/.  a  year  for  lectures  to  be  delivered  in  London  in  vindica- 
tion of  the  Christian  religion ;  eight  lectures  to  be  delivered 
by  each  incumbent.    The  ofBce  of  lecturer  tenable  for  3  y^ars. 

Boyne,  a  river  in  Ireland,  near  which  William  III.  de- 
feated his  father-ill-law,  James  II.,  1  July,  1690.  The  latter 
lost  1500  (out  of  30,000)  men;  the  Protestant  army  lost  about 
a  third  of  that  number  (out  of  36,000).  James  fled  to  Dublin, 
thence  to  Waterford,  and  escaped  to  France.  The  duke  of 
Schomberg  was  killed  by  mistake  by  hi^  own  soldiers  in  cross- 
ing the  river ;  here  also  was  killed  the  rev.  George  Walker, 
who  defended  Londonderry  in  1689.  Near  Drogheda  is  a 
splendid  obelisk,  150  feet  in  height,  erected  in  1736  by  Prot- 
estants to  commemorate  this  victory. 

Boyton's  s\iriinining  apparatus.  Life- 
boat. 

Brabant,  part  of  Holland  and  Belgium,  an  ancient 
duchy  in  Charlemagne's  empire,  fell  to  his  son  Charles,  806. 
It  became  a  separate  duchy  (called  at  first  Lower  Lorraine)  in 
959.  It  descended  to  Philip  II.  of  Burgundy,  1429,  and  in 
regular  succession  to  the  emperor  Charles  V.  In  the  17th  cen- 
tury it  was  held  by  Holland  and  Austria,  as  Dutch  Brabant 
and  the  Walloon  provinces,  and  underwent  many  changes 
through  the  wars  of  Europe.  The  Austrian  division  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1746  and  1794.  It  was  united  to  the  Nether- 
lands in  1814,  but  South  Brabant  was  given  to  Belgium,  1830. 
The  heir  of  the  throne  of  Belgium  is  styled  duke  of  Brabant. 
Belgium. 

bracelets  were  worn  by  the  ancients,  and  armillie 
were  Roman  military  rewards.  Those  of  pearls  and  gold  were 
worn  by  the  Roman  ladies. 

Bradlaugph  case.     Parliament,  1880-81. 

Braganza,  a  city  in  Portugal,  gave  title  to  Alfonso, 
natural  son  of  John  I.  of  Portugal  (in  1422),  founder  of  the 
house  of  Braganza.  When  the  nation,  in  a  bloodless  revolu- 
tion in  1640,  threw  off  the  Spanish  yoke,  John,  duke  of  Bra- 
ganza, was  called  to  the  throne  as  John  IV.,  and  his  descend- 
ants now  reign  over  Portugal  and  until  1889  in  Braziu 

Bragrs's  Kentucky  campaig^n.  Early  in 
the  summer  of  1862,  the  confederatep^  auer  their  evacuation 
of  Corinth,  Miss.,  29  May,  concentrated  about  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.,  where  by  August  they  had  between  55,000  and  65,000 
men  under  gen.  Braxton  Bragg  with  3  corps  commanders — 


Hardee,  Polk,  and  Kirby  Smith.  Deciding  to  invade  Ken- 
tucky, Bragg  crossed  the  Tennessee  at  Harrison,  above  Chat- 
tanooga, 24  Aug.,  while  Kirby  Smith  advanced  from  Knox- 
ville  more  directly  across  the  Cumberland  mountains,  through, 
Big  Creek  gap.  The  Union  forces,  about  40,000,  under  maj.- 
gen.  Don  Carlos  Buell,  then  stretched  from  Bridgeport,  Ala., 
to  Nashville,  Tenn.  Concentrating  around  Nashville,  Buell 
prepared  to  guard  that  point  or  advance  into  Kentucky.  Over 
difficult  mountain-roads  Bragg's  army  entered  Kentuck}',  5 
Sept.  Gen.  Buell,  leaving  Nashville  strongly  garrisoned,  15 
Sept.,  marched  towards  Louisville,  distant  170  miles.  Mean- 
while Kirby  Smith,  with  his  corps,  having  defeated  the  LTnion 
troops  at  Richmond,  Ky.,  30  Aug.,  seized  Frankfort,  the  capi- 
tal, apparently  holding  both  Cincinnati  and  Louisville  at  his- 
raercy,  while  Bragg  compelled  J.  T.  Wilder  to  surrender  Mun- 
fordville,  Ky.,  a  fortified  post,  with  its  garrison  of  4000  men, 
17  Sept.  Elated  with  these  successes,  on  the  next  day  the 
confederate  commander  issued  a  proclamation,  calling  the  peo- 
ple of  Kentucky  to  his  assistance,  and  declining  a  battle  with 
Buell,  united  his  forces  with  Kirby  Smith's  at  Frankfort,  1 
Oct.  Here  on  the  4th  tliey  inaugurated  Richard  Hawes  pro- 
visional governor  of  Kentuck\'.  By  29  Sept.  the  Union  army 
reached  Louisville.  Whence,  reinforced  by  20,000,  mainly 
new  troops,  Buell  moved  his  army  (now  formed  into  3  corps 
under  McCook,  Gilbert,  and  Crittenden),  1  Oct.,  against  Bragg, 
who  slowly  retreated,  covering  his  immense  trains.  Nearing 
Perryville  on  the  afternoon  of  7  Oct.,  Crittenden's  corps  from 
scarcity  of  water  was  obliged  to  move  some  5  or  6  miles  from 
his  intended  camp.  Bragg,  made  aware  of  this  separation  of 
the  federal  troop,  now  prepared  to  strike  a  blow  that  would,  he 
hoped,  defeat,  or  at  least  retard,  his  adversary's  advance  suffi- 
ciently for  him  to  withdraw  his  trains  in  safety.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  8th  there  were  sharp  minor  engagements  near  Perry- 
ville, and  about  2  p.m.  the  confederates  successfully  attacked, 
the  left  flank  of  McCook's  corps,  and  for  a  while  seriously 
threatened  the  whole  left  wing,  but  before  night  were  repulsed. 
at  all  points.  The  engagement,  though  not  general,  was  se- 
vere, the  federals  losing  4348,  916  being  killed  (among  them 
gens.  Jackson  and  Terrell),  2943  wounded,  and  489  missing; 
and  the  confederates  510  killed,  2635  wounded,  and  251  miss- 
ing. Next  morning  (9  Oct.)  Buell,  having  concentrated  his 
forces,  expected  to  renew  the  battle,  but  the  confederates  had 
retired  during  the  night,  leaving  1200  wounded  and  sick  be- 
hind. They  retreated  by  Crab  Orchard,  Mount  Vernon,  and 
London  to  Cumberland  gap,  and  so  into  E.  Tennessee  with 
their  immense  trains  of  plunder,  the  pursuit  by  the  federals 
stopping  at  London,  22  Oct.  The  federal  government,  dissat- 
isfied with  the  campaign,  superseded  Buell,  30  Oct.,  by  maj.- 
gen.  William  S.  Rosecrans.    Murfreesborough,  Battle  of. 

Brabma,  the  first  person  of  the  Hindu  triad.  Brahma 
(neuter)  is  not  a  personality,  but  designates  the  universal  spir- 
it, the  reality  and  cause  of  all  existence — the  creator — andi 
Brahma  (masculine)  the  personality  and  supreme  being  of  that 
creation.  Brahma  was  never  worshipped  by  the  people,  and. 
only  one  temple  sacred  to  him  is  known.  He  is  represented 
with  4  heads  and  4  arms,  seated.     Brahmins. 

Brahmins,  Hindu  priests,  the  highest  of  the  4  castes. 
It  is  said  that  Pythagoras  learned  from  them  his  doctrine  of 
metempsychosis,  and  that  some  Greek  philosophers  went  to 
India  to  converse  with  them.  The  Brahmins  derive  their 
name  from  Brahma,  one  of  the  3  beings  (the  others  being 
Vishnu  and  Siva)  whom  God,  according  to  their  theology,, 
created,  and  with  whose  assistance  he  formed  the  world. — 
Vedas. 

Brahmo  iSomaJ.  The  new  theistic  church  in  India 
owes  its  origin  to  Raja  Ram  Mohan  Rai,  born  1772.  In  1816 
he  founded  a  society,  and  in  1830  the  present  Brahmo  Somaj. 
Their  principles  resemble  those  of  Christianity.  (1)  They  be- 
lieve in  one  God  with  attributes  of  personality,  etc. ;  (2)  in  the 
immortality  of  the  soul ;  (3)  in  repentance  as  the  only  way  to 
salvation;  (4)  in  prayer;  (5)  in  good  works  as  worship;  (6) 
in  the  providential  care  of  God  over  his  creatures;  (7)  they 
reject  distinctions  of  caste.  This  new  society  or  church  grows- 
rapidly  in  India,  especial.y  in  Bengal,  aided  by  English  edu- 
cation and  the  labors  of  Christian  missionaries.     Deism. 

Bramba'nan,  a  village  in  Java,  notable  for  exten- 
sive and  remarkable  ruins  of  Hindu  temples,  ascribed  by  tradi- 


BRA 


119 


BRA 


tion  to  1266  and  1296  a.d.  But  their  chronology  and  history- 
are  very  obscure,  and  probably  some  of  them  are  much  older. 

Bramliam,  W.  K.,  York,  Engl.  Near  here  the  earl  of 
Northumberland  and  lord  Bardolf  were  defeated  and  slain  by 
sir  Thomas  Rokeby,  general  of  Henry  IV.,  19  Feb.  1408 ;  and 
Fairfax  was  defeated  by  royalists  under  the  earl  of  Newcastle, 
29  Mch.  1643. 

Brandenburg^,  a  city  in  Prussia,  founded  by  Slavo- 
nians, who  named  it  Banher  (variously  explained  as  mean- 
ing Guard  of  the  Forest ;  burg,  or  city,  of  the  Brenns).  Henry 
I.,  the  Fowler,  after  defeating  the  Slavonians,  fortified  "  Bran- 
nibor,"  926,  as  a  rampart  against  the  Huns,  and  bestowed  it  on 
Sigefroi,  count  of  Ringelheim,  with  the  title  of  margrave,  or 
protector  of  the  marches  or  frontiers.  The  emperor  Sig- 
ismund  gave  perpetual  investiture  to  Frederick  IV.  of  Nu- 
remberg, of  the  house  of  Hohenzollern,  ancestor  of  the  royal 
family  of  Prussia,  made  elector  in  1417.  For  a  list  of  the 
margraves  since  1134,  Prussia. 

brandy  (Ger.  Branntwein,  burned  wine),  spirit  distilled 
from  wine.  Alcohol  appears  to  have  been  known  to  Raymond 
Lully  in  the  13th  century,  and  to  have  been  manufactured  in 
France  early  in  the  14th.  It  was  at  first  used  medicinally, 
and  miraculous  cures  were  ascribed  to  its  influence.  The  per 
cent,  of  alcohol  in  brandy  is  58.4.  Manufacture  of  genuine 
French  brandy  almost  ceased.  Announced,  1885.  Fruit  bran- 
dy produced  in  the  United  States  in  1880,  129,086  gals. ;  in 
1891, 1,223,725  gals. 

Brandy  station,  Va.,  affairs  at.  (l)  A  spirited 
reconnoissance  made  here,  under  direction  of  gen.  Hooker,  by 
gen.  Pleasanton  with  gens.  Buford's  and  Gregg's  cavalry  di- 
visions, 9  June,  1863,  which,  although  forced  in  the  end  to  re- 
treat with  a  loss  of  about  500  men,  disclosed  the  fact  that  gen. 
Lee  had  concentrated  his  army  for  an  advance  north.  (2) 
Gen.  Buford  with  his  division  of  cavalry  met  the  confed- 
erate gen.  Stuart,  1  Aug.  1863,  compelling  him  to  retreat  until 
reinforced,  when  Buford  fell  back  in  turn.  (3)  Desultory 
fighting  between  the  Union  and  confederate  forces  in  this 
vicinity  with  cavalry  and  infantr}'  from  10  to  16  Oct.  1863. 
Gen.  Meade  retired. 

Brandywine  (corruption  of  Branntwein,  Ger.  for 
brandy),  a  small  river  emptying  into  the  Delaware  near  Wil- 
mington, on  the  banks  of  which,  near  Chadd's  ford,  was  fought 
a  battle,  11  Sept.  1777,  between  18,000  British,  under  gens. 
Howe,  Cornwallis,  and  Knyphausen,  and  11,000  Americans, 
under  gen.  Washington.  It  began  about  3  p.m.  and  the  Amer- 
icans were  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  about  1200  men,  the  British 
losing  about  800.  Here  gen.  Lafayette  was  wounded.  Soon 
after  the  battle  the  British  occupied  Philadelphia.  Penn- 
sylvania. 

bra§§,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc.  That  mentioned  in 
the  Bible  was  most  probably  bronze.  When  Lucius  Mummius 
burned  Corinth,  146  b.c.,  he  found  immense  riches,  and,  it  is 
said,  all  the  metals  in  the  city  melted,  which,  running  together, 
formed  the  valuable  composition  Corinthian  brass.  But  in  fact 
Corinthian  artists  had  long  been  known  for  combining  gold 
and  silver  with  copper. — Du  Fresnoy.  Some  of  the  English 
sepulchral  engraved  brasses  are  said  to  be  as  old  as  1277.  Brass 
was  manufactured  in  England  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
and  Parliament  prohibited  the  export  of  it  under  severe  pen- 
alties, repealed  1799.  A  white  brass  produced  by  P.  M.  Parsons, 
1875. 

Brauronia,  festivals  in  Attica,  at  Brauron,  now  Vra- 
ona,  where  Artemis  had  a  temple ;  they  were  attended  by 
young  virgins,  dedicated  to  Diana,  in  yellow  gowns,  about  10 
years  of  age,  and  not  under  5 ;  and  therefore  their  consecration 
was  called  deKareveiv,  from  Ssku,  10 ;  600  b.c. 

Bray,  Berks.  Fuller  says  that  its  vicar,  Symon  Sy- 
monds,  was  twice  a  papist  and  twice  a  Protestant — in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VI IL,  Edward  VL,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth 
(1533-58).  When  called  a  turn-coat,  he  declared  his  principle, 
that  "  of  living  and  dying  the  vicar  of  Bray."  The  modern 
song  called  "  The  Vicar  of  Bray  "  refers  to  political  changes 
of  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 

brazen  bull,  said  to  have  been  contrived  by  Perillus, 
at  Athens,  for  Phalaris,  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  570  b.c.  An 
opening  in  the  side  admitted  victims,  and  a  fire  underneath 


roasted  them  to  death  ;  their  groans  resembled  the  roaring  of 
a  bull.  Phalaris  admired  the  invention,  but  ordered  the  artist 
to  suffer  first.  The  Agrigentes  revolted  against  Phalaris,  cut 
his  tongue  out,  and  roasted  him  in  the  brazen  bull,  549  b.c. 

Brazil,  a  country  in  South  America,  extending  between 
lat.  4°  30'  N.  to  33°  45'  S.,  and  long.  34==  45'  to  72°  30'  W., 
being  about  2600  miles  north  and  south,  and  nearly  the  same 
distance  east  and  west,  with  a  coast-line  on  the  Atlantic  of 
3700  miles,  was  discovered  by  Vicente  Yanez  Pinzon  in  Feb. 
1500.  Pedro  Alvarez  de  Cabral,  a  Portuguese,  driven  upon  its 
coasts  by  a  tempest,  Apr.  following,  called  it  the  land  of  the  Holy 
Cross ;  the  name  Brazil  refers  to  its  red  wood.  The  French  seized 
Portugal  in  1807,  the  royal  family  and  nobles  embarked  for 
Brazil,  and  landed  7  Mch.  1808.  The  dominant  religion  is 
Roman  Catholic,  but  others  are  tolerated.  New  constitution 
ratified  25  Mch.  1824 ;  modified  12  Aug.  1834,  and  12  May, 
1840 ;  new  constitution  (republican)  adopted,  22  June,  1890. 
Pop.  about  14,000,000  ;  area,  3,219,000  sq.  miles.    Portugau 

Brazil  explored  by  Amerigo  Vespucci about  1.504 

Divided  into  caplainfiies  by  the  king  of  Portugal 1530 

Marline  Aflfonso  de  cjouza  discovers  Rio,  and  founds  the  first 

European  colony  at  San  V'incente 1531 

Jews  banished  from  Portugal  to  Brazil I54g 

San  Salvador  (Bahia)  founded  by  Thome'  de  Souza 1549 

French  Protestants  occupy  bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro 1555-60 

Sebastian  founded 1567 

Brazil,  with  Portugal,  becomes  subject  to  Spain 1580 

James  I^ancaster  captures  Pernambuco 1593 

French  establ  ish  a  colony  at  Maranham .* 1594 

Belem  founded  by  Calderia 1615 

French  expelled " 

Dutch  seize  the  coast,  and  hold  Pernambuco 1630 

Defeated  at  Guaranipes,  1646 ;  give  up  Brazil 1661 

Gold-mining  commences 1693 

Destruction  of  Palmares 1697, 

French  assault  and  capture  Rio  de  Janeiro 1710-11 

Diamond-mines  discovered  in  Sezzo  Frio 1729 

Jesuits  expelled 1758-60 

Capital  transferred  from  Bahia  to  Rio  de  Janeiro 1763 

Royal  family  of  Portugal  arrive  at  Brazil 7  Mch.  1808 

P'irst  printing  press  established " 

Brazil  becomes  a  kingdom 1815- 

King  John  VI.  returns  to  Portugal,  dom  Pedro  regent 1821 

Brazil  declares  its  independence 7  Sept.  1822 

Pedro  I.  crowned  emperor 1  Dec.     " 

New  constitution  ratified 25  Mch.  1824 

Independence  recognized  by  Portugal 29  Aug.  1825 

Revolution  at  Rio  de  Janeiro;  abdication  of  dom  Pedro  I., 

7  Apr.  1831 

Reform  of  the  constitution 12  Aug.  1834,  and  12  May,  1840- 

Pedro  II.  declared  of  age 23  July,     " 

Steamship  line  to  Europe  commenced 1850 

Suppression  of  the  slave-trade ;  railways  commenced 1852 

Rio  de  Janeiro  lit  with  gas 1854 

The  British  ship  Prince  of  Wales  wrecked  at  Albardas,  on  coast ; 

plundered  by  natives;  some  of  the  crew  killed,  about  7  June,  1861 
Reparation  long  refused;   reprisals  made;  5  Brazilian  mer- 
chant ships  seized  by  the  British 31  Dec.  1862 

Brazilian  minister  at  London  pays  3200i.  as  an  indemnity, 

under  protest 26  Feb.  1863- 

Brazilian  government  request  the  British  to  express  their 
regret  for  reprisals;  declined;  diplomatic  intercourse  sus- 
pended   5-28  May,     " 

Dispute  v/ith  Great  Britain  respecting  arrest  of  British  officers 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro  (17  June,  1862)  referred  to  arbitration  of  the 
king  of  the  Belgians,  who  decides  in  favor  of  Brazil,  18  June,     " 
New  ministry;  F.  J.  Furtado,  president;  prospect  of  recon- 
ciliation with  Great  Britain 30  Aug.  18G4L 

U.  S.  war  steamer  Wachusett  seizes  the  confederate  war-vessel 
Florida,  in  the  port  of  Bahia,  under  protection  of  Brazil, 
7  Oct. ;  after  remonstrance,  the  U.  S.  government  disavowed 

the  act  (United  Statks,  Oct.  7) 26  Dec.     " 

War  with   Uruguay;   Brazilians  take  Paysandu,  and  march 

upon  Montevideo 2  Feb.  1865. 

Lopez,  president  of  Paraguay,  declares  war  against  the  Argen- 
tine Republic Apr.     " 

Treaty  between  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine  Republic 

against  Paraguay,  signed 1  Ma.y,     " 

Scientific  expedition  underAgassiz  favored  by  the  emperor,  July,     " 

Emperor  joins  the  army  against  Lopez Aug.     " 

Allies  under  Flores  defeat  the  Paraguayans  at  Santayuna  on 

the  Uruguay 18  Sept.     " 

War  continues  with  varied  success,  though  generally  in  favor 

of  the  allies,  through 1865-66-67-68-69- 

liOpez  defeated  and  killed  near  the  Aquidaban 1  Mch.  lS7a 

Treaty  of  peace;  Paraguay  subdued 20  June,     " 

New  ministry  under  viscount  St.  Vincent 29  Sept.     " 

Emperor  and  empress  in  Europe;   visit  public  and  scientific 

institutions,  manufactories,  etc June-Aug.  1871 

Gradual  slave-emancipation  bill  passed  by  the  senate;  great 

rejoicings 27,  28  Sept.  1872 

Treaty  with  the  Argentine  Republic Jan.  1873t 

Prosecution  of  the  archbishop  of  Pernambuco  and  other  prelates 

for  infraction  of  the  constitution Sept. -Dec.     " 

Emperor  and  empress  at  opening  of  Philadelphia  exhibition,  10 
May,  1876;  in  Europe,  etc. ;  return  to  Rio  de  Janeiro.  ..Sept.  187Tf 


1884 
1885 


1892 


BRA 

Ministerial  crisis  concerning  emancipation  o(  slaves  (of  whom 

there  were  1,200,000) Sept. 

Daulas,  anlisiavery  minister,  resigns 5  May, 

Bill  for  the  toU»l  u"boIiiion  of  slavery  passed  by  the  chambers, 

10-U  May;  about  700,000  persons  freed May, 

Revolution  at  Uio  de  Janeiro;  republic  proclaimed;  marshal 

Deodoro    da    Frousera    head    of   provisional    government: 

emiwror  and  family  forcibly  conveyed  to  the  Alagoas;  sail 

for  Kurope 15  Nov. 

F.mpert)r  refuses  the  oiler  of  the  provisional  government  of 

500,000/.  a  year Nov. 

Republic  recognized  informally  by  France,  United  States,  and 

Switzerland 29  Nov. 

Peiree  for  the  separation  of  church  and  state 7  Jan. 

Republic  formally  recognized  by  the  United  States 29  Jan. 

New  constitution"  promulgated 22  June, 

Republic  formally  recogniJ'.ed  by  (Jreat  Britain 20  Oct. 

Marshal  D.  da  Fonseca  elected  president  for  i  years;  installed, 

26  Feb. 
Pres.  Fonseca  resigns  and  is  succeeded  by  gen.  Floriano  Peixoto, 

23  Nov. 

Death  of  gen.  Deodoro  da  Fonseca 23  Aug. 

Growing  discontent  towards  the  administration  of  pres.  Peixoto 

on  account  of  his  alleged  despotic  rule  throughout 

Southern  province  in  open  rebellion , 

Rio  dk  Jankiro  bombarded  by  the  opposition  fleet,  under  adm. 

Custodio  de  Mello Sept. 

Commanders  of  the  foreign  war-ships  request  that  he  refrain 

from  further  bombardment;  request  acceded  to 30  Sept. 


EMPERORS  OF   BRAZIL. 

1822.  Dom  Pedro  (of  Portugal) ;  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  infant  son, 
7  Apr.  1831 ;  d.  24  Sept.  1834. 

1831.  Dom  Pedro  II.  (b.  2  Dec.  1825);  assumed  the  government,  23 
July,  1840;  married,  4  Sept.  1843,  princess  Theresa  of  Naples 
(b.  14  Mch.  1822;  d.  Oporto,  Portugal,  28  Dec.  1890).  Brazil 
declared  a  republic  and  dom  Pedro  banished;  sails  for  Por- 
tugal, 15  Nov.  1889 ;  d.  in  Paris,  4  Dec.  1891. 

PRESIDENTS  OF   THE   REPUBLIC. 

Deodoro  da  Fonseca  (resigns,  23  Nov.  1891) 26  Feb.  1891 

Floriano  Peixoto 23  Nov.     " 

Prudente  de  Moraes "         1894 

BrBZitO,  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  Here  col.  Doniphan 
defeated  the  Mexicans,  25  Dec.  1846. 

bread.  Ching-Noung,  successor  of  Fohi,  is  reputed  the 
first  who  taught  the  Chinese  the  arts  of  husbandry,  and  of  mak- 
ing bread  from  wheat  and  wine  from  rice,  1998  b.c. — "  Univ. 
Hist."  Baking  was  known  in  patriarchal  ages  (Ex.  xii.  15). 
A  profession  at  Rome,  170  b.c.  After  the  conquest  of  Mace- 
don,  148  B.C.,  Greek  bakers  came  to  Rome,  acquired  special 
privileges,  and  soon  obtained  a  monopoly.  Public  bakeries 
were  throughout  the  city,  and  grain  was  distributed  directly 
to  the  bakers  from  public  granaries ;  the  grain  was  pounded 
and  sifted  at  the  bakeries.  During  the  siege  of  Paris  by  Henry 
IV.,  owing  to  famine,  bread,  which  had  been  sold  while  any 
remained  for  a  crown  a  pound,  was  made  from  the  bones  of  the 
charnel-house  of  the  Holy  Innocents,  1694  a.d. — Henault.  In 
the  time  of  James  I.,  barley-bread  was  used  by  the  poor;  and 
now  in  Iceland,  codfish,  beaten  to  powder,  is  made  into  bread ; 
potato-bread  is  used  in  Ireland.  The  London  Bakers'  Com- 
pany was  incorporated  in  1307.  Bread  street  was  once  the 
London  market  for  bread.  Until  1302  London  bakers  were 
not  allowed  to  sell  in  their  own  shops. — Stow.  Bread  was  made 
with  yeast  by  the  English  bakers  in  1634.  In  1856  and  1857 
Dr.  Dauglish  patented  a  mode  of  making  "  aerated  bread,"  in 
which  carbonic-acid  gas  is  combined  with  water  and  mixed 
with  flour.  Aerated  bread  in  the  United  States  successfully 
produced,  1854.     Wages. 

bread-fruit  tree  (Artocarpus  indsa),  a  native  of 
the  South  Sea  islands.  The  attention  of  the  English  govern- 
ment was  directed  to  the  fruit  in  1688  by  capt.  Darapier  and 
later  by  capt.  Cook,  who  recommended  its  transportation  to  the 
West  Indian  colonies.  A  vessel  under  capt.  Bligh  was  fitted 
out  to  convey  some  of  these  trees  to  various  British  colonies 
in  1787  (Bounty),  and  again  in  1791.  The  number  taken  on 
board  at  Otaheite  was  1151.  Some  were  left  at  St.  Helena, 
352  at  Jamaica,  and  5  were  reserved  for  Kew  gardens,  1793. 
The  tree  was  successfully  cultivated  in  French  Guiana,  1802. 

break'Water§  consist  generally  of  stones  or  blocks  of 
concrete,  deposited  or  built  in  deep  water  to  protect  an  anchor- 
age for  vessels  during  storms.  There  are  3  types  of  break- 
waters :  1.  Sloping. — Deposits  of  rubble-stone  forming  a  mound 
are  often  made  when  material  is  plenty.  2.  Composite.— De- 
posits of  rubble-stone  surmounted  with  a  vertical  wall  of  solid 
masonry.     3.  Vertical— Wa)l  of  solid  masonry  from  the  bot- 


120 


BRE 


torn  of  the  sea.  The  Plymouth  breakwater,  Engl.,  an  exam> 
pie  of  the  first  class,  begun  12  Aug.  1812,  extends  a  mile  across 
the  soinid,  in  water  68  ft.  deep  at  high  tide.  It  is  360  ft.  broad 
at  the  bottom,  30  ft.  at.the  top,  3  ft.  above  high  water.  The 
architects  were  John  Rennie  and  his  son.  It  cost  1,700,000/. 
The  Portland  breakwater,  an  example  of  the  second  class  (be- 
gan 1849),  has  a  vertical  wall  rising  25  ft.  above  high  water. 
Another  at  Alderney  island,  English  channel,  of  the  same  kind, 
cost  1,250,000/.  The  Dover  breakwater,  Engl.,  1847-71,  cost 
679,300/.,  and  that  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  are  examples  of  the 
third  class.  There  is  also  an  extensive  breakwater  at  Holy- 
head. The  Cherbourg  breakwater,  France,  is  of  the  second 
class,  with  a  wall  rising  \2\  ft.  above  high  water  (1784-1830). 
Cost  about  $16,000,000.  An  extensive  one  at  Marseilles,  the 
"  Joliette,"  was  begun  1844,  and  finished  1852.  One  at  Bou- 
logne, 1879,  cost  $6,400,000.  That  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  be- 
gan 1870,  cost  nearly  $13,000,000.  The  English  have  also 
erected  breakwaters  at  Madras,  India,  at  Colomba,  on  the  island 
of  Ceylon,  1874-86,  cost  706,000/.,  and  at  Table  bay,  S.  Africa, 
began  1860.  There  is  also  a  fine  breakwater  at  Kingstown, 
at  the  entrance  of  Dublin  bay,  Ireland.  The  principal  break- 
water in  the  United  States  is  the  Delaware  breakwater,  first- 
class  type,  at  the  entrance  of  .Delaware  bay  (1829-39).  Al- 
though incomplete  it  has  a  surf-breaker  of  2748  ft.,  and  an 
ice-breaker  of  1710  ft.  Cost  over  $2,000,000.  There  are 
others  at  Galveston,  Texas,  and  on  the  great  lakes  at  Buflfalo, 
Chicago,  and  Oswego.  There  is  a  natural  breakwater  at 
Pernambuco,  Brazil,  formed  by  a  reef  of  coral. 

brea§tplate.  One  was  worn  by  the  Jewish  high- 
priest,  1491  B.C.  (Ex.  xxxix.).  Goliath  "  was  armed  with  a 
coat  of  mail,"  1063  B.C.  (Sam.  xvii.).  Breastplates  dwindled 
to  the  diminutive  gorgets.  Ancient  breastplates  are  mentioned 
as  made  of  gold  and  silver.     Aaron's  Breastplate. 

Brecllin,  Scotland,  sustained  a  siege  against  Edward 
III.,  1333.  The  battle  of  Brechin  or  Huntly-hill  was  fought 
between  earls  Huntly  and  Crawford  (the  latter  defeated),  18 
May,  1462.  The  see  of  Brechin  was  founded  by  David  I.  in 
1150.  One  of  its  bishops,  Alexander  Campbell,  was  made  prel- 
ate when  a  boj',  1566.  The  bishopric,  discontinued  soon  after 
the  revolution  in  1688,  was  revived  in  1731. 

Breda,  Holland,  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards  by  prince 
Maurice  of  Nassau  in  1590 ;  retaken  by  the  Spaniards,  under 
Spinola,  June,  1625;  and  by  the  Dutch,  Oct.  1637.  The 
"  Compromise  of  Breda  "  was  a  proposal  to  Philip  II.,  depre- 
cating his  harsh  measures  in  the  Netherlands,  presented  and 
refused  in  1566.  Here  Charles  II.  of  England  resided  at  the 
time  of  the  restoration,  and  issued  his  declaration  of  am- 
nesty, 4  Apr.  1660.  Restoration.  Breda  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1793.  The  French  garrison  was  expelled  by  the 
burgesses  in  1813. 

breeches,  among  the  Greeks,  were  a  badge  of  slaverj'. 
They  were  worn  by  the  Dacians,  Parthians,  and  other  north- 
ern nations ;  and  in  Italy,  it  is  said,  in  the  time  of  Augustus. 
In  the  reign  of  Honorius,  about  394  a.d.,  the  braccarii,  or 
breeches-makers,  were  expelled  from  Rome.  The  "  Geneva 
Bible  "  termed  the  "  Breeches  Bible  "  (from  the  rendering  in 
Gen.  iii.  7),  pub.  1560.     Bible. 

brelions,  ancient  judges  in  Ireland,  said  to  have  ad- 
ministered justice  with  religious  impartialitj'-,  but  later  with 
a  patriotic  bias.  The  statute  of  Kilkenny  forbade  English 
subjects  to  submit  to  the  brehon  laws,  40  Edw.  III.  1365 ; 
but  they  were  recognized  by  the  native  Irish  till  1660.  A 
translation  was  proposed  in  1852,  and  a  commission  appointed. 
The  publication  of  the  "Ancient  Laws  of  Ireland,"  by  the 
government,  began  1865. 

Bremen,  N.  Germany,  said  to  have  been  founded  in 
788,  and  long  an  archbishopric,  one  of  the  leading  towns  of 
the  Hanseatic  league,  had  a  seat  and  a  vote  in  the  college  of 
imperial  cities  in  1640.  In  1648  it  was  secularized  and  made 
a  duchy,  and  held  by  Sweden  till  1712,  when  it  was  taken 
by  Denmark,  who  sold  it  to  Hanover  in  1731.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1757,  who  were  expelled  by  the  Hanoverians 
in  1768.  Bremen  was  annexed  by  Napoleon  to  the  French 
empire  in  1810;  but  its  independence  was  restored  in  1813, 
and  its  old  franchises  in  1815.  It  entered  the  North  German 
Confederation  in  1866.     International  agricultural  exhibition 


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opened  13  Jnne,  1874.  Population  of  the  province,  1871, 
122,402  ;  1890, 180,443 ;  of  the  city,  125,684.     Hanse  Towns. 

Brenneville,  N.W.  France.  Here  Henry  I.  of  Eng- 
land defeated  Louis  VI.  of  France,  -v^o  supported  William 
Cliton,  son  of  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  20  Aug.  1119. 

Brentford,  county  town  of  Middlesex,  Engl.  Here 
Edmund  Ironside  defeated  the  Danes,  May,  1016.  It  was  taken 
by  Charles  I.,  after  a  sharp  fight,  12  Nov.  1642. 

BresciB  (bresh'e-a),  N.  Italy  (the  ancient  Brixia),  im- 
portant under  the  Lombards,  suffered  by  the  wars  of  Italian  re- 
publics, being  attached  to  Venice.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
under  Gaston  de  Foix,  Feb.  1512,  when  it  is  said  40,000  of 
the  inhabitants  were  massacred.  It  was  retaken,  26  May,  1516. 
It  surrendered  to  the  Austrian  gen.  Haynau,  30  Mch.  1849,  on 
severe  terms.     It  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  in  1859. 

Breilail,  Silesia,  was  burned  bj'  the  Mongols  in  1241, 
and  conquered  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia,  Jan.  1741.  Here 
the  Austrians  routed  the  Prussians,  under  prince  Bevern,  22 
Nov.  1757.  Breslau  was  taken,  but  was  regained  21  Dec.  the 
same  year.  It  was  besieged  by  the  French,  and  surrendered 
to  them,  Jan.  1807,  and  again  in  1813. 

Bressa  prize.  Dr.  Cesare  Antonio  Bressa,  by  will 
of  4  Sept.  1835,  bequeathed  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Turin,  means  for  a  prize  (about  $6000)  every  2  years  for  some 
important  discovery  or  valuable  work  in  physics,  natural  his- 
tory, geography,  history,  statistics,  etc. ;  1st  in  1879  to  a  for- 
eigner, the  2d  to  an  Italian,  and  so  on  alternately. 

Brest,  a  seaport,  N.W.  France,  was  besieged  by  Julius 
Caesar,  54  b.c.  ;  possessed  by  the  English,  1378  a.d.  ;  given 
up  to  the  duke  of  Brittany,  1390.  Lord  Berkeley  and  a  Brit- 
ish fleet  and  army  were  repulsed  here  with  dreadful  loss  in 
1694.  The  magazine  burned,  to  the  value  of  some  millions  of 
pounds  sterling,  1744.  The  marine  hospitals,  with  50  galley- 
slaves,  burned,  1766.  The  magazine  again  destroyed  by  fire, 
10  July,  1784.  From  this  French  naval  depot  numerous 
squadrons  were  equipped  against  England  during  the  long 
war,  among  them  the  fleet  which  lord  Howe  defeated  on 
1  June,  1794.  England  maintained  a  large  blockading  squad- 
ron off  the  harbor  from  1793  to  1815,  but  with  little  injury  to 
France.  It  is  now  a  chief  naval  station,  and  is  considered 
impregnable. 

Bretig'ny  (pret'i-ny),  Peace  of,  concluded  with  France, 
8  May,  1360;  England  retained  Gascony  and  Guienne,  and 
acquired  other  provinces ;  renounced  Maine,  Anjou,  Touraine, 
and  Normandy ;  was  to  receive  3,000,000  crowns,  and  to  re- 
lease king  John,  taken  prisoner  at  Poictiers,  1356.  The  treaty 
not  being  carried  out,  the  king  remained  and  died  in  England. 

Bretwalda.  A  title  bestowed  upon  Egbert  in  the 
old  English  chronicles  (cir.  855),  and  (retrospectively)  upon 
seven  earlier  kings  of  various  old  English  states,  viz. :  Ella,  king 
of  Sussex  ;  Ceawlin  of  Wessex  ;  Ethelbert  of  Kent ;  Redwald 
of  East  Anglia ;  Edwin,  Oswald,  and  Oswy  of  Northumber- 
land. "  Its  sense  can  only  be  '  lord  (or  ruler)  of  the  Britons,' 
or  *of  Britain.' " — The  New  English  Dictionary.     Britain. 

breviary  (i.  e.,  an  abridgment  of  the  offices  used  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  service)  contains  the  7  canonical  hours,  viz., 
matins  about  midnight ;  lauds  (when  not  joined  to  matins, 
about  3  A.M.),  primes  (about  6),  tierce  (about  9),  sexts  (about 
12),  nones  (about  3  p.m.),  vespers  (4  or  6),  complines  (about 
9).  Lord  Bute  published  a  translation  of  the  breviary,  1879. 
The  breviary  is  ascribed  to  pope  Gelasius  I.  about  492.  It  was 
first  called  the  custos,  and  afterwards  the  breviary;  came 
into  use  among  ecclesiastical  orders  about  1080 ;  and  was  re- 
formed by  the  councils  of  Trent  and  Cologne,  and  by  Pius  V., 
Urban  VIII.,  and  other  popes.  The  type  in  which  it  was 
first  printed  gave  name  to  hi-evier  type. 

brewers  and  brewing".  The  art  of  brewing  was 
practised  by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  afterwards  by  the 
Greeks,  Romans,  and  Gauls.  All  nations,  whether  civilized 
or  savage,  have  in  every  age  prepared  intoxicating  drink 
of  some  kind,  under  as  many  names  as  there  are  peoples. 
Brewing  was  known  to  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  the  English 
have  long  been  pre-eminent  in  this  art.  It  is  mentioned  in 
the  old  English  chronicles  (cir.  893).  British  monasteries 
were  remarkable  for  the  strength  and  purity  of  their  ales. 


brewed  from  malt  prepared  by  the  monks  with  care  and  skill. 
As  early  as  the  13th  century  the  waters  of  Burton-pn-Trent 
began  to  be  famous  for  brewing  purposes,  and  in  1630  "  Bur- 
ton beer"  found  its  way  to  London,  being  sold  at  "Ye  Pea- 
cocke  "  in  Gray's  Inn  lane,  and  according  to  the  Spectator  was 
in  great  demand  among  the  visitors  at  Vauxhall. 

Fool.  "  When  brewers  mar  tbeir  malt  with  water." 

— Shakespeare,  "King  Lear,"  act  iii.  sc.  2. 
In  1585  there  were  26  brewers  in  the  city  of  London,  the  sub- 
urbs, and  Westminster,  who  brewed  648,960  barrels  of  beer,  of 
which  26,400  barrels  were  exported  to  Embden,  the  Low 
Countries,  and  Dieppe.— AStow.  The  best  English  colonial 
beer  is  made  in  Tasmania,  and  shipped  frozen  to  Australia  and 
India.  The  quantity  of  beer  brewed  in  Great  Britain  in  1869 
was  25,542,664  barrels,  of  which  521,272  barrels  were  export- 
ed. In  1892  over  32,000,000  barrels  were  brewed  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  government  collected  as  taxes  on 
the  manufacture  and  sale  more  than  9,000,000/.  More  beer 
is  brewed  in  Germany  than  in  any  other  country,  amounting 
in  1892  to  over  46,000,000  barrels.  Every  brewer  in  the  United 
States  pays  a  tax  of  $100  if  producing  500  barrels  or  more, 
and  $50  if  less.  Total  production  in  1863,  1,765,827  barrels 
of  31  gallons;  1873,  9,633,323  barrels;  1880,  13,347,110  bar- 
rels ;  1892,  39,180,250  barrels. 
Briar  Creek,  Battle  of.  Georgia,  1779. 
bribery  forbidden  (Dent.  xvi.  19).  .Samuel's  sons  were 
guilty  of  it,  1112  b.c.  (1  Sam.  viii.  3).  In  England,  Thomas 
de  Weyland  banished  for  bribery  in  1288,  was  chief-justice  of 
the  common  pleas.  William  de  Thorpe,  chief-justice  of  the 
king's  bench,  was  convicted  of  bribery  in  1351.  Another  judge 
was  fined  20,000/.  for  the  like  offence,  1616.  Mr.Walpole, 
secretary-at-war,  was  sent  to  the  Tower  for  bribery  in  1712. 
Lord  Strangford  was  suspended  from  voting  in  the  Irish 
House  of  Lords  for  soliciting  a  bribe,  Jan.  1784.  In  1854  an 
important  act  was  passed  consolidating  and  amending  pre- 
vious acts  relating  to  bribery  at  elections.  By  statute  of 
the  United  States,  chap.  287,  15  Aug.  1876,  19  stat.  at  large, 
p.  160,  §  6,  bribery  is  made  punishable.  Revised  statutes  of 
the  U.  S.,  §§  5506-8,  prohibit  and  punish  bribery. 
Mr.  Swan,  M.  P.  for  Penryn,  fined  and  imprisoned,  and  sir 
Manasseh  Lopez  fined  lO.OOOL  with  2  years'  imprisonment 

for  bribery  at  Grampound Oct.  1819 

Sudbury  disfranchised,  1848 ;  St.  Albans  also 1852, 

Elections  at  Derby,  etc.,  voided  for  bribery 1853 

In  Cooper  v.  Slade,  payment  of  travelling  expenses  held  brib- 
ery   17  Apr.  185& 

Commissions  of  inquiry  on  bribery  sit  at  Great  Yarmouth, 
Totnes,  Lancaster,  and  Reigate  ;  disgraceful  disclosures, 

Aug. -Nov.  1866. 

Reform  bill,  disfranchising  boroughs,  passed 15  Aug.  1867 

Parliamentary  Elections  act ;  election  petitions  to  be  tried  by 

a  special  court,  passed 31  July,  1868 

First  trials  under  this  act;  Mr.  Roger  Eykyn  (at  Windsor)  de- 
clared elected,  15  Jan.,  and  sir  H.  Stracey  (at  Norwich)  un- 
seated  18  Jan.  1869 

Dr.  Kinglake,  Mr.  Fenelly,  and  others,  fined  for  bribery  in 

parliamentary  elections 10  May,  1870> 

Beverly,  Bridgewater,  Sligo,  and  Cashel  disfranchised  for  brib- 
ery and  corruption " 

New  York  aldermen,  in  the  year  1884,  granted  a  street- rail  way 
franchise  for  Broadway  under  suspicious  circumstances. 
Long  discussions  in  the  press  led  to  investigation  by  the  Leg- 
islature in  1886,  and  little  by  little  the  facts  were  brought  out 
before  an  investigating  committee  and  in  the  courts.  Some 
of  the  implicated  persons  fled  the  country  ;  some  were  con- 
victed; some  turned  informers.  Following  are  the  dates: 
A  group  of  aldermen  conspire,  calling  it  a  "combine,"  to  vote 

together  on  railroad  franchises 13  May,  1884 

Broadway  railroad  company  applies  for  franchise 15  July,     " 

Application  approved  by  railroad  committee  of  aldermen, 

10  Aug.  " 
Franchise  granted  at  a  special  meeting  at  9  o'clock  a.m.  by  18 
aldermen,  named  Cleary,  De  Lacy,  Dempsey,  Duffy,  FuUgraff, 
Rothman.  Waite,  McQuade,  O'Neill.  Jaehne,  Miller,  Shiels, 
Farley,  Sayles,  McCabe,  Wendel,  Reilly,  and  Pearson,  30  Aug.  "^ 
Validity  of  the  franchise  being  technically  doubtful,  the  com- 
pany applies  anew 15  Sept.     " 

Franchise  granted  ; 13  Nov.     " 

Vetoed  by  the  mayor 20  Nov.     " 

Passed  over  the  veto 6  Pec.     " 

State  Senate  directs  its  railroad  committee  (senator  Low,  chair- 
man) to  investigate 26  Jan.  1886- 

Committee  begins  its  sittings 6  Feb.      ' 

Preliminary  report  recommends  that  the  franchise  be  an- 
nulled for  fraud •  • .  .9  Mch.     " 

[Franchise  annulled  and  road  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  re- 
ccivcr.  1 
Henry  Jaehne,  vice-president  of  the  board  of  aldermen,  ar- 
rested on  charge  of  bribery 18  Mch.     "■ 


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122 


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Committee  closes  investigation 21  Apr.  1886 

Jaehne  put  uiwn  trial 10  May,     " 

Jaehne  convicted,  16  May,  sentenced  to  9  years  and  10  mouths 

in  state-prison 20  May,     " 

Jaehne  lodged  in  prison  at  Sinj;  Sing 21  May,     " 

Alderman  McCabc  at^udged  iiisaiu' 4  Nov.     " 

Alderman  McQuad"  put  upt>n  his  trial,  Waite,  Fullgrall',  and 

Duffy  giving  testimony  for  the  people 15  Nov.     " 

Jury  disagree 2-t  Nov.     " 

Second  trial  begun 26  Nov.     " 

McQuade  convicted.  15  Dec. ;  sentenced  to  7  years'  imprison- 
ment and  $.")000  flne 20  Dec.     " 

Alderman  O'Neill  put  upon  trial 24  Jan.  1887 

O'Neill  convicted,  1  Feb. ;  sentenced  to  4  years'  imprisonment 

and  $2000  flne 11  Feb.     " 

James  W.  Foshay,  formerly  president  of  the  Broadway  road, 

under  indictment  for  bribing  aldermen,  d 17  Feb.     '« 

Jacob  Sharp,  one  of  the  principals  in  bribing  aldermen,  found 
guilty  of  bribery,  sentenced  to  4  years'  imprisonment  and 

fined  $500 14  July,     " 

Alderman  Cleary  put  uiwn  trial 28  Feb.     " 

Arthur  J.  McQuade,  the  convicted  ex-alderman,  brought  from 
Sing  Sing  to  New  York,  and  released  on  $20,000  bail. .  .4  Oct.  1888 

bric-a-brac  (Fr.),  old  curiosities,  such  as  cabinets, 
pieces  of  ironwork,  etc.  Collection  became  a  fashion  under 
queen  Anne,  1702-14.  The  publication  of  Bric-a-Brac,  a 
monthly  price-list,  began  in  1869. 

brick.  Over  2000  years  b.c.  the  men  on  the  plains  of 
Shinar  said,  "Go  to,  let  us  make  brick,  and  burn  them 
thoroughly.  And  ...  let  us  build  us  a  city,  and  a  tower,  whose 
top  may  reach  unto  heaven"  (Gen.  xi.  3).  The  bricks  of  Thoth- 
mes  III.  (believed  to  be  the  prince  who  reigned  in  Egypt  at 
the  time  of  the  exodus  of  the  Hebrews)  are  impressed  with  his 
cartouch,  cir.  1500  b.c.  Nebuchadnezzar  had  his  name  stamped 
on  the  bricks  used  in  erecting  his  colossal  palaces;  they  are 
red  or  pale  yellow,  and  from  12  to  19|  in.  square,  and  about  3 
in.  thick.  The  palaces  of  Croesus,  king  of  Lj'dia  (548  b.c)  ; 
of  Mausolus  of  Halicarnassus  (352  b.c.)  ;  the  bath  of  Titus 
(70  A.i>.) ;  the  pillar  of  Trajan  (98  a.d.)  ;  and  the  bath  of  Cara- 
oalla  (212  a.d.)  were  of  brick.  Early  English  brick  buildings 
were  Hurstmonceaux  castle,  Sussex  (cir.  1425);  Tattershall 
castle,  Lincolnshire  (1440);  Lollards'  tower,  Lambeth  palace 
{1454);  and  the  old  part  of  Hampton  court  (1514).  ^^  p 

Bricks  introduced  into  England  by  the  Romans cir.      44 

Made  under  direction  of  Alfred  the  Great about  •  886 

Regular  masonry  introduced  into  England  shortly  before  the 

Norman  conquest 1066 

Size  of  bricks  regulated  by  order  of  Charles  I 1625 

Bricks  substituted  for  wood  in  the  erection  of  buildings  in  Lon- 
don after  the  great  fire 1666 

Tax  levied  on  bricks  in  England 1784 

Machine  for  making  bricks  patented  in  the  U.  S.  as  early  as 

1792,  and  about  122  patents  granted  previous  to June,  1836 

Duties  and  drawbacks  of  excise  on  bricks  in  England  repealed,  1850 
F.  H.  Smith  pateots  in  the  U.  S.  a  machine  capable  of  making 

30,000  bricks  in  a  day  of  10  hours 9  July,  1868 

Chambers's  brick  machine,  with  a  capacity  of  50.000  bricks  per 
10  hours,  at  a  cost  from  the  clav  bank  to  the  shed  of  only 
IIU  cts.  per  1000,  first  patented,  20  Aug.  1878,  and  perfected,  1887 

BridCIWCli.  Once  a  palace  of  king  John,  near  Fleet- 
ditch,  London,  1210;  was  given  to  the  citj'  for  a  work-house 
by  Edward  VL,  1553.  The  new  Bridewell  prison,  erected  in 
1829,  was  pulled  down  in  1864;  that  of  Tothill-tields  was  re- 
built in  1831. 

bridg^CS.  The  first  bridge  at  Rome,  called  the  Pons 
Sublicius,  was  built  across  the  Tiber  on  piles  by  Ancus  Mar- 
tius  about  620  b.c.  ;  noted  for  the  (mythical)  defence  by  Hora- 
tius  Codes  against  Lars  Porsenna  about  508  b.c.  Abj'dos  is 
famous  for  the  bridge  of  boats  Xerxes  built  across  the  Helles- 
pont, 480  B.C.  Trestle-bridge  on  piles  built  by  Julius  Caesar 
across  the  Rhine,  55  b.c.,  in  10  days,  described  in  his  commen- 
taries. The  bridge  of  Trajan,  crossing  the  Danube,  was  about 
4000  ft.  in  length,  and  was  built  of  timbers  resting  on  stone 
piers  by  Apollodorus  of  Damascus,  105  a.d.  About  the  same 
time  the  bridge  at  Alcantara,  Spain,  in  honor  of  Trajan,  was 
built ;  this  bridge  was  part  destroyed  by  the  English  in  1809, 
and  by  the  Carlists  in  1836.  The  Devil's  bridge  in  the  canton 
of  Uri,  Switzerland,  was  built  on  two  high  rocks ;  many 
stories  have  been  invented  to  account  for  it.  At  Schaff- 
hausen  an  extraordinary  bridge  was  built  over  the  Rhine,  400 
feet  wide ;  there  was  a  pier  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  but  it 
is  doubtful  whether  the  bridge  rested  upon  it ;  a  man  of  light 
weight  felt  the  bridge  totter  under  him,  yet  wagons  heavily 
laden  passed  over  without  danger.  The  bridge  was  destroyed 
by  the  French  in  1799.  Trezzo  bridge,  over  the  Adda,  Italy, 
built  by  order  of  Bernabo  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  in  1380,  was 


the  largest  masonry  arch  known,  having  a  span  of  251  feet. 

Destroyed  by  Carmagnola.     The  largest  existing  masonry 

arch  is  in  the  United  States,  a  span  of  220  ft.,  carrying  the 

Washington  Aqueduct,over  Cabin  John  creek  (Aqueducts); 

and  next  in  size  is  the  Grosvenor  bridge  over  the  Dee  at 

Chester,  England,  with  a  span  of  200  feet. 

Triangular  masonry  bridge  at  Cory  land  abbey,  referred  to  in  a  ^^■ 
charter  dated 943 

Stone  bridge  erected  at  Bow,  near  Stratford,  by  queen  Matilda, 

about  1100-18 

Religious  brotherhoods  for  building  and  repairing  bridges  ex- 
isted in  France  during  the  13th  century;  one  of  theui,  the 
Fratres  Ponlis,  headed  by  St.  Benezet,  built  a  bridge  auOO  ft. 
long,  of  18  stone  arches,  over  the  Rhone  at  Avignon 1180 

Cast  iron  for  bridges  introduced  in  England 1777 

U.  S.  patent  granted  for  a  wooden  bridge,  since  known  as  the 
Burr  bridge,  to  Theodore  Burr 14  Feb.  1806 

James  Finley  of  Fayette  county,  Pa.,  erected  chain  cable  sus- 
pension bridges  as  early  as  1797.  He  patented  his  improve- 
ments, 1808,  and  2  years  later  there  were  8  of  these  bridges 
in  existence  in  the  U.  S.,  the  longest  at  the  falls  of  Schuyl- 
kill, Philadelphia,  Pa.,  306  ft.  span,  with  an  intermediate  pier,  1810 

Town,  or  lattice  truss  bridge,  patented  by  IthielTown  of  Conn., 

20  Jan.  1820 

Tension  iron  bridge,  believed  to  be  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the 
U.  S.,  patented  by  Augustus  Canfield,  of  Plainfield,  N.  J., 

29  June,  1833 

Howe  truss  bridge,  patented  by  William  Howe,  of  Warren, 
Mass 10  July,  1840 

American  boilerplate  tubular  bridge,  built  at  Bolton  depot, 
and  put  in  place  on  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna  railroad 
by  its  inventor,  James  Millholland Apr.  1847 

Niagara  gorge,  2  miles  below  the  falls,  crossed  by  an  iron  basket 
or  cradle  hung  on  a  wire  cable  suspended  over  the  chasm.  It 
was  constructed  by  Charles  EUet,  and  soon  replaced  by  a  slight 
bridge,  a  second  cable  being  constructed  the  same  year.  The 
first  step  in  the  construction  of  this  bridge  was  the  flying  of 
kites  across  the  gorge;  one  being  successfully  landed,  its 
string  served  to  carry  over  a  rope  and  then  a  cable 1848 

Chief  Thames  bridges  freed  from  toll,  24  May,  1879,  and  26  June,  1880 

NOTED   BRIDGES   OF   THE  WOKLD. — MASONRY   ARCH  BRIDGES. 

London  bridge.  One  is  said  to  have  existed,  978.  A  bridge 
built  of  wood,  1014,  was  partly  burned  in  1136.  The  late  old 
bridge  was  commenced  about  1176  by  Peter  of  Colechurch, 
with  houses  on  each  side,  connected  by  large  arches  of  timber 
which  crossed  the  street ;  completed 1209 

Fire  at  the  Southwark  end  brought  crowds  on  the  bridge;  the 
houses  at  the  north  end  caught  Are,  and  shut  them  in ;  up- 
wards of  3000  persons  were  killed,  burned,  or  drowned.  .July,  1212 

Bridge  restored  in  1300,  again  destroyed  by  fire  in  1471 ;  13  Feb. 
1632,  and Sept.  1725 

All  the  houses  pulled  down 1750 

Water- works  begun,  1582 ;  destroyed  by  fire 1774 

Toll  discontinued : 27  Mch.  1782 

New  London  bridge,  designed  by  John  Rennie,  and  built  by  his 
sons,  John  and  George;  total  cost,  1,458,311/,. ;  length  of  cen- 
tral span,  152  ft.  The  first  pile  was  driven  200  ft.  to  the 
west  of  the  old  bridge,  15  Mch.  1824;  the  first  stone  was  laid 
by  the  lord  mayor,  alderman  Garratt 15  June,  1825 

Opened  by  William  IV.  and  his  queen 1  Aug.  1831 

Karlsbriccke  (Charles's  bridge),  over  the  Moldau  at  Prague. 
Built  by. emperor  Charles  IV.  of  Germany,  1348.  1855  ft. 
long.  Gate  towers  at  either  end,  ornamented  with  groups 
of  statuary.  Greatly  damaged  by  flood,  Sept.  1890;  since 
repaired. 

Rialto.  Masonry  arch  bridge  at  Venice  over  the  Grand  canal. 
Single  span  of  98)^  ft. ;  rise  of  span,  20  ft. ;  width  of  foot- 
way, 72  ft.     Built  by  Antonio  da  Ponte  (Rialto,  Venice) 1588 

Westminster  bridges.  Old  bridge  was  built  of  Portland  stone, 
after  a  design  of  M.  Labelye.  Begun  13  Sept.  1738 ;  opened 
for  passengers,  18  Nov.  1750;  length,  1223  ft.;  cost,  426,650/. 
Commissioners  of  works  empowered  to  rebuild 4  Aug.  1853 

Work  on  the  new  bridge  suspended  by  failure  ot  the  contractors, 
Messrs.  Mare.  The  government  eventually  undertook  the 
building,  which  was  intrusted  to  Thomas  Page.  One  half  of 
the  bridge  opened  early  in  1860,  the  whole 24  May,  1862 

Waterloo  bridge  over  the  Thames  at  London.  Length  within 
abutments,  1242  ft. ;  width  within  balustrades,  42  ft. ;  span  of 
each  arch,  of  which  there  are  9,  120  ft. ;  commenced,  11  Oct.  1811 

The  present  site,  plan,  and  dimensions  of  the  bridge  given  by 
G.  Dodd  under  act  of  Parliament  in  1806  ;  he  was  super- 
seded by  John  Rennie,  who  completed  the  structure.  It  was 
opened  on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  the  duke 
of  Wellington  and  others  being  present 18  June,  1817 

Bought  for  475,000/.  by  metropolitan  board  of  works;  opened, 
toll  free,  5  Oct.  1878;  lit  by  electric  light 10  Oct.  1879 

Grosvenor  bridge,  over  the  Dee,  at  Chester.     A  masonry  arch 
having  a  span  of  200  ft. ;  act  for  its  construction  obtained. . .  1825 
IRON   AND   STEEL  ARCH  BRIDGES. 

Colebrookdale  bridge,  over  the  Severn,  between  Madeley  and 
Brosely,  the  first  cast-iron  arch  bridge  erected  in  England. 
It  has  a  span  of  100  ft.,  and  was  completed  after  designs  of 
Abraham  Derby 1777 

Sunderland  bridge.  A  cast-iron  arch  100  ft.  high,  with  a  span 
of  236  ft.,  crossing  the  Wear,  built  under  superintendence 
of  Thomas  Wilson 1796 


BRI 


123 


BRI 


JSouthwark  bridge,  South  London,  was  designed  by  John  Ren- 
nie.  It  consists  of  3  cast-iron  arches  of  210,  240,  and  210  ft. 
span,  resting  on  massive  stone  piers  and  abutments  ;  cost 

about  800,000^. ;  begun  23  Sept.  18U;  completed Apr.  1819 

Victoria  bridge  over  the  Thames  at  Pimlico,  London,  consists 
of  4  very  wide  wrought -iron  arches.  Begun,  1859  ;  com- 
pleted, 1860;  and  widened 1865-66 

St.  Louis  bridge  across  the  Mississippi  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  3 
arches  formed  of  tubes  of  cast  steel,  and  built  out  from  the 
piers  without  scaffolding;  the  centre  span,  520  ft,  the  others 
502  ft.  each.  2200  tons  of  steel  and  3400  tons  of  iron  were 
used  in  its  construction.  Built  by  col.  James  B.  Eads  at  a 
cost  of  .$10,000,000.     Begun,  1867;  and  completed 4  July,  1874 

Douro  bridge,  an  arched  iron  structure  near  Oporto,  Portugal; 
total  length,  1150  ft.,  span  of  arch,  520  ft.,  height  from  low- 
water  to  crown  of  arch,  198  ft.  Begun,  1875;  opened  to 
travel  by  the  king  of  Portugal Nov.  1877 

Garabit  viaduct,  over  the  Truyere,  in  the  south  of  France.  The 
total  length  is  1849  ft. ;  the  main  portion,  1469  ft.  in  length, 
is  of  steel,  and  consists  of  5  openings  of  from  170  to  182  ft., 
spanned  by  lattice  girders  and  a  trellis  parabolic  arch  with 
a  span  of  541  ft.,  and  a  clear  height  above  the  river  ol  356  ft. 
The  rail  level  is  401  ft.  above  the  river.  (Highest  bridge  in 
the  world.)  Designed  by  M.  Eiffel,  and  built  without  scaflbld. 
Begun,  1879;  completed 1884 

Highway  bridge  over  the  Harlem  river  at  New  York.  A  cen- 
tral stone  pier  and  2  steel  arches  having  a  span  of  510  ft. 
each  and  a  clear  headway  of  150  ft.  under  the  centre  of  each 
arch 1888 

TUBULAR  GIRDER  BRIDGKS. 

€onway  (Wales)  tubular  bridge.  A  miniature  of  the  Britannia; 
a  single  span  of  400  ft. ;  erected 1846-48 

Britannia  tubular  bridge,  carrying  the  Chester  and  Holyhead 
railway  across  the  Menai  straits,  consists  of  2  parallel  rectan- 
gular wrought- iron  tubes  resting  on  3  piers.  There  are  2 
central  spans  of  459  ft. ,  and  2  shore  spans  of  230  ft.  The  cen- 
tral pier  is  built  on  the  Britannia  rock,  and  its  erection  was 
begun  May,  1846.  The  height  of  the  tube  within  is  30  ft.  at 
the  centre,  diminishing  to  23  ft.  at  the  shore  ends.  The 
bridge  has  a  clear  headway  above  high-water  of  1033i^  ft.  The 
4  tubes  of  the  central  spans  were  floated  into  position  and 
gradually  raised  to  the  required  height  by  hydraulic  presses. 
First  locomotive  passes  through Mch.  1850 

Victoria  railway  bridge,  over  the  St.  Lawrence  river  at  Mon- 
treal, was  erected  by  James  Hodges  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Robert  Stephenson  and  A.  M.  Ross,  engineers.  It  is 
about  2  miles  in  length  and  rests  on  24  piers,  the  height  be- 
ing 60  ft.  above  summer  level  of  the  river;  cost,  1,700,000Z. ; 
work  begun,  24  May,  1854;  bridge  damaged  by  floating  ice 
while  under  construction,  5  Jan.  1855;  formally  opened  by 
the  prince  of  Wales -. 25  Aug.  1860 

SUSPENSION   BRIDGES. 

Menai  suspension  bridge.  A  chain  bridge  built  by  Telford 
across  the  Menai  straits,  102  ft.  above  high-water.  The  en- 
tire length  of  the  chains  is  1710  ft. ;  length  of  span,  570  ft. ; 
bridge  begun,  July,  1818;  and  opened  for  traffic 30  Jan.  1826 

Freiburg  suspension  bridge,  over  the  Sarine  valley,  Switzerland. 
870  ft.  span;  167  ft.  above  the  river;  built  by  M.  Chaley. ...  1833-34 

Suspension  bridge,  crossing  the  Dnieper  at  Kieflf.  Nearly  half 
a  mile  in  length,  having  4  principal  spans  of  440  ft.  each; 
erected 1S51 

Niagara  Falls  suspension  bridge,  across  the  gorge,  2  miles  below 
the  falls.  Built  by  John  A.  Roebling.  Length  of  span  be- 
tween towers,  800  ft. ;  supported  by  4  wire  cables,  each  con- 
taining 3640  No.  9  wires;  height  of  track  above  the  water, 
245  ft.;  carriage-way  beneath  the  track;  cost  of  bridge, 
$400,000;  work  begun,  1852;  first  locomotive  crosses,  8  Mch.  1855 

Clifton  suspension  bridge.  A  chain  bridge  crossing  the  Avon 
below  Bristol,  Engl.  It  was  partly  constructed  of  the  Hun- 
gerford  foot-bridge,  which  was  taken  down  in  July,  1862.  It 
is  said  to  have  the  longest  span  of  any  chain  bridge  in  the 
world  (702  ft.),  and  is  250  ft.  above  high-water.  Begun  in 
1862;  opened '. 8  Dec.  1864 

Cincinnati  and  Covington  suspension  bridge,  over  the  Ohio  river, 
-  at  an  elevation  of  91  ft.  above  low- water  and  with  a  span  of 
1057  ft.     Built  by  Roebling;  and  completed 1867 

Clifton  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls,  a  short  distance  be- 
low the  falls;  built  for  carriage  and  foot-passengers;  has  a 
span  of  1260  ft.     Begun,  1867 ;  completed 1869 

Blown  down,  10  Jan.  1889,  and  new  structure  of  iron  hung  on 
steel  cables;  opened 7  May,  1889 

Brooklyn  bridge.  A  wire  cable  suspension  bridge  connecting 
New  York  city  with  Brooklyn;  designed  by  John  A.  Roebling, 
and  built  by  his  son  W.  A.  Roebling.  It  has  a  total  length  of 
carriageway,  5989  ft.,  and  including  extensions,  6537  ft.,  a  cen- 
tral span  of  1595  ft.,  and  2  side  spans  of  930  ft.  each,  with  a 
clear  headway  under  the  centre  of  the  bridge  of  135  ft.  above 
high- water;  total  height  of  towers  above  high-water,  278  ft. ; 
there  are  4  suspension  cables,  composed  of  5296  galvanized 
steel  wires,  bound  together,  but  not  twisted;  width  of  bridge, 
85  ft. ;  cost,  $15,000,000;  bridge  begun,  1870;  opened.  24  May,  1883 

CANTILEVER  BRIDGES. 

Niagara  Falls  cantilever,  over  the  gorge,  a  short  distance  above 
the  old  suspension  bridge  ;  the  first  true  metal  cantilever 
bridge  erected,  comprising  2  cantilevers,  395  ft.  each  in  length, 
extending  from  the  shores  to  piers  and  reaching  out  over  the 


river,  supporting  a  central  girder  120  ft.  in  length;  distance 
between  piers,  495  ft. ;  height  of  bridge,  180  ft.  above  the  wa- 
ter ;  opened 20  Dec.  1883 

Hooghly  bridge,  India,  carrying  the  East  Indian  railway  across 
the  Hooghly  river  at  a  height  of  53  ft.  above  low-water.  It 
has  1  central  span  of  95>^  ft.,  and  2  end  spans  of  520  ft.  It 
was  begun  in  1883,  and  completed  at  a  cost  of  $1,305,000 1886 

Kentucky  and  Indiana  bridge,  over  the  Ohio,  at  Louisville,  has  2 
cantilever  spans  of  480  and  483  ft. ;  begun,  1883 ;  completed. .     " 

Sukkur  cantilever  bridge,  crossing  the  Rori  branch  of  the  Indus 
at  Sukkur,  with  a  single  span  of  790  ft. ;  opened June,  1889 

Firth  cantilever  bridge,  a  steel  railway  bridge  across  the  Firth 
of  Forth  at  Queensferry,  Scotl.,  has  a  total  length  of  8098  ft., 
or  over  a  mile  and  a  half.  It  is  composed  of  3  double  canti- 
levers; a  central  one  of  1620  ft.  resting  on  a  pier  built  on  the 
island  of  Inchgarvie;  2, 1514 J^  ft.  in  length,  joined  to  the  cen- 
tral cantilever  by  girders  of  350  ft.  si)an,  thus  affording  2  open- 
ings of  1700  ft.  each  side  of  the  central  pier,  and  2  approach 
viaducts  of  15  girders  from  168  to  179  ft.  in  length,  resting  on 
masonry  piers.  The  highest  elevation  of  the  bridge  is  361  ft. 
(over  the  piers),  and  there  is  a  clear  headway  under  the  cen- 
tral spans  of  152  ft.  There  were  51,000  tons  of  steel  used  in 
its  construction,  and  56  lives  were  lost  during  its  erection, 
which  occupied  7  years  and  gave  employment  to  as  many  as 
5000  men  at  one  time.  Total  cost  of  the  bridge,  3,250,000Z. ; 
work  begun,  Jan.  1883 ;  opened , 4  Mch.  1890 

Poughkeepsie  bridge,  crossing  the  Hudson  river  at  Poughkeep- 
sie,  is  composed  of  2  cantilever  spans  on  each  shore  of  523  ft. 
and  a  central  cantilever  span  of  521  ft. ,  joined  by  2  ordinary 
girders  of  500  ft.  span  with  projecting  cantilever  ends.  Work 
begun,  1886 ;  opened 1888 

DRAWBRIDGES. 

Newcastle  swing  bridge,  over  the  Tyne,  Engl.,  is  281  ft.  long, 
weighs  1450  tons,  and  is  lifted  by  a  hydraulic  crane.  Work 
begun,  1868;  completed June,  1876 

Arthur  Kill  bridge,  between  Staten  Island  and  New  Jersey,  con- 
sists of  2  shore  spans  of  150  ft.  each,  covered  by  fixed  trusses, 
and  a  draw  500  ft.  in  length.  It  can  be  opened  and  closed  in 
2  minutes.  Bridge  authorized  by  act  of  Congress,  16  June, 
1886 ;  completed  at  a  cost  of  $450,000 13  June,  1888 

Tower  bridge,  a  bascule  bridge  crossing  the  Thames  below  Lon- 
don bridge.  It  has  a  central  opening  of  200  ft.  between  2 
high  towers,  connected  near  the  top  by  a  fixed  foot-bridge 
139)^  ft.  above  the  river  and  reached  by  elevators  or  stair- 
ways in  the  towers.  There  are  2  side  spans  of  270  ft.  covered 
by  chain  suspension  bridges,  and  between  the  towers,  at  a 
height  of  29>^  ft.  above  high-water,  a  double  bascule,  each 
leaf  100  ft.  in  length  and  forming  a  flat  arch  when  down,  at 
a  level  with  the  main  bridge.   Foundation  laid,  1886;  opened,  1894 

GIRDER  BRIDGES  AND   MISCELLANEOUS. 

Wittingen  timber  bridge,  a  trussed  bridge  with  a  span  of  390  ft., 
was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1799  after  standing  41  years.   Erected;  1758 

Wooden  bridge,  over  the  Connecticut  at  Hanover,  with  a  single 
arch  of  236  ft. ;  erected 1796 

Ci'umlin  viaduct,  a  Warren  girder  iron  bridge  over  the  Ebbw 
in  Monmouthshire,  1800  ft.  long,  with  10  spans  o.f  150  ft. 
raised  200  ft.  above  the  river.     Begun,  1853;  completed 1857 

Saliash  lenticular  girder  bridge,  built  by  I.  K.  Brunei,  across 
the  river  Tamar.  2  spans  of  455  ft.  with  a  headway  of  100  ft. 
above  high-water.  The  platform  is  supported  by  small 
girders  carried  by  suspension  chains  below  and  a  large  arched 
tube  above,  strongly  braced  together.  It  is  of  wrought  iron 
and  has  a  total  length  of  2240  ft. ;  opened  for  traffic 1859 

Potomac  Run  bridge,  a  famous  trestle  work  400  ft.  long  and  80 
ft.  high,  built  in  9  days  by  soldiers  of  the  army  of  the  Po- 
tomac, under  the  supervision  of  gen.  Herman  Haupt.  It  con- 
tained more  than  2,000,000  ft.  of  lumber,  chiefly  round  sticks, 
fresh  cut  from  the  neighboring  woods;  erected May,  1862 

Kuilenburg  bridge,  a  wrought-iron  girder  across  the  Leek  in 
Holland,  has  a  span  of  492  ft. ;  G.  Van  Diesen,  architect 1868 

Verrugas  viaduct,  an  iron  Fink  truss  bridge  on  the  Oroyo  rail- 
road in  Peru,  crosses  the  valley  of  the  Agua  de  Verrugas  at 
an  altitude  of  5478  ft.  above  the  sea  level.  Total  length,  575 
ft.,  comprising  3  iron  piers  connected  by  Fink  trusses  at  a 
height  of  about  250  ft.  from  the  water.  Work  begun,  17  Sept. 
1872,  and  completed  in  88  working  days early  in  1873 

Portage  bridge,  over  the  Genesee  river  on  the  line  of  the  Erie 
railroad  at  Portage,  N.  Y.  An  iron  truss  bridge  on  iron  tres- 
tles, built  in  1875,  to  replace  the  original  wooden  trestle  bridge, 
completed,  14  Aug.  1852,  and  burned  down,  6  May,  1875.  The 
total  length  is  800  ft.,  comprising  1  span  of  180  ft.,  2  of  100 
ft.,  and  7  of  50  ft. ;  height,  230  ft.  above  the  river.  Contract 
let,  10  May,  1875 ;  opened  for  traffic. 31  July,  1875 

Tay  bridge,  the  longest  girder  bridge  in  the  world,  crosses  the 
Tay  at  Dundee,  Scotl.  The  original  bridge  consisted  of  85 
spans,  some  over  90  ft.  above  water  level,  and  had  a  total 
length  of  10,612  ft.  Engineer,  sir  Thomas  Bouch.  Over  20 
lives  lost  during  its  construction.  Work  commenced,  June, 
1871 ;  completed,  30  Aug.  1877 ;  and  opened 31  May,  1878 

Bridge  much  injured  by  a  gale  while  building 4  Feb.  1877 

Partly  destroyed  by  a  gale  while  a  N.  British  mail-train  was 
passing  over  it;  the  train  and  75  to  90  jiassengers  disappeared, 
none  escaping.  A  gap  of  about  3000  ft.  was  made  in  the 
bridge;   about  7.15  p.m.,  Sunday 28  Dec.  1879 

46  bodies  recovered  up  to 27  Apr.  1880 

After  the  Board  of  Trade  inquiry  Mr.  H.  C.  Rothery  reported 


BRI  124 

••  that  the  bridge  had  been  badly  deBlgned,  badly  constructed, 
and  badly  maintained  ". 3  July,  1883 

Sir  Thomas  Bouch,  engineer,  d 30  Oct.     " 

New  Tay  bridge;  length,  10,700  ft. ;  the  11  longest  spans  being 
346  ft.  each ;  built. 1882  to  1887 

Wrought-iron  girder  bridge,  at  Cincinnati,  over  the  Ohio  river, 
with  a  span  of  519  ft. ;  105  ft  above  low  water;  built 1877 

KeKbutky  River  bridge,  a  trussed  girder  bridge  of  iron,  on  the 
line  of  the  Cincinnati  Southern  railroad;  3  spans  of  375  ft. ; 
built  without  fulso  work ;  begun,  1«  Oct.  1876,  and  completed, 
at  a  cost  of  $404,'230 20  Fob.     " 

Railvoay  bridge  over  the  Severn,  connecting  the  forest  of  Dean 
with  Sharpness  Point,  Engl,  over  ^  of  a  mile  in  length. 
Built  at  a  cost  of  1,000,000/.,  and  formally  opened 17  Oct.  1879 

Moerdyk  6rt(^,  a  wrought-iron  girder  bridge  carrying  the  Ant- 
werp and  Rotterdam  railway  across  the  HoUands-Diep  by  14 
spans  of  328  ft;  completed 1880 

Sintua  viaduct,  iron  girder  and  trestle  bridge,  Warren  county, 
Pa.,  301  ft.  in  height  (prior  to  the  Garabit  viaduct  the 
highest  bridge  in  the  world),  and  built  in  less  than  4  months. 
Work  begun,  5  May ;  opened 29  Aug.  1882 

Hawkesbury  bridge,  a  steel  girder  bridge  over  the  Hawkesbury 
river.  New  South  Wales,  7  miles  from  the  sea.  It  has  7  open- 
ings between  piers  about  416  ft  from  centre  to  centre  and  40 
ft  headway  at  high-water.  Work  begun,  1886;  girders  float- 
ed into  position  on  pontoons  at  high-water  and  allowed  to  rest 
on  the  piers  as  the  tide  went  out.     Opened  for  traflQc. .  .May,  1889 

Loa  vicuiuct,  a  lattice  girder  iron  bridge  by  which  the  Anto- 
&gasta  railway  of  Bolivia  crosses  the  cafion  of  the  Loa  at  an 
altitude  of  10,000  ft.  above  the  sea  level.  The  bridge  was  put 
together  in  9  months  under  the  supervision  of  Peter  and  John 
Fisher,  who  went  from  England  for  the  purpose " 

Cfincinnati  iron  truss  railway  bridge,  across  the  Ohio  river, 
planned  for  a  double-track  railroad  and  2  roadways  and  2 
sidewalks  in  addition.  Total  structure  1  mile  in  length;  the 
centre  span  550  ft.,  and  2  spans  flanking  the  main  channel 
490  ft.  each.    Caissons  sunk  in  1887 ;  completed 1890 

If  ridge'Water,  Sonaersetshire,  Engl.,  was  incorporated 
by  king  John  in  1200.  In  the  war  between  Charles  I.  and  the 
Parliament,  the  king's  forces  burned  part  of  the  town,  1643. 
Here  stood  an  ancient  castle  in  which  the  ill-advised  duke  of 
Monmouth  lodged  when  proclaimed  king  in  1685.  The  town 
disfranchised  for  bribery,  1870. 

Brid^e^water  canal,  the  first  great  canal  in  Eng- 
land, 29  noiles  long,  begun  by  the  duke  of  Bridgewater,  the 
father  of  canal  navigation  in  Great  Britain,  in  1759 ;  opened  17 
July,  1761.  James  Brindley  was  the  engineer.  Starting  at 
Worsley,  7  miles  from  Manchester,  it  crosses  the  Irwell  at 
Barton  bridge  by  an  aqueduct  upwards  of  200  yards  long. 
Canals. 

Bridgeivater  treatises.  The  rev.  Francis,  earl 
of  Bridgewater,  died  Apr.  1829,  bequeathing  8000^.  to  the  au- 
thor or  authors,  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, who  should  write  an  essay  "  on  the  power,  wisdom,  and 
goodness  of  God,  as  manifested  in  the  creation."  The  essays 
(by  sir  Charles  Bell,  Drs.  T.  Chalmers,  John  Kidd,  William 
Buckland,  William  Prout,  Peter  M.  Roget,  and  the  revs.  Will- 
iam Whewell  and  William  Kirby)  were  pub.  1833-35. 

briefs  are  the  letters  of  the  pope  despatched  to  princes 
and  others  on  public  affairs,  and  usually  written  short,  with- 
out preface  or  preamble,  and  on  paper ;  thus  distinguished 
from  BULLS,  which  are  ample,  and  written  on  parchment. 
Briefs  are  sealed  with  red  wax  and  the  seal  of  the  fisherman, 
or  St.  Peter  in  a  boat,  always  in  the  presence  of  the  pope. 
Queen  Elizabeth's  letters,  called  "briefs,"  authorizing  collec- 
tions in  churches  for  charitable  purposes,  are  now  discon- 
tinued.  A  lawyer's  brief  is  an  abridgment  of  his  client's  case. 

Brienne,  N.E.  France.  Here  the  allied  armies  of 
Russia  and  Prussia,  under  Blucher,  were  defeated  by  the 
French,  29  Jan.  1814. 

Bright's  disease,  a  degeneration  of  the  tissues  of  the 
kidneys  into  fat ;  investigated  about  1830  by  Richard  Bright. 

Brill  or  Briel,  Holland.  A  seaport,  seized  by  the  ex- 
pelled Dutch  confederates,  became  the  seat  of  their  indepen- 
dence, 1572.  Brill,  given  to  the  English  in  1585  as  security 
for  advances  made  by  queen  Elizabeth  to  Holland,  was  re- 
stored in  1616. 

Bristol,  W.  England,  built  by  Brennus,  a  British  prince, 
380  B.C.,  is  mentioned  430  a.d.  as  a  fortified  city.  It  was 
called  Caer  Oder,  a  city  in  the  valley  of  Bath ;  and  sometimes 
Caer  Brito,  the  British  city,  and  by  the  Saxons  Brightstowe, 
pleasant  place.  Gildas  and  Nennius  speak  of  Bristol  in  the 
5th  and  7th  centuries.    From  the  12th  century  to  the  18th  it 


BRI 


was,  next  to  London,  the  most  flourishing  port  in  England; 

since  surpassed  by  Liverpool. 

Taken  by  earl  of  Gloucester,  in  his  defence  of  his  sister  Maud, 

the  empress,  against  king  Stephen 1138 

Eleanor  of  Brittany  (daughter  of  Geoffrey,  son  of  Henry  II.) 

dies  in  the  castle  after  39  years'  imprisonment 1241 

St.  Mary's  church  built 1292 

Bristol  made  a  distinct  county  by  Edward  III 1373 

Bishopric  founded  by  Henry  VIII 1542 

Taken  by  prince  Rupert,  26  July,  1643;  by  Cromwell.  .10  Sept.  1645 
Riot  on  the  entrance  of  sir  Charles  Wetherell,  the  recorder,  he 
opposing  the  reform-bill;  the  mansion  house,  bishop's  pal- 
ace, several  merchants'  stores,  some  prisons  (the  inmates 
liberated),  and  nearly  100  houses  burned ;  above  500  persons 

killed 29-31  Oct.  1831 

Trial  of  rioters  (4  executed;  22  transported),  2  Jan. ;  suicide  of 

col.  Brereton,  during  trial  by  court-martial 9  Jan.  1832 

Proposed  college  for  science  and  literature  here  for  the  south 
and  west  of  England;  meeting,  13  June,  1874;  opened  as 
University  college 10  Sept.  1876     • 

Bristol,  See  of,  one  of  6  bishoprics  erected  by  Henry 
VIII.  out  of  spoils  of  dissolved  monasteries,  1542.  The  ca- 
thedral was  church  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Austin,  founded  by 
Robert  Fitz-Harding,  son  to  a  king  of  Denmark,  and  a  citizen 
of  Bristol,  1148.  The  see  is  valued  in  the  king's  books  at  338/. 
8a.  4cZ.  Paul  Bushe,  provincial  of  the  Bons-hommes,  was  the 
first  bishop,  in  1542 — deprived  for  being  married,  1554.  The 
see  was  united  by  an  order  in  council  with  Gloucester,  in  1836, 
The  cathedral  (under  repair  since  1844)  was  reopened  in  1861  j 
a  new  nave  opened,  23  Oct.  1877. 

BristOW  station,  Va.,  affairs  at.  (1)  Here  gen. 
Hooker's  division  encountered  and  defeated  that  of  the  confed- 
erate gen.  Ewell,  27  Aug.  1862,  with  a  loss  of  about  300  on 
each  side.  (2)  Here,  on  14  Oct.  1863,  A.  P.  Hill's  corps  (con- 
federate) attacked  the  2d  corps,  maj.-gen.  Warren's,  while  re- 
treating, but  gained  no  advantage.     Brandy  Station. 

Britain  (called  by  the  Romans  Britannia,  from  its  Cel- 
tic name  Prj'dhain,  Camden).  "The  nearest  Celtic  form  is 
the  Irish  plural  Bretain." — The  Neio  English  Dictionary.  The 
earliest  records  of  its  history  are  the  manuscripts  and  poetry 
of  the  Cambrians.  The  Celts,  the  ancestors  of  the  Britons  and 
modern  Welsh,  were  the  first  inhabitants  of  Britain.  It  is 
referred  to  as  the  Cassiterides  or  tin-islands  by  Herodotus, 
450  B.C. ;  as  Albion  and  lerne  (England  and  Ireland)  by  Aris- 
totle, 350  B.C.,  and  Polybius,  260  b.c.  The  Romans  divided 
Britain  into  Britannia  Prima  (country  south  of  the  Thames 
and  Severn);  Britannia  Secunda  (Wales) ;  Flavia  Ccp.sariensis 
(between  the  Thames,  Severn,  and  Humber) ;  Maxima  Coesa- 
riensis  (between  the  Humber  and  Tyne);  and  Valentia  (be- 
tween the  Tyne  and  Firth  of  Forth).  Britain,  including  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Wales,  was  anciently  called  Albion,  the 
name  of  Britain  being  applied  to  all  the  islands  collectively — 
Albion  to  only  one.— Pliny.  Albion,  England,  Scotland, 
Wales. 
Divitiacus,  king  of  the  Suessones,  in  Gaul,  said  to  have  su-  b.c. 

premacy  over  part  of  Britain 57 

First  invasion  of  Britain  by  Julius  Caesar 26  Aug.    55 

Second  invasion ;  he  defeats  Cassi  velaunus 54 

Cymbeline  (Cunobelin),  king  of  Britain 4 

A.D. 

Aulus  Plautus  defeats  the  Britons 43 

He  and  Vespasian  reduce  S.  Britain 47 

Caractacus  defeated  by  Ostorius,  50;  carried  in  chains  to  Rome,  51 
Romans  defeated  by  Boadicea,  queen  of  the  Iceni ;  70,000  slain, 

and  London  burned;  she  is  defeated  by  Suetonius;  80,000 

slain 61 

Agricola,  governor,  conquers  Anglesey,  overruns  Britain  in  7 

campaigns,  and  reforms  the  government 78-84 

He  defeats  the  Caledonians  under  Galgacus;    surrenders  the 

islands 84 

Emperor  Hadrian  visits  Britain,  120;  builds  a  wall  from  the 

Tyne  to  the  Solway  (Hadrian's  Wall) 121 

Lucius,  king  of  the  Britons,  said  to  have  sent  an  embassy  on 

religion  to  pope  Eleutherius about  181 

Britons  (allies  of  Albinus)  defeated  at  Lyons  by  Severus 197 

Southern  Britain  subdued  and  divided  by  the  Romans  into  2 

provinces 204 

Severus  keeps  his  court  at  York,  then  called  Eboracum,  208; 

finishes  his  wall,  and  dies  at  York 4  Feb.  211 

Carausius  usurps  the  throne  of  Britain 286 

He  is  killed  by  Allectus,  another  usurper 294 

Constantius  recovers  Britain  and  kills  Allectus 296 

St.  Alban  and  17,000  Christians  martyred  (Bede) 304 

Constantius,  emperor  of  Rome,  dies  at  York 25  July,  306 

British  bishops  at  the  council  of  Aries 314 

Scots  and  Picts  invade  Britain,  360;  routed  by  Theodosius 368 

Romans  gradually  withdraw  from  Britain 402-436 

Reign  of  V^ortigern 425 

Saxons  and  Angles  aid  in  expelling  Picts  and  Scots 429 


BRI 


125 


Bomans  quit  Britain 436 

Anglo-Saxon  invaders  drive  the  Britons  into  Wales 449-455 

Many  Britons  settle  in  Armorica  (Brittany) 388-457 

Saxon  heptarchy ;  Britain  divided  into  7  or  more  kingdoms 457 

Ella  invades  S.  Britain,  477 ;  founds  kingdom  of  Sussex 491 

■Great  Saxon  invasion  under  Cerdic 495 

Supposedreignsof  Vortimer,  464;  Vortigern  again,  471 ;  Aurelius 

Ambrosius,  481 ;  and  Arthur  Pendragon 500 

'King  Arthur  said  to  reign 500-532 

Arrival  of  St.  Augustin  (or  Austin),  and  re-establishment  of 

Christianitj- 597 

•Cadwallader,  last  king  of  the  Britons,  reigns 678 

I.indisfarne  church  destroyed  by  the  Northmen 794 

Egbert,  king  of  Wessex,  virtually  king  of  England 827 

KINGS  OF  THE  HEPTARCHY.     (Bretwalda.) 
KENT.    [The  shire  of  Kent.} 
454.  Hengist.     [473,  Saxon  Chronicle.] 
488.  ^sc,  Esca,  or  Escus,  son  of  Hengist;  in  honor  of  whom  kings 

of  Kent  were  often  called  ^scings. 
S12.  Octa,  son  of  Msc. 
542.  Hermenric,  or  Ermenric,  son  of  Octa. 
560.  St.  Ethelbert;  first  Christian  king  (styled  ijex  JlnpZorwrn). 
616.  Eadbald,  son  of  Ethelbert. 
•640.  Ercenbert,  or  Ercombert,  son  of  Eadbald. 
664.  Ecbert,  or  Egbert,  son  of  Ercenbert. 

673.  Lothar,  or  Lothair,  brother  of  Ecbert. 

■685.  Edric;  slain  in  687.     [The  kingdom  distracted.] 

694.  Wihtred,  or  Wihgtred. 

725.  Eadbert,         ) 

748.  Ethelbert  II.,  [  sons  of  Wihtred,  succeeding  each  other. 

760.  Alric,  ) 

794.  Edbert,  or  Ethelbert  Pryn ;  deposed. 

796.  Cuthred,  or  Guthred. 

805.  Baldred;  who  lost  his  life  and  kingdom  to 

823.  Egbert,  king  of  Wessex. 

SOUTH  SAXONS.    [Sussex  and  Surrey.] 
491,  Ella,  a  warlike  prince,  succeeded  by 
514.  Cissa,  his  son,  peaceful  reign  exceeding  70  years. 

[The  South  Saxons  became  dependent  on  the  kingdom  of  Wes- 
sex.] 
648.  Edilwald,  Edilwach,  Adelwach,  or  Ethelwach. 
686.  Authun  and  Berthun,  brothers ;  reigned  jointly;  vanquished  by 
Ina,  king  of  Wessex,  689 ;  kingdom  conquered  in  725. 

WEST  SAXONS.    [Berks,  Hampshire,  Wilts,  Somerset,  Dorset,  Devon, 
„„    „    ^.  and  part  of  Cornwall.] 

519.  Cerdic. 

534.  Cyuric,  or  Kenric,  son  of  Cerdic. 
560.  Ceawlin,  son  of  Cynric;  banished;  dies  in  593. 
591.  Ceolric,  nephew  to  Ceawlin. 
597.  Ceolwulf 
611.    )  Cynegils,  and  in 
614.   I  Cwichelm,  his  son,  reigned  jointly. 
643.  Cenwal,  Cenwalh,  or  Cenwald. 

672.  Sexburga,  his  queen,  sister  to  Penda,  king  of  Mercia;  of  great 
qualities;  probably  deposed. 

674.  Escwine,  with  Centwine ;  on  his  death 
676.  Centwine  rules  alone. 

685.  Csedwallo :  went  to  Rome,  to  expiate  murders,  and  died  there. 

688.  Ina  or  Inas,  brave  and  wise;  visited  Rome;  left  an  excellent 
code  of  laws. 

728.  Ethelheard,  or  Ethelard,  related  to  Ina. 

740.  Cuthred,  brother  to  Ethelheard. 

764.  Sigebright,  or  Sigebert,  murdered  his  friend  Cumbran,  govern- 
or of  Hampshire,  and  was  slain  by  one  of  his  victim's  retain- 
ers. 

755.  Cynewulf,  or  Kenwulf,  or  Cenulpe,  a  noble  youth  of  the  line  of 

Cerdic;  murdered. 
j^784.  Bertric,  or  Beorhtric ;  poisoned  by  a  cup  his  queen  had  prepared 
for  another. 

«00.  Egbert,  afterwards  sole  monarch  of  England. 

EAST  SAXONS.    [Essex,  Middlesex,  and  part  of  Herts.] 
626,  527,  or  530.  Erchenwin,  or  Erchwine. 
587.  Sledda,  his  son. 

597.  St.  Sebert,  or  Sabert;  son;  first  Christian  king. 
614.  Saxred,  or  Sexted,  or  Serred,  jointly  with  Sigebert  and  Seward; 

all  slain. 
623.  Sigebert  II.  the  little;  son  of  Seward. 
655.  Sigebert  III.  the  good;  brother  of  Sebert ;  murdered. 
661.  Swithelm  (or  Suidhelm),  son  of  Sexbald. 
663.  Sigher.  or  Sigeric,  jointly  with  Sebbi,  or  Sebba,  who  became  a 

monk. 
693.  Sigenard,  or  Sigehard,  and  Suenfrid. 
700.  Offa ;  became  a  monk  at  Rome. 
709.  Suebricht,  or  Selred. 
738.  Swithred,  or  Swithed;  a  long  reign. 
792.  Sigeric;  died  in  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome. 
799.  Sigered. 
823.  Kingdom  seized  by  Egbert  of  Wessex. 

NORTHUMBRIA.      [Lancaster,  York,  Cumberland,  Westmoreland, 

Durham,  and  Northumberland.] 
*sit*   Northumbria  was  at  first  in  2  governments,  Bernicia,  from  the 
Tweed  to  the  Tyne,  and  Deira,  from  the  Tyne  to  the  Humber. 
547.  Ida,  a  valiant  Saxon. 
560.  Adda,  his  eldest  son;  king  of  Bernicia. 
"     Ella,  king  of  Deira;  afterwards  sole  king  of  Northumbria  (to 
587). 
567.  Glappa,  Clappa,  orElapea;  Bernicia. 


572. 
573. 
580. 
588. 
593. 
617. 


635. 
642. 
670. 
685. 
705. 
716. 
718. 
729. 
737. 
757. 
759. 
765. 
774. 
778. 
789. 
790. 
794. 
806. 


841. 


a  great  prince.    Slain 


BRI 

Heodwulf;  Bernicia. 

Freodwulf;  Bernicia. 

Theodoric;  Bernicia. 

Ethelric;  Bernicia. 

Ethelfrith,  surnamed  the  Fierce. 

Edwin,  son  of  Ella,  king  of  Deira  in  • 

in  battle  wiih  Penda,  of  Mercia. 
Eanfrid  rules  in  Bernicia,  and  Osric  in  Deira;  both  killed. 
Oswald,  slain  in  battle. 
Osweo,  or  Oswy ;  a  reign  of  great  renown. 
Ecfrid,  or  Egfrid,  king  of  Northumbria. 
Alcfrid,  or  Ealdferth. 
Osred,  or  Ealdferth. 
Cenric ;  sprung  from  Ida. 
Osric,  son  of  Alcfrid. 
Ceolwulf;  died  a  monk. 
Eadbert,  or  Egbert ;  retired  to  a  monastery, 
Oswulf,  or  Osulf;  slain  in  a  sedition. 
Edilwald,  or  Mollo;  slain  by  Aired. 
Aired,  Ailred,  or  Alured;  deposed. 
Ethelred,  son  of  Mollo ;  expelled. 
Elwald,  or  Celwold;  deposed  and  slain. 
Osred,  son  of  Aired ;  fled. 
Ethelred  restored;  afterwards  slain. 
Erdulf,  or  Ardulf ;  deposed. 
Alfwold. 

Erdulf,  restored. 
Eanred. 
Kingdom  annexed  by  Egbert. 


EAST  ANGLES.    [Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Cambridge,  Ely.] 
526.  Ufla  lands. 

571  or  575.  Ufifa,  a  German,  said  to  be  first  king. 
578.  Titilus,  or  Titulus;  son  of  Ufla. 

599.  Redwald,  son  of  Titilus;  greatest  priqce  of  the  East  Angles. 
624.  Erpwald,  Eorpwald,  or  Eordwald. 
627.  Richbert. 

629.  Sigebert,  half-brother  to  Erpwald. 
632.  Egfrid,  or  Egric ;  cousin  to  Sigebert. 
635.  Anna,  or  Annas;  a  just  ruler;  killed. 

654.  Ethelric,  or  Ethelhere;  slain  in  battle. 

655.  Ethelwald;  his  brother. 
664.  Aldulf,  or  Aldwulf 
713.  Selred,  or  Ethelred. 
746.  Alphwuld. 

749.  Beorna  and  Ethelred,  jointly, 

758.  Beorna  alone. 

761.  Ethelred. 

790.  Ethelbert,  or  Ethelbryght ;  treacherously  killed  in  Mercia,  792, 

when  Ofl'a,  king  of  Mercia,  overran  the  country,  which  was 

finally  subdued  by  Egbert. 
870.  St.  Edmund  (vassal  king)  slain  by  the  Danes. 

MERCIA.    [  Gloucester,  Hereford,  Chester,  Stafford,  Worcester,  Oxford, 
Salop,  Warwick,  Derby,  Leicester,  Bvxiks,  Northampton,  Notts,  Lin- 
coln, Bedford,  Rutland,  Huntingdon,  and  part  of  Herts.] 
586.  Crida,  or  Cridda,  a  noble  chieftain, 

[Interregnum— Ceolric] 

Wibba,  a  valiant  prince,  his  son. 

Ceorl,  or  Cheorl ;  nephew  of  Wibba. 

Penda;  fierce  and  cruel;  killed  in  battle. 

Penda,  son  of  Penda;  killed  to  make  way  for 

Wulfhere  (brother) ;  slew  his  2  sons. 

Ethelred ;  became  a  monk. 

Cenred,  or  Cendred ;  became  a  monk  at  Rome, 

Ceolred,  Celred,  or  Chelred ;  son  of  Ethelred. 

Ethelbald;  slain  in  a  mutiny  by  his  successor, 

Beornred,  or  Bernred;  himself  slain. 

Ofl'a;  formed  the  great  dike  near  Wales. 

Egfrid,  or  Egferth,  son  of  Ofl'a;  died  suddenly. 

Cenulph,  Cenwulf,  or  Kenulph;  slain. 

Kenelm,  or  Cenelm,  a  minor;  reigned  5  months;  killed  by  his 
sister  Quendreda. 

Ceolwulf,  uncle  to  Kenelm;  expelled. 

Beornwulf;  killed  by  his  own  subjects. 

Ludecan;  a  valiant  ruler;  slain. 

Withlafe,  or  Wiglaf 

Berthulf,  or  Bertulf 

Burhred.  or  Burdred. 
874.  Ceolwulph ;  deposed  by  the  Danes,  877. 

[The  kingdom  merged  in  England.] 

Britannia  tubular  bridg^e.    Bridges. 

Briti§ll  America  comprises  the  dominion  of  Canada, 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Newfoundland,  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  Labrador,  British  Columbia,  and  Vancouver's 
Island.     Pop.  1891,  4,823,344. 

Delegates  from  the  first  6  provinces  met  at  Quebec,  10  Oct., 
and  formed  a  federal  union,  with  the  queen  of  England  as 
executive  (represented  by  a  governor-general),  a  legislative 
council  of  96  members  for  life,  and  a  house  of  commons  of 

194  members 20  Oct.  1864 

Secretary  for  the  colonies,  Mr.  Cardwell,  approved  the  plan, 

3  Dec.     " 

Plan  opposed  by  New  Brunswick 7  Mch.  1866 

Messrs.  Cartier  and  Gait  came  to  England  to  advocate  it.  .Apr.     " 
Act  for  union  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick,  as 
"the  dominion  of  Canada,"  introduced  by  the  earl  of  Car- 
narvon, 19  Feb. :  nassed 29  Mch.  1867 


593. 
597. 
615. 
626. 
655. 
656. 
675. 
704. 
709. 
716. 
755. 

794, 

819. 


821. 


825. 


852. 


BRI 

[British  government  guaranteed  a  subsidy  of  3,000,000i.  to 
complete  the  intercolonial  railway.] 
By  the  British  North  America  act,  the  Parliament  of  Canada 
may  establish  new  provinces 29  June,  1871 

British  Asuoclation  fur  the  Advancenaent  of  Sci- 
ence was  established  by  sir  David  Brewster,  sir  R.  I.  Murchi- 
8on,etc.,  in  1831.  Prof.  Johii  Phillips  was  secretary  till  1863. 
It  holds  annua]  meetings;  the  first  at  York  on  27  Sept.  1831. 
A  main  object  is  "  to  promote  the  intercourse  of  those  who 
cultivate  science  with  each  other."  It  appoints  commissions, 
makes  pecuniary  grants  for  scientific  research,  and  publishes 
annual  reports  of  proceedings.  Kew  observatory  presented 
to  the  association  by  queen  Victoria  in  1842.  Amekican 
Association. 

British  Collimbia,  N.  America.  In  June,  1858, 
news  came  to  California  that  in  April  much  gold  had  been 
found  on  the. mainland  of  North  America,  just  north  and  east 
of  Vancouver's  Island.  A  great  influx  of  gold-diggers  (in  a 
few  weeks  above  50,000)  from  all  parts  followed;  and  Mr. 
Douglas,  governor  of  Vancouver's  Island,  ably  preserved  order. 
The  territory'  with  adjacent  islands  was  made  a  British  colony 
with  the  above  title,  with  Mr.  Douglas  as  governor,  under  21 
and  22  Vict.  c.  99  (Aug.  1858) ;  a  bishop  was  nominated  in 
1869.  Vancouver's  Island  was  incorporated  with  the  colony 
in  1866,  and  Victoria  made  the  capital,  24  May,  1868.  The 
colony  was  annexed  to  Canada,  1871.     Pop.  1891,  92,767. 

British  East  Aft*ica.    Anolo-French-German 

AOREEMKNT,  ZANZIBAR,  etC. 

British  museuin,  originated  with  the  grant  by  Par- 
liament (5  Apr.  1753)  of  20,000/.  to  the  daughters  of  sir  Hans 
Sloane,  in  payment  for  his  fine  library  and  collection  of  the 
productions  of  nature  and  art,  valued  by  himself  at  80,000/. 
The  library  contained  50,000  volumes,4100  valuable  MSS.,  and 
69,352  articles  of  virtu  enumerated  in  the  catalogue.  Montagu 
House  was  obtained  by  government  as  a  place  for  their  recep- 
tion. The  museum  (including  the  Cottonian,  Harleian,  and 
other  collections)  was  opened  15  Jan.  1759,  and  has  since  been 
enormously  increased  by  gifts,  bequests,  and  purchases.  The 
total  expenditure  by  the  government  on  the  British  museum 
for  the  year  ending  31  Mch.  1860,  was  78,445/. ;  1861,  92,776/. ; 
1864,  95,500/.;  1867, 110,756/. ;  1877, 108,947/. ;  1884,  152,133/. 
The  number  of  visitors  to  the  general  collection  in  1851  (ex- 
hibition year),  2,524,754;  in  1859,  517,895;  in  1862  (exhibi- 
tion year),  895,007 ;  in  1863,440,801;  in  1866,  516,550;  1871, 
418,094;  1875,663,891;  in  1878,448,516;  in  1879,606,394; 
in  1880,  655,688:  readers,  133,842;  1883,  660,557:  readers, 
152,983.  Additions  to  library  in  1880,  27,543  volumes  and 
pamphlets  (including  books  of  music  and  volumes  of  newspa- 
pers).   Expenditure  on  purchases,  1753-1875,  1,070,934/. 

New  buildings  erected  by  sir  R.  Smirke 1823-47 

Iron  railing  completed 1852 

Great  reading-room  erected  by  Sydney  Smirke,  on  a  plan  by 
Antonio  Panizzi,  the  librarian  (cost  about  150,000?. ;  height 
of  dome,  106  ft. ;  diameter,  140  ft. ;  contains  about  80,000 
volumes,  and  accommodates  300  readers),  opened. .  .18  May,  1857 
Incorporation  of  the  i  library  ciitalogues  into  one  alphabet  be- 
gun ;  3  copies  made 1861 

Proposed  separation  of  the  antiquarian,  literary,  and  scientific 
collections  was  disapproved  by  a  commission  in  1860;  a  bill 
to  remove  natural  history  collections  to  South  Kensington 

rejected  by  the  commons 19  May,  1862 

A  refreshment- room  for  readers  opened 21  Nov.  1864 

Number  of  books  (estimated),  1,600,000 Jan.  1870 

6000?.  voted  for  a  natural  history  museum  at  South  Kensing- 
ton  2  Aug.     " 

Photographs  of  above  5000  objects  of  antiquity  (illustrating 

man's  progress  in  civilization)  published  for  about  116/.,  Aug.  1872 
Act  of  Parliament  authorizing  removal  of  natural  history  col- 
lections to  South  Kensington ;  passed 13  Aug.  1878 

Museum  partly  opened  daily  after 11  Feb.  1879 

Electric  light  tried  in  reading-room,  25  Feb.  et  seq. ;  adopted 

for  even  ngs  in  the  winter  months 20  Oct.     " 

White  bequest  (60,000?.) 1880 

New  British  Museum  for  Natural  History,  Cromwell  road. 

South  Kensi  ngton ;  bu  i  Iding  completed Nov.     " 

Part  of  the  collection  removed  and  opened  to  the  public,  Easter 

Monday 18  Apr.  1881 

John  Gould's  humming  birds,  etc.,  bought about  Apr.     " 

New  building  in  Montague  st.  founded  (by  means  of  Wm. 

White's  legacy  of  63.941?.) 23  Sept.  1882 

New  Assyrian  room  (including  Mr.  Rassam's  collection)  opened, 

Jan.  1884 

New  catalogue,  74  volumes,  ready Dec.     " 

New  galleries,  glass  and  pottery,  Greek  sculpture,  opened 1889 

Open  evenings  from  8  to  10 Feb.  1,  1890 


126 


BRI 


important  ADDITIONS  {bought  or  given).— [Edwards.) 
Those  marked  *  were  gifts  or  bequests. 

*  George  II. ,  old  royal  library 175T 

*  Solomon  Da  Costa.  Hebrew  library 1759' 

*  G.  Thomason,  collection  (political)  from  George  III 1762 

*  Solander,  fossils 1766 

*  Birch,  library  and  MSS " 

Hamilton  vases,  etc 1772. 

*  Musgrave  library 1790-99 

*  Cracherodo  library 1799 

Hatchett  minerals.'. " 

*  Alexandrian  collection  (trom  George  III.) 1802 

Townley  marbles 1805-17 

Lansdowne  MSS.  (state  papers) 1H04 

Greville  minerals 1810 

Roberts,  English  coins " 

Hargravo  library 1813 

Phigaleian  marbles 1815 

Elgin  marbles 1816 

Burney  library 181& 

*  Banks's  archaeological  collections " 

*  George  I II. 's  library,  given  by  George  IV 1823-25 

*  Payne  Knight's  collections 1824 

*  Sir  J.  Banks's  library  and  collections 1827 

*  Egerton  MSS 1829^ 

*Arundelian  MSS 1831 

Mantell,  fossils 1839' 

SyriacMSS 1841-47 

*  Lycian  marbles  (by  sir  C.  Fellows) 1845- 

*  Grenville  library,  collected  by  right  hon.  Thomas  Grenvllle 
(20,240  vols.) 184T 

Morrison's  Chinese  library " 

Assyrian  collections  (by  A.  Layard) 1851-6C 

Halicarnassian  and  Cnidian  marbles  (by  C.  T.  Newton) 1855-60 

Carthaginian  antiquities  (by  N.  Davis) 1859^ 

Cyrene  marbles  (by  Smith  and  Porcher) 186C 

Cureton,  Oriental  MSS 1864 

Duke  of  Blacas's  museum  (bought  for  48,000?.) 1866 

*  Abyssinian  antiquities 1868 

*  Slade  collection  (glass,  etc. ) " 

*  George  Smith's  (of  Daily  Telegraph)  Assyrian  collections. . . .  1873- 

*  Elamite  antiquities,  by  col.  Ross 187& 

*  Urns,  implements,  ornaments,  etc.,  from  234  British  barrows 
(Barrows),  by  rev.  canon  Greenwell 1879^ 

300  Babylonian  tablets  purchased June,  1882 

1000  Stowe  MSS..  part  of  the  Ashburnham  library 1883 

*  Slavin  and  Godman's  collection  of  American  birds 1885 

*  Indian  birds  and  eggs  from  A.  0.  Hume " 

*  Marquis  of  Tweeddale's  collection  of  birds Oct.  1887 

*  Morgan's  collection  of  watches,  clocks,  key-rings,  etc Oct.  188» 

PKINCIPAL  LIBRARIANS. 


Dr.  Gowin  Knight 1753 

Dr.  Matthew  Maty 1772 

Dr.  Charles  Morton 1776 

Joseph  Planta 1799 

Henry  Ellis 1827 


Antonio  Panizzi 1856 

J.  Winter  Jones 1866 

Edward    Augustus     Bond, 

Aug.  1878 ;  resigned,  June,  1888 
Edward  Maunde  Thompson,  1888 


British  orders  in  council.  As  the  sovereign 

of  the  United  Kingdom  can  only  act  through  privy-councillor* 
or  upon  their  advice,  the  more  formal  acts  of  administration 
must  proceed  from  the  authority  of  the  sovereign  in  council, 
and  their  performance  be  directed  by  orders  issued  by  the  sov- 
ereign at  a  meeting  of  the  privy  council. — Todd's  "  Parliamen- 
tary Law  of  Engl.,"  vol.  ii.  p.  621.  Every  '*  order  in  council" 
shall  be  published  in  the  London  Gazette,  and  shall  be  laid 
before  both  Houses  of  Parliament  within  30  days  after  the 
making  thereof,  if  Parliament  is  sitting,  and  if  not,  30  daya 
after  the  next  meeting  of  Parliament. 

"British  orders  in  council "  of  8  June,  1793,  relative  to  "neutrals," 
called  forth  the  first  embargo  act  on  the  part  of  the  United  States, 
1794. 

British  orders  in  council  of  11  Nov.  1807,  prohibited  any  direct 
trade  from  the  U.  S.  to  any  port  or  country  in  Europe  from 
which  the  British  flag  was  excluded;  it  allowed  direct  trade  in 
American  productions  only  between  the  U.  S.  and  Sweden ;  it  or- 
dered all  articles  of  domestic  or  colonial  production  exported  by  the 
U.  S.  to  Europe  to  be  landed  in  England,  when  their  re-exportation 
on  paying  duties  would  be  permitted  and  regulated,  and  it  de- 
clared any  vessel  and  cargo  good  prize  if  it  carried  a  French  con- 
sular certificate  of  the  origin  of  the  cargo.  Berlin  and  Milait 
Decrees;  Embargo;  United  States,  1807-09-13. 

Brittany,  Britanny,  or  Bretag^ne,  N.W. 

France,  the  ancient  Armorica,  formed  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Franks. 

Nomenoe  revolts  and  becomes  the  first  count 841 

Brittany  ravaged  by  Northmen,  907;  ceded  to  them 921 

Geoffroy  I.  the  first  duke 992 

Alan  v.,  1008;  Conan  II 104a 

Hoel  v.,  1066;  Alan  VI 1084 

Conan  III 1112 

Hoel  VI.  expelled ;  Geoffroy  of  Anjou  duke 1155' 

Conan  IV.  duke,  1156;  on  the  death  of  Geoffroy,  cedes  Brittany 
to  Henry  II.  of  England,  and  betroths  his  daughter,  Con- 
stance, to  Henry's  son,  Geoffroy  (both  infants) 1159- 

Geoffroy  succeeds,  1171 ;  killed  at  a  tournament. . . . , 118& 


BRI 


127 


BRO 


His  son,  Arthur,  murdered  by  his  uncle,  John  of  England;  his 

daughter,  Eleanor,  imprisoned  at  Bristol  (for  39  years).  .Apr.  1203 
Alice,  daughter  of  Constance  by  her  second  husband,  Guy  de 
Thours,  proclaimed  duchess,  1203  ;  marries  Peter  of  Dreux, 

made  duke 1213 

John  I.,  duke,  1237;  John  II 1286 

John  III.,  1312;  dies  without  issue 1341 

Succession  disputed  between  John  of  Montfort  (John  IV.), 
supported  by  Edward  of  England,  and  Charles  of  Blois,  made 
duke  by  Philip  VI.  of  France.  John  is  made  prisoner;  his 
wife,  Jane,  besieged  at  Hennebonne,  is  relieved  by  the  English, 

1343;  John  dies 1345 

Charles  of  Blois  defeated  and  slain  at  Auray,  29  Sept. ;  John 

v.,  son  of  Montfort,  duke 1364 

John  VI.,  duke,  1399;  Francis  1 1442 

Peter  II.,  1450;  Arthur  III 1457 

Francis  II.,  1458;  takes  part  with  the  Orleanists  in  France; 

defeated  at  St.  Aubin,  28  July,  1488 ;  dies 1488 

Anne,  his  daughter  and  heiress,  marries,  1st,  Charles  VIII.  of 
France,  1491  ;  2d,  Louis  XII.,  1499;  her  eldest  daughter, 
Claude  (b.   1499),  marries  Francis,  count   of  Angouleme, 

1514;  king  of  France 1  Jan.  1515 

Brittany  formally  united  to  the  monarchy 1532 

Brittany  held  by  Spaniards,  1591 ;  recovered  by  Henry  IV 1594 

Bretons  take  part  in  the  Vendean  insurrection  (La  Vendee).  . .  1791 

''  Britton,"  an  ancient  treatise  on  English  law  written  in 
French  by  or  in  the  name  of  king  Edward  L,  about  1291.  Coke 
attributed  the  work  to  John  le  Breton,  bishop  of  Hereford,  who 
died  in  1275.  An  edition  of  "Britton,"  with  translation  in 
English  by  Mr.  F.  Nicholls,  was  pub.  in  1865. 

broad  arrow.  Origin  of  this  mark  is  unknown. 
It  is  said  that  timber  trees  fit  for  shipping  in  the  forest  of  Dean 
in  1639  were  marked  with  the  crown  and  broad  arrow.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  the  device  of  viscount  Sydney,  earl  of  Rom- 
ney,  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1693-1702. — Brewer. 

^' Broad-bottom  "  adiiiini§tration.    The 

Pelham  administration  was  so  called  because  formed  by  a  co- 
alition of  parties  (Administrations  of  England),  Nov.  1744. 

Broad-church  §chool  in  the  church  of  England, 
with  a  tendency  to  reject  traditional  creeds,  became  prominent 
about  1836,  through  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Hampden,  and  still 
more  through  the  "  Theological  Essays  "  of  F.  D.  Maurice, 
in  1853 ;  the  "  Essays  and  Reviews,"  in  1860 ;  the  works  of 
bishop  Colenso  on  the  Pentateuch,  etc.,  1862  et  seq. ;  and  of 
Dr.  Arnold,  dean  Stanley,  canon  Kingsley,  and  others. 

brocade,  a  silken  stuff,  variegated  with  gold  or  silver, 
and  enriched  with  flowers  and  figures,  originally  made  by  the 
Chinese  ;  the  manufacture  was  established  at  Lyons  in  1757. 

broccoli,  a  variety  of  the  common  cabbage  resembUng 
the  cauliflower,  said  to  have  been  brought  to  England  from 
Italy  in  the  16th  century. 

brokers,  of  money  and  merchandise,  known  early  in 
England.  Appraisers.  They  were  licensed,  and  their  deal- 
ings regulated  by  law  in  1695-96,  1816,  and  1826.  The  deal- 
ings of  stockbrokers  were  regulated  in  1719,  1733,  and  1736, 
and  subsequently.  Brokers  in  London  placed  under  the  super-  j 
vision  of  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen,  in  1707 ;  relieved  from 
it  by  act  of  9  Aug.  1870.  Pawnbroker.  In  the  United  States 
they  are  not  licensed,  nor  do  they  give  bonds. 

bromine  (from  the  Gr.  jSpiofiog,  a  stink),  a  poisonous  vol- 
atile liquid  element  discovered  in  salt-water  by  M.  Balardin  1826. 
It  is  found  in  combination  with  metals  and  mineral  waters, 

bronze  was  known  to  the  ancients,  some  of  whose 
bronze  statues,  vessels,  etc.,  are  in  the  British  museum.  The 
bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  1699,  in  the  Place 
Vendome  at  Paris  (demolished  10  Aug.  1792),  the  largest  ever 
made,  contained  60,000  pounds.  Bronze  is  composed  of  copper 
and  tin,  with  sometimes  a  little  zinc  and  lead.    Coinage. 

Brook  farm,  the  location  of  a  society  near  West 
Eoxbury,  Mass.,  formed  in  1841  for  a  practical  test  of  Chris- 
tianity as  taught  by  its  founder.  Up  to  1842  it  had  nothing  in 
common  with  "  Fourierism, "  after  vhich  it  became  a  com- 
munity and  lasted  until  1846.  It  is  notable  for  members 
eminent  in  literature :  Dr.  Channing,  Geo.  Ripley,  Margaret 
Fuller,  Theo.  Parker,  Geo.  W.  Curtis,  Miss  E.  P.  Peabody,  Haw- 
,  thorne,  W.  Burton,  Chas.  A.  Dana,  R.  W.  Emerson,  etc.  It 
suggested  Hawthorne's  "  Blithedale  Romance." 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  popularly  called  the  "city  of 
churches,"  ranks  (1890)  as  the  fourth  city  in  the  United  States 
in  point  of  population,  manufacture,  and  commerce.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  Long  Island,  opposite  New  York,  and  the  two  cities  are 


practically  one.  Area,  26.46  sq.  miles.  The  settlement  of  the 
present  city  began  at  3  points :  In  1636  William  A.  Bennet 
and  Jacques  Bentyn  purchased  from  the  Indians  930  acres  at 
Gowanus  (between  27th  st.  and  New  Utrecht),  and  John 
(George)  Jansen  de  Rapalie  purchased  the  piece  of  land  now 
occupied  in  part  by  the  U.  S.  Marine  hospital,  16  June, 
1637.  Jan  Evertse  Bout  in  July,  1645,  followed  in  1646-47  by 
others,  established  themselves  on  what  is  now  Fulton  st.,  near 
the  city- hall,  calling  the  settlement  Breuckelen.  In  1660 
Breuckelen  contained  134  inhabitants,  disposed  in  31  families. 
In  1738  a  census  showed  a  pop.  of  721,  which  increased  by  an- 
nexation, etc.  In  1800  it  was  2378.  Since  then  bv  decades 
it  has  been:  1810,  4402;  1820,7175;  1830, 12,406;  1840,36,233; 
1850,  96,838  ;  1860,  266,661 ;  1870,  396,099  ;  1880,  566,663  i 
1890,  806,343. 

Cornelis  Dircksen,  first  regular  ferryman,  mentioned  as  propri- 
etor of  a  ferry  between  Long  Island  and  New  Amsterdam, 
from  the  present  Fulton  St.,  Brooklyn,  to  the  foot  of  Peck 

slip.  New  York,  known  as  the  "old  ferry " 1642 

Breuckelen  organized  as  a  town  by  the  colonial  council,  and 
Jan  Eversen  Bout  and  Huyck  Aertsen  elected  as  "schepens,"  1646 

[Named  Breuckelen  after  a  village  in  Holland,  18  miles 
from  Amsterdam.] 
First  ferry  ordinance,  requiring  license  and  establishing  fees, 

enacted,  July,  1654,  and  first  ferry-house  in  Breuckelen  built..  1655 
Henricus  Selyns,  Breuckelen's  first  minister,  formally  installed, 

7  Sept.  1660 
First  schoolmaster,  Carel  de  Beauvois,  arrives,  July,  1661,  and 
a  school- house  soon  after  erected  at  crossing  of  nresent 

North  2d  st.  and  Bushwick  ave '. 1661 

First  Protestant  Reformed  Dutch  church  organized,  12  Mch. 
1660,  and  first  church  edifice  in   Breuckelen  built  in  the 

middle  of  what  is  now  Fulton  st. ,  near  Lawrence 1666 

[Pulled  down  and  rebuilt,  1766.] 
Gov.  Nicolls  grants  a  patent  to  the  inhabitants  of  Brooklyn, 

18  Oct.  1667 
Patent   confirming  that  of  1667,  obtained  from  gov.  Dongan, 

under  seal  of  the  colony 13  May,  1686 

Fulton  St.  and  Fulton  ave.  laid  out  by  commissioners,  and 

known  as  the  main  road  of  the  "  King's  highway "...28  Mch.  1704 
General  Assembly  of  the  province  sits  in  Brooklyn,  owing  to 

the  prevalence  of  small  pox  in  New  York 20  Mch. -8  Oct.  1746 

During  session  of  the  colonial  legislature  held  in  Brooklyn,  on 
account  of  small-pox  in  New  York,  the  colonial  commission- 
ers cancel  2541  bills  of  credit  issued  by  the  colony  of  New 

York,  amounting  to  about  3600Z 4  June,  1752 

Battle  of  Long  Island.     New  York 27  Aug.  1776 

Fort  erected  by  the  British  near  the  junction  of  Pierrepont 

and  Henry  sts 1780-81 

A  newspaper  called  the  Brooklyn-Hall  Super-Extra  Gazette, 

the  first  in  the  city;  only  one  copy  known;  pub 8  June,  1782 

First  fire-company  organized,  for  which  was  built  the  first  fire- 
engine,  the  •'  Washington,  No.  1,"  by  Jacob  Roome  of  New 

York 30  Apr.  1785 

First  Methodist  church,  built  on  Sands  st.  and  dedicated,  1  June,  1794 
New   ferry,  afterwards   Catharine   St.   ferry,  established   by 

William  Furman  and  Theodosius  Hunt 1  Aug.  1795 

First  fire-alarm  bell  hung  on  the  storehouse  of  Jacob  Remsen 

(pulled  down  1816),  on  the  cor.  of  present  Fulton  and  Front  sts.  1796 
First  printing-press  established  by  Thomas  Kirk,  printing  the 
first  regular  newspaper  in  Brooklyn,  the  Courier  and  New 

York  and  Long  Island  Advertiser 26  June,  1799 

Fortitude   Lodge   No.  19,  first  permanent  Masonic  lodge  in 

Brooklyn,  organized 4  Dec.     " 

Brooklyn  navy- yard  purchased  for  the  U.  S. ;    price  paid, 

$40.000 5  Feb.  1801 

Settlement  of  Brooklyn  incorporated  as  a  fire-district.. .  .2  Apr.     " 

St.  Ann's  church,  Episcopal,  built 1805 

Interment  with  military  and  civic  honors  in  13  coffins,  one  to 
represent  each  state,  of  the  bones  of  the  martyrs  of  the  British 
prison  ships,  in  a  vault  erected  by  the  Tammany  Society, 

in  Jackson  St.,  adjoining  the  navy-yard 26  May,  1808 

Loisian  Semi  nary  established,  to  teach  poor  children  "  reading, 

writing,  arithmetic,  knitting,  and  sewing  gratis  " 1813 

First  steam  ferry-boat,  the  Nassau,  com  mences  running  between 

Brooklyn  and  New  York 10  May,  1814 

Brooklyn  Sunday-school  Union  Society  organized 8  Apr.  1816 

That  portion  of  Brooklyn  included  in  the  fire-district  of  1801, 

incorporated  as  a  village  by  act 12  Apr.     " 

First  district  school.  No.  1,  opened  on  lower  floor  of  Thomas 
Kirk's  printing-office,  with  73  scholars  (school  conducted 
on  the  Lancasterian  plan  and  soon  removed  to  cor.  Concord 

and  Adams  sts.) 6  May,     " 

Corporate  seal  adopted 27  June,     " 

Village  trustees  sue  Jacob  Patchen,  for  refusing  to  relay  the 

pavement  in  front  of  his  house  in  Old  Ferry  st Dec.     " 

Old  Ferry  st.  renamed  Fulton  st June,  1817 

First  Episcopal  Sunday-school  opened spring  of  1818 

Guy's  "Snow  Scene  of  Brooklyn  "  preserved  in  the  Brooklyn 

Institute,  painted 1^20 

Daily  mail  to  New  York  and  Jamaica  established May, 

First  village  directory  pub.  by  Alden  Spooner May,  1822 

[An  incomplete  list  of  residents  in  Brooklyn  appeared  in  a 
New  York  city  directory  issued  in  1796.] 
Corner-stone  of  the  first  Roman  Catholic  church  (St.  James's) 

laid  in  .Jay  st 25  July,     '' 

Fire  department  of  the  village  of  Brooklyn  incorporated,  16  Apr.  1823 


BRO 

First  Presbyterian  church  incorporated,  13  Mch.  1822,  and 
brick  chun-h  in  Cranberry  st.  dedicated 20  Apr. 

Brooklyn  receives  (Vuni  the  stale  $413.13  for  its  share  of  the 
public-school  lund 

Apprentices'  Library  Association  organized,  7  Aug.,  and  consti- 
tution adopte*! U  Aug. 

Yellow-fever  epidemic 22  Aug. -22  Sept. 

St  James  church  dedicated 28  Aug. 

First  liiiptist  church  incorporated 15  Oct 

Corner-stone  of  new  St  Ann's  church  laid 31  Mch. 

Long  Island  bank  incorporated  with  capital  stock  $300,000.  by 
act 1  Apr. 

Board  of  Health  established 9  'Apr. 

Village  watch  organized  and  municipal  court  established 

Corner-stone  of  the  Apprentices'  Library  laid  by  gen.  Lafayette, 

4  July, 
[It  stood  on  the  cor.  of  Cranberry  and  Henry  sts. ,  afterwards 
occupied  by  the  armory  buildings,  and  conUiined  the  village 
trustees'  room  and  the  postofBce,  and  was  used  for  preach- 
ing service  by  Elias  Hicks  and  others.] 

First  parade  of  the  lire  department 4  July, 

Brooklyn  Savings-bank  chartered 7  Apr 

Village  of  Williamsburg  incorporated 14  Apr. 

First  night-boat  on  the  Fulton  ferry  commences  running, 

28  Sept 

Brooklyn  Amphitheatre  erected  on  Fulton  st,  below  Concord, 
and  opened  by  an  equestrian  company 10  July, 

Explosion  of  the  powder-magazine  of  the  steam  frigate  Fulton 
at  ilio  navy  yard;  33  killed,  29  wounded 4  June, 

Protostaiit  (n-phau  Asylum  Society  instituted  (incorporated 
18;<.-.) 

Roman  Catholic  Orphan  asylum  opened  in  a  house  on  Jay  st. . 

Brooklyn  incorporated  as  a  city 8  Apr. 

George  Hall  elected  by  the  board 'of  aldermen,  first  mayor, 

20  May, 

First  steam  railway  in  Brooklyn,  the  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica 
railroad,  completed  and  opened 18  Apr. 

Comer-stone  of  the  city-hall  laid  (completed  1849) 28  Apr. 

Musical  instruction  introduced  in  district  school  No.  1,  by 
Theodore  Dwight 

Brooklyn  Orphan  asylum,  opened  1833,  incorporated  13  Feb 
1835,  and  corner-stoneof  building  in  Cumberland  st  laid,  6  Oct, 

Greenwood  cemetery  incorporated 

First  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  in  Brooklyn  organized;  Brooklyn 
Lodge  No.  26 12  Nov. 

First  election  of  mayor  by  the  people;  Cyrus  P.  Smith  chosen, 

14  Apr. 

First  burial  in  Greenwood  cemetery;  John  Hanna,  near  the 
base  of  Ocean  hill 5  Sept 

Brooklyn  Eagle,  daily,  established 26  Oct 

Board  of  Education  ofthecity  of  Brooklyn  created  by  act,  23  Mch. 

Line  of  omnibuses  established  between  Fulton  ferry  and  E. 
Brooklyn Sept 

Riot  between  native  Americans  and  Irish 4  Apr. 

Atlantic  Dock  Company  organized,  8  July,  1840;  dock  construc- 
tion begun,  3  June,  1841,  and  building  of  first  warehouse 
begun 25  May, 

Long  Island  railroad  tunnel  in  Atlantic  st  opened  to  travel, 

3  Dec. 

Holy  Trinity  church,  cor.  Clinton  and  Montague  sts.,  erected. . 

Improvement  of  Washington  park  begun 

Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  begins  his  pastorate  in  Plymouth 
church < 10  Oct 

Brooklyn  Times  established  as  the  Williamsburg  Daily  Times, 

28  Feb. 

€as  first  introduced  in  Brooklyn 27  Mch. 

Last  of  9000  piles  for  the  Brooklyn  dry  dock  driven 12  May, 

Fire  breaks  out  on  Fulton  st.  near  Sands,  burns  over  7  blocks; 
loss  over  $1,500,000;  3  churches  and  the  post  office  burned. 

9  Sept. 

Cypress  Hills  cemetery  dedicated 21  Nov. 

Cholera  epidemic;  642  deaths,  or  one  to  every  155  inhabitants, 

29  May-22  Sept. 

Cemetery  of  the  Evergreens  incorporated 3  Oct 

Plymouth  church  burned,  13  Jan.  1849;  corner-stone  of  new 
building  laid,  29  May,  1849;  house  first  occupied  by  the  con- 
gregation  6  Jan. 

Brooklyn  museum,  cor.  Fulton  and  Orange  sts.,  opened,  1  July, 

Police  department  organized;  John  S.  Folk,  chief  of  police 

Williamsburg  chartered  as  a  city 7  Apr. 

Brooklyn  Heights  Seminary  established  by  prof  Alonzo  Gray, 
LL.D 

Brooklyn  City  hospital  incorporated,  8  May,  1845;  corner- 
stone of  building  on  old  fort  Greene  laid,  11  June,  1851,  and 
centre  building  completed  and  opened 28  Apr. 

Packer  Collegiate  Institute  incorporated  under  name  of  the 
Brooklyn  Female  Academy,  1845,  and  first  building  dedicated, 
4  May.  1846.  Building  destroyed  by  fire,  1  Jan.  1853,  and 
interest  therein  transferred  to  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute   

Brooklyn  Young  Men's  Christian  As.sociation  organized.  .Sept 

Pierrepont  house,  cor.  Montague  and  Hicks  sts.,  oi)ened.  .May, 

Brooklyn  City  Railroad  Company,  incorporated  17  Dec.  18.53, 
and  first  street-cars  run 3  July, 

Packer  Collegiate  Institute;  new  buildings  erected  and  opened, 

11  Sept 

Brooklyn  Collegiate  and  Polytechnic  Institute  incorporated 
and  opened 

Williamsburg  and  Bushwick  annexed  to  Brooklyn  (act  of  leg- 
islature, 17  Apr.  1854) 1  Jan. 

New  building  of  the  Brooklyn  City  hospital  opened 31  Jan. 


128 


BRO 


1822 


18-24 


1825 


1827 


1829 

1833 
1834 


1836 


,.  1838 


1841 
1843 


1844 


1847 


1849 

u 

1850 
1851 

1852 

1853 
1854 


Truant  Home  founded,  12  Apr.  1853 ;  opened 1856 

Plan  prepared  by  William  J.  McAlpine  for  supply  of  water  to 
the  city  adopted,  28  Apr.  1853,  and  inaugural  celebration  of 

building  of  reservoir  in  Prospect  park  occurs 31  July,     " 

Board  of  sewer  commissioners  created 15  Apr.  1857 

Philharmonic  Society  of  Brooklyn  organized 5  May,     '> 

Mercantile  Library  Association  organized,  17  Dec.  1857,  and 

library  opened  with  7000  volumes 7  May,  1858 

Long  Island  College  hospital  opened May,     " 

Apprentices'  Library  sold  to  the  city  for  $11,000  (1836),  occupied 
until  the  completion  of  the  city-hall  (1848)  as  the  city  building ; 

torn  down  and  replaced  by  the  city  armory  buildings " 

Plans  for  sewerage  and  drainage  system  reported  and  adopted, 

16  Apr.  1859 
Water  from  Ridgewood  reservoir  first  let  into  the  city  mains, 

4  Dec.  1858;  event  celebrated  by  the  city 28  Apr.     " 

Boiler  explosion  in  hat  factory  on  Nostrand  ave.,  between 
Myrtle  and  Park  aves. ;  out  of  35  persons  in  the  building  at 

the  time,  9  killed  and  18  wounded 7  a.m.,  3  Feb.  1860 

Brooklyn  Art  Association  instituted 5  Jan.  1861 

Brooklyn  Academy  of  Music  erected  at  a  cost  of  over  $206,000; 

opened 15  Jan.     " 

Corner-stone  of  the  new  county  courthouse  (completed  Mch. 

1865)  laid 20  May,  1862 

Long  Island  Historical  Society,  organized  10  Mch.  1863 ;  incor- 
porated  Apr.  1863 

Park  theatre,  Fulton  st,  the  first  regularly  established  theatre 
in  Brooklyn,  opened  with  the  comedy  by  Buckstone,  "  Mar- 
ried Life  " 14  Sept     " 

Brooklyn  and  Long  Island  fair;  net  result  $402,943.74;  held, 

22  Feb. -8  Mch.  1864 
Construction  of  the  Erie  Basin  and  Brooklyn  Basin  begun,  June,     " 

Standard-  Union  established " 

Brooklyn  Academy  of  Design  instituted • 1866 

Distribution  of  medals  prepared  by  order  of  the  common  coun- 
cil, to  every  Brooklyn  soldier  who  had  returned  from  the 

war  with  an  honorable  record 25  Oct     " 

Corner-stone  of  Roman  Catholic  cathedral  on  Lafayette  ave., 
between  Clermont  and    Vanderbilt   aves.,  laid    by    bishop 

Loughlin 21  June,  1868 

Mercantile  Library  building,  corner-stone  laid,  27  Oct  1867; 

opened 18  Jan.  1869 

John  A.  Roebling,  b.  Prussia,  12  June,  1806;  d 22  July,      " 

[Designerof  the  Brooklyn  Bridge.] 

Metropolitan  paid  fire  department  created " 

Prospect  park  provided  for  by  act  of  legislature,  17  Apr.  1860; 

improvements  begun,  June,  1866;  completed  about 1871 

City  ambulance  service  organized 1873 

New  city  charter , June,     " 

Tabernacle  Presbyterian  church  destroyed  by  fire,  Dec.  1872, 

and  new^  tabernacle  erected  and  dedicated 22  Feb.  1874 

Brooklyn  theatre  burned;  295  lives  lost 5  Dec.  1876 

Ground  broken  for  municipal  building,  21  June,  1876;  first 

occupied May,  1878 

Electric  light  introduced  in  Brooklyn  by  F.  Loeser  in  his  store 

on  Fulton  st 14  Dec.     " 

Farewell  service  in  old  St  Ann's  church 1880 

[It  was  demolished  to  make  way  for  the  approach  to  the 
Brooklyn  bridge.] 
New  building  of  Long  Island  Historical  Society  opened,  2  Nov.     " 
St  Mary's  General  hospital,  corner-stone  laid,  12  Oct.  1879; 

opened  for  reception  of  patients 17  Dec.  1882 

Work  on  Brooklyn  bridge  begun,  3  Jan.  1870,  and  bridge  opened 

(Bridges) 24  May,  1883 

Panic  on  Brooklyn  bridge;  12  killed,  many  injured 30  May,     " 

Brooklyn  elevated  railway  opened 14  May,  1885 

Training-school  for  teachers  opened  (Brooklyn  Institute) " 

Brooklyn  Citizen,  daily,  established 1886 

Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  d 8  Mch.  1887 

Street-railway  strike  and  tie-up  begins 26  Jan.  1889 

Brooklyn  Tabernacle  destroyed  by  fire 13  Oct     " 

Dr.  Lyman  Abbott  installed  pastor  of  Plymouth  church,  16  Jan.  1890 

New  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  completed 25  Apr.  1891 

Statue  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  unveiled 24  June,     " 

New  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  destroyed  by  fire May,  1894 

Street-railway  (trolley)  strike  and  tie-up  begins  10  Jan.,  and 
terminates 2  Mch  1895 

MAYORS. 

Samuel  S.  Powell 1857 

Martin  Kalbfleisch 1861 

Alfred  M.  Wood 1864 

Samuel  Booth 1806 

Martin  Kalbfleisch 1868 

Samuel  S.  Powell 1872 

John  W.  Hunter 1874 

Fred.  A.  Schroeder 1876 

James  Howell 1878 

SethLow 1882 

Daniel  D.  Whitney 1886 

Alfred  C.  Chapin 1888 

David  A.  Boody 1892 

Charles  A.  Schieren 1894 


George  Hall 1834 

Jonathan, Trotter 1835 

Jeremiah  Johnson 1837 

Cyrus  P.  Smith 1839 

Henry  C.  Murphy 1842 

Joseph  Sprague 1843 

Thomas  T.  Talmage 1845 

Francis  B.  Stryker 1846 

Edward  Cojjeland 1849 

Samuel  Smith. , 18.50 

Conklin  Brush 1851 

Edward  A.  Lambert 1853 

George  Hall 1855 


Brook§,  Preston  S.     Representative  from  S.  C,  34th 
Congress.     United  States,  1856. 
Brother  Jonathan, origin  of.  Connecticut,  1769. 

hroug'ham,  a  popular  vehicle  said  to  have  been  in- 
vented in  1839,  and  adopted  by  lord  Brougham. 


BRO 


129 


BRU 


Brown,  Fort,  a  work  partly  completed  by  the  Americans 
on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  Matamoras,  in  the  spring  of  1846, 
and  commanded  by  major  Brown,  for  whom  it  was  named.  It 
was  cannonaded  from  Matamoras  on  3  May,  1846.  Major  Brown 
was  mortally  wounded.  Gen.  Taylor  marched  from  Point 
Isabel  and  relieved  it  after  a  cannonade  and  bombardment  of 
160  hours.     This  was  the  opening  of  the  Mexican  VVak. 

BrO\rn  In§titUte,  Battersea,  Engl.,  with  a  hospital 
for  quadrupeds  and  birds  useful  to  man,  established  by  a  be- 
quest of  Thomas  Brown,  of  Dublin ;  first  professor.  Dr.  Burdon- 
Sanderson;  opened  2  Dec.  1871.  Dr.  Greenfield,  professor, 
Dec.  1878. 

Bro WIl'§  Ferry,  Tenn.  Chattanooga  Campaign, 
27  Oct.  1863. 

Bro-wn'S  (John)  iniUrrection.  An  attempt  of 
John  Brown  to  incite  the  slaves  of  the  south  to  assert  their 
freedom  b}'  force.  Brown  had  been  zealous  in  making  Kansas 
a  free  state,  and  was  known  as  a  bitter  enemy  of  slavery. 
Kansas,  1855-56.  He  brought  a  few  followers  to  near  Harper's 
Ferry,  Va.,  in  the  summer  of  1859,  secretly  collecting  arms  and 
ammunition  to  arm  the  slaves  whom  he  expected  to  join  him. 
His  party,  23  in  number,  17  white  and  6  colored  men,  on  Sunday 
night,  16  Oct.  1859,  entered  the  village  of  Harper's  Ferry  about 
half-past  10  p.m.,  seized  without  opposition  the  government 
armory  and  railroad  bridge,  and  had  the  place  in  their  power 
before*  daylight.  Brown  arrested  many  principal  citizens  as 
hostages;  a  desultory  combat  ensued  as  soon  as  the  citizens 
procured  arms,  and  by  the  afternoon  of  the  17th  Brown  was  on 
the  defensive  and  cut  off  from  escape.  Still  he  successfully  re- 
sisted every  attempt  to  dislodge  him  from  the  armory.  In  the 
afternoon  col.  Robert  E.  Lee  arrived  from  Washington  with  90 
U.  S.  marines  and  2  pieces  of  artillery,  too  late  for  attack.  On 
the  morning  of  the  18th  Brown,  still  refusing  to  surrender, 
although  but  4  of  his  men  remained  unhurt,  an  attack  was  made 
onthearmoryandit  was  easily  forced.  In  the  final  attack  Brown 
was  severely  wounded.  The  following  shows  the  fate  of  each  of 
the  participants  in  this  enterprise.  The  survivors  captured 
were  tried  at  Charlestown,  Va.,  and  executed  as  follows  : 

John  Brown,  leader,  b.  8  May,  1800 hung   2  Dec.  1859 

JohnE.Cook "     1«  Dec.     " 

Edwin  Coppoc "      "     "        " 

John  A.  Copeland,  negro "      "     "        " 

Shields  Green,  negro "     ^'     "        " 

Aaron  C.  Stephens "     16Mch.  1860 

Albert  Hazlett "      "     "        " 

John  Henry  Kagi killed  at  Harper's  Ferry 

Watson  Brown,  son  of  John "      "         "  " 

Oliver  Brown,  son  of  John "      "         "  " 

William  H.  Leeman "      "         "  " 

Jeremiah  G.  Anderson. "      "         "  " 

William  Thompson "      "         "  " 

Dauphin  Thompson "      "         "  " 

Stewart  Taylor "      "         "  " 

Dangerfleld  Newby,  negro "      "         "  " 

Lewis  Leary,  negro "      "         "  " 

Charles  Plummer  Tidd escaped 

Owen  Brown " 

Barclay  Coppoc " 

Francis  Jackson  Merriam " 

Osborn  P.  Anderson,  negro " 

John  Anderson,  negro " 

Browniail  motion,  so  called  from  Robert  Brown, 
the  celebrated  botanist,  who  in  1827,  by  the  aid  of  the  micro- 
scope, observed  in  drops  of  dew  a  motion  of  minute  particles 
which  at  first  was  attributed  to  rudimentary  life,  but  was  after- 
wards decided  to  be  due  to  currents  occasioned  by  inequalities 
of  temperature  and  evaporation. 

BrOWniniS;  Society,  of  England,  for  the  study  of 
the  works  of  Robert  Browning,  the  poet,  was  organized  by  F. 
J.  Furnivall  and  Miss  Hickey.  It  held  its  first  meeting  in 
London,  28  Oct.  1881. 

BrowniitS  or  Barroivi§t§,  the  first  Independ- 
ents, named  after  Robert  Brown,  a  schoolmaster  in  Southwark, 
about  1580.  Henry  Penry,  Henry  Barrow,  and  other  Brown- 
ists  were  cruelly  executed  for  alleged  sedition,  29  May,  1593. 
t)f  this  sect  was  Mr.  Robinson,  elder  Brewster,  and  the  congre- 
gation that  settled  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  1620. 

BrownitOWn,  Mich.,  26  miles  below  Detroit.    Here 
2(\0  Ohio  volunteers,  under  major  Van  Home,  were  defeated 
by  some  British  and  Indians  on  4  Aug.  1812.    The  Americans 
lost  17  killed  and  8  wounded. 
5 


Bruee'§  travel§.  James  Bruce,  the  "  Abyssinian 
traveller,"  set  out  in  June,  1768,  to  discover  the  source  of  the 
Nile.  Proceeding  first  to  Cairo,  he  navigated  the  Nile  to 
Syene,  thence  crossed  the  desert  to  the  Red  sea,  and,  arriving 
at  Jedda,  passed  some  months  in  Arabia  Felix,  and,  after  va- 
rious detentions,  reached  Gondar,  the  capital  of  Abyssinia,  in 
Feb.  1770.  On  14  Nov.  1770,  he  obtained  asight  of  the  sources 
of  the  Blue  Nile. 

"  A  wanderer  proudly  stood 
Beside  the  well-spring,  deep  and  lone, 
Of  Egypt's  awful  flood." 

— Hemans,  "  Bruce  at  the  source  of  the  Nile." 

He  returned  to  England  in  1773,  and  died  27  Apr.  1794. 

Brilge§,  Belgium,  in  the  7th  century,  was  capital  of 
Flanders,  and  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries  almost  the  com- 
mercial metropolis  of  the  world.  It  suftered  much  through  au 
insurrection  in  1488,  and  the  consequent  repression.  It  was 
subjected  to  France  in  1794,  to  the  Netherlands  in  1814,  and 
to  Belgium  in  1830. 
"  In  the   market-place   ot   Bruges   stands    the    belfrey,   old    and 

brown ; 
Thrice  consumed  and  thrice  rebuilded.  still  it  watches  o'er  the 

town.  —Longfelloiv,  "The  Belfrey  of  Bruges." 

Brumaire  revolution.    Directory. 

Brunanburg  (supposed  by  some  to  be  near  Ford, 
Northumberland).  Anlaf,  with  an  army  pf  Northmen  from 
Ireland,  and  Constantine  HI.,  king  of  Scots,  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Humber,  and  were  defeated  with  very  great 
slaughter  at  Brunanburg  by  Athelstan,  937. 

Brundisium,  now  Brin'di§i,  a  seaport  on  the 
Adriatic  sea,  S.  Italy,  a  Greek  city,  taken  by  the  Romans,  267 
B.C. ;  and  made  a  colony,  244.  Here  Virgil  died,  22  Sept.  19 
B,c.  Since  the  establishment  of  the  overland  route  to  India 
it  has  become,  as  the  terminus  of  the  Mount  Cenis  and  other 
railroad  routes,  a  great  point  of  departure  of  passengers  for 
the  East. 

Briinn,  capital  of  Moravia  since  1641 ;  was  entered  by 
the  French  under  Murat,  18  Nov.  1805;  and  by  the  Prussians, 
13  July,  1866. 

BrunS'iW'icii,  House  of.  The  duchy  of  Brunswick,  in 
Lower  Saxony,  was  conquered  by  Charlemagne,  and  governed 
afterwards  by  counts  and  dukes.  Albert-Azzo  II.,  marquess 
of  Italy  and  lord  of  Este,  died  in  1097,  and  left  by  his  wife 
Cunegonde  (heiress  of  Guelph,  duke  of  Carinthia  in  Bavaria), 
a  son,  Guelph,  who  was  invited  into  Germany  by  Imitza,  his 
mother-in-law,  and  invested  with  all  the  possessions  of  his 
wife's  step-father,  Guelph  of  Bavaria.  Bavaria.  His  de- 
scendant, Henry  the  Lion,  married  Maud,  daughter  of  Henry 
II.  of  England,  and  founded  the  Brunswick  family.  His  do- 
minions were  very  extensive ;  but,  having  refused  to  assist  the 
emperor  Frederick  Barbarossa  against  pope  Alexander  III., 
through  the  emperor's  resentment  was  proscribed  at  the  diet 
at  Wurtzburg,  in  1180.  The  duchy  of  I3avaria  was  given  to 
Otho  of  Wittelsbach,  ancestor  of  the  family  of  Bavaria ;  the 
duchy  of  Saxony  to  Bernard  Ascanius,  founder  of  the  house  of 
Anhalt;  his  other  territories  to  different  persons.  He  retired 
to  England  ;  but,  at  the  intercession  of  Henry  II.,  Brunswick 
and  Luneburg  were  restored  to  him.  The  house  of  Brunswick 
in  1409  divided  into  several  branches.  Brunswick  was  included 
by  Napoleon  in  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1806,  but  was 
restored  to  the  duke  in  1815.  Area,  1441  sq.  miles.  Pop.  in 
1871,312,170;  in  1876,  327,493  ;  in  1890,  372,580.  Brunswick 
joined  the  North  German  Confederation,  18  Aug.  1866. 

DUKES    OF    BRUNSWICK. 
1136.  Henry,  duke  of  Bavaria. 
1139.  Henry  the  Lion  (son). 
1195.  Henry  the  Long  and  William  (sons). 
1213.  Otho  I.  (son  of  William). 
1252.  Albert  I.  (son  of  preceding). 
1278.  Albert  II.  (son). 
1318.  Otho,  Magnus  L,  and  Ernest  (sons). 
1368.  Magnus  II.  [Torquatus  (son  of  Magnus  L)]. 

dukes  of  brunswick-wolfenbuttel. 
First  Branch. 
1409.  Henry  L  (son  of  Magnus  II.). 
1416.  William  I.  and  Henry  IL  (sons). 
1482.  Frederic  and  William  II.  )  g^^g  ^j  ^jUiam  L 
1495.  Henry  III.  and  Eric.  ) 

1514.  Henry  IV.  (son  of  Henry  II.). 
1568.  Julius  (son  of  preceding). 


Bril$§el§,  once  capital  of  Austrian  Brabant,  now  of 
Belgium  (since  1831),  founded  by  St.  Gery,  of  Cambray,  in 
the  7th  century,  is  celebrated  for  fine  lace,  carpets,  and  tapes- 
try. The  Hotel  de  Ville  has  a  turret  364  ft.  in  height;  and  on 
its  top  is  a  copper  figure  of  St.  Michael,  17  ft.  high,  which 
turns  with  the  wind.     Pop.  1890,  448,088.     Belgium. 

Cathedral  of  St.  Gudule  (begun  1010  ?  )  completed 1273 

Made  capital  of  the  Low  Countries 1507 

Ruled  tyrannically  by  Alva 1567 

"  Union  of  Brussels  "  to  expel  the  Spaniards 1577-T8 

Bombarded  by  marshal  Villeroi ;  14  churches  and  10,000  houses 

destroyed , Aug.  1695 

Taken  by  the  French,  1701;  by  Marlborough,  17(»6;  by  Saxe,  16 

Feb.  174:6 ;  and  by  Dumouriez Nov.  1792 

Revolution  commences 25  Aug.  1830 

Maritime  conference  to  obtain  uniform  meteorological  observa- 
tions held  here 1853 

International  philanthropic  congress Sept.  1856 

"  association  for  social  sciences  meet... 22-25  Sept.  1862 
Brussels  Conference.  The  Society  for  the  Amelioration  of  the 
Condition  of  Prisoners  of  War  sent  circulars  (dated  28  Mch.) 
to  the  great  powers.  On  17  Apr.  Russia  issued  a  programme 
for  the  conference,  consisting  of  71  articles,  embracing  all  the 
"  usages  of  war."  Lord  Derby  (for  Great  Britain),  in  a  de- 
spatch, declined  the  discussion  of  international  law,  4  July. 
Gen.  sir  Alfred  Horsford  was  sent  delegate  for  Great  Britain 
without  active  powers,  reserving  liberty  of  action.  Congress 
opened  27  July  ;  baron  Jomini  (from  Russia)  president. 
United  States  not  represented.  Sittings  were  secret.  Con- 
ference closed  without  important  results,  28  Aug.  1874.  Brit- 
ish report  published  in  London  Gazette 24  Oct.  1874 

Belgian  industrial  exhibition  opened 5  Sept.     " 

International  exhibition  of  objects  relating  to  public  health 
and  safety,  opened  by  the  king,  26  June;  congress  met 

27  Sept. -2  Oct.  1876 
International  congress  of  commerce  and  industry. .  .6-10  Sept.  1880 

Antislavery  conference  meets 18  Nov.  1889 

Arrival  of  Stanley ;  entertained  by  the  king 19-25  Apr.  1890 

Bruttium,  now  Calabria  Olta,  S.  Italy.    The 

Bruttians  and  Lucanians  defeated  and  slew  Alexander  of 
Epirus  at  Pandosia,  326  B.C.  Thev  were  conquered  by  Rome, 
277. 


BRU  180 

1689.  Henry  Julius  (son). 

1613.  Frederic  Ulric  (son),  died  without  issue. 

Second  Branch. 
16S4  Augustus  (son  of  Henry  of  Luneburg). 
1868.  Rwiolph  Augustus  ;  associated  his  brother,  Anthony  Ulric,  in 

the  govornmeut.  from  l(i85  ;  d.  1704. 
1704.  Anthony  Ulric  now  ruled  alone  ;  became  a  Roman  Catholic  in 

1710;  d.  in  1714. 
1714.  Augustus  William  (son). 

1731.  Lewis  Rodolph  (brother). 

1735.  Fertlinand  Albert,  duke  of  Brunswick-Bevern.  marrH'd  Antoi- 
nette Amelia,  daughter  of  Lewis  Rodolph,  and  succeeded  him. 
"      Charles  (son). 

1T80.  Charles  William  Ferdinand  (son)  ;  a  great  general  (served 
under  his  uncle  Ferdinand  in  the  7  years'  war,  1756-(W); 
married  princess  Augusta  of  Kngland;  mortally  wounded 
at  Auerstadt,  14  Oct.,  d.  10  Nov.  1806  ;  succeeded  by  his 
fourth  sou  (his  elder  sons,  being  blind,  abdicated). 

1806.  William  Frederick,  whose  authority  practically  began  with 
the  battle  of  Leipsic-Oct  1813;  foil  at  Quatre-Bras,  com- 
manding the  avantgardo  under  the  duke  of  Wellington,  16 
June,  1815;  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son. 

1815.  Charles  Frederick  William  (eccentric);  assumed  government, 
30  Oct.  1823.  [Revolution  at  Brunswick;  the  duke  (declared 
incapable  of  reigning  by  the  German  diet)  retired  to  England, 
7  Sept.  1830  ;  died  at  Geneva,  bequeathing  his  immense 
property  to  that  city,  18  Aug.  1873.] 

1830.  William  (brother);  b.  25  Apr.  1806;  succeeded  provisionally, 
7  Sept.  1830  ;  and,  on  the  demand  of  the  German  diet, 
definitively,  20  Apr.  1831;  unmarried.  (His  palace  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  24  Feb.  1865.)  His  jubilee  celebrated  25  Apr. 
1881;  d.  17  Oct.  1884. 

1884.  Prince  Albert  of  Prussia,  nephew  of  the  emperor,  elected,  21 
Oct.  1885. 

DUKES  OF  BRUNSWICK-LUNEBURG. 

1409.  Bernard  (son  of  Magnus  II.,  duke  of  Brunswick;  see  a^ove). 

1434.  Otho  and  Frederic  (his  sous). 

1478.  Henry  (son  of  Otho). 

1532.  Ernest  I.  (son  of  Otho).     His  sons  were 

1546.  Henry  (founder  of  second  branch  of  Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel) 
and  William,  whose  seven  sons  cast  lots  to  determine  who 
should  marry.  The  lot  fell  on  George,  sixth  son.  Four  of 
the  brothers  reigned,  viz. : 

1592.  Ernest  II.       ] 

len.  Christian.        I        . 

1633.  Augustus.        f ""  '^^"®- 

1636.  Frederic  II.    J 

1648.  Christian  Lewis  (son  of  George  above  mentioned). 

1665.  George  William  (brother  of  Christian  Lewis),  d.  in  1705, 
leaving  as  heiress  Sophia  Dorothea,  his  daughter,  who 
married  in  1682  her  cousin,  prince  George  Lewis  of  Han- 
over, afterwards  George  I.  of  England  (son  of  Ernest  of 
Hanover,  youngest  son  of  the  above  mentioned  George). 
Ha.nover,  England. 


BUD 


bubble  conipanie!!*.  Co.mi'anies,  Law  .s  .  .bble, 
South  Ska  Bubble. 

bUC'caneerii,  piratical  adventurers,  French,  English, 
and  Dutch,  who  began  plundering  Spaniards  of  America  soon 
after  the  latter  had  taken  possession  of  this  continent  and  the 
West  Indies.  Their  numbers  were  much  increased  by  a  12 
years'  truce  between  the  Spaniards  and  Dutch  in  1609,  when 
many  discharged  sailors  joined  the  buccaneers.  The  first  levy 
of  ship-money  in  England,  in  1636,  was  for  chastising  these 
pirates.  The  principal  commanders  of  the  first  buccaneers  were 
Montbar,  I^lonois,  Basco,  and  Morgan.  Van  Horn,  of  Ostend, 
captured  Vera  Cruz,  1603  ;  Morgan  took  Panama,  1670;  Gra- 
mont  seized  Campeachy,  1685  ;  and  Pointis  took  Carthagena, 
1697  ;  all  gained  enormous  booty.  The  buccaneer  confederacy 
was  broken  up  through  the  peace  of  Kyswick,  10  Sept.  1697. 

Bucen'taiir,  the  vessel  in  which  the  doge  of  Venice 
wedded  the  Adriatic,  from  the  12th  to  the  18th  centur\'. 

Bll'Chare§t,  Wallachia.  Preliminaries  of  peace  were 
ratified  here  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  agreeing  on  the 
Pruth  as  their  frontier,  28  May,  1812.  Subsequent  war  be- 
tween these  powers  altered  many  provisions  of  this  treaty. 
Bucharest  was  occupied  by  Russians,  Turks,  and  Austrians, 
successively,  in  the  Crimean  war.  The  last  quitted  it  in  1856. 
It  is  now  capital  of  Roumania,  established  26  Mch.  1881. 

Buckingham  palace,  the  London  residence  of  the 
English  sovereign.  Old  Buckingham  house  was  built  on  the 
"  Mulberry  gardens,"  by  John  Sheffield,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
in  1703.  In  1761  it  was  bought  by  George  III.,  who  in  1775 
settled  it  on  his  queen,  Charlotte.  She  made  it  her  town  res- 
idence ;  and  here  all  her  children,  except  the  eldest,  were  born. 
Here  were  married  the  duke  of  York  and  princess  Frederica  of 
Prussia,  in  1791 ;  the  duke  of  Gloucester  and  princess  Mary, 
1816;  the  prince  of  Hesse-Homburg,  and  princess  Elizabeth, 
1818;  and  the  duke  of  Cambridge  and  princess  of  Hesse  the 
same  year.  The  house  was  pulled  down  in  1825,  and  the  present 
palace  begun  on  its  site.  After  an  expenditure  of  nearly  a 
million  sterling  it  was  completed,  and  occupied  by  queen 
Victoria,  13  Julv,  1837.  Further  improvements  were  made  in 
1853.  The  marble  arch,  from  the  exterior  of  this  palace,  was 
re-erected  at  Cumberland  Gate,  Hyde  park,  29  Mch.  1851. 

bUCkleri  (shields  intended  to  parry  blows  but  not  so 
large  as  to  cover  the  body),  used  in  single  combat,  are  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Proetus  and  Acricius  of  Argos,  about 
1370  B.C.  Lucius  Papirius  defeated  the  Samnites,  taking  from 
them  bucklers  of  gold  and  silver,  309  b.c. 

buckles  were  worn  instead  of  shoe-strings  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  and  became  fashionable  and  expensive  ;  about 
1791  they  fell  out  of  use.  Ornamental  buckles  became  fash- 
ionable, 1873, 

Buckshot  'war.     Pennsylvania,  1838. 

Buda  or  Ofen,  the  ancient  Aquincum,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Danube,  opposite  Pesth,  and  with  it  (termed  Buda- 
Pesth)  the  capital  of  Hungary.  It  was  taken  by  Charlemagne 
in  799;  and  sacked  by  Solyman  II.  after  the  battle  of  Mohacz, 
when  the  Hungarian  king,  Louis,  was  killed  and  200,000  of  his 
subjects  carried  away  captives,  1526.  Buda  was  sacked  a  second 
time,  the  inhabitants  were  put  to  the  sword,  and  Hungary  an- 
nexed to  the  Ottoman  empire,  1541.  Retaken  by  imperialists, 
under  the  duke  of  Lorraine,  and  Mahometans  delivered  up  to 
the  fury  of  the  soldiers,  1686.  It  suffered  much  in  1848;  was 
entered  without  resistance  by  the  Austrians,  5  Jan.  1849; 
stormed,  20  May ;  given  up  by  Russians  to  Austrians,  July, 
1849.  Here  the  emperor  Francis  Joseph  was  crowned  king 
of  Hungary,  8  June,  1867.  Hungary.  Buda-Pesth  made 
capital  of  Hungary,  Nov.  1873. 

Buddhism,  the  chief  religion  in  Asia  beyond  the 
Ganges,  and  in  China,  Japan,  and  Ceylon,  originated  with 
Gautama  Siddartha,  the  Sakya  Muni,  generally  termed  Bud- 
dha, or  "  the  enlightened,"  a  prince  of  Kapalivastu,  in  central 
India,  said  to  have  been  born  623,  and  to  have  died  543  b.c. 

In  July.  594  b.c,  disgusted  with  the  behavior  of  the  Brahmins,  he 
retired  from  the  world  for  a  time,  and,  on  coming  forth,  preached 
a  new  religion  so  successfully  that  it  predominated  in  India  till 
the  10th  century,  a.d. 

Buddhism  inculcates  strict  morality;  forbids  killing,  stealing,  adul- 
tery, lying,  and  drunkenness,  even  in  purpose  and  thought,  and 


BUD  131 

declu^j  charity  or  love  to  be  the  source  of  virtue.  Some  writers 
assert  that  Buadhisin  includes  belief  in  the  transmigration  of  souls, 
and  the  absorption  of  the  good  into  God,  from  whom  they  have 
emanated;  others  reckon  annihilation  or  eternal  sleep  (the  Nir- 
vana) among  Buddhist  tenets. 

A  form  of  Buddhism,  the  religion  of  F6,  exists  in  China,  besides 
the  systems  of  Confucius  and  Laot  se.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
introduced  in  the  reign  of  Ming-ti,  a.d.  68-Hl. 

<'Le  Bouddha  et  Ses  Religions,"  by  M.  J.  B.  St.  Hilaire,  was  pub. 
in  1860.     T.  Rhyl  Davids's  "Buddhism,"  in  1878. 

Buddhists  in  the  world  are  estimated  at  455,000,000. 

Sir  Edwin  Arnold's  "  Light  of  Asia,"  a  poem,  1879. 

JSllde  lig^ht  (named  from  Biide,  in  Cornwall,  Engl., 
the  residence  of  Mr. — afterwards  sir  Goldsworthy — Gurney, 
its  inventor)  consists  of  2  or  more  concentric  argand  gas- 
burners,  one  rising  above  another,  like  petals  in  a  rose,  pro- 
ducing a  brilliant  flame.  Its  illuminating  powers  were  in- 
creased by  subjecting  manganese,  etc.,  to  the  flame,  producing 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  gas.  This  light  was  patented  1839  and 
1841. 

budg^Ct  (from  the  Fr.  bougette,  Lat.  bitlga,  a  small  bag), 
a  terra  applied  to  the  English  chancellor  of  exchequer's 
annual  statement  of  the  finances  of  the  country,  the  docu- 
ments having  been  formerly  presented  in  a  leather  bag.  In 
the  United  States  the  sec.  of  the  treasury  has  made  an  annual 
report  to  Congress  of  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  govern- 
ment since  1790.  In  1789  the  House  of  Representatives  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  see  that  the  government  is  supplied 
with  sufficient  revenues,  and  to  devise  waj's  and  means  for 
obtaining  it,  whence  the  name  of  •'  Ways  and  Means  Commit- 
tee." In  1865  the  duties  of  this  committee  had  become  ex- 
cessive, and  a  committee  of  appropriations  was  appointed  to 
share  the  work.  Estimates  for  appropriations  are  prepared 
by  the  heads  of  the  several  departments  and  bureaus  of  the 
public  service  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  but  are  often  re- 
duced by  the  House.  No  a[)propriatious  can  be  made  for  pur- 
poses not  sanctioned  by  the  Constitution.  Appropriations 
OF  Congress. 

Buena  Vista,  Battle  of,  22  and  23  Feb.  1847.  Gen. 
Taylor,  with  only  about  5000  men  (500  regulars),  confronted 
a  Mexican  army  of  20,000  under  gen.  Santa  Anna,  near  San 
Luis  Potosi.  There  was  slight  skirmishing  on  the  22d,  but 
on  the  morning  of  the  23d  the  battle  opened.  The  Amer- 
icans held  the  field,  and  that  night  the  Mexicans  withdrew, 
leaving  their  dead  and  wounded.  The  Americans  lost  267 
killed,  456  wounded,  and  23  missing ;  the  Mexicans  lost  near- 
ly 2000,  leaving  500  dead  on  the  field.     Mexican  War. 

Buenos  Ayres  {bway'nos  Vrez),  a  province  of  S. 
America,  now  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  was  explored 
by  Sebastian  Cabot  in  1526,  and  the  capital,  Buenos  Ayres, 
founded  by  don  Pedro  de  Mendoza  in  1535.  In  1585  the  city 
was  rebuilt  and  recolonized,  and  made  a  bishopric,  1620, 
and  a  viceroyalty,  1775.  La  Plata,  the -new  capital  of  the 
province,  founded  24  Nov.  1882 ;  made  seat  of  government, 
Apr.  1884.  Pop.  of  the  province  in  1888,  3,793,800;  city, 
500,000.     Argentine  Confederation. 

A  British  fleet  and  army,  under  sir  Home  Popham  and  gen.  Ber- 
esford,  take  the  city  easily,  27  June  ;  it  is  retaken  by  the 
Spaniards,  12  Aug. ;  by  the  British 29  Oct.  1806 

Montevideo  stormed  by  sir  Samuel  Auchmuty,  3  Feb. ;  evacu- 
ated   7  July,  1807 

Gen.  Whitelock  and  8000  British  enter  Buenos  Ayres;  repulsed 

with  loss 5  July^       " 

Independence  declared 19  July   1816 

Recognized  as  part  of  the  Argentine  confederation Feb.'  1822 

[A  prey  to  civil  war  through  the  intrigues  of  Rosas,  Oribe, 
Urquiza,  and  others,  for  many  years.] 

Urquiza  overthrows  Rosas;  is  provisional  dictator 1851 

Oribe  defeated  by  gen.  Urquiza,  to  whom  Buenos  Ayres  capitu- 

„  lates 3  Feb.  1852 

Rosas  flees,  arrives  at  Plymouth,  Engl 25  Apr.      " 

Urquiza  deposed,  10  Sept. ;  invests  the  city;  after  some  suc- 
cesses retires Dec.      " 

Constitution  voted '.'.'.* .'.23  May.  1853 

Buenos  Ayres  secedes  from  the  Argentine  confederation,  and 
is  independent;  1st  governor.  Dr.  D.  Pastor  Obligado,  elected, 
_     ,^  ,  12  Oct.     " 

Dr.  Valentin  Alsina  elected  governor May,  1857 

Warbreaksout;  Urquiza,gen.oftheArgentineconfederatiou,has 

an  mdecisive  conflict  with  the  Buenos  Ayres  gen.  Mitre,  23  Oct.  1859 
Buenos  Ayres  is  reunited  by  treaty  with  the  Argentine  con- 
federation   11  ^'ov.       " 

Fresh  contests:  Mi^re  defeats  Urquiza  in  an  almost  bloodless 

contest  at  Pavon ;  Urquiza  retires 17  Sept.  1861 

National  congress  at  Buenos  Ayres 25  May,  1862 

Mitre  installed  president 12  Oct  " 


BUF 

Jesuits'  college  and  archbishop's  palace  burned,  priests  killed 

by  a  mob;  martial  law  proclaimed 28  Feb.  1875 

International  exhibition May   1890 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.,  situated  at  the  eastern  end  of  lake  Erie 
and  at  the  western  terminus  of  the  Erie  canal,  lat.  42"^  53', 
long.  78°  55',  is  the  3d  city  in  the  state  in  wealth  and  pop- 
ulation, and  the  11th  in  the  U.  S.  Pop.  1810,  1,508 ;  1820, 
2,095;  1840,18,213;  1860,81,129;  1880,155,134;  1890,255,- 
664.     Area,  42  sq.  miles. 

Griffin  sails  past  the  future  site  of  Buffalo,  7  Aug 1679 

First  dwelling  built  on  the  site  of  Buffalo  by  Corne'lius  winne'  1789 
Buff'alo  laid  out  as  "New  Amsterdam,"  by  the  Holland  Land 

Company jgOll 

Bufl^alo  creek  made  a  port  of  entry 3  Mch   1806 

Subscription  for  first  school-house,  $127.87J^,  raised."  "30  Mch"  I8O7I 

Town  of  Buff'alo  established 

Laud  deeded  to  county  for  first  court-house !  .21  Nov. 

Black  Rock  made  a  port  of  entry ..." ."  igll ' 

First  newspaper,  the  Buffalo  Gazette,  now  the  Commercial  Ad- 
vertiser, started 3  o^t.     " 

First  church  (Presbyterian)  organized  by  the  rev.  Mr.  Osgood, 

2  Feb.  1812 

Incorporated  a  village 2  Apr.  1813 

Buffalo  and  Black  Rock  burned  by  British  and  Indians,  30  Dec.  " 
[This  force,  under  command  of  lieut-gen.Drummond,  ad- 
vanced to  nearly  opposite  Black  Rock,  29  Dec. ;  during  the 
night  gen.  Riall  crossed  the  river  with  about  1000  British, 
Canadians,  and  Indians,  2  miles  below  Black  Rock;  next  day- 
he  was  reinforced  by  about  800  British  regulars.  Americans 
numbered  about  2000  men— militia— under  gen.  Amos  HalL 
During  the  night  of  the  29th  nearly  half  of  them  decamped 
and  the  remainder  made  a  poor  defence,  so  that  Black  Rock 
and  Buff'alo  were  soon  in  possession  of  the  British;  when 
they  withdrew,  but  4  buildings  were  left,  the  rest  had  been 
burned.] 

Village  reorganized I8I6 

First  library  organized 10  Dec.  1816 

St.  Pauls  parish  organized 10  Feb.  1817 

First  vessel  registered 26  May,     " 

First  steamboat,  Walk-in-the-Water,  on  lake  Erie,  built  at  Black 

Rock,  and  launched 28  May,  1818 

[Although  a  steam  vessel,  a  yoke  of  oxen  was  used  in  get- 
ting the  boat  into  the  lake  from  Black  Rock.] 

Steamer's  first  trip  to  Detroit 23  Aug.     " 

First  church  built  (Methodist) 24  Jan.  1819 

First  work  on  Buff'alo  harbor 1820 

Steamer  Walk-in-the-Water  wrecked 1  Nov.  1821 

New  charter 1822 

First  Presbyterian  church  built 1823 

Lafayette  visits  Buff'alo 4  June,  1825 

Execution  of  the  "Three  Thayers  "  for  the  murder  of  .lohn 

Love,  near  Buff'alo.  Dec.  1H24 17  June,     " 

First  billiard  table  made  in  the  state,  by  B.  I.  Staats.  .21  June,     " 

Erie  canal  opened  for  navigation 26  Oct.     " 

Ship  Michigan  descends  Niagara  Falls  (New  York) 8  Sept.  1827 

Buffalo  Republican  (dem. ),  a  pioneer  of  the  Courier,  established,  1828 

Universalist  and  Unitarian  churches  organized. 1831 

Incorporated  as  a  city 20  Apr.  1832 

[Kbenezer  Johnson,  first  mayor.] 
Daily  Star,  now  the  Courier,  the   oldest  daily  in  the  city, 

started Apr.  1834 

First  issue  of  the  Daily  Commercial  Advertiser 1  Jan.  1835 

Eagle  Street  theatre  opened 21  July,     " 

First  railroad,  "  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls;"  locomotive  put  on, 

19  Aug.  1836 

Young  Men's  Association  incorporated 3  Mch.  1837 

Western  Literary  Messenger  started 1841 

[Ceased  1857.] 
Burning  of  steamboat  Erie,  33  miles  out,  249  lives  lost,  9  Aug.     " 

Buff'alo  Board  of  Trade  organized 18  Jan.  1844 

[Incorporated,  7  Mch.  1857.] 

Great  flood  in  lower  part  of  city 18  Oct.     " 

University  of  Buff'alo  incorporated 11  May,  1846 

Bank  of  Attica  established  at  Attica,  1836;  removed  to  Buffalo,     " 

Morning  Express  first  issued 14  Jan.     " 

Diocese  of  Buff'alo  (Catholic)  established 1847 

St  Louis'  church  (Catholic)  dedicated 21  Nov.     " 

Gas  first  manufactured 7  Nov.  1848 

St  John's  church  (Episcopal)  begun,  1846;  completed " 

First  case  of  cholera 30  May,  1849 

[2000  deaths  in  3  months.] 

Old  "  Eagle  Tavern  "  burned 14  Nov.     " 

Corner-stone  of  St.  Paul's  church  laid 12  June,  1850 

[Spire  completed,  1870.] 

Forest  Lawn  cemetery  dedicated 15  Aug.     " 

Corner-stone  of  St.  Joseph's  cathedral  laid 6  Feb.  1851 

[Finished,  6  June,  1855.] 

Jenny  Lind  sings  at  the  North  church 28  July,     " 

Buff'alo  Female  Academy  opened 15  Sept.     " 

Great  fire  in  lower  part  of  city,  200  buildings  burned.  .26  Sept.     " 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  incorporated 9  Mch.  1852 

Metropolitan  theatre,  now  Academy  of  Music,  opened. . .  11  Oct.     " 

Erie  County  savings-bank  chartered 10  Apr.  1854 

Corner-stone  of  the  Westminster  church  laid 26  Aug.  1858 

Grosvenor  library  chartered 11  Apr.  1859 

First  horse-car  run.  Main  st H  June,  1860 

Society  of  Natural  Sciences  organized 5  Dec.  1861 

Buff'alo  Fine  Arts  Academy  incorporated 4  Dec.  1862 

Historical  Society  incorporjited 10  Jan.  1863 


BUF 


182 


BUL 


TUl  hoase  opened. 16  Jan.  1865 

American  bold  burned 26  Jan.     " 

Decoration  day  first  observed 31  May,  1808 

Normal  scbool  first  opened 13  Sept.  1871 

Corner-stone  of  city  and  county  hall  laid 24  June,  1872 

[Completed,  1876.] 

Comer-stone  St^ite  Insane  Asylum  laid 18  Sept     *' 

International  bridge  across  Niagara  river  completed 31  Oct.  1873 

Ex-president  Fillmore  dies 8  Mch.  1874 

[Born,  Caynga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  7  Jan.  1800.] 
Delaware  Avenue  Methodist  Kpiscopal  church  dedicated,  11  Sept.  1876 

U.  S.  life  boat  station  opened 1  July,  1879 

MfO-'geo-  S.  P.  Heiutzelman,  U.  S.  A.,  buried  at  Forest  Lawn, 

(Died  at  Washington,  1  May)  4  May,  1880 
Brig,  gea  A.  J.  Meyer,  chief  signal  officer,  d.  at  Buffalo,  14  Aug.     " 

First  issue  of  the  Evening  Xews 11  Oct.     " 

M.  H.  Birge  &  Co.'s  manufactory  destroyed  by  fire 17  Dec.     " 

[13  lives  lost] 

Pierce's  Invalid.s'  hotel  burned 16  Feb.  1881 

Main  st  first  lighted  by  olectricity 1  July,  1882 

Soldiers'  monument  completed 4  July,     " 

[85  ft.  high;  cost  $50,000.] 
Music  hall  (built  1883)  and  St  Louis'  church  burned. ,  .25  Mch.  1885 
[Fire  began  at  7.30  p.m.] 

First  incineration  at  the  crematory 27  Dec.     " 

Great  storm;  part  of  new  music,  hull  (in  construction)  blown 

down ;  nearly  200  persons  homeless  by  flood 14  Oct.  1886 

Natural  gas  introduced 1  Dec.     " 

Buffalo  library  building  dedicated 7  Feb.  1887 

Richmond  hotel  (Young  .Men's  As.sociation  building,  remodeled) 
opened  21  Feb.  1887,  and  totally  destroyed  by  fire,  with  loss 

of  15  lives 18  Mch.     " 

Corner-stone  of  the  Church  of  the  Seven  Dolors,  cor.  Genesee 

and  Rich  sts.,  laid 19  June,     " 

Niagara  hotel  opened 10  Oct.     " 

New  music  hall;  corner  stone  laid  31  May,  1886;  opened  with 
a  grand  music.il  festival,  Walter  J.  Damrosch,  leader,  18  Oct 

1887,  and  formally  dedicated 7  Feb.  1888 

Electric  motor  tried  experimentally  on  the  street  railroad, 

10  Feb.     " 
St  Paul's  church.  Episcopal,  burned  ;  fire  caused  by  natural 

gas 9  May,      " 

Fort  Porter  begun,  1841;  finished,  1844;  demolished  and  site 

graded Oct.-Nov.     " 

Fire  starting  (;or.  Wells  and  Carroll  sts.,  destroys  30  building.s, 

burning  over  nearly  6  blocks;  loss,  $1,453,500 2  Feb.  1889 

First  annual  commencement  of  the  Buffalo  law  school,  29  May,     " 
Trial  trip  on  the  electric  surface  railroad  from  Cold  Springs  to 

the  park 20  July,     " 

Hotel  Iroquois  opened  on  site  of  St  James's  hall 2  Aug.     " 

New  St  Louis's  church;  corner  stone  laid,  30  May,  1886;  dedi- 
cated  25  Aug.     " 

Old  First  church  and  its  site  sold  to  the  Erie  County  savings- 
bank,  28  Mch.  1889,  and  ground  broken  for  new  bank  build- 
ing  11  Sept  1890 

New  temple,  Beth  Zion,  dedicated 12  Sept     •• 

Fire  destroys  the  clothing  exchange— loss,  $350,000;  2  firemen 

killed  by  falling  walls 23  Jan.  1891 

Free  kindergarten  movement  organized 12  Apr.     " 

New  city  charter  goes  into  effect 4  Jan.  1892 

Masonic  temple;  corner-stone  laid,  26  July,  1890;  dedicated, 

19  Jan.     " 

First  board  of  school  examiners  appointed 1  Feb.     " 

Bronze  statue  of  Red  Jacket  (d.  20  Jan.  18.J2,  aged  78)  unveiled 

in  Forest  Lawn  cemetery 22  June,     " 

Failure  of  the  National  savings  bank,  through  the  defalcation, 
continued  for  several  years,  of  its  president,  Edward  S.  Dann, 

(about  $.500,000  stolen) 29  June,     " 

Strike  of  switchmen  on  the  Erie,  Lehigh  Valley,  and  Buffalo 

Creek  railroads  begins 14  Aug.     " 

7000  of  the  National  Guard  of  New  York  state  arrive  to  pro- 
tect railroad  property  against  destruction  by  strikers,  19  Aug.     " 
Strike  declared  at  an  end  and  troops,  except  the  4th  brigade, 

leave  for  their  homes 26  Aug.     " 

New  medical  college  opened ., Apr.  1893 

New  Erie  County  savings  bank  occupied May,     " 


James  Wadsworth 1851 

Hiram  Barton 1852 

Eli  Cook 1853 

F.  P.  Stevens 1856 

T.  T.  Lockwood 1858 

Franklin  A.  Alberger 1860 

William  G.  Fargo 1862 

C.  J.  Wells 1866 

William  F.  Rogers 1868 

Alexander  Brush 1870 

L.  P.  Dayton 1874 

Philip  Becker 1876 

Solomon  Scheu 1878 

Alexander  Brush 1880 

Grover  Cleveland 1882 

John  B.  Manning 1883 

Jonathan  Scoville 1884 

Philip  Becker 1886 

Charles  F.  Bishop 1890 

Edgar  B.  Jewett 1895 


Johnson 1832 

Major  A.  Andrews 1833 

Ebenezer  Johnson 1834 

Hiram  Pratt 1835 

Samuel  Wilkeson 1836 

Josiah  Trowbridge 1837 

Ebenezer  Walden 1838 

Hiram  Pratt 1839 

Sheldon  Thompson 1840 

Isaac  R.  Harrington 1841 

George  W.  Clinton 1842 

Joseph  G.  Masten 1843 

William  Ketchum 1844 

Joseph  G.  Masten 1845 

Solomon  G.  Haven 1846 

Elbridge  B.  Spalding 1847 

Orlando  Allen 1848 

Hiram  Barton 1849 

Henry  K.  Smith 1850 


Buffoons  were  originally  ntiountebanks  in  Roman  thea- 
tres.    Their  shows  abolished  by  Trajan,  a.d.  98.     Jesteks. 


Blllg[nriil,  the  ancient  Mcesia  Inferior,  a  principality 
tributary  to  Turkey.  The  Bulgarians  were  a  Slavonian  tribe, 
who  harassed  the  Eastern  empire  and  Italy  from  499  to  678, 
when  they  established  a  kingdom.  They  defeated  Justinian 
II.,  687 ;  but  were  subdued,  after  several  conflicts,  by  the  em- 
peror Basil,  in  1018.  After  defeating  thera  in  1014,  and  tak- 
ing 15,000  Bulgarian  prisoners,  he  caused  their  eyes  to  be  put 
out,  leaving  one  eye  only  to  every  hundredth  man,  to  conduct 
his  countrymen  home.  The  kingdom  was  re-established  in 
1186;  but  after  several  changes  was  conquered  by  Bajazet 
and  annexed  to  the  Ottoman  empire,  1396.  Bulgaria  was  a 
chief  site  of  the  Kusso-Turkish  War,  1877-78.  It  con- 
tains 6  fatnous  Turkish  fortresses,  Widdin,  Rustchuk,  Silistria, 
Schumla,  and  Varna.  Area,  38,562  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890, 
3,154,000. 

Bulgarians  said  to  support  the  revolt  in  Hkrzegovi.va 187.5-76 

Insurrection  in  Bulgaria  cruelly  suppressed  (-'Bulgarian  Hor- 
rors," Engl.\nd,  1876).     TURKKY May-Sept  1876 

Zancoffand  Balabanow,  Bulgarian  delegates,  in  London. .9  Oct     " 
Bulgaria  made  self-governing  as  a  i)rincipality,  tributary  to 

the  sultan,  by  Bkrlin  Theatv 13  July.  1878 

First  parliament  opened  at  Tirnova  by  prince  Dondoukoft' 

Korsakoff";  new  constitution 22  Feb.  1879 

Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse  elected  prince  as  Alexander  I. , 

29  Apr.     " 

visits  European  courts;  received  by  queen  Victoria 5  June,     " 

Takes  oath  to  the  constitution  at  Tirnova 9  July      " 

Bulgaria  said  to  be  quitted  by  the  Russians 17  July|     " 

Ministerial  difficulties;  Parliament  dissolved 18  Dec'     " 

The  prince  announces  a  national  assembly,  and  threatens  to 

resign 9  May,  188X 

Zancoff  and  other  liberal  ministers  arrested  for  insulting  the 

prince  in  election  addresses  (soon  released) 21  June,     " 

Elections  for  National  As.sembly;  rumored  coercion  of  voters,' 

27  June  et  seq.     " 
Meeting   of  assembly;    prince's  propoisals  unanimously  ac- 
cepted; he  promises  reforms  and  adherence  to  the  constitu- 
tion   13  July,     '« 

Late  liberal  ministers,  Zankoff  and  Slaviekoff,  arrested, 

about  23  Julv,     « 
Prince  virtually  dictator;  opposes  Russia,  who  promotes  a  lib- 
eral reaction  against  him;  a  new  constitution  is  proposed; 

National  Assembly  meets 16  Sept.'  1883 

Prince  restores  Tirnova  constitution ;  Zunkoff  minister,  20  Sept.     " 
Dismisses  col.  Redigher,  war  minister,  and  other  Russian  offi- 
cers  26  Oct     '^ 

Harmony  with  Russia  restored about  15  Nov.     " 

Constitutional  changes  proposed  by  government  adopted, 

17  Dec.     " 

Dispute  with  Servia.  on  refugees  and  boundaries May-June,  1884 

Declaration  of  war  by  Servia,  13  Nov. ;  Bulgaria  invaded  by 

Servia 14  Nov.  1885 

Cessation    of  hostilities,  after   several  engagements,  through 

Austrian  intervention 28  Nov.     " 

Peace  between   Bulgaria  and  Servia  signed  at  Bucharest,  3 

Mch.  ;  ratified  by  the  sultan 13  Mch.  1886 

Conspiracy  at  Sofia;  prince  Alexander  carried  off  a  prisoner, 

21-23  Aug.      " 
Provisional  governmeht  formed  by  M.  Zankoff  and  others, 

21  Aug.     " 

Rebel  government  overthrown 25  Aug.     " 

Prince  Alexander  retwrns;  triumphant  reception  at  Rustchuk; 
issues  a  proclamation,  29  Aug.;  he  submits  to  Russia;  an- 
nounces his   intention   to   abdicate,  4  Sept ;  regency   ap 

pointed 6  Sept     " 

Prince  Waldemar  of  Denmark  elected  prince  by  the  Sobranje; 

declined 10  Nov.     " 

Gen.  Kaulbers,  the  Russian  agent,  and  Russian  consuls  quit 

Bulgaria 26  Nov.      " 

Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  invited  for  election  as 
prince  of  Bulgaria  by  delegates,  15  Dec. ;  prince  Nicholas  of 

Mingrelia  recommended  by  Russia " 

Prince  Alexander  definitely  declines  re-election 12  Junej  1887 

Sobranje  elect  prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-CoburgGotha  as  prince, 

7  July;  accepts 8  July,     " 

Prince  Ferdinand  signs  constitution 14  Aug.     " 

Russia  declares  prince  Ferdinand's  position  illegal;  supported 
by  France  and  Germany;  Austria,  England,  and  Italy  main- 
tain reserve Feb. -Mch.  1888 

Maj.  Panitza  and  6  others  arrested  on  charge  of  plotting  against 

the  prince  and  government  (in  1887  et  seq.) l  Feb.  1890 

Tried  by  court-martial  and  Panitza  sentenced  to  be  shot,  and 

others  imprisoned  from  3  to  9  years 30  May,     " 

Government  requests  of  Turkey  the  recognition  of  prince 
Ferdinand  and  the  rel^ious  autonomy  of  .Macedonian  Bul- 
garia  26  June,     " 

Maj.  Panitza  shot  at  Sofia 28  June,     " 

Prince  Ferdinand  partially  recognized  by  the  Porte 5  Feb.'  1891 

PRINCES. 
Alexander  (.Joseph)  I.  (son  of  prince  Alexander,  uncle  of  Louis 

IV.,  grand  duke  of  Hesse),  b.  5  Apr.  1857;  elected 29  Apr.  1879 

Deposed 4  Sept  1886 

Ferdinand,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  b.  26  Feb.  1861 ;  elected, 

7  July,  1887 
bull,  or  edict  of  the  pope.     The  bulla  is  prop- 


BUL 


133 


BUN 


erly  the  seal,  whether  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  or  wax.  On  one 
side  are  represented  the  heads  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  with 
the  letters  S.PE.  and  S.PA.,  and  on  the  other  the  name  and 
year  of  the  pope.  A  bull  against  heresy  was  issued  by  Greg- 
ory IX.,  in  1231.  Pius  V.  published  a  bull  against  Elizabeth, 
25  Apr.  1570 ;  in  1571  bulls  were  forbidden  to  be  promulgated 
in  England.  The  bull  Unigenitus  (beginning  with  this  word) 
against  the  Jansenists  was  issued  by  Clement  XL,  1713 ;  con- 
firmed by  Benedict  XIII.,  1725.  The  Golden  Bull,  of  the 
emperor  Charles  IV.,  so  called  from  its  golden  seal,  was  made 
the  fundamental  law  of  the  German  empire,  at  the  diet  of 
Nuremberg,  1356.  Pius  IX.  published  an  encyclical  letter 
censuring  modern  errors,  8  Dec.  1864.     Rome,  Stocks. 

bull-baitin;;  or  bull-fig^llting^  was  an  amuse- 
ment at  Stamford,  Engl.,  in  the  reign  of  John,  1209 ;  and  at 
Tutbury,  1374.  In  the  "  Sports  of  England  "  we  read  of  the 
"  Easter  fierce  hunts,  when  foaming  boars  fought  for  their 
heads, and  lusty  bulls  and  huge  bears  were  baited  with  dogs;" 
and  near  the  Clink,  London,  was  the  Paris,  or  bear-garden, 
celebrated  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth  for  bear-baiting,  then  a 
fashionable  amusement.  A  bill  to  suppress  bull-baiting  was 
thrown  out  in  the  commons,  chiefly  through  the  influence  of 
Mr.  Windham,  who  defended  the  custom,  24  May,  1802.  It 
was  made  illegal  in  1835.  Cruelty  to  Animals.  Bull- 
fights were  introduced  into  Spain  about  1260;  and  while  abol- 
ished "  except  for  pious  and  patriotic  purposes,"  in  1784,  they 
are  still  common  there  as  well  as  in  Mexico.  A  bull-fight  at 
Lisbon,  attended  by  10,000  spectators,  on  Sunday,  14  June, 
1840 ;  one  took  place  at  Havre,  5  July,  1868.  Theatrical  fights 
with  Spanisli  bulls,  at  Agricultural  hall,  London,  were  stopped 
28  Mch.  1870,  for  cruelty. 

bulleti.  In  1418,4000  bullets  for  cannon  were  ordered 
from  the  quarries  of  Maidstone,  Engl.  Bullets  of  stone  were 
in  use  certainly  as  late  as  1514.  Iron  ones  are  mentioned  in 
the  "  Foedera,"  1550.  Leaden  bullets  were  made  before  1600  a.d. 
The  round  ball  was  the  only  form  in  use  until  1830.  The 
conoidal  cup  rifle-ball  was  invented  by  capt.  Minie  in  1847 ; 
a  modification  (conoidal  without  cup),  by  Mr.  Pritchett  (1853), 
is  used  with  the  Enfield  rifle.  Many  forms  of  bullet  have 
since  been  devised.  The  tendency  is  towards  smaller  diame- 
ters.     FlR?:-ARMS. 

Bull  Run  campaig^n  and  First  Battle  of. 

The  first  important  campaign  and  battle  of  the  civil  war.  Gen. 
G.  T.  Beauregard,  the  confederate  commander,  selected  the 
plateau  at  Manassas  Junction  as  the  best  position  to  cover 
Virginia  and  menace  Washington.  .Strong  in  itself,  it  was 
further  strengthened  by  the  stream  "  Bull  Run,"  which  cov- 
ered the  front.  A  detachment  occupied  Centreville,  about  3 
miles  from  Bull  Run  and  some  30  from  Washington,  another 
was  at  Fairfax  Court-house,  still  nearer  that  city.  The  federal 
army,  led  by  gen.  Irvin  McDowell,  but  directed  from  Wash- 
ington by  lient.-gen.  Winfield  Scott,  was  ordered,  9  July,  1861, 
to  assume  the  offensive  within  8  days.  Gen.  Robert  Patterson 
occupied  Martinsburg,  in  the  Shenandoah  valley,  with  18,000 
men,  while  some  8000  confederates  under  gen.  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston were  at  Winchester.  With  the  promise  from  gen.  Scott 
that  Patterson  would  prevent  Johnston  from  joining  Beaure- 
gard, McDowell  advanced  from  Washington  with  4  divisions, 
16  July,  1861.  The  1st  division,  9936  men,  brig.-gen.  Daniel 
Tyler  commanding,  had  4  brigades  under  col.  E.  D.  Keyes,  col. 
William  Tecumseh  Sherman,  brig.-gen.  Robert  Schenck,  and 
col.  I.  B.  Richardson.  The  2d  division,  2648  men,  col.  David 
Hunter  commanding,  had  2  brigades  under  col.  Andrew  Porter 
and  col.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside.  The  3d  division,  9777  men, 
col.  S.  P.  Heintzelman  commanding,  had  3  brigades — those  of 
<!ol.  W.  B.  Franklin,  col.  O.  B.  Wilcox,  and  col.  O.  O.  Howard. 
The  4th  division,  5752  men,  brig.-gen.  Theodore  Runyon  com- 
manding, remained  to  guard  the  approaches  to  Washington. 
The  5th  division,  6207  men,  col.  Dixon  S.  Miles  commanding, 
had  2  brigades,  col.  Lewis  Blenker  and  Thomas  A.  Davies  com- 
manding. The  1st,  2d,  and  3d  divisions  occupied  Fairfax 
Court-house  on  the  evening  of  17  July,  the  confederates  re- 
tiring to  the  line  of  Bull  Run.  Next  day  gen.  Tyler  advanced 
Richardson's  brigade  and  engaged  the  confederates  at  Black- 
burn's ford,  but  retired  to  Centreville  in  the  evening  with  a 
loss  of  about  80  men.  Gen.  McDowell  determined  to  turn  the 
confederate  left,  where  Bull  Run  is  fordable  and  was  poorly 


guarded.  On  the  evening  of  the  20th  he  ordered  the  attack 
early  the  next  morning.  The  5th  division  was  to  remain  at 
Centreville,  while  the  1st  division  was  to  advance  on  the  road 
to  the  stone  bridge  and  force  a  passage  as  soon  as  the  confed- 
erate left  was  turned.  The  flanking  corps  was  the  2d  and  3d 
divisions  of  12,000  men,  and  Sudley's  ford,  about  3  miles  above 
the  stone  bridge,  was  the  point  to  cross.  The  2d  federal  di- 
vision reached  Sudley's  ford  about  9.30  a.m.,  July  21,  instead 
of  early  dawn,  and  supported  by  the  3d  division  easily  crossed 
Bull  Run,  and  slowly  pushed  the  confederates  back  until  the 
stone  bridge  was  uncovered,  allowing  McDowell  to  bring  into 
action  all  his  available  troops.  Beauregard  had  8  brigades, 
not  formed  into  divisions,  in  all  about  24.000  men,  under  brig.- 
gens.  M.  L.  Bonhain,  R.  S.  Ewell,  D.  R.'  Jones,  James  Long- 
street,  and  cols.  Philip  St.  George  Cocke,  J.  A.  Early,  T.  H. 
Holmes,  and  N.  G.  Evans.  He  was  reinforced  from  time  to  time 
throughouttheday  by  Johnston,  who,  concealinghis  movements 
from  Patterson,  succeeded  in  sending  his  entire  force  in  detach- 
ments, by  rail,  to  Beauregard,  who,  when  the  battle  ended,  had 
about  32,000  men.  These  reinforcements  were  the  brigades  of 
cols.  T.  J.  Jackson  (from  this  battle  known  as  "  Stonewall"),  F. 
S.  Barton,  brig.-gen.  B.  E.  Bee  (both  killed  in  this  action),  cols. 
A.  Elzey  and  C.  M.  Wilcox.  Between  3  and  4  o'clock  p.m., 
when  everything  seemed  favorable  to  the  federals,  the  last  3000 
of  Johnston's  men  under  Kirby -Smith  arrived,  and  fell  on  the 
unprotected  flank  of  the  exhausted  federals.*  This  attack  was 
followed  by  another  from  Early's  brigade ;  the  federals  were 
thrown  into  confusion,  and  their  retreat  became  a  rout.  The 
confederates,  barely  escaping  defeat,  were  unable  to  follow  up 
their  success.  5  brigades  covered  the  retreat  to  Centreville  and 
Washington,  which  the  fugitives  reached  on  the  morning  of  23 
July,  unpursued.  The  defeat  was  doubtless  due  to  Patterson's 
failure  to  check  Johnston.  Federal  troops  engaged,  28,455; 
loss,  481  killed,  1011  wounded,  1216 missing;  total,  2708.  Con- 
federate troops  engaged,  32,072 ;  loss,  killed,  387 ;  wounded, 
1582 ;  total,  1967.  Peninsular  Campaign. 
BulM^er-Clayton  Treaty,  concluded  19  Apr., 

ratified  4  July,  1850,  by  which  sir  Henry  Lytton  Bulwer  for 
Great  Britain,  and  John  M.  Clayton  for  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment, agreed  that  neither  should  alone  control  the  proposed 
ship-canal  through  Central  America,  or  erect  fortifications  in 
that  country.  United  States.  Disputes  afterwards  arose 
with  respect  to  this  treaty  and  the  connection  of  Great  Britain 
with  the  Mosquito  territory,  which  were  settled  in  1857. 
Its  abrogation  was  proposed  by  Americans  in  1880,  in  view  of  De 
Lesseps's  plan  for  the  Panama  canal. 

Bun'eombe,  mere  talk,  or  speaking  for  the  gratifica- 
tion of  constituents.  It  is  said  the  word  received  this  mean- 
ing from  a  remark  of  Felix  Walker,  representative  to  Congress 
from  North  Carolina,  1817-23.  While  making  a  speech  in 
the  Missouri  Compromise  debates  with  little  relevancy,  as  the 
house  thought,  he  asserted  it  did  not  matter,  as  he  was  "  mak- 
ing a  speech  for  Buncombe,"  one  of  the  counties  he  represented. 

Bund§chuh.     Jacquerie. 

Bunliill- fields,  originally  Bouhill- field,  a 

burial-ground  near  Finsbury  square,  E.  London,  termed  by 
Southey  "the  Campo  Santo  of  the  Dissenters;"  first  used  in  1665. 
Here  lie  Thomas  Goodwin  (1679),  John  Owen  (1683),  Isaac 
Watts  (1748),  John  Bunyan  (1688),  George  Fox,  the  Quaker 
(1690),  gen.  Fleetwood,  son-in-law  of  Cromwell  (1692),  and 
Daniel  De  Foe  (1731). — Cunningham.  An  act  to  preserve  the 
ground  as  an  open  space  was  passed  15  July,  1867,  and  it  was 
reopened  by  the  lord  mayor  14  Oct.  1869 ;  and  a  mftnument 
to  De  Foe,  subscribed  for  by  boys  and  girls,  was  inaugurated 
16  Sept.  1870. 

Bunker  Hill,  Battle  of.  Massachusetts,  1&-17 
June,  1775. 

Bunker  Hill  monument.  On  the  battle- 
ground a  granite  obelisk  221  feet  in  height  has  been  erected, 
at  a  cost  of  $100,000,  by  subscription.  The  corner-stone  was 
laid  by  gen.  Lafayette  when  guest  of  the  United  States,  17 
June,  1825 ;  Daniel  Webster  delivered  the  principal  oration. 
It  was  completed  and  dedicated  17  June,  1843,  with  imposing 
ceremonies,  president  Tyler  being  present,  while  Daniel  Web- 
ster again  delivered  an  oration.  The  base  of  the  obelisk  is  30 
feet  square,  and  at  the  spring  of  the  apex  15  feet.  The  top 
is  reached  by  295  stone  steps. 


BUR 


184 


BUR 


burfreDSCM,  from  Fr.  bourgeois,  a  title  coeval  in  Eng- 
land with  ctirporations.  They  were  called  to  Parliament  in 
England,  I'iUo ;  in  Scotland,  in  1326;  and  in  Ireland,  about 
1365.  Burgesses  to  be  nvsident  in  the  places  they  represented 
in  Parlianienc,  1  Hen.  V.  (1413).  During  the  colonial  period 
the  Virginia  House  of  Representatives  was  called  the  House 
of  Burgesses.     Bokohjii. 

BlirglierH.     Unitkd  Pkksbytkrians. 

Blir^OH,  Spain,  the  burial-place  of  the  Cid,  1099.  Lord 
Wellington  entered  Burgos  on  19  Sept.  after  the  battle  of  Sal- 
amanca (22  July,  1812).  The  castle  was  besieged  by  British 
and  allies,  but  the  siege  was  abandoned  21  Oct.  same  year. 
The  fortifications  were  blown  up  by  the  French,  12  June, 
1813. 

Bur'KUIldy,  a  large  province  in  France,  named  from 
Burgundians,  a  (lothic  tribe  who  overran  Gaul  in  275,  and 
were  driven  out.  by  the  emperor  Probus;  tliey  returned  in 
287,  and  were  defeated  by  Maxirain.  In  413  they  established 
a  kingdom,  comprising  the  present  Burgundy,  large  parts  of 
Switzerland,  with  Alsace,  Savoy,  Provence,  etc.;  Gondicar, 
their  first  king.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Franks,  534.  The 
second  kingdom,  a  part  of  the  first,  began  with  Gontran,  son  of 
Clotaire  I.  of  France,  in  561.  The  kingdoms  of  Aries,  Prov- 
ence, and  Transjurane  Burgundy  were  formed  out  of  the  old 
kingdom.  In  877  Charles  the  Bald  made  his  brother-in-law 
Richard  first  duke  of  Burgundy.  In  938,  Hugh  the  Great, 
count  of  Paris,  founder  of  the  house  of  Capet,  obtained  the 
duchj'.  His  descendant  Henry,  becoming  king  of  France, 
conferred  it  on  his  brother  Robert,  in  whose  family  it  remained 
till  Philippe  «le  Rouvre  died  without  issue,  in  1361.  In  1363, 
king  John  of  France  made  his  fourth  son,  Philip,  duke. 
Austria,  Germany. 

DUKES. 

1383.  Philip  the  Bold;  marries  Margaret,  heiress  of  Flanders,  1369. 

1404.  John  the  Fearless  (son);  joined  English  invaders  of  France; 
privy  to  assassination  of  dulce  of  Orleans,  1407;  assassinated 
at  Montereau,  in  presence  of  dauphin,  Sept.  1419. 

1410.  Philip  the  Good  (son),  the  most  powerful  duke. 

1467.  Charles  the  Bold;  married  Margaret  of  York,  sister  to  Edward 
IV.,  9July,  1468;  invaded  France,  1472;  Switzerland,  1476; 
killed,  fighting  Swiss,  before  Nancy,  4  Jan.  1477. 

1477.  Mary  (daughter) ;  married,  19  Aug.  1477,  Maximilian  of  Aus- 
tria; d.  27  Mch.  1482. 

1479.  Louis  XI.  annexed  Burgundy  to  France.  The  other  dominions 
fell  to  Austria. 

burial§.  Abraham  buried  Sarah  at  Machpelah,  1860 
B.C.  (Gen.  xxiii.).  Placesof  burial  were  consecrated  under  pope 
Calixtus  I.  in  210  \.n.—Eusebius.  The  Greeks  had  burial- 
places  remote  from  towns,  the  Romans  near  highways;  hence 
the  need  of  inscriptions.  The  first  Cliristian  burial-place,  it  is 
said,  was  instituted  in  596 ;  burial  in  cities,  742 ;  in  consecrated 
places,  750;  ih  church-yards,  758.  Many  early  Christians 
buried  in  catacombs  at  Rome.  Catacombs,  Cemeteries, 
Cremation,  Dissenters. 

Vaults  erected  in  chancels  first  at  Canterbury 1075 

Shrouds  required  to  be  of  wool  in  England 1666 

Burials  taxed  in  England : 1695 

Linen  scarfs  introduced  at  funerals  in  Ireland,  1729;  and  wool- 
en shrouds  used 1733 

A  tax  on  burials  in  Eugland— of  a  duke  501.,  of  a  common  per- 
son 4«.— under  William  III.  1(195,  and  George  III 1783 

Acts  relating  to  metropolitan  burials  passed 1850-67 

Parochial  registers  of  burials,  births,  and  marriages  instituted 

in  England  by  Cromwell,  lord  Essex,  about  1538.  — Stow. 
"Earth  to  earth  "  burial  advocated  by  Mr.  Seymour  Haden; 

wicker  coffins  shown  at  Stafford  house 17  June,  1875 

Consecrated  burial  grounds  in  England,  13.673;  closed,  1411. . .  1877 
Burials  act  (permitting  any  Christian    service  in  a  i)arish 
church-yard)  passed  English  Parliament 7  Sept.  1880 

burking,  a  method  of  murder,  from  Burke,  who  killed 
his  victims  by  suffocation,  and  sold  the  bodies,  unmarked  by 
violence,  to  surgeons  for  dissection.  He  was  executed  at 
Edinburgh,  28  Jan.  1829.  One  Bishop  was  apprehended  in 
Nov.  1831,  and  executed  in  London,  5  Dec,  with  Williams,  an 
accomplice,  for  burking  Carlo  Ferrari,  a  friendless  Italian  boy. 
They  confessed  to  other  similar  murders. 

Burlin^ame  Treaty,  formed  by  Anson  Burlin- 
game  and  a  Chinese  embassy,  signed  at  Washington  4  July, 
1868,  authorizing  mutual  immigration.  California  prospered 
with  Chinese  labor,  till  the  agitation  of  1879-80  led  to  de- 
mands for  the  abrogation  of  the  treaty.  Two  new  treaties 
between  the  United  States  and  China,  one  relating  to  immi- 


gration and  the  other  to  commerce,  were  signed  17  Nov.  1880. 
United  States,  6  May,  1892. 

Burlington  Hcif^llts,  Battle  of.     Stony  Creek. 

Burmali  or  BurnicNC  empire,  founded  about 

1750  A.i).  by  Alompra,  first  sovereign  of  the  present  dynasty. 
A  British  dispute  with  this  power  in  1795  was  adjusted  by 
gen.  Erskine.  Hostilities  were  commenced  by  the  British  in 
1824,  and  they  took  Rangoon  on  11  May.  The  fort  and  pa- 
goda of  Syriam  were  taken  in  1825.  After  a  short  armistice, 
hostilities  were  renewed,  1  Dec,  and  pursued  until  the  victo- 
ries of  the  British  led  to  the  cession  of  Arracan,  and  to  peace, 
24  Feb.  1826.  For  this  war,  and  that  of  1851,  India.  Pegu  was 
annexed  to  the  Indian  empire,  20  Dec.  1852.  The  war  ended 
20  June,  1853.  Pop.  1891,  7,554,410 ;  area,  156,142  sq.  miles. 
Rebellion  against  the  king  suppressed  by  British  aid,  about  Sept.  1866 

Treaties  with  Great  Britain 1862  and  25  Oct.  1867 

Burmese  embassy  in  England,  6  June;  introduced  to  Victoria, 

21  June,  1872 
King  Mindone  suspected  of  inciting  Chinese  to  attack  British 

expedition  to  West  China  (India) Feb.  1876 

Sir  Douglas  Forsyth's  mission  to  the  king;  arrives  at  Manda- 
lay,  14  June;  king  submits  about  18  June;  refuses  passage 
for  British  troops  as  convoy  to  China;  Forsyth  retires  June,     ■' 

Col.  Duncan  sent  to  Mandalay about  Aug.     •' 

King  accedes  to  the  British  demands Oct.     " 

King  dies,  about  5  Sept. ;  announced 2  Oct.  1878 

His  successor,  Theebau  (Wongyee,  prince  of  Theebau)   kills 

many  of  the  royal  family  and  their  friends Feb.  1879 

British  resident  and  others  quit  Mandalay 8  Oct.     " 

King,  attacked  by  small-pox,  commits  atrocities 12  Apr.  1880 

Prince  Nyoung's  rebellion,  May,  June,  suppressed;  he  enters 

British  territory 27  June,     " 

Political  massacres  reported  at  Mandalay 21  Apr.  1882 

Misgovern  men  t;  massacres  at  Mandalay,  21  Sept. ;  prospect  of 

British  intervention Oct.  1884 

Bhamo  captured  by  the  Chinese 8-10  Dec.     " 

Captain  Terndrup,  of  the  sieaiUQT  Kahbyor,  rescues  missiona- 
ries and  others 12-13  Dec.     " 

Commercial  treaty  with  France Fcl).  1885 

Bhamo  recaptured  by  Burmese about  16  Mcli.     " 

Dispute  between  king  and  the  Bombay  and  Burmah  Trading 
Association;   king  refuses  arbitration  of  viceroy  of  India; 

commissioner  of  Burmah  asks  for  8000  men 13  Oct.     " 

Ultimatum  sent  by  lord  Dufferin;  rejected  by  king;  proclama- 
tion of  war.  8  Nov. ;   British  troops  advance  under  gen.  H. 

N.  D.  Prendergast 9  Nov.     " 

King  sends  flag  of  truce;  agrees  to  surrender  himself,  army, 
and  Mandalay;  Ava  forts  occupied  27  Nov.,  and  Mandalay 

occupied  without  resistance 28  Nov.     " 

King  Theebau  and  court  sent  to  Madras 14  Dec.     " 

Theebau'fe  brother  issues  a  proclamation  against  British  rule; 
arrival  of  Mr.  Bernard,  who  establishes  a  provisional  govern- 
ment  18  Dec.     " 

Dacoits  pillage  outside  Mandalay ;  sharp  conflicts,  Dec.  1H85-Jau.  1886 

Lord  Dufferin,  the  viceroy,  arrives  at  Mandalay 12  Feb.     " 

British  Burmah,  including  Aracan,  Pegu,  and  Tenasscrim, 
constituted  1862.  Upper  Burmah  annexed  l)y  proclamation 
of  the  viceroy,  lord  Dufferin,  1  Jan.  1886.  Upper  and  Lower 
Burmah  united  in  one  province,  Feb.  1886;  all  Burmali  in 

British  India  by  decree 15  May,     '* 

Increase  of  "  dacoity  "  in  Upper  and  Lower  Burmah;  2  adoi- 

tional  regiments  sent  to  Burmah Inlv.     " 

Continued  disturbance  and  fighting  with  the  Dacoits i8ft6-89 

Burnett  prizes,  awarded  every  40  years  for  the 
2  best  essays  on  "  the  evidence  that  there  is  a  Being  all-power- 
ful, wise,  and  good,  by  whom  everything  exists,"  etc.,  were 
founded  by  will  of  Mr.  Burnett,  a  Scotch  gentleman,  who  died 
1784.  Various  amounts  have  been  paid  to  Dr.  W.  L.  Brown, 
rev.  J.  B.  Sumner,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1815; 
rev.  R.  A.  Thompson,  and  Dr.  J.  Tulloch,  1855.  The  estab- 
lishment of  a  Burnett  lectureship  in  Aberdeen  by  the  trustees 
(the  lecturer  to  be  chosen  in  1883)  was  sanctioned  Aug.  1880. 

burning  alive  was  inflicted  among  the  Romans, 
Jews,  and  other  nations,  and  was  countenanced  by  bulls  of 
the  pope.  Elizabeth  Gaunt,  an  Anabaptist,  was  burned  at  Ty- 
burn for  treason  (concealing  rebels  under  Monmouth),  23  Oct. 
1685.  Auto  da  Fe,  Inquisition,  Protestants,  Witch- 
craft. 

burning  the  dead.     Cremation. 
burning-glass  and  eoneave  mirrors.    The 

former  a  convex  lens  of  large  size  and  short  focus,  used  for 
causing  intense  heat  by  concentrating  the  sun's  rays  on  a  very 
small  area,  the  latter  so  arranged  as  to  produce  the  same  effect. 
Their  power  was  known  to  Archimedes,  who  is  said  with  them 
to  have  burned  a  fleet  at  Syracuse,  214  b.c.  They  were  im- 
proved by  Set  talla ;  Tschirnhausen,  1680;  Buffon,  1747;  M.  de 
Trudano,  1774;  and  Parker  and  others  more  recently.     The 


BUR 


135 


BYR 


following  experiments  were  made  in  England  about  1800  with 
Mr.  Parker's  lens  or  burning-mirror,  which  cost  $3600,  then 
the  largest  ever  made.  It  was  sold  to  capt.  Mackenzie,  who 
took  it  to  China,  and  lelt  it  at  Pekin. 


Substances  fused. 


I'uregGld 

Silver 

Copper 

Platina 

Cast  iron  (a  cube). 
Steel 


Weittht. 

Time.  1 

grs. 

20 

4 

20 

3 

33 

20 

10 

3 

10 

3 

10 

12 

10 

10 

A  topaz 

Au  emerald 

A  crystal  pebble. 

Flint 

Cornelian 

Pumice-stone 

Lime-stone 


Weight, 
grs. 


Green  wood  takes  fire  instantaneously;  water  boils  immediately; 
bones  aj|^^alcined;  and  things  not  capable  of  melting  at  once  be- 
come recrhot. 

Blirn§,  Negro,  Case  of.     Massachusetts,  1854. 

Burnt  Corn  Creek,  Battle  of.     Alabama,  1813. 

Burr,  Aaron.    Unitkd  States,  1801 ;  New  York,  1804. 

Burr's  eon§piraey.  The  end  of  Aaron  Burr's  term 
as  vice-president  of  the  U.  S.,  Mch.  1805,  found  him  ruined 
politicall}'  and  deeply  in  debt.  Immediately  he  started  for  the 
Mississippi  valley  with  gen.  Wilkinson.  Leaving  him  at  Pitts- 
burg, he  proceeded  down  the  Ohio,  stopping  at  Blennerhas- 
sett's  Island,  where  he  found  Blennerhassett  and  his  wife. 
Thence  proceeding  to  Louisville,  Ky,,  he  crossed  the  country 
to  Nashville,  where  he  had  a  public  reception,  in  which  An- 
drew Jackson  participated.  Returning,  he  met  Wilkinson 
again  at  Fort  Massac,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland; 
proceeded  to  New  Orleans;  returned  to  Natchez,  crossed  the 
forest  450  miles  to  Nashville,  where  Jackson  again  entertained 
him  for  a  week  in  Aug.  1805.  Thence  he  went  to  St.  Louis; 
again  visited  Wilkinson;  turned  eastward  to  Cincinnati,  Chili- 
cothe,  and  Marietta;  spent  the  winter  of  1805-6  and  the 
spring  and  summer  in  Philadelphia  and  Washington,  holding 
frequent  interviews  with  gen.  Eaton,  commodore  Truxton, 
etc.  In  Aug.  1806,  Burr  returned  to  the  west;  again  visited 
Blennerhassett,  and  with  his  financial  aid  began  building  15 
boats  on  the  Muskingum.  In  Kentucky  he  was  arrested,  but 
the  grand  jury,  25'Nov.  1806,  failed  to  find  a  bill.  On  27  Nov. 
the  president  issued  a  proclamation  against  a  supposed  conspir- 
acy, warning  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  not  to  engage  in  the  contem- 
plated expedition,  and  directing  all  authorities  to  aid  in  sup- 
pressing it.  The  Ohio  state  government  seized  the  boats  on 
the  Muskingum,  and  a  mob  destroyed  the  house  of  Blennerha.s- 
sett  and  desolated  the  island.  Meanwhile  a  few  boats  passed 
down  the  Ohio  and  were  joined  by  Burr  below  Louisville.  At 
Chickasaw  Bluffs,  fearing  arrest  if  he  should  venture  to  New 
Orleans,  Burr  crossed  the  Mississippi  and  encamped  30  miles 
above  Natchez.  Here  he  surrendered  to  the  civil  authorities, 
but  the  grand  jury  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  territory  re- 
fused to  indict  him,  and  presented  charges  against  the  governor 
for  his  arrest.  Finding  his  plans  thwarted,  he  disbanded  his 
followers  and  attempted  to  reach  the  Atlantic  coast  through  the 
Gulf  states,  but  was  arrested  near  Fort  Stoddert,  in  Alabama, 
19  Feb.  1807.  He  was  taken  on  horseback  to  Richmond,  and 
indicted  in  the  district  of  Virginia  for  treason.  A  trial  of  sev- 
eral months  resulted  in  his  acquittal.  The  principal  witnesses  : 
against  Burr  were  gen.  Wilkinson,  then  commander  of  the 
small  U.  S.  army,  who  was  suspected  of  plotting  with  him, 
gen.  Eaton,  and  commodore  Truxton.  Among  the  lawyers 
retained  to  defend  Burr  was  Washington  Irving.  Kentucky  ; 
Mississippi  ;  Ohio  ;  United  States,  1805-7. 

Bury  St.  Edmund's,  Suffolk;  named  from  St.  Ed- 
mund, king  of  East  Anglia,  who  was  murdered  by  the  Danes 
on  20  Nov.  870,  and  buried  here,  and  to  whose  'memory  its 
magnificent  abbey  was  foimded.  Magna  Charta  was  prepared 
here  by  the  barons  on  20  Nov.  1214.  Henry  VI.  summoned  a 
parliament  in  Feb.  1447,  when  Humphry,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
was  imprisoned,  and  died  here,  it  is  supposed  by  poison.  It 
was  almost  consumed  bv  fire  in  1608,  and  was  desolated  bv 
plague  in  1636. 

burying  alive.  In  Boeotia,  Creon  ordered  Antigone, 
the  sister  of  Polynices,  to  be  buried  alive,  1225  b.c.  Unchaste 
Roman  vestals,  as  Minutia,  337  b.c.  ;  Sextilla,  274  b.c.  ;  Cor- 
nelia, 92  A.D.,  were  buried  alive.  This  horrible  punishment, 
that  is,  immured  in  brick  walls,  was  still  continued  and  inflicted 
upon  unchaste  nuns  by  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 


"  And  now  that  blind  old  Abbot  rose. 
To  speak  the  chapter's  doom, 
On  those  the  wall  was  to  enclose 
Alive,  within  the  tomb." 

—ScoU,  "Marmion,"  caiito  ii.  stanza  xxv. 
Lord  Bacon  gives  instances  of  the  resurrection  of  persons 
buried  alive.  Duns  Scotus  being  one.  The  two  assassins  of 
Capo  d'lstria,  president  of  Greece,  were  built  up  in  brick  walls  to 
their  chins,  and  fed  there  until  they  died,  Oct.  1831.  Torture. 
Busaeo  (boosa'co)  or  Buzaeo,  Portugal.  Here 
the  British,  under  Wellington,  repulsed  the  French,  under 
Massena,  27  Sept.  1810.  The  latter  lost  1000  men  killed 
and  about  3000  wounded,  and  several  hundred  prisoners;  the 
loss  of  the  allies  did  not  exceed  1300.  The  British  afterwards 
retreated  to  the  lines  of  Torres  Vedras,  which  was  too  strong 
for  Massena  to  force. 

bushel.  A  measure  fixed  at  8  gallons  of  wheat.  12 
Hen.VIIL  1520;  the  Winchester  bushel  was  regulated  9  Will. 
IIL  1697 ;  the  imperial  corn  bushel  of  2218.192  cubic  inches  is 
to  the  Winchester  of  2150.42  as  32  to  31.  Regulated  by  act 
5  Geo.  IV.,  June,  1824,  taking  effect  1  Jan.  1826.  The  same 
in  the  United  States. 

busts.  Lysistratus,  the  sculptor,  invented  moulds  for 
wax  figures,  328  b.c.— Pliny.  Busts  from  the  face,  in  plaster 
of  Paris,  were  first  taken  by  Andrea  Verrochi,  about  1466  a.d. 
Smaller  busts  and  statuettes  are  accurately  produced  from 
larger  ones  by  machinery.     Sculpture. 

butchers.  Among  the  Romans  there  were  3  classes: 
the  suarii  provided  hogs,  the  boaiii  or  pecuarii  oxen  and 
sheep,  which  the  lanii  or  carnifices  killed.  The  Butchers' 
Company  in  London  is  ancient,  though  incorporated  1604. 

butter  is  said  to  have  been  used  by  the  Arabs  in  earlv 
times,  but  not  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  who  had  excellent 
oil,  and  never  by  the  Chinese.  It  is  not  mentioned  as  food  by 
(ialen,  130-200  a.d.  It  has  long  been  used  by  northern  nations. 
In  Africa,  at  Kebba,  vegetable  butter  is  made  from  the  fruit 
of  the  shea-tree,  and  is  of  richer  taste  than  any  butter  made 
from  cows'  milk.— Mungo  Park.  The  amount' of  butter  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States  is  given  in  the  following  table  for 
the  years  named : 

Year.  I  Farms. 


Factories. 


Total  i 


:>unds. 


313.345.306 
459,681,372 
514,092,683 
806,672,071 
1,205,508,384 


1850 313,345,306 

I860 459,681,372 

i       1870 514,092,683 

j       1880 777,250,287         29,421,783 

1890 1,024,223,468       181,284,916 

buttons,  an  early  manufacture  in  England ;  those  cov- 
ered with  cloth  were  prohibited,  to  encourage  the  manufact- 
ure of  metal  buttons,  8  (ieo.  I.  1721.  Samuel  Williston  began 
the  manufacture  of  covered  buttons  at  Easthampton,  Mass., 
about  1825-26,  and  removed  his  works  to  Haydenville  in 
1834.  It  is  said  that  Abel  Porter  began  the  manufacture  of 
gilt  buttons  in  one  end  of  a  grist-mill,  at  Waterbury,  Conn., 
in  1802.  Waterbury  has  now  (1893)  the  largest  button  factory 
in  the  U.  S. 

Buxar,  a  town  in  Bengal,  near  which,  23  Oct.  1764, 
major,  afterwards  sir  Hector  Monro,  with  857  Europeans  and 
6215  Sepoys,  routed  50.000  troops  of  the  nabob  of  Oude,  etc.; 
6000  were  killed,  and  130  pieces  of  cannon  taken.  The  Eng- 
lish loss  was  trifling. 

bye  plot,  of  lord  Gray  of  Wilton  and  others,  to  im- 
prison James  L,  and  extort  libertj'  of  worship  to  Romanists, 
was  suppressed  1603;  called  also  the  "surprise  plot." 

Byng[,  Hon.  Admiral  John,  was  charged  with  neglect 
of  duty  in  a  fight  off  Minorca,  20  May,  1756 ;  condemned  for 
an  error  of  judgment,  and  shot  on  the  Monarch  at  Spithead, 
14  Mch.  1757. 

Byron  national  memorial.    The  erection  of 

a  national  memorial  to  lord  Byron  was  determined  on,  at  a 
meeting  in  London,  16  July,  1875;  Mr.  Disraeli  in  the  chair. 
About  $15,000  subscribed.  The  statue,  by  Richard  Claude 
Belt,  on  a  pedestal  near  Hamilton  place,  Hyde  park,  London, 
was  uncovered  privately  by  lord  Houghton,  24  Blay,  1880. 
A  marble  pedestal  was  promised  b}'  Greeks. 

Byron's  voyage.  Commodore  Byron  (grandfather 
of  the  poet)  left  England  on  his  voyage  round  the  globe,  21 
June,  1764,  and  returned  9  Mav,  1766.      He  discovered  the 


BYZ  1 

populous  island  in  the  Pacific  which  bears  his  name,  1(5  Aiijj. 
17G5.  Though  brave  and  intrepitJ,  he  was  uiihicky,  and  was 
called  by  »ailt>rs  "  Koid-woather  .lack." 

Byziiiitiiiiii,    n(»w     CoiiNtaiitinople,    and 

StnillhOlll*  in  ancient  Tliraco.  foinnied  by  a  colony  of 
Megarians,  under  Byzas,(567  u.o. ;  but  various  dates  and  persons 
are  given.  It  was  taken  succes-sively  by  the  Medes,  Athenians, 
and  SpartJins.  In  340  b.c.,  in  alliance  with  the  Athenians,  the 
Byzantines  defeateti  the  fleet  of  Philip  of  Macedon.  During 
wiiiv  with  Macedon,  Syria,  etc.,  it  became  an  ally  of  the  Ro- 


5  CAD 

mans,  by  whom  it  was  taken,  73  a.d.  Rebelling,  it  was  taken 
after  2  years'  siege,  and  laid  in  ruins  by  Severus  in  1%.  It 
was  refounded  by  Constantine  in  324,  and  deilicated  on  22 
May,  330,  and  the  heathen  temples  destroyed;  from  him  it 
received  its  name,  Constantinople.  Byzantine  «rt  flourished 
from  tiie  time  of  Constantine  to  about  1204.  The  Byzantine 
or  Eastern  empire  really  commenced  in  395,  when  Thepdosius 
divided  the  Roman  empire.  The  "Byzantine  Historians," 
from  32.5  to  1453,  were  published  at  Paris,  1646-1711;  and  at 
Venice,  1722  4J3.     EAstiiKN  Kmimkk. 


Ca'aba,  a  sacred  black  stone,  kept  in  a  temple  at  Mecca, 
and  venerated  by  the  Arabs,  long  before  the  Christian  era.  Its 
guanlians,  the  tribe  of  Koreish,  were  defeated  by  Mahomet 
and  the  worship  abolished,  623-30. 

Cabal'.  In  English  history  a  term  applied  to  the  cabi- 
net of  Charles  II.  1667-74,  formed  from  the  initials  of  their 
names:  sir  Thomas,  afterwards  lord  Clifford  (C) ;  lord  Ashley 
(A),  (afterwards  earl  of  Shaftesbury) ;  George  Villiers,  duke 
of  Buckingham  (B);  Henry,  lord  Arlington  (A);  and  John, 
duke  of  Lauderdale  (L). 

Cab'ala,  a  Jewish  sj'stem  of  philosophy  or  theosophy,  so 
called  from  a  Hebrew  word  signifying  reception  or  tradition, 
said  to  have  been  given  by  God  to  Adam,  transmitted  from 
father  to  son  by  his  descendants,  lost  at  the  Babylonian  cap- 
tivity (587  B.C.),  but  revealed  again  to  Ezra.  Its  supporters 
assert  that  the  cabalistic  book  "Sohar,"  or  "Splendor,"  a  mystic 
commentary  on  the  Pentateuch,  was  Hrst  committed  to  writing 
by  Simon  Ben-Jochai,  72-110  a.d.  But  the  books  containing 
the  cabala  are  believed  to  have  originated  between  the  9th  and 
the  14th  centuries, by  mingling  Talmudism  with  the  Greek  phi- 
losophy termed  neo-Platonism.  Some  of  their  dogmas  are  akin 
to  Christian  tenets,  such  as  the  trinity,  the  incarnation,  etc. 
The  cabala  exercised  much  influence  upon  the  Jews,  and  even 
captivated  great  thinkers  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries. 

eabba^e§.     Some  new  kinds  were  brought  to  England 
from  Holland  about  1510,  it  is  said  by  sir  Arthur  Ashley  of 
Dorset,  and  introduced  into  Scotland  by  Cromwell's  soldiers. 
■  Truck  fakming. 

Cabeiba,  Asia  Minor.  Here  Mithridates,  king  of  Pon- 
tus,  was  defeated  by  LucuUus,  71  b.c. 

cabinet  council.     In  the  United  States  govern- 
ment the  heads  of  the  departments  are  the  president's  constitu- 
tional advisers,  and  constitute  a  cabinet.     Each  with  a  salary 
of  $8000  a  year.     They  are  appointed  by  the  president  with 
the  consent  of  the  Senate,  hold  office  at   the  president's  will, 
and  are,  under  him,  the  executive  officers  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment.     Each  department  has   its   official   seal   for  pub- 
lic documents.     The  departments  of  state,  treasury,  and  war 
were  created  in  1789,  and  the  secretaries  were  members  of  the 
cabinet.     The  navy  department  was  added  in  1798,  with  its 
secretary  a  member  of  the  cabinet.     The  office  of  attorney-  i 
general  was  created  in  1789,  but  the  attorney-general  was  not  | 
a  member  of  the  cabinet  until  1814,  when  "  Richard  Rush  was  i 
appointed  to  the  attorney-generalship,  which  now  became  a  I 
cabinet  office."— Hildreih's  "  Hist,  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  p.  458.   The  | 
post-office  department  was  a  branch  of  the  treasury  until  1829,  i 
when  W.  T.  Barry,  the  first  recognized  postmaster-general, 
was  called  to  the  cabinet  by  president  Jackson.     Department 
of  the  interior  created,  3  Mch.  1849,  and  its  secretary  a  mem- 
ber of  the  cabinet.     Department  of  agriculture  created,  11  Feb. 
1889,  the  secretary  a  member  of  the  cabinet.     United  States. 
— There  were  councils  in  England  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Ina, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons,  690;  OfTa,  king  of  the  Mercians,  758; 
and  in  other  reigns  of  the  Heptarchj'.     State  councils  are 
referred  to  Alfred  the  Great. — Spelman.     Administrations. 
Cabinet  noir,  or  "dark  closet,"  the  chamber  in  which  letters 
intrusted  to  the  French  post  were  opened  for  state  purposes. 
The  system,  which  began  with  Louis  XL,  was  organized  under 
Louis  XV.;  and  is  said  to  have  been  discontinued  in  1868. 


cabinet,  kitchen.  A  term  applied  to  certain  politi- 
cal advisers  in  the  confidence  of  president  Jackson.  Called 
"  kitchen  "  because  devoid  of  the  public  dignity  pertaining  to 
the  cabinet,  and  entirely  separate  and  distinct  from  the  cab- 
inet proper.  The  principal  members  of  this  "  cabinet"  were 
Amos  Kendall,  Wm.  B.  Lewis,  Isaac  Hill,  Duff  Green,  and 
Francis  P.  Blair. 

Cabin -John    Creelt    bridge.     Aqueducts, 

BRIDGES. 

cable,  Atlantic.     Electricity. 

cables.  A  machine  was  invented  in  1792  for  making 
them,  by  which  human  labor  was  reduced  nine  tenths.  Chain 
cables  were  introduced  into  the  British  navy  about  1812;  di- 
rections for  testing  them  enacted,  1864  and  1874. 

CabOChicns,  an  armed  Burgundian  faction,  including 
500  butchers,  named  from  their  leader  Simonet  Caboche,  a 
skinner,  1412.  They  ruled  Paris  with  violence,  and  con- 
strained the  doctors  of  the  Sorbonne  to  become  their  allies  and 
the  dauphin  to  recognize  them  as  the  "White  Hoods"  and 
reformers.     They  were  exterminated  by  the  citizens  in  1418, 

Cabool',  on  the  river  Cabul,  was  made  capital  of  Af- 
ghanistan about  1774  by  Timsur  Shah. 

cabriolCt§  (vulgo  cabs),  one-horse  vehicles.  12  were 
introduced  into  the  streets  of  London  in  1822.  In  1831  they 
had  increased  to  165,  and  then  the  licenses  were  thrown  open. 
The  number  in  1862  running  in  the  English  metropolis  ex- 
ceeded 6000  (of  which  about  1800  only  plied  on  Sunday).  Pre- 
vious to  throwing  open  the  trade,  the  number  of  hackney- 
carriages  was  limited  to  1200,  when  there  were  few  omnibuses. 
Cabs  running  in  London ;  in  1855,  3296;  in  1867,  6149;  in  1874,  7864; 

in  1877,  about  8000;  in  1891,  11,129. 

cache  (kash),  a  concealed  place  of  deposit  made  for  an 
article  or  articles — especially  a  food  deposit — and  located  so 
as  to  be  easily  found  by  the  makers  or  others  informed  of  it. 
The  word  was  adopted  into  English  from  the  Canadian  voy- 
agers of  the  Hudson  bay  country,  . 

cachet  (ka-shd').     Lettres  de  cachet. 

Caddee,  or  League  of  God's  House,  the  league  of  inde- 
pendence in  Switzerland,  formed  by  the  Grisons  to  resist  do- 
mestic tyranny,  1400-19.  A  second  league  of  the  Grisons  was 
called  the  Grise  or  Gray  League  (Graubtindten),  1424.  A 
third  league,  the  League  of  Ten  Jurisdictions,  was  formed  in 
1436.     (Grisons.)     They  united  in  1471. 

Cade's  insurrection.  In  May,  1450,  Jack  or  John 
Cade,  an  Irishman,  assumed  the  name  of  Mortimer,  and  headed 
about  20,000  Kentish  men,  who  armed  "  to  punish  evil  minis- 
ters, and  procure  a  redress  of  grievances."  He  defeated  and  slew 
sir  Humphry  Stafford,  at  Sevenoaks,  27  June ,  entered  London 
in  triumph,  and  beheaded  the  lord  treasurer,  lord  Saye,  and  sev- 
eral'other  persons  of  consequence,  3  July.  When  the  insur- 
gents lost  ground,  a  general  pardon  was  proclaimed,  and  Cade, 
deserted  by  his  followers,  fled.  A  reward  having  been  offered 
for  his  apprehension,  he  was  discovered,  and,  refusing  to  sur- 
render, was  slain  by  Alexander  Iden,  sheriff  of  Kent,  11  July. 
For  recent  biographical  notice  consult"Dictionary  of  National 
(English)  Biography." 

Cadiz,  W.  Spain,  anciently  Gadiz,  the  Roman  Gades 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  Phoenicians  about  1100  b.c. 


CAD 


137 


100  vessels  of  the  Spanish  armada  destroyed  in  the  port  by  sir 

Francis  Drake 1587 

Cadiz  taken  by  English  under  earl  of  Essex,  and  plundered, 

15  Sept.  1596 

Vainly  attacked  by  sir  George  Rooke 1702 

Bombarded  by  the  British July,  1797 

Blockaded  by  lord  St.  Vincent  for  2  years 1797-99 

Again  bombarded  by  the  British Oct.  1800 

French  squadron  of  5  ships  of  the  line  and  a  frigate  surrender 

to  the  Spanish  and  British U  June,  1808 

Besieged  by  the  French,  but  the  siege  was  raised  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Salamanca July,  1812 

Insurrection,  1819;  massacre  by  the  soldiery 9, 10  Mch.  1820 

Taken  by  the  French  in  Oct.  1823,  and  held  till 1828 

Declared  a  free  port 1829 

cadmiUIIl,  a  metal,  discovered  by  Stroraeyer  and  Her- 
mann in  1818. 

Cueu  {kon),  N.  France,  a  place  of  importance  before  912, 
when  it  became  the  capital  of  the  possessions  of  the  Normans. 
It  was  taken  bj'^  the  English  in  1346  and  1417 ;  but  recovered 
by  the  French,  1  July,  1450.  Here  were  buried,  in  the  cathe- 
dral  of  St.  Etienne,  William  the  Conqueror  (1087),  who  found- 
ed it  (J 066),  and  his  queen  (1083). 

Caerleon  {ker-h'on),  i.  e.  "castle  of  the  legion,"  Mon- 
mouthshire, Wales,  the  Isca  Silui'um  of  the  Romans,  and  one 
of  their  oldest  stations  in  Britain,  and  made  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  by  Dubritius.  His  disciple  and  successor,  St. 
David  (522),  removed  it  to  Menevia,  now  St.  David's,  577. 
Celebrated  in  Tennyson's  "Idylls  of  the  King"  as  the  chief 
city  of  king  Arthur's  kingdom. 

Caernarvon  {ker-nar'von),  N.Wales.  In  the  cas- 
tle (founded  in  1282)  Edward  II.  was  born,  25  Apr.  1284,  the 
first  F'.nglish  Prince  of  Wales,  and  the  town  was  then  char- 
tered by  Edward  I.  That  Edward  II.  was  born  in  the  castle 
is  disputed  by  Timbs  in  his  "  Abbeys  and  Castles  of  England 
and  Wales,"  but  he  concedes  that  he  was  born  somewhere  in 
the  town.  The  town  suffered  by  the  civil  war  of  Charles,  but 
was  finally  retained  for  the  Parliament. 

Cse§area,  Roman  capital  of  Judaea,  built  by  Herod  the 
Great  10  b.c.     Eusebius  the  historian  was  bishop  about  315. 

€aB§arean  section,  which,  it  is  said  (with  scarcely 
sufficient  evidence)  first  gave  the  name  of  Caesar  to  the  Ro- 
man family,  is  performed  by  cutting  the  child  out  of  the  womb. 
The  case  of  Alice  O'Neal,  an  Irishwoman,  who  survived  the 
operation,  which  was  performed  by  a  woman,  is  authenticated 
by  Dr.  Gabriel  King,.of  Armagh,  and  surgeon  Duncan  Stewart, 
of  Dungannon.  In  Jan.  1847,  the  operation  was  performed  in 
St.  Bartholomew's  hospital,  London,  on  a  young  woman  of  di- 
minutive stature,  under  the  infiuence  of  ether;  but  she  died  the 
next  day.  On  9  Dec.  1860,  a  similar  operation  was  successfully 
performed  by  Dr.  James  Edmunds  at  Bethnal  Green.  On  the 
continent  the  operation  is  said  to  have  been  more  frequent  and 
more  successful.  Cooper's  "  Surgical  Dictionary  "  (ed.  1861) 
has  a  table  of  2009  cases,  with  a  mortality  of  55.4  per  cent,  of 
mothers  and  29.45  per  cent,  of  children.     Mkdical  science. 

Caesars,  Era  of.     Spanish  Era. 

Caesars,  the  Twelve. 

1.  Caius  Julius  CcBsar,  dictator;  b.  100  B.C. ;  assassinated,  ii  B.C. 

2.  Caius  Octavius,  Augustus  Coesar,  b.  63  b.c.  ;  emperor,  27;  d.  14 

A.D. ;  grandson  of  Julia,  sister  of  Julius  Caesar;  adopted  by  him 
and  made  his  principal  heir. 

3.  Tiberius,  Claudius  Drusus  Nero,  b.  41  b.c.  ;  emperor,  14  a.d.  ;  d. 

37;  son  of  Livia,  wife  of  Augustus,  by  her  former  husband 
Tiberius  Claudius  Nero;  adopted  by  Augustus. 

4.  Caligula,  Caius  Csesar  Augustus  Germanicus,  b.  12  a.d.  ;  emperor, 

37 ;  assassinated,  41 ;  son  of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina  and 
great-grandson  of  Augustus. 

5.  Tiberius  Claudius,  Drusus  Cfesar,  b.  10  B.c. ;  emperor,  41  a.d.  ;  d. 

54;  uncle  of  Caligula  and  grand-nephew  of  Augustus. 

6.  Nero,  Claudius  Cicsar  Lucius  Domitius,  b.  38  a.d.  ;  emperor,  54; 

killed,  68;  great-grandson  of  Augustus  and  of  Mark  Antony, 
[With  Nero  ended  the  line  of  the  Julii.] 

7.  Galba,  Servius  Sulpitius,  b.  4  b.c.  ;  emperor,  68  a.d.  ;  killed,  69; 

soldier  of  distinction,  commander  in  Spain;  selected  by  his 
army  for  emperor  before  the  death  of  Nero,  and  confirmed  by 
the  senate  after. 

8.  Otho,  Marcus  Salvius,  b.  31  a.d.  ;  emperor,  69;  kills  himself,  69. 

9.  ViteUius  Aulus;  emperor,  69  a.d.  ;  reigns  about  8  months;  over- 

thrown by  Vespasian,  69;  and  killed  at  Rome. 

10.  Titus  Flavins  Vespasian,  distinguished  soldier,  b.  10  a.d.  ;  at  the 

solicitation  of  his  soldiers  and  of  citizens  of  Rome  he  overthrows 
Vitellius  and  becomes  emperor,  69;  d.  79. 

11.  Titus,  Flavins  Vespasian,  son  of  Vespasian,  emperor,  79  a.d.  ;  d. 

81.  During  his  reign  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum  were  destroyed 
by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  and  the  Coliseum  finished. 
5* 


CAL 

12.  Titus  Flavins  Sabinus  Domitian,  2d  son  of  Vespasian  b  51  a  d  • 
emperor,  81;  assa.ssinated,  96.  '  •> 

[These  are  termed  the  "Twelve  Caesars;"  the  last  3  the  Flavian 
emperors.] 

eaesium  (Lat.  bluish),  a  rare  alkaline  metal,  found  in 
mineral  waters  by  Bunsen  in  1861,  by  spectrum  analysis. 

cafeine,  an  alkaline  bod}-,  discovered  in  coffee  by  Rinige 
in  1820,  and  in  tea  (and  named  th^ine)  by  Oudry  in  1827. 
Their  identity  was  proved  by  Jobst  and  Mulder  in  1828. 

Cag'Ots  (ca-gds),  an  outcast  race  in  the  Pyrenees,  sup- 
posed to  be  descendants  of  the  ancient  Goths.  Thcv  were 
subjected  to  superstitious  persecution  so  lately  as  1755. 

ca  ira !  {sah-ee-rah')  the  burden  of  a  popular  song  dur- 
ing  the  French  revolution,  first  heard  at  Paris  5  Oct.  1789  : 
"  Ah  !  pa  ira,  pa  ira,  fa  ira !     Malgr6  les  mutins,  tout  reussira. " 
(    It  will  proceed!  etc.     In  spite  of  mutineers,  all  will  succeed  ") 
An  after-addition  was  "  Les  aristocrates  a  la  lanterne  '" 

("Hang  the  aristocrats!") 

Cairo  {ki'ro)  or  €rrand  Cairo,  5  miles  from  the 

Nile  delta  .and  on  right  bank,  the  modern  capital  of  Egypt, 
remarkable  for  its  mosques  and  the  sepulchres  of  its  Fatimite 
caliphs.  Lat.  30°  2'  4"  N.,  Ion.  31°  15'  36"  E.  Pop.  1883 
368,108.     Egypt. 

Present  city  founded  by  the  Saracens .j(;9 

Taken  by  the  Turks  from  the  Egyptian  sultans ."..'...'.  1517 

Ruined  by  an  earthquake  and  a  fire,  when  40,000  persons  per- 
ished  * Juj^e     jyg^ 

Taken  by  the  French  under  Napoleon .23  July'  1798 

Taken  by  the  British  and  Turks;  6000  French  capitulated. 

.,  „  ,     ,  27  June,  1801 

Massacre  of  the  Mamelukes i  Mch   1811 

Visit  of  the  prince  of  Wales ..Mch.  1862 

Riots  against  Nubar  Pacha  and  the  British  ministers. .  .18  Fel)!  1879 

Cala'bria,  the  ancient  Messapia  of  S.E.  Italy,  was  con- 
quered by  the  Romans,  266  b.c.  It  formed  part  of  the  king- 
dom of  the  Ostrogoths  under  Theodoric,  493  a.d.  ;  was  recon- 
quered (for  the  Eastern  empire)  by  Belisarius,  536 ;  subdued 
by  the  Lombards  and  joined  to  the  duchy  of  Benevento,  572. 
After  various  changes,  it  was  conquered  by  Robert  Guiscard, 
the  Norman,  1058,  who  became  duke  of  Calabria,  and  even- 
tually king  of  Naples.     Earthquakes,  Naples. 

Calais  {ka-W),  N.W.  France,  fortified  by  Baldwin  IV., 
count  of  Flanders,  997;  taken  by  Edward  IIL  after  a  year's 
siege,  4  Aug.  1347.  It  was  at  this  time  that  queen  Philippa, 
wife  of  Edward,  prevailed  on  hei  husband  to  spare  Eustache  St. 
Pierre  and  6  of  the  chief  citizens,  who  had  given  themselves  up 
as  a  sacrifice  for  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants.  It  was  retaken  by 
the  duke  of  Guise,  in  the  reign  of  Marv,  7  Jan.  1558,  and  its 
loss,  it  was  said,  occasioned  her  death,  17  Nov.  same  year. 
"  When  I  am  dead,"  said  the  queen,  "  Calais  will  be  found 
written  on  my  heart."  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  Apr. 
1596;  restored,  1598.  Here  Louis  XVIIL  landed  after  his 
long  exile  from  France,  Apr.  1814.     Tunnels. 

Calatrava.     Knighthood. 

caieium,  the  metallic  base  of  lime,  discovered  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  London,  by  Davy,  in  1808. 

ealeulating-niachines.  To  avoid  errors  in  com- 
puting and  printing  logarithms  and  tables  of  figures,  ma- 
chines to  calculate  and  print  have  been  devised.  Pascal, 
when  19  years  of  age,  invented  one  (about  1650).  C.  Bab- 
bage's  differential  machine,  begun  at  the  cost  of  the  British 
government  in  1821,  was  continued  till  suspended  in  1833,  after 
an  expenditure  of  above  15,000/.  The  portion  completed  was 
placed  in  the  library  of  King's  college,  London ;  it  is  now  at 
South  Kensington.  Prof.  Clifford,  in  a  lecture  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution, 24  Maj^  1872,  stated  that  Babbage  expended  20,000/. 
upon  his  machines,  and  that  the  analytical  machine  was  nearly 
finished  and  would  eventually  be  much  used.  In  1857  E.  and  G. 
Scheutz,  two  Swedish  engineers,  published  in  London  specimen 
tables, calculated  and  printed  by  machiner}'^ constructed  between 
1837  and  1843,  after  a  study  of  the  account  of  Mr.  Babbage's 
machine.  Messrs.  Scheutz  brought  their  machine  to  England 
in  1854,  It  was  bought  for  1000/.  by  J.  F.  Rath  bone,  an 
American,  to  be  presented  to  Dudley  observatory,  in  Albany. 
In  1857  Messrs.  Scheutz  were  engaged  to  make  one  for  the 
British  government,  which  is  now  completed.  Mr.  Wiberg's 
machine,  exhibited  at  Paris,  Feb.  1863,  was  much  commended. 
Tables  constructed  by  Scheutz's  machine,  and  edited  by  Dr. 


CAL 


138 


CAL 


W.  Farr,  were  published  by  the  British  governraent  in  1864. 
The  arithmometer,  patented  by  M.  Thomas  (de  Colmar)  in 
1822  (?),  was  exhibited  at  the  international  exhibitions,  1851 
and  1862.  George  B.  Grant  described  a  simpler  machine  in 
the  American  Journal  of  Science,  Oct.  1874. 

Calcutta, capital  of  Bengal  and  British  India;  the  first 
settlement  of  the  English  here  was  made  in  1689.  Pop.  1876, 
77G,.-)79;  1891,840,130. 

Purchased  as  a  zemindary,  and  fort  William  built 1698 

Made  the  head  of  a  separate  prosideiuy 1707 

Fort  attacivod  and  taken  by  au  army  of  70,000  horse  and  foot, 
and  400  elephants  (14U  of  the  British   crammed  into   the 

Black-hoi.k) 20  June,  1756 

Calcutta  retaken  by  Clive 2  Jan.  1757 

Great  cyclone,  followed  by  a  "bore"  or  spring -tide  in  the 
Hoojihly;  water  rises  30  feet ;  immense  damage  to  shipping 

and  houses 5  Oct.  1864 

Another  cyclone;  about  30,000  small  houses  unroofed;  much 
small  shipping  injured;  crops  in  Lower  Bengal  destroyed 
(:ibout  90,000  persons  drowued ;  75,000  die  of  cholera) . .  1  Nov.  1867 

Caledonia,  now  Scotland.  As  its  ancient  in- 
habitants appear  to  have  been  Celts  from  the  opposite  coast 
of  Gaul,  the  name  is  perhaps  derived  from  Gael,  Gaelmen,  or 
Gadeldoine,  corrupted  by  the  Romans.  Tacitus,  who  died  99 
A.D.,  uses  the  name  Caledonia,  and  it  retained  this  name  un- 
til about  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century,  when  it  was  in- 
vaded by  the  Scoti  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  who,  having 
driven  the  Picts  northward,  settled  in  the  Lowlands,  giving 
their  name,  Scots,  to  the  whole  country. 

Caledonian  monarchy,  siiid  to  have  been  founded  by  Fergus  I.,  '*^- 

about  330 
Picts  from  England  settle  in  the  south 140 

A.D. 

Agricola.  the  Roman,  invades  Caledonia 79 

Defeats  (Jalgacus,  builds  a  wall  between  the  Forth  and  Clyde. . .     84 

Wall  of  Antoninus  built 140 

Ulpius  Marcellus  repels  their  incursions 184 

Christianity  introduced  in  the  reign  of  Donald  1 201 

Caledonians  invade  south  Britain,  207;  repelled  by  the  empe- 
ror Severus,  who  advances  to  the  Moray  Firth •  209 

Caledonia  invaded  by  the  Scoti,  from  Ireland about  306 

Caledonian  monarchy  revived  by  Fergus  II 404 

Kenneth  II.,  king  of  the  Scoti,  subdues  the  Caledonians  and 
Picts,  and  founds  one  monarchy,  named  Scotland 838-843 

Caledonian  canal,  from  the  North  sea  to  the 
Atlantic  ocean.     Canals. 

calendar.  The  Roman  calendar  was  introduced  by 
Romulus,  who  divided  the  year  into  10  months,  comprising 
804  (lays,  738  b.c.  This  year  was  50  days  shorter  than  the 
lunar  year,  and  61  than  the  solar  year,  and  its  commencement 
did  not  correspond  with  any  fixed  season.  Numa  Pompilius, 
713  B.C.,  added  2  months;  and  Julius  Caesar,  45  b.c.,  fixed 
the  solar  year  at  365  days,  6  hours,  every  4th  year  being 
bissextile,  or  Leap-year.  This  calendar  was  defective,  as  the 
solar  year  consists  of  365  days,  5  hours,  49  minutes,  and  not 
of  365  days,  6  hours.  This  difference,  in  the  16th  century, 
amounted  to  10  days,  the  vernal  equinox  falling  on  1 1  in- 
stead of  21  Mch.  To  obviate  this  error,  pope  Gregory  XIII. 
ordained,  in  1582,  that  that  year  should  consist  of  355  days 
only  (5  Oct.  became  15  Oct.) ;  and  that  a  year  ending  a  cen- 
tury should  not  be  bissextile,  except  that  ending  each  4th 
century;  thus  1700,  1800,  and  1900  are  common  years,  but 
2000  will  be  a  leap-year.  Thus  3  days  are  retrenched  in 
400  years,  or  about  11  minutes  for  each  year.  The  year  of 
the  calendar  is  thus  made  as  nearly  as  possible  to  correspond 
with  the  true  solar  year.  French  Revolutionary  Calen- 
dar, Jewish  Era,  New  Style. 

correspondence  of  calendars  with  1891  A.D. 

Julian  period 6604 

Year  of  the  world  (Jewish  year)  15  Sept.  1890-2  Oct.  1891 5651 

Hegira  (17  Aug.  1890-6  Aug.  1891) 1308 

Foundation  of  Rome  ( Varro) 2644 

United  States'  independence 115-116 

Year  of  queen  Victoria 54-55 

Comte.  in  his  "Syst^me  de  Politique  Positive"  (instituting  the 
"Religion  of  Humanity"),  published  a  calendar  of  13  months, 
dedicated  successively  to  Moses,  Homer,  Aristotle,  Archimedes, 
Caesar,  Paul,  Charlemagne,  Dante,  Guttenberg,  Shakespeare,  Des- 
cartes, Frederic,  and  Bichat;  an  eminent  person  was  commemo- 
rated every  day.     Philosophy. 

calender,  a  machine  used  in  glazing  cloth,  introduced 
into  England  by  the  Huguenots,  who  were  driven  by  persecu- 
tion from  France,  Holland,  and  the  Netherlands,  about  1685. 
— A  nderson. 

Calendi  were  the  first  davs  of  the  Roman  months.   The 


Nones  of  Mch.,  May,  July,  and  Oct.  fell  on  the  7th,  and  their 
Ides  on  the  15th.  The  other  months  had  the  Aones  on  the 
6th  and  the  Ides  on  the  13th.  As  the  Greeks  had  no  Calends, 
ad  Grcecas  Caletidas  ("on  the  (ireek  Calends"),  meant  never. 
Ides. 

Call  Yugra,  the  Hindu  era  of  the  Deluge,  dates  from 
3101  B.C.  (according  to  some,  3102),  and  begins  with  the  en- 
trance of  the  sun  into  the  Hindu  sign  Asvvin,nowon  UApr.  n.s. 
In  1600  the  year  of  this  era  began  on  7  Apr.  n.  s.,  from  which 
it  has  now  advanced  4  days,  and  from  the  precession  of  the 
equinoxes,  is  still  advancing  at  the  rate  of  a  day  in  60  years. 
The  number  produced  by  subtracting  3102  from  any  given 
year  of  the  Call  Yuga  era  will  be  the  Christian  year  in  which 
the  given  year  begins. 

cal'iCO,  cotton  cloth,  named  from  Calicut,  a  city  of  India, 
visited  by  the  Portuguese  in  1498.  Calico  was  first  brought 
to  England  by  the  East  India  Company  in  1631.  Calico- 
printing  and  the  Dutch  loom-engine  were  first  used  in  1676, 
when  a  Frenchman  established  a  factory  at  Richmond,  near 
London. — Anderson.  In  England,  Calicoe^  were  prohibited  to 
be  printed  or  worn  in  1700 ;  and  in  1721  a  penalt}'  of  5/.  was  laid 
on  the  wearer,  and  20/.  on  the  seller  of  calico.  In  1831,  by  the 
exertions  of  Poulett  Thpmpson,  afterwards  lord  Sydenham,  and 
others,  the  dutj'  of  3Jd  on  the  square  j'ard  of  printed  calico  was 
taken  off.  Since  1834  the  manufacture  has  been  greatly  in- 
creased by  inventions.  Cylinders  for  printing  are  now  en- 
graved by  galvanism,  and  many  new  dyes  have  been  intro- 
duced by  the  discoveries  of  Liebig,  Hofmann,  Perkin,  etc. 
The  consumption  of  calico  in  the  United  States  is  greater 
than  in  any  other  country.     Cotton,  Dyeing. 

Calicut,  now  Korikod,  S.W.India,  the  first  Indian 
port  visited  by  Vasco  da  Gama,  20  May,  1498.  It  was  seized 
by  Hyder  Ali,  1766;  taken  by  the  English,  1782;  destroyed 
by  Tippoo  Saib,  1789;  ceded  to  the  English,  1792.     Calico. 

California  (Sp.  calida  formax,  meaning  a  hot  fur- 
nace), a  Pacific  coast  state,  lies  between  lat.  32°  28'  and  42° 
N.,  and  Ion.  114°  30'  and  124° 
45'  W.,  having  a  coast  line  of 
over  700  miles.    It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  north  b}^  Oregon, 
east  by  Nevada  and  Arizona, 
south  by  Mexico,  and  west 
by  the  Pacific  ocean.     Pop. 
1890,  1,208,130;   area,  158,- 
360  sq.  miles,  in  54  counties. 
Capital,  Sacramento. 
Hernando  d'  Alarcou  sails 
to  the  head  of  the  gulf 
of  Califoruiii,  and  sends 
boats   up   the  Colorado 

river Msiy,  1540 

Juan  Cabrillo,  sailing  north,  discovers  a  harbor,  supposed  to 
be  San  Diego  bay,  28  Sept.  1542,  and  reaches  Monterey, 

14  Nov.  1542 
After  Cabrillo's  death  at  San  Miguel,  3  Jan.  1543,  Farallo,  his 
pilot,  reaches  a  point  recorded  as  44°  N.,  but  now  believed  to 

have  been  cape  Mendocino,  40°  30'  N 10  Mch.  1543 

English  explorer  sir  Francis  Drake  touches  the  coast  at  43°  n. 
lat.,  June,  1579;  sailing  south,  he  lands  in  a  bay  at  "Cape 
of  the  Kings,"  about  30  miles  northwest  of  San  Francisco, 
17  June;  received  kindly  by  natives,  and  calls  the  country 

New  Albion.     Drake  leaves July,  1579 

Spanish  voyageur  Sebastian  Vizcaino  vBiscayer)  sails  from  Aca- 
pulco,  and  is  said  to  bave  visited  the  bays  of  San  Diego  and 

Monterey  during  the  latter  part  of. 1602 

After  150  years,  with  little  furthet  exploration,  the  Spaniards, 
aroused  by  priests  and  by  reports  of  Russian  advances  south- 
ward from  Alaska,  send  to  the  Pacific  coast  Jos6  de  Galvez, 

who  leaves  Mexico 9  Apr.  1768 

Galvez,  in  Lower  California,  fits  out  an  expedition  for  Francis- 
can fathers,  by  sea  and  land;  2  vessels  reach  San  Diego, 

11  Apr.  and  1  May,  1769 
Portola,  with  land  expedition,  reaches  San  Diego,  9  July ;  leaves 
5  days  later,  arrives  at  San  Pedro,  30  Oct.,  and  thence  pro- 
ceeds nearly  to  San  Francisco  bay,  but,  provisions  being  ex- 
hausted, returns  to  San  Diego 11  Nov.     " 

Portolas  second  expedition  from  San  Diego  reaches  Monte- 
rey bay 24  May,  1770 

Mission  and  presidio  of  San  Carlos  at  Monterey  founded, 

3  June,     " 

Missions  of  San  Antonio  de  Padua  and  San  Gabriel  founded 1771 

Don  Pedro  Fages,  successor  to  Portola,  sent  by  viceroy  of  .Mex- 
ico, from  Monterey,  27  Mch.  1772,  with  an  exploring  party, 
to  secure  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco  from  foreign  aggres- 
sion; they  advance  along  the  sliore  to  San  Joaquin  river, 
and  unable  to  cross,  return  to  Monterey 4  Apr.  1773 


OAL  139 

First  interior  expedition  from  Sonera,  under  Juan  Bautista  de 
Anza,  readies  San  Gabriel 22  Mcb.  1774 

Fernando  Javier  de  Rivera  y  Moncada  appointed  lieut  gov.  of 
California 25  May,     " 

Juau  Perez,  in  the  Santiago,  explores  coast  north  to  lat.  45'^, 

9  July,     " 

Lieut.  Juan  Bautista  de  Ayala  anchors  oflTSan  Francisco,  sends 
a  boat  in,  1  Aug.  1775;  he  explores  the  bay  for  40  days,  re- 
turning to  Monterey,  then  the  capital 22  Sept.  1775 

Settlement  on  the  Colorado,  opposite  mouth  of  the  Gila,  17  Dec.     " 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco  founded 17  Sept.  1776 

Mission  established  at  San  Francisco 9  Oct.     " 

I'lieblo  of  San  Josd  established 29  Nov.  1777 

Pueblo  of  Concepcion  established 1780 

Indian  massacre  at  San  Pablo  and  Concepcion;  Rivera  slain, 

17  July,  1781 

Pueblo  of  Los  Angeles  founded 26  Aug.     " 

A  fleet  fitted  out  by  the  French  government  for  scientific  ex- 
ploration, under  Jean  Francois  Galaup  de  la  Perouse,  sailing 
south  from  lat.  58°  37'  enters  Monterey  bay,  14  Sept.  1786; 
entertained  10  days  by  gov.  Fages  and  the  padres  of  San 
Carlos  mission Sept.  1786 

Mission  of  Santa  Barbara  founded 4  Pec.     " 

A  Spanish  scientific  expedition  from  Cadiz,  under  Alejandro 
Malaspina,  explores  the  coast,  anchoring  at  Monterey,  13  Sept.  1791 

Capt.  George  Vancouver  with  an  exploring  party,  sent  by  Great 
Britain  around  the  world,  commissioned  also  to  settle  the 
boundary  question  on  the  north  of  California,  anchors  his 
vessel,  the  Discovery,  in  San  Francisco  harbor 14  Nov.  1792 

With  7  officers,  Vancouver,  on  horseback,  visits  Santa  Clara, 
under  Spanish  escort;  the  fli-st  foreigners  to  penetrate  so  far 
into  the  interior 20  Nov.     " 

Vancouver  anchors  at  Monterey,  27  Nov.  1792;  visits  San  Car- 
los, 2  Dec. ;  puts  to  sea 15  Jan.  1793 

Returns  from  the  Hawaiian  islands  in  1793  and  again  in  1794;  is 
suspected  by  the  Spanish  governor,  and  coldly  received; 
anchoring  at  Monterey,  he  visits  the  Salinas  valley;  sails 
away 2  Dec.  1794 

First  vessel  from  the  U.  S.  in  a  Californian  port,  the  Otter, 
from  Boston,  arrives  at  Monterey,  29  Oct.  1796.  The  captain, 
Ebenezer  Dorr,  after  obtaining  supplies,  secretly  lands  10 
Englishmen  and  1  woman,  stowaways  from  Port  Saxon,  and 
sails  away 6  Nov.  1796 

By  royal  orders,  the  Californias  are  divided  into  2  provinces, 
Antigua  (the  peninsula,  then  under  the  control  of  the  Domin- 
ican missions)  and  Nueva  California 26  Mch.  1804 

Russian  chamberlain,  Nikolai  Petrovich  Rezanof,  royal  in- 
spector for  Sitka,  finding  that  colony  in  great  need  of  food, 
sails  to  San  Francisco  with  a  cargo  of  goods,  which  he  ex- 
changes for  provisions,  despite  the  Spanish  restrictions  oh 
trade ;  he  wins  also  the  affections  of  Dofia  Concepcion,  daugh- 
ter of  the  commandant,  don  Jose  ArguBllo 21  May,  1806 

Indians  across  the  bay  from  San  Francisco  troubling  Spanish, 
AlQrez  Moraga  marches  against  them  and  defeats  and  scat- 
ters the  tribe 22  May,  1810 

Russians  establish  a  fort  at  Ross,  18  miles  north  of  Bodega, 
having  settled  the  vicinity  in  1807-10 30  Sept.  1812 

<3ov.  Jos6  Joaquin  de  Arrillaga  dies  at  Soledad  mission;  capt. 
Jose  Arquello  succeeds 24  July,  1814 

Rumors  of  revolutions  in  S.  Anierica;  proclamation  from  gov. 
Pablo  Vincente  de  Sola,  and  preparations  for  defence,  23  June,  1816 

Mission  of  San  Rafael  founded 14  Dec.  1817 

French  capt.  Hippolyte  Bouchard  ("the  pirate  Buchar")  ap- 
pears with  2  vessels  of  38  and  26  guns  under  the  flag  of 
Buenos  Ayres;  his  real  purpose  is  unknown,  but,  after  sum- 
moning Monterey  and  other  places  on  the  coast  to  surrender, 
and  pillaging  the  towns,  he  sails  away Dec.  1818 

■California  becomes  a  province  of  Mexico  under  the  regency  of 
don  Augustin  Iturbide,  1821,  and  gov.  Sola  is  elected  deputy 
to  the  new  Cortes;  Iturbide  proclaimed  emperor 18  May,  1822 

Russians  warned  to  abandon  California  within  6  months,  21  Oct.     " 

Iturbide  surrenders  his  crown,  Mch.  1823,  and  is  banished  from 
America,  May.  1823  ;  California  is  substantially  independent 
until  the  new  constitution  of  the  Mexican  republic  is  ratified 
by  the  Junta  of  California 26  May,  1825 

Electors,  summoned  by  gov.  Jose  Maria  Escheandia,  choose 
capt.  Jose  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  delegate  to  Mexican  Con- 
gress  18  Feb.  1826 

Jedediah  S.  Smith,  a  trapper  from  the  U.  S.,  the  first  to  make 
the  trip  from  Salt  lake,  reaches  San  Gabriel 26  Dec.     " 

Territorial  Diputacion,  7  members  an«  3  substitutes  chosen  by 
the  junta  of  electors  at  San  Diego  in  Feb. ,  meets  at  Monterey, 

14  June,  1827 

Joaquin  Solis,  a  convict  ranchero,  instigates  the  troops  to  re- 
volt against  the  governor,  with  a  view  to  give  all  offices  to 
Californians;  soldiers  at  Monterey  seize  the  presidio,  12-13 
Nov.,  and  later  meet  no  opposition  at  San  Fraecisco 1829 

Oov.  Escheandia  by  proclamation  calls  on  the  Monterey  insur- 
gents to  surremler,  7  Jan.  1830  ;  recaptures  Monterey,  20 
Jan. ;  apprehends  Solis  and  other  leaders,  and  sends  15  of 
them  on  the  bark  Volunteer,  for  San  Bias 9  May,  1830 

Decree  for  secularization  of  missions;  San  Carlos  and  San 
Gabriel  to  be  organized  as  towns,  surplus  property,  after  dis- 
tribution to  neophytes,  passing  to  secular  administrators; 
other  missions  the  same  as  far  as  possible 6  Jan.  1831 

Secularization  accomplished 1834 

Los  Angeles  made  a  city— capital  of  California 23  May,  1835 

After  various  attempts  at  negotiation  with  the  authorities,  the 
warnings  of  1822  not  being  heeded,  Russians  at  Ross,  Bode- 
ga, and  other  points  on  the  coast,  sell  th«ir  rights  to  col. 
John  A.  Sutter  for  |30,000,  and  leave  the  country Jan.  1842 


CAL 

Placer  gold  discovered  on  the  San  Francisco  rancho  formerly 
belonging  to  the  San  Fernando  mission Mch. 

Commodore  Thomas  Ap  Catesby  Jones,  with  the  U.  S.  Pacific 
squadron  of  5  vessels,  believing  war  to  exist  with  Mexico, 
enters  Monterey  harbor,  seizes  the  fort,  and  declares  Cali- 
fornia a  territory  of  the  U.  S..  20  Oct.  1842;  learning 
next  day  that  there  is  no  war,  he  restores  the  territory, 

21  Oct. 

Col.  J.  C.  Fremont,  with  exploring  expedition,  reaches  Sutter's 
fort 


1842 


8  Mch.  1844 


About  50  Californians,  under  Manuel  Castro,  Jesus  Pico,  and 
others,  seize  arms  and  munitions  stored  at  San  Juan  Bautista, 
and  instigate  revolt  against  gov.  Manuel  Micheltorena  and 
his  army  of  convicts  from  Mexico 14-15  Nov. 

Micheltorena  is  supported  by  Sutter  and  other  foreigners,  but 
concludes  a  treaty,  agreeing  to  send  away  his  battalion  and 
return  to  the  capital i  Dec. 

First  immigrants  to  California  in  wagons,  the  "Murphy  com- 
pany," under  Elisha  Stevens,  reach  Sutter's  fort 13  Dec. 

Micheltorena  having  broken  the  treaty  of  1844,  the  revolution 
is  renewed;  on  the  field  of  Cahuenga  he  capitulates,  and  Pio 
Poco  becomes  governor  in  his  stead 21  Feb. 

Col.  Fremont  on  a  third  expedition  obtains  permission  from 
Mexico,  through  U.  S.  consul  Thomas  0.  Larkin,  at  Mon- 
terey, to  continue  his  explorations  of  the  coast 27  Jan. 

Col.  Fremont,  in  Oregon,  receives  orders  to  watch  the  Mexi- 
can and  British  relations  in  California,  9  May,  1846.  Re- 
turning to  California,  he  finds  gen.  de  Castro  prepared  to 
resist  American  invasion.  American  settlers  begin  the  so- 
called  "Bear-flag  revolt  "  by  occupying  Sonoma,  with  a  flag 
bearing  a  star  and  bear  and  the  words,  "California  Repub- 
lic"   14  June, 

Fremont  assumes  command  of  insurgents  at  Souoma.  .5  July, 

Stars  and  Stripes  raised  at  Monterey,  7  July,  by  order  of  John 
D.  Sloat,  commanding  U.  S.  Pacific  squadron;  at  Sonoma 
they  replace  the  bear  flag,  9  July,  and  over  Sutter's  fort, 

11  July, 

Fremont  embarks  in  the  schooner  Ch/ane,  commodore  Dupont, 
and  occupies  San  Diego 29  July, 

200  Mormon  emigrants,  recruited  in  the  U.  S.,  arrive  at  Saa 
Francisco  in  the  ship  Brooklyn,  under  elder  Brannan, 

31  July, 

Americans,  under  commodore  Robert  F.  Stockton  and  major 
Fremont,  capture  Los  Angeles 13  Aug. 

First  number  of  an  American  newspaper,  the  Californian,  issued 
at  Monterey  by  Robert  Semple  and  Walter  Colton 15  Aug. 

Commodore  Stockton  proclaimed  governor 17  Aug. 

Mexicans  recapture  Los  Angeles 29-30  Sept. 

Gen.  Stephen  W.  Kearney,  under  orders  from  Washington  to 
proceed  from  New  Mexico  to  California  and  establish  a  pro- 
visional government,  arrives  at  Santa  Maria 5  Dec. 

Indecisive  battle  at  San  Pascual  between  Mexican  general  don 
Andres  Pico  and  gen.  Kearney,  who  is  twice  wounded, 

6  Dec. 

Battle  of  San  Gabriel;  decisive  defeat  of  the  Mexicans, 

8-9  Jan. 

Los  Angeles  regained  by  the  Americans 10  Jan. 

Col.  Fremont  assumes  the  civil  government  under  commission 
from  commodore  Stockton 19  Jan. 

Gen.  Kearney,  under  instructions  from  the  president,  issues 
a  proclamation  from  Monterey  as  governor,  and  directs 
col.  Fremont  to  deliver  in  person,  at  Monterey,  all  public 
documents  in  his  charge,  which  he  does  with  hesitation, 

IMch. 

Col.  Richard  B.  Mason  appointed  governor 31  May, 

First  steamboat  in  California  waters  leaves  San  Francisco, 
reaching  Sacramento  in  6  days  and  7  hours 28  Nov. 

Gold  discovered  near  Coloma  on  col.  John  Sutter's  land,  by 
James  Wilson  Marshall 19  Jan. 

California  and  New  Mexico  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  by  treaty  of  Guad- 
alupe Hidalgo,  2  Feb.  1848;  proclaimed  in  California Aug. 

First  emigrants  from  China,  2  men  and  1  woman,  arrive  in  the 
bark  Eagle 

First  gold  from  California,  1804.59  oz.,  deposited  in  the  U.  S. 
mint  by  David  Carter 8  Dec. 

Brig. -gen.  Bennett  Riley,  instructed  by  the  secretary  of  war  to 
assume  the  civil  administration,  arrives  by  sea  at  Monterey, 
12  Apr.  1849.  He  issues  a  proclamation  for  a  temporary 
government  to  replace  the  local  provisional  governments,    / 

3  June, 

A  convention  to  form  a  state  constitution  sits  at  Monterey-,  1 
Sept.  1849,  until  13  Oct.  The  constitution  adopted  and  state 
officers  chosen  by  the  people 13  Nov. 

New  Almaden  quicksilver  mines  opened 

California  admitted  to  the  Union  (the  31st  state;  pop.  92^597) 
by  act  approved 9  Sept. 

Assay-office  established  at  San  Francisco 

Of  5  extensive  fires  in  San  Francisco  since  24  Dec.  1849,  the 
greatest  destroys  a  large  part  of  the  city  (22  blocks). .  .4  May, 

Act  of  legislature  establishing  public  schools 

Democratic  and  Whig  parties  organized  in  California May, 

Prevalence  and  immunity  of  crime,  and  corruption  of  officials, 
prompts  the  formation  of  a  vigilance  committee  of  leading 
citizens  in  San  Francisco.  5  criminals  hanged  by  them,  and 
nearly  20  banighed  from  the  state.  Gov.  McDougall  issues 
a  proclamation  against  the  committee,  21  July.  A  convicted 
murderer,  reprieved  by  the  governor,  is  hung  by  the  people 
at  Sacramento • 21  Aug. 

State  prison  at  San  Quentin,  Marin  co.,  opened 

University  of  the  Pacific  at  St.  Jose  chartered  and  opened 

California  Academy  of  Sciences  founded  at  San  Francisco 


1845 
1846 


1847 


1849 


1850 


1862 
1863 


OAL  140 

8Ut«  lanatic  asylum  established  at  Stockton 1853 

Fllibustore  under  col.  Walker  sail  from  San  Francisco  for 

Lower  California  (FiunrsTKKS) 17  Oct.     " 

Pniled  States  bnincn  mint  opened  at  San  Francisco Apr.  1854 

Panama  niilroad  o])ened,  facilitating  immigration  to  California, 

23  Jan.  1855 

College  at  Santa  Clara  opened,  1851 ;  chartered " 

Law  excluding  from  the  courts  negro  and  Indian  evidence, 

amended  by  adding  Chinese " 

James  King  of  William,  editor  of  the  San  Francisco  Evening 
Bulletin,  a  chanipion  of  reform,  is  shot  in  the  street  by  James 
Casey,  editor  of  the  Sunday  Times,  a  noted  politician,  14 
May,  186(5;  d.  '20  May.  The  vigilance  committee  is  revived 
15  May,  and  some  8000  members  are  enrolled.  Casey  is 
taken  from  jail,  18  May;  tried  and  hung  with  another  man 

named  Cora,  convicted  of  murder 22  May,  1856 

Discovery  of  goldmines  on  the  Fmzer  river 1  May,  1858 

First  overland  mail  west  leaves  St.  I.^ui8,  Mo.,  16  Sept.  1858; 

arrives  at  San  Francisco 10  Oct.     " 

42  prisoners  escape  from  state  prison  in  open  day,  and  100 

others  following  are  flred  upon  and  driven  back 27  June,  1859 

David  C.  Broderick,  wounded  by  David  S.  Terry  in  a  duel  12 

Sept.,  d 16  Sept.     " 

St  Ignatius  college  at  San  Francisco  opened,  1855;  chartered. .     " 

Industrial  school  opened  at  San  Francisco " 

First  pony  express  leaves  Sacramentojfor  St.  Joseph,  Mo.  .4  Apr.  1860 
A  Japanese  embassy  of  72  men  are  the  guests  of  San  Francisco, 

29  Mch.     " 
State  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  opened  at 

Berkeley " 

California  regiment,  col.  E.  I).  Baker,  organized 21  Apr.  1861 

Citiz«ns'  meeting  in  Sau  Francisco  declares  for  Union,  11  May,     " 
Daily  overland  mail  established  from  the  Missouri  river  to 
San  Francisco  over  the  central  route,  to  replace  that  througli 
northern  Texas.  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Southern  Califor 

nia,  established  in  1858 1  July,     " 

Telegraph  line  from  Denver,  Col,  to  Sacramento,  Cal. ;  com- 
pleted   Sept.     " 

Ex-senator  Gwin  and  attorney-general  Benham  arrested  by 
gen.  Summer,  charged  with  complicity  in  rebellion,  14  Nov.      " 

State  reform  school  at  Marysville  opened Dec.     " 

150  convicts  escape  from  the  state  prison.     In  their  recapture 

3  are  killed  and  22  wounded 22  July,  1862 

Pacific  Methodist  college  at  Santa  Rosa  opened,  1861 ;  chartered,     " 
Ground  broken  for  the  Central  Pacific  railroad  at  Sacramento 

by  gov.  Stanford  (Pacific  railroads) 22  Feb.  1863 

At  San  Francisco,  U.  S.  officers  seize  the  schooner  Chapman, 

about  to  sail,  as  a  confederate  privateer 15  Mch.      " 

Congress  grants  the  Yosemite  valley  and  the  Mariposa  Big-tree 
grove  to  California  for  public  use,  resort,  and  recreation;  to 

be  inalienable 30  June, 

California  ratifies  the  constitutional  amendment  abolishing 

slavery 18  Dec. 

State  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  established  at 

Oakland 

St  Vincent's  college  at  Los  Angeles  opened,  1867;  chartered. . 
University  opened  at  Berkeley,  near  San  Francisco. .  .23  Sept 
Riot  in  Los  Angeles;  15  Chinamen  hanged  and  6  shot  by  a 

mob 24  Oct. 

State  normal  school  opened  at  San  Francisco,  1862 ;  is  removed 

to  San  Jose " 

Mills  college  at  Mills  Seminary,  Cal.,  opened " 

University  of  California  permanently  located  at  Berkeley, 

16  July,  1873 
Gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby  and  commissioner  Thomas,  while  negotiat- 
ing under  a  flag  of  truce  for  the  removal  of  the  Modoc  Indians 
to  a  reservation,  are  massacred  by  capt.  Jack  and  his  war- 
riors in  the  lava  beds  near  fort  Klamath 11  Apr.     " 

Assassins  are  captured  1  June,  tried,  and  capt  Jack  and  2  as- 
sociates are  hung 3  Oct     " 

Insane  asylum  established  at  Napa " 

Central  Pacific  railroad  attempts  to  obtain  from  Congress 
a  grant  of  Goat  island,  the  property  of  the  U.  S.,  on  San 
Francisco  bay,  opposite  Oakland;  an  independent  party 
in  opposition  is  formed,  and  Newton  Booth,  its  candi- 
date, elected  for  the  long  term  to  Congress,  with  judge  John- 
son S.  Hayes,  anti- railroad  Democrat,  for  the  short  term, 

20  Dec.     " 
Law  empowering  juries  to  determine  between  death  and  im- 
prisonment for  life  in  convicting  of  a  capital  crime 1874 

Compulsory  education  law  passed  and  school  laws  revised;  a 

state  superintendent  of  instruction  to  be  elected " 

State  temperance  convention  at  San  Francisco 19  Nov.     " 

State  Capitol  at  Sacramento  completed 1875 

"O'Connor  bill  "  becomes  a  law,  authorizing  3  commissioners 
of  transportation  to  inspect  railroads  and  require  them  to  be 

kept  in  safe  condition. 3  Apr.  1876 

Society  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  children  chartered  ...      " 
Permanent  organization  of  the  workingmen's  party  of  Califor- 
nia, Dennis  Kearney,  "the  sand-lot  orator,"  president,  head- 
quarters at  San  Francisco 5  Oct.  1877 

Dennis  Kearney  arrested  and  imprisoned  2  weeks  for  incendi- 
ary speeches  and  threats .3  Nov.     " 

Act  amending  the  code  of  civil  procedure  concerning  attorneys, 
by  striking  out  the  words  "  white  male;"  Mrs.  Clara  S.  Foltz 

of  San  Jose  is  admitted  to  the  bar 1878 

Act  providing  for  a  state  labor  bureau " 

Convention  to  revise  the  constitution  meets,  28  Sept  1878;  ad- 
journs, 3  Mch.  1879;  new  constitution  takes  effect 4  July,  1879 

Yacht  Jeannette  sails  from  San  Francisco  for  the  Arctic  regions 
(Northeast  and  Northwest  Passage) 8  July,     " 


1864 
1865 


1866 
1869 


1871 


1879 
1880 


1886 
1887 


CAL 

Popular  vote  for  governor:  for  Geo.  C.  Perkins,  Hep.,  67,970; 
Hugh  J.  Glenn,  Dem.  and  new  constitution,  47,562;  William 
F.  White,  workingmen's  party,  44,620 3  Sept 

Normal  school  at  San  Josd  destroyed  by  fire 10  Feb. 

Work  begun  on  the  Lick  Observatory  on  mount  Hamilton, 
4250  a.  above  llio  sea,  lat  37°  21'  3"  n.,  and  Ion  121°  3(;' 
40"  w.,  13  miles  east  from  San  Jos6 

Dennis  Kearney  arrested  for  sedition;  sentenced  to  6  months' 
imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  .$1000  .  .(San  Francisco)  15  Mch. 

State  viticultural  commission  founded 

State  i)ri80u  at  FoLsom  opened 

University  of  Southern  California  chartered  and  opened  at  Los 
Angeles 

"Young  ddbris  relief  bill"  passed,  imposing,  with  a  general 
tix,  a  special  tax  on  miners,  to  repair  damage  done  to  agri- 
culture by  ddbris  washed  into  the  valleys  by  hydraulic  min- 
ing; such  debris,  it  is  estimated,  has  destroyed  43,500  acres 
of  good  farming  land 

Convention  of  miners  in  Nevada  City,  22  July,  1882,  to  con- 
sider the  debris  question;  anti-ddbris  convention  of  110  dele- 
gates, residents  and  property  holders  in  the  Sacramento  and 
San  Joaquin  valleys,  at  Sacramento 26  Sept 

State  normal  school  at  Los  Angeles  opened 

Acts  passed  creating  a  horticultural,  sericultural,  and  forestry 
commission,  and  a  bureau  of  labor  statistics 

California  Home  for  the  Care  and  Training  of  Feeble-minded 
Children  opened  at  Santa  Clara 

36  in.  lenses  for  the  great  refractor  of  the  Lick  Observatory 
safely  brought  by  rail  from  Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  and  de- 
posited in  the  observatory  vaults 27  Dec. 

Legislature  appropriates  $5000  for  a  monument  to  James  W. 
Marshall,  the  discoverer  of  gold,  at  his  grave  in  Coloma,  El- 
dorado county 

Tax  enacted  of  1  cent  on  each  $100  of  property  for  the  Univer- 
sity of  California 

Corner-stone  of  Stanford  University  laid  at  Palo  Alto, 

20  May. 

Asylum  for  Chronic  Insane  in  Santa  Clara  county  completed. . 

Lick  Observatory  transferred  by  the  trustees  to  the  regents  of 
the  University  of  California 1  June, 

Monument  erected  in  Golden  Gate  park  to  Francis  S.  Key, 
for  which  James  Lick,  who  died  1  Oct  1876,  bequeathed 
$60,000 

Acts  passed  establishing  the  South  California  Stale  Hospital 
for  the  Insane,  the  Mendocino  Insane  Asylum  at  Ukiah, 
and  a  state  reform  school  for  juvenile  offenders  at  Los 
Angeles 

Act  passed  recognizing  the  veterans'  home  at  Yountville  as  a 
state  home  for  disabled  veterans  and  as  a  beneficiary  under 
the  act  of  Congress  providing  aid 

David  S.  Terry,  assaulting  judge  Stephen  Field  at  Lathrop,  is 
shot  dead  by  U.  S.  marshal  Nagle 14  Aug. 

Pioneer  woollen  mills  close;  the  last  of  the  large  woollen  man- 
ufactories in  the  state 

State  normal  school  at  Chico  opened 

Preston  School  of  Industry  for  Youthful  Criminals  founded  at 
lone  City 

Gabriel,  the  famous  mission  Indian,  dies  at  Salinas,  Monterey 
county,  aged  151  years 16  Mch. 

29  persons  drowned  in  a  train  which  falls  through  a  draw- 
bridge at  Oakland 30  May, 

40th  anniversary  of  the  admission  of  California  into  the  Un-on. 
celebrated 6,  8,  and  9  Sept,  the  latter  day  being  a  legal  holi- 
day in  the  state  by  governor's  proclamation 6-9  Sept. 

Act  of  Congress  to  reserve  as  a  public  park  the  Big-tree  groves 
in  townships  18  and  17  south 25  Sept 

King  David  Kalakaua  of  the  Sandwich  islands  lands  at  San 
Francisco  from  the  U.  S  man-of-war  Charleston 4  Dec. 

Comer-stone  of  the  Mendocino  County  Insane  Asylum  laid  at 
Ukiah 9  Dec. 

Corner-stone  of  the  insane  asylum  at  San  Bernardino  laid, 

16  Dec. 

King  David  Kalakaua.  b.  1836;  d.  at  San  Francisco 20  Jan. 

Hon.  George  Hearst,  U.  S.  senator,  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 

28  Feb. 

Charles  N.  Felton,  elected  U.  S.  senator 19  Mch. 

Dr.  David  S.  Jordan,  president  of  Indiana  State  University,  ac- 
cepts the  presidency  of  Leland  Stanford,  jr.  University, 

23  Mch. 

Chilian  insurgent  transport,  the  Itata,  seized  at  San  Diego 
(United  States) 6  May, 

First  shipment  of  block-tin  (7  tons)  from  the  Temescal  mines, 
in  San  Bernardino  county,  received  in  gan  Francisco, 

15  June, 

Australian  ballot  law  takes  effect 1  July, 

Leland  Stanford,  jr.  University  at  Palo  Alto  opened 1  Oct 

Earthquake;  slight  elsewhere;  damage  at  Woodland,  $50,000, 

19-21  Apr. 

Train,  guarded  by  U.  S.  soldiers,  with  $20,000,000  of  govern- 
ment gold  leaves  San  Francisco  for  New  York ;  has  the  right 
of  way 5  Aug. 

350th  anniversary  of  the  di.scovery  of  San  Diego  bay.  .28  Sept 

Leland  Stanford,  governor,  1862,  U.  S.  senator,  1893,  and  found- 
er of  Leland  Stanford,  jr.  University,  d 20  June, 

From  1767  up  to  1821,  California  being  under  Spanish  rule 
10  governors  were  appointed  by  that  power.  From  1822  unt 
1845,  being  under  Mexican  domination,  her  governors  (12] 
were  appointed  from  Mexico.  From  1846  her  governors  hav< 
been  as  follows : 


189 


OAL 


141 

CALIFORNIA  REPUBLIC  GOVERNORS. 
Term.  I 


CAL 


John  C.  Fremont 


1846 


By  the  people  under  the  "  Bear  flag. 


PROVISIONAL   OR  MILITARY   GOVERNORS  UNDER  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


•Com.  Robert  F.  Stockton,. 

John  C.  Fremont 

■Gen.  Stephen  W.  Kearney. 

Richard  B.  Mason 

Gen.  Porsifer  F.  Smith 

Bennett  Riley 


1847 
1847 
1847 
1847  to  1849 
1849 


13  .Ian. ,  date  of  the  surrender  to  the  U.  S.  government. 

By  appointment  of  com.  Stockton. 

Fremont  di.>*placed  by  Kearney,  Mch. 

Appointed  from  Washington. 

Temporarily. 

In  office  at  the  adoption  of  the  state  constitution. 


STATE   GOVERNORS. 

Name. 

Term. 

Remarks. 

Name.                               (             Term. 

Remarks. 

Peter  H   Burnett      

1849  to  1851 
1851  "  1852 
18.52  "  1856 
1856  "  1858 
1858  "  1860 
1860  "  1860 
1860  "  1862 

1862  "  1863 

1863  "  1867 
1867  "  1871 

Resigned. 

Lt.  gov.  acting. 

Resigned. 
Lt.-gov.  acting. 

Newton  Booth 

1871  to  1875 

1875  "  1875 

1875  "  1880 
1880  "  1883 
1883  "  1887 
1887  "  1887 
1887  "  1891 
1891  "  1895 
1895  "  1899 

Resigned. 
(Lieut. -gov.  act- 

William  Irwin     

(     ing. 

T/^>1in    R  Wpllpr                       

George  C  Perkins 

vrilt(>n  c;   T  ntliam 

George  Stoneman  .   . 

Washington  Bartlett 

Died  in  office. 

Robt.  W.  Waterman 

J.  H.  Budd 

UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM   CALIFORNIA. 


Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

.John  C  Fremont 

Thirty-first 
Thirty-second 
Thirty-third 
Thirty-fourth 
Thirty-fifth 
Thirty-sixth 

u 

Thirty-seventh 

Thirty-eighth 

Thirty-ninth 

Fortieth 

Forty- first 

Forty-second 

Forty-third 

Forty-fourth 

Forty-fifth 

Forty  sixth 

Forty-seventh 

Forty-eighth 

Forty-ninth 

Fiftieth 

Fifty-first 

Fifty-second 

Fifty-third 

1849  to  1851 
1851   "  1853 
1853   "  1855 
1855   "  1857 
1857    "  1859 
1859   "  1861 

((          li          u 

1861   "  1863 

1863  "  1865 

u       a       u 

1865   "  1867 
1867   "  1869 
1869   "  1871 
1871   "  1873 
1873   "  1875 

1875  "  1877 
1877   "  1879 
1879   "  1881 
1881   "  1883 
1883   "  1885 
1885    "  1887 

u        u   .    u 

1887    "  1889 
1839    "  1891 
1891    II  1893 
1803   II  1895 

Seated,  10  Sept.  1850. 

"       11     "        " 

William  M  Gwin 

William  M  Gwin 

John  B  Weller     

Seated  17  Mch.  1852. 

William  M  Gwin 

John  B.  Weller 

John  B   Weller 

David  C.  Broderick 

William  M  Gwin      

Seated  4  Mch.  1857. 

David  C.  Broderick 

Died  of  a  wound  received  in  a  duel  with  David  S.  Terry,  16  Sept.  1859. 
Pro  tem.  in  place  of  Broderick. 

Elected  in  place  of  Broderick.     Seated,  5  Mch.  1860. 

Jas  A.  McDougall 

John  Conners    

First  Republican  senator. 

Jas  A  McDougall    

Democrat. 

Jas.  A.  McDougall 

Eugene  Casserly 

Democrat. 

■Cornelius  Cole 

Eugene  Casserly 

Cornelius  Cole 

Eugene  Casserly      

Resigned,  29  Nov.  1873. 

Elected  in  place  of  Casserly.     Seated,  9  Feb.  1874 

Republican. 

Independent. 

John  S.  Hager 

Newton  Booth 

Newton  Booth 

Aaron  A.  Sargent 

Newton  Booth  

Jas  T.  Farley 

Democrat. 

John  F.  Miller 

Republican. 

Jas.  T.  Farley 

John  F.  Miller 

Jas.  T.  Farley 

John  F.  Miller 

Leland  Stanford 

Republican. 
Democrat. 

George  Hearst  

Leland  Stanford 

George  Hearst 

Died  28  Feb  1891 

Leland  Stanford 

Charles  N.  Felton 

Republican. 

Leland  Stanford 

Leland  Stanford 

Died,  20  June,  1893. 
Democrat. 

Stephen  M.  White 

•George  C.  Perkins 

Republican.     Elected  in  place  of  Stanford. 

caliper  COnipa§§,  to   measure  the  bore  of  cannon,  I 
small-arms,  etc.,  is  said  to  have  been  invented  by  an  artificer 
of  Nuremberg  in  1540. 

Ca'lipti  (Arabic),  vicar,  or  lieutenant,  the  title  assumed 
by  the  soli  of  Persia,  as  succes.sor  of  Ali,  and,  since  1517, 
by  the  sultan  of  Turkey,  as  successor  of  Mahomet  and  sov- 
ereign of  Mecca  and  Medina.  The  caliphate  began  with 
Abubeker,  the  father  of  the  prophet's  second  wife.  The  Fati- 
mite  caliphs  ruled  in  Egypt,  908-1171.     Ali,  Mahometan- 

.IS.M. 

CALIPHS    OF   ARABIA. 
632.  Abubeker. 
634.  Omar  I. 
644.  Othman. 
655.  Ali. 


The  Ommiades  ruled  661-750. 

The  Abbassides  ruled  750-1258. 

In  775  they  were  styled  caliphs  of  Bagdad. 

Haroun-al-Raschid  ruled  786-809. 

CalippiC  period,  invented  by  Calippus  about  330 
B.C.,  to  correct  the  Metonic  cycle,  consists  of  4  cycles,  or  of  76 
years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  he  incorrectly  supposed  the 
iiew  and  full  moons  return  on  the  same  day  of  the  solar  year. 
This  period  began  about  the  end  of  June,  third  year  or  112th 
Olympiad,  year  of  Rome  424,  and  330  b.c. 

Calixtin§.  l.  A  sect  derived  from  the  Hussites,  about 
1420,  demanded  the  cup  (Gr.  KaXv^)  in  the  Lord's  supper. 
They  were  also  called  Utraquists,  as  partaking  of  both  ele- 
ments.    They  were  reconciled  to  the  Koman  church  at  the 


CAL 


142 


CAM 


council  of  Basle,  1433.— 2.  The  folio  were  of  George  Calixtus, 
a  Lutheran,  who  died  in  1656.  He  wrote  against  the  celibacy 
of  the  priest  htKMl,  and  proposed  a  reunion  of  Catholics  and 
Protestants  under  the  Apostles'  Creed. 

Cul'lao,  Peru.  After  an  earthquake  the  sea  retired 
from  the  shore,  and  rotnrned  in  preat  waves,  destroying  the 
city,  in  1687,  and  on  28  Oct.  174G.  Attempt  of  the  Spanish 
admiral  Nuftez  to  bombard  Callao,  2  May,  1866,  defeated  by 
the  Peruvians;  blockaded  by  Chilians,  Apr.  1880.     Ciiii>i. 

callinr'rttphy  ("beautiful  writing").  Callicrates  is  said 
to  have  written  an  elegant  distich  on  a  sesamum  seed,  472  b.c. 
In  the  I6th  century  Peter  Bales  wrote  legibly  the  Lord's 
Prayer,  Creed,  and  Decalogue,  2  short  Latin  prayers,  his  own 
name,  motto,  day  of  the  month,  year  of  our  Lord,  and  of  the 
reign  of  queen  Elizabeth  (to  whom  he  presented  them  at 
Hampton  court),  all  within  the  circle  of  a  silver  penny,  en- 
chased in  a  ring  and  border  of  gold,  and  covered  with  crys- 
tal— Holinshed. 

Culmar,  Union  of.  The  treaty  whereby  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  Norway  were  united  under  one  sovereign,  Mar- 
garet, queen  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  "  the  Semiramis  of  the 
North,"  June,  1397.  The  union  was  dissolved  by  Gustavus 
Vasa  in  1523.     Rulers,  table  of;  Sweden. 

Calniucki.    Tartary. 

cal'Oinel  ("beautiful  black"),  a  compound  of  mercury, 
sulphuric  acid,  and  chloride  of  sodium,  first  mentioned  by 
Crollius  early  in  the  17th  century.  The  first  directions  given 
for  its  preparation  were  by  Beguin  in  1608. 

calorescence.  In  Jan.  1865,  prof.  Tyndall  rendered 
the  ultra-red  rays  of  the  spectrum  of  the  electric  light  visible 
by  focussing  them  on  a  plate  of  platinum,  which  they  raised 
to  a  white  heat.  He  termed  the  phenomenon  calorescence. 
Fluorescence. 

caloric.     Heat. 

calotype  procC§§  (from  the  Gr.  KoKoQ,  beautiful), 
by  which  negative  photographs  are  produced  on  paper,  is  the 
invention  of  Mr.  Henry  Fox  Talbot,  about  1840.  Also  called 
Talbotype.     Photography. 

Caloy'eri  (meaning  good  old  men).  The  monks  of  the 
Greek  church,  of  the  order  of  St.  Basil.  Their  most  celebrated 
monastery  in  Asia  is  at  Mount  Sinai,  endowed  by  Justinian 
(d.  565) ;  the  European  one  is  at  Mount  Athos. 

Calvary,  Mount,  the  place  where  the  Redeemer  suffered 
death,  5  Apr.  30  A.jy.  (ff ales,  31;  Clinton,  29;  others,  38);  see 
Luke  xxiii.  33.  Hadrian,  at  the  time  of  his  persecution  of 
the  Christians,  erected  a  temple  of  Jupiter  on  mount  Calvary, 
and  a  temple  of  Adonis  on  the  manger  at  Bethlehem,  142. 
The  empress  Helena  built  a  church  here  about  326.  Holy 
places. 

Calvi,  Corsica.  The  British  forces  besieged  the  fortress 
of  Calvi,  12  June,  1794.  After  69  days,  it  surrendered  on  10 
Aug.     It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  1796. 

Calvinisti,  named  after  John  Calvin  (or  Chauvin), 
who  was  bom  at  Noyon,  in  Picardy,  10  July.  1509.  Adopting 
the  reformed  doctrines,  he  fled  to  Angouleme,  where  he  com- 
posed his  "Institutio  Christianae  Religionis"  in  1533;  pub. 
in  1536.  He  retired  to  Basle,  and  settled  in  Geneva,  where 
he  died,  27  May,  1564.  He  took  part  in  burning  Servetus  for 
denying  the  Trinity  in  1553.  The  Calvinists  and  Lutherans 
separated  after  the  conference  of  Poissy  in  1561,  where  the 
former  rejected  the  10th  and  other  articles  of  the  Confession 
of  Augsburg,  and  took  the  name  of  Calvinists.  In  France 
(Huguenots)  they  took  up  arms  against  their  persecutors. 
Henry  IV.,  originally  a  Calvinist,  on  becoming  king,  secured 
their  liberty  by  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1598.  Calvinistic 
doctrines  appear  in  the  articles  of  the  church  ol  England  and 
in  the  confession  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  and  are  held  by 
many  Protestant  sects.  The}'^  include  predestination,  partic- 
ular redemption,  total  depravity,  irresistible  grace,  and  the 
certain  perseverance  of  saints. 

Cambodia,  a  region  lying  to  the  southwest  of  Anam, 
and  south  of  Siam.  Its  king,  Norodom,  recognized  French 
protection  by  treaty,  Oct.  1883.  Pop.  1,800,000 ;  area,  38,000 
sq.  miles. 


Cambray,  N.  France,  the  ancient  Camaracum,  was  ii 
the  middle  ages  the  capital  of  a  prince  bishop  subject  to  th€ 
emperor.  It  gives  its  name  to  Cambric.  Councils  held  hei 
1064, 1303,  1383, 1565. 

Held  by  Louis  XI.  of  France 1477-78 

Taken  by  Charles  V.. . : IE 

By  the  Spaniards 159 

By  the  French  and  annexed 166| 

Fdndlon  made  archbishop 169 

French  wore  defeated  at  Caesar's  camp,  in  the  neighborhood, 

by  the  allied  army  under  the  duke  of  York 24  Apr.  178 

Invested  by  the  Austrians,  8  Aug.,  the  republican  general,  De- 
clay,  replied  to  the  summons  to  surrender,  "he  knew  not 
how  to  do  that,  but  his  soldiers  knew  how  to  fight."     It 

was  taken  by  Clairfait,  the  Austrian  general 10  Sept.  179f 

Seized  by  British  under  sir  Charles  Colville 24  June,  181{ 

League  of  Cambray  against  the  republic  of  Venice,  comprising 
pope  Julius  II.,  the  emperor  Maximilian,  and  Louis  XII.  of 

France,  and  Ferdinand  of  Spain,  formed 10  Dec.  1506 

Treaty  between  Francis  I.  of  France  and  Charles  V.  of  Germany 
(called  Paix  des  Dames,  because  negotiated  by  Louisa  of 
Savoy,  mother  of  the  French  king,  and  Margaret  of  Austria, 

aunt  of  the  emperor) 152J 

Treaty  between  Charles  VI.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain 1724- 

Cambria,  ancient  name  of  Wales. 

cambric,  a.fine  thin  fabric  of  linen  or  cotton,  first  made 
at  Cambray  ;  worn  in  England,  and  accounted  a  great  lux- 
ury, IbS^.—Stow,    Its  importation  restricted  in  1745  ;  proliil 
ited  in  1758;  readmitted,  1786 ;  prohibited,  1795. 

Cambridg^C,  the  Roman  Camboricum  and  the  Saxoq 
Granta  bricsir,  capital  of  Cambridge  co.,  Engl.,  frequently  mea 
tioned  by  the  earliest  British  historians,  was  burned  by  th< 
Danes  in  870  and  1010. 

CAMBRIDGE   UNIVERSITY. 

The  university,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sigebert,  king 
of  the  East  Angles,  about  630  a.d.  ;  neglected  during  the 
Danish  invasions,  from  which  it  suffered  much;  restored  by 
Edward  the  elder  in  915 ;  began  to  revive  about 

Henry  I.  bestows  many  privileges 

Henry  III.  grants  a  charter  to  the  university;  about  which 
time  the  students  begin  to  live  together  in  hostels,  which 
afterwards  become  colleges  named  after  saints 1230  or 

Wat  Tyler's  and  Jack  Straw's  rebels  enter,  seize  university 
records,  and  burn  them  in  the  market  place 

University  press  set  up 

Incorporated  by  Elizabeth 

University  authorized  to  send  2  members  to  Parliament 

University  refuses  the  degree  of  M.A.  to  father  Francis,  a 
Benedictine  monk,  recommended  by  the  king;  and  the  pres- 
idency of  Magdalene  college  to  Farmer,  a  Roman  Catholic, 
notwithstanding  the  king's  mandate 

Mathematical  tripos  instituted 

University  tests  act  passed 1(5  June, 

New  code  of  statutes  for  the  university  approved  by  queen 
Victoria  in  council 

St.  Paul's  hostelry  for  Indian  students  chartered 18  July, 

New  museum  of  classical  art  and  archaeology  opened. .  .6  May, 

Miss  A.  F  Ramsay,  of  Girton,  senior  and  alone  in  first  division 
of  classical  tripos.  Miss  B.  M.  Hervey,  of  Newnham,  alone 
in  first  division  of  mediaeval  and  modern  languages  tripos, 

18  June, 

Prof.  G.  G.  Stokes,  P.R.S.,  elected  M.P  for  the  university, 

17  Nov. 

Miss  G.  P.  Fawcett,  Newnham  (daughter  of  the  late  profes-sor), 
above  the  senior  wrangler  in  mathematics 7  June, 

Senate  supports  compulsory  study  of  Greek  (525-185).  .29  Oct. 

Establishment  of  an  engineering  school  proposed Dec. 

SEVENTEEN   COLLEGES. 

Peterhouse  college,  by  Hugo  de  Balsham,  bishop  of  Ely, 
founded 

Clare  hall  or  college,  first  founded  by  Dr.  Richard  Baden  in 
1326;  destroyed  by  fire  and  re-established  by  Elizabeth  de 
Bourg,  sister  to  Gilbert,  earl  of  Clare about 

Pembroke  college,  founded  by  the  countess  of  Pembroke 

Gonville  and  Caius,  by  Edmund  Gonville 

Trinity  hall,  by  William  Bateman,  bishop  of  Norwich 

Enlarged  by  Dr.  John  Caius 

Corpus  Chri.sti,  or  Benet 

King's  college,  by  Henry  VI 

Queea's  college,  by  Margaret  of  Anjou,  1448;  and  Elizabeth 
Woodville ,.. 

St.  Catherine's  college  or  hall,  founded 

Jesus  college,  by  John  Alcock,  bishop  of  Ely 

Christ's  coljego,  founded  1442;  endowed  by  Margaret,  countess 
of  Richmond,  mother  of  Henry  VII 

St.  John's  college,  endowed  by  Margaret,  countess  of  Rich- 
mond  

Magdalene  college,  by  Thomas,  baron  Audley 

Trinity  college,  by  Henry  VIII 

Emmanuel  college,  by  sir  Walter  Mildmay 

Sidney-Sussex  college,  founded  by  Frances  Sidney,  countess  of 
Sussex 

Downing  college,  by  sir  George  Downing  by  will,  in  1717  ;  its 
charter 


luq 


1231 


1680 
1747 

187 


1885 
1884 


188T 


125T 


1345 

1347 

134 

1350 

1558 

1352. 


144» 

147» 
1496. 

1505- 

1511 
1519 
1546 
1584 

159S 

180O 


CAM  143 


Non-Coil,  students,  founded 1869 

Cavendish  college,  opened  by  duke  of  Devonshire 1876 

Selwyn  college,  founded 1  June,  1881 

Ayerst's  Hostel,  founded 1884 

[Cambridge  University  Calendar,  1891.] 

CHANCELLORS. 

Charles,  duke  of  Somerset,  elected 1688 

Thomas,  duke  of  Newcastle 1748 

Augustus  Henry,  duke  of  Grafton  1768 

H.  R.  H.  William  Frederick,  duke  of  Gloucester 1811 

John,  marquis  Camden 1834 

Hugh,  duke  of  Northumberland 1840 

Prince  Consort  (d.  14  Dec.  1861) 28  Feb.  1847 

William,  duke  of  Devonshire 31  Dec.  1861 


PRINCIPAL   PROFESSORSHIPS. 


Divinity  (Margaret),  1502;  Regius.. 
Laws,  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Physic. 


Founded. 
...  1540 


Arabic 1632 

Mathematics  (Lucasian) 1663 

Music 1684 

Chemistry 1702 

Astronomy :..  ..1704, 1749 

Anatomy 1707 

Modern  History,  Botany 1724 

Natural  and  Experimental  Philosophy 1783 

Mineralogy 1808 

Political  Economy 1863 

Slade  (fine  art) 1869 

(Cambridge  and  Oxford  recognize  each  other's  degrees,  also  those 
granted  by  Dublin  university,  but  no  others).     U.vivkrsities. 

Cambridge,  Mass.  The  town  was  founded  by  e;ov. 
Winthrop  in  1630,  and  called  Newtown.  During  the  British 
occupation  of  Boston  the  American  army  occupied  Cambridije, 
and  there  Washington  assumed  command  in  1775.  The  city 
of  Cambridge,  the  seat  of  Harvard  University,  was  incor- 
porated in  1846.     Pop.  in  1880,  52,740;  1890,  70.028. 

€aillbu§kenneth,  near  Stirling  (central  Scotland). 

Here  Wallace  defeated  the  English  under  Warrenne  and  Cres- 

singham,  10  Sept.  1297. 

The  abbey,  one  of  the  richest  in  Scotland,  was  founded  by  king 
David  I.  in  1147  ;  was  spoiled  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  re- 
formers in  1559. 

Camden,  S.  C.  Here,  16  Aug.  1780,  about  3600  Amer- 
icans, under  gen.  Gates,  were  defeated  by  from  2000  to  2500 
British,  under  lord  Cornwallis,  losing  700  men,  among  them 
baron  de  Kalb  mortall}'  wounded,  nearly  all  their  baggage  and 
artillery. 

Camel,  Day  of  the,  4  Nov.  656  (according  to  some,  658 
or  659),  when  Talha  and  Zobeir,  rebel  Arab  chiefs,  were  defeat- 
ed and  slain  by  caliph  Ali.  Aj'esha,  Mahomet's  widow,  friend  of 
the  chiefs,  was  present  in  a  litter,  on  a  camel  \  hence  the  name. 
Cam'elot,  a  legendary  city  of  Britain,  famous  in  king 
Arthur's  time. 

"And  thro''the  field  the  road  runs  by 
To  many-tower'd  Camelot." 

—Tenmjson,  '^The  Lady  of  Shalott." 

eamera-lucida,  invented  by  Dr.  Hooke  about  1674; 
another  by  Dr.  Wollaston  in  1807,  to  facilitate  the  delineation 
of  distant  objects. 

eamera-ol>§eura  or  dark  chamber,  con- 
structed, it  is  said,  by  Roger  Bacon  in  1297 ;  improved  by 
Baptista  Porta,  about  1500  ;  and  remodelled  by  sir  Isaac  New- 
ton. By  the  invention  of  M.  Daguerre,  in  1839,  the  pictures 
of  the  camera  are  fixed.     Photography. 

Cameroilian§,  a  name  frequently  given  to  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  church  of  Scotland,  the  descendants  of  the 
Covenanters  of  the  17th  century,  the  established  church,  1638- 
1650.  They  assumed  the  name  of  the  ' '  Reformed  Presbyterian 
church  "  on  25  May,  1876,  and  soon  after  united  with  the  Free 
church  of  Scotland.  Charles  II.  signed  the  league  and  cove- 
nant in  1650,  in  hopes  of  recovering  his  kingdoms,  but  re- 
nounced it  in  1661,  and  revived  episcopacy.  A  revolt  ensued 
in  1666,  when  many  Covenanters  were  slain  in  battle  (in  the 
Pentland  hills,  etc.) ;  and  many,  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  re- 
quired, and  declining  to  accept  the  king's  indulgence,  died  on 
the  scafibld,  after  undergoing  cruel  tortures.  The  name  Cam- 
eronian  is  derived  from  Richard  Cameron,  one  of  their  minis- 
ters, who  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  in  1680.  On  22  June  in  that 
year  he  and  others  issued  at  Sanquathar  a  declaration  for  re- 
ligious liberty.  The  bi-centenary  was  kept  in  1880.  In  1689 
they  raised  a  body  of  soldiers  to  support  William  III.,  who  en- 


CAM 

rolled  them  under  the  command  of  lord  Angus,  as  the  26th 
regiment,  since  so  famous  in  British  annals.  In  1712  they  re- 
newed their  public  covenants,  and  are  described  in  one  of  their 
tracts  as  '•  the  suffering  anti-popish,  and  anti-prelatical,  anti- 
erastian,  true  Presbyterian  church  of  Scotland."  They  have 
now  between  30  and  40  congregations  in  Scotland.— The  79th 
regiment  (Cameron  Highlanders),  raised  in  1793  by  Allan 
Cameron,  has  no  connection  with  the  Cameronians. 

Cameroon,  a  region  in  Africa,  made  a  German  pro- 
tectorate in  1884.  It  has  a  coast  line  on  the  Bight  of  Biafra, 
north  of  the  French  Congo  region,  of  120  miles.  Its  area  is 
about  130,000  sq.  miles.     Pop.  2,500,000. 

Cami§ard§  (from  chemise,  Lat.  camisa,  a  shirt,  which 
they  frequently  wore  over  their  dress  in  night  attacks),  a  name 
given  to  the  French  Protestants  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Cevennes  (mountain-chains  in  S.  France),  who,  after  enduring 
much  persecution  after  the  revocation  of  the  Kdict  of  Nantes, 
22  Oct.  1685,  took  up  arms  in  July,  1702,  to  rescue  some  im- 
prisoned brethren.  They  revenged  the  cruelties  of  their  ene- 
mies, and  maintained  an  obstinate  resistance  against  the  rov- 
alist  armies  commanded  by  marshal  Montrevel  and  other 
distinguished  generals  till  1705,  when  the  insurrection  was  sup- 
pressed by  marshal  Villars.  After  futile  conciliatory  efforts, 
several  of  the  heroic  leaders  suffered  death  rather  than  sur- 
render. Cavalier,  an  able  general,  unable  to  earryout  a  treaty 
made  with  Villars,  seceded  in  1704,  entered  the  British  service, 
and  died  governor  of  Jersey,  1740. 

camlet,  formerly  made  of  silk  and  camel's  hair,  but 
now  of  wool,  hair,  and  silk.  Oriental  camlet  first  came  from 
Portuguese  India  in  1660. — Anderson. 

camp.  The  Hebrew  encampment  was  first  laid  out  by 
Divine  direction,  1490  B.C.  (Numb.ii.).  The  Romans  and  Gauls 
had  intrenched  camps  in  open  plains;  and  vestiges  of  such 
exist  to  this  day  in  England  and  Scotland. 

Campag^na  (Cam-pan'ya)  di  Roma,  near  Rome. 
A  district  mostly  uncultivated  and  unhealthy,  including  the 
greater  part  of  ancient  Latium.  The  vapors  arising  from  the 
land  produce  the  pestilential  atmosphere  called  Aria  CaHiva. 
This  province  was  not  always  so  unhealthy,  but  in  the  early 
days  of  the  republic  contained  such  cities  as  Veil  and  Fidenae, 
and  under  the  empire  many  fine  villas  were  built  here.  Its 
drainage  and  planting  were  authorized  by  the  Italian  senate, 
31  May,  1878,  but  little,  however,  has  been  done. 

Campania,  S.  Italy,  was  occupied  by  Hannibal,  and 
various  cities  declared  in  his  favor,  216  B.c. ;  conquered  by  the 
Romans,  213.     Its  capital  was  Capua. 

Campbellite§  or  Ro\¥ite§,  the  followers  of  the 
rev.  John  McLeod  Campbell,  minister  of  Row,  Dumbartonshire, 
deposed  24  May,  1881,  by  the  general  assembly  of  the  church 
of  Scotland  for  teaching  universal  atonement,  and  other  doc- 
trines contrary  to  the  church's  standard.  Dr.  Campbell  estab- 
lished a  congregation  in  Glasgow  in  1833.  The  Disciplks  of 
Christ  are  also  sometimes  termed  Campbellites,  after  Alexan- 
der Campbell,  their  founder. 

Campeachy  bay,  Yucatan,  Central  America,  dis- 
covered about  1517,  and  settled  by  Spaniards  in  1540:  taken 
by  the  English  in  1659,  by  the  buccaneers  in  1678,  and  l)y  the 
freebooters  of  St.  Domingo  in  1685,  who  burned  the  town  and 
blew  up  the  citadel.  The  English  logwood-cutters  settled 
here  about  1662. 

Camperdown,  south  of  the  Texel,  Holland,  near 
which  admiral  Duncan,  of  the  English  fleet,  defeated  the 
Dutch  fleet,  commanded  by  admiral  De  Winter ;  the  latter 
losing  15  ships,  either  taken  or  destroyed,  11  Oct.  1797.  The 
British  admiral  was  made  lord  Duncan  of  Camperdown.  He 
died  suddenly  on  his  way  to  Edinburgh,  4  Aug.  1804.  Also 
the  name  of  an  English  armored  battle-ship.    Wrkcks,  1893. 

Campo  Formio,  N.  Italy.  Here  a  treaty  was  con- 
cluded between  France  and  Austria ;  the  latter  yielding  the 
Low  Countries  and  the  Ionian  islands  to  France,  and  Milan, 
Mantua,  and  Modena  to  the  Cisalpine  republic,  17  Oct.  1797. 
By  a  secret  article  the  emperor  gained  the  Venetian  dominions. 

Campu§  RaudiU§,  near  Verona,  N.  Italy.  Here 
the  Cimbri  were  defeated  with  great  slaughter  by  Marius  and 
Catulus,  101  15.C. 

(XTKIVBRSITT 


CAN 


144 


CAN 


Canaan  (k<i'nan)  is  considered  to  have  been  settled  by 
the  Canaanitos,  1965  B.C.  {Clmt(m,2088).  Abram,  by  divine 
command,  \%'cnt  into  the  land  of  Canaan,  1921  b.c.  (Gen.  xii.). 
The  land  was  divided  among  the  Israelites  by  Joshua,  1445 
B.C.  (/y«/es,  1G02).     Jkws;  Juix«A. 

Canada,  N.  America,  was  discovered  by  John  and  Se- 
bastian Cabot,  24  June,  1497.  In  1524,  a  French  expedition 
under  Verazzano  formed  a  settlement  named  New  France,  and 
in  1535  Jacques  Cartier  (a  Breton  mariner)  ascended  the  St. 
Lawrence  as  far  as  the  site  of  Montreal.  Canada  has  been 
termed  "  the  Dominion  "since  its  incorporation  with  the  other 
Anglo-American  colonies,  1  July  (Dominion  day,  since  ob- 
served as  a  holidav),  1867.  Capital,  Ottawa.  Pop.  1871, 
8,788,618;  1881,4,359,933;  1891,  4,829,4^1 .  Area,  3,393,320 
aq.  miles.     Bki  risii  America,  Fkkncii  in  Amekica. 

First  permanent  settlement  :  Quebec  founded 1608 

Cunadii  taken  by  the  Englidi,  l()i9  ;  restored 1632 

War  begins  in  1756  ;  Canada  conquered  by  the  English,  1759; 

coufirnied  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  signed 10  Feb.  1763 

legislative  council  established  ;  the  French  laws  confirmed, 

and  religious  liberty  given  to  Human  Catholics 1774 

Americans  under  Mouigomery  invade  Canada,  and  surprise 

Montreal,  Nov.  1775  ;  e.\i>elled  by  Carleton Mch.  1776 

Canada  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 1791 

"Clergy  reserves"  established  by  Pari  lament— one  seventh 
of  the  waste  lands  of  the  colony  appropriated  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  Protestant  clergy  (during  the  debates  on  this 

bill  the  quarrel  between  Mr.  Burke  and  Mr.  Fox  arose) " 

United  States  army,  under  gen.  Hull,  invade  Canada  from  De- 
troit, 12  July,  but  retire  across  the  river  to  Detroit — 8  Aug.  1812 
United  Statks.  1812-14. 

First  railway  in  Canada  opened July,  1836 

Papineau  rebellion  commences  at  Montreal  by  a  body  called 

Fils  de  la  Libi-rle 1837 

Rebels  defeated  at  St.  Eustace 14  Dec.     " 

Repulsed  at  Toronto  by  sir  F.  Head 5  Jan.  1838 

Lount  and  Mathews  (rebels)  hanged 12  Apr.     " 

Rebellion  in  Beauharnais,  3  Nov. ;  the  .insurgents  at  Napier- 
ville,  under  Nelson,  routed,  6  Nov. ;  rebellion  suppressed, 

17  Nov.     " 
Acts  for  government  of  Lower  Canada  passed,  Feb.  1838,  and 

Aug.  1839 

Upper  and  Lower  Canada  reunited 10  Feb.  1840 

Riots  in  Montreal;  parliament  house  burned 26  Apr.  1850 

Treaty  with  the  U.  S 7  June,  1854 

Grand  Trunk  railroad  of  Canada  (850  miles),  from  Quebec  to 

Toronto,  opened 12  Nov.  1856 

On  reference  to  queen  Victoria,  Ottawa,  formerly  Bytown, 

made  the  capital;  this  decision  unpopular Aug.  1858 

Canada  raises  a  regiment  of  soldiers  (made  one  of  the  line,  and 

called  the  100th) " 

Prince  of  Wales,  duke  of  Newcastle,  etc.,  arrive  at  St.  John's, 
Newfoundland,  24  July;  visit  Halifax,  30  July;  Quebec,  18 
Aug. ;  Montreal,  25  Aug. ;  Ottawa,  1  Sept. ;  leave  Canada, 
20  Sept. ;  after  visiting  the  U.  S.  embark  at  Portland,  20  Oct. ; 

and  arrive  at  Plymouth 15  Nov.  1860 

In  consequence  of  the  Trent  affair  (United  States,  1861),  3000 
British  troops  sent  to  Canada;  warlike  preparations  made, 

Dec.  1861 
British  Parliament  grant  50,000i.  for  defence  of  Canada, 

2  Mch.     " 

British  N.  American  Association  founded  in  London Jan.  1862 

J.  Sandfleld  Macdonald  premier 20-23  May,     " 

Assembly  vote  only  5000  militia  and  5000  reserve  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  country ;  discontent  in  England July,     " 

Macdonald  again  premier 20  May,  1863 

Meeting  of  delegates  from  N.  American  colonies  at  Quebec,  to 
deliberate  on  a  confederation,  10  Oct. ;  agree  on  the  bases. 

Oct  1864 

Between  20  and  30  armed  confederates  quit  Canada  and  enter 

St.  Albans,  Vt. ;  rob  tlie  banks,  steal  horses  and  stores,  flre, 

kill  one  man,  and  wound  others,  return  to  Canada,  19  Oct. ; 

13  are  arrested,  21  Oct. ;  but  are  discharged  on  technical 

grounds,  by  judge  Coursol 14  Dec.     " 

Confederation  scheme  rejected  by  New  Brunswick 7  Mch.  1865 

St.  Albans  raiders  discharged,  30  Mch. ;  Mr.  Seward  gives  up 

claim  for  their  extradition Apr.     " 

Threatened  invasion  of  the  Fenians,  9  Mch. ;  10,000  volunteers 

called  out 15  Mch.  1866 

Canadian  parliament  first  meets  at  Ottawa  ;  the  habeas-corpus 
act  suspended  ;  many  Fenians  flee  ;  35,000  men  under  arms 

(Fenians) 8  June,     " 

Discovery  of  gold  in  Hastings  county,  Canada  West Nov.     " 

Act  for  the  union  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick 
as  "  the  Dominion  of  Canada,"  the  executive  authority  be- 
ing vested  in  the  sovereign  of  Great  Britain,  represented  by 
a  gov.-gen.  (salary  10,000i.  per  annum)  and  privy  council, 
with  parliament,  to  consist  of  a  senate,  members  chosen  for 
life,  and  a  house  of  commons,  members  chosen  for  5  years, 

passed 29  Mch.  1867 

Canada  railway  loan  act  passed 12  Apr.     " 

Lord  Monck  sworn  as  viceroy  of  Canada,  under  the  Union  act, 

2  July,     " 
New  parliament  meets  at  Ottawa;  senate,  72  members;  house 
of  commons,  181 6  Nov.     " 


Agitation  against  the  confederation  in  Nova  Scotia .Jan. 

M  urder  of  Darcy  McGhee 7  Apr. 

A  Fenian  raid  into  Canada  vigorously  repelled  by  the  militia, 

about  24  May, 

Hudson's  bay  territories  purchased,  subject  to  conditions,  for 
300,000/.  (HuD.soN's  HAY) Nov. 

Some  of  the  settlors  resisting  (Rupert's  Land)  an  expedition, 
under  col.  Wolseley,  arrive  at  fort  Garry,  and  a  conciliatory 
proclamation  is  issued 23  July, 

Rupert's  Land  made  the  province  of  Manitoba  ;  Adams  G.  A. 
Archibald  first  governor lAug. 

Disputes  with  U.  S.  respecting  fishing Nov. 

Opposition  to  the  fishery  clauses  in  the  treaty  of  Wa.shington, 

June, 

By  the  British  North  America  act,  the  Parliament  of  Canada 
"may  establish  new  provinces 29  June, 

British  Columbia  united  to  the  "  Dominion  " 

Departure  of  last  battalion  of  royal  troops Nov. 

Mr.  Arch,  on  behalf  of  British  laborers,  visits  Canada.. autumn, 

Canadian  and  U.  S.  fishery  commission  (sir  Alexander  Gait  for 
Canada,  E.  T.  Kellogg  for  U.  S.,  and  M.  Delfosse,  Belgian  U. 
S.  minister)  meet  at  Halifax,  15  June;  award  $"),.'>00,000  to 
Canada,  Mr.  Kellogg  dissenting 23,  24  Nov. 

American  fishermen  in  Fortune  bay  attacked  for  breaking 
laws  respecting  fishing 6  Jan. 

Marquis  of  Lome  appointed  governor  general 14  Oct. 

Resignation  of  ministry ;  sir  John  Macdonald  forms  a  new  one, 

about  19  Oct. 

Halifax  award  paid  by  the  U.  S.  (Fish,  Fisheries) 21  Nov. 

Marquis  of  Lome  and  princess  Louise  land  at  Halifax. .  .25  Nov. 

Fortune  bay  affair  (Jan.  1878),  compensation  refused  by  the  earl 
of  Salisbury,  granted  by  lord  Granville,  but  rules  affirmed, 

2(>  Oct. 

Contract  for  new  Pacific  railway  ratified  by  the  assembly, 

1  Feb. 

P'ortune  bay  affair ;  15,000/.  awarded 28  May, 

Northwest  territory  beyond  Manitoba  divided  into  4  new  terri- 
tories—Assiniboia,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  Athabaska;  by 
order  in  council : July, 

Marquis  of  Lansdowne  arrives  at  Quebec  as  governor- general, 

22  Oct. 

Canada  offers  military  assistance  in  the  Soudan Feb. 

Insurrection  in  northwest  territories,  led  by  Louis  David  Riel, 
supported  by  French  half-breeds  and  Indians,  claiming  po- 
litical and  social  rights  alleged  to  have  been  promised  in 
1870;  government  stores  seized about  24  Mch. 

Col.  Irvine  evacuates  and  burns  fort  Carleton 25-27  Mch. 

Battleford  besieged  by  Indians 1  Apr. 

Col.  Otter,  after  a  fight,  relieves  Battleford 24  Apr. 

Gen.  Middleton  defeats  the  Indians  at  Fish  creek  after  a  severe 
conflict 24  Apr. 

Col.  Otter  defeats  Riel's  followers  near  Battleford 3  May, 

Gen.  Middleton  attacks  and  captures  Batoche,  on  the  Saskatch- 
ewan, well  defended  by  Riel  with  rifle-pits,  etc. ;  British 
success  largely  due  to  the  skill  and  courage  of  capt.  Howard, 
U.  S.  A.,  with  a  Catling  gun 9  May, 

Indian  chief  Poundmaker,  having  captured  a  supply  train  of 
31  wagons,  is  defeated,  but  supplies  are  not  recovered, 

14  May, 

Riel  surrenders  with  many  of  his  followers 15  May, 

Poundmaker  surrenders 26  May, 

Gen.  Strange  attacks  Big  Bear's"  intrenched  camp,  20  miles 
from  fort  Pitt,  but  retreats 28-29  May, 

Big  Bear  retreats 7  June, 

Riel  tried,  convicted,  and  hanged 30  July-16  Nov. 

Fisheries  dispute  between  Canada  and  U.  S. ;  Canadians  put 
the  harshest  construction  upon  the  treaty  of  1818,  seeking  to 
force  the  U.  S.  to  a  more  favorable  treaty spring, 

U.  S.  Congress  passes  a  bill  authorizing  retaliation  against  Ca- 
nadian commerce  at  the  president's  discretion 2  Mch. 

Fisheries  Retaliation  bill  passed  by  the  U.  S.  Congress.  .3  Mch. 

Wm.  O'Brien,  editor  of  United  Ireland,  arrives  at  Montreal  on 
a  mission,  11  May;  visits  Ottawa,  Toronto,  etc. ;  generally  un- 
successful, and  frequently  stoned;  leaves 28  May, 

Joint  commission  on  fisheries  dispute  (3  British,  including  J. 
Chamberlain,  and  3  U.  S.)  appointed about  30  Aug. 

British  vessels  seized  by  U.  S.  authorities  in  N.  Pacific  waters, 

2,  9, 12;  17  Aug. 

Great  railway  bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Lachine  com- 
pleted  30  July, 

Arrangements  made  for  a  fortnightly  mail  service,  etc.,  from 
London  to  the  east  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  by  govern- 
ment subsidies. Sept. 

Bill  for  trade  reciprocity  with  U.  S.  negatived  after  15  days' 
debate 7  Apr. 

Commissioners  report  the  capability  of  the  great  Mackenzie 
basin,  etc.  (about  1,260,000  sq.  miles)  for  colonization;  an- 
nounced  Sept. 

Proposed  extension  by  Manitoba  of  Red  River  railway  across 
Canadian  Pacific  railway;  opposed  by  that  company  as  inter- 
fering with  their  monopoly,  and  disallowed  by  the  Dominion 
parliament;  a  compromise  agreed  to ;  Manitoba  government 
determine  to  proceed;  Canadian  company  resists,  Oct. ;  con- 
flict, the  company  successful,  26  Oct. ;  decision  of  the  supreme 
court  in  favor  of  Manitoba  announced,  23  Dec. ;  leave  given 
to  cross  the  line 28  Jan. 

Proposed  petition  to  queen  to  make  the  governor-general  inde- 
pendent in  foreign  affairs  negatived  by  Parliament  (94-66), 

18  Feb. 

Dominion  commons  unanimously  resolve  on  adhesion  to  the 
mother  country;  a  copy  to  be  sent  to  the  queen 29  Jan. 


1870 


1871 


1873 


1877 
1878 


18S0 
1881 


1890 


CAN 

Manitoba  railway  named  the  Great  Northern  railway  of  Canada, 

Jan. 

John  Reginald  Birchall,  an  educated  Englishman,  tried  at  Wood- 
stock, Ontario,  for  the  murder  in  Niagara  swamp  of  F.  J.  Ben- 
well  (whom  he  had  decoyed  from  England  into  a  farming  part- 
nership), 17  Feb.  Birchall  wrote  a  forged  letter  to  col.  Benwell, 
requesting  him  to  send  5001.  to  his  son ;  evidence  circumstan- 
tial; 8  days'  trial;  convicted  11.45  p.m.,  29  Sept. ;  executed, 

14  Nov, 

Indians  of  Ontario  and  Quebec,  at  a  meeting  on  21  Nov.,  agree 
to  petition  the  government  to  release  them  from  the  political 
franchise,  and  to  permit  them  to  elect  their  own  chiefs  as 
formerly,  still  remaining  subject  to  the  government;  petition 
presented,  and  reserved  for  consideration,  Dec.  1890;  Parlia- 
ment dissolved 4  Feb. 

;Sir  John  Macdonald,  premier,  and  conservatives,  propose  reci- 
procity with  the  U.  S.,  only  of  natural  products;  Mr.  Laurier 
and  liberals  propose  unrestricted  reciprocity 

•Canadian  Pacific  railway  completed  by  agreement  with  New 
York  Central  for  an  entrance  to  New  York 28  Mch. 

First  steamer  of  the  Pacific  mail  service  arrives  at  Vancouver 
from  Yokohama 28  Apr. 

Death  of  sir  John  Macdonald,  aged  76,  greatly  lamented,  6  June; 
public  funeral  at  Kingston 10,  U  June, 

Hon.  John  Joseph  C.  Abbott  becomes  premier 14  June, 

Motion  in  favor  of  unrestricted  reciprocity  with  the  U.  S.,  after 
15  days'  debate,  rejected  in  the  commons,  by  a  government 
majority  of  26 29  July, 

Sir  Hector  Louis  Langevin,  minister  of  public  works,  and  his 
friend,  the  hon.  Thomas  McGreevy,  an  active  ministerialist 
M.P.,and  other  officials,  charged  by  Mr.  Tarte,  M.P.,  a  jour- 
nalist, with  corruption  in  contracts  for  government  works  in 
1890;  referred  to  standing  committee  on  privileges  and  elec- 
tions, which  met  21  July ;  sir  H.  Langevin  makes  his  defence, 
11  Aug.;  his  resignation  as  minister  accepted,  7  Sept.;  T. 
McGreevy  makes  damaging  admissions,  and  retires  to  the 
U.  S. ;  the  committee  exonerate  sir  H.  I,angevin  from  all 
charges,  except  that  of  negligence;  they  censure  T.  McGreevy, 
and  certain  officials 14  Sept. 

Report  adopted  by  the  House 25  Sept. 

St.  Clair  tunnel  connecting  the  Canadian  and  the  U.  S.  rail- 
ways running  to  Chicago  opened  by  sir  Henry  Tyler,  chair- 
man of  the  Grand  Trunk  railway 19  Sept. 

Lady  Macdonald,  widow  of  sir  John  Macdonald,  premier,  cre- 
ated a  peeress  as  baroness  Macdonald  of  Earnscliffe  by  the 
British  Parliament Oct. 

Meeting  at  Washington  of  the  representatives  of  Canada  and 
the  U.  S.  to  consider  reciprocity;  no  result 10-15  Feb. 

By  order  in  council,  the  Dominion  discriminates  against  the 
U.  S.  in  the  use  ot  the  Welland  canal 4  Apr. 

United  States,  20  Aug.  1892. 

Hon.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  originally  a  Scotch  mason,  came 
to  Canada  and  gradually  rose  till  he  became  liberal  premier, 
1873-78;  he  passed  several  important  acts  and  promoted 
great  public  works;  visited  Great  Britain  and  was  received 
at  Windsor,  1875 ;  d.  aged  70 17  Apr. 

Motion  for  a  new  reciprocity  tariff  with  Great  Britain,  adopted 
by  the  commons  at  Ottawa  (98-64) 25  Apr. 

Canal  tolls  arranged  with  the  U.  S 14  Jan. 


145 


CAN 


1891 


CANADA   PACIFIC    RAILKOAD. 

British  Columbia,  on  entering  the  confederation,  exacts  a  pledge 

that  a  railway  to  the  Pacific  shall  be  built 1871 

Government,  having  begun  the  work,  transfers  it  to  Canada 
Pacific  railroad  company,  which  agrees  to  complete  the  work 
by  the  year  1891 ;  subsidy  25,000,000  acres  of  land,  exemption 
from  tax  for  20  years;  free  entry  for  materials  imported  and 

exemption  from  rival  lines  for  20  years 1881 

Government  further  aids  the  company,  guaranteeing  sk*  interest 

for  10  years  on  $()5,000,000  of  stock 1883 

Parliament  authorizes  loan  of  $22,500,000  to  the  company  tili 

1891,  on  mortgage _  ^   _     jgg^ 

Company  embarrassed ;  government  gives  5  years'' credit  "on 

$7,300,000  due <« 

Company  still  unable  to  fulfil  contract;  ParYiainent  cancels' the 
government  lien  on  the  property,  authorizes  a  first-mortgage 
loan  of  $35,000,000  at  5%;  takes  $20,000,000  of  the  mortgage 

bonds,  and  renders  further  aid <t 

Road  opened [[[[[['lis  Mky,  1885 

Mam  Ime  from  Quebec  to  Port  Moody,  3025  miles;  branch  lines  422 
miles;  total  cost  to  the  country,  $130,000,000. 
canals.  Sesostris,  1659  b.c.,  cut  canals  for  transporting 
merchandise,  running  at  right  angles  with  the  Nile  as  far  as 
from  Memphis  to  the  sea.— Diodorus  Siculus.  Julius  Csesar, 
Caligula,  and  Nero  each  attempted  a  canal  across  the  isthmus 
of  Corinth,  The  Grand  or  Imperial  canal  of  China,  nearly  700 
miles  in  length,  from  Hang-choo-foo  to  Yan-liang  river,  dates 
back  to  the  13th  century.  Henry  II,,  about  1555  employed 
Adam  de  Crapone  to  cut  the  canal  of  Charolais,  Burgundy, 
near  Saone-et-Loire,  which  was  continued  by  Jlenry  IV.  The 
beginning  of  general  canal  navigation  in  England  dates  from 
the  opening  of  the  Bridgewater  canal  between  Worsley  and  Sal- 
ford,  about  29  miles,  17  July,  1761.  In  1790  the  "canal  mania" 
in  England  began.  The  first  canal  opened  in  the  United  States 
for  transportation  of  passengers  and  merchandise  was  the  Mid- 
dlesex canal,  connecting  Boston  with  the  Concord  river,  in 
1804.  But  the  great  era  of  canal  construction  in  the  U.  S.  was 
between  1825  and  1830 ;  13  out  of  50  important  canals  being 
then  luider  construction.  Many  of  the  older  canals  have  been 
enlarged  from  time  to  time,  and  others  have  been  partly  or 
wholly  abandoned,  competing  railways  rendering  them  un- 
profitable ;  hence  accurate  statistics  as  to  length,  size,  etc,  are 
obtained  with  difficulty.  Numerous  short  canals,  many  of  them 
meriting  the  name  of  ship  canals,  have  been  constructed  in  the 
U.  S.  and  elsewhere,  to  pass  rapids  in  navigable  rivers;  such 
are  the  Des  Moines,  the  Cascades,  the  Louisville  and  Portland, 
the  Lachine,  etc.  A  table  of  the  most  important  ship  canals 
of  the  world,  not  mentioned  elsewhere,  and  of  the  principal 
canals  of  the  U.S.  and  the  United  Kingdom  is  here  given,  show- 
ing when  first  constructed,  and  present  length  and  capacity. 


IMPORTANT  CANALS  OTHER  THAN  SHIP  CANALS.— (UNITED  STATES.) 


Erie  canal.     New  York,  1825 

Oswego 

Cayuga  and  Seneca 

Black  River  (main  line) 

€hamplain  (main  line) 

Delaware  and  Hudson 

Morris 

Lehigh 

Delaware  division 

Pennsylvania 

West  Branch  division 

Juniata  division 

Susquehanna  and  Tidewater 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio 

Dismal  Swamp 

Ohio 

Hocking  Branch 

Walholding  Branch 

Miami  and  Erie  (main  line).  Ohio. 
Illinois  and  Michigan 


Location, 


Albany  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Oswego  to  Syracuse,  N.  Y 

Geneva  to  Montezuma,  N.  Y 

Rome  to  Carthage,  N.  Y 

Waterford  to  Whitehall,  N.  Y 

Rondout,  N.  Y.,  to  Honesdale,  Pa,. 
Jersey  City  to  Phillipsburg,  N.  J. , 

Fasten  to  Coalport,  Pa 

Easton  to  Bristol,  Pa 

Columbia  to  Wilkesbarre,  Pa 


Susquehanna,  Pa. ,  to  Havre  de  Grace,  Md. 

Georgetown  to  Cumberland,  Md 

Elizabeth  river  to  Pasquotank 

Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  0 


Cincinnati  to  Toledo,  0. . 
Chicago  to  Illinois  river. 


D  /->„.„„ J    LeiiethJ  Depth,      Width 

Begun,  Opened,    j^.f    '     j./    '        j. 


1817 
1825 
1825 
1836 
1817 
1826 
1825 
1821 


1827 
1828 
1827 
1827 
1828 
1787 
1825 


1825 
1828 
1828 
1849 
1824 
1829 
1836 
1829 
1830 
1834 
1833 
1834 
1840 
1850 
1794 
1832 


1834 
1848 


35L8 

38 

22.8 

35 

66 
108 
102 

48 

60 
144 

35 

14 

45 
184.5 

29.1 
308 

41 

25 
264 

97.2 


50-60 


Locks.     Locks  in 


72 
18 
11 

109 
23 

108 
33 
55 
25 
35 
12 
4 
30 
73 
5 

144 
19 
11 
93 
15 


208x18 

208X18 

98x18 

78.5X15 

98x18 

92X15 

90X11 

87.5X22 

87.5X22 

176X17 
81X17 
81X17 
170.7X17 
90X15 
98X17.6 
78X15 
78X15 
78X15 
78X15 

100X18 


Aire  and  Calder  navigation 

Leeds  and  Liverpool 

Gloucester  and  Berkeley 

Grand  Junction 

Forth  and  Clyde 

Grand  Canal 

Royal  Canal , 

Shropshire  Union  canals 

Chester 

Ellesmere 

Birmingham  and  Iiiverpool. 

Montgomeryshire 

Shrewsbury 


(UNITED   KINGDOM.) 

Leeds  to  Goole 

Leeds  to  Liverpool 

Sharpness  to  Gloucester 

Brentford  to  Braunston 

Bowling  bay  to  Grangemouth 

Dublin  to  the  Shannon 

Dublin  to  Cloondara 

Union  formed 

River  Dee  to  Nantwich 

Carreghofa  to  Hurleston 

Autherly  to  Nantwich 

Carreghofa  to  Newton 

Wombridge  to  Shrewsbury 


1699 

.... 

36 

10 

66 

10 

1770 

1816 

127 

4 

42 

91 

1793 

.... 

17 

18 

70 

1873 

.... 

92 

.... 

.... 

1768 

1790 

35 

10 

66 

39 

1765 

1788 

89 

6 

40 

6 

1789 

1822 

92 

6 

1846 

.... 

.... 

1772 

1776 

20 

1793 

1806 

86 

1826 

1835 

53 

1794 

1820 

25 

1793 

1797 

22 

215X22 
76X15 

100X24 
80X14.6 
74X20 
70X14.5 


CAN 


146 


CAN 


SHIP  CANALS.    (Suez,  Panama,  Nicaragua.) 


United  States. —S&»\t  Ste.  Marie 
canal | 

Cape  Cod  canal 

Harlem  canal 

CofKM/o.— Wclland  «'anal 

A^/«n<^— Manchester  ship  canal.. . 
;S<»</<ind.— Caledonian  ship  canal. . . 

#Vwic#.— Havre  to  Tancarville ! 

Germany.— north  Sea  and  Biiltio. . .  I 

Helginm.— Ghent  and  Ternenzen 

i/oWum/.— Amsterdam  ship  canal. . . 

North  Holland I 

5w«irn.— Trolhatta  canal 

GOta  canal 

J8i««a.— Poutiloff  canal 

6^c«.— Corinth  canal [ 

Egypt. — Suez  canal : 


Around  St.  Mary's  falls 

Buzzard's  bay  to  Barustnl)le  bay 

Kast  river  to  the  Hudson 

Lake  Krio  to  lake  Ontario 

Manchester  to  Eastham 

Inverness  Forth  and  loch  Eil 

1  Havre  to  Harllcur ) 

(  Hartleur  to  Tancarville ) 

Mouth  of  the  Elbe  to  the  gulf  of  Kiel 

(Jhent  to  the  river  Scheldt 

Amsterdam  west  to  the  North  sea 

I^ke  Y  to  Nieuwe-Diep 

Lake  Wener  to  GOta  river 

Lake  Wener  to  the  Baltic  sea , 

Neva,  above  St.  I'etersburg  to  Cronstadt. . 

Crossing  isthmus  of  Corinth , 

Crossing  isthmus  of  Suez 


1855 


1888 
1824 
1887 
1804 


1887 
1824 
1865 
1819 


1811 

1878 


1858 


I8ft3 
1823 


1878 
187(5 
1825 
1800 
1832 
1885 


27 
35.5 


15.5 

60 
21 
15.5 
52 
22 
115 
18 
4 
90 


20 
23 

u" 

26 

17-20 

19.5 

1L5 

28 

20 

23 

18.5 

1*2.6 

10 

22 


Width, 
Feet. 


200 
400 

172* 
120 

62 

8Li 
197 
173 
197 
123.  J 

85* 


-240 
.5 


No.  of  Slie  of  Largest 
Lock*.     Locks  in  Feet. 


2 

tidal 

tidal 
5 
16 

58 


800X100 


270X45 
550x60 
170X40 

590.5X52.5 

1180X1% 

390x59 
237X51 

121.36X22.96 


Canary  iMlailddi,  6'2i  geographic  miles  from  the  N. 
VV.  African  coast,  lying  between  27°  40'  and  29°  25'  N.  lat., 
and  13°  25'  and  18°  IC  W.  Ion.,  known  to  the  ancients  as  the 
Fortunate  isles.  The  first  meridian  was  referred  to  the  Canary 
isles  bj'  Hipparchus,  about  140  b.c.  They  were  rediscovered 
by  a  Norman  named  Bethencourt  about  1400 ;  his  descendants 
sold  them  to  the  Spaniards,  who  became  masters,  1483.  The 
canary-bird,  a  native  of  these  isles,  brought  to  England  about 
1500.  Teneriffe,  the  largest  island,  has  the  "  peak  of  TenerifFe," 
12,198  feet  high.  Ferro,  the  most  .southwest,  was  made  the 
French  meridian  by  Louis  XIII.  in  1632. 

Can'dahar,  a  province  of  Afghanistan  held  by  Duranis 
and  Ghilzais.  Candahar,  the  capital,  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Alexander  the  Great  (334-323  b.c.).  Subject  to 
successive  rulers  of  India,  then  made  capital  of  Afghanistan 
by  Ahmed  Shah,  1747,  the  seat  of  government  transferred  to 
Cabool  in  1774.     Afghanistan. 

Taken  and  held  by  the  British 7  Aug.  1839  to  22  May,  1842 

Gen.  Nott  (with  maj.  Rawlinson  and  maj.  Lane)  defeated  the 
Afghans  near  here Jan.  and  June,     " 

Government  of  Candahar  conferred  on  Shere  Ali  (a  cousin  of 
the  late  ameer  Shere  Ali),  with  the  title  of  M'a/i,  by  the  vice- 
roy of  India. Apr.  1880 

Shere  Ali  resigned,  and  went  to  Calcutta  in Dec.     " 

After  the  disaster  of  Maiwand,  27  July,  1880,  Candahar  was 
held  by  the  British  during  the  winter 1880-81 

In  the  House  of  Lords,  on  the  earl  of  Lytton's  motion  to  retain 
Candahar,  165  voted  for  its  retention,  76  against 5  Mch.  1881 

House  of  Commons,  on  Mr.  Stanhope's  motion  for  reten- 
tion. 336  voted  against  it,  216  for  it 24-26  Mch.     " 

C:indahar  evacuated  by  the  British 16-21  Apr.     " 

Candia,  the  ancient  Crete,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea,  celebrated  for  its  100  cities,  its  centre  Mount  Ida,  the 
laws  of  its  king  Minos,  and  its  labyrinth  to  secure  the  Mino- 
taur (about  1300  B.C.).  It  was  conquered  by  the  Romans, 
68  ac.     Area,  2949  sq.  miles ;  pop.  estimated,  294,192.       ^  jj 

Seized  by  the  Saracens 823 

Retaken  by  the  Greeks 961 

Sold  to  the  Venetians Aug.  1204 

Rebelled ;  reduced 1364 

Gained  by  the  Turks,  after  a  24  years'  siege,  during  which  more' 

than  200,000  men  perished 1669 

Ceded  to  the  Egyptian  pacha. 1830 

Restored  to  Turkey 1840 

Insurrections  supi)ressed,  1841 ;  by  conciliation 18.58 

Persecution  of  the  Christians 31  July,  1859 

Christians  demand  redress  of  grievances June,  1866 

They  establish  a  "sacred  battalion  " 12  Aug.      " 

Kubiish  an  address  to  the  powers  protecting  Greece 21  Aug.     " 

Cretan  general  assembly  proclaim  the  abolition  of  the  Turkish 

authority,  and  union  with  Greece 2  Sept.     " 

Commencement  of  hostilities;  the  Turkish  army  commanded 

by  Mustapha  Pacha. 11  Sept.     " 

Proposition  of  Austria,  Prussia,  Italy,  and  Switzerland  to  the 

sultan  to  give  up  Candia,  28  Mch. ;  declined 31  Mch.  1867 

Collective  note  from  Russia  and  other  powers  urging  the  Porte 

to  suspend  hostilities 15  Juue      " 

Assembly  of  delegates  meet  the  vizier 22  Sept.'     " 

In.surrection  subsides;  the  grand  vizier  arrives,  '16  Sept. ;  pro- 
claims an  amnesty,  and  promises  reforms 5  Nov.     " 

Delegates'  demands  granted 11  Pec      " 

War  renewed  (indecisive) Feb.  1868 

Provisional  government  surrendered 30  Dec.     " 

New  Turkish  governor,  Omar  Fenizi,  arrives,  and  the  blockade, 

began  1866,  ends 8  Mch.  1869 

Insurrection  announced,  with  provisional  government, 

about  20  Dec.  1877 
Union  with  Greece  proclaimed,  21  Jan. ;  decreed  by  a  general 

11  Feb.  1878 


Insurrection  unsubdued;  anarchy;  Berlin  treaty  declares  for 

enforcing  legal  and  pol  tical  reforms 13  July,  1878 

Pacification  by  Muklitar  Pacha  through  concession  of  self  gov- 
ernment, etc Oct.     " 

Religious  insurrection Feb.  1884 

Christian  notables  appeal  to  the  sultan  for  a  Christian  gov- 
ernor, and  to  Greece  and  other  powers  for  mediation. . .  Mch.     " 
Anarchy  through  party  strife  of  Christians  and  Mahometans, 
May-June;  Turkish  troops  sent  to  Crete,  13  June;  provis- 
ional government  formed  to  restore  order 13  June,  1889 

An  insurgent  assembly  demands  a  constituent  assembly,  ju- 
dicial reforms,  and  dismissal  of  the  governor;  the  peo])le 

neutral about  1  July,     " 

Insurrection  increasing;  call  for  annexation  to  Greece,   or 

British  protection about  25  July,     " 

Note  from  the  Greek  government  to  the  powers,  urging  inter- 
vention in  Crete,  6  Aug. ;  they  decline,  leaving  the  settle- 
ment to  the  sultan,  9-12  Aug. ;  about  17,000  Turkish  troops 

in  Crete  reported 7  Aug.     " 

Martial  law  proclaimed 14  Aug.     " 

I'artial  submission  of  insurgents;  amnesty  promised. .  .17  Aug.     " 
Tranquillity  gradually  restored  by  Turkish  moderate  firmness, 
1  Sept.     " 

I  Notables  address  the  sultan,  thanking  him  for  his  good  gov- 

I      ernment 28  Jan.  1890 

I  Turkish  circular  to  the  great  powers,  reporting  the  pacifica- 
j      tion  of  Crete,  6  Mch. ;  amnesty,  except  to  18  persons  con- 

j       victed  of  crimes,  announced 11  Mch.     " 

Great  return  of  refugees  from  Greece about  10  Alay,     " 

CandlCinaiS<-day,  2  Feb.,  is  kept  in  the  church  in 
memory  of  the  purification  of  the  Virgin,  who  presented  the 
infant  Jesus  in  the  Temple ;  so  called  from  the  candles  lit  (it 
is  said  in  memory  of  Simeon's  song,  Luke  ii.  32,  ''  a  light  to 
lighten  the  Gentiles,"  etc.).  Its  origin  is  ascribed  by  Bede  to 
pope  Gelasius  in  the  5th  century.  The  practice  of  lighting 
the  churches  was  forbidden  by  order  of  council,  2  Edw.  VI. 
1548;  but  is  still  continued  in  the  church  of  Rome.  Candle- 
mas is  a  Scotch  quarter-day. 

candlei.  The  Roman  candles  were  composed  of  string 
surrounded  by  wax,  or  dipped  in  pitch.  Splinters  of  wood 
fatted  were  used  for  light  among  the  lower  classes  in  England, 
about  1300.  Wax  candles  were  little  used,  and  dipped  can- 
dles were  usually  burned.  The  Wax-chandlers'  Company  was 
incorporated  1484.  Mould-candles  are  said  to  be  the  inven- 
tion of  the  sieur  Le  Brez,  of  Paris.  Spermaceti  candles  are 
modern.  Candles  are  also  niaiie  from  wax  of  the  bay  or  candle- 
berry-tree  (Mj/7ica  cey-iferd).  The  duty  upon  candles  made 
in  England,  imposed  in  1709,  amounted  to  about  500,000/.  an- 
nually, when  repealed  in  1831.  Great  improvements  in  the 
manufacture  of  candles  are  due  to  the  researches  on  oils  and 
fats  carried  on  by  "  the  father  of  the  fatty  acids,"  Chevreul, 
since  181 1,  and  published  in  1823.  At  Price's  manufactory  at 
Lambeth,  the  principles  involved  in  many  patents  are  carried 
into  execution;  including  those  of  Gwynne  (1840),  Jones  and 
Price  (1842),  and  Wilson  in  1844,  for  candles  which  require 
no  snuffing  (J termed  composite).  Palm  and  cocoa-nut  oils  are 
also  used.  Paraffine,  a  substance  first  discovered  in  petroleum 
bj'  Buckner  in  1820,  and  as  a  product  of  the  distillation  of 
wood  by  Reichenbach  in  1830,  is  now  through  the  discoveries 
of  Dr.  James  Young,  1847-50,  extensively  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  candles.  In  1870  the  manufacture  of  candles  from 
a  mineral  substance  named  ozokerit  began.  Electric  candles 
of  Jablochkoff  and  Jamin,  Electricity.  The  Emery  Candle 
Company  of  Cincinnati  are  the  largest  manufacturers  of  can- 
dles in  the  United  States.    Incorporated  in  1887.    The  largest 


CAN  147 

in  the  world  are  the  Price  Patent  Candle  company  works  near 
London,  Engl. 

candle§ticks  or  lainp-$tand§,  with  7  branches, 
were  regarded  as  emblematical  of  the  priest's  office,  and  were  en- 
graven on  their  seals,  cups,  and  tombs.  Bezaleel  made  "a  candle- 
stick of  pure  gold  "  for  the  tabernacle,  1491  b.c.  (Exod.  xxxvii. 
17).  Candlesticks  were  used  in  Britain  in  the  days  of  king 
Edgar,  959  ( "  silver  candelabra  and  gilt  candelabra  well  and 
honorably  made  "). 

Candy  or  Kandy.    Ceylon. 
Canicular  Period.    Dog-days. 

Can'niie,  a  small  village  in  Apulia,  Italy,  where,  on  Aug. 

2,  216  B.C.  (or  in  June,  corrected  date),  Hainiibal,  with  50,000 

Africans,  Gauls,  and  Spaniards,  defeated  Paulus  J^^milius  and 

Terentius  Varro,  with  88,000  Romans.    The  Roman  army  was 

nearly  annihilated.    Among  the  slain  was  the  consul  ^milius, 

his  chief  officers,  and  above  80  senators.     Hannibal  lost  about 

6000  men.     The  consul  Varro  escaped  with  a  few  cavalry; 

him  the  Roman  senate  thanked  instead  of  blaming,  because 

"he  had  not  despaired  of  the  Roman  commonwealth." 

can'nibal,  an  Indian  term,  thought  to  be  a  form  of 

Carribal ;  as  Columbus,  in  1493,  found  the  Cakibs  of  the  West 

Indies  cannibals.    Anfhropopkayi  (man-eaters)  are  mentioned 

by  Homer  and  Herodotus.     Cannibalism  is  still  practised  in 

some  South-sea  islands  and  other  savage  countries. 

cannon.     Gibbon  describes  a   cannon    employed  by 

Mahomet  II.  at  the  siege  of  Adrianople,  1453.     Artillery, 

Fire-arms. 

First  cannon  cast  in  England  was  by  Hugget,  at  Uckfleld,  Sus- 
sex, 1543. 

Mons  Meg,  a  large  cannon  (above  13  ft.  long,  20  in.  calibre)  in 
Edinburgh  castle,  said  to  have  been  cast  at  Mons,  in  Hainault, 
in  1486,  but  more  probably  forged  at  castle  Douglas,  Galloway, 
by  three  brothers  named  .McKim,  and  presented  by  them  to 
James  II.  at  the  siege  of  Thrieve  castle,  1455.  It  was  re- 
moved to  London,  1754;  but,  at  the  request  of  sir  Walter 
Scott,  restored  to  Edinburgh,  1829. 

A  cannon  of  .Mahomet  II.,  dated  1464,  presented  to  the  British 
government  by  the  sultan  of  Turkey,  and  placed  in  the 
Artillery  museum,  Woolwich,  1868. 

JUoolk-e-Maedan,  an  Indian  bronze  gun  of  Beejapoor,  calibre  23 
in. ;  17th  century. 

At  Ehrenbreitstein  castle,  opposite  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine,  is  a 
cannon,  18^  ft.  long,  1)4  ft.  in  diameter  in  the  bore,  and  3  ft. 
4  in.  in  the  breech;  the  ball  for  it  weighs  180  lbs.,  and  its 
charge  of  powder  94  lbs.     It  was  made  by  one  Simon 1529 

In  Dover  castle  is  a  brass  gun  (called  queen  Elizabeth's  pocket- 
pistol).  24  ft.  long,  a  present  from  Charles  V^  to  Henry  VIII. 

Fine  specimens  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

A  leathern  cannon  fired  3  times  in  the  king's  park,  Edinburgh 
(Phillips) 23  Oct.  1788 

Turkish  piece  now  in  St.  James's  park,  London,  taken  by 
French  at  Alexandria;  was  retaken,  and  placed  in  the  park, 

Mch.  1803 

Messrs.  Horsfall's  monster  wrought-iron  gun  completed,  May, 
1856,  at  Liverjiool,  is  15  ft.  10  in.  long,  weighs  21  tons  17 
cwt.  1  qr.  14  lbs.,  and  cost  3500^.  With  a  charge  of  25  lbs. 
the  shot  struck  a  target  2000  yards  distant.  It  has  been 
since  presented  to  government.    Wm.  G.  Armstrong  knighted, 

18  Feb.  1859 

Armstrong  had  been  working  for  4  years  on  gun-making,  and  had 
succeeded  in  producing  "a  breech-loading  rifled  wrought-iron 
gun  of  great  durability  and  of  extreme  lightness,  combining 
a  great  extent  of  range  and  extraordinary  accuracy."  The 
range  of  a  32-lb.  gun  charged  with  5  lbs.  of  powder  was  a 
little  more  than  5  miles.  The  Armstrong  gun  is  said,  at 
equal  distances,  to  be  57  times  more  accurate  than  common 
artillery,  which  it  greatly  exceeds,  also,  in  destructive  ef- 
fects. The  British  government  engaged  the  services  of  sir  W. 
Armstrong  for  10  years  (commencing  with  1855)  for  20,000^., 
as  consulting  engineer  of  rifled  ordnance 22  Feb.     " 

Mr.  Whitworth's  guns  and  rifles  greatly  commended 1860-70 

An  American  cannon,  weighing  35  tons,  then  the  largest  in  the 
world,  cnst 1860 

Targets  1  ke  the  sides  of  the  English  man-of-war  Wari-ior,  3 
5-in.  plates  of  wrought-iron  bolted  together,  pierced  3  times 
by  156-lb.  shot  from  an  ArmsfVong  gun,  smooth  bore,  muzzle- 
loaded  with  charges  of  40  lbs.  powder,  twice,  and  once  of 
50  lbs 8  Apr.  1862 

Horsfall  gun,  with  a  charge  of  75  lbs.  powder  and  a  shot  of  270 
lbs. ,  smashed  a  Warrior  target Ifi  Sept.      " 

Armstrong's  gun,  "Big  Will,"  tried  and  pronounced  to  be  per- 
fect; weight,  22  tons;  length.  15  ft. ;  range  with  shot  weigh- 
ing 510  lbs.,  748  to  4187  yards 19  Nov.  1863 

Capt.  Palliser,  by  experiment,  has  shown  that  iron  shot  cast  in 
cold  iron  moulds,  instead  of  hot  sand,  is  much  harder  and 
equals  steel;  he  also  suggested  lining  cast-iron  guns  with 
wrought-iron  exits 1864 

At  Shoeburyness,  Palliser's  chilled  metal  shet  (250  lbs.),  by  43 
lbs.  of  powder,  in  a  9-in.  muzzle-loading  wrought-iron  Wool- 


CAN 

wich  rifle  gun,  is  sent  through  a  target  of  8  in.  rolled  iron,  18 

in.  teak,  and  %  in.  iron,  and  about  20  ft.  beyond 13  Sept 

[His  patent  is  dated  27  May,  18(;3.  James  Nasmyth  had 
previously  suggested  the  use  of  chilled  iron.] 

American  15-in.  naval  gun,  with  a  cast-iron  spherical  shot  (453 
lbs.),  greatly  damages  an  8- in.  target;  other  experiments  at 
Shoeburyness 23  July 

Contmued  experiments  at  Shoeburyness;  Plymouth  model  fort' 
with  15-in.  solid  shield-plates,  tried  with  23-ton  gun  of  12-in' 
bore,  bearing  (500-lb.  Palliser  shot;  exterior  of  fort  destroyed  • 
interior  intact;  the  10-in.  English  gun  shown  to  be  superior 
to  American  and  Prussian  great  guns 16-24  June 

"Woolwich  Infant,"  35  tons;  largest  gun  then  ever  made- 
length,  16  ft.  3  in. ;  formed  of  a  steel  tube  with  coiled  breech- 
piece  ;  designed  to  fire  a  700-lb.  projectile,  with  120-lb.  charge- 
made  at  Woolwich  in  1870;  when  tried  in  Dec.  1871  the  in- 
ner tube  cracked ;  others  made ' 

"  Woolwich  Infant,"  experimental  gun  constructing  at  Wool- 
wich-80  tons,  27  ft.  long;  for  1650-lb.  shot,  300  lbs.  of  pow- 
der          .May, 


1867 


1872 
1874 


81-ton  gun  tried  at  Woolwich;  shot,  1250  lbs.,  190  lbs.  of  jww 
der;  12  men  rammed  in  the  charge;  shot  penetrated  50  ft  or 
sand;  tried  successfully  18  Sept.  1875;  24-26  July,  with  370 
lbs.  of  powder 4  ^,jg   jj^rjg 

Gen.  von  Uchatius's  steel  bronze  cannon  making  at  Vienna 
Sept.  1875;  reported  successful Sept'     " 

Sir  William  Armstrong's  100-ton  gun  for  Italy  tried  success- 
fully at  Spezzia;  2000-lb.  shot  and  330  lb.s.  of  powder,  21  Oct.     " 

81-ton  (or  80- ton)  gun  tried  at  Shoeburyness  for  sea  range  with 
1760-lb.  Palliser  shell,  27  Sept.  et  seq.  1876,  and 1  Feb.  1877 

4  100-ton  guns  by  Armstrong  ordered  by  British  government, 

Mch.  1878 

A  100  ton  gun  tried  at  Woolwich,  13  June;  finally  proved, 

16  July,  1879 

Great  guns  by  Krupp  successfully  tried  at  .Meppen,  Hanover, 

5-8  Aug.     " 

Breech-loading  cannon  ordered  to  be  made Dec.     " 

A  Krupp  gun,  130  tons,  cast  for  Italy Oct  1884 

Sir  Wm.  Armstrong's  111-ton  gun  tried  at  Woolwich;  length 
43  ft.  8  in.,  charge  960  lbs.  of  gunpowder,  weight  of  projec- 
tile 1800  lbs.,  range  of  about  8  miles;  said  to  be  the  largest 
gun  in  the  world •. .j„ne,  1887 

Graydon  torpedo  projector  announced Mch.  1889 

Zalinski  gun  for  the  projection  of  dynamite  adopted  by  the 
U.  S.  for  coast  defence,  Feb.  1889;  by  the  British  government, 

Feb.  1890 

Messrs.  Krupp,  of  Essen,  make  a  gun  weighing  270,000  lbs., 
for  Cronstadt;  reported 10  Mch.     " 

Giffard  gun,  in  which  the  propelling  agent  is  liquefied  carbonic 
acid  gas,  the  invention  of  Paul  Giflard,  a  French  engineer; 
the  gas  is  said  to  be  cheaply  manufactured,  liquefied,  and 
stored;  many  experiments  on  the  continent  reported  success- 
ful, 1889-90;  M.  Giffard  exhibited  and  discharged  rifles,  illus- 
trating his  inventions  in  London  before  a  number  of  distin- 
guished persons 18  July,     " 

Hotchkiss  Ordnance  Company,  registered  1887;  their  weapons 
effective  in  suppressing  the  Indian  revolt  in  the  U.  S. . .  Dec.     " 

Lieut.  James  W.  Graydon,  late  of  U.  S.  navy,  invents  the 
Graydon  dynamite  gun,  in  which  dynamite  shells  are  dis- 
charged by  means  of  condensed  air,  the  force  of  the  dyna- 
mite being  moderated  by  means  of  non-conductors  of  heat; 
one  of  these  guns  manuf^^ctured  by  Taunton  &  Co..  Bir- 
mingham  .Jan.  1891 

cannon  in  the  United  States.  Cannon  were  cast  at 
Lynn,  Mass.,  by  Henry  Leonard,  in  1647,  and  at  Orr's  found- 
ery,  Bridgewater,  1648.  In  1735  the  Hope  furnace  was  estab- 
lished in  Rhode  Island,  where  6  heavy  cannon,  ordered  by  the 
state,  were  cast  in  1775.  The  heaviest  guns  used  at  this  time 
were  18-pounders. 

William  Denning  makes  wrought-iron  cannon  of  staves  bound 
together  with  wrought-iron  bands,  and  boxed  and  breeched.  1790 

Board  of  ordnance  established 1812 

Col.  Bomford,  of  the  U.  S.  ordnance  department,  invents  a 
cannon  called  the  Columbiad;  a  long  chambered  piece  for 
projecting  solid  shot  and  shell  with  a  heavy  charge  of  pow- 
der      " 

West  Point  foundery  established  under  special  patronage  of  the 
government 1817 

First  contract  of  Gouverneur  Kemble,  president,  for  the  West 
Point  Foundery  Association,  for  32  42-pounders,  long  guns, 

11  July,  1820 

First  gun  rifled  in  America  at  the  South  Boston's  Iron  Com- 
pany's foundery 1834 

Cyrus  Alger  patents  and  makes  the  first  malleable  iron  guns 
cast  and  converted  in  an  oven 1836 

Earliest  piece  of  heavy  ordnance  cast  at  the  South  Boston 
foundery,  a  10-in.  columbiad,  under  the  supervision  of  col. 
Bomford;  wei^'ht,  14,500  lbs.;  shot,  130  lbs. ;  shell,  90  lbs.; 
charge  of  powder,  18  lbs 6  Sept.  1839 

Board  of  ordnance  sent  to  Europe  to  inspect  European  ord- 
nance and  ordnance  works ^' 

Character  of  "gun  iron"  definitely  fi.xed  by  the  "metallo- 
dynamoter,"  a  testing-machine  invented  by  major  Wade.. . .  1840 

South  Boston  Iron  Company  erect  the  heaviest  shops  then  in 
the  U.  S.  for  the  manufacture  of  ordnance 1842 

First  12-in.  columbiad;  weight,  25,510  lbs.;  extreme  range, 
5761  yds. ;  weight  of  shell,  172  lbs. ;  charge  of  i)owder,  20  lbs. ; 
cast  at  the  South  Boston  foundery 8  July,  1846 


CAN 


148 


CAN 


DablgreQ  guu,  of  Iron,  cast  solid  and  cooled  from  the  exterior, 
very  thick  at  breach  uud  diminishing  to  muzzle;  first  cast, 

'  May,  1850 

Rodman  gun.  a  columbiad  model,  smooth  bore,  made  by  the 
Kixlmau  process  of  hollow  cjisting.  cooled  from  the  interior; 

adopted  by  the  V.  S.  for  all  sea  coast  oinnou 18(50 

First  10  pound  Parrott  gnu.  *'f  'rou  cast  hollow,  cooled  from 
the  inside  and  strengthened  by  an  exterior  tube  made  of 
wrought  iron  bars  spirally  coiled  and  shrunk  on;  made  at 

the  West  Point  foundery '. " 

15  in.  Rodman  gun,  weighing  49,000  lbs.,  cast  by  the  South 

Boston  Iron  Coni|wny " 

Parrott  gun  first  put  to  test  of  active  warfare  in  the  battle  of 

Bull  Run 21July,  1861 

S.  B.  Dean,  of  South  Boston  Iron  Company,  patents  a  process 
of  rough  boring  bronze  guns  and  forcibly  expanding  the 

boro  to  its  finished  size  by  means  of  mandrels 1869 

Pneuiiiiitic  dynamite  torpedo-gun  built  and  mounted  at  fort 

Ijifayette  (founded  on  invention  of  D.  M.  Meflbrd  of  Ohio)..  1885 
Congress  makes  an  appropriation  for  the  esUiblishment  of  a 

plant  for  gun-making  at  the  Watervliet  arsenal. West  Troy. .  1889 
Manufacture  of  heavy  ordnance  begun  at  the  Washington  navy- 
yard 1890 

caiioe.  In  the  Rob  Roy,  a  lightly-constructed  canoe, 
"giving  the  pleasure  of  a  yacht  without  the  expense,"  J. 
Macgregor,  in  1865,  travelled  about  1000  miles  on  the  rivers 
and  lakes  of  Europe.  His  second  cruise  was  on  the  Baltic. 
He  explored  the  Suez  canal,  Nov.,  and  the  rivers  of  Syria, 
Dec.  1868,  and  the  canals  and  lakes  of  Holland  in  the  summer 
of  1871.  The  Octoroon  (16  feet  long,  23  inches  broad)  crossed 
the  Channel  from  Boulogne  to  Dover  in  11  hours,  19  Aug. 
1867.  The  Royal  Canoe  Club  founded,  1866 ;  the  prince  of 
Wales  president,  1876.  There  are  several  canoe  clubs  in  the 
United  States,  and  an  annual  canoe  regatta  is  held  at  lake 
(Jeorge,  N.  Y.  The  most  remarkable  canoe  voyages  made  in 
the  U.  S.  have  been  those  of  N.  H.  Bishop,  of  lake  George, 
■who  sailed  and  paddled,  upon  inland  water-ways,  from  the 
Canada  line,  via  New  York,  Norfolk,  and  Charleston,  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  on  one  voyage ;  and  on  another,  down  the 
Oliio  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Kew  York  Canoe  Club,  first  in  U.  S.,  organized autumn,  1870 

Mr.  Fowler  crossed  from  Boulogne  to  Sandgate  standing  in  an 

india-rubber  twin  canoe  (the  Podoscaphe)  in  12  hours,  19  Aug.  1878 
American  Canoe  Association,  organized  at  lake  George,  N.  Y., 

3  Aug.  1880 

canon,  a  piece  of  music  in  two  or  more  parts,  echoing 
each  other.  "  Non  nobis,  Domine,"  by  Birde  (d.  1523),  is  an 
early  specimen. 

Canonicus,  chief  of  the  Narragansetts.  Massachu- 
setts, 1622. 

canonization  of  pious  men  and  martyrs  as  saints 
was  instituted  by  pope  Leo  HI.,  800. — Tallent.  Every  day 
in  the  calendar  is  now  a  saint's  day.  The  first  canonization 
by  the  pope  was  of  St.  Udalricus,  Ulric,  in  993.  Previously 
it  was  by  the  bishops  and  people.— //«««?/ /^  On  8  June,  1862, 
the  pope  canonized  27  Japanese,  who  had  been  put  to  death 
on  5  Feb.  1597,  near  Nagasaki,  and  25  others,  on  29  June, 
1867.  Among  persons  canonized  by  pope  Pius  IX.  in  Oct. 
1872,  was  the  late  queen  of  Naples.  Sir  Thomas  More,  bishop 
John  Fisher,  and  others  were  canonized,  Jan.  1887. 

canons,  apostolical,  ascribed  to  the  apostles  by 
Bellarmin  and  Baronius,  by  others  to  St.  Clement,  are  certainly 
of  much  later  date  (since  325).  The  Greek  church  allows  85, 
the  Latin  50  of  them.  The  first  ecclesiastical  canon  was  pro- 
mulgated 380. —  Usher.  Canon-law  of  the  church  was  intro- 
duced into  Europe  by  Gratian  about  1140,  and  into  England 
in  1154.— -S/ow;.  Decretals.  The  present  canons  and  con- 
stitutions of  the  church  of  England,  collected  from  former 
ordinances,  were  established  in  1603  by  the  clergy  in  convo- 
cation, and  ratified  by  king  James  I.,  1604,  A  new  body  of 
canon.s,  formed  by  the  convocation  in  1640,  were  declared  un- 
lawful by  the  commons,  16  Dec.  1641.— An  intermediate  class 
of  religious,  between  priests  and  monks,  in  the  8th  cfutury, 
were  termed  canons,  as  living  by  a  rule.  Canons  in  some  of 
the  English  cathedrals  and  collegiate  churches  resemble  the 
prebendaries  in  others.  Endowment  of  canonries  was  facili- 
tated by  the  Cathedrals  act,  1873. 

Cano'pus,  an  ancient  city  of  Lower  Egypt,  now  a  heap 
of  ruins,  on  the  INIediterranean,  about  15  miles  to  the  east  of  the 
present  city  of  Alexandria.  Said  to  have  been  so  named  by 
Canopus,  the  pilot  of  Menelaus'in  the  Trojan  expedition,  and 
who  it  is  said  died  here.     Stars. 


Canossa,  a  castle  in  Modena.  Here  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.  of  (Jermany  submitted  to  penance  imposed  by  his 
enemy,  pope  (iregory  VII.  (Hildebrand),  then  living  at  the 
castle,  the  residence  of  the  countess  Matilda.  Henry  was  ex- 
posed for  several  days  to  the  inclemency  of  winter,  Jan.  1077, 
till  the  pope  admitted  him,  and  granted  absolution.  Matilda 
greatly  increased  the  temporal  power  of  the  papacy  by  be- 
queathing to  it  her  large  estates,  to  the  injury  of  her  second 
husband,  Guelph,  duke  of  Bavaria.  A  Canossa  monument, 
near  Harzburg,  was  inaugurated  26  Aug.  1877,  commemorating 
the  arrogance  of  the  popes. 

Can'terbury,  Kent,  Engl.,  the  Durovemum  of  the 
Romans,  and  capital  of  Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  who  reigned 
560-616.  He  was  converted  to  Christianity  by  Augustin,  596, 
upon  whom  he  bestowed  many  favors,  giving  him  land  for 
an  abbey  and  cathedral,  602.  St.  Martin's  churcVi  is  the  oldest 
Saxon  church  in  Britain.  The  riot  at  Boughton,  near  Canter- 
bury, produced  by  a  fanatic  called  Tom  or  Thon),  who  assumed 
the  name  of  sir  William  Courtenaj',  occurred  28-31  May,  1838. 
Thomites.  The  railway  to  London  was  completed  in  1846. 
I  — The  archbishop  is  primate  and  metropolitan  of  all  England, 
I  and  the  first  peer  in  the  realm,  having  precedence  of  all  officers 
I  of  state,  and  of  all  dukes  not  of  the  blood  royal.  Bishops  in 
j  England.  Canterbury  had  formerly  jurisdiction  over  Ireland, 
I  and  the  archbishop  was  styled  a  patriarch.  This  see  has  yielded 
j  to  the  church  of  Rome  18  saints  and  9  cardinals,  and  to  the  civil 
j  state  of  England  12  lord  chancellors  and  4  lord  treasurers.  This 
see  was  made  sii])erior  to  York,  1073.  York.  The  revenue  is 
valued  in  the  king's  books  at  2816^.  7s.  9(i. — Beatson.  Present 
income,  15,000/.  The  cathedral  was  sacked  by  the  Danes, 
1011,  and  burned  down,  1067;  rebuilt  by  Lanfranc  and  Anselm, 
and  the  choir,  completed  by  the  prior  Conrad  in  1130,  and  in 
which  Becket  was  murdered,  1170,  was  burned,  1174.  It  was 
partly  rebuilt  by  William  of  Sens  (1174-78),  and  completed 
by  William  Anglus,  "  English  William,"  1178-84.  A  new 
nave  was  built  and  other  parts,  1378-1410.  The  great  central 
tower  was  erected  by  prior  Goldstone  about  1495.  The  gor- 
geous shrine  of  Becket,  built  1175,  was  stripped  at  the  Refor- 
mation, and  his  bones  burned.  This  shrine  was  thronged  for 
3  centuries  by  pilgrims  and  worshippers  of  all  classes,  from 
kings  and  emperors  down,  a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  becoming 
not  only  a  pious  exercise,  but  a  fashionable  summer  excursion. 
Chaucer  has  given  us  an  admirable  picture  of  one  in  his 
"Canterbury  Tales."  Here  were  interred  Edward  the  Black 
Prince,  Henry  IV.,  cardinal  Pole,  and  other  distinguished  per- 
sons. Part  of  the  roof  was  destroyed  by  an  accidental  fire,  and 
the  edifice  narrowly  escaped,  3  Sept.  1872.  The  clock-tower 
was  nearly  on  fire,  2  June,  1876.  Huguenots.  There  have 
been  95  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  including  the  present  arch- 
bishop Benson,  of  whom  the  following  are  conspicnous  : 

St.  Augustin  or  Austin,  1st 

St.  Dunstan.  '23d  in  order 

Stigand,  32d  in  order  (deprived  by  William  the  Conqueror),  1052-70 

Thomas  k  Becket,  38th  in  order 1162-70 

[Becket's  murder,  29  Dec] 

Simon  Sudbury,  58th  in  order 1375-81 

[Beheaded  by  the  insurrectionists  under  Wat  Tyler,  14 
.Tune,  1381.] 

Thomas  Cranmer,  70th  in  order 1533-56 

[Burned  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary,  21  Mch.  1556.] 

AViiliam  Laud,  77th  in  order  1633-45 

[Beheaded,  10  Jan.  1645;  see  vacant  16  years.] 
Edward  White  Benson,  present  archbishop,  95th   in   order  ; 
elected .29  Jan.  1883 

"  Canterbury  Tales,"  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  were 
written  before  1400,  and  first  printed  about  1475  or  1476  (by 
Caxton).    Chaucer  society  established,  1867.    Literature. 

canthar'ides,  venomous  green  beetles  (called  Spanish 
flies),  employed  to  raise  blisters.  This  use  is  ascribed  to  Aretseus 
of  Cappadocia,  about  50  b.c. 

Can'ticles,  a  name  given  to  the  Benedictus,  Magnificat, 
Nunc  dimittis,  etc.,  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  es- 
pecially to  the  Song  of  Solomon. 

can'tilever,  defined  as  "  a  structure  overhung  from  a 
fixed  base."     Principle  used  in  bridge-building.    Bridges, 

Canton,  founded  about  200  B.C.,  the  only  city  in  China 
with  which  Europeans  were  allowed  to  trade,  till  the  treaty 
of  29  Aug.  1842.  Merchants  arrived  here  in  1517.  English 
factory  established,  1680.     A  fire,  destroying  15,000  houses, 


602-5 


CAN  149 

1822.  An  inundation  swept  away  10,000  houses  and  1000 
persons,  Oct.  1833.  Canton  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1857 ; 
restored,  1861.  China,  1835,  1839,  1856,  1861.  Pop.  1890  es- 
timated at  1,600,000. 

Canuleian  la\¥,  permitting  the  patricians  and  ple- 
beians to  intermarry,  was  passed  at  Rome,  445  b.c. 

caoutchouc  (coo'chook)  or  India-rubbcr,  an 

elastic  resinous  substance  that  exudes  from  incisions  in  certain 
trees  in  South  America,  Mexico,  Africa,  and  Asia,  especially 
Castilloa  Ilevea  or  Siphonia  elastica,  and  Ficus  elastica. 

Observed  at  Hay ti  bj'  Columbus  (Herrera) 1493 

Described  by  Torquemada 1615 

Discovered  by  La  Condamine  in  Quito  (termed  by  natives  cahout- 

chou) ;  brought  to  Europe about  1735 

Dr.  Priestley  said  that  he  had  seen  "a  substance  excellently 
adapted  to  the  purpose  of  wiping  from  paper  the  marks  of  a 
black-lead  pencil."    It  was  sold  at  the  rate  of  3s.  the  cubic 

half-inch 1770 

India-rubber  cloth  was  made  by  Samuel  Peal  and  patented  . . .  1791 
Caoutchouc  discovered  in  the  Malay  archipelago,  1798;  in  As- 
sam    1810 

Vulcanized  rubber  (India-rubber  combined  with  sulphur,  so 
that  it  remains  firm  at  all  ordinary  temperatures)  patented 

in  America  by  C.  Goodyear 1839 

Invented  also  by  T.  Hancock  (of  the  firm  of  Mackintosh  &  Co.), 

and  patented 1843 

Mr.  Goodyear  invented  the  hard  rubber  (termed  ebonite)  as  a 

substitute  for  horn  and  tortoise-shell 1849 

A  mode  of  retaining  India-rubber  in  its  natural  fluid  state  (by 
liquid  ammonia)  patented  in  England  for  Henry  Lee  Norris, 

of  New  York 1853 

Printing. 

African  caoutchouc  imported  into  England 1856 

In  1823,  500  pairs  of  shoes  were  imported  into  Boston.  Gum-elastic 
soon  became  the  subject  of  scientific  investigation,  and  of  many 
experiments.  In  1832,  the  manufacture  was  commenced  in  Mas- 
sachusetts by  John  Haskins  and  Edwin  M.  Chaflfee,  who,  with 
others,  started  the  Roxbury  India-rubber  Company,  soon  after  In- 
corporated with  a  capital  of  $400,000.  For  this  company  Mr. 
Chaffee  invented  the  mammoth  machine  for  spreading  rubber 
without  a  solvent,  costing  nearly  $30,000.  Similar  machines  are 
now  required  by  all  manufacturers  of  rubber  goods.  The  prosperity 
of  this  company  gave  rise  to  factories  in  Boston,  Chelsea,  Woburn, 
and  Framingham  (Mass.).  New  York  city,  Staten  Island,  and  Troy 
(N.  Y.),  with  capitals  of  from  $50,000  to  $500,000.  These  com- 
panies made  their  goods  by  dissolving  the  rubber  in  camphene  and 
other  solvents,  then  mixing  lampblack  with  it,  and  spreading  the 
paste  on  cloth  from  which  coats,  etc.,  are  made.  The  goods  were 
then  dried  in  the  sun  or  in  a  warm  room  until  the  solvent  evapo- 
rated, leaving  a  coating  of  rubber.  In  1856,  the  U.  S.  imported 
crude  India-rubber  to  the  amount  of  $97,796,  and  exported  to  the 
amount  of  $1,093,602  of  rubber  goods.  In  1880,  the  U.  S.  imported 
crude  India-rubber  to  the  amount  of  13,981,964  lbs.,  valued  at 
$9,606,239. 

Cape  Breton,  a  large  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by  the 
narrow  strait  or  gut  of  Canso;  discovered  by  Cabot,  1497. 
The  French  fortress,  Louisburg,  was  situated  on  this  island. 
Island  ceded  to  England,  10  Feb.  1763.  Incorporated  with 
Nova  Scotia,  1819.     Pop.  1891,  86,914. 

Cape  Coast  Ca§tle,  on  the  gold  coast  of  upper 
Guinea,  S.W.  Africa.  Settled  by  the  Portuguese-  in  1610 ; 
taken  by  the  Dutch,  1643  ;  demolished  by  admiral  Holmes  in 
1661.  All  the  British  factories  and  shipping  along  the  coast 
were  destroyed  by  the  Dutch  admiral,  De  Ruyter,  in  1665.  It 
was  confirmed  to  the  English  by  the  treaty  of  Breda  in  1667. 

ASHANTEES. 

Cape  Finisterre,  N.W.  Spain,  off  this  cape  ad- 
mirals lord  Anson  and  Warren  defeated  and  captured  a  French 
fleet  under  De  la  Jonquiere,  3  May,  1747. 

Cape  of  Oood  Hope,  Cape  Colony,  a  promon- 
tory on  the  S.  point  of  Africa,  called  "  Cabo  Tormentoso " 
(the  stormy  cape),  the  "Lion  of  the  Sea."  and  the  "Head  of 
Africa,"  discovered  by  Bartholomew  de  Diaz,  1487.  Its  pres- 
ent name  was  given  by  John  II.  of  Portugal,  who  augured 
favorably  of  future  discoveries  from  Diaz  having  reached  the 
extremity  of  Africa.  Area  of  Cape  Colony,  221,311  sq.  miles. 
Pop.  in  1856,  267,096;  1891,  1,525,739. 

Cape  doubled,  and  the  passage  to  India  discovered  by  Vasco  da 

„  Gama 19  Nov.  1497 

Cape  Town,  the  capital,  founded  by  the  Dutch 1650 

Colony  taken  by  the  English  under  admiral  Elphinstone  and 

gen.  Clarke 16  Sept.  1795 

Restored  at  peace  of  Amiens 25  Mch.  1802 

Taken  by  sir  D.  Baird  and  sir  H.  Popham 9  Jan.  1806 

Ceded  to  England 13  Aug.  1814 

British  emigrants  arrive Mch.  1820 


CAP 

Kaffirs  make  irruptions  on  British  settlements,  and  ravage 

Grahamstown ' q^^   jgg^ 

People  defeat  attempt  to  make  the  cape  a  penai  coioiiy,  19  Mav   1849 
Territories  north  of  Great  Orange  river  placed  under  British  au- 
thority, 3  leb.  1848;  annexed  as  the  Orange  River  territory. 

Constitution  promulgated  and  joyfully  received 1  Ju^y'  1853 

British  junsdiction  over  Orange  River  territory  abandoned  30 

Jan. ;  a  free  state  formed ^i^h   1854 

First  parliament  meets  at  Cape  Town  ....         i'julv'     '' 

First  railway  from  Cape  Town,  about  58  miles 'lung,' opened^ 

Discovery  of  diamonds;  disputes  between  free  state^s^^and'th^e  ^^^ 

tri  DCS ,  oannn 

Colony  of  Griqualand  constituted .'..'.* 27  Oct   1871 

British  flag  raised  over  diamond  flelds 17  Nov      '« 

Great  success  in  diamond  flelds;  robbery  of  diamonds  valued 
between  35,00W.  and  40,000^  ;  oppression  of  natives  stopped 

by  sir  H.  Barkly '.'       ,070 

Transvaal  republic  annexed ■{2  Anr   1877 

Troublesome  disputes  between  tribes  (Fingoes' and  Galekasl 

lead  to  war ° _      g^  ^'     ^ 

Minister  Molteno  opposes  employing  imperial  troops  "in  Kaffir 

„  ^^"^ •  •  • Jan.,  Feb.  1878 

Kaffir  war  ended;  amnesty  to  surrendering  rebels  announced, 

Zulu  war  begins  l^jll]  jg^g 

Insurrection  in  the  Transvaal Dec      " 

Telegraphic  communication  with  Great  Britain  completed'  tel- 
egram from  the  queen  to  sir  Bartle  Frere  and  others  25'Dec      " 

War  with  Basutos jung'  188O 

Transvaal  difficulty  settled 1883-84 

Railway  to  Kimberley  opened ..'..*..*.'.".*.' '.'..is^ov   1885 

Conference  of  delegates  from  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  Orange 
Free  State,  at  Cape  Town ;  object,  South  African  federation, 
,       ,.  .,         ^  18  Feb!  1888 

Junction  railway  between  Cape  Colony  and  Orange  Free  State, 

Orange  Free  State,  Zululand,  etc.  1^  ^^^-  1^92 

Cape  Horn  or  Hoorn,  on  the  southernmost  island 
of  the  Fuegian  archipelago,  south  of  South  America,  was  dis- 
covered and  named  by  Schouten,  1616,  after  his  birthplace  in 
the  Netherlands.     America. 

Cape  St.  Vincent,  S.W.  Portugal.  Sir  George 
Rooke,  with  23  ships  of  war,  and  the  Turkish  fleet,  was  at- 
tacked by  Tourville,  with  160  ships,  off  cape  St.  Vincent ;  12 
English  and  Dutch  men-of-war  and  80  merchantmen  were 
captured  or  destroyed  by  the  French,  16  June,  1693.  Sir  John 
Jervis,  with  the  Mediterranean  fleet  of  15  sail,  defeated  the 
Spanish  fleet  of  27  ships  of  the  line  off  this  cape,  taking  4 
ships  and  sinking  others,  14  Feb.  1797.  For  this  victory  sir 
John  was  made  earl  St.  Vincent.  Nelson  was  engaged  in  this 
battle.  Near  this  cape  the  fleet  of  dom  Pedro,  under  admiral 
Charles  Napier,  captured  dom  Miguel's  fleet,  5  July,  1833. 

Cape  Town,  30  miles  north  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  capital  of  Cape  Colony ;  founded,  1650,  by  the  Dutch. 
Pop.  1891,  51,083,  or  with  suburbs,  83,718. 

Cape  Verde  i§lancl§,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
off  Cape  Verde,  about  15°  n.  lat.,  now  belonging  to  Portugal, 
known  to  the  ancients  as  Gorgades;  were  rediscovered  by  An- 
tonio de  Noli,  a  Genoese  navigator  in  the  service  of  Portugal, 
1446,  1450,  or  1460.  Area  of  the  group,  1700  sq.  miles.  San- 
tiago,, the  largest  and  most  fertile,  runs  to  a  height  of  7380  ft., 
and  has  the  chief  town. 

Capetians,  the  third  race  of  the  kings  of  France, 
named  from  Hugo  Capet,  count  of  Paris  and  Orleans,  who 
seized  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Louis  V.,  called  the  Indo- 
lent, 987. — Henanlt.  The  first  line  of  the  house  of  Capet 
ended  with  Charles  IV.,  in  1328,  when  Philip  VI.  of  Valois 
ascended  the  throne.     France. 

capillarity,  the  rising  of  liquids  in  small  tubes,  and 
the  ascent  of  the  sap  in  plants,  is  said  to  have  been  first  ob- 
served by  Niccolo  Aggiunti,  of  Pisa,  1600-35.  The  theory  has 
been  examined  by  Newton,  La  Place,  and  others.  Dr.  T. 
Young's  theorj'^  was  put  forth  in  1805,  and  Mr.  Wertheim's 
researches  in  1857. 

capital  punishment.    Death  penalty. 

Capitol,  said  to  have  been  so  called  from  a  human 
head  {caput)  found  when  digging  the  foundations  of  the  fort- 
ress of  Rome,  on  Mons  Tarpeius.  Here  a  temple  was  built  to 
Jupiter  Capitolinus.  The  foundation  was  laid  by  Tarquinius  ' 
Prisons,  616  b.c.  The  building  was  continued  by  Servius  Tul- 
lius;  completed  by  Tarquinius  Superbus,- but  not  dedicated 
till  507  B.C.,  by  the  consul  Hot-ati us.  It  covered  8  acres.  The 
ascent  to  it  from  the  forum  was  by  100  steps.     It  was  de- 


CAP 


160 


CAR 


•tn\vtHj  by  lightning,  6  July,  188  B.C. ;  burned  during  the 
civil  wars,  US  luc. ;  rebuilt  by  Sulla,  and  dedicated  by  Q.  Catu- 
lu8,  G9  RC. ;  it  was  again  burned  in  the  trouble  under  Vitel- 
lius,  69  A.i>.",  part  rebuilt  and  burned  again  under  Titus, 
80  A.u. ;  rebuilt  for  the  last  time  by  Doraitian,  82  A.i).,  more 
grandly  than  over;  sacked  by  Genseric,  June,  465.  Tlie  Ro- 
man consuls  made  large  donations  to  this  temple,  and  the 
emperor  Augustus  bestowed  on  it  at  one  time  2000  pounds' 
weight  of  gold,  of  which  metal  the  roof  was  composed.  The 
gilding  of  the  arch  of  the  temple,  which  was  undertaken 
after  the  destruction  of  Carthage,  cost  21,000  talents.  The 
gates  were  of  brass  covered  with  plates  of  gold ;  its  thresholds 
were  of  brass,  and  ita  interior  was  all  of  marble,  decorated  with 
vessels  and  shields  of  solid  silver.  The  Capitoline  games,  insti- 
tuted 387  B.C.,  to  commemorate  the  deliverance  from  the 
Gauls,  were  revived  by  Domitian,  86  A.n.  The  Campidoglio 
contains  palaces  of  the  senators,  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
Capitol  by  Michael  Angelo  soon  after  1646. 

CapitlllariC!*,  the  laws  of  the  Prankish  kings,  com- 
mencing witli  Charlemagne  (801).  Collections  have  been 
published  by  Haluze  (1677)  and  others. 

Cappad<»eia,  Asia  Minor.  Its  early  history  is  in- 
volved in  obscurity.  b.o. 

Phamaces  said  to  hiive  founded  tho  kingdom 744 

Cappadocia  conquered  by  PerdiccJis.  regent  of  Mucedon  ;  the 

king,  Ariaralhes  I. ,  agod  82,  crucified 322 

Recovers  its  independence 315 

Conquered  by  Mithridates  of  Ponlus  291 

Held  by  Seleucus,  288;  independent 288 

Aritintthes  V.,  Phiiopator,  reigns,  162;  dethroned  by  Holopher- 

nes,  158  B.C.,  but  assisted  by  Attalus,  king  of  Pergamus,  he 

regains  his  throne,  155  B.C. ;  killed  with  Crassus  in  the  war 

against  Aristonicus 130 

His  queen,  Laodice,  poisons  5  of  her  sons;  the  6th  (Ariarathes 

VI.)  is  saved;  she  is  put  to  death " 

Ariaralhes  VI.  murdered  by  Mitliridates  Eupator,  who  sets  up 

various  pretenders;  the  Roman  senate  declares  the  country 

free,  and  appoints  Ariobarzanes  I.  king 93 

He  is  several  times  expelled  by  Mithridates,  etc.,  but  restored 

by  the  Romans ;  d 64 

Ariobarzanes  II.  supports  Pompey.  and  is  slain  by  Crassus  ...       42 

Ariarathes  VI  I.  deposed  by  Antony 36 

Archelaus  is  favored  by  Augustus  20  e.g.  ;  but,  accused  by  Ti-   a.d. 

berius,  he  comes  to  Rome  and  dies  there 15 

Cappadocia  becomes  a  Roman  province 17 

Invaded  by  Huns 515 

And  by  Saracens 717 

Recovered  by  emperor  Basil  1 876 

Conquered  by  Soliman  and  the  Turks 1074 

Annexed  to  Turkish  empire 1360 

Cappel,  Switzerland.  Here  the  reformer  Ulric  Zwin- 
gliiis  was  slain  in  a  conflict  between  Catholics  and  the  men  of 
Zurich,  11  Oct.  1531. 

Capri  (Capreae),  an  island  near  Naples,  the  sumptuous 
residence  of  Augustus,  and  particularly  of  Tiberius,  memorable 
for  the  debaucheries  he  committed  during  his  last  years,  27-37. 
The  whole  island  is  full  of  Roman  remains,  and  has  yielded  to 
the  archaeologist  a  rich  harvest  of  coins,  inscriptions,  etc. 

capitan,  used  to  work  a  ship's  anchor,  perhaps  invented, 
certainly  improved,  by  sir  Samuel  Morland,  who  died  30  Dec. 
1695. 

Capua,  Naples,  capital  of  Campania,  took  the  part  of 
Hannibal  when  his  army  wintered  here  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  216  b,c.  In  211,  when  the  Romans  retook  the  city, 
they  scourged  and  beheaded  the  surviving  senators — many 
had  poisoned  themselves  after  a  banquet  previous  to  the  sur- 
render of  the  city.  Only  2  persons  escaped ;  one  woman  who 
had  prayed  for  the  success  of  the  Romans,  and  another  who 
succored  some  prisoners.  During  the  middle  ages  Capua  was 
successively  subjugated  by  the  Greeks,  Saracens,  Normans, 
and  Germans.  Restored  to  Naples  in  1424,  captured  by  Caesar 
Borgia,  24  July,  1501 ;  taken  by  Garibaldi,  2  Nov.  1860. 

Capuchin  friar§,  Franciscans,  so  named  from  wear- 
ing a  capuchon,  or  cowl,  hanging  down  the  back.  The  order 
was  founded  by  Matthew  Baschi  about  1525,  and  established 
by  pope  Clement  VII.,  1629. 

Cara'ca§,  S.  America,  part  of  Venezuela,  discovered 
by  Columbus,  1498.  It  was  reduced  by  arms,  and  assigned  as 
property  to  the  Welsers,  German  merchants,  by  Charles  V. ; 
but  for  their  tyranny  they  were  dispossessed  in  1550,  and  a 
crown  governor  appointed.  The  province  declared  its  inde- 
pendence, 9  May,  1810.     In  the  city  Leon  de  Caracas,  on  26 


Mch.  1812,  nearly  12,000  persons  perished  by  an  earthquake. 
Venkzukla. 

caravel,  a  small  sea-going  vessel  of  about  100  tons' bur- 
den, built  somewhat  like  a  galley,  formerly  used  by  the  Spanish 
and  Portuguese ;  two  of  the  vessels  of  Columbus  on  his  first 
voyage  to  America  were  caravels.    Ameuica. 

Carberry  llili,  S.  Scotland.  Here  lord  Hume  and 
the  confederate  barons  dispersed  the  royal  army  under  Both- 
well,  and  took  Mary  queen  of  Scots  prisoner,  15  June,  1567. 
Bothwell  fled. 

carbo-dynamitC,  a  powerful  explosive  of  the  nitro- 
glycerine class,  invented  by  Reid  and  Borland ;  tried  in  1888 
and  1889 ;  said  to  be  perfect. 

carbolic  acid  or  plienic  acid,  obtained  by  dis- 
tilling pit-coal  by  Laurent,  1846-47,  is  a  powerful  antiseptic. 
It  is  largely  manufactured  for  medical  purposes,  and  has  been 
used  in  England  at  Carlisle  and  Exeter  to  deodorize  sewage 
(1860-61);  and  as  a  disinfectant  during  the  prevalence  of 
cholera  in  London  in  1866,  and  of  yellow  fever  in  the  Southern 
States  in  recent  years.  IJsed  for  embalming  by  prof.  Seely 
in  1868. 

carbon  (symbol,  C;  atomic  weight,  12)  was  shown  to 
be  a  distinct  element  by  Lavoisier  in  1788.  He  proved  the 
diamond  to  be  its  purest  form,  and  produced  carbonic-acid  gas 
by  burning  it.  It  is  a  constituent  of  all  animal  and  vegetable 
tissues  and  coal. 

Carbona'ri  (charcoal-burners),  a  powerful  secret  so- 
ciety in  Italy,  which  became  prominent,  1808-14.  It  sought 
to  drive  foreigners,  especially  the  French,  from  Italy,  and 
establish  civil  and  religious  liberty.  In  Mch.  1820,  it  is 
said  that  650,000  joined  the  society,  and  an  insurrection  soon 
after  broke  out  in  Naples,  gen.  Pepe  taking  the  command. 
The  king,  Ferdinand,  made  political  concessions,  but  the  allied 
sovereigns  at  Laybach  induced  him  to  annul  them  and  sup- 
press the  liberal  party,  Jan.  1821,  when  the  Carbonari  were 
denoimced  as  traitors.  The  society  spread  in  France,  and 
doubtless  hastened  the  revolutions  in  1830  and  1848. 

carbonic-acid  gai^i,  a  gaseous  compound  of  carbon 
and  oxygen,  found  in  the  air;  a  product  of  combustion,  respi- 
ration, and  fermentation.  The  (irotto  del  Cane  yields  200,000 
lbs.  per  annum.  No  animal  can  breathe  this  gas.  The  brisk- 
ness of  champagne,  beer,  etc.,  is  due  to  its  presence.  It  was 
liquefied  by  atmospheric  pressure  by  Faraday  in  1823.  On 
exposing  the  liquid  to  the  air  part  of  it  evaporates  so  rapidly 
that  the  remainder  is  frozen  to  a  solid  much  like  snow. 

Carca§§onnC  (A;ar-A;<7s.sonw'),  the  chief  town  of  the  de- 
partment of  Aude,  France,  the  site  of  Carcaso,  an  ancient  city 
of  Gaul.  From  the  9th  century  till  1300  A.n.  it  formed  a  sep- 
arate countship,  and  was  captured  by  Simon  de  Montfort  in  his 
crusade  against  the  Albigenses,  1209.  Since  the  12th  century 
it  has  been  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth.  The 
old  town  has  been  restored  as  a  fortress  of  the  middle  ages, 
by  the  French  government,  and  is  the  best  preserved  exam- 
ple of  a  stronghold  of  the  days  before  artillery  was  invented. 

cardamom,  the  fruit  of  an  Indian  plant,  largely  used 
in  flavoring  cakes  and  liqueurs.  The  seeds  are  chewed  with 
betel  in  the  East. 

Cardiff  castle,  S.  Wales,  built  in  the  11th  centur}\ 
Here  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  eldest  son  of  William  L,  is 
said  to  have  been  imprisoned  from  1106  till  his  death,  10  Feb. 
1135.  Cromwell  (1648)  got  possession  of  the  castle  through 
treachery,  after  bombarding  it  for  3  days ;  he  afterwards 
hanged  the  traitor  as  a  warning  to  his  own  soldiery. — Cham- 
bers' Encyc. 

cardinals,  princes  in  the  church  of  Rome,  the  council 
of  the  pope,  and  the  conclave  or  "  sacred  college,"  at  first  were 
the  principal  priests  or  incumbents  of  the  parishes  in  Rome, 
and  said  to  have  been  called  cardinales  in  853.  They  claimed 
the  exclusive  power  of  electing  the  pope  about  1179.  They 
first  wore  the  red  hat  to  remind  them  that  they  ought  to 
shed  their  blood  for  religion,  if  required,  and  were  declared 
princes  of  the  church  by  Innocent  IV.,  1243  or  1245.  Paiil  II. 
gave  the  scarlet  habit,  1464;  and  Urban  VIII.  the  title  of 
Eminence  in  1623  or  1 630.  In  1586  Sixtus  V.  fixed  their  num- 
ber at  70,  viz.,  6  cardinal  bishops,  60  cardinal  priests,  and  14 


CAR 


151 


cardinal  deacons,  but  there  are  generally  vacancies.  In  1860 
there  were  69  cardinals;  in  1864,  59 ;  in  Nov.  1867, 52;  in  1873, 
5  of  the  order  of  bishops,  3-4  priests,  6  deacons ;  45  in  all.  9  car- 
dinals (one  a  Bonaparte)  were  made  13  Mch.  1868.  11  new 
cardinals  appointed  12  Mch.  1877.  In  1880,  6  cardinal-bish- 
ops, 47  priests,  11  deacons;  in  all  64  (including  archbishops 
Manning,  McCloskey,  Ledochowski,  Edward  Howard,  and  John 
Henry  Newman.  English  cardinals:  Henry  Stuart,  created 
1747;'  Charles  Erskine,  1801;  Thomas  Weld,  1830;  Charles 
Acton,  1839 ;  Nicholas  Wiseman,  30  Sept.  1850-65 ;  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning,  1875  (d.  14  Jan.  1892) ;  Edward  Howard,  12 
Mch.  1877;  John  Henry  Newman,  12  May,  1879  (d.  21  Aug. 
1890);  Edward  McCabe,  27  Mch.  1882  (d.\l  Feb.  1885).  In 
the  United  States:  first  cardinal,  John  McCloskey,  15  ]\Ich. 
1875  (d,  10  Oct.  1885) ;  second  cardinal,  James  Gibbon  of  Bal- 
timore, 7  June,  1886. 

car<l§,  playing.  The  origin  of  these  is  uncertain. 
Thev  are  said  to  have  been  brought  to  Viterbo,  Italy,  in  1379. 
Cards  were  illuminated  for  Charles  VI.  of  France,  1392,  then 
depressed  in  mind.  W.  A.  Chatto's  work  on  the  "  History  of 
Playing-cards,"  pub.  1848.  Piquet  and  all  the  early  names 
arc  French. 

Caria,  Asia  Minor,  was  conquered  by  Cyrus,  546  b.c.  ;  by 
Dercyllidas,  a  Lacedajmonian,  397 ;  his  successor  Hecatomnus 
became  king,  385  b.c.  ;  for  his  son  Mausolus  the  Mausoleum 
was  erected.  Halicarnassus,  the  reputed  birthplace  of  Herodo- 
tus, was  situated  in  this  country.  Caria  was  annexed  by  the 
I{l»mans,  129  b.c.  It  is  now  part  of  the  Turkish  empire. 
Caribbee  islands.  West  Indies. 
CaribS,  the  most  important  and  warlike  of  the  Indian 
tribes  inhabiting  the  islands  of  the  Caribbean  sea,  to  which 
they  gave  the  name.  They  were  a  terror  to  the  other  inhab- 
itants of  that  region  at  the  time  of  its  discovery  by  Columbus. 
They  are  found  now  mostly  in  the  republic  of  Honduras,  to 
which  place  they  were  transported  in  a  body  by  the  English 
from  the  islands  of  Dominica  and  St.  Vincent  in  1796,  owing 
to  the  continued  disturbance  they  occasioned.  They  appear 
to  have  been  addicted  to  cannibalism,  and  the  word  cannibal 
is  not  improbably  derived  from  a  corruption  of  the  name. 

caricatures.  Bufalmaco,  an  It^ilfan  painter,  about 
1330,  drew  caricatures  and  put  labels  with  sentences  to  the 
mouths  of  his  figures.  The  modern  caricatures  of  Gillray,Cruik- 
shank,  Rowlandson,  H.  B.  (John  Doyle  |g  =  HB),  Richard 
Doyle,  John  Leech,  John  Tenniel,  Thomas  Nast,  and  Du  Mau- 
rier  are  justly  celebrated.  The  well-known  Punch  was  first 
published  in  1841.  The  most  eminent  writers  of  fiction  of 
the  day  and  others  (Douglas  Jerrold,  Thackeray,  A'Becket, 
prof.  E.  Forbes,  etc.)  contributed  to  it.  Charivari,  Punch. 
T.  Wright  published  a  "  History  of  Caricature,"  1865 ;  and 
^'  The  Life  and  Works  of  James  Gillray,"  1873.  J.  Grego  pub- 
lished "T.  Rowlandson's  Works  and  Life,"  1880.  James  Par- 
ton's  "  Caricature  and  other  Comic  Art  in  All  Times  and  Many 
Lands  "  was  published  by  Harper  &  Brothers  in  1877. 

Car'isbrooke  castle,  isle  of  Wight,  said  to  have 
been  a  British  and  Roman  fortress,  was  taken,  530,  by  Cer- 
<iic,  founder  of  the  kingdom  of  the  West  Saxons.  Its  Nor- 
man character  has  been  ascribed  to  William  Fitz-Osborne, 
€arl  of  Hereford,  in  William  I.'s  time.  Here  Charles  I.  was 
imprisoned  Nov.  1647,  to  Nov.  1648;  and  here  his  daughter 
Elizabeth,  aged  15,  died,  probably  of  a  broken  heart,  8  Sept. 
1650. 

Cariz'mians,  fierce  shepherds  living  near  the  Cas- 
pian, having  been  expelled  by  the  Tartars,  invaded  Syria  in 

1243.  The  union  of  the  sultans  of  Aleppo,  Hems,  and.  Da- 
mascus was  insufficient  to  resist  them,  and  the  Christian  mili- 
tary orders  were  nearly  exterminated  in  a  single  battle  in 

1244.  In  Oct.  they  took  Jerusalem.  They  were  totally  de- 
feated in  2  battles  in  1247. 

Carlaverock  castle,  S.  Scotland,  taken  by  Ed- 
ward I.,  July,  1300,  the  subject  of  a  contemporary  poem  pub- 
lished, with  illustrations,  by  sir  Harris  Nicolas  in  1828. 

Carlisle  (L),  a  border  town  between  England  and  Scot- 
land, wherein  for  years  a  strong  garrison  was  kept.  Just  below 
this  town  the  famous  Picts'  wall  began,  which  crossed  the  island 
to  Newcastle-upon-Tyne ;   here  also  ended  the  great  Roman 


CAR 

highway.  Roads.  Of  the  great  church,  called  St.  Mary's,  a 
large  part  was  built  by  David,  king  of  Scotland,  who  held  Cum- 
berland, Westmoreland,  and  Northumberland,  from  the  crown 
of  England.  The  castle,  destroyed  by  the  Danes,  875,  restored 
in  1092  by  William  II.,  was  the  prison  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots 
in  1568.  Taken  by  the  parliamentary  forces  in  1645,  and  by 
the  young  Pretender,  15  Nov.  1745;  retaken  by  the  duke  of 
Cumberland,  30  Dec.  same  year.  The  cathedral  was  founded 
by  Walter,  deputy  for  William  Rufus.  It  was  almost  ruined 
by  Cromwell,  1648,  and  partly  repaired  after  the  Restoration. 
It  was  reopened  in  1856  after  renovation  costing  15,000/.— (II.) 
The  county  seat  of  Cumberland  county,  Penn.  Seat  of  Dick- 
inson college  (Methodist).  From  this  point  col.  Bouquet 
marched  to  the  relief  of  fort  Pitt  in  the  Pontiac  war,  1763. 
Occupied  for  a  short  time  by  the  confederates  under  Lee,  1 
July,  1863. 

CarlistS.  Supporters  of  the  Spanish  pretender  Don 
Maria  Isidor  Carlos  de  Bourbon  (b.  1788,  d.  1855),  and  of  his 
son  Don  Carlos  (b.  1818,  d.  1861),  and  of  his  nephew  Don  Car- 
los (b.  1848),  who  is  now  put  forward  by  the  ultra  legitimists 
as  the  true  heir  to  the  throne  of  France  as  well  as  Spain. 
Spain,  1830-40,  1872-76.  The  legitimists  of  Europe  subscribed 
to  their  cause,  1873-76.  A  committee  in  London  supplied 
arms  and  money.     Bourbons. 

Carloving^ians  or  Carolingians,  the  second 

dynasty  of  French  kings,  752-987.  Charles  Martel  (715-41) 
and  Pepin  his  son  (741-52)  were  mayors  of  the  palace.  The 
latter  became  king,  752.     France. 

CarlowitZ,  Austria.  Here  was  concluded  a  treaty  of 
peace  between  Turkey  and  the  allies — Germany,  Russia,  Po- 
land, and  Venice — 26  Jan.  1699,  after  the  defeat  of  the  Turks 
by  prince  Eugene  at  Zenta,  11  Sept.  1697,  and  Hungary  was 
secured  to  Austria. 

Carlsbad  ("Charles's bath"), in  Bohemia, the  celebrated 
springs,  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  emperor  Charles 
IV.  in  1370.  The  most  aristocratic  watering-place  in  Europe. 
On  1  Aug.  1819,  a  congress  was  held  here,  when  the  great 
powers  decreed  measures  to  repress  the  liberal  press,  etc.  Lat. 
60°  13'  N.,  Ion.  12°  53'  E. 

Carmagnola  {kar-man-yo'la),  a  town  in  Italy  in 
the  province  of  Turin.  In  the  16th  century  it  was  occupied 
by  French,  but  fell  to  the  Savoyards  in  1588.  On  its  capture 
in  1792  by  French  revolutionists,  its  name  became  famous  as 
the  title  of  a  republican  dancing-song,  written  about  Aug.  1792; 
popular  in  France  during  the  reign  of  terror,  1793-94.  Every 
verse  had  the  refrain,  Damons  la  Carmagnole  vive  le  son  du 
canon.     Condottieri. 

Carinathians,  a  Mahometan  sect.  Carmath,  a  Shiite, 
about  890,  assumed  the  title  of"  the  guide,  the  director,"  etc., 
including  that  of  tiie  representative  of  Mahomet,  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  and  the  angel  Gabriel.  His  followers  subdued  Bah- 
rein in  900,  and  devastated  the  East.  Dissensions  arose,  and 
their  power  soon  passed  away. 

Carmel,  a  rocky  promontory  of  Palestine  to  the  south 
of  the  bay  of  Acre,  frequently  alluded  to  in  the  Scriptures  (1 
Kings,  xviii.  19,  scene  of  Elijah's  sacrifice;  2  Kings,  ii.  25,  iv. 
25 ;  Isa.  xxxiii.  9,  etc.).  Here,  in  the  12th  century,  originated 
the  order  of  the  Carmelites. 

Carmelites  or  White  Friars,  of  Mount  Carmel, 

one  of  the  4  orders  of  mendicants  with  austere  rules,  found- 
ed by  Berthold  about  1156,  and  settled  in  France  in  1252, — 
Henault.  Their  rules  were  modified  about  1540.  They 
claimed  succession  from  Elijah.  They  had  numerous  monas- 
teries in  England,  and  a  precinct  in  London  without  the  Tem- 
ple, west  of  Blackfriars,  is  called  Whitefriars,  after  a  commu- 
nity of  their  order  founded  in  1245.  A  Carmelite  church  at 
Kensington  was  founded  by  archbishop  Manning,  July,  1865. 
The  Carmelites,  as  well  as  other  orders,  were  expelled  from 
their  houses  in  France  in  Oct.  1880. 

Carnac,  a  village  of  France  in  the  department  of  Mor- 
bihan.  It  owes  its  celebrity  to  the  rude  stone  monuments  in 
its  vicinity,  which  are  the  most  extensive  and  interesting  of 
their  kind.  They  consist  of  long  avenues  of  standing  stones, 
many  of  them  of  great  size,  some  18  ft.  in  height.  The  rock 
of  which  these  various  monuments  are  composed  is  the  ordi- 


CAR  1S2 

nary  granite  of  the  district     For  these  and  other  prehistoric 
monuments  consult  sir  John  Lubbock's  '•  Prehistoric  Times." 

AVEBURY,  StONKIIKNGK. 

CarilB'li€%  a  district  of  southern  Hindostan,  along  the 
whole  coast  of  Coromandel.  First  invaded  and  conquered  by 
the  Mohammedans,  1370.  Hyder  Ali  entered  the  Carnatic 
with  80,000  troops  in  1780,  and  was  defeated  by  the  British, 
untler  sir  Eyre  Co«»te,  1  July  and  27  Aug.  1781;  and  over- 
thrown 2  June,  1782.  It  was  overrun  by  Tippoo  in  1790. 
The  British  acquiretl  it  by  treaty,  31  July,  1801.  On  the  death 
of  the  nabob  in  1853,  the  nominal  sovereignty  of  the  native 
princes  ended,  the  British  government  providing  a  liberal  al- 
lowance for  the  family,     India. 

carnation,  so  called  from  the  flesh  color  of  the  typical 
species  (caniis,  of  flesh).  Several  varieties  were  first  planted 
in  England  by  the  Flemings  about  lb67.—Stow. 

Carneian  |;anie§,  observed  in  many  Grecian  cit- 
ies, particularly  at  Sparta  (instituted  about  675  b.c.,  in  honor 
of  Apollo,  surnamed  Carneus) ;  lasted  9  days. 

Carnifex  Ferry,  West  Va.,  Battle  of,  fought  Sept. 
10,  1861.  McClellan,  when  assigned  to  the  army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, left  the  command  in  West  Virginia  to  Rosecrans.  Floyd 
commanded  the  confederate  forces  on  the  Gaiile)'  river,  and 
was  attacked  by  Rosecrans  at  Carnifex  Ferry.  It  was  rather 
a  manoeuvre  than  a  battle,  and  during  the  night  Floyd  re- 
treated. 

carnival  (cami  vale,  i.  &.,  flesh,  farewell!).  "  But  there 
are  sufficiently  strong  reasons  for  doubting  whether  such  be 
really  the  etymology  of  tlie  word ;  in  fact,  whatever  may 
have  been  the  origin  of  the  word,  there  can  be  but  little 
doubt  that  the  thing  dates  from  ante-Christian  times." — Encyc. 
Brit.  9th  ed.  A  festival  time  in  Italy  and  other  Catholic 
countries  at  Shrovetide  or  just  before  I^nt. 

Carolina§.     North  and  South  Carolina. 

Caroline,  Amelia  Augusta,  queen.    Queen  Caroline. 

Caroline  i§lancl§,  S.  Pacific,  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese,  1525 ;  also  by  the  Spaniard  Lopez 
de  Villalobos,  1545;  and  named  after  Charles  II.  of  Spain, 
1686.  These  islands  were  virtually  given  up  to  Spain  in 
1876.  The  Germans  occupying  some  of  the  islands,  Spain 
protested  in  Aug.  1885.  Spanish  vessels  arrived  at  the  island 
of  Yop,  21  Aug. ;  the  Germans  landed  and  set  up  their  flag,  24 
Aug.  Dispute  referred  to  the  pope ;  the  sovereignty  awarded 
to  Spain,  with  commercial  concessions  to  Germany  and  Great 
Britain.  Agreement  signed,  25  Nov. ;  confirmed  at  Rome,  17 
Dec.  1885.  Natives  subdued,  Spaniards  in  full  possession, 
Feb.  1891. 

carpet-ba|a^g'er§,  a  name  of  reproach  given  by  the 
South  to  citizens  of  the  North  who  went  South  after  the  war, 
1861-65.  Many  of  them  went  there  with  the  best  intentions; 
some  in  hope  of  political  advancement  by  the  aid  of  negro 
votes.  The  movement  served  to'  retard  rather  than  hasten 
reconciliation  between  the  sections. 

carpet§  are  of  ancient  use  in  the  East.  In  Egypt  they 
were  first  applied  to  religious  purposes  by  the  priests  of  He- 
liopolis,  and  were  used  to  garnish  the  palaces  of  the  Pharaohs. 
The  carpets  of  the  Homeric  age  were  generally  white  or  plain 
cloths.  The  manufacture  of  woollen  carpets  was  introduced 
into  France  from  Persia,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  between 
1589  and  1610.  Some  artisans  who  had  quitted  France  in  dis- 
gust established  the  English  carpet  manufacture,  about  1750. 
A  cork-carpet  company  was  formed  in  1862.  The  manufact- 
ure of  carpets  in  the  United  States  is  very  extensive  and  rap- 
idlj'  growing.     Gobelin,  Tapestry. 

Carpi,  N.  Italy.  Here  prince  Eugene  and  the  imperial- 
ists defeated  the  French  9  July,  1701. 

carrack  or  karraek  (Ital.  caraccd),  a  large  ship 
in  the  middle  ages.  The  Santa  Anna,  the  property  of  the 
knights  of  St.  John,  of  about  1700  tons,  sheathed  with  lead, 
was  built  at  Nice  about  1530.  She  was  literally  a  floating  fort- 
ress, and  aided  Charles  V.  in  taking  Tunis  in  1535.  She  car- 
ried a  crew  of  300  men  and  50  pieces  of  artillery. 
^  Carriag^es.     Erichthonius  of  Athens  is  said  to  have 

pt      produced  the  first  chariot  about  1486  b.c.     Rude  carriages 


OAR 

were  known  in  France  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II..  1547  a,d.; 
in  England  in  1555.  Henry  IV.  of  France  had  one  without 
straps  or  springs.  They  were  made  in  England  in  the  reigiv 
of  Elizabeth,  and  then  called  whirlicotes.  The  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, in  1019,  drove  6  horses;  and  the  earl  of  Northum- 
berland, in  rivalry,  drove  8.  Carriages  were  let  for  hire  in 
Paris  in  1650,  at  the  hotel  Fiacre :  hence  the  name  fiacre. 
Carl(>  Bianconi  successfully  introduced  cars  into  Ireland  about 
1815.  G.  A.  Thrupp's  "  History  of  Coaches,"  pub.  1877.  Cab- 
riolets, Coaches,  etc. 

CarriekfergUS,  Antrim,  Ireland.  Its  castle  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  built  by  Hugh  de  Lacy  in  1178.  The 
town  surrendered  to  the  duke  of  Schomberg,  28  Aug.  1689 ; 
the  castle  to  the  French  admiral  Thurot,  Feb.  1760. 

Carrick'§  ford,  W.  Va.  Here,  14  July,  1861,  the 
confederate  gen.  Robt.  S.  Garnett,  having  been  defeated  at 
Rich  Mountain  by  gen.  McClellan,  attempted  on  the  retreat 
to  check  the  Union  advance,  lost  his  life,  and  his  command 
was  routed.  Gen.  Garnett  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and 
the  first  general  killed  in  t;he  war. 

carrocium,  a  vehicle  containing  a  crucifix  and  a 
banner,  usually  accompanied  Italian  armies  in  the  middle 
ages.     The  Milanese  lost  theirs  at  Cortenuova,  27  Nov.  1237. 

Carron  ironworks,  on  the  banks  of  the  Carron,  in 
Stirlingshire,  established  in  1760.  The  works  in  1852  em- 
ployed about  1600  men.  Here,  since  1776,  have  been  made 
the  pieces  of  ordnance  called  carronades  or  smasheis. 

carrot§  and  other  edible  roots  were  imported  into  Great 
Britain  from  Holland  and  Flanders,  about  1510. 

cartes  de  Visite  {kdrf-di-vl-zU').  The  small  photo- 
graphic portraits  thus  termed  are  said  to  have  been  first  taken 
at  Nice,  by  M.  Ferrier,  in  1857.  The  duke  of  Parma  had  his 
portrait  placed  upon  his  visiting-cards,  and  his  example  was 
soon  followed  in  Paris  and  London. 

Cartesian  doctrines.     Philosophy. 

Cartliag^e,  north  coast  of  Africa,  near  Tunis,  founded  by 
Dido  or  Elissa,  878  b.c.  (869,  Blair ;  826,  Niebuhr) .  She  fled 
from  her  brother  Pygmalion,  king  of  Tyre,  who  had  killed  her 
husband,  and  took  refuge  in  Africa.  Carthage  disputed  the 
empire  of  the  world  with  Rome,  hence  the  Punic  wars.  The 
Carthaginians  were  reputed  faithless,  hence  the  term  Punic 
faith.  Cato  the  censor  (about  146  b.c.)  always  ended  his 
speeches  in  the  senate  with  "  Carthago  delenda  est!  "  (Carthage 
must  be  destroyed !)     Many  councils  held  here,  200-535  a.d. 

B.C. 

First  alliance  of  Carthaginians  and  Romans 503 

Carthaginians  in  Sicily  defeated  at  Himera  bj'  Gelo;  the  elder 

Hamilcar  perishes 480 

They  send  300.000  men  into  Sicily 407 

Take  Agrigentum 40& 

Siege  of  Syracuse '  ;i96 

Carthaginians  land  in  Italy 379 

Their  defeat  by  Timoleon  at  the  Crimesus 339 

Defeated  by  Agathocles,  they  immolate  their  children  on  the 

altar  to  Saturn 310 

First  Punic  war  begins  (lasts  23  years) 2fi4 

Carthaginians  defeated  by  the  Roman  consul  Duilius  in  a  naval 

engagement ,  260 

Xanthippus  defeats  Regulus 25.5 

Hasdrubal  defeated  by  Metellus  at  Panormus 251 

Regulus  put  to  death ", 250 

Romans  defeated  before  Lilybaeum 

The  great  Hannibal  born 247 

Hasdrubal  founds  New  Carthage  (Carthagena) 242 

End  of  first  Punic  war;  Sicily  lost  by  Carthage 241 

War  between  the  Carthaginians  and  African  mercenaries 

Hamilcar  Barcas  sent  into  Spain  ;  takes  his  son,  Hannibal,  at 

the  age  of  9  years,  having  first  made  him  swear  an  eternal 

enmity  to  the  Romans 238 

Hamilcar  killed 229 

Hasdrubal  assassinated 220 

Hannibal  conquers  Spain,  as  far  as  the  Iberus 219 

Second  Punic  war  begins  (lasts  17  years) 218 

Hannibal  crosses  the  Alps,  and  enters  Italy " 

He  defeats  the  Roman  consuls  at  the  Ticinus  and  Trebia,  218 ; 

at  the  lake  Thrasymenus,  217 ;  and  at  Cann^ 2  Aug.  216 

Publius  Scipio  carries  war  into  Spain  and  takes  New  Carthage.  210 
Hasdrubal,  Hannibal's  brother,  arrives  in  Italy  with  his  army; 

defeated  and  slain  at  the  Mktaurus 207 

Carthaginians  expelled  from  Spain  by  Scipio 206 

Scipio  arrives  in  Africa,  and  lays  siege  to  Utica 204 

Hannibal  recalled  to  Carthage 203 

Totally  defeatedat  Zama 202 

End  of  the  second  Punic  war 201 

Third  Punic  war;  Scipio  invades  Africa 149 


CAR 


153 


CAT 


Carthage  taken  and  burned,  by  order  of  the  senate July,    14(5 

Colony  settled  at  Carthage  by  C.  Gracchus 122 

Its  rebuilding  planned  by  Julius  CsBsar 46 

And  executed  by  his  successors 19  et  seq. 

A.D. 

A  Christian  bishopric 200 

Cyprian  holds  a  council  here 252 

Taken  by  Genseric  the  Vandal 9  Oct.    439 

Retaken  by  Belisarius 533 

Ravaged  by  the  Arabs 647 

Taken  and  destroyed  by  Hassan,  the  Saracenic  governor  of 

Egypt 698 

Carthaginian  antiquities  (excavated  by  Nathan  Davis)  brought 

to  the  British  museum 1861 

His  excavations  about  to  be  renewed Aug.  1876 

Bosworth  Smith's  "Carthage  "  pub 1878 

Carthage,  Mo.,  Battle  of,  fought  6  July,  1861.  Sigel 
attacked  the  confederates  under  Price,  Hains,  and  Jackson. 
Until  2  P.M.  it  was  an  artillery  duel,  and  confederates  were 
worsted.  Sigel  was  then  obliged  to  retreat,  which  he  did  skil- 
fully, saving  his  baggage. 

Carthagena  or  New  Carthag^e,  S.E.  Spain, 

built  by  Hasdrubal,  the  Carthaginian  general,  242  b.c.  ;  taken 
by  Scipio,  210  b.c.  The  modern  Carthagena  was  taken  by  a 
British  force  under  sir  John  Leake,  June,  1706 ;  retaken  by 
the  duke  of  Berwick,  Nov.  It  was  the  last  place  held  by  the 
Intransigentes  and  Internationalists  of  Spain  ;  was  besieged 
by  gen.  Martin  Campos,  about  22  Aug.  1873.  Bombardment 
begun  26  Nov.,  taken  by  gen.  Lopez  Dominguez,  12  Jan.  1874. 
Spain. 

Carttiag^eiia,  Colombia,  South  America,  was  founded 
in  1533  by  Pedro  de  Heredia ;  in  1544  it  was  taken  by  the 
French :  it  was  taken  by  sir  Francis  Drake  in  1585 ;  pillaged 
by  the  French  buccaneers  in  1697,  who  obtained  from  it  over 
$5,000,000.  The  English  admiral  Vernon  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged the  town  in  1741. 

€arthu§ian§,  a  religious  order  (springing  from  the 
Benedictines)  founded  by  Bruno  of  Cologne,  who  retired  with 
6  companions  about  1084  to  Chartreuse,  in  the  moifntains  of 
Daujjhine.  Their  austere  rules  were  formed  by  Basil  VII., 
their  general.  They  appeared  in  England  about  1180,  and  a 
monastery  was  founded  by  sir  William  Manny,  1371,  on  the 
site  of  the  present  Charter-house,  London.  Charter-housk. 
The  Carthusian  powder  of  father  Simon,  at  Chartreuse,  was 
first  compounded  about  1715. 

cartOOn§,  large  chalk  drawings  preparatory  to  oil 
painting.  Those  of  Raphael  (25  in  number)  were  designed 
(for  tapestries)  in  the  chambers  of  the  Vatican,  under  Julius 
IL  and  Leo  X.  about  1510  to  1516.  The  7  preserved  (what 
became  of  the  other  18  has  never  been  ascertained)  were  pur- 
chased in  Flanders  by  Rubens  for  Charles  I.  of  England,  for 
Hampton-court  palace  in  1629.  They  were  removed  to  South 
Kensington,  28  Apr.  1865.  The  tapestries  executed  at  Arras 
from  these  designs  are  at  Rome.  They  were  twice  carried 
away  by  invaders,  in  1526  and  1798,  and  were  restored  in 
1815.  Besides  the  cartoons  of  Raphael,  were  those  executed 
in  competition  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci  and  Michael  Angelo,  two 
of  which,  the  "  Battle  of  the  Standard,"  by  the  former,  and 
the  "  Cartoon  of  Pisa  "—soldiers  bathing,  surprised  by  the  ap- 
proach of  the  enemy— by  the  latter,  were  justly  celebrated  in 
art  history.  Both  have  perished,  but  the  general  design  of 
them  has  been  preserved.  Cartoons  for  the  British  Houses  of 
Parliament  were  exhibited  in  July,  1843. 
Raphael's  cartoons. 

1.  The  Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes. 

2.  The  Charge  to  Peter. 

3.  Peter  and  John  Healing  the  Lame  at  the  Gate  of  the  Temple. 

4.  The  Death  of  Ananias. 

5.  Elymas  the  Sorcerer  Struck  with  Blindness. 

6.  The  Sacrifice  to  Paul  and  Barnabas,  at  Lystra. 

7.  Paul  Preaching  at  Athens. 

Cashmere.     Kashmir. 

€a§§ano,  N.  Italy.  Site  of  an  indecisive  conflict  be- 
tween prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  and  the  French,  16  Aug. 
1705. 

Cassation,  Court  of,  a  supreme  court  of  appeal  in  France, 
established  10  Nov.  1790,  by  the  National  Assembly. 

Cassel,  formerly  the  capital  of  Hesse-Cassel,  central 
Germany,  acquired  importance  by  becoming  the  refuge  of 
French  Protestants  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 


1685.  It  was  the  capital  of  Jerome  Bonaparte,  king  of  West- 
phalia, 1807-13,  and  Wilhelmshohe,  a  neighboring  castle,  be- 
came the  residence  of  Napoleon  IIL  after  his  surrender  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  2  Sept.  1870,  arriving  at  9.35  p.m.  5  Sept.  He 
went  to  England  in  1871. 

Castel  Fidardo,  near  Ancona,  central  Italy.  Near 
here  gen.  Lamoriciere  and  the  papal  array  of  11,000  men  were 
totally  defeated  by  the  Sardinian  general,  Cialdini,  18  Sept. 
1860.  Lamoriciere  with  a  few  horsemen  fled  to  Ancona  then 
besieged.  On  29  Sept.  he  and  the  garrison  surrendered,  but 
were  soon  set  at  liberty. 

castes,  distinct  classes  of  societv  in  India.  By  the 
laws  of  Menu,  the  Hindus  are  divided 'into  the  Brahmins,  or 
sacerdotal  class;  the  Kshatrya  or  Chuttree,  military  class; 
the  Vaisya,  or  commercial  class;  and  the  Sudras,  or  Sooders' 
servile  class.  ' 

Castiglione  (kas-teel-yo'-na),  N.  Italy.  Here  the 
French,  under  Augereau,  defeated  the  Austrians,  commanded 
by  Wurmser,  with  great  loss,  5  Aug.  1796. 

Castile,  central  Spain.  A  Gothic  government  was  es- 
tablished here  about  800.  Roderick,  count  of  Castile,  860 ; 
Ferdinand,  a  count,  became  king,  1035.  Ferdinand,  king  of 
Aragon,  married  Isabella,  queen  of  Castile,  in  1474,  and  formed 
one  monarchy,  1479.     Spain. 

Castillejos  (cas-Hl-k'-kos),  N.  Africa.  Here,  on  1  Jan. 
1860,  was  fought  the  first  decisive  battle  in  the  war  between 
Spain  and  Morocco.  Gen.  Prim,  after  a  vigorous  resistance, 
repulsed  the  Moors  under  Muley  Abbas,  and  advanced  tow- 
ards Tetuan. 

Castill€»n,  Guienne,  S.  France.  Here  the  army  of 
Henry  VI.  of  England  was  defeated  by  that  of  Charles  VII- 
of  France,  and  an  end  put  to  the  English  dominion  in  France* 
Calais  alone  remaining,  17  or  23  July,  1453.  Talbot,  earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  was  killed. 

Castine,  Me.     Maine,  1814. 

Castiebar,  Ireland.  About  1100  French  troops,  under 
Humbert,  landed  at  Killala  and,  assisted  by  Irish  insurgents 
here,  compelled  the  king's  troops,  under  Lake,  to  retreat,  27 
Aug.  1798  ;  but  surrendered  at  Ballinamuck,  8  Sept. 

castles.  The  castle  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  was  a  tower 
keep,  either  round  or  square,  with  an  entrance  so  elevated  that 
a  long  flight  of  steps  was  necessary  to  reach  it.  William  I. 
erected  48  strong  castles.  Several  hundreds,  built  by  permis- 
sion of  Stephen,  between  1135  and  1154,  were  demolished  by 
Henry  II.  1154.  Many  were  dismantled  in  the  civil  wars. 
Richborough,  Studfall,  and  Burgh  are  existing  specimens  of 
Roman  castles.  For  the  history  of  the  different  castles  of 
England,  consult  Timbs,  "Abbeys  and  Castles  of  England,"  3 
vols.,  London,  1872. 

catacombs  (Gr.  Kara,  down,  and  KiififBr],  hollow),  early 
depositories  of  the  dead.  The  first  Christians  at  Rome  met 
for  worship  in  the  catacombs;  and  here  are  said  to  have  been 
the  tombs  of  the  apostles  Peter  and  Paul.  Belzoni  in  1815- 
18  explored  many  Egyptian  catacombs,  built  3000  years  ago. 
He  brought  to  England  the  sarcophagus  of  Psammetichus, 
of  oriental  alabaster,  exquisitely  sculptured.  In  the  Parisian 
catacombs  (formerly  stone  quarries)  bones  from  the  cemetery 
of  the  Innocents  were  deposited  in  1785 ;  and  many  victims 
of  the  revolution  in  1792-94  are  interred  in  them.  On  31  May, 
1578,  some  laborers  digging  on  the  Via  Salaria,  2  miles  from 
Rome,  discovered  the  celebrated  catacombs  described,  with  en- 
gravings, by  Antonio  Bosio,  in  his  "  Roma  Sotteranea"  (1632), 
and  by  Aringhi  (1659),  and  others.  Elaborate  accounts  have 
been  published  recently  by  De'  Rossi,  an  abstract  of  whose  re- 
searches will  be  found  in  the  "  Roma  Sotteranea  "  of  the  rev. 
J.  S.  Northcote  and  W.  R.  Brownlow,  1869  and  1879. 

catalog[Ues.     Books,  Libraries. 

Catalonia,  N.E.  Spain,  was  settled  by  the  Goths  and 
Alani  about  409 ;  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  712 ;  recovered 
by  Pepin,  and  by  Charlemagne,  788.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Spanish  marches  and  the  territory  of  the  count  of  Barcelona. 
The  natives  were  able  seamen  ;  being  frequently  unruly,  their 
peculiar  privileges  were  abolished  in  1714. 


CAT 

catalytic  (Gr.  KaToKvuKog,  able  to  dissolve)  Torco. 
The  discovery  in  1819,  by  Thenard,  of  the  decomposition  of 
peroxide  of  hydrogen  by  platinum,  and  by  Diibereiner  in  1825 
of  its  property  to  ignite  a  mixture  of  hydrogen  and  oxygon, 
formed  the  groundwork  of  the  doctrine  of  catalytic  force,  also 
termed  "action  of  contact  or  presence,"  put  forth  by  Berzelius 
and  Mitscherlich.  Their  view  has  not  been  adopted  by  Liebig 
and  other  chemists. 

cat'aniarailS  or  carcasses,  fire-machines  for  de- 
stroying ships;  tried  in  vain  by  sir  Sydney  Smith,  2  Oct. 
1804,  on  the  Boulogne  flotilla  destined  by  Bonaparte  to  invade 
England.  Also  a  vessel  with  2  keels  used  on  the  coast  of 
Ceylon,  of  India,  the  eastern  coast  of  South  America,  etc.,  and 
of  late  years  common  in  the  lumber  districts  of  northwestern 
America. 

Cata'nia  (the  ancient  Catana),  a  town  near  Etna,  Sicily, 
was  founded  by  a  colony  from  Chalcis,  about  753  b.c.  Ceres 
had  a  temple  here,  open  to  none  but  women.  Catania  was 
almost  totally  overthrown  by  an  eruption  of  Etna  in  1669,  and 
in  1693  was  nearly  swallowed  up  by  an  earthquake  ;  in  a  mo- 
ment more  than  18,000  of  its  inhabitants  were  buried  in  the 
ruins.  An  earthquake  did  great  damage,  22  Feb.  1817.  In 
Aug.  1862,  the  town  was  held  by  Garibaldi  and  his  volunteers, 
against  Italian  troops.     He  was  captured  on  29  Aug. 

catapliryi^iailS,  heretics  in  the  2d  century,  who  fol- 
lowed the  errors  of  Montanus.  They  are  said  to  have  bap- 
tized their  dead,  forbidden  marriage,  and  mingled  the  bread 
and  wine  in  the  Lord's  supper  with  the  blood  of  children. 

Catapultse,  military  engines  of  the  crossbow  kind,  for 
throwing  arrows,  javelins,  and  sometimes  stones.  Said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Dionysius,  the  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  399  b.c. 
These  engines  are  often  confounded  with  the  ballista,  which 
was  more  used  to  hurl  huge  stones  either  into  a  city  or  against 
its  walls.  These  engines  were  in  use  until  the  invention  of 
gunpowder,  the  catapults  being  mentioned  by  Irving  as  oper- 
ative in  the  siege  of  Granada,  1492. 

CataM^bas.     Indians. 

Cateau  Cambrcsis,  N.  France,  where,  on  2,  3  Apr. 
1559,  peace  was  concluded  between  Henry  II.  of  France,  Philip 
II.  of  Spain,  and  Elizabeth  of  England.  France  ceded  Savoy, 
Corsica,  and  nearlv  200  forts  in  Italy  and  the  Low  Countries  to 
Philip. 

catechisms  are  said  to  have  been  compiled  in  the  8th 
or  9th  centurj'.  Luther's  were  published  1520  and  1529.  The 
catechism  of  the  church  of  England  in  the  first  book  of  Ed- 
ward VI.,  7  Mch.  1549,  contained  merely  the  baptismal  vow, 
the  creed,  the  ten  commandments,  and  the  Lord's  prayer,  with 
explanations ;  but  James  I.  ordered  the  bishops  to  add  an  ex- 
plication of  the  sacraments,  1612.  The  catechism  of  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent  was  published  in  1566  ;  those  of  the  assembly  of 
divines  at  Westminster,  1647  and  1648. 

Cathari  (from  the  Gr.  KuOapot;,  pure),  a  name  given 
to  the  Novatians  (about  251),  Montanists,  and  other  early 
Christian  sects.     Puritans. 

Cathay',  an  old  name  for  China. 

"Better  fifty  years  of  Europe  than  a  cycle  of  Cathay." 

—Tennyson,  "  Locksley  Hall." 

cathedral,  the  chief  church  of  a  diocese,  as  containing 
the  cathedra,  or  seat  of  the  bishop;  obtained  the  name  in  the 
10th  century.  Canterbury,  Cologne,  Durham,  Lincoln, 
Notre  Dame,  Rouen,  Salisbury,  Strasburg,  St.  Stephens, 
Vienna,  Ulm,  York,  and  others  throughout. 

Catherine.  The  order  of  knights  of  St.  Catherine 
was  instituted  in  Palestine,  1063.  An  order  of  ladies  of  the 
highest  rank  in  Russia  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great,  1714, 
in  honor  of  the  bravery  of  his  empress  Catherine.  They  were 
to  be  distinguished,  as  the  name  implied  (from  Ka9ap6gf  pure), 
^  fjjr  purity  of  life  and  manners. 

Catholic  majesty.  This  title  was  given  by  pope 
Gregory  III.  to  Alphonso  I.  of  Spain,  739,  and  to  Ferdinand  V. 
and  his  queen  in  1474  by  Innocent  VIII.  in  recognition  of  their 
zeal  for  religion  and  the  establishment  of  the  inquisition. 

Catholic  Union  of  Oreat  Britain  ;  pres- 
ident, the  duke  of  Norfolk  ;  constituted  in  1871.  A  Catholic 
union  in  Dublin  was  formed  Dec.  1873.     Roman  Catholics. 


154 


CAT 


Catiline's  conspiracy.  Lucius  Sergius  Catiline, 
a  Roman  citizen  of  patrician  rank,  having  been  refused  tlie 
consulship  (65  b.c.),  conspired  to  overthrow  the  government. 
This  conspiracy  was  discovered  and  frustrated.  A  second  plot 
for  the  same  purpose,  and  in  which  he  was  again  the  principal, 
was  detected  by  Cicero,  then  consul,  in  63.  Catiline's  daring 
appearance  in  the  senate-house,  after  his  guilt  was  known, 
drew  forth  Cicero's  celebrated  invective,  "  Quousque  tandem 
abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  nostra  ?"  8  Nov.  On  the  arrest  of 
5  of  his  accomplices,  Catiline  left  Rome  and  joined  his  forces 
already  collected.  The  5  conspirators  arrested  were  put  to 
death,  and  Catiline  defeated  by  Fetreius,  and  himself  slain,  at 
Pistoria  in  Etruria,  Jan.  62  b.c. 

CatO-Street  Cl^nspiracy.  A  gang  of  desperate 
men,  headed  by  Arthur  Thistlewood,  assembled  in  Cato  street, 
Edgware  Road,  and  proposed  to  assassinate  the  ministers  at 
a  cabinet  dinner.  They  were  betrayed  and  arrested,  23  Feb. 
1820;  and  Thistlewood,  Brunt,  Davidson,  Ings,  and  Tidd  were 
executed  as  traitors  on  1  May. 

Catskill  mountains,  N.  Y.  A  group  of  the  Ap- 
palachian range  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  river. 
Highest  point.  Round  Top,  3804  ft.  On  a  terrace  of  Pine  Or- 
chard mount  is  the  Mountain  house,  2400  ft.  higher  than  the 
Hudson. 

Catti,  a  German  tribe,  attacked  but  not  subdued  by  the 
Romans  15  and  84  a.d.  ;  absorbed  by  the  Franks,  3d  century. 

cattle.  Of  horned  cattle  only  the  buffalo  or  bison  is 
native  of  America,  and  this  has  never  been  domesticated. 
Columbus,  in  1493,  brought  the  first  tame  cattle  to  America,  a 
bull  and  several  cows.  As  the  various  parts  of  North  and 
South  America  were  settled  by  Europeans,  cattle  were  intro- 
duced, and  from  these  have  descended  all  the  vast  herds  which 
now  roam  over  the  plains  of  Texas  and  South  America.  Of 
improved  neat-cattle  there  are  2  distinct  classes,  (1)  beef  stock, 
(2)  dairy.  Of  the  first,  the  short-horns  or  Durham,  Herefords, 
Aberdeen-angus,  Galloways,  Sussex,  West  Highland,  and  De- 
vons  are  the  principal,  although  the  short-horns  and  Devons 
are  also  included  in  the  second  or  dairy  stock,  with  the  Jerseys, 
I  Guernseys,  Ayrshires,  Holstein-Frisian,  Brown-Swiss,  and  the 
different  kinds  of  polled  (without  horns)  cattle.  In  1611  Sir 
Thomas  Yates  brought  into  Virginia  fr<»m  England  100  cows 
and  other  cattle,  and  in  1624  1  bull  and  3  heifers  were  brought 
into  Massachusetts,  the  first  neat-cattle  in  New  England.  Im- 
ported short-horns  from  England  introduced  into  South  Caro- 
lina by  Wade  Hampton,  1782,  and  into  Virginia  by  Mr.  Miller, 
1797,  and  from  Virginia  into  Kentucky  the  same  year.  Stock 
greatly  improved  in  New  England  by  importations,  1818-20. 
In  1816  Henry  Clay  imported  2  Hereford  cattle  into  the  U.  S. 
for  his  farm  at  Ashland,  Ky.,  but  this  stock  was  largely  in- 
creased by  the  importations  of  Erastus  Corning,  of  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  in  1 841.  First  record  of  the  importation  of  Devons  into 
the  U.  S.  was  for  Caton  and  Patterson,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  1817. 
Herd-book  opened  1851.  Jerseys  were  imported  early  in  this 
century  into  the  U.  S.,  but  notably  in  numbers  by  John  A. 
Taintor,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1850.  They  are  sometimes  in- 
correctly called  Alderneys  (the  cattle  of  that  island  are  rarely 
exported).  The  Jersey  stock  require  the  utmost  care,  and  do 
not  mature  under  4  or  5  years.  The  stock  is  maintained  pure 
in  the  island  of  Jersey  by  the  strictest  exclusion  of  foreign  im- 
portation. Guernseys  imported  into  the  U.S.  about  the  same 
time  as  the  Jerseys,  Ayrshires  first  brought  to  the  U.  S.  in 
1831.  J.  P.  Gushing,  of  Watertown,  Mass.,  imported  largely 
of  this  stock  in  1837.  Brown-Swiss  brought  to  the  U.  S.  by 
Henry  M.  Clark,  Belmont,  Mass.,  1869.  Holstein-Frisian, 
Holland  cattle,  long  known  in  the  U.  S.,  as  they  were  brought 
over  by  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  18th  century.  Lewis  F.  Allen,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  began 
the  publication  of  the  American  Association's  Herd-book  in 
1846  i  since  1883,  published  in  Chicago.  Through  the  ex- 
traordinary attention  given  to  the  selection  and  crossing  of 
the  best  breeds  in  Great  Britain  and  in  the  U.  S.,  great  im- 
provement has  been  made  both  in  weight  of  carcass,  quality 
of  meat,  and  in  abundance  and  richness  of  milk,  since  the 
beginning  of  this  century.  The  importation  of  horned  cattle 
from  Ireland  and  Scotland  into  England  was  prohibited  by  a 
law,  1663 ;  but  the  export  of  cattle  from  Ireland  became  very 
extensive.     In  1842  the  importation  of  cattle  into  England 


CAU 


156 


CED 


from  foreign  countries  was  subjected  to  a  moderate  duty;  in 
1846  they  were  made  duty  free,  and  since  then  the  numbers  im- 
ported have  enormously  increased.  The  export  trade  of  U.  S. 
in  neat-cattle  for  the  year  1880  amounted  to  $13,344,195;  in 
1890  it  was  $31,261,131 ;  in  1892,  $35,099,095.  Agricult- 
ure. For  sums  paid  for  improved  stock  at  some  of  the  great 
cattle  sales  in  the  U.  S.,  see  Nkw  York,  1873.  During  the 
years  1865-70  there  raged  an  epidemic  among  cattle,  especially 
in  England,  so  deadly  there  as  to  be  termed  the  plague.  Its 
seriousness  is  shown  by  the  following  English  statistics: 
Cattle  plague  appears  at  Laycock's  dairy,  Barnsbury,  London, 

N. ;  rapidly  spreads about  24  June,  1865 

27,432  beasts  had  been  attacked;  12,680  died;  8998 slaughtered 

up  to 21  Oct.     " 

A  royal  commission  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  cattle  plague 
and  suggest  remedies  met  first.  10  Oct. ;  majority  consider 
the  disease  to  have  been  imported,  and  recommend  slaughter 
of  animals  and  stringent  prohibition  of  passage  of  cattle  on 
public  roads,  etc.,  31  Oct.  1865:  second  report,  6  Feb. ;  third 

report '. 1  May,  1866 

Orders  in  council  for  regulating  the  cattle  plague  (in  conform- 
ity with  the  act  of  1850),  23  Nov.  and  16  Dec.  1865  ;   and 

20  Jan.     " 
Disease  raging;  official  report :  cattle  attacked,  120,740;  killed, 
16,742;    died,  73,750;    recovered.  14,162;    unaccounted  for, 

16,086 1  Feb.      " 

Cattle  Disease  acts  passed 20  Feb.  and  10  Aug.      " 

Orders  in  council  making  uniform  repressive  measures  through- 
out the  country 27  Mch.      " 

Disease  materially  abates Apr.     " 

Privy  council  return:  Cattle  attacked,  248,965;  killed,  80,597; 
died,  124,187;  recovered,  32,989;  unaccounted  for,  11,192, 

22  June,     " 
Disease  nearly  "stamped  out " 27  Oct.     " 

Cailca:§llS,  a  lofty  mountain,  a  continuation  of  the  ridge 
of  Mount  Taurus,  between  the  Euxine  and  Caspian  seas.  In 
mythology,  Prometheus  was  said  to  have  been  tied  on  the  top 
of  Caucasus  by  Jupiter,  where  his  vitals  were  continually  de- 
voured by  vultures  (1548  b.c.).  The  passes  near  the  mountain 
were  called  Caucasim  Portce^  and  it  is  su{)posed  that  through 
them  the  Sarmatians  or  Huns  invaded  the  provinces  of  Rome, 

447  A.D.       ClUCASSIA. 

CailCll§,  an  American  term.  A  private  meeting  of  poli- 
ticians to  make  plans  for  an  election  or  session  of  a  legislative 
body.  The  word  is  now  applied  to  private  meetings  of  the 
members  of  Congress,  or  of  a  legislature,  belonging  to  one 
political  party,  to  determine  its  policy  or  select  its  candidates. 
The  word  is  said  to  be  derived  from  "  ship  "-  caulkers'  meet- 
ings. A  "  caucus  club  "  is  mentioned  by  John  Adams,  in  1763. 
— Barilett.  Similar  meetings  are  occasionally  held  in  London 
by  conservatives  and  liberals;  one  was  held  by  Mr.  Gladstone 
respecting  the  ballot  bill,  6  July,  1871.  Jealou.s}'  respecting 
the  system  was  aroused  in  1878, 

Caudine  fork§,  according  to  Livy,  the  Furculce 
Caudince  (in  Samnium,  S.  Italy),  were  2  narrow  defiles  or 
gorges,  united  by  a  range  of  mountains  on  each  side.  The 
Romans  went  through  the  first  pass,  but  found  the  second 
blocked  up;  on  returning  they  found  the  first  similarly  ob- 
structed. Being  thus  hemmed  in  by  the  Samnites,  under  the 
command  of  C.  Pontus,  they  surrendered  at  discretion,  321  b.c. 
(after  a  fruitless  contest,  according  to  Cicero).  The  Roman 
senate  broke  the  treaty. 

cauliflower  (Lat.  cauUs,  cabbage,  and  flower),  a  plant 
of  the  cabbage  family,  whose  young  flowers  are  eaten  as  a 
vegetable ;  said  to  have  been  brought  from  Cyprus  to  England 
about  1603. 

cau§tiC,  in  painting,  a  method  of  burning  colors  into 
wood  or  ivory,  invented  by  Gausias  of  Sicyon.  He  painted 
his  mistress  Glycere  sitting  on  the  ground  making  garlands 
with  flowers;  the  picture  was  hence  named  Stephanoplocon. 
It  was  bought  by  LucuUus  for  2  talents,  335  b.c— Pliny. 

cautionary  towns,  Holland  (the  Briel,  Flush- 
ing, Rammekins,  and  Walcheren),  were  given  to  queen  Eliza- 
beth in  1585  as  security  for  their  repaying  her  for  assistance 
in  their  struggle  with  Spain.  They'  were  restored  to  the 
Dutch  republic  by  James  I.  in  1616. 

Cavalier.  The  appellation  given  to  the  supporters  of 
Charles  I.  of  England  during  the  civil  war,  from  a  number  of 
gentlemen  forming,  themselves  into  a  body-guard  for  his  pro- 
tection in  1641.  They  were  opposed  to  tiie  Roundheads,  or 
parliamentarians. 


cavalry.  Used  by  the  Canaanites  in  war,  1460  B.a 
(Josh.  xi.  4).  Attached  to  each  Roman  legion  was  a  body  of 
300  horse,  in  10  turmae;  the  commander  always  a  veteran. 
The  Persians  had  10,000  horse  at  Marathon,  490  b.c.;  and  10,000 
Persian  horse  were  slain  at  the  battle  of  Issus,  333  b.c.— Plu- 
tarch. In  the  wars  with  Napoleon  I.  the  British  cavalry 
reached  31,000  men.     Army  of  the  Unitkd  States. 

Cavendish   experiment.     In   1798  the  hon. 

Henry  Cavendish  described  his  experiment  for  determining 
the  mean  density  of  the  earth,  by  comparing  the  force  of  ter- 
restrial attraction  with  that  of  the  attraction  of  leaden  spheres 
of  known  magnitude  and  density,  by  the  torsion  balance.— 
Brande.  The  Cavendish  Society,  for  the  publication  of  chem- 
ical works,  which  ceased  with  Gmelin's  "Chemistry"  (1848-67) 
was  established  1846. 

Cave-of-tlie-winds,  Niagara  falls,  a  cave  so  called 
formed  by  the  solid  wall  of  rock  on  one  side  and  a  wall  of 
rushing  water  as  it  pours  over  and  down  the  fall  on  the  other 
side.  With  proper  water-proof  clothing  it  can  be  visited  with 
safety. 

caves  are  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Bible  as  dwell- 
ings, refuges,  and  burying-places.  W.  B.  Dawkins's  "  Cave- 
hunting:  Researches  on  the  Evidence  of  Caves  respecting  the 
Early  Inhabitants  of  Europe,"  was  published  1874.  The  Mam- 
moth Cave,  Kentucky,  the  largest  in  the  world ;  Weyer's 
cave,  Virginia,  discovered  1804;  Wyandotte'  cave,  Indiana; 
Oreston  cave,  Devon,  Engl.,  1816;  Kirkdale,  Yorkshire,  1821; 
Kent's  hole,  Torquay,  1825;  Brixham  cave,  1858;  Wookey 
hole,  Somerset,  1859;  and  many  others,  have  been  well  ex- 
plored. 

Cawnpore,  a  town  in  India,  on  the  Doab,  a  penin- 
sula'between  the  Ganges  and  Jumna.  During  the  mutiny  in 
June,  1857,  it  was  garrisoned  by  native  troops  under  sir  Hugh 
Wheeler.  These  revolted.  An  adopted  son  of  the  old  Peishwa 
Bajee  Rao,  Nana  Sahib,  who  had  long  lived  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  British,  came  apparently  to  their  assistance,  but 
joined  the  rebels.  The  English  residents,  about  1000  in  num- 
ber, of  whom  465  were  men  of  all  ages  and  professions,  the 
rest  women  and  children,  attempted  to  defend  themselves  in 
an  entrenched  camp.  After  sustaining  a  siege  for  3  weeks, 
they  were  compelled  to  surrender,  26  June,  and,  in  spite  of  a 
treaty,  were  all  massacred  except  2  officers  and  2  privates, 
who  escaped.  Gen.  Havelock  defeated  Nana  Sahib,  16  July, 
at  Futtehpore,  and  retook  Cawnpore,  17  July,  but  too  late  to 
rescue  any  prisoners.  Sir  Colin  Campbell  defeated  the  rebels 
here  on  6  Dec.  following.  A  column  was  erected  here,  in 
memory  of  the  killed,  by  their  relatives  of  the  32d  regiment. 
India,  1857. 

Caxton  Society,  for  the  publication  of  chronicles 
and  literature  of  the  middle  ages,  published  16  volumes, 
1844-54. 

Cayenne,  capital  of  French  Guiana,  South  America, 
settled  by  the  French,  1604-35.  It  afterwards  came  successive- 
ly into  the  hands  of  the  English  (1654),  French,  and  Dutch. 
The  last  were  expelled  by  the  French  in  1677.  Cayenne  was 
taken  b\-  the  British,  12  Jan.  1809,  but  was  restored  to  the 
French  in  1814.  Here  is  produced  the  Capsicum  baccatum, 
or  cavenne  pepper.  Many  French  political  prisoners  were 
sent  here  in  1848.     Pop.  in  1880, 10,000. 

Cayugas.     Indians. 

Cedar  Creek,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Here,  19  Oct.  1864, 
the  confederates,  under  gen.  Early,  were  signally  defeated  by 
the  federals,  under  gen.  Sheridan.  The  confederate  forces,  pre- 
viously defeated  at  Winchester  and  Fisher  Hill,  being 
strongly  reinforced.  Early,  smarting  under  his  recent  defeats, 
and  hearing  that  Sheridan  was  away  in  Washington,  resolved 
to  surprise  the  federal  force.  This  he  succeeded  in  doing  on 
the  morning  of  the  19th.  The  result  was  the  discomfiture  and 
retreat  first  of  the  19th  and  then  of  the  6th  corps,  by  10  a.m., 
with  a  loss  of  24  guns  and  1500  prisoners.  At  this  juncture 
Sheridan,  who  had  stopped  at  Winchester  over-night  on  his 
return  from  Washington,  met  the  first  of  the  retreating  troops. 
With  words  of  cheer  he  halted  the  fugitives,  and,  slowly  re- 
forming the  line,  was  ready  to  advance  at  3  p^m.  ;  the  final  re- 
sult being  a  complete  overthrow  of  the  confederates,  so  that 
there  was  no  more  fighting  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.     Fed- 


CED  150 

eral  loss  3000  in  both  engagements.  This  battle  furnishes  the 
subject  of  "  Sheridan's  Ride,"  a  poem  by  Thomas  Buchanan 
Read. 

Cedar  IVIountain,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Popb's  Yiroinia 
Campaign. 

cedar-tree.  The  red  cedar  {Juniperus  Virginiana) 
introduced  into  England  from  North  America  before  1664 ; 
the  liermudas  cedar  from  Bermudas  before  1683 ;  the  cedar 
of  Lebanon  {IHnns  Cedrus)  from  the  Levant  before  1683.  In 
1850  a  grove  of  venerable  cedars,  about  40  ft.  high,  remained 
on  Lebanon.  The  cedar  of  Goa  (^Ciipi-essus  lusitanica)  was 
brought  to  Europe  by  the  Portuguese  about  1683.    Cypkess. 

celery  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  England 
by  the  French  marshal,  Tallard,  during  his  captivity  in  Eng- 
land, after  his  defeat  at  Blenheim  by  Marlborough,  2  Aug. 
1704. 

celibacy  (from  coelebs,  unmarried)  was  preached  by 
St,  Anthony  in  Egypt  about  305.  His  early  converts  lived  in 
caves,  etc.,  till  monasteries  were  founded.  The  doctrine  was 
rejected  in  the  council  of  Nice,  325.  Celibacy  was  enjoined 
on  bishops  only  in  692.  The  decree  was  opposed  in  England, 
958-78.  The  Romish  clergy  generally  were  enjoined  to  vow 
celibacy  by  pope  Gregory  VII.  in  1073-85;  sustained  by  the 
council  of  Placentia,  held  in  1095.  Marriage  was  restored  to 
the  English  clergy  in  1547.  The  marriage  of  the  clergy  was 
proposed,  but  negatived,  at  the  council  of  Trent  (1563);  also 
at  a  conference  of  the  Old  Catholics  at  Bonn,  June,  1876.  Sir 
Bartle  Frere  termed  the  Zulu  army  "  a  celibate  man-slaying 
machine,"  1878. 

cell  theory  (propounded  by  Schwann  in  1839)  sup- 
poses that  the  ultimate  constituents  of  all  animal  and  vegetable 
tissues  are  small  cells.  The  lowest  forms  of  animal  and  vege- 
table life  are  said  to  consist  of  merely  a  single  cell,  as  the  ger- 
minal vesicle  in  the  egg  and  the  red-snow  plant. 

Celt§  or  Kelt§,  a  group  of  the  Aryan  family.  Gauls. 
Above  8000/.  subscribed  to  found  a  Celtic  professorship  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  Oct.  1876 ;  11,937/.  subscribed  Apr. 
1879.     One  was  established  at  Oxford  in  1876. 

ceilieterie§.  The  burying-places  of  the  Jews,  Greeks, 
Romans,  were  outside  their  towns  (Matt,  xxvii.  60).  Many 
public  cemeteries,  resembling  "  Pere- la -Chaise,"  at  Paris, 
have  been  opened  in  all  parts  of  Great  Britain  since  1856. 
Catacombs. 

cemeteries  in  the  United  States.  By  an  act  of  the 
legislature  of  New  York  state,  27  Apr.  1847,  land  devoted  to 
cemetery  purposes  in  that  state  is  exempt  from  taxation. 
Statistics  of  6  of  the  largest  cemeteries  in  the  neighborhood 
of  New  York  city  show  a  total  area  of  2288  acres,  and  a  total 
of  1,336,546  burials  up  to  1891,  distributed  as  follows;  Calvary, 
585,000;  Greenwood,  259,893;  Lutheran,  208,000;  Cypress 
Hills,  130,000;  Evergreens,  115.701;  and  VVoodlawn,  37,952. 
The  principal  cemeteries  of  the  larger  cities  in  the  U.  S.  are 
here  mentioned,  with  name,  date  of  opening,  and  estimated 
area  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained.  As  a  rule  these  cemeteries 
are  so  beautified  and  kept  in  such  perfect  order  under  per- 
petual contracts  with  the  lot  owners  as  to  be  an  ornament  to 
the  cities  to  which  they  belong, 

CEMETERIES. 


CEN 
C  R  M  ETER I ES— Continued. 


City. 


Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


New  York,  N.  Y. 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Chicago,  IlL. 


Baltimore,  Md . 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.. . 


Name. 

Area 
in  acres. 

Established. 

Greenwood 

Cypress  Hills 

Calvary 

474 

400 
214 
400 
400 
400 
125 
22.5 
100 
106 
80 
SO 
200 
500 
100 
125 
.300 
350 
200 
280 

1840 
1848 
1848 

Evergreens 

1851 
1852 

1865 

Mount  Auburn 

Forest  Hills 

Woodland 

1831 
1848 
1851 

Mount  Hope 

Laurel  Hill 

Woodlands 

West  Laurel  Hill... 
Rose  Hill 

18.52 
1836 
1851 
1869 
1859 

Calvary 

1859 

1861 

1864 

Green  Mount  Park.. 

Loudon  Park  

Forest  Lawn 

1839 
1853 
1850 

City. 

Name. 

Area 
in  acre*. 

tCstablisbed. 

Cincinnati,  0 

Spring  Grove 

Lake  View 

600 
300 
200 

35 
254 
360 
200 

80 
200 

60 
108 
360 
250 

95 
217 
332 
300 

40 

1845 

1870 

Detroit,  Mich 

Woodmere 

Oak  Hill 

1869 

Georgetown,  D.  C 

Hartford,  Conn 

1849 

Cedar  Hills 

Crown  Hill 

Cave  Hill 

1868 

Indianapolis,  Ind .. 

Louisville   Ky    .... 

1863 
1846 

1852 

Milwaukee,  Wise 

Newark,  N.J 

New  Orleans,  La 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

Providence,  R.  I 

Forest  Home 

Fairmount 

Metairie  Ridge 

Allegheny 

1860 
1855 
1836 
1846 

Swan  Point 

Hollywood 

Mount  Hope 

Belle  Fontaine 

Lone  .Mountain 

Congressional 

1858 

1847 

Hocliester,  N.  Y 

Si   Louis,  Mo 

1854 
1849 

San  Francisco,  Cal 

Washington,  D.  C 

1865 
1812 

cemeteries,  national.  The  United  States  gov- 
ernment has  established  national  cemeteries  in  various  parts 
of  the  country  for  the  burial  of  men  who  died  in  the  naval  or 
military  service.  There  are  82  national  cemeteries  scattered 
throughout  21  states  and  territories,  mostly  in  the  southern 
states ;  21  of  these  have  over  2000,  not  exceeding  5000,  graves;- 
9  have  over  5000,  not  exceeding.  10,000;  11  have  over  10,000. 
Total  number  of  graves  in  all  the  cemeteries,  322,851 ;  of  these 
9438  are  confederates.  A  marble  headstone  marks  each  grave, 
with  name  and  rank  of  occupant  when  known.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  11  largest,  each  containing  over  10,000  graves -• 


Andersonville,  Ga 

Arlington,  Va 

Chalmette,  La 

Chattiinooga,  Tenn 

Fredericksburg,  Va 

Jefferson's  Barracks,  Mo. 

Marietta,  Ga 

Memphis,  Tenn 

Xashville,  Tenn 

Salisbury,  N.  C 

Vicksburg,  Miss 


Known. 

Unknown. 

Total. 

12,781 

9-21 

13,702 

11,8.53 

4,349 

16,202 

6,851 

5,674 

12,525 

8,012 

4,963 

12,975 

2,487 

12,771 

15,2.58 

8,647 

2,906 

11,553 

7,192 

2,963 

10,155 

5,163 

8,818 

13,981 

11,825 

4,701 

16,  .526 

97 

10.032 

11,129 

3,899 

12,701 

16.600 

The  national  cemetery  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  while  not  contain- 
ing as  many  graves  as  those  mentioned,  there  being  only  3575, 
is  noted  as  having  been  dedicated  by  President  Lincoln,  1863. 
It  is  adorned  with  numerous  memorials  of  the  dead,  among 
them  a  national  monument.  The  government  took  charge  of 
the  ceraeterj'  in  1872. 

Cenis,  Hount.     Tunnels. 

censors,  Roman  magistrates,  to  survey  and  rate  the 
property,  and  correct  the  manners  of  the  people.  The  first  two 
censors  were  appointed,  443  b.c.  Plebeian  censors  were  first 
appointed,  131  b.c.  The  office,  abolished  by  the  emperors, 
was  revived  by  Decius,  251  a.d.     Press. 

censuring  the  President  of  the  United 

States.  Congress  has  twice  censured  the  president :  Jack- 
son in  1834,  and  Tyler  in  1843.     United  States. 

census.  The  Israelites  were  numbered  by  Moses,  1490 
B.C. ,  and  by  David,  1017  b.c.  ;  Demetrius  Phalereus  is  said  to 
have  taken  a  census  of  Attica,  317  b.c,  Servius  Tullius  enact- 
ed that  a  general  estimate  of  every  Roman's  estate  and  personal 
effects  should  be  delivered  to  the  government  upon  oath  every 
5  years,  566  b.c.  A  census  of  the  people  is  said  to  have  been 
taken  at  Florence,  1527;  at  Venice,  1584;  in  France,  1700;  in 
Sweden,  1794.  The  proposal  in  England  for  a  census  in  1375 
was  opposed  as  profane.  In  the  United  Kingdom  the  census 
is  now  taken  at  decennial  periods  since  1801 ;  1811, 1821, 1831, 
1841,  1851,  1861  (7  Apr.),  1871  (3  Apr.),  1881  (3  Apr.),  1891 
(5  Apr.).  The  first  United  States  census  was  made  in  1790. 
The  constitution  requires  that  a  new  census  shall  be  made  every 
10  years.     The  latest  census  year  was  1890.      Population. 

centennial  exhibition,  an  international  exhi- 
bition, in  celebration  of  the  hundredth  year  of  American  inde- 
pendence, was  held  at  Philadelphia,  1876.  33  foreign  countries 
were  represented  by  their  products.  5  principal  buildings, 
with  "annexes,"  or  supplementary  buildings,  were  erected; 
and,  including  foreign  and  state  buildings,  the  total  number 
of  structures  was  199.  The  main  building  covered  21  acres, 
and  the  5  principal  buildings,  with   their  annexes,  covered 


CEN 


157 


CHA 


75  acres.      Number  of  persons  admitted  to  the  exhibition, 
9  910,966;  largest  number  admitted  on  one  day,  274,919. 
First  bill  providing  for  the  exhibition  signed  by  the  president, 

3  Mch.  1871 

Centennial  commission  formed 24  Mch.  1872 

Centennial  board  of  finance  created  by  act  of  congress,  1  June,     •' 

Exhibition  opened  by  president  Grant 19  May,  1876 

Exhibition  closed 10  Nov      " 

Central  America.    America  ,  Wrecks,  1857. 

centre  of  population.     Population,  U.  S. 

centurion,  the  captain,  head,  or  commander  of  a  sub- 
division of  a  Koman  legion,  which  consisted  of  100  men,  and 
was  called  a  centuria.  By  the  Roman  census,  556  b.c.,  each 
hundred  of  the  people  was  called  a  centuria. 

century.  The  Greeks  computed  time  by  the  Olympiads, 
beginning  776  B.C.,  and  the  Roman  church  by  Indictions,  the 
first  of  which  began  24  Sept.  312  a.d.  The  reckoning  of  time 
by  centuries  from  the  incarnation  of  Christ  was  adopted  in 
chronological  history  first  in  France. — Dupin. 

Cephalo'nia,  one  of  the  Ionian  islands,  was  taken 
from  the  J^tolians  by  the  Romans,  189  b.c.,  and  given  to  the 
Athenians  by  Hadrian,  135  a.d.     Ionian  isles. 

Ceplli'§U§,  a  river  in  Attica,  near  which  Walter  de 
Brienne,  duke  of  Athens,  was  defeated  and  slain  bv  the  Cata- 
lans, 1311. 

Cerenionie§,  ]W[a§ter  of,  an  office  instituted  for 

the  more  honorable  reception  of  ambassadors  and  persons  of 
quality  at  court,  1  James  I.  1603.  The  order  maintained  by 
the  master  of  ceremonies  at  Bath,  "  Beau  Nash,"  the  "  king  of 
Bath,"  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  office  in  ordinary  assemblies. 
"  Beau  Nash  "  died,  1761,  in  his  88th  year. — Ashe. 

Ceres,  an  asteroid,  160  miles  in  diameter,  was  discovered 
by  M.  Piazzi,  at  Palermo,  Italy,  1  Jan.  1801 ;  he  named  it  after 
a  goddess  highly  esteemed  by  the  ancient  Sicilians. 

Cere§UO]a  {ce-re-swo'-la),  N.  Italy.  Here  Francis  de 
Bourbon,  count  d'Enghien,  defeated  the  imperialists  under  the 
marquis  de  Guasto,  14  Apr.  1544. 

Cerig'UOla  {ce-Hn' -go-la), S.  Italy.  Here  capt.  Gonsalvo 
de  Cordova  and  the  Spaniards  defeated  the  due  de  Nemours 
and  the  French,  28  Apr.  1503. 

Cerinthiail§,  followers  of  Cerinthus,  a  Jew,  who  lived 
about  80  AM.,  are  said  to  have  combined  Judaism  with  pagan 
philosophy. 

cerium,  a  very  rare  metal,  discovered  by  Klaproth  and 
others  in  1803. 

Cerro  Oordo,  Battle  of.  With  about  8500  men,  gen. 
Scott,  after  capturing  Vera  Cruz,  marched  towards  the  Mexi- 
can capital.  At  Cerro  Gordo,  a  difficult  mountain  pass  at  the  foot 
of  the  eastern  chain  of  the  Cordilleras,  he  found  Santa  Anna 
strongly  posted  and  fortified,  with  12,000  men.  Scott  attacked 
him  18  Apr.  1847,  drove  him  from  his  position,  and  dispersed  his 
army.  Santa  Anna  escaped  on  the  back  of  a  mule.  More  than 
1000  Mexicans  were  killed,  or  wounded,  and  3000  were  made 
prisoners.  The  Americans  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  431.  Scott 
pushed  on  towards  the  Mexican  capital.     Mexican  War, 

Ceuta  (the  ancient  Septa),  a  town  on  north  coast  of 
Africa,  stands  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Abyla,  the  southern 
pillar  of  Hercules.  It  was  taken  from  the  Vandals  by  Belisa- 
rius  for  Justinian,  534 ;  by  the  Goths,  618 ;  by  the  Moors,  about 
709,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese,  1415.  With 
Portugal,  it  was  annexed  in  1580  to  Spain,  which  retains  it. 

Ceylon  (the  ancient  Taprobane),an  island  in  the  Indian 

^ocean,  called  by  the  natives  the  Seat  of  Paradise.     It  became 

a  seat  of  Buddhism,  307  b.c.,  and  was  known  to  the  Romans 

about  41  A.D.     Area,  25,364  sq.  miles;  pop.  1873,  2,323,760; 

1891,  3,008,239. 

Invaded  by  the  Portuguese  Almeyda 1505 

Dutch  land  in  Ceylon,  1602;  capture  the  capital,  Colombo 1603 

Frequent  conflicts;  peaceful  commercial  relations  established.  1664 

Intercourse  with  the  British  begun 1713 

A  large  portion  of  the  country  taken  by  them  in  1782 ;  restored,  1783 
Dutch  settlements  seized  by  the  British;  Trincomalee,  26  Aug. ; 

Jalfnapatam Sept.  1795 

Ceylon  ceded  to  Gref^t  Britain  by  the  peace  of  Amiens 1802 

British  troops  treacherously  massacred  or  imprisoned  by  the 

adigar  of  Candy,  at  Colombo 26  June,  1803 

Complete  sovereignty  of  the  island  assumed  by  England 1815 


Chaerone'a,  Boeotia.  Here  Greece  was  ruinea  bv 
Philip ;  32,000  Macedonians  defeating  30,000  Thebans,  Athe"- 
nians,  etc.,  6  or  7  Aug.  338  b.c.  Here  Archelaus,  lieutenant 
of  Mithridates,  was  defeated  by  Sylla,  and  110,000  Cappado- 
cians  were  slain,  86  b.c.     Coronea. 

chain,  the  great.  This  chain  was  stretched  across  the 
Hudson  river  at  West  Point  just  below  fort  Clinton,  1  May, 
1778,  to  prevent  the  British  war-ships  from  ascending  the 
river.  Its  links  were  2J  in.  square,  and  over  2  ft.  long,  each 
weighing  140  pounds.  Total  weight,  180  tons;  length,  450 
yds.     Portions  of  this  chain  are  still  at  West  Point. 

chain-bridges.  The  largest  and  oldest  chain-bridge 
in  the  world  is  said  to  be  that  at  Kingtung,  in  China,  where  it 
forms  a  perfect  road  from  the  top  of  one  mountain  to  the  top 
of  another.  Mr.  Telford  constructed  the  first  chain-bridge  on 
a  grand  scale  in  England  over  the  strait  between  Anglesey  and 
the  coast  of  Wales,  1818-25.     Menai  strait. 

chain-cables,  pumps,  and  shot.  Iron  chain- 
cables  were  in  use  by  the  Veneti,  a  people  intimately  connected 
with  the  Belgae  of  Britain  in  the  time  of  Caesar,  57  b.c.  These 
cables  came  into  use  generally,  in  the  navy  of  England,  in  1812. 
Acts  for  the  proving  and  sale  of  chain-cables  and  anchors  in 
England  were  passed  in  1864,  1871,  and  1874:.— Chain-shot,  to 
destroy  the  rigging  of  an  enemy's  ship,  were  invented  by  the 
Dutch  admiral  De  Witt  in  1666.— Chain-pumps  were  first  used 
on  board  the  British  frigate  Flora,  in  1787. 

chains,  hanging;  in.  By  25  Geo.  II.  1752,  it  was  en- 
acted that  judges  should  direct  the  bodies  of  pirates  and  mur- 
derers to  be  dissected  and  anatomized,  or  hung  in  chains.  The 
custom  of  hanging  in  chains  was  abolished  in  England  in  1834. 

Chalce'don,  Asia  Minor,  opposite  Byzantium,  colo- 
nized by  Megarians,  about  684  b.c.  It  was  taken  by  Darius, 
505  B.C. ,  by  the  Romans,  74 ,  plundered  by  the  Goths,  269 
A.D. ;  taken  by  Chosroes,  the  Persian,  609;  by  Orchan,  the 
Turk,  1338.  Here  was  held  the  "  Synod  of  the  Oak,"  403 ;  and 
the  fourth  general  council,  which  annulled  the  act  of  the  "  Rob- 
ber Synod,"  8  Oct.  451. 

Chalcis-Euboea.     Alphabet. 

Chaldse'a,  the  ancient  name  of  Babylonia,  but  after- 
wards restricted  to  the  southwest  portion.  The  Chaldaeans 
were  devoted  to  astronomy  and  astrology  (Dan.  ii.  etc.). — 
The  Chaldcean  Registers  of  celestial  observations,  said  to  have 
commenced  2234  b.c,,  were  brought  down  to  the  taking  of 
Babylon  by  Alexander,  331  b.c.  (1903  years).  These  registers 
were  sent  to  Aristotle  by  Calisthenes.— CAoWceaw  characters: 
the  Bible  was  transcribed  from  the  original  Hebrew  into  these 
characters,  now  called  Hebrew,  by  Ezra,  about  445  b.c. 

Clialgrove,  Oxfordshire.  At  a  skirmish  here  with 
prince  Rupert,  18  June,  1643,  John  Hampden,  of  the  parlia- 
ment party,  was  wounded,  and  died  24  June.  A  column  was 
erected  to  his  memory,  18  June,  1843. 

"  Challenger."     Deep-sea  soundings. 

Clialmette  plantation.  La.,  a  few  miles  below 
New  Orleans  on  the  Mississippi  river,  where  gen.  Jackson  re- 
pulsed an  advance  of  the  British,  28  Dec.  1814. 

Chalons -SUr-Harne  (sha-lon'-sur-mam'),  N.E. 
Franee.  Here  the  emperor  Aurelian  defeated  Tetricus,  the 
last  of  the  pretenders  to  the  throne,  termed  the  Thirty  Tyrants, 
274 ;  and  here  in  451  Aetius,  the  Roman  general,  assisted  by 
the  Visigoths,  under  their  king  Theodoric,  checked  the  ad- 
vance of  Attila  the  Hun,  causing  him  to  retire  into  Pannonia, 
after  one  of  the  most  desperate  and  gigantic  contests  recorded 
in  history. 

chamberlain,  early  a  high  court  officer  in  France, 
Germany,  and  England.    The  office  of  chamberlain  of  the  ex- 
chequer was  discontinued  in  1834. 
Hereditary  Lord  Great  Chamberlain  oj  England.— The  sxnih  great 

officer  of  state,  whose  duties,  among  others,  relate  to  coronations 

and  public  solemnities. 
Lord  Chamberlain  of  the  Household.— An  ancient  office.    The  title  is 

from  the  Fr.  chambellan,  in  Lat.  camerarim. 
Chambersburg,  Pa.     Pennsylvania,  1862-64. 
"  Chambers's  Journal "  was  first  pubfished  at 

Edinburgh  in  Feb.  1832. 


CHA 

Ctaainbre  Ardeilte  ("fiery  chamber"),  an  extraor- 
dinary French  tribunal,  so  named  from  the  punishment  fre- 
quently awarded  by  it.  Francis  I.  in  1535,  and  Henry  II.  in 
1549,  employed  it  for  the  extirpation  of  heresy,  which  led  to 
the  civil  war  with  the  Huguenots  in  1560 ;  and  in  1679  Louis 
XIV.  appointed  one  to  investigate  the  poisoning  cases  which 
tHJCurred  after  the  execution  of  the  marchioness  Brinvilliers. 

Cliailip  <le  iVIuriii  (^shOti  de  mars),  an  open  square  in 
front  of  the  military  school  at  Taris,  witli  artificial  embank- 
ments on  each  side,  extending  nearly  to  the  river  Seine. 
The  ancient  assemblies  of  the  Frankish  people,  the  germ  of 
parliaments,  held  annually  in  March,  received  this  name.  In 
747  Pepin  changed  the  month  to  May.  Here  was  held,  14 
July.  1790  (the  anniversary  of  the  capture  of  the  Bastile),  the 
"  federation,"  or  solemnity  of  swearing  fidelity  to  the  "  patriot 
king  "  and  new  constitution  ;  great  rejoicings  followed.  On  14 
July,  1791,  a  second  great  meeting  was  held  here,  directed  by 
the  Jacobin  clubs,  to  sign  petitions  on  the  "altar  of  the  coun- 
try," praying  for  the  abdication  of  Louis  XVI.  A  commem- 
oration meeting  took  place,  14  July,  1792.  Another  constitu- 
tion was  sworn  to  here,  under  the  eye  of  Napoleon  1,1  May, 
1815,  at  a  ceremony  called  the  Champ  de  Mai.  The  prince 
president  (afterwards  Napoleon  III.)  held  a  review  in  the 
Champ  de  Mars,  and  distributed  eagles  to  the  army,  10  May, 
1852.  Here  also  were  held  the  international  exhibitions, 
opened  1  Apr.  1867,  and  1  May,  1878.     1'akis. 

Clianipajg^llC,  an  ancient  province,  N.E.  France,  once 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  was  governed  by  counts 
from  the  10th  century  till  it  was  united  to  Navarre,  count  Thi- 
baut  becoming  king  in  1234.  The  countess  Joanna  married 
Philip  IV.  of  France  in  1284;  and  in  1361  Champagne  was 
annexed  by  their  descendant  king  John.  The  effervescing 
wine,  termed  champagne,  made  in  this  province,  became  pop- 
ular in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century. 

Champion  IIill§,  Miss.,  Battle  of.  Vicksburg 
Campaign. 

champion  of  the  kin^  of  England  (most 

honorable),  an  ancient  office,  since  1377  has  been  attached  to 
the  manor  of  Scrivelsby,  held  by  the  Marmion  family.  Their 
descendant,  sir  Henry  Dymoke,  the  17th  of  his  family  who  held 
the  office,  died  28  Apr.  1865 ;  succeeded  by  his  brother  John ; 
he  died,  and  his  son  Henry  Lionel  succeeded,  who  died  Dec. 
1875.  At  the  coronation  of  an  p]nglish  king,  the  champion 
used  to  challenge  any  one  that  should  deny  his  title. 

Champiain,  Lake.     Lake  Champlain  and  New 

York,  1609, 1776, 1814. 

chancellor  of  England,  lord  high,  the  first  lay 
subject  after  the  princes  of  the  blood  royal.  Anciently  the  office 
was  conferred  upon  some  dignified  ecclesiastic  termed  cancella- 
rius,  or  doorkeeper,  who  admitted  suitors  to  the  sovereign's 
presence.  Arfastus  or  Herefast,  chaplain  to  the  king  (William 
the  Conqueror)  and  bishop  of  Elmham,  was  lord  chancellor  in 
1067. — Hoj'dij.  Thomas  a  Becket  was  made  chancellor  in 
1154.  The  first  person  qualified  by  education  to  decide  causes 
upon  his  own  judgment  was  sir  Thomas  More,  appointed  in 
1529,  before  which  the  officer  was  rather  a  state  functionary 
than  a  judge.  Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  appointed  lord  chan- 
cellor in  1587,  was  verj'  ignorant,  and  the  first  reference  was 
made  to  a  master  in  1588.  Salary,  1875,  6000/, ;  as  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Lords,  4000/.  The  great  seal  has  been  frequent- 
ly put  in  commission.  In  1813  the  office  of  vice-chancellor 
was  established.     Keeper,  Vice-chancellor. 

chancellor  of  Ireland,  lord  high.  The  earliest 
nomination  was  by  Richard  I.,  1189,  that  of  Stephen  Ridel. 
The  office  of  vice-chancellor  was  known  in  Ireland  in  1232, 
Geofifrey  Turvillo,  archdeacon  of  Dublin,  being  so  named.  The 
Chancery  and  Common  Law  Offices  (Ireland)  act  was  passed 
20  Aug.  1867. 

chancellor  of  Scotland,  lord.    The  laws  of 

Malcolm  II.  (1004)  say:  "The  chancellar  sail  at  al  tymes  as- 
sist the  king  in  giving  him  counsall  mair  secretly  nor  the  rest 
of  the  nobility.  .  .  .  The  chancellar  sail  be  ludgit  neir  unto  the 
kingis  grace,  for  keiping  of  his  bodie,  and  the  seill,  and  that 
he  may  be  readie,  baith  day  and  nicht,  at  the  kingis  command." 
— Sir  James  Balfour.     Evan  was  lord  chancellor  to  Malcolm 


158 


CHA 


III.,  Canmore,  1057;  and  James,  earl  of  Seaficld,  afterwards 
Findlater,  was  the  last  lord  chancellor  of  Scotland,  the  office 
having  been  abolished  in  1708.     Keeper. 

ChanceliorNville,  Va.,  Battle  of.  On  26  Jan. 
1863,  maj.-gen.  Joseph  Hooker  assumed  command  of  the  army 
of  the  Potomac,  and  by  1  Apr.  that  army  was  in  excellent  con- 
dition for  a  forward  movement,  numbering  100,000  infantry, 
10,000  artillery,  and  13,000  cavalry.  On  27  Apr.  gen.  Hooker 
despatched  gen.  Stoneman  with  most  of  the  cavalry  on  a  raid 
to  the  rear  of  the  confederate  army.  From  Falmouth,  opposite 
Fredericksburg,  gen.  Hooker,  28  Apr.,  moved  about  70,000  of  his 
forces  towards  the  U.  S.  ford  on  the  Rappahannock,  leaving 
gen.  Sedgwick  with  some  30,000  opposite  Fredericksburg, 
where  the  confederate  army  was  encamped.  Gen.  Hooker 
succeeded  in  crossing  the  Rappahainiock  in  the  vicinity  of 
Chancellorsville  (that  place  being  a  single  hotel,  at  some  time 
kept  by  a  Mr.  ChanceHor),  almost  without  molestation,  by  the 
evening  of  30  Apr.  The  movement  thus  far  was  a  success, 
and  a  surprise  to  the  confederate  commander.  On  1  May, 
Hooker  advanced  a  division  of  the  5th  corps  on  the  road  tow- 
ards Fredericksburg,  which  soon  became  engaged  with  the  con- 
federate advance  from  that  place.  Gen.  Hooker  now  recalled 
this  advance,  and  the  day  closed  with  the  confederates  occupy- 
ing the  better  position.  Early  in  the  morning  of  2  May,  gen. 
Lee  detached  "Stonewall"  Jackson  with  about  25,000  men 
for  an  attack  on  the  federal  extreme  right,  occupied  by  the 
11th  corps,  under  command  of  gen.  O.  O.  Howard.  This  move- 
ment of  Jackson's  culminated  a  little  before  6  p.m.  by  a  swift 
and  overwhelming  attack  on  the  right  wing,  breaking  it  in 
panic.  This  attack  was  finally  repelled.  During  this  fighting 
in  the  darkness  "  Stonewall "  Jackson  was  mortally  wounded 
by  his  own  men,  dying  on  the  10th.  The  conflict  was 
again  renewed  on  3  May  (Sundaj'),  around  the  Chancellor 
house,  with  a  general  confederate  success.  In  the  meanwhile 
gen.  Sedgwick  at  Fredericksburg  was  ordered,  late  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  2d,  to  cross  the  Rappahannock  at  that  point,  move 
towards  Chancellorsville,  and  thus  strike  the  rear  of  the  con- 
federate army.  Sedgwick  moved  as  ordered,  early  on  the 
morning  of  the  3d,  but  was  not  able  to  carry  the  heights  beyond 
Fredericksburg  until  noon,  then,  advancing  towards  Chancel- 
lorsville about  4  miles,  he  was  stopped  by  a  strong  force  of  the 
confederates  about  5  p.m.  During  the  4th,  gen,  Lee  was  able 
to  still  further  reinforce  the  troops  in  front  of  Sedgwick,  and 
at  the  same  time  keep  Hooker  engaged  at  Chancellorsville. 
Sedgwick  was  pushed  back  during  the  day,  and  rectossed 
the  river  during  the  night  with  a  loss  of  5000  men.  The 
federals  also  at  Chancellorsville  recrossed  the  Rappahannock 
during  the  night  of  the  4th  unmolested.  Hooker's  loss  was 
17,197,  including  Sedgwick's,  of  whom  5000  were  prisoners, 
while  the  confederate  loss  was  some  13,000,  of  whom  3000  were 
prisoners.  This  battle  places  Lee  in  the  front  rank  of  military 
leaders.  Hooker's  army  was  composed  of  the  best  material, 
was  well  equipped  and  full  of  spirit,  and  numbered  120,000, 
while  Lee's  force  was  62,000.  Hooker  succeeded  in  turning 
Lee's  position,  and  in  forcing  him  out  of  his  fortified  camp 
into  the  open  field,  where  a  complete  victory  for  the  national 
forces  seemed  easy  and  well-nigh  certain.  That  it  was  not 
won  was  due  to  the  activity  and  masterly  combinations  of  the 
confederate  commander.  For  a  careful  criticism  of  the  battle 
see  "The  Campaign  of  Chancellorsville"  by  lieut.-col.  Theo- 
dore Dodge,  U.  S.  A.,  pub.  1881. 

chancery,  English  court  of,  is  (Said  to  have  been  in- 
stituted either  in  605,  or  by  Alfred,  887  ;  refounded  by  William 
I.,  1067  {Slow)  or  1070.  This  court  had  its  origin  in  the  desire 
to  render  justice  complete,  and  to  moderate  the  rigor  of  other 
courts  that  are  bound  to  the  strict  letter  of  the  law.  It  gives 
relief  to  or  against  infants,  notwithstanding  their  minority; 
and  to  or  against  married  women,  notwithstanding  their  cov- 
erture ;  and  all  frauds,  deceits,  breaches  of  trust  and  confidence, 
for  which  there  is  no  redress  at  common-law,  are  relievable 
here. — Blacksione.  Chancellor  of  England.  The  delays 
in  chancery  proceedings  having  long  given  dissatisfaction,  the 
subject  was  brought  before  Parliament  in  1825,  and  frequently 
since :  which  led  to  important  acts  in  1852,  1853,  1855,  1858, 
and  1867,  to  amend  the  practice  in  the  court  of  chancery. 
The  chancery  division  of  the  high  court  of  justice  now  consists 
of  the  lord  chancellor  and  5  judges.     The  first  court  of  this 


CHA  159 

character  in  the  colonies  was  established  in  New  York  in  1698, 
by  gov.  Belloniont,  under  authority  of  the  Board  of  Trade  and 
Plantations.  In  the  United  States  the  terms  Equity  and  Courts 
of  Equity  are  more  frequently  used  than  the  corresponding 
terms  Chancery  and  Courts  of  Chancery.  Courts  of  the 
United  States. 

Chailtilly,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Pope's  Virginia  Cam- 
paign. 

eliailting'  the  psalms  was  adopted  by  Ambrose  from 
the  pagan  ceremonies  of  the  Romans,  about  350. — Lenglet. 
About  60-2,  Gregory  the  Great  added  tones  to  the  Ambrosian 
chant,  and  established  singing-schools.  John  Marbeck's  "  Book 
of  Common  Praier  noted  "  (1559)  is  the  first  adaptation  of  the 
ancient  Latin  music  to  the  Reformed  church  ;  Clifford's  "Com- 
mon Tunes"  for  chanting,  1664.     Music. 

chapel.  There  are  free  chapels,  ^hapels  of  ease,  the 
chaf)t'l  royal,  etc.— Cowell.  The  gentlemen  pensioners  (for- 
merly poor  knights  of  Windsor,  who  were  instituted  by  the  di- 
rection of  Henry  VIII.  in  his  testament,  1546-47)  were  called 
knights  of  the  chapel.  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor.  The 
Private  Chapels  act  passed  in  England  14  Aug.  1871. — The 
place  of  conference  among  printers,  and  the  conference  itself, 
are  by  them  called  a  chapel,  it  is  said,  because  the  first  work 
printed  in  England  by  Caxton  was  executed  in  a  ruined  chapel 
in  Westminster  abbey. 

eliaplain,  a  clergyman  who  performs  divine  service 
in  a  chapel,  for  a  prince  or  nobleman.  In  the  U.  S.  one  who 
holds  divine  service  in  the  army  or  navy  or  any  public  body, 
or  in  a  family.  About  70  chaplains  are  attached  to  the  chapel 
royal  of  England.  The  chief  personages  in  Great  Britain  in- 
vested with  the  privilege  of  retaining  chaplains  are  the  fol- 
lowing, with  the  number  that  was  originally  allotted  to  each 
rank,  by  21  Hen.  VIII.  c.  13  (1529)  : 

Knight  of  the  Garter 3 

Duchess 2 

Marchioness 2 


CHA 


Archbishop 8 

Duke 6 

Bishop 6 

Marquis 5 

Earl 5 

Viscount i 

Baron , 3 

Chancellor 3 


Countess 2 

Baroness 2 

Master  of  the  Rolls 2 

Royal  almoner 2 

Chief-justice  1 


chapter.  Anciently  in  Great  Britain  the  bishop  and 
clergy  lived  in  the  cathedral,  the  latter  to  assist  the  former  in 
performing  holy  offices  and  governing  the  church,  until  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The  chapter  is  now  an  assembly  of 
the  clergy  of  a  collegiate  church  or  cathedral. — Cotoell.  The 
chapter-house  of  Westminster  abbey  was  built  in  1250.  By 
consent  of  the  abbot,  the  commoners  of  England  held  parlia- 
ments there  from  1377  until  1547,  when  Edward  VI.  granted 
them  the  chapel  of  St.  Stephen. 

Chapultepee,  Battle  of.  Chapultepec  castle  stands 
on  a  lofty  hill,  strongly  fortified,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  military 
school  of  Mexico.  It  was  the  last  place  defended  outside  the 
capital  towards  the  middle  of  Sept.  1847,  the  invading  Amer- 
icans, under  Scott,  having  taken  every  other  stronghold  from 
Vera  Cruz  to  Chapultepec.  Scott  brought  4  heavy  batteries 
to  bear  upon  it  on  the  night  of  11  Sept.,  and  on  the  12th  com- 
menced a  heavy  cannonade.  On  the  13th  the  Americans  made 
a  furious  assault,  routed  the  Mexicans,  and  unfurled  the  Stars 
and  Stripes  over  the  shattered  castle.  On  the  following  day 
Scott  and  his  array  entered  the  city  of  Mexico  in  triumph. 

charcoal  air-Alters  were  devised  by  Dr.  John 
Stenhouse,  F.R.S.,  in  1853.  About  the  end  of  the  last  cen- 
tury Lowitz,  a  German  chemist,  discovered  that  charcoal  (car- 
bon) possessed  the  property  of  deodorizing  putrid  substances, 
by  absorbing  and  decomposing  oflFensive  gases.  Air-filters, 
based  on  this  property,  have  been  successfully  applied  to  pub- 
Kc  buildings,  sewers,  etc.  Dr.  Stenhouse  also  invented  char- 
coal respirators.     Fireman's  respirator. 

Charing  Cross.  At  the  village  of  Charing,  London, 
Engl.,  stood  the  last  of  the  memorial  crosses  erected  in  mem- 
ory of  Eleanor,  queen  of  Edward  I.  of  England,  in  conformity 
with  her  will.  Eleanor's  crosses.  She  died  28  Nov.  1290. 
The  cross  remained  till  1647,  when  it  was  destroyed  as  a  mon- 
ument of  popish  superstition.  The  present  cross  was  erected 
for  the  Southeastern  Railway  company  in  1865  by  E.  M.  Barry. 
The  houses  at  Charing  Cross  were  built  about  1678;  altera- 


tions began  in  1829.  The  first  stone  of  Charing-cross  hospital 
was  laid  by  the  duke  of  Sussex,  15  Sept.  1831.  Hungerford- 
bridge  (or  Charing-cross  bridge)  was  opened  1  May,  1845; 
taken  down  July,  1862,  and  the  materials  employed  in  erect- 
ing Clifton  suspension  bridge,  beginning  Mch.  1863. 

chariots.  Chariot  racing  was  a  Greek  and  Roman 
exercise.  The  price  of  an  Egy|)tian  war-chariot  in  the  time 
of  Solomon,  1015  B.C.,  was  600'sheUels  of  silver  (about  $300). 
The  chariot  of  an  Ethiopian  officer  is  mentioned.  Acts,  viii.  28. 
Caesar  relates  that  Cassivelaunus,  after  dismissing  his  other 
forces,  retained  no  fewer  than  4000  war-chariots  about  his  per- 
son.    Carriages,  etc. 

Charitable  Brethren,  an  order  founded  by  St. 
John  of  God,  and  approved  by  pope  Pius  V.  1572  ;  introduced 
into  France,  1601 ;  settled  at  Paris,  1602.— IJenautt. 

charities  and  charity  schools.  Education. 
The  British  charity  commission  reported  to  Parliament  that 
the  endowed  charities  alone  of  Great  Britain  amounted  in 
1840  to  1,500,000/.  annually.  Charity  schools  were  instituted 
in  London  to  licep  the  infant  poor  from  Roman  Catholic  semi- 
naries 3  James  II.,  1687-88,  Mr.  Low's  "  Charities  of  London  " 
was  pub.  1862.  Newest  ed.,  1880. 
First  charity  commission,  originated  by  Mr.  (afterwards  lord) 

Brougham,  in  1816,  appointed  in  1818;  issued  reports  in  38 

vols,  (income  of  charities.  l,209,395i.) 1819-40 

New  commissioners  appointed,  1853  ;    office,  Gwytiyr  house, 

Whitehall ;  powers  increased I860 

A  meeting  was  held  at  the  Mansion  house,  London,  to  consider 

objections  to  charity  electioneering 30  Oct.  1873 

Additional  commissioners  appointed  upon  the  abolition  of  the 

Endowed  School  Commission 1874 

Charity  Voting  Association  held  its  first  annual  meeting, 

18  Feb.  1875 
Metropolitan     charities     received    about    3,195,181?.,    1874; 

4,114,489? " 

Charity  commissioners'   scheme   for   the   Campden   estates, 

Kensington,  much  opposed;  confirmed  by  chancery,  27  May,  1881 
Henry  Quinn  bequeaths  50,000Z.  to  London  charities 1888 

charity  organization  in  the  United  States. 
The  banding  together  of  municipal,  institutional,  and  private 
charities  for  better  administration,  and  for  a  study  of  the  causes  , 
and  cure  of  pauperism,  was  introduced  into  London,  England, 
in  1869,  and  into  the  U.  S.  in  1877.  Poor.  As  reported  at  the 
17th  national  conference  of  charities  and  corrections  at  Balti- 
more (14-21  May,  1890),  there  were  78  societies  in  the  U.  S. 
operated  under  charity  organization  either  wholly  or  in  part. 

The  principal  charity  organization  societies  with  date  of 
organization  are  as  follows : 


Name. 

Place. 

Organized. 

Charity  Organization  Society. 
Society  for  Organizing  Charity 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Brooklyn,  L.  I 

Boston,  Mass 

Cincinnati,  0 

Indianapolis,  Ind 

Detroit,  Mich 

Cleveland  0      

11  Dec. 

13  June 
26  Nov. 
26  Feb. 
18  Nov. 

12  Dec. 
11  Feb. 

14  Jan. 

30  Apr. 
7  June, 

22  Dec. 
26  Jan. 

1877 
1878 

Associated  Charities 

1879 

Charity  Organization  Society. 

Association  of  Charities 

Society      for      Organizing! 

1880 
1881 

Baltimore,  Md 

Washington,  D.  C... 

Newark,  N.  J 

Milwaukee,  Wis 

New  York  city,  N.  Y. 

Charity  Organization  Society. 

" 

Charity  Organization  Society. 

((                            ((                            u 

1882 

a 

Louisville,  Ky 

New  Orleans,  La 

Minneapolis,  Minn... 

1883 
1884 

Saving  societies  for  the  poor  throuL'h  regularly  appointed  col- 
lectors, instituted  by  Charity  Organization  Society  of  New- 
port, R.  1 1879 

First  law  procured  by  charity  organization  was  that  regulating 

the  sale  and  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  New  Haven,  Conn.  1880 
Massachusetts  passes  a  law  for  bringing  children  of  worthless 
parents  before  the  court  and  giving  them  into  proper  guard- 
ianship    1883 

System  of  central  registration  of  all  travelling  mendicants  and 

impostors  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y,  instituted 1886 

Charity  organizations  in  various  cities  memorialize  Congress 

in  favor  of  postal  savings-banks " 

Boston  secures  a  law  prohibiting  begging  and  peddling  by 

children 1887 

"  Charivari  "  (Fr.  for  "  clattering  of  pots  and  pans," 
etc.,  noise  made  to  annoy  obnoxious  persons),  the  name  as- 
sumed by  the  French  illustrated  satirical  journal,  first  published 
1  Dec.  1832,  edited  by  Louis  Desnoyers,  Altaroche,  and  Albert 


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CHA 


C]cTC.  Among  the  artists  were  "  Cham,"  a^name  taken  by  the 
conite  de  No€,  who  contributed  from  1842  till  his  death,  ti  Sept. 
i879.     TuNCH,  "  the  London  Charicari" 

Churleroi,  in  Relgium ;  fortified  and  named  by  the 
Spanish  governor  R«)drigo,  16GG.  Several  great  battles  have 
been  fought  near  it,  especially  in  1090  and  1794.  Fleukis. 
Charleroi  was  besieged  in  vain  by  the  prince  of  Orange,  1G72 
and  lo77.  Near  here,  at  Ligny,  Napoleon  attacked  the  Prus- 
sian line,  and  drove  it  back  upon  Wavres,  16  June,  1815. 

"  Cliarle§-et-Ocor8:Cii,"  a  French  vessel,  profess- 
edly conveying  free  African  emigrants  (really  slaves),  seized  by 
the  Portuguese,  in  Conducia  bay,  29  Nov.  1857,  sent  to  Lisbon, 
and  condemned  as  a  slaver.  The  French  government  sent  2 
«hips-of-war  to  the  Tagus,  and  the  vessel  was  surrendered  un- 
der protest;  but  the  emperor  of  France  gave  up  the  free-emi- 
gration scheme. 

CliarlestOll,  S.  C.     South  Cauolina. 

CliarlcstOW^n,  Mass.  Massachusetts,  1629,  1630, 
1775. 

CharlestOWn,  West  Va.  Here  on  2  Dec.  1859,  John 
Brown  was  hung,  and  on  the  16th,  Green,  Copeland,  Cook, 
and  Coppoc,  and  on  16  Mch.  1860,  Stephens  and  Hazlett. 
Brown's  Insurkection. 

"  Charte  Constitutionnelle,"  the  French  po- 
litical constitution  acknowledged  by  Louis  XVIIL,  4-10  June, 
1814.  The  infraction  of  this  constitution  led  to  the  revolu- 
tion of  1830.  The  amended  "Charte"  was  promulgated  b}' 
Louis  Philippe,  14  Aug.  1830,  and  set  aside  by  the  revolution 
of  1848. 

Charter-IlOUSe  (a  corruption  of  Chartreuse),  Lon- 
don, formerly  a  Carthusian  monastery,  founded  in  1371  by 
sir  William  Manny,  one  of  the  knights  of  Edward  IIL;  now 
a  charitable  establishment.  The  last  prior,  John  Houghton, 
was  executed  as  a  traitor,  for  denying  the  king's  supremacy,  in 
May,  1535.  After  the  dissolution  of  monasteries  in  1539,  the 
Charter-house  passed  through  various  hands  till  1  Nov.  1611, 
when  it  was  sold  by  the  earl  of  Suffolk  to  Thomas  Sutton  for 
13,000/.,  who  obtained  letters-patent  directing  that  it  should 
be  called  "  the  hospital  of  king  James,  founded  in  the  Charter- 
house," and  that  "there  should  be  forever  16  governors,"  etc. 
On  the  foundation  are  80  poor  brothers  and  44  poor  scholars. 
Sutton  died  12  Dec.  1611.  In  Sept.  1872,  the  school  was 
opened  in  new  buildings,  at  Godalming,  Surrey.  The  old 
buildings,  adapted  for  the  Merchant  Taylors'  (day)  school, 
were  opened  by  the  prince  of  Wales,  6  Apr.  1875.  The  build- 
ings for  the  poor  "brethren"  were  also  modified,  and  in  Nov. 
entirely  new  arrangements  for  them  were  proposed.  The 
"Charter- House,  Past  and  Present,"  by  Dr.  Wm.  Haig  Brown, 
head-master,  pub.  1879. 

Charter  Oak.     Connecticut,  1687, 1856. 

charters,  granted  to  corporate  towns  to  protect  their 
manufactures  by  Henry  L  in  1132;  modified  by  Charles  IL 
in  1683;  the  ancient  charters  restored  in  1698.  Alterations 
were  made  by  the  Municipal  Reform  act  in  1835.  Ancient 
Anglo-Saxon  charters  are  printed  in  Kemble's  "  Codex  Diplo- 
maticus,"  1829.  Boroughs,  Magna  Charta.  For  colonial 
charters  in  the  U.  S.,  see  the  different  State  Records. 

chart! KtS,  the  name  assumed  in  England  by  large  bodies 
of  workingmensoon  after  the  passing  of  the  Reform  bill  in  1832. 
They  demanded  the  people's  charter,  with  6  points:  Univer- 
sal Suffrage,  Vote  by  Ballot,  Annual  Parliaments,  Payment 
of  the  Members,  the  A  bolition  of  the  Property  Qualification  ! 
(this  was  enacted  June,  1858),  and  Equal  Electoral  Districts. 
In  1838  the  chartists  assembled  in  many  places,  armed  with 
guns,  pikes,  and  other  weapons,  and  carrying  torches  and  flags. 
A  proclamation  was  issued  against  them,  12  Dec.  Their  pe- 
tition (agreed  to  at  Birmingham,  6  Aug.  1838),  was  presented 
to  Parliament  by  T.  Attwood,  14  June,  1839.  They  commit-  | 
ted  outrages  at  Birmingham,  15  July,  1839,  and  at  Newport,  | 
4  Nov.  1839.  They  held  for  some  time  a  sort  of  parliament, 
called  the  "National  Convention,"  the  leading  men  being 
Feargus  O'Connor,  Henry  Vincent,  Mr.  Stephens,  etc.  On  10 
Apr.  1848,  they  proposed  to  hold  a  meeting  of  200,000  men  on 
Kennington  Common,  London,  to  march  in  procession  to  West- 
minster, and  present  a  petition  to  Parliament,  but  only  about 


20,000  came.  The  bank  and  other  establishments  were  forti- 
fied, preventive  measures  adopted,  and  not  less  than  150,000 
volunteers  of  all  ranks  (including  Louis  Napoleon,  afterwards 
emperor)  were  sworn  to  act  as  special  constables.  The  char- 
tists dispersed  after  slight  encounters  with  the  police,  and  the 
monster  petition,  in  detached  rolls,  was  sent  in  cabs  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  From  this  time  the  proceedings  ot  the 
chartists  became  insignificant. 

Chartreuse  {shar-truz')^  L<a  Grande,  chief  of 

the  monasteries  of  the  Carthusian  order,  among  the  rugged 
mountains  near  Grenoble,  in  France,  was  founded  by  Bruno  of 
Cologne  about  1084.  At  the  revolution  in  1792  the  monks  were 
expelled  and  their  valuable  library  destroyed.  They  returned 
to  the  monastery  after  the  restoration  of  1815.  In  Nov.  1880, 
they  declined  to  accept  exemption  from  the  decrees  expelling 
the  religious  orders  from  France.— An  aromatic  cordial  is  so 
called  from  being  made  at  this  monastery. 

chart.  A  representation  of  a  portion  of  the  earth's 
surface,  projected  on  a  plane.  Specifically  it  is  a  map  for 
navigators'  use,  on  which  merely  the  outlines  of  coasts,  islands, 
rocks,  etc.,  are  shown.  Marine  charts  were  introduced  by 
Henry,  son  of  John  I.  of  Portugal,  about  1400,  and  brought  to 
England  about  1489  by  Bartholomew  Columbus,  to  illustrate 
his  brother's  theory  respecting  a  western  route  to  India.  First 
magnetic  chart  constructed  by  Dr.  Halley,  1701.  It  noted  the 
Atlantic  and  Indian  oceans.     Maps. 

Chassepot  (shas-po')  rifle,  a  modified  needle-gun, 
breech-loading  (named  after  its  inventor,  Alphonse  Chassepot), 
adopted  by  France  in  1866.  In  Apr.  1867,  10,000  had  been 
issued  to  the  troops.  In  his  report  on  the  battle  of  Mentana, 
3  Nov.  1867,  gen.  de  Failly  said,  "  the  chassepot  has  done  won- 
ders." It  was  considered  successful  in  the  war,  1870-71.  "  The 
range  of  the  chassepot  being  1800  paces,  and  that  of  the  nee- 
dle-gun only  between  600  and  700,  the  Germans  in  all  their 
charges  had  to  traverse  1200  paces  before  their  arms  could  be 
used  to  purpose."  Many  Germans  carried  the  chassepot  after 
the  surrender  of  Sedan,  2  Sept.  1870.     Fire-arms. 

chastity.  The  Roman  laws  justified  homicide  in  de- 
fence of  one's  self  or  relatives ;  and  by  the  laws  of  all  civilized 
nations  a  woman  may  kill  a  man  in  defenceof  her  chastit}' ;  or 
a  husband  or  a  father  him  who  attempts  to  violate  his  wife  or 
daughter.  In  1100  years  (from  Noma,  710  b.c.,  to  Theodosius, 
394  A.D.),  only  18  Roman  vestals  had  been  condemned  for  in- 
continence.    Acre,  Coldingham,  Vestals. 

Chat  moss,  Lancashire,  Engl.,  a'  peat  bog,  12  miles 
square,  in  most  places  too  soft  to  support  a  man  or  horse,  over 
which  George  Stephenson,  engineer,  carried  the  Liverpool  and 
Manchester  railway,  overcoming  difficulties  considered  invin- 
cible. The  road  (literally  a  floating  one)  was  completed  by 
1  Jan.  1830,  when  the  first  experimental  train  was  drawn  by 
the  Rocket  locomotive.     Bogs. 

Chateaiiclllll,  an  old  citj',  N.C.  France,  the  residence 
of  the  heroic  Dunois,  who  died  1468.  Here  were  massacred, 
20  Jul}',  1183,  about  7000  Braban^ons,  fanatic  mercenaries 
hired  to  exterminate  the  Albigenses  by  cardinal  Henry,  abbot 
of  Clairvaux,  in  1181.  They  had  become  the  scourge  of  the 
country,  and  the  "Capuchons"  were  organized  for  their  de- 
struction.— Chateaudun  was  captured  by  the  Germans  after 
a  severe  conflict  of  about  9  hours,  18  Oct.  1870.  Barricades 
had  been  erected  in  the  town,  and  the  Garde  Mobile-  fought 
bravely.     The  town  was  reoccupied  by  the  French,  6  Nov. 

Chatham,  Kent,  Engl.,  a  principal  station  of  the  Brit- 
ish navy;  the  dockyard,  commenced  by  queen  Elizabeth,  was 
much  extended  in  1872.  The  Chatham  Chest,  for  wounded 
and  decayed  seamen,  established  here  by  queen  Elizabeth 
and  admirals  Drake  and  Hawkins  in  1588,  was  removed  to 
Greenwich  in  1803.  On  10  June,  1667,  the  Dutch  fleet,  under 
admiral  de  Ruyter,  sailed  up  to  this  town,  and  burned  several 
men-of-war;  but  the  entrance  into  the  Medway  is  now  de- 
fended by  Sheerness  and  other  forts,  and  additional  fortifica- 
tions were  made  at  Chatham.  New  docks  and  a  basin,  said 
to  be  the  largest  and  finest  in  the  world,  opened  by  Mr.  Gosch- 
en,  21  June,  1871. 

Chatillon  (sha-til-yon'),  on  the  Seine,  France.  Here 
at  a  congress  of  the  4  great  powers  allied  against  France, 


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Caulaincourt  attended  for  Napoleon,  4  Feb.  1814 ;  the  negotia- 
tions for  peace  were  broken  off  on  19  Mch.  following. 

Chattanooga  canipaig^ii.    The  campaign  of 

Chattanooga,  following  closely  that  of  Chickamauga,  may 
properly  be  termed  a  continuation  of  it,  with  a  change  of  com- 
manders, a  new  formation  of  the  army  corps,  and  an  increase 
of  the  army  by  reinforcements. 
Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  the  army  of  the 

Cumberland  falls  back  to  Chattanooga 21-22  Sept.  1863 

[The  confederate  army  follows  at  once,  and  occupies  the 
strong  positions  of  Missionary  Ridge  and  Lookout  mountain. 
Chattanooga  is  thus  practically  invested,  the  federal  army 
having  but  one  route  whereby  it  can  obtain  its  supplies,  and 
that  over  the  Cumberland  mountains  by  an  obscure  wagon 
road  maintained  with  difficulty.] 
The  11th  and  12th  corps,  under  command  of  maj.-gen.  Hooker, 
ordered  from  the  army  of  the  Potomac  to  aid  the  army  of 

the  Cumberland 23  Sept.     " 

Maj.-gen.  Grant  is  placed  in  command  of  the  military  division 
of  the  Mississippi,  including  the  armies  and  departments  of 
the  Tennessee,  Cumberland,  and  the  Ohio.  Maj.-gen.  Rose- 
crans  is  relieved  of  command  of  the  army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, and  maj.-gen.  George  H.  Thomas  placed  in  command  by 

general  order  No.  337,  War  Dept 16  Oct.     " 

This  order  relieving  gen.   Ro.secrans  left  optional  with  gen. 

Grant.     Gen.  Rosecrans  is  relieved 19  Oct.      " 

Gen.  Grant  reaching  Chattanooga  takes  command 23  Oct.     " 

He  orders  gen.  Sherman  at  once  from  Corinth,  Miss.,  to  Chat- 
tanooga  24  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Hooker,  now  at  Bridgeport,  Ala.,  with  the  11th  and  12th 
corps,  is  ordered  to  cross  the  Tennessee  at  that  place  and 

reach  the  Wauhatchie  valley  by 27  Oct.     " 

To  support  this  movement  and  open  another  route  for  sup- 
plies, gen.  Grant  decides  on  a  pontoon  bridge  across  the 
Tennessee  at  Brown's  ferry,  a  few  miles  below  Chattanooga. 
It  is  placed  by  brig. -gen.  W.  F.  Smith  on  the  night  of  27  Oct.  " 
On  the  morning  of  the  28th  a  sufficient  force  has  passed  over 
and  intrenched  to  hold  the  i)Osition.  During  the  day  gen. 
Hooker  moves  down  the  Wauhatchie  valley  to  within  a  mile 
of  the  U.  S.  force  at  Brown's  ferry.  The  confederates,  watch- 
ing Hooker's  advance  from  Lookout  mountain,  plan  a  night 
attack  on  him.  It  begins  about  1  a.m.,  and  at  4  they  retire, 
repulsed.  This  battle  is  known  as  that  of  Wauhatchie.  Gen. 
Hooker  loses  nearly  500  killed  and  wounded.  This  occupa- 
tion of  the  Wauhatchie  valley  opens  an  excellent  route  for 
supplies,  removing  all  danger  of  famine,  and  prepares  the 
way  for  gen.  Sherman's  advance  from  Bridgeport.  Grant, 
before  further  attack  on  the  besieging  forces,  awaits  Sher- 
man, who  is  hastening  from  Corinth,  while  Bragg  detaches 
from  his  army  some  16,000  men  under  Longstreet  to  move 
against  Burnside,  at  Knoxville,  4  Nov.  Sherman's  advance 
arrives  at  Bridgeport,  13  Nov.,  but  as  the  position  assigned 
his  command  on  the  extreme  left  necessitates  moving  his 
forces  above  Chattanooga,  they  are  not  in  position  with  facil- 
ities for  crossing  the  Tennessee  until  the  afternoon  of  23  Nov.  " 
Gen.  Thomas  advances  his  centre  and  occupies  "Orchard 
Knob,"  a  slight  eminence  midway  between  the  defences  of 

Chattanooga  and  the  foot  of  Missionary  Ridge 23  Nov.     " 

To  cover  Sherman's  crossing.  Grant  orders  gen.  Hooker,  24 
Nov.,  to  make  a  diversion  by  attacking  the  confederates  on 
the  slope  of  Lookout  mountain  towards  the  Wauhatchie 
valley.  Gen.  Hooker,  with  about  10,000  men,  by  4  o'clock 
P.M.  has  driven  the  confederates  from  the  Wauhatchie  valley 
around  the  slope  of  Lookout  mountain  into  the  Chattanooga 
valley,  and  connected  with  gen.  Thomas  in  Chattanooga  on 
his  left.  This  is  called  the  battle  of  Lookout  mountain.  Gen. 
Sherman  crosses  the  Tennessee  and  intrenches  on  the  morn- 
ing of 24  Nov.     " 

Battle  of  Chattanooga  or  Missionary  Ridge  the  decisive  battle 

of  the  campaign 25  Nov.     " 

Gen.  Sherman  is  ordered  to  turn  the  confederate  right  at  the 
extreme  north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge.  At  early  dawn, 
Nov.  25,  he  attacks  the  strong  position  of  the  confederates, 
but  up  to  3  P.M.  has  made  no  decided  advance.  Gen.  Hooker 
meanwhile  advances  from  the  foot  of  Lookout  mountain 
towards  Rossville  against  the  confederate  left.  Up  to  3  p.m. 
the  confederate  line  on  the  ridge  remains  intact,  when  gen. 
Thomas  advances  the  division  of  Baird,  of  the  14th  corps, 
and  Wood's,  Sheridan's,  and  Johnson's,  of  the  4th  corps,  on 
the  confederate  centre  occupying  the  heights  of  the  ridge, 
well  defended  by  rifle-pits  at  the  foot  and  on  the  slope.  The 
intrenchments  'at  the  foot  of  the  ridge  are  carried,  and 
the  troops  continue,  without  orders,  to  ascend  and  carry 
the  heights,  breaking  the  confederate  centre.  The  pursuit 
ceases  because  of  darkness.  The  confederate  loss  is  over 
9000  (of  which  6000  are  prisoners),  40  pieces  of  artillery,  and 
7000  stands  of  small-arms.  The  federal  loss  is  between  5000 
and  6000.  Gen.  Grant  detaches  gen.  Sherman's  command 
with  the  4th  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Cumberland  to  relieve 

Knoxville  (Knoxvillk,  Siege  of) 28  Nov.     " 

[Gen.  Bragg  was  beaten  by  his  inaction,  and  by  detaching 
Longstreet's  command  in  the  midst  of  an  aggressive  move- 
ment of  the  federals.  The  federal  forces  in  the  final  battle 
were  about  65,000;  the  confederates  about  45,000  (in  a  posi- 
tion almost  impregnable). 

Chaumont  (on  the  Mame,-  France),  Treaty  of,  be- 
tween Great  Britain,  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  1  Mch.  1814 ; 


succeeded  by  that  of  Paris,  11  Apr.,  by  which  Napoleon  re. 
nounced  his  sovereignty.     Paris. 

Cliauvini§lll,  said  to  be  derived  from  Chauvin,  the 
principal  character  in  Scribe's  "  Soldat  Laboureur,"  a  veteran 
soldier  of  the  fir.';t  empire,  worshipper  of  Napoleon.  Scribe 
was  born  24  Dec.  1794 ;  died  20  Feb.  1861. 

Checker§,     Draughts. 

cheese  is  mentioned  by  Aristotle  about  350  b.c.  It  is 
supposed  by  Camden  and  others  that  the  English  learned 
cheese-making  from  the  Romans  about  the  Christian  era. 
Wilts,  Gloucester,  and  Cheshire  make  vast  quantities.  The 
total  production  of  cheese  in  the  United  States  for  the  several 
years  mentioned,  beginning  with  1850,  have  been : 


Year. 

On  farms. 

In  factories. 

Total  pounds. 

1850 

53,492,"l53 
27,272,489 

18,726,818 

109,435,229 
215,885,361 
238,035,065 

105,535,893 
103,663,927 
162,927,382 
243,157,8.50 
256,761,883 

I860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

The  first  cheese  factory  in  the  U.  S.  was  established  at  Rome, 
N.  Y.,  by  Jesse  Williams  in  1851.  9  years  later  there  were 
37  factories  in  operation.  The  number  increased  to  946  in 
1870,  and  to  2532  in  1880.  Previous  to  1851  American  cheese 
was  made  by  the  wives  and  daughters  of  farmers  in  their 
home  dairies.  A  mammoth  cheese  weighiuj^  1400  pounds,  13 
ft.  in  circumference,  18  in.  thick,  and  made  from  the  milk  of 
700  cows  collected  at  a  single  milking,  was  sent  to  president 
Jefferson  by  the  ladies  of  Cheshire,  Mass.,  through  the  rev. 
John  Leland,  in  1801 ;  it  bore  the  motto,  "  Rebellion  to  Ty- 
rants is  obedience  to  God."  The  exportation  of  cheese  from 
the  U.  S.  began  about  1826,  Harry  Burrell  of  Herkimer  coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  being  one  of  the  first  to  open  a  regular  cheese  trade 
with  England  in  that  year.  The  number  of  pounds  of  cheese 
exported  from  the  U.  S.  has  been  as  follows : 


1820-21 766,431 

1830-31 1,131,817 

1840-41 1,748,471 

1850-51 10,361,189 


1860-61 about    25,000,000 

1870-71 63,698,867 

1880-81 147,995,614 

1890 95,376,053 


New  York  State  Cheese  Manufacturers'  Association  organized 
at  Rome 4  Jan.  1864 

Mr.Willard,  as  agent  for  the  American  Dairymen's  Association, 
visits  England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Switzerland,  and  re- 
ports that  the  Cheddar  system  of  cheese  making,  atCheddar, 
Somersetshire,  Engl,  is  the  best  for  American  export  manu- 
facture    1866 

[This  system  has  been  largely  adopted  in  the  U.  S.] 

Chelsea,  Middlesex,  Engl.  A  council  held  here  27  July, 
816.— Nicolas.  A  theological  college  here  founded  by  James 
I.  in  1609,  by  Charles  H.  in  1682  made  an  asylum  for  wounded 
and  superannuated  soldiers.  The  erection  was  carried  on  by 
James  II.,  and  completed  by  William  III.  in  1690.  The  pro- 
jector was  sir  Stephen  Fox,  grandfather  of  the  orator  C.  J. 
Fox;  the  architect  sir  Christopher  Wren;  cost  150,000^.  In 
1850  there  were  70,000  out-  and  539  in-pensioners.  The  body 
of  the  duke  of  Wellington  lay  here  in  state,  10-17  Nov.  1852. 
The  physic  garden  of  sir  Hans  Sloane,  at  Chelsea,  was  given 
to  the  Apothecaries'  Company,  1721.  The  first  stone  of  the 
Militarv  Asylum,  Chelsea,  was  laid  by  Frederick,  duke  of 
York,  19  June,  1801. 

Cheltenham,  Gloucestershire,  Engl.  Its  mineral 
spring  was  discovered  in  1718.  The  king's  well  was  sunk  in 
1778;  and  other  wells  by  P.  Thompson  in  1806.  Magnesian 
salt  was  first  found  in  the  waters  in  1811. 

chemical  societies.  One  formed  in  London  in 
1780  did  not  long  continue.  The  Chemical  Society  of  London 
was  established  in  1841 ;  that  of  Paris  in  1857;  that  of  Ger- 
many at  Berlin,  1867.  The  Institute  of  Chemistry  of  Great 
Britain  formed,  prof.  Edward  Frankland  first  president,  1877 ; 
first  meeting,  1  Feb.  1878.  American  Chemical  Society  incor- 
porated, 10  Nov.  1877.  Chemical  Industry  Society  founded, 
4  Apr.  1881. 

chemistry  was  introduced  into  Spain  by  the  Moors, 
about  1150.  The  Egyptians  and  Chinese  claim  an  early  ac- 
quaintance with  chemistry.  The  first  chemists  were  the  al- 
chemists (Alchemy);  but  chemistry  was  not  a  science  till 
the  17th  century;  its  study  was  promoted  by  Bacon,  Hooke, 
Mayow,  and  Bovle.  Early  in  the  18th  century  Dr.  Stephen 
Hales  laid  the  foundation  of  pneumatic  chemistry,  and  Boer- 


CHE 


1(52 


CHI 


haave  combined  the  study  of  chemistry  with  medicine.  These 
were  succeeded  by  Bergman,  Stahl,  Black,  etc.  In  1772,  Priest- 
ley published  his  researches  on  air,  having  discovered  oxygen, 
ammonia,  etc. ;  a  new  chemical  era.  He  was  ably  seconded 
by  Cavendish,  Scheele,  Lavoisier,  Chaptal,  and  others.  The 
19th  century  opened  with  the  discoveries  of  Davy,  continued 
by  Dalton,  Faraday,  Thomson,  etc.  Organic  chemistry  has 
been  advanced  by  Berzelius,  Liebig,  Dumas,  Laurent,  Hofmann, 
Cahours,  Frankland,  and  others,  since  1830.  In  1828  Wohler 
produced  artificially  urea,  hitherto  known  only  as  an  animal 
product.  Since  then  acetic  acid,  alcohol,  grape-sugar,  various 
essential  oils,  similar  to  those  of  the  pineapple,  pear,  garlic,  etc., 
have  been  formed  by  combining  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  car- 
bonic acid.  The  barrier  between  organic  and  inorganic  bodies 
is  thus  broken  down.  Indigo  artificially  formed  by  Bayer,  1878. 
At.molvsis,  Dialysis,  Elkctuicity,  Galvanism,  Phakma- 
CY,  and  Spectuum  Analysis.  The  Royal  College  of  Chemistry, 
Oxford  street,  London,  was  established  in  1845  (now  at  South 
Kensington).  Henry  Watts's  "Dictionary  of  Chemistry," 
begun  1863,  has  supplements  (new  ed.  1888  et  seq.),  M.  Ad. 
Wurtz's  «  Dictionnaire  de  Chimie,"  1868.  Prof.  T.  E.  Thorpe's 
**  Dictionary  of  Applied  Chemistry,"  1890. 

Cherbourg^,  the  naval  fortress  and  arsenal  of  France  on 
the  coast  of  Brittany,  equidistant  from  Portsmouth  and  Plym- 
outh, Engl.  It  was  captured  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1418, 
and  lost  in  1450.  Under  Louis  XIV.,  some  works  were  erected 
here  by  Vauban,  which,  with  some  shipping,  etc.,  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  British,  6,  7  Aug.  1758.  The  works,  resumed 
by  Louis  XVI.,  were  interrupted  by  the  French  revolution. 
The  breakwater,  commenced  in  1783,  resumed  by  Napoleon  I. 
about  1803,  completed  in  1813,  forms  a  secure  harbor,  affording 
anchorage  for  nearly  the  whole  navy  of  France,  and  protected 
by  strong  fortifications.  On  4,  5  Aug.  1858,  the  railway  and 
the  Grand  Napoleon  docks  were  opened.  Just  outside  of  the 
harbor  of  Cherbourg  the  U.  S.  ship  Kearsarge  sunk  the  Ala- 
bama, 15  June,  1864.     Naval  battles. 

Clieriton  Down,  Hants,  Engi.  Here  sir  William 
Waller  defeated  the  royalists  under  lord  Hopton,  29  Mch.  1644. 

cherry,  the  Prunus  Cerasus  (from  Cerasus,  a  city  of 
Pontus,  whence  the  tree  was  brought  by  LucuUus  to  Rome 
about  70  B.C.),  first  planted  in  Britain,  it  is  said,  about  100  a.d. 
Fine  kinds  were  brought  from  Flanders,  in  1540,  and  planted 
in  Kent. 

Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  so  named  from  the  wild  cher- 
ries found  growing  there  by  earh"-  settlers.  Made  historical 
by  a  massacre  there  by  a  body  of  about  700  Indians  and 
tories,  under  Joseph  Brant  and  Walter  Butler,  who  burned  the 
settlement  and  killed  between  40  and  50  of  the  inhabitants, 
mostly  women  and  children,  11  Nov.  1778. 

CheriltoUSCO,  Battle  of.  Cherubusco  was  a  strongly 
fortified  place  near  the  city  of  Mexico.  Towards  this  the 
Americans  advanced  after  the  battle  at  Contreras.  Santa  Anna, 
who  commanded  12,000  men  near  the  walls  of  Mexico,  ad- 
vanced, and  the  whole  region  became  a  battle-field,  21  Aug.* 
1847.  Cherubusco  was  taken,  and  Santa  Anna  fled  towards 
the  city,  sending  a  flag  asking  an  armistice  of  3  days,  pre- 
paratory for  negotiations  for  peace.  It  was  granted,  but  he 
violated  the  agreement,  and  hostilities  were  reopened.  Mex- 
ican WAR. 

Che§a.peaRe.  At  the  mouth  of  this  bay  a  contest 
took  place  between  the  British  admiral  Graves  and  the  French 
admiral  de  Grasse  aiding  the  American  colonies  against  Great 
Britain;  the  former  was  obliged  to  retire,  5  Sept.  1781.  The 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  were  blockaded  by  the  British  fleet 
in  the  war  of  1812,  and  the  bay  was,  at  that  period,  the  scene 
of  hostilities  with  various  results.  Maryland,  United 
States,  Virginia. 

€he§apeake  and  Shannon.  Naval  bat- 
tles. 

Chesapeake  and  Leopard.  United  States, 
1807. 

chess,  a  game  attributed  to  Palamedes,  680  b.c.  ;  by 
Hyde  and  sir  William  Jones  to  the  Hindus. 

Caxton  printed  "the  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse  " 1474 

Chess  club  formed  at  Slaughter's  coffee-house,  St.  Martin's  lane, 

London 1747 

Automaton  chess-player  (machine)  exhibited  in  England 1769 


M.  F.  A.  Panic.ui.  known  as  Philidor,  played  3  matches  blind- 
folded ut  the  S,il()|.iMii;  (1 1795 

London  Choss  clul)  Ibuiidcd,  1807;  St.  (leorge's 1833 

Des  Chappelles,  noted  choss  player,  d.,  Paris '27  Oct  1847 

Chess  congress,  New  York 1857 

[Paul  Morphy,  the  greatest  genius  of  chess,  becomes  known.] 

Morphy  won  a  match  with  LOwenthal  in  London 1858 

Played  8  games  simultaneously,  without  seeing  the  boards, 

winning  (J,  at  Birmingham,  Engl '2(J  Aug.     '• 

Defeated  Harrwitz  in  Paris Sept     " 

And  Anderssen 20  Dec.      " 

Staunton  cannot  be  induced  to  meet  Morphy " 

Morphy  crowned  chess  king  at  a  banquet  in  his  honor,  Paris, 

4  May,  1859 
Paulsen  played  10  games  at  once ;  won  5 ;  lost  1 ;  3  were  drawn ; 

and  1  not  ended Dec.  1861 

International  chess  congresses :  1,  2,  London  {winner,  M.  An- 
derssen, of  Breslau),  1851,  1862;  3,  Paris  (M.  Kolisch),  1867; 
4,  Paris  (M.  Anderssen),  1870;  5,  Vienna  (M.  Steinmetz),  Aug.  1873 
Automaton  choss  player  at  the  Crystal  palace  (a  youth  con- 
cealed in  perforated  box)  exhibited " 

Howard  Staunton,  English  player,  d .June,  1874 

Third  American  chess  congress,  Chicago;  G.  H.  Mackenzie  best 

player 7-14  July,     " 

J.  J.  LOwenthal,  Hungarian  player,  d 20  July,  1876 

Centennial   chess  tournament,  Philadelphia ;   J.  Mason   best 

player 16  Aug.     " 

J.  H.  Zukertort  of  Riga  gains  first  prize  at  the  International 

Chess  Congress,  Paris lime,  July,  1878 

"  Mephisto,"  a  mechanical  chess-player,  exhibited  at  the  West- 
minster aquarium,  London 2  Oct.     " 

Adolph  Anderssen  d 14  Mch.  1879 

Fifth  American  Chess  Congress  at  New  York;  Mackenzie  best 

player. Jan.  1880 

Chess  tournament  at  Wiesbaden 9  July,     " 

Herr  Steinitz,  opposing  30  competitors  simultaneously,  won  27 

games;  2  draw;  1  lost;  Baltimore,  Md 22  Dec.  1882 

Chess   match,  New  York  city;  6  games — Steinitz,  3  games; 

Mackenzie,  1,  draw  2 7  Feb.  1883 

Tournament  at  Berlin,  30  Aug.  1881;  at  Vienna,  24  June,  1882; 

in  London 26  Apr. -23  June,     " 

Morphy  d.  at  New  Orleans  (aged  47  years) 10  July,  1884 

Match  between  Steinitz  and  Zukertort  in  New  York,  St.  Louis, 

and  New  Orleans ;  begun 11  Jan.  1886 

[Stakes,  $2000  a  side;  Steinitz  wins.] 
Geo.  H.  Mackenzie,  chess-champion  of  America,  awarded  first 
prize,  1000  marks,  at  International  Chess  Congress  at  Frank- 
fort on- the-Main Aug.  1887 

Chess  match,  Havana,  Cuba;  Tschigorin,  Russian,  first;  Giins- 

berg,  second 11  Feb.  1890 

Mackenzie  d.  in  New  York  city 14  Mch.  1891 

Louis  Paulsen  d 19  Aug.     " 

International  Chess  Match  Championship  of  the  World,  Hava- 
na., Cuba;  W.  Steinitz  of  New  York  city  beats  M.  Tschigorin, 
10  to  8 28  Feb.  1892 

Chester,  England,  N.  W.,  the  British  Caerleon  and  the 
Eoman  Deva,  station  of  the  20th  legion,  Valeria  Victrix,  quit- 
ted about  406.  The  city  wall  was  first  built  by  Edelfleda, 
about  908 ;  Hugh  Lupus,  the  earl,  nephew  of  William  I.,  re- 
built the  Saxon  castle  in  1084,  and  the  abbey  of  St.  Werburgh. 
Chester  was  incorporated  by  Henry  III.  and  made  a  county. 
The  palatine  jurisdiction  was  abolished  by  Parliament,23  July, 
1830.  The  see  anciently  part  of  Lichfield,  whose  bishop, 
Peter,  removed  hither  in  1075,  so  that  his  successors  were 
stj'led  bishops  of  Chester ;  it  was  made  a  distinct  bishopric  by 
Henry  VIH.  in  1541,  and  the  church  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Wer- 
burgh became  the  cathedral. 

Chester  ravaged  by  Danes 980 

Taken,  after  3  months'  siege,  for  the  parliament 1645 

Fatal  gunpowder  explosion 1772 

Exchange  and  town-hall  burned  . ., 30  Dec.  1862 

Projected  attack  of  Fenians  on  Chester  castle  defeated  by  the 

police  and  the  arrival  of  the  military. 11,  12  Feb.  1867 

Cathedral  reopened ;  restored  by  sir  Gilbert  G.  Scott 7  Aug.  1876 

Ancient  tower  of  St.  John's  church  fell 15  Apr.  1881 

Chester,  Pa.,  first  town  settled  in  Pennsylvania.  Penn- 
sylvania, 1643-82.  The  Delaware  River  Iron  Ship-building 
and  Engine  Works  established  here  in  1872  by  John  Roach. 
Here  the  City  of  Pekin  and  City  of  Tokio  were  built  for  the 
Pacific  mail  service. 

Chevy  Chase.    Otterburne. 

Chieag'O,  111.,  the  2d  city  in  the  United  States  in 
population,  is  first  mentioned  in  Hennepin's  account  of  the 
building  of  a  new  fort  on  the  river  Illinois  in  1680,  as  Che- 
caw-gon.  The  town  of  Chicago  was  surveyed,  and  a  plat,  cov- 
ering the  portion  of  the  present  citj'  bounded  by  Madison, 
Desplaines,  Kinzie,  and  State  streets,  filed  by  James  Thomp- 
son, 4  Aug.  1830.  Population  at  that  time  was  about  50 ; 
population  since  by  decades:  1840,  4470;  1850,  29,963;  1860, 
109,260  ;  1870,  298,977  ;  1880,  503,185  ;  1890,  1,099,850.  Area, 
1893,  185i  sq.  miles ;  lat.  41°  56'  N.,  Ion.  87°  40'  W. 


CHI  163 

Baptiste  Point  de  Saible,  a  well-educated  negro,  settles  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Chicago  river 1779 

De  Saible  sells  his  cabin  to  Le  Mai,  a  French  trader,  and  returns 
to  Peoria 1796 

A  company  of  U.  S.  soldiers,  under  command  of  capt.  John 
Whistler,  arrive  at.  Chicago  river,  July,  1803,  and  erect  fort 
Dearborn  on  the  south  side  of  the  river 1803 

John  Kinzie,  "father  of  Chicago,"  emigrates  from  near  Niles, 
Mich. ,  and  purchases  the  property  of  Le  Mai 1804 

U.  S.  Indian  agency  established  at  Chicago " 

First  white  child  of  Chicago,  Ellen  Marion  Kinzie,  born  in  the 
Le  Mai  cabin Dec.      " 

Fort  Dearbokn  evacuated  and  garrison  massacred  by  Indians, 

15  Aug.  1812,  and  the  fort  burned 16  Aug.  1812 

Fort  Dearborn  rebuilt;  site,  near  the  present  junction  of  River 

St.  and  Michigan  ave '. 1816 

First  regular  school  opened  by  William  L.  Cox,  in  a  small  log- 

hotise  near  present  crossing  of  Pine  and  Michigan  sts " 

Archibald  Clybourne  appointed  first  constable 6  Sept.  1825 

Rev.  Isaac  McCoy,  a  Baptist  minister  from  near  Niles,  Mich., 

preaches  the  first  sermon  in  English  in  Chicago 9  Oct.     " 

Town  surveyed  and  platted  by  James  Thompson 4  Aug.  1830 

First  frame  hotel,  kept  by  Mark  Beaubien  and  called  the  "Sau- 

ganash,"  erected  at  the  southeast  cor.  of  the  present  Lake 

and  Market  sts " 

Chicago  made  county  seat  of  Cook  county  by  act  of. 15  Jan.  1831 

First  post-offlce  established,  in  a  log-store  near  present  cor.  of 

Lake  and  South  Water  sts.,  Jonathan  N.  Bailey  postmaster, 

31  Mch.     " 
First  frame  business  structures  erected :  one  by  George  W.  Dole 

on  southeast  cor.  of  Water  and  Dearborn  sts.,  and  one  by 

Mr.  Peck  on  southeast  cor.  Water  and  La  Salle  sts 1832 

Improvement  of  the  harbor,  and  building  of  the  south  pier 

commenced 1  July,  1833 

Chicago  incorporated  as  a  town,  10  Aug.,  and  first  election  of 

town  officers  held,  Thomas  J.  V.  Owen  chosen  president; 

pop.  about  150 12  Aug.      " 

First  Catholic  church,  erected  near  southwest  cor.  of  Lake  and 

State  sts.,  by  J.  I.  St.  Cyr,  and  dedicated Aug.     " 

First  newspaper,  the  Chicago  Democrat,  issued  by  John  Cal- 
houn   26  Nov.     " 

First  Protestant  church,  on  southwest  cor.  of  Lake  and  Clark 

sts.,  dedicated 4  Jan.  1834 

First  steamboat  to  enter  the  river  below  Dearborn  St.,  the 

Michigan June,     " 

First  lake  schooner,  the  Illinois,  of  nearly  100  tons,  from  Sack- 

ett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  sails  up  the  river  to  Wolf  Point,  12  July,     " 
First  drawbridge  across  the  river  built  by  Nelson  R.  Porter;  a 

double  bascule  of  primitive  form,  completed Aug.     " 

Fire  wardens  first  appointed  and  fire  limits  defined  by  board 

of  town  trustees 25  Sept.     " 

First  building  erected  especially  for  school  purposes,  built  by 

John  S.  Wright  on  Clark  st. ,  south  of  Lake 1835 

First  cemeteries  established :  one  of  10  acres  on  the  north  side, 

near  Chicago  ave.,  east  of  Clark  St.,  and  one  on  south  side, 

16  acres,  near  the  lake  shore  and  23d  st 26  Aug.     " 

One-story  and  basement  brick  court-house  erected  on  northeast 

cor.  of  square  in  Clark  and  Randolph  sts " 

Hook  and  Ladder  company  formed,  Oct.  1835;  fire  department 
reorganized,  4  Nov.,  and  fire  engine  purchased 1  Dec.     " 

"Engine  Company  No.  1"  (disbanded  in  Feb.  1860)  organized, 

12  Dec.     " 

First  bank,  a  branch  of  the  Illinois  State  bank,  opened  at  the 
cor.  of  La  Salle  and  South  Water  sts Dec.     " 

Saloon  building  on  southeast  cor.  Lake  and  Clark  sts.,  used  as 
a  city  hall  from  1837-42,  erected  by  J.  B.  F.  Russell  and  G. 
"W.  Doan 1836 

City  of  Chicago  incorporated  by  legislature 4  Mch.  1837 

First  city  election ;  "William  B.  Ogden  elected  mayor 2  May,     " 

First  brick  church  edifice,  St.  James's  Episcopal,  erected  at  cor. 
of  Clark  and  Illinois  sts.,  and  dedicated 25  June,     " 

First  theatre  opened  in  the  Sauganash  hotel Nov.     " 

"  Metamora  Engine  Company  No.  2  "  (disbanded  1859)  organ- 
ized  4  Dec.     " 

First  permanent  theatre,  the  "Rialto,"  established  in  building 
on  west  side  of  Dearborn,  between  Lake  and  South  Water  sts; 
license  given 20  May,  1838 

First  daily  paper  issued,  the  Daily  American,  now  the  Even- 
ing Journal 9  Apr.  1839 

Regular  line  of  steamboats  between  Chicago  and  Buffiilo  es- 
tablished  July,     " 

Tremont  house  built  on  present  site,  and  completed. .  .20  May,  1840 

First  public  execution,  that  of  John  Stone,  for  murder  of  Mrs. 
Lucretia  Thompson 10  July,     " 

School  system  reorganized  and  public  free  schools  established,     " 

Water-works  of  the  Chicago  Hydraulic  company  (incorporated 
18  Jan.  1836)  in  successful  operation  (wooden  pipes).   .  .May,  1842 

First  propeller  built  on  lake  Michigan,  launched  at  Averell's 
ship  yard July,     " 

Hogs  prohibited  from  running  at  large  in  the  streets  of  the 
city  by  ordinance 21  Apr.  1843 

First  Chicago  Masonic  lodge,  Lafayette  Lodge  No.  18,  char- 
tered  2  Oct.     " 

First  session  of  Rush  Medical  College  held,  22  Nov.  1843,  and 
first  lecture  in  the  college  building 11  Dec.     " 

First  beef  packed  in  Chicago  for  the  English  market 1844-45 

First  perjnanent  public  school  building  erected  on  Madison  St., 
opposite  site  of  McVicker's  theatre,  at  a  cost  of  $7500 1845 

Chicago  Volksfreund,ihe  first  newspaper  in  a  foreign  language 
in  Chicago,  begins  publication 26  Nov.     " 

Rice's  first  theatre  on  Dearborn  cor.  Randolph  st. ,  opened,  28  June,  1847 


CHI 

Great  River  and  Harbor  convention  opens  in  Chicago.  .5  July,  1847 

Chicago  Tribune  started  as  a  Whig  paper 10  July,      " 

Board  of  Trade  organized  at  the  office  of  W.  L.  Whiting,  13  Mch.  1848 

Illinois  Staats-Zeitung  founded Apr.     " 

First  telegram  received  in  Chicago,  a  message  from  Milwau- 
kee, 15  Jan.  1848,  and  first  through  telegram  from  the  east, 

6  Apr.     " 
First  boat  locked  through  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  the 
General  Frye,  arrives  at  lake  Michigan,  10  Apr.  1848;  canal 

formally  opened \q  ^^^      << 

First  cattle-yards,  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Madison  st  and 

A.shland  ave.,  and  known  as  the  "  Bull's  Head  "  opened  '• 

Market  building  on  State  st.  erected,  and  rooms'first  occupied 

by  the  common  council 13  ^.^oy      u 

Galena  and  Chicago  Union  railroad,  begun  June,""l848-  coml 

pleted  10  miles  to  the  Desplaines  river,  and  opened    20  Nov      " 
Planking  of  principal  streets  and  general  numbering  of  houses 

begun 1849 

Great  flood  in  Chicago  river 12  Mch      " 

Epidemic  of  cholera;  30  deaths  in  one  day  (i  Aug.*)," 

25  July-28  Aug.     '• 
Opening  of  Chicago  and  Galena  railroad  to  Elgin  celebrated  by 

a  grand  excursion j  j-gjj   jggQ 

First  season  of  opera  opens  at  Rice's  theatre  on  Randolph  st.  • 

theatre  burned 30  July'     " 

City  first  lighted  with  gas A  Sept.'     " 

Corner-stone  of  new  court-house  and  city-hall  laid.  ".*.'.  12  Sept.  1851 
Marine  bank,  the  first  under  state  general  banking  laws,  organ- 
ized  '13  Jan.  1852 

First  through  train  from  the  east,  via  Michigan  Southern  rail- 
road, enters  Chicago 20  Feb.     " 

New  court-house  occupied ' .  7  Feb.  1853 

First  season  of  opera  at  Rice's  new  theatre  opens  with  "  Lucia 

di  Lammermoor  " , 27  Oct.     " 

Chicago  Orphan  Asylum,  organized  5  Nov.  1849;  present  loca" 

tion  occupied u 

Chicago  City  Hydraulic  company  incorporated,  15  Feb.  I'ssij 

and  water  supply  for  the  city  begun Feb.  1854 

Corner-stone  of  first  Masonic  temple,  on  Dearborn  St.,  between 

Washington  and  Randolph,  laid 18  May,     " 

Chicago  and  Rock  Island  railroad  completed  to  Chicago,  5  June',     " 

New  seal  adopted  for  the  city June,     " 

Office  of  superintendent  of  schools  created  by  ordinance, 

23  June,     " 

Chicago  Times  started  as  a  Democratic  paper .• " 

Cholera  epidemic July,     " 

Police  department  organized,  Cyrus  P.  Bradley,  chief June,  1855 

Government  post-office  building,  on  Monroe  St.,  begun ....     " 

State  agricultural  fair  held  for  first  time  in  Chicago 9  Oct.     " 

Chicago  Historical  Society  organized 24  Apr.  1856 

Steam  tugs  first  used  in  the  river  and  harbor May,     " 

First  suburban  trains  run  from  Chicago  to  Hyde  Park.  .1  June,  " 
Chicago  High  School  organized;  C.  A.  Dupee,  principal.  .8  Oct.  " 
First  wooden  pavement  laid  on  Wells  St.,  between  Lake  and 

South  Water  sts Nov.     " 

Free  evening  schools  first  held " 

Board  of  Sewerage  Commissioners  incorporated,  14  Feb.  1855, 

and  first  city  sewers,  a  total  of  6.2  miles,  constructed " 

McVicker's  "  New  Chicago  Theatre  "  opened 5  Nov.  1857 

Grade  of  city  streets  changed 1856-58 

First  steam  fire-engine  tried  in  1855;  proves  unsatisfactory. 
First  steam  fire-engine  bought  by  the  city,  the  "LongJohn," 

tested  at  foot  of  South  La  Salle  st 5  Feb.  1858 

Paid  fire  department  organized 2  Aug.     " 

First  street  railway,  on  Stale  St.,  opened 25  Apr.  1859 

Chicago  Academy  of  Science,  founded  1857 ;  incorporated " 

Board  of  Trade  incorporated *' 

City  charter  amended,  Feb.  1861,  and  Board  of  Public  Works 

established 6  May,  1861 

Graceland  cemetery  founded " 

Camp  Douglas,  on  Cottage  Grove  St.,  between  31st  and  33d  sts., 

located Sept.     " 

Cook  County  Hospital  founded 1865 

German  Mannerchor  organized " 

Christ  church  erected " 

Union  stock-yards  opened ; 25  Dec.     " 

Water- works  tunnel  begun,  17  Mch.  1864;   last  brick  laid,  6 

Dec.  1866,  and  water  first  let  info  the  tunnel 25  Mclj.  1867 

Washington- street  tunnel  under  Chicago  river  formally  opened, 

1  Jan.  1869 

West  Side  Park  Commission  incorporated 27  Feb.     " 

South  Park  Commission  act  ratified  at  election 23  Mch.     " 

Chicago  club  founded " 

Chicago  Base-ball  club  organized 1870 

Foundlings'  Home  opened 31  Jan.  1871 

La  Salle  St.  tunnel  under  Chicago  river  opened  to  the  public, 

1  July,      " 
Great  fire  breaks  out  in  a  barn  in  the  rear  of  lot  No.  137  De 
Koven  St.,  owned  by  Patrick  O'Leary,  about  8.45  p.m.  Sun- 
day (Fires) 8  Oct.     " 

Union  Park  Congregational  church  building  completed " 

Inter-Ocean  first  issued 25  Mch.  1872 

Apollo  Musical  club  organized. " 

Grand  Pacific  hotel  opened 3  June,  1873 

Palmer  house  opened 1  Nov.     " 

New  Tremont  house  opened " 

St.  James's  church  (Episcopal)  erected " 

Unity  church  organized,  23  Dec.  1857;  present  building  dedi- 
cated  7  Dec.     " 

Chicago  Public  library  established,  1873  ;    circulating  depart- 
ment opened  to  the  public 1  May,  1874 


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164 


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Second  Presbyterian  church,  new  edifice,  dedicated 7  June,  1871 

Trinity  church  (Methodist  Episcopal),  conipletod  and  opened 

for  service 12  Mch.  1876 

Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Name,  foundation  stone  laid,  19  July, 

1874;  opened 1  Nov.      " 

Chicago  Avenue  church,  "  Moody's  church,"  cor.  Chicago  and 

La  Salle  avcs.,  completed " 

Chicago  Daili)  A>ics  first  published 20  Dec.     " 

Exposition  building  opened 1877 

Union  club  organized Feb.  1878 

Calumet  club  organized 4  Apr.     " 

Illinois  club  organized Apr.     " 

Art  Institute  incorporated  as  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Fine  Arts, 

•29  May,  1879 

Central  Music  hall  opened 5  Dec.     " 

U.  S.  government  building,  post-office  and  customhouse,  com- 
pleted at  a  cost  of  St>.(XH),t)00 3  May,  1880 

St  James's  church  (Roman  Catholic)  dedicated 24  May,     " 

St  Jolin's  church  (Roman  Catholic)  established,  29  June,  1859; 

present  edifice  dedicated 1881 

Immanuol  Baptist  church  dedicated 25  Pec.     " 

First  puMic  trial  of  now  cable  street  railway  on  State  St. 28  Jan.  1882 

Washington  I'ark  club  organized 1883 

McCoy's  European  hotel  opened 1  June,  1884 

Third"  Presbyterian  church  destroyed  by  fire 9  Oct     " 

County  court-house  and  city-hall,  begun,  1877;  completed  and 

occupie<l 3  Jan.  1885 

Chicago  opera  house  opened  to  the  public 18  Aug.     " 

New  Board  of  Trade  building  completed " 

A  force  of  180  policemen,  endeavoring  to  disperse  a  mob  of 
anarchists  at  the  Haymarket,  are  attacked  with  dynamite 

and  revolvers;  7  are  killed  and  GO  wounded 4  May,  1886 

[Of  the  anarchists,  8— Engle,  Fielden,  Fischer,  Lingg,  Neebe, 
Parsons,  Schwab,  Spies— are  tried  and  convicted;  4— Engle, 
Fischer,  Parsons,  and  Spies — are  hung;  3  imprisoned,  Schwab 
and  Spies  for  life,  Neebe  for  15  years;  and  Lingg  commits 
suicide.] 
Auditori  urn  building  completed  1889,and  opera-house  dedicated ; 

Adelina  Patti  sings;  president  Harrison  present 9  Dec.  1889 

Area  of  city  increased  to  172.18  sq.  miles 29  July,     " 

Chicago  secures  the  World's  Fair,  the  vote  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  being:    Chicago,  157;  New  York,  107;   St 

Louis,  26;  Washington,  18 24  Feb.  1890 

Panic  in  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade 12  Apr.     " 

Illinois  World's  Fair  constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the 
city  to  issue  5-per-cent  bonds  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed 
$5,000,000  in  aid  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  passes 

the  legislature 31  July,     " 

City  area  increased  to  180.2  sq.  miles 4  Nov.     " 

Equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Grant  unveiled 7  Oct  1891 

Wergeland,  a  steel  propeller,  400  tons,  from  Bergen,  Norway,  12 
Apr.,  arrives  at  Chicago,  via  St  Lawrence  and  Welland  canal, 

26  May,  1892 
[The  second  vessel  from  a  foreign  port,  the  Rosedale,  from 
England,  in  1886,  being  the  first] 

First  elevated  railway  opened 27  May,     " 

University  of  Chicago  opens  without  formal  ceremony,  with  500 

students 1   Oct     " 

World's  Columbian  Exposition,  opening  exercises  held  on  the 
Exposition  grounds;  orations  by  Chauncey  M.  Depew  and 

Henry  Watterson 21  Oct     " 

In  the  "Chicago  Lake  Front  Case"  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
affirms  the  judgment  of  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  adverse  to  the 
claims  of  the  Illinois  Central  railroad  company  to  title  in  the 

submerged  lands 5  Dec.     " 

World's  Columbian  Exposition  formally  opened  by  president 

Cleveland 1  May,  1893 

A  granite  monument  to  the  memory  of  Spies,  Parsons,  Fischer, 
Lingg,  and  Engle,  anarchists  in  the  Haymarket  massacre, 

1886.  unveiled  in  Waldheim  cemetery 25  June,     " 

Gov.  Altgeld  pardons  the  anarchists  Fielden,  Neebe,  Schwab,  in 

prison  as  principals  in  the  Haymarket  massacre 26  June,     " 

Mayor  Harrison  assiissiuated  at  his  residence  by  Patrick  E. 

Prendergast  on  the  evening  of 28  Oct     " 

Prendergast  executed 13  July,  1894 


MAYORS. 


William  B.  Ogden 1837 ' 

Buckner  S.  Morris 1838 

Benjamin  W.  Raymond 1839 

Alexander  Loyd. 1840 

Francis  C.  Sherman 1841 

Benjamin  W.  Raymond 1842 

Augustus  Garrett 1843 

A.  S.  Sherman 1844 

Augustus  Garrett 1845 

John  P.  Chapin 1846 

James  Curtiss 1847 

James  H.  Woodworth 1848 

James  Curtiss 1850 

Walter  S.  Gurnee 1851 

Charles  M.  Gray 1853 

Ira  L.  Milliken 1854 

Levi  D.  Boone 1855 


Thomas  Dyer. 1856 

John  Wentworth 1857 

John  C.  Haines 1858 

John  Wentworth 1860 

Julian  S.  Rumsey 1861 

F.  C.  Sherman 1862 

John  B.  Rice 1865 

R.  B.  Mason 1869 

Joseph  Medill 1871 

Harvey  D.  Colvin 1873 

Monroe  Heath 1876 

Carter  H.  Harrison 1879 

John  A.  Roche 1888 

Dewitt  C.  Cregier 1890 

Hemp.  Washburne 1891 

Carter  H.  Harrison 1893 


John  P.  Hopkins 1894 

Chiche§ter,  Sussex,  Engl.,  built  by  Cissa,  about  540. 
The  first  cathedral  was  completed  about  1108,  burned  with  the 
city  in  1114,  and  rebuilt  by  bishop  SeflFrid  about  1187.  The 
second  was  erected  during  the  13th  century.  The  spire  fell 
20  Feb.  1861;  a  new  one  was  begun  2  May,  1865;  completed 


June,  1866.  The  cathedral  reopened  after  repairs,  14  Nov, 
1867.  The  bishopric  originated  thus :  Wilfrid,  archbishop  of 
York,  compelled  to  flee  by  Egfrid,  king  of  Northumberland, 
preached  the  gospel  in  this  country,  and  built  a  church  in  the 
isle  of  Selscy,  about  673.  In  681  Selsey  became  a  bishopric, 
and  so  continued  until  it  was  removed  to  Chichester;  then 
called  Cissan-Caester,  from  its  builder,  Cissa,  by  Stigand,  about 
1082.  This  see  has  yielded  to  the  church  2  saints,  and  to  the 
nation  3  lord  chancellors. 

Chickahoininy  battles.  Peninsular  Cam- 
PAKiN  and  United  States,  1862. 

Chickamauga,  Ga.,  campaign  and  battle 

Ol*.  Having  procured  the  necessarj'  supplies  for  his  army 
after  the  Tullahoma  campaign,  gen.  Rosecrans  again  as- 
sumed the  offensive,  advancing  against  the  confederate  forces- 
still  under  gen.  Bragg,  and  now  mostly  concentrated  in  and. 
around  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

Campaign  begins  with  the  advance  of  the  army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, numbering  about  55,000  men,  infantry,  cavalry,  and  ar- 
tillery, in  3  corps— 14th,  maj.-gen.  George  H.Thomas;  20th, 
maj.-gen.  Alexander  McD.  McCook  ;  21st.  maj.-gen.  Thomas 
L.  Crittenden.      It  moves  from   middle  Tennessee  over  the 

Cumberland  mountains  towards  Chattanooga 16-19  Aug.  1863- 

Crosses  the  Tennessee  river  at  different  points  without  serious 

opposition 29  Aug. -7  Sept     " 

Confederates,  under  gen.  Bragg,  retire  from  Chattanooga, 
7-8  Sept,  towards  Lafayette,  Ga.,  about  25  miles  southeast 

The  21st  corps  occupies  Chattanooga 9  Sept     " 

Leaving  1  brigade  as  garrison  it  advances  towards  Ringgold, 

9-12  Sept     " 
20th  corps  crosses  Lookout  mountain,  south  of  Chattanooga, 

and  moves  towards  Alpine 10-14  Sept     '* 

14th  corps  cros.ses  Lookout  mountain  and  threatens  Lafayette 
by  Cattlet's  and  Dug's  gaps  in  the  Pigeon  mountain, 

10-17  Sept.     " 
Gen.  Rosecrans,  learning  that  the  confederates  are  in  force 
near  Lafayette,  concentrates  his  army  near  Lee  and  Gordon's 

mill,  10  miles  southeast  from  Chattanooga 17-18  Sept     " 

Meanwhile  Longstreet  with  re  nforcements  from  Virginia,  has 
joined  Bragg,  who  strikes  the  21st  corps  near  Lee  and  Gor- 
don's mill P.M.,  18  Sept     " 

Confederates  on  the  morning  of  the  19th  seek  to  turn  the  federal  left, 
strongly  reinforced  by  gen.  Thomas  during  the  night  Bragg  aims 
to  crowd  the  federals  away  from  Chattanooga  by  occupying  Ross- 
ville.  There  is  continuous  and  desperate  fighting  all  day  without 
definite  results.  The  confederates  attack,  while  the  federals  main- 
tain their  ground,  and  at  night  still  hold  the  road  contended  for  all 
day.  The  federals  have  used  almost  every  available  man;  while 
the  confederates  begin  the  20th  with  fresh  troops  and  elated  by 
reinforcements.  The  confederates  continue  the  same  tactics  on 
the  20th,  and  gen.  Rosecrans  is  obliged  to  shift  his  troops  to  the 
left,  where  the  confederate  attack  is  persistent  and  desperate. 
Intending  to  obey  the  following  order  from  gen.  Rosecrans,  "The 
general  commanding  directs  that  you  close  upon  Reynolds  as  fast 
as  possible  and  support  him,"  gen.  Wood  moves  his  division  of 
the  21st  corps  out  of  the  line  of  battle  before  its  place  is  filled. 
The  defeat  of  the  federals  is  at  least  greatly  accelerated  by  this 
order  and  movement,  for  Longstreet,  already  prepared,  now  ad- 
vances 8  brigades,  attacking  successfully,  and  enters  with  little  or 
no  resistance  at  the  gap  thus  made,  enabling  him  to  crush  the 
federal  right,  so  that  it  takes  no  part  in  the  battle  thereafter.  It 
causes  the  separation  of  gens.  Rosecrans,  McCook,  and  Crittenden 
for  the  rest  of  the  day  from  the  fighting  portion  of  the  army.  But 
gen.  Thomas  still  holds  the  left,  and  here  earns  the  well-won  title 
of ' '  Rock  of  Chickamauga. "  Reinforced  during  the  afternoon  by 
gen.  Gordon  Granger  from  Rossville  with  3700  men,  he  holds  his 
position  until  dark,  when  he  retires  to  Rossville.  The  federals, 
prepared  to  renew  the  contest,  await  the  confederates  along  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  at  Rossville,  throughout  the  21st,  but  there  is  no 
pursuit  and  no  fighting,  and  at  night  they  retire  to  Chattanooga 
and  fortify  it  Federal  loss:  killed,  1647;  wounded,  9262  ;  miss- 
ing, 4945,  cavalry,  500;  total,  16,351.     Chattanooga  campaign. 

Chickasaw  bayou,  Miss.,  Battle  of.  Here  on 
29  Dec.  1862,  gen.  Sherman  assaulted  the  confederate  works 
in  order  to  gain  the  rear  of  Vicksburg,  but  was  repulsed.  Fed- 
eral loss  about  2000;  confederate,  207.  Vicksburg  cam- 
paign. 

Cllickasaws.     Indians. 

children.  Many  ancient  nations  exposed  their  in- 
faiits— the  Egyptians  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  the  Greeks 
on  highways— when  they  could  not  support  or  educate  them; 
in  such  cases  they  were  protected  by  the  state.  The  old  cus- 
tom of  English  parents  selling  their  children  to  the  Irish  for 
slaves  was  prohibited  by  Canute,  about  1017.  Foundling, 
Infanticide.  Orphan-houses  and  foundling  hospitals 
are  ancient,  but  the  methods  of  dealing  with  dependent  and 
delinquent  children  as  well  as  children  in  general  have  vastly 
improved  within  a  half-century,  as  witness  the  reformatories, 
homes  for  feeble-minded  children,  newsboys'  and  bootblacks' 


CHI 


165 


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homes,  boys'  clubs,  free  kindergartens,  fresh-air  missions, 
creches,  etc.  A  complete  Factory  and  Workshop  act,  regu- 
lating the  hours  of  labor  for  women  and  children,  and  the  age 
under  which  the  latter  may  not  be  employed  in  factories,  etc., 
was  passed  in  England  in  1878.  In  the  United  States,  com- 
pulsory education  laws  and  the  legal  regulation  of  factories 
and  labor  fall  to  each  state  separately ;  hence  the  provisions 
regulating  child  labor,  etc.,  are  various.  In  general,  by  the 
existing  laws,  the  ages  under  which  children  cannot  be  em- 
ployed vary  from  10  to  14  years,  and  attendance  at  school 
for  from  12  to  16  weeks  during  the  previous  year  is  required 
in  all  cases  where  minors  are  employed.  The  legal  hours  of 
labor  vary  from  8  to  18. 

-Cotton  Mills  act,  passed  in  England  fixing  the  working  age  of 
children  at  9  years,  and  limiting  the  hours  of  labor  for  chil- 
dren under  16  to  12  hours  daily 1819 

Night-work  forbidden  to  minors  in  England 1831 

First  law  dealing  with  child  labor  enacted  by  Connecticut 1842 

American  Female  Guardian  Society  incorporated  in  New  York,  1849 

Children's  Aid  Society  of  New  York  founded 1853 

First  effective  law  limiting  child  labor  in  Massachusetts 1866 

Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  organized  in 

New  York  under  statute  enacted 1875 

Fresh-air  movement  begun  by  rev.  Willard  Parsons  of  Sher- 
man, Pa 1877 

First  boys'  club  in  New  York,  started  in  the  Wilson  mission, 

St.  Mark's  place about  1878 

Children's  Dangerous  Performance  act  passed  in  England, 

24  July,  1879 
Tribune  fresh-air  fund,  the  continuation  of  the  Evening  Post 

fund,  begun 1882 

[Up  to  1892,  more  than  94,000  children  of  New  Y'ork  were 
given  a  2  weeks'  vacation  each  year  in  the  country  as  the 
guests  of  philanthropic  farmers  and  village  residents.] 
Act  passed  in  the  English  Parliament  for  the  prevention  of 
cruelty  to  and  protection  of  children 26  Aug.  1889 

Cllili  or  Chile,  South  America,  discovered  by  Diego 
<Je  Almagro,  one  of  the  conquerors  of  Peru,  1535.  Chili  was 
partially  subdued  in  1546.  It  extends  from  about  21°  to  56° 
S.  lat.,  or  along  the  whole  of  the  west  coast  of  South  America 
from  Peru  south  about  2500  miles  between  the  Andes  and  the 
Pacific  ocean,  and  is  from  40  to  200  miles  in  breadth.  Area, 
124.000  sq.  miles.  Pop.  in  1865, 1,068,447  ;  in  1875,  2,068,447 ; 
1878,2,136,724;  1889,2,766,747. 

Chili  declares  its  independence  of  S|)ain 18  Sept.  1810 

War  with  varying  success;  decisive  victory  by  San  Martin 
over  the  royal  forces  at  Chacabuco,  12  Feb.  1817 ;  the  prov- 
ince declared  independent 12  Feb.  1818 

Present  constitution  formed  after  the  constitution  of  the  U.  S., 

22  May,  1833 

Eupture  with  Bolivia  over  the  "Guano  "  isles 1  Mch.  1864 

Disputes  with  Spain  respecting  Peru  settled  by  the  Spanish 

minister,  20  May;  disavowed  by  his  government 25  .luly,     " 

Religious  toleration  enacted July,  1865 

J.  J.  Perez  again  president;  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war,  Oct.     " 
Spanish  admiral  Pareja  at  V^alparalso  claims  satisfaction  for 
intervention  in  the  war  with  Peru,  17  Sept. ;    refused,  21 
Sept. ;  he  declares  a  blockade,  24  Sept. ;  Chili  declares  war 

against  Spain,  29  Sept. ;  joins  Peru 5  Dec.     " 

Spaniards  bombard  Valparaiso 31  Mch.  1866 

End  of  the  blockade 14  Apr.     " 

Gold  mines  discovered  near  Iquique Oct.  1871 

Chili  refuses  to  recognize  a  boundary  treaty  between  Peru  and 

Bolivia  (6  Feb.  1873);  they  declare  war  against  Chili Ai)r.  1879 

Chilian  wooden  vessels  Esmeralda  and  Covadonga  blockade 
Iquique ;  the  Peruvian  iron-clad  turret-ships  (with  rams) 
Huascar  and  Independencia  attempt  relief;  Esmeralda  sunk 
by  Huascar  (about  110  perish);  Independencia  runs  ashore 
chasing  Covadonga ;  capt.  Platts  and  6  men  climb  up  Huascar 

and  are  killed  fighting  on  deck 21,  23  May,     " 

Huascar  enters  port  of  Iquique,  and  captures  2  vessels,  29  July,      " 

Blockade  of  Iquique  raised ;  announced 4  Aug.     " 

Huascar  captured  by  Chilian  fleet  off  Mejillones,  after  6  hours' 

fight;  the  admiral  and  many  officers  killed 8  Oct.     " 

Pisagua  bombarded  and  captured  by  Chilians 2  Nov.      " 

Combined  Peruvian  and  Bolivian  army  defeated  near  Iquique 
(which  surrenders),  Nov. ;   again  near  Tarapaca,  which  is 

taken about  27  Nov.     " 

Naval  engagement;  gallant  conduct  of  Peruvians 27  Feb.  1880 

Callao  blockaded  by  Chilians;  alarm  at  Lima. .  ..about  18  Apr.     " 

Battle  of  Tacna;  captured  by  Chilians 26  Apr.      " 

Arica  taken  by  the  Chilians 8  June,     " 

Pierola  dictator  of  Peru;  declares  for  perseverance  in  the  war; 

excitement  at  Lima;  levy  en  masse 28  June,     " 

Chilian  transport  Loa  sunk  by  torpedo  of  a  Peruvian  launch 

apparently  laden  with  fruit;  Callao  greatly  shaken. .  .3  July,      " 
Chilian  vessel  Covadonga,  bombarding  town,  sunk  by  Peruvian 

torpedoes  off'Chancay;  about  115  perish;  reprisals.  .14  Sept.     " 
Chilians  storm  Lurin,  4  Jan. ;  defeat  Peruvians  at  Chorillos,  13 
Jan.;  at  Miraflores,  15  Jan.;  occupy  Lima  without  resist- 
ance; Pierola  flees;  about  17  Jan. ;  Callao  taken Jan.  1881 

Conditions  of  peace  reported:  cession  of  territory;  $7riO,000,000 
indemnity;  occupation  of  Callao;  working  of  mines  till  in- 
demnity paid;  announced 30  Jan.      " 


England  and  France  requested  to  mediate  by  Peru Feb.  1881 

U.  S.  seeks  to  adjust  relations  between  Chili  and  Peru " 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Spain  confirmed Sept.     " 

Domingo  Santa  Maria  becomes  president 18  Sept      " 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Bolivia 25  Jan.  1882 

Peace  protocol  between  Chili  and  Peru  agreed  to Mch.     " 

War  resumed ;  skirmishes ;  Chilians  generally  successful  July  " 
Peruvians  defeated  by  Chilians,  13,  15,  and  16  July,  also  8  Aug.'  " 
Peruvians  defeated  with  great  loss  at  Huamachuca. ...  10  July    1883 

Peruvians  defeated  at  Huanchuco  by  col.  Grostiago 19  July'      '< 

Peace  with  Peru  signed  at  Ancon.. 20  Oct.'     " 

Lima  evacuated .23  Oct      " 

Sefior  don  Jo.se  Manuel  Balmaceda  president.  ..".'.*.'..  .18  Sept.  1886 
Congress  issues  a  declaration  deposing  the  president  for  treason 
against  the  constitution,  tyranny,  and  misuse  of  the  public 
money,  and  designates  sen.  Jorge  Montt  as  its  a.ssistant  in 

restormg  the  due  observance  of  the  constitution 1  Jan    1891 

The  navy  (under  capL  J.  Montt)  revolts  against  the  president- 

the  army  remains  faithful  to  him about  7  .Jan'     «' 

Valparaiso,  held  for  the  president,  blockaded  by  the  navy;  fre- 
quent skirmishes;  contradictory  reports 16* Jan.     " 

President's  troops  defeated  at  Pozo  Almonte,  4  Mch. ;  the 

province  of  Tarapaca  held  by  the  congress  party,  about  s'Mch.     " 
Part  of  the  army  joins  the  congress  party,  which  holds  all 

southern  Chili reported  12  Mch.     " 

A  provisional  government  or  junta  established  by  the  congress 

party  at  Iquique lo  Apr.     " 

Part  of  the  regular  army  (2450,)  crosses  the  Argentine  territory 

to  reach  Santiago reported  14  Apr.     " 

Newly  elected  congress  (his  nominees)  opened  by  the  presi- 
dent   21  Apr.     «' 

Itata  surrenders  to  the  American  cruisers  at  Iquique.  .4  June,     " 
United  States,  7-9  May,  and  4  June,  1891. 
Provisional  junta  at  Iquique  in  a  circular  note  to  the  powers 
denounce  Balmaceda  as  a  dictator,  and  ask  recognition  as  a 

belligerent,  7  May .published  11  June,     « 

Congress  party  occupy  the  Atacama  province 25  July,     " 

Cougressist  army,  about  10,000,  with  artillery,  etc.,  command- 
ed by  col.  Canto,  land  at  Quinteros  bay  20  Aug.,  and  after 
a  night's  march,  they  completely  defeat  Balmaceda's  army 
at  Colmo;  the  congressists  have  about  300  killed;  Balmaceda 
has  about  1000  killed,  21  Aug. ;  they  advance  and  take  Salto, 
24  Aug. ;  and  Quilpue,  25  .\ug. ;  march  towards  Valparaiso, 
receiving  large  numbers  of  deserters  from  the  enemy,  and 

encamp  in  a  farm-house 27  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Placilla;  Balmaceda's  army  totally  defeated;  about 
1000  killed  and  3000  prisoners;  congressists,  400  killed;  the 
battle  lasted  from  7.30  to  10.30,  and  the  congressists  took 

possession  of  Valparaiso  at  1  p.m 28  Aug.     " 

The  great  powers  recognize  the  congressist  provisional  gov- 
ernment  about  16  Sept.     " 

Balmaceda,  concealed  at  the  Argentine  legation  in  Santiago, 
commits  suicide,  leaving  a  justificatory  letter,  and  is  secret- 
ly buried 19  Sept.     " 

National  holiday  with  great  rejoicings 16-20  Sept.     " 

Patrick  Egan,  the  U.  S.  minister,  charged  with  breach  of  neu- 
trality by  favoring  Balmaceda's  party  during  the  war. .  .Oct.  " 
At  Valparaiso  some  of  the  populace  assault  the  boats'  crews  of 
the  U.  S.  ship  Baltimore;  2  of  the  crew  killed,  16  Oct. ;  the 
U.  S.  government  demands  reparation;  the  Chilian  govern- 
ment promises  investigation 29  Oct.     " 

United  Statks,  Oct.  1891;  Jan.  and  July,  1892. 

Sen.  Jorge  Montt  elected  president 4  Nov.     " 

Patrick  Egan  concludes  a  convention  between  Chili  and  the 
U.  S Aug.  1892 

Cllillianwallall,  India,  Battle  of,  between  strong 
Sikh  forces  and  the  British  undet  lord  (afterwards  viscount) 
Gough,  13  Jan.  1849.  The  Sikhs  routed,  but  with  great  loss 
to  the  British :  26  officers  killed,  66  wounded,  731  rank  and 
file  killed,  and  1446  wounded.  The  Sikhs  lost  3000  killed 
and  4000  wounded.  On  21  Feb.  lord  Gough  routed  the  Sikh 
army,  under  Shere  Singh,  at  Goojerat,  capturing  its  camp. 

Chiltern  Hundreds  (viz.  Bu-mham,  Desboroughj 
and  Stoke),  an  estate  of  the  British  crown  on  the  chain  of  chalk 
hills  that  pass  from  east  to  west  through  Buckinghamshire.  The 
stewardship,  a  nominal  office  with  salary  of  255.,  is  given  to  a 
member  of  Parliament  who  wishes  to  vacate  his  seat.  The 
strict  legality  of  the  practice  is  questioned. 

diimborazo.    Andes. 

ellimneys.  Chafing-dishes  were  in  use  in  Great  Britain 
till  1200,  when  chimnej-s  were  introduced,  only  in  the  kitchen 
and  large  hall.  The  family  sat  round  a  stove,  with  a  funnel 
through  the  ceiling,  in  1300.  Chimneys  were  general  in  do- 
mestic architecture  in  1310. 

Act  to  regulate  chimney-sweeping,  28  Geo.  Ill 1789 

Chimney-sweeping  machine  invented  by  Smart 1805 

A  statute  regulating  the  trade,  the  apprenticeship  of  children, 
construction  of  flues,  forbidding  calling   "sweep"  in  the 

streets,  etc. ,  passed , 1834 

By  3  and  4  Vict.  c.  85  (1840),  no  master-sweep  may  take  ap- 
prentices under  16;  no  person  under  21  to  ascend  a  chimney 

kfter 1  July-  1842 

Enforcement  of  this  law  made  more  stringent 1864 


CHI 


166 


CHI 


Joseph  Glass,  iuventor  of  sweeping-machine  now  in  general 

use,  not  pateuteU,  d 29  Jan.  1868 

New  Chimneysweepers'  act  passed 11  Aug.  1875 

CIlillH  (Tsiwf),  the  "Celestial  Empire,"  in  eastern  Asia, 
for  which  the  Chinese  annals  claim  an  antiquity  of  from  80,000 
to  100,000  years  B.C.,  is  said  to  have  commenced  about  2500 
B.C.;  by  some  to  have  been  founded  by  Fohi,  supposed  to  be 
the  Noah  of  the  Bible,  2240  b.c.  The  3  religions  of  China 
are  Conkucianism,  Taoism,  and  Buddhism.  It  is  said  that 
the  Chinese  were  astronomers  in  the  reign  of  Yao,  2357  B.c. 
The  historical  period  of  China  begins  about  650  rc.  22  dy- 
nasties have  reigned,  including  the  present.  Area  of  China 
proper,  l,65-4,000  sq.  miles;  other  territory,  2,985,750  sq. 
t  miles ;  total,  4,539,750  sq.  miles.  Pop.  of  the  empire  esti- 
mated at  190,348,228  in  1757,  at  414,607,000  in  1860,  and  at 
434,600,000  in  1877.  The  "  Statesman's  Year-book  "  puts  the 
population  at  402,680,000,  but  the  truth  is,  but  little  is  known 
as  to  it.  Gen.  James  H.  Wilson  in  his  book  on  China,  1887, 
puts  it  as  low  as  300,000,000. 

^  '  '  B.C. 

Chinese  state  their  first  cycle  begun 2700 

First  dates  Q.Ked  to  his  history,  by  Se-ma-tsien,  begin 651 

Supposed  age  of  Confucius  (Kungfutze),  the  philosopher 550 

Wall  of  ("hina  completed  (Chisesk  Wall) 211 

Dynasty  of  Han 206 

Literature  and  art  of  printing  encouraged  (?) 202 

Battle  between  Phraates  and  Scythians  ;  Chinese  aid  the 
latter,  and  ravage  the  coasts  of  the  Caspian;  their  first  ap- 
pearance in  history — Lenglet 129 

Religion  of  Laot-se  begun 15 

A.D. 

Buddhism,  or  religion  of  Fo,  introduced about  6S-81 

Nankin  becomes  the  capital 420 

Atheistical  philosopher,  San-Shin,  flourishes 449 

Nestorian  Christians  permitted  to  preach 635 

They  are  proscribed  and  extirpated 845 

China  ravaged  by  Tartars 9th  and  11th  centuries 

Seat  of  government  transferred  to  Pekin 1260 

Marco  Polo  introduces  missionaries 1275 

Kublai  Khan  establishes  the  Yuen  or  Mongol  dynasty. .  .about     " 

Ming  dynasty 1368 

Canal,  called  the  Yu  Ho,  completed about  1400 

Europeans  first  arrive  at  Canton 1517 

Macao  is  granted  to  the  Portuguese 1536 

Jesuit  missionaries  are  sent  from  Rome 1575 

Country  is  conquered  by  the  eastern  or  Mantchou  Tartars,  who 

establish  the  present  Tsin  dynasty 1616-44 

Tea  brought  to  England 1660 

General  earthquake;  300,000  persons  buried  at  Pekin  alone —  1662 
Galdan,  a  prince  of  Jangaria,  conquers  Kashgaria  and  becomes 
supreme  in  central  Asia,  1678;  checked  by  Kang-hi,  1689; 

totally  defeated : 1695 

Commerce  with  East  India  Company  begins 1680 

Jesuit  missionaries  preach 1692 

Commercial  relations  with  Russia 1719-27 

Jesuits  expelled 1724-32 

Another  general  earthquake  destroys  100,000  persons  at  Pekin, 

and  80,000  in  a  suburb 1731 

Successful  war  in  central  Asia;  Davatsi  and  his  opponent 
Amursana,  subdued  by  Keen-lung,  1755  et  seq. ;    Kashgar, 

Khokand,  the  Khirgez,  etc.,  annexed 1760 

In  a  salute  by  a  British  ship  in  a  Chinese  harbor,  a  shot  inadver- 
tently kills  a  native;  the  government  demands  the  gunner; 

he  is  soon  strangled 1785 

Earl  Macartney's  embassy  arrives  at  Pekin;  his  reception  by 

the  emperor 14  Sept.  1793 

[This  embassy  threw  light  on  the  empire;  it  appeared  to  be 
divided  into  15  provinces,  with  4402  walled  cities;  a  popula- 
tion of  333,000,000;  annual  revenues.  66,000, OOOi. ;  and  army, 
including  Tartars,  1,000,000  infantry  and  800,000  cavalry;  re- 
ligion pagan,  and  government  absolute.  Arts  and  sciences 
were  encouraged,  and  ethics  studied.] 

He  is  ordered  to  depart 7  Oct.     " 

And  arrives  in  England 6  Sept.  1794 

Affair  of  the  company's  ship  Neptune,  a  Chinaman  killed 1807 

Edict  against  Christianity 1812 

Chinese  rule  in  central  Asia  weakened " 

Lord  Amherst's  embassy;  he  leaves  England 8  Feb.  1816 

[He  failed  in  his  mi.ssion,  having  refused  to  make  the  pros- 
tration of  the  kotou,  lest  he  compromise  the  majesty  of 
England.] 
Opium  dispute  begins;  the  trade  prohibited  by  the  emperor, 

Nov.  1834 

Chinese  seize  the  Argyle  and  crew 31  Jan.  1835 

A  British  commissioner  settled  at  Canton Mch.  1837 

Commissioner  Lin  orders  seizure  of  opium,  18  Mch. ;  foreign 
residents  forbidden  to  leave  Canton,  19  Mch. ;  factories  sur- 
rounded, and  outrages  committed 24  Mch.  1839 

Capt.  Elliot,  British  commissioner,  requires  British  subjects  to 
surrender  all  opium,  promising  full  value,  27  Mch. ;  half  is 
given  up  as  contraband  to  the  Chinese,  20  Apr.;  the  re- 
mainder (20,283  chests)  surrendered,  21  May  ;  capt.  Elliot 
and  the  Briti.sh  merchants  leave  Canton,  24  May;  the  opium 

destroyed  by  the  Chinese. 3  June,     " 

Aflfair  between  British  and  U.  S.  seamen  and  the  Chinese  ;  a 
native  killed 7  July,     " 


Hong-Kong  taken 23  Aug. 

British  boat  lUack  Joke  attacked,  the  crew  murdered,  24  Aug. ; 
British  merchants  retire  from  Macao 26  Aug. 

Affairs  at  Kow-lung  between  British  boats  and  Chinese  junks, 

4  Sept. 

Attack  by  28  armed  junks  on  the  British  frigates  Volage  and 
Hyacinth  ;  several  junks  blown  up 3  Nov. 

British  trade  with  China  ceases,  by  edict  of  the  emperor;  the 
last  servant  of  the  company  leaves 6  Dec. 

Emperor's  interdict  against  intercourse  with  England  for- 
ever   5  Jan. 

Ship  Hellas  atUicked  by  armed  junks,  22  May;  blockade  of 
Canton  by  a  British  fleet,  by  order  of  sir  Gordon  Bremer,  28 
June;  blockade  of  the  Chinese  coast 10  July, 

Capt.  Elliot,  on  a  British  steamship,  enters  the  Pei-ho  river, 
near  Pekin 11  Aug. 

Ship  Kite  lost  on  a  sand-bank;  the  captain's  wife  and  part  of 
the  crew  captured  by  natives  and  confined  in  cages.  .15  Sept. 

Lin  degraded  ;  Keshin  appointed  imperial  commissioner,  16 
Sept. ;  capt.  Elliot's  truce  with  him 6  Nov. 

Admiral  Elliot's  resignation  announced 29  Nov. 

Negotiations  ended  by  emperor's  breach  of  faith 6  Jan. 

Cliucn  pe  and  Taecoc-tow,  and  173  guns  (some  sent  to  England) 
captured 7  Jan. 

Hong-Kong  ceded  by  Keshin  to  Great  Britain,  $6,000,000  to  be 
paid  within  10  days  to  the  British 20  Jan. 

Hong-Kong  taken  possession  of 26  Jan. 

The  emperor  rejects  Keshin's  treaty,  11  Feb. ;  hostilities  re- 
sumed, 23  Feb. ;  Chusan  evacuated,  24  Feb. ;  rewards  pro- 
claimed at  Canton  for  the  bodies  of  Englishmen,  dead  or 
alive ;  $50,000  to  be  given  for  chiefs 25  Feb. 

Bogue  forts  taken  by  sir  G.  Bremer;  admiral  Kwan  killed;  459 
guns  captured 26  Feb. 

British  squadron  proceeds  to  Canton,  1  Mch. ;  sir  H.  Gough 
takes  command  of  the  army,  2  Mch. ;  hostilities  suspended, 

3  Mch. ;  and  again  resumed,  6  Mch. ;  Keshin  degraded  by  the 
emperor 12  Mch. 

Flotilla  of  boats  destroyed;  Canton  threatened,  foreign  factories 
seized,  and  461  guns  taken  by  the  British 18  Mch. 

Hong-Kong  Gazette  first  published 1  May, 

Capt.  Elliot  prepares  to  attack  Canton 17  May, 

City  ransomed  for  $6,000,000;  $5,000,000  paid  down;  hostili- 
ties cease 31  May, 

British  trade  reopened 16  July, 

Sir  Henry  Pottiuger  reaches  Macao,  as  plenipotentiary;  pro- 
claims the  objects  of  his  mission  ;  capt.  Elliot  superseded, 

10  Aug. 

Amoy  taken,  and  296  guns  destroyed 27  Aug. 

Boguo  forts  destroyed 14  Sept. 

Ting-hae  taken,  136  guns  captured,  and  Chusan  reoccupied  by 
the  British,  1  Oct. ;  they  take  Chin  hae,  10  Oct. ;  Ning-po, 
13  Oct. ;  Yu-yaou,  Tsze-kee,  and  Foong  hua 28  Dec. 

Chinese  attack  Ning-po  and  Chin-hae,  are  repulsed  with  great 
loss,  10  Mch. ;  8000  Chinese  routed  near  Tsze-kee 15  .Mch. 

Chapou  attacked;  defences  destroyed 18  May, 

British  squadron  enters  ri verKiang,  13  J un^;  captures  Woosung 
and  230  guns  and  stores,  16  June;  Shang-Hai  taken,  19  June, 

British  armament  anchors  near  the  "Golden  Isle,"  20  July; 
Chin-Keang  taken;  the  Tartar  general  and  many  of  the  gar- 
rison commit  suicide,  21  July;  advanced  ships  reach  Nankin, 

4  Aug. ;  fleet  arrives,  and  disembarkation  commences,  9  Aug. ; 
Keying  arrives,  with  full  powers  to  treat 12  Aug. 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  before  Nankin,  on  the  Cornwallis,  by  sir 
Henry  Pottinger  for  England,  and  Keying  Elepoo  and  Neu- 
Kien  on  the  part  of  the  Chinese  emperor — [Conditions:  Last- 
ing peace  and  friendship  between  the  2  empires;  China  to 
pay  $21,000,000;  Canton,  Amoy,  Foochoofoo,  Ning-po,  and 
Shang-Hai  to  be  thrown  open  to  the  British,  and  consuls  to 
reside  at  these  cities  ;  Hong-Kong  ceded  in  perpetuity  to 
England,  etc. ;   Chusan  and  Ku-lang-su  to  be  held  by  the 

Brilisli  until  the  provisions  are  fulfilled] 29  Aug. 

[The  non-fulfllment  of  this  treaty  led  gradually  to  the  war 
of  1856-57.] 

Ratifications  formally  exchanged 22  July, 

Canton  opened  to  the  British 27  July, 

Bogue  forts  captured  by  the  British 5  Apr. 

Hong-Kong  and  neighborhood  visited  by  a  typhoon;  immense 
damage  to  shipping;  upwards  of  1000  boat-dwellers  on  the 
Canton  river  drowned Oct. 

British  steamship  Medea  destroys  13  pirate-junks  in  the  Chi- 
nese seas 4  Mch. 

Rebellion  breaks  out  in  Quang-si Aug. 

Appearance  of  the  pretender  Tien-teh Mch. 

Emperor  Taou-Kwang  d.  25  Feb.  1850.  He  had  of  late  grown 
liberal,  and  favored  the  introduction  of  European  arts; 
but  his  son,  a  rash  and  narrow-minded  prince,  abandoned 
this  policy,  and  particularly  opposed  English  influence.  An 
insurrection  broke  out  in  consequence,  Aug.  1850,  and  quickly 
became  alarming.  The  insurgents  at  first  proposed  only  to  ex- 
pel the  Tartars;  but  in  Mch.  1851,  a  pretender  was  announced, 
first  called  Tien-teh  (Celestial  Virtue),  but  afterwards  a.ssum- 
ing  other  names.  He  was  said  to  be  a  native  of  Quang-si,  of 
obscure  origin,  but  to  have  obtained  some  literary  knowledge 
at  Canton  about  1835,  and  to  have  learned  the  principles  of 
Christianity  from  a  Chinese  Christian  named  Leang-afa,  and 
also  from  the  mi-ssionary  Roberts  in  1844.  He  announced 
himself  as  the  restorer  of  the  worship  of  the  true  God, 
Shang-ti,  and  derived  many  of  his  dogmas  from  the  Bible. 
He  declared  himself  to  be  the  monarch  of  all  beneath  the 
sky,  the  lord  of  China  (and  thus  of  all  the  world),  the  brother 
of  Jesus,  the  second  son  of  God,  and  demanded  universal 


1840 


1842 


1843 

1847 

1848 
1850 
1851  I 


CHI 

submission.  He  sought  alliance  with  lord  Elgin  in  Nov.  1860. 
His  followers  are  termed  Tae-Pings,  "princes  of  peace,"  a 
title  belied  by  their  atrocious  deeds.  The  rebellion  was  virt- 
ually terminated,  18  July,  1864,  by  the  capture  of  Nankin, 
suicide  of  Tien- Wang,  and  execution  of  the  leaders. 

Defeat  of  Leu,  the  imperial  commissioner,  and  destruction  of 
half  the  army 19  June, 

Progress  of  the  rebels;  the  emperor  vainly  asks  the  Euro- 
peans for  help Mch.  and  Apr. 

Rebels  take  Nankin,  19,  20  Mch. ;  Amoy,  19  May;  Shang-Hai, 

7  Sept. 

Outrage  on  the  British  lorcha  Arrow  in  Canton  river 8  Oct. 

[It  was  boarded  by  the  (Chinese  officers,  V2  men  out  of  the 
crew  of  14  carried  off,  and  the  national  ensign  taken  down. 
Sir  J.  Bowring,  governor  of  Hong-Kong,  applied  to  India  and 
Ceylon  for  troops.  On  3  Mch.  1857,  the  House  of  Commons, 
by  a  majority  of  19,  censured  sir  John  for  "violent  meas- 
ures." The  ministry  (who  took  his  part)  dissolved  Parlia- 
ment, but  obtained  a  large  majority  in  the  new  one.] 

After  vain  negotiations  with  commissioner  Yeh,  Canton  forts 
attacked  and  taken '23  Oct. 

A  Chinese  fleet  destroyed  and  Canton  bombarded  by  sir  M. 
Seymour 3,  4  Nov. 

Imperialists  defeated,  quit  Shang-Hai 6  Nov. 

And  murder  the  crew  of  the  Thistle 30  Dec. 

Mahometans  of  Panthay,  in  Yunan,  become  independent  during 
Tae-Ping  rebellion 

Troops  arrive  from  Madras  and  England;  and  lord  Elgin  ap- 
pointed envoy Mch. 

Chinese  fleet  destroyed  by  commodore  Ell.ot,  25.  27  May;  and 
sir  M.  Seymour  and  commodore  Keppel 1  June, 

Blockade  of  Canton Aug. 

Canton  bombarded  and  taken  by  English  and  French,  28,  29 

Dec.  1857 ;  who  enter  it 5  Jan. 

"Allies  proceed  towards  Pekiu,  and  take  the  Pei  ho  forts, 

20  May, 

Negotiations  commence,  5  June;  treaty  of  peace  signed  at 
Tientsin  by  lord  Elgin,  baron  Gros,  and  Keying  (who  signed 
the  treaty  of  1842);  ambassadors  to  be  at  both  courtn;  free- 
dom of  trade;  toleration  of  Christianity ;  expenses  of  war  to 
be  paid  by  China;  a  revised  tariff;  term  /  (barbarian)  to  be 
no  longer  applied  to  Europeans 26,  28,  29  June, 

Lord  Elgin  visits  Japan,  and  concludes  an  important  treaty 
with  the  emperor 28  Aug. 

Mr.  Bruce,  British  envoy,  on  his  way  to  Pekin,  is  stopped  in 
the  river  Pei-ho  (or  Tientsin);  admiral  Hope,  attempting  to 
force  a  passage,  is  repulsed,  with  the  loss  of  81  killed  and 
about  390  wounded 25  June, 

U.  S.  envoy  Ward  arrives  at  Pekin,  and,  refusing  to  submit 
to  degrading  ceremonies,  does  not  see  the  emperor.  .29  July, 
[Frederick  Townshend  Ward  was  born  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Nov.  1831.  He  was  educated  at  the  Salem  high-school,  saw 
service  in  the  Mexican  war  and  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  French 
army  in  the  Crimea.  Going  to  China  in  1859,  he  became 
admiral-general  in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  trained  the 
Chinese  into  good  soldiers,  and  at  their  head  won  many  vic- 
tories over  the  rebels,  but  was  killed  at  Kah-siug,  7  Oct.  1862.] 

Commercial  treaty  with  the  U.  S 24  Nov. 

English  and  French  prepare  an  expedition  against  China,  Oct. 

War  begins;  British  under  sir  Hope  Grant,  French,  gen.  Mon- 
tauban.     Chinese  defeated  in  a  skirmish  near  the  Pei-ho, 

12  Aug. 

Allies  repulse  Tae-Ping  rebels  at  Shang-Hai,  18-20  Aug. ;  take 
Taku  forts,  losing  500  killed  and  wounded ;  Tartar  gen  San- 
ko-lin-sin  retreats 21  Aug. 

After  vain  negotiations,  allies  advance  towards  Pekin;  defeat 
Chinese  at  Chang-kia-wan  and  Pa-li-chiau. .  .18  and  21  Sept. 

Consul  Parkes,  capts.  Anderson  and  Brabazon,  Mr.  De  Nor- 
man, Mr.  Bowlby  (London  Times  correspondent),  and  14 
others  (Europeans  and  Sikhs),  advancing  to  Tung-chow  to 
arrange  a  meeting  of  the  ministers,  are  captured  by  San-ko- 
lin-sin;  Brabazon  and  abb6  de  Luc  beheaded,  and  said  to  be 
thrown  into  the  canal;  others  carried  to  Pekin 21  Sept. 

Allies  march  towards  Pekin;  French  ravage  emperor's  sum- 
mer palace,  6  Oct. ;  Parkes,  Loch,  and  others  restored,  8  Oct. ; 
Anderson,  De  Norman,  and  others  die  of  ill-usage. .  .8-11  Oct. 

Pekin  invested;  surrenders,  12  Oct.;  severe  proclamation  of 
sir  Hope  Grant 15  Oct. 

Summer  palace  (Yuen-ming-yuen)  burned  by  British. .  .18  Oct. 

Convention  signed  in  Pekin  by  lord  Elgin  and  the  prince  of 
Kung;  treaty  of  Tien-tsin  ratified:  apology  for  attack  at 
Pei-ho  (25  June,  1859),  indemnity  to  be  paid  immediately, 
compensation  to  the  families  of  the  murdered  prisoners,  etc., 
Kowloon  ceded  in  exchange  for  Chusan ;  treaty  and  conven- 
tion to  be  proclaimed  throughout  the  empire 24  Oct. 

Allies  quit  Pekin 5  Nov. 

Treaty,  Russia  and  China— the  former  obtaining  free  trade, 
territories,  etc 14  Nov. 

English  and  French  embassies  fixed  at  Pekin Mch. 

Emperor  Hienfung  d 21  Aug. 

Canton  restored  to  Chinese 21  Oct. 

Advance  of  rebels;  they  seize  and  desolate  Ning-po  and  Hang- 
chow  Dec. 

They  reach  Shang-Hai;  it  is  placed  under  protection  of  the 
English  and  French,  and  fortified Jan. 

English  and  French  assist  against  rebels;  Ning-po  retaken, 

10  May, 
Imperialists  gain   ground,  take  Kah-sing,  etc.  ;    gen.  Ward 

killed  (see  1859) • 7  Oct. 

Tungani  (Mahometan)  revolt  in  central  Asia;  massacre  of 
Buddhists 


167 


CHI 


1852 
1853 

1856 


1858 


Commercial  treaty  with  Prussia  ratified 14  Jan.  1863 

Imperialists  under  col.  Charles  Gordon  defeat  the  Tae-Pings 

under  Burgeviue,  etc Oct.     " 

Gordon  captures  Sow-chow  (after  a  severe  attack,  27,  28  Nov.); 

rebel  chiefs  butchered  by  Chinese 4,  5  Dec.     " 

Capt.  Osborne  comes  to  China ;  retires,  the  Chinese  government 

breaking  its  engagements 31  Dec.     " 

Gordon's  successes  continue Jan.  to  Apr.  1864 

Takes  Nankin  (in  ruins);  Hunseu-tseun,  the  Tien -wang  (rebel 
emperor)  commits  suicide  by  eating  gold-leaf,  30  June;  Chang- 
wangand  Kan-wang,  rebel  generals,  are  "cut  into  a  thou- 
sand pieces" 18  July,     " 

Tae-Pings  hold  Ming-chow;  Mahometan  rebellion  (Dounganes) 

progressing  in  Honan Jan.-Mch.  1865 

Rebellion  in  the  north  advancing June,     " 

Pekin  in  danger. July,    " 

Chinese  newspaper,  Messenger  of  the  Flying  Dragon,  appears' 

in  London 14  Jan.  1866 

Chinese  commissioners  visit  London June,     " 

Mahomed  Yakoob  Beg  defeats  the  Tungani ;  supreme  in  Kash- 

gar,  1866;  recognized  by  Europe " 

Chinese  embassy  (Anson  Burlingame,  Chin  Kang,  and  Sun 
Chia  Su)  received  by  president  at  Washington,  5  June;  sign 
a  treaty  (Birlingame  Treaty  and  United  States),  4  July; 

arrive  in  London,  Sept. ;  received  by  queen 20  Nov.  1868 

People  at  Yang-chow,  incited  by  "literati"  (learned  classes),    - 
destroy  Protestant  mission-houses,  22  Aug. ;  redress  not  ob- 
tained; British  squadron  proceeds  to  Nankin,  8  Nov. ;  vice- 
roy superseded ;  British  demands  acceded  to 14  Nov.     " 

Chinese  embassy  received  by  emperor  at  Paris 24  Jan.  1869 

Supplementary  convention  to  treaty  of  Tien-tsin  (June,  1858) 

for  commercial  freedom,  signed 24  Oct.     " 

Burlingame  dies  at  St.  Petersburg 22  Feb.  1870 

Massacre  at  Tien-tsin  of  French  consul,  Roman  Catholic  priests, 
sisters  of  mercy  (22  persons),  many  native  converts,  and 
above  30  children  in  the  orphanage,  by  a  mob  said  to  be  fa- 
vored by  authorities;  missionaries  accused  of  kidnapping 

children 21  June,     " 

Increased  hatred  of  people  to  foreigners  at  Tientsin;  govern- 
ment lukewarm  against  the  murderers July,     " 

Chapels  destroyed  at  Fatshan 21  Sept.     " 

French  ultimatum  refused;  murderers  of  nuns  unpunished; 

Chinese  warlike  prepanitions  reported 26  Sept.     " 

Mandate  from  the  mandarin  Tseng-kwo-fan,  exculpates  mis- 
sionaries, and  condemns  their  massacre Oct.     " 

Sixteen  coolies  beheaded,  15  Sept.,  and  23  exiled;  indemnity 

to  the  sufferers  ordered ;  reported 26  Oct.     " 

End  of  the  difficulty  announced 3  Nov.     " 

Chung-How,  an  envoy,  arrives  in  London Aug.  1871 

Received  at  Paris;  apologizes  for  Tien-tsin  massacres,  and  as- 
sures redress 23  Nov.     " 

Memorial  to  the  Chinese  government  by  Mr.  Hart,  British  in- 
spector of  customs,  recommending  changes  in  civil  and  mil- 
itary administration autumn,     " 

Young  emperor  married 16  Oct.     " 

Russia  annexes  Kuldja " 

William  Armstrong  Russell  consecrated  Anglican  bishop  of 

North  China Dec.  1872 

Emperor  of  age ;  assumes  the  government 23  Feb.  1873 

Talifoo,  capital  of  the  insurgent  Panthay  Mahometans,  capt- 
ured; thousands  massacred Feb.     " 

Foreign  ministers  first  received  by  emperor 29  June,     " 

Dispute  with  Japan  (Formosa),  July-Aug. ;  settled  by  treaty, 

31  Oct.  1874 

Death  of  the  emperor 12  Jan.  1875 

Proclamation  of  Tsai-tien,  son  of  Chun,  seventh  son  of  Taou- 

Twang  (nephew  of  Kung) 4  Feb.     " 

British  exploring  expedition  under  coL  Horace  Browne  to  open 
passage  from  Burmah  into  S.  W.  China,  Dec.  1874 ;  Mr.  Margary 
and  5  Chinese  in  advance  killed  at  Manwyne,  21  Feb. ;  col. 
Browne  repulses  an  attack  by  Chinese;  retreats  to  Rangoon, 

22  Feb 12  Mch.      " 

First  railway  in  China,  Shang-Hai  to  Oussoon  (AVoo-sung),  11 

miles;  trial  trip,  16  Mch.  (at  first  opposed);  opened,  30  June,  1876 
Chee-foo  convention;  difficulties  in  negotiations  removed  (the 
government  to  compensate  Mr.  Margary's  family,  remove 
commercial  grievances,  open  4  ports,  proper  official  inter- 
course); signed,  13  Sept. ;  ratified 17  Sept.      " 

Chinese  envoy  (Quo-ta-Zhan)  lands  at  Southampton — 21  Jan.  1877 

Decree  of  equal  rights  to  Chinese  Christians 1  Feb.     " 

Four  more  ports  opened 1  Apr.     " 

Opium  smoking  interdicted  after  3  years Aug.     " 

Quo-ta-Zhan  (or  Kuo-ta-Jen)  first  accredited  minister  at  Lon- 
don; Liu-ta-Jen  at  Berlin about  Nov.     " 

Yakoob  Beg  of  Kashgaria  defeated  by  the  Chinese  general, 
Tso-tsung-tang;  is  assassinated,  May;   Kashgar  and  other 

towns  captured ;  end  of  war '. Dec.      " 

Chinese  immigrants  excluded  from  Australia  by  a  poll-tax 1878 

Treaty  with  Russia,  who  agrees  to  evacuate  the  Kuldja  terri- 
tory, China  to  pay  an  indemnity about  June,  1879 

Chinese  from  Kashgar  invade  Russian  territory May,  1880 

Prospect  of  war;  col.  Gordon  goes  to  China  from  Bombay, 

June,     " 

New  treaties  with  U.  S.  signed 17  Nov.     " 

Peace  with  Russia,  who  makes  concessions  negotiated  by  mar- 
quis Tseng 1881 

Complication  with  France  respecting  Tonquin Sept.  1883 

Chinese  claim  Anam  as  dependency ,. Nov.     " 

Coup-d'^tat  at  Pekin  by  prince  Chun,  father  of  emperor;  he 
becomes  dictator;  prince  Kung  and  the  viceroy,  Li-Hung- 
Chang,  deposed H  Apr.  et  seq.  1884 


OHI  1 

Treaty  with  France,  signed  by  capt.  Fournier  and  Li-Hung- 
Cbuug,  at  Tientsin;  French  protoclorato  of  Auam  and  Ton- 
quin  recognized;  a  southern  provinces  opened  to  commerce, 

11  May,  1884 
Chinese  break  the  treaty  by  attacking  French  marching  to 

occupy  I^angson «' 

French  demand  evacuation  of  Touquin  frontier  forts,  and 

10,'J00,l)00/.  indemnity July,     " 

War  party  at  Pekiu  oppose  the  empress  and  Li-HungChang, 

the  viceroy July,     " 

Keluug  in  Formosa  bombarded,  and  forts  destroyed  by  alleged 

treachery  of  admiral  Lesp6s 5,  6  Aug.     " 

France  declines  mediation;  issues  circular  to  the  powers,  17  Aug.     " 
Indemnity  claimed  by  France  reduced  to  3,200,000i.,  19  Aug. ; 

refused  by  China '• 

French  ambass;idor,  Semalld,  leaves  Pekin ;  war  ensues. 21  Aug.     '• 

Admiral  Courbet  with  fleet  sails  up  the  Min  river  unattackcd; 

destroys  Chinese  lleet,  23  Aug. ;    bombards  arsenal  at  Foo- 

chow,  dismantles  and  destroys  forts  and  batteries  at  Mingan 

and  Kinpai;  French  killed,  about  7;  Chinese  said  to  be  about 

1000 2G-28  Aug.      " 

lii-Himg  Chang  deprived  of  his  highest  offices. .  .about  28  Aug.     " 

Chinese  declaration  of  war  announced 6  Sept.     *' 

Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at  Pekin Apr.  1885 

Treaty  signed 9  June,     " 

Introduction  of  railways  authorized ;  new  policy Aug.      " 

Emperor  agrees  to  receive  a  papal  agent  to  protect  Roman 

Catholic  missionaries July,     " 

Chinese  annul  French  protectorate  overall  Christians Nov.  1886 

Decanville  railway  opened 21  Nov.     " 

General  proclamation  for  protection  of  Christian  missionaries 

and  converts Jan.  1887 

Emperor,  aged  16,  assumes  the  government 7  Feb.     " 

Convention  between  Great  Britain  and  China  respecting  Bur- 

mah  and  Thibet  ratified 25  Aug.     " 

Commercial  treaty  with  France  signed  and  ratified Aug.     " 

Chinese  Exclusion  act  vigorously  carried  out  at  San  Francisco, 

and  at  other  places  (U.mtkd  States,  13  Sept.  1888) middle 

of  Oct.  1888 

Railway  from  Tientsin  to  Taku  opened Nov.      " 

Conventions  with  Italy  and  Germany  for  them  to  protect  their 

missionaries;  announced Dec.     " 

New  Roman  Catholic  cathedral  at  I'ekin  consecrated 8  Dec.      " 

Marriage  of  the  emperor 25  Feb.  1889 

An  imperial  decree,  granting  audience  of  the  emperor  to  repre- 
sentatives of  foreign  powers  issued .- 12  Dec.  1890 

China  formally  objects  to  Henry  W.  Blair  as  minister  to  that 

country  from  the  U.  S 28  Apr.  1891 

Anti-European  riots  at  Wuhu;  much  destruction;  British  con- 
sulate wrecked;  the  consul  and  his  wife  escape;  quiet  re- 
stored by  force 12,  13  May,     " 

Increased  anti-foreign  agitation  throughout  China,  June;  diplo- 
matic body  appeal  to  the  government;  emperor  decrees  pro- 
tection of  foreigners about  15  June,     " 

Continued  persecution  of  foreigners;  the  imperial  decree  inef- 
fectual ;  the  diplomatic  body  press  the  government, 

about  18  Aug.     " 
Kolao  Hui,  a  secret  society,  strongly  opposed  to  foreigners  and 

Christianity,  active summer,     " 

American  mission  at  Ishang  destroyed.. 11  Sept.     " 

Outrages  against  foreigners  increase;  the  diplomatic  body  re- 
port to  their  respective  governments about  15  Sept.     " 

Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  and  U.  S.  unite  to  protect  their 

people  against  Chinese  violence ;  reported 21  Sept.     " 

Sufferers  in  Wuhu  compensated  by  viceroy about  23  Oct.     " 

British  squadron  and  other  vessels  at  Nagasaki  and  other  ports, 

about  23  Oct.     " 
A  modus  Vivendi  with  the  Chinese  authorities  arranged  by  the 

European  ministers;  reported 11  Nov.     " 

Insurrection  in  .Mongolia  and  N.  China  against  foreigners  and 
native  Christians;  reported  massacres,  Nov.;  suppressed  by 
government  troops  after  battles,  with  much  slaughter, 

28,  29  Nov.      " 
Agreement  of  the  Hunan  societies  against  Europeans,  etc., 

published  at  Shang-Hai about  7  Dec.     " 

Memorials  of  the  viceroys  of  Nankin  and  Hukuang  (attributing 
the  anti  foreign  outrages  to  baseless  rumors  circulated  by 

conspirators)  issued Dec.     " 

(Jovernment  pays  indemnities  amounting  to  100,000i.  to  Chris- 
tian missions  and  others,  and  punishes  the  Chinese  officials 

and  offenders;  reported 27  Dec.     " 

Christopher  Gardner,  British  consul,  and  Dr.  Griffith  John, 
missionary,  assert  that  the  anti-foreign  outbreaks  originated 
with  the  local  mandarins,  aided  by  Chanhan,  an  eminent 
Hunan  scholar  and  writer  of  offensive  placards,  etc. ;  reported, 

Dec.     " 
Chanhan,  the  agitator,  ordered  to  be  arrested,  25  Mch. ;  not  ar- 
rested; the  right  of  audience  by  the  emperor  requested  by 

the  foreign  ministers;  rejected early  .Apr.  1892 

Stringent  exclusion  measures  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  government 
against  the  Chinese  (Uxitkd  States) May,     " 

CHINESE   EMPEUOUS. 

1627.  Chwang-lei. 

1644.  Shun-che  (first  of  the  Tsin  dynasty). 

1662.  Kang  hi,  an  able  sovereign;   consolidated  the  empire;    com- 
piled a  Chinese  dictionary. 
1723.  Yungching. 

1736.  Keen-lung,  warlike;  fond  of  art;  embellished  Pekin. 
1795.  Kea-king. 
1820.  Taou-Kwang. 


»  CHL 

1850.   Hien-fung,  26  Feb. 

1861.  Ki-tsiang  (altered  to  Toung-chi),  21   Aug.;   b.  27  Apr.   1856; 

married  16  Oct.  1872;  d.  12  Jan.  1875. 
1876.  Tsai  T'ien  (altered  to  Kwang  Su),  aged  4.     Jan. 

[China  was  ruled  by  2  empresses  (Tsze  An  and  Tsze  Chi), 

1861-81;  and  by  one  (Tsze  Chi),  an  able  woman,  1881-87.] 
1887.  Emperor  assumed  the  government,  7  Feb. 

China  graAH  or  rlica.  A  prize  of  5000/.  was  offered 
by  the  Iiuiiaii  government  for  machinery  to  prepare  and  cleanse 
the  fibre,  11  Jan.  1870.  John  Greig's  machine  was  exhibited 
in  Edinburgh,  Dec.  1871.    Ramie. 

Cllilia  porcelain,  introduced  into  England  about 

1531.       POTTEKV. 

China  rose,  etc.  The  Rosa  Indica  was  brought  from 
China,  and  successfully  planted  in  England,  1786  ;  the  Chi- 
nese apple-tree,  or  Pyrus  sjjectabilis,  about  1780. 

ellinellO'na  or  eineho'na,  discovered,  it  is  said, 
by  a  Jesuit  about  1535  (and  used  by  the  order).  It  was  called 
by  the  Spaniards  "  fever-wood,"  and  also  "  Jesuit's  bark."  Its 
virtues  were  not  generally  known  till  1633  or  1638.  It  was  sold 
at  one  period  fur  its  weight  in  silver.  Was  introduced  into 
France  in  1649,  and  is  said  to  have  cured  the  dauphin,  after- 
wards Louis  XIV.,  of  a  fever.  It  came  into  general  use  in  1680, 
and  sir  Hans  Sloane  introduced  it  into  England  about  1700. 
The  chinchona  has  been  largely  planted  in  the  Neilgherry  hills, 
India,  and  alreadv  its  culture  has  spread  over  a  wide  area  in 
southern  India,  in  Ceylon,  and  in  British  Burmah.  The  prep- 
aration of  its  bark,  most  extensively  emploj'ed  in  medicine,  is 
the  alkaloid  quinine  in  the  form  of  a  sulphate.     Quinine. 

Chinese  wall,  said  to  have  been  erected  about  211 
B.C.  Reported  in  1879  to  be  1728  miles  long,  extending  from 
the  sea-shore  on  the  gulf  of  Pe-che-lee  westward  beyond  Soo- 
Choo,  on  the  borders  of  Turkestan,  by  a  zigzag  through  a  belt 
over  300  miles  in  width,  its  northern  limit  being  north  of  Pekin- 
in  the  province  of  Pe-che-lee,  where  it  reaches  the  41°  N.  lat., 
and  its  southern  limit  in  the  province  of  Kan-Soo,  near  the  city 
of  Lan-Choo,  lat.  36°  5'  N.  No  pains  were  taken  to  select  the 
most  practicable  route,  for  it  passes  up  steep  mountains,  down 
into  gorges  and  ravines,  crosses  rivers,  valley's,  and  plains,  seem- 
ingly regardless  of  obstacles.  Some  idea  of  the  labor  expended 
on  this  work  can  be  formed  when  it  is  known  that  this  wall  is 
20  feet  thick  at  the  bottom  and  15  feet  at  the  top,  and  from  25 
to  30  feet  high,  with  flanking  turrets  35  to  40  feet  high  every 
200  or  300  yards.  The  exterior  faces  are  of  blocks  of  well-cut 
granite,  laid  in  excellent  mortar;  within  it  is  filled  with  close- 
packed  earth  and  stones;  its  upper  surface  is  paved  with  bricks 
a  foot  square,  laid  several  layers  thick,  forming  an  excellent 
passage-way.  That  it  was  well  and  strongh'^  built  is  proved 
by  its  present  condition,  after  more  than  2000  years. 

Chios,  now  8ciO,  an  isle  in  the  Greek  archipelago, 
revolted  against  Athens,  412  and  357  b,c.  It  partook  of  the 
fortunes  of  Greece,  being  conquered  by  the  Venetians,  1124 
A.D. ;  by  the  crusaders,  1204 ;  by  the  Greek  emperor,  1329 ; 
by  the  Genoese,  1346 ;  and  finally  by  the  Turks  in  1594.  About 
40,000  inhabitants  were  massacred  by  the  Turks  11  Apr.  1822, 
during  the  Greek  insurrection.     Earthquakes. 

Chip'pewa,  Canada,  a  short  distance  above  Niagara 
falls.  Here  the  British,  under  Kiall,  were  defeated  by  the 
Americans,  under  Brown,  5  July,  1814.  American  loss,  61 
killed,  255  wounded,  and  19  missing.  British  loss,  236  killed, 
322  wounded,  and  46  missing.  Gen.  Wintield  Scott  com- 
manded a  brigade  here. 

Chip'pewas  or  OJih'irays.     Indians. 

chivalry  arose  out  of  the  feudal  system  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  8th  century  {chevalier  or  knight,  from  caballajius, 
the  equipped  feudal  tenant  on  horseback).  From  the  12th  to 
the  15th  century  it  refined  manners.  The  knight  swore  to  the 
duties  of  his  profession,  as  champion  of  God  and  ladies,  to  speak 
truth,  maintain  right,  protect  the  distressed,  practise  courtesy, 
fulfil  obligations,  and  vindicate  at  every  peril  his  honor  and 
character.  Chivalry  proper  expired  with  the  feudal  system. 
Knighthood,  Tournaments.  By  letters-patent  of  James  I., 
1623,  the  earl-marshal  of  England  had  "  the  like  jurisdiction 
in  the  courts  of  chivalry,  when  the  office  of  lord  high  constable 
was  vacant,  as  this  latter  and  the  marshal  did  jointly  exercise." 

chloral  hydrate,  a  combination   of  chlorine  and 


CHL 


169 


CHR 


alcohol,  discovered  by  Liebig,  produces  deep  sleep,  but  not  in- 
sensibility to  pain.  Its  property  was  discovered  by  Oscar 
Liebreich,  and  reported  to  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  16 
Aug.  1869.     It  is  often  deleterious. 

cllloral'lim,  or  chloride  of  alumina,  a  compound  of 
chlorine  and  alumina,  an  antiseptic  disinfectant,  made  by  Dr. 
Gamgee  about  1870 ;  said  to  be  safe  and  efficacious,  useful  in 
medicine  for  gargles,  washing  wounds,  etc. 

chlorine  (Gr.  x^i^pog,  pale  green),  a  gas  firsfe  obtained 
by  Scheele  in  1774,  by  treating  manganese  with  muriatic 
(hydrochloric)  acid.  Sir  H.  Davj',  in  1810,  discovered  the 
gaseous  element,  and  named  it  chlorine.  Combined  with  so- 
dium it  forms  common  salt  (chloride  of  sodium),  and  with 
lime,  the  bleaching  powder  and  disinfectant,  chloride  of  lime. 
Bleaching.  In  1823  Faraday  condensed  chlorine  into  a  liquid. 
The  supposed  dissociation  of  oxygen  from  chlorine  by  heat,  by  V. 
and  H.  Meyer  of  Zurich,  was  announced  Aug.  1879.  Afterwards 
chlorine  was  proved  to  exist  in  2  states  at  high  temperatures. 

chloroform  (ter-chloride  of  the  hypothetical  radical 
formyl),  a  compound  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  chlorine,  and 
made  from  alcohol,  water,  and  bleaching  powder,  was  discov- 
ered by  Samuel  Guthrie  of  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  in  1831, 
and  independently  by  Liebig  in  1832.  It  was  analyzed  by 
Dumas  in  1834.  Chloroform  was  first  applied  as  an  anaesthetic 
experimentally,  by  Jacob  Bell  in  London  in  February,  and 
Simpson  in  Edinburgh  in  Nov.  1847.  A  committee  of  the 
Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society  reported,  July,  1864, 
that  mortality  was  not  increased  by  anaesthetics. 

Chlo'rozone,  a  disinfectant,  introduced  1873. 

ChOC'Olate,  made  of  the  cocoa  berry,  introduced  into 
Europe  (from  Mexico  and  the  Brazils)  about  1520,  was  sold  in 
the  London  coffee-houses  soon  after  their  establishment,  1650. 
First  factory  for  the  preparation  of  chocolate  in  the  United 
States  established  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  1765 ;  still  continues. 

€hocta\rs.     Indians. 

Choczim,  Bessarabia,  S.  Russia.  Here  Turks  were 
defeated  by  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  11  Nov.  1673  ;  and 
by  Russians,  30  Apr.  and  13  July,  1769. 

choir  was  separated  from  the  nave  of  the  church  in 
Constantine's  time.  The  choral  service  was  first  used  in 
England  at  Canterbury,  677,     Chanting. 

cholera  (Asiatic),  described  by  Garcia  del  Huerto,  a 
physician  of  Goa,  about  1560,  appeared  in  India  in  1774,  and 
often,  and  became  endemic  in  Lower  Bengal,  1817;  gradually 
spread  till  it  reached  Russia,  1830,  Germany,  1831,  carrying 
off  more  than  900,000  persons  on  the  Continent  in  1829-30;  in 
England  and  Wales  in  1848-49, 53,293  persons ;  in  1854, 20,097. 

IN   EUROPE. 

Cholera  appears  at  Sunderland 26  Oct.  1831 

And  at  Edinburgh 6  Feb.  1832 

First  observed  at  Rotherhithe  and  Limehouse,  London,  13  Feb. ; 

and  in  Dublin 3  Mch.     " 

Mortality  very  great,  but  more  so  on  the  Continent;   18,000 

deaths  at  Paris between  Mch.  and  Aug.      " 

Rages  in  Rome,  the  Two  Sicilies,  Genoa,  Berlin,  etc., 

July  and  Aug.  1837 

Again  in  England 1849 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Hexham,  Tynemouth,  and  other  north- 
ern towns,  suffer  much  from  cholera Sept.  1853 

Rages  in  Italy  and  Sicily 1854 

Severe  for  a  short  time  in  south  London,  Soho,  and  St.  James's, 

Westminster Aug.  and  Sept.     " 

Cases  at  Marseilles,  Toulon,  Southampton end  of  Sept.  1865 

Prevalent  at  Marseilles,  Paris,  Madrid,  Naples July-Oct.     " 

International  meeting  at  Constantinople,  for  preventive  meas- 
ures, proposed,  Oct.  1865,  meet  18  Feb.  1866,  conclude  that 
cholera  may  be  propagated  from  great  distances,  and  pre- 
ventive measures  recommended 26  Sept.  1866 

Cholera  appears  at  Bristol,  24  Apr. ;  at  Liverpool,  13  May  ;  at 

Southampton  and  London July,     " 

Cholera  severe  in  Vienna,  Aug. ;  Paris Sept.  1873 

Cliolera  appears  in  France,  a  few  cases  in  Paris 1884 

Very  severe  in  Naples  and  Turin " 

In  1892  it  made  its  appearance  in  European  Russia,  Vienna, 
Buda-Pesth,  Berlin,  Paris,  but  in  Hamburg  states  it  was  espe- 
cially fatal,  where,  out  of  a  population  of  640,000,  there  were 
18,757  cases,  of  which  some  7,839  were  fatal  up  to  Oct. 

in  the  united  states. 

First  death  by  cholera  in  North  America,  8  June,  1832,  in 
Quebec.  In  New  York,  22  June,  1832.  Cincinnati  to  New 
Orleans,  Oct.  1832"  (very  severe  throughout  the  U.  S.).  Again 
in  the  U.  S.  in  1834,  slightly  in  1849,  severely  in  1855,  and 

again  slightly 1866-67 

6* 


By  the  prompt  and  energetic  enforcement  ot  quarantine  it  was 
prevented  from  entering  the  U.  S.,  1892.  The  (ierinan  steam- 
ship Moravia  reached  New  York  harbor,  31  Aug.,  having  had 
22  deaths  from  cholera  during  the  voyage.  The  president 
ordered  20  days'  quarantine  for  all  innnigrant  vessels  from 
cholera  infected  districts,  1  Sept.  On  3  Sept.  the  Normannia 
and  Rugia,  from  Hamburg,  were  put  in  quarantine.  On  10 
Sept.  the  Scandia  arrived  with  more  cholera  cases.  Surf 
hotel  property  on  Fire  island  bought  for  quarantine  purposes, 

10  Sept.  1892 

CholU'Ia,  Mexico,  first  visited  by  Cortez  in  1519,  and 
given  up  to  pillage  and  massacre.  Here  was  one  of  the  largest 
Mexican  temples  to  the  god  Quetzalcoatl,  on  a  truncated  pyr- 
amid 160  ft.  high.     The  pyramid  remains. 

ehora'gUi,  the  regulator  of  the  chorus  in  Greek  feasts, 
etc.  Stesichorus  (or  Tysias),  so  called,  first  taught  the  chorus 
to  dance  to  the  lyre,  556  B.C.— Quintil. 

chorus  -  §in§^illg  was  early  practised  at  Athens, 
forming  an  important  part  of  the  Greek  dramas,  beginning  in 
the  6th  century  b.c.,  and  has  been  continued  in  modern  orato- 
rios and  operas.  Hypodicus,  of  Chalcides,  carried  off  the  prize 
for  the  best  voice,  508  b.c.     Music. 

Chouail§,  a  name  given  to  the  Bretons  during  the  war 
of  La  Vendee  in  1792,  from  their  chief,  Jean  Cottereau,  using 
the  cry  of  the  chat-huant,  or  screech-owl,  as  a  signal.  He  was 
killed  in  1794.  Georges  Cadoudal,  their  last  chief,  implicated 
in  Pichegru's  conspiracy  against  Napoledta,  first  consul,  was 
executed  1804. 

chrism,  consecrated  oil,  used  early  in  Greek  and  Ro- 
man churches.  Musk,  saffron,  cinnamon,  roses,  and  frankin- 
cense were  used  with  the  oil  in  1541.  It  was  ordained,  1596, 
that  chrism  should  consist  of  oil  and  balsam  only;  the  one 
representing  the  human  nature  of  Christ,  and  the  other  his 
divine  nature. 

Christian  Connection.  This  sect  was  the  re- 
sult of  3  secessions  :  one  from  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
in  North  Carolina  in  1793,  another  from  the  Baptist  church 
in  Vermont  in  1800,  and  a  third  from  Presbyterian  churches  in 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee  in  1801.  They  are  anti-trinitariaus 
and  immersionists,  and  Congregational  in  church  polity. 

Christian  Endeavor  Society,  Young  Peo- 
ple's. Formed  2  Feb.  1881,  by  rey.  F.  E.  Clark,  pastor  in  the 
VVilliston  church,  Portland,  Me.,  for  the  purpose  of  training 
converts  for  the  duties  of  church  membership.  It  includes 
all  denominations  of  Christians,  under  the  motto  "  For  Christ 
and  the  church."  1  July,  1892,  there  were  21,110  societies, 
with  a  membership  of  1,400,000,  chiefly  in  the  United  States, 
Canada,  Great  Britain,  and  Australia.  Among  denominations 
the  Presbyterians  head  the  list  with  4806  societies,  while 
among  the  states  New  York  stands  first  with  2532  and  Penn- 
sylvania second  with  1829. 

Christian  era.    Anno  Domini. 

Christian  Evidence  Society,  established  by 
earl  Russell,  the  bishop  of  London,  etc.,  to  counteract  "  the 
current  forms  of  unbelief  among  the  educated  classes,"  1870. 
Lectures  were  given  in  St.  George's  hall,  London,  in  1871,  the 
first  by  the  archbishop  of  York,  25  Apr.  A  public  meeting  was 
held  6  June  following.  Six  volumes  of  lectures  and  tracts 
have  been  published. 

Christian  Unity,  Association  for  the  Promotion 
of,  on  the  basis  of  the  3  creeds,  formed  by  30  members  of  the 
Greek,  Roman,  and  English  churches,  8  Sept.  1857  ;  20th  an- 
niversary kept  in  London,  8  Sept.  1877.  A  meeting  to  promote 
the  reunion  of  Christendom  was  held  in  London,  19  July,  1878, 
the  bishop  of  Fredericton  in  the  chair. 

Christia'nia,  the  capital  of  Norway,  built  in  1624, 
by  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark,  to  replace  Opslo  (the  ancient 
capital  founded  by  Harold  Haardrade,  1058),  which  had  been 
destroyed  by  fire.     Pop.  1891,  150,444. 

Christianis'simus  Rex,  Most  Christian  King,  a 
title  conferred  by  pope  Paul  II.  in  1469  on  the  crafty  Louis 
XL  of  France. 

Christianity.  The  name  Christian  was  first  given 
to  the  disciples  of  Christ  at  Anrioch,  in  Syria,  43  (Acts  xi.  26  ; 
1  Pet.  iv.  16).  The  first  Christians  were  divided  into  episcopoi 
(bishops  or  overseers)  or  presh/teroi  (elders),  diaconoi  (minis- 


CHR 

ters  or  deacons),  and  pistoi  (believers);  afterwards  also  rnte- 
chumetis,  or  learners,  and  energumem^  to  be  exorcised.  Pkr- 
SECi'TioNS,  Religion. 

Christianity  preached  In  Jerusalem,  33  a.d.  ;  Samaria,  34;  Da- 
mascus. 36;  Asia  Minor,  41;  Cyprus,  45;    Macedonia,  53; 
Athens,  Corinth,  etc.,  54;  Ephesus,  56;  Troas,  etc.,  60;  Rome,      63 
Said  to  be  taught  in  Britain,  about  64;  and  propagated  with 

somo  success  (Bede) 156 

Said  to  bo  introduced  in  Scotland  under  Donald  I about    212 

Constantino  the  Great  converted 312 

Frumentius  preaches  in  Abyssinia about    346 

Introduced  among  the  Goths  by  Ulfllas 876 

Into  Ireland  in  the  2d  century,  but  with  more  success  after 

the  arrival  of  St.  Patrick 432 

Established  in  Franco  by  Clovis 496 

Tradition  says  that  Gregory  the  Great,  before  he  became  pope, 
passing  through  the  slave-market  at  Rome,  saw  beautiful 
children  for  sale,  inquired  about  their  country,  and  finding 
they  were  English  pagans,  cried  out,  '■'■  Non  Angli  sed  Angeli 
forent,  si  essent  Cht-i.^tiani"  ("They  would  not  bo  English, 
but  angels,  if  they  were  Christians  ").  From  that  time  he 
ardently  desired  to  convert  the  nation,  and  sent  a  monk 
named  Austin,  or  Auguslin,  and  others,  on  a  mission  to 

Britain 596 

Conversion  of  the  Saxons  by  Augustin 597 

Introduced  into  Helvetia  by  Irish  missionaries 643 

Into  Flanders,  in  the  7th  century. 

Into  Saxony  by  Charlemagne 785 

Into  Denmark,  under  Harold 827 

Into  Bohemia,  under  Borsivoi 894 

Into  Russia,  by  Swiatoslaf about    940 

Into  Poland,  under  Meicislaiis  I 992 

Into  Hungary,  under  Geisa 994 

Into  Norway  and  Iceland,  under  Olaf  1 998 

Into  Sweden,  between  10th  and  11th  centuries. 

Into  Prussia,  by  Teutonic  knights  returning  from  holy  wars. .  1227 

Into  Lithuania;  paganism  abolished . .  .about  1386 

Into  Guinea,  Angola,  and  Congo,  loth  century. 

Into  China  (where  it  was  afterwards  extirpated,  and  thousands 

of  Chinese  Christians  put  to  death) 1575 

Into  India  and  America,  in  the  16th  century. 

Christianity  re-established  in  Greece 1628 

Into  Japan,  by  Xavior  and  the  Jesuits,  1549;  but  the  Christians 

were  exterminated 1638 

Chri§tina§  day,  25  Dec.  (from  Christ,  and  the  Saxon 
incesse,  signifying  the  mass  and  a  feast),  a  festival  in  honor 
of  Christ's  birth,  said  to  have  been  tirst  kept  98  ;  and  ordered 
to  be  held  as  a  solemn  feast,  by  pope  Telesphorus,  about  137. 
By  the  6th  century,  whether  from  the  influence  of  some  tra- 
dition or  from  a  desire  to  supplant  heathen  festivals  of  that 
period  of  the  year,  as  the  Saturnalia,  the  25  Dec.  was  gen- 
erally observed.  Augustin  expressly  mentions  this  date,  and 
Chrysostom  seems  to  speak  of  it  as  a  custom  imported  from 
the  west  within  10  years.  It  seems  earlier  to  have  been  kept 
with  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany,  on  6  Jan.,  as  now  in  the  east- 
ern church.  The  holly  and  mistletoe  used  at  Christmas  are 
said  to  be  relics  of  religious  observances  of  Druids.  Anno 
Domini.  Diocletian,  Roman  emperor,  keeping  court  at  Ni- 
comedia,  hearing  that  the  Christians  assembled  on  this  day  in 
multitudes  to  celebrate  Christ's  birth,  ordered  the  doors  shut, 
and  the  church  set  on  fire,  and  600  perished.  This  began  the 
10th  persecution,  which  lasted  10  years,  303. 

Christopher's,  St.,  or  St.  Kitt's,  a  West  India 
island,  discovered  in  1493  by  Columbus,  who  gave  it  his  own 
name.  Settled  by  the  English  and  French,  1623  or  1626. 
Ceded  to  England  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht,  1713.  Taken  by 
the  French  in  1782,  but  restored  the  next  year.  Area,  65  sq. 
miles;  pop.  24,137. 

Christ's  Hospital  (the  Blue-coat  school)  was  es- 
tablished by  Edward  VI.  1553,  on  the  site  of  the  Gray  Friars' 
monastery,  England.  A  mathematical  ward  was  founded  b}'^ 
Charles  II.  1672.  The  Times  ward  was  founded  in  1841.  The 
edifice  decaying,  was  rebuilt ;  in  1822  a  new  infirmary  was 
completed,  and  in  1825  (25  Apr.)  the  duke  of  York  laid  the 
first  stone  of  the  new  hall.  The  subordinate  school  at  Hert- 
ford, for  416  younger  boys  and  80  girls,  was  founded  in  1863. 
Annual  income  (1870)  about  70,000Z.  The  charity  commis- 
sioners' scheme  to  reform  the  administration  was  issued  Aug. 
1880. 

Christ's  thorn,  conjectured  to  be  the  plant  of  which 
our  Saviour's  crown  of  thorns  was  composed,  came  to  England 
from  the  south  of  Europe  before  1596. 

chro'iniimi  (Gr.  xpw/i«,  color),  a  rare  metal,  discov- 
ered by  Vauquelin  in  1797.  It  is  found  combined  with  iron 
and  lead,  and  gives  color  to  the  emerald. 

Chromo-lithOgraphy.     Printing  in  colors. 

^- . 


170 


CHU 


chronicles.  The  earliest  are  of  Jews,  Chinese,  and 
Hindus.  In  Scripture  there  are  2  "  Books  of  Chronicles." 
BiBLK.  Collections  of  British  chronicles  have  been  published 
by  Camden,  Gale,  etc.,  since  1602 ;  in  this  century  by  the  Eng- 
lish Historical  Society,  etc.  In  England,  in  1858,  the  master 
of  the  rolls  began  to  publish  "  Chronicles  and  Memorials  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  during  tlie  Middle  Ages"  (still  pro- 
gressing, 1893) ;  in  1845  Macray's  "  Manual  of  the  British 
Historians  "  was  published. 

ChronoiOg^y  (the  science  of  time)  means  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  events  of  history  in  order  of  succession,  showing 
the  intervals  between  them.  Among  the  numerous  works  on 
chronology,  the  following  are  some  of  the  most  valuable :  "  De 
Emendatione  Temporum,"  by  Joseph  Scaliger,  1583,  in  which 
were  laid  the  foundations  of  modern  chronological  science. 
"  De  Doctrina  Temporum,"  by  Petavius,  1627,  with  supple- 
ment 1630,  and  "  Rationarium  Temporum,"  an  abridgment, 
1633.  "  Annales  Veteris  et  Novi  Testament!,"  by  archbishop 
Usher,  1650,  the  most  widely  received  chronology  of  the  Bible. 
"  The  Chronology  of  Ancient  Kingdoms,  amended,"  by  sir 
Isaac  Newton,  1728.  "  L'Art  de  Verifier  les  Dates,"  compiled 
by  the  Benedictines  (Isted.  1750  ;  3d  ed.  in  38  vols.  8  vo.,  1818- 
1831).  Playfair's  "  Chronology,"  1784.  Blair's  "  Chronology," 
1754  (new  editions  by  sir  H.  Ellis  in  1844,  and  by  Mr.  Rosse 
in  1856).  C.  G.  Zumpt's  "  Annales  Veterum  Regnorum,"  1819. 
The  Oxford  "  Chronological  Tables,"  1838.  Sir  Harris  Nich- 
olas's "  Chronology  of  History,"  1833 ;  new  edition,  1852. 
Hales's  "Chronology,"  1809-1814 ;  2d  edition,  1830 ;  Woodward 
and  Cates's  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Chronology,"  1872.  H.  Fynes- 
Clinton's  "  Fasti  Hellenici  "  and  "  Fasti  Romani "  (1824-50). 
"  The  Assyrian  Eponyme  Canon,"  by  Geo.  Smith,  1875. 
Epocha,  Eras. 

chronoscope,  an  apparatus  invented  by  prof.  Wheat- 
stone  in  1840,  to  measure  small  intervals  of  time.  It  has 
been  applied  to  the  velocity  of  projectiles  and  of  the  electric 
current.  One  was  invented  by  Pouillet,  in  1844 ;  others  since. 
Capt.  Andrew  Noble  (engaged  by  sir  William  Armstrong)  in- 
vented an  apparatus  to  determine  the  velocity  of  a  projectile 
within  a  gun ;  a  second  is  divided  into  millionths,  and  the 
electric  spark  records  the  rate  of  the  passage.  It  was  exhib- 
ited at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  Aug.  1869,  and  in  London  in 
Apr.  1870. 

chrysanthemums  were  introduced  into  England 
from  China,  about  1790;  and  many  varieties  since. 

Chrysler's  Field,  Canada,  Battle  of.  This  battle 
was  fought  near  Cornwall,  some  90  miles  above  Montreal,  11 
Nov.  1813, when  the  Americans  attempted  to  capture  Montreal. 
Gen.  Wilkinson  commanded  the  expedition,  which  utterly 
failed,  the  defeat  here  being  its  culmination.  The  American 
force  engaged  was  probably  not  far  from  5000 ;  loss,  339 ;  Brit- 
ish loss,  187.  Immediately  after,  Wilkinson  recrossed  the  St. 
Lawrence  into  winter  quarters. 

Chunar  or  Chunarghur,  N.W.  India,  taken  by 
the  British,  1763 ;  ceded  to  them,  1768.  Here  was  concluded 
a  treaty,  19  Sept.  1781,  between  the  nabob  of  Oude  and  gov- 
ernor Hastings,  relieving  the  nabob  of  his  debts  to  the  East 
India  Company,  on  condition  of  his  seizing  and  delivering  to 
the  English  the  property  of  his  mother  and  grandmother 
(begums).  It  enabled  the  nabob  to  take  the  lands  of  Fyzoola 
Khan,  a  Rohilla  chief,  settled  at  Rampoor,  under  guarantee  of 
the  English.  The  nabob  gave  Mr.  Hastings  100,000/.  Be- 
gums, Hastings's  trial,  Sheridan. 

church  (probablj'^  derived  from  the  Gr.  KvpiaKoq,  per- 
taining to  the  Lord,  Kwpioc)  signifies  both  a  collected  body 
of  Christians  and  the  place  where  they  meet.  In  the  New 
Testament,  it  signifies  "  congregation,"  in  the  original  skkXt]- 
aia.  Christian  architecture  commenced  with  Constantine,  who 
erected  at  Rome  churches  called  basilicas  (from  the  Gr.  /3a- 
(TiXevg,  a  king) ;  old  St.  Peter's  about  330.  His  successors 
erected  others,  and  adopted  heathen  temples  as  places  of  wor- 
ship.    Architecture;  Church  of  England,  etc. ;  Popes. 

church  congresses,  English,  meet  annually  since 
1861. 

Church  of  England  has  3  orders  of  clergy- 
bishops,  priests,  and  deacons;  1892,  2  archbishops,  32  bish- 
ops, with   13  suffragans   and  5   a.ssistants,  and  81   colonial 


CHU 


171 


;and  missionary  bishops.  The  other  dignitaries  are  chan- 
<;ellors,  deans  (of  cathedrals  and  collegiate  churches),  arch- 
deacons, prebendaries,  canons,  rainor  canons,  and  priest-vicars : 
these  and  the  incumbents  of  rectories,  vicarages,  and  chapelries, 
make  the  number  of  preferments  of  the  established  church, 
according  to  official  returns,  1892,  14,260.  Estimated  aver- 
age income  from  all  sources— endowments,  tithe,  glebe,  rent 
value  of  residences,  pew-rents,  etc.— may  be  stated,  1892,  at 
7,250,000^.  In  Sept.  1880,  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  said 
that  he  was  in  communion  with  162  bishops.  The  following 
are  leading  facts  in  her  history :  for  details,  refer  to  separate 
articles. 
Britain  converted  to  Christianity  ('•'Christo  subdita,"  Tertul- 

Han) 2d  century 

Invasion  of  the  Saxons,  477;  converted  by  Augustin  and  his 

companions 596 

Dunstan  establishes  the  supremacy  of  the  monastic  orders, 

about    960 
Aggrandizement  of  the  church,  fostered  by  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, checked  by  William  I.  aad  his  successors 1066  et  seq. 

Contest  between  Henry  II.  and  Becket  respecting  "Constitu- 
tions of  Clarendon  " 1164:-70 

Contest  between  national  or  English  party  and  Roman  party 

(chiefly  Norman) 11th  and  12th  centuries 

John  surrenders  his  crown  to  the  papal  legate 1213 

Rise  of  the  Lollards;  Wickliffe  publishes  tracts  against  errors 

of  the  church  of  Rome,  1356;  and  a  version  of  the  Bible  about  1383 
-Clergy  regulated  by  Parliament,  1529;  they  lose  the  first-fruits,  1534 
Royal  supremacy  imposed  on  the  clergy  by  Henry  VIII.,  1531; 

many  suffer  death  for  refusal 1535 

Coverdale's  Bible  commanded  to  be  read  in  churches " 

"  Six  Articles  of  Religion  "  promulgated 1589 

First  Book  of  Common  Prayer  issued 1549 

Clergy  permitted  to  marry " 

"  Forty-two  Articles  of  Religion  "  issued 1552 

Roman  forms  restored ;  Protestants  persecuted  by  Mary 1553-58 

Protestant  forms  restored  by  Elizabeth;  Puritan  dissensions 

begin 1558-1603 

"Thirty-nine  Articles  "  pub 1563 

Hampton  Court  conference  with  the  Puritans 1604 

New  translation  of  the  Bible  pub 1611 

Book  of  Common  Prayer  suppressed  and  Directory  established 

by  Parliament 1644 

Presbyterians  established  by  the  Commonwealth 1649 

Act  of  uniformity  (14  Chas.  II.  c.  4)  passed;  2000  non-conform- 
ing ministers  resign  their  livings 1662 

Attempts  of  James  II.  to  revive  Romanism;  "Declaration  of 

Indulgence  "  pub 1687 

Acquittal  of  the  7  bishops  on  a  charge  of  "seditious  libel" 1688 

Non-juring  bishops  and  others  deprived  (they  formed  a  sepa- 
rate communion) 1  Feb.  1691 

"  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  "  augmenting  poor  livings 1704 

Fierce  disputes,  low  church  and  high  church;  Henry  Sacheve- 

rell  tried  for  seditious  sermons;  riots 1710 

Bangorian  controversy  begins 1717 

John  Wesley  and  George  Whitefield  begin  preaching 1738 

Rise  of  the  Evangelical  party  under  Newton,  Roraaine,  and 
others,  latter  part  of  18th  century. 

Churches  of  England  and  Ireland  united  at  the  union 1800 

Clergy  Incapacitation  act  passed 1801 

"Tracts  for  the  Times,"  mostly  by  John  Henry  Newman  (Nos. 

1-90)  pub.  (much  controversy  ensues) 1833-41 

Newman  joins  the  Roman  Catholic  church 9  Oct.  1845 

English  Church  Union,  established 1859 

"  Essays  and  Reviews  "  pub.  1860 ;  numerous  replies  issued. .  1861-62 
[The  church  of  England  is  now  said  to  be  divided  into 
High,  Moderate,  Low  (or  Evangelical),  and  Broad  church: 
the  last  including  persons  who  hold  the  opinions  of  the  late 
Dr.  Arnold,  the  late  rev.  F.  D.  Maurice,  dean  Stanley,  the  late 
oanon  Kingsley,  and  others.]  F^stablishkd  Church. 
First  church  congresses  l)egan  at  Cambridge,  1861;  and  at  Ox- 
ford  July,  1862 

Dr.  Colenso,  bishop  of  Natal,  publishes  his  work  on  "The  Pen- 
tateuch," about  Oct.  1862;  the  bishops,  in  convocation,  de- 
clare that  it  contains  "errors  of  the  gravest  and  most  dan- 
gerous character" 20  May,  1863 

Bishop  Colenso  deposed  by  his  metropolitan,  Dr.  Gray,  bishop 

of  Cape  Town 16  Apr.  1864 

"Oxford  Declaration"  (authorship  ascribed  to  archdeacon 
Denison  and  Dr.  Pusey)  respecting  eternal  punishment,  signed 
on  25  Feb.,  and  sent  by  post  to  the  clergy  at  large  for  signa- 
ture: about  3000  are  said  to  have  signed;  presented  to  the 

archbishop  of  Canterbury 12  May,     " 

Bishop  of  London's  Fund,  to  relieve  spiritual  destitution  in 
London,  established;    queen  Victoria  promises  (in  3  years) 

3000^,,  and  prince  of  Wales  lOOOZ 7  Mch.     " 

100,456/.  received ;  70,003/..  promised 31  Dec.     " 

Bishop  Colenso's  appeal  before  the  privy  council,  which  de- 
clared bishop  Gray's  proceedings  void  (a  colonial  bishop  has 
no  authority  not  granted  by  Parliament  or  by  the  colonial 

legislature) 21  Mch.  1865 

■Queen  Victoria  engages  to  give  15,000/.  in  10  years Apr.     " 

Meeting  in  London  of  3  bi.shops,  Dr.  Pusey,  and  nearly  80  of 
the  clergy  and  laity,  with  counts  Orloff  and  Tolstse,  and  the 
Russian  chaplain,' to  consider  union  of  English  and  Russian 

churches 15  Nov.     " 

Church  Association  (against  popery  and  ritualism)  established,     " 


CHU 

^\tTral,t;iisfop'Sy''^^°™"""'^*^  "'  """^^^""^.c*- 

^'hi.''L^'f4'^''nL^'"^'J°?|P^°^«°<=«'  esubiiVheV  Vyn^'s.  calls 
his  see  "  The  Church  of  South  Africa  » .'. .   .      eaVlv  in 

^"nT.i^r'^'f '^  ^^''I'y  "^^f^^^s  ^«  support  colonial  bishops 

England^^  '^  ^^^  formularies  of  the  church  of 

Excitement' o^er "the  'pVogr'ess' of  rituilVsm; ". '. '. ". ! ". '.  :8;pT!nov° 

Bishop  Colenso  i;.  Gladstone  and  others  (trustees  of  the  cZ'- 

th«^^.'l'^"P'■'^  '^"°^'  '■«'■  ^'«  ^^^^y'  Verdict  of  m^t«?  of 
the  rolls  for  .plaintiff,  with  costs «  Vo° 

tw?n  v/1*'h  "''f™''''^""  "^  ritualism  by  bishops  in'convocal 
tion,  13  I" eb. ;  lower  house  concur.  ^^^v^ 

Bishop  of  Salisbury  (Dr.  Hamilton),  in'a'chur'ch.'k^^^rte  the 
supernatural  gifts  of  priests,  and  divine  presere  in  tSS 
sacrament ;  public  protest tg  w^i 

Trial  in  Court  of  Arches:  Martin  v.  MackoAochi;,' VespectinR 
extreme  ritualistic  practices  at  St.  Alban's,  HolborT^  casi 

QGIGrrGQ ()i    vr„„ 

Royal  Ritualistic  commission  to  consider  rubrics  in  the  prayer- 
book,  table  of  lessons,  etc.,  3  June;  first  report,  censurinjr 
innovation,  signed _    '      19  auk 

Pan- Anglican  Synod  at  Lambeth 24^27  Sent 

Ritualists  meet  in  St.  James's  hall,  claim'  ii'bert'y." ' '       19  Nov 

Case  of  Martin  v.  Mackonochie,  begun  4  Dec,  lasted  *14  davs'- 
resumed 16-18  Jan' 

Proposal  of  bishop  Gray  of  Cape  "Town 'to '  c'o'n's'ecrate  Mr 
Macrorie  bishop  of  Natal  instead  of  bishop  Colenso,  disap- 
proved by  English  and  Scotch  bishops ! . .  Jan 

Bishop  of  London's  Fund,  received  312,309/ 31  Jan 

Martin  v.  Mackonochie  decided  for  plaintiff ;  use  of  incense 
mixing  water  with  the  wine,  and  elevation  of  the  elements! 
in  the  sacrament,  forbidden 28  Mch. 

Great  meeting  at  St.  James's  hall  in  defence  of  Irish  church 
establishment;  23  bishops  present 6  May, 

Martin  v.  Mackonochie:  appeal  ca.se;  verdict  for  plaintiff,  de- 
claring certain  ritualistic  practices  illegal 23  Dec. 

Warm  meeting  of  ritualists  at  St.  James's  hall 12  Jan. 

Martin  v.  Mackonochie :  defendant  censured  by  privy  council 
for  evading  sentence 4  Dec. 

Bishop  of  London's  Fund— 411,839/.  received ; July, 

Rev.  Mr.  Mackonochie  suspended  for  3  months  by  privy  council 
for  evading  former  sentence 25  Nov. 

Rev.  C.  Voysey  sentenced  to  be  deprived  for  heresy;  ap- 
peal to  judicial  committee  of  privy  council  disallowed, 

10  Feb.  ; 

Hebbert  v.  Piirchas,  of  Brighton;  verdict  against  defendant  for 
breach  of  ecclesiastical  law;  a  great  defeat  of  the  ritualists; 
causes  excitement '. 23  Feb. 

Mr.  Miall's  resolution  for  disestablishing  the  church  of  Eng- 
land defeated  in  the  commons  (374-89) 9  May, 

Sheppard  v.  Bennett  (for  teaching  the  divine  presence  in  the 
sacrament);  appeal  to  privy  council,  28  Nov. ;  judgment  ad- 
journed  2  Dec. 

Bishop  of  London's  Fund — received  441,199/ 31  Dec. 

Convocation  authorized  to  consider  alterations  in  Prayer-book, 

Feb. 

Rev.  John  Purchas,  of  Brighton,  suspended  for  one  year,  from 
[He  died  18  Oct.]  18  Feb. 

Sheppard  r. Bennett;  judgment  for  defendant,  who  is  censured, 

8  June, 

Memorial  (signed  by  60,200  persons)  against  Romanist  teach- 
ing, etc.,  in  the  church,  presented  at  Lambeth  to  the  arch- 
bishop by  the  Church  Association 5  May, 

Archbishops  in  reply  admit  the  danger,  and  recognize  their 
duty,  as  well  as  the  difiiculties  of  action,  saying,  "We  live 
in  an  age  when  all  opinions  and  beliefs  are  keenly  criticised, 
and  when  there  is  less  inclination  than  ever  was  before  to 
respect  authority  in  matters  of  opinion.  In  every  state,  in 
every  religious  community,  almost  in  every  family,  the  effect 
of  this  unsettled  condition  may  be  traced  " 1  June, 

Mr.  Miall's  motion  for  disestablishing  the  church  lost  (356-61), 

16  May, 

Archdeacon  Denison,  Dr.  Pusey,  canons  Liddon  and  Liddell, 
and  others,  publish  a  declaration  in  favor  of  confession  and 
absolution  in  Times 6  Dec. 

Archdeacon  Denison  attacks  the  bishops  in  a  Latin  pamphlet, 
"  Episcopatus  Bilinguis  " Dec. 

Public  Worship  Regulation  act  brought  in  by  the  archbishops, 
20  Apr. ;  royal  assent 7  Aug. 

Addresses  to  archbishops  largely  signed  for  and  against  a  dis- 
tinctive dress  for  minister  during  holy  communion Sept. 

New  society  formed  by  bishops  of  Manchester,  Carlisle,  and 
Edinburgh,  and  others,  to  promote  union  with  orthodox  dis- 

Bishop  of  London's  Fu'ridllsOO,  187/.  received  or  promised. .  Nov. 

Martin  v.  Mackonochie :  new  suit  in  Court  of  Arches  (see  1867, 
etc.)  26  Nov. ;  Mackonochie  to  be  suspended  for  6  weeks  and 
pay  costs "^  ^^• 

Pastoral  of  archbishops  and  bishops  (bishops  of  Salisbury  and 
Durham  excepted)  to  clergy  and  laity  (counselling  modera- 
tion and  forbearance) dated  1  Mch. 

Mackonochie  declines  to  appeal;  excitement  at  his  church; 
rev.  A.  Stanton  and  congregation  celebrate  communion  at 
St.  Vedasfs,  Foster  lane 27  June  et  &Bq. 

Several  clergymen  secede  to  Rome v  •••,••  j*  „ 

Public  Worship  Regulation  act:  new  court,  under  lord  Pen- 
zance, meet  at  Lambeth  palace ;  first  case  the  parish  of  Folke- 
stone V.  rev.  Charles  Joseph  Ridsdale,  4  Jan. ;  verdict  for 
plaintiffs  teo. 

Reported  negotiation'  of  ritualistic  ministers  with  Rome  dis- 


1867 


1870 


1872 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


CHU 

claimed  by  Mr.  Mackonochlo  nnd  alwut  100  others  in  Timf*, 

i  Feb.  187G 
'English  Church  Union"  deny  authority  of  secular  court  in 

matters  spirituiil.  at  II  moeiinK 16  Jan.  1877 

Address  to  archl)i8ho|>8  nntt  bisltop?  (signed  by  Dr.  Church, 
dean  of  St  Taul's,  and  other  deans  and  canons)  against  Pub- 
lic Worship  Hegulalion  act,  etc.,  requiring  legislation  in  oc- 
clesiastiail  affairs  to  \hs  made  by  church  synods  and  adopted 

bv  Parliament 3  Apr.     *' 

Both  arvhbishoivs  vote  for  permitting  dissenters'  fUneral  ser- 
vice in  churth  yards 17  May,     '« 

Bishop  of  lA)ndon"8  Fund  ret-eivod  571,697/ lune,     " 

Declaration  of  above  41,000  (clergy  and  laity)  and  pro|)08od  pe- 
tition to  queen  Victoria  against  judgment  in  the  Kid.sdHlo  case, 

July,     «' 
Ninety-six  i^eers  (duke  of  Westminster  and  others)  address  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  against  auricular  confession,  "  Priest 

In  Absolution,"  etc about  9  Aug.     " 

Pan-Auglitan  Congress  at  Lambeth,  etc 2-27  July,  1878 

New  rubrics  in  pniyorlwok  agreed  to  by  the  convocation,  4 

July ;  act  passed  bv  oonvtH-ation Aug.  1879 

Dr.  Julius  V.  bishop" of  Oxford  (for  not  prosecuting  rev.  Mr. 
Carter,  of  Clewer),  Queen's  Bench;  verdict  against  bishop, 
1879;  reversed  by  House  of  Ix)rd8;  bishop  may,  but  is  not 

compelled  to,  prosecute 22  Mch.  1880 

John  Baghot  de  la  Bere,  jun.,  vicar  of  Prestbury,  Gloucester- 
shire, deprived  for  disobedience  in  ritualism,  etc.,  by  Court 

of  Arches 21  Dec.  1880,  and  8  Jan.  1881 

Memorial  to  archbishop  of  Canterbury  from  5  deans  (Dr.  Church, 
dean  of  SL  Paul's,  and  other  clergymen)  for  toleration  of  di- 
vergence in  ritualistic  practice 10  Jan.     " 

Counter-memorial  firom  bishops  Parry  and  Ryan,  dean  Close, 
and  other  deans  and  clergymen,  opposing  toleration  of  un- 

sortptural  practices 31  Jan.     " 

Mr.  Mai-konochie's  appeal  to  the  lords  dismissed;  sentence  of 

3  years'  suspension  aflSrmcd 7  Apr.     " 

Catholic  league  formed June,  1882 

Death  of  Dr.  K.  B.  Pysey 16  Sept.     " 

Rev.  A.  Mackonochie  resigns  living  of  St.  Alban's,  Holbom,  at 

request  of  archbishop  of  Canterbury 1  Dec.      " 

"Official  Year  book  of  the  Church  of  England "  first  pub 1883 

Church  of  England  Purity  Society  (White  Cross  Army) 1884 

Proposed  disestablishment  of  the  church  of  Wales  negatived  in 

the  commons  (241-220) 9  Mch.  1886 

Twenly-eighth  Church  Congress  at  Manchester;  disputed  ques- 
tions boldly  discussed 1  Oct.  1888 

Thirty-first  Church  Congress  at  Rhyl 6  Oct.  1891 

A  declaration  of  faith  in  the  inspiration  of  the  Bible  on  the 
testimony  of  the  universal  church,  independently  of  human 
criticism.  Signed  by  dean  Goulburn  and  37  other  eminent 
clergymen " 

Ctaurcll  of  France.  St.  Pothinus  preached  Chris- 
tianity to  the  Gauls  about  160;  became  bishop  of  Lyons,  and 
suffered  martyrdom  with  others,  177.  For  the  reformed  church, 

HUGUKNOTS,  PbOTESTANTS. 

Mission  of  7  bishops  arrived  in  245;  followed  by  severe  perse- 
cution.  286-288 

Christianity  tolerated  by  Constantius  Chlorus 292 

Council  of  Aries  convoked  by  Constantine,  about  600  bishops 

present;  the  Donatists  condemned 314 

Christianity  established  by  Clovis 496 

Pragmatic  sanction  of  St.  Louis  restraining  the  pope's  imposi- 
tions, and  restoring  the  election  of  bishops,  etc 1269 

Pragmatic  sanction  of  Bourges,  setting  general  councils  above 

pope,  and  prohibiting  appeals  to  him 1438 

Concordat  of  Leo  X.  and  Francis  L  annulling  the  pragmatic 

sanction 18  Aug.  1516 

Disputes  between  Jesuits  and  Jansenists 1640 

Declaration  of  clergy  (drawn  by  Bossuet)  in  accordance  with 

pragmatic  sanctions,  confirmed  by  king 23  Mch.  1682 

Jansenists  excommunicated  by  bull  Unigenitus 1713 

Concordat  with  Pius  VII.  and  Napoleon 1801  and  1813 

Principles  of  concordat  of  Leo  X.  restored  by  Pius  VII.  and 

Louis  XVIII 1817 

Archbishop  of  Paris  and  other  prelates  resist  dogma  of  papal- 

infallibility  at  council  at  Rome 1870 

Clergy  at  first  support  Napoleon  III. ;  but  oppose  his  Italian 
policy,  1852-70;  support  MacMahon's  ministry,  in  elections, 

Sept.,  Oct.  1877 

Eighteen  archbishops,  77  bishop& «« 

Abb6  Bongaud  reckons  2658  parishes  without  priests,  and  3000 
parishes  without  churches 1878 

Church  of  Ireland,  founded  by  St.  Patrick  in  5th 
century;  accepted  Reformation  about  1650;  United  Church  of 
England  and  Ireland  formed  in  1800.  Bishops;  Irkland, 
1868. 

'*  An  act  to  put  an  end  to  the  establishment  of  the  church  ol 
Ireland,"  introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  1  Mch. ;  vote  for  sec- 
ond reading,  368;  against,  250;  2  a.m.,  24  Mch.;  for  third 

reading,  361 ;  against,  247 31  May,  1869 

Introduced  in  lords  by  earl  Granville,  1  June;  read  third  time, 
12  July;  some  amendments  by  the  lords  accepted,  others 
rejected  by  the  commons;  royal  assent  (to  come  into  eff"ect, 

1  Jan.  1871) 26  July,     " 

Address  of  bishops  to  clergy  and  laity dated  18  Aug.     " 

Meeting  of  general  synod  of  Irish  church  in  St.  Patrick's  cathe- 
dral, Dublin,  for  reorganization  of  general  council. .  .14  Sept.     " 


172 


CHU 


Conference  of  laitv ;  duke  of  Aborcorn  chairman 13  Oct.  1869' 

Church  of  Ireland'disestablished 1  Jan.  1871 

A  sustonlation  fund  established  (well  supported) •' 

First  elected  bishop  (Dr.  Maurice  Day,  bishop  of  Cashel)  con- 
secrated at  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin 14  Apr.  1872' 

New  ecclesiastical  court  meets;  tries  a  case  of  ritual  practices, 

26  June.     " 

Irish  Church  act  amended Juno,  " 

Received  for  the  sustonUition  ftind,  33,573?.  up  to 31  Doc.     " 

First  bishop  oloctod  l)y  clergy  and  laity  of  Kilmore,  etc.,  arch- 
deacon Darloy  (12  <-andidales) 23  Sei)t.  1874 

Alleged  migration  of  clergy  to  England autumn,     " 

Warm  discussion  upon  revision  of  the  liturgy May,  1878- 

Church  of  iScotland.  Bishops  in  Scotland. 
On  the  abolition  of  Episcopacy,  in  16S8,  Presbyterian  ism  be- 
came the  established  religion.  Its  formulary  of  faith,  said  to 
have  been  compiled  by  John  Knox  in  1660,  was  approved  by 
Parliament  and  ratified  in  1567,  settled  by  act  of  the  Scottish 
senate  in  1696,  and  secured  by  treaty  of  union  with  England 
in  1707.  The  church  is  regulated  by  4  courts — the  general 
assembly,  the  synod,  the  presbytery,  and  kirk  sessions.  Pres- 
BYTKKiANS.  For  important  secessions,  Buugher.s,1732;  Free 
Church,  1843. 

First  general  assembly  of  the  church 20  Dec.  1560- 

[General  assembly  is  the  highest  ecclesiastical  court;  it 
meets  annually  in  I<idinburgh  in  May,  and  sits  about  10  days. 
It  consists  of  a  grand  commissioner,  appointed  by  the  sover- 
eign, and  delegates  from  presbyteries,  royal  boroughs,  and 
univensities,  some  being  laymen.  To  it  all  appeals  from  in- 
ferior ecclesiastical  courts  lie,  and  its  decision  is  final.] 
Patronage  abolished  after  1  Jan.  1875;  act  passed 7  Aug.  1874 

Church,   ProtCitant    Episcopal,   in    the 

United  States.  Immediately  after  the  Revolution  action  was 
taken  by  the  members  of  the  Anglican  church  in  the  U.  S.  to 
establish  a  church  conforming  to  the  English  church  as  near  as 
was  practicable  under  another  government.  Connecticut  inde- 
pendently called  a  convention  at  Woodbury  in  1783,  and  chose 
Samuel  Seabury  bishop,  provided  he  should  be  consecrated  by 
Anglican  bishops.  Seabury  proceeded  to  England  and  remained 
there  a  year,  but  failed  to  secure  consecration.  He  went  to  Scot- 
land, where  he  was  consecrated  by  nonjuring  bishops.  Bish- 
ops, Nonjurors.  An  informal  meeting,  held  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  May,  1784,  called  a  conference  of  churchmen  at 
New  York,  Oct.  1784.  This  conference  was  attended  by  mem- 
bers from  Pennsj'lvania,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia;  also  by  Connecticut,  which,  however,  took 
no  part.  The  general  principles  adopted  for  the  regulation 
of  the  church  were:  (1)  it  should  be  a  federal  constitutional 
church;  (2)  the  several  states  to  be  its  units;  (3)  its  govern- 
ing body  to  include  both  clergy  and  laymen ;  (4)  the  forms  of 
worship  of  the  church  of  England  to  be  followed,  making  only 
such  changes  in  worship  and  discipline  as  the  changed  polit- 
ical situation  rendered  necessary ;  (5)  to  confer  no  powers  on 
the  general  governing  body  but  such  as  could  not  be  exercised 
by  the  local  church.  This  convention  assumed  the  power  to 
summon  the  members  of  the  churches  in  the  different  states 
to  send  delegates  to  a  constitutional  convention  to  be  held  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  1785.  This  convention — the  first  regular 
convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  the  U.  S. — 
met  at  Philadelphia,  27  Sept.-7  Oct.  1785.  New  York,  New- 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland, Virginia,  and  South 
Carolina  were  represented;  the  rev.  William  White,  D.D.,  of 
Pennsylvania  (afterwards  bishop),  chosen  president.  The 
second  convention  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  20-26  June,  1786 ; 
rev.  David  Griflith,  president.  At  the  third,  held  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  10-11  Oct.  1786,  rev.  William  White,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  rev.  Samuel  Provoost,  of  New  York,  were  sent  to 
England  for  consecration.  Bishops,  Episcopal.  The  fourth 
convention,  held  at  Philadelphia,  28  Jiily-8  Aug.  1789 ;  bishop 
White,  president.  First  house  of  bishops  organized,  6  Oct. 
1789.  The  general  convention  is  held  triennially,  and  is 
composed  of  the  house  of  bishops  and  house  of  deputies;  the 
deputies  consist  of  4  clergymen  and  4  laymen  from  each  dio- 
cese. 

list  of  the  dioceses  of  the  church,  when   ORGANIZED, 
AND   THEIR  FIRST   BISHOPS. 
Name  of  diocese.  Organized.  First  bishop. 

Connecticut 1783. . .  .Samuel  Seabury 1784 

Penn.sylvania 1784. . .  .William  White 1787 

New  York 1785 Samuel  Provoost " 

Virginia "   ...  ..Tames  Madison 1790 

Maryland 1783. . .  .Thomas  John  Claggett 1792 

South  Carolina 1785 Robert  Smith 1795 


CHU 

First  bishop. 
.Edward  Bass. .. 


173 


CHU 


Name  of  diocese.  Organized. 

Massachusetts 1784. . .  .Edward  Bass 1797 

Eastern     (including) 

all  the  New  Eng-  I Alexander  Viets   Griswold  (the 

land  states  except  f only  bishop) 1811 

Connecticut)  J 

New  Jersey 1782 John  Croes 1815 

Ohio 1818 Philander  Chase 1819 

North  Carolina 1816 lohn  Stark  Ravenscroft 1823 

Vermont 1790 John  Henry  Hopkins 1832 

Kentucky 1829 Benjamin  Bosworth  Smith " 

Tennessee 1828 James  Hervey  Otey 1834 

Chicago,  111 1835. . .  .Philander  Chase 1835 

Michigan 1832 Samuel  Allen  McCoskry 1836 

Western  New  York. .  .1838 William  Heathcote  De  Lancey. .  1839 

Georgia 1823 Stephen  Elliott 1841 

, .  Leonidas  Polk " 

..Alfred  Lee " 

,  .John  Prentiss  Kewly  Henshaw.  1843 

.  .Carlton  Chase 1844 

.  .Nicholas  Hamner  Cobbs " 

..Cicero  Stephens  Hawks " 

,  .George  Burgess 1847 

.  .George  Upfold 1849 

..William  Mercer  Green 1850 

,  .Francis  Huger  Rutledge 1851 

.  .Jackson  Kemper 1854 

.  .Henry  Washington  Lee " 

.  .William  Ingraham 1857 

. .  Alexander  Gregg 1859 

. .  Henry  Benjamin  Whipple.' " 

.  .Thomas  Hubbard  Vail 1864 


Louisiana 1838., 

Delaware 1786., 

Rhode  Island 1790., 

New  Hampshire 1802. , 

Alabama 1830.. 

Missouri 1839., 

Maine 1820., 

Indiana 1838.. 

Mississippi 1825 . , 

Florida 1838.. 

Milwaukee  (formerly)  -.q.„ 
Wisconsin)  |i»4'- 

Iowa 1853.. 

California 1850.. 

Texas 1849. 

Minnesota 1857., 

Kansas 1859., 


Pittsburg,  Pa 1865 John  Barrett  Kerfoot 1866 


Nebraska 1868 

Oregon "   . 

Long  Island "    . 

Albany "    . 

Central  New  York. ...    "   . 

Easton,  Md "    . 

Central  Pennsylvania .  1871 . 

Western  Michigan 1874. 

Southern  Ohio 1875. 

Fond  du  Lac "    . 

Quincy,  111 1877. 

West  Virginia "   . 

Springfield,  111 "    . 

Newark,  N.J 1874. 

East  Carolina 1883. 


. .  Robert  Harper  Clarkson. 

...Benjamin  Weston  Morris 

...Abraham  Newkirk  Littlejohn. 

. . .  William  Croswell  Doane 

...Frederic  Dan  Huntington 

. .  .Henry  Champlin  Lay 

. .  .Mark  Antony  De  Wolf  Howe. 
. .  .George  De  Normandie  Gillespi 

. .  .Thomas  Augustus  Jagger " 

. .  .John  Henry  Hobart  Brown " 

. . .  Alexander  Burgess 1878 

. .  .George  William  Peterkin " 

. .  .George  Franklin  Seymour " 

. .  .Thomas  Alford  Stark ey 1880 

Alfred  Augustine  Watson 1884 


1869 


1871 
1875 


Colorado 1887 John  Franklin  Spalding 1887 

The  Platte 1890 Anson  Roger  Graves 1890 

West  Missouri "     Edwin  Robert  Atwill " 

The  church  has  also  (1893)  12  domestic  missions,  extending 
from  Alaska  to  New  Mexico,  each  with  a  missionary  bishop, 
besides  7  foreign  missions,  5019  churches,  632,054  communi- 
cants-, value  of  church  property,  $82,000,000. 

Chiircli,    Roman    Cattiolie.     This   church 

claims  to  be  the  only  true  beatific  church,  and  finds  its  adherents 
chiefly  among  the  Latin  nations.  It  further  claims  an  unbroken 
line  of  pontiffs  from  St.  Peter  (the  present  pope  Leo  XIIL  being 
the  263d  successor).  The  metropolitan  position  of  the  city  of 
Rome  at  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  Christianity  fostered 
the  idea  of  supremacy.  The  chief  ecclesiastic,  the  bishop  of 
liome,  assumed  the  control  of  the  church  in  Italy,  and  to  some 
extent  in  Gaul  and  Africa,  during  the  2d  and  3d  centuries. 
The  emperors  leaving  Rome,  its  prestige  exalted  the  popes. 
Its  growth  was  helped  by  the  wide  diffusion  of  the  Latin 
tongue  and  the  eminence  of  the  fathers  of  the  first  5  centuries ; 
the  cross  taking  the  place  of  the  crown,  the  pope  of  the  em- 
peror. For  many  centuries  this  was  the  church  of  all  western 
Europe.  Its  history  quite  naturally  falls  into  3  divisions : 
{!)  Graeco-Latin  Catholicism,  from  the  2d  to  the  7th  century, 
the  inheritance  of  all  churches,  and  some  of  the  theology  of 
the  later  Greek,  Protestant,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches. 
<2)  The  Roman  Catholic  church  proper,  from  the  7th  to  the  15th 
century,  still  the  church  of  all  western  Europe,  with  the  con- 
■  version  of  barbarians  and  the  growth  of  the  papal  hierarchy, 
of  secular  in  connection  with  spiritual  power.  (3)  Modern 
Romanism  from  1563;  divided  into  Tridentine  Romanism 
(the  church  as  against  the  Reformation)  and  Vatican  Ro- 
manism (as  against  Rationalism  and  Gallicanism).  The 
title  of  the  pope  is  "  supreme  pontiff  of  the  universal 
church,  bishop  of  Rome,  vicar  of  Jesus  Christ,  successor  of 
St.  Peter,  prince  of  apostles,  patriarch  of  the  west,  primate 
•of  Italy,  archbishop  and  metropolitan  of  the  Roman  prov- 
ince, sovereign  of  the  temporal  dominions  of  the  Holy  Ro- 
man church."  Councils,  Early  Fathkrs,  Edicts,  Jesu- 
its, Popes,  Reformation,  Roman  Catholics  in  England, 


Churcli,  Roman   Catholic,  in  the  United 

States.  This  church  began  in  early  colonial  days,  and  formal- 
ly occupied  the  south  and  west  as  early  as  1520.  Its  recent 
rapid  growth  is  largely  due  to  immigration  from  Catholic 
countries  of  Europe.  The  Spanish  Catholics,  as  early  as  1520, 
established,  in  what  is  now  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  the  dio- 
cese of  Mexico,  called  Guadalajara  (1548-1620)  and  Durango 
(1620-1850).  The  diocese  of  Guadalajara  (1548-1777)  is  now 
Texas ;  the  diocese  of  Quebec  (French  Catholics)  extended 
east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  from  its  mouth  (1670-1776). 
The  part  west  of  the  Mississippi  was  annexed  to  the  diocese  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba  (Spanish,  1777-87),  which  included  Spanish 
Florida  (1522-1787).  Along  the  line  of  the  great  lakes,  in- 
cluding northern  New  York,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and 
Maine,  was  the  diocese  of  Rouen  (French,  1609-57) ;  changed 
to  the  vicariate-apostolic  of  New  France,  1657-70;  and  to  the 
vicariate-apostolic  of  Quebec,  1670-1789.  In  Maryland  was 
established  the  vicariate-apostolic  of  England,  1632-88;  after- 
wards the  vicariate-apostolic  of  London,  1688-1785.  In  1790 
John  Carroll  of  Baltimore,  the  first  Roman  Catholic  bishop  in 
the  U.  S.,  assumed  supervision  of  i^he  whole  country  as  the  dio- 
cese of  Baltimore,  by  bull  issued  by  pope  Pius  VI.  under  the 
seal  of  the  Fisherman's  ring,  6  Nov.  1789.  In  1808  it  was 
divided,  by  bull  issued  by  pope  Pius  VII.,  8  Apr.,  and  the  sees 
of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  Bardstown,  Ky.,  erect- 
ed, with  Richard  Luke  Concanen  as  bishop  of  New  York  (he, 
however,  never  reached  New  York;  dying  at  Naples,  1810); 
Michael  Egan,  bishop  of  Philadelphia,  1810;  John  Cheverus, 
bishop  of  Boston, 1810;  Benedict  Joseph  Flaget,  bishop  of  Bards- 
town,  1810;  and  John  Connolly,  bishop  of  New  York,  1814. 
John  McCloskey,  archbishop  of  New  York,  was  made  a  cardinal, 
15  Mch.  1875,  the  first  in  the  U.  S.  The  present  cardinal  is 
James  Gibbon,  Baltimore,  from  7  June,  1886.  The  following  is 
a  list  of  the  several  provinces,  archdioceses,  and  dioceses  in  the 
U.  S.,  1893,  with  the  year  of  their  establishment,  and  their  first 
archbishop  or  bishop. 

HIERARCHY. 

Province  of  Baltimore. — See  erected,  1789.    1st  bi.shop,  John  Carroll. 
Archdiocese  of  Baltimore. — Established,  1808.     1st  archbishop,  John 
Carroll. 

Diocese.  Established.  Ist  bishop. 

Charleston 1820 John  England. 

Richmond 1821 Patrick  Kelly. 

Savannah 1850 Francis  X.  Gartland. 

St.  Augustine 1870 Augustin  Verot. 

Wheeling 1850 Richard  Vincent 

Wilmington 1868 Thos.  A.  Becker. 

Province  of  Boston. — See  erected,  1808.     1st  bishop,  John  Cheverus. 
Archdiocese  of  Boston. — Established,  1875.     1st  archbishop,  John 
Joseph  Williams. 

Diocese.  Established.  1st  bishop. 

Burlington 1853 Louis  De  Goesbriaud. 

Hartford 1844. . .  .William  Tyler. 

Manchester 1884 Denis  M.  Bradley. 

Portland 1855 David  W.  Bacon. 

Providence 1872 Thos.  F.  Hendricken. 

Springfield 1870 Patrick  Thos.  O'Reilly. 

Province  of  Chicago. — See  erected,  1844.     1st  bishop,  William  Quar- 
ters. 

Archdiocese  of  Chicago. — Established,  1880.     1st  archbishop,  Patrick 
A.  Feehan. 

Diocese.  Established.  1st  bishop. 

Alton 1857 Henry  D.  Juncker. 

Belleville 1887 John  Janssen. 

Peoria 1877 John  L.  Spalding. 

Province  of  Cincinnati.— See  erected,  1821.     1st  bishop,  Edward 

Dominic  Fenwick. 
A  rchdiocese  of  Cmcmwait.— Established,  1833.    1st  archbishop,  John 

Baptist  Purcell. 

Diocese.  Established.  1st  bishop. 


Cleveland 1847.. 

Columbus 1868. . 

Covington 1H53. . 

Detroit 1832.. 

Fort  Wayne 1857. . 

Grand  Rapids 1882. . 

Louisville  (Bardstown) 1808. . 

Nashville 1837. . 


,  .Amadeus  Rappe. 

.S.  H.  Rosecrans. 

.George  Aloysius  Carrell. 
, .  Frederick  Rese. 
,  .J.  H.  Luers. 

.Henry  J.  Richter. 
.  .Benedict  Jos.  Flaget. 
,  .Richard  Pius  Miles. 


Vincennes 1834 Simon  Gabriel  Burte. 

Province  of  Milwaukee.— ?>ee  erected,  1844.  1st  bishop,  John  Mar- 
tin Henni. 

Archdiocese,  of  Milwaukee.— EsXabWsheA,  1875.  1st  archbishop,  John 
Martin  Henni. 

Diocese.  Established.  1st  bishop. 

Green  Bay 1868 Joseph  Melcher. 

La  Crosse "    Michael  Heiss. 

Marquette 1857 Frederic 


iBt  bishop,  Luis 
1st  archbishop 


Ut  bithop. 

.John  Mary  Oden. 
.Andrew  Byrne. 
.Michael  Porticr. 
.John  M.  J.  Chanche. 
.Augustus  M.  Martin. 
.Anthony  1).  Pellicer. 

,  1808.     Isl  bishop,  R.  Luke 


8.     1st  bishop,  Patrick 
1875.     1st  archbishop, 


Ist  bishop. 

.Jas.  McGolrick. 
.John  Shanley. 
.OttoZardetti. 
.M.  Martin  Marly. 
.J.  B.  Cotter. 


1st  bishop,  Francis  6. 
Established,  1853.     1st  archbishop, 


Province  of  California.— See  erected,  1840. 

D.  y  Moreno. 
Archdiocese  of  San  Francisco. 

Joseph  Sadoc  Alemany. 

Diocese.  Established.  Ist  bishop. 

Monterey  and  Los  Angeles  . . .  .1850. . .  .Jos.  Sadoc  Alemany 

Sacramento 1886. . .  .P.  Manogue. 

Province  of  Santa  Fe.—See  erected,  1850.     1st  bishop,  J.  B  I^my 
Archdiocese  of  Santa  fe.— Established,  187.5.     1st  archbishop,  J.  B. 

Diocese.  Established.  1st  bishop. 

Oenver. 1887. . .  .Nicholas  Chrysostome  Matz. 

There  are  also  the  vicariate  apostolics  of  North  Carolina,  of  Browns- 
viUe  Tex.  of  Idaho,  of  Uttih,  and  of  Arizona,  and  the  prefecture- 
?£S?  .u^  ^^  *^®  '°*^'*°  Territory.  According  to  the  census  of 
™iof'L®,.'^®''®  ^^-^21  churches.  Value  of  church  property 
1118,381,516;  number  of  communicants,  6,250,045. 
church  SCrviCCi  were  ordered  bv  pope  Vitellianus 

to  be  read  in  Latin,  663;  by  queen  Elizabeth,  in  1558,  to  be 

read  in  English. 

.Church-ratC§.  Church  repairs,  in  the  church  of 
England,  belong  to  the  parishioners,  who  alone,  in  vestry,  tax 
thenoselves  for  the  cost.  Payment,  which  is  continually  dis- 
puted by  dissenters  and  others,  was  enforced  by  ecclesiastical 
courts.  Many  attempts  were  made  to  abolish  church-rates 
before  Mr.  Gladstone's  "Compulsorv  Church-rate  Abolition" 
bUl  passed,  31  July,  1868. 

Compulsory  church-rates  for  Scotland  repealed  in  the  com- 
mons (204-143) llJuly,  1877 


CHU  174 

JFVoetiiee  of  New  Orleotu.— See  erected,  1793. 

Penalver  y  Cardenaa. 
ArdUKocete  of  New  Orleatu.  —  Established,  1835. 

Anthony  Blanc. 

DIoMM.  Established. 

Galveston 1847... 

LitUe  Rock 1843. . . 

Mobile 1824... 

Natchez 1837. . . 

Natchitoches 1853. . . 

San  Antonio 1874. . . 

Province  of  New  York. — See  erected. 

Concunen  (Dominican). 
Artkdiocese  of  New  ForJIc— Established,  1850.    1st  archbishop  (1850), 

John  Hughes. 

Diocese.  EsUblished.  let  bishop. 

Albany 1847 John  McCloskey. 

Brooklyn 1853 John  Loughlin. 

Buffalo 1847 John  Timon. 

Newark 1863 Ja.s.  R,  Bavlev. 

Ogdensburg 1872 Edgar  P.  Wadhams. 

Rochester 1868 Bernard  J.  McQuaid. 

Syracuse 1886 P.  A.  Ludden. 

Trenton 1881. . .  .M.  J.  O'Farrell. 

Province  of  Ort-fjon.     See  erected  (archbishopric),  1846,  including 

portions  of  British  America.    1st  archbishop,  Francis  N.  Blanche!. 
Archdiocesf  of  Oregon  City.       Ist  archbishop   under  the   United 

States,  1853.     Francis  N.  Blanchet. 

Diocese.  EsUblished.  Ist  bishop. 

Helena,  Mont 1884 John  B.  Broudel. 

Nesqually,  Wash 1850. , . .  A.  M.  A.  Blanchet 

Vancouver's  Island,  B.  C 1847 Modesto  Demers. 

Province  of  Philadelphia. — See  erected,  1» 

Michael  Egan. 
Archdiocese  of  PAt7adcZpftta.  —  Established 

James  Frederic  Wood. 

Diocese.  Established.  1st  bishop. 

Erie 1854 Michael  O'Connor. 

Harrisburg 1868 J.  F.  Shanahan. 

Pittsburg. 1843. . .  .Michael  O'Connor. 

Scranton 1868. . .  .Wm.  O'Hara. 

Province  of  Si.  Louis.— See  erected,  1826.    1st  bishop,  Joseph  Rosati. 
Archdiocese  of  St.  Z-oui«.— Established,  1847.     1st  archbishop,  Peter 
Richard  Kenrick. 

Diocese.  Established.  Ist  bishop. 

Cheyenne 1887.... M.  F.  Burke. 

Concordia,  Kans "    Richard  .Scannell. 

Davenport 1881 . . .  .John  McMullen. 

Dubuque 1837. . .  .Mathias  Loras 

Kansas  City  and  St.  Joseph's,  1}^}  ..John  J.  Hogan. 

I^avenworth 1877. . .  .Louis  M.  Fink. 

I'incoln 1887. . .  .Thos.  Bonacum. 

Omaha. 1885. . .  .Jas.  O'Connor. 

Wichita 1887. . .  .John  Joseph  Hennessy. 

Province  of  St.  Paul.  —See  erected,  1850.    1st  bishop.  Joseph  Cretin. 
Archdiocese  of  St.  Paui.— Established,  1888.     1st  archbishop,  John 
Ireland. 

Diocese.  Established. 

Duluth 1889. . . 

Jamestown,  N.  Dak " 

St.  Cloud "    '/,', 

Sioux  Falls "    *." 

Winona " 


CIN 


Church-wardeil»i,  officers  of  the  church  of  Enj! 
land,  appointed  by  the  first  canon  of  the  synod  of  Loudon  ii> 
1127.  Parish  overseers  were  appointed  by  the  same  body,  and 
they  continue  nearly  as  then  constituted. — Johnson's  Canons. 
Church-wardens,  by  canons  of  1603,  are  chosen  annually.  In 
the  U.  S.  annually  at  Easter. 

Ciborilini,  in  early  Christian  times,  a  protection  to 
the  altar-table,  first  a  tabernacle,  afterwards  a  baldachin  over 
the  altar,  and  a  canopy  in  solemn  processions;  also  a  vessel, 
for  the  eucharist. 

cider  (Ger.  Zider),  first  made  in  England  and  called  wine, 
about  1284.  The  earl  of  Manchester,  ambassador  in  France, 
is  said  to  have  passed  off  cider  for  wine.  It  was  subjected  to 
excise  duty  in  1763;  taken  off  in  1830.  Many  orchards  were 
planted  in  Herefordshire  by  lord  Scudamore,  ambassador  from 
Charles  I.  to  France.  John  Philips  published  his  poem  "  Cy- 
der" in  1706.  The  cider  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  is  superior,  and 
much  of  it  is  sold  as  champagne. 

Cilicia,  in  Asia  Minor,  became  a  Roman  province  about 
64  B.C.,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Turks,  1 387  a.d. 

Cimbri,  a  Teutonic  race  from  Jutland,  invaded  the  Ho- 
man  empire  about  120  b.c.  They  defeated  the  Romans,  under 
Cneius  Papirius  Carbo,  113  b.c.  ;  under  the  consul  Marcus  Si- 
lanus,  109  b.c.,  and  under  Caspio  Manlius,  at  Arausio,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine,  where  80,000  Romans  were  slain,  105  b.o. 
Their  allies,  the  Teutones,  were  defeated  by  Marius  in  2  bat- 
tles at  Aquae  Sextiae  (Aix)  in  Gaul;  200,000  were  killed,  and 
70,000  made  prisoners,  102  b.c.  The  Cimbri  were  defeated  by 
Marius  and  Catulus,  at  Campus  Raudius,  when  about  to  enter 
Italy;  120,000  were  killed,  and  60,000  taken  prisoners,  101 
B.C.     Afterwards  merged  in  the  Teutones  or  Saxons. 

CimentO  (It.  experiment).  The  "  Accademia  del  Ci- 
mento,"  at  Florence,  held  its  first  meeting  for  scientific  experi- 
ments, 18  June,  1657.  It  was  patronized  by  Ferdinand,  grand 
duke  of  Tuscany.  The  Nuovo  Ciinento,  a  scientific  periodical,, 
first  issued  at  Pisa,  1855. 

cinchona.    Chinchona. 

Cincinnati,  the  ist  city  in  Ohio  and  the  9th  in  the 
United  States  (1890)  in  point  of  population,  is  situated  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Ohio  river;  first  known  as  Losanteville  (I'os- 
ante-ville),  "  the  town  opposite  the  mouth,"  being  established 
opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Licking  river,  in  the  winter  of  1788- 
1789.  It  received  its  present  name  in  1790.  In  1795,  it  con- 
tained 94  cabins,  10  frame  houses,  and  about  500  inhabitants,, 
and  in  1800  its  population  was  750;  1810,  2540;  1820,  9602; 
1830,24,831;  1840,46,338;  1850,115,436;  1860,161,044;  1870, 
216,239;  1880,  255,139;  1890,  296,908.  Area,  24^  sq.  miles; 
lat.  39°  9'  N.,  Ion.  84°  25'  W.       . 

Israel  Ludlow  and  about  20  others  cross  the  Ohio  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Licking  and  commence  the  settlement  of  Lo- 
santeville  28  Dec.  1788 

First  log-cabin  erected;  on  present  Front,  east  of  Main  St.,  Jan.  1789 
Major  Doughty  arrives  with  about  140  men  from  fort  Harmar, 
on  the  Muskingum,  June,  1789,  and  erects  fort  Washington 
on  line  of  Third  si.,  between  Broadway  and  Lawrence  sts. ; 

fort  completed Nov.     " 

A  Presbyterian  house  of  worship  erected  on  lot  bounded  by 

Main,  Walnut,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  sts 1792 

First  post-offlce  established ;  Abner  Dunn,  postmaster 1793 

William  Maxwell  establishes  the  Centinel  of  the  North-Western 

Territory,  first  newspaper 9  Nov.     " 

Nova  Cesarea  Harmony  Lodge  of  Free  Masons  organized,  27  Dec.  1794 

Western  Spy  and  Hamilton  Gazette  first  pub 28  May,  1799 

First  recorded  celebration  of  Independence  day 4  July,     " 

Contract  made  for  a  new  court-house,  to  replace  the  old  one  of 

logs,  on  west  side  of  Main,  near  Fifth  st 1801 

First  sea-going  vessel  to  descend  the  Ohio;  built  at  Marietta, 
and  of  100  tons,  passes  Cincinnati  bound  for  the  West  Indies, 

(Ohio) 27  Apr.     " 

Cincinnati  theatre  established 30  Sept.     " 

Bill  passes  legislature  to  remove  seat  of  government  from  Chil- 

licothe  to  Cincinnati,  by  vote  of  12  to  8 19  Dec.     " 

Town  of  Cincinnati  incorporated. Jan.  1802 

Town  library  company  formed 6  Mch.     " 

Plat  of  town  of  Cincinnati  recorded 29  Apr.     '* 

U.  S.  reservation  around  fort  Washington  sold  by  direction  of 

the  secretary  of  the  treasury 180ft 

First  steamboat  built  in  Cincinnati 181ft 

Branch  of  U.  S.  bank  opened 28  Jan.  1817 

Christ  church,  the  oldest  Episcopal  society  in  Cincinnati,  of 
which  William  Henry  Harrison,  afterwards  president  of  the  ^, 

U.  S.,  was  a  vestryman,  organized 18  May.     " 

Cincinnati  college  incorporated  by  legislature  at  session 1818-11> 

Cincinnati  incorporated  as  a  city 181* 


CIN  175 

Col.  Samuel  W.  Davis  obtains  a  charter,  May,  1817,  granting 
the  exclusive  privilege  of  laying  water-pipes,  etc.,  in  the 
streets  of  the  city  for  99  years,  and  erects  a  pumping-station 
on  the  river  above  Deer  creek,  supplying  wrater  to  the  city 

through  wooden  pipes 1819 

Western  Methodist  Book  Concern  established 1824 

Residence  of  Jacob  Burnet,  distinguished  citizen,  on  northwest 

cor.  of  Seventh  and  Elin  sts.,  built " 

Medical  college  of  Ohio  chartered Dec.  1825 

Cincinnati  Gazette  issued  as  a  daily 1826 

Cincinnati  Water  Company  incorporated " 

Ohio  Mechanical  Institute  chartered  and  established  in  north 

wing  of  Cincinnati  college 1828 

First  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  in  Ohio  instituted  in  Cincinnati, 

23  Dec.  1830 

Common-school  system  founded 1831 

St.  Xavier  college  established " 

Flood  which  submerged  the  whole  lower  level  of  the  city  so 

that  steamboats  passed  through  Second  St.,  winter  of 1831-32 

Pearl  st.  first  opened 1832 

Cincinnati  Orphan  asylum  at  Mount  Auburn,  the  oldest  charity 

of  the  kind  in  the  west,  chartered 1833 

Lane  theological  seminary  incorporated,  1829;  opened *' 

First  city  bonds  issued 1834 

Locks  on  the  Miami  and  Erie  canal  at  Cincinnati  completed. . .     " 
Ohio  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Company  bank  incorporated; 

banking-house  cor.  Main  and  Third  sts '' 

Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  Association  chartered,  5  Jan.  1836 

Daily  paper,  the  Cincinnati  Times-Star,  established. " 

Daily  Volksbtatt  established 1838 

Superior  court  established " 

Cim'innati  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  organized 18  Oct.     " 

Chamber  of  Commerce  instituted 22  Oct.  1839 

Little  Miami  railroad  built 1840 

Cincinnati  Gaslight  and  Coke  Company,  with  exclusive  right  to 

lay  gas-mains  in  the  city  for  25  years,  incorporated 1841 

Cincinnati  Commercial  Gazette,  daily,  established " 

Cincinnati  Enquirer  first  issued 1842 

Cincinnati  Wesleyan  college  founded " 

Cincinnati  Astronomical  society  organized.  May,  1842,  and  cor- 
ner-stone of  observatory  laid  by  John  Quincy  Adams,  on  sum- 
rait  of  Mount  Adams 9  Nov.  1843 

[Building  sold  in  1872  to  the  Passionist  Fathers.] 

St.  Peter's  cathedral  begun,  1839;  consecrated 1844 

[The  altar,  of  Carrara  marble,  is  the  work  of  Hiram  Powers.] 

Spring  Grove  cemetery  consecrated 1845 

Cincinnati  Law  library  chartered,  1834;  established 1846 

Pleasant  Hill  academy  founded,  1833;  incorporated  as  Farmer's 

college. " 

Law  enacted  to  prevent  hogs  running  at  large  in  the  streets. . .  1848 
Burnet  house,  on  northwest  corner  Third  and  Vine  sts.,  built,  1849 

German  Protestant  Orphan  asylum  established " 

Literary  club  organized " 

Cincinnati  Relief  Union  founded 1850 

Cincinnati  House  of  Refuge  opened " 

Cincinnati  Volkafreund  established " 

Chime  of  13  bells  presented  to  St.  Peter's  cathedral  by  Reuben 

R.  Springer " 

Miami  Medical  college  established 1852 

Jacob  Burnet  dies 27  Apr.  1853 

City  building  erected " 

Court-house  of  Hamilton  county  erected "  . 

Hughes's  High-school  built  at  a  cost  of  $25,000 " 

Erection  of  Woodward  high-school  begun '' 

Paid  steam  fire  department  organized " 

Cincinnati  public  library  and  reading-room  established 1S56 

Mount  Auburn  Young  Ladles'  Institute  chartered  and  opened. .     " 

Erection  of  Masonic  temple  begun 1859 

Gen.  Kirby  Smith  advances  on  Cincinnati,  and  martial  law  is 

proclaimed  and  citizens  prepare  for  defence  2  Sept.  1862 

Soldiers'  monument  in  Spring  Grove  cemetery  erected 1864 

Old  Pike's  opera-house  destroyed  by  fire 1866 

Cincinnati  Clearing-house  Association  organized " 

Cincinnati  and  Covington  suspension  bridge,  1057  ft.  span,  com- 
pleted and  opened 1  Jan.  1867 

Cincinnati  normal  school  established 1868 

New  building  of  Cincinnati  Wesleyan  college,  on  site  of  the  old 

Catherine  St.  burying-ground,  completed " 

Cincinnati  hospital  first  occupied Jan.  .1869 

Harmonic  society  organized " 

College  building  burned,  1845;  rebuilt,  and  damaged  by  fire, 

and  remodelled " 

Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy  organized 1870 

Total  area  of  city,  19.75  sq.  miles,  12.75  being  annexed " 

First  Cincinnati  industrial  exposition  held Sept.     " 

University  of  Cincinnati  organized  under  Act  16,  Apr.  1870,  and 

University  board  appointed Jan.  1871 

Unveiling  of  the  Tyler- Davidson  fountain  on  Fountain  square; 
designed  toy  August  von  Kreling  of  Nuremberg,  and  cast  by 
Ferdinand  von  Muller,  director  of  the  Royal  bronze  foundery 

of  Bavaria;  cost  $105,000 6  Oct.     " 

Reading-rooms  of  the  public  library  first  opened  on  Sunday, 

12  Mch.     " 

Union  Railroad  Stockyards  Company  incorporated " 

Cincinnati  cotton  exchange  established " 

Eden  park,  206  acres,  first  improved 1872 

Pork  Packers'  Association  of  Cincinnati  organized 30  Oct.     " 

St.  Mary's  hospital  established,  1869;  building  completed 1873 

Total  area  of  city  increased  to  24  sq.  miles  by  annexation  of 

4.25  sq.  miles " 

Queen  City  club  organized ...............*  1874 


CIP 

Grand  hotel  opened 1874 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  organized 1875 

Buruet-woods  park  purchased,  1873;  improvements  begun '• 

Miami  stock-yards  opened 1876 

Hotel  Emery  opened Nov.  1877 

Wrought-iron  girder  bridge  across  the  Ohio  built '> 

St.  Francis  de  Sales  church,  corner-stone  laid 30  June,  1878 

Eden  Park  middle-service  reservoir  begun,  1866;  completed, 

upper  basin,  1875 ;  lower " 

College  of  Music  of  Cincinnati  incorporated " 

Corner-stone  of  Widows'  and  Old  Men's  Home  on  Walnut  Hills 

laid 2  July,  1879 

Cincinnati  Daily  Post  established 1880 

A  6  days'  riot  begins,  after  a  verdict  of  manslaughter  in  the 
Berner  and  Palmer  murder  trial,  both  having  confessed  the 
murder,  there  being  about  20  untried  murderers  in  jail  in  the 
city ;  the  court-house  is  set  on  fire,  etc. ;  45  killed,  138  wound- 
ed  28  Mch.  1884 


MAYORS. 


J.  G.  Burnet 1827-31 

Elisha  Hotchkiss 1831-33 

Samuel  W.  Davies 1833-43 

Henry  E.  Spencer 1843-51 

Mark  P.  Taylor 1851-53 

D.  T.  Snellbaker 1853-55 

James  J.  Farran 1855-57 

N.  W.  Thomas 1857-59 

p.  M.  Bishop 1859-61 

George  B.  Hatch 1861-63 

L.  A.  Harris 1863-67 


Charles  F.  Wilstach 1867-69 

John  F.  Torrence 1869-71 

S.S.Davis 1871-73 

George  W.  Johnston 1873-77 

R.  M.  Moore 1877-79 

Charles  Jacob,  jr 1879-81 

William  Means 1881-83 

Thomas  J.  Stephens 1883-85 

Amos  Smith,  jr 1885-89 

John  B.  Mosby 1889-91 

1891-94 


All  the  above  for  2  years'  term ;  except  the  last,  as  under  the  new 
charter  (1891)  the  term  is  for  3  years. 

Cincinna'ti,  Order  of,  formed  in  1783  by  officers  Of 
the  American  army.  New  York,  1783.  The  first  general 
meeting,  held  at  Philadelphia,  May,  1784,  made  amendments 
to  the  constitution,  which  were  ratified  by  the  state  societies. 
At  the  second  general  meeting,  1787,  Washington  was  chosen 
president-general,  and  was  re-elected  every  3  years  while  he 
lived;  he  was  followed  by  Alex.  Hamilton.  The  society  was 
accused  of  tending  to  establish  an  hereditary  military  aristoc- 
racy, and  the  state  societies  of  Connecticut,  Delaware,  New 
Hampshire,  Virginia,  and  Georgia  were  dissolved  about  1804. 
The  general  society  and  7  state  organizations  still  exist — viz. : 
those  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina.  The  general 
society  meets  triennially.  Next  meeting,  Boston,  Mass.,  1893. 
Number  of  living  members  reported  1890, 439. 

Cill'liaillOIl,  a  species  of  laurel,  mentioned  among  per- 
fumes of  the  sanctuary  (Exod.  xxx.  23),  1491  b.c.  ;  found  in 
American  forests  by  don  Ulloa,  1736 ;  cultivated  in  Jamaica 
and  Dominica,  1788 ;  and  now  in  Ceylon. 

Cinque  Ports,  on  the  south  coast  of  England,  were 
originally  5  (hence  the  name)— Dover,  Hastings,  Hythe,  Rom- 
ney,  and  Sandwich;  Winchelsea  and  Rye  were  afterwards 
added. — Jeake.  Their  jurisdiction  was  vested  in  barons,  called 
wardens,  to  protect  the  coast,  these  ports  being  nearest  France, 
and  considered  the  keys  of  the  kingdom;  said  to  have  been 
instituted  by  William  I.  in  1078. — Rapin.  Their  peculiar  juris- 
diction was  abolished  in  1855,  the  lord-wardenship  being  now 
a  merely  honorary  dignity. 

Cilltra,  a  town  of  Portugal.  Here  was  signed  an  agree- 
ment on  22  Aug.  1808,  between  the  French  and  English  the 
day  after  the  battle  of  Viraeira.  As  the  basis  of  a  convention 
of  30  Aug.  following,  it  is  called  the  convention  of  Cintra.  It 
permitted  Junot  to  evacuate  Portugal  free,  in  British  ships. 
The  convention  was  denounced,  but  a  court  of  inquiry  at  Chel- 
sea exonerated  the  British  commanders.  Both  Wellington 
and  Napoleon  justified  sir  Hew  Dalrymple. 

cipher,  secret  writing.  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus  in 
secret  despatches  are  said  to  have  used  for  each  letter  the  sec- 
ond or  third  after  it.  ,  This  cipher  was  in  use  till  Sixtus  IV. 
(1471-84),  when  it  was  divulged  by  Leon  Battista  Alberti,  and 
a  new  cipher  devised.  The  father  of  Venetian  cipher  was 
Zuan  Soro,  who  flourished  about  1516.— Rawd<m  Brou-n.  Ed- 
gar Allan  Poe  introduces  an  ingenious  cipher  in  his  tale  of 
the  "  Gold  Bug."     Cryptograph  and  Cryptogram. 

cipher  despatches.  The  result  of  the  presiden- 
tial election  of  1876  in  the  United  States  depended  upon  the 
electoral  votes  of  Louisiana,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida,  long 
in  dispute.  Mr.  Hayes  needed  all  3  states,  while  any  one  of 
them  would  have  elected  Mr.  Tilden.  Pendins:  the  result, 
many  despatches  in  cipher  passed  between  Mr.  Tilden's  friends 
and  persons  in  the  south,  which,  when  translated  and  published 


OIR 

in  the  New  York  Ti-ibum  (Kep.),  1877,  suggested  attempted 
bribery.  A  great  scandal  arose,  and  Mr.  Tilden  publicly  dis- 
claimed all  knowledge  of  the  despatches. 

CircaNMill,  Asia,  on  uortli  side  of  the  Caucasus.  The 
Circassians,  said  to  be  descended  from  the  Albanians,  were  un- 
subiiued,  even  by  Timour.  In  the  16th  century  they  sub- 
mitted to  czar  Ivan  II.  of  Russia,  and  about  1745  the  princes 
of  Kabarda  took  o.ulis  of  foalty.  Many  Circassians  became 
Malutmetans  in  tlic  isih  iiiitury. 
Ciri-a.>*sia  ceiled  to  Kii8»ia  by  lurkoy  by  the  treaty  of  Adrianoplo 

(but  Circassians,  under  Schuniyl,  long  resist) 14  Sept.  1829 

Victories  of  OrbeUiani  over  them June,  Nov.,  Dec.  1867 

Hp  subilues  nmch  country,  and  expels  the  inhabitants. .  .April,  1858 
Sfhamyl,  Circassian  leader,  captured,  and  treated  with  respect, 

7  Sept.  1859 
About  20,000  Circassians  reach  Constantinople  in  distress,  and 

arc  relieved 28  Apr.  1860 

Vaidar,  last   Circassian   stronghold,  captured;    grand  -  duke 

Michael  declares  the  war  at  an  end 8  June,  1864 

Many  thousjiud  Circassians  enter  Turkey,  partly  relieved  by 

the  governiiieut June  et  scq.     " 

Schamyl  and  his  son  at  marriage  of  czarowitch,  9  Nov.  1866; 

Schamyl  d March,  1871 

Revolt  against  Russia;  suppressed;  many  Circassians  flee  to 

Turkey  and  join  the  army July,  Aug.  1877 

Circeiisian  IpailieN  were  combats  in  the  Roman 
circus  (at  rirst  in  honor  of  Consus,  god  of  coiuicils,  afterwards 
of  Jupiter,  Neptune,  Juno,  and  Minerva),  said  to  have  been 
instituted  by  Evander,  and  established  at  Rome,  732  B.C.,  by 
Romulus,  i'arquin  named  them  Circensian;  they  lasted  from 
4  to  12  Sept. 

circle.  Its  quadrature,  or  ratio  of  the  diameter  to  the 
circumference,  has  exercised  mathematical  ingenuity  in  all 
ages.  Archimedes,  about  221  b.c,  gave  it  as  7  to  22;  Abra- 
ham Sharp  (1717)  as  1  to  3  and  72  decimals ;  and  Lagny  (1719) 
as  1  to  3  and  122  decimals. 

circles  of  Oermany  (formed  by  Maximilian  I. 
about  1500,  to  distinguish  the  members  of  the  diet  of  the  em- 
pire) were,  in  1512,  Franconia,  Bavaria,  Upper  Rhine,  Suabia, 
Westphalia,  and  Lower  Saxony ;  in  1789,  Austria,  Burgundy, 
Lower  Rhine,  the  Palatinate,  Upper  Saxony,  and  Brandenburg 
were  added.  AH  were  merged  in  the  Confedkration  of  the 
Rhine,  in  1806. 

circuits  in  England  were  divided  into  3,  with  3 
justices  in  each,  1 176.  They  were  afterwards  4,  with  5  justices 
in  each,  1180. — Ropin.  They  have  been  frequently  altered. 
England  and  Wales  long  had  8  judges  travelling  in  spring 
ami  summer  to  try  civil  and  criminal  cases;  the  larger  towns 
are  visited  in  winter  for  trials  of  criminals  only;  this  is  called 
"going  the  circuit."  The  circuits  were  settled  by  order  in 
council,  5  Feb.  1876.  The  courts  sit  monthly  for  the  city  of 
London  and  county  of  Middlesex.  Courts  in  the  United 
SxArES. 

circular  letter.     Massachusetts,  1768. 

circulating  library.  Stationers  lent  books  on 
hire  in  the  middle  ages.  A  public  circulating  library  in  Eng- 
land, opened  by  Samuel  Fancourt,  a  dissenting  minister  of 
Salisbury,  about  1740,  failed;  but  similar  institutions  at  Bath 
and  in  London  succeeded,  and  others  were  established  through- 
out the  kingdom.  There  was  a  circulating  library  at  Crane 
court,  London,  in  1748,  and  a  catalogue  in  2  vols,  was  pub- 
lished.— No  books  can  be  taken  from  the  British  museum  ex- 
cept for  judicial  purposes,  but  the  libraries  of  the  Royal  Society 
and  the  principal  scientific  societies,  except  that  of  the  Royal 
Institution,  London,  are  circulating.  The  London  library 
(circulating),  which  was  founded  24  June,  1840,  is  useful  to 
literary  men.  Of  private  subscription  libraries,  that  founded  by 
C.  E.  Mudie,  in  New  Oxford  street,  London,  is  remarkable  for 
quantity  and  quality — sometimes  thousands  of  copies  of  a  new 
work  being  in  circulation.  It  began  1842,  and  gained  celeb- 
rity, Dec.  1848,  by  supplying  the  unprecedented  demand  for 
the  first  2  vols,  of  Macaulay's  "  History  of  England."  The 
hall,  its  walls  covered  with  shelves  of  new  books,  was  opened 
Dec.  1860.  The  "  Circulating  Library  Company,"  London,  was 
founded  Jan.  1862,  and  other  companies  since.  The  Boston 
Public  library,  the  largest  collection  of  books  in  the  United 
States,  except  the  Congressional  library,  was  organized  1852, 
and  its  building  delivered  to  the  trustees  1  Jan.  1858.  It  is 
a  free  circulating  library.     Boston,  1894.     Libraries. 


176 


CIT 


CircuniClMion  (instituted  1897  B.C.)  was  the  seal  of 
the  covenant  made  by  God  with  Abraham.     It  was  practised 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  is  still  by  Jews,  the  Copts,  and  ^ 
some  Oriental  nations.    The  custom  is  also  found  among  some ' 
of  the  savage  tribes  of  Africa,  South  America,  ami  islands 
the  Pacific.     The  Festival  of  the  Circumcision  (of  Christ)| 
originally  the  octave  of  Christmas,  is  mentioned  about  487,  an<j 
has  been  introduced  into  the  liturgy  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Greek,  and  Anglican  churches. 

circumnavigators.  It  became  evident  after  thfl 
discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  that  the  earth  was  a  glol 
and  could  be  circumnavigated.  At  first  considered  one  of  the 
most  daring  enterprises,  it  soon  ceased  to  be  so,  as  first  one  and 
then  another  of  the  navigators  of  the  16th  century  accomplished 
it.     The  following  is  a  list  of  the  early  circumnavigators : 

Magellan,  or  Magalhacns,  a  native  of  Portugal,  in  the  service  of 
Spain  sailed  from  San  Lucar  20  Sept.  1519,  with  5  ships, 
only  1  of  which  succeeded  in  circumnavigating  the  globe 

(America) 1519- 

Grijalva,  Spaniard 15 

Alvaradi,  Spaniard 

Mendana,  Spaniard 1561 

Sir  Francis  Drake,  flrst  English 1577- 

Cavendish,  first  voyage 1586 

Le  Maire,  Dutch 1615-lt 

Cuiros,  Spaniard 162 

Tasnian,  Dutch  (Van  Diemen's  Land) 16 

Cowley,  British 168 

Dampier,  British If 

Cooke,  British 170 

Clipperton,  British 171 

Roggewein,  Dutch 1721- 

Anson,  British  ( Acapulco) 174C 

Byron,  British 176 

Wallis,  British 176 

Carteret,  British 1766- 

Bougainville,  French 

James  Cook,  British  (Hawaii) 

On  his  death,  the  voyage  was  continued  by  King Ill 

Portlocke,  British 178 

Robert  Gray,  in  the  ship  Columbia,  from  Boston ;  the  flrst  Amer- 
ican ship. 17S 

King  and  Fitzroy,  British 182 "  ' 

Belcher,  British 1836 

Wilkes,  American ISa 

Deep-sea   soundings,    Expeditions,   Northeast  and   Northwe 
Passage. 

circui  (Gr.  KipKOQ).  There  were  8  (some  say  10)  cir 
cuses  at  Rome;  the  largest,  the  Circus  Maximus,  built  by  th« 
younger  Tarquin,  605  b.c.  It  was  an  oval ;  length,  3|  stadi« 
or  more  than  3  English  furlongs;  breadth,  960  Roman  ft.  Ij 
was  enlarged  by  Julius  Caesar,  restored  after  a  fire  by  Augustus 
and  rebuilt  by  Domitian  and  Trajan.  It  is  supposed  to  havd 
seated  250,000  people.  It  was  surrounded  by  a  canal  10  ft| 
wide  and  10  ft.  deep,  which  supplied  the  water  for  naval  ex| 
hibitions.     Amphitheatres,  Factions. 

Cirrha,  a  town  of  Phocis,  N.  Greece,  for  sacrilee 
razed  to  the  ground  in  the  Sacred  War,  586  b.c. 

€i§alpine  republic,  N.  Italy,  formed  by  tt 
French  in  May,  1797,  from  the  Cispadane  and  Ti^anspadar 
republics;  acknowledged  by  the  emperor  of  Germany  by  treat 
of  Campo  Formio,  17  Oct.  1797.  It  received  a  new  constiti 
tion  in  Sept.  1798 ;  was  remodelled,  and  named  the  Italian  re 
public,  with  Napoleon  Bonaparte  president,  1802 ;  merged  int 
the  kingdom  of  Italy,  Mch.  1805.     Ital^^. 

Ciipadane  republic,  with  the  Transpadane 
public,  merged  into  the  Cisalpine  republic,  Oct.  1797. 

Ci§tercians  (the  order  of  Citeaux),  a  powerful  orde 
of  monks  founded  about  1098  by  Robert,  a  Benedictine,  abbe 
of  Molesrae ;  named  from  Citeaux,  in  France,  site  of  the  fir 
convent,  near  the  end  of  the  11th  century.     The  monks  culti 
vated  their  lands,  observed  silence,  abstained  from  flesh,  laj 
on  straw,  and  wore  neither  shoes  nor  shirts.     Its  power  wa 
such  as  to  crush  Abelard,  Arnold  of  Brescia,  and  the  CathariJ 
it  originated  the  2d  crusade  and  inaugurated  many  of  th^ 
military  orders  of  the  church.  Benedictines,  Bernardini 
Feuillants,  Trappists. 

Citate.  The  Russian  general  Gortschakoflf,  intending  t| 
storm  Kalafat,  threw  up  redoubts  at  Citate,  close  to  the  Dai 
ube,  which  were  stormed  by  the  Turks  under  Omar  Pacha, 
Jan.  1854.  The  fighting  continued  the  7th,  8th,  and  9tl 
when  the  Russians  were  compelled  to  retire  to  their  forme 
position  at  Krajowa,  having  lost  1500  killed  and  2000  wounde 


CIT 


The  loss  of  the  Turks  was  estimated  at  338  killed  and  700 
■wounded. 

Citie§  of  Refugee.  6  Levitical  cities  appointed  by 
Mosaic  law  (Num.  xxxv.  13)  as  asj-luras  for  involuntary  man- 
slayers.  Within  the  walls  of  either  of  these  cities,  or  1000 
yards  around  them,  the  homicide  was  safe  from  the  "  avenger 
of  blood,"  but  if  slain  without  these  limits  the  slayer  was  held 
guiltless.  The  roads  leading  to  these  cities  were  well  defined 
and  in  good  order.  These  cities  under  Joshua  (xx.  3)  were 
Kedesh,  Shechem,  and  Hebron  on  the  west  of  the  river  Jordan, 
and  Bezer,  Ramoth-Gilead,  and  Golan  on  the  east  side. 

citizen.  It  was  not  lawful  to  scourge  a  citizen  of 
Rome,  much  less  to  crucify  him.  In  England  a  citizen  is  a 
person  who  is  free  of  a  city,  or  who  doth  carry  on  a  trade 
therein.— Camden.  Various  privileges  have  been  conferred 
on  citizens  as  freemen  in  several  reigns.  The  wives  of  citizens 
of  London  (not  aldermen's  wives,  nor  gentlewomen  by  descent) 
were  obliged  to  wear  minever  caps,  being  white  woollen  knit, 
three-cornered,  with  peaks  projecting  3  or  4  in.  beyond  the 
foreheads ;  aldermen's  wives  wore  caps  of  velvet,  1  Eliz.  1558. 
—Stoio.  On  10  Oct.  1792,  the  convention  decreed  "  citoyen  " 
and  "  citoyenne  "  as  the  only  titles  in  France.  In  the  United 
States  all  male  persons  over  21,  except  Indians  and  foreigners 
not  naturalized,  are  citizens.  Before  the  14th  and  15th  amend- 
ments to  the  Constitution,  proclaimed  20  July,  1868,  and  30 
JVIch.  1869,  citizenship  was  restricted  to  white  men.  Dred 
Scott.  Every  citizen  of  the  United  States  is  a  voter,  unless 
disfranchised. 

city  (Lat.  civitas ;  Fr.  cite;  It.  citta).  The  word  has 
been  used  in  England  only  since  the  Conquest,  when  London 
was  called  Londonhurgh.  Cities  were  first  incorporated,  1079. 
In  England,  a  town  corporate  is  called  a  city  when  the  seat 
of  a  bishop  with  a  cathedral  church. — Camden. 

Ciudad  Rodrig^O,  a  fortified  town  in  Spain  in- 
vested by  French,  11  June,  1810;  surrendered,  10  July,  and 
held  bv  them  until  stormed  by  the  British,  under  Wellington, 
19  Jan.  1812. 

civil  law.  Codes.  The  civil  law  was  restored  in 
Italy,  Germany,  etc.,  1127. — Blair.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  by  Theobald,  a  Norman  abbot,  afterwards  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  in  1138.  It  is  now  used  there  in  the  spiritual 
courts  only,  and  in  maritime  affairs.  Doctors'  Commons, 
Laws. 

civil  list.  This  is  the  revenue  given  to  the  crown  of 
England  in  lieu  of  its  ancient  hereditary  income.  The  entire 
revenue  of  Elizabeth  was  not  more  than  600,000/.,  and  that  of 
Charles  I.  was  about  800,000/.  After  the  English  revolution 
of  1688,  a  civil-list  revenue  was  settled  on  William  and  Marj' 
of  700,000/.,  parliament  having  assumed  the  support  of  the 
army  and  navy  in  1690.  The  civil  list  of  George  II.  was  in- 
creased to  800,000/.,  and  that  of  (Jeorge  IIL,  in  1815,  was 
1,030,000/. 
In  1831,  the  civil  list  was  fixed  at  510. 000^..  and  in  Dec.  18v<7, 

at  385,000i.    (This  does  not  include  the  various  amounts  paid 

the  royal  family,  apart  from  the  sovereign, which  in  1892  were 

more  than  250,000/.) 
Sir  H.  Parnell's  motion  for  inquiry  into  the  civil  list  led  to  res- 
ignation of  Wellington  cabinet 15  Nov.  1830 

Prince  Albert  obtained  an  annuity  from  Parliament  of  30,000;., 

7  Feb.  1840 
A  select  committee  of  inquiry  appointed  by  the  commons, 

2  Feb.  1860 

civil  service  in  Great  Britain.  While  this  service 
dates  back  over  2  centuries,  it  is  only' within  the  last  hundred 
years  that  it  has  assumed  a  national  importance.  The  civil 
service  now  comprises  all  who  serve  the  government  in  a  civil 
capacity  as  opposed  to  those  in  the  military  or  naval  service. 
In  all,  including  the  treasury,  home,  foreign,  colonial,  post, 
despatch,  and  revenue  officers,  etc.,  at  least  500,000  persons 
(1892).  Within  the  last  50  years  several  commissions  have 
been  appointed  to  examine  into  the  methods  of  appointments, 
etc.  In  1855  a  commission  reported  against  the  existing  sys- 
tem of  appointments,  and  on  21  May  of  that  year  commissioners 
Nvere  appointed  to  examine  the  qualifications  of  candidates  and 
report  annually.  In  Apr.  1859,  the  Civil-service  Superannuation 
act  was  passed.  On  4  June,  1870,  by  order  in  council,  com- 
petitive examinations  were  made  general  after  1  Oct.  1870. 
Through  a  report  made  by  a  select  committee,  June,  1874,  im- 


177  CLA 

portant  changes  were  made  by  order  in  council,  Feb.  1875. 
There  are  2  grades  of  examinations ;  in  the  first  the  examina- 
tions are  severe,  with  positions  and  salaries  to  correspond,  at- 
tracting many  university  men  as  candidates  ;  in  the  second  or 
lower  grade  the  examinations  are  comparatively  easy  and  sal- 
aries limited  :  from  4  Feb.  1890,  to  be  from  70/.  to  250/.  per 
annum.  The  civil  service  for  the  year  ending  31  Mch.  1855, 
cost  7,735,515/. ;  1865,10,205,413/.;  1871,  13,176,659/.;  1880, 
15,155,522/. ;  1892-1893,  17,310,920/. 

civil-service  reform  in  the  United  States.  During 
the  years  1866-71,  the  climax  of  the  patronage  system,  there 
were  1678  removals  in  the  New  York  custom-house,  more 
than  one  for  feach  secular  day.  President  Grant  asked  Con- 
gress, in  1870,  to  aid  him  in  reforming  the  civil  service; 
and  by  the  law  of  3  Mch.  1871,  the  president  appointed  a 
civil-service  commission,  which  instituted  competitive  ex- 
aminations for  appointments  and  promotions  in  certain 
branches  of  the  service,  1  Jan.  1872.  In  Mch.  1871,  how- 
ever, col.  Silas  W.  Burt,  deputy  naval  officer,  had,  on  his  own 
responsibility,  made  the  first  trial  of  these  examinations  in 
the  civil  service  of  the  United  States,  in  reorganizing  the 
naval  office.  It  was  eminently  successfid.  Politicians  opposed 
the  system,  and  in  1873  Congress  refused  to  appropriate  the 
$25,000  needed  for  them.  President  Grant  repeatedly  urged 
these  appropriations,  once,  in  April,  1874,  by  special  message, 
but  in  vain.  31  Aug.  1874,  president  Grant  issued  executive 
order  No,  4,  as  follows :  "  It  appearing  to  me,  from  their  trial 
at  Washington  and  at  the  city  of  New  York,  that  the  further 
extension  of  the  civil-service  rules  will  promote  the  efficiency 
of  the  public  service,  it  is  ordered  that  such  rules  be  and  they 
are  hereby  extended  to  the  several  federal  offices  at  the  city 
and  in  the  custom-house  district  of  Boston,  and  that  the  proper 
measures  be  taken  for  carrying  this  order  into  effect."  The 
rules  were  not  fidly  carried  out,  patronage  still  prevailing.  In 
1877  president  Hayes  appointed  the  Jay  commission,  consist- 
ing of  .John  Jay  (chairman),  Lawrence  Turnure,  of  New  York, 
and  J.  H.  Robinson,  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  Washington, 
whose  elaborate  report  led  to  the  removal  of  collector  Arthur 
and  naval  officer  Cornell.  On  6  Mch.  1879,  an  executive  order 
established  competitive  examinations  for  the  clerical  offices  of 
the  New  York  custom-house,  and  it  is  still  enforced. 
On  16  Jan.  1883,  Congress  authorized  the  president  to  appoint 
a  civil-service  commission  of  5  members,  "to  regulate  and 
improve  the  civil  service  of  the  U.  S."  At  this  time  there 
were  subject  to  examination  in  the  executive  department  at 
Washington,  5652;  in  custom  districts,  2573;  and  in  post-office 
department,  5699. 

Convention  of  civil-service  reformers  at  Baltimore 22  Feb.  1889 

List  of  "eligibles"  for  appointment   to  government  service 

made  public  after 25  May,     " 

Portions  of  the  Indian  service  classified  under  the  civil-service 
rules,  school  superintendents,  teachers,  physicians,  etc.,  by 

order  of  president  Harrison 14  Apr.  1891 

[On  4  Jan.  1889,  the  civil  service  regulations  were  extended 
to  the  railway  mail-service  by  order  of  president  Cleveland.] 

civil  wars.  Confederate  States;  England; 
France;  United  States,  1861-65,  etc. 

Clan-na'Oael  ("brotherhood  of  Gaels"),  an  Irish 
secret  society  formed  in  1881  to  succeed  the  Fenians.  It  be- 
longed to  the  Irish  National  League  in  the  United  States,  of 
which  it  was  the  extreme  violent  part.  The  ultimate  object 
of  the  Clan-na-Gael  was  said  to  be  Ireland's  independence  of 
England.     For  murder  of  Dr.  Cronin,  Trials,  1889. 

clans  are  said  to  have  arisen  in  Scotland,  in  the  reign 
of  king  Malcolm  II.,  about  1008.  The  legal  power  of  chiefs 
and  all  heritable  jurisdiction  were  abolished  in  Scotland,  and 
liberty  granted  to  clansmen  in  1747,  after  the  rebellion  of  1745. 
The  chief  of  each  clan  wears  2  eagle  feathers  in  his  bonnet, 
in  addition  to  the  badge. — Chambers.  A  history  of  the  clans 
by  Wm.  Buchanan  was  pub.  in  1775.  The  following  is  a  list 
of  the  known  clans  of  Scotland,  with  their  ancient  badges. 


Name.  Badge. 

Buchanan Birch. 

Cameron Oak. 

Cam  pbell Myrtle. 

Chisholm Aider. 

Colquhoun Hazel. 

Cumniing Common  sallow. 

Drummond Holly. 

Farquharson. .  .Purple  fox-glove. 

Ferguson Poplar. 

Forbes Broom. 


Name.  Badge. 

Frazer Yew. 

Gordon  . ..'. Ivy. 

Graham Laurel. 

Grant Cranberry  heath. 

Gun Rosewort. 

Lamont Crab-apple  tree. 

M'Alister 5-leaved  heath. 

M' Donald Bell-heath. 

M'Donnell Mountain- heath. 

M'Dougall Cypress. 


CLA 


178 


CLE 


NuiM.  BmIr*. 

M'Farlane. . . Cloudberry  bush. 
M'Gn>gor...Pint>. 

M 'Inlosb Boxwood. 

M*K«y Bulrush. 

M'Keniie  . . .  neer-grass. 
M'Kinnon. .  .St-John's-wort. 
MMAChlan .  .Mountain  ash. 

M'l^an Blackberry  heath. 

U'l^eod Red  whortleborriea. 

If 'Nab Rose  blackberriea 

M'Nell Sea-ware. 

M'Pberson .  .Variegated  box- 
wood. 


Nun*.  Badge. 

M'Quarrie . . .  Blackthorn. 

M'Rae Fir-club  moss. 

Menzies Ash. 

Munro Ragle's  feathers. 

.Murray (tiiiipor. 

Ogilvic Hawtliorno. 

Oliphant . . .  .(ireat  maple. 
Robertson. . . Fern,  or  brecbans. 

Rose Brier-rose. 

Ross Bear- berries. 

Sinclair Clover. 

Stewart Thistle. 

Sutherland.  .Cat's-Uil  grass. 


Clare  was  Uie  first  place  in  Ireland  since  1689  to  elect 
a  Roman  Catholic  M.P.  (Roman  Catholics),  when,  at  Ennis, 
the  county  town,  Daniel  O'Connell  was  returned,  5  July,  1828. 
He  did  not  sit  till  after  the  Catholic  Emancipation  act  in  1829, 
being  re-elected  30  July,  1829. 

Clare  and  Clarence,  Suffolk,  Engl.  Richard  de  Clare, 
earl  of  Gloucester,  is  said  to  have  seated  here  a  monastery  of 
the  order  of  Friars  Eremites,  the  first  of  these  mendicants  who 
came  to  England.  1248. — Tanner.  Lionel,  3d  son  of  Edward 
III.,  obtaining  the  honor  of  Clare  by  marriage,  was  created 
duke  of  Clarence,  a  title  since  in  a  branch  of  the  royal  family. 

Clarendon,  Constitutions  of,  enacted  at  a  council  held 
25  Jan.  1164,  at  Clarendon,  in  Wiltshire,  Engl.,  to  retrench  the 
power  of  the  clergy.  They  led  to  Becket's  quarrel  with  Henry 
H.,  were  annulled  bv  the  pope,  and  abandoned  bv  the  king, 
Apr.  1174. 

I.  All  suits  concerning  advowsons  to  lie  in  civil  courts. 

II.  Clergy  accused  of  crime  to  be  tried  by  civil  judges. 

III.  No  person  of  nink  to  leave  the  realm  without  royal  license. 

IV.  Laics  not  to  be  accused  in  spiritual  courts,  except  by  legal  and 
reputable  promoters  and  witnesses. 

V.  No  chief  tenant  of  the  crown  to  be  excommunicated,  nor  his 
lands  put  under  interdict. 

VI.  Revenues  of  vacant  sees  to  belong  to  the  king. 

VII.  Goods  forfeited  to  the  crown  not  to  be  protected  in  churches. 

VIII.  Sons  of  villeins  not  to  be  ordained  clerks  without  the  consent 
of  their  lord. 

IX.  Bishops  to  be  barons,  with  the  burdens  of  that  rank. 

X.  Churches  belonging  to  the  king's  see  not  to  be  granted  in  per- 
petuity against  bis  will. 

XI.  Excommunicated  persons  not  to  be  bound  to  give  security  for 
continuing  in  their  abode. 

XII.  No  inhabitant  in  demesne  to  be  excommunicated  for  non-ap- 
pearance in  a  spiritual  court. 

XIII.  If  any  tenant  in  capite  refuse  submission  to  spiritual  courts, 
the  case  to  be  referred  to  the  king. 

XIV.  The  clergy  to  abandon  all  right  of  enforcing  debts  contracted 
by  oath  or  promi.se. 

XV.  Causes  between  laymen  and  ecclesiastics  to  be  determined  by 
a  jury. 

XVI.  Appeals  to  be  ultimately  carried  to  the  king,  and  no  further 
without  his  consent. 

Clarendon  Pre§§,  Oxford,  Engl.  The  building  was 
erected  by  sir  John  Vanbrugh,  in  1711-13,  out  of  the  copy- 
right of  lord  Clarendon's  "  History  of  the  Rebellion,"  given  to 
the  university  by  his  son.  The  original  building  was  con- 
verted into  a  museum,  lecture-rooms,  etc.,  and  a  new  printing- 
office  erected  by  Blore  &  Robertson,  1825-30. 

clarion,  said  by  Spanish  writers  to  have  been  invented 
by  the  Moors  in  Spain,  about  800  ;  at  first  a  trumpet,  serving 
as  a  treble  to  trumpets  sounding  tenor  and  bass. — A  she. 

clarionet  or  clarinet,  a  wind-instrument  of  the 
reed  kind,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Johann  Christoph 
Denner,  in  Nuremberg,  about  1690. 

Cla8§i§,  a  name  first  used  by  Tullius  Servius  (6th 
king)  for  a  division  of  the  Roman  people,  573  B.C.  The  first 
of  the  6  classes  were  called  dassici,  by  way  of  eminence,  and 
hence  authors  of  the  first  rank  (especially  Greek  and  Latin) 
came  to  be  called  classics. 

Clav'icliord,  a  keyed  stringed  musical  instrument  of 
various  forms,  in  use  in  France,  Spain,  and  Germany,  in  the 
16th  and  17th  centuries.     Piano,  Spinet,  Virginals. 

Clavicyttie'rium,  an  upright  musical  instrument, 
probably  like  the  harpsichord  of  the  16th  century. 

Clearin^-llOU§e.  The  Chambre  de  Compensation 
de  Lyon  as  reorganized  in  1667,  it  is  claimed,  was  similar  to  the 
modern  clearing-house.  The  London  Bankers'  clearing-house 
was  instituted  previous  to  1773;  the  building  in  Lombard  street, 
since  known  as  the  clearing-house,  was  opened  in  1810.  Joint 
stock-brokers  were  admitted  in  1854,  and  country  check  clear- 


ing was  begun  in  1858.  The  Bank  of  England  entered  in  1864, 
but  only  clears  against  the  other  banks.  The  association 
consists  of  27  banks.  The  records  show  as  the  amount  of 
clearings  for  various  vears  as  follows :  1839, 954,000,000^. ;  1868, 
3,425,000,000/.;  1874,  5,937,000,000/.;  1881,6,357,000,000/.; 
1888,6,942,000,000/.;  1890,  7,801,000,000/.  There  are  now 
clearing-houses  in  most  of  the  large  towns  of  England.  The 
London  railway  clearing-house  was  organized  in  1842,  and  the 
Stock  Exchange  clearing-house  in  1874.  La  Chambre  de 
Compensation  des  Banquiers  de  Paris  was  formed  Mch.  1872; 
the  clearing-house  in  Vienna  in  1864,  and  in  Berlin  in  1883. 
The  first  clearing-house  in  the  United  States  was  started  in 
New  York  city,  11  Oct.  1853.  The  membership  of  the  New 
York  Clearing-house  Association,  in  1892,  comprised  46  national 
banks,  18  state  banks,  and  the  sub-treasury  of  the  U.  S.  at 
New  York.  The  total  clearing-house  transactions  in  the  57 
associations  existing  in  the  U.  S.  for  the  year  ending  30  Sept. 
1892,  was  $61,017,839,067,  an  increase  over  the  corresponding 
year  ending  30  Sept.  1891,  of  $3,836,491,783,  and  this  volume 
of  bu.siness  was  accomplished  with  the  use  of  only  about  8  per 
cent,  in  currency  or  money.  Of  the  57  associations  in  the  U.  S., 
those  showing  transactions  amounting  to  over  $1,000,000,000 
in  1892  are  as  follows :  New  York,  $36,279,905,236 ;  Bo.s- 
ton,  $4,901,096,976  ;  Chicago,  $4,959,861,142  ;  Philadelphia, 
$3,671,149,047;  St.  Louis,  $1,211,370,719. 
A  Stock  clearing-house  association  was  organized  in  the  city  of 
New  York 17  May,  1892 

ClementinCi,  apocryphal  pieces,  attributed  to  Cle- 
mens Romanus,  a  contemporary  of  St.  Paul,  and  said  to  have 
succeeded  St.  Peter  as  bishop  of  Rome.  He  died  102. — Niceron. 
Also  the  decretals  of  pope  Clement  V.,  who  died  1314,  published 
by  his  successor. — Bowyer.  AlsoAugustin  monks,  each  of  whom, 
having  been  a  superior  9  years,  became  a  common  monk. — 
Clementines  were  the  adherents  of  Robert,  son  of  the  count  of 
Geneva,  who,  as  Clement  VH.  succeeded  Gregory  XL,  1378; 
and  Urbaiiists,  those  of  pope  Urban  VL  Christendom  was 
divided,  France,  Castile,  Scotland,  etc.,  adhering  to  Clement; 
Rome,  Italy,  and  England  to  Urban.  The  schism  ended  in 
1409,  when  Alexander  V.  was  elected  pope,  and  his  rivals  re- 
signed.    Anti-pope. 

Cleopatra's  BiTeedle.    Obklisks. 

clergy  (from  the  Gr.  KXrjpog,  a  lot  or  inheritance),  in  tl 
first  century  termed  presbyters,  elders,  or  bishops  and  deacons." 
The  bishops  (sTriaKOTroi  or  overseers),  elected  from  the  pres- 
byters, assumed  higher  functions  about  330,  and,  under  Con- 
stantine,  obtained  the  recognition  and  protection  of  tlie  secular 
power.     Under  the  Lombard  and  Norman-French  kings  in  the 
7th  and  8th  centuries,  the  clergy  acquired  temporal  power  as 
owners  of  lands ;  and  after  monachism  arose,  regular  clergy, 
who  lived  apart  from  the  world,  by  a  regula,  or  rule,  were  dis- 
tinguished from  secular  (worldly)  or  beneficed  clergy.     The 
English  clergy  write  clerk  after  their  names  in  legal  docu- 
ments.    Bishops,  Church  of  England. 
Clergy  were  first  styled  clerks,  judges  being  chosen  from  them  after 
the  Norman  custom,  and  the  officers  being  clergy  ;  they  keep  the 
name  to  this  day. — Blackstone. 
As  the  Druids  kept  the  keys  of  religion  and  of  letters,  so  did  tlie 
priests  keep  both  to  themselves  ;  they  alone  profess  letters,  and  a 
man   of  letters  was  called  a  clerk;   hence  learning  was  called 
clerkship.  — Pasquier. 
Benefit  of  clergy,  privilegium  clericale,  arose  in  regard  of  princes 
to  the  church,  aud  consisted  of:  1st,  an  exemption  of  places  con- 
secrated from   criminal  arrests,  as  sanctuaries  ;   2d,  exemption 
of  persons  of  clergymen  from  criminal  process  before  the  secular 
judge,  in  particular  cases — the  original  meaning  of  the  priiu- 
legium  clericale.  The  benefit  of  clergy  was  afterwards  extended  to 
every  one  who  could  read  ;  and  it  was  enacted  that  if  any  man 
who  could  read  were  condemned  to  death,  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
might  claim  him  as  a  clerk,  and  dispose  of  him  in  certain  places 
as  he  might  deem  meet.     The  ordinary  gave  the  prisoner  a  I^atin 
book,  in  a  black  Gothic  character,  to  read  a  verse  or  two;  and  if 
the  ordinary  said,  '^ Legit  ut  clericus  "  ("  He  reads  like  a  clerk  "), 
the  offender  was  burned  in  the  hand;    otherwise   he  suffered 
death  (3  Edw.  I.  1274). 
Privilege  was  restricted  by  Henry  VII.  in  1489,  and  abolished,  for 

murderers  and  great  criminals,  by  Henry  VIII.,  1512.— Stow. 
Reading  was  discontinued,  5  Anne,  c.  6  (1706). 
Benefit  of  clergy  was  repealed,  7  and  8  Geo.  IV.  c.  28  (1827). 

CLERGY  CHARITIES  IN  ENGLAND. 

William  Assheton,  theological  writer,  first  proposed  a  plan  to  pro- 
vide for  families  of  deceased  clergy.  He  died  Sept.  lin.—WcUts^s 
"  Life  of  Assheton." 

Festival  of  "  Sons  of  the  Clergy,"  held  annually  at  St.  Paul's,  insti- 


I 


CLE  179 

tuted  about  1655;  from  it  sprang  the  charity  called  "  Sons  of  the 
Clergy  "  (Clergy  Orphan  and  Widow  Corporation),  incorporated 
1  July,  1678. 

Clergy  Orphan  Corporation,  1749. 

Friend  of  the  Clergy  Corporation,  1849. 

St.  John's  Foundation  School  for  Sons  of  Poor  Clergy,  1852. 

Poor  Clergy  Relief  Corporation,  established  1856;  incorporated  1867. 

There  are  other  charities  for  relatives  of  t^e  clergy. 

Clergy  excluded  from  Parliament,  1801. 

A  bill  to  repeal  this  lost  in  the  commons  (110-101),  11  May,  1881. 

Clerkenwell,  a  parish,  N.E.  London,  from  a  well 
(^fons  clericoruni)  in  Kay  street,  where  parish  clerks  occasion- 
ally acted  mystery-plays;  once  before  Richard  II.  in  1390. 
Hunt's  political  meetings  in  1817  were  held  in  Spa-fields  in 
this  parish.  In  St.  John's  parish  are  remains  of  the  priory  of 
the  knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  Clerkenwell  prison  was 
built  in  1615,  in  lieu  of  that  called  "  the  Cage,"  taken  down  in 
1614,  the  then  Bridewell  being  insufficient.  The  House  of 
Detention,  erected  in  1775,  was  rebuilt  in  1818 ;  again,  1844. 
For  an  explosion  here,  Fenians,  Dec.  1867.  At  Clerkenwell- 
close  stood  the  house  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  where  some  suppose 
the  death-warrant  of  Charles  I.  was  signed,  Jan.  1649. 

Clermont,  a  town  of  France.  Here  was  held  the  council 
under  pope  Urban  II.  in  1095,  which  approved  the  first  crusade 
against  the  infidels,  and  named  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  to  com- 
mand it.  In  this  council  the  name  pope,  previously  assumed 
by  other  bishops,  is  said  to  have  been  limited  to  the  bishop  of 
Home;  and  Philip  I.  of  France  was  (a  second  time)  excom- 
municated.—^«rtttM^<. 

Cleveland,  the  most  important  port  of  Ohio,  on  lake 
Erie,  was  named  after  gen.  Moses  Cleaveland,  director  of  the 
Connecticut  Land  Company,  who  arrived  at  the  present  site 
of  Cleveland,  22  July,  1796,  and  began  the  settlement  at  the 
mouth  of  Cuyahoga  river.  In  1800  the  population  was  only 
7;  in  1810  it  was  57;  1820,  150;  1830,  1075;  1840,  6071 ;  1850, 
17,034.  In  1854,  Ohio  City,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river, 
was  united  with  Cleveland,  and  in  1860  the  population  of  the 
united  cities  was  4.8,838  ;  in  1870,92,829;  1880,  159,404;  and 
1890,  261,353.  By  this  census  the  2d  city  in  the  State  and 
the  10th  of  the  U.  S.  in  point  of  population.  In  1890  the  city 
covered  an  area  of  26^  sq.  miles.   Lat.  41°  36'  N.,  Ion.  81°  38'  W, 

Meeting  of  fontiac  with  maj.  Rogers  and  his  rangers  occurs  at 

the  mouth  of  Cuyahoga  river,  the  present  site  of  Cleveland 

(Parkman) 7  Nov.  1760 

Gen.  Moses  Cleaveland  and  party  arrive 22  July,  1796 

Sirrveys  begun,  1(5  Sept.,  and  first  plat  of  the  city  of  Cleveland 

made  by  Amos  Spaflbrd 1  Oct.     " 

Storehouse  for  the  Connecticut  Land  Company  erected  a  short 

distance  south  of  St.  Clair  St.,  and  a  cabin  built  on  the  east 

side  of  Bank  St.,  for  Job  P.  Stiles,  who  was  left  in  charge  of 

the  company's  stores fall  of     " 

First  white  child  in  Cuyahoga  county  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

Stiles 

Second  surveying  party  arrives,  1797  ;  one  of  the  party,  David 

Eldridge,  drowned  the  day  previous  to  their  arrival,  and 

buried  in  the  cemetery  lot  cor.  Ontario  and  Prospect  sts., 

4  June, 

Edward  Paine  opens  a  general  store 

W.  W.  Williams  and  maj.  Wyatt  build  a  grist-mill  at  Newburg.. 

Miss  Sarah  Doan  opens  a  township  school 

Celebration  ball  held  at  maj.  Carter's  double  log-house.. 4  July,  1801 
City  re-surveyed  by  maj.  Amos  Spafford,  and  corners  of  the 

streets  marked  by  oak  posts " 

Elisha  Norton  opens  a  store  in  Carter's  house  under  the  hill, 

near  the  west  end  of  Superior  st " 

First  town  meeting  held  at  the  house  of  James  Kingsbury ;  Ro- 

dolphus  Edwards  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees. .  .5  Apr.  1802 
First  permanent  frame  house  built  by  Amos  Spallord,  near  west 

end  of  Superior  St.,  on  south  side,  1802.     A  house  erected  by 

maj.  Carter  previously  was  burned  before  completion " 

Mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  made  a  port  of  entry 1805 

First  postmaster,  Elisha  Norton,  appointed 2  Oct.     " 

A   30  ton  schooner,    the    Zephyr,    built  by   maj.  Carter  and 

launched  at  the  foot  of  Superior  st 1808 

Cleveland  chosen  as  the  seat  of  justice  for  Cuyahoga  county. . .  1809 
Alfred  Kelly,  the  first  lawyer,  and  David  Long,  the  first  doctor 

in  Cleveland,  arrive 1810 

Maj.  Carter  erects  the  first  warehouse,  a  log  structure,  on  the 

lake  shore,  near  the  junction  ot  Meadow  and  Spring  sts " 

Elias  and  Harvey  Murray,  first  regular  merchants,  open  a  store 

on  Water  st ; " 

Court  of  common  pleas  holds  its  first  session  in  the  store  of  E. 

and  H.  Murray 5  June,      " 

The  Ohio,  a  vessel  of  60  tons,  built  and  launched " 

A  court-house  which  served  also  as  country  jail  and  residence 

erected  on  the  public  square  (it  stood  till  1828) 1812 

Omic,  an  Indian,  fot  murder  of  2  trappers,  Buel  and  Gibbs, 

near  Sandusky,  is  hung  on  the  public  square 24  June,      " 

Village  of  Cleveland  incorporated  by  charter  dated 23  Dec.  1814 

First  village  election;  Alfred  Kelly  chosen  president June,  1815 


1797 


1799 
1800 


CLE 

Total  assessed  value  of  real  estate  in  Cleveland,  $21,065 

Commercial  Bank  of  Lake  Erie  opened ;  Leonard  Case,  president, 

First  frame  warehouse  built  by  Leonard  Case  and  capt.  William 

.   Gaylord  a  little  north  of  St.  Clair  st.  on  the  river about 

Euclid  St.  laid  out 

First  school-house,  a  1-story  frame,  owned  by  the  corporation, 
erected  cor.  Bank  and  St.  Clair  sts 

First  religious  organization,  holding  services  in  private  resi- 
dences, organized,  with  rev.  Roger  Searls  (Episcopal)  as  pastor, 
I  First  number  of  the  first  newspaper,  the  Cleveland  Gazette  and 
I       Commercial  Record,  issued  by  Andrew  Logan. 31  July, 

First  steamboat  on  lake  Erie,  the  Walk-in-the-Water,  enters 
the  harbor,  from  Bulfalo,  N.  Y i  Sept. 

Cleveland  Herald  first  issued  by  Ziba  Wiles 

,  Joseph  Barber  erects  a  cabin  in  Brooklyn 

First  stage  coach  line  between  Cleveland  and  Columbus  estab- 
j       lished,  1820.  and  between  Cleveland  and  Bufialo,  N.  Y 

Ohio  canal  opened  to  Akron 

Coal  first  used  for  fuel 

j  New  court-house  erected  on  southwest  quarter  of  the  square, 
a  2-story  brick ^ 

Improvement  of  harbor  begun 

Old  Trinity  church,  cor,  St.  Clair  and  Seneca  sts.,  built 

Market  house  established 

First  fire-engine  purchased 

Prospect  St.  laid  out 

First  iron- works,  a  foundery,  erected  by  John  Ballard  &  Co. . . 

Brooklyn  '"boom"  begins;  Massasoit  house  erected,  ship-canal 
built,  etc 

New  jail  built  on  Champlain  St. ,  in  rear  of  court  house 

Presbyterian  society  organized,  1820, and  build  their  first  church, 
the  "'Stone  church,"  cor.  Ontario  St.  and  the  square 

First  Catholic  church  built,  a  frame  structure,  ouColumbus  St., 

Village  of  Brooklyn  incorporated  as  Ohio  City 3  Mch. 

Cleveland  incorporated  as  a  city 5  Mch. 

John  W.  Willey  elected  first  mayor,  and  first  meeting  of  city 
council 15  Apr. 

Public-school  system  adopted 

Fire  department  organized ;  Henry  Cook,  chief 

"City  Watch "  established 

Baptist  society  (organized  1832)  erect  a  church  cor.  Champlain 
and  Seneca  sts 

Columbus  St.  bridge  war,  1837;  James  S.  Clark  builds  a  bridge 
over  the  river,  and  gives  it  to  the  city;  Ohio  City  people 
object  and  attempt  to  destroy  the  bridge ;  they  are  met  by 
residents  of  Cleveland  with  fire-arms  and  force;  the  matter 
is  finally  settled  in  court 

St.  Clair  St.  academy  purchased  for  $(5000 

[Site  afterwards  occupied  as  fire  department  headquarters.] 

Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  canal  opened  to  Pittsburg 

Cleveland  Plain  Dealer  established 

Cuyahoga  Steam  Furnace  Company  organized,  1835;  builds  the 
first  locomotive  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains 

State  bank  of  Ohio  created  by  act  of  legislature,  and  Commer- 
cial, Merchants',  and  City  banks  organized 

Lake  Erie  Telegraph  Company  file  the  first  request  to  erect 
poles  and  wires  in  the  streets 

Cleveland  Leader  established 

Wedell  house  erected 

Case  library  founded 

Cleveland  Gas-light  and  Coke  Company,  incorporated,  6  Feb. 
1846;  lays  its  first  pipes  in  Superior  and  other  streets 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association  organized 

Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati  railroad  opened  to  Colum- 


1816 

1817 

1818 
1819 


1821 
1827 


1829 
1831 


1834 
1835 
1836 


bus. 


Cleveland,  Painesville,  and  Ashtabula  railroad  chartered,  1849; 
opened 20  Nov. 

Cleveland,  Norwalk,   and    Toledo    railroad    chartered,  1850; 

opened 24  Jan. 

[Completing  line  between  New  York  and  Chicago.] 

Cleveland  and  Ohio  City  united 6  June, 

Government  buildings,  post-office,  etc.,  erected 

Kennard  house  erected 

Waterworks  begun,  1849,  and  water  first  supplied 10  Sept. 

Cleveland  Rolling  Mills  Company  founded  by  Henry  Chisholra, 

Third  court-house  erected 

Central  high-school  building  erected  on  Euclid  ave.,  near 
Erie  st 

Board  of  Education  created 

First  line  of  street-cars  on  Woodland  ave.  starts 10  Sept. 

Statue  of  commodore  Perry  unveiled.  Public  sq.,  Superior  st., 
on  the  47th  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  lake  Erie 10  Sept. 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  organized 

Bessemer  steel  first  made  at  the  Cleveland  rolling  mills 

Standard  Oil  Company  founded 

Cleveland  public  library  founded 

First  iron  vessel  on  the  lakes  launched  from  Blaisdell's  shipyard, 

Cleveland  Evening  News  and  Herald  established 

Lake  View  cemetery  established 

Village  of  East  Cleveland  annexed 14  Oct. 

Lake  View  park  purchased  and  improved 

Newburg  annexed  as  the  18th  ward 16  Sept. 

Waterworks  tunnel, under  lake  Erie,  begun,  1869;  completed, Oct. 

Cleveland  training  school  opened 

Harbor  improvement  begun 

Iron  and  stone  viaduct,  connecting  east  and  west  sides,  com- 
pleted  

Cleveland  Press  established 

High-school  on  AVilson  ave.  first  occupied,  and  old  high  school 
on  Euclid  ave.  given  to  Board  of  Education  and  public  library. 

South  Side  park  purchased 


1837 
1839 

1841 

1842 
1845 

1847 
1848 

1849 
1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854 
1856 


1807 
1868 


1870 
1872 
1873 


1874 
1875 


1878 


1879 


CLE 


180 


OLO 


OMe  School  of  Applied  Science,  chartered,  1800;  opened 1881 

Western  ReBerve  college  removes  from  Hudson  to  Cleveland, 

and  re-named  Adelberl  college  (Ohio) 1882 

Electric  car  begins  regular  lrii)8  over  the  East  Cleveland  at. 

railway ;  the  first  in  regular  oiwrution  in  the  U.  S. .  .27  July,  1884 
Case  School  of  Applied  Science  and  Adelbort  College  building 

erected 1885-86 

City  treasurer  Thomas  Axworthy  embezzles  half  a  million 

dollars  of  city  funds 1888 

Contract  for  new  waterworks  tunnel  let 24  Mch.     " 

Clevolaud  Daily  World  established 1889 

(iarUeld  Memorial  dedicated  at  Lake  View  cemetery. .  .30  May,  1800 


MAYORS. 


John  W.  WiUey 1836-38 

Joshua  Mills 1838-40 

Nicholas  Dockstader. , . .  1840-41 

John  W.Allen 1841-42 

Joshua  Mills 1842-43 

Nolson  Hay  ward 1843-44 

Samuel  Starkweather...  1844-46 

George  Hoadlv 1846-47 

Josiiih  A  Harris 1847-48 

lA)reiizo  A.  Kelsey 1848-49 

Flavel  W.  Bingham 1849-60 

William  Case 1860-62 

Abner  C.  Brownell 1862-66 

William  B.  Castle 1856-67 

Samuel  Starkweather...  1857-69 


Edward  S.  Flint 1861-( 

Irvine  W.  Master) 
George  B.  Seuter  J  '  * 

Herman  M.  Chapin 1866-67 

Stephen  Buhror 1867-71 

Frederick  W.  Pelton...  1871-73 

Charles  A.  Otis 1873-75 

Nathan  P.  Payne 1875-77 

William  G.  Rose 1877-79 

R.  R.  Herrick 1879-83 

John  H.  Farley 1883-85 

George  W.  Gardner 1885-87 

B.  D.  Babcock 1887-89 

George  W.  Gardner....  1889-91 

William  G.  Rose 1891-93 

Robert  Blee 1893-95 


Qeorge  B.  Seuter 1859-61 

Cleveland's  administration.  United 
States,  1885-89,  1893-97. 

Cleves,  a  town  of  Germany  about  40  miles  north  of 
Dlisseldorf  and  the  birth-place  of  Anne  of  Cleves,  one  of  the 
wives  of  Henry  the  VIII.  of  England.  Rutger,  count  of 
Cleves,  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  11th  century.  Adolphus, 
count  of  Mark,  was  made  duke  of  Cleves  by  emperor  Sigis- 
mund,  1417.  John  William,  duke  of  Cleves,  Berg,  Juliers,  etc., 
died  without  i.ssue,  25  Mch.  1609,  which  led  to  a  war  of  succes- 
sion. Cleves  was  assigned  to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg  in 
1666 ;  seized  by  the  French  in  1757  ;  restored  at  peace  in  1763, 
and  now  belongs  to  Prussia. 

Clifton  suspension  bridge,  over  the  Avon. 
BRinuES. 

ellmaeteric,  the  term  applied  to  any  j'car  of  life  (a 
multiple  of  7  or  9),  when  great  changes  in  the  health  and  con- 
stitution are  supposed  to  occur.  Cotgrave  says,  ^' Every  7th 
or  9th  or  63d  year  of  a  man's  life  all  very  dangerous,  but  the 
last  most."  The  grand  climacteric  is  63.  Hippocrates  is  said 
to  have  referred  to  these  periods,  383  b.c. 

elimate.     Meteorology,  Temperature. 

Clinton  and  montg^oinery,  forts  (about  6  miles 
below  West  Point,  on  the  Hudson),  Surrender  of.  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  wishing  to  make  a  diversion  in  favor  of  gen.  Burgoyne, 
who  was  hard  pressed  by  gen.  Gates,  advanced  up  the  Hudson 
on  4  Oct.  1777,  with  about  3000  men,  and  deceiving  gen.  Put- 
nam as  to  his  purpose,  took  these  forts,  feebly  garrisoned,  before 
they  could  be  reinforced.  They  were  commanded  by  gens. 
James  and  George  Clinton,  who  escaped  in  the  darkness  with 
about  200  men.     American  loss,  300 ;  British,  140. 

Clio,  the  muse  of  history.  The  letters  C.  L.  I.  O.,  in 
consecutive  order,  were  signed  to  the  best  papers  of  Addison, 
in  the  London  Spectator,  in  1713. — Cibber. 

Cloaea  Maxima,  one  of  the  ancient  sewers  of  Rome, 
still  in  existence,  said  by  Livy  to  have  been  constructed  by 
Tarquinius  Priscus  (assassinated,  578  b.c.)  and  Tarquinius  Su- 
perbus.  It  was  originally  12  ft.  4  in.  high,  and  10  ft.  8  in. 
wide,  but  one  third  is  now  choked  with  mud.  It  was  intended 
as  a  sewer  and  drain  for  the  marsh  of  the  Velabrum,  and  the 
land  springs  of  the  Forum.  It  extends  from  near  the  church 
of  S.  Giorgio,  where  it  is  fed  by  7  cloacae,  to  the  Tiber,  near 
the  Ponte  Rot  to. 

Cloclc.  The  clepsydra,  or  water-clock,  was  introduced 
at  Rome  about  158  b.c.  by  Scipio  Nasica.  Toothed  wheels 
were  placed  in  it  by  Ctesibius,  about  140  b.c.  The  only 
clock  then  known  was  sent  by  pope  Paul  I.  to  Pepin,  king  of 
France,  760  a.d.  Pacificus,  archdeacon  of  Genoa,  invented 
one  in  the  9th  century.  Originally  the  wheels  were  3  ft.  in 
diameter.  The  earliest  complete  clock  of  which  there  is  certain 
record  was  made  by  a  Saracen  mechanic  in  the  13th  century. 

Escapement  ascribed  to  Gerbert 1000 

A  clock  placed  in  the  old  palace  yard,  London,  that  remained 

until  the  16th  century 1288 


A  great  clock  put  up  at  Canterbury  cathedral,  cost  30i r292 

One  made  by  Richard,  abbot  of  St.  Alban's about  1326 

John  Viscouti  sets  up  a  clock  at  Genoa 1353 

One  put  up  at  Bologna 1356 

A  striking  clock  in  Westminster 1368 

A  iwrfoct  one  made  at  Paris  by  Vick 1370 

A  clock  placed  on  the  Strasburg  cathedral,  1370;  greatly  im- 
proved by  Conradus  Dasypodus  (Strasburg) ' 1571 

First  portable  one  made 1530 

First  accurate  clock  in  England  at  Hampton  Court  (maker's 

initials,  N.  O.) 1540 

" like  a  German  clock, 

Still  a- repairing;  ever  out  of  frame; 
And  never  going  aright." 

— Shakespeare^  " Love's  Labor's  Lost,"  1698 
Pendulum  in  clocks  ascribed  to  the  younger  Galileo,  1639;  and 
Ricliard  Harris  (who  erected  a  clock  at  St.  Paul's,  Covent 

Garden,  Loudon) i64l 

Christian  Huyghens  said  he  made  his  pendulum  clock  previ- 
ous to 1658 

Fromantil,  a  Dutchman,  improved  the  pendulum about  1659 

Repeating  clocks  and  watches  invented  by  Barlow about  167() 

Spiral  pendulum  spring  invented  by  Robert  Hooke,  about  1658; 

cylinder  and  e.sciipement,  by  Thomas  Tompion 169,') 

Dead-beat  and  horizontal  escapements,  by  Graham,  about  1700; 

compensating  pendulum . 1715 

A  spiral  balance  spring  suggested,  and  the  duplex  escapement 
invented,  by  Dr.  Hooke;  pivot-holes  jewelled  by  P'acio;  de- 
tached escapement  invented  by  Mudge  and  improved  by 
Berthould,  Arnold,  Earnshaw,  and  others  in  the  18th  century. 

Harrison's  time-piece  constructed 1735 

First  illuminated  church  clock,  St.  Bride's,  London 2  Dec.  1826 

Horological  institute  established 1858 

Great  Westminster  clock  set  up 30  May,  1859 

Barraudand  Lund's  electric  synchronizing  clocks;  city  of  Lon- 
don circuit  of  108  clocks Nov.  1878 

Victor  Popp  of  Vienna  applies  compressed  air  as  a  motive 

power  to  clocks;  announced Mch.  1881 

One  of  the  earliest  clock-makers  in  the  U.  S.  was  William  Tenny, 
who  made  brass  clocks  at  "  Nine  Partners,"  Dutchess  county, 
N.  Y.,  about  1790;  Eli  Terry  began  to  make  wooden  clocks 
about  the  same  time,  and  in  1802  to  make  them  by  machinery 
with  water-power,  at  Plymouth,  Conn.,  and  in  1816,  shelf  and 
mantel  clocks,  selling  for  $2  and  upwards.  Electricity, 
Time,  Watches. 

ClOgher,  Ireland.  St.  Macartin,  a  disciple  of  St.  Pat- 
rick, fixed  a  bishopric  at  Clogher,  where  he  built  an  abbey 
"  in  the  street  before  the  royal  seat  of  the  kings  of  Ergal." 
He  died  in  506.  Clogher  is  named  from  a  golden  stone,  from 
which,  in  times  of  paganism,  the  devil  gave  juggling  answers, 
like  the  oracles  o{  Apollo  Pythius.—Sh-  James  Ware.  In  1041, 
the  cathedral  was  rebuilt,  and  dedicated  to  its  founder.  Clog- 
her merged,  on  the  death  of  its  last  prelate.  Dr.  Tottenham, 
into  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  Armagh,  by  the  act  of  1833. 

Clonfert,  Ireland.  St.  Brendan  founded  an  abbey  at 
Clonfert  in  558;  his  life  is  extant  in  jingling  monkish  metre 
in  the  Cottonian  librarj'  at  Westminster.  In  his  time  the 
cathedral,  famous  in  ancient  days  for  its  seven  altars,  was 
erected,  and  Colgan  makes  St.  Brendan  its  founder  and  first 
bishop ;  but  it  is  said  in  the  "  Ulster  Annals,"  under  the  year 
571,  "Maena,  bishop  of  Clonfert-Brenain,  went  to  rest."  Clon- 
fert is  Irish  for  a  "  wonderful  den,"  or  retirement.  In  1839 
the  see  merged  in  that  of  Killaloe. 

Clontarf,  near  Dublin,  site  of  a  battle,  Good  Friday, 
23  Apr.  1014,  between  Danes  and  Irish,  headed  by  Bryan 
Boroimhe,  monarch  of  Ireland,  who,  though  victorious,  was 
mortally  wounded ;  his  son  Murchard  also  fell,  with  many 
nobles ;  13,000  Danes  are  said  to  have  perished. 

Closterseven,  Hanover,  Convention  of,  8  Sept.  1757, 
between  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  3d  son  of  George  II.,  hardly 
pressed,  and  the  duke  of  Richelieu,  commanding  the  French ; 
by  it  38,000  Hanoverians  surrendered,  and  were  dispersed. 
The  treaty  was  disavowed  bj'^  the  king ;  the  duke  resigned  his 
commands,  and  the  convention  was  soon  broken. 

cloture,  in  6th  of  new  rules  of  British  Parliament  put 
forth,  9  Feb.  1881,  power  given  the  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  to  close  debate,  under  rules  adopted,  Nov.  1882. 
First  used  in  Parliament,  24  Feb.  1884.     Parliament. 

Cloud,  St.,  a  palace  near  Paris,  named  from  prince 
Clodoald,  or  Cloud,  who  became  a  monk  there  in  533,  after  the 
murder  of  his  brothers,  and  died  in  560.  In  the  present  pal- 
ace, built  in  the  16th  century,  Henry  II.  was  assassinated  by 
Clement,  2  Aug.  1589.  Long  the  property  of  the  dukes  of 
Orleans,  it  was  bought  by  Marie  Antoinette,  1785.  It  was  a 
favorite  residence  of  the  empress  Josephine,  of  Charles  X. 
and  his  family,  and  of  Napoleon  HI.  It  was  burned,  13  Oct. 
1870,  having  been  fired  upon  by  the  French. 


CLO 


181 


COA 


cloud-burst§.     Storms. 

ClOUd§  consist  of  minute  particles  of  water,  often  frozen, 
floating  in  the  air.  In  1803,  Mr.  Luke  Howard  published  a 
classification  of  clouds,  generally  adopted,  in  3  primary  forms — 
cirrus,  cumulus,  and  stratus;  3  compounds  of  these  forms  ;  and 
the  nimbus,  or  black  rain-clouds  (cumulo-cirro-stratus).  A 
new  edition  of  his  "  Essay  on  the  Clouds  "  appeared  1865. 

ClOVesllOO,  now  Cliff,  Kent,  Engl.  Here  was  held 
a  council  of  nobility  and  clergy  on  government  and  discipline 
of  the  church,  Sept.  747;  and  others,  800,  803,  822,  824. 

Cloy ne,  S.  Ireland,  a  bishopric,  founded  in  the  6th  century 
by  St.  Coleman,  in  1431  united  to  Cork,  and  so  continued  for 
200  years.    It  was  united  with  Cork  and  Ross,  1834.    Bishops. 

club-foot,  a  deformity  due  to  the  shortened  muscles. 
Lorenz,  in  1784,  cut  the  tendo  A  chillis,  to  relieve  it,  but  the 
cure  was  not  effectual  till  1831,  when  Strohraeyer,  of  Erlangen, 
cured  Dr.  Little  by  dividing  the  tendons  of  the  contracted 
muscles  with  a  very  thin  knife. 

cllll>§,  originally  a  few  persons  of  kindred  tastes  and  pur- 
suits, meeting  at  stated  times  for  social  intercourse.  The  club  at 
the  Mermaid  tavern,  London,  late  in  the  16th  century,  consisted 
of  Raleigh,  Shakespeare,  and  others.  Ben  Jonson  set  up  a  club 
at  the  Devil  tavern.  Addison,  Steele,  and  others,  frequently 
met  at  Button's  coffee-house,  as  described  in  the  Spectator. 
London  clubs,  often  of  from  300  to  1500  members,  have  many 
luxuriously  furnished  edifices  in  or  near  Pall  Mall.  The 
members  obtain  choice  yiands  and  wines  at  moderate  charges, 
and  many  clubs  possess  excellent  libraries,  particularly  the 
Athkn^um.  They  may  be  political,  literary,  scientific,  fine- 
arts,  business  or  commercial,  athletic,  etc.;  and  clubs  of  these 
classes  are  established  in  all  of  the  principal  citiee  of  the  United 
States  and  Europe.  Political  clubs  often  exert  great  influence 
in  public  affairs.  Cobden,  Jacobins,  etc.  The  oldest  club 
in  the  U.  S.  is  the  Wistar  club,  Philadelphia,  1833,  and  the 
next,  the  Union  club  of  New  York  city,  1836.  See  the  Record 
of  the  different  cities  of  the  U.  S. 

elut>§,  French.  The  first  arose  about  1782.  They 
were  mainly  political,  and  concerned  in  the  revolution.  The 
Club  Breton  became  the  celebrated  Club  des  Jacobins,  and  the 
Club  des  Cordeliers  comprised  Danton  and-  Camille  Desmou- 
lins.  From  these  two  came  the  Mountain  party,  which  over- 
threw the  Girondists  in  1793,  and  fell  in  1794.  The  clubs  dis- 
appeared with  the  Directory  in  1799.  Many  were  revived  in 
1848,  but  with  less  importance,  and  were  suppressed  by  de- 
crees, 22  June,  1849,  and  6  June,  1850. — Bouillet. 

ClUgny  or  Cluny,  abbey  of,  in  France,  formerly  mag- 
nificent, founded  by  Benedictines,  under  abbot  Bern,  about  910 ; 
sustained  afterwards  by  William,  duke  of  Berry  and  Aquitaine. 
Its  library,  one  of  the  richest  in  France,  was  greatly  injured 
when  the  abbey  was  sacked  by  the  Huguenots,  1562,  and  almost 
destroyed  by  the  revolutionists  in  1793.  English  foundations 
for  Cluniac  monks  were  instituted  soon  after. 

Clyde  and  Forth  \rall  was  built  by  Agricola,  84. 
Hadrian's  Wall.  The  Forth  and  Clyde  canal  was  commenced 
by  Mr.  Smeaton,  10  July,  1768,  and  was  opened  28  July,  1790. 
It  connects  the  seas  on  the  east  and  west  of  Scotland. 

CntdllM  (ni'dus),  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor.  Near  here  Conon 
the  Athenian  defeated  the  Lacedaemonian  fleet  under  Peisander, 
394  B.C. 

coach  (from  Sp.  coche).  Beckmann  states  that  Charles 
of  Anjou's  queen  entered  Naples  in  a  caretta  (about  1282). 
Under  Francis  I.  there  were  but  2  in  Paris:  one  the  queen's, 
the  other  that  of  Diana,  natural  daughter  of  Henry  II.  There 
were  but  3  in  Paris  in  1550 ;  and  Henry  lY.  had  one  without 
straps  or  springs.  John  de  Laval  de  Bois-Dauphin  set  up  a 
coach  to  carry  his  enormous  bulk.  The  first  coach  in  England 
was  about  1553.  Others  were  introduced  by  Fitz-Alan,  earl 
of  Arundel,  in  IbSQ.—Stow.  A  law  in  England  forbade  riding 
in  coaches  as  effeminate,  43  Eliz.  1601.— Ca?-/e.  Repealed 
1625.  The  coach  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham  had  6  horses, 
that  of  the  earl  of  Northumberland  8, 1619.  The  English  coach- 
tax  commenced  in  1747.  Of  recent  years  there  has  been  a  re- 
vival especially  in  England  of  the  fashion  of  journeying  by 
coach ;  as  it  is  not  a  necessity,  and  more  expensive  than  by 
rail,  it  is  not  indulged  in  except  for  pleasure.     G.  Thrupp's 


"History  of  Coaches,"  pub.  1877.      Carriages,  Chariots^ 
Stage-coach KS,  etc. 

coal.  There  are  4  kinds  of  the  fossil  fuel  called  **  cole  " 
in  old  English,  now  known  as  coal :  anthracite,  bituminous, 
cannel  or  gas-coal,  and  lignite  or  brown  coal.  The  composition 
of  wood  is  about  49.1  carbon,  6.3  hydrogen,  44.6  oxygen ;  while 
the  best  anthracite  coal  contains  more  than  .90  of  carbon,  with 
about  .03  of  hydrogen  and  .025  of  oxygen.  "  Ic  is  plausibly 
contended  that  coal,  although  not  mentioned  by  the  Romans  in 
notices  of  Britain,  was  used  by  the  ancient  Britons." — Brandt. 
Henry  III.  is  said  to  have  granted  a  license  to  dig  coals  near 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne  in  1234 ;  some  say  earlier,  others  in  1239. 
Burning  sea-coal  was  prohibited  in  and  near  London,  as  "  prej- 
udicial to  human  health;"  and  even  smiths  were  obliged 
to  burn  wood,  1273. — Stow.  In  1306  the  gentrj'  petitioned 
against  coal.  Coal  was  first  made  an  article  of  trade  from 
Newcastle  to  London,  4  Rich.  II.  1381.  —  Rymer's  Foedera. 
Notwithstanding  many  previous  complaints  against  coal  as  a 
public  nuisance,  it  was  generally'  burned  in  London  in  1400; 
but  was  not  in  common  use  in  England  until  Charles  I.,  1625. 
Coal  was  brought  to  Dublin  from  Newry  in  1742.  Anzin  coal- 
mines, near  Valenciennes,  N.  France,  first  worked  24  June, 
1734 ;  output  in  1872,  2,200,000  tons.  Anthracite  coal,  mined 
chiefly  in  Pennsylvania,  was  first  used  as  fuel  by  two  Connecticut 
blacksmiths,  named  Gore,  in  1768-69 ;  firsj  used  as  domestic 
fuel  by  judge  Jesse  Fell,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  in  1808.  Penn- 
sylvania, 1791,  1812,  '20,  '21,  '22,  '39.  Except  the  diamond, 
anthracite  coal  is  the  purest  natural  carbon.  The  coal-fields 
of  Great  Britain  are  estimated  at  5400  sq.  miles ;  of  Durham 
and  Northumberland,  723  sq.  miles. — Bakewell. 

MINED  IN   GREAT  BRITAIN   AND   IRELAND. 

1861.  83,635,214  tons. 

1870.  110,431,192   "    Value,  27, 607, 798i. 

1879.   133,808,000    "    "      46,832,000?. 

1890.  181,614,288   "    "      74,953,997?. 

Women  were  prohibited  from  working  in  English  colleries 1842 

A  commission  (duke  of  Argyll,  sir  R.  1.  Murchison,  Dr.  John 
Percy,  prof.  Ramsay,  and  others)  appointed  to  investigate 
the  probable  quantity  of  coal  in  the  United  Kingdom,  etc., 
28  June,  1866,  reported,  27  July,  1871: 

Attainable  quantity  in  known  coal-fields. .  .90,207,000,000  tons. 

Probable  available  coal  in  other  places 56,273,000,000    " 

Total 146,480,000,000     " 

A  commission  to  inquire  into  causes  and  remedies  for  coal- 
mine explosions  appointed  (Messrs.  W.  Warington  Smyth, 
Tyndall,  F.  A.  Abel,  and  others) Feb.  1879 

Accidents. — About  1000  lives  are  lost  annually  by  accidents  in  mines 
(1856-76).  1877, 1208;  1878, 1413;  1879,  973;  1880, 1318;  1885. 1150; 
1890,1206;  1891,  1030. 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Anthracite  is  found  m\)stly  in  Pennsylvania,  while  the  bituminous 
is  widely  distributed.  Cannel  is  found  in  Pennsylvania,  Virginia, 
Kentucicy,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Missouri.  Lignite  in  Ver- 
mont and  west.  No  workable  coal  is  found  in  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  South'  Carolina,  Florida, 
Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Minnesota.  The  anthracite  coal-fields  of 
Pennsylvania  are  estimated  at  382  sq.  miles,  and  this  is  practically 
all  there  is  in  the  U.  S.  The  bituminous  coal-fields  are  estimated 
at  203,336  sq.  miles.  The  anthracite  output  in  Pennsylvania  from 
1820  to  1880  was  409,597,748  tons.    The  amount  of  coal  mined  was  : 

1869.  Anthracite,  Pa 13,866,180  tons 

Bituminous,  Pa.  and  other  states 17,211,814     " 

Total 31,077,994     " 

1876.  Anthracite,  Pa 21,436,667    " 

27,569,081     " 


Bituminous,  Pa.  and  other  states. 


Total 49,005,748  " 

188L  Anthracite,  Pa. 31,500,000  " 

Bituminous,  Pa 20,000,000  " 

"  other  states 28,405,000  " 

Total 79,905,000  " 

1889.  Anthracite,  Pa 45,544,970  '• 

Bituminous,  Pa 36,174,089  " 

"  other  states 59,011,229  " 

Total 140,730,288  " 

1890.  Anthracite,  Pa 46,468,641  " 

Bituminous,  Pa 42,302,173  " 

"  other  states 69,017,842  " 

Total 157,788,656  " 

coalUion§  against  France  mostly  promoted 

by  British  subsidies  of  other  powers.     Treaties. 

Austria,  Prussia,  and  Great  Britain 1793 

Great  Britain,  Germany,  Russia,  Naples,  Portugal,  and  Turkey. 

signed  22  June,  1799 

Great  Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Naples 5  Aug.  1805 

Great  Britain,  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Saxony 6  Oct.  1806 


COA 


182 


COF 


Qnul  BrtUin  and  Austria 6  Apr.  1809 

Russia  and  Prussia ;  treaty  nitilled  at  Kalisch 17  Mch.  1813 

cotiMt  Hiirvcy  of  the  United  States.    A 

complete  survey  upon  a  unifi)rm  system,  of  the  whole  coast 
was  first  proposed  by  the  late  prof.  Patterson  in  1806.  Its 
objects  were  the  astronomical  determination  of  prominent 
points,  triangulation  to  connect  those  points,  and  a  hydro- 
graphic  survey  based  upon  this  triangulation.  Mr.  (ialhitin, 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  encouraged  the  project,  and  con- 
sultfd  learned  men  as  to  the  best  methods.  He  adopted  the 
plaa*  of  Mr.  F.  R.  Ilassler,  first  superintendent  of  the  coast 
survey.  The  work  Avas  begun  in  1817,  on  a  small  scale; 
only  since  1832  has  it  been  actively  pressed.  While  the  gov- 
ernment neglected  it,  commerce  was  chiefly  indebted  to  the 
hytlrographers  Messrs.  Blunt  of  New  York  (father  and  son), 
for  charts,  etc  In  1844,  the  first  year  of  prof.  A.  D.  Bache's 
superintendence,  9  states  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  were 
reached  by  the  coast  survey;  in  1845,  13  states;  in  1846,  15; 
and  in  1847,  18  states.  It  has  since  been  extended  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  to  Alaska,  and  through  the  great  lakes,  under 
prof.  Benjamin  Peirce,  He  was  succeeded  by  capt.  Carlile  P. 
Patterson,  who  carried  the  work  into  the  interior,  and  it  is  now 
extending  across  the  continent.  The  present  superintendent, 
T.  C.  Mendenhall,  succeeded  prof.  J.  E.  Hilgard,  long  the 
general  manager,  1889.  Capt.  Patterson  died  in  1882,  and 
Hilgard  in  1891.  The  whole  work  is  under  the  control  of 
the  treasury  department,  while  a  superintendent  directs  all 
the  details,  governs  the  movement-s  of  parties,  and  controls 
the  expenditures. 

cobalt,  a  rare  mineral,  early  found  among  veins  of  ores, 
or  in  fissures  of  stone,  in  Cornwall  mines,  where  workmen  call 
it  mnndic— Hill.  It  was  classed  as  a  metal  by  Brandt  in 
1733. 

Cobden  club,  instituted  to  spread  and  apply  Cob- 
den's  principles ;  held  first  dinner,  London,  W.  E.  Gladstone 
in  the  chair,  21  July,  1866.  The  statue  of  Richard  Cobden, 
at  Camden  Town,  was  inaugurated,  27  June,  1868.  12  out  of 
14  cabinet  ministers  were  members,  July,  1880.  It  has  for 
honorary  members  several  American  economists  and  statesmen. 

coca,  a  powerful  medicinal  agent  found  in  the  Erythoxy- 
Inn  coca,  a  South  American  plant,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
chewed  by  the  people  of  South  America.  A  little  of  the  coca 
taken  internally  is  said  to  enable  one  to  endure  hard  labor 
without  food  for  6  or  7  days  and  nights.  The  poet  Cowley 
wrote  in  1700 : 

"  Our  Varicocha  first  this  coca  sent, 
Endowed  with  leaves  of  wondrous  jjourishment, 
Whose  juice  succ'd  in,  and  to  the  stomach  tak'n, 
Long  hunger  and  long  labor  can  sustain." 
Dr.  Mantegazza's  prize  essay  in  German  on  coca  was  published 
at  Vienna  in  1849. 

cocaine  (ko-ka-in),  a  powerful  anaesthetic  obtained 
from  the  coca  plant,  first  used  in  ophthalmic  and  other  surgical 
operations,  1884. 

Cocceian§  (cox-e'-ans),  a  small  sect  founded  by  John 
Cocceius  (d.  1665),  of  Bremen,  in  the  17th  century.  They  look 
for  a  visible  reign  of  Christ  on  earth,  after  conversion  of  the 
Jews  and  all  other  people  to  Christian  faith. 

Cocherel,  near  Evreux,  N.  W.  France.  Here  Bertrand 
du  Guesclin  defeated  the  king  of  Navarre,  and  took  prisoner 
the  captal  de  Buch,  16  May,  1364. 

Cochin,  India,  held  bv  the  Portuguese,  1503 ;  bv  the 
Dutch,  1663 ;  by  Hyder  Ali,  1776 ;  taken  by  the  British,  1796 ; 
ceded  to  them,  1814.     For  Cochin  China,  Annam. 

cochineal  insect  (Coccus  cacti),  deriving  its  scar- 
let color  from  feeding  on  a  certain  kind  of  cactus,  became 
known  to  the  Spaniards  soon  after  the  conquest  of  Mexico, 
in  1518.  Cochineal  was  brought  to  Europe  about  1523,  but 
was  not  known  in  Italy  in  1548,  althou|;h  the  art  of  dyeing 
1  hen  flourished  there.  In  1858,  it  was  cultivated  successfully 
in  Teneriffe,  the  vines  in  Europe  having  failed  through  dis- 
ease. 

Cock-lane  ghost.  In  1760-62,  great  excitement 
was  produced  in  London  by  unaccountable  noises  in  a  house 
occupied  by  William  Parsons,  No.  33  Cock  lane.     A  luminous 


figure,  resembling  a  deceased  lady  who  formerly  resided  in 
the  house,  was  said  to  have  been  seen.  The  duke  of  York, 
Mr.  Walpole,  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  and  many  others  visited 
the  house  and  investigated.  Imposition  was  detected,  and  the 
parents  of  the  medium  (a  girl  of  about  12)  were  condemned  to 
the  pillory  and  imprisonment,  10  July,  1762. 

cocoa  (ko-ko)  or  cacao  {ka-ka-o),  the  kernel  or  seed 
of  Theobrormi  cacao  (Linn.),  was  brought  to  England  soon  after 
the  discovery  of  Mexico,  where  it  is  an  article  of  diet.  From 
cocoa  is  produced  chocolate. 

cocoa-nut  palm  (Cocoa  HMC?/era,  Linn.)  supplies  the 
natives  of  Central  America  with  almost  all  they  need,  as  bread, 
water,  liquor,  vinegar,  milk,  oil,  honey,  sugar,  needles,  clothes, 
thread,  cups,  spoons,  basins,  baskets,  paper,  masts  for  ships, 
sails,  cordage,  covering  for  houses,  etc. — Ray.  In  Sept.  1829, 
Mr.  Soaraes  patented  a  mode  of  extracting  stearine  and  elaine 
from  cocoa-nut  oil. 

cod  (Mon-hua  vulgaris),  the  most  common  species  of 
anaranthine  fishes,  is  caught  in  immense  numbers  in  many 
parts  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  most  largely  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland,  and  about  the  outer  Hebrides.  The  Dutch, 
English,  and  French  engaged  in  this  fishery  before  1350, 

codes.  Laws.  Alfrenus  Varus,  the  civilian,  first  col- 
lected the  Roman  laws  about  66  b.c.  ;  and  Servius  Sulpicius, 
the  civilian,  codified  them  about  53  b.c.  The  Gregorian  and 
Hermoginian  codes  were  published  290  A.r>. ;  the  Theodosian 
code  commenced  by  order  of  Theodosius  II.  in  429,  and  pub- 
lished for  the  eastern  empire  in  438.  In  447  he  transmitted 
to  Valentinian  his  new  constitutions,  promulgated  as  the  law 
of  the  west  in  448.  The  code  of  the  emperor  Justinian  in  529 
— a  digest  from  it  made  in  533 ;  Basilica.  Alfred's  code,  a 
selection  from  existing  laws,  is  the  foundation  of  the  comraon- 
law  of  England,  887.  The  Code  Napoleon,  the  civil  code  of 
France,  was  promulgated  from  1803  to  1810.  The  emperor 
considered  it  his  most  enduring  monument.  It  was  prepared 
under  his  supervision  by  eminent  jurists,  from  400  earlier  sys- 
tems, and  has  been  adopted  by  other  countries. 
A  conference  of  jurists  and  publicists  to  consider  an  interna- 
tional code  at  Brussels July,  Aug.  1874 

codex.     Bible,  Manuscript. 

cod-liver  oil,  an  oil  obtained  mostly  from  the  liver 
of  the  cod,  and  recommended  as  a  remedy  for  chronic 
rheumatism  by  Dr.  Percival  in  1782,  and  for  diseases  of  the 
lungs  about  1833.  De  Jongh's  treatise  on  cod-liver  oil  was 
published  in  Latin,  1844 ;  in  English,  1849.  Great  improve- 
ment made  in  its  preparation  since  1853,  and  very  important 
discoveries  as  to  its  constituents,  1891. 

Coeur  de  Lion,  or  the  Lion-hearted,  a  surname  of 
Richard  I.  of  England,  on  account  of  his  courage,  about  1192 ; 
and  of  Louis  VIII.  of  France,  distinguished  in  crusades,  and  in 
wars  against  England,  about  1223. 

coffee,  seeds  of  the  tree  Coffea  araUca.  The  tree 
was  conveyed  from  Mocha,  in  Arabia,  to  Holland  about  1616, 
and  to  the  West  Indies  in  1726.  First  cultivated  at  Surinam 
by  the  Dutch,  1718.  The  culture  was  encouraged  in  the 
plantations  about  1732,  and  British  and  French  colonies  now 
grow  coffee  abundantly.  Its  use  as  a  beverage  is  traced  to 
the  Persians.  Not  known  to  the  Greeks  or  Romans.  It  came 
into  great  repute  in  Arabia  Felix,  about  1454 ;  and  passed  into 
Egypt  and  Syria,  and  thence  (in  1511)  to  Constantinople, 
where  a  coffee-house  was  opened,  1551.  M.  Thevenot,  the 
traveller,first  brought  it  to  France,  1662.— CAam&ers.  Cafeink. 
Coffee  brought  to  England  by  Nathaniel  Canopus,  a  Cretan,  who 
made  it  his  common   beverage   at   Baliol  college,  Oxford 

(Anderson) 1641 

First  coffee-house  in  England  kept  by  a  Jew,  named  Jacobs,  in    v 

Oxford 1680 

Mr.  Edwards,  a  Turkey  merchant,  brought  home  with  him 
Pasquet,  a  Greek  servant,  who  opened  the  first  coffee-house 

in  London,  George  yard,  Lombard  st 1652 

[Pasquet  afterwards  went  to  Holland,  and  opened  the  first 
house  in  that  country. — Anderson.] 
Rainbow  coffee  house,  Temple  Bar,  represented  as  a  nuisance. .  1657 
Coffee-houses  suppressed  by  proclamation,  1675;  the  order  re- 
voked on  petition  of  traders 1676 

Licenses  to  sell  coffee  abolished 1869 

Duty  on  coffee  reduced  in  England  to  \}4d.  the  pound  from  2  May,  1872 
U.  S.  duty  removed  from  coffee 6  June,     " 


i 


COF 


183 


COI 


Importations  of  coft'ee  into  U.  S.  for  1880  valued  at  $60,360,769;  for 
1891,  519,528,432  lbs.,  value,  $96,123,777;  1892,  640,210,788  lbs., 
value,  $128,041,930.  Total  production  in  the  world,  1889, 1,249,000,- 

•  000  lbs.,  of  which  Brazil  produced,  812,000,000  lbs. ;  other  parts  of 
America,  253,000,000  lbs. ;  East  Indies  and  Africa,  184,000,000  lbs. 

COffln§.  Athenian  heroes  were  buried  in  coffins  of 
cedar,  owing  to  its  aromatic  and  incorruptible  qualities.— T^m- 
cydides.  Coffins  of  nnarble  and  stone  were  used  by  the  Romans. 
Alexander  is  said  to  have  been  buried  in  one  of  gold ;  and 
glass  coffins  have  been  found  in  England. — Govyh.  The  ear- 
liest record  of  wooden  coffins  in  England  is  that  of  king  Arthur, 
an  entire  trunk  of  oak  hollowed,  542. — Asser.  Patent  coffins 
were  invented  in  1796;  air-tight  metallic  coffins  advertised  at 
Birmingham  in  1861. 

cohort,  a  division  of  the  Roman  army  consisting  of 
about  420  men,  with  300  cavalry,  divided  into  centuries.  It 
was  the  6th  part  of  a  legion.     Legion. 

coif.  The  coif  was  introduced  before  1259,  and  used  to 
hide  the  tonsure  of  renegade  clergymen,  who  acted  as  advo- 
cates in  the  secular  courts,  notwithstanding  their  prohibition 
by  canon. — Blackstone.  The  coif  was  at  first  a  thin  linen  cover 
gathered  in  the  form  of  a  skull  or  helmet,  the  material  after- 
wards changed  for  white  silk,  and  the  form  eventually  becom- 
ing a  black  patch  at  the  top  of  the  forensic  wig,  now  the  dis- 
tinguishing mark  in  England  of  the  sergeant-at-law. — Foss's 
"  Lives  of  the  Judges." 

Coimbra  was  made  capital  of  Portugal  by  Alfonso, 
the  first  king,  1139.  The  only  Portuguese  university  was 
transferred  from  Lisbon  to  Coimbra  in  1308 ;  finally  settled  in 
1527.  In  a  convent  here,  Alfonso  IV.  had  Inez  de  Castro, 
once  mistress  and  afterwards  wife  of  his  son  Pedro,  murdered 
in  1355. 

coin  and  COinag^C.  Homer  speaks  of  brass  money, 
1184  B.C.,  but  says  nothing  of  coined  money.  Herodotus 
tells  us  that  the  Lydians  first  coined  gold,  and  the  "  Parian 
Chronicle  "  (Arundelian  Marbles)  records  that  Pheidon  of 
Argos  first  coined  silver  in  ^gina  about  862  b.c.  The  most 
ancient  known  coins  bearing  the  name  of  a  prince  are  those 
of  Alexander  I.  of  Macedon,  500  to  about  460  b.c.  Very  little 
if  any  gold  is  supposed  to  have  been  coined  in  Athens  or 
Greece  proper  until  after  Alexander  the  Great,  356-23  b.c. 
The  Romans  coined  copper  or  bronze  under  Servius  TuUius, 
578-34  B.C.  Silver  first  coined  by  them,  269  b.c.,  and  gold 
about  206  b.c. — Dye^s  "  Coin  Encyclopaedia."  The  earliest  Ro- 
man coinage  was  that  of  the  republic.  The  imperial  coinage 
of  Rome  began  with  Augustus,  16  b.c,  and  lasted  to  the  fall 
of  the  western  empire,  476  a.d.  The  material  of  the  earliest 
coins  of  Lydia  was  a  compound  of  gold  and  silver.  When 
Caesar  landed  in  Britain,  55  b.c.,  coins  of  brass  and  iron  were 
found  in  use  among  the  natives.  There  is  no  absolute  proof 
that  the  Jews  coined  money  before  the  Maccabees,  139  b.c. 
The  earliest  coins  known  among  the  Anglo-Saxons  were  the 
sceattcB  of  silver,  and  the  sfycas  of  brass  or  copper — the  latter 
equal  to  about  one  half-farthing.  The  coins  of  Norway  begin 
with  the  pennies  of  Harold  Haardrada,slain  at  Stamford  Bridge, 
1066,  and  those  of  Denmark  with  Canute.  Russian  coinage  be- 
gan in  the  15th  century.  Copper,  Gold,  Silver,  and  coins 
under  their  names.  An  international  conference  upon  a  uni- 
versal system  of  coinage  met  in  Paris,  1867,  and  a  royal  com- 
mission was  appointed  in  London,  Feb.  1868.  At  present  the 
great  monetary  systems  of  (1)  France  and  her  allies,  (2)  Eng- 
land and  the  larger  part  of  her  colonies,  and  (3)  the  United 
States  are  firmly  established  in  their  several  countries ;  no  one 
of  them  is  likely  to  become  universal.  The  arguments  in  favor 
of  the  franc  are  its  perfect  decimal  divisions,  and  the  wide  area 
of  the  Latin  union ;  those  in  favor  of  the  British  unit  of  value, 
the  pound,  are  its  greater  value,  and  the  immense  extent  of 
the  English  colonies  and  trade ;  and  the  arguments  in  favor 
of  the  dollar  are  its  convenient  size,  and  the  prospective  growth 
of  the  U.  S.  The  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  France,  Germany, 
Spain,  Italy,  Belgium,  and  the  U.  S.,  contains  nine  tenths  of 
pure  metal,  that  of  Great  Britain  and  Russia  containing  eleven 
twelfths.  A  mint  was  established  at  Camulodunum  (Colchester) 
by  Cunobelinus(the  Cymbeline  of  Shakespeare),  about  the  time 
of  Augustus  Caesar.  The  coins  of  this  king  far  surpass  those  of 
other  early  British  kings,  both  in  workmanship  and  artistic 
design.—"  Diet,  of  National  Biog."  (English). 


coinage    in   ENGLAND. 

English  coins  made  sterling  (Penny,  Sterling) 1216 

First  English  gold  coin  on  certain  record  struck,  reign  of 

Henry  III 1275 

Edward  III.  introduced  a  regular  gold  currency,  first,  of  florins 
(name  of  the  gold  coin  of  Florence),  1337;  second,  of  gold  six- 
shilling  pieces,  and  nobles  of  six  shillings  eightpence;  also 

half  and  quarter  nobles  (Nobles) 1344 

Edward  IV.  coined  angels  with  the  figure  of  St.  Michael  and 

the  dragon,  the  original  of  St.  George  and  the  dragon 1465 

Pound  sovereign  first  minted  by  Henry  VII.,  1489;  shillings.  .1503-4 

Crowns  and  half-crowns  coined,  Edward  VI 1553 

Queen  Elizabeth  causes  the  base  coin  to  be  recalled  and  gen- 
uine issued 1560 

[In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  the  coins  of  England  attained 
their  highest  number,  Including  20  distinct  denominations.] 

Modern  milling  introduced 1631 

Guineas  (value  20s.),  2-guinea,  and  5-guinea  pieces  coined. .  .1663-64 
[The  sovereign,  first  called  the  broad  under  James  I.,  was 
valued  at  21  silver  shillings  under  Charles  II.,  and  as  the  gold 
then  came  mostly  from  Guinea,  this  coin  was  called  Guinea.] 

Half-pence  and  farthings  first  coined 1665 

Pennies,  half-pennies,  and  farthings  {copper)  coined 1672 

Quarter-guinea  coined,  George  1 1716 

Twopenny  copper  pieces  coined 1797 

Gold  7-shilling  pieces  authorized " 

George  III.  reintroduces  the  sovereign,  new  coinage,  St.  George 

and  dragon 1817 

[The  guinea  was  abandoned  save  as  money  of  account.] 

Fourpenny  pieces  (Groat)  coined 1836-56 

Half-farthings  first  coined,  1843;  silver  florin  (j,wo  shillings). .  1849 
Bronze  coinage  first  issued,  1860  ;   threepenny  pieces  first 

coined 1861 

St.  George  and  the  dragon  sovereigns  reissued 14  Jan.  1871 

Sale  of  Whittall's  great  collection  of  Greek  and  other  coins, 
1668  lots,  realized  about  $20,000 July,  1884 

COINAGE   IN   ENGLAND   FROM   1196   TO   1890  INCLUSIVE. 


Reii 


Henry  111 

Edward  I 

Edward  II 

Edward  III 

Richard  II 

Henry  IV 

Henry  V 

Henry  VI 

Edward  IV 

Henry  VII 

Henry  VIII 

Elizabeth 

James  I 

Charles  I 

Cromwell 

Charles  II 

James  II 

William  and  Mary. . 

Anne 

George  I 

(ieorge  II 

George  III 

George  IV 

William  IV 

Victoria  up  to  1890. 


£3,898 

38,603 

46,756 

85,701 

2,228 

314 

6,924 

404,677 

89,704 

138,280 

355,403 

6,359,583 

1,641,005 

8,776,544 

1,000,000 

3,722,180 

518,316 

7,093,074 

207,095 

233,045 

304,360 

6,827,818 

2,216,163 

1,111,298 

32,791,443 


£11,340 

3,988 

396 

19,746 

38,317 

230,760 

189,232 

292,916 

795,138 

3,666,390 

3,319,677 

154,512 

4,177,254 

2.113,639 

3,418,889 

2,484,531 

8,492,876 

11,662,216 

75,447,489 

36,147,701 

11,435,334 

323,807,622 

Total £561,884,375 


£3,898 
38,603 
46,756 
97,041 
6,216 
710 
26,670 
442,994 
320,464 
327,512 
648.319 
7, 154;  721 
5,307,395 
12,096,221 
1,154,512 
7,899,434 
2,631,955 
10,511,963 
2,691,626 
8,725,921 
11,966,576 
82,275,307 
38,363,864 
12,546,632 
J56,599,065 


Equal  to  $2,729,758,062. 


COIN  AND  COINAGE   IN    THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Earliest  coinage  for  America  (for  the  Virginia  company), 

about  1612-15 
[The  coin  was  used  in  the  Bermudas,  and  is  known  as  the 
"Hogge  money,"  a  hog  being  shown  on  it.     It  was  issued  in 
shillings  and  sixpences.     But  2  of  the  shillings  are  known 
to  exist,  and  but  1  sixpence.] 

General  court  of  Massachusetts  passes  an  act  establishing  at 
Boston  the  first  mint  in  the  U.  S,  27  May,  1652,  John  Hull, 
mint-master.  Denominations,  shilling,  sixpence,  and  three- 
pence. This  is  known  as  the  "Pine-tree  money."  Coining 
discontinued  on  the  death  of  the  mint-master 1  Oct.  1683 

Maryland  has  shillings,  sixpences,  and  pennies  coined  in  Eng- 
land for  her  use,  by  lord  Baltimore May,  1661 

William  Wood,  of  Wolverhampton,  Kngl,  obtains  a  monopoly 

for  coining  "tokens"  for  currency  in  America 1722 

[These  tokens  were  made  of  a  mixed  metal  resembling  brass. 
(It  was  also  coined  for  Ireland.)  This  is  known  as  the  "  Rosa 
Americana"  coinage  or  "Wood's  money,"  and  obtained 
quite  a  circulation  (Wood's  Half-pence).] 

Connecticut  had  in  circulation  a  private  or  unauthorized  coin- 
age, issued  by  John  Higley  of  Granby,  known  as  the  "Gran- 
by  "  or  Higley  token ^"^^"^ 

Copper  coin,  one  cent,  issued  by  Vermont 1785 

Copper  coined  in  New  Jersey  by  act  of  legislature 1  June,  1786 

A  law  of  Massachusetts  establishes  a  mint  to  coin  gold,  silver,     ^^ 

and  copper 16  Oct. 

[No  gold  or  silver  ever  coined  in  this  mint.] 

Coinage  discontinued 21  Jan.  1789 

Following  coins  were  decided  upon  by  Congress:  Gold:  eagle, 
half-eagle,  and  quarter-eagle.      Silver:   dollar,    half-dollar, 


'^% 


COI 

qiuurter  dullar,  dime,  and  half  dime.    Copper:  cent  and  half- 
cent  {Tahlk  or  V.  S.  CoiSAOK) ...  1786 

Firel  I'.  S.  iniul  eetablished '2  Apr.  1792 

FJret  U.  S.  coluago 1793 

No  gold  coincHl  iu  the  years 1816  and  1817 

No  minor  coinage  in  the  years 1816  and  18*23 

First  steam-power  press  in  the  V.  S.  mint 1836 

[Previous  to  this  the  mill  and  screw  were  used.] 
Rare  coins  of  the  U.  S.  are  the  double  eagles  of  the  issue  of . . . .  1849 
[But  one  is  known:  iu  the  cabinet  of  the  U.  S.  mint;  this 
is  the  rarest  U.  S.  coin] 

Half  eagles  of  the  issue  of 1816 

[But  7  of  this  date  are  known.] 

Silver  dolliirs  of 1794 

Silver  dollars  of 1804 

[There  were  issued  from  the  mint  in  1804,  19,570  silver 
dollars,  and  it  has  been  a  "sUnding  mystery  "  why  the  dol- 
lar of  this  issue  is  so  scarce  (it  being  styled  the  l<iug  of  rare 
American  coin).  It  has  been  said  that  the  mintage  of  1805 
includotl  this  mintage,  or  a  part  of  it,  although  the  mintiige 
of  180;>  shows  an  issue  of  but  $321.  Others  assert  that  a 
vessel  bound  for  China  with  almost  the  entire  mintage  was 
lost  at  sea] 

Half  dollars  of 179«-97 

Quarter-dollars  of 1827 


184 


OOI 


Dimes  of. 1804 

Halfdimos  of 1802 

The  following;  statistics  of  coinage  are  estimates  from  the 
report  of  the  director  of  the  mint  to  the  secretary  of  the  troas 
ury  from  1793-1890: 

Greatest  amount  of  gold  coined  in  one  year,  $90,850,890.00 
"  "  silver     "  "         "         39,202,908.20 

"  "  minor  coin    coined   in 

one  year 1,819,910.00. 

Greatest  amount  of  gold,  silver,  and  minor 

coin  coined  in  one  year.. 125,219,205.60. 

Least  amount  of  gold  coined  in  one  year 

"  "  silver     "  "    '  "  

"          "           minor  coin  (cents  and  half- 
cents  only)  coined  in  one  year 

Least  amount  of  gold,  silver,  and  minor 

coin  coined  in  one  year 


1881 
1890- 


1867 


1881 

3,175.00....  1815- 
14,550.45....  1797 

2.495?95....  IMll 

20,483.00....  1815 


Total  coinage  of  the  U.  S.  from  1793  to  1890  inclusive  : 

Gold $1,531,999,915 

Silver 623,746,536 

Minor  coin 22,634.500 

Total $2,178,380,951 


COINS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES,  AND  THE  YEARS  OF  ISSUE. 


Ve«r«  of  Issue. 


Kind  of  Metal. 


Present  Weigiit. 


Double  eagle. 
F4»gle 


Half-eagle 

Three  dollars. . 

Quarter-eagle . 


Dollar 

Trade  dollar. 


Dollar. 


Half  dollar. 


'Quarter-dollar. 
Twenty  cents . 


Dimes. 


Half-dimes. . 

Three  cents. 
Five  cents. . 
Three  cents. 
Two  cent& . . 


One  cent. . 
One  cent . 


Half-cent , 


-99         1 
-^8 


1850  et  seq. 
(1795-1804    > 
\  1838  et  seq.  f 
( 179.5-1815      I 
\  1818  et  seq. ) 

1854-90 
r 1796-99 

1802-08 
■i  1821 
I  1824-27 
(^  1829  et  seq. 

1849-90 

1874-78 
fl79:i^l805 
I  1836  — 
i  1839-57 
I  1859-73 
(  1878  et  seq. 
( 1793-96 
]  1801-14 
( 1816  et  seq. 
f  1796, 1797 

1804-07 
I  1815, 1816 
i  1818-23 
I  1825  — 
I  1827, 1828 
( 1831  et  seq. 

1875-78 
f 1796-98 

1800-1805 
I  1807  — 
I  1809-11 
1  1814  — 

1820-23 
I  1825  — 
U827  et  seq. 
(  1793-97 
J  1800-1803 
1  1805  — 
[ 1829-73 

1851-56 
( 1858-73 

1806  et  seq. 
( 1865-76 
1 1878-90 

1864-72 
(1793-1814 
-l  1816-22 
(1824-63 

1864  et  seq. 

1793-97 

1799,  1800 

1802-11 

1825,  1826 

1828,  1829 

1831  — 

1833-36 

1849-51 
\  18.5.3-57  j 


gold 


silver 


516      grs. 
258 

129 

77.4  " 

64.5  " 


25.8 
420 


Act  of  Congress,  28  June,  1834. 


412.5 


77.16 


21  Feb.  1853.     Coinage  discontinued,  li 
28  June,  1834. 


"  "        3  Mch.  1849.    Coinage  discontinued,  189 

Coinage  discontinued,  1878. 


Act  of  Congress,  Jan.  1837. 
Act  of  Congress,  1873. 

Act  ot  Congress,  1873. 
Coinage  discontinued,  1878. 


copper  and  nickel 

bronze 
copper 
bronze 


copper 


11.52 
77.16 
30 
96 


Coinage  discontinued,  1873. 

Coinage  discontinued,  1873. 
Act  of  Congress,  16  Mch.  1866. 

"  "         3  Mch.  1865.     Coinage  discontinued,  1890. 

Coinage  discontinued,  1872. 

As  nickel  from  1857  to  1864, 72  grs. ;  both  discontinued,  1864. 

Act  of  Congress,  22  Apr.  1864. 


Coinage  discontinued,  1857. 


COINAGE  OF  CONFEDERATE  STATES. 
When  Louisiana  seceded  and  seized  the  U.  S.  mint  at  New  Orleans, 
there  were  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  gold  and  silver  bullion 
in  store.  The  state  issued  jointly  with  the  confederate  govern- 
ment a  gold  coinage  of  .f;254,820  in  double  eagles,  and  a  silver 
coinage  of  $1,101,316.50  in  half-dollars,  using  the  U.  S.  dies  of  1861, 
the  dies  of  1860  having  been  destroyed.  The  bullion,  when  nearly 
exhausted,  was  transferred  to  the  confederate  government.  May, 
1861,  and  all  the  U.  S.  dies  were  destroyed,  the  confederate  gov- 
ernment ordering  a  new  die  for  its  use.     When  completed  it  was 


of  such  high  relief  as  to  be  useless  in  the  press.  As  there  was  but 
little  if  any  bullion  to  coin,  no  attempt  was  made  to  engrave 
another.  Four  pieces,  however,  half-dollars,  were  struck,  which 
formed  the  entire  coinage  of  the  Confederate  States.  The  coip 
shows— obvei-se :  A  goddess  of  liberty  within  an  arc  of  13  stare. 
Exergue,  1861.  Reverse:  An  American  shield  beneath  a  liberty- 
cap,  the  upper  part  of  the  shield  containing  7  stars,  the  whole 
surrounded  by  a  wreath:  to  the  left,  cotton  in  bloom;  to  the 
right,  sugar-cane.  Ze/yend  :  Confederate  States  of  America.  Ex- 
ergue, Half  Dol.     Borders,  milled;  edge,  serrated. 


001 


185 


COL 


VALUE   OF   FOREIGN  COINS   IN   UNITED   STATES   MONEY. 


Country. 

Argentine  Republic 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Canada 

Chili 

China 

Cuba 

Denmark 

Egypt 

France 

German  Empire.. .. 

Great  Britain 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Hayti 

Honduras  

India 

Italy 

Japan 

Liberia 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Nicaragua 

Norway 

Peru 

Portugal 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

U.  S.  of  Colombia.... 
Turkey 


Value  in 
Monetary  Unit.        U.  S. 
Money. 


100  centesimos=: 

100  kreutzers  = 

100  centimes  = 

100  centavos  = 

1000  reis  = 

100  cents  = 

100  centavos  = 

1000  cash  = 


100  ore  = 

100  piastres  = 

100  centimes  = 

100  pfennig  = 

20  shillings  = 

100  leptas  = 


16  annas 
100  centesirai 
100  sen 
100  cents 
100     " 
100     " 


100  ore  = 

100  centesimos  = 
1000  reis 
100  copecks      = 
100  centesimos: 
100  ore 

100  centimes  x: 
100  centavos  = 
100  piastres      = 


1  peso 
1  florin 
1  franc 
1  peso 
1  milrei 
1  dollar 


1  crown 
1  pound 
1  franc 

1  mark 

1  pound 
1  drachma 

peso 
gourde 

peso 
1  rupee 

1  lira 

1  yen 
1  dollar 
1  dollar 
1  florin 

peso 
1  crown 

Isol 
1  milrei 
1  ruble 
1  peseta 
1  crown 
1  franc 
1  peso 

llira 


$0,965 
0.48 
0.193 
0.96 
0.55 
1.00 

0.91 

1.61 
0.93 
0.27 
4.94 
0.193 

0.24 

4.86 

0.193 

0.70 

0.965 

0.70 

0.40 

0.193 

IJOO 

1.00 

0.98 

0.40 

0.70 

0.27 

0.96 

1.08 

0.77 

0.193 

0.27 

0.193 

0.96 

4.40 


Present  system  introduced  in  1870. 
System  the  same  as  France. 


[Most  of  the  South  American  states  issue  standard  coin  corre- 
sponding to  the  peso  of  Chili,  which  is  identical  with  the  5-franc 
[    piece  of  France. 
Has  no  national  coin. 


(The  substitution  ot  the  mark  for  the  older  thaler  came  into  force 
I     1  Jan.  1875. 


Monetary  system  same  as  France. 


Monetary  system  same  as  France. 
Monetary  system  recast  in  1871. 


Monetary  system  same  as  Denmark. 


Monetary  system  same  as  France. 
"  "         •'         Denmark. 

"  "         "         France. 


In  the  table  above,  the  value  assigned  to  the  monetary  unit  of  each 
nation  is  that  which  its  gold  coinage  has  in  the  gold  coin  of  the 
United  States,  by  comparison  of  the  amounts  of  pure  gold  con- 
tained in  each.  The  actual  value  of  the  silver  coins  of  all  nations, 
such  as  Italy,  Mexico,  and  Russia,  which  do  not  redeem  these 
coins  at  their  nominal  equivalent  in  gold,  depends  on  the  current 
value  of  silver  bullion,  and  fluctuates  widely.  In  July,  1893,  it 
fell  to  less  than  half  the  values  assigned  above. 

The  present  coinage  system  of  France  came  into  force  6  May,  1790, 
and  was  extended  to  Belgium,  Italy,  and  Switzerland  in  the  con- 
vention of  1865.  It  has  since  been  adopted  by  Greece,  Roumania, 
Servia,  and  Spain.  The  units  in  the  different  states  have  different 
names:  in  France,  Belgium,  and  Switzerland,  franc  and  centime; 
in  Italy,  lira  and  centesimo;  in  Greece,  drachma  and  lepta  ;  in 
Roumania,  lei  and  bani;  in  Servia,  dinar  and  para;  in  Spain, 
peseta  and  centesimos;  butthe  value  is  the  same. — •'  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica." 

coining^.  Originally  the  metal  was  placed  between  2 
steel  dies,  and  struck  by  a  hammer.  In  1553,  a  mill  was  in- 
vented by  Antoine  Brucher,  introduced  into  England,  1562. 
An  engine  invented  by  Balancier,  1617.  Great  improve- 
ments effected  by  Boulton  and  Watt,  at  Soho,  London,  1788. 
The  erection  of  the  mint  machinery,  London,  began  1811. 
The  machinery  was  reorganized  in  1869.    Coin  and  Coinage. 

coke,  the  residue  obtained  from  bituminous  coal  by 
distillation,  or  by  heating  with  the  air  almost  entirely  ex- 
cluded—  used  largely  in  melting  pig-iron;  first  successfully 
used  for  this  purpose  by  Darby  at  Coalbrookdale,  Engl.,  1735, 
its  use  soon  became  general  there.  First  successfully  used  for 
the  same  purpose  in  the  United  States,  1835,  but  not  exten- 
sively until  about  1860.  The  principal  producing  state  is 
Pennsylvania,  which,  in  1889,  produced  nearly  7,000,000  tons. 

Colchester,  Essex,  Engl.  The  Camulodunvm  of  the 
Koraans  obtained  its  lirst  charter  from  Richard  L,  1189.  It  was 
captured  by  the  parliamentary  forces  under  Fairfax,  after  a  10 
weeks'  siege,  June-Aug.  1648.  Two  of  its  defenders,  sir  George 
Lisle  and  sir  Charles  Lucas,  were  tried  and  shot  after  surren- 
dering. The  baize  manufacture  was  established  here,  1660. — 
A  nderson. 

cold.  The  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  found  to 
produce  similar  perceptions  on  the  skin;  and  the  touch  of 
mercury  frozen  at  —40°  is  like  that  of  red-hot  iron.  Tem- 
perature. 

Cold  Harbor,  Va.  Here  gen.  Grant,  after  much 
fighting  on  1-2  June,  1864,  for  position,  assaulted  the  confed- 
erates, under  gen.  Lee,  behind  defences,  at  sunrise,  3  June, 


along  the  whole  line.  It  resulted  in  a  bloody  repulse,  although 
Grant  advanced  his  line  somewhat  and  held  it.  The  federal 
loss,  while  occupying  this  position,  1-12  June,  was  14,931,  of 
whom  1905  were  killed,  10,570  wounded,  and  2456  missing. 
Confederate  loss,  1700.  On  the  night  of  12  June  the  army  of 
the  Potomac  was  withdrawn  towards  the  James.  Of  this  as- 
sault gen.  Grant  says,  "  I  have  always  regretted  that  the  last 
assault  at  Cold  Harbor  Avas  ever  made." — "  Autobiography." 
Grant's  Virginia  Campaign. 

Coldillg^liam,  near  Berwick,  Engl.,  celebrated  for  the 
heroism  of  its  nuns,  who,  on  the  attack  of  the  Danes,  to  pre- 
serve their  chastit}',  cut  off  their  noses  and  lips.  The  Danes 
burned  them  all,  with  the  abbess  Ebba,  in  their  monastery,  870. 

Coldstream  g^uards.  Gen.  Monk,  before  marching 
from  Scotland  into  England  to  restore  Charles  II.,  raised  this 
regiment  at  Coldstream,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Leet  and 
Tweed,  1660.  For  its  services  in  suppressing  Venner's  insur- 
rection in  1661  it  was  not  disbanded,  but  constituted  the  2d 
regiment  of  foot-guards. 

Colise'um,  more  properly  ColOiSeum,  an  elliptical 
amphitheatre  at  Rome,  commenced  by  the  emperor  Vespasian 
and  finished  by  his  son  Titus,  75-80  a.d.  Its  height  is  160 
ft.,  its  major  diameter  615  ft.  and  its  minor  diameter  510  ft. 
The  length  and  breadth  of  its  arena  are  281  and  176  ft.  re- 
spectively. 87,000  spectators  were  accommodated  by  it.  The 
name  Colosseum  first  occurs  in  the  writings  of  Bede  in  the 
7th  century.  It  is  probably  derived  from  the  Colossus  of  Nero, 
which  stood  in  the  square  before  its  entrance.  The  name  of 
its  architect  is  not  known.  It  is  said  to  have  cost  10,000,000 
crowns,  and  12,000  Jews,  who  were  made  slaves  at  the  con- 
quest of  Jerusalem,  were  employed  upon  it. — Anthon,  "Classi- 
cal Diet." 

collar,  a  very  ancient  ornament.  The  Roman  hero 
Titus  Manlius  slew  a  gigantic  Gaul  in  single  combat,  and  put 
his  torques  (twisted  chain  or  collar)  on  his  own  neck,  and  was 
surnamed  Torquatus,  361  b.c. — A  collar  is  part  of  the  ensigns 
of  the  order  of  knighthood. 

collects,  short  prayers,  very  ancient,  introduced  into 
the  Roman  service  by  pope  Gelasius,  about  493,  and  into  the 
English  liturgy  in  1548.  The  king  of  England,  coming  into 
Normandy,  appointed  a  collect  for  the  relief  of  the  Holy  Land, 
nm.—Rapin. 


COL 


186 


OOL 


eollei[e§  (from  the  LaU  collegium,  assemblages  of  per- 
sons for  8acre<i,  civil,  literary,  or  scientific  purposes).  The  word 
is  now  commonly  used  to  mean  an  institution  for  the  higher 
education.  They  were  first  founded  within  universities  to  re- 
lieve students  from  the  expense  of  living  at  loilging-houses  and 
at  inns.  Collegiate  or  academic  degrees  are  said  to  have  been 
first  conferred  at  the  University  of  Paris,  1140 ;  but  some  say 
not  before  1215.  In  England,  it  is  contended  that  the  date  is 
much  higher,  and  some  hold  that  Bede  obtained  a  degree  for- 
mally at  Cambridge,  and  John  de  Beverley  at  Oxford,  and  that 
they  were  the  first  doctors  of  these  universities.  Abekdkkn, 
CAMBKiDuii:,  H  KRALD8,  Oxford,  Queen's  colleges,  Work- 

UIO-MBN*S  COLLEGES,  etC. 

COLLEGES   IN   GREAT   BRITAIN.  Founded 

Winchester. 1387 

St  Andrews,  Scotland 1410 

Eton  college 1441 

Glasgow  college,  now  university 1451 


Founded 

Physicians",  London 1523 

Highgato 1564 

Gresham 1581 

Trinity  college,  Dublin 1591 

Diilwich 1619  " 

Sion,  incorporated 1630 

Physicians',  Dublin 1667 

Doctors'  Commons,  civil  law 1670 

Physicians',  Edinburgh 1681 

Naval  college,  Portsmouth 1722 

Surgeons',  London 1745 

Surgeons',  Dublin 1786. 

Cheshunt  college 1792 

Maynooth  college 1795 

Military  college,  Sandhurst 1799 

Surgeons',  Edinburgh  (new) 1803 

.University,  London 1826 

Highbury  college u 

King's  college,  London i829 

New  college,  St.  John's  Wood I850 

Birmingham,  Queen's  college I863 

Owen's  college,  Manchester 1370 


PRINCIPAL  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Harvard 

William  and  Mary's. 

Yale 

College  of  New  Jersey 

Washington  and  Lee  university 

University  of  i'ennsylvania 

Columbia"  formerly  Kings. .'. 

Browirs  university 

Dartmouth  

Rutgers,  formerly  Queena 

Dickinson 

Franklin  and  Marshall's 

St  Johns 

Georgetown  college 

Williams 

Union 

University  of  North  Carolina 

University  of  Georgia 

Bowdoin 

Ohio  university 

Hamilton " 

Madison  university 

Amherst 

Holjart 

Kenyon 

Trinity 

Adelbert 

Wesleyan 

University  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

Oberlin 

Tulane  university 

Marietta 

University  of  Michigan 

Ohio  Wesleyan  university 

University  of  Rochester 

Antioch 

Tufts • 

Hillsdale 

Northwestern  university 

University  of  California 

Vassar.  exclusively  for  Women 

Fisk  university 

Cornell  university 

Wellesley,  exclusively  for  Women.. . 

Johns  Hopkins  university 

Stanford  university 


Location. 


Cambridge,  Mass 

Williamsburg,  Va 

New  Haven,  Conn 

Princeton,  N.  J 

Lexington,  Va 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

New  York 

Providence,  R.  I 

Hanover,  N.  H 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Carlisle,  Pa 

Lancaster,  Pa 

Annapolis,  Md 

Washington,  D.  C 

Williamstown,  Mass. . 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.... 

Chapel  Hill,  N.  C 

Athens,  Ga 

Brunswick,  Me 

Athens,  O 

Clinton,  N.  Y 

Hamilton,  N.  Y 

Amherst.  Mass 

Geneva,  N.  Y 

Gambler,  0 

Hartford,  Conn , 

Cleveland,  0 , 

Middletown,  Conn 

New  York 

Oberlin,  0 

New  Orleans,  La , 

Marietta,  0 , 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich 

Delaware,  0 

Rochester,  N.  Y 

Yellow  Springs,  0 

College  Hill,  Mass 

Hillsdale,  Mich 

Evanston,  III 

Berkeley,  Cal 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. . , 

Nashville,  Tenn. ., 

Ithaca,  N.  Y 

Wellesley,  Mass v . 

Baltimore,  Md 

Palo  Alio.  Cal 


Opened. 


1701 
1746 
1749 
1751 
1754 
1765 
1770 

1783 

1787 
1789 

1793 
1795 

1801 
1802 
1809 
1812 
1820 
1821 
1825 

1826 


1834 
1835 
1841 
1844 
1850 
1853 
1855 


1865 
1867 
1868 
1875 
1876 
1891 


Denomination. 


Non-sectarian. 


Congregational. 

Reformed. 

Now  Methodist  Episcopal. 

Reformed. 

Non-sectarian. 

Roman  Catholic. 

Non-sectarian. 


Congregational. 

Non-sectarian. 

Presbyterian. 

Baptist 

Congregational. 

Protestant  Episcopal. 


Presbyterian  and  CongregationaL 
Methodist  Episcopal. 
Non-sectarian. 
Congregational. 
Non  sectarian. 


Methodist  Episcopal 

Baptist 

Non  sectarian. 

Universalist 

Free  Baptist 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Non-sectarian. 

Evangelical. 

Congregational 

Non-sectarian. 


There  are  more  than  430  collegiate  institutions  for  males 
or  for  both  sexes,  many  of  which  are  under  the  patronage  of 
some  religious  denomination,  and  200  for  females  alone  in  the 
U.  S,  Many  are  richly  endowed,  such  as  Hari-ard,  Columbia, 
Northwestern  university,  111.,  University  of  California,  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  Tulane  University  of  Louisiana,  Yale,  Cor- 
nell, and  Michigan  university.  Many  possess  fine  Libraries. 
As  to  students.  Harvard  stands  first  with  2970;  Columbia,  over 
1564;  University  of  Michigan,  over  2800;  Oberlin,  1462; 
Northwestern  university,  1618;  Yale,  1930;  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  1990;  Cornell,  1592;  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  1288 ;  Tulane  university,  La.,  1284;  Ohio  Wesley- 
an, Delaware,  O.,  1217;  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1160;  Washington 
university,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1714.  For  these  and  other  colleges 
and  educational  institutions  consult  separate  states  and  sep- 
arate articles. 

college  fraternities.  The  principal  Greek- 
letter  societies  in  the  United  States  are  as  follows : 


Name. 


Kappa  Alpha 

Delta  Phi 

Sigma  Phi 

Alpha  Delta,  Phi 

Psi  Upsilon 

Delta  Upsilon 

Beta  Theta  Pi 

Chi  Psi 

Delta  Kappa  Epsilon . 

Zeta  Psi 

Delta  Psi 

Theta  Delta  Chi 

Phi  Delta  Theta. ...... 

Phi  Gamma  Delta 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma 

Phi  Kappa  Psi , 

Chi  Phi , 

Sigma  Chi 

Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon., 

Delta  Tau  Delta 

Alpha  Tau  Omega. 

Kappa  Alpha  (south).. 

Kappa  Sigma 

Sigma  Nu 


Greek 
letters. 


Where  founded. 


KA 

A* 

2* 

A  A* 

^r 

AY 

Ben 

X4' 

AKE 

Z  -ir 

A>P 

GAX 

<1>  AG 

*  r  A  1 

*K  2    j 

<1'K4' 

X  *       i 

2X 

2AE 

A  T  A   1 

A  Tii 

K  A 

K2 

2N 

Union '  1825 

1827 


1832 


Hamilton 

Union 

Williams 

Miami 

Union I  1841 

Yale j  1844 

New  York  University i  1846 

Columbia 1847 

Union 

Miami 

Jefferson 

University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Jefferson 

Princeton 

Miami 

Alabama 

Bethany 

Virginia  Military  Institute..!  1865 

Washington  and  Lee '  1867 

Virginia " 

Virginia  Military  Institute.     1869 


1834 


1848 


1852 
1854 
1855 
1856 


i 


COL 


187 


COL 


COlIo'dion,  a  film  obtained  from  the  solution  of  gim- 
cotton  in  ether.  Iodized  collodion,  for  photography,  invented 
by  F.  Scott  Archer,  was  announced  in  the  London  Chemist, 
in  Mch.  1851.  On  the  premature  death  of  himself  and  wife, 
a  pension  of  50/.  was  granted  to  his  3  orphan  children. 

Colinar,  W.Germany;  an  imperial  city,  13th  century; 
taken  by  the  Swedes,  1632;  by  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  who 
destroyed  the  fortifications,  1673;  ceded  to  France,  1697;  with 
Alsace,  restored  to  Germany,  1871. 

ColOg^ne  (Ger.  Koln;  Lat.  Colonia  AgHppind),  on  the 
Rhine,  a  colony  founded  by  the  empress  Agrippina,  about  50 
A.D. ;  an  imperial  town,  957;   a  member  of  the   Hanseatic 
League,  1260.   Many  ecclesiastical  councils  held  here,  782-1 536. 
The  Jews  were  expelled  from  it  in  1485,  and  the  Protestants  in 
1618,  and  it  fell  into  decay.     It  was  taken  by  French  under 
Jourdan,  Oct.  1794.     The  archbishopric  secularized,  1801,  as- 
signed to  Prussia,  1814.     Pop.  1890,  281,273. 
Cathedral  or  Dom  (containing  many  supposed  relics,  such  as 
the  heads  of  the  magi,  or  3  kings),  founded  by  archbishop 
Conrad  von  Hochstade  or  Hochstettin  ;  architect,  Gerhard 

von  Riehl  or  Rile 15  Aug.  1248 

Building  intermittent;  suspended 1509 

Collections  made  for  resuming  it  by  Prussia 1814  et  seq. 

Repairs  completed ;  new  buildings  founded 4  Sept.  1842 

Body  of  the  cathedral  opened  in  the  presence  of  the  king,  600th 

anniversary  of  the  foundation 15  Aug.  1848 

International  industrial  exhibition  opened  by  the  crown-prince, 

2  June,  1865 
Dispute  between  the  king  and  chapter  on  election  of  an  arch- 
bishop, settled;  the  pope  appoints  Melchers Jan.  1866 

Congress  of  Old  Catholics  meet 20,  22  Sept.  1872 

Archbishop  Melchers  arrested  by  government 30  Mch.  1874 

A  colossal  statue  of  Frederick  William  III.,  22  ft.  high,  with 
pedestrian  figures  at  the  base  (Rlucher,  Humboldt,  and  oth- 
ers), the  work  of  Blaser  and  Calendrelli,  subscribed  for  by 
Rhinelanders ;  unveiled  by  the  emperor  William  I. .  .26  Sept.  1878 
Cathedral  reported  finished,  14  Aug. ;  height,  510  ft. ;  solemnly 
opened  by  the  emperor  and  other  German  sovereigns,  15  Oct.  1880 

Colombia,  a  republic  of  South  America,  formed  of 
states  which  declared  their  independence,  Dec.  1819;  civil 
war  ensued  and  the  union  was  dissolved. 

Union  of  New  Granada  and  Venezuela ; .  .17  Dec.  1819 

Rovalists  defeated  at  Carabobo 24  June,  1821 

Bolivar  named  dictator 10  Feb.  1824 

Alliance  between  Colombia  and  Mexico 30  June,     " 

Independence  of  Colombia  recognized 1825 

Alliance  with  Guatemala Mch.      " 

Congress  at  liima  names  Bolivar  president,  Aug. ;  dictator, 

23  Nov.  1826 

Padilla's  insurrection 9  Apr.  1828 

Consspiracy  of  Santander  against  the  life  of  Bolivar. .  25  Sept.     " 

Venezuela  separates  from  New  Granada Nov.  1829 

Bolivar  resigns,  4  Apr. ;  d 17  Dec.  1830 

Santander  d 26  May,  1840 

Republic  named  Colombia  instead  of  New  Granada 1871 

New  constitution,  term  of  president  6  years 1885 

Area,  504,773  sq.  miles.     Pop.  1864,  2,794,473;  1870,  2,910,329;  1880, 

3,878,000;  1892,4,200,000.     New  Graxada,  Venezuela. 

Colombo,  Ceylon,  fortified  in  1638  by  the  Portuguese, 
who  were  expelled  by  the  Dutch  in  1666 ;  the  latter  surren- 
dered it  to  the  British,  15  Feb.  1796.     Ceylon,  1803,  1845. 

colon  (:).  The  colon  and  period  were  adopted  by  Thra- 
symachus  about  373  b.c.  {Suidas\  and  were  known  to  Aristotle. 
The  colon  and  semicolon  (;)  first  used  in  English  in  16th  century. 

colonel  (kur'nel,  from  It.  colonna,  a  column),  the  title 
of  the  highest  rank  in  a  regiment.  It  was  common  in  Eng- 
land in  the  16th  century. 

COlonie§.  The  Phoenician  and  Greek  colonies,  often 
founded  by  political  exiles,  soon  became  independent.  The 
Roman  colonies  continued  in  close  connection  with  Rome, 
governed  almost  entirely  by  militarj'  law.  Spain  for  over  200 
years  heUl  possession  of  a  large  part  of  South  America,  the 
whole  of  Central  America,  Mexico,  the  territory  of  Louisiana 
(now  the  western  United  States),  and  most  of  the  Wast  Indies, 
but  ultimately  ]£A  them  all  except  Cuba.  Great  Britain  ranks 
first  among  mooern  nations  in  the  number  and  importance  of 
her  colonies  and  her  successful  maintainance  of  their  loj'alty, 
though  she  lost  the  13  original  colonies  of  the  United  States. 
Her  colonial  population  was  estimated,  in  1861,  at  142,952,- 
243 ;  1888,  275,520,216.  The  act  to  abolish  slavery  in  her  col- 
onies, and  compensate  the  owners  (20,000,000^.  sterling),  was 
passed  in  1833 :  all  slaves  becoming  free  1  Aug.  1834.  E.  J. 
Payne's"History  of  European  Colonies  "  was  pub.  1877.  Bish- 
ops (Colokial),  and  separate  articles. 


BRITISH 

Colony  or  possession. 

Aden 

COLONIES. 

Date  of  settlement,  etc. 
....                     1ft3« 

African  forts 

..     about  1618 

Anguilla 

Antigua 

Ascension 

Australia,  S 

Australia,  W.  (Swan  river) 

Bahama  islands 

.Settlement 

.Occupied... 

.Settlement 

about  1666 

1632 

1815 

1834 

1829 

1629  et  seq 

Barbadoes 

Basutoland 

"         

1605 

1871 

Bechuanaland 

1885 

Bengal 

Berbice 

Bermudas 

.Settlement 

.Capitulation 

.Settlements 

about  1652 

Sept.  1803 

....1609  et  seq. 
. .   1662 

British  Burmah  

.(Pegu) 

.Settlement 

1862 

1858 

1888 

British  Columbia 

Brunei 

Canada 

Cape  Breton 

Cape  Coast  Castle 

•Capitulation 

.Ceded 

.  By  cession 

..Sept.  1759-60 

1763 

1667 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Ceylon 

.Capitulation 

.AH  acquired 

.Ceded (under  cond 

.Capitulation 

.Ceded  by  France. 
.By  cession 

Jan.  1806 

Demerara  and  Essequibo 

Dominica 

Sept.  1803 

1763 

Elmina  and  Dutch  Guinea 

Feb.  1872 

1833 

Fiji 

Gambia 

.Ceded  

.Settlement...!... 

.Capitulation 

.Settlement 

.Capitulation 

.Ceded  by  France. 
Settlement 

1874 

1631 

Gibraltar 

Gold  Coast 

Gozo 

Grenada 

Griqua-land  S  Africa    

Aug.  1704 

about  1618 

Sept.  1800 

1763 

27  Oct   1871 

Guiana,  British 

Heligoland 

.Capitulation 

.By  treaty 

.Ceded 

.Capitulation 

1803 

1807 

Honduras     .    . . 

1670 

Hong-Kong  (Victoria) 

Jamaica 

1841 

1655 

1857 

1886 

Labuan 

I-agos 

Leeward  isles 

.  (Borneo) 

.Ceded 

1846 

1861 

1626 

Madras 

1639 

Malacca 

Malta 

Mauritius 

Montserrat 

Natal 

Nevis 

.Ceded 

.Capitulation 

.Settlement... 

1825 

Sept.  1800 

Dec.  1810 

1632 

1823 

1628 

New  Brunswick 

1622-1713 

about  1500 

1884 

New  South  Wales 

New  Zealand 

Niger  districts     

.Settlement 

1787 

1840 

. . .  1885 

Norfolk  islands 

1787 

North  Borneo        .   . 

1840 

Nova  Scotia                        

.Settlement 

.Conquered.. 

.Capitulation 

.Settlement 

1622 

Pegu 

Port  Philip  (Victoria). 

1852 

1745 

Prince  of  Wales  island  (Penang) 

1786 

I860 

1888 

Sierra  Leone Settlement 

[United  with  other  settlements  as  West  Africa, 

Singapore Purchased 

Socotra         .   .                

1787 

Feb.  1866.] 
1819 

.    ...            1886 

St.  Christopher's 

St.  Helena 

St.  Lucia 

.Settlement 

.Capitulation 

.Capitulation 

.Ceded  by  France. 

.Ceded  by  France. 

.  .Settlemeiit 

..Annexed 

.Capitulation 

.Settlement 

1623 

1600 

June,  1803 

1763 

Swan  River  (West  Australia). 

Tobago  

Tortola 

Transvaal 

Trinidad 

Van  Diemen's  Land          

1666 

1877 

Feb.  1797 

1803 

Vancouver's  island 

1781 

Victoria  (Port  Philip) 

<4 

1850 

Victoria  (Hong-Kong). 

Virgin  isles 

Settlement     . . . . 

1666 

1605-1803 

Zululand 

1886 

color  is  to  light  what  pitch  is  to  sound,  according  to 
the  undulatory  theory  of  Huyghens  (about  1678),  established 
by  Dr.  T.  Young,  and  others.  The  shade  varies  with  the  num- 
ber of  vibrations.  458  trillions  of  vibrations  in  a  second  at- 
tributed to  the  red  end  of  the  spectrum ;  to  the  violet,  727 
trillions.  Spectrum.  Some  persons  (about  65  out  of  1154) 
cannot  distinguish  colors,  and  are  termed  color-blind ;  a  defect 
first  described  by  Priestley. — Phil.  Trans.,  1777.  In  1859,  prof. 
J.  Clerk  Maxwell  invented  spectacles  for  what  is  called  "  Dal- 


COL 

after  John  Dalton,  the  chemist,  to  whom  scarlet  ap- 
peared drab-color.  Dr.  George  Wilson, ''  Kesearclies  on  Color- 
blindness," 1847  ;  Dr.  Joy  Jeffries,  "  Color-blindness,"  1879. 

Colora'dO,  one  of  the  United  States,  lying  between 
87°  and  41^  of  N.  lat.  and  between  102^  and  109<^  W.  Ion. 
The  name  is  derived  from  the 
Spanish  verb  colorar,  and  was 
tirst  given  to  the  river  and  later 
to  tl>e  state.  Wyoming  and  Ne- 
braska lie  on  the  north,  Nebras- 
ka and  Kansas  on  the  east.  New 
Mexicoand  the  IndianTerritory 
on  the  south,  and  Utah  on  the 
west.  It  extends  east  and  west 
about  380  miles;  north  and 
south,  280  miles.  Area,  10.3,925 
sq.  miles,  in  55  counties.  Pop. 
1890,412,198.  Capital,  Denver. 
ExjKHliilonof  VasiiuezCorouadofrom  Mexico,  supposed  to  have 

entered  this  rejjion 1541 

Padn»  Krauciscu  Escalaulo  of  New  Mexico  makes  an  expedition 

into  this  territory 1776 

Lieut.  Zebulon  Mouigoinery  Pike  with  23  soldiers  explores  it 

and  discovers  Pikes  i»eak 15  Nov.  1806 

He  was  b<>ru  in  New  Jersey,  5  Jan.  1779;  killed  at  the  taking  of 

York,  now  Toronto,  Canada 1812 

MiOer  ."Stephen  H.  Long  visits  this  region,  and  reports  to  Con- 
gress that  all  the  country  drained  by  the  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Platte  rivers  is  unfit  for  cultivation  and  uninhabitable  1819 

[This  impression  aided  to  delay  seltleuient  of  Colorado 
until  Oregon  and  California  had  both  been  settled.     Ban- 
croft's ''Colorado,"  p.  3-lit.l 
Beut  brothers  erect  a  stockade  called  fort  William  on  the  north 

branch  of  the  Arkansjis  river 1832 

John  C.  Fremont's  ex|)edition  touches  Colorado 1842-44 

Fort  Massiichusetis  erected  on  Ute  creek 1850 

Discovery  of  gold  in  what  is  now  Colorado,  reported 1852-57 

W.  Creen  Riis.sell,  a  miner  of  Dah Iomega,  Ga.,  organizes  an  ex- 
pedition to  search  for  gold  in  Colorado 1858 

De|>\-er  founded " 

[Named  after  the  governor  of  Kansas.] 

Oold  d  iscovered  at  Boulder  creek 15  Jan.  1859 

First  saw  mill  erected  on  Plum  creek  by  D.  C.  Oakes,  and  lum- 
ber furni.shed  for  building  the  town 21  Apr.     " 

Great  inllii.\  of  gold  seekers " 

John  H.  (Jregory  discovers  gold  on  the  north  fork  of  Clear  creek, 
the  lichesl  mine  in  Colorado,  and  one  of  the  richest  in  the 

world 10  May,     " 

[{Jregory,  a  lazy  fellow  from  Gordon  county.  Ga.,  drove  a 
government  team  from  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Laramie  in  1858. 
He  sells  his  claim  for$22,000,  expecting  easily  to  find  another; 
disappears  in  1862,  and  is  never  seen  again. — Bancroft.] 

Discovery  of  silver  in  Colorado " 

Pueblo  laid  oil" on  the  site  of  the  old  town  of  Pueblo 1859-60 

Increased  immigration  into  Colorado 1860 

Act  erecting  a  new  territory  to  be  called  Colorado 28  Feb.  18G1 

[Name  suggested  by  William  Gilpin,  first  governor.] 

William  Gilpin  commissioned  governor " 

Hiram  P.  Bennett  first  delegate  to  Congress " 

First  legislature  meets  at  Denver " 

Great  suffering  from  cold  during  the  winter  and  drought  during 

the  summer  of 1863 

Great  flood  at  Denver Apr.  1864 

Col.  Chivington  with  900  men  attacks  an  Indian  camp  at  Sand 
creek,  I^rimer  county,  and  kills  131  persons,  men,  women, 

and  children 27  Nov.     " 

First  national  bank  at  Denver  established 1865 

Alexander  Cummings,  governor Oct.     " 

Nathaniel  P.  Hill  organizes  the  "  Boston  and  Colorado  Smelting 
Company, "'  and  erects  a  furnace  at  Black  Hawk,  near  Central 

City 1866 

[This  furnace  (removed  to  Denver,  1879),  reduces  refractory 
ores  and  makes  abandoned  mines  of  value.] 
The  sUte  adopts  for  the  courts  the  "Illinois  practice  code." 
The  capital  was  Colorado  City,  but  changed  to  Golden  City 

in  1862,  and  back  to  Denver 1P68 

Greeley,  Weld  county,  located  and  settled 

First  street  railroad  at  Denver  completed 

Act  admitting  Colorado  as  a  state 3  Mch. 

Admission  of  Colorado  proclaimed  by  president  Grant.  .1  Aug. 
[38th  in  order.  ] 

Leadville  settled Aug. 

University  of  Colorado  incorporated  1860,  and  opened  at  Boulder 
Massacre  at  White  River  agency  of  N.  C.  Meeker  and  12  others 

by  Indians 29  Sept. 

On  the  same  day  the  Ute  Indians  ambush  and  attack  160  troops 
at  Milk  creek,  in  Rio  Blanca  county.  Capt.  Thornbury,  the 
commander,  killed  ;  capt.  Payne  of  the  5th  cavalry  takes 
command.     After  being  invested  5  days,  they  are  relieved 

by  col.  Merritt 5  Oct. 

[The  troops  lost  14  killed  and  43  wounded.] 
First  important  discovery  of  silver  in  Giinnison  county,  the 

Forest  Queen,  lode,  made  near  Crested  Butte 

State  Industrial  school  at  Golden  City  provided  for  by  act  of 
legislature 


188 


COM 


I 


1870 
1872 
1875 
1876 

1877 


1879 


Denver  selected  as  permanent  capital  of  the  state 4  Nov. 

Henry  M.  Teller  appointed  secretary  of  the  interior  in  presi- 
dent Arthur's  cabinet 6  Apr. 

Act  passed  providing  for  the  establishment  of  a  State  Home 
and  Industrial  School  for  Girls  at  Denver,  and  the  first  Mon- 
day in  September  of  each  year  designated  as  '•  labor  day,"  a 
public  holiday,  by  legislature  in  session 5  .Ian. -4  Apr. 

A  Soldiers  and  Sailors'  home  at  Monte  Vista,  a  State  Normal 
school  at  (Jreeley,  and  a  State  reformatory  in  Chalfee  county 
provided  for  l)y  legislature  in  session 2  Jan.-l  Apr. 

Last  spike  of  the  Pike's  Peak  mountain  railroad  driven, 

20  Oct. 

Troops  called  out  to  suppress  disorder  in  the  leg  slature  owing 
to  collision  of  rival  factions  in  the  lower  house 14  Jan. 

Australian  ballot  law  passed  in  session 7  Jan.-7  Apr. 

Verdict  of  "Not  guilty"  in  the  Millington  murder  trial  at 
Denver 29  Apr. 

Trans-Mississippi  Commercial  congress,  1200  delegates,  oi)ens 
at  Denver 19  May, 

First  i)asi5enger  train  ascends  Pike's  Peak 30  June, 

National  Mining  congress,  10,000  delegates,  opens  at  Denver, 

18  Nov. 

Forest  preserve.  Pike's  peak,  set  apart  by  proclamations  of 
president  Harrison,  11  Feb.,  and  supplementary 18  Mch. 

Conclave  of  the  grand  encampment  of  the  Knights  Templar  of 
the  U.  S.  formally  opens  at  Denver 9  Aug. 

Death  at  Wilmington,  O.,  of  gen.  James  W.  Denver,  in  whose 
honor  Denver  was  named 9  Aug. 

TKRRITORIAI.  GOVERNORS  OF  COLORADO. 


Niiuies. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

William  Gilpin 

1861-62 

Appointed  by  president  Lincoln. 

John  Evans 

1862-65 

"           "         " 

" 

Alexander  Cummings. 

1865-67 

"           "         " 

Johnson. 

A.  C.  Hunt 

1867-69 
1869-73 

a              u            u 

Edward  M.  McCook. . . 

Grant. 

Samuel  H.  Elbert 

1873-74 

1(                   u                (( 

Edward  M.  McCook. . . 

1874-75 

((              ((            i( 

u 

John  L.  Routt 

1875-76 

U                   l(                (( 

u 

Names.  GOVERNORS  OF   THE  STATE.  Date. 

John  L.  Routt. 1876-78 

Fred.  W.  Pitkin 1879-82 

James  B.  Grant 1883-85 

Benj.  H.  Eaton 1885-86 

Alva  Adams 1887-88 

Job  A.  Cooper 1889-90 

John  L.  Routt 1891-93 

Davis  H.  Waite 1893-95 

A.  W.  Mclntyre 189.5-97 


UNITED   STATES   SENATORS    FROM  THE  STATE  OF 

Names.  No.  of  Congress.  Date 


Jerome  B.  Chaffee. . 
Henry  M.  Teller. . . . 
Nathaniel  P.  Hill. . . 
Thomas  M.  Bowen.. 
Henry  M.  Teller... 
Edward  0.  Wolcott. 


44th  to  45th 
44th  "  47th 
46th  "  48tl) 
48th  "  50th 

49th 

51st 


COLORADO. 

Remarks. 


Republican. 


Colo§§U§  of  RtlOCie§,  a  brass  statue  of  Apollo,  70 
cubits  high,  one  of  the  "  wonders  of  the  world,"  erected  at  the 
port  of  Rhodes  in  honor  of  the  sun,  by  Chares  of  Lindus,  dis- 
ciple of  Lysippus,  290  or  288  b.c.  ;  throw^i  down  by  an  earth- 
quake about  224  B.C.  The  figure  is  said  to  have  stood  upon 
2  moles,  a  leg  on  each  side  of  the  harbor,  so  that  a  vessel 
in  full  sail  could  enter  between.  The  statue  was  in  ruins  for 
nearlv  9  centuries,  when  the  Saracens,  taking  Rhodes,  pulled 
it  to  "pieces,  and  sold  the  metal,  720,900  lbs.,  to  a  Jew,  who  is 
said  to  have  taken  it,  on  900  camels,  to  Alexandria  about  653. 
— Dufresnoy. 

Columbia.     District  of  Coi>iimi?ia. 

Colunibiad.     Cannon  in  the  U.  S. 

Columbian  Exposition.  World's  Columbian 
Exposition. 

COlum'bium,  a  metal  discovered  by  C.  Ilatchett,  in 
the  mineral  columbite,  in  1801.  It  is  identical  with  niobium, 
not  with  tantalum,  as  some  suppose. —  Watts, 

Comanclie§.     Indians. 

combat,  single,  trial  by,  began  among  the  Lombards, 
6o9.—Baromiis.     It  was  introduced  into  England  for  treason 
cases,  if  neither  accuser  nor  accused  had  good  evidence.     Ap- 
peal OF   BATTLE,  CONSTABLE  OF  ENGLAND. 
A  single  combat  was  fought  before  the  king.  William  II.,  and  the 

peers,  between  Geoffrey  Baynard  and  William,  earl  of  Eu,  accusea 

by  Baynard  of  high-treason ;  Baynard  conquering,  P^u  was  deemea 

convicted,  bliftded  and  mutilated,  1096. 
One  proposed  between  Henry  of  Bolingbroke  (afterwards  Henry  iv.) 

and  Thomas,  duke  of  Norfolk,  was  forbidden  by  Richard  II.,  Sept. 

1398.     Shakespeare  introduces  this  incident  in  "King  Richara 

11."  act  i.  sc.  iii. 


COM 


189 


COM 


A  trial  was  appointed  between  the  prior  of  Kilmainham  and  the 
earl  of  Ormond,  whom  the  urior  impeached  of  high-treason;  but 
the  quarrel  was  settled  by  the  king  without  fighting,  1446. 
A  combat  was  proposed  between  lord  Reay  and  David  Ramsey  in 

1631,  but  the  king  prevented  it. 
In  a  combat  in  Dublin  castle,  before  the  lords  justices  and  council, 
between  Connor  MacCormack  O'Connor  and  Teig  Mac-Gilpatrick 
O'Connor,  the  former's  head  was  cut  ofif,  and  presented  to  the' 
lords,  1553. 

COlllbinatiOll,  Laws  were  enacted  in  England  from 
the  time  of  Edward  I.  regulating  prices  of  labor  and  relations 
between  masters  and  workmen,  and  prohibiting  workmen's 
combinations,  but  all  were  repealed,  6  Geo.  IV.  c.  129,  1825, 
protection  being  given  to  both  parties.  The  act  was  amended 
in  1859  by  22  Vict.  c.  34,  when  attention  was  drawn  to  the 
subject  by  strikes  in  building  trades.     Sheffield,  Strikes. 

C011lb§,  found  in  Pompeii.  Comb-makers'  company  in- 
corporated in  England,  1636  or  1G50. 

comedy.  Thalia  is  the  muse  of  comedy  and  lyric 
poetry.  Susarion  and  Dolon,  supposed  inventors  of  theatrical 
exhibitions,  562  b.c.,  performed  the  tirst  comedy  at  Athens,  on 
a  wagon  or  movable  stage,  on  4  wheels,  and  were  rewarded 
with  a  basket  of  figs  and  a  cask  of  wine.  Drama,  Litera- 
ture, Shakespearean  Plays. 
Comedy  prohibited  at  Athens  as  libellous,  440  b.c. 
Aristophanes,  prince  of  old  comedy,  434  b.c,  Menander  of  new,  320 

B.C. 

Of  Plaijtus,  20  comedies  are  extant;  he  flourished  220  b.c. 

Statius  Csecilius  wrote  more  than  30  comedies;  at  Rome  180  B.C. 

Comedies  of  Laelius  and  Terence  first  acted  154  b.c. 

First  regular  comedy  in  England  about  1551  a.d. 

Sheridan  said  to  have  written  the  best  comedy  ("The  School  for 

Scandal  "),  best  opera  ("  The  Duenna  "),  and  best  afterpiece  ("  The 

Critic")  in  the  language,  1775-79. 

eometi  (Or.  ko/i?/,  a  hair). 

"...  A  blazing  star 
Threatens  the  world  with  famine,  plague,  and  war; 
To  princes  death;  to  kingdoms  many  crosses; 
To  all  estates  inevitable  losses; 
To  herdmen  rot;  to  ploughmen  hapless  seasons; 
To  sailors  storms;  to  cities  civil  treasons. '' 

—Sylveste  r,  "  D  u  Bartas. ' ' 
"...  Satan  stood 
Unterrified,  and  like  a  comet  burned. 
That  fires  the  length  of  Ophiucus  huge 
In  the  arctic  sky,  and  from  his  horrid  hair 
I  Shakes  pestilence  and  war."       —Jtfi7<on,  "Paradise  Lost." 

i  A  comet  consists  of  3  parts :  head  or  nucleus,  coma,  and  tail. 
According  to  Chambers  no  effect  produced  on  the  earth  by 
cometary  influence.  The  first  described  accurately  was  by  Ni- 
\  cephorus,  1337.  The  identity  and  periodicitj^  of  comets  are 
i  considered  in  Chambers's  "  Hand-book  of  Astronomy,"  1889- 
;  1890,  and  in  W.  T.  Lynn's  "  Celestial  Motions,"  1891.  Amedee 
i  Guillemin's  "  World  of  Comets,"  by  J.  Glaisher,  pub.  1877. 
i  1140  B.C.  "  At  the  time  that  Nebuchadnezzar  overran  Elar  a  comet 
;  arose  whose  body  was  bright  like  day,  while  from  its  luminous 

body  a  tail  extended  like  the  sting  of  a  scorpion."— .4.  H.  Sayce, 
I  "Babylonian  Inscriptions." 

I       Aristotle  described  the  probable  course  of  a  comet  which  appeared 
370  B.C. 
At  the  birth  of  Mithridates  2  comets  were  seen  for  72  days  together, 
whose  splendor  eclipsed  the  mid-day  sun,  covering  one  fourth  of 
the  heavens,  about  135  b.c. — Justin. 
A  grand  comet  seen,  1264.    Its  tail  said  to  have  extended  100°.    Per- 
haps the  same  one  in  1556,  with  diminished  splendor;  expected 
again  about  Aug.  1858  or  Aug.  I860.— Hind. 
A  remarkable  one  seen  in  England,  June,  1337.— S'tow. 
Tycho  Brahe  proved  comets  extraneous  to  our  atmosphere,  about 

1577 
A  comet  which  caused  terror  seen  from  3  Nov.  1679,  to  9  Mch.  1680; 
enabled  Newton  to  prove  comets  subject  to  the  law  of  gravitation, 
and  probably  in  elliptic  orbits,  1704. 
A  brilliant  comet  in  1769  passed  very  swiftly  within  2,000,000  miles 
of  the  earth.     It  was  seen  in  London;  its  tail,  36,000,000  miles 
long,  stretched  across  the  sky  like  a  luminous  arch. 
Comet  of  1811,  on  15  Oct.  was  supposed  by  Herschel  to  stretch 
100,000,000  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  15,000,000  miles.     It 
was  visible  all  the  autumn  to  the  naked  eye.—Philos.  Trans.  Royal 
Soc.  for  1812.     Another  comet,  discovered  by  M.  Pons,  29  Dec. 
1823,  had,  besides  the  tail  turned  from  the  sun,  another  turned 
towards  it. 
Halley's  Comet,  1682.     Named  after  the  great  English  astronomer, 
who  first  proved  the  periodical  returns  of  comets,  identifying  the 
comet  of  1682  with  that  of  1456,  1531,  and  1607  by  careful  obser- 
vations in  1682,  and  comparisons  with  records  of  earlier  appear- 
ances.    Halley's  comet  traverses  its  orbit  in  about  75  years;  it 
appeared  (as  he  had  predicted)  in  1759,  reaching  its  perihelion  on 
13  Mch. ;  its  last  appearance  was  1835;  its  next  will  be  1910. 
Encke's   Comet.     First  discovered  by   M.  Pons,  26  Nov.  1818,  but 
named  for  prof  Encke,  who  determined  its  orbit,  motions,  and 
perturbations;  like  Halley's,  it  has  reappeared  according  to  pre- 
diction, its  period  being  3  years  and  15  weeks.     13th  return  ob- 


served at  Copenhagen  by  M.  d' Arrest,  20  July,  1863; 

14  Oct.  1871;  seen  13  Apr.  1875;  in  New  South  Wales,  3  Aug.  1878! 

Biela's  Comet  is  remarkable  for  its  close  approach  to  the  earth's 
orbit.  It  was  discovered  by  M.  Biela,  an  Austrian  officer,  28  Feb. 
1826.  It  has  also  reappeared  as  predicted,  its  period  being  6  years 
and  38  weeks.  Its  second  appearance  was  in  1832;  its  perihelion 
passage  27  Nov.;  its  third  was  in  1839;  its  fourth  in  1845;  and 
its  fifth  in  1852;  it  has  since  vanished. 

Great  Comet  of  1843,  the  brightest  of  this  century,  was  distinctly 
visible  to  the  naked  eye  beside  the  sun.  After  sunset,  its  tall 
stretched  in  a  double  broad  band  of  intense  white  light  from  the 
horizon  more  than  halfway  to  the  zenith,  as  seen  in  the  U.  S. 

Donates  Cornet,  one  of  the  finest  comets  of  the  present  century, 
first  observed  by  Dr.  Donati,  of  Florence,  2  June,  1858,  228,000,000 
miles  from  our  earth.  It  was  very  brilliant  in  the  U.  S.  in  the 
end  of  Sept.  and  Oct.  following,  when  the  tail  was  said  to  be 
40,000,000  miles  long.  On  10  Oct.  it  was  nearest  the  earth;  on 
the  18th  it  was  near  Venus.  Opinions  varied  as  to  this  comet's 
brilliancy  compared  with  that  of  1811.  Its  period  of  return  is 
about  2000  years. 

Great  Comet  of  1861  was  first  seen  by  Mr.  Tebbutt  at  Sydney,  in 
Australia,  13  May;  by  M.  Goldschmidt  and  others  in  France  and 
England  on  29,  30  June.  The  nucleus  was  about  400  miles  in 
diameter,  with  a  long  bush-like  tail;  it  moved  about  10,000,000 
miles  in  24  hours.  On  30  June  it  was  suggested  that  we  were  in 
the  tail — there  being  "a  phosphorescent  auroral  glare." 

A  tailless  comet  was  discovered  in  Cassiopeia,  by  M.  Seeling,  at 
Athens,  2  July,  and  by  M.  Tempel,  at  Marseilles,  2  and  3  July,  1862. 

M.  Babinet  regards  cometary  matter  as  so  rare  that  a  comet's  tail, 
traversed  by  the  earth,  might  be  unnoticed,  4  May,  1857. 

Schiaparelli,  of  Milan,  identifies  the  path  of  August  meteors  round 
the  sun  with  orbit  of  second  comet  of  1862-66..    , 

Coggia^s  Comet,  seen  by  him  at  Marseilles,  18  Apr. ;  (near  Polar  star) 
in  London  about  4  July;  gradually  grew  brighter,  but,  lost  to  sight 
in  Europe,  appeared  at  Melbourne,  1  Aug.  1874. 

Most  important  work  on  these  comets  was  the  successful  photo- 
graphing by  prof.  Henry  Draper,  of  New  York,  1880-81. 

Spectra  show  carbon;  in  one  case  the  greater  part  of  the  comet's 
light  was  proved  to  be  reflected. 

Of  about  270  comets  whose  orbits  have  been  computed  with  ap- 
proximate accuracy,  nearly  200  appear  to  move  in  parabolas,  and 
therefore,  after  their  one  visit  to  the  solar  system,  have  passed 
away  into  the  depths  of  space.  About  50  are  known  to  have  oval 
or  elliptic  orbits,  and  are  erratic  members  of  our  own  system. 
But  the  attraction  of  a  planet,  especially  of  Jupiter,  may  some- 
times change  a  comet's  orbit  from  a  parabola  to  an  ellipse,  or 
conversely.  The  close  connection  of  comets  with  the  periodical 
showers  of  meteors  (usually  observed  12  Aug.,  13,  27,  and  28  Nov., 
etc.),  first  demonstrated  in  1864  by  prof  H.  A.  Newton,  of  Yale 
college,  is  now  universally  admitted.  Several  streams  of  meteors 
are  known  to  move  in  long  elliptic  orbits  about  the  sun,  each  the 
orbit  of  a  known  comet,  and  most  astronomers  suppose  the  me- 
teors to  be  the  result  of  the  gradual  disintegration  of  the  comets. 

comets    revolving  about   the   sun  in   less   than    20 
years. 

^''^"''Yearr'"^"''                                Appearance. 
3.29. . . : Oct.  1891 

2.  Tempers,  2d 5.15 Feb.  1894 

3.  Winnecke's 5.54 Dec.  1891 

.  4.   Brorsen's 5.58 Apr.   1890 

5.  Tempel's,  1st 5.98 Apr.  1891 

6.  Swift's 6 Oct.  1892 

7.  Barnard's 6 1890 

8.  D'Arrest's 6.64 Sept.     " 

9.  Finlay's 6.67 1893 

10.  Wolfe's 6.76 Aug.  1891 

IL  Faye's 7.44 Dec.  1895 

12.  Dennings 8.86 July,  1890 

13.  Tuttle's 13. 66 Mch.  1899 

COMETS    revolving    ABOUT    THE     SUN    IN    LESS    THAN    100 
YEARS. 
Name.  Years.  Next  appearance. 

1.  Westphal's 67.7  1920 

2.  Pons's 70.68 1954 

3.  De  Vico's .73.25 1919 

4.  Olbers's 74.05 1961 

5.  Brorsen's 74.97 1922 

6.  Halley's 76.78 1910 

(Halley's  comet  has  been  traced  as  far  back  as  11  b.c.  by  Hind). 


Name. 

1.  Encke's. 


1066 
1106 
1145 
1265 
1378 
1402 
1456 
1531 
1556 
1577 
1607 
1618 
1661 


YEARS   OF  REMARKABLE  COMETS. 
1744 

1759— Halley's. 


Period, 


It  ap- 


.,„,,  (The  most  remarkable  of  modern  times. 

^^^^  \     3065  years.     Discovered  26  Mch.  1811. 

1823 

1835— Halley's. 

(One  of  the  most  brilliant  ever  observed. 

1843  I     proached  the  sun  to  within  450,000  miles  of  its 
(     centre  and  less  than  30,000  from  its  surface. 

1858 — Donati's.     See  notice  in  this  article. 

1861 — See  notice  in  this  article. 

1882 
1680— Period  estimated  at  8814  years.— Guillemin. 
1682— Halley's. 


1729 


COM 

TABUS  OF  RBOORDED  COMKTS. 

N».  obMrrad.  Orbiu  calculated. 

....     4 

....     1 

....     2 


190 


COM 


79. 


IdenUfled. 
1 


0..., 

1... 

4..., 

0..., 

2..., 

1..., 

2.... 

4..., 

0.... 

3.... 

7.... 

12. . . , 

13.... 

20. . . , 

64.... 


249. .^08 

392  109 

Army  of  the  United 


Before  a.d. 

0-lOa y-i 

101-20a , 22. 

901-300 3» 

801-400. 22. 

401-500. 19 

UOl-600. 26 

601-70a 29 

701-80a 17 

801-900. 41 

901-1000 30. 

1001-1100 37 

1101-1200. 28 

1201-1300. 29 

1301-1400 34 

1401-1600 43 

1601-1600 39 

1601-1700 32. 

1701-1800 72 

1801-1888 VJO 

929 

comniander-ln-chief. 

Statks. 

commerce  early  flourished  in  Arabia,  Egypt,  and 
among  the  Phoenicians ;  see  the  description  of  Tyre,  588  B.C., 
Ezek.  xxvii.  Later  it  was  spread  over  Europe  by  a  confed- 
eracy of  maritime  cities,  1241  (Hanse  Towns),  by  the  dis- 
coveries of  Columbus,  and  by  the  enterprises  of  the  Dutch 
and  Portuguese.  Exports,  Imports,  and  articles  connected 
with  this  subject. 

England's  first  treaty  of  commerce  with  a  foreign  nation  was 
with  the  Flemings.  1  Edw.  I.  1272.  The  second  with  Portu- 
gal and  Spain.  2  Edw.  II.  1308.— Jnrfej-son.  Treaties.  Herts- 
let's  "Collection,"  in  12  vols.  8vo,  pub.  1827-59,  has  a  copi- 
ous index. 
Chambers  of  commerce  originated  at  Marseilles  in  the  14th 

^ntury  and  in  the  chief  cities  in  France about  1700 

Suppressed  in  1791 ;  restored  by  decrees 3  Sept.  1851 

Chamber  of  commerce  at  Glasgow  established  1783;  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1785 ;  Manchester,  1820;  Hull 1837 

Interuationatl  congress  of  commerce  at  Brussels 6-10  Sept.  1880 

A  minister  of  commerce  in  England  proposed,  1880,  dropped. .  1881 

common  council  of  London,  organized  about  1208. 
The  charter  of  Henry  L  mentions  the  folk-mote,  Saxon  for  a 
court  or  assembly  of  the  people.  Its  general  place  of  meet- 
ing was  in  the  open  air  at  St.  Paul's  cross,  St.  Paul's  church- 
yard. In  Henry  III.'s  reign  representatives  were  chosen 
out  of  each  ward,  who,  with  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen, 
constituted  the  court  of  common  council.  At  first  2  were 
returned  for  each  ward;' the  number  was  enlarged  in  1347, 
and  since.  This  council,  consisting  of  206  members,  meets 
every  Thursday,  and  is  elected  annually  21  Dec,  St.  Thomas's 
day.  It  supported  the  prince  of  Orange  in  1688,  and  queen 
Caroline  in  1820. — Most  of  the  cities  of  the  United  States  are 
governed  by  a  "common  council,"  consisting  of  aldermen 
elected  from  the  different  wards. 

Common  Pleas,  Court  of,  in  England,  in  ancient 
times  followed  the  king's  person,  and  is  distinct  from  the 
King's  Bench ;  but  on  the  grant  of  Magna  Charta  by  king 
John,  in  1215,  it  was  fixed  at  Westminster,  where  it  remains. 
In  1833  procedure  in  all  superior  courts  was  made  uniform. 
In  England,  no  barrister  under  the  degree  of  sergeant,  could 
plead  in  Common  Pleas,  but  in  1846  the  privilege  was  ex- 
tended to  barristers  practising  in  the  superior  courts  at  West- 
minster. Sat  last,  July,  1875.  The  common-pleas  division 
of  the  high  court  of  justice  now  consists  of  the  chief-justice 
and  4  judges.     Supreme  court,  Courts  in  the  U.  S. 

"  Common  Prayer,  Book  of,"  first  ordered 

by  Parliament  printed  in  English,  1  Apr.  1548;  was  published 
7  Mch.  1549;  reformed  by  act  of  uniformity,  6  Apr.  1552; 
abolished  under  queen  Mary,  Oct.  1553 ;  restored,  with  changes, 
24  June,  1559 ;  revised,  1604;  abolished,  1644,  and  it.s  use  pro- 
hibited under  heavy  penalties,  till  the  new  act  of  uniformity, 
19  May,  1662,  since  when  it  has  been  continuously  in  use. 
With  a  few  changes,  this  prayer-book  is  used  by  Episcopal 
churches  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  North  America. 

"  King's  Primer  "  pub 1545 

First  book  of  Edward  VI.  printed 7  Mch.  1549 

Second  book  of  Edward  VI 1552 

First  book  of  Elizabeth  (revised) 1559 

King  James's  book  "      1604 

Scotch  book  of  Charles  1 1637 

Charles  II.  's  book  (Savoy  conference)  now  in  use 1662 


StcUe  tervices  (never  part  of  the  prayer-book,  but  annexed  to 
It  at  the  beginning  of  every  reign)  for  5  Nov.  (guiijwwder 
treason),  30  Jan.  (Charles  I. 's  execution),  and  29  May  (('harles 

II. '8  restoration),  were  ordered  discontinued 17  Jan.  1859 

Public  Worship  Regulation  act  (to  check  ritualism)  passed,  Aug.  1874 
Wesleyan  Methodists  who  had  used  the  prayer-book  appoint 
acou)miltee  to  revise  it Aug.     " 

COmmon-la^V  of  England,  including  unwritten  max- 
ims and  customs  {leges  non  scripice),  of  British,  Saxon,  and 
Danish  origin,  immemorial  in  that  kingdom,  though  some- 
what impaired  by  the  Norman  conquest,  is  still  recognized  by 
the  courts.  At  the  parliament  of  Merton,  1236,  "  all  the  earls 
and  barons,"  says  the  parliament  roll,  "  with  one  voice  an- 
swered that  they  would  not  change  the  laws  of  England 
which  have  hitherto  been  used  and  approved."  Bastaud. 
The  process,  practice,  and  mode  of  pleading  in  the  superior 
courts  of  common-law  were  amended,  1852  and  1854.  In  the 
United  States  the  term  common-law  means  that  of  England, 
and  statutes  passed  by  the  English  Parliament,  before  the 
first  settlements  in  the  colonial  states  were  made,  and  with 
the  exception  of  Louisiana,  is  the  basis  of  the  jurisprudence  of 
all  the  states,  in  so  far  as  it  conforms  to  the  circumstances  and 
institutions  of  the  country,  and  has  not  been  otherwise  modi- 
fied by  statutory  provisions. 

Commoni,  House  of,  originated  when  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort,  earl  of  Leicester,  by  the  provisions  of  Oxford,  ordered  re- 
turns of  2  knights  from  every  shire,  and  deputies  from  certain 
boroughs,  to  meet  his  friends  of  the  barons  and  clergy,  to 
strengthen  his  power  against  Henry  III.,  1258. — Stow.  Par- 
liament. In  1832  the  house  had  658  members.  In  1844 
Sudbury,  and  in  1852  St.  Albans,  were  disfranchised  for  bribery 
and  corruption,  each  having  returned  2  members;  the  number 
then  became  654.  In  1861  the  forfeited  seats  were  given — 
2  additional  to  the  West  Riding  of  York,  1  to  South  Lanca- 
shire, and  1  to  a  new  borough,  Birkenhead.  In  1859  Mr. 
Newmarch  estimated  the  voters  of  England  and  Wales  at 
934,000.  The  number  was  largely  increased  by  the  Reform 
act  of  1867.  Registered  parliamentary  electors,  1872:  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  boroughs,  1,250,019 ;  counties,  801,109.  Scot- 
land, burghs,  49,025;  counties,  79,919.  Ireland,  boroughs, 
171,912;  counties,  175,439.  Total,  2,526,423.  Parliamentary 
electors :  England  and  Wales,  1875, 2,301,266 ;  1878,  2,416,222 ; 
1879  (May),  2,459,999.  Scotland,  1875,  289,789 ;  1878,  304,- 
268;  1879,  307,941.  Ireland,  .1875,  230,436;  1878,  231,515; 
1879,  231,289.  Total,  1875,  2,821,491 ;  1878,  2,952,005 ;  1879, 
2,999,229.  Disfranchised  and  replaced,  1867  :  Lancaster,  Yar- 
mouth, Totnes,  and  Reigate.  Disfranchised,  1870:  Beverley 
and  Bridgewater,  each  2  members ;  Cashel  and  Sligo,  each  1 
member :  652  members,  1878 ;  12  members  short,  through  void 
elections,  Aug.  1880.  The  Reform  bill  of  1885  makes  man- 
hood suffrage  almost  universal.  The  registered  electors  in 
England,  1891,  number  4,469,630;  Wales,  261,117;  Scotland, 
576,213;  Ireland,  760,173.  Total,  6,067,133,  an  average  of 
9055  electors  to  every  member.  Salary  of  the  speaker  of  the 
house,  5000/.     Number  of  members  at  different  times : 

Old  House.  Members.     By  the  Reform  act  of  1832.         Members. 

England 489    England 472 

■     Wales 28 

Scotland 53 

Ireland 105 

Total 658 

By  the  Reform  act  of  1885.         Members. 

England 465 

Wales 30 

Scotland 72 

Ireland 103 

Total 670 


Wales 24 

Scotland 45 

Ireland ■  100 

Total 658 

By  the  acts  of  1867-68.  Members. 

England 463 

Wales 30 

Scotland 60 

Ireland 105 

Total 658 

common  §chool§  in  the  United  States.  Education. 

Common -sense  pamphlet,  Paine's.  Penn- 
sylvania, 1776. 

Commonwealtli  of  Eng^land,  the  term  ap- 
plied to  the  interregnum  between  the  death  of  Charles  I.  and 
the  restoration  of  Charles  11.  A  republic  was  established  at 
the  execution  of  Charles  I.,  30  Jan.  1649 — a  new  oath,  called 
the  "  Engagement,"  framed,  which  all  officials  must  take. — 
Salmon.  They  swore  to  be  true  and  faithful  to  the  Common- 
wealth, without  king  or  house  of  lords.  The  statues  of  Charles 
were  next  day  demolished,  particularly  that  at  the  royal  ex- 
change, and  one  at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's ;  and  in  their 


COM 


191 


CON 


room  the  following  inscription  was  conspicuously  set  up: 
*^Exit  Tyrannus  Regum  ultimus,  Anno  Libertatis  AnglicB  Re- 
stitutcB  Primo.  Anno  Dom.  1649,  Jan.  30."  Oliver  Cromwell 
was  made  protector  16  Dec.  1653 ;  succeeded  bj'  his  son  Rich- 
ard, 3  Sept.  1658.  Monarchy  was  restored  8  May,  and  Charles 
II.  entered  London,  29  May,  1660. 

COmmuil'aliitS  or  COrn'muilisti,  propose  to  di- 
vide France  into  about  1000  independent  states,  with  coun- 
cils elected  by  all ;  Paris  to  be  the  ruling  head ;  capital  and 
its  holders  to  be  adapted  to  nobler  uses,  or  cease  to  exist. 
They  are  said  to  be  atheists  and  materialists.  They  are  in- 
timately connected  with  the  international  society  of  workmen, 
and  the  communists  or  socialists  (1871-73).     Socialism. 

eoiIlinilIie§,  in  France,  are  territorial  divisions  under 
a  mayor.  In  the  11th  century  the  name  was  given  to  combi- 
nations of  citizens,  favored  by  the  crown,  against  the  exac- 
tions of  the  nobles.  In  1356  Stephen  Marcel,  during  English 
invasion,  endeavored  to  form  a  confederation  of  sovereign 
cities,  having  Paris  as  governing  head ;  and  for  6  months  it 
was  governed  by  a  commune  in  1588.  After  the  insurrection 
of  July,  1789,  the  revolutionary  committee  replaced  the  city 
council,  taking  the  name  of  "  Commune  of  Paris,"  Pethion 
being  mayor.  It  met  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  organized  21 
May,  1791.  It  had  great  power  under  Robespierre,  and  fell 
with  him,  17  July,  1794,  being  replaced  by  12  municipalities. 
The  commune  was  proclaimed  in  Paris,  28  Mch.  1871,  during 
the  insurrection  which  began  18  Mch.  and  ended  with  the 
capture  of  the  city  by  the  government,  28  May.  2245  com- 
munists were  pardoned  by  decree  issued  17  Jan.  1879;  and 
many  others  afterwards.  A  number  re-entered  Paris  4  Sept. 
following.  For  the  communal  rule  in  Paris,  Fkance,  1871; 
Socialism. 

COmmilllioil,  the  ordinance  of  the  Lord's  supper 
(1  Cor.  X.  16).  Communicating  under  the  form  of  bread  alone 
is  said  to  have  begun  under  pope  Urban  II.  1096.  The  cup 
was  first  denied  to  the  laity  by  the  council  of  Constance,  1414- 
1418.  The  fourth  Lateran  council  (1215)  decreed  that  every 
believer  should  receive  the  communion  at  least  at  Easter. 
The  communion  service  of  the  church  of  England  was  set 
forth  in  1549. 

COmpatliei.  The  London  trade  companies  were  grad- 
ually formed  out  of  the  trade  or  craft  guilds,  mainly  by  the 
exertions  of  Walter  Harvey,  mayor  in  1272.  The  original  re- 
ligious element  in  the  companies  gradually  disappeared.  The 
first  commercial  company  in  England  was  probably  the  Steel- 
yard society,  established  1232.  The  second  was  the  Merchants 
of  St.  Thomas  ti  Becket,  in  1248.— xS7oz(7.  The  third  was  the 
Merchant  Adventurers,  incorporated  by  Elizabeth,  1564.  Of 
bubble  companies,  Law's  bubble,  in  1720-21,  was  perhaps  the 
most  famous,  and  the  South  Sea  bubble,  in  the  same  year,  was 
scarcely  less  memorable  for  the  ruin  of  thousands  of  families. 
Law's   and   South  Sea  bubble,  London  and   Plymouth 

COMPANIES. 

COmpa§§,  mariner's,  said  to  have  been  known  to 
the  Chinese,  1115  B.C.,  and  brought  to  Europe  by  Marco  Polo, 
a  Venetian,  1260  a.d.  Flavio  Gioja,  of  Amalfi,  a  navigator 
of  Naples,  is  said  to  have  introduced  the  suspension  of  the 
needle,  1302.  The  statement  that  the  fleur-de-lis  was  placed 
at  the  northern  point  of  the  compass  in  compliment  to  Charley, 
king  of  Naples  at  the  time  of  the  discovery,  has  been  contra- 
dicted. "  The  compass  is  said  to  have  been  known  to  the 
Swedes  under  king  Jarl  Birger,  1250.  Its  variation  was  dis- 
covered first  by  Columbus,  1492;  a'I'terwards  by  Sebastian 
Cabot,  1540.  The  compass-box  and  hanging-compass  used  by 
navigators  were  invented  by  William  Barlowe,  an  English 
divine  and  natural  philosopher,  in  1608.  Magnetism.— The 
measuring  compass  (dividers)  was  invented  bv  Jost  Bing,  of 
Hesse,  in  1602. 

Compiegne  (Jcom-pe-ain'),  a  French  city  north  of 
Paris,  residence  of  the  Carlovingian  kings.  During  its  siege, 
Joan  of  Arc  was  captured  here  by  Burgundians,  25  May, 
1430,  and  given  up  to  the  English.  Napoleon  III.  and  the 
king  of  Prussia  met  here  6  Oct.  1861. 

Composite  order,  a  mixture  of  Corinthian  and 
Ionic,  also  called  the  Roman  order;  of  uncertain  date. 


composite  portraits.  By  photography,  in  1877- 
1878,  Francis  Galton  combined  from  2  to  9  portraits;  often 
improving  the  features  of  the  components. 

compound  radical,  in  organic  chemistry,  is  a 
substance  containing  2  or  more  elements,  but  often  acting 
as  one  element.  The  radical  or  binary  theory  was  propounded 
by  Berzelius,  1833,  and  bj^  Liebig,  1838 ;  and  modified  in  the 
nucleus  theory  of  Aug.  Laurent,  1836.  The  first  compound 
radical  isolated  was  cyanogen,  by  Gay-Lussac,  1815.  Amyl, 
Ethyl,  Methyl. 

Comte's  {konfs)  philosophy.     Philosophy. 

Conception,  Immaculate.  A  festival  (8  Dec.) 

appointed  1389,  observed  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in 
honor  of  the  Virgin  Mary's  conception  and  birth  without 
original  sin.  Opposition  to  this  doctrine  was  forbidden  by 
decree  of  pope  Paul  V.  in  1617,  which  was  confirmed  by  Greg- 
orj'  XV.  and  Alexander  VII. — Henault.  On  8  Dec.  1854,  pope 
Pius  IX.  promulgated  a  bull,  declaring  this  dogma  an  article 
of  faith,  and  making  it  heresy  to  doubt  or  speak  against  it. — 
The  Conceptionists  were  an  order  of  nuns  in  Italy,  established 
in  1488.     Santiago. 

COncept'ualism.  Philosophic  thought  intermediate 
between  realism  and  nominalism.     Philosophy,  Abelard. 

concertina  {con-ser-tee'na),  a  musical  instrument  in- 
vented by  prof.,  afterwards  sir,  Charles  Wheatstone,  about  1825, 
and  improved  by  G.  Case.  The  sounds  are  produced  by  free 
vibrating  metal  springs. 

concerts.  The  Filarmonia  gave  concerts  at  Vicenza 
in  the  16th  centur3^  The  first  public  subscription  concert  was 
at  Oxford  in  1665;  the  first  in  London  is  said  to  have  been  in 
1672,  by  John  Banister,  afterwards  by  Thomas  Brit  ton  till  his 
death,  1714.  The  academy  of  ancient  music  began  concerts 
in  London,  1710;  the  concerts  of  ancient  music  in  1776;  and 
the  Philharmonic  society  of  London  in  1818.  Crystal  pal- 
ace, Handel,  Music.  Colossal  peace  concerts  were  held  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  15  June,  etc.,  1869;  17  June  to  4  July,  1872. 
Boston. 

concliorog^y,  the  science  of  shells,  mentioned  by 
Aristotle  and  Pliny,  was  reduced  to  a  system  by  John  Daniel 
Major,  of  Kiel,  Holstein,  Germany,  who  published  his  classi- 
fication of  the  Testacea  in  1675.  Lister's  system  was  published 
1685 ;  that  of  Largius  1722.  Johnson's  "  Introduction"  (1850) 
and  Sowerby's  "Manual  of  Conchology"  (1842)  are  useful. 
Forbes  andHanley's  "British  MoUusca  and  their  Shells" 
(1848-53)  is  a  magnificent  work.  "  British  Conchology,"  by 
J.  G.  Jeffreys,  pub.  1862-69. 

conclave.  A  range  of  small  cells  in  the  hall  of  the 
Vatican,  where  the  cardinals  usually  meet  to  elect  a  pope; 
also  the  assembly  of  cardinals  shut  up  for  the  purpose.  Clem- 
ent IV.  died  at  Viterbo  in  1268 ;  the  cardinals  were  nearly  3 
years  unable  to  agree,  and  were  about  to  disperse,  when  the 
magistrates,  by  advice  of  St.Bonaventura,  shut  the  city  gates, 
and  locked  up  the  cardinals  till  they  agreed,  1271. 

Concord.     Massachusetts,  1775. 
COncor'dance.    An  index  or  alphabetical  catalogue 
of  the  words,  or  a  chronological  account  of  the  facts  in  a  book. 
The  first  was  made  of  the  Bible  under  Hugo  de  St.  Caro,  who 
employed  500  monks  upon  it,  1247. — AbbS  Lenglet.     It  was 
based  on  one  compiled  by  Anthony  of  Padua.     Thomas  Gib- 
son's "  Concordance  of  the  New  Testament,"  pub.  1535.     John 
Marbeck's  "  Concordance  "  (for  the  whole  Bible),  1550.     Two 
concordances,  by  Robert  F.  Herrey,  appeared  in  1578.    Cruden's 
"  Concordance  "  was  published  in  London  in  1737.    Dr.  Robert 
Young's  "  Analytical  Concordance  to  the  Bible,"  1879.     The 
"Index  to  the  Bible,"  published  by  queen  Victoria's  printers, 
prepared  by  B.  Vincent,  was  completed  May,  1848. 
Verbal  indexes  accompany  good  editions  of  ancient  classics.     An 
"  Index  to  Shakespeare, "  by  Ayscough,  appeared  in  1790;  another 
by  Twiss  in  1805;  and  Mrs.  Cowden-Clarke's  "Concordance  to 
Shakespeare's  Plays  "  (after  16  years'  labor)  in  1847.    Mrs.  Horace 
Furuess's  "  Concordance  to  Shakespeare's  Poems,"  1874    Todd's 
"Verbal  Index  to  Milton,"  1809.     Cleveland's  "Concordance  to 
Milton,"  1867.     Brightwell's  "Concordance  to  Tennyson,"  1869. 
Abbott's  "  Concordance  to  Pope,"  1875.    Dun  bars  to  Homer,  1880. 
Ellis  to  Shelley,  1892. 
COncor'dat.    An  agreement  between  a  prince  and  the 


CON 


192 


CON 


pope,  usually  concerning  benefices.  That  between  the  enaperor 
Henry  V.  of  Germany  and  pope  Calixtus  II.,  in  1122,  has  been 
reganleti  as  fundamental  law  of  the  church  in  Germany.  The 
concordat  between  IJonaparte  and  Pius  VII.,  at  Paris,  15  July, 
1801,  re-established  the  papal  authority  in  France.  Napoleon 
was  made  in  effect  the  head  of  the  (ialHcan  church,  bishops 
to  l)e  appointed  by  him,  and  invested  by  the  pope.  Another 
concordat  between  the  same  persons  was  signed  at  Fontaine- 
bleau,  25  Jan.  1818.  These  were  almost  nullified  by  another, 
22  Nov.  1817.  A  concordat,  18  Aug.  1855,  between  Austria 
and  Rome,  by  which  the  liberty  of  the  Austrian  church  was 
largely  given  up  to  the  papacy,  caused  dissatisfaction.  In 
18G8  it  was  virtually  abolished  by  the  legislatures  of  Hungary 
and  Austria. 

concubines  were  tolerated  among  the  Jews,  Greeks, 
and  Romans,  but  strictly  forbidden  to  Christians  (Mark  x. ;  1 
Cor.  vii.  2).  They  are  mentioned  as  having  been  allowed  to 
priests,  1132.    Morganatic  marriages. 

COndottlcrl  {con-dot-te-a' ree),  conductors  or  leaders  of 
mercenaries,  termed  free  companies  or  lances.'  The  first  to 
give  a  definite  form  to  these  lawless  bands  was  Montreal  d'Al- 
barno  of  Provence.  This  body,  named  the  "  Grand  Compa- 
ny," numbered  7000  cavalrj'  and  1500  select  infantry,  mostly 
Germans,  and  was  for  some  years  the  terror  of  Italy.  After 
the  peace  of  Bretignj',  in  1360,  sir  John  Hawkwood,  an  able 
general,  after  ravaging  France,  led  his  army  of  English  mer- 
cenaries, called  the  "  White  Company,"  into  Italy,  which  first 
in  the  service  of  Pisa,  and  afterwards  of  Florence,  took  a  prom- 
inent part  in  the  confused  Italian  wars  of  that  period.  The 
first  who  formed  an  exclusively  Italian  company  was  Alberico 
da  Barbiano.  In  his  school  the  great  condottieri  Braccio  da 
Montone  and  Attendolo  Sforza  were  formed.  The  greatest 
condottieri  during  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century  were 
Francesco  Bussone,  count  of  Carraagnola,  who  was  beheaded 
between  the  columns  at  "Venice,  1432,  Niccolo  Piccinino,  who 
died  at  Milan,  1444,  and  Francesco  Sforza,  son  of  Attendolo 
Sforza,  who,  marrying  the  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan, 
seized  that  duchy  on  the  death  of  his  father-in-law,  1450,  the 
only  condottiere  who  obtained  territory  of  importance.  He 
exhibited  rare  qualities  as  a  ruler.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
15th  century,  when  the  large  cities  had  gradually  absorbed  the 
smaller  states,  and  Italy  itself,  drawn  into  European  politics, 
became  the  battle-field  of  powerful  armies,  French,  Spanish, 
and  German,  the  condottieri  disappeared. 

conduits.  Two  remarkable  conduits,  among  others 
in  London,  existed  early  in  Cheapside.  The  "  great  conduit," 
the  first  cistern  of  lead  in  London,  was  built  1285.  At  the 
procession  of  Anne  Boleyn,  on  her  marriage,  it  ran  with  white 
and  claret  wine  all  afternoon,  1  June,  1533. — Stow, 

Confederate  IStates  of  America.  An  or- 
ganization of  slave -holding  states  in  an  attempt  to  secede 
from  the  Union  and  establish  an  independent  government. 
During  the  4  years  of  its  existence  its  history  is  confined 
almost  wholly  to  the  battle-field.  The  following  table  gives 
the  dates  of  legislative  action  for  secession  in  the  several 


state. 


South  Carolina. . 

Mississippi 

Florida 

Alabama , 

Georgia. 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Virginia 

Arkansas 

North  Carolina. , 
Tennessee 


Act  of  Secession. 


20  Dec.  1860 
9  Jan.  1861 

10  "  " 

11  "  " 
19  "  " 
26    "  " 

1  Feb.  " 

17  Apr.  " 

6  May,  " 

21  "  " 
8  June,  " 


Unanimous. 
84  yeas,  15  naya 

62     "       7  " 

61    "     39  " 

208    "     89  " 

113     "     17  " 

166    "       7  " 

88     "     55  " 

69     "        1  " 
Unanimous. 


Legislatures  of  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  and  Delaware  re- 
fused to  pass  an  ordinance  of  secession,  and  declared  themselves 
neutral. 

Convention  of  South  Carolina,  after  passing  the  ordinance  ot 
secession,  issues  a  call,  27  Dec.  1860,  for  a  convention  at  Mont- 
gomery. Ala. ,  of  such  slave-holding  states  as  should  secede,  Feb.  4, 
1861.     At  that  date  the  following  delegates  met : 

South  Carolina:  R.  B.  Rhett,  Jas.  Chesnut,  jr.,  W.  P.  Miles,  T.  J. 
Withers,  R.  W.  Barnwell,  C.  G.  Memminger,  L.  M.  Keitt,  W.  W. 
Boyce. 

Georgia :  Robert  Toombs,  Howell  Cobb,  Benj.  H.  Hill,  Alex.  H.  Ste- 
phens, Francis  Barbour,  Martin  J.  Crawford.  E,  A.  Nisbett,  Augus- 
tus B.  Wright,  Thos.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Augustus  Keenan. 


Alabama  :  Richard  W.  Walker,  Robert  H.  Smltli,  Colin  J.  McRae, 
John  (Jill  Shorter.  S.  F.  Halo,  David  P.  Lewis,  Thomas  Fearn,  J. 
L.  M.  Curry,  W.  P.  Chilton. 

Mistissippi :  Wiley  P.  Harris,  Walker  Brooke,  A.  M.  Clayton,  W.  S. 
Barry,  J.  T.  Harrison,  J.  A.  P.  Campbell,  W.  S.  Wilson. 

Louisiana:  John  Perkins,  jr.,  Duncan  F.  Kenna,  C.  M.  Conrad,  E. 
Sparrow,  Henry  Marshall. 

Florida :  Jackson  Morton,  J.  Patlon  Anderson,  Jas.  B.  Owens. 

This  convention,  with  Howell  Cobb  as  permanent  president,  adopt- 
ed, on  9  Feb.  1861,  a  provisional  constitution  for  the  Confederate 
States  of  America.  On  the  same  day,  Jefferson  Davis  of  Missis- 
sippi was  elected  presidont,Alexander  H.Stephens  of  Georgia  vice- 
president,  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  delegates  (42  in  number). 
Davis  was  inaugurated  18  Feb.  1861;  oath  of  office  being  ad- 
ministered by  Howell  Cobb.  The  delegates  from  the  other  slates 
of  the  confederacy  took  seats  in  the  provisional  congress  as  fol- 
lows: 

Texas,  1st  session,  2  Mch.  1861:  Louis  T.  Wigfall,  John  H.  Reagan, 
John  Hemphill,  T.  H.  Waul,  William  B.  Ochiltree,  W.  S.  Oldhiun, 
John  Gregg. 

Arkansas,  'id  session,  May,  1861:  Robert  W.  Johnson,  Albert  Rust, 
Augustus  H.  Garland,  Wm.  W.  Watkins,  Hugh  F.  Thomasson. 

Virginia,  2d  session,  May,  1861:  Jas.  A.  Soddon,  Wm.  Ballard  Pres- 
ton, Robt.  M.  T.  Hunter,  John  Tyler,  sen.,  Wra.  H.  McFarland, 
Roger  A.  Pryor,  Thos.  S.  Bocock,  Wm.  C.  Rives. 

Tennessee,  2d  session.  May,  1861:  Jos.  B.  Heiskill,  Thomas  Menees, 

Wm.  G.  Swan, Meeker, House,  Geo.  W.  Jones,  John  D. 

C.  Atkins, De  Witt, Mcllhery. 

North  Carolina,  3d  session,  July.  1861  :  Geo.  Davis,  Wm.  W.  Avery, 
Wm.  N.  H.  Smith,  Thos.  Ruffln,  Thos.  D.  McDowell,  Abram  W. 
Venable,  John  M.  Morehead,  Robt.  C.  Puryear,  Burton  Craige,  An- 
drew  J.  Davidson. 

Kentucky,  4th  session,  Dec.  1861  :  Henry  C.  Burnett, Thomas, 

Willis  B.  Machen,  Thomas  B.  Munroe. 

Missouri,  4th  session,  Dec.  1861 :  Wm.  H.  Cook,  Thos.  A.  Harris,  Casper 
W.  Bell,  A.  H.  Conrow,  Geo.  C.  Vest,  Thos.  W.  Freeman,  Samuel 
Hyer. 

The  permanent  constitution  of  the  Confederate  States  (that  of  the 
United  States  with  slight  alterations)  was  submitted  to  the  pro- 
visional congress  11  Mch.  and  unanimously  adopted,  and  was  rat- 
ified by  the  following  states:  Alabama,  13  Mch.  1861;  Georgia,  16 
Mch. ;  Louisiana,21  Mch. ;  Texas,  23  Mch. ;  South  Carolina, 3  Apr. ; 
Virginia,  25  Apr. ;  North  Carolina,  21  May. 

The  confederate  (provisional)  congress  held  four  sessions:  (1)  4  Feb. 
1861,  to  16  Mch.  1861 ;  (2)  29  Apr.  1861,  to  22  May,  1861 ;  (3)  20  July, 
1861,  to  22  Aug.  1861;  (4)  18  Nov.  1861,  to  17  Feb.  1862. 

The  government  was  removed  from  Montgomery,  Ala.,  to  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  24  May,  1861,  where  the  3d  session  of  its  congress 
opened  20  July,  1861,  and  remained  until  driven  out  by  Grant  in 
Apr.  1865. 

The  government,  under  its  permanent  constitution,  was  organized 
at  Richmond, Va.,  22  Feb.  1862. 

Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss.,  president 1862-66 

Alexander  H.  Stephens  of  Ga.,  vice-president " 

CABINET. 

Judah  P.  Benjamin,  La.,  secretary  of  state. 
Charles  G.  Memminger,  S.  C,  secretary  of  treasury. 
Geo.  W.  Randolph,  Va. ,  secretary  of  war. 
Stephen  R.  Mallory,  Fla.,  secretary  of  navy. 
Thos.  H.  Watts,  Ala.,  attorney-general. 
John  H.  Reagan,  Tex. ,  postmaster-general. 

First  Congress,  session  (1)  18  Feb.  1862,  to  22  Apr.  1862. 
"        (2)  12  Aug.     "     "13  Oct.     " 
"        (3)  12  Jan.  1863,  "    8  May,  1863. 
"       (4)    7  Dec.     "      "18  Feb.  1864. 
Senate:  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  Ga.,  vice-president. 
R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  Va.,  president  ^Jro  temn. 
Members  from  Ala. :  Clement  C.  Clay,  William  L.  Yancey. 
"  "    Ark. :  Robt.  W.  .Johnson,  Chas.  B.  Mitchell. 

"  "    Fla. :  Jas.  M.  Baker,  Augustus  E.  Maxwell, 

"  "    Ga. :  Benj.  H.  Hill,  John  W.  Lewis. 

"  "    Ky. :  Henry  C.  Burnett,  Wm.  E.  Simms. 

"  "    La. :  Thos.  J.  Semmes,  Edward  Sparrow. 

**  "    Miss. :  Albert  G.  Brown,  Jas.  Phelan. 

»  "    Mo. :  John  B.  Clark,  R.  L.  Y.  Peyton. 

*'  "    N.  C. :  Wm.  T.  Dortch,  Geo.  Davis. 

"  "    S.  C. :  Robt.  W.  Barnwell.  Jas.  L.  Orr. 

"  "    Tenn. :  Gustavus  A.  Henry,  Landon  C.  Haynes. 

"  "    Va. :  Robt.  M.  T.  Hunter,  Wm.  Ballard  Preston. 

"  "    Tex. :  Louis  T.  Wigfall,  Williamson  S.  Oldham. 

House:  Thos.  S.  Bocock,  Va.,  speaker. 
Members  :  Alabama  9,  Arkansas  4,  Florida  2,  Georgia  10,  Kentucky 
12,  Louisiana  6,  Mississippi  7,  Missouri  6,  North  Carolina  10,  South 
Carolina  6,  Tennessee  11,  Texas  7,  Virginia  16;  total,  106. 

Second  Congress,  session  (1)  2  May,  1864,  to  15  June,  1864. 
"       (2)  7  Nov.     "      "18  Mch.  1865. 
Senate:  Alex.  H.  Stephens,  Ga.,  vice-president. 
R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  Va. ,  president  pro  tern. 
Members  from  Ala. :  Robt.  Jennson,  jr.,  Richard  W.  Walker. 
"  "    Ark. :  Robt.  W.  Johnson,  Augustus  H.  Garland. 

"  "    Fla. :  Jas.  M.  Baker,  Augustus  E.  Maxwell. 

"  "    Ga. :  Benj.  H.  Hill,  Herschel  V.  Johnson. 

-'  "    Ky. :  Henry  C.  Burnett,  Wm.  E.  Simms. 

*<  "    La. :  Edward  Sparrow,  Thos.  J.  Semmes. 

"  "    Miss.:  J.  W.  C.  Watson,  Albert  G.  Brown. 

"  "    Mo. :  Waldo  P.  Johnson,  L.  M.  Louis. 

"  "    N.  C. :  Wm.  T.  Dortch,  Wm.  A.  Graham, 


I 


CON 

Members  from  S.  C. :  Robt.  W.  Barnwell,  Jas.  L.  Orr. 

"  "    Tenn. :  Gustavus  A.  Henry,  Landon  C.  Haynes. 

'<  "    Tex. :  Louis  T.  Wigfall,  Williamson  S.  Oldham. 

"  "    Va. :  Robert  M.  T.  Hunter,  Allen  T.  Caperton. 

Hoiise :  Thos.  S.  Bocock,  speaker. 
Members :  Alabama  9,  Arkansas  3,  Florida  2,  Georgia  10,  Kentucky 
12  Louisiana  5,  Mississippi  7,  Missouri  7,  North  Carolina  10,  South 
Carolina  6,  Tennessee  11,  Texas  6,  Virginia  16;  total,  104. 
Kentucky  and  Missouri  were  represented,  though  as  states  they 
never  seceded.     This  government  lasted  i  years,  1  month,  and  14 
days,  after  which  the  seceding  states  gradually  returned  to  their 
allegiance,  and  by  23  May,  1872,  all  were  again  represented  in 
Congress.     United  States,  1861-65. 
Before  the  first  year  ended,  in  Dec.  1861,  gold  was  worth  120  in  con- 
federate notes;  in  Dec.  1862,  300;  in  Dec.  1863, 1900;  in  Dec.  1864, 
5000;  in  Mch.  1865,  6000. 

confederation  at  Paris,  14  July,  1790.     Bastile, 
Champ  de  Mars. 
Confederation  and  Perpetual  Union, 

Articles  of.  At  the  second  Continental  Congress  at 
Philadelphia  a  committee  was  appointed,  1 1  June,  1776,  to  draft 
a  form  of  confederation  for  the  states.  It  consisted  of  one  mem- 
ber from  each  state,  viz. :  John  Dickinson,  Pa.,  chairman ; 
Joseph  Bartlett,  N.  H. ;  Samuel  Adams,  Mass.;  Roger  Sher- 
man, Conn. ;  Stephen  Hopkins,  R.  I. ;  R.  R.  Livingston,  N.  Y. ; 
Francis  Hopkinson,  N.  J.;  Thomas  McKean,  Del.;  Thomas 
Stone,  Md.;  Thomas  Nelson,  Va.;  Joseph  Hewes,  N.  C;  Ed- 
ward Rutledge,  S.  C. ;  Button  Gwinnett,  Ga. 

This  committee  presents  a  draft  to  Congress 12  July,  1776 

Debated  until  laid  aside 20  Aug.     " 

Taken  up  for  reconsideration ' . .  8  Apr.  1777 

Adopted  with  amendments  as  "Articles  of  Confederation  and 

Perpetual  Union  between  the  States  " 15  Nov.     " 

Tlie  confederacy  to  be  styled  "The  United  States  of 
America."  These  articles,  13  in  number,  were  ratified  by  the 
states  as  follows : 


South  Carolina 5  Feb. 

New  York 6  Feb. 

Rhode  Island 9  Feb. 

Connecticut 12  Feb. 

Georgia 26  Feb. 

New  Hampshire 4  Mch. 

Pennsylvania 5  Mch. 


1778 


Massachusetts 10  Mch.  1778 

North  Carolina 5  Apr.     " 

New  Jersey 19  Nov.     " 

Virginia 15  Dec.     " 

Delaware 1  Feb.  1779 

Maryland 30  Jan.  1781 

Maryland,  1781. 


Formally  announced  by  all  the  states 1  Mch.  1781 

Congress  assembles 2  Mch.     " 

United  States. 

Confederation  of  the  Rhine.    By  the  Act 

of  Federation,  subscribed  to  12  July,  1806,  the  king  of  Bavaria 
and  Wiirtemberg,  the  elector  of  Baden,  and  13  minor  princes 
united  themselves  in  the  league  known  as  the  "  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,"  under  the  protection  of  the  French  emperor,  and 
undertook  to  furnish  contingents  amounting  to  63,000  men 
in  all  wars  in  which  the  French  emperor  should  engage.  It 
was  joined  by  others,  until,  in  1808,  it  consisted  of  4  king- 
doms, 7  grand-duchies,  6  duchies,  and  20  principalities.  This 
league  ended  with  the  fall  of  the  French  emperor,  1814,  and 
in  1815  was  replaced  by  the  Germanic  Confederation. 
The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  put  an  end  to  the  ancient, 
German  empire,  after  an  existence  of  1006  years,  from  Charle- 
magne (800)  to  Francis  II.,  who  soon  after  abdicated  a  sover- 
eignty and  title  ended  de  facto  in  a  great  part  of  Germany,  and 
assumed  the  title  of  emperor  of  Austria. 

COnference§,  ecclesiastical.  One  was  held  at  Hamp- 
ton court  by  prelates  of  the  church  of  England  and  Puritan 
ministers,  to  effect  a  general  union,  at  the  instance  of  James  I., 
14, 16,  18  Jan.  1604.  It  led  to  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible,  made  1607-11.  Some  alterations  in  the  church  liturgy 
were  agreed  upon ;  but,  these  not  satisfying  the  dissenters,  no 
more  was  done. —  A  conference  of  bishops  and  Presbyterian 
ministers,  with  the  same  view,  was  held  in  the  Savoy,  London, 
15  Apr.  to  25  July,  1661.  The  dissenters'  objections  were  gen- 
erally disallowed,  but  some  alterations  were  recommended  in 
the  prayer-book. — In  the  United  States  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal church  calls  its  ecclesiastical  bodies  conferences.  The 
general  conference,  once  in  4  years,  is  the  supreme  legislative 
body.  Annual  conferences  in  fixed  territorial  divisions,  and 
quarterly  conferences  in  presiding  elders'  districts,  are  subsid- 
iary bodies. 

First  American  conference 1773 

First  general  conference 24  Dec.  1784 

confessional.     Auricular  confession. 
confessions     of    faith,  or  creeds.      Apostles', 


193  CON 

Athanasian,  Nicene  creeds.     J.  R.  Lumby's  "  History  of 

the  Creeds,"  pub.  1874. 

Confession  of  the  Greek  church  was  presented  to  Mahomet  II. 
in  1453.  Superseded  1643  to  one  composed  by  Mogila,  met- 
ropolitan of  Kiev,  the  present  standard. 

Creed  of  Pius  VI.,  i.  e.,  the  Nicene  creed,  with  addition  of  the 
peculiar  dogmas  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  published 
by  council  of  Trent 1564 

Church  of  England  retains  the  Apostles',  Nicene,  and  Athana- 
sian creeds,  with  articles— 42  in  1552;  reduced  to  39 1563 

Confession  of  Augsburg  (Lutheran)  drawn  up  principally  by 
Melanchthon,  1530,  since  modified,  last  by  the  "Form  of 
Concord  " 1579 

Westminster  Confession  framed  1643;  adopted  by  the  Pres- 
byterian church  of  Scotland 1647 

Congregational  dissenters  publish  declaration  of  faith 1833 

confirmation,   or   laying  on  hands,  was 

practised  by  the  apostles  in  34  and  66  (Acts  viii.  17 ;  xix.  6), 
and  general,  some  assert,  in  190.  In  the  Episcopal  church 
it  is  the  public  profession  of  religion  by  an  adult  previously 
baptized.     It  is  a  sacrament  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

Conflans  (kon-Jlon'),  near  Paris,  Treaty  of,  between 
Louis  XI.  of  France  and  the  dukes  of  Bourbon,  Brittany,  and 
Burgundy,  5  Oct.  14Q5.  Normandy  was  ceded  to  the  duke  of 
Berry,  and  an  end  put  to  the  "  War  of  the  Public  Good."  It 
was  confirmed  by  the  treaty  of  Peronne,  1468. 

Confkl'cianisni,.the  doctrines  or  system  of  morality 
taught  by  Confucius  (K'ung  FA-tze  or  "  the  master  K'ung"), 
551-479  B.C.,  which  has  long  been  adopted  in  China  as  the 
basis  of  jurisprudence  and  education.  It  inculcates  no  worship 
of  a  God,  and  doubts  a  future  state. 

conge  d'elire  ("permission  to  elect"),  the  license  of  a 
sovereign,  as  head  of  the  church,  to  chapters  and  other  bodies, 
to  elect  dignitaries,  particularly  bishops ;  the  right  asserted 
by  Henry  VIII.,  1535.  After  the  interdict  of  the  pope  upon 
England  was  removed  in  1214,  king  John  arranged  with  the 
clergy  for  electing  bishops. 

COngela'tion,  the  act  of  freezing.  Ice  was  produced 
in  summer  by  chemical  process,  by  Mr.  Walker  in  1783. 
Quicksilver  was  frozen  without  snow  or  ice  in  1787.  In  1810 
Leslie  froze  water  in  an  air-pump  by  evaporating  sulphuric 
acid  under  it.  Numerous  freezing  mixtures  have  been  dis- 
covered since.  Intense  cold  is  produced  by  evaporating 
liquefied  carbonic-acid  gas.  In  1857  Mr.  Harrison  patented  a 
machine  for  manufacturing  ice  by  ether  and  Salt-water,  and 
made  large  blocks.  In  1860  M.  Carre  devised  a  method  of 
freezing  to  —60^  by  making  water  in  a  close  vessel  absorb  and 
give  off  the  gas  ammonia.  Siebe's  ice-making  machine  was 
exhibited  at  the  International  Exhibition  of  1862. 

In  R.  Recce's  ice-making  machine  (made  known  Dec.  1868),  liquefied 
ammonia  is  vaporized  in  a  close  vessel  surrounded  by  water. 

Congo  Free  State,  the  result  of  discoveries  by 
Henry  M.  Stanley,  was  constituted  and  defined  by  the  general 
act  of  the  International  Congo  conference,  signed  at  Berlin, 
26  Feb.  1885,  and  declared  neutral  and  free  to  the  trade  of  all 
nations.  The  boundaries  were  defined  bj'  convention  between 
the  International  Association  of  the  Congo  and  Germany,  8 
Nov.  1884 ;  Great  Britain,  16  Dec.  1884 ;  Netherland,  27  Dec. 
1884;  France,  5  Feb.  1885,  and  Portugal,  14  Feb.  1885.  It  in- 
cludes a  small  section  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Congo,  from  its 
mouth  to  Manyanga ;  from  Manyanga  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mo- 
bangi  the  French  occupy ;  from  this  point  the  state  extends 
north  to  4°  N.  lat.,  thence  eastward  to  30°  E.  Ion.,  thence  south- 
ward to  lake  Bangweolo  12°  S.  lat.,  thence  west  to  24°  E.lon., 
then  northward  to  6°  S.  lat.,  then  westward  to  the  south  bank 
of  the  Congo  at  Nokki.  This  area  is  estimated  at  1 ,056,200  sq. 
miles,  with  a  population  of  from  8,000,000  to  10,000,000.  The 
Congo  and  its  navigable  tributaries  are  its  leading  geograph- 
ical feature.  The  state  was  formed  under  the  sovereignty  of 
the  king  of  the  Belgians  individually,  1885;  but  in  Aug.  1889, 
he  bequeathed  to  Belgium  his  sovereign  rights  in  it.  He  has 
endowed  it  from  his  private  fortune  to  the  extent  of  $200,000 
annually.  On  31  July,  1890,  its  territories  were  declared  in- 
alienable, and  a  convention  of  3  July,  1890,  between  Belgium 
and  the  state,  reserved  to  Belgium  the  right  to  annex  it  after 
10  years.  In  1890  the  expenditures  of  the  state  above  the 
Belgian  subsidies  exceeded  its  income  by  $125,000.  The  same 
year  the  "  Congo  Commercial  Company  "  sent  out  an  expedi- 
tion to  explore  the  Congo. 


CON 


194 


CON 


Conirreiralloil  of  the  Lord,  a  name  token  by 
Scotch  reformers,  headed  by  .lohn  Knox,  about  1546.     Their 
leaders  (earls  of  Cileiicairn,  Ar^yle,  Morion,  etc.),  called  "  lords 
of  the  conjjregation,"  signed  the  tirst  bond  or  covenant  which 
united  tl>e  Protestants  in  one  association,  3  Dec.  \bbl .—Tytler. 
CoilJjreifatlOliallstS.     English  Congregationalism 
is  not  merely  a  development  of  English  Puritanism ;  it  is  an 
independent  system  of  church  government,  as  distinct  from 
Episcopacy  and  I*resbyterianism  as  they  are  from  each  other. 
—Svhttff-Herzog's  "  Encyc  of  Religious  Knowledge,"  p.  534. 
Robert  Brownodefendsseparalionffomtho  English  church..  1576-82 
(Termed   Browuists  or  Separatists— uulike  Puritans,  who 
Ritned  to  reform  the  church  of  England,  they  denounced  it  as 
iUolHtrous,  false  to  Christianity  and  to  truth.] 
Henrv  Bnrrowe,  Greenwood,  and  Penry,  leaders  in  the  move- 
ment, executed 6  Apr.  1593 

Church  retires  to  Amsterdam 1593-1600 

Here  under  John  Robinson  (1575-1625),  they  plan  a  settlement 
in  America,  and  a  part  of  his  congregation  under  elder 

Brewster  sUrt 22  July,  1620 

Arrival  of  the  Man/lower  at  Plymouth 16  Dec.     ' ' 

1.  Church  in  America  at  Plymouth 1620 

2.  ••       "         •'         "Salem 6  Aug.  1629 

3.  "       "        "        "Dorchester June,  1630 

4.  ♦«       "        "        "Boston 30  July,     " 

6.        •'       "        *'        "  Watertown "  " 

6.  ••       "         "         "  Roxbury 1632 

7.  '•       "        "        "Lynn July,     " 

8.  '•       "        "        "  Duxbury,  9.  Marshfleld,  10.  Charles- 


11.  Church  in  America  at  Cambridge 1633 

12.  "         "       "         "Ipswich 1634 

First  churches  in  New  Hampshire  at  Dover  and  Exeter. 1638 

In  Connecticut  at  New  Haven  and  Milford 1639 

Ten  years  after  the  arrival  of  the3/ai(^M>ej-  there  were  but  5  Con- 
gregational churches  on  the  continent,  and  20  years  after,  35. 

Creative  era  of  American  Congregationalism 1620-48 

Leading  writers  and  ministers  of  this  time  were  John  Cotton, 
1586-1652  ;  Thomas  Hooker,  1586-1647 ;  John  Norton,  1606- 
1663  ;  John  Davenport,  1597-1670;  Richard  Mather. ..  .1596-1669 

General  synods  have  been  held  :  in  1637,  at  Newtown,  now 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  on  the  antinomian  teachings  of  the  rev. 
John  Wheelwright  and  Mrs.  Ann  Hutchinson.  Massachc- 
SKTTS.  At  Cambridge,  1646-48,  when  the  Westminster  Con- 
fession was  adopted,  and  a  platform  of  church  discipline 
framed  ;  at  Albany  in  1852,  abrogating  a  plan  of  union  with 
tlie  Presbyterians;  at  Boston,  1865,  dealing  particularly  with 
the  growth  of  the  church. 

Important  local  synod  at  Boston,  1662,  and  another  on  reform 
at  Boston , 1679 

Saybrook.  platform  adopted  by  a  synod  called  at  Saybrook, 
Conn.,  by  the, legislature  of  Connecticut 1708 

National  council  meets  triennially  since 1871 

The  following  are  the  principal  theological  seminaries  :  Andover, 
Mass.,  opened  1808;  Bangor,  Me.,  1817  ;  Yale,  1822  ;  Hartford, 
1834;  Oberlin,  0.,  1835;  Chicago,  1858  ;  Pacific,  Oakland,  Cal.,1869. 

In  1880  the  Congregational  churches  in  the  U.  S.  were  3743;  mem- 
bers, 384,332;  in  Sabbath-schools,  444,628  ;  ministers,  3577. 

In  1890,  churches,  4868  ;  members,  512,771  ;  value  of  church  prop- 
erty, $43,335,427.     Independents. 

COng^re§8.  An  assembly  of  representative  men,  to  con- 
fer on  the  affairs  of  one  or  more  nations.  Among  the  chief 
congresses  of  Europe  were  those  of 

Munster 1643-48 

Nimeguen 1676-78 

Ryswick 1697 

Utrecht 1713 

Soissons 1728 

Antwerp 8  Apr.  1793 

Rastadt 9  Dec.  1797-99 

Chatillon 5  Feb.  1814 

Vienna , ; 3  Nov.     " 

Aix-la-Chapelle 9  Oct.  1818 

Carlsbad 1  Aug.  1819 

Troppau 20  Oct.  1820 

l^ybach 6  May,  1821 

Verona 25  Aug.  1822 

Paris 16  Jan. -22  Apr.  1856 

Frankfort  (Germany) 16-31  Aug.  1863 

Constantinople 23  Dec.  1876-20  Jan.  1878 

Berlin 13  June-13  July,     " 

Alliances,  Church,  Conventions,  eta 

Congress,  Confederate.  Confederate  States. 
Congress,    United    states.      United   States 
throughout.    Representatives  and  Senate. 

Congress,  United  §tate8,  eharaeter- 
ized.  United  States.  1st  congress,  1791 ;  Slst,  1849 ; 
34th,  1855 ;  37th,  1868. 

Congreve  rockets.    Rockets. 

conic  sections.  Certain  properties  were  probably 
known  to  the  Greeks  4  or  5  centuries  before  the  Christian  era. 


and  their  study  was  cultivated  in  the  time  of  Plato,  390  b.c. 
The  earliest  treatise  on  them  was  written  by  Aristaeus,  about 
330  B.C.  ApoUonius's  8  books  were  written  about  240  b.c.  The 
investigation  of  the  parabola  of  projectiles  was  begun  by 
Galileo,  that  of  the  ellipse  in  the  orbit  of  planets  by  Kepler, 
and  of  comets  by  Newton. 

'*  Connaissance  des  Temps "  (ko-ne'-sm-s 
de  tan),  the  French  nautical  almanac,  continuing  Hecker's 
"  Ephemerides,"  first  published  by  Picard,  1679. 

Connaught,  W.  Ireland ;  long  a  nominal  kingdom, 
divided  into  counties,  1590. 

Connecticut,  U.  S.  (Ind. Quonecktacut,  i.e.  Long  River 
or  River  of  Pines),  one  of  the  6  New  England  and  of  the  13 
original  states,  lies  between 
41°  and  42°  3'  N.  lat.  and  71° 
55'  and  73°  50'  W.  Ion.  Mas- 
sachusetts lies  on  the  north, 
Rhode  Island  on  the  east, 
Long  Island  sound  on  the 
south,  and  New  York  on  the 
west.  The  southwest  corner 
projects  along  the  sound, south 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  for 
about  13  miles.  Area,  4990  sq. 
miles,  in  8  counties;  pop.  1890, 
746,258.     Capital,  Hartford. 

Adrian  Block,  a  Dutch  navigator,  first  explores  the  Connecticut 
river  as  far  as  Hartford 1614 

Robert,  earl  of  Warwick,  president  of  the  council  of  Plymouth, 
grants  to  lord  Say  and  Seal,  and  11  others,  among  them  John 
Hampden  and  John  Pym,  all  that  part  of  New  England 
which  lies  west  from  the  Narragansett  river,  120  miles  on 
the  coast,  and  thence  in  latitude  and  breadth  aforesaid  to  the 

Pacific  ocean 19  Mch.  1631 

[The  council  of  Plymouth  the  previous  year  had  granted 
the  whole  tract  to  the  earl  of  Warwick,  and  the  grant  had 
been  confirmed  to  him  by  a  patent  fcom  king  Charles  I.] 

Wahquimacut,  a  sachem  from  the  Connecticut  river,  visits 
Plymouth  and  Boston,  asking  colonial  governors  to  send  set- 
tlers to  that  river " 

[Governor  Winthrop  of  Massachusetts  does  not  favor  the 
movement.] 

John  Oldham,  from  Dorchester,  Mass.,  and  3  others  visit  the 
Connecticut Sept.  1633 

William  Holmes  of  Plymouth  prepares  the  frame  of  a  house 
with  a  board  covering,  places  it  on  a  vessel,  and  sails  for  the 
Connecticut  river;  passes  a  small  Dutch  fort,  "The  House  of 
Good  Hope,"  at  Hartford,  and  landing  on  the  west  bank.erects 
the  first  English  house  in  Connecticut  (now  Windsor),  Oct.     " 

Dutch  at  New  Netherlands,with  70  men,  make  a  feeble  attempt 
to  drive  the  settlers  away 1634 

Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  of  Newtown  (now  Cambridge),  Mass.,  ad- 
vocates new  settlements  on  the  Connecticut  river " 

About  60  men,  women,  and  children,  with  horses,  cattle,  and 
swine,  start  through  the  wilderness  from  near  Boston  to  the 
Connecticut  river 15  Oct.  1635 

They  reach  the  river  about  the  middle  of Nov.     " 

Colonists  from  Massachusetts,  led  by  John  Winthrop,  son  of 
gov.  Winthrop,  fortify  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut,  and  call 
the  fort  Saybrook,  in  honor  of  lords  Say  and  Brooks.  .9  Nov.     " 

A  Dutch  vessel  appears  off"  the  mouth,  but  is  not  suffered  to 
land Nov.     " 

Great  sufl"ering  at  Windsor,  on  the  Connecticut,  during  the  win- 
ter of 1635-36 

[Some  return  through  the  wilderness  to  Massachusetts  set- 
tlements, others  by  water.  A  few  remain.  The  settlers  lose 
in  cattle  alone  about  $1000.] 

First  court  in  Connecticut  held  at  Newtown  (Hartford),  26  Apr.  1636 

Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  "the  light  of  the  western  churches," 
and  rev.  Mr.  Stone,  with  100  men,  women,  and  children,  and 
160  head  of  cattle,  leave  Cambridge,  Mass.,  for  the  Connecti- 
cut river  through  the  wilderness June,     " 

They  reach  the  river  early  in July     " 

John  Oldham  murdered  by  the  Indians  near  Block  island  (Mas"- 

SACHUSETTS) July,      " 

War  with  the  Pequots " 

[The  Pequots,  with  at  least  700  warriors,  then  occupied 

eastern  Connecticut,  and  ruled  part  of  Long  island.] 
An  expedition  against  the  Pequots  and  Indians  on  Block  island 

is  sent  from  Massachusetts  under  John  Endicott, 

25  Aug. -14  Sept.     " 
[It  exasperated  but  did  not  subdue  the  Indians.] 
Roger  Williams  of  Rhode  Island  prevents  a  league  between 

the  Pequots  and  Narragansetts " 

Fort  at  Saybrook,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut,  beleagured 

by  the  Pequots  all  the  winter  of 1636-37 

About  30  colonists  of  Connecticut  killed  by  the  Pequots  during 

the  winter  of  (HiLDRETH,  U.  S.) "     " 

Court  at  Newtown  (Hartford)  applies  to  Massachusetts  for  aid 

against  the  Pequots 21  Feb.  1637 


i 


CON 

[The  name  Newtown  is  changed  to  Hartford,  Watertown  to 
Wethersfield,  and  Dorchester  to  Windsor  by  this  court.  Hart- 
ford was  so  named  in  honor  to  the  rev.  Mr.  Stone,  who  was 
born  at  Hartford,  Engl.] 

Wethersfleld  attacked  by  the  Pequots,  several  killed Apr. 

The  court  at  Hartford,  bent  on  offensive  war  against  the  Pe- 
quots, call  for  88  men— 42  from  Hartford,  30  from  Windsor, 
16  from  Wethersfleld 1  May, 

These  are  joined  by  Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Mohegans,  with  70 

warriors,  at  Say  brook  fort 15  May, 

[The  plan  was  to  attack  the  Pequots  in  their  2  strongholds; 
one  on  Fort  hill,  in  Groton,  about  4  miles  east  of  New  Lon- 
don; the  other  on  the  west  side  of  Mystic  hill,  near  Mystic 
village.  ] 

Captain  John  Mason  of  Windsor  commanding,  the  expedition 
sails  from  fort  Saybrook  for  Narragausett  bay,  to  surprise 
the  Pequot  fort 19  May, 

At  Narragausett  bay  about  200  Narragansett  warriors  join  him. 
He  approaches  the  Pequot  fort  on  the  evening  of  25  May,  and 
next  morning,  at  early  light,  he  attacks  and  completely  de- 
stroys it,  together  with  about  600  Indians,  men,  women,  and 
children;  losing  2  killed  and  about  20  wounded,  26  May 

Court  of  Connecticut  calls  for  40  more  men  for  the  war  against 
the  Pequots 26  June, 

Pequots  attempt  to  escape  into  the  wilderness  westward.  Capt. 
Stoughton,  with  a  Massachusetts  company,  pursues  along 
Long  Island  sound.  With  Sassacus,  their  sachem,  the  Pequots 
take  shelter  in  a  swamp  near  Fairfield,  and  after  another  se- 
vere fight  surrender,  but  their  sachem  and  a  few  followers 

escape 13  July, 

[These  fled  to  the  Mohawks,  who  treacherously  murdered 
them.  The  prisoners  were  sold  into  slavery  or  incorporated 
with  other  tribes.  "There  remained  not  a  sannup  nor  a 
squaw,  not  a  warrior  nor  a  child."] 

The  Heclor  lands  at  Boston  rev.  John  Davenport,  Theophilus 
Eaton,  and  Edward  Hopkins 26  July, 

Mr.  Eaton  and  others  explore  the  lands  and  harbors  of  Connec- 
ticut on  the  sea-coast,  and  select  Quinipiack  (now  New  Haven) 
for  a  settlement  in  the  autumn  of 

Rev.  John  Davenport,  Mr.  Eaton,  and  others  sail  from  Boston 
and  arrive  at  Quinipiack  about  the  middle  of Apr. 

Gloomy  prospects  of  the  colonists.     Great  earthquake.  .1  June, 

Colonists  purchase  land  in  and  about  New  Haven  of  the  Ind- 
ians  24  Nov. 

[The  New  Haven  colonists  were  the  most  Opulent  company 
that  came  into  New  England.— rrwrnfewW's  "  History  of  Con- 
necticut."] 

All  free  planters  convene  at  Hartford  and  frame  a  constitution 
for  civil  government 14  Jan. 

First  constitution  of  Connecticut  adopted  at  Hartford Apr. 

General  election  held  at  Hartford " 

[John  Haynes  chosen  governor.] 

General  election  held  at  Quinipiack  (New  Haven) 25  Oct. 

[Theojihilus  Eaton  chosen  governor.] 

Milford  and  Guilford  purchased  of  the  Indians  and  settled 

[Laws  founded  upon  and  administered  according  to  the 
Scriptures.] 

Settlement  made  at  Saybrook  by  George  Fenwick 

Fourteen  capital  laws  of  Connecticut  enacted,  founded  on  pas- 
sages of  Scripture 2  Apr. 

Boundary-line  between  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  first 
run  by  Woodward  and  Saflfery 

Colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and 
New  Haven  confederate  under  the  name  of  the  United  Colo- 
nies of  New  England 19  May, 

Connecticut  purchases  of  col.  George  Fenwick  the  old  Connec- 
ticut patent  for  1600i.,  and  assumes  jurisdiction  over  the 
whole  territory 

New  London  settled 

Governors  and  magistrates  receive  no  salaries  in  Connecticut 

up  to 

[Then  the  governor's  salary  was  fixed  at  30/.] 

Governor  Stuyvesant,  of  the  New  Netherlands,  visits  Hartford 
to  settle  certain  boundary  questions  with  the  New  England 
United  Colonies 11  Sept. 

Norwalk  settled 

Middletown  settled 

French  agents  from  Quebec  visit  the  Connecticut  colonists, 
asking  aid  against  the  5  nations  of  New  York  (the  Iroquois) 

Alarm  and  distress  of  the  colonists  owing  to  trouble  with  the 
Dutch 

Commissioners  are  for  war,  but  Massachusetts  refuses  assist- 
ance   

They  address  Parliament  and  Cromwell  for  aid 

Colony,  ordered  by  Parliament  to  treat  the  Dutch  as  enemies, 
seize  the  Dutch  house  and  lands  at  Hartford 

Death  of  gov.  Haynes 

Law  against  Quakers:  to  be  fined  and  sent  out  of  jurisdiction, 

Oct. 

Gov.  John  Winthrop  obtains  for  Connecticut  a  charter,  with 

ample  privileges,  from  Charles  II 20  Apr. 

[This  charter  united  New  Haven  with  Hartford  in  one  col- 
ony, extending  from  Narragansett  river  to  the  Pacific,  and 
gave  the  colonists  entire  self-government.] 

Charles  II.  grants  a  patent  to  his  brother,  the  duke  of  York,  of 
extensive  tracts,  including  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  river, 

12  Mch. 

Col.  Richard  Nichols,  governor  of  New  York,  and  commission- 
ers from  Connecticut,  fix  the  western  boundary  of  Connec- 
ticut, beginning  on  the  east  side  of  Mamaroneck  creek  and 
thence  north  -  northwest  to  the  Massachusetts  line.    The 


195 


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1639 


1643 


1644 
1648 


1650 
1651 


1656 
1662 


1664 


southern  line  was  determined  to  be  the  sound,  Connecticut 
losing  her  possessions  on  Long  island 30  Nov. 

United  colony  elects  John  Winthrop  governor 

[This  union  was  at  first  opposed  by  New  Haven,  under  the 
rev.  Mr.  Davenport.] 

Lyme  made  a  town May, 

Haddam  made  a  town Oct. 

Maj.  Andros,  the  new  governor  of  New  York,  claims  under  the 
duke  of  York  all  land  west  of  the  Connecticut  river 

Maj.  Andros  appears  before  the  fort  at  Saybrook  with  an 

armed  force,  and  demands  its  surrender 11  July, 

[It  is  refused  by  capt.  Bull,  and  the  patent  and  commission 
forbidden  to  be  read.] 

War  with  Philip,  sachem  of  the  Wampanoags - 

Connecticut  furnishes  315  men  in  the  fight  at  Narragansett  fort 
(Massachusetts) 19  Dec. 

Death  of  gov.  John  Winthrop 5  Apr. 

Boundary  between  Connecticut  and  New  York  of  1664  super- 
seded by  that  of 

[At  this  time  the  quadrilateral  at  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  state  first  appears.] 

Sir  Edmund  Andros,  the  royal  governor,  comes  to  Hartford  and 
demands  the  charter  in  the  name  of  king  James  II. .  .31  OcL 
[After  a  long  discussion  in  the  assembly,  early  in  the  even- 
ing the  lights  are  extinguished,  and  the  charter  is  taken  from 
the  table  and  secreted  by  capt.  William  Wadsworth  of  Hart- 
ford in  a  hollow  oak-tree,  known  since  as  the  "charter  oak," 
on  the  estate  of  the  Wyllyses,  across  the  river.] 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  assumes  the  government, selects  councillors, 
seizes  the  records  of  the  colony,  and  rules  arbitrarily. 31  Oct. 

Quo  Warkanto  act. 

Overthrow  of  sir  Edmund  Andres's  government  at  Boston  on 
hearing  of  the  revolution  in  England  and  flight  of  James  II., 

18  Apr. 

Charter  recovered  and  free  government  restored  in  Connecticut, 

9  May, 

William  and  Mary  proclaimed  at  Hartford  with  great  ceremony 
and  joy 13  June, 

Col.  Benjamin  Fletcher,  governor  of  New  York,  comes  to  Hart- 
ford while  the  assembly  is  in  session  and  demands  command 

of  the  militia  under  commission  from  the  king 26  Oct. 

[The  assembly  refusing,  he  orders  the  militia  under  arms, 
and  attempts  to  read  his  commission  to  them  and  assume  com- 
mand. Capt.  Wadsworth  prevents  this  by  ordering  the  drums 
to  beat,  threatening  death  to  the  governor  if  he  persists,] 

Charter  ratified  by  William  III Apr. 

Boundary  of  1683  between  New  York  and  Connecticut  con- 
firmed by  William  III 

Charter  for  a  college  at  New  Haven  granted  by  the  general 
court  (Yalk  college) 9  Oct. 

First  Baptist  church  formed  in  Connecticut  at  Groton 

First  issue  of  bills  of  credit  by  Connecticut,  8000^.  for  an  antic- 
ipated expedition  against  Canada 

First  printer  in  the  colony,  Thomas  Short,  from  Boston,  at 
New  London 

He  publishes  the  "  Saybrook  Platform  of  Church  Discipline  ".. 
[He  was  followed  by  Timothy  Green,  1714,  a  descendant  of 
Samuel  Green,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  the  first  jiriuter  in 
North  America. — TiumbuWs  "  History  of  Connecticut."] 

Settlement  of  the  boundary  with  Massachusetts 

[Massachusetts  grants  to  Connecticut  107,793  acres,  the 
amount  that  Massachusetts  had  encroached  upon  Connecticut. 
The  tract  was  sold  by  Connecticut  in  1716  for  about  $2274; 
given  to  Yale  college.  Boundary  run  as  it  now  is,  1826,  leav- 
ing indentation  to  Massachusetts  about  2  miles  square,  as 
compensation  for  towns  previously  lost.] 

First  state  house  built  at  Hartford 

["A  condition  of  societj'-  so  happy  as  that  enjoyed  by  Con- 
necticut at  this  period  has  been  rare  in  the  experience  of 
mankind."— JW/rei/'s  "  History  of  New  England,"  vol.  iv.] 

Gurdon  Saltonstall,  governor  for  16  years,  d 20  Sept. 

First  church  steeple  raised  in  Connecticut  at  Guilford 

Final  boundary  established  with  Rhode  Island 

Joint  survey  made  between  New  York  and  Connecticut 

Connecticut  furnishes  1000  men  for  land  and  marine  service 
against  Louisburg 

First  silk  coat  and  stockings  of  New  England  production  were 
worn  by  governor  Law  of  Connecticut 

Phineas  Lyman  maj. -gen.  of  the  Connecticut  forces;   second 

in  command  at  the  battle  of  lake  George 6  Sept. 

[Sir  William  Johnson  being  disabled,  gen.  Lyman  conduct- 
ed the  engagement  successfully  to  Dieskau's  defeat.] 

Citizens  of  Connecticut,  known  as  the  Susquehanna  company, 
purchase  from  the  6  nations  land,  70  miles  in  length,  on  the 
Susquehanna  river,  and  extending  from  10  miles  east  of  that 
river  west  140  miles,  for  about  $10,000,  11  July,  1754.  It  in- 
cludes the  Wyoming  valley,  where  they  make  a  settlement. 
[This  leads  to  a  long  controversy  between  Connecticut  and 
Pennsylvania.  "  But  for  the  Revolution  and  the  check  occa- 
sioned by  the  Wyoming  massacre,  and  the  appearance  of 
popular  government  in  place  of  Penn's,  nothing  could  have 
prevented  the  establishment  of  Connecticut's  authority  over 
all  the  region  embraced  in  her  western  claim.''' —Alexander 
Johnston's  "  Connecticut."     Susquehanna  settlers.] 

Connecticut  Courant,  published  by  Thomas  Green,  at  Hartford, 

first  issued 26  Oct. 

[Continued  till  now  without  interruption  or  change  of  name.] 

Jared  Ingersoll  sent  by  Connecticut  to  England  to  oppose  the 
stamp-act •  • 

He  accepts  the  position  of  stamp-master,  and  is  compelled  by 
the  citizens  to  resign 19  Sept. 


1664 
1665 


1667 
1668 

1675 


1687 


1694 

1700 

1701 
1705 

1709 
1710 

1713 
1720 


1724 
1726 
1728 
1731 

1745 

1747 

1755 


1763 


1766 


CON 


190 


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Gov.  Thomaa  Filch  consents  to  Uke  the  oath  for  the  support 
of  the  stamp  act • ;•••.•••: • '  "^** 

ilie  18  dismissotl  at  tho  next  election.] 
'oumal  tlrst  pnblishfil  at  Now  Haven 1767 

Jonathan  Trmnbull  electeU  governor 1769 

[The  only  coiuuial  governor  who  favored  independence  in 

1776.     He  waa  elected  governor  annually  until  1784.     The 

name  "  Brother  Jonalhiin,"  humorously  bestowed  upon  him 

by  gen.  Waishington,  has  been  applied  to  the  U.  S.] 

First  manufiuiur©  of  .tin  ware  by  Kdward  Patterson,  com- 

mence«l  at  Berlin,  Conn 1770 

Eliphalct   Dyer,  Koger  Sherman,  and  Silas  Deane,  elected  at 

Norwich  to  the  first  Continental  Congress 6  June,  1774 

Israel  Putnam,  of  Pomfirel,  Conn.,  hastens  to  Boston  on  hearing 

of  the  battle  of  Lexington;  arrives "21  Apr.  1776 

f Riding  on  one  horse  100  miles  in  18  hours.] 
CoL  Samuel  H.  Parsons  and  Benedict  Arnold,  at  Hartford,  plan 

the  capture  of  Ticonderogii 27  Apr.     " 

Benedict  Arnold  marches  from  New  Haven  with  his  company 

and  reaches  Boston 29  Apr.     " 

Surrender  of  Ticondkrooa  to  col.  Ethan  Allen  and  Benedict 

Arnold 10  May,     " 

General  assembly  authorize  bills  of  credit  to  $500,000  to  equip 

8  regiments 1^,'^*^'  .nL 

£x  gov.  Tryon  with  2000  men  destroys  Danbury 26  Apr.  1777 

l«en.  David  Wooster  of  Connecticut  is  mortally  wounded.] 
Gen.  Tryon  lands  at  New  Haven  with  about  3000  men  and 

plunders  it 5  July,  1778 

Fairfield.  (Jreen's  Farm,  and  Norwalk  burned " 

Gen.  Trvon.  from  Kiugsbridge,  N.  Y.,  with  1500  troops  destroys 
the  salt  works  lit  Horseneck,  Conn.    Here  gen.  Putnam  is  said 

to  have  ridden  down  a  declivity  in  escaping 26  Mch.  1779 

Benedict  Arnold  plunders  and  burns  New  London 6  Sept.  1781 

[Fort  Griswold  across  the  river  is  captured  the  same  day, 
and  out  of  a  garrison  of  150  men,  73  are  killed,  including 
their  commander,  col.  I^dyard,  and  30  wounded,  mostly  after 
the  surrender.  Connecticut  Airnished  during  the  Revolution 
31,959  troops,  only  Massachusetts  furnishing  more]  Army. 
Samuel  Seabury,  D.D.,  seeks  in  England  consecration  as  bishop 
of  Connecticut;  being  refused,  he  is  consecrated  by  3  bishops 

of  the  Episcopal  church  in  Scotland 14  Nov.  1784 

Connecticut  frees  her  slaves " 

Connecticut  makes  a  qualified  cession  to  the  U.  S.  of  all  ter- 
ritory south  of  41°  N.  lat.  and  west  of  a  line  120  miles  west 

of  Pennsylvania 14  Sept.  1786 

[The  space  left  to  Connecticut  in  Ohio  is  known  as  the  West- 
ern Reserve,  and  is  claimed  as  a  compensation  for  the  terri- 
tory relinquished  in  Pennsylvania.] 
Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  ratified  by  Connecticut;  vote  128  to  40, 

9  Jan.  1788 
First  Methodist  church  established  in  Connecticut  at  Stratford, 

26  Sept.  1789 

Wooden  clocks  first  made  at  Waterbury 1790 

Gen.  Israel  Putnam  dies  at  Brookline,  Conn 19  May,     " 

Connecticut  bestows  upon  citizens,  especially  those  of  Danbury, 
Fairfield,  Groton,  New  London,  and  Norwalk,  who  had  suf- 
fered during  the  Revolution,  half  a  million  acres  at  the  west 
end  of  the  Western    Reserve  in    Ohio,   hence  known  as 

"  Fire  lands  " 1792 

Connecticut  sells  to  the  Connecticut  Land  Company,  of  320 
citizens,  3,200,000  acres,  the  remainder  of  the  tract  between 

lake  Erie  and  41°  N.  lat 1795 

[The  price,  $1,200,000,  was  made  a  state  school  fund.] 
Connecticut  through  gov.  Trumbull,  executes  surrender  to  the 
U.  S.  of  jurisdiction  over  the  Western  Reserve,  Ohio. 30  May,  1800 

Connecticut  opposed  to  war  of. 1812 

New  London  blockaded  by  sir  Thomas  Hardy  with  British 

ships  for  20  months June,  1813 

Stonington  bombarded  by  sir  Thomas  Hardy's  fleet.  .9-12  Aug.  1814 
Delegates  from  the  several  New  England  legislatures  meet  in 
convention  at  Hartford  to  consider  the  grievances  caused  by 
the  war,  and  to  devise  measures  for  its  termination.  .15  Dec.     " 

[This  convention  remained  in  secret  session  3  weeks.  The 
war  ended  before  the  convention  published  its  resolutions. 
"The  convention  was  legitimate  in  its  origin,  in  no  respect 
violating  any  provisions  ofthe  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.,  either 
in  its  letter  or  its  spirit. "—Theo.  Dwight's  "Hist.  Hartford 
Convention."] 
Connecticut  adopts  a  state  constitution  in  place  of  the  royal 

charter,  by  a  vote  of  13,918  to  12,361 5  Oct.  1818 

Washington  college  (Episcopal)  chartered  at  Hartford 1823 

[Name  changed  to  Trinity.  1845.] 

Wesleyan  university  at  Middletown  (Methodist)  chartered 1831 

Prudence  Crandall  opens  a  school  for  colored  children  at  Can- 
terbury, Windham  county T 1833 

[She  is  arrested  and  sent  to  jail.    On  failure  to  convict  her, 
the  school-house  issacked  by  a  mob,  and  the  inmates  expelled.] 
Henry  Barnard  first  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  1838 
Ship  Amistad,  Spanish,  brought  into  New  London  by  lieut. 

Ceding,  of  the  U.  S.  brig  Washington  (Amistad) 29  Aug.  1839 

John  W.  Niles  appointed  postmaster-general  in  Van  Buren's 

cabinet \ 25  May,  1840 

Amendment  to  art.  viii.  ofthe  state  constitution  abolishing  free- 
hold qualification  for  electors,  etc.,  ratified Oct.  1845 

State  Teachers'  association  organized 7  Apr.  1846 

Sheffield  Scientific  school  of  Yale  university  opened 1847 

Act  passed  for  registering  births,  marriages,  and  deaths 1848 

Isaac  Toucey  appointed  attorney-general 21  June,     " 

Connecticut  normal  and  training  school  opens  at  New  Britain, 

15  May,  1850 
Samuel  Colt  begins  the  manufacture  of  revolvers  at  Hartford.  1852 


Samuel  D.  Hubbard  appointed  postmaster-general 31  Aug.  1852 

Slate  reform  school  at  Meriden  opened 1  Mch.  Ib54 

Legislature  establishes  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  and  the 

Superior  court,  and  abol  shes  llic  county  courts May,  185& 

Amendment  to  state  constitution  ratified,  making  ability  to 

read  the  <onsiitiition  a  qualification  for  electors Oct.    " 

Act  abolishing  school  societies  and  putting  the  support  of 
schools  upon  towns,  who  are  to  elect  a  board  of  school 

visitors  of  3,  6,  or  9  members 1  July,  186ft 

Charter  oak  at  Hartford  blown  down 21  Aug.     " 

State  constitution  amended  by  vote  of  7290  to  6062,  so  that 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  and  Superior  court 
shall  sit  8  yeans,  but  may  be  removed  by  impeachment.. Oct.     '' 

Isaac  Toucey  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy 6  Mch.  1857 

Connecticut  School  for  Imbeciles  opened  at  Lakeville 185& 

Gov.  Buckingham  issues  a  proclamation  ordering  the  purchase 
of  equipments  for  uu  army  of  5000  men,  and  urging  militia 

companies  to  fill  their  ranks 17  Jan.  1861 

Gideon  Welles  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy 5  Mch.     " 

First  infantry,  780  3-months'   men,  leaves   New  Haven  for 

Washington,  under  col.  Daniel  Tyler 9  May,     " 

First  regiment  enlisted  for  3  years,  the  4th  Connecticut  infan- 
try, leaves  Hartford  under  col.  Levi  Woodhouse 10  June,     " 

Brig.-gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,  b.  Ashford,  14  July,  1819;  killed  in 

battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo 10  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Joseph  K.  F.  Mansfield,  b.  New  Haven,  22  Dec.  1803;  killed 

in  battle  of  Antietam 17  Sept.  1862' 

Rear-admiral  Andrew  Hull  Foote,  b.  New  Haven,  12  Sept.  1806; 

d.  in  New  York  city 26  June,  1863 

Maj.-geu.  John  Sedgwick,  b.  Cornwall,  13  Sept.  1813;  killed  in 

battle  of  Spottsylvania 9  May,  1864 

50,623  3-years'  troops  furnished  during  the  war. 1861-65 

State  Board  of  Fish  Commissioners  created 1865 

State  Board  of  Education  organized,  with  Daniel  C.  Gilman  as 

secretary " 

Lydia  Sigourney,  poet,  d.  in  Hartford 10  June,     " 

Legislature,  which  convened  at  Hartford,  3  May,  adjourns  after 

the  longest  session  on  record  up  to  date 21  July,     " 

An  exciting  election  for  governor;  pres.  Johnson's  influence 
favoring  James  E.  English;  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  Republican, 

elected  by  only  541  majority Apr.  186& 

Legislature  ratifies  the  14th  amendment  to  the  Constitution, 

30  June,     » 
Legislature  ratifies  the  15th  amendment  to  the  Constitution, 

16  Mch.  1869^ 
Normal  school  at  New  Britain,  closed  for  2  years  for  lack  of 

appropriation,  is  reopened Sept.     " 

State  Industrial  School  for  Girls,  at  Middletown,  opened,  June,  1870 
Election  for  governor  being  close,  a  joint  committee  of  the 
General  Assembly  appointed  to  examine  returns,  3  May;  re- 
port total  vote  94.8(>0;  for  Marshall  Jewell,  Republican, 
47,473;  for  James  E.  English,  47,373;  scattering,  14;  and  de- 
clare Jewell  elected 10  May,  1871 

Gov.  Jewell  assumes  office 16  May,     " 

Morgan  school  at  Clinton  opened " 

Noah  Porter  elected  president  of  Yale  university  in  place  of 

Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  resigned " 

Temperance  party,  represented  by  about  100  delegates,  meets 

at  New  Haven,  and  nominates  a  full  state  ticket 13  Dec.     " 

Labor -reform  party  holds  a  state  convention  at  Bridgeport, 

and  nominates  a  state  ticket 3  Jan.  1872 

Jesse  Olney,  geographer,  b.  1798 ;  d.  at  Stratford 30  July,     " 

State  constitution  amended;  all  sessions  of  the  General  As- 
sembly, from  May,  1875,  to  be  held  at  Hartford 7  Oct.  1873 

Ex-gov.  andU.  S.  senator W.A.  Buckingham,d.atNorwich,4Feb.  1876 
State  constitution  amended:  Tuesday  after  1st  Monday  in  Nov. 
made  general  election  day;  Wednesday  after  1st  Monday  in 

Jan.  the  day  of  meeting  of  General  Assembly 2  Oct.     " 

Orris  S.  Ferry,  U.  S.  senator  from  Connecticut,  d.  in  Norwalk, 

21  Nov.     " 
"Greenback  men"  meet  in  convention  at  New  Haven,  22  Feb.  1876 
William  H.  Barnum,  Democrat,  elected  to  fill  the  unexpired 

term  of  U.  S.  senator  Ferry,  deceased 17  May,     " 

Agricultural  experiment  station  established  by  law 1877 

Gideon  Welles,  ex-secretary  of  navy,  d.  at  Hartford 11  Feb.  1878 

Act  passed  for  state  board  of  health,  of  6  members 13  Mch.     " 

Legislature  occupies  the  new  capitol  for  the  first  tirhe,  26  Mch.     " 
There  being  no  choice  for  state  officers,  Nov.  1878,  the  legis- 
lature elects  Charles  B.  Andrews  governor 9  Jan.  1879 

Boundary  dispute  between  New  York  and  Connecticut,  begun 
in  1856,  is  settled,  the  southern  boundary  being  fixed  through 
the  middle  of  Long  Island  sound;  the  "oblong  tract,"  4.68 
sq.  miles  in  area,  lying  20  miles  east  ofthe  North  river,  goes 

to  New  York 1880 

Board  of  Pardons,  consisting  of  the  governor,  a  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Errors,  and  4  persons  appointed  by  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  who  must  all  concur  in  a  pardon,  is  created 

by  legislature 3  Jan. -3  May,  1883 

Bronze  memorial  statue  of  William  A.Buckingham,  Connecti- 
cut's war  governor,  is  unveiled  in  Hartford 18  June,  1884 

State  constitution  amended :  biennial  legislative  sessions  to  be- 
gin in  1887 ;  ratified  by  30,520  to  16,380 6  Oct.     " 

Benjamin  Silliman,  chemist,  b.  1816;  d.  at  New  Haven,  14  June,  1885 

President  Noah  Porter  of  Yale  university  resigns 1886 

Republican  candidates  for  state  offices  elected  by  the  legisla- 
ture, there  being  no  choice  in  state  election  of  2  Nov.  1886,  Jan.  1887 
First  text-book  ever  published  by  the  state,  a  small  treatise  on 
the  effect  of  alcohol- on  the  human  system,  is  issued  and  dis- 
tributed to  the  schools Sept.     " 

Equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Israel  Putnam  erected  at  Brooklyn, 
Windham  county,  and  unveiled 14  June,  1888 


CON  197 

First  Monday  in  Sept.  designated  a  public  holiday  (Labor-day), 
a  state  normal  school  established  at  Willimantio,  and  an 
"anti-screen"  saloon  law,  and  modified  Australian  ballot 
law  passed  by  legislature  in  session 9.  Jan. -22  June,  1889 

Alfred  H.  Terry,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  1827;  d.  at  New  Haven, 

16  Dec.  1890 

Deadlock  between  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature  on  the 
governorship 7  Jan.  1891 

Democratic  candidates  for  state  offices  sworn  in  by  the  Senate, 
refused  possession  by  Republican  incumhents 13  Jan.     " 

■Gov.  Bulkeley  by  proclamation  warns  the  citizens  against  rec- 
ognizing the  Democratic  state  officers 19  Jan.     " 

P.  T.  Barnum,  b.  1810 ;  d.  at  Bridgeport 7  Apr.     " 

Superior  court  decides  in  favor  of  gov.  Bulkeley 24  June,     " 

Both  claimants  to  governorship  agree  to  take  the  matter  into 
the  State  Supreme  court 1  Oct.     " 

Ex-gov.  Hobart  B.  Bigelow  d.  at  New  Haven 12  Oct.     "    * 

In  the  suit  of  Morris,  Democrat,  versus  Bulkeley,  Republican, 
the  Supreme  court  holds  Bulkeley  to  be  governor 5  Jan.  1892 

Daniel  Grant,  one  of  the  famous  triplets  of  Torrington,  dies, 
aged  71  years,  his  2  brothers  surviving 5  Oct.     " 

Celebration  of  the  250th  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Stam- 
ford  16  Oct.     " 


GOVKRNORS   OF   THE   CONNECTICUT    COLONY. 

Name.  Date. 

John  Haynes .• 1639  to  1640 

Edward  Hopkins 1640  "  1641 

John  Haynes 1641  "  1642 

George  Wyllys 1642  "  1643 

John  Haynes  and  Edward  Hopkins,  alternately  from..  1643  "  1655 

Thomas  Welles 1655  "  1656 

John  Webster 1656  "  1657 

John  Winthrop 1657  "  16.58 

Thomas  Welles 1658  "  1659 

John  Winthrop 1659  "  1665 

Until  this  time  no  person  could  be  elected  to  a  second  term  im- 
mediately following  the  first. 

GOVERNORS   OF   THE   NEW   HAVEN    COLONY. 
Name.  Date. 

Theophilus  Eaton 1639  to  1657 

Francis  Newman 1658  "  1660 

William  Leete 1661  "  1665 

GOVERNORS   OF    CONNECTICUT. 


CON 


Name. 


John  Winthrop 

William  Leete 

Robert  Treat 

Edmund  Andros 

Robert  Treat 

Fitz  John  Winthrop. 


Date. 


1665  to  1676 
1676  "  1683 
1683  "  1687 
1687  "  1689 
1689  "  1698 
1698  "  1707 


Royal  governor. 


GOVERNORS  OP 

CONNECTICUT.— ( Con^mwed ) 

Name. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

Gurdon  Saltonstall 

1707  to  1724 

Joseph  Talcott 

1724  ' 

1741 

1741  ' 
17.50  ' 

1750 

Roger  Wolcott 

Thomas  Fitch 

1754  ' 

1766 

William  Pitkin 

1766  ' 

1769 

C  The  only  one  of  the  co- 

lonial  governors  that 

Jonathan  Trumbull 

1769  ' 

1784 

■I      remained  true  to  the 
people    against   Great 
Britain. 

Mathew  Griswold 

1784  ' 

1786 

Samuel  Huntington 

1786  ' 

1796 

Federal. 

Oliver  Wolcott 

1796  ' 

'  1798 

" 

Jonathan  Trumbull 

1798  ' 

'  1809 

u 

1809  ' 
1811  ' 

'  1811 
'  1813 

n 

Roger  Griswold 

u 

John  Cotton  Smith 

1813  ' 

'  1817 

u 

Oliver  Wolcott 

1817  ' 

'  1827 

Democrat- Republican. 

Gideon  Tomlinson 

1827  ' 

'  1831 

John  S.  Peters 

1831  ' 

'  1833 

H.  W.  Edwards 

1833  ' 

'  1834 

Samuel  A.  Foote 

1834  ' 

'  1835 

H.W.  Edwards 

1835  ' 

'  1838 

u 

W.  W.  Ellsworth 

1838  ' 

'  1842 

Whig. 

C.  F.  Cleveland 

1842  ' 

'  1844 

Democrat. 

Roger  S  Baldwin 

1844  ' 

'  1846 

Whig. 

Clark  Bissell 

1846  ' 

'  1849 

Joseph  Trumbull    

1849  ' 

'  1850 

If 

Thomas  H.  Seymour 

1850  ' 

'  1853 

Democrat. 

Charles  H.  Pond 

1853  ' 

'  1854 

u 

1854  ' 

'  1855 

Whig. 
Republican. 

W.  T.  Minor 

'  18.57 

A.  H.  Hollev 

1857  ' 

William  A.  Buckingham.. 

1858  ' 

'  1866 

"         war  governor. 

Joseph  R.  Hawley 

1866  ' 

'  1867 

'< 

James  E.  English 

1867  ' 

'  1869 

Democrat. 

Manshall  Jewell 

1869  ' 

'  187^ 

Republican. 
Democrat 

James  E  English 

1870  ' 

'  1871 

Marshall  Jewell 

1871  ' 

'  1873 

Republican. 

Charles  R.  Ingersoll 

1873  ' 

'  1876 

Democrat. 
(         "  Governors  chosen 

R.  D.  Hubbard 

1876  ' 

'  1879 

]     annually    until    1876, 

(     and  bi-annually  since. 

Charles  B.  Andrews 

1879  ' 

'  1881 

Republican. 

H.  B.  Bigelow 

1881  ' 

'  1883 

>i 

Thomas  M.  Waller 

1883  ' 

'  1885 

Democrat. 

Henry  B.  Harrison 

1885  "  1887 

Republican. 

Phineas  C.  Lounsbury. . . . 

1887  ' 

'  1889 

" 

Morgan  G.  Bulkeley 

1889  ' 

'  1891 

" 

*' 

1891  ' 

'  1893 

" 

Luzon  B.  Morris 

1893  ' 
1895  ' 

'  1895 
'  1897 

Democrat 

0  Vincent  Coffin 

Republican. 

UNITED   STATES   SENATORS  FROM  THE   STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT 


No.  of  Confi^ess. 


Date. 


Oliver  Ellsworth 

William  S.  Johnson  . . . 

Roger  Sherman 

Stephen  Nix  Mitchell. 

James  Hillhouse 

Jonathan  Trumbull... 

Uriah  Tracy  

Chauncey  Goodrich . . . 

Samuel  W.  Dana 

David  Daggett 

James  Lanman 

Elijah  Boardman 

Henry  W.  Edwards — 
Calvin  Willey , 


Samuel  A.  Foote. 


Gideon  Tomlinson 

Nathan  Smith 

John  M.  Niles 

Perry  Smith , 

Thaddeus  Betts 

Jabez  W.  Huntington 

John  M.  Niles 

Roger  S.  Baldwin... 

Truman  Smith 

Isaac  Toucey 

Francis  Gillett 

Lafayette  Foster 

James  Dixon 

Orris  S.  Ferry 

William  A.  Bucki 
William  W.  Eaton 
James  E.  English... 
William  H.  Barnum 
OrvilleH.  Piatt.... 
Joseph  R.  Hawley. . 


1st  to    4th 
1st 
2d 
3d 

4th  to  11th 

4th 

4th  to    9th 

10th  "  12th 
11th  "  16th 
13th  "  15th 
16th  "  18th 

17th 
18th  to  19th 
19th  "  21st 

20th  "  22d 

22d    ''  24th 

23d 
24th  to  25th 
25th  "  27th 

26th 
26th  to  29th 
28th  "  30th 
30th  "  31st 
.Slst  "  33d 
32d    "  34th 

33d 
34th  to  39th 
35th  "  40th 
40th  "  44th 
41st  "  43d 
43d    "  46th 

44th 
44th  to  45th 

46th 

47th 


1789  to  1797 

1789  "  1791 

1791  "  1793 

1793  "  1795 

1796  "  1811 

1795  "  1796 

1796  "  1807 

1807  "  1813 

1810  "  1821 

1813  "  1819 

1819  "  1825 

1821  "  1823 

1823  "  1827 

1825  "  1831 

1827  "  1833 

1831  "  1837 

1833  "  1835 

1835  "  1839 

1837  "  1843 

1839  "  1840 

1840  "  1847 
1843  "  1849 
1847  "  1851 
1849  "  1854 
1852  "  1857 

1854  "  1855 

1855  "  1867 
1857  "  1869 
1867  "  1875 
1869  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 
1875  "  1877 
1875  "  1879 
1879 


Term  expired  3  Mch.  1791.     Reappointed.     Resigned  1796. 

Resigned  1791. 

Elected  in  place  of  W.  S.  Johnson.     Died  1793. 

Elected  in  place  of  Sherman.     Seated  Dec.  1793. 
I  Elected  in  place  of  Ellsworth.     Seated  6  Dec.  1796.    Elected  president 
(     pro  tern.  28  Feb.  1801.     Resigned  1810.  , 

Resigned  1796. 
(  Elected  in  place  of  Trumbull.     Seated  6  Dec.  1796.     Elected  president 
\     pro  tern.    14  May,  1800.     Died,  1807. 

Elected  in  place  of  Tracy.     Seated  27  Nov.  1807.     Resigned  1813. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hillhouse.     Seated  3  Dec.  1810. 

Elected  in  place  of  Goodrich.     Seated  24  May,  1813. 

Died  1823. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Boardman.     Seated  1  Dec.  1823. 

Elected  in  place  of  Lanman. 
(  Democrat.  Senator  Foote  offered  the  resolutions  "  on  the  publiclands," 
\     in  the  21st  Congress,  29  Dec.  1829,  the  principal  subject  of  the  great 
(     debate  between  Hayne  of  South  Carolina  and  Webster,  1830. 

Whig. 

Democrat.     Elected  in  place  of  Smith,  1835.  " 

Democrat. 

Died  1840. 

Whig.     Elected  in  place  of  Betts.     Seated  2  June,  1840.  Died  1847. 

Democrat. 

Whig.    Appointed  in  place  of  Huntington,  1847. 

Whig.     Resigned  1854. 

Democrat.     Seated  14  May,  1852. 

Elected  in  place  of  Truman  Smith,  1854. 

Whig.     Elected  president  2)ro  <em.  1865. 

Republican.     Sealed  1857. 

Died  23  Nov.  1875. 
"  Died  5  Feb.  1875. 

Democrat.     Appointed  in  place  of  Buckingham,  1875 

"  Appointed  in  place  of  Ferry,  1875. 

"  Elected  in  place  of  Ferry,  1875. 

Republican. 


'•^      or  THE 


CON 

Connor,  Ireland.  The  bishopric  was  united  to  Down, 
1442.  The  first  prelate,  i'Engus  M«onisins,  died  507.  IJoth 
sees  were  added  tu  Dromorc  on  the  death  of  its  last  bishop, 
1842,  under  the  Irish  Church  Temporalities  act,  1833. 

COIIQUCMt,  in  British  history,  when  William,  duke  of 
Nomiandy,  overcame  Harold  II.  at  Ilastings,  14  Oct.  1066,  and 
obtaine<l  the  crown  which  he  claimed  under  the  will  of  Kd- 
wartl  the  Confessor  (Edgar  being  the  riglitful  heir).  William, 
though  styled  the  Conqueror,  succeeded  to  the  crown  by  com- 
pact. He  defeated  Harold,  himself  a  usurper,  but  much  of  the 
kingdom  held  out  against  him ;  and  he  swore  to  observe  the 
laws  and  customs  of  the  realm,  in  order  to  win  the  people. 
Formerly,  English  judges  ilsed  to  reprehend  a  barrister  who  said 
casually  William  the  Conqueror,  instead  of  William  I.— *Se/- 
</<•».  Maclise  exhibited  42  drawings  on  the  events  of  the  Nor- 
man conquest,  in  May,  1857.  E.  A.  Freeman's  "  History  of 
the  Norman  Conquest,"  6  vols.,  1870-79. 

conscience,  liberty  of,  a  principle  of  Christianity  (1 
Cor.  X.  29) ;  repudiated  by  Komanism  ;  proclaimed  by  James 
II.  for  political  purposes,  1687.  Massachusetts,  1635,  regard- 
ing Roger  Williams. 

COnitCript  falhCPS  (pat?-es  conscripti).  Roman 
senators  were  so  called  because  their  names  were  in  registers 
of  the  senate. 

conscription,  a  mode,  derived  from  the  Romans,  of 
recruiting  armies.  On  5  Sept.  1798,  a  military  conscription 
was  ordained  in  France,  of  all  men  from  20  to  25  years  of  age, 
from  whom  selections  were  made.  A  conscription  for  350,000 
men  took  place  in  Jan.  1813,  after  the  Russian  disasters,  and 
in  Dec.  same  year  another  for  300,000  after  the  battle  of  Leip- 
sic.  Estimated  conscriptions,  1793-1813,  4,103,000.  The  law 
of  1818  (modified  in  1824, 1832,  and  1868)  assigned  an  annual 
contingent  to  each  department.  The  conscription  was  en- 
larged and  modified  by  the  army  bill  of  Feb.  1868.  A  reor- 
ganization of  the  army  began  in  1871,  after  the  war  with 
Germany ;  substitutes  were  allowed  under  certain  conditions. 
Conscription  for  Great  Britain  was  discussed  in  1875.  Militia. 
In  the  American  civil  war  (1861-65)  conscription  was  resorted 
to  by  both  governments.  The  national  armies,  however,  were 
less  dependent  on  the  measure,  as  large  bounties  brought  them 
enough  volunteers.  The  first  confederate  conscription  law, 
16  Apr.  1862.  annulled  all  contracts  with  volunteers  for  short 
terms,  holding  them  for  2  additional  years,  and  made  every 
white  male  between  18  and  35  liable  to  service  at  a  moment's 
notice.  On  27  Sept.  the  law  was  extended  to  men  between 
35  and  45  years  of  age.  In  July,  1863,  all  between  18  and  45 
were  called  into  active  service.  In  Feb.  1864,  the  law  was 
extended  to  all  between  17  and  50.     Draft  uiots. 

consecration.  Aaron  and  his  sons  were  consecrated 
priests,  1490  b.c.  (Lev.  viii.).  The  Jewish  tabernacle  was  ded- 
icated 1490  B.C.,  and  Solomon's  temple,  1004  b.c.  (1  Kings  viii.). 
Consecration  of  churches  began  in  the  2d  century.  Anciently 
the  consecration  of  popes  was  deferred  until  the  emperor  as- 
sented to  the  election.  Gregory  IV.  desired  to  have  his  elec- 
tion confirmed  by  the  emperor  Louis  in  828. — lUiiault.  The 
consecration  of  churches,  places  of  burial,  etc.,  is  permitted  by 
Protestants.  An  act  relating  to  the  consecration  of  church- 
yards of  the  church  of  England,  passed  20  Aug.  1867,  was 
amended  in  1868.  A  form  of  consecration  was  adopted  by 
convocation,  but  not  sanctioned  by  the  crown,  Apr.  1712.  It 
is  generally  used,  but  is  not  compulsory.— J^wrw.  The  form 
of  consecrating  bishops  in  the  church  of  England  is  in  the 
prayer-book  of  1549.— 5tow;.     Bishops,  Episcopal. 

conservation  of  force.  The  doctrine  that  no 
physical  force  can  be  created  or  destroyed,  though  it  may  be 
transformed,  is  maintained  by  Faraday,  Grove,  Helmholtz, 
Tyndall,  and  other  philosophers.     Correlation. 

conservatives,  a  name  of  modern  date,  given  in 
Great  Britain  to  a  political  party  whose  leading  principle  is 
the  preservation  of  national  institutions,  said  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  John  Wilson  Croker  in  1830.  Conservative  (a  Tory), 
in  popular  language,  is  now  opposed  to  Liberal.  It  was  termed 
a  new  cant  word  by  Macaulay  in  Edinburgh  Review,  July,  1832. 
Sir  Robert  Peel  acknowledged  himself  a  conservative  when  re- 
proached by  the  Irish  party  in  Parliament  as  an  Orangeman ;  but 
a  party  that  afterwards  separated  from  him  called  their  princi- 


198 


CON 


pies  conservative,  as  opposed  to  those  he  had  now  adopted.  A 
meeting  of  the  National  Union  of  Conservative  Associationswas 
held  at  the  Crystal  palace,  London,  24  June,  1872.  Tlie  party  in 
the  minorityatelectionsinl868,inEngland,obtained  a  majority 
in  Feb.  1874, and  came  intooflice.  They  were  again  in  a  minor- 
ity, and  resigned,  22  Apr.  1880.  The  marquis  of  Salisbury  be- 
came leader  of  the  party,  9  May,  1881,  succeeding  the  eari  of 
Beaconsfield,  who  died*19  Apr.  previous.  Administrations. 
C*onservatoires,  institutions  for  cultivating  music 
and  the  arts  on  the  European  continent.  One  was  established 
at  Naples  in  1537.  The  singing-school  at  Paris,  founded  in 
1784,  closed  in  1789,  was  reopened  in  1793  as  the  "  Institut.  Na- 
tional de  Musique;"  and,  as  reorganized,  was  renamed  *'  Con- 
servatoire de  Musique ''  in  1795,  and  flourished  under  Cherubini 
(1822-42).  The  "  Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers,"  estab- 
lished in  1784,  has  a  museum  and  librar}',  and  provides  lectures 
to  workmen. 

consistories,  for  regulating  discipline  and  worship  in 
the  Lutheran  church  in  Germany,  were  established  at  the 
Reformation— first  at  Wittenberg,  in  1542  ;  others  after  the 
peace  of  Augsburg,  in  1555. 

consols  (clip  form  of  consolidated  (annuities),  same  as 
cab  for  cabriolet,  pants  for  pantaloons,  etc.),  the  interest  of  3 
per  cent,  which  the  British  government  pays  on  its  debt.  The 
loans  were  negotiated  at  various  times  and  at  different  rates 
of  interest,  and  finally  consolidated  into  one  fund.  The  con- 
solidated annuities  act  passed  1857. 

conspiracies.  Among  recorded  conspiracies,  real  or 
supposed,  the  following  are  remarkable  :  ^  (. 

Of  Catiline,  suppressed  by  Cicero 03 

Of  Brutus,  Cassius,  and  others ;  death  of  Cajsar 44 

[Most  famous  of  all.] 
England. 
Of  Anthony  Baby ngton  and  others  against  Elizabeth  (Babvng-  a.d. 

TON) 1586 

Gunpowder  plot igo5 

Of  Blood,  who  seized  the  duke  of  Ormond,  wounded  him,  and 
would  have  hanged  him,  Dec.  1670,  and  who  afterwards  at- 
tempted to  steal  the  regalia  (Blood's  conspiracy) 9  May,  1671 

Pretended  conspiracy  of  French,  Spanish,  and  English  .Jesuits 
to  assassinate  Charles  II.  revealed  by  the  infamous  Titus 

Oates  (Oates),  Dr.  Tongue,  and  others Aug.  1678 

Meal-tub  plot 1679 

Rtb-housb  plot  to  assassinate  the  king  on  his  way  to  New- 
market    1683 

Of  Col.  Despard  (Desparo). 1802 

Of  Thistlewood  and  others  to  assassinate  the  king's  ministers 

(Cato-strkbt  conspiracy) 1820 

Scotland. 
Of  Robert  Graham  and  the  earl  of  Athol ;  murder  of  James  I. 

(Perth) 20  Feb.  1437 

Of  Cowrie's  attempt  to  seize  James  IV.  of  Scotland  (Cowrie's 

Conspiracy) 5  Aug.  1000 

France. 

Of  St.  Bartholomew  and  massacre 24  Aug. 

Of  Georges,  ngainst  the  life  of  Bonaparte 15  Feb. 

To  assassinate  the  prince  president  Napoleon 1  July, 

To  assassinate  Napoleon  III.  (France) 14  Jan. 

Germany. 
For  the  assassination  of  emperor  William  I.  by  the  socialists. . . 
Russia. 

Of  the  Strki.itz 1698 

Against  Petor  HI.,  murdered 1762 

Against  Paul  I.,  murdered 24  Mch.  1801 

Of  Pestal  against  Nicholas  1 26-29  Dec.  1825 

Of  socialists  among  the  students .Jan.  1870 

Of  nihilists  for  the  death  of  the  czar  by  blowing  up  the  Winter 

lialace 17  Feb.  1880 

Of  nihilists,  death  of  the  czar  by  the  explosion  of  a  bomb  (Ni- 
hilists)   13  Mch.  1881 

Bulgaria. 

Major  Panitza  against  prince  Ferdinand Feb.  et  seq.  1890 

United  States. 

Of  Aaron  Burr  (Burr's  conspiracy) 180.5-6 

Of  John  Wilkes  Booth,  for  the  assassination  of  pres.  Lincoln, 
vice-prcs.  Johnson,  sec.  Seward,  and  gen.  Grant  (Booth's  con- 
spiracy)   14  Apr.  1866 

Assassinations,  Rebellions,  etc. 

constable  of  England,  lord-high,  the  7th  great 
officer  of  the  crown,  and,  with  the  earl  marslial.  formerly 
a  judge  of  the  court  of  chivalry,  called,  in  the  time  of  Henry 
IV.,  curia  milita7-i<i,  and  subsequently  the  court  of  honor.  His 
power  was  so  great  that  in  1389  a  statute  was  passed  to  lessen 
it  and  that  of  the  Eart.  marsifal.  The  office  existed  before 
the  conquest,  after  which  it  went  by  inheritance  to  the  earls 


1 


ir.72 

1H04 
1852 


1878 


I 


k 


CON  199 

of  Hereford  and  Essex,  and  next  in  line  of  Stafford.  In  1521 
it  was  forfeited  by  Edward  Stafford,  duke  of  Buckingham,  at- 
tainted for  high-treason,  and  has  since  been  granted  only  pro 
hdc  vice  (for  this  occasion)  to  attend  at  a  coronation  or  trial  by 
combat.  The  only  trial'  by  combat  ordered  since  this  office 
fell  to  the  crown  was  between  lord  Reay  and  David  Ramsey, 
in  Nov.  1631,  but  the  king  prevented  it, 

constable  of  France,  first  officer  of  the  kings  of 

France  and  afterwards  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
highest  authority  in  all  questions  of  chivalry  and  honor.  Office 
suppressed,  1627. 

constable  of  Scotland,  lord-high.    The  office 

was  instituted  by  David  I.  about  1 147.  The  holder  was  keeper 
of  the  king's  sword,  which  the  king,  at  his  promotion,  deliv- 
ered to  him  naked  (hence  the  badge  of  the  lord-high  constable 
is  a  naked  sword),  and  had  the  command  of  the  king's  armies 
in  the  field,  in  the  king's  absence.  The  office  was  made  heredi- 
tary, 1321,  in  sir  Gilbert  Hay,  created  earl  of  Erroll  by  Robert 
Bruce ;  and  with  his  descendants  it  remains,  being  preserved 
by  the  treaty  of  union  in  1707.  The  present  earl  of  Erroll  is 
the  22d  lord-high  constable  (1881). 

constables  of  Hundreds  and  Franchises,  instituted  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  1285,  are  now  called  high-constables 
in  England.  There  are  3  kinds  of  constables,  high,  petty,  and 
special:  the  high-constable's  jurisdiction  extends  to  the  whole 
hundred;  the  petty  constable's,  to  his  parish  or  liberty;  and 
the  special  constable  is  appointed  for  particular  emergencies 
(as  in  Apr.  1848,  on  account  of  the  Chartists).  The  general 
appointment  of  parish  constables  was  made  unnecessary  by  an 
act,  Aug.  1872.  In  the  United  States  a  local  official  of  a  town 
or  village. 

Constance,  a  city  in  Baden,  S.  Germany.  Here  sat 
the  17th  general  council,  1414-18,  which  condemned  John 
Huss;  and  here  he  was  burned,  6  July,  1415.     Hussites. 

Constanti'na,  the  ancient  capital  of  Numidia,  was 
taken  by  the  French,  13  Oct.  1837.  During  the  assault  on 
12  Oct.  the  French  general  Damremont  was  killed.  Achmet 
Bey  retired  with  12,000  men  as  the  victors  entered  Constan- 
tina. 

Constantinople  (formerly  Byzantium),  founded 
667  B.C.,  named  for  Constantine  the  Great,  who  fixed  the  seat 
of  the  Eastern  empire  here,  dedicating  it  11  May,  330  a.u. 
Its  Turkish  name  Stamboul  is  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  the 
Or.  tig  rifv  iroXiv.     Estimated  pop.  1893,  925,000.     Eastern 

EMPIRE. 

General  ecclesiastical  councils  against  heresy  were  held  here 

in  381,  553,  680.  and 869 

Seized  by  Procopius 365 

City  suffered  from  religious  dissensions,  and  was  burned  during 

the  •'  Nika  "  conflicts 532 

Rebuilt  by  Justinian  with  great  splendor " 

St.  Sophia  dedicated 537 

Resisted  the  Saracens  successfully 675,  718 

And  the  Russians 865,  904,  941,  1043 

Taken  by  the  crusaders 1203,  1204 

Recovered  by  the  Greeks 1261 

Vainly  besieged  by  Amurath  the  Ottoman. .- June-Aug.  1422 

Taken  by  Mahomet  II.  after  53  days'  siege 29  May,  1453 

Conference  on  Turkish  affairs:  representatives:  Great  Britain, 
marquis  of  Salisbury;  Russia,  gen.  Ignatieff;  France,  Chau- 
dordy;  Austria,  Z\chy;  Ge?-many,  Von  Werther ;  Italy,  Corli; 

ordinary  meetings  began 23  Dec.  1876 

Turkey  rejecting  the  propositions,  conference  closed. .  .20  Jan.  1877 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Russia:    12  articles;   Turkey  accepted 

modifications  of  treaty  of  San  Stefano;    an  indemnity  of 

about  802,500,000  francs  to  be  paid  by  Turkey  (settlement 

deferred) ;  Russian  troops  to  quit  within  40  days,  etc. ;  signed 

(Turkey) 8  Feb.  1879 

Era  of  Constantinople,  dating  the  creation  5508  years  b.c.,  was  used 
by  the  Russians  until  Peter  the  Great,  and  is  still  in  the  Greek 
church.  The  civil  year  begins  1  Sept.,  the  ecclesiastical  year  in 
March ;  the  day  not  exactly  determined.  To  reduce  it  to  our  era, 
subtract  5508  years  from  January-  to  August,  and  5509  from  Sep- 
tember to  December. — Nicolas. 

constellations.  Groups  of  fixed  stars,  supposed  to 
resemble  the  forms  of  living  beings  or  other  objects.  A  returns, 
Orion,  the  Pleiades,  and  Mazzaroth  are  mentioned  (Job  ix.  9, 
and  xxxviii.  31)  about  1520  b.c.  Homer  and  Hesiod  notice 
constellations;  but  fhe  first  definite  record  is  that  of  Claudius 
Ptolemaeus,  about  140  a.d.  Hipparchus  (about  147  B.C.)  made 
a  list  of  48  constellations;  others  were  added  by  Tycho  Brahe, 


CON 

Hevelius,  Halley,  etc.  There  are  now  recognized  29  northern, 
45  southern,  and  12  zodiacal.  The  zodiacal  constellations  are 
Aries,  Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra,  Scorpio, 
Sagittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquarius,  and  Pisces.     Stars. 

Constitution  of  Eng^land.  It  comprehends  the 
whole  body  of  laws  by  which  the  British  people  are  governed, 
and  to  which  it  is  presumptively  held  that  every  individual 
has  assented. — Lord  Somers.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from  the 
term  government — the  constitution  is  the  rule  by  which  the 
sovereign  ought  to  govern  at  all  times ;  and  government  is 
that  by  which  he  does  govern  at  any  particular  time. — Lord 
Boliwjhroke.  The  king  of  England  is  not  supreme ;  he  sees  his 
equals,  in  the  coexisting  branches  of  the  legislature,  and  his 
superior  in  the  law, — Sheridan.  Hallam's  "  Constitutional 
History  of  England"  was  first  pub.  in  1827;  May's  in  1861-63; 
Stubbs's  in  1875. 

Constitution  of  the  United  (States.    The 

"Articles  of  Confederation"  (Confederation,  Articles  of) 
which    had  carried    the    country    through    the    Revolution 
were   felt   to    be    inadequate  when   peace   was   proclaimed. 
The   government  was  without  defined  limits  in  its  execu- 
tive,   legislative,   or   judiciary.      There    was    no    treasury, 
but  a  heavy  debt.      During  the  winter  of  1784-85   Noah 
Webster  began   a   scries   of  political  essays,  "Sketches   of 
American  Policy,"  showing  the  necessity  of  a  new  government, 
vesting  in  Congress  legislative  powders,  etc.     On  5  Mch.  1785, 
commissioners  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  appointed  through 
■  the  influence  of  Washington,  assembled  at  Mount  Vernon  to 
I  consider  a  scheme  for  a  canal  connecting  the  Potomac  and  the 
j  Ohio,  and  a  national  tariff  and  other  topics  were  discussed. 
'  A  convention  of  all  the  states  was  called  at  Annapolis  in  Sept. 
j  1786,  but  only  5  were  represented,  viz. :  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia,  too  few  for  national  action. 
'■  It  adjourned  after  recommending  to  the  legislatures  represented 
I  the  calling  of  another  convention  at  Philadelphia,  on  the  2d 
Monday  in  May,  1787,  the  delegates  to  it  to  be  empowered  "to 
devise  such  further  provisions  as  shall  appear  to  them  necessary 
to  render  the  constitution  of  the  federal  government  adequate 
to  the  exigencies  of  the  Union."     This  report  was  referred  by 
Congress  to  a  committee,  w^hich  reported  a  resolution,  21  Feb. 
1787,  that  Congress,  believing  the  "  Articles  of  Confederation" 
inadequate  for  the  purposes  of  the  Union,  strongly  recom- 
mended the  legislatures  to  send  delegates  to  the  proposed  con- 
vention on  the  2d  Monday  in  May,  1787.    Delegates  were 
accordingly  chosen  in  the  several  states  "  for  the  purpose  of 
revising  the  articles  of  confederation  and  reporting  to  Congress 
and  the  several  legislatures  such  alterations  and  provisions 
therein  as  shall,  when  agreed  to  in  Congress,  and  confirmed 
by  the  states,  render  the  federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the 
exigencies  of  the  government."     Although  called  for  the  2d 
Monday,  14  May,  1787,  the  delegates  came  late  and  only  organ- 
ized 25  May,  with  Washington  as  president.    On  the  29th,  the 
main  business  was  opened  by  Edmund  Randolph  of  Virginia, 
who  set  forth  the  defects  of  the  "Articles  of  Confederation  "  in 
order,  and  offered  15  resolutions,  drawn  by  Madison,  embodying 
the  "  Virginia  "  or  "  national  plan."     These  Mere  discussed 
until  15  June,  when  Patterson  of  New  Jersey  brought  forward 
the  "  New  Jersey'  plan  "  of  the  State-rights  party,  which  pre- 
served the  Continental  Congress  as  the  federal  legislature  with 
certain  additional  powers.    Its  advocates  insisted  that  the  con- 
vention must  make  no  fundamental  changes,  and  that  the 
states  would  not  ratify  a  closer  union.     Alexander  Hamilton 
of  New  York  dissented  from  both  plans.    He  doubted  the  sta- 
bility of  a  republic,  but  public  sentiment  demanded  republican 
forms,  and  he  sketched  a  system  devised  by  himself    He  pro- 
posed a  national  legislature  in  2  branches,  the  assembly  to  be 
elected  for  3  years,  the  senate  to  serve  during  good  behavior, 
as  could  the  governor  or  president;  state  laws  contrary  to  the 
Constitution  to  be  void ;  a  governor  of  each  state,  appointed 
by  the  general  government,  to  have  a  veto  upon  laws  in  the 
I  state ;  no  state  to  have  a  land  or  naval  force ;  the  militia  of  all 
!  the  states  to  be  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  U.  S.,  who 
;  .should  appoint  and  commission  the  officers.     The  resolutions 
I  first  submitted  by  Randolph  were  substantially  adopted,  and 
j  formed  the  skeleton  of  our  present  Constitution.    The  conven- 
j  tion  appointed  a  committee  of  detail,  26  July,  to  report  a  con- 
I  stitution  embodj'ing  the  proposals  it  had  approved,  and  ad- 


CON  iJW 

joumed  for  10  days.  This  committee,  Nathaniel  Gtorham, 
Oliver  Ellsworth,  Jas.  Wilson,  Edmund  Randolph,  and  John 
Rulledge,  reported  on  6  Aug.  a  rough  sketch  of  the  Consti- 
tution. The  convention  made  many  amendments  and  submit- 
tetl  the  report  to  Congress,  12  Sept.  1787.  Ct)ngre8s  resolved, 
28  Sept.  1787,  unanimously  "  that  the  said  report,  with  the  res- 
olution and  letter  accompanying  the  same,  be  transmitted  to 
the  several  legislatures,  in  order  to  be  submitted  to  a  conven- 
tion of  delegates  chosen  in  each  state  by  the  people  thereof,  in 
conformity  to  the  resolves  of  the  convention  made  and  pro- 
vided in  that  case."  This  convention  adjourned  17  Sept.  1787. 
It  sat  with  closed  doors,  and  the  injunction  of  secrecy  was 
never  removed.  At  the  adjournment  the  journal,  under  a 
previous  vote,  was  intrusted  to  Washington,  who  deposited 
it  in  the  department  of  state.  It  was  tirst  printed  in  1818 
by  order  of  Congress.  The  notes  of  Madison,  with  less  full 
ones  by  Yates  of  New  York  and  Luther  Martin  of  Maryland, 
with  the  official  journal,  furnish  the  only  information  of  the 
different  views  and  contests  in  the  convention  during  the  long 
struggle  which  resulted  in  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  The 
Constitution  was  submitted  to  the  state  conventions,  and  the 


CON 

debates  in  several  were  protracted  and  exciting.     The  follow- 
ing list  shows  the  dates  of  ratification  in  the  several  states  : 

Delaware,  unanimously 7  Dec.  1787 

Pennsylvania,  vole  40  to  23 12  Dec.     " 

New  Jersey,  unanimously 18  Dec.     " 

Georgia,  "  2  Jan.  1788 

Connecticut,  vote  128  to  40 9  Jan.     " 

Massachusetts,  vote  187  to  1G8 6  Feb.     '« 

Maryland,  vote  63  to  12 28  Apr.     " 

South  Carolina,  vote  149  to  73 23  May,     " 

New  Hampshire,  vote  57  to  40 21  June,     " 

Virginia,  vote  89  to  79 25  June,     " 

New  York,  vote  30  to  28 26  June,     " 

North  Carolina,  vole  193  to  75 21  Nov.  1789 

Rhode  Island,  vote  34  to  32 29  May,  1790 

After  ratification  b}'  the  9th  state,  Congress  passed,  13  Sept. 
1788,  the  following  resolution  : 

^'■Resolved,  That  the  1st  Wednesday  in  Jan.  next  be  the  day  for  ap- 
pointing electors  in  the  several  states  which,  before  the  said  day, 
shall  have  ratified  the  said  Constitution ;  that  the  1st  Wednesday  in 
Feb.  next  be  the  day  for  the  electors  to  assemble  in  their  respec- 
tive states,  and  vote  for  a  President;  and  that  the  1st  Wednesday  in 
Mch.  next  be  the  time,  and  the  present  seat  of  Congress  (New  York) 
the  place  for  commencing  the  proceedings  under  the  Constitution. " 

United  States  under  the  Constitution. 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  CONVENTION  FRAMING  THE  CONSTITUTION,  25  May-17  Sept.  1787. 


Elected. 

Serving. 

Signing. 

Representing. 

Remarks. 

Baldwin,  Abraham 

Bassett  Richard         

Served 

u 

Served 
Served 

Served 
Served 

u 

Served 
Served 

Served 
Served 

Signed 

Signed 
Signed 
Signed 

Signed 

signed 

signed 
Signed 

Signed 
signed 

Signed 

signed 

Signed 

u 

signed 
Signed 

Georgia 
Delaware 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

New  Jersey 

Delaware 

South  Carolina 

Maryland 

North  Carol  na 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

North  Carolina 

New  Jersey 

Delaware 

Connecticut 

Georgia 
Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

New  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

Virginia 

New  Jersey 

Georgia 

Pennsylvania 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

North  Carolina 

Massachusetts 

New  Hampshire 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

Maryland 

Virginia 

Maryland 
Pennsylvania 

New  Jersey 

Georgia 
New  Hampshire 

Georgia 
South  Carolina 

Virginia 

Delaware 
South  Carolina 

Connecticui 

North  Carolina 

Massachusetts 

Georgia 

Virginia 

New  Hampshire 

North  Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 
.    New  York 

Seated,  11  June 
25  May. 
28  May. 

"        25  May. 

"  20  June, 
25  May. 

9  July. 
Resigned.     Blo 

Seated,  28  May. 
Could  not  attend 
Seated,  25  May. 

"  21  June. 
28  May. 

"        29  May. 

"        25  May. 

28  May. 

29  May. 
23  July. 

"        28  May. 

"        25  May. 
Declined  for  priv 
Seated,  25  May. 

"         1  June. 
28  May. 

"         2  June. 

WiLLIAM.SON. 

Seated,  25  May. 

23  July. 

"          2  June. 

Seated,    5  June. 

25  May. 

15  May. 

"         9  June. 

Seated,  25  May. 

1     signing. 

Seated,  29  Mav. 

6  Aug. 

28  May. 

25  May. 

"        31  May. 
'1        25  May. 

1     ident  and  Sent 
Seated,  25  May. 

30  May. 
25  May. 
28  May. 

Declined. 
Seated,  25  May. 

((            (( 

Bedford  Gunning  jr         

iuplaceof  CaswelL 

Butler  Pierce  

Carroll   Daniel 

Caswell  Richard     

JNT 

Davie,  Wm.  Richardson 

Dayton,  Jonathan 

Dickinson  John 

Called  away  by  sickness. 

Ellsworth  Oliver 

Called  away  by  sickness. 

Few  William 

Franklin  Benjamin 

The  oldest  signer,  81  years  old. 
Refused  to  sign.     Feared  a  civil  war. 
The  youngest  signer,  25  years  old. 

Gerry   Elbrid<'e 

Gilman  Nicholas 

Gorham   Nathaniel 

Hamilton  Alexander     .... 

Henry,  Patrick 

Houston  W  Churchill 

ate  reasons. 

Houstoun  William 

IngersoU  Jared  .   . .       

Jenifer,  Daniel,  of  St.  Thomas. . 

Langdon  John 

I.iansing  John  jr     ....         .... 

Opposed  the  constitution  and  withdrew. 

Livingston,  William 

Withdrew.     Opposed  to  the  constitution. 
Refused  to  sign.     Too  monarchical. 
Substitute  for  Patrick  Henry,  absent  on  day  of 

Mason  George 

McClurg  .James       

Withdrew  without  signing. 

Mifflin,  Thomas 

Morris  Robert 

Neilson  John 

Patterson  William 

Pendleton,  Nathaniel 

Pierce,  William 

Absent  on  day  of  signing. 

Pinckney,  C.  Cote.sworth 

Randolph,  Edmund,  jr 

Refused.    Objected  to  powers  conferred  on  pres- 

Read,  George 

Rulledge,  John 

ite. 

Spa'ght,  Richard  Dobbs 

Strong,  Caleb 

Absent  on  day  of  signing. 

Washington  George 

President  "of  the  convention  and  first  signer. 

West  Benjamin   

Williamson   Hugh 

Substitute  for  Willie  Jones. 

Wilson  James      . .         .... 

Absent  on  day  of  signing. 

yates,  Robert 

Withdrew.    Opposed  to  the  constitution. 

i 


Rhode  Island  not  represented. 


II 


CON  201 

Conititution  of  the  United  states,  Amend- 
ments to.  During  the  debates  on  the  ratification  of  the  Con- 
stitution, many  amendments  were  offered.  Massachusetts  pro- 
posed 9,  South  Carolina  4,  New  Hampshire  12,  Virginia  20, 
New  York  32,  North  Carolina  26,  the  Pennsylvania  minor- 
ity  14,  the  Maryland  minority  28;  in  place  of  which  the  As- 
sembly agreed  upon  17,  which  the  Senate  reduced  to  12.  These 
were  passed  by  two  thirds  of  both  branches  of  Congress,  25 
Sept.  1789.  The  first  2  were  not  ratified,  and  the  remaining  10, 
though  rejected  by  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Georgia, 
were  ratified  by  the  other  states. 
I.  to  X.  inclusive  declared  in  force,  15  Dec.  1791. 

XI.  This  amendment  passed  by  two  thirds  of  both  branches  oi 
Congress,  5  Mch.  1794;  declared  in  force 8  Jan.  1798 

[It  covered  such  cases  as  Chisholm  vs.  Georgia  (2  Dall. 
470).  It  was  construed  in  the  case  of  Cohens  vs.  Virginia  (6 
Wheat.  264).] 

XII.  This  amendment  relates  to  elections,  and  was  adopted  by 
the  House,  1  May.  1802,  by  47  to  17,  but  rejected  by  the 
Senate.  15  to  8.  At  the  next  session  of  Congress  it  was  again 
lost.  On  the  third  trial,  Oct.  1803,  after  a  long  debate,  it 
passed  the  Senate,  22  to  10,  and  the  House,  84  to  42.  The 
speaker,  Mr.  Macon,  voting  aye,  made  the  necessary  two 
thirds.  Of  the  42  votes  in  the  minority,  24  came  from  New 
England.     It  was  declared  in  force 25  Sept.  1804 

[Ratified  by  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island, 
South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Vermont,  Virginia;  rejected  by 
Connecticut,  Delaware,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire.] 

XIII.  This  amendment,  carrying  out  the  emancipation  proc- 
lamation, passed  the  Senate  8  Apr.  1864,  by  a  vote  of  38  to 
6,  but  failed  in  the  House,  15  June,  vote  95  to  66;  but  on  re- 
consideration, 31  Jan.  1865,  it  passed,  119  to  56.  It  was  rati- 
fied by  31  out  of  the  36  states;  rejected  by  Delaware  and 
Kentucky;  not  acted  on  by  Texas;  and  conditionally  ratified 
by  Alabama  and  Mississippi.     It  was  proclaimed 18  Dec.  1865 

XIV.  This  amendment,  an  essential  part  of  the  reconstruction 
plan,  passed  the  Senate,  8  June,  1866,  by  33  to  11,  and  the 
House,  13  June,  138  to  36;  rejected  by  Delaware,  Kentucky, 
Maryland;  not  acted  on  by  California;  and  ratified  by  the 
other  states — 33  out  of  37.  10  of  the  Southern  states  at 
first  rejected  it,  but  the  reconstruction  act  of  2  Mch.  1867, 
declared  these  state  governments  provisional  only  until  its 
ratification.  They  then  ratified  it,  and  it  was  declared  in 
force 28  July,  1868 

XV.  This  amendment  bestows  citizenship  on  the  negro.  It 
was  proposed  in  Congress,  26  Feb.  1869;  passed  the  Senate, 
39  to  13,  and  the  House,  144  to  44.  It  was  not  acted  on  by 
Tennessee ;  rejected  by  California,  Delaware,  Kentucky, 
Maryland,  New  Jersey,  and  Oregon;  and  ratified  by  the  re- 
maining 30  states.  New  York  rescinded  its  ratification.  5 
Jan.  1870.   This  amendment  was  declared  in  force. .  .30  Mch.  1870 

Conititutioil,  the  frigate.     Navy. 

€on§titiition§  of  Clarendon.    Clarendon. 

€on§titutions   of  France,  enacted  1789-91, 

1795,  1799  (charter),  1814,  1848,  1852,  1875. 

eon§ub§tantiation.    Transubstantiation. 

COn§ul§  (meaning  colleagues),  Roman.  At  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Tarquins,  a  republic  was  established,  to  be  ruled  by 
2  consuls  elected  annuall\%  the  first  being  Lucius  Junius  Bru- 
tus and  Lucius  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  husband  of  the  injured 
Lucretia,  509  b.c.  The  consular  power  was  in  emergencies 
superseded  by  dictators  and  tribunes.  In  modern  times,  con- 
suls are  public  officers  commissioned  by  a  government  to  man- 
age and  protect  the  commercial  interests  of  its  citizens  in  other 
countries,  and  formally  recognized  by  the  government  within 
whose  jurisdiction  they  act.  In  some  countries,  particularly 
in  the  Levant,  it  is  customarj^  for  consuls  to  exercise  certain 
judicial  powers  in  cases  affecting  their  countrymen.  g  (, 

Government  of  the  Decemviri 451-49 

Three  military  tribunes  with  consular  power 444 

A  plebeian  elected  consul 366 

[Under  Tiberius  consuls  were  nominated  by  the  senate,  the 
office  being  henceforth  honorary.] 
French  consulate  established  when  the  directory  was  abolished ; 
Bonaparte,  Siey^s,  and  Roger  Ducos  made  "provisional  con- 
sular commissioners,  10  Nov. ;  Bonaparte,  Cambace'res,  and 

Lebrun  made  consuls 13  Dec.  1799 

Bonaparte  first  consul  for  10  years,  6  May ;  for  life,  2  Aug.  1802 ; 

emperor • 18  May,  1804 

Commercial  agents  were  first  called  consuls  in  Italy.     Lorenzo 

Strozzi  appointed  by  Richard  III 1485 

A  British  consul  first  appointed  in  Portugal 1633 

Continental  army.    Army. 

Continental  Congrre§§.     United  States. 

Continental  money.  The  bills  of  credit  issued 
by  Congress  during  the  war  for  independence.  When  that 
war  broke  out,  Spanish  coin  was  the  principal  metallic  cur- 


CON 


rency  in  the  colonies,  but  the  quantity  was  inadequate ;  and, 
after  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  Congress,  imitating  some  of 
the  colonial  governments,  issued  bills  of  credit.  During  1775, 
bills  for  13,000,000  were  issued.  Paper  money.  Other  issues 
were  made,  until,  at  the  beginning  of  1780,  these  bills  of  credit 
amounted  to  $200,000,000,  promising  payment  "  in  Spanish 
milled  dollars."  After  1777  they  depreciated  rapidly,  the  pros- 
pect of  redemption  appearing  remote.  Efforts  to  sustain  their 
credit  were  in  vain.  In  1780, 40  paper  dollars  were  worth  only 
1  in  specie,  and  in  1781  they  were  valueless.  They  afforded 
temporary  relief,  but  finally  occasioned  much  public  evil  and 
individual  suffering.  These  bills  are  now  curiosities  in  col- 
lections. 

eontinental  system,  Napoleon's  plan  to  exclude 
British  merchandise  from  the  li^uropean  Continent.  It  began 
with  his  Berlin  Decree  in  1806,  and  occasioned  the  Orders 
IN  Council. 

continuity.  W.  R.  Grove  (afterwards  sir),  in  an  ad- 
dress as  president  of  the  British  Association,  on  22  Aug.  1866, 
at  Nottingham,  Engl.,  expressed  the  opinion  of  many  phi- 
losophers that  all  past  changes  in  the  world  have  been  pro- 
duced by  the  continuous  action  of  causes  now  in  operation — 
that  "continuity  is  a  law  of  nature,  the  true  expression  of 
the  action  of  Almighty  power." 

contraband  of  war,  a  term  'said  to  have  been 
first  employed  in  the  treaty  of  Southampton  between  England 
and  Spain  in  1625.  During  the  war  between  Spain  and  Hol- 
land, both  powers  acted  with  rigor  towards  ships  of  neutrals 
conveying  goods  to  belligerents.  This  provoked  England.  A 
milder  policy  was  adopted  by  the  treaty  of  Pyrenees,  1650, 
and  by  the  declaration  of  Paris,  26  Apr.  1856.  The  subject 
was  discussed  during  the  American  civil  war,  1861-64,  wheth- 
er slaves  could  be  regarded  as  contraband.  Virginia,  27  May, 
1861. 

eontre-danse  (Engl,  country  dance),  a  dance  with 
the  dancers  in  opposite  files,  introduced  into  France  (probably 
from  England)  about  1715. 

Contreras  (Mexico),  Battle  of,  between  U.  S.  troops 
and  Mexicans,  20  Aug.  1847.  Americans  stormed  and  took 
a  fortified  camp  defended  by  6000  Mexicans,  capturing  80  offi- 
cers, 3000  soldiers,  and  35  guns.     Mexican  War. 

convent,  a  building  for  the  use  of  an  association  or  a 
community  of  persons  generally  limited  to  women  (nuns)  de- 
voted to  a  religious  life.  They  were  first  founded,  some  say, 
270.  The  first  in  England  was  erected  at  Folkestone,  by  Ead- 
bald,in  630. — Camden.  The  first  in  Scotland  was  at  Colding- 
ham,  where  Ethelreda  took  the  veil  in  670.  They  were  found- 
ed earlier  in  Ireland.  They  were  repeatedl3'^  suppressed  in 
England,  most  severely  by  Henry  VIII. ;  many  have  been  sup- 
pressed in  P^urope  in  this  century.  The  king  of  Prussia  secu- 
larized the  convents  in  the  duchy  of  Posen.  Dom  Pedro  put 
down  300  convents  in  Portugal  in  1834,  and  Spain  abolished 
1800  convents.  Many  were  abolished  in  Italy  and  Sicilv  in 
1860,  1861,  and  1866,  and  manv  in  Kussia,  31  July,  1832,  and 
Nov.  1864. 

In  1597,  lady  Mary  Percy  founded  a  convent  at  Brussels,  which 
flourished  till  1794,  when  the  nuns  were  driven  to  England. 
They  were  received  by  bishop  Milner,  and  placed  at  Win- 
chester, where  they  remained  till  their  removal  to  East  Berg- 
holt,  in  Suffolk,  June,  1857;  this  was  the  first  English  con- 
vent on  the  European  Continent  after  the  Reformation. 

The  Emancipation  act  of  1829,  10  Geo.  IV.,  prohibits  convents 
and  religious  communities  in  the  United  Kingdom,  but  it  has 

been  a  dead  letter 1829 

[There  were,  in  1832,  16  convents  in  England;  in  1870,  233; 
and  70  monasteries  in  Great  Britain.] 

A  select  committee  of  the  commons  upon  the  revenues  of  Brit- 
ish convents,  10  May,  1870;  reappointed Feb.  1871 

Committee  reported  the  evidence June,     " 

Mr.  Newdegate's  motion  for  an  inquiry  into  convents  negatived, 

12  June,  1874 

Large  convent  at  Bournemouth,  under  church  of  England, 
opened 3  Oct.  1875 

A  Carmelite  convent,  patronized  by  the  duke  of  Norfolk  and 
family,  at  St.  Charles's  square.  Netting  Hill,  London,  W., 
opened  by  cardinal  Manning 29  Sept.  1878 

Many  convents  in  France  abolished  by  decree. 29  Mch.  1880 

conventicles,  private  assemblies  for  religious  wor- 
ship, held  by  dissenters,  a  term  first  applied  to  the  schools  of 
Wycliffe.    They  were  strictly  forbidden  by  Elizabeth  in  1593, 


CON  2*»-^ 

and  by  Cliarlfs  II.,  1064 ;  and  persons  attending  were  liable  to 
severe  punislmu'iu.  Tlie  statutes  were  repealed  by  tlie  Tol- 
eration act,  24  May,  KWJt. 

€*OllveilliOII,  Hartford.     Connkcticut,  1814. 

convention  purliamentS  assembled  without 
the  king's  writ  u|K)n  extraordinary  occasions.  One  on  2o  Apr. 
1G60,  voted  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  A  second,  met  22 
Jaiu  IfiftO.  offered  the  crown  to  William  and  Mar}',  13  Feb., 
and  dissolved  in  Feb.  IGJM).     Nationau  Convention. 

eonvcnti€>n  troopM.  When  Uurpoync's  army  sur- 
rendered to  gen.  dates,  these  generals  agreed  that  the  prison- 
ers (over  5000)  (Nkw  Yokk)  siionld  be  marched  to  Cambridge, 
near  lioston,  to  embark  for  England,  on  their  parole  not  to 
serve  again  against  the  Americans.  Suspecting  that  the  pa- 
role would  be  violated,  Congress,  after  ratifying,  revoked  it. 
As  the  British  government  (lid  not  recognize  the  authority  of 
Congress,  these  troops  remained  near  Itoston  until  Congress, 
owing  to  the  scarcity  of  supplies  in  New  England,  ordered 
them  to  Virginia,  whither  they  went,  Oct.  and  Nov.  1778, 
4000  remaining  at  Charlottesville  until  Oct.  1780,  when  the 
British  were  removed  to  fort  Frederick,  in  Maryland,  and  the 
(iermans  to  Winchester,  their  numbers  reduced  to  2100.  Soon 
after  they  were  removed  to  Lancaster,  and  some  to  East  Wind- 
sor, Conn.  In  the  course  of  1782  they  were  dispersed  by  ex- 
change or  desertion. 

eon¥ention§.     Treaties. 

convocation,  a  general  assembly  of  clergy  in  Engl., 
called  by  the  sovereign's  writ,  on  the  affairs  of  the  church ; 
the  writ,  directed  to  the  archbishops,  requires  them  to  sum- 
mon all  the  bishops,  archdeacons,  etc.  The  convocation  is  in 
2  houses — the  upper,  of  bishops ;  the  lower,  of  deans,  preben- 
daries, archdeacons,  and  delegates  from  the  inferior  clergy. 
The  clergy  were  summoned  to  meet  the  king  by  writ,  23  Edw. 
I.  129it.  The  power  of  convocation  was  limited  at  its  reorgan- 
ization by  a  statute  of  Henry  VIII.  It  was  deprived  of  various 
privileges  in  1716,  and  ceased  to  meet.  The  clergy  have  held 
formal  meetings  annually  during  the  sessions  of  Parliament 
since  1854,  and  have  in  vain  sought  power  to  deal  summarily 
with  ecclesiastical  affairs ;  but  in  Feb.  1872,  convocation  was 
authorized  to  consider  changes  in  the  Liturgy;  upon  which  it 
acted,  5  Mch. ;  and  again  in  1889. 

CO]IVOl'vulU§  (Lat.  convohere,  to  twine  together). 
The  Canary  convolvulus  {Convolvulus  canariensis)  came  to 
England  from  the  Canary  isles,  1690;  the  many-flowered,  1779. 
The  Convolvulus  japonicus,  another  elegant  variety,  is  a  native 
of  China.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

Conway  cabal,  the.  Thomas,  count  de  Conway, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  but  taken  to  France  while  young.  In  1777, 
through  the  influence  of  Silas  Deane,  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  was  commissioned  brig.-gen.,  13  May,  1777,  and  fought 
at  Brandywine  and  Germantown,  1777.  Washington's  defeats 
caused  widespread  discontent  in  1777,  especially  when  the 
British  occupied  Philadelphia.  Burgoyne's  surrender  gave 
Gates  the  prestige  of  a  great  success.  Such  men  as  John  Ad- 
ams, Samuel  Adams,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Thomas  Mifflin,  etc., 
began  to  doubt  Washington's  fitness  for  the  chief  command. 
Conway  did  not  originate  the  cabal  for  Washington's  removal, 
but  was  so  active  in  it  that  it  bears  his  name.  Gates  willingly 
lent  his  influence,  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  the  command  him- 
self. There  was  correspondence  derogatory  to  Washington 
between  Gates,  Mifflin,  and  Conway  during  the  summer  and 
autumn  of  1777.  In  the  new  board  of  war,  organized  Nov. 
1777,  the  faction  was  represented  by  Gates  as  president,  and 
Mifflin  and  others  as  members.  Conway,  against  Washing- 
ton's remonstrance,  was  promoted  maj.-gen.,  and  made  in- 
spector-general  of  the  army.  A  vain  attempt  was  made  to 
win  Lafayette  by  offering  him  an  array  to  invade  Canada;  but 
these  intrigues,  when  known  to  the  army,  were  heartily  repro- 
bated, nor  did  the  state  legislatures  approve  them.  In  spite 
of  disasters  to  the  army,  Washington  retained  the  confidence 
and  affection  of  soldiers  and  people ;  and  most  of  the  conspira- 
tors shrank  from  avowing  their  share  in  the  plot.  Conway, 
ordered  to  the  northern  department,  complained  to  Congress, 
and  offered  his  resignation.  It  was  accepted,  and  he  tried  in 
vain  to  obtain  a  reinstatement.  He  was  wounded  soon  after 
in  a  duel  with  gen.  Cadwallader,  and,  believing  his  end  near. 


COP 

wrote  an  apology  to  Washington  for  his  course.    He  recovered, 
however,  and  returned  to  France. 

COOiiCry,  as  an  art,  belongs  to  civilized  life.     Anitnals 
were  granted  as  food  to  Noah,  2348  b.c.,  but  eating  blood 
was  forbidden  (Gen.  ix.  3,  4).     In  1898  b.c.  a  calf  was  cooked 
by  Abraham  to  entertain  his  guests  (Gen.  xviii.  7,  8).     "  Tl)e 
Forme  of  Cury"  (i.e.  cookery)  is  dated  1390.     An  English 
cookery-book  was  printed  1498.     Cottager's  stove. 
Three  medals  were  uwarded  to  tho  Norwegian  self  acting  cooking  ap- 
|)aratus  (Soren-son's  patent)  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  1867.     Cook- 
ing is  effected  by  boiling  water,  tho  heat  of  which  is  maintained 
by  enclosing  it  in  a  non  conducting  substance. 
In  the  U.  S.,  schools  of  cookery  have  become  common  in  large  cities 
since  1874. 

Cook's  excursions.  Thomas  Cook  in  1841  be- 
gan his  tourist  system  by  arranging  with  the  INIidland  HaH- 
way  Company  (England)  for  the  conveyance  of  a  party  of  570 
persons  from  Leicester  to  Loughborough  and  back  for  is.  each. 
He  gradually  extended  the  system  to  the  Continent,  to  Amer- 
ica, India,  Egypt,  Holy  Land,  etc.  He  died  18  Julv,  1892, 
aged  83. 

Cook's  VOyag^es.  James  Cook,  accompanied  by 
Joseph  Banks  (afterwards  sir),  sailed  from  England  in  the 
Endedvor  on  his  first  voyage,  30  July,  1768;  and  after  cir- 
cumnavigating the  globe,  arrived  at  Deal  12  June,  1771.  This 
expedition  was  proposed  by  the  Royal  Society  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus,  3  June,  17G9.  Capt.  Cook  sailed  to  explore 
the  southern  hemisphere  13  July,  1772.  In  his  last  expedi- 
tion (begun  12  July,  1776)  he  was  killed  by  the  savages  of 
Owhyhee,  "14  Feb.  1779.  His  ships,  the  Resolution  and  JHs- 
covery,  arrived  at  Sheerness  4  Oct.  1780. 

coolies  (Hiodu,  kuli,  laboror),  the  hill-tribes  of  India, 
are  much  employed  as  laborers  in  Ai^istralia  and  California, 
especially  since  1861 ;  about  30,000  of  them  were  brought, 
conveyed  by  M.  Koopmanschap  to  work  on  the  great  Pacific 
railway.  He  proposed  in  1869  to  replace  the  negroes  of  the 
cotton  states  with  coolies,  but  the  proposition  was  not  accepted. 
"  The  Coolie,  his  Rights  and  Wrongs,"  by  E.  Jenkins,  was  pub. 
1871.  Coolie  emigration  has  been  the  subject  of  negotiation 
between  the  British  and  Chinese  governments  since  1855. 
"  In  spite  of  his  utility,  the  coolie  has  become  an  offence  to 
the  working  classes  of  the  United  States  and  Australia.  He 
is  accused  of  various  bad  habits;  but  his  principal  offence  is 
in  working  for  low  wages,  and  thus  lowering  the  market  value 
of  labor." — Chambers's  Kncy. 

cooperage,  the  art  of  making  casks  and  barrels  out  of 
staves  bound  by  hoops,  to  hold  liquids,  etc.  It  was  practised 
in  ancient  times,  being  mentioned  by  Pliny.  It  is  only  in 
very  recent  times  that  machinery'  has  largely  superseded  hand 
labor  in  cooperage.  The  coopers  of  London  were  incorpo- 
rated in  1501. 

co-operative  societies  (England)  of  working- 
men  sell  articles  of  daily  consumption  to  members  at  low  prices. 
The  Rochdale  Equitable  Pioneers'  Society  began  in  1844,  with 
a  capital  of  28/.  In  1860  the  business  done  amounted  to 
152,063/.,  the  profits  being  15,906/.  These  societies  (332  in 
1862)  are  registered  pursuant  to  13  and  14  Vict.  c.  115  (1849). 
On  31  Dec.  1866,  749  industrial,  provident,  and  co-operative 
societies  were  registered.  By  an  act  of  1867  they  must  make 
a  return.  A  congress  of  delegates  is  held  annually.  Inter- 
national congress  held  at  Bologna,  1  Oct.  1888. 
Co  operative  cotton-mills  in  south  Lancashire  were  reported  suc- 
cessful in  1875. 
Ouseburn  Co-operative  Engineering  Works,  established  1871,  failed 

through  want  of  capital;  wound  up,  1875. 
Much  discontent  among  London  tradesmen  on  account  of  the  numer- 
ous CO  operative  stores,  1878-80. 
Co  operative  Union  included  1500  societies  with  a  share  capital  ot 
11,000,000^.,  Nov.  1890. 

Copan',  Ruins  of,  situated  in  the  extreme  western  part 
of  Honduras,  supposed  to  be  those  of  a  city  of  unknown 
antiquity,  first  discovered  in  1576.  America.  Baldwin's 
"Ancient  America,"  Charnay's  "Ancient  Cities  of  the  New 
World,"  and  Stephens's  "  Travels  in  Central  America,"  are 
the  best  works  published  on  these  and  other  ruins  of  America. 

Copenhagen,  Denmark,  built  by  Waldemar  I.,  1157; 
made  the  capital,  1443;  the  university  founded,  1479.  In 
1728  more  than  70  streets  and  3785  houses  were  burned.     Its 


COP 


203 


COP 


I 


palace,  valued  at  4,000,000^.,  was  burned,  Feb.  1794;  100  per- 
ions  lost  their  lives.  In  a  fire  which  lasted  48  hours,  the  ar- 
senal, adrairaltv,  and  50  streets  were  destroyed,  June,  1795. 
A  new  national* theatre  was  founded  by  the  king,  18  Oct.  1872. 
Copenhagen  was  bombarded  by  English  under  lord  Nelson 
and  admiral  Parker;  and  of  23  Danish  ships  of  the  line,  18 
were  taken  or  destroyed  by  the  British,  2  Apr.  1801.  Again, 
after  a  bombardment  of  3  days,  the  city  surrendered  to  admiral 
Gambler  and  lord  Cathcart,''7  Sept.  1807,  with  the  fleet  of  18 
sail  of  the  line.  15  frigates,  6  brigs,  25  gunboats,  and  immense 
naval  stores.  Pop.  with  suburbs,  1880,  273,727  ;  1890,  375,251. 
Copernican  §y§teill,  from  its  ^author,  Nicolag  Co- 
pernicus, born  at  Thorn,  west  Prussia,  19  Feb.  1473;  died,  24 
May,  1543,  a  few  days  after  the  printing  of  his  book  on  the 
■«<  Revolution  of  the  Celestial  Bodies,"  which  marks  one  of  the 
greatest  steps  ever  taken  in  science.  The  system,  which  re- 
sembles "  the  Pvthagorean,"  was  condemned  by  pope  Paul  V. 
in  1616;  decree* revoked  1818  by  Pius  VII..  It  has  been  ad- 
vanced from  time  to  time  by  Kepler,  Galileo,  Newton,  and  the 
-whole  body  of  modern  astronomers. 

COpophoiie,  a  musical  instrument  formed  of  glass 
tumblers  on  a  sounding-board.  The  sounds  are  produced  by 
wet  fingers  on  the  edge  of  the  glasses.  It  was  played  at  par- 
ties in  London  in  June,  1875,  by  chevalier  Furtado  Coelho,  the 
inventor. 

copper.  One  of  the  6  primitive  metals,  said  to  have 
been  first  discovered  in  Cyprus.— P^%.  We  read  in  the 
Scriptures  of  2  vessels  of  fine  copper  (or  brass),  •'  precious  as 
gold,"  457  B.C.  (Ezra  viii.  27).  The  mines  of  Fahlun,  in  Swe- 
den, are  surprising  excavations.  In  England,  copper-mines 
were  discovered  in  1561 ;  there  are  more  than  50  mines  in 
Cornwall,  where  mining  has  grown  from  the  reign  of  William 
III.  In  1857, 75,832  tons  of  copper  ore  were  taken  to  England, 
and  25,241  tons  mined.  In  1865,  198,298  tons  of  copper  ore 
were  extracted  from  British  mines,  and  11,888  tons  smelted; 
-S2,562  tons  were  imported.  In  1856,  24,257  tons  of  pure  cop- 
per (worth  2,983,61  U.)  ;  in  1870,  8291  tons  (worth  644,065^.); 
ill  1875, 4332  tons  (worth  388,934/.);  in  1876,  4694  tons  (worth 
391,130;.) ;  in  1879,  3462  tons  (worth  222,507/.) ;  in  1890,  936 
tons  were  produced  in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  Burra- 
Burra  copper-mines  in  S.  Australia,  discovered  1842,  are  valu- 
able. The  copper  production  of  the  United  States  for  10  years 
(1880-89)  was  over  733,061  tons,  valued  at  $192,237,714;  for 
1891, 147,905  tons,  valued  at  $38,455,300.  The  richest  mine 
in  the  world  is  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  on  lake  Superior, 
Michigan,  having  paid  in  dividends  $32,000,000  in  20  years. 
Copper  money.     The   Romans,  before   Servius  TuUius,  used 

rude  pieces  of  copper  for  money.    Coin. 
Id  England  copper  money  was  made  at  the  instance  of  sir 
Robert  Cotton,  in  1609;   but  was  first  coined  (when  Miss 

Stewart  sat  for  the  figure  of  Britannia) 1665 

Its  regular  coinage  began  1672 ;  largely  issued 1689 

In  Ireland,  copper  was  coined,  1339;- in  Scotland,  1406;   in 

France 1580 

Wood's  coinage  in  Ireland  commenced 1723 

Copper  coinage  largely  manufactured  at  Birmingham,  by  Boul- 

ton  and  Watt l'^92 

Penny  and  twopenny  pieces  extensively  issued 1797 

Half-farthing  was  coined,  but  disused  (Farthing) 1843 

10,000i.  voted  for  replacing  the  copper  coinage July,  1855 

Cooper  coinage  discontinued  in  U.  S.,  a  mixed  metal  substituted, 
*^^  21  Feb.  1857 

Bronze  coinage  issued Pec.  1860 

French  syndicate  formed  to  raise  the  price  of  copper  by  a  mo- 
nopoly, Feb.  1888;  fails Mch.  1889 

■Copper-plate  printing  invented  in  Germany,  about  1450;  roll- 
ing-presses for  working  the  plates about  1545 

Messrs.  Perkins,  of  Philadelphia,  invented  engraving  on  soft 
steel,  from  which,  when  hardened,  copper  plates  and  impres- 
sions are  made  indefinitely  (Engraving) 1819 

Copper  sheathing  first  applied  to  the  British  ship  Alarvi,  at 

Woolwich,  1761;  all  the  navy  copper-bottomed  by 1780 

Electrotyping  with  copper  printing  types  and  casts  from  wood- 
cuts, began about  1850 

•Copper-zinc  couple,  a  voltaic  arrangement  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Gladstone 
and  A.  Tribe  in  1872;  a  mixture  of  the  2  meUls  is  finely  sub- 
divided, with  points  of  junction  exposed;  any  binary  liquid  con- 
taining this  is  rapidlv  decomposed,  its  resistance  being  greatly 
reduced.  The  couple  is  formed  by  immersing  zinc-foil  in  a  solu- 
tion of  sulphate  of  copper;  the  copper  being  deposited  on  the  zinc 
in  minute  particles.  By  this  couple  impurities  in  water  are  read- 
ily detected,  many  peculiar  analyses  have  been  made,  and  new 
organic  bodies  formed. 

eopperRS,  a  mineral  composed  of  copper  or  iron  with 
■sulphuric  acid  (vitriol),  found  in  copper-mines,  commonly  of 


a  green  or  blue  color ;  said  to  have  been  first  produced  in  Eng- 
land by  Cornelius  de  Vos,  a  merchant,  in  1587. 

Copperheads.  In  and  after  1863  members  of  the 
Democratic  party  in  the  U.  S.  who  favored  peace  on  any 
terms. — Copperhead,  a  poisonous  serpent,  the  Trigonocephalus 
contortrix,  also  named  dumb-rattlesnake,  red  viper,  etc. 

Copt§,  in  Egypt,  the  supposed  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians,  mingled  with  Greeks  and  Persians.  .Their  relig- 
ion is  a  form  of  Christianity  derived  from  the  Eutychians. 

eopying-maetlines  (for  letters,  etc.)  were  invent- 
ed in  Engl,  by  James  Watt  in  1778;  patented  in  May,  1780; 
and  150  machines  were  sold  before  the  end  of  the  year. 
Wedgwood's  '■  manifold  writer "  was  patented  in  1806 ;  and 
in  1855  Terry  patented  a  copying-machine  to  be  combined 
with  the  cover  of  a  book.  Other  inventions  patented  since. 
Zuccato's  papyrograph  is  much  esteemed. 

copyright  in  England.     Decree  of  the  star-chamber 
regarding  it,  1556.    Every  book  and  publication  ordered  to  be 
licensed,  1.585. 
Ordinance  forbids  printing  of  any  work  without  the  consent 

of  the  owner 1649 

First  copyright  act  (for  14  years,  and  for  the  author's  life  if 

then  living),  8  Anne 1709 

This  act  sustained  by  the  lords,  and  the  claim  of  perpetual  copy- 
right overruled ^ 22  Feb.  1774 

Copyright  in  prints  and  engravings,  17  Geo.  Ill 1777 

Copyright  Protection  act  (for  28  years,  and  for  the  author's  life), 

54  Geo.  Ill 1814 

Dramatic  Authors'  Protection  act,  3  Will.  IV.  c.  15 1833 

Act  protecting  lecturers,  6  Will.  IV.  c.  65 ; 1835 

International  Copyright  bill,  1  Vict.  c.  59 1838 

5  and  6  Vict.  c.  45  (Talfourd's  or  lord  Mahon's  act),  to  amend 

the  Copyright  act,  passed 1842 

[Copyright  is  for  the  life  of  the  author,  and  7  years  after; 

but  for  42  years  in  any  case;  posthumous  works  protected 

for  42  years.  ] 

Colonies'  Copyright  act,  10  and  11  Vict.  c.  95,  passed 1847 

Canada  Copyright  act,  passed 2  Aug.  1875 

Copyright  of  14  years  conferred  on  sculpture 1798,  1814 

Photographs  protected  as  works  of  art July,  1862 

INTERNATIONAL  COPYRIGHT. 

First  movement  in  the  U.  S.  for  international  copyright  in  1837, 
when  Henry  Clay  presented  a  petition.  Referred  to  Senate 
committee,  including  Clay,  V/ebster,  and  Buchanan  who  re- 
ported for  full  protection. 

Lord  Palmerston  invites  the  U.  S.  to  co-operate 1838 

British  acts  secure  to  authors,  in  certain  cases,  international 
copyright  (1  and  2  Vict.  c.  59,  7  and  8  Vict.  c.  12,  and  15  Vict, 
c.  12) ;  conventions  entered  into  with  France,  Prussia,  etc.  ,1838,  1852 
Proposal  again  before  the  U.  S.  Congress,  supported  by  Edward 

Everett,  secretary  of  state 1853 

Claim  of  a  foreigner  to  British  copyright  negatived  by  the 
House  of  Lords,  reversing  the  court  of  exchequer,  on  appeal 
by  defendant  in  Boosey  v.  Jeffrey.  (In  1831  Mr.  Boosey  pur- 
chased the  copyright  of  Bellini's  opera,  "La  Sonnambula," 
from  which  Mr.  Jeffrey  published  a  cavatina.     6  judges  for 

the  copyright;  7  against) Aug.  1854 

Baldwin's  bill  introduced  in  British  Parliament 1868 

International  copyright  bill  introduced  in  the  U.  S.  Congress, 

21  Feb.     " 
In  Routledge  v.  Low,  the  House  of  Lords  on  appeal  uphold  copy- 
right of  a  foreign  author 29  May,     " 

Discussion  at  the  Literary  Congress,  Paris 18  June,     ** 

Sir  Edward  Thornton  submits  a  proposed  treaty  to  publishers 

in  the  U.  S 1870 

Copyright  Association  of  England,  founded  by  eminent  London 

booksellers 19  Mch.  1872 

Senator  Morrill,  chairman  of  joint  library  committee,  report 

against  international  copyright 1873 

Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers,  N.  Y.,  submit  a  suggestion  to  the 

department  of  state  of  a  treaty  on  the  subject 25  Nov.  1878 

Harper  treaty  approved  by  prominent  American  authors.  Aug.  1880 

Congress  passes  an  international  copyright  law 3  Mch.  1891 

President  Harrison  proclaims  that  Switzerland,  France,  Bel- 
gium, Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  Italy,  having  complied 
with  the  conditions,  the  benefits  of  copyright  in  the  U.  S. 

are  extended  to  their  citizens 1  July,     " 

[There  is  no  treaty  of  international  copyright  between  the  U.  S. 
and  other  countries.  A  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  to  secure  copyright  in 
Great  Britain,  must  (1)  enter  the  title  at  Stationer's  Hall,  London, 
fee.  5«. ;  (2)  the  work  must  be  first  published  in  Great  Britain. 
A  foreigner  may  copyright  a  publication  in  France  by  depositing 
2  copies  at  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  at  Paris.  In  Germany,  by 
entering  the  work  in  the  general  copyright  registry  at  Leipzig  and 
publishing  it  within  the  German  empire.  In  Canada,  by  registry 
with  the  minister  of  agriculture,  fee  |1,  and  publication  in  Canada.] 
COPYRIGHT  IN  THE  UNITED   STATPZS. 

First  copyright  law  passed • ^"^^ 

Copyrights  granted  for  28  years,  with  a  renewal  for  14  years. . .  1831 

Copyrights  granted  in  plays  for  exclusive  representation 1856 

Law  granting  any  author,  inventor,  designer,  or  proprietor  a 
copyright  for  his  work  for  28  years,  with  renewal  for  himself, 
his  widow,  or  children  for  14  years 1870 


COR 


204 


COR 


An  an  of  Congross  amending  sections  4952,  4964,  4958,  4968, 
4969,  4963,  4904,  4966,  and  4967,  Revised  Statutes  passed. 

A  Mclj.  1891 

To  take  effect 1  July,      " 

[As  an  lutenmtioiml  copyright  law  it  '-only  applies  to  «  citizen 
or  subject  of  ii  foreign  state  or  nation,  when  such  foreign  slate 
or  nation  jwrmiis  to  citizens  of  the  U.  8.  of  America  the  benellt 
of  copyright  on  sul)8t4Uitially  the  sitnio  basis  as  its  own  citizens; 
or  when  such  foreign  state  or  nation  is  a  party  to  an  international 
agreement  which  provides  for  reciprocity  in  the  granting  of  copy- 
right, l)y  the  terms  of  which  agi-eemont  Iho  U.  S.  of  America  may 
at  its  pleasure  beconie  a  pj>rty  to  such  agreement.  The  existence 
of  either  of  these  conditions  aforesjiid  shall  be  deternjinod  by  the 
president  of  the  V.  S.  by  prmMiimation  made  from  time  to  time  as 
the  purp^)ses  of  this  act  may  require.") 

Ofiral,  a  prtiduction  of  the  AcHhozou  coralligena^  ami 
conHnc«l  to  the  warmer  latitude  of  the  globe.  The  most  val- 
uable kind  is  the  Corallium  rubrum  of  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
having  been  from  remote  times  greatly  prized  for  personal  or- 
namentation and  decorative  purposes  generally.  The  most 
iin()ortant  tisheries  extend  along  the  coast  of  northern  Africa; 
but  it  is  also  obtained  near  Naples,  Leghorn,  and  (ienoa,  and 
off  the  coasts  of  Sardinia,  Corsica,  etc.  The  price  of  the  finest 
tints  varies  from  $400  to  $t500  per  oz. 

Ccirbiesclale,  Caithness,  N.  Scotland.  Here,  on  27 
Apr.  1650,  the  marquis  of  Montrose  was  defeated  by  Covenant- 
era.  He  was  taken  soon  after,  treated  with  contumely,  and 
hangeil  at  Edinburgh,  21  May. 

Corey 'ra,  now  Corfti,  chief  of  the  Ionian  isles,  a  col- 
ony founded  by  Corinthians  about  73-i  ii.c.  It  had  frequent  wars 
with  the  mother-country;  one  for  Kpidamnus  (431  ii.c.)  led  to 
the  rcloptMuiesian  war.  It  was  subdued  by  the  Spartans  in  373, 
and  by  the  Romans,  230.  At  the  decline  of  the  eastern  empire 
it  fell  to  the  Venetians,  about  1149  A.i>.  The  Turks  vainly 
attacked  Corfu  in  1716.  It  was  taken  from  the  French  by  the 
allied  Russian  and  Turkish  tleets,3  iNIch.  1799,  and  formed  (with 
the  other  isles)  into  the  Ionian  republic.     Ionian  isi.,ks. 

Cor€lelier§  (kor'-de4yar')y  friars  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis  d'Assisi  (the  Minorites)  instituted  about  1223;  wearing 
coarse  gray  cloth  and  a  girdle  of  cord,  hence  the  name,  first 
given  by  St.  Louis  of  France,  about  1227. 

Cordeliers,  a  political  club  formed  in  Paris,  1790,  so 
called  for  its  meeting  in  the  chapel  of  that  name.  It  included 
among  its  leaders  some  of  the  most  violent  of  the  revolutionists, 
viz.:  Danton,  Marat,  Ilebert,  Camille  Desmoulins,  and  others. 
It  was  first  allied  with,  but  afterwards  opposed,  the  Jacobins  ; 
was  overthrown  in  ^Mch.  1794,  and  several  members  guillo- 
tined ;  formally  closed  23  Aug.  1795. 

eorclillerns  (Sp.  kor'-dH-yd'-m),  a  continuous  range 
of  mountains.     Andes. 

Cor'dova,  the  Roman  Corduba,  S.  Spain,  founded  about 
152  B.C.,  taken  by  the  (ioths,  572  A.n.,  and  made  capital  of  an 
Arab  kingdom  by  Abderahman  in  756,  who  founded  the  great 
mosque  (now  the  cathedral),  786.  Here  Seneca,  Lucan,  and 
the  Arabian  physician  Averrhoes  were  born.  In  the  10th  cen- 
tury it  contained  nearly  1,000,000  inhabitants  and  3l)0  mosques. 
It  was  rescued  from  the  Arabs  by  Ferdinand  IIL  of  Cas- 
tile, in  1236,  taken  by  French  luuler  Dupont  and  ravaged, 
7-9  June,  1808;  surrendered  to  Joseph  Bonaparte,  Jan.  1810, 
abandoned  by  the  French  in  1813;  plundered  by  Carlists,  Oct. 
1836.     Pop.  1890  about  66,000. 

Corc'a  or  K€>re'a,  a  peninsula,  E.  Asia,  tributary  to 
China,  which  excludetl  all  foreigners  until  1882,  when  4  ports 
were  opened  to  commerce  through  the  agency  of  the  United 
States  and  China  by  treaty.  Area,  82,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  es- 
timated  about  10,000,000. 
President  Arthur  receives  ofncially  at  the  Fifth  Avenue  hotel. 

Now  York,  the  Corean  ambassiulors 18  Sent  1883 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain ^    isS 

With  Germany u 

With  Italy  and  Russia .'.".".'.".".".'!'.." «» 

With  F'nince .'.'.*..'..*.*.*.'.".'.*.'.' 1886 

Invaded  by  Japanese  troops,  and  Chinese  "drVven  out,  Julyl^pt  1894 

Corees.     Indians. 

Corfu.      COROYRA. 

Cor'illth,  Greece,  a  city  said  to  have  been  built  1520 
B.G,  anil  named  Ephyra.  It  was  defended  by  a  lofty  and 
strongly  walled  fortress  called  Acrocorinth.     Cicero  natiied  it 


the  Eye  ofGrefCf.     Its  history  is  fabulous  or  legendary,  and 
all  dates  in  it  are  conjectural,  until  the  7th  century  iu\ 

Isthmian  games,  mythically  ascribed  to  Sisyphus,  who  founded    Be 

a  kingdom la'jt; 

Return  of  the  Heraclidi©  or  Dorians 1107 

Their  dynasty  established  by  Aletes 1074 

Corinthians  in  vent  0-i»riMe.t  (.ships  with  3  benches  of  oars),  786  or    758 

Reign  of  Bacchis.  925 ;  oligarchy  of  Macchidai 747-657 

Thelestes  deposed;  government  of  Prytanes  instituted;  Auto- 

menes,  first alwut    74r> 

Corinthian  colonies,  Syracuse  and  Corcyra,  founded about    1M 

Corcyreans  revolting,  defeat  Corinthians  at  sea WA 

Cypselus,  a  despot,  sots  aside  the  Prytanes f).">."> 

His  son  Periander  rules,  and  favors  learning (V2T  .">s."> 

Psammotichns  deposed,  and  a  republic  formed .">S0 

Corinth  engaged  in  the  Persian  war 48o 

Defeated  by  Corcyreans 4:15 

Corinthian  war 395 

Timoloon  kills  his  usurping  brother  Timophanes 344 

Acrocorinth  lakou  by  Aratus.  given  to  (ho  Achsean  league 243 

Roman  ambassiuUu-s  lirst  mipear  at  Corinth 228 

(Jreeks  defoatcd  at  Cynoscephala) 197 

Corinth  sacked  by  Lucius  Mummius,  who  sends  to  Italy  the 

first  lino  paintings  there  seen  (Lix>y) 146 

Rebuilt  by  Julius  Ca)sar 46 

A.D. 

Visited  by  St.  Paul  (Actsxviii.) 54 

His  two  Epistles  to  Uie  Corinthians about  59-60 

Ravaged  by  Alaric. 396 

Plundered  by  Normans  from  Sicily 1146 

Taken  by  Turks,  1446;  by  Venetians,  1687;  by  Turks,  June,  1714; 

ft-om  them  l)y  Greeks 1823 

Nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 21  Feb.  1858- 

A  concession  for  99  years  to  a  French  company  for  canal 

through  the  isthmus,  to  be  completed  in  6  years,  by  .MM.  K. 

G.  Pial  and  ChoUet,  Anr.  1870;  transferred  to  baron  de  I.es- 

sops  and  gen.  Turr  (to  bo  begun  in  spring,  1882) 28  May,  1881 

Work  begun 5  May,  1882 

Completed 1893 

Canals. 

Corilltll,  Miss.  After  the  battle  of  Shilol),  or  Pitts- 
burg Lani)IN(},  6,  7  Apr.  1862,  gen.  Halleck  took  command 
of  the  forces,  about  120,000  men,  ami  3  weeks  later  moved  tow- 
ards Corinth,  then  held  by  the  confederate  gen.  Beauregard, 
taking  from  30  Apr.  to  30  May  for  the  advance  of  20  miles, 
lie  was  unopposed  until  within  4  or  5  miles  of  Corinth,  and 
while  be  prepared  for  a  siege  IJeauregard  quietly  evacuated 
the  place  on  the  29th  May,  taking  his  stores,  and  Halleck  oc- 
cupied it  on  the  30th.  Corinth  was  also  the  scene  of  a  severe 
battle,  when  35,000  or  more  confederates,  under  Price  and  Van 
Dorn,  attacked  Ro.secrans's  army  of  20,000,  in  a  strong  and  for- 
tified position,  3  Oct.  1862,  in  the  afternoon.  The  main  fight- 
ing was  next  forenoon,  when  the  attack  was  repulsed.  Fed- 
eral loss,  315  killed,  1812  wounded,  232  missing.  Confederate 
loss,  supposed  about  1423  killed,  5692  woiuuled,  and  2225  pris- 
oners. 

Corilltlliail  order,  the  richest  order  of  ancient 
architecture,  called  by  Scamoz.-ji  the  virginal  order,  attributed 
to  Calliniacluis,  540  n.o.     Abacus. 

Corilltlliail  ivav  began  395  B.C.;  so  called  because 
mostly  fought  near  Corinth,  by  a  confederacy  of  Athenian.-*, 
Thebans,  Corinthians,  and  Argives,  against  the  Lacediemoni- 
ans.  It  was  closed  by  the  peace  of  Antalcidas,  387  b.c.  Tlio 
chief  battles  were  at  Coijonka  and  LKUCTitA. 

Cori'oli,  a  Latin  city,  capital  of  the  Volscian.s,  taken  hy 
Romans,  493  B.C.  The  exploits  of  Caius  Marcius  or  Coriolanus 
are  mythical. 

Cork,  S.  Ireland,  built  in  the  6th  century.  The  princi- 
pality of  the  M'Cartys  was  converted  into  a  shire  by  king 
John,  as  lord  of  Ireland.  The  foundation  of  the  see  is  ascribed 
to  St.  Barr,  or  Finbarr,  early  in  the  7th  cetitury.  About  1431 
it  was  united  to  Ch)yne,  but  in  1678  separated,  Ross  having 
been  added  to  Cork,  1582.  Cork  and  Clovne  were  reunited 
(by  the  act  of  1833),  1836. 

Garrisoned  by  Henry  II 1172 

First  charter,  from  Henry  II 1185 

Supiwrted  Perkin  Warbeck,  who  landed  here 1492 

A  largo  part  of  tho  town  burned 1621 

Taken  by  Cromwell 164'.) 

Marlborough  took  Cork  bv  siege;  tho  duke  of  Grafton,  a  son  of 

Charles  II..  was  slain 1690 

Cathedral  rebuilt  from  a  coal  duty between  1725  and  1735 

Ono  of  3  colleges,  endowed  under  act  8  and  9  Vict.  c.  66,  passe<l, 
31  July,  1845,  inaugurated  (Qi'KKN's  Collkgks) 7  Nov.  1849 

e€>ri4-trec  (^Qnercus  suber),  a  species  of  oak ;  cork  is  part 
of  its  bark.     The  Egyptians  made  coffins  of  cork.     The  tree 


COR 


205 


COR 


^rows  in  abmidaiice  on  the  Tyrences  and  in  other  parts  of 
Spain  and  in  France.  It  was  bronght  to  England  about  1690. 
A  coik-<!ari)et  company  was  formed,  18G2. 

CM»ril.  A  general  term  for  the  seed  of  cereal  plants,  in- 
cliKling  all  grains  used  as  food.  But  it  has  also  a  specific 
sense,  as  in  England  it  generally  means  wheat,  in  Scotland 
oats,  jind  in  the  United  States  Maize.  The  origin  of  its  cul- 
tivation is  attributed  to  Ceres,  who.  having  taught  the  art  to 
the  Egyptians,  was  deified  by  them,  2409  u.c—Arundelian 
Marbles,  Husbandry,  and  making  bread  from  wheat,  and  wine 
from  rice,  are  attributed  by  Chinese  to  Ching  Noung,  successor 
of  Kohi,  and  second  monarch  of  China,  1998  ii.c.— Univ.  Hist. 
Corn  was  a  common  article  of  food  from  the  earliest  ages,  and 
bread  was  baked  in  patriarchal  times  (Ex.  xii.  15).  The  first 
known  imi)ortation  of  corn  into  England  was  in  1347.  Laws 
restricting  it  were  made  in  13(51,  and  often  afterwards.  IJoun- 
tios  were  granted  on  its  importation  into  England  in  1689. 

WllKAT. 

CORN    LAWS   OF   KNGLANI). 

Restrictions  on  importing  corn  bocan\o  oppressive  as  manu- 
factures increased,  about  1770 ;  relaxed 1773 

Mr.  Robinson's  act  passed,  permitting  importatidu  when  wheat 
is  WKs.  a  quarter •. 1815 

Wliilo  this  bill  was  pending,  mobs  assembled  in  London,  and 
maiiy  houses  of  its  supporters  were  damaged,  28  Jan. ;  a 
riot  in  Westminster C-9  Mch.     " 

A  corn  bill,  i)assed  by  commons,  rejected  by  lords,  amended 
bv  the  duke  of  Wellington,  and  carried  by  a  majority  of  4, 

1  Juno,  1827 

An  act  (the  sliding  scale)  permits  wheat  to  bo  imported  at  a 
duty  of  1/.  fis.  8(/.  per  quarter,  when  the  average  price  is  un- 
der iVls. ;  from  ()2.<.  to  fiUs.,  II.  4s.  8(/. ;  and  so  gradually  re- 
du(!ed  to  Is.,  when  the  average  jirice  is  7;Js.  and  upwards, 
pa.ssod Ifi  July,  1828 

Acts  Vict.  c.  14,  the  second  "sliding  scale  act,"  regulates  tho 
duty  on  wheat;  passed 29  Apr.  1842 

Corn  Importation  bill  (introduced  by  sir  Robert  Peel),  9  and 
10  Vict.  c.  22  (tlio  duty  reduced  to  4s.  when  imported  at  or 
above  53.^.,  until  1  Feb.  1849;  after  that  tho  duty  to  bo  Is. 
per  quarter  on  all  grain  imported,  at  anv  prices),  api)roved, 

2fi  June,  1846 

The  Is.  duty  repealed  by  act  passed 24  June,  1669 

OCiril,  Indian.     Maizk. 

Cornell  IJlllverslly,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  In  1862  the 
national  government  gave  to  each  of  the  slates  certain  public 
lands,  the  proceeds  to  establish  schools  of  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts;  990,000  acres  was  New  York's  share.  Ezra 
Cornell  generously  offered  to  add  $500,000  to  the  fund  if  it 
.sliould  all  be  used  to  found  one  institution.  Largely  through 
the  efforts  of  state  senator  Andrew  D.  White  of  Syracuse,  the 
offer  was  accepted,  and  Ithaca  was  selected  as  the  site,  Mr. 
<'ornell  further  giving  200  acres  of  land  for  an  experimental 
farm.  The  institution,  taking  his  name,  was  opened  for  stu- 
dents in  1868,  with. Andrew  D.  White  as  president.  The  first 
year  it  had  388  students.     Women  have  been  admitted  since 

1873.       COLI.KGKS  IN  THK  UnITKI)  StATKS. 

Coril^vall,  southwest  extremity  of  England,  originally 
Kernott,  a  term  connected  with  Latin  cornn,  a  horn,  from  its 
numerous  promontories.  After  the  retreat  of  the  Britons, 
Cornwall  is  said  to  have  formed  a  kingdom,  for  many  years, 
under  diff^erent  princes,  among  them  Ambrosius  Aurelius  and 
"king  Arthur."  Cornwall  is  said  to  have  been  made  an  earl- 
dom by  Alfred.  The  eldest  son  born  to  the  reigning  sovereign 
is  duke  of  Cornwall. 
Bishopric  of  ('ornwall,  founded  909;  united  to  Devonshire,  1040; 

removed  to  Kxcter 1046 

Cornwall  given  bv  the  conqueror  to  Robert  do  Morteln,  his 

halfbrollior,  10118;  killed 1087 

Cornwall  made  a  diicliv,  by  Kdvvard  III.,  for  Edward,  his  eldest 

son,  the  Black  I'riiicV 17  Mch.  1337 

Insurrection  of  Cornishnien  under  lord  Audlcy,  Thomas  Flam- 
mock,  etc.,  against  taxes;  they  march  to  London;  defeated 

at  RIackbeath 22  Juno,  1497 

Insurrection  in  Devon  and  Cornwall  against  the  Protestant 

lilurgv,  defeated  by  lord  Rus.soll Aug.  1549 

Rev.  R.'Polwhele's  "History  of  Cornwall  "  pub 1803-8 

Coroiintloil.  Leo  I.,  emperor  of  the  east,  crowned 
by  Anatolius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  the  first  Christian 
sovereign  crowned  by  a  priest,  457.  Majorian,  emperor  of  the 
west,  said  to  have  been  crowned  in  the  same  vear  in  a  similar 


Charlemagne  crowned  emperor  of  the  west  by  pope  Leo  III, 
(with  tho  words  '-coronatus  a  Deo^^ — "crowned  by  God"), 

25  Dec.    800 
Edward  I. ,  son  of  Alft-ed,  crowned 16  May,    902 


William  1.  crowned  at  Westminster 25  Dec.  10G6 

Anointing  at  coronations   introduced  into  England   872,  and 

Scotland , 1097 

Coronation  of  Henry  III.,  at  Gloucester.  A  i)lain  circle  was 
used,  tho  crown  having  been  lost  with  the  baggage  of  king 
John,  in  passing  tho  marshes  of  Lynn,  or  tho  Wash,  near 

\Visl)each 28  Oct.  1216 

William  and  Mary  crowned  by  Comptou,  bishop  of  London 
(Sancrofl,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  refused  the  oaths), 

11  Apr.  1689 

Goorgo  IV.  crowned 19  .July,  1821 

William  IV.  crowned,  wiili  his  (luccu 8  Sept.  1831 

Victoria  crowned 28  June,  1838 

Coronation  chair.  In  tho  catluidral  of  Cashel,  formerly  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  kings  of  Munsler,  was  deposited  the  Lia  Fail,  or 
Fatal  Stone,  on  wh'ch  they  were  crowned.  Tradition  says  that 
in  513  Fergus,  of  the  royal  line,  obtaining  the  Scottish  throne, 
procured  this  stone  for  his  coronation  at  Dunstaflhage,  where  it 
remained  until  Kenneth  II.  removed  it  to  Scone;  and  in  1296  it 
was  removed  by  Edward  I.  from  Scone  to  Westminster;  the 
))r('sent  chair  l)L'ing  made  to  receive  it. 
A  coronation  oath  was  administered, by  Dunstan,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, to  Elhelred  II.  in  978.  An  oath,  much  like  that  now  in 
use,  was  administered  in  1377. 
Oath  prescribed  by  1  Will  and  Mary,  c.  6  (1089),  was  modified  in 
1706.  ami  again  in  1821,  on  ^iccount  of  the  union  of  the  churches 
of  England  and  Ireland. 

Coroneu,  Battles  of.  I.  (or  Chaironea).  The  Athe- 
nians defeated  and  their  general,  Tolmides,  .slain  by  the  Boeo- 
tians at  Coronea  near  Ciueronoa,  447  n.o.  IL  The  Athenians, 
Thebans,  Argivcs,  and  Corintliians  forming  a  league  against 
Sparta,  Agesilaus,  after  many  victories,  even  in  Upper  Asia, 
engaged  j^nd  defeated  the  allies  at  Coronea,  394  u.c. 

coroiicri  (anciently  crowner),  officers  of  the  English 
realm,  mentioned  in  a  charter,  925.  Coroners  for  everj'^  county 
in  England  were  first  appointed  by  statute  of  VV^estminster,  3 
Edw.  I.  1275. — SfovK  They  are  chosen  for  life  by  the  free- 
holders, to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  unnatural  death,  upon 
view  of  the  body.  The  same  applies  to  the  office  in  the 
United  States,  except  as  to  length  of  term. 

COroIiet§,  caps  or  inferior  crownsof  the  English  nobility. 
The  coronets  for  earls  were  first  allowed  by  Henry  III.;  for  vis- 
counts by  Henry  VHI. ;  and  for  barons  by  Charles  H. — Baker. 
But  authorities  conflict.  Sir  Kobert  Cecil,  earl  of  Salisbury, 
was  the  first  earl  who  wore  a  coronet,  1604.  It  is  uncertain 
when  the  coronets  of  dukes  and  marquises  were  settled. — 
Beat  son. 

COrporiltioili.  Numa,  to  break  the  force  of  the  ri- 
val factions,  Sabines  and  Komans,  is  said  to  have  instituted 
separate  societies  of  manual  trades. — Plutarch.  In  England, 
bodies  politic,  authorized  by  the  king's  charter  to  have  a 
common  seal,  one  head  officer,  or  more,  and  members,  who,  by 
common  consent,  may  grant  or  receive  in  law  any  matter 
within  the  compass  of  their  charter. —  Cotcell.  Charters  of 
rights  were  granted  by  the  kings  of  England  to  various 
towns,  first  bj'  Edward  the  Confessor.  Henry  I.  granted 
charters,  1100;  and  succeeding  monarchs  gave  corporate 
powers  to  numerous  communities  throughout  the  realm,  sub- 
ject to  tests,  oaths,  and  conditions. — Blackstone. 

corpulence.     In   Germany  some   fat   monks  have 

weighed  18  stone. — Render. 

Mr.  Rriglit,  a  tallow-chandler  and  grocer,  of  Maldon,  in  Essex, 
who  died  in  his  29th  year.  His  waistcoat  easily  held  7  per- 
sons of  common  size;  buried  at  AH  Saints,  Maldon. .  .12  Nov.  1750 

Daniel  Lambert,  supposed  the  heaviest  man  that  ever  lived, 
died  in  his  40th  year,  at  Stamford,  in  Lincolnshire,  weighing 
5*2  stone  (a  stone  14  lbs.)  11  pounds;  (10  stone  4  pounds 
more  than  Mr.  Rright) 21  June,  1809 

James  Mansfield,  died  at  Dobdeu,  aged  82,  weighing  34  stone, 

9  Nov.  1856 

W^illiam  Ranting  published  a  letter  on  corpulence,  recom- 
mending, from  experience,  as  a  remedy,  great  moderation  in 
sugar  and  starch  as  food.  50,000  copies  wore  speedily  cir- 
culated    1863 

Corpus  C1irl§li  {Fete  Dieu  in  France),  a  splendid 
festival  in  the  Koman  Catholic  church,  in  honor  of  transub- 
stantiation,  kept  on  the  Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday.  It 
was  instituted  by  pope  Urban  IV.  between  1262  and  1264,  and 
confirmed  by  the  council  of  Vienne  in  1311. 

"Correlation  of  the  Physical  Forces," 

a  book  by  Mr.  (afterwards  sir)  W.  K.  Grove,  F.K.S.,  who  in 
1842  explained  the  correlation  or  mutual  dependence  and  con- 
vertibility of  the  forces  of  nature  (viz.,  heat,  light,  electricity, 
magnetism,  chemical  affinity,  and  motion). 


COR  -^0^ 

Cor'§ica,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  (called  by  the 
Greeks  Kw/ovof),  held  by  the  French.  It  is  1 14  miles  long  and 
62  broa<l.  Arfea,  3378' scj.  miles;  pop.  1890,  about  280,000. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  robbers,  liars,  and  atheists,  ac- 
cording to  Seneca.  Corsica  was  colonized  by  Phocseans  564 
B.C.,  and  afterwartls  held  by  the  Carthaginians  till  taken  by 
the  Romans,  231  b.c.  It  has  been  held  by  Vandals,  45G  a.d.  ; 
by  Saracens,  852;  by  Fisans,  1077.  It  belonged  to  Genoa 
from  1559  till  ceded  to  France  in  1768. 
During  a  revolt  made  a  kingdom  under  Theodore  Neuhoft,  Its 

tirsl  and  only  king 1736 

He  came  to  Kngland.  lay  in  the  King's  Bench  prison  for  debt, 
supported  by  private  friends,  but  was  released;  gave  in  his 
schedule  the  kingdom  of  Corsica  to  his  creditors,  and  died 

in  Soho 1756 

[The  Earl  of  Orford  wrote  the  following  epitaph  for  a  tablet 
near  his  grave  in  St.  Anne's  church,  Dean  street: 

"The  grave,  great  teacher!  to  a  level  brings 
Heroes  and  beggars,  galley  slaves  and  kings. 
But  Theodore  this  moral  learn'd  ere  dead; 
Fate  pour'd  its  lesson  on  his  living  head, 
Bestowed  a  kingdom  and  denied  him  bread."] 

Pascal  Paoli  chosen  general  by  Corsicans 17o3 

Defeated  by  the  count  de  Vaux.  he  fled  to  Kngland 1769 

Napoleon  Bonaparte  born  at  Ajaccio  (5  Feb.  1768,  baptismal 

register;  doubtful) 15  Aug.     " 

People  acknowltulge  (Jeorge  1 1 1.  king 17  June,  1794 

Sir  Gilbert  Eliott,  viceroy,  opened  parliament 1795 

Revolt  suppressed,  June;  the  island  reliniiuished  by  the  Brit- 
ish, 22  Oct. ;  the  people  declare  for  the  French 1796 

Corte  Xuova  {kor'-ta  noo'-va\  near  Milan,  N.  Italy. 
Here  the  emperor  Frederic  II.  defeated  the  Milanese  after  a 
severe  conflict,  27  Nov.  1237. 

Corte§,  the  Spanish  parliament,  grew  out  of  the  old 
Gothic  councils.  The  Cortes  were  assembled  after  a  long  in- 
terval of  years,  24  Sept.  1810,  and  settled  the  new  constitu- 
tion, 16  Mch.  1812,  which  was  set  aside  by  Ferdinand  VII., 
who  banished  many  members  in  May,  1814.  The  Cortes  were 
reopened  by  him,  Mch.  1820;  dissolved  Oct.  1823;  again  as- 
sembled Apr.  1834,  and  have  since  met  regularly.  The  Cortes 
of  Portugal  assembled  under  dom  Pedro's  charter,  30  Oct. 
1826;  they  were  suppressed  by  dom  Miguel  in  1828;  and  re- 
stored in  1833. 

Corunna,  N.VV.  Spain.  The  British  army,  about 
15,000  men,  under  sir  John  Moore,  were  attacked  in  retreat  at 
Corunna,  by  more  than  20,000  French,  who  were  repulsed,  but 
the  loss  of  the  British  was  immense,  16  Jan.  1809.  Sir  John 
being  struck  by  a  cannon-ball,  which  carried  away  his  left 
shoulder  and  part  of  the  collar-bone,  died  universally  la- 
mented, and  was  buried  at  Corunna  by  his  soldiers.  The  re- 
mains of  the  army  embarked  under  sir  David  Baird,  17  Jan. 
"  The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore,"  called  by  Charles  Knight 
"  the  noblest  dirge  ever  written,"  is  by  Charles  Wolfe,  born 
in  Ireland,  1791,  died  1823. 

Co'rus,  Corupe'dion,  or  Cyrope'dium,  a 

plain  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  where  the  aged  Lysimachus  was 
defeated  by  Seleucus,  and  slain,  281  b.c.  These  2  were  the 
only  survivors  of  Alexander  the  Great's  generals. 

corvee,  forced  labor  and  service  under  the  feudal  sys- 
tem in  France,  was  alleviated  by  Louis  XVI.,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Turgot,  27  June,  1787 ;  by  the  constituent  assembly, 
18  Mch.  1790;  and  abolished  by  the  convention,  17  July,  1792. 

eoryphseilS  (kdr'-y-phe'-iis),  the  principal  person  of  the 
chorus  in  ancient  tragedy.  Tysias  or  Stesichorus,  who  first  in- 
structed the  chorus  to  dance  to  the  lyre,  556  b.c.,  was  so  called. 

COiinog'ony,  a  theory  of  the  origin  of  the  world. 
Philosophy. 

Co§§ackS  (armed  horsemen),  a  people  of  Russia,  ex- 
tending from  the  confines  of  Poland  through  Siberia.  They 
are  termed  Cossacks  of  the  Don,  Azof,  Danube,  Dnieper,  Cau- 
casus, Ural,  Orenboorg  etc.  They  have  finally  submitted  to 
the  state  control  of  Russia.  Mazeppa,  a  hetman  (ruler)  of 
the  Dnieper  Cossacks,  joined  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  against 
Russia  1708,  which  led  to  their  subjugation.  The  Cossack 
serves  in  the  Russian  army  as  light  cavalry,  forming  one  of 
the  most  valuable  elements  in  it,  as  a  protection  of  the  fron- 
tier from  the  Caucasus  to  the  Pacific. 

Co§HO'va,  a  plain  in  Servia.  Here  Amurath  I.  defeated 
the  Christian  army  (Servians,  Hungarians,  etc.),  Sept.  1389; 


COT 

but  was  killed  by  an  expiring  soldier.  Here  John  Hunniades- 
was  defeated  by  a  Turkish  army  4  times  his  strength,  17  Oct^ 
1448. 

COMta  Rica,  a  republic  in  Central  America,  part  of 
Guatemala,  independent  Nov.  1848.  Constitution,  27  Dec. 
1859.  Area,  21,000  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1891,  estimated,  238,782. 
Amkhica,  Ckntkau 

Cotopaxi  (ko  to  paks' -e).     Andk.s. 

COttag^e.  Originally  a  small  house  without  land,  4 
Edw.  1. 1275.  "  No  man  may  build  a  cottage,  except  in  towns, 
unless  he  lay  4  acres  of  land  thereto,"  etc.,  31  Eliz.  1589.  This 
was  repealed,  15  Geo.  HI.  1775. 

cotton,  a  vegetable  wool,  produce  of  the  Gossypiiim,  a 
shrub  indigenous  to  tropical  India  and  America.  Indian  cot- 
ton cloth  is  mentioned  by  Herodotus,  was  known  in  Arabia  in 
time  of  Mahomet,  627,  and  brought  to  Europe  by  his  follow- 
ers. It  was  perhaps  first  used  by  the  Chinese  in  the  IHth 
century;  to  them  we  owe  the  cotton  fabric  nankeen.  Cotton 
was  the  chief  material  of  clothing  among  the  American  Ind- 
ians visited  by  Columbus.  It  was  grown  and  manufactured 
in  Spain  in  the  10th  century;  and  in  the  14th  was  introduced 
into  Italy.  Indian  muslins,  chintzes,  and  cottons  were  largely 
imported  into  England  in  the  17th  century,  but  a  law  of  1700' 
prohibited  their  introduction.  Cotton  became  the  staple  com- 
modity of  England  in  the  present  century.  About  1841  the 
"cotton"  or  "Manchester"  interest  grew  to  political  impor- 
tance, which  led  to  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws  in  1846.. 
Calico,  Muslin,  etc. 

COTTON   in   great   BRITAIN. 

Futitian  and  velveteen  made  of  cotton,  about  1641. 

Calico  sheeting,  etc.  The  fly-shuttle  was  invented  by  John  Kay,  of 
Bury.  1738;  the  drop- box  by  Robert  Kay,  1760;  spinning  by  roll- 
ers (also  attributed  to  John  Wyatt)  patented  by  Louis  Paul,  1738; 
the  si)inning  jenny,  by  Hargreaves,  1767;  the  water-frame,  by 
Arkwright,  1769;  the  power -loom,  by  rev.  Dr.  Edmund  Cart- 
wright,  1785;  the  dressing-machine,  by  .Johnson  and  Kadclifle, 
1802-4;  another  power-loom,  by  Horrocks,  1803-13.  A  combing- 
machine  was  patented  by  Joshua  Heilmann,  in  1845. 

British  muslin  (superseding  that  of  India)  is  due  mainly  to  the 
Mule,  invented  by  Samuel  Crompton,  1774-79;  and  to  the  self- 
acting  mule  of  Mr.  Roberts,  1825. 

Calico  printing  commenced,  1764. 

Steam-engine  first  applied  to  cotton  manufacture  (by  Boulton  and 
Watt),  1785. 

Bleaching  by  chloride  of  lime  introduced  by  Mr.  Tennant,  of  Glas- 
gow, 1798. 

Stockings.  The  stocking- frame  invented  by  William  Lee,  1589. 
Cotton  stockings  first  made  by  hand  about  1730;  Jedediah  Strutt 
patented  Derby-ribbed  stockings  in  1759;  Horton,  his  knotter- 
frame  in  1776;  Cromi)ton's  mule  was  employed  in  making  tliroad 
for  the  stocking  manufacture  about  1770. 

Cotton  lace—Bobbin-nH.  The  stocking  frame  of  Lee  was  applied 
to  lace-making  by  Hammond,  about  1768;  the  process  perfected 
by  John  Heathcoat,  1809. 

COTTON-FIBRE    IMPORTED    INTO  THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


Pounds. 

1710 715,008 

1730 1,545,472 

1790 31,500,000 

1810 132,500,000 

1860 390,938,752 

1862 523,973,296 


Pounds. 

1865 978,502.000 

1866 1,377,514,096 

1872 1,408,837,472 

1879 1,469,358,464 

1885 1,425,816,336 

1890 1,793,495,200' 


ATE8. 

Pounds. 

1871 1,038,677,920 

1872 625,600,080- 

1873 832,573,616 

1874 874,926,864 

1875 841,333,472 

1876 9.32  800,176 

1877 912,244,592 

1879 1,082.462,080' 

18K5 1,050,546,000 

1890 1,316,756,896 


IMPORTED   FROM  THE   UNITED 

Pounds. 

179.5 .5,250,000 

1820 89,999,174 

1830 210,885,358 

1840 487,856,504 

1847 364,599,291 

18.59 961,707,264 

1860 1,115,890,608 

1861 819,500,.528 

1866 520,057,440 

1870 716,248,848 

In  1862-65  it  nearly  ceased. 

Australian  cotton  said  by  Manchester  manufacturers  to  be  superior 
to  the  best  American,  .Jan.  1861. 

Company  formed  at  Manchester  to  obtain  cotton  from  India,  Africa, 
and  otjier  places  (arose  out  of  the  Cotton  Sujiply  association,  formed 
in  1857),  Sept.  1860. 

Since  1861,  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  India,  Egypt,  Italy,  etc  ,  has 
greatly  increased. 

Cotton  factories  regulated  by  law,  1825,  1831,  1833,  and  1844.  The 
hours  of  labor  limited;  the  employment  of  children  under  9  pro- 
hibited. The  number  of  spindles  in  operation  in  1892.  4.5,350,000, 
and  the  cotton  manufactured  estimated  at  4,977,000  bales  of  40O 
lbs.  each.  / 


COT 


207 


cou 


COTTON   IN   TJIE   UNITED    STATES. 

Before  1795,  England  obtained  her  cotton  fibre  from  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  the  l^evant,  and  a  little  from  the  U.  S.  About  1786 
the  cultivation  of  cotton  began  in  Georgia.  In  1784,  8  bags,  en- 
tered as  American  cotton,  were  seized  at  Liverpool  on  the  ground 
that  so  much  could  not  have  been  produced  in  the  U.  S.  Sea 
island  cotton^-as  first  grown  in  1786. 

First  cotton  factory  in  America  at  East  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  1787. 

First  Arkwright  machinery  used  in  America,  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
Dec.  1790. 

By  the  end  of  1809,  (52  mills  were  in  operation,  48  by  water  and  14 
by  horse  power,  with  31,000  spindles;  many  others  in  process  of 
erection.  Their  products  were  bed-tickings,  at  from  55  to  90  cents 
per  yard;  stripes  and  checks,  at  from  30  to  40  cents;  ginghams, 
from  40  to  50  cents;  shirtings  and  sheetings,  35  to  75  cents;  and 
counterpanes,  $8  each.  Some  attempts  had  been  made  at  print- 
ing calicoes,  but  with  little  success. — Hildreth,  " Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol. 
vi.  p.  210.  At  the  end  of  181(5  it  was  claimed  that  the  cotton  in- 
dustry invested  $40,000,000,  and  gave  employment  to  100,000  per- 
sons, mostly  boys  and  females,  consuming  annually  27,000,000  lbs. , 
and  producing  81,000,000  yds.  of  cloth  at  an  average  price  of  30 
cents  per  yard. — HUdreth.  In  1892  there  were  15,277,000  spindles 
in  operation  in  the  U.  S.,  consuming  1,31(5,000,000  lbs.  of  cotton. 

The  cotton  crop  of  the  U.  S.  for  the  year  ending  30  Sept.  1880,  was 
5,757,397  bales  of  481.55  lbs.  each.  Of  this  there  wei'e  exported 
3,865,621  bales,  while  1,760,000  bales  were  manufactured  in  the 
U.  S.  For  1889-90  it  was  7,434,487  bales,  and  for  the  year  ending 
Sept.  1,  1891,  it  amounted  to  8,652,579  bales.  The  total  exports, 
excluding  Canada,  were  5,778,822  bales,  of  which  Great  Britain  re- 
ceived 3,329,432  and  France  559,099.  In  the  U.  S.  the  Northern 
spinners  consumed  2,632,023  bales,  and  the  Southern  spinners 
604,661.  For  1892  the  crop  was  9,038,707  bales ;  average  net  weight 
440  lbs.  The  estimated  production  of  the  world  being  12,353,000 
bales  of  400  Ib.s.  each. 

COttOtl-g'ill,  a  machine  by  which  the  cotton  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  seed  and  cleaned  with  great  expedition.  In- 
vented and  constructed  by  Eli  Whitney  (b.  VVestborough, 
Mass  ,  8  Dec.  1765;  d.  New  Haven,  Conn.,  8  Jan.  1825)  while 
engaged  as  a  teacher  in  Georgia,  1792,  and  patented  1793. 
Although  one  of  the  most  important  of  inventions,  Whitney 
never  realized  much  pecuniary  benefit  from  it.  This  inven- 
tion is  said  greatly  to  have  promoted  the  growth  of  slavery 
in  the  United  States. 

cotton-seed  oil,  largely  manufactured  from  seeds 
of  the  cotton  plant  in  the  southern  states;  year  1876-77, 
3,316,000  gallons;  1878-79,  8,175,000  gallons;  1889-90,  41,- 
250,000  gallons  (crude) ;  exported,  13,385,000  gallons. 

Cottoniail  library,  formed  by  sir  Robert  Bruce 
Cotton,  1600  et  seq.  He  died  6  May,  1631.  It  was  rescued 
from  the  republicans  during  the  protectorate,  1649-60,  and 
secured  to  the  public  by  law  in  1700.  It  was  removed  to 
Essex-house  in  1712;  in  1730  to  Dean's  yard,  Westminster 
(where  on  23  Oct.  1731,  it  was  damaged  by  fire);  to  the 
British  museum  in  1757. 

Courmiers,  a  village  10  miles  west  of  Orleans,  central 
France.  Here  the  Bavarians,  under  gen.  von  der  Tann,  were 
defeated  by  the  French  army  of  the  Loire,  under  gen.  D'Aurelle 
de  Paladines,  who  took  about  2000  prisoners,  9  Nov.  1870,  and 
regained  Orleans. 

councils.  King  Alfred,  in  about  886,  is  said  to  have 
arranged  legislative  business  so  that  all  resolutions  passed  3 
councils.  The  first  was  a  select  council  to  prepare  matters  for 
the  second  council,  which  consisted  of  bishops  and  nobles  ap- 
pointed by  the  king,  like  the  present  privy  council.  The 
third  was  a  general  assembly  of  the  nation,  called,  in  Saxon, 
Wittenagemot,  in  which  quality  and  ofBce  gave  a  right  to  sit. 
In  these  3  councils  we  behold  the  origin  of  the  cabinet,  privy 
councils,  and  parliaments. 

<;ouncilS  of  the  Churell.  The  following  are 
among  the  principal.  Those  numbered  are  the  a.cumemcal 
or  r/eneral  councils.  Sir  Harris  Nicolas,  in  his  "  Chronology 
of  History,"  enumerates  1604  councils,  and  gives  an  alphabeti- 
cal list. 

Of  the  church  at  Jerusalem  (Acts  xv.) 50 

Of  western  bishops  at  Aries,  France,  to  suppress  Donatists;  3 

fathers  of  the  English  church  attended 314 

I.  First  oecumenical  or  general,  at  Nice  (Constantine  the 
Great  presided),  decreed  the  consubstantialityof  theSon,  con- 
demned Arianism,  composed  the  Nicene  creed 325 

At  Tyre,  against  Athanasius 335 

First  at  Constantinople,  when  the  Arian  heresy  gained  ground,    337 

At  Rome,  in  favor  of  Athanasius 342 

At  Sardis:  370  bishops  attended ;  Arians  condemned 347 

At  Rimini:  400  bishops  attended;  Constantine  forced  on  them 

a  new  confession 359 

II  Constantinople:  Oriental  council;  150  orthodox  bishops 
met;  presided  over,  first,  by  Meletius,  second,  by  Gregory 
Nazianzen,  third,  by  Nectarius;  added  to  the  Nioene  creed; 


declared  the  bishop  of  Constantinople  next  in  rank  to  Rome; 
Constantinople  being  New  Rome 381 

III.  Ephesus:  Cyril  of  Alexandria  presided;  anathematized  and 
deposed  Nestorius;  denounced  additions  to  the  Nicene  creed,    431 

IV.  Chalcedon:  520  bit^hops  present;  declared  the  2  natures  of 
Christ,  divine  and  human,  as  defined  by  Leo  of  Rome;  ac- 
cepted and  decreed  the  Constantinopolitan  addition  to  the 
Nicene  creed 451 

V.  Constantinople:  Eutyches,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  pre- 
sided ;  condemned  the  3  chapters  (of  Theodore  of  Mojisuestia. 
Theodoret,  and  others);  Vigilius,  bishop  of  Rome,  first  pro- 
tested, later  assented 553 

VI.  Constantinople:  pope  Agatho  presided;  against  Monothe- 
lites 7  Nov.  680-16  Sept,    681 

Authority  of  6  general  councils  re-established  by  Theodosius. ,     715 

VII.  Second  Nicene:  350  bishops  against  Iconoclasts, 

24  Se|it.-23  Oct.    787 

VIII.  Constantinople:  emperor  Basil  attended;  against  Icono- 
clasts and  heresies 5  Oct.  869-28  Feb.    870 

At  Clermont,  convened  by  Urban  II.  to  authorize  crusades; 
310  bishops 1695 

IX.  First  Lateran:  right  of  investiture  settled  by  treaty  of 
pope  Calixtus  II.  and  emperor  Henry  V 18  Mch.-5  Apr.  1123 

X.  Second  Lateran:  Innocent  II.  presided;  chief  topic,  pres- 
ervation of  temporalities  of  ecclesiastics;  1000  church  fa- 
thers  20  Apr.  1139 

XI.  Third  Lateran,  against  schismatics 5-19  Mch.  1179 

XII.  Fourth  Lateran:  400  bishops  and  1000  abbots;  Innocent 

III.  presided;  against  Albigenses,  etc 11-30  Nov.  1215 

XIII.  Lyons:  under  Innocent  IV. ;  emperor  Frederick  II.  de- 
posed   28  June-17  July,  1245 

XIV^.  Lyons:  under  Gregory  X. ;  temporary  union  of  Greek  and 
Latin  churches 7  May-17  June,  1274 

XV.  Vienne  in  Dauphine:  Clement  V.  presided*  kings  of  France 
and  Aragon  attended;  Knights  Templars  suppressed, 

16  Oct.  1311;  3  Apr.  and  6  May,  1312 

XVL  Pisa:  Gregory  XII.  and  Benedict  XIII.  deposed;  Alex- 
ander elected 5  M(h.-7  Aug.  1409 

XVII.  Constance:  Martin  V.  elected  pope;  John  Huss  and  Je- 
rome of  Prague  condemned  to  be  burned 1414-18 

XVIII.  Basel 1431-43 

XIX.  Fifth  Lateran:  begun  by  Julius  II 1512 

Continued  under  Leo  X.  to  suppress  pragmatic  sanction  of 

France,  against  council  of  Pisa,  etc.,  till 1517 

XX.  Trent:  to  condemn  doctrines  of  Luther,  Zwinglius,  and 
Calvin  (Trent) 13  Dec.  1545-3  Dec.  1563 

XXL  Rome:  called  by  encyclical  letter,  8  Sept.  1868;  met, 

8  Dec.  1869 

Six  archbishop-princes,  49  cardinals,  11  patriarchs,  680  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  28  abbots,  29  generals  of  orders — 803  in 
all;  held  4  public  sessions,  and  between  90  and  100  congre- 
gations. New  canons  were  issued  24  Apr.  1870,  and,  after 
much  opposition,  the  pope's  infallibility,  as  head  of  the  church, 
was  affirmed  by  547  placets  against  2  non-placets,  and  pro- 
mulgated  18  July,  1870 

[Many  bishops  withdrew  from  the  discussion.     The  council  ad- 
journed to  11  Nov.     Rome.] 

councils,  French.  The  Council  of  Anciknts,  the 
upper  chamber  of  the  legislature,  of  250  members,  each  at  least 
40  years  of  age,  with  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred,  instituted 
at  Paris,  1  Nov.  1795:  the  executive  was  a  directory  of  Fivk. 
Bonaparte  dispersed  the  Five  Hundred  at  St.  Cloud,  9  Nov. 
1799,  declaring  himself,  Roger  Duces,  and  Sieyes,  consuls /)ro- 
visoires.     Fkance. 

counsel  are  supposed  to  be  coeval  with  the  curia  regis. 
Advocates  are  referred  to  the  time  of  Edw^ard  I.,  but  mentioned 
earlier.  Counsel  guilty  of  deceit  or  collusion  were  punishable 
by  the  statute  of  Westminster,  13  Edw.  1. 1285.  Counsel  were 
allowed  to  persons  charged  with  treason,  by  8  Will.  III.  1696. 
An  act  allowing  counsel  to  persons  indicted  for  felony,  passed 
in  England  Aug.  1836.     Bakkisteks. 

count  (Lat.  comes,  a  companion;  Fr.  comte),  a  title  equiv- 
alent to  English  earl  (whose  wife  is  still  termed  a  countess), 
and  to  the  German  Gi-af. 

counterpoint  (in  music),  the  chords  to  a  melody.. 
The  earliest  known  contrapuntal  writing  is  by  Adam  de  la 
Halle  in  the  12th  century. 

counties  or  shires.  The  division  of  England  into 
counties  began,  it  is  said,  with  king  Alfred ;  but  some  coun- 
ties bore  their  present  names  a  century  earlier.  Ireland  was 
formed  into  counties,  1562.  Lord-lieutenants  were  appointed 
in  1549  in  England,  and  in  1831  in  Ireland.  Counties  first 
sent  members  to  Parliament  (knights  met  previously  in  their 
own  counties),  1285.  By  Chandos  Clause,  sec.  20  of  the  Re- 
form act,  2  Will.  IV.  c.  45  (1832),  inserted  on  motion  of  the 
marquis  of  Chandos,  occupiers  as  tenants  of  land  not  in  a 
borough,  paying  an  annual  rent  of  50/.,  had  a  vote  for  knight 
of  the  shire.  It  increased  Tory  voters,  and  attempts  were 
made  to  repeal  it.  It  was  superseded  by  the  Reform  act  of  15 
Aug.  1867. 


cou  ^ 

By  Winter  Assixos  act,  187«.  ceruin  coiintics  were  united  (by  order 
in  council,  llrsl,  23  Oct.  1870)  to  fuciliuilo  speotly  trials. 

Id  the  U  S.  the  division  of  stales  into  counties  diites  from  the  colo- 
nial |»eriod.  In  l^uisiana  counlies  are  lailod  '•  parishes,"  and 
until  1868  those  in  South  Carolina  weft  called  "districts." 

count)'    COUrtii   or    HPhyrclllOtes,  in    Saxon 

times,  were  important  tribunals.    Alfred  is  said  to  have  divided 

En^'land  into  counties  and  hundreds;  but  county  courts  seem 

to  have  existed  much  earlier. 

County  courts,  for  recovery  of  debts  under  20/.,  superseding 
courts  of  requests,  instituted  by  i)  and  10  Vict.  c.  96.. 26  Aug.  1846 

i'ounlios  of  Kngluud  and  Wales  divided  into  (50  districts,  each 
with  a  county  court,  a  barrister  as  judge,  aud  juries  when 
n«'cessary.  Jurisdiction  extended  by  13  aud  14  Vict.  c.  (51, 
to.V)/.... : 1850 

Their  proceedings  facilitated  in  1852  aud  1854;  60  couuly  courts 
in  Kngland  aud  Wales 1868-72 

County  courts  in  the  U.  S.  exist  in  each  county,  llrst  established  in 
Virginia,  16J2,  to  relieve  the  governor  and  council  of  business. 
First  in  Connecticut.  May,  16(5(5,  when  the  General  Assembly  di- 
vided the  colony  into  4  counties— Hartford,  New  Haven,  New 
lA»ndon,  aud  FaiVflcld— a  county  court  in  each. 

COIip-d^etat  (coo'-da-tah'),  in  France;  promncia- 
mienlo  in  Spain.  A  sudilen  change  in  government  effected  by 
a  ruler  or  high  officer.  Many  in  French  history,  the  most 
celebrated  that  of  Louis  Najxdeon,  2  Dec.  1851,  by  which  he 
assumed  the  title  and  power  of  emperor  of  France. 

courier!*.  Xenophon  attributes  the  first  to  Cyrus; 
and  Herodotus  says  that  they  were  common  among  the  Per- 
sians (Estiier  iii.  15)  about  510  b.c.  The  Greeks  and  Romans 
iiad  no  regular  couriers  till  the  time  of  Augustus,  when 
they  travelled  in  cars,  about  24  b.c.  Couriers  or  posts  are 
said  to  have  been  instituted  in  France  by  Charlemagne  about 
800  A.D.  Couriers  for  letters  were  employed  by  Louis  XL  of 
France,  1463. — llenault.     rosr-oFFiOK. 

Courland,  a  duchy  of  Livonia,  conquered  by  Danes, 
1218;  by  Teutonic  knights,  1239;  subjected  to  Poland  in  1561; 
coiKjuered  by  Charles  XIL  of  Sweden  in  1701 ;  Ernest  Biren, 
duke,  1737;  his  son,  Peter,  1769;  annexed  to  Russia,  Mch. 
1795. 

Court  of  Chancery.    Chanckry. 

Court  of  Honor.  In  England  the  court  of  chiv- 
alry, of  which  the  lord  high  constable  was  a  judge,  was  called 
Curia  Militdris  in  the  time  of  Henry  IV.,  and  later  the  Court 
of  Honor.  In  Bavaria,  to  prevent  duelling,  a  court  of  honor 
was  instituted  in  Apr,  1819.  Joseph  Hamilton  long  advo- 
cated a  similar  institution  in  Britain. 

Court  of  Se§§ion,  the  highest  civil  tribunal  in 
Scotland,  instituted  by  statute  of  James  V.,  17  May,  1532, 
con.sisted  of  14  judges  and  a  president,  and  replaced  a  com- 
mittee of  Parliament.  In  1830  the  number  was  reduced;  and 
it  now  consists  of  the  h)rd  president,  lord  justice-clerk,  and  11 
ordinary  judges. 

Court  Party— Country  Party,  politicians  in 

British  Parliament,  beginning  about  1620.  At  the  end  of  the 
17th  century  the  latter  was  a  Tory  and  high-church  party, 
maintaining  "  the  land,"  as  opposed  to  Whig  and  trading  inter- 
ests. Its  most  distinguished  statesman  was  sir  Thomas  Hanraer 
(the  Montalto  of  Pope's  "  Satires"),  who  died  in  1746.— ^sAe. 
Courtrai  {koor-trd'),  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium. 
Here  Robert,  count  of  Artois,  who  defeated  the  Flemings  in 
1297,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  them,  11  July,  1302,  in  the 
*'  Battle  of  Spurs,"  so  called  from  the  gilt  spurs  collected. 

Courti  of  Justice  were  instituted  at  Athens  1507 
RC.  (Arkopagus)  ;  by  Moses,  1491  b.c.  (Exod.  xviii.  25), 
and  in  Rome.  For  England,  Chanckry,  Common  Pleas, 
ExcHEQtjER,  King's  Bkxch,  etc.  Citizens  of  London  were 
privileged  to  plead  their  own  cause  in  the  courts  of  judicature, 
without  employing  lawyers,  except  in  pleas  of  the  crown,  41 
Hen.  III.  1257. — Stouj.  The  rights  of  the  Irish  courts  were 
established  by  the  British  Parliament  in  Apr.  1783. 

Courts  of  the  United  States.  Supreme  Court. 
Under  the  confederation  there  was  no  national  judicial  depart- 
ment. The  Supreme  Court  was  organized  in  1789,  with  1 
chief-justice  and  5  associate  judges.  Justices.  It  holds 
one  term  annually  at  the  seat  of  government,  commencing 
on  the  2d  Monday  in  Oct.  The  U.  S.  are  divided  for  ju- 
dicial purpo.ses  into  9  circuits,  and  these  circuits  are  sub- 


^  GOV 

divided  into  2  or  more  districts.  The  Ist  circuit  consists  of 
the  states  of  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode 
Island ;  2d,  Coiniecticut,  New  Vork,  and  Vermont ;  3d,  Dela- 
ware, New  Jersey,  an<l  Pennsylvania  ;  4th,  Maryland,  North 
(Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  VV^est  Virginia;  5th, 
Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  and  Texas; 
6th,  Kentucky,  Michigan,  Ohio,  and  Tennessee;  7th,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  and  Wisconsin ;  8th,  Arkansas,  Colorado,  Iowa, 
Kansas,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  North  Dakota,  South 
Dakota,  and  Wyoming ;  9th,  California,  Idaho,  Nevada, 
Oregon,  Montana,  and  Washington.  Each  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  is  allotted  a  circuit,  and  is  required  to  attend  that 
circuit  at  least  one  term  every  2  years.  Salary  of  chief-jus- 
tice, $10,500;  each  justice,  $10,0*00  a  year,— Circuit  Courts, 
established  and  organized  by  Congress.  Each  of  the  circuits 
has  allotted  to  it  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
has  a  local  judge  appointed,  termed  circuit  judge.  Tiiere 
are  10  circuit  judges,  the  2d  circuit  having  2.  Salarv,  $6000 
a  year, — Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  established  and  organized 
by<^ongress  1891,  for  the  relief  of  the  Suprenae  Court.  The 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  presiding  over  the  circuit,  the 
circuit  judge,  and  a  judge  appointed  for  this  special  court  con- 
stitute it.  Salary,  $6000  a  year. — District  Courts,  established 
and  organized  by  Congress.  Of  these  districts  there  are  now 
(1893)  65,  each  presided  over  Uy  a  judge,  termed  district 
judge.  Salary,  $5000  a  year.— Court  of  Claims,  established 
and  organized  by  Congress  1855,  to  hear  and  determine  claims 
against  the  U.  S.  It  consists  of  1  chief-justice  and  4  as.soci- 
ate  judges.  The  solicitor-general  appears  before  this  court. 
Salary  of  judges,  $4500  per  annum. — Court  of  Private  Land 
Claims,  established  and  organized  by  Congress,  consists  of  I 
chief-justice  and  4  associate  judges.  Salary,  $5000  per  annum. 
Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  established  and 
organized  by  Congress,  consists  of  1  chief-justice  and  4  asso- 
ciate judges.  Salary  of  chief-justice,  $4500 ;  associate  judges, 
$4000. — Territorial  Courts,  established  and  organized  bv  Con- 
gress. Alaska,  1  judge;  Arizona,  1  chief-justice  and  3  asso- 
ciate judges;  Indian  Territory,  1  judge;  New  Mexico,  1 
judge  and  4  associate  judges;  Utah,  1  cliief-justice  and  3  as- 
sociate judges;  Oklahoma,  1  chief-justice  and  2  associate 
judges.  Salary,  $3000  per  aimum.  When  any  judge  of  any 
court  of  the  U.  S.  resigns  his  office,  after  having  held  his 
commission  as  such  at  least  10  years  and  having  reached  70 
years  of  age  during  his  service,  he  shall  receive  during  life 
the  same  salary  as  at  the  time  of  his  resignation.  This  right 
is  given  to  no  other  class  of  civil  officers  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  U.  S.  The  attorney-general  appears  in  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  U.  S.  in  behalf  of  the  government.  There 
is  also  a  U.  S.  district-attorney  appointed  for  each  district  in 
which  circuit  and  district  courts  are  held,  to  look  after  the 
interest  of  the  government  in  all  cases  that  concern  it.  Women 
were  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  U.  S. 
by  act  of  Congress  approved  15  Feb.  1879. 

Coutras  (koo-tra'),  S.W.  France.  Here  Henry  of  Navarre 
defeated  the  due  de  Joyeuse  and  royalists,  20  Oct.  1587. 

Cov'enanters,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  signers  of 
the  solemn  league  and  covenant,  engaged  to  stand  together 
against  the  king  in  1638.  The  covenant,  or  league  between 
England  and  Scotland  (^he  preceding  one  modified),  adopted 
by  Parliament,  25  Sept.  1643;  was  accepted  by  Charles  II.  16 
Aug.  1650,  but  repudiated  on  his  restoration  in  1661,  and 
declared  to  be  illegal  by  Parliament,  and  ordered  to  be 
burned. 
Covenant  consisted  of  6  articles  : 

1.  Preservation  of  the  reformed  church  in  Scotland,  and  the  refor- 
mation of  religion  in  England  and  Ireland. 

2.  Extirpation  of  popery,  prelacy,  schism,  etc. 

3.  Preservation  of  the  liberties  of  Parliament  and  the  king's  person 
and  authority. 

4.  Discovery  and  punishment  of  all  malignants,  etc. 

5.  Preservation  of  "  a  blessed  peace  between  these  kingdoms." 

6.  Assisting  all  who  enter  into  the  covenant  :  "  This  will  we  do  as 
in  tlie  sight  of  God.^'     Bothwell  bridge,  Cameronians. 

Cov'ent  Oarden,  London, corrupted  from  "Convent 
Garden,"  once  the  garden  of  St.  Peter's  convent.  The  square 
was  built  about  1633;  the  piazza  on  the  north  and  the  church 
designed  by  Inigo  Jones.  The  fruit  and  vegetable  markets 
were  rebuilt  in  1829-30,  from  designs  by  Mr.  Fowler  (on  ground 
of  tiie  duke  of  Bedford). 


GOV  ^ 

Coveiit  Garden  theatre  sprang  out  of  one  in 

Lincoln's-itni  Fields,  through  a  patent  granted  14  Chas.  II. 
1662,  to  sir  William  Davenant,  whose  compau}'  was  denomi- 
jiated  the  "  duke's  servants,"  as  a  compliment  to  the  duke  of 
Vork,  afterwards  James  II.     Tiieatkes. 

Coventry,  Warwickshire,  E:ngl.     Leofric,  earl  of  Mer- 
cia,  lord  of  Coventry,  is  said  to  have  relieved  it  from  heavy 
taxes  at  the  intercession  of  his  wife  Godiva,  on  condition  of 
her  riding  naked  through  the  town,  about  1057. 
"  '  Alas!'  she  said, 
'  But  prove  me  what  it  is  I  would  not  do.' 
And  from  a  heart  as  rough  as  Esau's  hand, 
He  answered,  '  Ride  you  naked  through  the  town, 
And  I  repeal  it.'"  — Tennyson,  "Godiva." 

Processions  in  her  memory  took  place  in  1851 ;  23  June,  1862  ; 
4  June,  1866  ;  20  June,  1870;  and  4  June,  1877.  A  parliament 
was  held  here  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  called  pariiamentum 
indoctum,  the  unlearned  parliament,  because  lawyers  were  ex- 
cluded, 1404 ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  another  met, 
called  pariiamentum  diaboUcum,  fronr  acts  of  attainder  passed 
against  the  duke  of  York  and  others,  20  Nov.  1459.  The  town 
.  had  strong  walls,  3  miles  in  circumference,  and  26  towers, 
which  were  demolished  by  Charles  II.  in  1662.  The  ribbon- 
makers  here  suffered  from  want  of  work  in  the  winter  of  1860- 
1861.  The  bishopric  was  founded  bj'  Oswy,  king  of  Mercia, 
€56,  under  the  double  name  of  Coventry  and  Lichfield,  later 
Liciitield  and  Coventry.  It  was  so  wealth}'  that  king  Ofifa,  by 
the  favor  of  pope  Adrian,  made  it  archiepiscopal ;  but  this  title 
was  laid  aside  on  the  death  of  that  king.  In  1075  the  see  was 
removed  to  Chester;  in  1102  to  Coventry;  and  afterwards 
back  to  Liclifield,  under  opposition  from  the  monks  of  Coven- 
try.    Coventry  merged  into  the  bishopric  of  Lichfield. 

Cowan'i  Ford,  on  the  Catawba  river,  N.  C.  Lord 
Cornwallis,  in  rapid  pursuit  of  the  Americans  under  gen.  Mor- 
gan, was  prevented  from  crossing  by  a  sudden  rise  after  the 
Americans  had  crossed.  Cornwallis  moved  down  a  few  miles 
towards  Cowan's  Ford,  where  Morgan  had  stationed  300  militia 
under  gen.  Davidson  to  oppose  his  crossing.  The  British  forced 
a  crossing  I  Feb.  1781,  and  the  militia  were  dispersed,  gen. 
Davidson  being  killed. 

cowboys,  British  marauders  and  Tories  who  plun- 
dered the  people  east  of  the  Hudson  river,  in  New  York,  dur- 
ing the  occupancy  of  New  York  city  by  the  British,  1776-82, 
were  so  called.  The  word  is  now  applied  to  herdsmen  on 
the  ranches  of  the  western  states  and  territories.     Nkutkal 

OHOUND. 

Cowpens,  Battle  at  the.  Here,  in  Spartanburg  district. 
South  Carolina,  among  the  Thickety  mountains,  on  17  Jan. 
1781, a  severe  battle  was  fought  between  the  Americans  under 
gen.  Daniel  Morgan,  and  the  British  under  col.  Tarleton. 
After  a  hard  fight  of  more  than  2  hours,  the  British  were  de- 
feated, with  a  loss  of  about  300  killed  and  wounded,  500  pris- 
oners, and  much  ammunition,  store.s,  and  baggage.  The 
Americans  lost  70  men,  only  12  killed.  Congress  voted  Mor- 
gan a  gold  medal  for  his  brilliant  victory.  The  name  Cowpens 
is  thus  explained  :  Before  the  Revolution  this  region,  abound- 
ing in  grass  and  fine  springs,  was  devoted  to  pasture,  and  as 
the  cows  were  shut  in  small  yards  at  night,  this  place  became 
known  as  "  The  Cowpens." 

cow-pock  inoculation.     Small-pox,   Vacci- 

NATIOX. 

CracO^V  {krcl'-Jco),  a  city  in  Austrian  Poland.  The  Poles 
elected  Cracus  duke,  who  built  Cracow  with  spoils  of  the  Franks, 
about  700.  It  was  their  capital,  1320-1609.  Cracow  was  taken 
by  Charles  XII.  in  1702,  and  later  several  times  by  the  Rus- 
sians and  other  confederates.  The  sovereign  was  crowned  at 
Cracow  until  1764.  The  Russians,  who  had  taken  it,  1768, 
were  expelled  by  Kosciusko,  24  Mch.  1794  ;  but  it  surrendered 
to  the  Prussians,  15  June,  and  in  1795  was  awarded  to  Austria. 
Cracow  became  a  republic,  June,  1815.  Occupied  by  10,000 
Russians,  who  followed  here  the  defeated  Poles,  Sept.  1831. 
Its  independence  was  extinguished,  and  it  was  seized  and  in- 
corporated by  Austria,  16  Nov.  1846,  against  the  protest  of 
England,  France,  Sweden,  and  Turkey.  Fire  destroyed  most 
of  the  city,  18  July,  1850.  The  discovery  on  22  Ju'ly,  1869, 
of  Barbare  Abryk,  a  nun,  secluded  for  21  years  in  a  convent 
cell,  led  to  riots'.     Pop.  1890,  75,593. 


*  ORE 

Cradle  of  Liberty.    Faneuil  Hall. 

Cranipton'§  Oap,  Battle  of.  Maryland  cam- 
paign. 

Cranberry,  Flowkrs  and  Pi-ants. 

crane§,  machines  for  moving  weights,  with  a  hor- 
izontal and  a  vertical  movement,  are  of  early  date,  for  the  en- 
gines of  Archimedes  may  be  so  called.  A  crane  at  Woolwich, 
England  (4  years  in  building),  exceeds  1800  tons  in  weight, 
and  lifts  1200  tons.     Derricks, 

Craney  island,  Defence  of.  This  island,  about  5 
miles  below  Norfolk,  Va.,  was  attacked  by  British,  22  June, 
1813;  and  defended  by  col.  Beatty  and  maj.  Faulkner.  The 
British  were  repulsed,  losing  about  200  men,  the  Americans 
losing  none.  Occupied  by  the  confederates  for  a  short  time, 
but  evacuated  11  May,  1861. 

craniolog^y.     Phrenology. 

Cranmer,  Latimer,  and  Ridley,  martyrdom 
of.     Protestants. 

crannog^es.    Lakk-dwellings. 

Crannon  or  Cranon,  a  city  of  Thessaly,  N.  Greece. 
Near  here  the  Macedonians,  under  Antipater  and  Craterus,  de- 
feated the  confederated  Greeks,  twice  by  sea  and  once  by  land, 
322  B.C.  The  Athenians  demanded  peace,.and  Antipater  put 
their  orators  to  death,  among  them  Hyperides,  who,  not  to  be- 
tray secrets  of  his  country  under  torture,  cut  out  his  tongue, 
and  Demosthenes  is  said  to  have  taken  poison  shortly  after. 

Craonne  (kra-onn'),  a  town  of  N.  France.  Here  Victor 
and  Ney  defeated  the  Prussians,  under  BlUcher,  after  a  severe 
contest,  7  Mch.  1814. 

crape.  A  thin,  semi-transparent  stuff  made  of  silk  fine- 
ly crinkled,  especially  appropriate  for  mourning  purposes.  It 
is  said  some  crape  was  made  by  Ste.  Badour,  when  queen  of 
France,  about  680.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  made  at  Bo- 
logna. 

Crayford,  Kent,  Engl.  Hengist  the  Saxon  is  said  to 
have  defeated  the  Britons  here,  457. 

crayons,  pencils  made  of  colored  paste,  were  known  in 
France  about  1422,  and  improved  by  L'Oriot,  3748. 

cre'asote  or  kreasote  (discovered  by  Reichenbach 
about  1833),  an  antiseptic  and  coagulator  of  albuminous  tissue, 
is  obtained  by  destructive  distillation  of  wood  and  other  or- 
ganic matters.    It  has  been  used  to  preserve  meat,  timber,  etc. 

cre'atine  (from  the  Gr.  Kpkac,  flesh),  the  chemical  prin- 
ciple of  flesh,  discovered  in  1835  by  E.  Chevreul;  investigated 
by  Liebig,  Gregory,  and  others. 

Creation  of  the  world.  The  date  given  by  the  Eng- 
lish Bible,  and  by  Usher,  Blair,  and  some  others,  is  4004  b.c. 
Countless  dates  have  been  assigned  to  the  creation,  varying 
from  3616  to  6984  b.c.     Dr.  Hales  gives  5411.     Eras, Music. 

Crfeches,  establishments  for  temporarily  protecting  the 
children  of  working  mothers;  begim  at  Paris  about  1844;  in 
London  (in  Rathbone  place,  etc.)  about  1863 ;  in  the  United 
States  about  1870. 

Crecy  {h-d-se'),  or  Cressy,  a  town  of  N.  France,  where 
Edward  III.  and  his  son,  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  with  about 
36,800  men,  routed  Philip,  king  of  France,  with  about  130,000, 
26  Aug.  1346.  John,  king  of  Bohemia  (nearly  blind) ;  James, 
king  of  Majorca ;  Ralph,  duke  of  Lorraine  (sovereign  princes) ; 
and  many"  French  nobles,  with  30,000  privates,  were  slain, 
while  the  loss  of  the  English  was  small.  The  crest  of  the 
king  of  Bohemia  (3  ostrich -feathers,  with  the  motto  Ich  dien — 
in  English,  "  I  serve  ")  has  been  adopted  by  princes  of  Wales. 

credit  foncier  (kra-dee'fon-see-a'),  etc.  Aplanof  pro- 
viding loans  to  land-owners  was  introduced  bj'  Frederick  the 
Great  of  Prussia  in  1763,  in  some  Prussian  provinces,  to  allevi- 
ate the  distresses  of  the  landed  interest.  Loans  are  made  on  the 
security  of  estates,  from  capital  provided  by  selling  debentures 
charged  upon  the  aggregate  mortgaged  estates.  This  may  be 
done  (1)  by  means  of  an  association  of  land-owners;  (2)  by 
means  of  a  proprietary  public  company.  The  former  plan  ob- 
tains in  eastern  Prussia ;  only  the  latter  in  western  Europe. 
Credit  foncier  companies  have  been  founded  in  Hamburg  (1782), 

western  Prussia  (1787),  Belgium  (1841),  France  (1852),  England 


ORE  -'10 

(1863).     Similar  comixiuies  were  funned  in  all  tho  states  uf  Eu- 
rope, in  India,  and  lu  our  colonies  and  dopendoncie& — Henriqutn. 

Crtfdit  moblller  (kra-dee'  mo-bee-lee-a')  (i.e.,  credit 
on  personal  property).  A  joint-stock  company  with  this  name 
was  established  at  Paris  by  Isaac  and  Einile  Pereire  and'others, 
18  Nov.  1852. 

It  promoted  trading  enterprises  of  all  kinds,  on  the  principle  of 
commandite,  or  limited  liabilities;  and  was  authorized  to  su- 
persede or  buy  in  any  other  companies  (replacing  their  shares 
or  bonds  with  its  own  scrip),  and  also  to  cjirry  on  the  ordi- 
nary business  of  banking.  Funds  wore  to  be  obtained  by  a 
}mld  up  capital  of  2%  millions  sterling,  tho  issue  of  obliga- 
tions at  not  less  than  45  days'  date  or  sight,  and  the  receipt 
of  money  on  deposit.  The  society  apparently  prospered; 
but  was  considered  by  many  to  resemble  Uiw's  bank  of  1716. 

Several  directors  failed,  Sept.  1857 ;  no  dividend May,  1858 

Many  companies  on  like  principles  established  in  London 1863 

Emile  and  Isaac  P«Sreire  withdrew  from  the  management;  the 

company  failed,  the  capital  disappeared Oct.  1867 

High  court  of  appeal  held  MM.  Pdreire  and  other  directors  re- 

sjwnsible,  and  atljudged  damages  to  the  shareholders,  1  Aug.  1868 
Kmile  I'dreire  d.  6  Jan.  1875 ;  Isaac  d 12  July,  1880 

Credit  IWobilier  of  America.  A  joint-stock  com- 
pany under  this  name  was  organized  May,  1863,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  #2,500,000.  The  charter  was  purchased,  Jan.  1867,  by 
a  company  constructing  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  the 
stock,  which  was  increased  to  $3,750,000,  rose  to  a  high  price, 
paying  enormous  dividends,  earned  in  connection  with  Pacific 
railroad  construction.  In  1872,  in  certain  legal  proceeding.'*, 
it  appeared  that  several  members  of  Congress  and  vice-presi- 
dent Schuyler  Colfax  were  holders  of  this  stock,  a  fact  which 
caused  great  scandal,  as  the  profits  of  the  company  largely  de- 
pended upon  the  action  of  Congress.  The  suspicion  was  gen- 
eral that  some  members  had  received  stock  as  an  indirect  bribe, 
and  a  prolonged  investigation  followed  during  the  session  of 
1872-73.  The  Senate  committee,  27  Feb.  1873,  recommended 
the  expulsion  of  one  senator;  but  no  action  was  taken,  and 
his  term  expired  five  days  later.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives pa8.sed  resolutions  censuring  2  of  its  members.  United 
States,  Dec.  1872 ;  Jan.,  Feb.  1873. 

Creedmoor,  a  post-hamlet  on  Long  Island,  12  miles 
east  of  New  York  city.  Here  an  extended  rifle  range  has 
been  established  (1871),  the  most  perfectlv  appointed  in  the 
U.S. 

creedi.  Confessions  of  faith.  J.  R.  Lumby's 
"  History  of  the  Creeds"  appeared  1874. 

Creek  M^ar.  in  1813,  while  the  United  States  were 
at  war  with  Great  Britain,  the  Creek  Indians  of  Alabama  were 
incited  to  hostility  by  Tecumseh,  who  visited  them  for  that 
purpose,  and  by  British  agents  in  Florida.  A  war  followed,  in 
which  the  Creeks,  led  by  William  Weatherford  (Red  Eagle), 
were  overcome  by  gen.  Jackson.  The  war  endangered  the 
integrity  of  the  nation  ;  and,  the  Creeks  being  intelligent  and 
partly  civilized,  many  well- planned  and  stoutly  contested  bat- 
tles were  fought.  Alabama,  1813-14;  United  States, 
1813-14. 

Creeki.     Indians. 

cremation.  Before  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era,  cremation  prevailed  in  the  civilized  world,  ex- 
cept among  the  Egyptians,  Chinese,  and  Jewa,  but  gradually 
gave  place  to  earth  burial.  Descriptions  given  by  Homer. 
Modem  sanitation  is  largely  responsible  for  the  revival  of 
cremation  within  the  last  two  decades.  The  crematories  in 
the  world  have  increased  from  1  in  1874  to  4  in  1880  and  over 
50  in  1890.  17  of  these  are  in  the  United  States,  and  in 
them,  up  to  May,  1891,  about  2200  bodies  have  been  incin- 
erated. There  are  6  public  crematories  in  Tokio,  Japan,  and 
about  10,000  bodies  a  year  are  burned  in  that  city.  It  is  es- 
timated that  47  per  cent,  of  the  dead  in  Japan  are  inciner- 
ated. The  first  crematory  in  the  U,  S.  was  built  at  Washing- 
ton, Pa.,  by  Dr.  F.  Julius  le  Moyne,  and  the  first  incineration 
there,  that  of  the  body  of  baron  de  Palm,  took  place  in  Dec. 
1876.  This  crematory  was  built  for  private  use,  but  being 
the  only  one  in  the  U.  S.  up  to  1884,  it  was  used  for  38  or  40 
incineration.s,  and  was  closed  to  the  public,  1  Aug.  1884. 
Dr.  Coletti,  rector  of  the  University  of  Padua,  prepares  a  me- 
moir for  the  Academy  of  Science  and  Literature  in  that  city, 

strongly  commending  the  practice  of  cremation 1856 

Profs.  Coletti  andCastiglioni  introduce  the  subject  of  cremation 
in  the  Medical  International  Congress  at  Florence 1869 


CRI 


Uoyal  Institute  of  Science  and  Letters  of  Lombardy  offers  a 
prize  for  tho  best  practical  method  of  cremation 187.i 

Cremation  society  of  England  founded;  sir  Henry  Thompson, 
president Jan.  187* 

"Cremation  of  the  Dead:  its  History,"  etc.,  pub.  by  William 
Kassic '  ■ 

Crematory  at  Milan,  Italy,  erected " 

Crematory  at  Lodi,  Italy,  built 187(1 

Crematory  at  Gotha,  Germany,  built  by  the  municipal  council 
and  opened  to  the  public Nov.  1878 

First  cremation  in  England,  that  of  Mrs.  Hanham,  at  Mansion 
House,  county  Dorset 8  Oct.  1882 

Second  crematory  in  the  U.S.  opened  at  Lancaster, Pa. , 25  Nov.     1884 

Crematory  built  at  Woking,  Engl.,  in  1879.  First  incineration 
takes  place  0  years  later,  the  interval  being  devoted  to  prov- 
ing that  no  law,  ancient  or  modern,  in  England  forbade  the 
practice.     First  incineration 26  Mch.  1885 

First  incineration  in  crematory  at  Fresh  Pond,  L.  I.,  Dec.  4, 
and  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y 27  Dec.    ." 

University  of  Pennsylvania  erects  a  crematory  for  inciner- 
ating the  remains  ofthose  dissected  in  the  medicaldepartment,  1886 

Crematory  with  2  furnaces  built  at  a  cost  of  $50,0U0  in  the 
cemetery  of  Pdre  la  Chaise  at  the  suggestion  of  the  munici- 
pal council  of  Paris.     First  incineration  takes  place.  .22  Oct.  1887 

Legislature  of  New  York  state  appropriates  $20,000  for  build- 
ing and  equipping  a  crematory  on  Swinburne  island  for  the 
use  of  the  commissioners  of  quarantine  (188H).  This  was 
the  first  state  action  on  record ;  crematory  built 18HH 

Crematory  in  Oakwood  cemetery,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  one  of  ttie  finest 
buildings  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  erected  as  a  memorial  to 
Gardiner  Earl;  built  of  granite  in  Romanesque  style,  VM\  ft. 
in  length,  70  in  width,  and  with  a  tower  90  ft.  high Nov.  18H!> 

New  England  Cremation  Society  organized 1892 

Cremera,  Battle  of.    Fabh. 

Creino'na,  N.  Itah^,  a  city  founded  by  the  Romans,  221 
B.C.  It  became  an  independent  republic  in  1107,  but  was  fre- 
quently subjugated  by  its  neighbors,  Milan  and  Venice,  and 
partook  of  their  fortunes.  In  Nov.  1859,  it  became  part  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Cremona  was  eminent  for  violin-makers 
from  about  1550  to  1750. 

cre'Ole.  In  the  United  States  (Louisiana),  any  native 
of  French  or  Spanish  descent  by  either  parent,  especially  French. 

Creole  (the  ship),  Case  of.     United  States,  1841. 

ere§ceilt,  a  symbol  of  sovereignty  among  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  and  the  device  of  Byzantium,  now  Constantino- 
ple. While  besieged,  340  b.c.,  by  Philip,  father  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  in  a  night  attack  their  danger  was  revealed  to 
the  Greeks  by  the  light  of  the  moon,  then  in  crescent;  in 
gratitude  they  assumed  the  crescent  as  a  symbol  of  their  city. 
It  is  also  a  symbol  of  certain  tribes  of  Central  Asia,  among 
them  the  Turks.  The  crescent  has  given  name  to  3  orders 
of  knighthood:  founded  by  Charles  I.  of  Naples,  1268;  by 
Rene  of  Anjou,  in  1448;  by  the  sultan  Selim,  in  1801.  The 
last  is  still  in  existence. 

Cre§py,  a  town  of  N.  France.  Here  was  signed  a  treaty 
between  Charles  V.  of  Germany  and  Francis  I.  of  France,  18 
Sept.  1544.  The  former  renoiniced  Burgundy  and  the  latter 
Italy. 

crests  are  ascribed  to  the  Carians.  Richard  I.  (1189) 
had  a  crest  on  the  helmet  like  a  plume  of  feathers.  The  Eng- 
lish kings  generally  had  crowns  above  their  helmets;  that  of 
Richard  II.,  1377,  was  surmounted  by  a  lion  on  a  cap  of  dig- 
nity. Crecy.  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland,  1249,  had  a  plume 
of  feathers;  the  helmet  of  Robert  I.  was  surmounted  by  a 
crown,  1306 ;  and  that  of  James  I.  by  a  lion,  1424.  In  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries,  the  crest  was  described  as  a  figure  placed 
upon  a  wreath,  coronet,  or  cap  of  maintenance. — Gtcillim. 

Crete,  now  Candia. 

Cribba^e,  a  game  at  cards,  usually  played  by  2  per- 
sons  in  61  points.     Probably  of  English  origin,  formerly  called 
noddy,  mentioned  1616.     The  earliest  description  of  the  game| 
is  in  "  The  Compleat  Gamester,"  1674. 

cricket,  the  national  game  of  England.     The  earliest 
allusion  to  the  game  is  found  in  the  wardrobe  account  of  king 
Edward  Lin  1300.     The  word  "cricket"  occurs  first  about 
1550.     It  was  played  at  Winchester  college  as  early  as  1650. 
First  recorded  match  between  Kent  and  All  England,  held  at 

the  Artillery  ground,  Finsbury 4  Aug.  1746 

Hambledon  club,  which  existed  21  years,  founded 1750 

First  collection  of  rules  for  playing  framed 1774 

Marylebone  Cricket-club  organized 1787 

Round  or  straight  arm  bowling  accepted  and  comes  into  use. .  1825 

Union  Cricket  club  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  organized 1832 

All  England  Eleven  commence  playing 184d 


CRI 


International  matches,  generally  won  by  English  team,  held  in 

America,  in  1859, 1868,  1872,  1881,  and 1882 

Australian  club  victors  in  a  match  with  the  "  Players  of  Eng- 
land "  at  the  Crystal  palace 27,  28,  29  Sept.  1880 

Australians  defeated  at  Manchester,  Engl.,  by  the  North  of 

England  team 16  Sept.  1882 

crime,  England  and  Wales.  From  the  "Judicial  Sta- 
tistics" of  England  and  Wales  it  is  shown  that  during  the  20 
years  previous  to  1890  there  was  a  notable  increase  in  tlie  fol- 
lowing crimes:  murder,  assault  with  intent  to  ravish  and 
abuse,  burglary  and  house-breaking,  breaking  into  shops  and 
warehouses,  etc.,  and  attempts  to  commit  suicide,  the  latter 
crime  having  more  than  quadrupled.  On  the  contrary,  a 
marked  decrease  took  place  in  attempts  to  murder,  shooting, 
stabbing,  etc.,  with  intent  to  maim,  assault  on  officers,  receiv- 
ing stolen  goods,  and  larceny.  In  1887  it  was  announced  that 
the  number  of  female  convicts  had  fallen  nearly  50  per  cent,  in 
10  years.  The  number  of  criminals  in  England  and  Wales  at 
various  periods,  and  the  number  and  classification  of  sentences 
passed,  is  shown  in  the  following  tables  : 

NIIMBKR  OF  CRIMINALS  IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALKS  AT  VARI- 
OUS PKKIODS,  AND  PROPORTION  OF  POPULATION  TO  CRIM- 
INALS. 


211  CRI 

NUMBKR  AND  NATIVITY  OF  PRISONERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
FROM  CENSUS  STATISTICS,  1850-90. 


CrimiiiiiJ  class.                    |  1868-69 

1872-73 

1877-78 

1882-83  j  1887-88 

At  large,  suspected,  etc 

In  local  prisons,  except  debt-  [ 
or  and  military  prisons. .. ) 

54,249 

19,927 

8,864 
4,318 

45,201 

17,511 

9,582 
4,515 

40,626 

17,625 

10,358 
4,883 

38,420 

16,751 

9,640 
4,517 

32,910 

13,973 

5,583 

In  reform  schools 

4,203 

Totals 

87,358 

76,809 

73,492 

69,328 

56,669 

Proportion  of  total  popula- ) 
tion  to  each  criminal —  ) 

254.3 

304.3 

340.6 

386.1 

506.3 

Showing  a  large  decrease  in  crimes  in  relation  to  the  increase  of 
population. 

NUMBER  AND  CLASSIFICATION  OF  SENTENCKS  PASSED  ON 
OFFENDERS  IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALES  IN  YEARS  NAMED, 
AND   MEAN  OF  20  YEARS. 


Criminals  sentenced. 


To  death 

Life  imprisonment. . 

Over  15  years 

Under  15  years 

Sent    to    Reforma-  | 

tory j 

Fined,  etc 


Totals. 


15 
13,728 


257 
314 


1873 


18 
10,608 


201 
11,089 


1878 


20 

14 

25 

11,813 

210 

391 


1883 


23 

10 

28 

10,795 


331 


12,473  I  11,347 


1888 


i  Mean  for 


36 

4 

4 

9,930 

103 

484 


10,561 


10.25 

19.5 

10,975 


339.45 


Sentenced. 

1  June,  1880. 

1  June,  1890. 

80 
1,615 
1,112 
29,258 
11,100 
2,031 

"5;  .564' 
7,849 

162 

2,766 

1,697 

43,442 

18,539 

3,691 

"10,83.5' 
1,197 

"               20  years  and  over 

Held  for  trial,  witnesses,  etc 

Totals 

58,609 

82,329 

Date. 

Native. 

Foreign. 

Totals. 

1  June,  1850 

4,326 
10,143 
24,173 

45,802 
65,070 

2,411 
8,943 

8,728 
12,807 
17,259 

6,737 

"         1860 

19,086 

"         1870 

32,901 

"        1880 

58,609 
82,329 

"        1890 

The  number  of  executions  and  lynchings  reported  by  the 
sheriffs  as  taking  place  in  the  U.  S.  during  the  calendar  year 
1890  was  as  follows : 


crime,  United  States.  The  total  number  of  prisoners  on 
1  June,  1890,  was  82,329.  As  to  parentage,  there  were  57,310 
of  purely  white  blood,  24,277  negroes,  407  Chinese,  13  Japanese, 
and  322  Indians  ;  and  from  carefully  prepared  statistics  of  the 
nativity  of  both  parents  of  the  57,310  white  prisoners,  it  is 
found  that  43.19  per  cent,  of  crime  committed  in  the  U.  S.  bj'^ 
white  men  and  women  is  chargeable  to  the  native  white 
element  of  the  population,  and  56.81  per  cent,  to  the  foreign 
element.  The  distribution  of  the  82,329  prisoners  in  the 
U.  S.  1  June,  1890,  was  as  follows :  In  penitentiaries,  45,233 ; 
county  jails,  19,861;  city  prisons,  3264;  workhouses,  9968; 
leased  out,  2308;  in  military  prisons,  794;  in  insane  hospitals, 
901.  The  statistical  table  given  below  shows  in  the  aggregate 
the  number  convicted  and  under  various  sentences,  according 
to  the  U.  S.  census  of  1880  and  1890. 

PRISONERS  OF   ALL  KINDS   IN  THfi:   UNITED   STATES,  1880-90. 


Of  the  above  number  for  1890,  7351  were  in  prison  for  the 
crime  of  homicide  (6958  males  and  393  females),  and  not  in- 
cluded in  the  above  table  (1890)  were  14,846  juveniles  in  re- 
formatories (11,535  boys  and  3311  girls). 


Locality. 

Executions. 

Lynchings. 

17 
43 

28 
51 
17 

40 

12 

54 

Western  Division 

11 

Totals 

156 

117 

Crimea  (hrim-ee'-a)  or  Crim  Tartary,  a  peninsula 
in  the  P^uxine  or  Black  sea,  area  about  10,000  sq.  miles,  pop. 
1890,-  about  250,000.  The  ancient  Taurica  Cheisonesus,  colo- 
nized by  Greeks  about  550  B.C.  The  Milesians  founded 
the  kingdom  of  Bosporus,  now  Kertch,  which,  about  108  b.c., 
was  subject  to  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  whose  descendants 
ruled  it,  under  Roman  protection,  till  th^  irruption  of  the 
Goths,  Huns,  etc.,  about  258  a.d.  About  1237  it  fell  to  the 
Mongols  under  Genghis  Khan ;  soon  after  the  Venetians  es- 
tablished commercial  stations,  with  lucrative  trade,  but  were 
supplanted  by  the  Genoese,  who  were  permitted  to  rebuild 
and  fortify  Kaffa  about  1261.  In  1475  Mahomet  II.  expelled 
the  Genoese,  and  the  Ottomans,  leaving  the  government  to 
the  native  khans,  closed  the  Black  sea  to  western  Europe. 
In  1774,  by  the  intervention  of  the  empress  Catherine  II.,  the 
Crimea  recovered  its  independence;  but  on  the  abdication  of 
the  khan  in  1783  the  Russians  took  possession,  after  a  war 
with  Turkey,  and  retained  it  by  the  treaty  of  Jassy,  9  Jan. 
1792.  The  Crimea  (now  a  part  of  the  province  of  Taurida) 
was  divided  into  8  governments  in  1802.  War  having  been 
declared  against  Russia  by  England  and  France,  28  Mch. 
1854,  large  masses  of  troops  sent  to  the  East,  after  remaining 
some  time  at  Gallipoli  and  other  places,  sailed  for  Varna, 
where  they  disembarked  29  May.  The  allies  deciding  to  at- 
tack the  Crimea,  British,  French,  and  Turkish  forces  of  58,000 
men  (25,000  British),  under  lord  Raglan  and  marshal  St.  Ar- 
naud,  sailed  from  Varna  3  Sept.,  and  landed  on  the  14th,  15th, 
and  16th,  without  opposition,  at  Old  Fort,  near  Eupatoria, 
about  30  miles  from  Sebastopol.  On  the  20th  they  attacked 
the  Russians,  between  40,000  and  50,000  strong  (under  prince 
Menschikoff),  intrenched  on  the  heights  of  Alma,  supposed 
impregnable,  and  after  a  sharp  contest  routed  them.  Alma 
and  Russo-TuRKisii  Wars.  Peace  was  proclaimed  Apr.  1856, 
and  the  allies  quitted  the  Crimea  12  July  following. 

Crimi'§US,  a  river  in  Sicily,  near  which  Timoleou  de- 
feated the  Carthaginians,  339  b.c. 

Crin'oline  (a  French  word,  meaning  stuff  made  of  crin, 
hair),  is  the  modern  name  of  the  "farthingale"  of  the  time  of 
queen  Elizabeth,  hoop- like  petticoats  made  of  whalebone,  steel, 
etc. ;  fashion  revived,  1855-70,  since  disappeared  entirely. 
Hoops  frequently  extended  to  12  and  15  feet  in  circumference. 
In  No.  116  of  the  Tatler,  pub.  5  Jan.  1710  in  London,  is  an 
amusing  trial  of  the  hoop-petticoat  then  in  fashion. 

Cripplegate,  London,  was  so  called  from  the  lame 
beggars  who  sat  there,  so  early  as  the  year  1010.  The  gate 
was  newly  built  by  the  brewers  of  London  in  1244;  and  was 
pulled  down  and  sold  for  91/.  in  July,  1760.  The  poet  Milton 
was  buried  in  the  church  near  it,  12  Nov.  1674.     London. 

"  Crisi§,  The,"  a  series  of  14  patriotic  papers  by 
Thomas  Paine  during  the  Revolution,  extending  from  1775  to 
1783.  The  first,  in  reply  to  gen.  Gage's  proclamation,  is  dated 
9  Aug.  1775;  the  second,  written  just  after  Congress  leaves 
Philadelphia,  fearing  its  capture  by  the  British,  to  meet  at 
Baltimore,  is  dated  19  Dec.  1776.  It  begins  with  the  well- 
known  words,  "These  are  the  times  that  try  men's  souls." 
The  third  is  dated  Jan.  1777;  most,  if  not  all,  were  published 
in  Philadelphia.     Pennsylvania,  1776. 


CRI 

crisis,  commercial  ami  monetary.  TItose  that  have 
most  affeoteii  England  were  in  the  following  years,  to  wit : 
176.%  1783,  1793,  1797,  1810,  1816,  1825,  1837-38,  1847,  1857, 
1864-66.  1875.  In  the  United  States,  1816,  1825,  1837,  1847, 
1857, 1873, 1893.  A  crisis  in  Holland  was  caused  by  the  Tulip 
ft|)eculation,  which  lasted  from  1634-39,  and  during  which  a 
certain  kind  of  tulip  was  quoted  at  55(M)  florins.  The  state 
put  a  stop  to  the  craze.  A  crisis  in  trance,  1(!20,. caused  by 
the  Mississippi  scheme  of  John  Law.  Law's  Bubble.  The 
crisis  of  1837,  the  most  disastrous  in  the  U.  S.,  followed  general 
and  excessive  land  speculation. 

Crispin  and  Crlsplail  are  said  to  have  been  2 
saints,  born  at  Home,  who  travelled  to  Soissons,  in  France,  to 
propagate  the  Christian  religion.  They  worked  as  shoemak- 
ers (hence  the  patron  saint  of  that  trade) ;  but  the  governor 
of  the  town,  discovering  them  to  be  Christians,  ordered  them 
to  be  Ueheaded,  about  288.  Tiieir  day  is  25  Oct.,  the  date 
of  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

"This  day  is  culled— the  feast  of  Crispian." 

—ShaJcespeare,  "Henry  V.,"act.  iv.  so.  iii. 

crith  (from  the  Gr.  KpiOli,  a  barleycorn,  or  small  weight), 
a  term  suggested  by  dr.  A.  W.  Hofmann  (about  1864)  to  ex- 
press the  volume-weight  of  gases;  a  cube  containing  1  litre 
of  hydrogen  (0.0896  gramme)  to  be  the  unit.  Hydrogen  be- 
ing 1  crith,  oxygen  will  be  16,  nitrogen  14  criths. 

crillcs.  The  first  society  of  them  was  formed  276  B.c. 
— Blair.  Varro,  Cicero,  Apollonius,  and  Aristarchus  were  an- 
cient critics.  In  modern  times  the  Journal  des  Sgavcws,  the 
earliest  critical  periodical,  founded  by  Denis  de  Sallo,  ecclesi- 
astical councillor  in  the  parliament  of  France,  was  first  pub- 
lished at  Paris,  30  May,  1655,  and  is  still  continued.  Jean  le 
Clerc's  "  Ars  Critica,"  pub.  1696,  is  said  to  be  the  earliest  sys- 
tematic treatise.  The  first  work  of  this  kind  in  England  was 
the  "  Review"  of  Daniel  Defoe  (the  term  being  invented  by  him- 
self), pub.  in  Feb.  1703.  The  Works  of  the  Learned  began 
1710,  and  the  Waies  of  Literature  in  1714;  discontinued  in 
1722.     Kk  VIEWS. 

The  legality  of  fViir  criticism  was  established  in  the  English  courts 
in  Feb.  1794,  in  an  action  that  excited  great  attention,  brought  by 
an  author  against  a  reviewer  for  a  severe  critique.  Judgment 
was  given  for  the  defendant,  on  the  principle  that  criticism  is 
allowable,  however  sharp,  if  just,  and  not  malicious. 

Croa'tia,  conquered  by  Coloman,  king  of  Hungary, 
in  1102,  was  with  that  country  united  to  Austria  in  1526. 
The  Croatian  Diet  was  abolished  Nov.  1861.  The  Croats 
protested  against  incorporation  with  Hungary,  25  May,  1867, 
and  their  diet  (including  Croatia  and  Slavonia)  at  Agram  was 
dissolved  27  May.  The  union  of  Croatia  with  Hungary  was 
recognized  by  a  Croatian  deputation  27  May,  1868,  and  Croatian 
delegates  entered  the  Hungarian  Diet  24  Nov.  Area  of  Croatia 
and  Slavonia  about  16,785  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1890,  about  2,184,419. 

crofteri  and  cottars,  the  holders  of  small  portions 

of  land,  and  the  laborers  in  the  highlands  and  islands  of 

Scotland. 

A  royal  commission  appointed  22  Mch.  1883  (Francis,  baron 
Napier  and  others),  to  inquire  into  their  condition,  report 
their  state  as  not  worse  than  formerly,  but  disclose  maiiv 
grievances  relating  to  the  tenure  of  land,  liigh  rents,  defi- 
ciency of  education,  of  postal  communication,  of  roads,  etc. 
They  recommend,  among  other  remedies,  the  revival  of  an- 
cient highland  townshii)s  with  common  privileges,  limiting 
the  power  of  superior  lords,  etc 28  Apr.  1884 

Meeting  at  Inverness  of  chief  landlords;  conciliatory  favorable 
changes  proposed 14  Jan.  1885 

Crotters  colonization  commission  appointed  by  British  and 
Canadian  governments Dec.  1888 

Canadian  settlements  reported  prosperous 1891 

Croix,  St.  (sent  kroi'),  St  West  India  island, purchased  from 
the  French  by  Christian  VI.,  king  of  Denmark,  in  1733 ;  taken 
by  sir  Alexander  Cochrane,  22  Dec.  1807 ;  restored  in  1814. 

CromicctlS,  ancient  monuments,  formerly  considered 
to  be  Druidical  altars,  but  now  believed  to  be  connected  with 
burials.  One  is  in  Anglesey;  similar  structures  have  been 
found  in  Ireland,  India,  Arabia,  and  other  countries.     Ave- 

BURY,  CaRNAC,  StONEHENGE. 

€ron§tadt,  Russia,  founded  by  Peter  the  Great,  1710, 
and  received  its  name  (Crown-town)  in  1721.  It  was  not  at- 
tacked by  the  fleets  in  the  war  with  Russia,  1854-55. 


-JJ-i  CRO 

Croprcdy  Brldg^C,  near  Banbury,  Oxfordshire. 
Here  the  royalists  defeated  sir  William  Waller  and  the  army 
of  the  parliament,  29  June,  1644. 

croquet  (ho-kay').  This  game,  which  became  com- 
mon in  Britain  about  1850,  is  said  to  be  a  revival  of  the  old 
"  pall-mall."  It  has  been  largely  superseded  by  lawn-tenni.s, 
1887-93. 

crosier,  a  staff  supporting  a  cross,  borne  before  an  arch- 
bishop, was  in  use  in  the  4th  century.  The  bearing  of  a  cro- 
sier before  ecclesiastics  is  mentioned  in  the  life  of  St.  Cie;iarea 
of  Aries  about  600. 

cross  (Lat.  crux),  an  instrument  for  inflicting  the  punish- 
ment of  death ;  originally  a  tree,  on  which  the  culprit  was 
tied  or  impaled,  and  left  to  perish  ;  later,  an  upright  stake  with 
a  horizontal  bar,  to  which  the  victim  was  bound  and  nailed 
with  spikes  through  the  outstretched  extremities.  Cuuct- 
KixiON.  The  cross  on  which  the  Redeemer  suffered  on  Cal- 
vary was  said  to  have  been  found  buried  at  Jerusalem,  with 
2  others,  by  St.  Helena,  3  May,  328  (termed  the  Invention  of 
the  Cross);  Christ's,  it  is  alleged,  being  distinguished  by  the 
cure  of  a  sick  woman  from  its  touch.  It  was  carried  away 
by  Chosroes,  king  of  Persia,  on  plundering  Jerusalem ;  but 
recovered  by  the  emperor  Heraclius  (who  defeated  him  in  bat- 
tle), 14  Sept.  615,  a  da\'  since  commemorated  in  some  churches 
as  "  the  festival  of  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross,"  established  in 
642. 

Church  writers  say  that  a  great  shining  cross,  seen  in  the 
heavens  by  Constantino,  led  him  to  adopt  it  on  his  standard, 
with  the  inscription  "/n  hoc  signo  vinces^^ — "Under  this 
sign  thou  shall  conquer."  With  this  (labarum)  he  advanced 
to  Rome,  where  he  vanquished  Maxentius,  27  Oct.  312. — 
Lenglet. 

Signing  with  the  Cross  first  practised  by  Christians  to  distin- 
guish themselves  from  pagans about    110 

In  the  time  of  Tertulliau,  it  was  deemed  efficacious  against 
poison,  witchcraft,  etc ' 260 

Crosses  in  churches  and  chambers  were  introduced  about  431; 
and  set  up  on  steeples  about 568 

Crosses  in  honor  of  queen  Eleanor  were  set  up  in  places  where 
her  hearse  rested,  between  1296  (when  she  died)  and 1807 

Crosses  and  idolatrous  pictures  removed  from  churches,  and 
crosses  in  streets  demolished,  by  order  of  Parliament 1641 

Maids  of  the  C7-oss,  a  community  of  young  women  who  made 
vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  oliedience,  instituted 1625 

Order  of  Ladies  of  the  Star  of  the  Cross,  instituted  by  the  era- 
press  Eleonora  di  Gonzaga,  wife  of  Leopold  I '. . . .  1668 

Cross-Keys,  Va.  Here  on  8  June,  1862,  gen.  Fremont 
engaged  part  of  "Stonewall"  Jackson's  command  under  gen. 
Ewell,  with  indecisive  results.  Ewell  retired  during  the  night. 
Peninsular  campaign. 

Croton  aqueduct,  which  supplies  New  York  city 
with  water  from  the  Croton  river,  was  begun  in  1837,  and  fin- 
ished in  1842  at  a  cost  of  $12,500,000.  It  is  of  brick,  and  ex- 
tends from  Croton  river  dam  about  30  miles  from  Harlem 
river  along  the  Hudson,  crossing  the  Harlem  by  the  High 
bridge.  Its  capacity  is  about  98,000,000  gallons  in  24  hours. 
The  population  of  the  city  when  it  was  finished  was  quite 
350,000.  By  1880  the  rapid  increase  of  population  made  an 
increased  water  supply  necessary.  A  plan  was  submitted  to 
the  mayor  b\'  the  commissioners  of  public  works,  22  Feb.  1882, 
for  a  new  aqueduct.  A  resolution  of  the  state  senate,  9  Jan. 
1883,  requested  the  mayor  of  New  York  to  appoint  5  commis- 
sioners to  examine  plans,  etc.  The  commissioners  reported  7 
Mch.  1883,  recommending  a  new  aqueduct.  The  Aqueduct 
act  passed  by  the  legislature  authorizing  the  work,  1883.  The 
aqueduct  commission  permanently  organized,  8  Aug.  1883. 
Benj.  S.  Church  appointed  chief  engineer,  15  Aug.  1883.  Ex- 
pense of  the  commissions,  1883,  $22,747.90 ;  1884,  $185,730.63 ; 
1885,  $2,265,147.58;  1886,  $5,029,684.21.  Total  from  8  Aug. 
1883,  $7,503,310.32  ;  1887,  $7,242,293.75.  Total  from  the  first 
to  Jan.  1888,  $14,745,604.27.  The  work  of  sinking  the  first 
shaft  began  about  15  Jan.  1884,  and  the  new  aqueduct  was 
opened  for  use  15  July,  1890.  Total  cost,  $24,767,477.25.  The 
cross-section  of  the  aqueduct  is  equal  to  a  circle  14  feet  in 
diameter;  in  its  length  of  33J  miles  its  fall  is  33.8  feet.  Its 
discharging  capacity  is  318,000,000  gallons  in  24  hours;  or 
with  the  old  aqueduct,  415,000,000  gallons  in  24  hours.  In 
connection  with  the  aqueduct  the  dam  at  Quaker  Bridge  was 
built,  1887-91,  at  a  cost  of  $3,000,000.  It  is  1350  feet  long, 
277  feet  high,  and  216  feet  wide  at  the  bottom.     The  capacity 


I 


CRO 


213 


CTE 


of  this  dam  is  nearly  70,000,000,000  gallons,  and  it  impounds 
the  water  of  800  sq.  miles. 

Croto'na,  S.  Italy,  a  city  founded  by  the  Achaean  Greeks 
about  710  B.C.  Here  Pythagoras  taught  about  520.  The 
Crotons  destroyed  Sybaris,  510.  Its  medical  school  was,  in 
the  days  of  Herodotus  and  long  after,  the  most  renowned  in 
Greece. 

crown.     An  Amalekite  brought  Saul's  crown  to  David, 
1056  B.C.  (2  Sara.  i.).    The  (irst  Roman  who  wore  a  crown  was 
Tarquin  the  Elder,  616  b.c.     The  crown  was  first  a  fillet  tied 
round  the  head ;  afterwards  it  was  formed  of  leaves  and  flow- 
ers, and  also  of  stuffs  adorned  with  jewels.     Tiaua. 
Crown  of  Alfred  bore  2  little  bells  (872) ;  it  is  said  to  have  been  long 
preserved  iit  Westminster,  and  perhaps  was  that  described  in  the 
parliamentary  inventory  oflGli). 
Athelstan's  crown  resembled  an  earl's  coronet,  929. 
William  I.  wore  his  crown  on  a  cap,  adorned  with  points,  1066. 
Richard  III.  introduced  the  crosses,  1483. 
Henry  VII.  introduced  the  arches,  1485. 

Crown  and  regalia  of  England  were  pledged  to  the  city  of  London 
by  Richard  II.  for  20001.  in  1386;  see  the  king's  receipt  on  re- 
deeming them. — Rymer. 
Crown  of  Charles  II.,  made  in  1660,  is  the  oldest  existing  in  Eng- 
land. Blood's  Conspiracy. 
Imperial  state  crown  of  England  was  made  by  Rundell  &  Bridges 
in  1838,  principally  of  Jewels  from  old  crowns.  It  contains  1  large 
ruby,  1  large  sapphire,  16  sapphires,  II  emeralds,  4  rubies,  1363 
brilliant  diamonds,  1273  rose  diamonds,  147  table  diamonds,  4  drop- 
shaped  pearls,  and  273  pearls. —Pro/  Tennant. 

crown  landi.  The  revenue  from  those  in  England 
is  now  nearly  all  subject  to  Parliament,  which  appropriates  to 
the  sovereign  and  government  about  375,000/.  a  year.  The 
revenue  of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall  belongs  to  the  prince  of 
Wales  even  during  minority.  Henry  VII.  (1485)  resumed  the 
lauds  given  to  followers  by  sovereigns  of  the  house  of  York. 
The  hereditary  crown  estates  were  largely  bestowed  on  court- 
iers by  sovereigns — especially  by  the  Stuarts. 

CrOW^n  of  India,  Imperial  Order  of,  instituted  by 
queen  Victoria  (on  assuming  the  title  of  empress,  1  Jan.  1877), 
for  princesses  of  the  royal  family,  distinguished  Indian  and 
Briti.'ih  ladies,  and  wives  of  viceroys  and  governors  and  sec- 
retaries of  state  for  India,  31  Dec.  1877.  Twelve  ladies  (the 
marchioness  of  Salisbury  and  others)  invested,  29  Apr.  1878. 

Crown  Point,  on  lake  Champlain,  Essex  county, 
N.  Y.  First  fortified  by  the  French  in  1731  as  fort  Frederick ; 
evacuated  by  them  and  occupied  by  the  English  under  gen. 
Amherst,  1759;  fortified  at  a  cost  of  f  10,000,000,  but  fortifica- 
tions never  completed,  and  after  the  peace  of  1763  not  kept 
in  repair.  It  was  occupied  by  1  sergeant  and  11  men,  with 
114 cannon  (61  serviceable), when  captured  by  "Green  Moun- 
tain Boys"  under  col.  Seth  Warner,  from  the  British,  12  May, 
1775.  Abandoned  by  the  Americans  on  the  approach  of  Bur- 
goyne,  1777.     Reoccupied  same  year. 

crowns  and  half-crowns  of  silver  were  coined  in 
England  by  Edward  VI.,  1553;  none  in  1861,  and  they  were 
gradually  withdrawn  from  circulation.  The  coinage  of  half- 
crowns  was  resumed,  1874,  after  an  inquiry  as  to  their  utility. 

CroiVS,     Indians. 

crucifix,  an  imitation  of  the  cross  bearing  the  figure 
of  Christ,  first  known  in  the  4th,  came  into  general  use  in 
the  8th  century. 

crucifixion,  A  cruel  mode  of  execution  among  the 
Assyrians,  Egyptians,  Persians,  Carthaginians,  Greeks,  Jews, 
and  Romans.  Ariarathes,  of  Cappadocia,  aged  80,  vanquished 
by  Perdiccas,  when  identified  among  the  prisoners,  was  flayed 
alive  and  nailed  to  a  cross,  with  his  principal  officers,  322  b.c. 
Jesus  Christ  was  crucified  3  Apr.  33  a.d.  by  the  Romans,  in- 
stigated by  the  Jews,  in  its  most  cruel  form,  namely,  by 
piercing  the  hands  and  feet  with  nails. —  Ushe?-  (15  Apr.  29 
A.D.,  Clinton;  28  Mch.  31  a.d.,  Hales).  Crucifixion  discon- 
tinued by  Constantine,  SSO.—Lenglef. 

cruelty  to  animals.     Animals,  Vivisection. 

crusades  (Fr.  croisades),  wars  to  drive  infidels  from 
Jerusalem  and  the  "  Holy  Land."  Peter  Gautier,  the  Hermit, 
an  officer  of  Amiei\s,  returning  from  pilgrimage,  incited  pope 
Urban  II.  to  expel  infidels  from  the  holy  city.  Urban  con- 
vened a  council  of  310  bishops  at  Clermont  in  France,  ambas- 
sadors of  the  chief  Christian  potentates  assisting,  and  gave 


Peter  commission  to  summon  Europe  to  a  general  war,  1094. 
The  first  crusade  was  proclaimed ;  an  army  of  300,000  men 
raised,  with  Godfrej'  de  Bouillon  as  commander  under  Peter's 
guidance,  1095.  The  warriors  wore  a  red  cross  on  the  right 
shoulder,  and  their  motto  was  Volente  de  Dieu—^'-  God's  will." 
The  French  government  has  published  chronicles  of  the  cru- 
sades in  a  magnificent  form  (1844-77). 

I.  Crusade  (1095)  ended,  Jerusalem  taken  by  assault,  15  July,  1099; 
Godfrey  de  Bouillon  made  king. 

II.  Preached  by  8t.  Bernard  in  1146,  headed  by  emperor  Conrad  II. 
and  Louis  V^II.  of  France.  Crusaders  defeated;  Jerusalem  lost  in 
1187. 

III.  Emperor  Frederick  Barbarossa.  etc.,  in  1188,  joined  by  Philip 
II.  of  France  and  Richard  I.  of  England  in  1190.  Glorious,  but 
fruitless. 

IV.  1195,  by  emperor  Henry  VI. ;  successful  till  his  death  in  1197. 

V.  Proclaimed  by  Innocent  III.,  1198.  Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders, 
attacked  the  (i reeks,  and  took  Constantinople  in  1203.  His  com- 
panions returned. 

VI.  In  1216.  In  1229,  emperor  Frederick  II.  obtained  possession  of 
Jerusalem  by  truce  for  10  years. 

VII.  In  1240  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  arrived  at  Palestine,  but 
soon  departed. 

VIII.  By  Louis  IX.  (St.  Louis),  1248;  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at 
Mansourah,  5  Apr.  12.50;  released  by  ran.som ;  truce  of  10  years. 

IX.,  and  last,  1270,  by  St.  Louis,  who  died  of  a  contagions  disease, 
at  Carthage,  in  Africa,  25  Aug.  Prince  Edward,  afterwards  Edward 
I.  of  England,  was  at  Acre,  1271.  In  1291,  the  sultan  took  Acre; 
Christians  driven  out  of  Syria. 

In  1212  occurred  the  "  children's  crusades."  In  France,  under  the 
boy  Stephen,  30,000  encamped  around  Vendome.  and  in  moving 
to  Marseilles  10,000  were  lost.  Thence  about  5000  sailed  for  Pales- 
tine, only  in  the  end  to  be  sold  into  slavery.  In  the  same  year 
20,000  (icrman  boys  and  girls  set  out  from  Cologne  for  Palestine, 
under  the  peasant  lad  Nicholas;  5000  reached  Genoa;  the  rest 
mostly  dispersed  ;  some  sailed  for  Palestine  from  Brindisi,  only  to 
be  soon  forgotten.  The  (icnoese  persuaded  their  visitors  to  re- 
main, and  some  rose  to  distinction  in  the  stale.     Albigenses. 

cry'olite,  a  Greenland  mineral,  a  fluoride  of  aluminium 
and  sodium,  used  in  extracting  aluminium  in  1855. 

Cryopll'orus,  an  instrument  (invented  by  dr.Wollas- 
ton  about  1812)  to  demonstrate  the  effects  of  evaporation  in 
producing  cold. 

Cryp'togram,  The  Great.    Shakp:speake's  plays. 

cryp'tograpll,  an  apparatus  for  writing  in  cipher,  in- 
vented by  sir  Charles  Wheatstone,  and  made  known  in  1868, 
designed,  by  using  different  key-words,  to  insure  absolute  se- 
crecy. A  cryptographic  machine  was  patented  1860.  Cipiib:h. 
a  system  of  secret  writing  described  in  "Archiv  der  .Mathe- 

matik  " 1795 

Prof.  J.  F.  Lorenz  published  a  system  at  Magdeburg 806 

Joseph  Ludwig  Kluber  published  "  Kryptographik  " 1809 

Messrs.  Thos.  De  la  Rue  published  Wm.  Henry  Rochfort's  sys- 
tem of  secret  writing  termed  "  Arcanography,"  resembling 

Lorenz's 1836 

A.  L.  Flamm  patented  an  improvement  on  this  system, 

about  Oct.  1875 

Crystal  palace,  New  York.  This  building,  in  Res- 
ervoir square,  was  opened  14  July,  1853,  hy  president  Pierce, 
for  a  universal  industrial  exhibition.  Its  main  buildings  and 
galleries  covered  173,000  sq.  feet.  After  the  exhibition  the 
American  Institute  fairs  and  other  meetings  were  held  there. 
On  5  Oct.  1858,  it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  with  many  articles  for 
exhibition  at  the  Institute.  The  palace,  built  by  a  stock 
company,  was  designed  by  Messrs.  Carstensen  &  Gildemeister, 
of  New  York,  and  was  considered  a  beautiful  piece  of  architect- 
ure. 

Crystal  palace,  Sydenham,  Engl.  The  exhibition 
building  of  1851  was  surrendered  to  Messrs.  Fox  &  Henderson, 
1  Dec.  1851,  and  the  materials  sold  for  70,000/.  to  a  companj', 
who  soon  rebuilt  the  Crystal  palace  on  its  present  site,  near 
Sydenham  in  Kent,  under  the  direction  of  sir  Joseph  Paxton, 
Owen  Jones,  Digby  Wyatt,  and  others.  The  proposed  capital 
of  500,000/.  (in  100,000  shares  of  5/.  each)  was  increased  Jan. 
1853,  to  1,000,000/. 

crystallog'raphyisthe  science  of  symmetrical  forms 
assumed  by  substances  passing  from  the  liquid  to  the  solid 
state.  Rome  de  Lisle  published  his  "Essai  de  Cristallogra- 
phie  "  in  1772 ;  but  Rene-Just  Haiiy  is  regarded  as  the  found- 
er of  the  modern  school  of  crystallography  (1801). —  Whewell. 
Dana,  Dufresnoy,  and  Miller  are  eminent  modern  writers  on 
this  subject. 

Ctes'iphon  (afterwards  Al  Madayn),  on  the  Tigris,  the 
capital  of  Parthia,  was  taken  by  Trajan  in  116,  and  by  Alex- 


CUB  214 

andor  Severus  (who  made  100,000  captives),  198.  Its  defences 
deterred  Julian  from  siege,  303.  It  was  taken  by  Omar  and 
Saracens,  637,  and  destroyed,  and  Cufa,  near  it,  built  of  the 
remains. 

Cuba  (the  original  name),  an  island  in  the  Caribbean 
sea.  the  largest  of  the  Antilles,  discovered  by  Columbus  on  his 
first  voyage,  28  Oct.  1492 ;  settled  by  Velasquez,  1 511-12.  Area, 
43,220  sq.  miles.  Population,  1870,'7G5,000  whites,  250,000  col- 
ore<l, 368,000  slaves;  in  1877,  about  1,400,000;  1889,  1,518,050, 
of  which  480,000  are  negroes,  and  50,000  Chinese. 

Buccauoor  ^^o^gllU  took  Havana  (IUtcankkrs) 1669 

A  British  cxpcditiou  lands  and  remains 20  July-20  Nov.  1741 

Havana  taken  by  admiral  rococko  and  lord  Albemarle,  176'2; 

restored  at  the  Peace  of  Paris 10  Feb.  1763 

♦•  liOSK  Star  "  society  for  the  acquisition  of  Cuba,  etc.,  formed,  1848 
Pres.  Taylor  of  the  U.  S.  publishes  a  strong  proclamation,  de- 
nouncing the  object  of  the  invaders 11  Aug.  1849 

Ex|K?ditiou  of  gen.  Lopez  and  a  large  body  of  Americans,  with 
tbe  view  of  wresting  this  island  from  the  dominion  of  Spain, 

l.inded  at  Cuba  (defeated) 17  May,  1850 

Cub  t  again  invaded  by  Lopez  and  others 13  Aug.  1851 

Tli«\v  are  defeated  and  taken ;  50  shot,  and  Lopez  garroted  at 

Havana  (Filibistkr.s) 1  Sept.     " 

U.  S.  steamer  Black  Warrior  seized  by  the  Cuban  authorities 

at  Havana  (Black  Warrior) 28  Feb.  1854 

Pres.  Pierce  of  the  U.  S.  issues  a  proclamation  against  an  in- 
tended exi)edilion  against  Cuba 31  May,     " 

Messrs.  Buchanan,  Mason,  and  Sould,  U.  S.  envoys,  meet  at 
Ostend  and  Ai.x  la-Chapelle,  and  report,  recommending  the 

purchase  of  Cuba  (Ostend  Maxifksto) 18  Oct.     " 

Spanish  minister  in  Cortes  declares  that  the  sale  would  be 

"  the  sale  of  Spanish  honor  itself" 19  Dec.     " 

Insurrection  of  Creoles,  under  Carlos  Manuel  de  Cespedes,  to 
expel  Spaniards  after  revolution  in  Spain;  volunteers  raised 

for  gov.  Lersundi Sept. -Nov.  1868 

A  til  busters'  attack  on  Cuba  repelled 17  May,  1869 

U.  S.  refuse  to  recognize  insurgents  as  belligerents June,  1870 

About  2000  lives  lost  by  a  hurricane about  14  Oct.     " 

Capt.-gen.  De  Rodas  resigned,  left  Cuba 15  Dec.      " 

Insurrection  mostly  subdued;  volunteers  insubordinate;  mili- 
tary despotism;  local  reign  of  terror;  massacres,  Jan.-Nov.  1871 
Don  Gonzalo  Castiifion  murdered  by  Cubans;  his  tomb  dese- 
crated by  medical  students,  25  Nov. ;  8  tried  and  shot  at  Ha- 
vana   27  Nov.     " 

F.  Delano  sent  by  the  U.  S.  government  to  report  on  the  state 

of  Cuba 9  Dec.  1872 

War  still  continues;  no  quarter  given Dec.     " 

Suspended  hostilities  by  establishment  of  Spanish  republic,  Feb.  1873 

Much  flghtiug  reported June,     " 

Virffinius,  American  steamer,  conveying  men  and  arms  from 
New  York  to  the  insurgents,  is  captured  by  the  Spanish  gun- 
boat Tornado,  31  Oct.;  conveyed  to  Cuba;  above  90  insur- 
gents and  sailors  (some  British  and  Americans)  tried;  many 
insurgents  and  about  6  British  and  30  Americans  (captain  and 

crew)  shot 4-7  Nov.     " 

After  correspondence  the  Virginius  surrendered  to  Americans, 

19  Dec. ;  foundered  on  her  way  to  New  York,  .about  26  Dec.  " 
Bascones  defeats  marquis  Santa  Lucia  and  5000  insurgents  at 

Naranjo Feb.  1874 

Cen.  Martinez  Campos  governor,  with  plenary  powers Oct.  1876 

Struggle  going  on  less  actively summer,  1877 

A  "Cuban  league  "  in  U.  S.  said  to  seek  recognition  of  the  in- 
surgents as  belligerents,  etc Sept.     " 

Estrada,  the  Cuban  president,  said  to  be  captured Oct.     " 

Reported  surrender  of  many  insurgents 23,  24  Dec.     " 

Surrender  of  insurgent  government;  end  of  insurrection  an- 
nounced   21  Feb.  1878 

Amnesty,  with  freedom  to  slaves  presenting  themselves  before 

31  Mch.  (gradual  abolition) Mch.     " 

Campos  and  Jovellar  enter  Havana  triumphantly 14  June,     " 

Insurrection;  state  of  siege ;  amnesty  promised 19  Sept.  1879, 

Insurgents  defeated  at  Placeta;  announced 3  Dec.     " 

Bill  for  gradual  emancipation  passes  Spanish  senate,  21  Dec. 
1879;  Chambers  of  Deputies  (230-10,  21  Jan.);  promulgated, 

18  Feb.  1880 

Cuba  reported  tranquil Sept.     " 

Slavery  abolished  absolutely 1886 

Capital  debt,  $186,000,000 1889 

cubit,  by  which  Noah's  ark  was  measured  (2448  b.c.), 
was  the  distance  from  a  man's  elbow  to  the  extremity  of  the 
middle  finger.  According  to  Arbuthnot,  the  Hebrew  cubit  was 
a  little  under  22  inches,  the  Roman  cubit  17J  inches,  and  the 
English  cubit  18  inches. 

CUCking^-StOOl  or  flUCking[-§tOOl,  for  shrews, 
one  at  Kingston-on-Thames  was  used  in  Apr.  1745;  and 
another  at  Cambridge  in  1780. — Chambers. 

cucumbers,  noticed  by  Vergil  and  other  ancient  poets, 
brought  to  England  from  the  Netherlands  about  1538. 

Cud'dalore,  India,  on  the  coast  of  the  Carnatic,  ac- 
quired by  the  English  in  1681,  reduced  by  the  French  in  1758, 
recaptured  in  1760  by  sir  Eyre  Coote.     Again  lost  in  1781,  it 


CUN 

underwent  a  destructive  siege  by  the  British  under  gen.  Stuart, 
in  1783,  wliich  lasted  until  peace  was  signed,  when  it  reverted 
to  them,  1784. 

Cuen'ca,  New  Ca.stlle,  Spain,  80  miles  from  Madrid, 
attacked  by  the  Carlists  13  July,  and  captured  14  July,  1874, 
and  garrison  and*  inhabitants  barbarously  used.  Gen.  Lopez 
rinto  rescued  the  prisoners,  19  July. 

cuirass  (kwee'-ras),  a  part  of  Greek  and  Roman  armor. 
Skins,  and  afterwards  tanned  leather,  formed  the  cuirass  of 
Britons  until  the  Anglo-Saxon  era.  It  was  afterwards  made  of 
iron  and  brass.  The  cuirass  was  worn  by  cavalry  of  Henry  III., 
1216  et  seq.  Napoleon  had  regiments  of  cavalry  wearing  cui- 
rasses, and  most  European  armies  have  picked  corps  of  such. 

CuldCCS,  said  to  derive  their  name  from  cultores  Dei, 
worshippers  of  God,  monks  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  with  their 
principal  seat  at  St.  Andrew's.  It  is  said  that  in  1 185,  at 
Tipperary,  a  Culdean  abbey  had  monks  "  attached  to  simple 
truth  and  pure  Christian  worship,  and  had  not  yet  conformed 
to  the  reigning  superstition."  They  were  eventually  subjected 
to  the  pope. 

Culien'8-"WOOdl,  Ireland.  An  English  colony  from 
Bristol,  at  Dublin,  going  for  diversion  to  CuUen's-wood,  the 
O'Byrnes  and  O'Tooles  fell  upon  them,  and  destroyed  500 
men,  with  women  and  children,  30  Mch.  1209  (on  Easter, 
afterwards  called  Black  Monday). 

Cullo'den,  near  Inverness,  where  the  English,  under 
William,  duke  of  Cumberland,  defeated  the  Scotch,  headed 
by  the  young  Pretender,  last  of  the  Stuarts,  16  Apr.  1746.  The 
Scots  lost  2500  killed  upon  the  field  or  in  the  pursuit,  while 
the  loss  of  the  English  did  not  far  exceed  200.  Prince  Charles, 
who  wandered  among  the  wilds  of  Scotland  for  6  months, 
while  30,000/.  were  offered  for  taking  him,  at  length  escaped 
from  Uist  to  Morlaix,  and  died  at  Rome,  3  Mch.  1788. 

culture,  according  to  Matthew  Arnold  ("  the  Apostle 
of  Culture  "),  is  the  knowledge  of  "  the  best  that  has  been 
thought  and  said  in  the  world  "  (1880). 

CUlverin  (from  the  Fr.  couleuvrine) ,  a  kind  of  cannon, 
said  to  have  been  introduced  into  England  from  a  French 
model  in  1534 ;  originally  b\  inches  diameter  in  the  bore,  with 
a  ball  of  18  pounds. — Bailey. 

Cumse,  S.  Italy,  a  Greek  colony,  1050  b.c.,  reputed  res- 
idence of  the  ancient  Sibyl,  was  taken  by  Samnites  420  b.c,, 
and  annexed  by  Rome  338  b.c. 

Cumberland,  a  northwest  county  of  England,  was 
granted  to  Malcolm  I.  of  Scotland  in  945,  by  king  Edmund,  "  on 
condition  that  he  should  be  his  fellow-worker."  It  was  seized 
by  William  I.,  but  restored  to  Malcolm  III.,  "  who  became  his 
man,"  1072.  William  the  Lion,  after  defeat  at  Alnwick,  re- 
signed Cumberland  to  Henry  II.,  and  it  was  annexed  to  Eng- 
land in  1237. 

Cumberland  and  Merrimac.  Naval  battles, 
1862. 

Cumberland  Presbyterians.  Presbyte- 
rians. 

Cumberland  road.  An  act  of  U.  S.  Congress,  29 
Mch.  1806,  authorized  the  president  to  appoint  3  commissioners 
to  lay  out  a  public  road  from  Cumberland,  Md.,  on  the  Potomac 
to  the  Ohio  river,  and  appropriated  $30,000  for  that  purpose. 
The  road  was  continued  from  time  to  time,  reaching  Illinois  in 
1838,  when  railroads  superseded  it.  The  total  cost  of  building 
and  repairs  up  to  that  time  was  $6,821,246.  60  acts  passed 
Congress  relating  to  this  road. 

Cunaxa,  in  Mesopotamia,  near  the  Euphrates,  where 
Cyrus  the  younger  was  defeated  and  slain  by  his  brother  Ar- 
taxerxes  II.,  against  whom  he  conspired  (401  b.c.)  ;  told  in 
Xenophon's  "Anabasis."  His  Greek  auxiliaries  retreated 
safely.     Retreat  of  the  Greeks. 

cune'iform    or    cu'niform    inscriptions 

(from  cuneus,  I^t.  for  a  wedge),  in  characters  resembling 
arrow-heads,  inscribed  on  bricks  or  clay  tablets,  found  at 
Babylon,  Behistun,  etc.,  some  dating  as  far  back  as  2000  b.c. 
AccADiANS,  Assyria,  Babylon,  Behistun. 

Cunnersdorf,  Prussia,  where,  on  12  Aug.  1759,  Fred- 
erick II.  of  Prussia,  with  50,000  men,  attacked  the  Austrian 


CUP 


21 


and  Russian  army  of  90,000  in  camp,  at  first  with  success,  but, 
wneii  rashJy  pursued,  the  Austrians  and  Russians  rallied  and 
gainea  a  comjilete  victory.  The  Prussians  lost  200  pieces  of 
cannon  and  30,000  killed  and  wounded. 

cuppings,  a  mode  of  blood-letting.  The  skin  is  scarified 
by  lancets,  and  a  glass  cup  with  its  air  rarefied  by  heat  is  ap- 
plied, when  blood  flows  into  the  cup.  This  operation  was 
known  to  the  ancients,  and  is  described  by  Hippocrates  (413 
B.C.)  and  Celsus  (20  b.c.).  It  was  common  in  England  about 
1820. 

Cliracoa  (ku-ra-sd'-(t),  an  island  in  the  Caribbean 
sea,  settled'  by  the  Spaniards  about  1527,  was  seized  by  the 
Dutch  in  1634.  In  1800  the  French,  settled  on  this  island, 
quarrelled  with  the  Dutch,  who  surrendered  it  to  a  British 
frigate.  It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1802,  taken  by  the 
British  in  1807,  and  again  restored  in  1814. 

Clirate§  were  early  appointed  as  coadjutors  in  the  Cath- 
^ilic  church,  and  are  mentioned  in  England  in  the  7th  century. 
Among  the  acts  passed  for  the  relief  of  these  laborious  clergy 
are  the  12th  Anne,  1713,  and  36th,  53d,  and  58th  Geo.  IIL, 
and  especially  the  beneficent  act,  2  Will.  IV.,  Oct.  1831.  It 
appeared  by  parliamentary  reports  that  there  were,  in  1831, 
5230  curates  in  England  and  Wales,  with  stipends  of  424,695/. 
The  greatest  number  in  one  diocese  was  in  Lincoln,  629 ;  and 
the  smallest  in  St.  Asaph,  43.  The  Pastoral  Aid  Society  was 
•established  in  1836 ;  the  Societ}'  for  Promoting  the  Employ- 
ment of  Additional  Curates,  in  1837;  the  Curates' Augmenta- 
tion Fund,  1866. 

curfew  bell  (from  the  Fr.  couvrefeu)  was  revived  or 
introduced  in  England  by  Will.  1. 1068.  When  it  rang  at  8  p.m. 
all  fires  and  candles  were  to  be  extinguished,  under  a  severe 
penalty. — Rapin.  The  curfew  was  abolished  1  Hen.  1. 1100.  A 
so-called  curfew  bell  was  rung  at  West  Ham  so  lately  as  Nov. 
1859. 

Curiatil.     Rom?:,  669  b.c. 

curling',  a  Scotch  national  game  with  stones  on  the  ice, 
said  to  have  been  introduced  from  the  Low  Countries  in  the 
16th  century.  The  Duddingstone  curling  club  was  instituted 
1795.  The  royal  Caledonian  curling  club,  founded  in  1838, 
owns  a  large  artificial  pond  at  Strathallau,  Perthshire. 

Montreal  curling  club  organized 1807 

■Quebec  curling  club  organized 1821 

Ourling  introduced  into  Ontario  about  1830,  and  Toronto  curling 

club  organized 1837 

First  "bonspiel  "  or  tournament  of  Canadian  and  U.  S.  clubs 

held  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y 1865 

Crand  National  curling  club  of  America  organized 1867 

currants,  from  Corinth,  whence,  probably,  the  bush  w^s 
first  brought  to  England  about  1533.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  small  dried  grape,  from  the  Levant  and  Zante.  The  haw- 
thorn currant  {Ribes  oxyacanthoides)  was  brought  to  England 
from  Canada  in  1705.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

Curtatone,  near  Mantua,  N.  Italy.  Here  the  Austrians, 
under  Radetzky,  crossed  the  Mincio,  and  defeated  the  Italians 
after  a  severe  conflict,  29  May,  1848. 

CUSiiee  piece§,  invented  by  Richard  Leake,  master- 
gunner  of  the  British  man-of-war  Royal  Prince,  renowned  for 
bravery  in  fighting  the  Dutch  admiral  Van  Tromp  in  1673. 

custom  is  law  not  written  (lex  non  scriptd),  established 
by  long  usage  and  consent ;  distinguished  from  lex  scripta,  or 
written  law.  It  is  law  when  derived  from  1189  downwards. 
In  England  60  years'  custom  is  binding  in  civil  law,  and  40 
years'  in  ecclesiastical  cases. 

customs  were  collected  upon  merchandise  in  England, 
under  Ethelred  II.  in  979.  The  king's  claim  to  them  by  grant 
•of  Parliament  was  established  3  Edw.  I.  1274.  The  customs 
•were  farmed  to  sir  Thomas  Smith  for  annual  sums  varying 
from  14,000/.  to  50,000/.  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.— itow?. 
They  were  farmed  by  Charles  II.  for  390,000/.  in  1666.— Z>av- 
■enant.  In  1671  commissioners  were  appointed.  The  customs 
were  consolidated  by  Mr.  Pitt  in  1787.  Many  changes  have 
been  made  since.  Revknue. 
Customs  in  Ireland:  a  sack  of  wool,  3d  ;  a  last  of  hides,  M. ;  a 

barrel  of  wine,  Id 1224 

Customs  business  of  Ireland  was  transferred  to  the  London 

board ; 6  Jan.  1830 


^  CUT 

Customs  receipts  in  Great  Britain  from  1872  to  1890  vary  be- 
tween 19,000,000^.  and  21,000,000^.  yearly. 

CUSTOMS  AND  CUSTOM-HOUSES  IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 
Act  of  Parliament  establishing  custom-bouses  in  the  American 

colonies  under  English  commissioners  of  customs 1672 

Further  enforced 1676-77 

Customs  collected  in  New  York  prior  to 1677 

First  custom-house  in  Boston,  Edward  Randolph,  couimissioner  1680 

First  custom-bouse  in  Charleston,  S.  C 1685 

"  Plantation  duties  "  collected  in  the  colonies  paid  the  custom'- 

house  expenses,  leaving  a  surplus  of  from  $5000  to  $6000. 

(Hildreth) 1690-1700 

Court  of  vice-admiralty  established 1696-97 

Enumerated  articles  greatly  increased 1767 

LOCATION   OF  CUSTOM-HOUSES  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES,  1890. 

Alabama— Mobile. 

Alaska— Sitka. 

California— Eureka,  San  Diego,  San  Francisco,  Wilmington. 

Colorado— Denver. 

Connecticut— Fairfield,  Hartford,  New  Haven,  New  London,  Ston- 
ington. 

Delaware— Wilmington. 

District  of  Columbia— Georgetown. 

Florida — Appalachicola,  Cedar  Keys,  Fernandina,  Jacksonville,  Key 
West,  Pensacola,  St.  Augustine,  Tampa. 

Georgia— Atlanta,  Brunswick,  St.  Marys,  Savannah. 

Illinois— Chicago,  Galena. 

Indiana — Evansville,  Indianapolis,  Michigan  City. 

Iowa — Burlington,  Dubuque. 

Kentucky — Louisville,  Paducah. 

Louisiana— Brashear,  New  Orleans. 

Maine— Bangor,  Bath,  Belfast,  Castine,  Eastp'ort,  Ellsworth,  Houl- 
ton,  Kennebunk,  Machias,  Portland,  Saco,  Waldoborough,  Wis- 
casset,  York. 

Maryland— Annapolis,  Baltimore,  Crisfield. 

Massachusetts — Barnstable,  Boston,  Edgarton,  Fall  River,  Glouces- 
ter, Marblehead,  Nantucket,  New  Bedford,  Newburyport,  Plym- 
outh, Salem. 

Michigan— Detroit,  Grand  Haven,  Grand  Rapids,  Marquette,  Port 
Huron. 

Minnesota— Duluth,  St.  Paul. 

Mississippi— Natchez,  Shieldsborough,  Vicksburg. 

Missouri — Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph,  St.  Louis. 

Montana— Fort  Benton. 

Nebraska— Omaha. 

New  Hampshire — Portsmouth. 

New  Jersey— Bridgeton,  Newark,  Perth  Amboy,  Soraers  Point, 
Trenton,  Tuckerton. 

New  York— Albany,  Buffalo,  Cape  Vincent,  Dunkirk,  New^  York, 
Ogdensburg,  Oswego,  Patchogue,  Plattsburg,  Port  Jefferson, 
Rochester,  Sag  Harbor,  Suspension  Bridge. 

North  Carolina — Beaufort,  Edenton,  Newberne,  Wilmington. 

Ohio— Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Toledo. 

Oregon— Astoria,  Empire  City,  Portland,  Yaquina. 

Pennsylvania— Erie,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg. 

Rhode  Island — Bristol,  Newport,  Providence. 

South  Carolina — Beaufort,  Charleston,  Georgetown. 

Tennessee— Chattanooga,  Memphis. 

Texas— Brownsville,  Corpus  Christ!,  Eagle  Pass,  El  Paso,  Galveston. 

Vermont — Burlington. 

Virginia — Alexandria,  Cherrystone,  Newport  News,  Norfolk,  Peters- 
burg, Richmond,  Tappahannock. 

Washington— Port  Townsend. 

West  Virginia— AVheeling. 

Wisconsin — La  Crosse,  Milwaukee. 

For  custom  receipts  in  the  U.  S.,  Revexue. 

CUStOS  rotulorum,  keeper  of  the  rolls  or  records  of 
the  sessions  of  the  peace,  England,  previously  nominated  by 
the  lord  chancellor,  was  in  1545  directed  to  be  appointed  by  a 
bill  signed  by  the  king.     The  act  was  confirmed  in  1689. 

CustOZZa  {hoos-tot'-za),  near  Verona,  N.  Italy.  Here 
'  the  Italians  were  defeated  by  marshal  Radetzky,  23  July,  1848; 
and  here  they  were  again  defeated,  24  June,  1866,  after  a  series 
of  desperate  attacks  on  the  Austrian  army.  The  Italians  were 
commanded  by  their  king, Victor  Emmanuel,  and  the  Austrians 
by  the  archduke  Albrecht.  The  Italian  loss  was  computed  to 
be  720  killed,  3112  wounded,  and  4815  missing;  the  Austrian 
loss,  960  killed,  3690  wounded,  and  nearly  a  thousand  prisoners. 
The  Italians  soon  recrossed  the  Mincio. 

CutCh  (hutch),  W.  India,  a  principality  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  Bombay.  In  consequence  of  the  depredations  of 
the  natives,  the  East  India  government  resorted  to  hostile 
measures,  which  resulted  in  a  stringent  treaty  with  the  rao  in 
Jan.  1816.  In  1819  he  was  deposed  for  misgovernment,  and 
replaced  by  his  infant  son,  supported  by  a  British  contingent. 
The  traffic  in  children,  detected  in  Dec.  1835,  was  suppressed 
by  the  British.  Many  persons  perished  by  an  earthquake  in 
July,  ISi'd.— Thornton. 

Cuttack  (ka-tah'),  E.  India,  a  British  province  ceded  to 
the  East  India  company  in  1803.     Cuttack,  the  capital,  was 


CUT 

taken  by  col.  Harcourt,  14  Oct.  same  year.  The  Mahrattas 
conquered  it  in  llbO.—Thot^itott. 

CllttlllK-OUt  niaclllliet*.  Wearing  apparel  was 
first  cut  «)iit  by  machinery  in  Kngland  by  ^lessrs.  llyams  in 
1853.  The  machine,  invented  by  Frederick  Osbourn,  consists 
of  a  reciprocating  vertical  knife  working  through  a  8U)t  in  the 
table  that  supports  the  pile  of  cloth  to  be  cut.  The  cloth  is 
pressed  by  the  attendant  up  to  the  edge  of  the  knife,  which 
divides  it  along  lines  marked  on  the  upper  layer. 

CUZCO  {ki>os'-ko),  capital  of  Peru,  was  entered  by  Pi- 
zarro  in  Nov.  1533,  and  taken  by  him  in  Aug.  1536,  after  5 
months' siege. 

eyail'Og^en,  a  colorless  gas  (composed  of  nitrogen  and 
carbon),  irritating  to  the  nose  and  eyes,  derived  from  Prussian 
blue,  was  tirst  obtained  in  the  free  state  by  Gay-Lussac  in  1815, 
being  the  first  instance  of  the  isolati()n  of  a  compound  radical. 

cycle  of  the  sun,  the  28  years  before  the  days  of  the 
week  return  to  the  same  days  of  the  month  ;  that  of  the  moon 
is  19  lunar  years  and  7  intercalary  months,  or  19  solar  years. 
The  cycle  oV  Jupiter  is  GO  years. '  The  Paschal  cycle,  or  the 
time  of  keeping  Easter,  was  first  calculated  for  the  period  of 
532  years  by  Victorius,  ^63.— Blair.  Calippic  Pkriou, 
Mktonic  Cycle. 

cyclone§.     Storms. 

Cyclope'an,  from  Cyclopes,  a  fabled  race  of  gigantic 
size,  a  term  given  to  certain  ancient  works  of  masonry  from 
the  great  size  of  the  stones,  found  in  Greece,  Italy,  and  Asia 
Minor,  erected  probably  before  1000  b.c. 

cymbal,  the  oldest  known  musical  instrument,  made  of 
brass.  Xenojihon  says  the  cymbal  was  invented  by  Cybele, 
and  used  in  her  feasts  about  1580  b.c. 

Cyinri  or  Kymri  (hence  Cambria),  the  great  Celtic 
family  to  which  the  Britons  belonged,  came  from  Asia  and 
occupied  much  of  Europe  perhaps  before  1500  b.c.  About  640 
A.D.  Dyvnwal  Moelmud  reigned  "  King  of  the  Cymry." 
Wales. 

cynics,  a  sect  of  philosophers  founded  by  Antisthenes 
(about  396  b.c,  IHofj.  Laert.,  Clinton),  who  professed  to  con- 
temn all  worldly  things,  even  sciences,  except  morality ;  and 
lived  in  public.  Diogenes,  the  eminent  cynic,  died  323  b.c. 
Philosophy. 

Cynoscepii'aliie  (dogs'  heads,  so  named  from  the 
shape  of  the  heights),  in  Thessaly,  where  Pelopidas  and  the 
Thebans  defeated  Alexander,  tyrant  of  Pherae  and  the  Thes- 
salians,  364  b.c.  Pelopidas  was  slain.  Here  also  the  consul 
Flaminius  defeated  Philip  V.  of  Macedon,  197  b.c,  and  ended 
the  war.     Phalanx. 

CypreSi,  Cupressns  sempervirens,  a  tree  of  Cyprus.  The 
Athenians  buried  heroes  in  coffins  of  cypress,  of  which  Egyp- 
tian mummy-chests  were  also  made.  The  ancients  planted  it 
in  cemeteries.  The  cypress  was  taken  to  England  about  1441. 
The  deciduous  cypress,  C.disticha,  exported  from  North  Amer- 
ica before  1640. 

Cyprui,  an  island  148  miles  long  and  about  40  wide,  in 
the  Mediterranean,  near  the  coasts  of  Asia  Minor  and  Syria ; 
present  capital  Levkosia  or  Nikosia ;  seaports,  Larnaka  and 
Famagosta.  Here  the  ancients  found  copper  (ces  Cyprium), 
silver,  and  precious  stones.   The  country  was  fertile  and  well- 


216 


DAC 


wooded  in  ancient  times,  and  under  Venice  its  commerce  wan 
important.   Area,3584  8q.  miles.   Population, two  thirds  (J reek, 
1891,  209,300 ;  under  Venice,  said  to  have  been  1,000,000. 
Phttjuician  colonists  introduced  the  worship  of  Ashtaroth  (Gr.  ^•^'• 

Aphrodite,  Rom.  Venus) about  56S> 

Conquered  by  Amasis,  king  of  Kgypt;  revolted  at  the  invasion 

of  Cumbyses,  and  submitted  to  Persia 525 

Kovolled  and  subjected 500-4fl9 

Partly   independent   under  Evagoras  and   Nicocles,  kings  of 

Saiamis .387  et  scq. 

Supported  Alexander  tlie  Great 33S 

Taken  from  Demetrius  by  Ptolemy  of  Kgypt 296 

Became  a  Roman  province 58 

A.D. 

Visited  by  Paul  and  Barnabas  (Acts  xiii.) 45 

Great  revolt  of  the  Jews 117 

Seized  by  A  rabs,  646 ;  recovered  by  Greeks 648 

Isaac  Comnenus,  king 1184 

Seized  by  Richard  I.  of  England,  1191;  and  given  to  Guy  de 

Lusignan,  as  king 1192 

"  Order  of  the  Sword  "  established  (ceased  with  8th  king) 1195 

Guy's  descendant,  Catherine  de  Cornaro,  sold  it  to  Venice 1487 

Cruelly  subdued  by  the  Turks 1570-71 

Insurrections  suppressed,  1764;  with  massacre 182» 

Gen.  di  Cesnola,  a  Genoese,  American   consul,  by  excavations 

discovers  Babylonian,  Egyptian,  Phoenician,  and  Greek  gold 

and  silver  ornaments  and  relics  (sold  to  Metropolitan  Museum, 

New  York) 1866  et  seq. 

His  work,  "Cyi)rus:  its  Ancient  Cities,  Tombs,  and  Temples," 

pub.  iu  London  and  New  York Dec.  187T 

Given  to  Great  Britain  for  administration  by  the  Anglo-Turkish 

convention 4  June,  1878 

Possession  taken  by  admiral  lord  John  Hay,  12  July;  by  sir 

Garnet  J.  Wolseley,  as  lord  high  commissioner 22  July,     " 

British  buy  the  government  lands  excei)t  the  sultan's  estate. .  187& 
Excavations  on  ihe  site  of  the  temple  of  Aphrodite,  discoveries 

of  inscriptions,  etc 1888 

Cyr,  St.,  near  Versailles,  France.  Here  a  college  for  la- 
dies was  founded  by  Madame  de  Maintenon,  in  1686,  and  here 
she  died,  15  Apr.  1719.  It  was  made  a  military  college  in  1803. 

Cyrena'iC  Sect,  founded  by  Aristippus  the  Elder,  365 
B.C.,  taught  that  the  supreme  good  is  pleasure,  particularly  of 
the  senses;  and  virtue  is  commended  only  as  causing  pleasure. 

Cyreiie  (si-ree'-nee),  N.W.  Africa,  a  Greek  colony, 
founded  by  Battus  about  630  b.c  Aristaeus,  chief  of  the  col- 
onists, gave  the  city  his  mother's  name.  It  was  also  called 
Pentapolis,  from  its  5  towns — Cyrene,  Ptolemais,  Berenice, 
Apollonia,  and  Arsinoe.  It  was  conquered  by  Ptolemy  Soter 
I.,  who  placed  many  Jews  here  (286  B.c).  It  was  a  Jew  of 
Cyrene  whom  Roman  soldiers  compelled  to  bear  the  cross  of 
Jesus.  Cyrene  was  left  by  Ptolemy  Apion  to  the  Komans,  97 
B.C  It  is  now  a  desert.  Some  Cyrenaic  sculptures  were 
placed  in  the  British  museum  in  July,  1861. 

Cyz'icil§,  Asia  Minor.  In  the  Peloponnesian  war,  the 
Lacedaemonian  fleet  under  Mindarus,  assisted  by  Pharnabazus, 
the  Persian,  was  defeated  by  Athenians  under  Alcibiades,  with 
great  slaughter,  near  Cyzicus,  Mindarus  being  slain,  410  b.c 
— Plutarch. 

czar  (the  title  of  the  emperor  of  Russia),  probably  from 
Caesar,  said  to  have  been  assumed  by  Ivan  Basilowitz  after 
defeating  the  Tartars,  about  1482.  The  empress  is  termed 
czarina,  and  the  eldest  son  czarowitch. 

Czecll§  {tcheks),  a  branch  of  the  Slavonic  race,  native  in 
Bohemia  and  Moravia.  The  antagonism  between  Germans 
and  Czechs  is  milder  in  Moravia  than  in  Bohemia.  Czech 
representatives  entered  the  Reichsrath  at  A^ienna,  8  Oct.  1879. 
Austria. 


D 


D  in  the  English  alphabet  is  the  fourth  letter,  as  it  also  is 
in  the  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  Syriac,  Greek,  and  Latin  alphabets. 
Its  form  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Latin,  and  the  Latin  is  no 
other  than  the  Greek  A.  This  symbol  is  again  from  the  an- 
cient Phoenician,  and  so  from  the  Egyptian.  Alphabet, 
Grimm's  law. 

Dacca,  N.E.  India,  a  province  of  Bengal,  acquired  by 
the  East  India  company  in  1765,  and  ruled  under  them  by  a. 
nawab  till  its  annexation  in  1845.— Thornton. 


Da'cia,  a  Roman  province  including  parts  of  Hungary, 
Transylvania,  Wallachia,  Moldavia,  and  Galicia,  after  many 
contests,  was  subdued  by  Trajan,  106,  when  Decebalus,  the 
Dacian  leader,  was  killed.  Dacia  was  abandoned  to  the 
Goths  by  Aurelian,  in  270;  subdued  by  Huns,  376;  by  Scyth- 
ians, 566 ;  by  Charlemagne,  and  by  Magyars,  in  the  9th  cen- 
tury. 

dacoitK',  hereditary  robbers  of  N.  India,  formerly  em- 
ployed in  war  by  native  sovereigns. 


DAG 


217 


DAN 

FoRMio  in  1797  it  was  given  to  Austria,  but  in  1805  it  was  in- 
corporated with  Italy,  and  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  marshal 
Soult.  In  1814  it  reverted  to  Austria.  Area,  4937  sq.  miles. 
Pop.  1890,  527,426. 

DaltOll,  northern  Ga.  Here  the  confederates,  under 
gen.  Jose{)h  E.  Johnston,  strongly  fortified,  checked  the  ad- 
vance of  gen.  Sherman,  until  forced  to  evacuate  by  a  flank 
movement  by  gen.  McPherson,  10-12  May,  1864.     Atlanta 

CAMPAIGN. 

Daltonism.     Color. 

Dam'araland.     German  East  and  West  Africa. 

Damascus,  Syria,  a  city  in  the  time  of  Abraham,  1913 
B.C.  (Gen.  xiv.) ;  now  the  capital  of  a  Turkish  pachalic. 

Taken  by  David  (1040  B.C.),  but  soon  retaken;  capital  of  Syria  ^^• 

under  Benhadad  and  bis  successors 951 

Recovered  by  Jeroboam  II about  822 

Taken  by  Tiglath-Piloser,  king  of  Assyria 740 

From  tbe  Assyrians  it  passed  to  the  Persians,  and  from  them 

to  the  Greeks,  under  Alexander 333 

To  the  Romans about  64 

A.D. 

Paul,  converted,  preaches  here  (Acts  ix.) 52 

Taken  by  the  Saracens,  633;  by  the  Turks  in  1075;  destroyed 

by  Tamerlane Jan.  1401 

Taken  by  Ibrahim  Pacha 1832 

Disappearance  of  a  Greek  priest,  named  father  Tpmmaso,  here, 
1  Feb.  1840,  led  to  torture  and  persecution  of  the  Jews,  who 
were  accused  of  his  murder,  which  caused  remonstrances 

from  many  states  of  Europe 1840 

Damascus  restored  to  Turkey 1841 

In  a  dispute  between  Druses  and  Maronites,  the  Mahometans 
massacred  above  3000  Christians  and  destroyed  houses,  ren- 
dering vast  numbers  of  persons  destitute;  many  rescued  by 

Abd  el  Kader,  who  held  the  citadel 9,  10,  11  July,  I860 

These  crimes  punished  by  Fuad  Pacha;  160  persons  executed, 
including  the  Turkish  governor;  and  11,000  made  soldiers, 

Aug. -Sept.     " 

damask  linens  and  silks,  first  manufactured  at 
Damascus,  have  been  beautifully  imitated  by  the  Dutch  and 
Flemish.  The  manufacture  was  brought  to  England  by  arti- 
sans who  fled  from  the  persecutions  of  Alva,  1571-73.  The 
damask  rose  was  brought  to  England  from  the  south  of 
Europe  bv  dr.  Linacre,  phvsician  to  Henry  VIII.,  about 
1540. 

Damicns's  attempt.  Louis  XV.  of  France  was 
stabbed  with  a  knife  in  the  right  side  by  Robert  Fran9ois 
Damiens,  a  native  of  Arras,  6  Jan.  1757.  The  culprit  endured 
frightful  tortures,  and  was  then  broken  on  the  wheel,  28  Mch. 
Torture. 

Damiet'ta,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  was  taken  by  the 
crusaders,  5  Nov.  1219 ;  lost,  1221 ;  retaken  by  Louis  IX.,  5 
June,  1249;  surrendered  as  his  ransom  when  a  prisoner,  6  May, 
1250.  The  present  town  was  built  soon  after.  Here,  it  is 
said,  dimity  was  first  manufactured.     Pop.  1888, 34,044. 

Da'mon  and  Pyth'ias  (or  Phintias),  Pytha- 
gorean philosophers.  Damon  was  condemned  to  death  by 
Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  about  387  b.c.  He  obtained  leave  to 
settle  some  domestic  affairs,  promising  to  return  at  the  time 
of  execution,  and  Pythias  became  his  surety.  When  Damon 
did  not  appear,  Pythias  surrendered  and  was  led  to  execution ; 
but  at  this  moment  Damon  returned.  Dionysius  remitted  the 
sentence,  and  desired  to  share  their  friendship. 

Dan'ai,  a  name  originally  given  to  the  Argives,  as  hav- 
ing been  subjects  of  Danatis,  king  of  Argos,  1474  b.c.  In  con- 
sequence, however,  of  the  warlike  character  of  the  race  and 
their  high  renown,  Homer  uses  the  name  Danai  (Aavaoi)  as 
a  general  appellation  for  the  Greeks. 

Danee  of  Death.     The  triumph  of  death  over  all 
men  was  a  favorite  subject  with  artists  of  the  middle  ages, 
in  rude  carvings  and  pictures  in  various  countries. 
Chorea  MachabcBorum  or  Danse  Macabre,  the  first  printed  rep- 
resentation, published  by  Guyot  Marchand,  a  bookseller  of 

Paris 1485 

Holbein's  "  Dance  of  Death  "  (53  distinct  sketches  for  engrav- 
ing, called  "  Imagines  Mortis."  They  are  now  at  St.  Peters- 
burg; the  authorship  has  been  much  controverted),  printed 

at  Lyons  in  1538,  and  at  Basel 1594 

Many  editions  have  since  appeared;  one  with  introduction  and 

notes  by  Russell  Smith 1849 

in  turn  bv  the  Goths  Hune-arians  and  The  term  Z>anceo/7?ea</i  was  also  applied  to  the  frenzied  movements 
T„.i  fii  ^  A  .  AT  •  •  /ndn  if  u'  """g^"^»"f'  «"^  of  flngellants,  who  had  sometimes  skeletons  depicted  on  their 
lurks  till  ceded  to  Venice  in  1699.     By  the  treaty  of  Campo  |      clothing,  about  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 


Tt  is  said  that  between  1818  and  1834,  one  tribe  alone,  in  118  "  dacoi- 
tees,"  or  exi)editious,  killed  172  persons,  and  obtained  plunder 
valued  at  115,000^.  In  1838  lord  Auckland  did  much  to  suppress 
the  dacoits,  and  many  settlements  were  broken  up,  but  they  are 
not  quite  extinct  in  Bengal  and  Burmah.  Several  dacoitees  were 
suppressed  in  1879.     Burmah. 

Dagllistan'  (mountain-land),  in  Asiatic  Russia  on  the 
west  coast  of  the  Caspian  sea,  was  conquered  by  czar  Peter, 
1723;  restored  to  Persia,  1735;  reannexed  to  Russia  by  Alex- 
ander I.,  1813.     Area,  11,425  sq.  miles.     Pop.  1890,  540,000. 

DagObert,  name  of  several  of  the  Merovingian  kings 
of  France ;  the  first,  628-38.     France. 

Da'g'On,  a  national  god  of  the  Philistines,  spoken  of  in 
Judg.  xvi.  23;  1  Sam.  v.  2.  His  principal  temples  were  at 
Ashdod  (1  Sam.  v.  1)  and  Gaza  (Jiulg.  xvi.  1,  23).  His  image 
had  the  head  and  hands  of  a  man  and  the  tail  of  a  fish. 

Daguerrotype  (da-gSr'-o-tip)  process,  invented 
by  Daguerre ;  pub.  1838.     Photography. 
Dahlgren  gun.     Cannon. 

dall  Jia,  a  flower,  native  in  Mexico,  brought  to  Europe 
about  1787,  and  cultivated  by  the  Swedish  botanist,  Dahl. 
About  1814  it  was  introduced  into  France  and  England  ;  Andre 
Thouine  suggested  improvements  in  its  culture,  and  it  soon 
became  a  favorite.  Georgi  introduced  it  at  St.  Petersburg ; 
hence  it  is  known  in  Germany  as  the  Georgina. 

DallO'mey,  a  negro  kingdom,  W.  Africa,  became  known 
to  Europeans  early  in  the  last  century,  when  Trudo  Andati 
or  Guadjor  Trudo,  a  man  of  energy  and  talent,  was  king. 
He  died  in  1732,  and  was  succeeded  by  a  series  of  cruel 
tyrants,  whose  revenue  was  largely  derived  from  the  slave- 
trade.  Abbeokuta,  a  robbers'  haunt  in  1825,  has,  since  1829, 
bect)me  a  strong-walled  town,  inhabited  by  free  blacks.  The 
king  of  Dahomey  has  repeatedly  attacked  it  and  been  repulsed, 
and  once,  16  Mch.  1864,  a  great  number  of  his  Amazons  were 
slain.  During  the  last  few  years  Dahomey  has  been  visited 
by  capt.  Burton  and  other  travellers,  who  have  described  the 
royal  sanguinary  customs. 
King  ordered  to  pav  a  fine  (for  an  outrage  on  Mr.  Turnbull  at 

Whydah,  23  Jan.)'. Mch.  1876 

He  refuses  in  insulting  terms,  Apr. ;  the  coast  about  to  be 

blockaded July,     " 

King  threatens  massacre  of  Europeans  if  attacked Aug.     " 

He  makes  concessions;  blockade  removed 12  May,  1877 

Renewed  massacres  of  natives  ("customs")  and  outrages  on 

foreigners  at  Whydah;  reported 26  Sept.  1878 

French  in  Dahomey 1890 

Dahomey  coast  blockaded  by  the  French Apr.     " 

Whydah  bombarded  by  the  French,  29-30  Apr. ;  surrender  of 

French  prisoners .5  May,     " 

New  king  Behanzin  installed;  continued  difficulty  with  France,  1892 

Datl'ra,  Algeria.  On  18  June,  1845,  above  500  Kabyles 
at  war  with  the  French  were  suffocated  in  a  cave  in  a  fire  kin- 
dled by  order  of  gen.  Pelissier,  afterwards  duke  of  Malakoff. 
They  had  fired  on  a  messenger  bearing  an  offer  of  a  truce. 
The  massacre  was  condemned  by  marshal  Soult,  minister  of 
war,  but  justified  by  marshal  Bugeaud. 

DaimiOS  (dV-myo),  nobles  of  Japan  who  enjoyed  almost 
absolute  power  before  the  revolution  of  1871,  when  they  were 
deprived  of  their  privileges.     Japan,  1868. 

dairy.     Butter,  Cattle,  Cheese. 

Dakota.     North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 

Dakotas.     Indians. 

Daleear'lians,  Sweden,  revolted  against  Christian  of 
Denmark,  1521,  and  placed  Gustavus  Vasa  on  the  throne  of 
Sweden. 

Dallas,  Ga.  In  this  vicinity,  in  Sherman's  advance  on 
Atlanta,  the  confederates  held  him  in  check,  gen.  Hooker's 
command  having  a  severe  engagement  with  them  on  the  after- 
noon of  25  May,  1864;  while  on  the  28th  Hardee  attacked 
McPherson  on  the  right,  with  loss.  The  confederates  retired 
6  June.     Atlanta  campaign. 

Dalmatia,  an  Austrian  province,  N.E.  of  the  Adriatic, 
conquered  and  made  a  province  by  the  Romans,  34  b.c.  The 
emperor  Diocletian,  who  was  born  in  this  province,  erected 
his  palace  at  Spalato  or  Spalatro,  and  retired  there,  305  A.n. 
Dalmatia  was  held 


DAN 


218 


DAN 


I 


daiiclniir  ^''*s  invented  by  the  Curetes,  1534B.C. — Kme- 
WiM.  As  a  mark  of  rejoicing,  Kx.  xv.  20,  xxxii.  19 ;  Judg.  xi. 
84;  2  Sam.  vi.  14,  etc.  For  favors  granted,  Matt.  xiv.  6;  Mark 
vi.  22.  The  Greeks  combined  the  dance  with  tlieir  dramas, 
and  pantomimic  dances  were  introduced  on  Hie  Koinan  stage 
22  B.C.— Usher.  Dancing  by  cinque  paces  was  introduced 
into  England  from  Italy,  1541  a.d.  Dancing  was  one  of  the 
amusements  of  the  North  American  Indians.  They  have 
religious,  martial,  and  social  dances.  For  dancing  in  modern 
times,  Ballet,  Contrk  -  dansb,  Mokice  dance,  Tolka, 
QuAUKiLLE,  Waltz. 

dancing:  mania.  A  kind  of  dervish  frenzy  that 
raged  among  the  people  of  middle  Europe,  1021,  1278-1374, 
and  less  severe  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries.  In  Germany 
this  malady  first  bore  the  name  of  St.  John's  dance,  but  later 
was  known  as  St,  Vitus's  dance.  St.  Vitus,  a  Sicilian  youth, 
was  invoked  for  relief.  He  is  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom 
303,  during  the  persecution  of  Diocletian,  and  his  remains 
were  brought  to  France  in  836  and  buried  in  the  church  of 
St.  Deny.  This  half-religious  frenzy  spread  rapidly  from  city 
to  city,  through  Germany,  Flanders,  and  France ;  hundreds 
and  even  thousands  were  seized  with  it,  and  engaged  in  the 
wild  movements  until  many  died  from  exhaustion  and  expos- 
ure. In  Italy  it  was  termed  tarantism,  because  erroneously 
supposed  to  be  produced  by  the  bite  of  the  tarantula  spider. 
It  was  found  that  music  had  a  tendency  to  subdue  the  frenzy. 
The  mania  first  made  the  subject  of  medical  research  by  Para- 
celsus. This  dancing  mania  should  not  be  confounded  with 
the  disease  of  the  muscles,  known  in  medical  science  as  chorea 
(St.  Vitus's  dance). 

Dane-g^eld  or  Daneg^elt,  a  tribute  paid  the  Danes 
to  stop  their  ravages  in  England;  first  raised  by  Ethelred  II. 
in  991,  and  again  in  1003;  and  levied  after  the  expulsion  of 
the  Danes  to  pay  fleets  for  clearing  the  seas  of  them.  The 
Ux  was  suppressed  by  Edward  the  Confessor  in  1051 ;  revived 
by  William  I.  1068;  and  formed  part  of  the  revenue  of  the 
crown  till  abolished  by  Stephen,  1136.  Every  hide  of  land, 
i.  e.,  as  much  as  one  plough  could  plough,  or,  as  Bede  says,  as 
much  as  could  maintain  a  family,  was  taxed  at  first  Is.,  after- 
wards as  much  as  7s.  Camden  says  that  once  24,360/.  was 
raised. 

I>ane§  or  Northmen.  Denmark.  During  their 
attacks  upon  Britain  and  Ireland  they  made  a  descent  on 
France,  where  in  895,  under  Rollo,  they  received  presents  un- 
der the  walls  of  Paris.  They  returned  and  ravaged  the  French 
territories  as  far  as  Ostend  in  896.  They  attacked  Italy  in 
903.  Neustria  was  granted  by  the  king  of  France  to  Rollo 
and  his  Normans  (Northmen);  hence  Normandy,  in  911.  The 
invasions  of  England  and  Ireland  were  as  follows : 

First  hostile  appearance  of  the  Danes 783 

They  land  near  Purbeck,  Dorset 787 

Descend  in  Northuraberland;  destroy  the  church  at  Lindis- 

farne;  are  repelled,  and  perish  by  shipwreck 8  Jan.    794 

Invade  Scotland  and  Ireland 795,  796 

Enter  Dublin  with  60  sail,  and  seize  also  Fingal,  etc 798 

Take  the  isle  of  Sheppey 832 

Defeated  at  Hengeston,  in  Cornwall,  by  Egbert 835 

Land  in  Kent  from  350  vessels,  and  take  Canterbury  and  Lon- 
don      851 

Descend  on  the  north,  and  take  York 867 

Defeat  the  Saxons  at  Merton 871 

Take  Warehara  and  F>xeter 876 

Take  Chippenham ;  but  120  ships  are  wrecked 877 

Defeated:  Guthrum,  their  leader,  becomes  Christian,  and  many 

settle  in  England 878 

Alfred  enters  into  a  treaty  with  them 882 

Their  fleet  destroyed  by  Alfred  at  Appledore 894 

Defeated  near  isle  of  Wight 897 

Invade  and  waste  Wales 900 

Defeated  by  Edward  the  Elder 922 

Defeat  the  people  of  Leinster , 956 

Ravage  Cornwall,  Devon,  and  Dorset .* 982 

Ravage  Essex  and  Suffolk 990 

Said  to  assume  the  title  lord  dane about    991 

Their  fleet  defeated  after  a  breach  of  treaty,  purchased  by 

money 992 

Anlaf  and  Sweyn  ravage  Kent  and  the  south  (erroneously  said 

to  have  been  paid  16,000^.  for  peace) 994 

A  general  massacre  of  the  Danes,  by  Ethelred  II 13  Nov.  1002 

Sweyn  revenges  it,  and  receives  36,000i.  (as  annual  tribute)  to 

depart 1003 

Their  fleet  anchors  at  isle  of  Wight 1006 

They  make  fresh  inroads,  and  defeat  the  Saxons  in  Suffolk, 
1010;  sack  Canterbury  and  kill  the  inhabitants,  1011;  re- 
ceive 48,000i.  as  tribute,  and  murder  Alphege,  archbishop,  1012 


Vanquished  at  Clontarf,  Ireland  (Glo.ntarf)  — 1014 

Conquest  of  England  completed ;  Canute  king 1017 

Settle  in  Scotland 1020 

lAinl  again  at  Sandwich,  carrying  plunder  to  Flanders 1047 

Defeated  by  Harold  II.  at  Stamford  bridge 25  Sept.  106G 

Burn  York  and  kill  3000  Normans 1069 

Once  more  invade  England  to  aid  a  conspiracy;  but  compelled 

to  depart 1074 

Dan'ite  ("  Dan  shall  be  a  serpent  by  the  way,  an  adder 
in  the  path,"  Gen.  xlix.  17),  a  member  of  an  alleged  secret 
society  or  order  of  the  Mormons  connected  with  the  early 
history  of  that  people;  accused  of  various  crimes  in  the  interest 
of  Mormonisra.     Denied  by  the  Mormons. 

Danne'ivcrlic  or  Danna'ivirlic,  a  series  of 

earthworks,  considered  almost  impregnable,  stretching  across 
the  long,  narrow  peninsula  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Jutland 
— said  to  have  been  constructed  during  the  "  stone  age,"  long 
before  the  art  of  metal-working.  They  were  rebuilt  in  937  by 
Thyra,  queen  of  Gormo  the  Old,  for  which  she  was  named 
"  Dannabod,"  the  pride  of  the  Danes.  Repaired  by  Olaf 
Tryggveson  between  995  and  1000.  Near  here  the  Prussians, 
helping  the  duchies,  defeated  the  Danes,  23  Apr.  1848.  The 
retreat  of  the  Danes  from  it,  5  Feb.  1864,  occasioned  much 
dissatisfaction  at  Copenhagen. 

I>ante'§  "Divlna  Commeclia"Avas  first  print- 
ed in  1472.  Dante  was  born  14  May,  1265 ;  died  at  Ravenna,  14 
Sept.  1321.  A  festival  in  his  honor,  at  Florence,  was  opened 
by  the  king,  14  May,  1865,  when  a  large  statue  of  Dante  by 
Pazzi  of  Ravenna  was  uncovered.     Litekaturk. 

Dantzic,  N.  Germany,  a  commercial  city  in  997;  built, 
others  say,  by  Waldemar  I.  in  1165.  Poland  obtained  the 
sovereignty  in  1454.  It  was  seized  b}'  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  annexed  in  1793.  It  surrendered  to  the  French,  May, 
1807 ;  and  by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  was  restored  to  indepen- 
dence,  under  the  protection  of  Prussia  and  Saxony,  July,  1807. 
Dantzic  was  besieged  by  the  allies  in  1812 ;  and  surrendered 
1  Jan.  1814.  By  the  treaty  of  Paris  it  reverted  to  Prussia. 
The  Vistula  breaking  through  its  dikes,  destroyed  many 
lives,  10,000  heads  of  cattle,  and  4000  houses,  9  Apr.  1829. 

Danube  (Ger.  Donau ;  anciently  Ister,  in  its  lower 
part),  the  largest  river  in  Europe  except  the  Volga,  rises  in 
the  Black  forest  and  falls  into  the  Black  sea.  Trajan's  bridge 
at  Gladova  was  destroyed  by  Hadrian,  to  prevent  the  barbari- 
ans crossing  south.  Bridges.  Steam  navigation  was  pro- 
jected on  this  river,  by  count  Szechenyi,  in  1830;  the  first 
steamboat  was  then  launched  at  Vienna,  and  the  Austrian 
company  was  formed  soon  after.  The  Bavarian  company  was 
formed  1836.  A  canal  between  the  Danube  and  the  Maine 
was  completed  by  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria.  Charlemagne,  in  the  J 
8th  century,  contemplated  uniting  the  Danube  and  Rhine  by  l 
a  canal.  At  the  peace  of  30  Mch.  1856,  the  free  navigation  * 
of  the  Danube  was  secured,  and  an  independent  European 
commission,  appointed  to  make  it  navigable  from  Isaktchi  to 
the  sea,  has  worked  with  good  effect.  The  British  govern- 
ment, in  1868,  lent  135,000/.  to  complete  the  works.  The 
treaty  respecting  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  renewed  for 
12  years,  13  Mch.  1871.  The  river  suddenly  took  possession 
of  a  new  bed,  near  Vienna,  17  Apr.,  which  was  formally  opened 
30  May,  1875. 
Navigation  of  the  Danube  was  regulated  by  articles  50-54  of 

Berlin  treaty 13  July,  1878  f 

"  Iron  Gates,"  huge  rocks  in  the  lower  Danube,  blown  up,  * 

15  Sept.  1890  f 
Great  bridge  commenced  at  Tchernavoda 21  Oct.     " 

Danubian   principalities.    Wallachia  and 

Moldavia  (capitals,  Bucharest  and  Jassy)  were  united  and 
named  Roumania,  1859.  Population  of  the  two,  1860, 3,864,848 ; 
1866,  4,424,961 ;  1887,  5,500,000.  These  provinces  formed  part 
of  the  ancient  Dacia. 

Part  of  Moldavia  ceded  to  Russia 1812 

Provinces  having  joined  in  the  Greek  insurrection  in  1821, 

were  oppressed  by  the  Turks;  but  by  the  treaty  of  Adriano- 

ple  were  placed  under  the  protection  of  Russia 1829 

Porte  appointed  as  hospodars  prince  Stirbey  for  Wallachia,  and 

prince  Ghika  for  Moldavia June,  1849 

They  retire  from  their  governments  when  the  Russians  enter 

Moldavia  (Rl'SSO-Turkish  waks) 2  July,  1853 

Russians  quit  the  provinces  and  Austrians  enter,  Sept.  1854; 

retire Mch.  1857 

Government  of  the  principalities  finally  settled  at  the  Paris 

conference  (there  were  to  be  2  hospodars,  chosen  by  elective 

assemblages,  but  under  the  suzerainty  of  Turkey) 19  Aug.  1868 


DAR 


219 


DAV 


Alexander  Couza  elected  hospodar  of  Moldavia,  17  Jan. ;  of 

Wallachia 5  Feb.  1859 

Election  acknowledged  by  the  allies 0  Sept.      " 

Union  of  the  provinces  (as  Roumania)  proclaimed  and  acknowl- 
edged by  the  Porte Dec.  1861 

[For  continuation,  Roumania.] 

Dardanelles',  a  narrow  strait,  about  47  miles  in 
length  and  from  3  to  4  in  width,  between  Europe  and  Asiatic 
Turkey,  connecting  the  sea  of  Marmora  with  the  Ji^gean  sea, 
named  Dardanelles  from  the  contiguous  town  Dardanus.  The 
passage  of  the  strait  is  easily  defended  by  the  fortifications 
built  on  its  banks  ;  especially  by  the  two  castles,  Sestos  on  the 
European  and  Abydos  on  the  Asiatic  shore,  built  by  Mahomet 
IV".  in  1659,  and  commanding  the  entrance  to  the  sea  of  Mar- 
mora at  Gallipoli.  The  strait  was  passed  by  the  British  squad- 
ron under  sir  John  Duckworth,  19  Feb.  1807;  but  he  repassed 
with  great  loss,  3  Mch,,  the  castles  of  Sestos  and  Abydos  hurl- 
ing stone  shot  upon  the  ships.  The  allied  English  and  French 
fleets  passed  the  Dardanelles,  at  the  sultan's  request,  Oct. 
1853.  The  British  squadron  passed  the  Dardanelles  against 
the  protest  of  the  Porte,  13  Feb.  1878.    Hellespont,  Xekxes. 

Dar'dani,  inhabitants  of  the  territory  about  the  ancient 
city  of  Troy.  Their  first  king  was  Dardanus,  whence  the  name, 
from  whom  was  descended  Priam,  king  of  Troy  at  the  time 
of  its  siege  and  capture  by  the  Greeks.     Troy. 

darie,  a  Persian  gold  coin,  issued  by  Darius,  about  538 
B.G,  About  $bM.—Knowles.  It  weighed  2  grains  more  than 
the  English  guinea. — Dr.  Bernard. 

Da'rien,  Isthmus  of,  Central  America,  discovered  by 
Columbus,  1494.  Crossed  by  Balboa,  1513.  In  1694  William 
Paterson,  founder  of  the  Bank  of  England,  published  his  plan 
for  colonizing  Darien.  A  company  was  formed  in  1695,  and 
in  1698-99  3  expeditions  sailed  thither  from  Scotland,  where 
400,000/.  had  been  raised.  The  first  consisted  of  1"200  young 
men  of  all  classes,  besides  women  and  children.  The  enter- 
prise not  being  recognized  by  the  English  government,  the 
settlements  were  threatened  by  the  Spaniards,  tp  whom  they 
were  surrendered,  30  Mch.  1700.-  Paterson  and  a  few  survivors 
from  famine  and  disease  left  just  before  the  arrival  of  the  sec- 
ond expedition.  Several  years  after,  398,085/.  were  voted  by 
Parliament  to  the  survivors  as  "  equivalent  money."  18,000/. 
were  also  voted  to  Paterson ;  but  the  bill  was  rejected  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  Tiie  average  breadth  40  miles ;  least  breadth 
30  miles.     America,  Panama. 

darR  ages,  a  term  applied  to  the  middle  ages ;  ac- 
cording to  Hallam,  about  1000  years — from  the  invasion  of 
France  by  Clovis,  486,  to  that  of  Naples  by  Charles  VIII.,  1495. 
Learning  was  at  a  low  ebb.  Hallam's  "  View  of  the  Middle 
Ages,"  pub.  1818,  supplement  1848. 

dark  day.     Massachusetts,  19  May,  1780. 

Dartford,  Kent,  Engl.  Here  commenced  the  insurrec- 
tion of  Wat  Tyler,  1381.  A  convent  of  nuns,  of  the  order  of 
St.  Augustin,  endowed  here  by  Edward  III.,  1355,  was  convert- 
ed by  Henry  VIII.  into  a  royal  palace.  The  first  paper-mill  in 
England  was  erected  at  Dartford  by  sir  John  Spielman,  a  Ger- 
man, in  1590  {JSfow),  and  about  the  same  period  the  first  mill 
for  splitting  iron  bars. 

Dartmoor  prison^  Devonshire,  Engl.,  founded 
Mch.  1806.  At  the  close  of  the  war  1812-14,  this  prison  con- 
tained several  thousand  U.  S.  prisoners,  as  well  as  impressed 
U.  S.  sailors,  who  would  not  serve  against  their  country.  On 
Apr.  6,  1815,  several  months  after  peace  was  declared,  a  dis- 
turbance took  place  among  the  prisoners-,  the  prison  authori- 
ties fired  on  them,  killing  7  and  wounding  33.  This  act,  re- 
garded by  the  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  as  a  wanton  outrage,  was 
justified  by  the  British  authorities. 

Dartmouth,  Devon,  Engl.  Burned  by  the  French  in 
the  reigns  of  Richard  I.  and  Henry  IV.  In  a  third  attempt 
(1404),  the  invaders  were  defeated.  The  French  commander, 
Du  Chastel,  3  lords,  and  32  knights,  were  made  prisoners.  In 
the  war  of  the  parliament  Dartmouth  was  taken  after  a  siege 
of  4  weeks,  by  prince  Majrice,  who  garrisoned  the  place  for 
the  king  (1643)  •,  but  gen.  Fairfax  retook  it  by  storm  in  1646. 

Dartmouth  eollei^e,  N.  H.,  grew  out  of  an  earlier 
school  established  by  rev.  Eleazar  Wheelock,  D.D.,  a  Congre- 
gationalist,  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  1754-55,  designed  for  Indian 


children.  To  carry  the  design  out  more  fully,  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  Hanover,  N.  H.,  in  1770,  having  been  chartered  by 
gov.  Wentworth  in  1769.  It  was  named  Dartmouth  in  honor 
of  lord  Dartmouth,  one  of  its  first  patrons.  In  1816  it  suc- 
cessfully resisted,  under  the  leadership  of  Daniel  Webster,  the 
creation  of  a  new  corporation  called  Dartmouth  university. 
Colleges,  Trials. 

Darwinism.  This  term  is  commonlj'  used  to  mean 
the  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  species  by  "  natural  selection,"  or 
the  "survival  of  the  fittest;"  first  taught  by  the  British  natural- 
ist Charles  R.  Darwin  and  A.  R.  Wallace  in  1858,  and  elaborate- 
ly expounded  by  Darwin  in  his  book  on  "The  Origin  of  Spe- 
cies," 1859.     Development,  Evolution  theory.  Species. 

dates  were  affixed  to  grants  and  assignments,  18  Edw.  I. 
1290.  Before  this  time  it  was  usual,  at  least,  to  pass  lands 
without  dating  the  deed. — Lewis.  Many  assignments  enrolled 
among  earh"  records  in  England  establish  this.  The  date  is 
then  determined  by  the  names  of  the  parties,  particularly  that 
of  the  grantor:  the  possession  of  land  was  proof  of  title. — 
Hto'die.  A  useful  glossary  of  dates  given  in  old  charters  and 
chronicles  will  be  found  in  Nicolas's  "  Chronology  of  History.  "^ 
J.  J.  Bond's  "Handy-book  for  Verifying  Dates,"  pub.  1866. 

Dauphin^  (do-fee-na'),  a  province  of  S.E.  France— so 
called  from  the  fact  that  one  of  the  counts  otVienne  placed 
a  dolphin  (dauphin)  in  his  coat-of-arms  and  assumed  the  title 
of  dauphin — was  successively  held  by  the  Allobroges,  Bur- 
gundians,  and  Lombards.  In  732-34  it  was  delivered  from 
the  invading  Saracens  by  Charles  Martel.  After  forming 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Aries,  it  was  much  subdivided  among 
counts.  One  of  these,  Humbert  II.,  ceded  Dauphine  and  the 
Viennois  to  Philip  VI.  in  1343,  for  his  eldest  son,  on  condition 
that  the  prince  should  be  styled  dauphine,  which  took  effect 
in  1349,  when  Humbert  became  a  monk.  Louis  Antoine,  duke 
of  Angoulerae,  son  of  Charles  X.,  the  last  dauphin  who  as- 
sumed the  title  at  his  father's  accession,  16  Sept.  1824,  died 
3  June,  1844. 

Dav'cntry,  a  town  of  Northamptonshire,  Engl.  Near 
here  Lambert,  having  escaped  from  the  Tower,  was  defeated 
and  retaken  in  his  attempt  to  enkindle  war,  bv  Monk,  21  Apr. 
1660.  The  dissenting  academy  removed  here  from  Northamp- 
ton in  1752,  was  transferred  to  Wymondley  in  1789,  thence  to 
London  as  Coward  college,  and  finally  united  with  Homerton 
and  Highbury  colleges  as  New  college,  in  1850. 

David's,  St.,  S.W.  Wales,  the  ancient  Menapia,  now  a 
poor,  decayed  place,  but  once  the  metropolitan  see  of  Wales, 
and  archiepiscopal.  When  Christianity  was  planted  in  Brit- 
ain, 3  archbishops'  seats  were  appointed — viz.,  London,  York, 
and  Caerleon  upon  Usk,  in  Monmouthshire.  That  at  Caerleon, 
being  too  near  the  dominions  of  the  Saxons,  was  removed  to 
Mynyw,  and  called  St.  David's,  in  honor  of  the  archbishop 
who  removed  it,  522.  St.  Sampson  was  the  last  archbishop  of 
the  Welsh ;  for  he,  withdrawing  himself  on  account  of  a  pes- 
tilence to  Dole,  in  Brittany,  carried  the  pall  with  him.  In 
the  reign  of  Henry  I.  the  archbishops  submitted  to  the  see  of 
Canterbury. — Beat  son.     Present  income,  4500/. 

David's  day,  St.,  l  Mch.,  is  annually  commemorated 
b}'  the  Welsh,  in  honor  of  St.  David.  Tradition  states  that 
on  St.  David's  birthday,  540,  a  great  victory  was  obtained  by 
the  Welsh  over  their  Saxon  invaders ;  and  that  the  Welsh 
soldiers  were  distinguished,  by  order  of  St.  David,  by  a  leek 
in  their  caps. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  Capture  of.  United  States, 
1865. 

Davis's,  Jefferson,  order  regarding  gen.  Benj. 
F.  Butler  and  the  officers  of  his  command.  United  States, 
23  Dec.  1862. 

Davis's  strait,  North  America,  connects  Baffin's  bay 
with  Atlantic  ocean;  discovered  by  John  Davis,  11  Aug.  1585, 
on  his  voyage  to  find  a  northwest  passage,  1585-87.  He  made 
2  more  voyages  for  this  purpose, and  5  to  the  East  Indies;  but 
was  killed  bv  Japanese  pirates,  on  the  coast  of  Malacca,  27  or 
29  Dec.  1605'. 

Davy  lamp,  etc.     Safety  lamp. 
Davy  medal,  furnished  by  the  sale  of  sir  Humphry  Davy's  plate, 

was  first  awarded  (Nov.  1877)  by  the  Royal  society  to  profs.  Bun- 
sen  and  Kirchhoff  for  their  discovery  of  Spectrum  analysis. 


DAV 


220 


DEA 


dB'Tyum,  a  new  metal,  announced  as  discovered  by 
Sergius  Keni,  28  June,  1877,  in  the  residuum  of  platinum  ore; 
said  Ui  be  hard,  infusible,  and  rather  ductile.  It  has  been 
suspected  to  be  ruthenium. 

day.  Day  began  at  sunrise  among  most  of  the  northern 
nations,  at  sunset  among  the  Athenians  and  Jews ;  and  among 
the  Romans  at  midnight  as  with  us.  The  Italians  in  some 
places  reckon  the  day  from  sunset  to  sunset,  making  their 
clocks  strike  24  hours.  The  Chinese  divide  the  day  into  12 
parts  of  2  hours  each.  The  astronomical  day  begins  at  noon, 
is  divided  into  24  hours  (instead  of  2  parts  of  12  hours),  and 
is  used  in  the  nautical  almanac.  Thus  the  astronomical  day 
8  Dec.  begins  at  noon  of  8  Dec.  and  ends  at  noon  9  Dec.  At 
Greenwich,  from  1  Jan.  1885,  the  day  of  24  hours  began  at 
midnight ;  the  reckoning  was  recommended  for  railways,  etc. 
The  Washington  Prime  Meridian  Conference  adopted  a  reso- 
lution  declaring  the  universal  day  to  be  the  mean  solar  day, 
beginning,  for  all  the  world,  at  the  moment  of  mean  midnight 
of  the  initial  meridian,  coinciding  with  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  ilay,  and  that  meridian  to  be  counted  from  zero  up  to  24 
hours,  21  Oct.  1884.  The  scheme  for  universal  time  was  ad- 
vocated by  W.  H.  M.  Christie,  the  astronomer  royal  at  the 
Royal  British  institution,  19  Mch.  1886.     Standard  Timk. 

cleacone§ses,  or  ministering  widows,  have  their  qual- 
ifications given  in  1  'rim.  v.  9, 10  (65).  Their  duties  were  to 
visit  the  poor  and  sick,  assist  at  the  agapre  or  love-feasts,  ad- 
monish the  j'oung  women,  etc.  The  office  was  discontinued 
in  the  Western  church  in  the  5th  and  6th  centuries,  and  in  the 
Greek  church  about  the  121  h,  but  again  revived  by  pastor 
Fliedner,  of  the  United  Evangelical  church  of  Prussia,  at 
Kaiserswerth,  in  1836.  The  appointment  of  deaconesses  in  th« 
Anglican  church,  subject  to  the  parochial  clergy,  was  advocated 
by  the  bishop  of  Ely,  Englan'd,  about  1853,  and  some  were  ap- 
pointed. The  Diocesan  Deaconess  institution,  London,  was 
established  in  1861.  The  largest  institution  in  the  United 
States  is  in  the  Episcopal  diocese  of  Long  Island,  established 
in  1872. 

deacon§  (literally,  servants),  an  order  of  Christian  min- 
isters, began  with  the  Apostles,  about  53  (Acts  vi.).  Their 
qualifications  are  given  by  St.  Paul  (65),.l  Tim.  iii.  8-14.  This 
order  or  office  is  established  in  the  church  of  Rome,  Anglican, 
Presbyterian,  Congregational,  Baptist,  Methodist,  and  others. 

dead.  Prayers  for  their  benefit  were  probably  offered 
in  the  2d  century,  being  referred  to  by  Tertullian,  who  died 
220.  The  practice  was  protested  against  by  Aerius,  and  de- 
fended by  Epiphanius,  who  died  403.  It  is  generally  objected 
to  by  the  church  of  England,  but  is  not  expressly  forbidden; 
80  decided  in  the  court  of  arches,  1873-76. 

dead  "iweight  loan  acquired  its  name  from  its 
locking  up  the  capital  of  the  Bank  of  England,  which  in  1823 
advanced  11,000,000/.  to  the  government  (to  construct  new 
ordnance,  etc.),  in  exchange  for  an  annuity  of  585,740/.  for 
44  years,  which  ceased  in  June,  1867. 

deaf  and  dumb.  Comparing  the  figures  of  1885, 
there  were  in  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  France, 
179  schools  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  employing  about  1200  teach- 
ers and  having  over  12,500  pupils.  Of  these  schools,  61  were 
in  the  U.  S.,  48  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  70  in  France. 
There  were  in  the  U.  S.  in  1891,  73  schools  with  an  aggregate 
attendance  of  8000  scholars,  and  employing  over  600  teachers; 
the  value  of  the  buildings  and  groinids  belonging  to  these  73 
institutions  is  about  $10,000,000.  The  estimated  deaf  popula- 
tion of  the  U.  S.  is  40,000,  about  2000  of  whom  live  in  New 
York  and  Brooklyn.  The  first  systematic  attempt  to  instruct 
the  deaf  and  dumb  was  made  by  Pedro  de  Ponce,  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  of  Spain,  on  Jerome  Cardan's  system,  about  1570. 
Bonet,  a  monk,  publishes  a  system  of  deaf-mute  instruction  at 

Madrid 1620 

Dr.  John  Wallis,  Savilian  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  taught  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  published 

a  work  on  the  subject 1650 

"Didascalocophus,  or  Deaf  and  Dumb  Man's  Tutor,"  by  George 
Dalgrano  (the  first  English  writer  who  gives  a  manual  alpha- 
bet) pub 1680 

Abb6  de  I'Ep^e  establishes  his  school  in  Paris 1765 

First  school  for  deaf-mutes  in  Great  Britain  started  in  Edin- 
burgh by  Thomas  Braidwood 1773 

Dr.  W.  Thornton,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  published  an  essay  on 
"Teaching  the  Deaf  to  Speak" 1793 


Unsuccessful  attempts  made  by  Braidwood  to  establish  schools 

for  the  deaf  in  Now  York  and  Virginia 

Asylum  for  deaf-and-dumb  children  opened  in  Loudon  through 

the  exertions  of  Mr.  Townsond  in  17y'2;  one  in  Edinburgh  by  J. 

Braidwood  in  1810;  and  one  in  Birmingham  by  T.  Braidwood, 

Asylum  at  Claromont,  Dublin,  opened 

First  institution  for  the  instruction  of  deaf-mutes  in  America, 

opened  under  dr.  T.  H.  Gallaudet,  at  Hartford,  Conn..  1.5  Apr. 
New  York  institution  chartered,  15  Apr.  1817  ;  Pennsylvania 

institution,  1820 ;  Kentucky  institution 

[Provision  for  the  education  of  deaf-mutes  is  now  made  In 

every  stale.] 
Rev.  dr.  T.  H.  Gallaudet,  vicar  of  St.  Ann's  church,  New  York, 

begins  holding  services  in  the  sign  language  in  his  church. . 
Statue  to  the  memory  of  rev.  T.  H.  Gallaudet.  erected  at  a  cost 

of  $2500  by  the  deaf  of  the  U.  S.,  is  unveiled  at  Hartford, 
6  ~ 


Conn. 


Sei)t. 


1811 


1815 
1816 


1817 


1852 

1854 
1864 
1866 
1869 
1870 

1871 

1872 

1874 
1876 
ItSO 

1885 


National  college  for  deaf  mutes,  dr.  E.  M.  Gallaudet,  president, 
established  at  Washington,  D.  C 

Alex.  Melville  Bell  expounds  his  system  of  Visible  speech  to 
the  Society  of  Arts,  London 14  Mch. 

An  English  deaf-and-dumb  debating  club  (Wallis  club)  closed 
its  :Jd  session Apr. 

Foundation  stone  of  St.  Saviour's  church,  near  Oxford  St.,  Lon- 
don, for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  laidby  the  prince  of  Wales,  5  July, 

A.ssociation  for  the  oral  instruction  of  deaf  and  dumb,  founded 
in  England  on  the  German  system  introduced  by  William 

van  Praagh 

[Taught  by  speech  and  lip  movement  only,  the  finger  al- 
phabet and  artificial  signs  excluded] 

Oral  Association  school  and  Training  college  on  Fitzroy  sqnnre, 
London,  Engl.,  established 16  July, 

Church  mission  to  deaf  mutes  incorporated  in  the  U.  S 

Monument  to  Laurent  Clerc  erected  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  and 
unveiled 16  Sept. 

Ordination  of  the  first  deaf  person  to  the  ministry  of  the  Epis- 
copal church,  rev.  Henry  Winter  Syle,  occurs  in  Philadelphia, 

International  congress  at  Milan ;  great  majority  in  favor  of  oral 
teaching  of  deaf-mutes Sept. 

A  deaf  mutes'  home,  begun  as  a  branch  of  the  church  mission, 
removed  to  Wappinger's  Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  established  as  the 
Gallaudet  home  for  aged  and  infirm  deaf-mutes 

Bronze  statue,  emblematic  of  the  meeting  between  Gallaudet 
and  Alice  Cogswell,  and  called  the  "Gallaudet  Centennial 
Memorial,"  is  unveiled  at  Washington,  D.  C 26  June,  1889 

Convention  of  deaf-mutes  from  all  parts  of  the  world  at  Paris,     " 

dean  (decanvs),  a  name  commonly  given  to  the  arch- 
presbyter,  or  eldest  [jresbyter,  in  the  12th  century  ;  originally 
a  military  title,  an  officer  over  10  soldiers.  In  the  church  of 
England  the  dean  and  chapter  of  a  cathedral  nominally  elect 
the  bishop  and  form  his  council.  By  13  and  14  Car.  IL  (1662), 
a  dean  must  be  in  priest's  orders.  The  office  had  sometimes 
been  held  by  a  layman,  under  special  dispensation.  The  an- 
cient office  of  "  rural  dean,"  often  revived  in  England  since 
1850.  The  Deans  and  Canons'  Resignation  act  passed  13  May, 
1872.  The  Five  Deans'  memorial,  and  counter- memorial. 
Church  of  England,  1881. 

Dean,  Forest  of,  Gloucestershire,  Engl.,  anciently  all 
wooded,  in  the  last  centurj^,  though  much  curtailed,  was  20 
miles  long  and  10  wide.  It  was  famous  for  its  oaks,  the  ma- 
terial of  ships  of  war.  Riots  in  this  district,  when  more  than 
3000  persons  assembled  in  the  forest,  and  demolished  upwards 
of  50  miles  of  wall  and  fence,  throwing  open  10,000  acres  of 
plantation,  took  place  on  8  June,  1831.  The  Dean  Forest 
(mines)  act  passed  16  Aug.  1871. 

death  penalty,  ordained  for  murder,  2348  B.C.  (Gen. 
ix.  6).  B.C. 

Jews  generally  stoned  their  criminals  (Lev.  xx.  2) 1490 

Dracos  code  punished  every  offence  with  death 621 

It  was  limited  to  murder  by  Solon 594 

Maurice,  son  of  a  nobleman,  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered,  for  a.d. 

piracy,  the  first  such  execution  in  England,  25  Hen.  Ill 1241 

Capital  punishment  abolished  in  Russia  by  Catherine  II.,  ex- 
cept for  treason 1767 

Abolished  for  most  offences  in  England  by  sir  Robert  Peel's 

acts,  4  to  10  Geo.  IV ; 1824-29 

By  the  Criminal  Law  Consolidation  acts,  death  was  confined  to 

treason  and  wilful  murder 1861 

British  commission  on  capital  punishment  (appointed  1864) 
recommend  penal  servitude  instead  of  death  for  unpremedi- 
tated killing,  and  that  executions  be  private Dec.  1865 

Capital  punishment  practically  abolished  in  Italy Apr.     " 

Its  proposed  abolition  in  Belgium  negatived 18  Jan.  1867 

["Capital  Punishment  within  Prisons  bill"  passed  May, 
1868;  1st  case,  13  Aug.  1868.     Exkcutions.] 

Capital  punishment  abolished  in  Saxony 1  Apr.  1868 

Vote  for  its  abolition  in  Switzerland,  1874;  for  its  restoration 

(191,197-177,263) May,  1879 

Abolition  of  it  in  Great  Britain  proposed  by  Mr.  Gilpin  in  the 
commons;  negatived  (127-23),  21  Apr.  1868;  negatived  (118- 
58),  29  July,  1869;  negatived  (167-54),  24  July,  1872;  (155- 
50),  12  June,  1877;  (263-64),  13  Mch.  1878;  proposed  by  Mr. 
Pease,  negatived  (175-79) 22  June,  1881 


V 


DEB 


221 


DEC 


Capital  punishment  by  electricity  ordered  to  be  adopted  by  the 

state  of  New  York  from •  •  -1  Jan.  1889 

Execution  of  William  Kemmler  by  electricity  was  ordered,  but 

deferred,  on  appeal H  Oct. 

Execution  by  electricity  declared  constitutional  by  the  court  of 

appeals 22  Mch.  1890 

Execution  of  Kemmler  stopped  by  habeas  corpus 29  Apr.      ' 

Effected  with  some  difficulty 6  Aug.     " 

Four  men  executed  by  electricity  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. . .  .7  July,  1891 

There  were  123  legal  executions  in  the  U.  S " 

[Of  these  52  were  white,  65  negroes,  1  Mexican,  4  Indians,  1  Jap- 
anese.   The  most  in  any  state— Georgia,  16 ;  Texas,  12 ;  Louisiana, 
9;  .Mississippi,  8.     Ckimk.] 
Practically  ceased  in  Belgium,  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Denmark,  and  Swe- 
den, though  not  abolished. 
In  France,  126  convictions  for  murder— 4  executed  in  one  year;  simi- 
lar proportion  in  Italy. 
Abolished  in  some  of  the  U.  S.    Maine,  1876;  Rhode  Island,  Michigan, 

and  WLsconsin,  since. 
Modes  of  execution  (1889) :— Austria,  gallows,  public;  Bavaria,  guil- 
lotine, private  ;  Belgium,  guillotine,  public;  Brunswick,  axe,  pri- 
vate ;  China,  sword  or  cord,  public  ;  Denmark,  guillotine,  pub- 
lic ;  Ecuador,  musket,  public  ;  France,  guillotine,  public  ;  Great 
Britain,  gallows,  private;  Hanover,  guillotine,  private;  Italy,  cap- 
ital punishment  aboli.shed;  Netherlands,  gallows,  public;  Olden- 
burg, musket,  public  ;  Portugal,  gallows,  public  ;  Prussia,  sword, 
private;  Russia,  musket,  gallows,  or  sword,  public;  Saxony,  when 
executed,  guillotine,  private;  Spain,  garrote,  public  ;  Switzerland, 
15  cantons,  sword,  public  ;  2  cantons,  guillotine,  public  ;  2  canton.s, 
guillotine,  private;  United  States  (other  than  New  York),  gallows, 
mostly  private. 

debtor§  have  been  subjected  to  imprisonment  in  almost 
all  countries  and  times.  In  18  months  after  the  panic  of  Dec. 
1825,  101,000  writs  for  debt  were  issued  in  England.  In  the 
year  ending  5  Jan.  1830,  there  were  7114  persons  sent  to  the 
prisons  of  London  ;  on  that  day  1547  of  the  number  were  yet 
confined.  On  1  Jan.  1840,  there  were  1732  prisoners  for  debt 
in  England  and  Wales,  less  than  1000  in  Ireland,  and  in  Scot- 
land under  100.  Statutes  of  relief  and  other  causes  reduced 
the  number  of  imprisoned  debtors.  When  the  new  Bankruptcy 
act  (abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt,  except  when  fraudu- 
lent) came  into  operation,  Nov.  1861,  many  debtors  were  re- 
leased. "Arrest  of  Absconding  Debtors  bill,"  14  and  15  Vict, 
c.  52,  1852.  In  1863  nearly  18,000  persons  were  imprisoned 
by  the  county  courts  :  average  time,  15  days ;  amount  of  debt, 
3^.  10s.  By  act  passed  9  Aug.  1869,  the  imprisonment  of  fraud- 
ulent debtors  was  abolished,  with  certain  exceptions,  and 
nearly  a  hundred  debtors  were  released  by  a  judge's  order  in 
Jan.  1870.  An  act  to  facilitate  the  arrest  of  absconding  debt- 
ors, passed  9  Aug.  1870.  Imprisonment  for  debt  in  Ireland 
was  abolished  by  an  act  passed  6  Aug.  1872,  and  in  Scotland 
(after  31  Dec.)  by  Dr.  Cameron's  act,  passed  7  Sept.  1880.  In 
the  United  States,  even  as  late  as  1829,  it  is  estimated  that 
there  were  3000  debtors  in  prison  in  Massachusetts,  10,000  in 
New  York,  7000  in  Pennsylvania,  3000  in  Maryland,  and  a  like 
proportion  in  the  other  states,  many  of  them  imprisoned  for  the 
sum  of  $1.  In  1828  there  were  1085  debtors  imprisoned  in 
Philadelphia,  their  debts  amounting  to  $25,409 ;  the  expense 
of  keeping  them  was  $362,076,  paid  by  the  city ;  amount  of 
debts  recovered  by  this  process,  $295.  Imprisonment  for  debt 
abolished  in  the  U.  S.  by  an  act  of  the  22d  Congress,  2d  session, 
1833,  though  not  fully  enforced  until  1839.  Kentucky  had 
previously  abolished  the  law,  1821  ;  Ohio,  1828 ;  Maryland, 
1830 ;  New  York,  1831 ;  Connecticut,  1837 ;  Alabama,  1848, 
etc.  The  imprisonment  of  col.  William  Barton  (who  captured 
the  British  gen.  Prescott,  10  July,  1777)  for  debt,  drew  from 
Whittier  his  fine  poem,  "  The  Prisoner  for  Debt." 

de'busscope  (from  Debus,  the  inventor,  and  scope, 
Gr.  fjKOTrdv,  view),  an  instrument  of  French  origin,  some- 
what similar  to  the  kaleidoscope,  said  to  be  useful  for  devising 
patterns  for  calico-printers,  etc.,  appeared  in  1860. 

Decam'erone'  (10  days).    Boccaccio,  Literature. 

Decean,  Dekhan,  or  Dakhan,  S.  India,  was 

invaded  by  the  Mahometans  in  1294.  The  first  independent 
sultan  was  Alaudin.  The  natives  revolted,  and  the  dynasty 
of  Bahmani  was  founded  by  Hasan  Ganga  in  1347.  About 
1686-90,  Aurungzebe  I.  recovered  the  Decean,  but  soon  lost 
great  part  of  it  to  the  Mahrattas.  The  Nizam  al  Mulk,  his 
viceroy,  became  independent  in  1717.  A  large  part  of  the 
Decean  was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1818. 

December  (from  decern,  ten),  the  tenth  month  of  the 
year  of  Romulus,  commencing  in  March.  In  713  b.c.,  Numa 
introduced  January  and  February  before  March,  and  Decem- 


ber became  the  12th  of  the  year.  In  the  reign  of  Com- 
modus,  181-92  a.d.,  December  was  called  Amazonius,  in  honor 
of  a  courtesan  whom  that  prince  had  loved,  and  had  had 
painted  like  an  amazon.  The  English  year  began  25  Dec, 
until  the  reign  of  William  I.     Year. 

Decem'viri,  or  "  Ten  Men,"  appointed  to  draw  up  a 
code  of  laws,  to  whom  for  a  time  the  whole  government  of  Rome 
was  committed,  451  b.c.  The  laws  they  drew  up  were  ap- 
proved by  the  senate  and  general  assembly  of  the  people,  writ- 
ten on  10  metallic  tables,  and  set  up  in  the  place  where  the 
people  met  (comi(ium).  2  more  tables  were  added,  450  b.c. 
The  Decemviri  at  first  ruled  well,  but  the  conduct  of  Appius 
Claudius  towards  Virginia,  daughter  of  L.  Virginius,  precipi- 
tated an  insurrection.  They  were  forced  to  resign  ;  and  con- 
suls were  again  appointed,  449  b.c. 

deeemia'lia,  festivals  instituted  by  Augustus,  17  b.c., 
celebrated  by  the  Roman  emperors  every  10th  year  of  their 
reign,  with  sacrifices,  games,  and  largesses. — Livt/.  Celebrated 
by  Antoninus  Pius,  148  a.d. 

decimal  §y§tem  of  coinag^e,\reight§,  etc. 

In  1782,  Gouverneur  Morris,  assistant  fiscal  agent  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  (U.  S.),  reported  a  decimal  currency  system, 
designed  to  harmonize  the  moneys  of  the  states.  He  ascer- 
tained that  the  1440th  part  of  a  Spanish  d^jUar  was  a  com- 
mon divisor  for  the  various  currencies.  With  this  as  a  unit 
he  proposed  the  following  table  of  moneys:  10  units  to  be 
equal  to  1  penny,  10  pence  to  1  bill,  10  bills  1  dollar  (about  75 
cents  of  the  present  currency),  10  dollars  1  crown.  In  1784, 
Mr.  Jefferson,  as  chairman  of  a  committee  of  Congress,  proposed 
to  strike  4  coins  upon  the  basis  of  the  Spanish  dollar,  as  fol- 
lows :  A  gold  piece  worth  10  dollars,  a  dollar  in  silver,  a  10th 
of  a  dollar  in  silver,  a  100th  of  a  dollar  in  copper.  Congress 
adopted  his  proposition,  hence  the  cent,  dime,  dollar,  and  eagle 
of  the  U.  S.  currency.     Coin,  Metric  system. 

decip'ium,  a  new  metal  found  by  M.  Delafontaine  in 
the  same  earth  with  Piiilippium,  announced  Nov.  1878. 

Declaration  of  Independence.    The  idea 

of  independence,  or  a  total  separation  from  Great  Britain,  was 
not  fully  entertained  by  the  American  colonists  until  the  spring 
of  1776.  In  Nov.  1775,  Pennsylvania  had  enjoined  her  dele- 
gates to  reject  any  proposition  tending  to  separation ;  and  in 
Jan.  1776,  New  Jersey  and  Maryland  so  instructed  their  dele- 
gates. In  Jan.  1776,  "  Common  Sense,"  a  pamphlet  by  Thomas 
Paine,  appeared  in  Philadelphia,  advocating  a  final  and  formal 
separation.  This  was  widely  circulated,  and  convinced  multi- 
tudes of  the  necessity  of  a  separate  government.  Lord  Dun- 
more's  ravages  in  Virginia,  and  the  action  of  the  Tories  in 
North  Carolina,  strengthened  the  cause  of  independence  in  the 
South,  and  the  evacuation  of  Boston,  in  the  North.  The  growth 
of  this  sentiment  finally  culminated  in  Virginia's  instructing 
her  delegates,  15  May,  1776,  to  propose  in  Congress  a  declara- 
tion of  independence.  On  7  June,  Richard  Henry  Lee  moved 
in  that  body,  "  that  the  United  Colonies  are,  and  ought  to  be, 
free  and  independent  states,  and  that  their  political  connection 
Avith  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  dissolved."  The  debate 
on  this  resolution  took  place  with  closed  doors,  8  June,  and  it 
passed  b}'  a  bare  majority  of  7  states  to  6.  The  delegates 
from  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersej',  and  Maryland  were  expressly 
instructed  against  it ;  tho.se  from  New  York,  Delaware,  and 
South  Carolina,  being  without  instructions,  were  unwilling  to 
assume  the  responsibility.  In  view  of  this  slight  majority  the 
subject  was  postponed  until  July  1 ;  but  Congress  appointed, 
meanwhile,  a  committee  of  5,  Thomas  Jefferson,  John  Adams, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Roger  Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Livingston, 
to  prepare  a  formal  declaration  of  independence.  The  draft  of 
the  declaration  was  prepared  by  Jefferson,  and  reported  by  the 
committee  to  Congress  on  28  June,  1776.  When  the  sul)ject 
was  brought  before  Congress,  1  July,  9  colonies  instea<l  of  7 
supported  it ;  New  York  declined  ;  Delaware  was  divided ; 
Pennsylvania,  3  for,  4  against ;  South  Carolina,  1  for,  3  against; 
but  when  the  question  came  up  for  final  action,  4  July,  1776, 
Delaware  declared  for  it,  as  did  South  Carolina  and  Penn.syl- 
vania,  Robert  Morris  and  Dickinson  of  that  state  absenting 
them.selves ;  New  York  still  declined  to  vote.  However,  the 
new  provisional  assembly  of  that  state,  which  met  at  White 
Plains,  9  July,  at  once  gave  its  sanction  to  the  declaration, 


DEC 


222 


DEF 


which  thus  became  the  unanimoua  act  of  the  13  united  states. 
The  declaration  was  ordered  by  Congress  to  be  engrossed  on 
parchment,  and  was  signed,  2  Aug.  1776,  by  all  the  delegates 
then  present  (54) ;  later,  in  Oct.,  by  Thomas  McKean,  Del. ;  in 
Nov.  by  Matthew  Tlu>rnton,  N.  H.     United  States. 

SIGNERS   OF  THE  DECLARATION   OF   INDEPENDENCE. 


8Ut«. 

Nmiie. 

Born. 

Diea. 

Samuel  Huntington.. 

3  July,  1732 

5  Jan.    1796 

Roger  Sherman 

19  Apr.    1721 

23  July.  1793 

Connecticut... 

William  Whipple 

1730 

28  Nov.  1786 

William  Williams.... 

8  Apr.     1731 

2  Aug.  1811 

Oliver  Wolcott 

26  Nov.    1726 

IDec.    1797 

(Thomas  McKoan 

\  George  Road 

19Mch.    1734 

24  June,  1817 

Delaware 

1734 

1798 

(Caesar  Rodney 

1730 

1783 

(  Button  Gwinnett 

England,  1732 

27  May,  1777 

Georgia. 

J  George  Walton 

( Lyman  Hall  . . . 

1740 

2  Feb.    1804 

1731 
20  Sept.   1737 

1784 

fCliarles  Carroll ..' '.i . 

14  Nov.  1832 

Maryland 

!  Samuel  Chase 

William  I'aca 

Thomas  Stone 

17  Apr.     1741 

19  June,  1811 

31  Oct.     1740 

1799 

1742 

5  Oct.    1787 

John  Adams 

19  Oct.     1735 

4  July,  1826 

Samuel  Adams 

22  Sept.    1722 

3  Oct.    1803 

Massachusetts 

Elbridge  Gerry 

17  July,   1744 

23  Nov.  1814 

John  Hancock 

12  Jan.     1737 

8  Oct.    1793 

Robert  Treat  Paine. . . 

1731 

11  May,  1814 

New     Hamp- 

Josiah Bartlett 

{  Matthew  Tliornton . . . 

Nov.    1729 

19  May,  1795 

shire 

Ireland,   1714 

24  June,  1803 

Abraham  Clark 

15  Feb.     1726 

Sept.  1794 

John  Hart 

1715 

1780 

New  Jersey. . . 

Francis  Hopkinson. . . 

1737 

9  May,  1791 

Richard  Stockton 

1  Oct.      1730 

28  Feb.    1781 

John  Witherspoon.. . . 

5  Feb.     1722 

15  Nov.  1794 

^Villiam  Floyd 

17  Dec.    1734 

1  Aug.  1821 

New  York.... 

Francis  Lewis 

( Wales,        ) 
iMch.  1713  1 

30  Dec.  1803 

Philip  Livingston.... 

15  Jan.     1716 

12  June,  1778 

Lewis  Morris 

1726 

22  Jan.    1798 

North      Caro- 
lina.  

Joseph  Hewes 

1730 

10  Nov.  1779 

William  Hooper 

John  Penn 

17  June,  1742 

Oct.    1790 

17  May,    1741 

Sept.    1788 

f  George  Clymer. 

24  Jan.    1739 

23  Jan.    1813 

Beiyamiu  Franklin... 

17  Jan.     1706 

17  Apr.   1790 

Robert  Morris 

( England,     | 
(20  Jan.  1734  f 

8  May,  1806 

Pennsylvania. 

John  Morton 

1724 
1730 

Apr.    1777 
July,    1779 

George  Ross 

Benjamin  Rush 

24  Dec.     1745 

19  Apr.   1813 

James  Smith 

Ireland,   1710 

11  July,  1806 

George  Taylor 

Ireland,  1716 

23  Feb.   1781 

James  Wilson 

Scotland,  1742 

28  Aug.  1798 

TthndA  TelAnrl 

William  Ellery 

Stephen  Hopkins 

22  Dec.     1727 

15  Feb.   1820 

M.*ixv\tv  iDiauu. 

7Mch.    1707 

13  July,  1785 

Thomas  Haywardjr. 

1746 

Mch.   1809 

South  Carolina 

Thomas  Lynch,  jr 

5  Aug.    1749 

1779 

Arthur  Middleton. .. . 

1743 

1  Jan.    1788 

Edward  Rutledge.... 

Nov.  1749 

23  Jan.    1800 

f  Carter  Braxton 

10  Sept.    1736 

10  Oct.    1797 

Benjamin  Harrison... 

1740 

Apr.    1791 

Thomas  Jefferson 

13  Apr.    1743 

4  July,  1826 

Virginia 

Richard  Henry  Lee... 

20  Jan.     1732 

19  June,  1794 

Francis  Lightfoot  Lee 

14  Oct.      1734 

Apr.    1797 

Thomas  Nelson,  jr.. . . 

26  Dec.    1738 

4  Jan.    1789 

George  Wythe 

1726 

8  June,  1806 

Declaration  of  Rights.  Rights;  Virginia, 
1776. 

Decoration  day.  The  custom  of  strewing  flowers 
on  the  graves  of  soldiers  originated  among  Southern  women 
during  the  civil  war.  The  beautiful  custom  gradually  spread 
throughout  the  country,  and  in  1868  and  1869  gen.  John  A. 
Logan,  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, appointed  30  May  for  that  purpose.  Since  that  time 
30  May  in  each  year  has  been  observed  as  Decoration  day 
throughout  the  United  States. 

decorative  art.  Its  principles,  enunciated  by  A. 
W.  Pugin  in  his  "  Designs,"  in  1835,  have  been  advanced  by 
Owen  .Jones,  Redgrave,  and  others.  Owen  Jones's  elaborate 
"Grammar  of  Ornament"  was  pub.  in  1856.  A  decorative 
art  society,  founded  in  1844,  existed  for  a  short  time  only. 

De  Courcy'S  privilege,  of  standing  covered  be- 
fore the  king,  granted  by  king  John  to  John  de  Courcy,  baron 
of  Kingsale,  and  his  successors,  in  1203.  He  was  the  first  Irish 
nobleman  created  by  an  English  sovereign,  27  Hen.  II.  1181, 
and  was  intrusted  with  the  government  of  Ireland,  1185.  The 
privilege  was  allowed  to  the  baron  of  Kingsale  by  William 
III.,  George  III.,  and  by  George  IV.  at  his  court  held  in  Dub- 
lin in  Aug.  1821.    The  present  baron  is  the  30th  in  succession. 


I 


decretals  formed  the  second  part  of  the  canon  law,  or 
collection  of  the  pope's  edicts  and  decrees  and  the  decrees  of 
councils.  The  first  acknowledged  to  be  genuine  is  a  letter  of 
Siricius  to  Himerus,  a  bishop  of  Spain,  written  in  the  first 
year  of  his  pontiticate,  38b.— ffowel.  Certain  false  decretals 
were  used  by  Gregory  IV.  in  837.  The  decretals  of  Gratian, 
a  Benedictine  (a  collection  of  canon.s),  were  compiled  in  1150. 
— Henault.  5  books  were  collected  by  Gregory  IX.  1227;  a 
6th  by  Boniface  VHI.  1297;  the  Clementines  by  Clement  V. 
in  1313;  employed  by  John  XXII.  in  1317;  the  Extrava- 
gantes  range  from  1422-83.     Literaturk,  Forgeries  of. 

dedication  of  the  Jewish  tabernacle,  1490  B.c. ;  of  the 
temple,  1004  b.c  ;  of  the  second  temple,  515  b.c.  The  Chris- 
tians under  Constantine  built  new  churches  and  dedicated  them 
with  solemnity,  in  331  et  seq.  a.d.— Books  were  dedicated  (by 
authors  to  solicit  patronage^r  testify  respect)  in  the  time  of 
Maecenas,  17  B.C.,  friend  of  Augustus  and  patron  of  Horace 
(Ode  i.  1). 

deed,  a  written  contract  or  agreement.  The  formula, 
''  I  deliver  this  as  my  act  and  deed,"  occurs  in  a  charter  of  933. 
— Foshrooke.  Deeds  in  J^iigland  were  anciently  written  in 
Latin  or  French ;  the  earliest  known  in  English  is  the  indent- 
ure between  the  abbot  of  Whitby  and  Robert  Bustard,  dated 
York,  1343.  In  the  United  States  the  formalities  required  for 
the  transfer  of  real  estate  are  governed  by  local  laws. 

deep-sea  soundings.  Much  information  respect- 
ing animal  life  and  temperature  in  the  deep  sea  has  been  ac- 
quired by  the  dredgings  on  the  coast  of  Norway  by  M.  Sars, 
and  by  those  of  dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter  and  prof.  Wyville  Thom- 
son on  the  British  coasts,  near  the  Faroe  isles,  in  1868 
and  1869,  and  in  the  Mediterranean  by  dr.  Carpenter  in  1870. 
Living  animals  have  been  found  at  a  depth  of  3  miles.  On 
21  Dec.  1872,  dr.  Wyville  Thomson  and  a  party  of  scientific 
men  sailed  in  the  British  ship  Challenger  (capt.  G.  S.  Nares) 
to  examine  the  physical  and  biological  condition  of  the 
great  ocean  basins  and  the  direction  of  their  currents.  Deep- 
est sounding  then  known  was  in  the  Atlantic,  north  of  St. 
Thomas's,  3875  fathoms  (4  miles,  710  yards),  24  Mch.  1873.  On 
10  Dec.  1874,  capt.  Thompson  succeeded  capt.  Nares,  who  took 
command  of  the  new  Arctic  expedition.  The  Challenger  re- 
turned with  valuable  collections,  25  May,  1876,  after  a  voyage 
of  above  80,000  miles.  The  "  Voyage  "  was  published  by  sir 
C.  Wyville  Thomson  in  Dec.  1877.  A  Norwegian  expedition 
explored  the  northern  seas  16  July-18  Aug.  1877.  J^xtensive 
deep-sea  soundings,  especially  in  the  Gulf  stream,  have  been 
made  by  the  United  States  coast  survey,  with  apparatus  es- 
pecially devised ;  and,  under  the  supervision  of  prof.  Agassiz 
and  the  count  de  Pourtales,  much  scientific  knowledge  has 
been  collected  concerning  ocean  deposits  and  the  deep-sea 
faunae.  The  voyage  of  the  U.  S.  coast-survey  vessel  Hassler, 
in  1871,  with  Agassiz  and  other  scientists,  was  very  rich  in 
results.  In  Sept.  1889,  the  South  Atlantic  ocean,  midway  be- 
tween the  island  of  Tristan  d'Acunha  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  was  stated  to  be  40,236  ft.  or  8f  miles  in 
depth.  Greatest  depth  reported  in  the  Mediterranean  2J  miles, 
between  Molla  and  Cerigo,  1891.  Ocean  Areas,  Depths, 
AND  Soundings. 

deer  are  mentioned  in  a  will  of  one  Athelstan,  dated 
1045.  Prof.  Owen  thinks  that  fallow-deer  are  not  native,- 
but  ^yere  introduced  into  England  at  an  early  period.  There 
are  now  in  England  334  deer-parks,  the  oldest  being  probably 
lord  Abergavenny's  at  Eridge,  Sussex.  See  Evelyn  Shirley's 
"  Account  of  Deer-parks,"  July,  1867.  1658  deer  in  the  royal 
parks,  1873. 

Deerfield,  Mass.  Massachusetts,  167* -1704,  for 
Indian  massacre. 

DeerllOUnd,  an  English  yacht,  while  conveying  arms 
to  the  Carlists,  seized  by  the  Spanish  government  vessel  Bue- 
naventura, off  Biarritz,  and  captain  and  crew  imprisoned,  13 
Aug.;  released  about  18  Sept.  1873.  Rescued  capt.  Semmes 
and  part  of  his  crew  from  the  Alabama  after  her  destruction 
by  the  Kearsarge,  19  June,  1864. 

Defender  of  the  Faith  (Fidei  Defensor),  a  title 
of  the  British  sovereign,  conferred  by  Leo  X.  on  Henry  VIIL 
of  England,  11  Oct.  1521,  for  the  tract  against  Luther  on  be- 


DEG 


223 


DEL 


half  of  the  Church  of  Rome  (then  accounted  Domidlium  jidei 
CathoUccB). 

degrees.  Eratosthenes  attempted  to  determine  the 
length  of  a  geographical  degree  about  250  B.c.  Geodesy, 
Latitude,  Longitude. — Collegiate  degrees  are  coeval  with 
universities.  Masters  and  doctors  existed  826.  Those  in  law- 
are  traced  up  to  1149;  in  medicine,  to  1384;  in  music,  to 
1463.  Middle-class  examinations  for  degrees  were  instituted 
at  Oxford,  18  June,  1857 ;  at  Cambridge,  24  Nov.  1857 ;  and 
girls  were  allowed  to  compete  for  degrees,  Oct.  1863.  Bill  to 
enable  Scotch  universities  to  grant  degrees  to  women  rejected 
by  the  commons,  3  Mch.  1875.     Women. 

I>eira  {dl'rd),  a  part  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kingdom  of 
Northumbria.     Britain. 

deism,  theism,  or  monotheism  (Lat.  Deus; 

Gr.  Gfof,  God),  the  belief  in  one  God,  opposed  to  polytheism 
or  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  About  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century  the  term  deist  began  to  be  applied  in  France  and 
Italy  to  men  who  disputed  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  The 
most  distinguished  deists  were  Herbert,  baron  of  Cherburj',  in 
1624;  Hobbes,  Tindal,  Morgan,  lord  Bolingbroke,  Gibbon, 
Hume,  Holcroft,  Paine,  and  Godwin. 

High-caste  Brahmin,  Rammohun  Roy,  founded  a  Brahmin  mon- 
otheistic church about  1830 

"Progressive  Brahmins,"  termed  the  Brahmo  Somaj,  or  the- 
istic  church  of  India,  opened  a  place  of  worship  at  Calcutta, 

24  Aug.  1869 
Their  leader,  Baboo  Keshub  Chunder  Sen,  was  received  at  a 
public  meeting  in  London  as  a  reformer,  12  Apr.,  and  subse- 
quently preached  in  a  Unitarian  chapel,  Finsbury,  London. .  1870 

Schism  in  his  church ;  new  church  formed 1880 

Philosophy,  Unitarians. 

DelBg'O'a  hay,  S.E.Africa,  claimed  by  Great  Britain 
and  Portugal.  Having  been  referred  to  arbitration,  it  was 
awarded  to  Portugal  by  marshal  MacMahon,  Aug.  1875. 

Delaware,  one  of  the  middle  Atlantic  states,  is,  next 
to  Rhode  Island,  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union.  Its  south- 
ern boundary  is  a  line  drawn 
due  west  from  the  Atlantic  on 
lat.  38°  28'  N.,  half  way  to  the 
Chesapeake  bay.  Its  western 
boundary  is  a  line  drawn  north 
from  this  point,  tangent  to  a 
circle  having  a  radius  of  12 
miles  and  with  New  Castle  as 
its  centre.  An  arc  of  this  cir- 
cle forms  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  the  state,  and  separates 
it  from  Pennsylvania  in  about 
lat.  39°  50'.  Delaware  river 
and  bay  separate  it  from  New 
Jersey  on  the  east,  and  Maryland  lies  to  the  south  and  west. 
Area,  2050  sq.  miles,  in  3  counties ;  pop.  1890,  168,493.  Capi- 
tal, Dover. 

■Henry  Hudson  discovers  the  Delaware  river 28  Aug  1609 

Lord  De  la  Warr,  governor  of  Virginia,  enters  the  bay  called 

by  his  name 1610 

Samuel  Godyn,  a  director  in  the  Dutch  West  India  company, 
purchases  16  Dutch  sq.  miles  from  the  natives,  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Delaware 25  July,  1630 

David  Petersen  de  Vries  makes  a  small  settlement  at  the 
Hoorn-kill,  now  Lewes,  just  within  the  entrance  to  Delaware 

bay,  and  calls  it  Swanendael Mch.  1631 

De  Vries  having  left  the  colony  soon  after,  returns  to  find  it 

destroyed  by  the  Indians;  all  the  settlers  killed 5  Dec.  1632 

Owners  of  Swanendael  transfer  all  their  interest  in  the  property 

to  the  directors  of  the  Dutch  West  India  company 7  Feb.  1635 

First  permanent  settlement  of  Europeans  in  Delaware  by 
Swedes  under  Peter  Minuit,  a  former  director  of  the  Dutch 
West  India  company  at  Manhattan.  They  locate  at  Christi- 
ana, within  the  present  limits  of  Wilmington,  build  a  fort  and 
erect  a  church  within  its  walls,  and  name  the  territory  ' '  New 

Sweden  " Mch.  1638 

Minuit  buys  from  5  chiefs  of  the  Minquas  territory  on  west 
side  of  the  Delaware,  from  Bombay  Hook  to  the  river  Schuyl- 
kill, with  no  western  boundary  specified 29  Mch.     " 

Protest  against  Swedish  settlement  by  William  Kieft,  director- 
general  of  the  New  Netherlands,  on  claim  of  prior  possession 

by  the  Dutch 6  May,     " 

Peter  Minuit  having  been  drowned  in  a  storm  at  sea  off  the 
West  Indies,  lieut.  Peter  HoUender,  commissioned  governor 
of  New  Sweden,  arrives  with  new  immigrants  at  Christiana, 

just  as  the  colony  had  resolved  to  break  up 11  Apr.  1640 

Dutch  settlement  made  a  few  miles  from  Christiana  under  a 
hereditary  fief  grant  from  the  crown  of  Sweden 2  Nov.     " 


Johan  Printz,  a  Swede,  appointed  governor  of  New  Sweden, 
arrives  at  Christiana  with  2  vessels  of  war 15  Feb.  1643 

Fifth  Swedish  expedition  arrives  at  Christiana 11  Mch.  1644 

Dutch  States-general  and  West  India  company  secure  from  the 
Indians  a  deed  to  all  lands  between  Christiana  creek  and  Cana- 
rosse,  the  same  which  had  been  sold  to  the  Swedes  by  the 
Indians,  and  erect  fort  Casimir,  now  New  Castle 19  July,  1651 

Gov.  Printz,  returning  home,  appoints  his  son-in  law,  Johan 
Pappegoia,  governor  of  the  colony Oct.  1652 

Johan  Claudii  Rising,  arriving  at  fort  Casimir  in  the  ship 
Eagle,  direct  from  Sweden,  with  reinforcements  for  the  col- 
ony in  New  Sweden,  demands  its  surrender,  takes  the  fort 
without  bloodshed,  and  renames  it  fort  Trinity May,  1654 

Vice-gov.  Pappegoia  returning  to  Sweden  soon.  Rising  assumes 
supreme  authority  as  director-general  of  New  Sweden " 

Gov.  Peter  Stuyvesant  of  Manhattan  captures  forts  Trinity  and 
Christiana,  sends  to  Europe  all  Swedes  refusing  allegiance  to 
Holland,  and  brings  the  colony  under  Dutch  rule,  16-25  Sept.  1655 

Gov.  Rising  and  companions  embark  for  Sweden  on  the  De 
Waag,  and  bid  farewell  to  Delaware 1  Oct.     " 

Stuyvesant  commissions  Johan  Paul  Jaquet  governor  of  the 
Dutch  colony  on  the  Delaware,  who  selects  fort  Casimir  as 
his  residence 29  Nov.     " 

Swedes  arriving  on  the  ship  Mercurius,  not  knowing  of  the 
change  in  government,  attempt  to  ascend  the  river  and  land, 
but  are  dismissed  by  the  Dutch  without  bloodshed. .  .24  Mch.  1656 

Gov. -general  and  council  give  75  deeds  for  land,  chiefly  for  lots 
in  New  Amstel,  now  New  Castle.     The  first  made 12  Apr.     " 

Dutch  West  India  company  transfers  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam 
fort  Casimir  and  the  adjacent  territory  of  New  Amstel,  which 
becomes  known  as  the  Colony  of  the  City 16  Aug.     " 

Jaquet  is  removed  for  mismanagement,  and  Jacob  Alrich  ap- 
pointed in  Holland  as  governor  of  New  Amstel. r Apr.  1657 

William  Beekman  appointed  vice-governor  of  the  Colony  of 
the  Company,  with  headquarters  at  Altena,  now  Wilmington, 

28  Oct.  1658 

Beekman  secures  a  deed  of  land  from  the  Indians,  and  erects 
a  fort  at  the  Hoorn-kill 23  May,  1659 

Gov.  Alrich  dies;  Alexander  Hinoyosa  succeeds 30  Dec.     " 

Colony  of  the  Company  surrenders  its  rights  to  the  Colony  of 
the  City 7  Feb.  1663 

Colony  passes  into  British  control  under  the  duke  of  York,  1  Oct.  1664 

New  Amstel  surrendered  to  sir  Robert  Carr,  sent  to  subject 
the  country  by  Charles  II.,  and  called  New  Castle 3  Nov.     " 

Swedish  church  erected  at  Crane-hook,  1>^  miles  from  fort 
Christiana 1667 

Temporary  council  of  deputy-gov.  Carr  and  6  others,  swear- 
ing allegiance  to  the  duke  of  York,  established  at  New 
Castle 1668 

Konigsmarke,  better  known  as  the  "Long  Finn,"  instigating 
rebellion  against  the  duke  of  York  in  Delaware,  is  arrested 
and  imprisoned  in  New  York;  afterwards  transported  to 
the  Barbadoes 20  Dec.  1669 

George  Fox,  the  Friend,  holds  a  large  meeting  in  New  Castle. .  1672 

New  Castle  incorporated  and  a  constable's  court  erected.  .May,     " 

Anthony  Clove  appointed  governor  of  Delaware  under  the 
Dutch,  who  retake  New  York 12  Aug.  1673 

By  treaty  of  Westminster,  Delaware  reverts  to  the  English, 
and  sir  Edmund  Andros  reappoints,  magistrates  who  had 
been  removed  by  the  Dutch 1674 

William  Penn  arrives  at  New  Castle  with  deed  from  duke  of 
York  for  a  circle  of  12  miles  around  New  Castle,  and  lands 
between  this  tract  and  the  sea 28  Oct.  1682 

Act  of  union  and  naturalization  passed  at  the  first  assembly  in 
Upland  (now  Chester,  Pa.),  annexing  to  Pennsylvania  the  3 
lower  counties  on  the  Delaware :  New  Castle,  Kent,  and  Sus- 
sex   7  Dec.     " 

Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations  decide  in  favor  of  Penn  against 
lord  Baltimore's  claim  to  Delaware 1685 

Delaware,  under  its  charter  from  Penn,  forms  a  legislative  as- 
sembly, first  meeting  at  New  Castle 1703 

Willingtown,  now  Wilmington,  laid  out  by  Thomas  Willing,  Oct.  1731 

After  20  years  of  litigation,  the  boundaries  of  Delaware  are  de- 
fined  1733 

James  Adams  introduces  printing  into  Delaware,  publishing  at 
Wilmington,  for  6  months,  the  Wilmington  Courant 1761 

Thomas  McKean  and  Caesar  Rodney  sent  as  delegates  to  the 
first  Colonial  Congress  at  New  York 7  Oct.  1765 

Caesar  Rodney  chosen  commissioner  to  erect  state- house  and 
public  buildings  in  Dover 1772 

Thomas  McKean,  George  Read,  and  Caesar  Rodney  elected 
delegates  to  the  first  Continental  Congress 1774 

Assembly  unanimously  approves  resolution  of  Continental 
Congress  of  15  May,  and  overturns  the  proprietary  govern- 
ment, substituting  the  name  of  the  province  on  all  occasions 
for  that  of  the  king,  and  directs  the  delegates  to  vote  on  in- 
dependence according  to  their  own  judgment 15  June,  1776 

Convention  at  New  Castle  frames  a  new  constitution,  assumes 
the  name  "The  Delaware  State,"  and  designates  Dover  as 
capital 27  Aug.     " 

Evening  after  battle  of  Brandywine,  pres.  McKinley  captured 
by  a  {larty  of  British ;  George  Read,  speaker  of  assembly,  suc- 
ceeds him 12  Sept.  1777 

Thomas  McKean  of  Delaware  elected  president  of  Continental 
Congress 10  July,  1781 

Richard  Basset,  Gunning  Bedford,  jr.,  Jacob  Broom,  John 
Dickinson,  and  George  Read,  sign  the  Constitution  of  the 
U.  S.  as  representatives  from  Delaware 17  Sept.  1787 

Delaware  first  state  to  adopt  the  federal  Constitution,  and 
without  amendments 7  Dec.     " 

New  constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  at  Newcastle,  changes 


DEL 


224 


DEL 


the  name  to  ''The  State  of  Dolnware,"  and  goes  into  operation 

without  siibiuission  to  tlio  people Juno,  1792 

Act  appn)priatinf(  receipts  from  marriage  and  Uivern  licenses 

for  a  Hchuol-fuud 1796 

James  A.  Bayard  of  Delaware  apjwinted  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  France 19  Feb.  1801 

Du  Pont  powder  mills  near  Wilmington,  established  by  Eleu- 

thdre  Ir€n«Se  Du  Pont  de  Nemours 1802 

Ciesar  Rodney  of  Delaware   appointed  attorney-general  of 

I'-  S 20  Jan.  1807 

"The  Wilmington  Turnpike  company  "  incorporated.  ...1  Feb.  1808 
James  A.  Bayard  of  Wilmington,  one  of  the  negotiators  of  the 

treaty  of  (ihent.  signed 24  Dec.  1814 

Caesar  Rodney  of  Delaware  appointed  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Buenos  Ayres 27  Jan.  1823 

Act  passed  establishing  free  schools 1829 

Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal  completed  at  cost  of  $2,250,000     " 

Locomotive  introduced  on  New  Castle  railroad 1831 

Louis  McLane  of  Delaware  appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of  the 

treasury 8  Aug.     " 

State  constitution  revised  by  a  convention  of  30  delegates  at 

Dover. 8  Nov.     " 

Wilmington  made  a  city 1832 

New  Castle-  and  Frenchtown  railroad,  16>^  miles  long,  com- 
pleted      " 

Louis  McLane  appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of  state 29  May,  1833 

Explosion  of  5000  pounds  of  powder  at  Du  Font's  powder  mills, 

Wilmington 18  Apr.  1847 

Title  to  Pea  Patch  island,  derived  from  Delaware  by  U.  S.  and 
f^om  New  Jersey  by  James  Humphrey,  many  years  in  litiga- 
tion, awarded  to  U.  S.  by  hon.  John  Sergeant,  referee,  15  Jan.  1848 
John  .Middleton  Clayton  of  Delaware  negotiates  the  Clayton- 

Bulwer  treaty  with  the  British  government Apr.  1850 

A  new  constitution  framed  and  submitted  to  the  people,  but  re- 
jected   11  Oct.  1853 

Amendment  to  constitution  changing  day  of  state  elections, 

30  Jan.  1855 
Henry  Dickinson,  commissioner  from  Mississippi,  invites  the 
state  to  join  the  confederacy;  proposition  rejected  unani- 
mously by  the  House  and  by  a  majority  of  the  Senate. 3  Jan.  1861 

Delaware  declares  for  the  Union 15  Apr.     " 

Delaware  added  to  the  military  department  of  Washington, 

19  Apr.      " 
Gov.  Burton  calls  for  volunteers  for  U.  S.  army,  and  obtains  a 
regiment  of  about  775  3-months'  men.    (Subsequently  2  regi- 
ments of  about  1000  each  were  enlisted  for  the  war) . .  23  Apr.     ' ' 
A  peace  convention  at  Dover  resolves  against  the  war,  and  for 

a  peaceable  recognition  of  the  confederacy 27  June,     " 

Delaware  raises  its  quota  for  volunteer  army,  under  calls  of  July 
and  .August,  without  drafting;  in  all  about  5000  men  furnished 

by  the  state 1862 

Gov.  Cannon  undertakes  military  supervision  for  the  U.  S.  of 
election  for  congressman;  opposition  in  public  meeting  at 
New  Castle  decide  not  to  vote,  as  a  protest  against  the  inter- 
ference  17  Nov.  1863 

Delaware  creates  her  flrst  state  debt,  by  issuing  bonds  for 

$1,000,000  for  obtaining  substitutes  for  the  draft 1864 

Equal-rights  convention  held  at  Wilmington 4  Sept.  1867 

General  ta.x  act  passed,  including  corporation  tax  on  railroad 

capital  stock,  net  earnings,  and  rolling  stock Apr.  1869 

Woman's  Suffrage  convention  at  Wilmington Nov.     " 

Delaware  State  college  at  Newark  organized 1870 

Ratification  of  15lh  amendment  celebrated  by  colored  people  of 

Delaware  with  much  enthusiasm 14  Apr.     " 

New  Castle,  with  a  population  of  2300,  incorporated  as  a  city. .  1875 
School  bill  passed;  board  of  education  to  consist  of  the  presi- 
dent of  Delaware  college,  secretary  of  state,  and  state  auditor,     " 

State  Temperance  convention  at  Smyrna 26  Dec.  1878 

Act  passed  imposing  a  fine  on  any  person  taking  part  in  any 

political  torch-light  parade ". 1881 

High-license  bill  passed  by  legislature 1889 

Pillory  and  whipping  for  female  convicts  abolished " 

Provision  made  for  a  state  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Wilming- 
ton  Aug.     " 

Monument  over  grave  of  Caesar  Rodney,  1728-84,  member  of 
Continental  Congress,  signer  of  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  president  (gov.) of  the  state,  unveiled 30  Oct.  1889 


I 


A  secret-ballot  law  passed,  and  the  governor  made  president 
of  the  state  board  of  education  Instead  of  the  president  of 
Delaware  college  at  session  of  the  legislature,  6  Jan. -16  May,  1891 

Ex-gov.  John  W.  Hall  dies  at  Frederica. 23  Jan.  1892 

GOVERNORS  OF  DELAWARE. 
UNDER  THE  SWEDES. 


Name. 

Dat«. 

Remarks. 

Peter  Minuit 

1638  to  1640 

1640  "  1642 
1643  "  1652 

1653  "  1654 

1654  "  1655 

( Formerly  governor  of 
{     New  York 

Peter  Hollender 

Johan  Printz 

Johan  Pappegoia 

Johan  C.  Rising 

(Swedish  colony  surren- 
{  ders  to  the  Dutch  from 
(     Manhattan. 

the 


UNDER   THE   DUTCH. 

Peter  Stuy  vesant |  1655  to  1664  I  I  Surrendered      to 

I  I  I     English. 

ENGLISH  COLONIAL. 

From  1664  up  to  1682,  under  the  government  of  New  York;  and 
ft-om  1683  up  to  1773,  under  the  proprietary  governraeut  of 
Pennsylvania. 


John  McKinley 

Caesar  Rodney . . 

John  Dickinson 

John  Cook 

Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 

Thomas  Collins 

Joshua  Clayton 

Joshua  Clayton 


Gunning  Bedford 

Daniel  Rogers 

Richard  Bassett 

Jas.  Sykes 

David  Hall 

Nathaniel  Mitchell 

Geo.  Truitt 

Joseph  Hazlett 

Daniel  Rodney 

John  Clark 

Jacob  Stout 

John  Collins 

Caleb  Rodney 

Joseph  Hazlett 

Sam'l  Paynter 

Chas.  Polk 

David  Hazzard 

Caleb  P.  Bennett 

Chas.  Polk 

Cornelius  P.  Comegys. 

Wm.  B.  Cooper 

Thomas  Stockton 

Joseph  Maul 

Wm.  Temple 

Wm.  Thorp 

Wm.  H.  Ross 

Peter  F.  Cansey 

Wm.  Burton 

Wm.  Cannon 

Grove  Saulsbury 

Jas.  Ponder 

John  P.  Cochran 

John  W.  Hall 

Chas.C.  Stockley 

Benj.  T.  Biggs 

Robt.  J.  Reynolds 

Joshua  H.  Marvil 


1776  to  1777 
1778  "  1781 

1782  "  1783 


1783 
1784 
1786 
1789 


1783 
1786 
1789 
1792 


1792  "  1796 


1796 

'  1797 

1797 

'  1798 

1798 

'  1801 

1801 

'  1802 

1802 

'  1805 

1805 

'  1808 

1808 

'  1811 

1811 

'  1814 

1814 

'  1817 

1817 

'  1820 

1820  ' 

'  1821 

1821  ' 

'  1822 

1822 

'  1823 

1823  ' 

'  1824 

1824  ' 

'  1827 

1827  ' 

'  1830 

1830  ' 

'  1833 

1833  ' 

'  1836 

1836  ' 

'  1837 

1837  ' 

'  1840 

1840  ' 

'  1844 

1844  ' 

'  1846 

1846  ' 

'  1846 

1846  ' 

'  1846 

1847  ' 

'  1851 

1851  ' 

'  1855 

1855  ' 

'  1859 

1859  "  1863 
1863  "  1867 
1871 
1875 
1879 
1883 
1887 
1891 
1895 
1899. 


1867 
18T1 
1875 
1879 
1883 
1887 
1891 
1895 


Termed  president. 

( Chosen     president 
(     Pennsylvania. 


of 


First  governor  elected 
under  new  constitu- 
tion. 

Died  in  office. 

Acting. 

Appointed  circuit  judge. 

Acting. 


Acting. 
Died  in  office. 
Acting. 
Died  in  office. 
Acting. 


^ 


Died  in  office. 
Acting. 


Died  in  office. 

Acting.    Died  in  office. 

Acting. 


Republican. 
Democrat. 


No  Rep.  nom. 


Republican. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM    THE  STATE  OF  DELAWARE. 


Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

Richard  Bassett 

1st  and  2d 
1st    "    2d 
3d    to    6th 
8d     "    5th 

5th 
5th  to    8th 
7th   "  11th 
8th   "  12th 
11th   "  16th 
13th   "  14th 
15th    "  19th 

17th 
18th  to  19th 

19th 
19th  to  20th 
20th    "  21st 
21st    "  23d 
21st    "  23d 
24th    "  2«th 

1789  to  1793 
1789   "  1793 
1793   "  1801 
1793  "  1798 

1798 
1799  to  1805 
1801   "  1809 
1805   "  1813 
1810   "  1821 
1813   "  1817 
1817   "  1827 
1821   "  1823 
1824  "  1827 

1826 
1827  to  1829 
1827    "   1829 

1829  "  1835 

1830  "  1836 
1836  "  1845 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Read. 

Resigned  1798. 

Elected  in  place  of  Vining;  died  1798. 

Elected  in  place  of  Clayton.    Seated  4  Feb.  1799.    Resigned  1805. 

Died  1809. 

Elected  in  place  of  Wells.     Resigned  1813. 

Elected  in  place  of  White.     Seated  29  Jan.  1810. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bayard. 

Died  1828. 

Resigned  1823. 

Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Van  Dyke,  1826. 

Elected  in  place  of  Van  Dyke,  1827. 

Resigned  1829. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  McLane.     Seated  1830.    Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Naudain,  1836. 

George  Read 

Henry  Latimer 

John  Vining 

Joshua  Clayton 

Wm.  Hill  Wells 

Samuel  White 

James  A.  Bayard 

Outerbridge  Horsey 

Wm.  Hill  Wells 

Nicholas  Van  Dyke 

Thomas  Clayton 

Daniel  Rodney 

Henry  M.  Ridgely 

Louis  McLane 

John  M.  Clayton. 

Arnold  Naudain    .   .   . 

Richard  H.  Bayard 

i 


DEL 


225 


DEL 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS   FROM 

THE  STATE   OF   DELAWARE.— (Conttnwed.) 

Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

24th  to  29th 
29th    "  30th 
30th    '*  31st 
30th    "  32d 
32d     "  38th 
33d     "  34th 

34th 

35th 
36th  to  41st 
38th   "  40th 

40th 

41st  to  48th 

42d     "50th 

49th    "  

51st    "  

1837  to  1847 
1845   "  1849 
1849   "   1851 
1847   "   1853 
1851    "  1864 
1853   "  1856 

1856 

1858 
1859  to  1871 
1864   "  1867 
1867   "  1869 

1869   "  1885 

1871   "  1889 

1885  "  

1889   "  

Elected  in  place  of  J.  M.  Clayton.     Seated  19  Jan.  1837. 

Resigned  1849. 

Elected  in  place  of  J.  M.  Clayton,  1849. 

Died  9  Nov.  1856. 

Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Clayton,  1856. 

Elected  in  place  of  Clayton,  1858. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bayard.     Seated  2  Feb.  1864;  died  29  Mch. 

Appointed  pro  tem.  in  place  of  Riddle,  1867. 
(Elected   in   place  of  Riddle.     Seated  4  Mch.  1869.     Resigned 
\    Appointed  sec.  of  state  by  pres.  Cleveland. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bayard,  1885. 

Tnhn  \f    CAavtnn 

Tnhn    Willp^                            

PrAcIpv  Slnrnancfi    

Tflmp«  A   Ravard 

Tnhn  M    ClavtOll 

TnQpnh  P  Comeffvs 

Martin  Rat.PS      

Willard  Saulsbury    

Geo  Read  Riddle 

1867 

Tflmp«!  A   Ravard 

Thomas  Francis  Bayard. . . . 
Eli  Saulsbury    

1885. 

fjpnriyfl  (irav     

Atithonv  Hiffcins  .    .    ... 

Delawares.     Indians, 

Delflt,  S.  Holland,  a  town  founded  by  Godfrey  le  Bossu 
about  1074;  famous  for  "Delft,  earthenware;"  first  manufact- 
ured here  about  1310.  The  sale  of  delft  greatly  declined  after 
the  introduction  of  potteries  into  Germany  and  England. 
Grotius  was  born  here,  10  Apr.  1583;  here  William,  prince  of 
Orange,  was  assassinated  by  Gerard,  10  July,  1584. 

Oclhi  (dSl'-lee),  the  once  great  capital  of  the  Mogul  em- 
pire, and  chief  seat  of  the  Mahometan  power  in  India ;  it  was 
taken  by  Timour  in  1398.  It  is  now  in  decay,  but  contained 
a  million  inhabitants  in  1700.  In  1739,  when  Nadir  Shah 
invaded  Hindostan,  he  entered  Delhi ;  100,000  of  the  inhabi- 
tants perished,  and  plunder  worth  62,000,000/.  sterling  is  said 
to  have  been  collected.  Similar  calamities  were  endured  in 
1761,  on  the  invasion  of  Abdalla,  king  of  Candahar.  In  1803, 
the  Mahrattas,  aided  by  the  French,  took  Delhi;  but  were  de- 
feated by  gen.  Lake,  11  Sept.,  and  the  aged  Shah  Aulum,  em- 
peror of  Hindostan,  was  restored  to  his  throne  with  a  pension. 
India,  1803.  On  10  May,  1857,  a  mutiny  arose  in  the  sepoy 
regiments  at  Meerut.  It  was  soon  checked ;  bat  the  fugitives 
fled  to  Delhi  on  11  May,  and,  with  other  troops,  seized  the 
city,  proclaimed  a  descendant  of  the  Mogul  king,  and  com- 
mitted frightful  atrocities.  The  rebels  were  anxious  to  possess 
the  chief  magazine ;  but,  after  a  gallant  defence  by  the  British, 
it  was  exploded  by  order  of  lieut.  VVilloughby,  who  died  of  his 
wounds  shortly  after.  Other  heroes  of  this  exploit  were  lieuten- 
ants Forrest  and  Rayner,  and  the  gunners  Buckley  and  Scully. 
Delhi  was  soon  after  besieged  by  the  British,  but  was  not  tak- 
en till  20  Sept.  following.  The  final  struggle  began  on  the 
14th,  brigadier  (since  sir)  R.  Archdale  Wilson  being  the  com- 
mander. Much  heroism  was  shown  :  the  gallant  death  of  Sal- 
keld  at  the  explosion  of  the  Cashmere  gate  created  much  en- 
thusiasm. The  old  king  and  his  sons  were  captured  soon 
after.  The  latter  were  shot,  and  the  former,  after  a  trial,  was 
sent  for  life  to  Rangoon,  where  he  died  11  Nov.  1862.  India, 
1857.  A  camp  formed  at  Delhi  by  the  earl  of  Mayo,  the  vice- 
roy, Dec.  1871,  was  visited  by  the  king  of  Siam,  Jan.  1872. 
The  prince  of  Wales  visited  Delhi,  11  Jan.  1876.  Queen  Vic- 
toria was  proclaimed  empress  of  India  here,  1  Jan.  1877.  Pop. 
1891, 193,580. 

"delicate  investigpation "  into  the  conduct  of 

the  princess  of  Wales  (afterwards  queen  of  England,  as  consort 
of  George  IV.)  was  commenced  by  a  committee  of  the  privy 
council,  under  a  warrant  of  inquiry,  dated  29  May,  1806.  The 
members  were  lord  Grenville,  lord  Erskine,  earf  Spencer,  and 
lord  EUenborough.  The  inquiry,  asked  for  by  the  countess  of 
Jersey,  sir  J.  and  lady  Douglas,  and  others,  led  to  the  publica- 
tion called  "  The  Book ;"  afterwards  suppressed.  The  charges 
against  the  princess  were  disproved  in  1807  and  in  1813;  but, 
not  being  permitted  to  appear  at  court,  she  went  on  the  Con- 
tinent in  1814.     Queen  Caroline, 

De'lium,  Boeotia,  N.  Greece,  the  site  of  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple of  Apollo.  Here,  in  a  fight  in  which  the  Athenians  were 
defeated  by  the  Boeotians,  Socrates  is  said  to  have  saved  the 
life  of  his  pupil  Xenophon,  424  b.c. 

Delia  €ru§ea  academy  of  Florence  merged  into 
the  Florentine  in  1582.— The  Delia  Crusca  school,  certain  Eng- 
lish residents  at  Florence,  who  printed  sentimental  poetry  and 
prose  in  1785.  They  came  to  England,  where  their  works, 
popular  for  a  short  time,  were  so  severely  satirized  by  GiflFord 


in  his  "Baviad"  and  "Maeviad"  (1792-95),  as  to  fall  into 
general  disrepute. 

De'lOS,  a  Greek  isle  in  the  ^gean  sea.  Here  the  Greeks, 
during  the  Persian  war,  477  b.c.,  established  their  common 
treasury,  which  was  removed  to  Athens,  461  b.c. 

Delphi,  now  Ka§tri,  N.  Greece,  celebrated  not  only 
in  Greece  but  among  neighboring  nations  for  enigmatical  ora- 
cles delivered  by  the  Pythia,  or  priestess  in  the  temple  of  Apol- 
lo, which  was  built,  some  say,  by  the  council  of  the  Amphicty- 
ons,  1263  B.C.  The  Pythian  games  were  first  celebrated  here 
586  B.C.  The  temple  was  burned  by  the  Pisistratidae,  548  B.C. 
A  new  temple  was  raised  by  the  Alcmaeonidae.  The  Persians 
(480  B.C.)  and  the  Gauls  (279  b.c,)  were  deterred  from  plun- 
dering the  temple  by  awful  portents.  It  was  robbed  and 
seized  by  the  Phocians  in  whose  state  it  stood,  357  b.c.,  which 
led  to  the  Sacred  war,  and  Nero  carried  from  it  300  costly 
statues,  67  a.d.  The  oracle  was  consulted  by  Julian,  but  si- 
lenced by  TheodosiuS. 

Delphin  Clasiics,  a  collection  of  89  Latin  authors 
in  60  volumes,  made  for  the  use  of  the  dauphin  (in  usum 
Delphini),  so»of  Louis  XIV.,  and  pub.  in  1674-91.  Ausonius 
was  added  in  1730.  The  due  de  Montausier,  the  young  prince's 
governor,  proposed  the  plan  to  Huet,  bishop  of  Avranches, 
the  dauphin's  preceptor,  and  he  edited  all  the  Latin  classics 
except  Lucan,  assisted,  however,  by  other  learned  persons, 
including  the  beautiful  and  gifted  Madame  Dacier,  who, 
at  the  age  of  23,  had  translated  Callimachus,  as  well  as 
Anacreon,  Sappho,  Plautus,  Terence,  and  Homer.  She  died 
in  1720.  Each  author  is  illustrated  by  notes  and  an  index 
of  words.  An  edition  of  the  Delphin  classics,  with  &AW^ 
tional  notes,  etc.,  was  pub.  by  Mr.  Valpy  of  London,  1818  et 
seq. 

Delta  metal,  a  modem  bronze  resembling  gold,  con- 
taining a  small  proportion  of  iron,  invented  by  A.  Dick.  Watch- 
cases  were  made  of  it  at  Geneva  in  1885. 

Deluge.  The  Deluge,  it  is  supposed,  was  threatened 
in  the  year  of  the  world  1536 ;  and  began  7  Dec.  1656,  and 
continued  377  days  (Gen.  vi.,  vii.,  and  viii.).  The  ark  rested 
on  Mount  Ararat  6  May,  1657;  and  Noah  left  the  ark  18 
Dec,  following.  The  year  corresponds  with  that  of  2348  b.c. 
— Blair.  The  following  is  the  date  of  the  Deluge  according 
to  different  chronologies  {Hales) : 


Septuagint 3246 

.laclcson 3170 

Hales 3155 

Josephus 3146 

Persian ....   3103 

Hindoo 3102 

Samaritan 2998 

Howard 2698 


Clinton 2482 

Playfair 2352 

Usher  and  English  Bible.,  2348 

Marsham 2344 

Petavius 2329 

Strauchius 2293 

Hebrew 2288 

Vulgar  Jewish 2104 


In  the  reign  of  Ogyges,  king  of  Attica,  1764  b.c,  a  deluge  so  inun- 
dated Attica  that  it  lay  waste  for  nearly  200  years. — Blair.  Buf- 
fon  imagined  that  the  Hebrew  and  Grecian  deluges  were  the  same, 
and  arose  from  the  Atlantic  and  Bosporus  bursting  into  the  val- 
ley of  the  Mediterranean. 

The  deluge  of  Deucalion,  in  Thessaly,  is  dated  1503  B.C.  according 
to  Eusebius.  It  was  often  confounded  by  the  ancients  with  the 
general  flood;  but  some  regard  it  as  merely  a  local  inundation, 
occasioned  by  the  overflowing  of  the  river  Peneius,  whose  course 
was  stopped  by  an  earthquake  between  the  mounts  Olympus  and 
Ossa.  Deucalion,  who  then  reigned  in  Thessaly,  with  his  wife 
Pyrrha,  and  some  of  their  subjects,  are  said  to  have  saved  them- 
selves by  climbing  up  Mount  Parnassus. 

A  general  deluge  was  predicted  for  1524,  and  arks  were  built;  but  ^ 
the  season  proved  to  be  fine  and  dry  in  England. 


DEM 


226 


DEN 


Denicra'ra  and  EsHCqui'bo,  colonies  in  Britisli 
Guiana.  South  America,  foumlod  by  the  Dutcl),  1580,  were 
taken  by  the  British,  under  inaj.-gen.  Whyte,  22  Apr.  1796, 
but  were  restored  at  the  peace  of  Amiens,  Mch.  1802.  They 
again  surrendered  to  the  British  under  gen.  (irinfield  and  com- 
liKHJore  liood,  Sept.  1803,  and  became  English  colonies  in  1814. 

I>eilieter  {d^-me'-ter).    Mythology. 

Denioeratie -Republican  party.  Polit- 
ical PAKTIES. 

democrats,  advocates  for  government  by  the  people 
(^^^of,  people,  and  Kpartiv,  to  govern),  a  term  adopted  by 
the  French  republicans  in  1790  (who  termed  their  opponents 
aristoci-afs,  from  dpiarog,  bravest  or  best).  For  Democrats 
in  the  United  States,  Political  pakties. 

deillOg'rapliy.  A  modern  term,  signifying  "  the 
natural  history  of  society." 

deuionorogy.     Devil-worship. 

Deiiaill  {de-udu'),  N.  France.  Here  marshal  Villars 
defeated  the  imperialists,  24  July,  1712. 

deiia'rius,  the  chief  silver  coin  among  the  Romans, 
weighing  the  seventh  of  a  Roman  ounce,  worth  7|</.  sterling, 
about  16  cents  U.  S.  currency,  first  coined  about  269  b.c., 
when  it  exchanged  for  10  ases.  As.  In  216  b.c.  it  ex- 
changed for  16  ases.  A  pound  weight  of  silver  was  coined  into 
100  denarii. — Digby.  A  pound  weight  of  gold  was  coined  into 
20  denarii  aurei  in  206  b.c.  ;  and  in  Nero's  time  into  46  denarii 
aurei. — Lempriere, 

Denis,  St.  (sdJi-dm'),  an  ancient  town  of  France,  north 
of  Paris,  famous  for  its  abbey  and  church ;  the  former  abol- 
ished at  the  revolution,  1789,  the  latter  the  burial-place  of 
French  kings,  from  its  foundation  by  Dagobert,  about  630; 
the  remains  of  St.  Denis  were  placed  there  in  636.  On  6,  7, 8 
Aug.  1793,  the  republicans  demolished  most  of  the  royal  tombs, 
and  in  Oct.  following  the  bodies  were  taken  from  coffins  and 
cast  into  a  pit ;  the  lead  was  melted,  and  the  gq^d  and  jewels 
taken  to  Paris.  By  a  decree  of  Bonaparte,  dated  20  Feb.  1806, 
the  church  (then  a  cattle-market)  was  cleansed  out  and  re- 
decorated as  "  the  future  burial-place  of  the  emperors  of 
France."  On  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  other  restorations 
were  effected,  and  the  due  de  Berri  and  Louis  XVIII.  were 
buried  here.  The  damage  sustained  in  the  war  of  1870-71 
has  been  repaired. 

Denmark,  N.  Europe.  The  most  ancient  inhabitants 
i^e  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  who  were  driven  out  by  the  Jutes 
or  Goths.  The  Teutones  settled  in  Germany  and  Gaul ;  the 
Cimbrians  invaded  Italy,  where  the}'  were  defeated  by  Marius. 
The  peninsula  of  Jutland  obtained  its  name  from  the  Jutes; 
and  the  name  of  Denmark  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
Dan,  the  founder  of  the  Danish  monarchy,  and  mark,  a  Ger- 
man word  signifying  country.  For  their  numerous  invasions 
of  Britain,  etc.,  Danes.  Population  of  the  kingdom  of  Den- 
mark in  1860,  1,600,551;  of  the  duchies  of  Schleswig,  Hol- 
atein,  and  Lauenburg,  1,004,473 ;  of  the  colonies,  120,283.  By 
the  treaty  of  peace,  signed  30  Oct.  1864,  the  duchies  were 
taken  from  Denmark;  Schleswig  and  Holstein  were  to  be 
made  independent,  and  Lauenburg  was  to  be  incorporated,  by 
its  desire,  with  Prussia.  For  the  result,  Gastein  ;  Prussia, 
1866.  Area,  14,760  sq.  miles.  Population  of  the  monarchy, 
1870,1,784,741;  1876,1,903,000;  1880,1,969,454;  1890,2.172,- 
205  ;  of  the  colonies,  1860, 127,401 ;  1876,  129,000  ;  1880,  130,- 
350;  1890, 115,988.  b  c. 

Reign  of  Skiold,  alleged  first  king 60 

Danish  chronicles  mention  18  kings  to  the  time  of  Ragnor  a.d. 

Lodbrog,  killed  in  an  attempt  on  Kngland 794 

Canute  the  Great  conquers  Norway 1016-28 

By  the  union  of  Calmar,  Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden  made 

1  kingdom  under  Margaret 12  July,  1397 

Copenhagen  made  the  capital 1440 

Accession  of  Christian  I.  (of  Oldenburg),  from  whom  the  late 

royal  family  sprang 1448 

Christian  II.  deposed;  independence  of  Sweden  under  Gustavus 

V^asa  acknowledged 1523 

Lutheranism  introduced  in  1527;  established  by  Christian  III.  1530 

Danish  East  India  Company  established 1612 

Christian  IV.  chosen  head  of  the  Protestant  league  against  the 

emperor 1629 

Charles  Gustavus  of  Sweden  invades  Denmark,  besieges  Co- 
penhagen, and  makes  conquests 1658 

'Crown  made  hereditary  and  absolute 1665 


Frederick  IV.  takes  Holstein,  Schleswig,  Tonuingen,  and  Stral- 
sund ;  reduces  Weismar,  and  drives  the  Swedes  from  Norway, 

1716  et  seq. 

Copenhagen  nearly  destroyed  by  Are 1728 

Peaceful  reign  of  Christian  VI 1730-4() 

Plot  of  the  queen  dowager  against  the  ministers  and  Matilda 
(sister  of  (Joorge  III.  and  queen  of  Christian  VII.).  Matilda, 
entrapped  into  a  confession  of  criminality  to  save  the  life  of 
her  suppoi5ed  lover,  Struonzee,  condemned  to  imprisonment 

for  life  in  the  ca.stle  of  Zell 18  Jan.  1772 

Count  Struenzee  and  Brandt  beheaded 28  Apr.     " 

Queen  Matilda  dies,  aged  24 1775 

Christian  VII.  becomes  deranged,  and  prince  Frederick  is  ap- 
pointed regent 1784 

One  fourth  of  Copenhagen  burned 'J  June,  1795 

Admirals  Kelson  and  Parker  bombard  Copenhagen.  (Confeder- 
acy of  the  north  [Armkd  Nki'tralitv]  dissolved) 2  Apr.  1801 

Admiral  Gambier  and  lord  Cathcart  bombard  Copenhagen ;  the 

Danish  fleet  surrenders 7  Sept.  1807 

Peace  of  Kiel;  Pomerania  and  Rugcn  annexed  to  Denmark  for 

Norway 14  Jan.  1814 

Pomerania  and  Rugcn  ceded  to  Prussia  for  Lauenburg 1815 

Commercial  treaty  with  England 1824 

Frederick  VI.  grants  a  new  constitution 1831 

Christian  VIII.  declares  the  right  of  the  crown  to  Schleswig, 

Holstein,  etc 11  July,  1846 

Accession  of  Frederick  VII.  20  Jan. ;  he  proclaims  a  new  con- 
stitution, uniting  the  duchies  (Schleswig  and  Holstein)  more 

closely  with  Denmark 28  Jan.  1848 

Insurrection  in  the  duchies:  a  provisional  government  founded, 

23  Mch.     " 

Rebels  seize  fortress  of  Rendsburg 24  Mch.     " 

They  are  defeated  near  Flensburg 9  Apr.     " 

Danes  defeated  by  the  Prussians  (helping  the  duchies)  near 

Dannawerke,  Schleswig 23  Apr.     " 

North  sea  blockaded  by  Denmark 1  Aug.     " 

Hostilities  suspended :  the  European  powers  recommend  peace, 

26  Aug.      " 

Hostilities  recommence 25  Mch.  1849 

Victory  of  the  Danes  over  the  Holsteiners  and  Germans,  10  Apr.     " 

Several  conflicts  with  varying  success June,     " 

King  sanctions  a  new  liberal  constitution 5  June,     " 

Armistice  renewed  at  Malmo 10  July,     " 

Separate  peace  with  Prussia 2  July,  1850 

Integrity  of  Denmark  guaranteed  by  England,  France,  Prussia, 

and  Sweden 4  July,     " 

Battle  of  Idstedt,  and  defeat  of  the  Schleswig-Holsteiners  by 

the  Danes 25  July,     " 

Procotol  signed  in  London  by  the  ministers  of  all  the  great 

powers 23  Aug.     " 

Bombardment  of  Friedrichstadt  by  the  Holsteiners;  the  town 

almost  destroyed,  but  not  taken 29  Sept. -6  Oct.     " 

Proclamation  of  the  stadtholders  of  Schleswig- Holstein,  placing 
the  rights  of  the  country  under  the  protection  of  the  Ger- 
manic confederation 10  .Jan.  1851 

Integrity  of  the  Danish  monarchy  and  the  independence  of 
Schleswig  and  its  old  union  with  Holstein  guaranteed  by 

treaty 18  Feb.  1852 

Austrians  evacuate  Holstein,  etc 2  Mch.     " 

Treaty  of  European  powers 8  May,     " 

[Succession  in  the  line  of  Sonderburg-Gliicksburg  settled, 
and  the  integrity  of  the  Danish  kingdom  guaranteed.   Chris- 
tian, duke  of  Augustenburg-Holstein,  renounces  his  rights 
for  a  compensation  in  money.] 
King  promulgates  a  new  constitution,  29  July,  1854;  adopted, 

1  Oct.  1855 

Sound  dues  abolished  for  compensation  (Sound) 14  Mch.  1857 

Dissension  between  government  and  the  duchies Oct.  1857-62 

Fortification  of  Copenhagen  decreed 27  Mch.  1858 

New  ministry  appointed  3  Dec.  1859;  resigns  9  Feb. ;  bishop 

Monrad  forms  a  ministry 24  Feb.  1860 

Assembly  of  Schleswig  complain  that  the  promise  of  equality 
of  national  rights  in  1852  has  not  been  kept,  11  Feb. ;  protest 

against  the  annexation  to  Denmark 1  Mch.      " 

Prussian  Chamber  of  Deputies  receive  a  petition  from  Schles- 
wig, and  declare  that  they  will  aid  the  duchies,  4  May; 

Danish  government  protests 16  May,     " 

Correspondence  between  the  Prussian,  Danish,  and  British  gov- 
ernments; the  Danish  government  declares  for  war,  if  Ger- 
man forces  enter  the  duchies Jan.  1861 

Warlike  preparations  in  Denmark Feb.     " 

Decimal  coinage  adopted June,     " 

Agitation  for  union  with  Sweden,  June;  the  king  of  Sweden 

visits  Denmark,  and  is  warmly  received 17  July,  1862 

Earl  Russell  advises  the  government  to  give  to  Holstein  and 
Lauenburg   all   that  the  German  confederation  desire  for 

them,  and  to  give  self-government  to  Schleswig 24  Sept.     " 

M.  Hall,  the  Danish  minister,  declines  to  accede,  because  it 

would  imperil  the  existence  of  the  monarchy 20  Nov.     " 

Princess  Alexandra   of  Denmark  married   to  the  prince  of 

Wales  at  Windsor 10  Mch.  1863 

King  grants,  by  patent,  independent  rights  to  Holstein,  but  an- 
nexes Schleswig 30  Mch.     " 

Austria  and  Prussia  protest  against  it 17  Apr.     " 

Further  diplomatic  correspondence May,     " 

King  accepts  the  crown  of  Greece  for  liis  relative,  prince  Will- 
iam George 6  June,     " 

Crown-prince  Frederick  Ferdinand,lhe  king's  uncle,  d.29  June,     " 
German  Diet  demands  annulment  of  patent  of  30  Mch.  (Hol- 
stein and  Schleswig  to  be  united  with  the  same  right) ;  threat- 
ens an  army  of  occupation 9  July,     " 


DEN  227 

King  replies  that  he  will  consider  occupation  an  act  of  war, 
^  27  Aug. 

Vain  efforts  for  alliance  with  Sweden Aug. 

Extra  levy  for  the  army  decreed 1  Aug. 

New  constitution  {uniting  Schleswig  with  Denmark)  proposed 
in  the  rigsraad 29  Sept. 

Death  of  Frederick  VII.  and  accession  of  Christian  IX., 

15  Nov. 

Prince  Frederick  of  Augustenburg  claims  the  duchies  of  Schles- 
wig and  Holstein 16  Nov. 

Oreat  excitement  in  Holstein;  many  officials  refuse  to  take 
oath  to  Christian 21  Nov.  et  seq. 

Saxony,  Bavaria,  Hesse,  and  other  German  powers  resolve  to 
support  the  prince  of  Augustenburg 26  Nov.  et  seq. 

New  constitution  affirmed  by  the  rigsraad,  13  Nov. ;  signed  by 
king,  18  Nov. ;  pub 1,  2  Dec. 

Austrian  and  Prussian  ministers  say  that  they  will  quit  Co- 
penhagen if  the  constitution  of  18  Nov.  is  not  annulled,  Dec. 

Great  excitement  in  Norway;  proposals  to  support  Denmark, 

Dec. 

Prince  Frederick's  letter  to  the  emperor  Napoleon,  2  Dec. ;  an 
ambiguous  reply 10  Dec. 

Denmark  protests  against  federal  occupation 19  Dec. 

Nine  hundred  representatives  of  German  states  meet  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  resolve  to  support  prince  Frederick  as  duke 
of  Schleswig  and  Holstein,  and  the  inseparable  union  of  those 
duchies 21  Dec 

Federal  occupation  takes  place:  a  German  regiment  enters  Al 
tona,  24  Dec. ;  and  the  federal  commissioners  assume  admin 
istrative  powers 25  Dec. 

Danes  retire  from  Holstein  to  avoid  collision  with  federal 
troops 26  Dec.  et  seq 

Prince  Frederick  enters  Kiel  as  duke  of  Schleswig  and  Hoi 
stein 30  Dec. 

Danes  evacuate  Rendsburg 31  Dec 

Ministerial  crisis:  Hall  retires,  and  bishop  Monrad  forms  a  cab- 
inet   31  Dec, 

Dissension  among  Germans;  the  Austro-Prussian  proposition 
rejected  by  the  diet 14  Jan.  1864 

Austria  and  Prussia  demand  abrogation  of  the  constitution  (of 

18  Nov.)  in  2  days,  16  Jan. ;  the  Danes  require  6  weeks'  time, 

18  Jan.     " 
German  troops  under  marshal  Wrangel  enter  Holstein.  T^l  Jan.     M 

Prussians  enter  Schleswig,  and  take  Eckernf5rde 1  Feb.     " 

They  bombard  Missunde,  2  Feb. ;  which  is  burned 3  Feb.     " 

Danes  abandon  the  Dannewerke  to  save  their  army,  5  Feb. ; 

great  discontent  in  Copenhagen 6  Feb.      " 

Danes  defeated  by  marshal  Gablenz  at  Oversee;  Schleswig  tak- 
en; prince  Frederick  proclaimed 6  Feb.     " 

Allies  occupy  Flensburg,  7  Feb. ;  commence  their  attack  on 

Duppel 13  Feb.     " 

Federal  (-ommissioners  protest  against  the  Prussian  occupation 

of  Altona 13  Feb.     " 

Prussians  enter  Jutland ;  take  Kolding,  18  Feb. ;  Danes  fortify 

Alsen 18  Feb.  et  seq.      " 

Conference  on  Danish  affairs  proposed  by  England ;  agreed  to 

by  allies 23  Feb.      " 

Subscription  for  the  wounded  Danes  begun  in  London,  24  Feb.     " 

De  Gertach,  general  of  the  Danes 1,  Mch.     " 

Defeated  at  Sonderbygaard  and  Veill 8  Mch.     " 

Rigsraad  vote  a  firm  address  to  the  king,  26  Feb. ;  adjourned, 

22  Mch.     ". 
Prussians  bombard  and  take  Duppel,  or  DybbOi,  16,  17  Mch. ; 
bombard  Fredericia,  20  Mch. ;  repulsed  in  an  attack  on  the 

fortress 28  Mch.     " 

Opening  of  the  conference  adjourned  from 12  to  20  Apr.     " 

Prussians  take  the  fortress  of  Duppel  by  assault,  with  much 

slaughter 18  Apr.     " 

Meetings  of  the  conference  at  London;  result  unfavorable  to 

Denmark 25  Apr.  et  seq.     " 

Danes  retreat  to  Alsen ;  evacuate  Fredericia  and  fortresses  of 

Jutland 29  Apr.      " 

Agreement  for  an  armistice  for  1  month  from  12  May.  .9  May,     " 
Jutland  subjected  to  pillage  for  not  paying  a  war  contribution 

to  Prussians 6  May  et  seq.     " 

Danes  defeat  the  allies  in  a  naval  battle  off  Heligoland.  .9  May,     " 

Armistice  prolonged  a  fortnight 9  June,     " 

Conference  ends 22  June,     " 

Hostilities  resumed,  26  June;  the  Prussians  bombard  Alsen; 

take  the  batteries  and  2400  prisoners 29  June,     " 

Monrad  ministry  resigns;  count  Moltke  charged  to  form  an  ad- 
ministration  8-10  July,     " 

Alsen  taken;  Jutland  under  Prussian  administration;  prince 

John  of  Denmark  sent  to  negotiate  at  Berlin 9  July,     " 

Formation  of  the  Bluhme  ministry 11  July,     " 

Armistice  agreed  to 18  July,     " 

Conference  for  peace  at  Vienna 26  July,     " 

Treaty  of  peace  at  Vienna;  king  of  Denmark  resigns  the  duchies 
to  the  allies,  and  agrees  to  a  rectification  of  his  frontier,  and 

to  pay  a  large  war  indemnity 80  Oct.     " 

Proclamation  of  the  king  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  duchies,  re- 
leasing their  allegiance 16  Nov.      ' ' 

Project  of  a  new  constitution  presented  to  the  chambers,  21 

Dec. ;  rejected 25  Feb.  1865 

New  ministry  formed  under  count  Frijsenborg,  6  Nov. ;  a  new 
constitution  proposed,  7  Nov. ;  approved  by  the  2  chambers, 

19  and  27  July;  sanctioned  by  the  king 28  July,  1866 

Princess  Dagmar  married  to  prince  Alexander  of  Russia, 

9  Nov.     " 

New  rigsraad  opened 12  Nov.     <' 

King  visits  England , . . . , Mch.  1867 


DEN 

Danish  West  Indies,  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John,  proposed  to  be 
sold  to  the  United  States  for  $7,500,000;  proclamation  in  the 
islands  dated 25  Oct.  1867 

Proposed  sale  of  St.  Thomas  to  the  U.  S.  approved  by  the  as- 
sembly (not  carried  out) 30  Jan.  1868 

Marriage  of  the  crown-prince  Frederick  to  the  princess  Louisa 
of  Sweden 28  July,  1869 

New  ministry  formed  by  M.  Holsteinborg 20  May,  1870 

Denmark  remains  neutral  in  the  Franco-Prus-sian  war;  fruit- 
less visit  of  the  due  de  Cadore  to  Copenhagen 4-11  Aug.     " 

Birth  of  a  son  to  the  crown-prince 27  Sept.    " 

Negro  outbreak  at  Santa  Cruz  (Virgin  isles) 1-5  Oct.  1878 

Marriage  of  princess  Thyra  with  the  duke  of  Cumberland, 

11  Dec.     " 

Lower  house  dismissed  by  the  king  as  incapable  and  idle, 

about  10  May,  1881 

Amnesty  granted  to  political  prisoners  on  the  king's  70th  birth- 
day  15  Nov.  1888 

National  celebration  of  the  king's  golden  wedding 26  May,  1892 

■*•  D-  SOVEREIGNS. 

794.  Sigurd  Snogoje. 

803.  Hardicanute. 

850.  Eric  I. 

854.  Eric  II. 

883.  Gormo,  the  Old ;  reigned  53  years. 

941.  Harold,  surnamed  Blue  Tooth. 

991.  Suenon,  or  Sweyn,  the  Forked-beard. 
1014.  Canute  II.  the  Great,  king  of  Denmark  and  England. 
1035.  Canute  IIL,  son  (Hardicanute  of  England). 
1042.  Magnus,  surnamed  the  Good,  of  Norway. 
1047.  Suenon,  or  Sweyn  II.  (Denmark  only). 
1073.  [Interregnum.] 
1076.  Harold,  called  the  Simple. 
1080.  Canute  IV. 
1086.  Olaus  IV.  the  Hungry. 
1095.  Eric  I.,  styled  the  Good. 
1103.  [Interregnum.] 
1105.  Nicholas  I.,  killed  at  Sleswick. 
1135.  Eric  IL,  surnamed  Harefoot. 
1137.  Eric  III.  the  Lamb. 
.,- .„      (Suenon,  or  Sweyn  III. ;  beheaded. 
^^*''    \Canute  V.  until  1157  (civil  war). 
1157.  Waldemar,  styled  the  Great. 
1182.  Canute  VL,  surnamed  the  Pious. 
1202.  Waldemar  II.  the  Victorious. 
1241.  Eric  IV. 

1250.  Abel:  assassinated  his  elder  brother  Eric;  killed  in  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Prisons. 
1252.  Christopher  I. ;  poisoned. 
1259.   EricV. 
1286.  Eric  VL 
1320.  Christopher  XL 
1334.  [Interregnum  of  7  years.] 
1340.  Waldemar  III. 

1375.  [Interregnum.] 

1376.  Olaus  V. 
1387.  Margaret,  styled  the  "Semiramis  of  the  North,"  queen  of 

Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark. 

1397.  Margaret  and  Eric  VII.  (Eric  XIII.  of  Sweden). 

1412.  Eric  VII.  reigns  alone;  obliged  to  resign  both  crowns. 

1438.  [Interregnum.] 

1440.  Christopher  IIL  king  of  Sweden. 

1448.  Christian  I.  count  of  Oldenburg;  elected  king  of  Denmark, 
1448;  of  Sweden,  1457;  succeeded  by  his  son, 

1481.  John ;  succeeded  by  his  son, 

1513.  Christian  II.,  called  the  Cruel,  and  the  "Nero  of  the  North;" 
he  caused  all  the  Swedish  nobility  to  be  massacred;  de- 
throned for  tyranny  in  1523;  died  in  a  dungeon  in  1559. 
[Sweden  separated  from  Denmark.] 

DENMARK   AND   NORWAY. 

1523.  Frederick  I.  duke  of  Holstein,  son  of  Christian  L ;  a  liberal 

ruler. 
1533.  Christian  IIL,  son  of  Frederick;  established  the  Lutheran 

religion;  esteemed  the  "  Father  of  his  People." 
1559.  Frederick  IL,  son  of  Christian  IIL 
1588.  Christian  IV.,  son. 
1648.  Frederick  III. ;  changed  constitution  from  an  elective  to  an 

hereditary  monarchy,  in  his  own  family,  1665. 
1670.  Christian  V.,  son  of  Frederick  III. ;  succeeded  by  his  son. 
1699.  Frederick  IV. ;  leagued  with  czar  Peter  and  king  of  Poland 

against  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. 
1730.  Christian  VI.,  his  son. 
1746.  Frederick  V.,  his  son;  married  princess  Louisa  of  England, 

daughter  of  George  II. 
1766.  Christian  VII.,  his  son. 

1784.  Prince  Frederick  regent,  his  father  being  deranged. 
1808.  Frederick  VI. ,  previously  regent. 
1814.  Norway  annexed  to  Sweden,  14  Jan. 

DENMARK. 

1839.  Christian  VIII.  (son  of  Frederick,  brother  of  Christian  VIL). 

1848.  Frederick  VIL,  son  of  Christian  VIII. ;  20  Jan. ;  b.  6  Oct.  1808; 
separated  from  his  first  wife,  Sept.  1837;  from  his  second 
wife,  Sept.  1846  ;  m^ried  morganatically  Louisa,  countess 
of  Danner,  7  Aug.  1850;  d.  15  Nov.  1863. 

1863.  Christian  IX.,  son  of  William,  duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderburg-Glucksburg  ;  15  Nov.  (succeeded  by  virtue  of 
the  protocol  of  London,  8  May,  1852,  and  of  the  law  of  the 
Danish  succession,  31  July,  1853).  He  was  born  8  Apr.  1818; 
married  princess  Louisa  of  Hesse-Cassel,  26  May,  1842.    [He 


DEN 


228 


DET 


is  descended  fW)m  Christian  III.,  and  she  from  Frederick  V. ; 
both  from  George  II.  of  England.] 
Heir:  Frederick   (his  sou),  born  3  June,  1843;    married  princess 
liouisa  of  Sweden,  28  July,  1869.    Son:  Christian,  born  26 
SepL  1870. 
Dennciritz,  a  village  of  Prussia.    Here  a  victory  was 
obtained  by  the  allies  under  marshal  Bernadotte  (afterwards 
Charles  XIV.,  king  of  Sweden)  over  marshal  Ney,  6  Sept.  1813. 
The  loss  of  the  French  exceeded  13,000  men  out  of  70,000, 
several  eagles,  and  43  cannon ;  of  the  allies,  6000  out  of  60,000. 
The  defeat  of  Napoleon  at  Leipsic,  on  18  Oct.  following,  closed 
this  disastrous  campaign. 

dentistry  is  the  art  of  treating  teeth  and  of  supplying 
substitutes  for  them  when  lost  Treatment  of  the  teeth  by 
the  Egyptians  mentioned  by  Herodotus;  and  some  evidence 
that  the  Egyptians  and  also  the  Etruscans  at  least  attempted 
to  supply  teeth  by  artificial  means  is  found  in  mummies  and 
in  skulls  exhumed,  etc  Galen  is  the  first  physician  who 
speaks  of  treating  the  teeth.  Ambrose  Pari  notices  the  treat- 
ment of  teeth  in  his  work  on  surgery,  1550.  It  is  only  within 
the  last  60  years  that  dentistry  has  become  a  recognized 
branch  of  surgical  science.  The  teeth  were  only  cared  for  so 
far  as  to  have  them  extracted  when  troublesome — mere  tooth- 
drawing  constituting  dentistry  early  in  this  century.  The 
science  of  tlie  teeth  may  be  said  to  date  from  the  researches 
.  of  prof.  Richard  Owen  who,  in  1839,  first  clearly  demonstrated 
the  organic  connection  between  the  vascular  and  the  vital 
soft  parts  of  the  frame  and  the  hard  substance  of  the  teeth. 
His  work  was  pub.  1840-45.  The  English  Odontological 
society  was  established  1856.  The  first  dental  school  char- 
tered in  the  United  States  was  at  Baltimore,  1839 ;  one  at 
Cincinnati,  1845 ;  another  at  Philadelphia,  1856,  etc.  In  1892 
there  were  38  dental  schools  in  the  U.  S. 

de'odaild  (Lat.  to  be  given  to  God).  By  the  old  common- 
law  of  England  anything  which  had  caused  the  death  of  a 
human  being  became  forfeit  to  the  sovereign  or  lord  of  the 
manor,  and  was  to  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor.  The 
forfeiture  was  abolished  by  9  and  10  Vict.  c.  62  (1846). 

D'Eon  (da-on'),  Chevalier,  who  had  acted  in  a  diplomatic 
capacity  in  several  countries,  and  been  minister  plenipotentiary 
from  France  in  London,  was  affirmed  to  be  a  woman,  at  a  trial 
at  the  King's  Bench  in  1771,  in  an  action  to  recover  wagers  as 
to  his  sex.  He  subsequently  wore  female  attire,  but  at  his 
death  he  was  proved  to  be  a  man. 

deontorog^y,  the  knowledge  of  what  is  right,  or  the 
science  of  duty  (from  the  Gr.  ro  deov,  that  which  is  proper), 
the  Utilitarian  philosophy  propounded  by  Jeremy  Bentham 
in  his  "  Deontology,"  pub.  by  dr.  Bowring  in  1834. 

De  Pauw  university.    Indiana,  1837. 

Deptford,  a  town,  suburb  of  London.  The  hospital 
here  incorporated  by  Henry  VIIL  about  1512,  was  called  the 
Trinity-house  of  Deptford  Strond ;  the  brethren  of  Trinity- 
house  hold  their  corporate  rights  by  this  hospital.  The  dock- 
yard, founded  about  1513,  was  closed  31  Mch.  1869,  having 
been  purchased  by  T.  P.  Austin  for  70,000^.  He  sold  part  of 
it  to  the  corporation  of  London  for  94,640/.,  for  a  market  for 
foreign  cattle,  which  was  opened  for  use  28  Dec.  1871.  On  4  Apr. 
1581,  queen  Elizabeth  dined  at  Deptford  on  board  the  Golden 
Hind,  the  ship  in  which  Drake  had  made  his  voyage  round 
the  globe.  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia  lived  at  Evelyn's  house. 
Say's  court,  while  learning  ship-building  here,  etc.,  in  1698. 

Deputies,  Cliamber  of,  the  title  borne  by  the 
French  legislative  assembly,  from  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons in  1814  till  Jan.  1852,  when  it  was  named  Co7-ps  Legis- 
latif. 

Derby,  Engl,  (name  given  it  by  the  Danes),  was  made 
a  royal  burgh  by  Egbert  (about  828).  Alfred  expelled  the 
Danes  and  planted  a  colony  in  880.  His  daughter,  Ethel- 
fleda,  again  expelled  the  Danes  in  918.  William  L  gave 
Derby  to  his  illegitimate  son,  William  Peveril.  Here  is  a 
free  grammar-school,  founded  1162.  Lombe's  silk-throwing 
machine  was  set  up  in  1718 ;  and  '^  1756  Jedediah  Strutt  in- 
vented the  Derby  ribbed  stocking-frame.  The  young  Pre- 
tender reached  Derbv  3  Dec.  1745,  and  retreated  thence  soon 
after.     Pop.  1891,  94,146. 

Derby- day    (Races),   generally    (not    always),  the 


^■^^ 


Wednesday  in  the  week  preceding  Whitsunday,  the  second 
day  of  the  grand  spring  meeting  at  Epsom,  Engl. 


rHE   DERBY  "    AT   El'SOM. 

1875.  Calopin  (26  May). 

1876.  Kisbdr,    or    Mineral    Colt 
(Hungarian  owner,  Alex, 
tazzi),  31  May. 

1877.  Silvio  (30  May). 

1878.  Sefton  (5  June). 

1879.  Sir    Bevys   (baron    Roth- 
schild's), 28  May. 

1880.  Bend  Or  (duke   of  West-| 
minster's),  26  May. 

1881.  Iroquois    (Mr.    Lorillard'B,^ 
an  American),  1  June. 

1882.  Shotover   (duke    of   West-i 
minster's). 

1883.  St.    Blaise    (sir    F.   John- 
stone's). 

fSt.  Gatien  (Mr,  J.  Ham- 
iQOi  J     mond's). 
^°'^*- 1  Harvester  (sir  J.  Willough- 

l     by's). 

1885.  Melton  (lord  Hastings's). 

1886.  Ormonde   (duke    of  West- 
minster's). 

1887.  Merry  Hampton  (Mr.Abing- 
don's). 

1888.  Ayrshire    (duke    of   Port- 
land's). 

1889.  Donovan    (duke    of   Port- 
land's). 

1890.  Sainfoin  (sir  J.  Miller's). 

1891.  Common     (sir     V.    John- 
stone's). 

1892.  Sir  Hugo  (lord  Bradford's). 


RECENP    WINNKRS  OF   " 

1846.  Pyrrhus. 

1847.  Cossack. 
ia48.  Surplice. 

1849.  Flying  Dutchman. 

1850.  Voltigeur. 

1851.  Teddington. 

1852.  Daniel  O'Kourke. 

1853.  West  Australian. 

1854.  Andover. 

1855.  Wild  Dayrell. 

1856.  Ellington. 

1857.  Blink  Bonny. 

1858.  Beadsman. 
18.59.  Musjid. 

1860.  Thormanby. 

1861.  Kettledrum. 

1862.  Caractacus. 

1863.  Macaroni. 

1864.  Blair  Alhol. 

1865.  Gladiateur (31  May), ahorse 
reared  in  France,  the  property 
of  the  comte  de  la  Grange.  He 
also  won  the  St.  Leger  at  Don- 
caster,  13  Sept 

1866.  Lord  Lyon  (16  May). 

1867.  Hermit  (22  May). 

1868.  Blue  Gown  (27  May). 

1869.  Pretender  (26  May). 

1870.  Kingcraft  (1  June). 

1871.  Favonius  (24  May). 

1872.  Cremorne  (29  May). 

1873.  Doncaster  (28  May). 

1874.  George  Frederick  (3  June). 

derricli§  (said  to  have  been  named  from  Derrick,  hang- 
man at  Tyburn  about  1606),  are  loft\',  portable,  crane -Hke 
structures,  used  on  land  and  water  for  lifting  heavy  loads. 
They  are  extensively  used  in  the  United  States,  and  floating- 
derricks  for  raising  sunken  vessels  were  introduced  into  Eng- 
land by  their  inventor,  A.  D.  Bishop,  in  1857. 

Desaix'i  {deh-sa')  arrival.    Mauengo. 

Descartes's  {da-kart')  Cartesian  philoso- 
phy.    Philosophy. 

descent  of  man.     Development. 

"  Deserted  Village,"  a  poem  by  dr.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith, first  pub.  May,  1770.     Literature. 

des'erts.     Sahara. 

Des'pard's  conspiracy.  Col.  Edward  Marcus 
Despard  (a  native  of  Ireland),  Broughton,  Francis,  Graham, 
Macnamara,  Wood,  and  Wratten  conspired  to  kill  George  IIL 
of  England,  and  establish  a  republic  on  the  day  of  opening 
Parliament,  16  Nov.  1802.  Above  30  persons,  including  soldiers, 
were  taken  in  custody ;  of  those  tried,  20  Jan.  1803,  Despard 
and  6  others  were  executed,  21  Feb.  He  had  been  a  distin- 
guished officer  under  Nelson. 

Detroit,  the  capital  of  Michigan  from  1836  to  1847 
and  the  present  commercial  metropolis  of  that  state,  was  visited 
by  French  traders  early  in  the  17th  century.  On  24  July, 
1701,  Antoine  Laumet  de  la  Mothe  Cadillac  arrived  with 
50  soldiers  and  50  Canadian  traders  and  artisans,  and  estab- 
lished fort  Pontchartrain  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  south  of 
what  is  now  Jefferson  ave.,  and  between  Griswold  and  Shelby 
streets.  On  26  July,  he  laid  the  foundations  of  St.  Anne's 
church,  which  was  burned  in  1703,  and  rebuilt)-  in  1709.  On 
2  Feb.  1704,  the  first  white  child,  a  daughter  of  Cadillac,  was 
baptized  in  the  place,  which  was  called  by  the  French  "  La 
Ville  d'Etroit."  The  settlement  was  increased  in  1749  by  46 
immigrants,  who  came  in  response  to  a  proclamation  of  the 
governor-general  of  Canada  offering  a  subsidy  to  new  settlers, 
and  in  1755  many  fugitives  from  Acadia  found  a  refuge  in 
Detroit.  The  population  reached  500  in  1796,  and  770  in  1810. 
Since  that  date  the  decennial  censuses  have  shown  as  follows: 
1820,1442;  1830,2222;  1840,9192;  1850,21,019;  1860,45,619; 
1870,79,577;  1880,116,342;  1890,205,876.  Area,  23  sq.  miles. 
Lat.  42°  20'  N.,  Ion.  83°  W. 
French  surrender  fort  Pontchartrain  to  the  English  (MicmoAN), 

29  Nov.  1760 
Fort  at  Detroit  besieged  by  the  Indians  under  Pontiac  (Mich- 
igan)  9  May,  1763 

News  of  treaty  of  peace  and  cession  of  Detroit  by  France  to 

England  received 3  June,     " 

Warrant  issued  for  Lodge  of  Masons  No.  1  at  Detroit.  ...27  Apr.  1764 


i 


DET 

First  civil  government  provided  by  the  British  for  Detroit 
and  surrounding  territory 22  June, 

John  Coutincinau  and  Ann  Wyley  convicted  of  stealing  $50, 
and  hanged  on  the  public  square 26  Mch. 

Fort  Lernoult  or  Shelby,  between  the  present  fort  Lafayette, 
Griswold.  and  Wayne  sts..  erected. 

■Campus  Martius  (from  which  the  principal  avenues  radiate)  so 
named 2  July, 

Last  session  of  the  English  court  of  general  quarter-sessions 
held  in  Detroit 29  Jan. 

American  troops  occupy  Detroit 11  July, 

U.  S.  schooner  Wilkinson  (80  tons)  built  at  Detroit 

Detroit  constituted  a  port  of  entry 2  Mch. 

Town  of  Detroit  incorporated 18  Jan. 

First  town-tax  voted. 17  Apr. 

First  town  election;  James  Henry  appointed  chairman  of 
board  of  trustees 3  May, 

Elias  Wallen  appointed  the  first  city  marshal Oct. 

Post-oflace- established 1  Jan. 

First  fire  company  organized 19  Sept. 

Detroit  declared  the  seal  of  territorial  government  of  Mich- 
igan  11  Jan. 

Detroit  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  fire 11  June, 

First  session  of  district  court  held  on  the  open  square,  19  Aug. 

Governor  and  judges  authorized  to  lay  out  a  new  town  and  to 
dispose  of  town  lands 21  Apr. 

Detroit  bank,  in  a  brick  building  on  northwest  cor.  Jefferson 
ave.  and  Randolph  st. ,  incorporated 19  Sept. 

First  brick  dwelling  erected 

Park  lots  ordered  surveyed 14  Dec. 

Incorporated  as  a  city,  13  Sept.  1806;  act  repealed 24  Feb. 

Park  lots,  lying  on  both  sides  of  Woodward  ave.  north  from 
Adams  ave.,  laid  out  and  41  of  them  sold  at  auction.  .6  Mch. 

First  paper  printed  in  Detroit,  the  Michigan  Essay  or  Impar- 
tial Observer,  issued 31  Aug. 

First  Protestant  church  society  organized 

Gen.  Hull  arrives  at  Detroit,  7  Aug.,  and  surrenders  to  the 
British  (Michigan) 16  Aug. 

Fort  Detroit  evacuated  by  British,  28  Sept.,  and  gen.  Duncan 
McArthur  takes  possession  of  the  town 29  Sept. 

First  seal  adopted 3  Jan. 

Village  charter  vesting  local  government  in  the  people,  24  Oct., 
and  5  trustees  elected;  Solomon  Sibley  chairman 30  Oct. 

Theatre  opened  in  brick  storehouse  at  foot  of  Wayne  st 

Detroit  Gazette,  weekly,  first  issued 25  July, 

Town  library  incorporated 26  Aug. 

Cornerstone  of  university  building  laid  on  west  side  of  Bates, 
near  Congress  st 24  Sept. 

First  school  in  the  university  building  opened 10  Aug. 

Steamboat  Walk-in-the-  If o^er  arrives  froin  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  27  Aug. 

Board  of  trustees  organize  a  fire  company 23  Sept. 

First  i'rotestant  Sunday-school  held 4  Oct. 

Bank  of  Michigan  opens 2  Jan. 

Woodworth's  Steamboat  hotel,  conducted  by  "Uncle  Ben" 
Woodvvorth  since  1812,  rebuilt  and  opened  (burned  9  May, 
1848) Mch. 

First  Protestant  church  building  within  the  city  limits,  on 
Woodward  ave.,  near  Larned  St.,  dedicated 27  Feb. 

First  brick  store  erected  by  Thomas  Palmer,  on  southwest  cor. 
Jefferson  ave.  and  Griswold  st 

Detroit  Lodge  of  Freemasons  organized 21  Dec. 

Public  stages  first  run  to  and  from  Detroit June, 

Corner  stone  of  the  capitol  laid 22  Sept. 

City  chartered;  boundary  extended  and  common  council  cre- 
ated ;  John  R.  Williams  first  mayor 5  Aug. 

First  street-paving  contracted  for 24  May, 

Fire-engine  "  Protection  No.  1 "  purchased 21  Sept. 

Fire  company  organized 28  Sept. 

Congress  donates  the  military  reserve  to  the  city 20  May, 

City  cemetery,  on  Beaubien  farm,  bounded  by  what  is  now 
I'atou,  Gratiot,  and  Clinton  sts.  (closed  1855),  is  purchased, 

22  Mch. 

Permanent  seal  for  the  city  adopted 26  Mch. 

Corporate  name  of  Detroit  changed  to  "The  Mayor,  Recorder, 
and  Aldermen  of  the  City  of  Detroit " 4  Apr. 

Mansion  house,  near  northwest  cor.  Jefferson  ave.  and  Cass  st., 
erected  by  James  May,  1805,  opened  as  a  hotel 3  May, 

First  steam  ferryboat  in  operation May, 

Fort  Shelby  deriiol  ished " 

First  city  water  supply,  by  hydraulic  company,  furnished  from 
pump  house  on  Berthelet  wharf  and  reservoir  16  ft.  square 
on  Randolph  St.,  by  wooden  pipes  supplying  portions  of  Jef- 
ferson ave. ,  Larned  and  Congress  sts 

Capitol  building  first  occupied 5  May, 

Historical  society  organized  at  the  Mansion  house 3  July, 

Nortlavestern  Journal  first  issued.. 20  Nov. 

Daily  mails  from  the  east  begin 9  Jan. 

Democratic  Free  Press  and  Michigan  Intelligencer  first  issued, 

5  May, 

First  county  poor-house  completed 31  Dec. 

Detroit  Young  Men's  Society  organized 18  Jan. 

Steamboat  Michigan  launched  at  Detroit 27  Apr. 

City  cemetery,  on  Guoin  farm,  Russel  St.,  near  Gratiot  road 
(vacated  14  May,  1879),  is  purchased 31  May, 

First  hose  company  organized 8  Oct. 

Michigan  Exchange  hotel  opened 27  June, 

Daily  Free  Press  fir,st  issued 28  Sept. 

■Old  city-hall  east  of  Woodward  ave.,  in  middle  of  Grand  ave., 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $14,747,  and  first  occupied 18  Nov. 

Michigan  admitted  into  the  Union,  Detroit  the  capital  of  the 
state 26  Jan. 


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Works  of  hydraulic  company  purchased  by  city 18  May, 

Detroit  Daily  Advertiser  first  issued 11  June, 

First  underground  sewer,  "the  grand,"  built 

Michigan  Central  railroad  opened  to  Ypsilanti  with  a  large 

excursion  from  Detroit 3  Feb. 

Detroit  boat  club,  the  first  in  the  city,  organized 18  Feb. 

City  divided  into  wards 27  Mch. 

Board  of  education  created 17  Feb. 

M  ichigan  Lodge  No.  1  of  Odd  Fellows,  instituted 4  Dec. 

Office  of  city  auditor  created 11  Mch. 

Free  school  for  boys  and  girls  opened  by  4  Sisters  of  Charity 

who  arrive  in  May 10  June, 

St.  Vincent's  (now  St.  Mary's)  hospital,  the  first  in  the  city, 

opened  on  Larned  st 9  June, 

Firstpower-pressinMichigausetupintheofHceofthei^reefVess, 

Elmwood  cemetery  opened 8  Oct. 

Last  session  of  the  legislature  held  in  Detroit  closes.    (Capital 

removed  to  Lansing) 17  Mch. 

Board  of  Trade  organized 20  Oct. 

First  telegraphic  despatch  sent  to  Ypsilanti 29  Nov. 

First  telegraphic  despatch  from  New  York  received 1  Mch. 

Detroit  Savings-bank  incori)orated 5  Mch. 

Harmon ie  Society,  the  oldest  musical  association  in  the  city, 

organized 1  June, 

Cholera  epidemic;  nearly  300  deaths July-Sept. 

First  annual  fair  of  the  Michigan  State  Agricultural  Society 

held  on  Woodward  ave.,  near  Duffleld  st 25-27  Sept. 

Daily  THbune  first  issued 19  Nov. 

Police  court  created 2  Apr. 

Young  Men's  hall,  Jefferson  ave.,  between  Bates  and  Randolph 

sts. ,  dedicated 27  Nov. 

First  grain  elevator  erected 

Steam  power  first  applied  to  printing ! 

Streets  first  lighted  with  gas 24  Sept. 

Board  of  Water  Commissioners  established. 14  Feb. 

Daily  Free  Democrat  first  issued 3  Apr. 

First  railroad  ferry  boat;  the  TransiVs  trial  trip 27  Feb. 

New  Odd  Fellows'  hall  on  Campus  Martius  dedicated.  .13  Sept. 

Present  Board  of  Trade  organized 15  July, 

New  charter,  as  "City  of  Detroit,"  and  city  enlarged. .  .5  Feb. 

Masonic  hall  dedicated 24  June, 

First  telegraphic  cable  laid  across  Detroit  river 16  July, 

Russel  house,  on  site  of  National  hotel  (opened  1  Dec.  1836), 

enlarged  and  opened 28  Sept. 

Water-works  reservoir  on  the  Dequindre  farm  completed,  Nov. 

Marine  hospital  opened 30  Nov. 

Corner-stone  of  new  post-office  and  custom-house  laid.  18  May, 
First  session  of  the  high  school  held  in  upper  story  of  Miami 

Ave.  school  building 30  Aug. 

First  trial  of  steam  fire  engine 2  Sept. 

Daily  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Trade  begun 3  May, 

Detroit  female  seminary  opened Sept. 

Grand  Trunk  railroad  opened  to  Port  Huron... 21  Nov. 

U.  S.  custom-house  and  post-ofllce,  cor.  Griswold  and  Larned 

sts. ,  opened 30  Jan. 

First  steam  fire-engine  purchased  by  city 26  June, 

Detroit  House  of  Correction  established 15  Mch. 

Detroit  Light  Guards  organized 17  Apr. 

First  regiment  leaves  for  Washington 13  May, 

Second  regiment  leaves  the  city 2  June, 

Paid  fire  department  established 25  June, 

Young  Men's  hall  in  Biddle  House  block  first  opened.  .21  Nov. 

Streetcars  start  on  Jefferson  and  Woodward  aves 3  Aug. 

Second  National  bank  oiiened 11  Oct. 

First  National  bank 16  Nov. 

Detroit  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  organized. .  .1  Aug. 

Mail  delivery  by  carriers  begun Oct. 

Harper  hospital  opened 12  Oct. 

Board  of  Trade  building  dedicated 22  Feb. 

Metropolitan  police  commission  established  by  law 28  Feb. 

Public  library  opened  in  the  old  capitol 25  Mch. 

Police  force  organized 15  May, 

Round-house  reservoir,  built  1838,  with  a  capacity  of  422,979 

gallons,  in  use  until  1860,  is  torn  down ;  work  begun,  27  Mch. 

Detroit  Daily  Post,  the  first  8-page  paper,  issued 27  Mch. 

Fire-alarm  telegraph  inaugurated 4  Jan. 

Hoard  of  Fire  Commissioners  established 26  Mch. 

Corner  stone  of  soldiers'  monument  in  East  Grand  Circus  park 

laid 4  July, 

Corner-stone  of  new  city-hall  laid 6  Aug. 

Detroit  medical  college  opened 2  Feb. 

Detroit  Opera-house  opened 29  Mch. 

Memorial  day  observed  for  the  first  time 29  May, 

Woodmere  cemetery  association  organized,  8  July,  1867,  and 

cemetery  dedicated 14  July, 

People's  Savings  bank  organized 1  Jan. 

Act  providing  for  and  appointing  park  commissioners  passed 

by  the  legislature 15  Apr. 

New  city-hall  formally  opened;  cost  $600,000 4  July, 

Soldiers'  monument  unveiled;  55  feet  high;  cost  $75,000,  9  Apr. 

Board  of  public  works  created 29  Apr. 

Superior  court  established,  28  Mch.,  and  first. formal  session 

held  in  the  Seitz  block H  June, 

Erening  News  established 23  Aug. 

St.  Joseph's  church  consecrated 16  Nov. 

Corner-stone  of  new  Odd  Fellows  hall  laid 20  Aug. 

Corner-stone  of  public  library  building  laid 29  May, 

Whitney's  Grand  Opera-house  opened 13  Sept. 

Building  of  the  Harmonic  Society  dedicated 11  Nov. 

New  high-school  building  erected 

Public  Library  building  dedicated 22  Jan. 


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Office  of  fir©  marshal  created 23  May, 

Water  first  supplied  (Vom  new  water-works  in  Haintramck. 

15  Dec. 

Telephones  come  into  Ronoral  use 15  Aug. 

Recreation  park  first  ojH'iiod 10  May, 

Brush  electric  light  first  exhibited  in  Detroit 4  June, 

Bello  Isle  purchased  for  park  purjioses 25  Sept. 

Michigan  (\)lloge  of  Medicine  opened 17  Nov. 

Detroit  Association  of  Charities  organized 22  Apr. 

While's  Grand  theatre,  formerly  Music  hall,  opened 'M  Aug. 

Board  of  councilmen,  originally  the  city  council,  created  by 
12  A| 


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New  ward  boundaries  erected  by  act  of  legislature 5  May, 

Soldiers'  monument  completed 19  July, 

Boiinl  of  park  commissioners  for  Belle  Isle  park  created,  29  Aug. 

Elei'tric  lighting  becomes  general Sept. 

Clearing  house  established 1  Feb. 

New  city  charter  enacted 5  June, 

Detroit  Keening  JtmnicU  first  issued 1  Sept. 

Contract  made  to  light  the  entire  city  by  electricity June, 

Twenty  fifth  annual  reunion  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
opens  at  Detroit 4  Aug. 


John  R.  Williams. 1824-26 

Henry  J.  Hunt 1826-27 

John  Biddle 1827-29 

Jonathan  Kearsley 1829-30 

John  R.  Williams 1830-31 

Marshall  Chapin 1831-32 

Levi  Cook 1832-34 

Marshall  Chapin 1834 

C.  C.  Trowbridge 1834 

Andrew  Mack 1834-35 

Levi  Cook 1835-37 

Henry  Howard 183T-38 

Augustus  S.  Porter 1838 

Asher  P.  Bates 1838-39 

De  Garmo  Jones 1839-40 

Zina  Pitcher 1840-42 

Douglas  Houghton 1842-43 

Zina  Pitcher 1843-44 

John  R.  Williams 1844-47 

James  A.  Van  Dyke 1847-48 

Frederick  Buhl 1848-49 


OKS. 

Charles  Howard 1849-50 

John  I,adue 1850-51 

Zachariah  Chandler 1851-52 

John  H.  Harmon 1852-54 

Oliver  M.  Hyde 1854-55 

Henry  Ledyard 1855-56 

0.  M.  Hyde 1856-58 

John  Pntton 1858-60 

Christian  H.  Buhl 1860-62 

William  C.  Duncan 1862-64 

K.  C.  Barker 1864-66 

Merrill  I.  Mills 1866-68 

William  W.  Wheaton. . . ,  1868-72 

Hugh  Moffat 1872-76 

Alexander  Lewis 1876-78 

George  C.  Langdon 1878-80 

William  G.  Thompson. . .  1880-84 
Stephen  B.  Grummond,.  1884-86 

M.  H.  Chamberlain 1886-88 

John  Pridgeon,  jr 1888-90 

H.  S.  Pingree 1890-93 


Det'tingrcn,  Bavaria,  Battle  of,  27  June,  1743,  between 
the  British,  Hanoverian,  and  Hessian  array  (52,000),  under 
king  George  II.  of  England  and  the  earl  of  Stair,  and  the 
French  army  (60,000),  under  marshal  Noailles  and  the  due  de 
Grammont,  in  the  war  of  the  Austrian  succession.  The 
French  passed  a  defile,  which  they  should  have  merely  guard- 
ed. The  due  de  Grammont,  with  his  cavalry,  charged  the 
British  foot  with  great  fury,  but  was  obliged  to  give  way  and 
to  repass  the  Maine,  losing  3000  men.  This  was  the  last  time 
an  English  king  took  personal  command  of  an  army  in  battle. 
Handel's  "  Dettingen  Te  Deum  "  first  performed  27  Nov.  1743. 

development  or  evolution.    Wolff  put  forth  a 

theory  of  epigenesis  in  1759;  Lamarck,  the  naturalist,  in  1809, 
propounded  a  theory  that  all  animals  had  been  developed  from 
"monads,"  living  minute  particles.  Spkcies,  Ve.stiges. 
BufFon  held  a  similar  doctrine.  In  1827  Ernst  von  Baer  of 
Konigsberg  demonstrated  that  every  mammal  is  developed 
from  a  minute  egg  not  a  hundredth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
C.  Darwin's  views  are  given  in  his  "Origin  of  Species,"  1859; 
and  "Descent  of  Man,"  1871.  He  supposes  that  man  was 
gradually  evolved  from  the  lowest  created  form  of  animal  life. 
Haeckel,  his  most  advanced  follower,  published  in  German  a 
"  History  of  Creation,"  1873 ;  a  translation  in  English,  1875. 
Alfred  Wallace  published  his  work  on  Natural  Selection  in 
1870.     Evolution. 

A  thpory  of  the  development  of  living  beings  out  of  the  earth  was 
(lut  forth  by  Lucretius  in  his  "De  Rerum  Natura,"  about  57  b.c. 

*'  We  cannot  teach,  we  cannot  pronounce  it  to  be  a  conquest  of  sci- 
ence, that  man  descends  from  the  ape  or  from  any  other  animal. 
We  can  only  indicate  it  as  a  hypothesis." — Prof.  Virchow,  1877. 

"  The  primitive  monads  were  born  by  spontaneous  generation  in  the 
sea"— Pro/  Haeckel,  1878. 

devil,  according  to  Swedenborg,  a  more  debased  and 
lower  form  of  evil  than  Satan;  pertaining  more  to  the  will 
than  the  understanding,  to  action  than  to  thought,  and  with- 
out distinctive  form  aside  from  the  personality  of  man.  Super- 
stitious thought  has  given  it  a  locality  and  a  form  which  it  by 
no  means  possesses,  and  thus  suggested  many  mediaeval  myths 
and  traditions.     Devil  worship. 

devil-fi§ll  (Octopus  vulgariSfthe  eight-armed  cuttle-fish). 
Many  old  writers  have  given  exaggerated  accounts  of  the  size 
of  these  sea  animals.  They  are  now  known  to  attain  a  length 
of  15  ft.  and  upward,  head  and  body,  and,  measuring  the 


long  tentacles,  from  30  to  40  ft.     Graphic  description  given 
of  its  form  and  habits  in  Victor  Hugo's  "Toilers  of  the  Sea." 

devil-vrorKllip.  (Devil— Gr.  SidjSoXoQ,  false  accuser; 
Heb.  satan,  an  adversary;  abaddon,  destroyer,  etc.)  The  wor- 
ship of  devils  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Bible  (Lev.  xvii. 
7;  2  Chron.  xi.  15;  1  Cor!  x.  20;  Rev.  ix.  20,  etc.).  Mr.  Lay- 
ard  describes  the  Yezidees  as  recognizing  one  supreme  being, 
yet  reverencing  the  devil  as  a  king  or  mighty  angel,  to  be  con- 
ciliated (1841). 
Moncure  Conway's ' '  Pemonology  and  Devil-lore, "  first  pub  Dec.  1878. 

Devi'ZCi,  a  borough  of  Wilts,  Engl.  At  Roundway 
Down,  near  here,  sir  William  Waller  and  the  parliamentar- 
ians were  defeated,  13  July,  1643. 

Devonshire,  Engl.,  the  country  of  the  Damnonii,  or 
Dumnonii.  Odun,  earl  of  Devon,  in  878  defeated  the  Danes, 
slew  UbbOjOr  Hubba,  their  chief,  and  captured  his  magic  stand- 
ard. A  bishopric  of  Devonshire  was  founded  in  909.  Exeter. 
Richard  de  Redver.",  first  earl  of  Devon,  son  of  Baldwin,  sheriff  of 

Devonshire,  d.  1137. 
William  Courtenay,  the  present  earl,  is  descended  from  Robert  de 

Courtenay  and  Mary  de  Redvers,  daughter  of  William  de  Redvers, 

earl  of  Devon,  in  1184. 
William  Cavendish,  created  first  earl  of  Devonshire,  1618. 
William  Cavendish  (his  great  grandson),  created  first  duke  of  Devon. 

shire,  1()84. 

"The  brave  Geraint,  a  knight  of  Arthur's  court, 
A  tributary  prince  of  Devon,  one 
Of  that  great  Order  of  the  Table  Round." 

— Tennyson,  "Geraint  and  Enid." 

*' DeVOWt  L<ife."  "Introduction  a  la  Vie  Devote,** 
written  by  St.  Francois  de  Sales,  and  published  1608.  He  was 
born  21  Aug.  1567;  bishop  of  Geneva,  1602;  died  28  Dec.  1622. 

dew,  the  modern  theory  that  dew  is  atmospheric  vai)or 
deposited  on  the  surface  of  bodies,  generally  during  the  night, 
was  put  forth  by  dr.  Wells  in  his  book,  1814.  The  point  of 
temperature  at  which  the  vapor  in  the  air  begins  to  condense 
is  called  the  dew-point 

diadem,  the  band  or  fillet  worn  b}'  the  ancients  instead 
of  the  crown,  and  consecrated  to  the  gods.  At  first  it  was 
made  of  silk  or  wool,  set  with  precious  stones,  and  was  tied 
round  the  temples  and  forehead;  the  2  ends  knotted  behind 
fell  on  the  neck.  Aurelian  was  the  first  Roman  emperor  who 
wore  a  diadem,  272. — Tillemont. 

dial§.  "  The  sun-dial  of  Ahaz,"  713  B.C.  (Isa.  xxxviii.  8). 
A  dial  invented  by  Anaximander,  550  b.c. — Pliny.  The  first 
dial  of  the  sun  seen  at  Rome  was  placed  on  the  temple  of  Qui- 
rinus  by  L.  Papirius  Cursor,  when  time  was  divided  into  hours, 
293  B.C.— Blair.  Dials  set  up  in  churches  about  613  a.d. — 
Lenglet.     Mrs.  Alfred  Gatty's  "  Book  of  Sun-dials  "  pub.  1872. 

dial'ysis  (Gr.  SiaXvaig,  dissolution),  a  branch  of  chemical 
analysis,  depending  on  the  different  degrees  of  diflfusibility  of 
substances  in  liquids,  made  known  in  1861  by  its  discoverer, 
prof.  Thomas  Graham,  then  master  of  the  mint. 

dianiag''neti§ni,  the  property  possessed  by  nearly  all 
bodies  of  behaving  differently  to  iron  when  placed  between  2 
magnets.  The  phenomena,  previously  little  known,  were  re- 
duced to  a  law  by  Faraday  in  1845,  and  confirmed  by  Tyndall 
and  others. 

dianiond§  were  first  brought  to  Europe  from  the  east, 
where  the  mine  of  Sumbulpoor  was  the  first  known,  and  where 
the  mines  of  Golconda,  the  realm  of  diamonds,  were  discovered 
in  1534.  The  mines  of  Brazil  were  discovered  in  1728.  From 
these  last  a  diamond  weighing  1680  carats,  or  14  ounces,  was 
sent  in  1741  to  the  court  of  Portugal,  known  as  the  Braganza 
diamond  (never  cut),  and  was  valued  by  Romeo  de  I'lsle  at 
224,000,000/. ;  by  others  at  56,000,000/.  and  at  3,600,000/. ;  its 
true  value  (not  being  brilliant)  was  400,000/. 
Great  liussian  or  0»7q^  diamond  weighs  193  carats,  or  1  oz.  12dwts. 

4  gr.  troy.     The  empress  Catherine  II.  offered  for  it  104, 166^.  13s. 

4d.  and  an  annuity  for  life  of  lOill.  13s.  4d,  which  was  refused; 

but  sold  to  Catherine's  favorite,  count  Orloff,  for  the  first  mentioned 

sum,  without  the  annuity,  and  presented  to  the  empress  on  her 

birthday,  1772;  it  is  now  in  the  sceptre  of  Russia. 
Pitt  diamond,  136  carats,  or,  after  cutting,  106  carats;  was  sold  to 

the  king  of  France  for  125,000^.  in  1720. 
Pigott  diamond  (bought  by  Mr.  Pitt,  grandfather  of  William  Pitt) 

was  sold  for  9500  guineas,  10  May,  1802. 
Diamond  called  the  Kohinoor  or  Mountain  of  Light,  was  found  in 

the  mines  of  Golconda,  in  1550,  and  is  said  to  have  belonged  in 

turn  to  Shah  Jehan,  Aurungzebe,  Nadir  Shah,  the  Afghan  rulers, 


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and  tlie  Sikh  chief  Riinjeet  Singh.  Upon  the  abdication  of  Dhuleep 
Singh,  the  last  ruler  of  the  Tuiijab,  and  the  annexation  of  his  do- 
minions to  the  British  empire,  in  1849,  the  Kohinoor  was  surren- 
dered to  the  queen,  and  was  presented  to  her,  3  July,  1850.  It  was 
shown  in  the  great  exhibition,  1851.  Its  original  weight  was 
nearly  800  carats,  but  it  was  reduced  by  the  unskilfulness  of  the 
artist,  Hortensio  Borghese,  a  Venetian,  to  279  carats.  Its  shape 
and  size  resembled  the  pointed  half  (rose  cut)  of  a  small  hen  egg. 
The  value  is  scarcely  computable,  though  2,000,000^.  have  been  men- 
tioned as  a  justifiable  price,  on  the  scale  employed  in  the  trade. 
This  diamond  was  recut  in  1852,  and  now  weighs  1023ij''  carats. 

Sancy  diamond,  which  belonged  to  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, was  bought  bv  sir  C.  Jejeebhoy  from  the  DemidoR'  family 
for  20,000^.  in  Feb.  1865. 

A  diamond,  the  Star  of  tJie  South,  was  brought  from  Brazil  in  1855, 
weighing  254>^  carats,  half  of  which  was  lost  by  cutting. 

Other  diamonds  of  note  are  the  Rajah  of  Mattan,  Borneo,  367  9/, o 
carats;  Florentine,  emperor  of  Austria,  139i^  carats;  138i^  carats, 
king  of  Portugal;  86  carats,  czar  of  Russia;  78%  carats,  marquis 
of  Westminster;  288%  carats,  uncut,  the  Stewart  diamond. 

Diamonds  were  discovered  in  Cape  Colony,  S.  Africa,  in  Mch.  1867. 
A  fine  one,  the  Star  of  South  Africa,  brought  to  England  in  1869, 
was  purchased  by  Messrs.  Hunt  &  Roskell.  After  cutting,  it 
weighed  46)^  carats,  and  was  valued  at  25,000/.  in  June,  1870. 

Rich  diamond  fields  discovered  near  the  Vaal  and  Orange  rivers, 
Sept.  1870. 

Great  influx  of  diggers,  and  many  fine  diamonds  found,  Nov.  Value  of 
141  diamonds  found  in  1869,  7405/. ;  of  5661  found  in  1870, 124.910/. ; 
about  2,000,000/.  worth  said  to  hdve  been  exported  in  1877. 

Largest  African  diamond  found,  weighing  302  carats,  at  Kimberley, 
n;imed  Victoria,  27  Mch.  1884. 

Several  other  magnificent  S.  African  diamonds  since  found,  one  400 
carats,  cut  to  180.  Estimated  value  of  S.  African  diamonds  up  to 
1886,  $200,000,000. 

Diamond-necklace  Affair. — In  1785,  Boehmer.  the  court  jeweller  of 
France,  offered  the  queen,  Marie  Antoinette,  a  diamond  necklace 
for  56,000/.  The  queen  desired  the  necklace,  but  feared  the  ex- 
])ense.  The  countess  de  la  Motte  (of  the  ancient  house  of  Valois) 
forged  the  queen's  signature,  and,  pretending  that  the  queen  liad 
an  attachment  for  him,  persuaded  the  cardinal  de  Rohan,  the 
queen's  almoner,  to  buy  the  necklace  for  56,000/.  She  then  made 
away  with  the  necklace.  For  this  she  was  tried  in  1786,  and  sen- 
tenced to  be  branded  on  the  shoulders  and  imprisoned  for  life. 
She  accused  in  vain  the  Italian  adventurer  Cagliostro  of  complicity, 
he  being  intimate  with  the  cardinal.  She  made  her  escape  and 
went  to  London,  where  she  was  killed  by  falling  from  a  window 
in  attempting  to  escape  an  arrest  for  debt.  De  Rohan  was  tried 
and  acquitted,  14  Apr.  1786.  The  public  in  France  suspected  the 
queen  of  being  a  party  to  the  fraud.  Talleyrand  wrote  that  he 
should  not  be  surprised  if  this  miserable  affair  overturned  the 
throne.     Best  account,  Carlyle's  "  French  Revolution." 

Artificial  diamonds  :  Prepared  by  Mr.  MacTear  of  Glasgow;  examined 
by  Story  Maskelyne,  and  declared  not  to  be  diamonds,  30  Dec. 
1879;  acknowledged  by  Mr.  MacTear,  Jan.  1880. 

Diamonds  said  to  have  been  made  by  J.  Ballantine  Hannay  at  Glas- 
gow; announced  in  Times,  20  Feb.  1880. 

Diamonds  said  to  have  been  made  at  Paris,  1880. 

INFLAMMABILITY  OF  DIAMONDS 

Boetius  de  Boot  conjectured  that  the  diamond  was  inflammable, 
1609.  When  exposed  to  a  high  temperature  it  gave  an  acrid  vapor, 
and  part  of  it  was  dissipated,  1673.  —Boyle. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  concluded,  from  its  great  refracting  power,  that  it 
must  be  combustible,  1675. 

Averani  concentrated  the  rays  of  the  sun  upon  the  diamond,  which 
was  exhaled  in  vapor  and  entirely  disappeared,  while  other  pre- 
cious stones  merely  grew  softer,  1695. 

It  has  been  ascertained  by  Guyton,  Davy,  and  others,  that  diamonds, 
like  charcoal,  are  pure  carbon.  Diamonds  were  charred  by  the 
heat  of  the  voltaic  battery— by  M.  Dumas,  in  Paris,  and  by  prof. 
Faraday,  in  London,  in  1848. 

Dia'na,  Temple  of,  at  Ephesus,  Asia  Minor,  accounted 
one  of  the  7  wonders  of  the  world,  was  built  at  the  common 
charge  of  all  the  Asiatic  states,  552  b.c.  ;  the  chief  architect  be- 
ing Ctesiphon.  Pliny  says  that  220  years  were  occupied  in  com- 
pleting it.  It  was  425  ft.  long,  225  broad,  and  was  supported  by 
127  columns  (60  ft.  higli,  each  weighing  150  tons)  of  Parian 
marble,  furnished  by  many  kings.  It  was  set  on  fire  the  night 
Alexander  the  Great  was  born,  by  Herostratus  or  Eratostratus, 
■who  confessed  that  his  motive  was  the  desire  of  transmitting 
his  name  to  future  ages,  356  b.c.  The  temple  was  rebuilt,  but 
again  burned  by  the  Goths  in  their  naval  invasion,  256  or 
262  A.D.  In  Apr.  1869,  J.  T.  Wood  discovered  the  site  of  the 
second  temple  ;  and  since  then  sculptured  marble  columns  have 
been  removed  to  the  British  museum.  Diana  was  the  Roman 
name  of  the  Greek  A  rtemis.  The  three-formed  goddess  ruling 
as  Selene  in  the  sky,  as  Artemis  or  Diana  on  earth,  as  Hecate 
or  Proserpina  in  Erebus. 

"  Goddess  whom  all  gods  love  with  threefold  heart, 
Being  treble  in  thy  divided  deity, 
A  light  for  dead  men  and  dark  hours,  a  foot 
Swift  on  the.  hills  as  morning,  and  a  hand 
To  all  things  fierce  and  fleet  that  roar  and  range 

Mortal "  — Swinburne,  "  Atalanta  in  Calydon." 

Archttectuke,  Mythology. 


dice.  The  invention  of  dice  is  ascribed  to  Palamedes  of 
Greece,  about  1244  b.c.  The  game  of  tali  and  tessera  among 
the  Romans  was  played  with  dice.  Stow  mentions  2  enter- 
tainments given  by  the  city  of  London,  at  which  dice  were 
played.  Act  to  regulate  the  licenses  of  makers,  and  the  sale 
of  dice  in  England,  9  Geo.  IV.  1828. 

In  1357,  the  kings  of  Scotland  and  France  being  prisoners,  and  the 
king  of  Cyprus  on  a  visit  to  Edward  III.,  a  great  tournament  was 
held  in  Smithfield,  and  afterwards  Henry  Picard.  mayor  of  London, 
"  kept  his  hall  against  all  comers  tliat  were  willing  to  play  at  dice 
and  hazard.  The  lady  Margaret,  his  wife,  did  keepe  her  chamber 
to  the  same  intent."  The  mayor  restored  to  the  king  of  Cyprus 
50  marks  which  he  had  won  from  him,  saying,  "  My  lord  and  king, 
be  not  aggrieved;  for  I  covet  not  your  gold,  but  your  play,"  etc. 
— Slow. 

<]i'ehro§COpe  (Gr.  dlxpooc,  two-colored,  and  (tkotthv, 
view),  an  optical  apparatus,  invented  by  prof.  Dove  of  Berlin, 
in  1860,  to  represent  interferences,  spectra  in  colored  lights, 
polarization  of  light,  etc. 

dictators  were  supreme  magistrates  of  Rome,  appointed 
to  act  in  critical  times.  Titus  Lartius  Flavins,  the  first  dicta- 
tor, was  appointed  501  b.c.  Gains  Marcius  Rutilus  was  the 
first  plebeian  dictator,  356  b.c.  This  office  became  odious  by  the 
usurpations  of  Sylla  and  Julius  Ciesar ;  and  after  the  death  of 
the  latter  the  Roman  senate,  on  motion  of  the  consul  Anton}', 
passed  a  law  forbidding  a  dictatorship,  44  b.c. 

dictionary.  A  standard  dictionary  of  the  Chinese 
language,  containing  about  40,000  characters,  most  of  them 
hieroglyphic,  was  perfected  by  Pa-out-she,  who  lived  about 
1100  B.C. — Morrison.     Encyclopedias,  Music,  etc.        p  ^ 

A  Latin  dictionary  was  compiled  by  Varro,  b 116 

V^arro's  work  "  De  Lingua  Latina;"  he  d 28 

"  Onomasticon,"  a  collection  of  vocabularies  in  Greek,  by  Julius  a.d. 

Pollux,  was  pub about    177 

"Catholicon,"  an  attempt  at  a  Latin  lexicon,  by  friar  Jo- 
hannes Balbus  Januensis,  printed  at  Mentz 1460 

A  noted  polyglot  dictionary,  perhaps  the  first,  is  by  Ambrose 
Calepini,  a  Venetian  friar,  in  Latin;  he  wrote  one  in  8  lan- 
guages (Niceron) about  1500 

John  E.  Avenar's  "  Dictionarium  Hebraicum  "  was  published  at 
Wittenberg  in  1589.  Buxtprf  s  great  work,  "  Lexicon  He- 
braicum," etc..  appeared.. 1621 

"Lexicon  Heptaglotton  "  was  published  by  Edmund  Castell. . .  1669 

English  dictionary  by  Samuel  Johnson  appeared 1755 

Francis  Grose's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue  "  was  com- 
piled   1768 

Following  academies  have  published  large  dictionaries  of 
their  respective  languages:  the  French  academy  (the  first, 
edited  by  Vaugelas),  1694;  new  editions,  1718,  1740.  1762, 
1835,  and  1878  ;    the  Spanish,  1726  ;    the  Italian  academy 

(della  Crusca),  1729;  and  the  Russian 1789-94 

Schwan's  great  German-French  dictionary  appeared 1782 

Walker's  (English),  popular  for  half  a  century 1791 

Webster's  American  dictionary  first  pub.  (often  revised) 1828 

Smart's  dictionary  pub 1836 

Richardson's  English  dictionary  appeared 1836 

Lempridre's  classical  dictionary,  1788,  now  superseded  by  Dr. 

W.  Smith's  classical  series 1842-57 

Worcester's  dictionary 1860 

Great  German  dictionary,  by  Jacob  and  Wilhelm  Grimm .  1854  et  seq. 
Hen-sleigh  Wedgwood's  "  Dictionary  of  English  Etymology  ".1859-67 

Smith's  "Dictionary  of  the  Bible"  i)ub 1860-63 

Earliest  known  English-Latin  dictionary  is  the  "Promptorium 
Parvulorum,"  compiled  by  Galfridus  Grammaticus,  a  preach- 
ing friar  of  Norfolk,  in  1440;  and  printed  by  Pynson,  as 
"  Promptorius  Puerorum,"  in  1499.    A  new  edition,  by  Albert 

Way.  from  MSS. ,  published  by  Camden  Society 1843-65 

Great  French  dictionary,  by  E.  Littre,  1863-72;  "supplement. . .  1877 
"  Bona-flde  French  and  English  Dictionary  "  (iJ4  inches  by  2%, 

weight  4  oz. ),  printed  by  Bellows 1873 

"Harper's  Latin  Dictionary  "  (founded  upon  Andrews's  trans- 
lation of  Freund's  "  Latin-German  Lexicon  "  ),  standard  au- 
thority in  English  and  American  universities,  pub 1879 

"Encyclopaedic    Dictionary"    (English),  by    Robert    Hunter, 

M. A.,  F.G.S 1870-88 

"  Imperial  Dictionary  "  (English),  4  vols.  8vo 1882 

"  Century  Dictionary  "  (named  after  the  company  publishing 
it).  6  vols,  imperial  octavo,  edited  by  Wm.  Dwight  Whitney. 

Ph.D.,  LL. D.,  of  Yale 1891 

Philological  Society  of  London  issued  "proposals  for  a  new 
English  dictionary,"  on  the  historical  method,  1859;  after 
longdelaywork began  systematically;  editor,  dr.  J.  H.  Murraj^,  1879 

[About  5000  authors,  dating  from  1150  to  1883,  have  been 
read  by  about  13,000  persons  (British  and  American),  who 
made  about  3,000,000  extracts.  I'art  I.,  pub.  Feb.  1884.  was 
considered  to  promise  the  grandest  lexicographical  work  ever 
produced.     Vol.  III.  part  I.  1892.] 

A,  B,  and  parts  of  C  and  D,  completed Jan.  1893 

didyin'iuni,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  by  Mosander  in 
1841,  appears  to  be  always  associated  with  lanthanum  and 
cerium. 

Dieppe  (dSe-ep'),  N.  France.    This  town  was  bombarded 


DIE 


232 


DIS 


by  an  English  fleet,  under  admiral  Russell,  and  laid  in  ashes,  | 
July,  11)94.  It  was  again  bombarded  in  1794;  and  again,  to-  j 
gethcr  with  Granville,  by  the  British,  14  Sept.  1803. 

**  Di'es  I'raP"  ("  l>ay  of  Wrath"),  a  Latin  mediajval 
hvmn  on  the  day  of  judgment,  is  ascribed  to  various  authors, 
among  others  to  pope  Gregory  the  Great  (d.  about  604);  St. 
Bernard  (d.  1153) ;  but  was  doubtless  composed  by  Thomas  of 
Celano  (d.  1255),  and  used  in  the  Roman  service  of  the  mass 
before  1385.  "  Dies  ir*.  dies  ilia, 

Solvet  sieclum  in  favllla, 
Teste  David  cum  Sibylla,"  etc. 
Many  translations  of  this  hymn  have  been  made,  but  none  ex- 
press the  force  of  the  original. 

Diet  of  the  German  empire  (the  body  which 

exercised  supreme  authority  in  the  empire)  was  composed  of 
3  colleges :  one  of  electors,  one  of  princes,  and  one  of  imperial 
towns,  and  originated  with  the  edict  or  Golden  Bull  of  Charles 
IV.  1356.  Augsburg,  1530 ;  Frankfokt-on-thk-Main,  1806 
etseq.;  Germany;  Goldex  Bull;  Nurembkrg,  1467;  Rat- 
iSBON,  1541 ;  Spires,  1529 ;  Worms,  1521 ;  Wurzburg,  1180. 
dlether'OiCOpe,  an  apparatus  for  geodesy  and  teach- 
ing optics,  constructed  by  G.  Luvini  of  Tunis,  and  announced 
Apr.  1876. 

DIeu  et  mon  droit  ("God  and  my  right"),  the 
royal  motto  of  England,  was  the  pass-word  of  the  day,  given 
by  Richard  I.  of  England  to  his  army  at  the  battle  of  Gisors, 
in  France,  20  Sept.  1198,  in  which  the  French  army  was  sig- 
nally defeated.  It  seems  to  have  been  first  assumed  as  a 
motto  by  Henry  VI.  (1422-61).     Semper  eauem. 

"  Dleu-donn^  "  ("God-given"),  the  name  given  in 
his  infancy  to  Louis  le  Grand,  king  of  France,  the  queen,  his 
mother,  having  been  barren  for  23  years  previous  to  1638.  Also 
to  the  late.corate  de  Chambord,  son  of  the  duchess  of  Berri,  born 
29  Sept.  1820.  His  father  was  assassinated  14  Feb.1820,  One 
of  the  popes  (672)  was  named  A  deodatus,  or  God's  gift. 

diffUiion  of  g[ase§.  In  1825,  Dobereiner  observed 
the  transmission  of  hydrogen  gas  through  a  crack  in  a  glass 
vessel,  and  prof.  Thomas  Graham  discovered  the  passage  of 
gases  through  porous  porcelain,  graphite,  and  other  substances, 
and  established  laws  in  1832.  He  also  discovered  Atmoly- 
8IS  and  Dialysis.     He  died  16  Sept.  1869. 

Digest.  The  first  collection  of  Roman  laws  under  this 
title  was  prepared  by  the  civilian  Alfrenus  Varus,  of  Cremona, 
66  B.C. — Quintil.  The  "  Digest,"  so  called  by  way  of  eminence, 
was  the  collection  made  by  order  of  the  emperor  Justinian, 
629 ;  it  made  the  first  part  of  the  Roman  law  and  the  first 
volume  of  the  civil  law.  Quotations  from  it  are  marked  with 
a  ff. — Pardon.  The  "  Digest  of  Law  "  commissioners  signed 
their  first  report  13  May,  1867,  recommending  the  immediate 
preparation  of  a  digest  of  the  English  common-law,  statute 
law,  and  judicial  decisions. 

digits  are  properly  the  fingers  (Lat.  dif/ifus,  a  finger). 
The  figures  representing  any  whole  number  under  10  (1,  2, 
etc.)  are  called  the  9  digits.  Arithmetical  figures  were  known 
to  the  Arabian  Moors  about  900,  and  were  introduced  by  them 
into  Spain  in  1050,  and  thence  into  England  about  1253. — In 
astronomy,  the  digit  as  a  measure  of  eclipses,  is  the  twelfth 
part  of  the  luminary  eclipsed.     Arithmetic,  Numerals. 

Dijon  (de'-zhon'),  E.  France,  the  ancient  capital  of  Bur- 
gundy, said  to  have  been  founded  by  Julius  Caesar,  fortified  by 
the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius,  and  named  Divio,  about  274. 
It  has  been  several  times  captured  ;  and  a  castle  was  erected 
here  by  Louis  XI.  Dijon  became  the  capital  of  the  dukes  of 
Burgundy  about  1180.  It  was  attacked  by  the  Germans,  under 
gen.  Beyer,  30  Oct.  1870.  The  high  suburbs  were  taken  by 
prince  William  of  Baden,  and  the  town  surrendered  on  31  Oct. 
Dilettan'ti,  Society  of,  established  in  1734  by  the 
viscount  Ilarcourt,  lord  Middlesex,  duke  of  Dorset,  and  others 
who  had  travelled  and  were  desirous  of  encouraging  the  fine 
arts  in  Great  Britain.  The  society  aided  in  publishing  Stuart's 
"Athens"  (1762-1816),  Chandler's  "Travels"  (1775-76),  and 
other  illustrated  works.  The  members  dine  together  from  time 
to  time  at  the  Thatch ed-house  tavern,  St.  James's.  R.  P. 
Pullan,  on  behalf  of  this  society,  excavated  the  temple  of 


Minerva  Poliasat  Priene,  between  1861-70.  Pub.  "  Antiquitiea 
of  Ionia,"  4  parts,  1769-1881. 

dlm'lty,  a  cotton  fabric,  generally  figured  or  striped.  The 
term  is  derived  from  the  Gr.  Siq,  twice,  and  /iiVot;,  thread. 
Damietta. 

Dinornis  {tavog,  terrible,  and  opvig,  bird),  an  extinct 
gigantic  bird,  the  remains  of  which  are  found  in  certain  parts 
of  New  Zealand.  From  the  size  of  its  bones  the  bird  must  have 
measured  at  least  10  feet  in  height.  It  was  called  the  Moa  by 
the  natives  of  New  Zealand,  and  the  Maoris  have  traditions  of 
hunting  it,  so  that  its  extinction  has  been  of  comparatively 
recent  date. 

di'OCese.  The  first  division  of  the  Roman  empire  into 
dioceses,  then  civil  governments,  is  ascribed  to  Constantine, 
323 ;  but  Strabo  remarks  that  the  Romans  had  the  departments 
called  dioceses  long  before.  In  England  the  principal  dioceses 
are  coeval  with  the  establishment  of  Christianity;  of  28  dio- 
ceses, 20  are  suffragan  to  the  diocese  of  Canterbury,  and  6  to 
that  of  York.  Bishops,  and  the  sees  severally.  Diocesan 
conferences  of  the  clergy  and  laity  now  frequent.  Church, 
English,  Protestant-Episcopal,  and  Roman  Catholic. 

Dioele'tian  £ra  (called  also  the  Era  of  Martyrs,  from 
the  persecution  in  his  reign)  was  used  by  Christian  writers 
until  the  introduction  of  the  Christian  era  in  the  6th  century, 
and  is  still  by  the  Abyssinians  and  Copts.  It  dates  from  the 
day  on  which  Diocletian  was  proclaimed  emperor  at  Chalcedon, 
29  Aug.  284. 

dioptric  system  (from  the  Gr.  ^loirrpa,  an  optical 
instrument  for  measuring),  an  arrangement  of  lenses  for  re- 
fracting light  in  light-houses,  devised  by  Fresnel  about  1819, 
based  on  discoveries  of  Buffon,  Condorcet,  Brewster,  and  oth- 
ers.    Light-houses. 

diorama  (Gr.  ha,  through,  and  opcifia,  vision),  paint- 
ings viewed  through  a  large  aperture  or  proscenium,  invented 
by  Daguerre  and  Bouton,  and  first  exhibited  in  Paris,  1822. 

dipllthe'ria  (from  the  Gr.  dipOepa,  leather),  a  disease 
resembling  croup  which  develops  a  false  membrane  on  the 
mucous  lining  of  the  throat.  It  was  named  diphtheritis  by 
Bretonneau  of  Tours  in  1820.  From  its  prevalence  in  Bou- 
logne it  has  been  termed  the  Boulogne  sore-throat;  many 
persons  were  affected  with  it  in  England  at  the  beginning  of 
1858.     It  has  been  often  epidemic  in  Russia. 

Directory,  the  French,  established  by  the  constitution 
of  the  5th  of  Fructidor,  an  III.  (22  Aug.  1795),  and  nominated 
1  Nov.,  was  composed  of  5  members  (MM.  Lepeaux,  Letour-  * 
neur,  Rewbel,  Barras,  and  Carnot).  It  ruled  in  conjunction 
with  2  chambers,  the  Council  of  Ancients  and  Council  of  Five 
Hundred  (Councils,  French),  at  the  revolution  of  the  18th 
of  Brumaire  (9  Nov.  1799).  It  was  deposed  by  Bonaparte,  who, 
with  Cambaceres  and  Lebrun,  assumed  the  government  as  3 
consuls,  himself  the  first,  13  Dec.  1799.     Consuls. 

"  Directory,"  the  first  London,  is  said  to  have  been 
printed  in  1677.  The  "  Post-office  Directory  "  first  appeared 
in  1800.  For  cities  of  the  United  States  see  under  their  re- 
spective heads. 

Disciples  of  Christ,  formerly  known  in  the  United 
States  as  Campbellites,  from  their  founders  Thomas  and  Alex- 
ander Campbell,  father  and  son,  who  came  from  Ireland  to  the 
U.  S.  in  1809.  Originally  Presbyterians,  they  preached  at  Bush 
Run,  Pa.,  but  united  with  the  Baptists  in  1812,  who,  protesting 
against  their  creed,  excluded  them  from  their  fellowship  in 
1827.  The  early  success  of  the  sect  is  almost  entirely  due  to 
the  efforts  of  Alexander,  who,  educated  at  the  university  of 
Glasgow,  was  able  to  formulate  a  theology.  They  profess  ad- 
herence to  pure  scriptural  doctrine  and  practice,  reject  human 
creeds  and  formularies,  and  admit  to  their  communion  all  who 
recognize  Christ's  obedience  and  death  as  "  the  only  meritori- 
ous cause  of  the  sinner's  acceptance  with  God,"  and  are  baptized 
(by  immersion)  in  his  name.  They  number,  according  to  the 
statistics  of  1892,  8416  churches,  with  789,497  members,  and 
possess  church  property  valued  at  $12,206,038.  James  A.  Gar- 
field was  a  member  of  this  church,  and,  prior  to  his  entry  into 
military  and  political  life,  was  active  in  promoting  its  tenets. 
discipline,  ecclesiastical,  originally  conducted  spiritu- 


Bacchus  at  Teos,  of  Apollo  Sraintheus  in  the  Troad,  and  of   [  ally  according  to  the  divine  commands  in  Matt,  xviii.  15, 


DIS 


1  Cor.  v.,  2  Thess.  iii.  6,  and  other  texts,  gradually  became 
temporal,  as  it  now  is  in  the  Roman,  Greek,  and  other  churches. 
The  *'  First  Book  of  Discipline"  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of 
Scotland  was  drawn  up  by  John  Knox  and  4  ministers  in  Jan. 
1560-61.  The  more  important  "Second  Book"  was  prepared 
with  great  care  in  1578  by  Andrew  Melville  and  a  committee 
of  the  leading  members  of  the  general  assembly.  It  lays 
down  a  Presbyterian  form  of  government,  defines  the  position 
of  the  ecclesiastical  and  civil  powers,  etc. 

Cli§e§tabli§linieilt.     Church  of  Ireland. 

Dismal  §wailip,  a  morass  in  southern  Virginia,  ex- 
tending into  North  Carolina.  It  was  formerly  40  miles  long 
and  25  miles  wide,  but  has  become  somewhat  reduced  in  area 
by  drainage  of  its  border.  It  is  densely  timbered  with  cy- 
press, juniper,  cedar,  pine,  etc.  Lake  Drummond,  near  its 
centre,  covers  about  6  square  miles.  This  swamp  rises  tow- 
ards its  centre,  which  is  considerably  higher  than  its  margin. 
It  is  now  traversed  by  a  canal  and  two  narrow-gauge  rail- 
roads from  Suffolk.  Thomas  Moore  the  poet,  while  at  Nor- 
folk, Virginia,  put  into  verse  an  Indian  legend,  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Lake  of  the  Dismal  Swamp." 

di!4pensatioilS,  ecclesiastical,  were  first  granted  by 
pope  Innocent  III.  in  1200.  These  exemptions  from  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  church,  with  indulgences,  absolutions,  etc.,  led 
eventually  to  the  Reformation  in  Germany  in  1517. 

dispensing  power  of  the  crown  (for  setting 

aside  laws  or  their  power)  asserted  by  some  British  sovereigns, 
especially  by  Charles  II.  (in  1672  for  the  relief  of  non-conform- 
ists), and  by  James  II.  in  1786,  was  abolished  by  the  bill  of 
rights,  1689.  It  has  been  exercised  in  the  case  of  embargoes 
upon  ships,  the  Bank  Charter  act,  etc.     Indemnity. 

Disraeli   (diz-ra'l-e)   administrations.     Ad. 

MINISTRATIONS,  ENGLISH.  Benjamin  Disraeli  (son  of  Isaac 
Disraeli,  author  of  "  Curiosities  of  Literature,"  etc.),  born  21 
Dec.  1805  ;  published  "  Vivian  Grey,"  1825 ;  M.P.  for  Maid- 
stone, 1837-41 ;  Shrewsburv,  1841-47;  Bucks,  1847-76.  Chan- 
cellor of  exchequer,  Feb.  'l852;  Feb.  1858;  July,  1866;  in- 
stalled lord  rector  of  Glasgow  university,  19  Nov.  1873;  cre- 
ated earl  of  Beaconsfield,  Aug.  1876;  plenipotentiary  at  the 
Berlin  congress,  13  June-13  July,  1878  ;  K.  G.,  invested  by  the 
queen,  22  July,  1878  ;  received  freedom  of  London,  3  Aug.  1878 
("at  the  pinnacle  of  ministerial  renown;  the  favorite  of  his 
sovereign, and  the  idol  of  society." — London  7'mes,8  Aug.1878). 
Resigned  (after  Liberal  victory  in  elections),  22  Apr.  1880; 
published  "Endymion,"  Dec.  1880;  died  19  Apr.  1881 ;  buried 
at  Hughenden,  prince  of  Wales  and  many  present,  26  Apr. ; 
monument  in  Westminster  abbey  voted,  9  May,  188 1.  His  wife 
created  viscountess  Beaconsfield,  28  Nov.  1868 ;  died  Dec.  1872. 

Dissenters,  the  modem  name  of  Puritans,  Non-con- 
formists, and  English  Protestants  generally  who  dissent  from 
the  church  of  England.     In  1851,  in  London,  the  number  of 
chapels,  meeting  -  houses,  etc.,  for  all  classes  of  dissenters, 
amounted  to  more  than  554.     (The  church  of  England  had 
458  ;  Roman  Catholics,  35.)     The  great  act  (9  Geo.  IV.  c.  17) 
for  the  relief  of  dissenters  from  disabilities,  passed  9  May,  1828, 
and  called  the  Corporation  and  Test  Repeal  act,  repealed  all 
laws  requiring  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  as  a  quali- 
fication for  certain  offices,  etc.     By  6  and  7  Will.  IV.  c.  85 
(1836),  dissenters  acquired  the  right  of  solemnizing  marriages 
at  their  own  chapels,  or  at  a  registry  office.     Worship. 
A  burials  bill  to  permit  dissenting  ministers  to  ofBciate  at  funerals 
in  church-yards  several  times  rejected;  in  the  commons,  248-234, 
21  Apr.  1875;  279-248,  3  Mch.  1876;  earl  Granville's  resolution  in 
the  lords  rejected,  148-92, 15  May.  1876. 
Lord  Harrowby's  additional  clause  to  the  government  burials  bill 
(permitting  dissenters  to  have  religious  services  in  church-yards), 
.  was  supported  by  the  archbishops,  and  carried  against  government 

(127-111),  18  June;  the  bill  withdrawn,  25  June,  1877. 
Osborne  Morgan's  resolution  for  reforming  burial  laws  (i.  e.,  permit- 
ting other  services),  rejected  (242-227),  15  Feb.  1878. 
Act  to  amend  the  burial  laws,  permitting  dissenters  to  have  their 
own  service  or  no  service  in  church-yards;  passed  commons  (258- 
79),  13  Aug. ;  royal  assent,  7  Sept.  1880. 
Rev.  W.  H.  Fremantle  having  proposed  to  preach  at  Dr.  Parker's 
city  temple,  and  the  bishop  of  London  having  disapproved,  the 
opinion  of  2  counsel  (Fitzjames  Stephen  and  Benjamin  Shaw) 
was  taken.    They  declared  it  to  be  illegal  for  the  clergy  of  the  Eng- 
lish church  to  take  part  in  worship  of  dissenters,  June.  1875. 
Several  Episcopal  clergymen  take  part  in  the  dedication  services  of 
Christ  church  (formerly  Surrey  chapel),  Blackfriars,  middle  of  July, 

8* 


1876. 


233  DIS 

dissolving^  vieW^S,  a  name  given  to  pictures  thrown 
on  a  background  or  scene  in  such  manner  as  to  appear  to  dis- 
selve  or  vanish  into  the  one  following  without  any  break  or 
interval  between  them.  Henry  Langdon  Childe,  the  alleged 
inventor,  died  15  Oct.  1874,  aged  92. 

dis'taff  or  roek,  the  staff  to  which  flax  or  any  sub- 
stance to  be  spun  is  fastened.  The  art  of  spinning  with  it 
at  the  small  wheel  first  taught  to  Englishwomen  by  Anthony 
Bonavisa,  an  Italian. — Slow.  St.  Distaff's  or  Rock  day  was 
formerly  in  England  the  first  free  day  after  the  Epiphany  (6 
Jan.),  when  the  Christmas  holidays  were  over  and  women's 
work  was  resumed. 

distillation,  and  the  various  processes  dependent  on 
it,  are  believed  to  have  been  introduced  into  Europe  by  the 
Moors  about  1150.  Alcohol,  Brandy.  The  distillation  of 
spirituous  liquors  was  in  practice  in  Great  Britain  in  the  16th 
century. — Burns.  The  processes  were  improved  by  Adam  of 
Montpellier  in  1801.  M.  Payen's  work  (1861)  contains  the 
most  recent  improvements.  An  act  to  prevent  the  use  of  stills 
by  unlicensed  persons  was  passed  in  1846.  118  licenses  to  dis- 
tillers were  granted  in  the  year  ending  31  Mch.  1858,  for  the 
United  Kingdom. 

M.  Raoul  Pictet  announces  a  method  of  distillation  by  use  of  ice 
made  by  the  air-pump,  Apr.  1881. 

District  of  Columbia.    The  District  of  Columbia, 
containing  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Potomac  river,  and  was 
formerly  part  of  Maryland.   It 
containsabout64sq.  miles,  and 
being  under  the  "  exclusive 
legislation  of  Congress,"  ac- 
cording to  art.  i.  sec.  8  of  the 
U.  S.  Constitution,  its  citizens 
do  not  vote  for  president  or 
^^S?&  ^  M^^^^^MR     vice-president  of  the  U.  S.,  nor 
ilM^^^^/^     in  the  affairs  of  the  District. 
The  centre  of  the  dome  of  the 
Capitol  is  in  lat.  38°  53'  20" 
N.,  and  Ion.  77°  00'  29"  W. 
Pop.  1890,  230,392. 
Georgetown  laid  out  under  act  of  assembly  in  80  lots,  comprising 

60  acres 15  May,  1751 

Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  gives  Congress  power  to  "exercise 
exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatever  over  such  district 
(not  exceeding  10  miles  sq.)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular 
states  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of 

government  of  the  U.  S." 17  Sept.  1787 

Act  of  Maryland  to  cede  to  Congress  10  miles  sq.  in  the  state 

for  the  seat  of  government  of  the  U.  S 23  Dec.  1788 

Act  of  Virginia  ceding  10  miles  sq.  or  less  upon  the  Potomac 

for  the  seat  of  government  of  the  U.  S 3  Dec.  1789 

Georgetown  incorporated 25  Dec.     " 

Act  of  Congress  locating  the  district  for  a  seat  of  government, 

16  July.  1790 
Pres.  Washington  appoints  Thomas  Johnson,  Daniel  Carroll  of 
Maryland,  and  David  Stuart  of  Virginia,  commissioners  to 

survey  the  federal  district 22  Jan.  1791 

Nineteen  proprietors  agree  upon  terms  for  sale  of  lands  to  the 
government.  Lots,  for  public  buildings,  to  be  paid  for  at  $125 
per  acre,  streets  free ;  other  lots  to  be  the  joint  property  of 

the  owners  and  the  public  trustees 30  Mch.     " 

Pres.  Washington  proclaims  the  lines  and  boundaries  of  the 
district.     A  square  comprising  64  sq.  miles  in  Maryland  and 

36  in  Virginia 30  Mch.     " 

First  stone  marking  boundary  of  the  district  set  in  Jones's 

Point,  Hunting  Creek,  Va 15  Apr.     " 

Commissioners  agree  to  call  the  federal  district  the  "Territory 
ofColnmbia,"  and  the  federal  city  the  "City  of  Washington," 
and  to  name  the  streets  of  the  latter  alphabetically  one  way 

and  numerically  the  other 9  Sept.     " 

Cornerstone  of  president's  house  in  Washington  laid. . .  13  Oct.  1792 

Corner-stone  of  north  wing  of  the  Capitol  laid 18  Sept.  1793 

First  newspaper,  the  National  Intelligencer,  published  in  Wash- 
ington   1800 

Congress  first  meets  in  Washington 17  Nov.     " 

Superintendence  of  Washington  placed  in  the  hands  of  3  com- 
missioners       " 

Congress  assumes  jurisdiction  of  the  district,  and  continues  in 

force  the  existing  laws  of  Maryland  and  Virginia 27  Feb.  1801 

Thomas  Jefferson  inaugurated  president  at  Washington.. 4  Mch.     " 
Washington  inrorporated  by  Congress;  with  a  mayor  appoint- 
ed by  the  president  and  a  council  elected  by  the  people,  3  May,  1802 

Navy-yard  at  Washington  established 27  Mch.  1804 

Public  buildings  in  Washington  burned  and  destroyed  by  the 

British  after  the  battle  of  Bladensburg 24  Aug.  1814 

Georgetown  college,  founded  in  1789,  chartered  as  a  univer- 
sity  1  May,  1815 

American  Colonization  society  for  colonizing  free  people  of 
color  in  Liberia,  founded  at  Washington -   . .  1817 


DIV 


234 


DIX 


New  charter  granted  Washington,  and  mayor  elected  by  the 

people :..-. l»May,  1820 

Columbian  college,  Washington,  incoriwratod 1821 

Corner-stone  of  llrst  lock  in  CliesjiiH>ake  and  Ohio  canal  laid  near 

(Seorgetown  in  presence  of  president  Jackson 29  May,  1829 

Building  of  the  government  post  office,  designed  by  Robert 

Milla,  commenced 1839 

U.  S.  Tren.sury  building,  designed  by  Robert  Mills,  completed..  1841 

U.  S.  naval  observatorv  founded 1842 

Congress  rclrocedesiheafisq.  milesrecelvedfromVlrglnia,9  July,  1846 

Corner  stone  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  laid 1  May,  1847 

Corner  stone  of  the  Washington  monument  laid 4  July,  1848 

National  soldiers'  home,  2  miles  north  of  Washington,  estab- 
lished by  act  of  Congress 3  Mch.  1851 

Corner-stone  of  south  extension  of  the  Capitol  laid 4  July,     " 

Frinci|uil  nwm  of  the  library  of  Congress  burned,  35,000  vol- 
umes destroyed 24  Dec.     " 

Loais  Kossuth  visits  Washington 31  Dec.     " 

First  national  agricultural  convention,  151  members  from  22 
states,  Marshall  P.  Wilder  of  Mass.,  president,  meets  at  Wash- 
ington  24  June,  1852 

Congress  appropriates  $50,000  for  an  equestrian  statue  of  Wash- 
ington on  public  grounds  near  the  Capitol 25  Jan.  1853 

Government  hospital  for  the  insane  of  the  army  and  navy  es- 
tablished near  Uu  iontown,  1853 ;  opened 1855 

Columbia  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  founded  by  Amos 

Kendall,  chartered  by  Congress. ^•■•'  1857 

Peace  conference  of  5  commissioners  from  each  state  assembles 

at  Washington 4  Feb.  1861 

Balloon  ascension  for  military  purposes  made  at  Washington, 
and  first  telegraph  message  from  a  balloon  sent  by  Mr.  Lovfe 

to  pres.  Lincoln 18  June,     " 

Congress  emancipates  all  slaves,  to  be  valued  by  commission- 
ers and  paid  for  at  a  maximum  of  $300 16  Apr.  1862 

Collegiate  department  of  the  Columbia  Institution  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb,  known  as  the  National  Deaf- Mute  college,  the 

onlv  one  in  the  world,  publicly  opened 28  June,  1864 

General  Jubal  Karly,  confederate,  attacks  fort  Stevens,  6  miles 

north  of  Washington,  and  is  repulsed 12  July,     " 

Pres.  Lincoln  assassinated  in  Ford's  theatre,  Washington,  14  Apr.  1865 

Suffrage  granted  to  colored  citizens  in  the  District 8  Jan.  1867 

The  extensions  of  the  capitol  finished Nov.     " 

Howard  university  chartered " 

Corcoran  Art  Gallery  deeded  to  trustees  by  W.  W.  Corcoran, 

the  founder 10  May,  1869 

Congress  repeals  the  charters  of  Washington  and  Georgetown, 
and  forms  a  territorial  government  for  the  district,  with  a 
governor  and  council  of  11  members  appointed  by  the  presi- 
dent of  U.  S.  for  4  years,  and  a  House  of  Delegates  elected  by 

the  people.     Henry  D.  Cooke  first  governor 21  Feb.  1871 

Alexander  R  Shepherd  appointed  governor 1873 

Congress  abolishes  the  territorial  government,  substituting  a 

board  of  3  regents  appointed  by  the  president 20  June,  1874 

Permanent  government  of  district  constituted  by  Congress,  in 
a  board  of  3  commissioners  with  no  local  legislative  body. 

Josiah  Dent,  president  of  board 11  June,  1878 

Pres.  Garfield  assassinuted  in  the  Baltimore  and  Potomac  rail- 
road station  at  Washington 2  July,  1881 

Joseph  K.  West,  president  of  board  of  commissioners 1882 

James  B.  Edmonds,  president  of  board  of  commissioners 1883 

Remains  of  John  Howard  Payne,  who  died  in  Tunis,  Africa,  in 

1852,  interred  in  Oak  Hill  cemetery,  Washington 9  June,     " 

Capstone  of  the  Washington  monument  placed  (monument 

555  ft  high) 6  Dec.  1884 

William  B.  Webb,  president  of  board  of  commissioners 1886 

American  college  of  the  Roman  Catholic  chusch  opened  at 

Washington 13  Nov.  1889 

divination  was  forbidden  to  the  Jews,  1451  b.c.  (Deut. 
xviii.  10).  It  was  common  among  their  neighbors,  and  is  de- 
scribed by  Ezekiel  (xxi.  21)  493  B.C. 

divine  right  of  kings,  to  the  absolute  and  un- 
qualified obedience  of  subjects,  a  doctrine  foreign  to  the  genius 
of  the  English  constitution,  was  defended  by  many  writers  of 
various  schools  of  thought,  e.  g.,  by  Hobbes  the  free-thinker 
(1642),  by  Salmasius  (1640),  by  sir  Robert  Filmer  (about  1653), 
in  his  "  Patriarcha,"  pub.  in  1680,  and  by  the  High  Church 
party  generally  about  1714;  but  opposed  by  Milton  (1651), 
Algernon  Sydney,  and  others. 

diving-bell  (first  mentioned,  though  obscurely,  by 
Aristotle,  about  325  b.c.)  was  used  in  Europe  about  1509  a.d. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  used  on  the  coast  of  Mull,  Scotland,  in 
searching  for  the  wreck  of  part  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  before 
1662.  Halley  (about  1716)  greatly  improved  this  machine, 
and  was,  it  is  said,  the  first  who,  by  means  of  a  diving-bell,  set 
his  foot  on  the  ground  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Smeaton 
made  use  of  the  diving-bell  in  improving  Ramsgate  harbor, 
1779-88.  Mr.  Spalding  and  his  assistants  going  down  in  a 
diving-bell  on  the  Irish  coast  were  drowned,  1  June,  1783.  The 
British  man-of-war  Royal  George,  sunk  off  Portsmouth  in  1782, 
was  first  surveyed  by  means  of  a  diving-bell,  in  May,  1817. 
Latterly  it  has  been  employed  in  submarine  surveys  and  har- 
bor works.  The  "  talpa  marina,''  or  sea-mole,  a  diving  ma- 
chine for  laying  down  torpedoes,  etc.,  being  a  cylinder  provided 


with  compressed  air  sufficient  for  2  persons  for  50  hours,  was 
invented  by  Toselli,  a  Venetian,  and  was  successfully  tried  in 
the  bay  of  Naples,  26  Aug.  1871. — Diciny-dress,  a  close  dress 
made  by  Mr.  Siebe  about  1836;  used  by  sir  C.  W.  Pasley  in 
1838.     M.  Cabirol,  maker  of  one,  died  Dec.  1874. 
Mr.  Fleuss  invented  a  helmet  with  a  mouthpiece,  into  which  he  In- 
troduced enough  oxygen  to  last  5  hours,  and  thus  was  enabled  to 
remain  under  water  several  hours.     He  exhibited  his  method  at 
the  Polytechnic  Institution,  London,  Nov.  1879,  and  at  the  Society 
of  Arts,  6  May,  1880. 

divining  rod  {virgula  divina,  baculatorius),  formed  of 
wood  or  metal,  was  formerly  believed,  even  by  educated  per- 
sons, to  have  the  property  of  indicating  the  position  of  min- 
erals and  springs  of  water.  Instances  were  alleged  in  1851  by 
Dr.  H.  Mayo,  in  his  work  on  "  Popular  Superstitions." 

divoree  was  permitted  by  the  law  of  Moses  (Deut.  xxiv. 
1),  1451  B.C.,  but  forbidden  by  Christ,  except  for  unchastity 
(Matt.  V.  31,  32).  It  was  put  in  practice  by  Spurius  Carvi- 
lius  Ruga  at  Rome,  234  b.c.  At  this  time  morals  were  so  de- 
based that  3000  prosecutions  for  adultery  were  enrolled.  Di- 
vorces are  of  two  kinds :  one,  a  vinculo  matrimonii  (total 
divorce) ;  the  other,  a  mensd  et  thoro  (from  board  and  bed). 
It  was  sought  to  make  divorces  easier  in  England  in  1539. 
The  Judicature  act,  1873,  constituted  the  probate,  divorce,  and 
admiralty  division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  with  two 
judges.  Supreme  Court,  Probate. 
Bill  to  prevent  women  marrying  their  seducers  brought  into 

Parliament 1801 

Commissioners  on  law  of  divorce  issue  their  first  report. .  .Apr.  1857 
In  1857  there  had  been  in  England,  since  the  Reformation,  317 
divorces  by  act  of  Parliament;  in  Scotland,  by  the  law,  174 
divorces  since  1846 ;  1858-67,  1279  dissolutions  of  marriage, 
213  judicial  separations. 
From  the  establishment  of  the  divorce  court,  to  Mch.  1859,  37 
divorces  had  been  granted  out  of  288  petitions;  from  Nov. 
1860,  to  July,  1861,  164. 
By  20  and  21  Vict.  c.  85,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ecclesiastical 
courts  over  divorce,  etc.,  was  abolished,  and  the  Divorce  and 
Matrimonial  Causes  court  instituted,  to  consist  of  3  judges, 

the  judge  of  the  Probate  court  to  be  one  (if  possible) " 

A  full  court  sat— lord  Campbell,  chief-baron  Pollock,  sir  Cress- 
well  Cresswell  (judge  of  the  Probate  court)— when  5  marriages 

were  dissolved 10  May,  1858 

Act  amended  by  acts  passed  in  consequence  of  the  increase  of 

the  business  of  the  court 1858-60 

An  act  respecting  divorces  in  Scotland  passed 1861 

Divorce  Amendment  act  passed 21  July,  1868 

On  appeal,  the  lords  decide  that  action  will   lie  for  divorce 

from  a  wife  insane  (Trials,  1870,  Mordauntcase) 22  June,  1874 

Legalized  by  the  French  republic;  about  7000  divorces  in  Paris 
alone,  1793-94  ;  prohibited  by  the  civil  code,  but  Napoleon 
divorced  Josephine,  16  Dec.  1809  ;   again  prohibited,  1816  ; 

again  legalized,  with  conditions,  July;  many  suits Aug.  1884 

In  the  United  States  divorce  is  regulated  by  the  states.  As 
a  consequence  the  laws  vary  greatly,  and  confusion  arises 
from  their  conflict.  A  man  maj'  be  the  lawful  husband  of  one 
woman  in  one  state,  while  the  law  of  another  state  may  hold 
him  to  be  the  husband  of  another.  The  necessitj'  of  providing 
some  uniform  system  was  discussed,  1881.  The  violation  of 
the  marriage  vow  is,  however,  a  cause  for  absolute  divorce  in 
all  the  states  and  territories  having  divorce  laws.  South  Car- 
olina has  no  divorce  laws.  According  to  the  divorce  statistics 
of  the  U.  S.  for  20  years  ending  1886,  there  were  328,716  di- 
vorces granted,  of  which  129,382  were  of  couples  with  chil- 
dren, and  57,524  without.  The  causes  were:  desertion,  126,676; 
adultery,  67,686 ;  cruelty,  51,595;  drunkenness,  13,866 ;  neglect 
to  provide,  7955. — A  divorce  bill  for  Victoria,  Australia,  having 
received  the  assent  of  the  home  government,  the  bishop  of  Vic- 
toria forbade  the  clergy  marrying  divorced  persons,  May,  1890. 
Dix's  order.  This  celebrated  order  was  issued  by 
John  A.  Dix,  sec.  of  the  treasury,  1861,  to  Hemphill  Jones, 
who  was  in  New  Orleans  trying  to  prevent  the  seizure  of  the 
U.  S.  revenue  cutter,  the  Robert  McClelland,  by  the  Louisiana 
state  government.  Capt.  Breshwood  was  in  command  of  the 
McClelland,  and  refused  to  take  the  vessel  north  as  ordered, 
in  anticipation  of  delivering  it  to  the  Louisiana  government. 
The  order  reads  as  follows  : 

"treasury  DEPARTMENT.  ,,  ,  „„  ^oci 
' '  Jan.  29,  1861. 
"Tell  lieut.  Caldwell  to  arrest  capt.  Breshwood,  assume  command 
of  the  cutter,  and  obey  the  order  I  gave  through  you.  If  capt. 
Breshwood,  after  arrest,  undertakes  to  interfere  with  the  command 
of  the  cutter,  tell  lieut.  Caldwell  to  consider  him  as  a  mutineer,  and 
treat  him  accordingly.  If  any  one  attempts  to  haul  down  the 
American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot.  "John  A.  Dix 

"Secretary  of  the.  Treasury." 


DIX 


235 


DOG 


Dixie'§  Land.     Songs  of  the  Civil  War. 

]>izier,  St.,  N.E.  France.  Here  a  siege  was  sustained 
for  6  weeks  against  the  army  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  1544. 
The  allies  here  defeated  Napoleon,  27  Jan.  and  26  Mch.  1814. 

Doce'tSB,  a  sect  of  the  1st  century,  said  to  have  held 
that  Jesus  Christ  was  God,  but  that  his  body  was  an  appear- 
ance, not  a  reality. 

docki,  artificial  basins  for  the  reception  of  ships  for 
safety  or  repairing.  Those  for  the  safety  of  the  ship  are  termed 
wet,  and  those  for  repairing  dry,  and  these  may  be  floating  as 
well  as  stationary.  The  Athenian  docks  in  the  Piraeus  cost 
1000  talents.  The  docks  of  ancient  Rome  (navalia)  were  at- 
tached to  the  emporium  outside  of  the  Porta  Trigemina  and 
were  connected  with  the  Tiber.  The  following  are  the  prin- 
cipal commercial  docks : 

ENGLISH   DOCKS. 

Commercial  docks,  Rotherhlthe,  originated  about  1660,  covers  in  all 

70  acres. 
West  India  docks,  commenced  3  Feb.  1800;  opened  27  Aug.  1802, 

when  the  Henry  Addington,  West  Indiaman,  first  entered  them, 

decorated  with  the  colors  of  the  different  nations  of  Europe. 
London  docks  were  commenced  26  June,  1802,  and  opened  20  Jan. 

1805,  Mr.  Rennie  superintending  engineer;  cost  $7,500,000. 
East  India  docks  commenced  1803;  opened  4  Aug.  1806;  covers  32 

acres. 
St.  Katharine's  docks  began  3  May,  1827 ;  2500  men  were  daily  em- 
ployed on  them  until  they  were  opened,  25  Oct.  1828;  covers  24 

acres;  cost  over  $10,000,000. 
Royal  Victoria  docks  (in  Plaistow  marshes)  completed  and  opened 

Nov.  1855 ;  great  enlargement  proposed  July,  1876 ;  completed  and 

named  Royal  Albert  docks  by  the  duke  and  duchess  of  Connaught, 

24  June,  1880. 
Magnificent  docks  at  Liverpool  and  Birkenhead  erected  1810-57,  at 

acost  of  $20,500,000. 
Milwall  docks,  near  London,  formerly  opened,  14  Mch.  1868. 
A  great  floating  iron  dry-dock,  which  cost  $1,250,000,  was  launched 

at  North  Woolwich,  3  Sept.  1868,  and  towed  from  the  Medway  by 

2  ships  of  war,  23  June,  1860,  and  arrived  at  the  Bermudas  (in  36 

days),  30  July. 
Construction  of  floating  docks  for  repairing  ships  advocated  by  lord 

Brassey,  Jan.  1887. 
Erection  of  docks  at  Tilbury  determined  on  30  Sept.  1881 ;  begun  8 

July,  1882;  opened  17  Apr.  1886. 
New  Barry  docks,  7  miles  west  of  Cardiff,  Bristol  channel  (which 

with  breakwater,  etc.),  cost  $4,250,000;  opened  18  July,  1889. 

PRINCIPAL   UNITED   STATES  DOCKS. 

Boston,  Mass.,  dry-dock,  built  1833;  cost  $1,000,000. 

Atlantic  dock,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  completed  1851;  covering  42  acres; 

cost  nearly  $2,000,000.     Brooklyn,  1844. 
Portland,  Me.,  dry-dock. 
Red  Hook,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  dry-dock. 
Norfolk,  Va.,  dry-dock. 
Savannah,  Ga.,  dry-dock. 

Mare  island,  Cal.,  dry-dock,  has  cost  $3,000,000;  not  completed  1893. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  dry-dock,  completed  1891;  cost  $200,000. 
One  building  at  Puget  sound,  Washington,  larger  than  any  yet  built 

in  the  U.  S. 

doctor.  Doctor  of  the  church  was  a  title  given  to 
Athanasius,  Basil,  Gregory  Nazianzen,  and  Chrysostom  in  the 
Greek  church;  and  to  Jerome,  Augustin,  Ambrose,  and  Greg- 
ory the  Great  in  the  Latin  church.  Fathers.  Afterwards 
the  title  was  conferred  on  certain  persons  with  distinguishing 
epithets  —  viz.:  Thomas  Aquinas  (Angelicus),  Bonaventura 
(Seraphicus),  Alexander  de  Hales  (Irrefragabilis),  Duns  Sco- 
tus  (Subtilis),  Roger  Bacon  (Mirabilis),  William  Occam  (Sin- 
gularis),  Joseph  Gerson  (Christianissimus),  Thomas  Bradwar- 
dine  (Profundus),  and  so  on. — Doctor  of  the  Law  was  a  title 
of  honor  among  the  Jews.  The  degree  of  doctor  was  con- 
ferred in  England,  8  John,  1207. — Spelman.  Some  give  it  an 
earlier  date,  referring  it  to  the  time  of  the  venerable  Bede 
and  John  de  Beverley,  the  former  of  whom,  it  is  said,  first  ob- 
tained the  degree  at  Cambridge,  in  the  8th  century. 

Doctor§'  commons,  the  college  for  the  professors 
of  civil  and  canon  law  in  the  8th  century.  In  Feb.  1568,  Dr. 
Henry  Hervie,  dean  of  the  arches  and  master  of  Trinity  hall 
(a  seminary  founded  at  Cambridge,  Engl.,  chiefly  for  the  study 
•of  the  civil  and  canon  laws),  procured  from  the  dean  and  chap- 
ter of  the  diocese  of  London  a  lease  of  Montjoy  house  and 
buildings  in  the  parish  of  St.  Benet,  Paul's  wharf,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  society.  Other  courts  being  held  here, 
the  whole  place  was  called  "  Doctors'  Commons."  The  origi- 
nal college  was  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1666 ;  in  1672 
it  was  rebuilt.  After  the  great  fire,  until  1672,  the  society 
held  its  courts  at  Exeter  house,  in  the  Strand.  It  was 
incorporated  by  charter  in  June,  l768.~Coote.    The  buildings 


of  the  College  of  Advocates,  which  included  all  the  courts  of 
Doctors'  Commons  (arches,  admiralty,  consistory,  etc.),  were 
purchased  by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  and  pulled 
down  in  Apr.  1867,  for  the  new  Queen  Victoria  street ;  some 
new  buildings  were  erected.  Till  1857  the  causes  taken  cog- 
nizance of  here  were  blasphemy,  divorces,  bastardy,  adultery, 
penance,  tithes,  mortuaries,  probate  of  wills,  etc.  The  building 
in  Knightrider  street  being  dilapidated  and  too  small,  the  wills 
were  removed  to  Somerset  house,  where  the  office  was  opened 
24  Oct.  1874.  Civil  law.  Ecclesiastical  Courts,  etc. 
doctor's  mob.  New  York,  1788. 
doctrinaires  (dok-tri-narz'),  a  name  given  since  1814 
to  a  class  of  politicians  in  France  (Guizot,  Mole,  the  due  de 
Broglie,  and  others),  who  upheld  constitutional  principles,  in 
opposition  to  arbitrary  monarchical  power.  The  party  came 
into  office  in  1830  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  fell  with  him  in 
1848.  The  term  has  been  applied  in  England  to  the  writers 
in  the  Westminster  Review  (1824  et  seq.),  Bentham,  Molesworth, 
and  others. 

do'do  (^Didus  ineptus),  an  extinct  member  of  the  order 
Columbae.  The  remains  of  this  bird  are  found  only  on  the  island 
of  Mauritius.  It  was  incapable  of  flying,  and  stupid,  and  some- 
what larger  than  the  swan.  It  was  exterminated  about  1693. 
Our  principal  knowledge  of  it  is  based  upon  a  few  bones  found, 
and  drawings  made  in  Holland,  where  it  was  brought  alive 
before  extermination. 

Dodo'na,  Epirus.  The  temple  of  Jupiter  here,  re- 
nowned for  its  ancient  oracle,  delivered  by  the  sound  of  wind 
in  a  grove  of  oak  trees,  was  destroyed  by  the  ^tolians,  219  B.c. 
Foundation  of  the  temple,  etc.,  excavated  by  M.  Carapanos, 
1883. 

dog.  Buffon  considers  the  shepherd's  dog  as  "  the  root 
of  the  tree,"  as  having  naturally  the  greatest  share  of  instinct. 
Dr.  Gall  asserts  that  a  dog,  taken  from  Vienna  to  England, 
escaped  to  Dover,  got  on  a  vessel,  landed  at  Calais,  accompa- 
nied a  man  to  Mentz,  and  returned  to  Vienna. 

Statute  against  dog-stealing,  10  Geo.  Ill 1770 

Use  of  dogs  to  draw  carts,  etc.,  abolished  in  London,  1839;  in 

the  United  Kingdom 1854 

Dox-tax  imposed,  1796;  again   in  1808;  12s.  a  year  realized 

219,313Z 1866 

Dog-tax  repealed,  29  Mch.  1867;  annual  excise  duty  of  5s.  im- 
posed on  all  dogs  more  than  6  months  old,  to  begin. .  .5  Apr.  1867 
Dog  show  in  London,  1861;  since  1862  at  the  Agricultural  hall, 

Islington,  the  Crystal  palace,  and  other  places. 
"Dogs'  temporary  home"  opened,  Hollingsworth  street,  Lon- 
don, N.,  1861;   removed  to  Battersea  in  1871;  about  2200 
animals  have  been  sheltered  in  a  year. 
As  a  nuisance,  dogs  at  large  unmuzzled  in  London  ordered  to 

be  seized  by  the  police July-27  Nov.  1868 

New  act,  more  stringent,  passed 24  July,  1871 

Dog  licenses  (annual  5s.)  issued  in  financial  year,  1871-72,  produced 
279,425Z. ;    in  1875-76,  343,257^. ;    in  1876-77,  349,613^. ;   1877-78, 
372,699Z. 
Dogs  licensed  in  United  Kingdom:  in  1866,  445,656;  in  1876, 1,362,- 

176. 
There  are  in  England  12  packs  of  stag-hounds,  containing  295  couples ; 
4  packs  in  Ireland,  containing  100  couples.  The  largest  pack  is 
the  queen's,  40  couples;  master,  the  earl  of  Coventry;  kennels  at 
Ascot  Heath.  Of  fox-hound  packs  there  are  155  in  England  and 
Wales,  containing  6239  couples;  in  Scotland,  9  packs  with  326 
couples;  and  in  Ireland,  17  packs  with  635  couples.  There  are 
also  124  packs  of  harries  and  beagles  in  England  and  Wales,  with 
1997  couples;  40  packs  in  Ireland  with  512  couples,  and  6  packs 
in  Scotland  with  116  couples.  Thus  more  than  20.000  hounds 
are  maintained  exclusively  for  hunting  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

dOg'-days  (the  Canicular  period).  The  rising  and 
setting  of  Sirius,  or  the  dog-star,  with  the  sun  has  been  erro- 
neously regarded  as  the  cause  of  excessive  heat  and  of  conse- 
quent calamities.  These  days  have  been  spoken  of  by  the 
earliest  observers.  Hippocrates  (450  b.c.)  speaks  of  them  as 
the  hottest  and  most  unhealthy  part  of  summer,  and  Pliny 
says  they  began  with  the  heliacal  rising  of  Procyon  on  what 
is  now  19  July,  and  this  date  has  been  widely  accepted.  But 
he  also  says  the  sun  was  then  entering  Leo,  which  would  make 
the  days  begin  23  July.  This  has  also  been  used  as  the  start- 
ing-point. If  the  time  is  given  from  3  July  to  11  Aug.  it  is 
probably  of  Babylonian  origin.  Various  durations  from  30  to 
54  days  have  been  assigned  to  them. 

doge  or  duke.  Venice  was  first  governed  by  a  doge 
named  Anafesto  Paululio,  or  Paoluccio,  697.  Venice.  The 
Genoese  chose  their  first  doge,  Simone  Boccanegra,  in  1339. 
Genoa. 


DOG 


236 


DOR 


I 


DOffKCr-bank,  a  sand  bank  in  the  North  sea,  170  miles 
in  length,  and  average  width  40  miles.  Here  an  indecisive 
battle  was  fought  between  the  British,  under  admiral  sir 
Hyde  Parker,  and  the  Dutch,  5  Aug.  1781. 

Dogi^ett'M  coat  and  badge.     Boat-racks. 

doit.  A  silver  Scottish  penny:  12  made  a  penny  ster- 
ling. Some  struck  by  Charles  I.  and  II.  are  in  cabinets.  The 
circulation  of"  doydeky ns  "  (small  Dutch  coins)  was  prohibited 
in  England  by  statute  in  1415. 

dollar  (Ger.  Thaler).  Stamped  Spanish  dollars  (value  As. 
9(/,)  were  issued  from  the  British  mint  in  Mch.  1797,  but  called 
in  in  Oct.  following.  The  dollar  is  the  unit  of  United  States 
money.  It  is  coined  in  silver,  formerly  also  in  gold,  and  is 
worth  45. IJd English  money.   Coin  and  Coinage  in  the  U.  S. 

dolphin,  a  cetaceous  mammal  of  the  genus  Delphinus 
ddphh.  Also  the  name  of  the  caravel  of  Verrazzani,  in  which 
he  entered  the  bay  of  New  York  in  1524,  and  of  the  U.  S. 
despatch  boat  carrying  president  Cleveland  while  reviewing 
the  navies  of  the  world  in  New  York  harbor,  27  Apr.  1893. 

Doni-bOC  or  Doom-book  {Liher  Judicialis),  the 
code  of  law  compiled  by  king  Alfred  (871-901  a.d.)  from  the 
West-Saxon  collection  of  Ina  and  other  sources. 

Domesday,  or  Doom§day,  book  (Domus  Dd 

book — Stoic)  {Liber  Censual'is  A  nglice),  a  book  of  the  general 
survey  of  England,  commenced  under  William  I.,  1080  (or 
1085),  completed  in  1086,  designed  as  a  register  to  determine 
the  right  in  tenure  of  estates:  sir  Martin  Wright  says,  "to 
discover  the  quantity  of  every  man's  fee,  and  to  fix  his  hom- 
age," i.  e.  the  question  of  military  aid  he  was  bound  to  furnish  ; 
and  from  it  the  question  whether  lands  be  ancient  demesne 
or  not  is  sometimes  still  decided.  The  book,  formerly  kept 
in  the  chapter-house  of  Westminster,  is  now  in  the  public 
record  office.  It  consists  of  two  volumes,  a  greater  and  a  less, 
applying  to  all  counties  of  England  except  Northumberland, 
Durham,  Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland.  "This  Dome's- 
day  Book  was  the  tax-book  of  kinge  William."— CamJew. 
The  taxes  were  levied  by  it  till  13  Hen.  VIII.,  1522,  when  a 
more  accurate  survey  was  taken,  called  b\'  the  people  the 
"  New  Doomsday  Book."  It  was  printed  in  4  vols,  fol.,  with 
introductions,  etc.,  1783-1816.  Photo-zincographic  copies  of 
various  counties  have  been  published  since  1861.  In  Sept.  1872, 
the  British  government  ordered  a  return  of  all  owners  of  land 
in  England  and  Wales— a  new  domesday-book,  to  be  made  by 
the  local  government  board. 
The  return  for  Scotland,  1872-73,  was  published  by  government, 

Apr.  1874;  for  England  and  Wales  (exclusive  of  the  metropolis) 

in  1875 ;  for  Ireland,  1876. 

domestie  economy,  or  the  study  of  food  and 
clothing,  was  introduced  into  the  government  educational  de- 
partment of  England  in  1874;  the  congresses  began  at  Bir- 
mingham, 16  July,  1877 ;  Manchester,  26  June,  1878 ;  London 
(Society  of  Arts)*26  June,  1879;  21  June,  1881. 

Domtn'go,  St.    Hayti. 

Domln'iea,  one  of  the  Leeward  islands,  West  Indies, 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  his  second  voyage,  and  so  called 
because  first  sighted  on  Sunday,  3  Nov.  1493 ;  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1761,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace  of  Paris, 
Feb.  1763.  The  French  took  Dominica  in  1778,  but  restored 
it  at  the  peace  of  1783.  Their  admiral  Villeneuve  ineflfectu- 
ally  attacked  it  in  1805,  It  suffered  damage  bv  a  hurricane  in 
1806.    Pop.  1892,  29,500 ;  area  291  sq.  miles.    Capital  Roseau. 

domln'ieal  letter,  noting  the  Lord's  day,  or  Sunday. 
The  7  days  of  the  week,  reckoned  as  beginning  on  1  Jan.,  are 
designated  by  the  first  7  letters  of  the  alphabet,  A  (1  Jan.), 
B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G ;  and  the  one  of  these  which  denotes  Sunday 
is  the  dominical  letter.  If  the  year  begin  on  Sunday,  A-  is 
the  dominical  letter;  if  on  Monday,  G;  if  on  Tuesday,  F; 
and  so  on.  To  find  the  dominical  letter  call  Ne<v-year's  day  A, 
the  next  B,  and  so  on  to  the  first  Sunday,  and  the  letter  that  an- 
swers to  it  is  the  dominical  letter ;  in  leap-vears  count  2  letters. 
The  letter  for  1893,  A;  1894,  G;  1895,  F;  1896,  E,  D  (leap-year). 

Domln'iean§,  formerly  a  powerful  religious  order 
(called  in  France  Jacobins,  from  Rue  St.  Jacques  (Jacobus), 
where  they  first  established  themselves,  and  in  England  Black 
friars),  founded  to  put  down  the  Albigenses  and  other  heretics 
by  St.  Dominic  (b.  Old  Castle  1170,  d.  Bologne  1221;  canon- 


ized by  pope  Gregory  IX.  1254),  approved  by  Iiuiocent  III: in 
1216,  and  confirmed  by  Honorius  III.  in  1216,  under  St.  Au- 
gustin's  rules  and  the  founder's  particular  constitution.  In 
1220  thej'  declared  for  complete  poverty,  renouncing  the  pos- 
session of  property  in  every  form,  and  begging  for  daily  bread. 
In  1276  the  corporation  of  London  gave  the  Dominicans  two 
streets  near  the  Thames,  where  they  erected  a  large  convent ; 
in  the  neighborhood  still  called  Blackfriars.  A  Dominican 
establishment  at  Haverstock  hill,  near  London,  was  consecrated 
10  Oct.  1867. 

Dominion  of  Canada.    Canada. 

dom'inos.  This  game  has  been  variously  traced  tO' 
Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Chinese  origin.  Early  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury it  was  introduced  into  France  from  Italy,  and  the  Cafe  de 
rOpera  in  Paris  was  long  the  headquarters  for  ^pert  players. 
From  France  it  spread  to  Germany,  England,  and  America. 

"  Don  Quixote  "  (don  kee-ho'-ta),  by  Saavedra  Mi- 
guel de  Cervantes  (b.  1547 ;  d.  1616).  The  first  part  appeared  in 
1605,  the  second  in  1608  ;  first  complete  edition,  1637.  It  is 
said  that  upwards  of  12,000  copies  of  the  first  part  were  circu- 
lated before  the  second  was  printed. —  Watts.  Best  English 
edition,  Ormsby's,  4  vols.,  London,  1885. 

Do'nati§tl§,  an  ancient  strict  sect,  formed  about  313-18, 
by  an  African  bishop,  Donatus,  jealous  of  Caecilian,  bishop  of 
Carthage,  which  became  extinct  in  the  7th  century.  They  held 
that  the  Father  was  above  the  Son,  the  Son  above  the  Holy 
Ghost.  Their  discipline  was  severe,  and  those  who  joined 
them  were  rebaptized. 

Donauvrerth,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  where  French  and 
Bavarians  were  defeated  bj'  Marlborough,  2  July,  1704. 

Don 'caster,  Yorkshire,  Engl.,  the  Roman  Danum,  the 
Saxon  Donne  ceastre.  The  races  here  (held  annually  in  Sep- 
tember) began  about  1703.     Races. 

Donel§on,  Fort.     Fokt  Donrlson. 

Doom§day-book.     Domesday-book. 

Dorchester,  Dorsetshire,  Engl,  the  Roman  Durno- 
varia,  the  Saxon  Dornceasier ;  with  remains  of  a  Roman  the- 
atre and  a  British  camp.  Here  Jeffrey  held  his  "bloody  as- 
size" (after  Monmouth's  rebellion),  3  Sept.  1685. 

Dorchester  Heights.     Massachusetts,  1776. 

Dorians,  Greeks,  who  claimed  descent  from  Dorus,  son 
of  Hellen.  Greece.  The  return  of  the  Dorians,  named 
Heraclidae,  to  the  Peloponnesus,  is  dated  1104  b.c.  They  sent 
out  many  colonies.  From  this  race  is  named  the  Doric  archi- 
tecture, the  second  of  the  5  orders,  and  the  Doric  dialect. 

Dorking,  Surrey,  Engl.,  an  ancient  town ;  the  manor 
given  by  the  Conqueror  to  earl  Fitzwarren.  Imaginary  "  Bat- 
tie  of  Dorking,"  in  which  the  German  invaders  totally  defeat 
the  British  army,  is  a  clever  article  attributed  to  col.  George 
Chesney,  in  Blackwood's  Magazine  for  May,  1871.  It  occa- 
sioned much  controversy  and  several  pamphlets. 

Dormans,  a  town  of  N.E.  France.  The  Huguenots 
and  allies,  under  Montmorency,  were  here  defeated  by  the 
duke  of  Guise,  10  Oct.  1575. 

Dorr's  rebellion.  From  1663,  the  people  of  Rhode 
Island  had  lived  under  a  charter  from  Charles  II.,  according 
to  which  only  those  owning  a  certain  amount  of  property 
-  could  vote.  In  1841  the  desire  to  change  this  provision  gave 
rise  to  2  parties,  the  "  Suffrage "  and  the  "  Law  and  Order." 
Each  party  determined  to  secure  the  administration  of  affairs, 
and  each  elected  its  own  state  oflicers.  Thomas  W.  Dorr  was 
chosen  governor  by  the  "  Suffrage  "  party,  and  took  possession 
of  the  state  arsenal ;  the  militia  were  called  out,  and  he  was 
compelled  to  flee.  In  a  second  attempt  the  party  was  over- 
powered by  U.  S.  troops,  and  Dorr  was  arrested,  brought  to 
trial,  convicted  of  treason,  and  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for 
life ;  but  some  time  after  he  was  pardoned.  A  free  consti- 
tution was  adopted  in  the  meantime  by  the  people,  and  is  now 
in  force.     Rhode  Island. 

Dort  or  Dordrecht,  an  ancient  town  in  Holland. 
By  an  inundation  of  the  Meuse  in  1421,  on  the  breaking-down 
of  the  dikes,  in  the  territory  of  Dordrecht  10,000  persons  per- 
ished ;  and  more  than  100,000  round  Dollart,  in  Friesland,  and 
in  Zealand.— The  independence  of  the  13  provinces  was  de- 


DOR 


237 


DRA 


clared  here  in  1572,  when  William,  prince  of  Orange,  was 
made  stadth older. — A  Protestant  synod  sat  at  Dort,  13  Nov. 
1618,  to  25  May,  1619  ;  deputies  were  sent  from  England,  and 
from  reformed  churches  in  Europe,  to  settle  the  differences 
between  the  doctrines  of  Luther,  Calvin,  and  Arminius,  princi- 
pally upon  points  of  justification  and  grace.  This  synod  con- 
demned the  tenets  of  Arminius. 

DorylaK'Hin,  a  city  of  Phrygia.  Solyman,  the  Turkish 
sultan  of  Iconium,  having  retired  from  the  defence  of  Nicaea, 
his  capital,  was  here  defeated  with  great  loss  by  the  crusaders, 
1  July,  1097. — Michaud. 

I>01ia.y  (doo'-d),  N.  France,  the  Roman  Duacum,  was 
taken  from  the  Flemings  by  Philip  the  Fair  in  1297;  restored 
by  Charles  V.  in  1368.  It  reverted  to  Spain,  but  was  taken  by 
Louis  XIV.  in  1667.  It  was  captured  by  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough in  June,  1710;  retaken  by  the  French,  8  Sept.  1712. 
This  town  gives  its  name  to  the  English  Roman  Catholic  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible  authorized  by  the  pope,  the  text  explained  by 
notes  of  Roman  divines.  The  Old  Testament  was  published 
by  the  English  college  at  Douay  in  1609;  the  New  at  Rheims 
in  1582.  The  English  college  for  Roman  Catholics  was  founded, 
1568,  by  William  Allen,  afterwards  cardinal. — Dodd. 

I>OUg[llface§,  first  used  and  applied  by  John  Randolph 
of  Virginia  to  northern  representatives  in  U.  S.  Congress  who 
supported  the  Missouri  compromise  of  1820 ;  Randolph  strenu- 
ously opposing  it. 

]>OUgla§,  Stephen  Arnold.  United  States,  1854-1857, 
1858-1860;  Political  Partii.:s.  ~  "^ 

Douro  {doo'-ro),  a  river  separating  Spain  and  Portugal, 
wliicli, after  a  desperate  struggle  between  Wellington's  advance 
guard  under  Hill,  and  the  French  under  Soult,  was  crossed 
by  the  former  on  12  May,  1809,  so  suddenly  that  Wellington 
at  4  o'clock  sat  down  to  the  dinner  prepared  for  the  French 
general. — Alison. 

Dover,  Kent, Engl.,  the  Roman  Dubris.  Near  here  Julius 
Caesar  is  said  to  have  first  landed  in  England,  26  Aug.  55  b.c., 
and  its  castle  to  have  been  built  by  him  soon  after ;  but  this 
is  disputed.  The  works  were  strengthened  by  Alfred  and  suc- 
ceeding kings,  and  rebuilt  by  Henry  II.  The  earliest-named 
constable  is  Leopoldus  de  Bertie,  under  Ethelred  H,,  followed 
by  earl  Godwin,  Odo,  the  brother  of  William  I.,  etc.  In  mod- 
ern times  this  office,  and  that  of  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 
have  been  frequently  conferred  on  the  prime-minister  for  the 
time  being  — e.  g.,  lord  North,  Mr.  Pitt,  lord  Liverpool,  and  the 
duke  of  Wellington. 

Priory  was  commenced  by  archbishop  Corboyl  or  Corbois,  about  1130 
John  here  resigned  his  kingdom  to  Pandolf,  the  pope's  legate, 

13  May,  1213 

Pier  projected  by  Henry  VIII 1533 

Charles  II.  landed  here  from  his  exile 26  May.  1660 

Submarine  telegraph  laid  to  Calais  by  Brett 28  Aug!  1850 

Telegraph  between  Dover  and  Calais  opened 13  Nov.  1851 

Dover,  N.  H.     New  Hampshire,  1690. 

dower,  the  gifts  of  a  husband  to  a  wife  before  marriage 
(Gen.  xxxiv.  12).  The  portion  of  a  man's  lands  or  tenements 
which  his  widow  enjoys  for  life.  By  the  law  of  king  Edmund 
of  England  a  widow  took  a  moiety  of  her  husband's  lands  or 
tenements  for  her  life,  941.  The  widows  of  traitors,  not  those 
of  felons,  are  debarred  dower  by  statute  5  Edw.  VI.  1551. 

Down,  N.  E.  Ireland,  an  ancient  see ,  first  bishop  St. 
Cailan  in  499.  At  the  instance  of  John  de  Courcy,  the  con- 
queror of  Ulster,  the  cathedral,  consecrated  to  the  Trinity,  was 
rededicated  to  St.  Patrick  about  1183.  The  sepulchre  of  St. 
Patrick  (buried  here  in  493,  in  the  abbey  of  Saul,  founded  by 
himself)  brought  this  place  into  great  repute.  The  cathedral 
of  Downpatrick  was  destroyed  by  lord  Grey,  lord-deputy  of 
Ireland;  for  this  and  other  crimes  he  was  impeached  and  be- 
headed in  Ib'^i.—Beatson. 

Draco'§  law§,  enacted  by  him  when  archon  of  Ath- 
ens, 621  B.C.,  on  account  of  their  severity  were  said  to  be 
written  in  blood.  Idleness  was  punished  as  severely  as  mur- 
der.    This  code  was  superseded  by  Solon's,  594  b.c. 

draft  rioti,  New  York.  In  Apr.  1862,  U.  S.  Congress 
authorized  a  draft  to  fill  the  ranks  of  the  Union  army;  but 
president  Lincoln  refrained  from  resorting  to  it  until  1863, 
vhen,  by  proclamation,  8  May,  he  ordered  the  draft  to  begin 


in  July.  Great  opposition  was  made  by  the  "  Peace  party." 
While  there  was  some  disturbance  in  other  northern  states,  in 
no  place  was  resistance  so  serious  as  in  New  York  city.  Here 
the  draft  ordered  on  13  July  was  resisted,  and  for  4  days  (13-16 
July)  the  city  was  in  almost  complete  possession  of  the  rioters. 
Nearly  every  able-bodied  soldier  had  been  sent  against  Lee's 
invasion  of  Pennsylvania,  so  that  the  rioters  met  only  the  po- 
lice and  a  few  invalid  soldiers,  whom  they  soon  overpowered. 
Violent  and  reckless  men  appealed  to  the  worst  passions  of  ig- 
norant followers,  and  negroes  who  appeared  in  the  streets  were 
pursued  with  fury,  and  often  stoned  or  hanged.  Under  pre- 
text of  hunting  these  men,  several  private  houses  were  entered 
and  plundered  or  burned.  Many  newspaper  offices  and  bank- 
ing houses  were  garrisoned  and  armed  in  anticipation  of  attack. 
But  when  the  organized  militia,  with  one  or  two  veteran  regi- 
ments, arrived,  they  soon  overcame  the  mob.  In  this  riot 
there  were  probably  about  1000  persons  (many  negroes)  killed, 
and  property  destroyed  to  the  amount  of  $2,000,000. 

dragr'oniiades.  The  fierce  persecution  of  the  Protes- 
tants in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  by  dragoons  (whence  called 
dragonnades),  directed  by  the  minister  Louvois,  1684,  was  con- 
summated by  the  revocation  of  Henry  IV.'s  edict  of  Nantes,  22 
Oct.  1685,  which  drove  50,000  families  from  'Fr&ncQ.—Duruy. 

dragCOOns'.  A  name  supposed  to  be  derived  from  drag- 
on, "because  mounted  on  horseback  with  Jighted  match  he 
seemeth  like  a  fiery  dragon." — Meyrich.  The  draconarii  were 
horse-soldiers  who  bore  dragons  for  ensigns.  The  first  regi- 
ment of  dragoons  was  raised  in  England,  it  is  believed,  in  1681. 
"  King  Charles  II.,  at  the  Restoration,  established  a  regiment 
of  Life  Guards,  to  which  he  added  a  regiment  of  Horse  Guards 
and  2  regiments  of  Foot  Guards;  and  a  third  regiment  of  Foot 
Guards  was  raised  at  Coldstream,  on  the  borders  of  Scotland." 
— Capt.  Curling.     Army,  United  States. 

drailiag^e.  The  first  attempts  at  reclamation  of  sub- 
merged lands  by  drainage  in  Holland  are  said  to  have  been 
made  in  or  about  the  2d  century,  a.d.  Friesland,  which  is 
lower  than  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  was  preserved  b}'  a  wall, 
raised  by  a  Portuguese  in  the  employ  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  in 
1567.  The  drainage  of  Haarlem  meer,  in  Holland,  an  inland  sea 
formed  by  an  irruption  of  the  North  sea  in  1539,  and  covering 
70  sq.  miles,  was  begun  in  1839.  Pumping  commenced  7  June, 
1848  ;  832,000,000  tons  of  water  were  pumped  out,  and  the  work 
was  finished,  1  July,  1852,  at  an  expenditure  of  $3,600,000, 
which  was  more  than  paid  by  sale  of  the  reclaimed  lands.  In 
1875  the  Dutch  chamber  voted  9,500,000/.  to  reclaim  the  sub- 
merged lands  of  the  Zuyder  zee,  covering  an  area  of  759  sq. 
miles  — The  drainage  of  the  Pontine  marshes,  lying  between 
Rome  and  Naples,  was  confided  to  the  patrician  Decius,  by 
Theodoric,  at  the  end  of  the  6th  century.  Leo  X.  gave  Julius 
de  Medici  authority  and  money  to  pursue  the  work,  and  he 
cut  the  canal  Porta  torre  di  Badino.  Sixtus  V.  had  the  Fiume 
Sisto  canal  cut  under  the  direction  of  the  civil  engineer  As- 
canio  Fenizi,  about  1588,  and  Pius  VIII.  continued  the  drain- 
age works  about  1775.  The  Ferrara  marshes  in  northern  Italy, 
covering  200  sq.  miles,  are  drained  by  8  centrifugal  pumps, 
discharging  nearly  half  a  million  gallons  per  minute  into  the 
river  Volano,  at  Codigoro. — The  first  mention  of  drainage  of 
land  in  Great  Britain  is  of  Romney  marsh,  in  Kent  co.,  com- 
prising over  24,000  acres,  which  was  defended  against  the  sea 
by  an  artificial  wall  upwards  of  6000  yards  in  length,  probably 
erected  when  the  Romans  occupied  England.  A  general  drain- 
age act  was  passed  in  England  in  1600.  Portions  of  the  Bedford 
level,  also  called  the  Fens,  on  the  east  coast  of  England,  were 
reclaimed  by  drainage  by  the  earl  of  Bedford  in  1634,  Cornelius 
Vermuyden,  the  Dutch  engineer,  being  invited  to  England  for 
this  purpose.  He  expended  over  100,000/.  on  the  work,  which 
was  completed  by  his  son  15  or  20  years  later  at  an  additional 
cost  of  300,000/.  Canals,  Sewers. — There  are  in.  the  United 
States,  besides  the  inland  swamp  land,  6  or  7  million  acres  of 
tide-water  marshes  capable  of  being  diked  and  cultivated.  In 
Delaware,  marshes  were  diked  by  the  Swedes  nearly  200  years 
ago.  In  Maine  the  most  important  reclamations  are  in  Wash- 
ington, Cumberland,  and  York  counties:  in  Massachusetts, at 
Marshfield  ;  and  in  New  Jersey,  the  Newark  meadows,  which 
were  reclaimed  by  the  Iron  Dike  and  Land  Reclamation 
Company  of  New  York,  using  an  upright  iron  plate  in  the  em- 
bankment to  prevent  burrowing  by  muskrats,  etc.,  1868-70. 


DRA 

Tide-laod  Rodamaliou  Company  organized  for  draining  land  in 
the  Sacramento  and  Sau  Joaquin  river  deltas,  CaliCornia,  about  1869 

Louisiana  l^md  ReclumalionConuKinyorgauized  in  New  Orleans  1«78 

Draining  of  lake  Okeechobee,  Kla. ,  for  reclamation  of  lands,  be- 
gun by  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast  Canal  and  Okeechobee 
Land  i'ompauy 1881-82 

Drainage  of  farm  lands  by  deep  trenches  lllled  in  with  stones 
or  fagots,  covered  with  turf,  was  recoininended  by  capt.  Walter 
Bligh  of  Kngland  in  1(J62.  ,  About  1764,  Mr.  Elkington  of 
Warwickshire,  Kngl,  established  a  system  of  draining  springy 
land  by  boring  for  the  source  of  the  water  and  drawing  it  olf 
in  a  single  deep  channel.  The  system  of  James  Smith  of 
Dcnuston,  practically  a  revival  of  Bligh's  plan  of  farm  drain- 
age, was  introduced  into  England 1823 

Jesse  Buel  was  one  of  the  first  to  employ  tile  for  draining  in 
the  U.  S.,  on  his  farm  near  Albany,  N.  Y.  In  1837  he  laid 
4000  ft.  of  tile  drain,  the  tile  being  manufactured  by  Jackson 
of  Albany.  John  Johnston  of  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y.,  imported 
flrom  Scotland  patterns  of  drain  tile  in  1835,  from  which  he 
made  tile  for  his  own  use.  John  Doialleld.  of  Seneca  co., 
N.  Y.,  imported  fi-om  England  a  patent  tile  machine 1848 

Drake's    eireiimnavlg^ation.     Sir    Francis 

Drake  sailed  from  Falmouth,  P^ngL,  13  Dec.  1577,  circumnav- 
igated the  globe,  and  returned  to  England  after  many  perils, 
3  Nov.  1580.  He  was  vice-admiral  under  lord  Howard;  high 
admiral  of  England  against  the  Spanish  Armada,  19  July,  1588. 
He  died  at  Panama,  28  Jan.  1596,  on  an  expedition  against  the 
Spaniards.     California;  Virginia,  1586. 

drama  (Gr.  dpdfia,  action),  ancient.     Both  tragedy 
and  comedy  began  with  the  Greeks. 
First  comedy  performed  at  Athens,  by  Susarion  and  Dolon,  on  ^•'^• 

a  movable  scaffold 562 

Chorus  introduced 556 

Tragedy  first  represented  at  Athens  by  Thespis,  on  a  wagon 

{Arund.  Marb.) 536 

Thespis  of  Icaria,  the  inventor  of  tragedy,  performed  at  Athens 
" Alcestis,"  and  was  rewarded  with  a  goat  (tragos). — Pliny...     " 

.fischylus  introduced  dresses  and  a  stage 486 

Drama  was  first  introduced  into  Rome  when  a  plague  raged  in 
the  consulate  of  C.  Sulpicius  Peticus  and  C.  Licinius  Stolo; 
the  magistrates,  to  appease  the  gods,  instituted  games  called 
the  "Scenici;"  actors  from  Etruria  danced,  after  the  Tuscan 

manner,  to  the  flute 364 

Anaxandrides,  first  dramatic  poet  who  introduced  intrigues 
upon  the  stage;  composed  about  100  plays,  of  which  10  ob- 
tained prizes;  d 340 

Plays  were  represented  by  Livius  Andronicus,  who,  abandoning 
satires,  wrote  plays  with  a  regular  plot;  he  gave  singing  and 

dancing  to  different  performers 240 

Greatest  ancient  dramatic  writers  were:  Greek,  -(Eschylus,  Sopho- 
cles, Euripides  (tragedy),  and  Aristophanes  (comedy),  525-427. 
Latin,  Phiutus  and  Terence  (comedy),  184-100;  Seneca  (tragedy), 
7B.C.-65A.D.     Literature. 

drama,  modern,  arose  early  in  rude  attempts  of 
minstrels  and  buffoons  at  fairs  in  France,  Italy,  and  England, 
and  in  classical  plays  at  the  universities,  still  represented  by 
the  Westminster  plaj'.  Bible  stories  (^Mysiery  Plays),  repre- 
sented by  priests,  gave  rise  to  sacred  comedy. —  Warton. 
Gregory  Nazianzen,  father  of  the  church,  is  said  to  have  con- 
structed a  drama  on  the  Passion  of  Christ  to  counteract 

heathen  profanities about    364 

Ancient  Mahometan  miracle-play  of  "Hasan  and  Husan,"sons 

of  Ali ;  pub.  by  sir  L.  Pelly 1879 

Fitzstephen,  in  his  "Life  of  Thomas  a  Becket,"  as.serts  that 
"  London  had  for  its  theatrical  exhibitions  holy  plays,  and 
the  representation  of  miracles,  wrought  by  holy  confessors;" 

d about  1190 

Chester  Mysteries  performed about  1270 

[Coventry,  Chester,  Townley,  and  other  mysteries  have  been 
printed  during  the  present  century.] 
Plays  performed  at  Clerkenwell  by  the  parish  clerks,  and 

"  miracles  "  represented  in  the  fields 1397 

"Passion  of  Christ."  a  miracle-play,  still  frequently  performed 
at  Ober-Ammergau,  in  Bavaria,  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin 

after  a  pestilence 1633 

[Performance,  17-2fi  May,  1880,  1890,  and  since.] 
Proposed  performance  at  the  Westminster  aquarium,  4  Nov., 

stopped  by  public  disapproval Oct.  1878 

["Passion-play"  performed  in  Spain,  with  painful  real- 
ism, 1873.] 
Allegorical  characters  introduced  in  the  15th  century. 

Skelton  and  others  wrote  "  Moralities" about  1500 

First  regular  drama  acted  in  Europe  was  the  "  Sophonisba  "  of 

Trissino,  at  Rome,  before  Leo  X.— Voltaire 1515 

First  royal  license  for  the  drama  in  England  (to  master  Bur- 
bage,  and  4  others,  servants  to  the  earl  of  Leicester)  to  act 

plays  at  the  Globe,  Bankside 1574 

Shakespeare  began  to  write about  1590 

License  granted  to  Shakespeare  and  others 1603 

Plays  opposed  by  the  Puritans  in  1633;  suspended  during  the 

commonwealth,  1649 ;  restored 1660 

Two  companies  of  regular  performers,  Killigrew's  and  sir  Will- 
iam Davenant's,  were  licensed  by  Charles  II 1662 

[Boys  performed  women's  parts  until  1661,  when  Davenant 
employed  actresses,  the  first  being  Mrs.  Davenport  and  Mrs. 


238 


DRE 


Saunderson.    Soon  after  appeared  Mrs.  Hughes,  Mrs.  Davies, 

Mrs.  Long,  Nell  Gwyn,  and  others.     Actkksses.] 
Sir  William  Davenant  introduced  operas,  and  both  companies 

were  united  1684-94,  when  a  schism  under  Betterton  started 

a  theatre  in  Lincolu'.s-inn  fields,  the  parent  of  Covent  Garden,  1695 

Act  for  revision  of  plays  and  for  licensing  them 1737 

Authors'  Dramatic  Copyright  Protection  act,  10  June,  1833; 

extended  to  operas 1  July,  1842 

LiTBR.VTURK,  SuAKESPKARE'S  PlAYS,  ThEATRKS. 

"  Drapier's   Lietters,"   by  dean  Swift,  pub. 
1723-24  against  Wood's  Halfpence. 

draug^liti,  commonly   called   elieekers   in   t 

United  States.     A  game  played  by  2  persons,  with  12  mi 
each,  on  a  chess-board.     Origin   uncertain,  but  supposed 
have  preceded  chess ;  was  common  in  Egypt,  1300  B.c.     One 
variety  of  the  game  is  known  as  Polish  draughts. 

M.  Mallet  publishes  a  treatise  on  draughts  at  Paris 1668 

William  Paine  puldishes  at  London  an  "Introduction  to  the 

Game  of  Draughts  " 1756 

"Guide  to  the  Game  of  Draughts,"  by  Joshua  Sturges,  Loudon, 

issued 180a 

dream§  are  mentioned  in  Scripture — e.  g.,  Joseph's 
and  Pharaoh's,  1715  b.c.  (Gen.  xxxvii.  and  xli.),  and  Nebu- 
chadnezzar's, 603  and  570  b.c.  (Dan.  ii.  and  iv.).  An  attempt 
to  interpret  dreams  and  omens  is  ascribed  to  Amphictyon  of 
Athens,  1497  b.c. 

Thomas,  lord  Lyttelton,  dreamed  that  a  young  woman,  dressed  ia 
white,  solemnly  warned  him  of  his  dissolution  in  3  days  from  that 
time.  On  the  third  day  he  had  a  party  to  spend  the  evening  with 
him,  and  about  the  time  predicted  he  observed  to  the  company 
present  that  "he  believed  he  should  jockey  the  ghost;"  but  in  a 
few  minutes  afterwards  he  was  seized  with  a  sudden  faintness, 
carried  to  bed,  and  rose  no  more.  He  died  27  Nov.  1779,  aged  :35. 
A  full  account  of  this  remarkable  occurrence  is  given  in  Timbs's 
"Abbeys  and  Castles  of  England  and  Wales,"  Midland. 

Dred  Scott  ca§e,  Dred  Scott  was  a  negro  slave  of 
dr.  Emerson,  a  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  army,  then  stationed  in 
Missouri.  Dr.  Emerson,  taking  Dred  with  him,  moved  to  Illi- 
nois, a  free  state,  in  1834,  and  in  1836  to  fort  Snelling,  Wis. 
This  territory  being  north  of  36°  30',  the  line  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise  of  1820,  was  free  soil  also.  Some  time  after  the 
doctor  returned  to  Missouri,  taking  Dred,  his  wife  and  1  child. 
About  this  time  Dred  was  sold  to  John  F.  A.  Sanborn  of 
New  York  city.  Dred  now  brought  suit  for  damages  against 
Sanborn  for  whipping  him,  on  the  plea  that  his  residence  in 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin  had  made  him  free.  The  defence  was 
that  a  descendant  of  slave  ancestors  could  never  be  free,  was 
not  a  citizen,  had  no  status  in  court,  etc.  The  plaintiff  Scott 
won  in  the  district  court;  but  this  decision  was  reversed  by 
the  supreme  court  of  Missouri,  from  which  an  appeal  was 
taken  to  the  U.  S.  courts.  The  case  came  to  trial  in  1855-56. 
The  opinion  of  the  court,  delivered  by  chief-justice  Taney,  6 
Mch.  1857,  was  not  unanimous,  and  dissenting  opinions  were 
filed.  It  denied  the  legal  existence  of  the  African  race  as 
persons  in  American  society  and  constitutional  law;  denied 
the  supremacy  of  Congress  over  the  territories,  and  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  "  Missouri  Compromise."  The  chief-justice 
was  supported  by  justices  John  Catron,  Va.,  Jas.  A.Campbell, 
Ga.,  Peter  V.  Daniel,  Va.,  Robt.  C.  Grier,  Pa.,  Samuel  Nelson, 
N.  Y.,  and  Jas.  M. Wayne,  Ga. — John  McLean,  Ohio,  and  Benj. 
R.  Curtis,  Mass.,  dissenting.  This  case  was  the  last  in  which 
the  extension  or  restriction  of  slavery  came  before  the  courts. 
The  question  was  soon  referred  to  the  arbitrament  of  war. 

Drepa'num,  now  Trapani,  a  seaport  town  of 

Sicily.     Near  this  place  the  Carthaginian  admiral  Adherbal 
defeated  the  Roman  fleet  under  Puhlius  Claudius,  249  b.c. 

Dresden,  "the  German  Florence,"  became  the  capital 
of  Saxony,  1548.     Pop.  1890,  276,085. 
Alliance  of  Dresden,  Saxony,  Denmark,  and  Russia. .  .28  June,  1709 

Peace  of  Dresden:  Hungary,  Prussia,  and  Saxony 25  Dec.  1745 

Taken  by  Frederick  of  Prussia  in  1756;  by  the  Austrians 1759 

Bombarded  in  vain  by  Frederick July,  1760 

Held  by  Austrians Tune-July,  1809 

Contests  between  the  allies  under  the  prince  of  Schwarzenberg 

and  the  French  under  Napoleon 26,  27  Aug.  181S 

Allies,  200,000  strong,  attacked  Napoleon  at  Dresden,  and  were 
saved  from  ruin  by  an  error  of  gen.  Vandamme.  They  were 
defeated  with  dreadful  loss,  and  forced  into  Bohemia;  but  Van- 
damme pursuing  them  too  far,  his  division  was  cut  to  pieces, 
and  he  and  all  his  sUff  taken.  Gen.  Moreau  received  a  mor- 
tal wound  while  talking  with  the  emperor  of  Russia.  27  Aug.  '* 
Marshal  St.  Cyr  and  25,000  French  troops  surrendered  Dre.sden 

to  the  allies 11  Nov.     " 

During  a  political  commotion  the  king  abdicates;  prince  Fred- 
erick, his  nephew,  declared  regent 9  Sept.  et  seq.  1830^ 


DRE  239 

Dresden  china  was  invented  by  John  Frederick  BSttger  (or  BOttcher), 
an  apothecary's  boy,  about  1709.     He  died  13  Mch.  1719. 

dres§.     The  attire  of  the  Hebrew  wonrien  is  censured  in 
Isaiah  iii.,  about  760  b.c.     Excess  in  dress  among  the  earh' 
Romans  was  restrained  by  laws;  and  in  P^ngland  bj^  numer- 
ous statutes,  in  1363,  1465,  1570,  etc. — Stow.    F.  W.  Fairholt's 
"Costume  in  England"  (1846)  contains  a  history  of  dress, 
with  illustrations  from  MSS.,  the  works  of  Strutt,  etc.     J.  K. 
Planche's  elaborate  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Costume "  first  appeared 
in  1876.    A  "dress-making  company"  was  established  in  Lon- 
don, 6  Feb.  1865,  to  improve  the  condition  of  workwomen. 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh  wore  a  white  satin  pinked  vest,  close-sleeved  to 
the  wrist,  and  over  the  body  a  doublet  finely  flowered,  embroidered 
with  pearls;  in  the  feather  of  his  hat  a  large  ruby  and  pearl-drop 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sprig  in  place  of  a  button.     His  breeches, 
with  his  stockings  and  ribbon  garters,  fringed  at  the  end,  all 
•  white;  and  buff  shoes,  which,  on  great  court-days,  were  gorgeous- 
ly covered  with  precious  stones,  worth  overfiGOO/. ;  he  had  armor 
of  solid  silver,  with  sword  and  belt  blazing  with  diamonds,  rubies, 
and  pearls. 
King  James's  favorite,  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  had  diamonds 
tacked  so  loosely  on  that  he  could  shake  a  few  ofl"  on  the  ground, 
and  obtained  all  the  fame  he  desired  from  the  pickers-up,  who 
were  generally  les  dames  de  la  cour. 
Court-dress  of  civilians,  previously  that  of  the  time  of  the  Georges, 

was  modified  by  the  lord  chamberlain,  lord  Sydney,  in  1869. 
Bloomer  costume.     Bloomer. 

Dreux  (druk),  a  town  of  N.W.  France.  Here  Mont- 
morenci  defeated  the  Huguenots  under  Conde,  19  Dec.  1562. 
Here  is  the  burying-place  of  the  Orleans  family  since  1816. 
The  duke  of  Guise,  aged  18,  the  last  surviving  child  of  the  due 
d'Aumale,  was  buried  here  27  July,  1872.  The  bodies  of  king 
Louis  Philippe  and  his  family  were  brought  here  from  Eng- 
land and  buried,  9  June,  1876. 

I>rog°lieda  {droh' -he-da),  E.  Ireland, formerly  Tredagh, 
a  borough  of  great  importance,  having  the  privilege  of  coining 
money.  Here  was  passed  Poynings'  law  in  1494.  An  act  of 
Edward  VI.  was  passed  for  the  foundation  of  a  university  here. 
The  town  was  besieged  several  times  between  1641  and  1691, 
and  Cromwell  took  it  by  storm,  and  put  the  governor,  sir  A. 
Aston,  and  the  whole  of  the  garrison  to  the  sword,  12  Sept. 
1649.  More  than  3000  men,  mostly  English,  perished.  It  sur- 
rendered to  William  HI.  in  1690. 

Drontlieim,  capital  of  Norway,  founded  by  Olaf  I. 
about  998. 

drownings,  an  ancient  punishment.  The  Britons  in- 
flicted death  by  drowning  in  a  quagmire,  before  450  b.c. — 
Stow.  It  is  said  to  have  been  inflicted  on  80  intractable 
bishops  near  Nicomedia,  370  a.d.,  and  to  have  been  adopted 
as  a  punishment  in  France  by  Louis  XL  The  wholesale  drown- 
ings of  royalists  in  the  Loire  at  Nantes,  by  command  of 
the  brutal  Carrier,  Nov.  1793,  were  termed  Noijades.  94  priests 
were  drowned  at  one  time.  Carrier  was  condemned  to  death 
in  Dec.  1794.  Societies  for  the  recovery  of  drowning  persons 
were  first  instituted  in  Holland  in  1767.  The  second  society 
is  said  to  have  been  formed  at  Milan  in  1768,  the  third  at 
Hamburg  in  1771,  the  fourth  at  Paris  in  1772,  and  the  fifth 
in  London  in  1774.  The  motto  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society 
in  England  is  Laleat  scintillula  forsan  ("A  small  spark  may 
perhaps  lie  hid  ").  Francois  Texier  of  Dunkerque,  after  saving 
50  lives  at  different  times,  was  drowned  in  a  storm,  Oct.  1871. 
Life-saving  skrvick. 

I>ruidj!>i,  priests  among  the  ancient  Germans,  Gauls, 
and  Britons,  so  named  from  their  veneration  for  the  oak  (Brit. 
deno).  They  administered  sacred  things,  were  the  interpret- 
ers of  the  gods,  and  supreme  judges.  They  headed  the  Brit- 
ons who  opposed  CiBsar's  first  landing,  55  b.c.,  and  were  ex- 
terminated by  the  Roman  governor.  Suetonius  Paulinus,  61  a.d. 

drum.  Its  invention  is  a.scribed  to  Bacchus,  who,  accord- 
ing to  Polysenus,  "gave  his  signals  of  battle  with  cymbals  and 
drums."  It  was  used  by  the  Egyptians;  and  brought  by  the 
Moors  into  Spain,  1713.— The  drum,  or  drum  capstan, for  weigh- 
ing anchors,  was  invented  by  sir  S.Morland  in  1685. — A  nderson. 

T^ruvudOfi^  a  hiW  in  W.  Scotland.  Here  the  Covenant- 
ers defeated  Graham  of  Claverhouse  on  1  June,  1679.  The 
conflict  is  described  by  sir  Walter  Scott  in  "  Old  Mortality." 

Druiumond  light.     Lime-light. 

drunkard§  were  excommunicated  in  the  early  church, 
69  (1  Cor.  v.  11).     In  England,  a  canon  law  forbade  drunken- 


DUB 

ness  in  the  clergy,  747.     Constantine,  king  of  Scots,  punished 

it  with  death,  870.     By  21  James  I.  c.  7, 1623,  a  drunkard  was 

fined  5  shillings,  or  set  6  hours  in  the  stocks.     Teetotaler, 

Temperance. 

A  society  lor  promoting  legislation  for  the  control  and  cure  of 

habitual  drunkards  formed  in  England 22  Sept.  1876 

Dr.  Leslie  E.,Keeley's  hypodermic  injections  of  bichloride  of 
gold  as  a  cure  for  habitual  drunkenness,  first  used  in  the 
United  States 1891 

Drury-laiie  theatre  derives  its  origin  from  a  cock- 
pit, made  a  theatre  under  James  I.  It  was  rebuilt  and  called 
the  Phoenix ;  and  Charles  II.  granted  an  exclusive  patent  to 
Thomas  Killigrew,  25  Apr.  1662.  The  actors  were  called  "the 
king's  servants,"  and  10  of  them,  called  "gentlemen  of  the 
great  chamber,"  had  an  annual  allowance  of  10  yards  of  scar- 
let cloth,  with  lace.     Theatres. 

I>ri]§e§,  a  warlike  people  in  the  moimtains  of  Lebanon, 
originally  a  fanatical  jNIahometan  sect  which  arose  in  Egypt 
about  996,  and  fled  to  Palestine  to  avoid  persecution.  They 
now  retain  hardly  any  of  the  religion  of  their  ancestors:  they 
eat  pork  and  drink  wine, and  do  not  practise  circumcision,  pray, 
or  fast.  In  the  middle  of  1860,  the  Druses  attacked  their  neigh- 
bors the  Maronites,  whom  they  massacred,  it  was  said,  with- 
out regard  to  age  or  sex.  Peace  was  made  in  July  ;  meantime 
a  religious  fury  seized  the  Mahometans  of  neighboring  cities, 
and  a  general  massacre  of  Christians  ensued.  Fuad  Pacha 
with  Turkish  troops,  and  gen.  Hautpoul  with  French  auxil- 
iaries, invaded  Lebanon  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  The  Druses  surren- 
dered, giving  up  their  chiefs,  Jan.  1861.     Damascus,  Syria. 

Dry  TortU'g-a§  (Sp.  tortuga,  a  tortoise),  a  group  of 
several  small  barren  islands,  about  40  miles  west  of  the  most 
westerly  of  the  Florida  Keys.  They  belong  to  Monroe  county, 
Fla.,  and  served  for  a  place  of  imprisonment  for  certain  offenders 
during  the  United  States  civil  war.  Lat.  24°  38'  N.,  Ion.  82° 
53'  W.     Booth's  conspiracy. 

du'alin,  a  new  explosive  substance  (said  to  be  from  4  to 
10  times  more  powerful  than  gunpowder),  composed  of  varying 
proportions  of  cellulose  (woody  fibre),  nitro-starch,  nitro-man- 
nite,  and  nitro-cellulose ;  invented  by  Carl  Ditmar,  a  Prussian, 
and  made  known  in  1870.  This  name  is  also  given  to  another 
explosive  compound,  invented  by  Mr.  Nobel,  composed  of  am- 
monia and  sawdust,  acted  on  by  nitro-snlphuric  acid. 

Dublin,  capital  of  Ireland,  anciently  called  Ashcled,  said 
to  have  been  built  140.  Auliana,  daughter  of  Alpinus,  a  lord 
or  chief  among  the  Irish,  having  been  drowned  at  the  ford 
where  now  Whitworth  bridge  is  built,  he  changed  the  name 
to  Auliana,  by  Ptolemy  called  Eblana  (afterwards  corrupted 
into  Dublana).  Alpinus  is  said  to  have  brought  "  tlie  then 
rude  hill  into  the  form  of  a  town,"  about  155.  Pop,  1891, 
254,709  city  proper ;  361,891  metropolitan  police  district.  Ike- 
land,  Trinity  colleges. 

Christianity  established  by  St.  Patrick,  and  St.  Patrick's  cathe- 
dral founded about 

Dublin  environed  with  walls  by  the  Danes 

Named  Uy  king  Edgar  in  the  preface  to  his  charter  "Nobilis- 

sima  Civitas" 

Battle  of  Clontarf '23  Apr. 

Dublin  taken  by  Ramond  le  Gros,  1170,  for  Henry  II.,  who  soon 

after  arrives 1171 

Charter  granted  by  this  king 1173 

Christ  church  built  by  Danes,  1038;  rebuilt about  1180-1225 

Slaughter  of  500  British  by  Irish  citizens  near  Dublin  (Cullen's- 

wooD) ." 1209 

Assembled  Irish  princes  swear  allegiance  to  king  John 1210 

DuDlin  castle  founded  by  Henry  de  Loundres,  1205;  finished..  1213 
John  de  Decer  first  provost;   Richard  de  St.  Olave  and  John 

Stakebold  first  bailiffs  (Mayor) 1308 

Thomas  Cusack  first  mayor 1409 

Besieged  by  the  son  of  the  earl  of  Kildare,  lord  deputy 1500 

Christ  church  made  a  deanery  and  chapter  by  Henry  VIII 1541 

Bailiff  changed  to  sheriffs;  John  Ryan  and  Thomas  Comyn  first,  1548 

Trinity  college  founded 1591 

Charter  granted  by  James  1 1609 

Convocation  frames  39  articles  of  religion 1614 

Besieged  by  the  marquess  of  Ormond,  defeated  at  battle  of 

Rathmines 2  Aug.  1649 

Cromwell  arrives  in  Dublin  with  9000  foot  and  400  horse,  Aug.     " 

Chief  magistrate  styled  lord-mayor 1665 

Royal  hospital,  Kilmainham,  founded 1683 

James  II.  arrives  in  Dublin,  24  Mch. ;  proclaimed 4  May,  1689 

Lamps  first  erected  in  the  ci'.y 1698 

St.  Patrick's  spire  erected  (St.  Patrick) 1749 

Act  for  a  general  pavement  of  the  city 1773 

Royal  Exchange  begun  1769;  opened 1779 

Order  of  St.  Patrick  instituted 1783 


448 


964 
1014 


DUB 


240 


DUN 


Bauk  of  Irolaud  inslitutoU  (Bank) 1783 

Police  established  by  sUitnte 1786 

Custom  house  bojjuu,  1781;  opened 1791 

Dublin  Library  instituted " 

Dublin  lighled  with  gus 5  Oct.  1826 

I'htt-nix  I'ark  murders  (Irkland) 6  May,  1882 

Statue  of  D.  O'Connell  unveiled,  and  the  exhibition  of  Irish 
arts  and  manufactures  (not  iwtronized  by  queen  Victpria  and 
loyalists)  o|)ened  by  the  lord-mayor  Dawson,  15  Aug.  1882; 

closed 6  Jan.  1883 

Burial  of  Charles  S.  Parnell  in  Glasuevin  cemetery 11  Oct.  1891 

Dublin,  Archbishopric  of.  It  is  supposed  that  the  bish- 
opric of  Dublin  was  founded  by  St.  Patrick  in  448.  Gregory, 
bishop  in  1121,  became  archbishop  in  1162,  It  was  united  to 
Glatuialagh  in  Vll-f.  (Jeorge  Browne,  an  Augustin  friar  of 
London  (deprived  by  queen  Mary  in  1554),  was  the  first  Prot- 
estant archbishop.  Dublin  has  2  cathedrals,  Christ  church 
and  St.  Patrick's. 

dllC'Btj  a  coin  so  called  because  struck  by  dukes. — John- 
son. First  coined  by  Longinus,  governor  of  Italy. — Procopius. 
First  struck  in  the  duchy  of  Apulia,  1140. — Du  Cange.  Coined 
by  Robert,  king  of  Sicily,  in  1240. 

duekillg^-stool.     Cucking-stool. 

duelling  took  its  rise  from  the  judicial  combats  of  the 
Celtic  nations.  The  first  formal  duel  in  England,  between 
William  count  d'Eu  and  Godfrey  Baynard,  took  place  1096. 
Duelling  in  civil  matters  was  forbidden  in  France,  1305.  Francis 
I.  challenged  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  vain,  1528.  The  fight 
with  small-swords  was  introduced  into  England,  1587.  Proc- 
lamation that  no  person  should  be  pardoned  who  killed  another 
in  a  duel,  1679.  Duelling  was  checked  in  the  British  army, 
1792 ;  and  has  been  abolished  in  England  by  the  influence  of 
public  opinion,  aided  by  the  late  prince-consort.  A  society 
"  for  the  discouraging  of  duelling"  was  established  in  1845. 
"The  British  Code  of  Duel,"  pub.  in  1824,  was  approved  by 
the  duke  of  Wellington  and  others.     Combat,  Jaknac. 

MEMOHABLE  DUELS  IN  EUROPE. 

Between  the  duke  of  Hamilton  and  lord  Mohun,  fought. 15  Nov.  1712 
[Fought  with  small-swords  in  Hyde  park.  Lord  Mohun 
was  killed  on  the  spot,  and  the  duke  died  of  his  wounds  while 
carried  to  his  coach.]  Attempt  made  at  this  time  to  sup- 
press duelling;  bill  passed  in  the  House  of  Commons  to  its 
3d  reading— defeated. 

Lord  Byron  killed  Mr.  Chaworth 26  Jan.  1765 

Lord  Townsend  wounded  lord  Bellamont 1  Feb.  1773 

Comle  d'Artois  wounded  by  due  de  Bourbon,  at  Paris,  21  Mch.  1778 

Charles  James  Fox  wounded  by  Mr.  Adam 30  Nov.  1779 

Rev.  Mr.  Allen  killed  Moyd  Dulany .18  June,  1782 

Mr.  M'Keon  killed  George  N.  Reynolds,  1787;  executed,  16  Feb.  1788 
Duke  of  York  and  col.  Lennox,  afterwards  duke  of  Richmond 

(for  an  insignificant  cau.se) 26  May,  1789 

Mr.  Curran  and  major  Hobart 1  Apr.  1790 

Wm.  Pitt  and  George  Tierney 27  May,  1796 

Henry  Grattan  woinided  Isaac  Corry 15  Jan.  1800 

M.  de  Granpre  and  M.  Le  Pique,  in  balloons,  near  Paris,  and 

the  latter  killed 3  May,  1808 

Major  Campbell  and  capt.  Boyd;  latter  killed  (former  hanged, 

2  Oct.  1808) 23  June,     " 

Lord  Castlereagh  wounded  Geo.  Canning 21  Sept.  1809 

Capt.  SUckpole  (of  Engl,  frigate  Statira)  and  lieut.  Cecil  (be- 
cause of  words  spoken  4  years  previously) ;  the  captain  killed, 

Apr.  1814 

D.  OConnell  killed  Mr.  D'Esterre 31  Jan.  1815 

Mr.  O'Connell  and  Mr.  Peel;  an  affair,  no  meeting 31  Aug.     " 

Mr.  Grattan  and  the  earl  of  Clare 7  *me,  1820 

Rev.  Mr.  Hodsou  wounded  Mr.  Grady Aug.  1827 

Duke  of  Wellington  and  the  earl  of  Winchelsea;  no  injury, 

21  Mch.  1^29 
Sir  Colquhoun  Grant  and  lord  Seymour;  no  fatality. .  .29  May,  1835 
Earl  of  Cardigan  and  capt.  Tuckett;  2  shots  each;  the  latter 
wounded  (the  earl  acquitted  in  House  of  Lords,  16  Feb.  1841), 

12  Sept.  1840 
Due  de  Grammont  Caderousse  kills  Mr.  Dillon  at  Paris,  for  a 

newspaper  attack Oct.  1862 

Paul  de  Cassagnac  and  M.  Lissagaray,  journalists  (latter  run 

through) 4  Sept.  1868 

Don  Enrique  de  Bourbon  killed  by  the  due  de  Montpensier, 

near  Madrid,  after  much  provocation 12  Mch.  1870 

Paul  de  Cassagnac  (wounded)  and  M.  Ranc,  Paris 7  July,  1873 

Prince  Soutza  kills  N.  Ghika  at  Fontainebleau 27  Nov.     " 

MM.  Gambetta  and  De  Fortou ;  neither  hit 21  Nov.  1878 

Gen.  Boulanger  (seriously  wounded)  and  M.  Floquet. .  .13  July,  1888 

IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

First  duel  in  America,  between  2  serving  men,  Plymouth,  Mass. 

(Massachusetts) 1621 

Button  Gwinnett  and  gen.  Mcintosh 1777 

Gen.  Conway  and  gen.  Cadwallader  (Conway  cabal) 1778 

De  Witt  Clinton  and  John  Swartwout 1802 

De  Witt  Clinton  and  gen.  Dayton 1803 

Alexander  Hamilton  (killed)  and  Aaron  Burr  (New  York) 1804 


Gen.  Jackson  and  col.  Dickenson ;  Dickenson  killed il 

Henry  Clay  and  Humi)hroy  Marshall. . , 18 

Col.  Benton  and  gen.  Jackson Sept.  1813 

Commodore  Decatur  and  commodore  Barron  (Decatur  killed) 

(Unitko  Statks) 22  Mch.  1820 

Henry  Clay  and  John  Randolph  (United  Statics) 1826 

GravesandCilloy  (killed),  congressmen  (United  States),  24  Feb.  1838 
Preston  S.  Brooks,  S.  C,  challenges  Anson  Burlingame,  member 

of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  (United  States) 1856 

David  C.  Brodorick,  U.  S.  senator  from   California,  mortally 

wounded  by  Judge  Terry  (United  States) 16  Sept.  1859 

Col.  Calhoun  and  major  Rhett  (confederate  officers) ;  Calhoun 

killed,  at  Charleston,  S.  C 1862 

(Gen.  Beauregard  refused  to  enforce  military  law  against 

Rhett,  who  was  promoted  to  Calhoun's  place.]' 

duke  (from  Lat.tfMa:,  a  leader).  In  Saxon  times,  the  com- 
manders of  English  armies  were  called  dukes,  duces. — Camden. 
In  Gen.  xxxvi.  some  of  Esau's  descendants  are  termed  dukes. 
Duke-duke  was  a  title  of  the  house  of  Sylvia,  in  Spain,  from 
its  many  duchies. 

Edward  the  Black  Prince  made  duke  of  Cornwall 17  Mch.  1337 

Robert  de  V^ere  created  marquess  of  Dublin  and  duke  of  Ireland, 

9  Rich.  II 1385 

Robert  III.  created  David,  prince  of  Scotland,  duke  of  Rothsay, 

afterwards  a  title  of  the  king's  eldest  son,  1398;  now  borne 

by  the  prince  of  Wales. 
Cosmo  de'  Medici  created  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  the  first  ot 

the  rank,  by  pope  Pius  V 1569 

Dulcigno  (dool-cheen'-yd),  a  port  in  Albania,  on  the 
Adriatic. 

Taken  by  Turks 1571 

In  the  17th  century  a  den  of  pirates,  and  residence  of  Sabbatai 

Zewi,  a  Smyrnese  Jew,  who  declared  himself  the  Messiah,  but 

became  Mahometan ;  d 1676 

Taken  by  Venetians,  and  held  for  a  short  time 1722 

Montenegrins  take  it  by  storm,  but  give  it  up 1878 

Assigned  to  them  by  the  Berlin  conference June,  July,  1880 

Turks  expelled  by  8000  Albanians about  18  Sept.     " 

Sultan  cedes  it  to  Montenegro 12  Oct.     " 

Dervish  Pacha  repulses  Albanians  22  Nov. ;  occupies  it  24  Nov. ; 

surrenders  it  to  the  Montenegrins 26,  27  Nov.     " 

dumb.    Deaf  and  dumb. 

Dumblane  or  Dunblane,  Perth,  Scotland,  an  an- 
cient city,  near  which  was  the  battle  of  Sheriflfmuir,  between 
royalists  under  duke  of  Argyll,  and  Scots  rebels  under  earl  of 
Mar,  13  Nov.  1715.     Both  claimed  victory. 

Dunbar%  Haddington,  Scotland.  Here  Warrenne,  earl 
of  Surrey,  27  Apr.  1296,  defeated  John  Baliol  with  his  Scots. 
Near  here, also, Cromwell crushedtheScotsof  Charles II.,3  Sept. 
1650. 

"  Dun'ciad,"  satirical  poem  by  Alexander  Pope,  was 
pub.  in  1728. 

Dundalk,  Louth,  Ireland.  On  5  Oct.  1318,  at  Foug- 
hard,  near  this  place,  was  defeated  and  slain  Edward  Bruce, 
who  had  invaded  Ireland  in  1315.  Its  fortifications  were  de- 
stroj-ed  in  1641.  It  was  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1649.  Here 
cambric  manufacture  was  first  established  in  Ireland  by  arti- 
sans from  France  in  1727. 

Dundee,  E.  Scotland,  on  the  Tay.  On  a  site  given  by 
William  the  Lion  (reigned  1165-1214)  his  brother  David,  earl 
of  Huntingdon,  built  or  strengthened  the  castle,  and  built  a 
church,  whose  tower,  156  feet  high,  still  remains.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1385;  pillaged  by  Montrose, 
1645  ;  stormed  by  Monk  in  1651.  Claverhouse,  viscount  Dun- 
dee (killed  1689),  had  a  house  here.  Population  in  1861,  90,- 
425;  in  1871,  118,974. 

Tay  bridge  completed  Aug.  1877;  opened  31  May,  1878;  de- 
stroyed by  a  gale  (between  80  and  90  lives  lost),  7.15  p.m. 

(Bridges) 28  Dec.  1879 

New  university  founded  by  sir  D.  Baxter;  professor  appointed 
Nov.  1882.  Endowed  by  Miss  Mary  Ann  Baxter,  sister  of  sir 
David,  1882  (she  d.  19  Dec.  1884)  ;  college  opened  by  earl 
of  Dalhousie 5  Oct.  1883 

Dung'an-hill,  Ireland.  Here  the  English  army,  un- 
der col.  Jones,  defeated  the  Irish;  6000  said  to  have  been  slain; 
the  English  loss  inconsiderable,  8  Aug.  1647. 

Dunkers  or  Dunkard§.    Tunkers. 

Dunkirk,  a  town  on  strait  of  Dover,  extreme  north  of 
France,  founded  7th  century ;  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  Sept^ 
1652,  and  retaken  by  the  English  and  French  after  Turenne 
defeated  them  under  Conde  on  the  dunes.  14  June,  1658,  and 
given  to  the  English,  25  June  following.  It  was  sold  by. 
Charles  II. for  500^,000/.  to  Louis  XIV.,  17  Oct.;  restored  1662;' 
was  one  of  the  best-fortified  ports  of  France,  but  the  works 
were  demolished  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713;  in  1783 


DUN  241 

they  were  rebuilt.  The  duke  of  York  attacked  Dunkirk,  but 
■was  driven  away  by  Hoche,  with  loss,  7  Sept.  1793.  It  was 
made  a  free  port  in  1826. 

DunillOlV,  a  town  of  Essex,  Engl.,  famous  for  the  ten- 
ure of  the  manor  (made  by  Robert  Fitz- Walter,  1244),  "  that 
whatever  married  couple  will  go  to  the  priory,  and,  kneeling 
on  2  sharp  -  pointed  stones,  will  swear  that  they  have  not 
quarrelled  nor  repented  of  their  marriage  within  a  year  and 
a  day  after  its  celebration,  shall  receive  a  flitch  of  bacon." 
Earliest  recorded  claim  for  the  bacon  was  1445,  and  up  to  1855  it  is 

said  to  have  been  claimed  only  5  times. 
Last  claimants,  before  1855,  John  Shakeshanks  and  wife,  20  June, 

1751,  sold  slices  to  witnesses  of  the  ceremony  (5000  persons). 
Flitches  awarded  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barlow  of  Chipping-Ongar,  and 

chevalier  Chatelaine  and  wife,  19  July,  1855. 
Lord  of  the  manor  opposed  the  revival ;  but  W.  Harrison  Ainsworth, 
-     the  novelist,  and  some  friends,  defrayed  the  expense  and  super- 
intended the  ceremonies. 
Award  in  1860  ;  9  July,  1873 ;  17  July,  1876,  to  James  Henry  and  Mary 
Hoosey ;  to  others,  23  July,  1877. 

Dun§e,  a  town  of  S.  Scotland.  Here,  18  June,  1639, 
Charles  I.,  by  treaty,  acceded  to  the  demands  of  the  Scots 
commission  to  disband  their  army.  Disputes  arose,  and  the 
treaty  was  not  carried  into  effect. 

DuilSinane,  Perthshire,  Scotland.  On  this  hill  was 
the  battle  between  king  Macbeth,  formerly  thane  of  Glamis, 
and  Siward,  earl  of  Northumberland,  27  July,  1054.  Edward 
the  Confessor  had  sent  Siward  on  behalf  of  Malcolm  III., 
whose  father,  Duncan,  the  usurper  had  murdered.  Macbeth 
was  defeated,  and  it  was  said  was  pursued  to  Luraphanan,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  and  there  slain,  1056  or  1057. 

"  Macbeth  shall  never  vanquished  be,  until 
Great  Birnam  wood  to  high  Duusinane  hill 
Shall  come  against  him." 

— Shakespeare,  "Macbeth,"  act  iv.  sc.  i. 

Duomo.    MiLAS. 

Dupes,  Day  of,  11  Nov.  1630,  when  Richelieu  energet- 
ically and  adroitly  frustrated  the  plan  for  his  ruin  formed  by 
queen  Marie  de  Medicis,  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  others, 
during  the  king's  illness. 

Dupplin,  a  town  of  Perthshire,  Scotland.  Here  Ed- 
ward Baliol  and  English  allies  defeated  Scots  under  earl  of 
Mar,  11  Aug.  1332,  obtaining  the  crown  for  3  months. 

Dlique§ne  (c?M-A;am'),  Fort.  Fort  DuQUESNE ;  Penn- 
sylvania, 1753,  '54,  '55,  '56,  '58 ;  Vikginia,  1753,  '54,  '55. 

durbar,  an  East  Indian  term  for  an  audience-chamber 
or  reception.  On  18  Oct.  1864,  at  a  durbar  at  Lahore,  the  vice- 
roy of  India,  sir  John  Lawrence,  received  604  illustrious  princes 
and  chieftains  of  the  northwest  province,  magnificently  clothed. 
Others  since. 

Ourtiam,  Engl.,  an  ancient  city,  the  Dunholme  of  the 
Saxons,  and  Durerne  of  the  Normans.  The  bishopric  was 
brought,  995,  from  Chester-le-street,  whither  it  had  been  trans- 
ferred from  Lindisfarne,  or  Holy  Island,  on  the  coast  of  North- 
umberland in  875,  on  an  invasion  of  the  Danes.  The  bones  of 
St.  Cuthbert,  the  6th  bishop,  were  brought  from  Lindisfarne 
and  interred  in  Durham  cathedral.  This  see,  deemed  the 
richest  in  England,  was  valued  in  the  king's  books  at  2821/. 
Present  income  8000/. 

College  founded  (abolished  at  the  Reformation) 1290 

Near  Durham  was  fought  the  decisive  battle  of  Neville's  Cross 

(Strikks) 17  Oct.  1346 

Durham  ravaged  by  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  1070;  occupied  by 

northern  rebels 1569 

B.y  Scots 1640 

Cromwell  quartered  Scotch  prisoners  in  the  cathedral 1650 

Cromwell  established  a  college,  1657;  which  was  suppressed  at 

the  Restoration 1660 

Palatine  privileges,  granted  the  bishop  by  the  Danish  Northum- 
brian prince  Guthrum,  taken  by  the  crown June,  1836 

Present  university  established  in  1831 ;  opened  Oct.  1833 ;  char- 
tered   June,  1837 

Cathedral  renovated ;  reopened 18  Oct.  1876 

Durtiam  letter.    Papal  aggression. 

du§t  and  di§ea§e.  in  a  lecture,  prof.  Tyndall,  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  London,  21  Jan.  1870, demonstrated  the  pres- 
ence of  organic  matters  in  the  dust  of  the  atmosphere  in  con- 
formity with  the  experiments  of  Pasteur  and  other  eminent 
philosophers.  The  agency  of  dust  in  promoting  fires  and  ex- 
plosions was  asserted  by  Faraday  in  relation  to  coal-mines  in 
1845,  and  by  Rankine  and  MacAdam  in  relation  to  fiour-mills 


DZO 


in  1872.  Atkins's  dust-converting  apparatus  set  up  on  Ben- 
Nevis,  Scotland,  Feb.  1890.     Germ  theory. 

I>U§tin,  Hannah,  capture  of.     Massachusetts,  1697. 

Dutch  republic.     Holland. 

duties.     Customs,  Revenue,  Tariff-. 

duuin'viri,  2  Roman  patricians  appointed  by  Tarquin 
the  Proud,  520  b,c.,  to  take  care  of  the  books  of  the  Sibyls, 
supposed  to  contain  the  fate  of  the  Roman  empire.  The  books 
were  buried  in  a  chest  under  the  capitol.  The  number  of 
keepers  was  increased  to  10  (decemviri),  365  b.c.,  afterwards 
to  15 ;  the  added  5  called  quinque  viri. 

dwarfs,  ancient.  Philetas  of  Cos,  about  330  b.c.,  a 
poet  and  grammarian,  said  to  have  carried  weights  in  his 
dress  to  prevent  his  being  blown  away.  He  was  preceptor 
to  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. — .Elian.  Julia,  niece  of  Augustus, 
had  a  dwarf  named  Coropas,  2  feet  and  a  hand's-breadth  high; 
and  Andromeda,  a  freed -maid  of  Julia's,  was  of  the  same 
height. — Pliny.  Aug.  Caisar  exhibited  in  plays  a  man  not  2 
feet  in  stature. — Sue(07h  Alypius  of  Alexandria,  a  logician 
and  philosopher,  was  but  1  foot  5J  inches  high. —  Vos.  iMtit. 

MODERN   DWARFS. 

John  d'Estrix  of  Mechlin  was  brought  to  the  duke  of  Parma  in  1592, 
when  he  was  35  years  of  age,  having  a  long  beard.   He  was  skilled 
in  languages,  and  not  more  than  3  feet  high. 
Geoffrey  Hudson,  an  English  dwarf,  when  a  youth,  18  inches  high, 
was  served  in  a  cold  pie  to  the  king  and  queen  by  the  duchess  of 
Buckingham  in  1626.     He  challenged  Mr.  Crofts,  but  the  latter 
came  armed  with  a  squirt.     At  another  time  the  dwarf  shot  an 
antagonist  dead,  1653. 
Count  l^orowlaski,  a  Polish  gejitleman  of  great  accomplishments, 
well  known  in  England,  where  he  resided  for  many  years,  was 
born  Nov.  1739.    His  height  was,  at  1  year  of  age,  14  inches;  at  6, 
17  inches;  at  20,  33  inches;  and  at  30,  39  inches.     He  had  a  sister 
named  Anastasia,  7  years  younger,  and  so  much  shorter  that  she 
could  stand  under  his  arm.     He  visited  many  courts  of  Europe, 
and  died  in  England  in  1837. 
Charles  Stratton  (gen.  Tom  Thumb),  an  American,  exhibited  in  Eng- 
land, 1846.     In  Feb.  1863,  in  New  York,  when  25  years  old  and  31 
inches  high,  he  married  Lavinia  Warren,  aged  21,  32  inches  high. 
He,  his  wife  and  child,  and  commodore  Nutt,  another  dwarf,  went 
to  England  in  Dec.  1864. 
Mr.  Collard,  aged  22,  smaller  than  Stratton,  sang  at  concerts  in  Lon- 
don, and  was  termed  the  "  Pocket  Sims  Reeves,"  May,  June,  1873. 
Several  dwarfs  (said  to  be  smaller  than  the  preceding)  exhibited  at 

the  Westminster  aquarium,  July,  1878. 
Che-mah,  a  Chinese,  42  years  old,  25  inches  high,  exhibited  at  the 

Westminster  aquarium,  11  June,  1880. 
Lucia  Zarate,  born  2  Jan.  1863,  in  Mexico;  height  20  inches,  weight 

4X  lbs. 
Gen.  Mite  (Francis  Joseph  Flynn),  born  2  Oct.  1864,  in  New  York 
state;  heght  21  inches,  weight  9  lbs.;  exhibited  in  Piccadilly, 
London,  22  Nov.  1880  et  seq.  Exhibited  in  New  York  in  com- 
pany with  the  preceding,  under  the  collective  term  of  ''The 
Midgets,"  1879  et  seq. 
Gen.  Mite  married  Milly  Edwards,  weight  7  lbs.,  at  Manchester, 
Engl.,  28  May,  1884. 

dyeing  is  attributed  to  the  Tyrians,  about  1 500  b.c.  The 
English  are  said  to  have  sent  fine  goods  to  be  dyed  in  Holland 
till  the  art  was  brought  to  them,  probably  in  1608.  "  2  dyers  of 
Exeter  were  flogged  for  teaching  their  art  in  the  north  "  (of  En- 
gland ),  1 628.  A  statute  against  abuses  in  dyeing  passed  in  1783. 
The  art  has  been  greatly  improved  by  chemical  research.  A 
discovery  of  dr.  Stenhouse  in  1848  led  to  M.  Mamas  procuring 
mauve  from  lichens  ;  and  dr.  Hofmann's  production  of  aniline 
from  coal-tar  has  led  to  the  invention  of  a  number  of  beauti- 
ful dyes  (mauve,  magenta,  red,  green,  black,  etc.).  Aniline, 
Dyer,  Mary,  Case  of.  Massachusetts,  1656-60. 
dy'namite,  a  portable  explosive  invented  by  Alfred 
Nobel  about  1866,  consisting  of  25  parts  of  silicious  earth  sat- 
urated with  75  parts  of  Nitro-glycerine.  It  is  useful  in 
mining,  and  was  tried  and  approved  at  Merstham,  14  July, 
1868.  Its  manufacture  is  very  dangerous.  Dynamite  which 
cannot  be  frozen  invented  by  Edward  Liebert  of  Berlin,  re- 
ported Aug.  1890.  Cannon. 
dynamo-electric  machines.    Electricity. 

Dzoung^aria  or  ^oongaria,  a  region  of  Central 
Asia,  north  of  China,  with  about  2,000,000  inhabitants— fierce, 
warlike  Mahometans.  After  being  long  tributary  to  China, 
they  rebelled  in  1864,  massacred  the  Chinese  residents,  and 
set  up  Abel  Oghlan  as  sultan.  As  he  was  unable  to  restrain 
predatory  attacks  upon  the  Russians,  the  czar  declared  war  in 
Apr.  1871.  After  a  brief  campaign  in  May  and  June,  and  sev- 
eral defeats,  the  sultan  surrendered  to  gen.  Kolpakoviskie,  4 
July,  and  the  country  was  annexed  to  Russia. 


EAQ 


242 


EAR 


E 


eagle.    The  Bt^ndaiti  of  the  eagle  was  borne  by  the  Per- 
sians  at  Cunaxa,  401  u,c.   The  Romans  carried  gold  and  silver 
eagles  as  ensigns,  sometimes  represented  with  a  thunderbolt 
in  the  talons,  on  the  point  of  a  spear,  102  B.C.     Charlemagne 
adtled  the  second  head  to  the  eagle  for  his  arms,  to  denote 
that  the  empires  of  Rome  and  Germany  were  united  in  him, 
802  A.D.     The  eagle  was  the  standard  of  Napoleon  I.  and  Na- 
poleon III.,  as  it  is  now  of  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia.     The 
great  seal  of  the  Unitkd  Statks,  adopted  20  June,  1782,  shows 
a  shield  of  13  perpendicular  red  and  white  stripes,  upholding 
a  blue  field.    This  shield  is  borne  on  the  breast  of  the  Ameri- 
can eagle  (bald),  displayed  proper,  holding  in  his  dexter  talon 
an  olive  branch,  and  in  his  sinister  a  bundle  of  13  arrows,  and 
in  his  beak  a  scroll  inscribed  with  the  motto,  E  Pluribi'S 
Unij>i. — An  ancient  coin  of  Ireland,  of  a  base  metal,  current 
in  tne  first  years  of  Edward  I.,  about   1272,  was  so  named 
from  the  figure  impressed  upon  it. — The  United  States  gold 
coinage  of  eagles,  half-eagles,  and  quarter-eagles,  began  6  Dec. 
1792 ;  an  eagle  is  of  the  value  of  $10.     Coin  and  Coinage. 
*  earl.    Old  Norse,  earl^jarl,  chief,  nobleman;  Fr.  compte, 
from  Lat,  comes;  P^ngl.  count;  the  latter  title  introduced  into 
England  at  the  Norman  conquest,  and  so  long  as  the  Norman- 
French   continued  to  be  spoken,  earls  were  styled  counts; 
hence  the  term  countess  as  the  feminine  of  earl.     Earls  were 
the  highest  rank  in  England  until  Edward  III.  created  dukes 
in  1337  and  1351,  and  Richard  II.  created  marquesses  (1385), 
both  ranking  above  earls.     Alfred  bore  the  title  of  earl  as 
synonymous  with  king.     William  Fitz-Osborn  was  made  earl 
of  Hereford  by  William  the  Conqueror,  1066.     Gilchrist  was 
created  earl  of  Angus,  in  Scotland,  by  king  Malcolm  III.,  in 
1037,  and  sir  John  de  Courcy  was  created  baron  of  Kinsale  and 
earl  of  Ulster  in  Ireland,  by  Henry  II.,  1181. 
Earl  marshal  of  England,  the  8th  great  olBcer  of  state.    This  office, 
until  it  was  made  hereditary,  passed  by  grant  from  the  king. 
Gilbert  de  Clare  was  created  lord  marshal  by  king  Stephen,  1185. 
The  last  lord  marshal  was  John  Fitz-Alan,  lord  Maltravers. — Cam- 
den,   Richard  II.,  in  1397.  granted  letters-patent  to  the  earl  of 
Nottingham  as  earl  marshal.      In   1672,  Charles  11.  granted  to 
Henry,  lord  Howard,  the  dignity  of  hereditary  earl  marshal.    The 
earl  marshal's  court  was  abolished  in  1641.     Howard. 
Earl  marischal  of  Scotland  was  an   offlcer  who  commanded  the 
cavalry,  whereas  the  constable  commanded  the  whole  army;  but 
they  seem  to  have  had  a  joint  command,  as  all  orders  were  ad- 
dressed to  "our  constable  and  marischal."    The  office  was  never 
out  of  the  Keith  family.    It  was  reversed  at  the  Union,  and  when  the 
heritable  jurisdictions  were  bought,  it  reverted  to  the  crown,  being 
forfeited  by  the  rebellion  of  George  Keith,  earl  marischal.  in  1715. 
There  are  118  English  earls,  42  Scotch,  and  63  Irish.  — If7(tta&e?-,  1892. 

ear-ring[§  we:e  worn  by  Jacob's  family,  1732  b.c.  (Gen. 
XXXV.  4). 

earth.    Globk. 

eartllQUake,  a  trembling  or  shaking  of  the  ground, 
produced  by  subterranean  forces.  Anaxagoras  supposetl  that 
earthquakes  were  produced  by  subterraneous  clouds  bursting 
into  lightning,  which  shook  the  vaults  that  confined  them, 
435  B.C. — Diog.  Laert.  Kircher,  Des  Cartes,  and  others  sup- 
posed that  there  were  many  vast  cavities  underground  which 
have  a  communication  with  each  other,  some  of  which  abound 
with  water,  others  with  exhalations  arising  from  inflammable 
substances,  as  nitre,  bitumen,  sulphur,  etc.  Drs.  Stukeley  and 
Priestley  attributed  earthquakes  to  electricity.  Some  are 
probably  due  to  steam  generated  by  subterraneous  heat;  others 
to  a  contraction  of  the  earth's  crust.  An  elaborate  catalogue  of 
earthquakes  (from  1606  B.c.to  1842  a.t>.),  with  commentaries  on 
the  phenomena,  by  R.  and  J.  W.  Mallet,  was  published  by  the 
British  Association  in  1858.  In  1860  the  velocity  of  th^iir  propa- 
gation was  estimated  by  J.  Brown  at  between  470  and  530  feet  per 
second.  Reports  of  earthquakes  commonly  exaggerate  the  loss 
of  life.  Until  of  late  years  such  reports  were  usually  accepted 
without  criticism,  and  the  numbers  given  of  lives  lost  in  manyof 
the  disasters  in  this  list  are  without  doubt  greatly  exaggerated. 

B.C. 

One  which  made  Euboea  an  island 425 

Helice  and  Bura  in  Peloponnesus  swallowed  up 373 

Duras,  in  Greece,  buried  with  all  its  inhabitants;  and  12  cities 

in  Campania  also  buried 345 

Lysimachia  and  its  inhabitants  buried about  283 


A. 

Ephflsus  and  other  cities  overturned 

One  accompanied  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  when  Pompeii  and 

Herculanoum  were  buried 79^ 

Four  cities  in  Asia,  2  in  Greece,  and  2  in  Galatia  overturned,  105  or  106 

Antioch  destroyed 116 

Nicomedia,  Caesarea,  and  Nicea  overturned 12ft 

In  Asia,  Pontus,  and  Macedonia,  150  cities  and  towns  damaged,    157 

Nicomedia  again  demolished,  with  its  inhabitants 358 

At  Constantinople;  edifices  destroyed;  thousands  perished .. .     557 

In  Africa ;  many  cities  destroyed 560 

Awful  one  in  Syria,  Palestine,  and  Asia;  more  than  500  towns 

destroyed,  with  immense  loss  of  life 742 

In  France,  Germany,  and  Italy • 801 

Constantinople  overturned ;  all  Greece  shaken 936 

One  felt  throughout  England 108^ 

One  at  Antioch ;  many  towns  destroyed 1114 

Catania,  in  Sicily,  overturned ;  15,000  persons  buried 1137 

One  severely  felt  at  Lincoln,  Engl 1142 

In  Syria,  etc. ;  20.000  perished 115& 

At  Calabria;  a  city  with  its  inhabitants  overwhelmed  in  the 

Adriatic  sea Sept.  1186. 

In  Cilicia;  60,000  perished 1268 

One  again  felt  throughout  England;  Glastonbury  destroyed. . .  1274 

In  England;  the  greatest  known  there 14  Nov.  1318 

At  Naples;  40,000  persons  perished 5  Dec.  1456 

Constantinople;  thousands  perished 14  Sept.  150& 

At  liisbon  ;   1500  houses  and  30,000  persons  buried   in  the 

ruins;  several  neighboring  towns  engulfed 26  Feb.  1531 

In  London;  part  of  St.  Paul's  and  Temple  churches  fell.  .6  Apr.  1580 

In  Japan ;  several  cities  ruined,  thousands  perish 2  July,  1596 

In  Naples;  30  villages  ruined,  70,000  lives  lost 30  July,  1626 

Awful  one  at  Calabria 27  Mch.  1638 

Ragusa  ruined,  5000  perished 6  Apr.  1667 

At  Schamaki ;  lasted  3  months,  80,000  perished " 

At  Rimini ;  above  1500  perished 14  Apr.  1672 

One  severely  felt  at  Dublin,  etc 17  Oct.  1G90 

At  Jamaica,  houses  of  Port  Royal  engulfed,  3000  perished, 

June  7,  1692 
One  in  Sicily  destroyed  54  cities  and  towns  and  300  villages; 
of  Catania,  with  18,000  inhabitants,  not  a  trace  remained; 

more  than  100,000  lives  lost Sept.  1693 

Aquila,  in  Ital}^,  ruined;  5000  perished 2  Feb.  1703 

Jeddo,  Japan,  ruined;  200,000  perished " 

In  the  Abruzzi ;  15,000  perished 3  Nov.  1706 

At  Algiers;  20,000  perished May  and  June,  1716 

Palermo  almost  destroyed;  nearly  6000  lives  lost 1  Sept.  1726 

In  China;  100,000  persons  swallowed  up  at  Pekin 30  Nov.  1731 

In  Naples,  etc. ;  1940  perished 29  Nov.  1732 

Lima  and  Callao  demolished  ;  18,000  persons  buried 28  Oct.  1746 

In  London,  etc. ,  a  slight  shock 19  Feb.  1750 

Port-au-Prince,  St.  Domingo,  ruined 21  Nov.  1751 

Adrianople  nearly  overwhelmed 29  July,  1752 

At  Grand  Cairo;  half  the  houses  and  40,000  persons  lost.  .Sept.  1754 

Quito  destroyed Apr.  1755 

Kaschan,  N.  Persia,  destroyed;  40,000  perished 7  June,     " 

Great  earthquake  at  Lisbon.  In  about  8  minutes  most  of  the 
houses  and  50,000  inhabitants  were  destroyed,  and  whole 
streets  buried.  The  cities  of  Coimbra,  Oporto,  and  Braga  suf- 
fered much,  and  St.  Ubes  was  destroyed.  In  Spain  a  large  part 
of  Malaga  became  ruins.  One  half  of  Fez,  in  Morocco,  was 
destroyed,  and  more  than  12,000  Arabs  perished.  Above  halt 
of  the  island  of  Madeira  became  waste;  and  2000  houses  in 
Mitylene,  in  the  Archipelago,  were  overthrown ;  was  felt  over 

5000  miles,  even  in  Scotland 1  Nov.     " 

In  Syria,  over  10,000  sq.  miles;  Baalbec  destroyed;  here  20,000 

perished 30  Oct.  1759 

Comorn,  Pesth,  etc.,  much  damaged 28  June,  1763 

At  Martinique;  1600  persons  perished Aug.  1767 

At  Guatemala;  Santiago  with  its  inhabitants  swallowed,  7  June,  1773 

A  destructive  one  at  Smyrna 3  July,  1778 

At  Tauris;  15,000  houses  thrown  down,  and  multitudes  buried,  1780 
Messina  and  other  towns  in  Italy  and  Sicily  overthrown ;  thou- 
sands perished 4  Feb.  1783 

Ezinghian,  near  Erzeroum,  destroyed,  and  5000  persons  buried 

in  its  ruins 23  July,  1784 

St.  Lucia,  West  Indies;  900  perished 12  Oct.  1788 

At  Borgo  di  San  Sepolcro;  manv  houses  and  1000  persons  lost, 

30  Sept.  1789 
In  Naples ;  Vesuvius  overwhelmed  city  of  Torre  del  Greco,  June,  1794 
Country  between  Santa  F6  and  Panama  destroyed,  including 

Cuzco  and  Quito;  40,000  people  buried  suddenly 4  Feb.  1797 

Cumana,  South  America,  ruined 14  Dec.     " 

At  Constantinople;  destroyed  the  royal  palace  and  many  build- 
ings  26  Sept.  1800 

From  Cronstadt  to  Constantinople 26  Oct.  1802 

A  violent  one  felt  in  Holland end  of  Jan.  1804 

At  Frosolone,  Naples;  6000  lives  lost 26  July,  1805 

At  the  Azores;  a  village  of  St.  Michael's  sunk,  and  a  lake  of 

boiling  water  appeared  in  its  place 11  Aug.  1810 

Many  earthquakes  in  the  lower  Mississippi  valley,  especially 

at  New  Madrid,  opening  great  chasms 1811 

Awful  one  at  Caracas 26  Mch.  1812 

Several  throughout  India;  district  of  Kutch  sunk;  2000  persons 
buried 16  June,  1819 


EAR  243 

Genoa,  Palermo,  Rome,  and  many  other  towns  damaged;  thou- 
sands perish 1819 

Aleppo  destroyed;  above  20,000  perish;  shocks  on  10  and  13 

Aug.  and  5  Sept.  1822 

Coast  of  Chili  permanently  raised , 19  Nov.     " 

In  Spain;  Murcia  and  numerous  villages  devastated,  6000  per- 
ish  21  Mch.  1829 

Canton  and  neighborhood;  above  6000  perished,  26 and  27  May,  1830 
In  duchy  of  Parma;  40  shocks  at  Borgotaro;  and  at  Pontremoli 

many  houses  thrown  down 14  Feb.  1834 

Concepcion,  etc.,  in  Chili,  destroyed 20  Feb.  1835 

In  Calabria  ;   Cosenza  and  villages  destroyed  ;  1000  persons 

buried 29  Apr.     " 

In  Calabria;  100  perish  at  Castiglione 12  Oct.      " 

At  Martinique;  nearly  half  of  Port  Roj'al  destroyed;  nearly  700 

persons  killed,  and  the  whole  island  damaged 11  Jan.  1839 

At  Ternate;  the  island  laid  waste;  thousands  lost 14  Feb.  1840 

Destructive  earthquake  at  Mount  Ararat,  in  Armenia  ;  3137 

houses  overthrown;  hundreds  perished 27  July,     " 

Great  earthquake  at  Zante;  many  perished 30  Oct.     " 

At  Cape  Haytien,  St:  Domingo;  "nearly  two  thirds  of  the  town 

destroyed,  between  4000  and  5000  lives  lost 7  May,  1842 

Point  a  Pitre,  Guadeloupe,  entirely  destroyed 8  Feb.  1843 

At  Rhodes  and  Maori;  a  mountain  fell  in  at  Maori,  crushing  a 

village  and  destroying  600  persons 28  Feb. -7  Mch.  1851 

At  Valparaiso;  more  than  400  houses  destroyed 2  Apr.     " 

In  S.  Italy;  Melfl  almost  laid  in  ruins,  14,000  lives  lost,  14  Aug.     " 

Philippine  isles;  Manilla  much  injured 16-30  Sept.  1852 

In  northwest  of  England,  slight. ..' 9  Nov.     " 

Thebes,  in  Greece,  nearly  destroyed 18  Aug.  1853 

St.  Salvador,  S.  America,  destroyed 16  Apr.  1854 

Anasaca,  in  Japan,  and  Simoda,  in  Niphon,  destroyed  ;  Jeddo 

much  injured 23  Dec.     " 

Broussa,  in  Turkey,  nearly  destroyed 28  Feb.  1855 

Several  villages  in  central  Europe  destroyed 25,  26  July,     " 

Jeddo,  Japan,  nearly  destroyed 11  Nov.     " 

At  the  island  of  Great  Sanger,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  volcanic 

eruption  and  earthquake;  nearly  3000  lives  lost 2  Mch.  1856 

In  the  Mediterranean;  at  Candia,  500  lives  lost;  Rhodes,  100; 

and  other  islands,  150 12  Oct.     " 

In  Calabria;  Montemurro  and  other  towns  in  the  kingdom  of 

Naples  destroyed,  and  about  10,000  lives  lost 16  Dec.  1857 

[In  75  years,  from  1783  to  1857,  the  kingdom  of  Naples  lost 
at  least  111,000  inhabitants  by  earthquakes,  or  more  than  1500 
per  year,  of  an  average  population  of  6,000,000  ! — Lacaita.] 

Corinth  nearly  destroyed 21  Feb.  1858 

At  Quito;  about  5000  persons  killed,  and  much  property  de- 
stroyed  22  Mch.  1859 

Erzeroum,  Asia  Minor;  thousands  perished 2  June-17.July,     " 

At  San  Salvador;  many  buildings  destroyed,  no  lives  lost,  8  Dec.     " 

In  Cornwall,  slight 21  Oct.  1859;  13  Jan.  1860 

At  Mendoza,  S.  America;  about  two  thirds  of  the  city  and  7000 

lives  lost 20  Mch.     " 

In  Perugia,  Italy;  several  lives  lost 8  May,  1861 

In  Greece;  N.  Morea,  Corinth,  and  other  places  injured,  26  Dec.     " 
Guatemala;  150  buildings  and  14  churches  destroyed ...  19  Dec.  1862 
Rhodes  ;  13  villages  destroyed,  about  300  persons  and  much 

cattle  and  property  lost 22  Apr.  1 863 

Manilla,  Philippine  isles;  great  destruction  of  property,  about 

1000  persons  perished 2,  3  July,     " 

Central,  west,  and  northwest  of  England,  at  3.22  a.  m 6  Oct.     " 

At  Macchia,  Bendinella,  etc.,  Sicily;  200  houses  destroyed,  64 

persons  killed 18  July,  1865 

Slight  earthquake  near  Tours  and  Blois,  in  France 14  Sept.  1866 

Argostoli,  Cephalonia;  above  50  perished. 4  Feb.  1867 

At  Mitylene;  about  1000  killed 8,  9  Mch.     " 

Djocja,  Java;  above  400  perished;  town  destroyed 10  June,     " 

Cities  of  Arequipa,  Iquique,  Tacna,  and  Chincha,  and  many 
small  towns  in  Peru  and  Ecuador  destroyed ;  about  25,000 
lives  lost,  and  30,000  rendered  homeless;  damage  estimated 

at  $300,000,000 13-15  Aug.  18G8 

[About  11,000?.  collected  in  London  to  relieve  sufferers.] 
Slight  earthquake  in  W.  England  and  S.  Wales;  felt  at  Bath, 

Swansea,  etc 30  Oct.     " 

In  Santa  Maura,  an  Ionian  isle,  the  town  Santa  Maura  de- 
stroyed; about  17  persons  perished 28  Dec.  1869 

At  Quebec,  not  much  damage 20  Oct  1870 

In  Calabria;  several  villages  destroyed,  early Oct.     " 

Northwest  of  England ;  houses  shaken,  crockery  broken,  even- 
ing, 17  Mch. ;  slight  in  Yorkshire. 22  Mch.  1871 

California,  Inyo  valley,  several  small  towns  destroyed  ;  about 

30  killed 26,  27  Mch.  1872 

Lehree,  Eastern  Catchi,  Sinde  frontier,  India,  destroyed;  about 

500  killed 14,  15  Dec.     " 

San  Salvador  nearly  destroyed  ;  about  50  killed,  the  rest  es- 
caped through  timely  warning 19  Mch.  1873 

North  of  Italy;  at  Feletto,  near  Conegliano,  Venetia;  church 
destroyed,  about  50  killed;  lives  lost  at  Belluno,  etc. ;  shock 

at  Venice,  Verona,  etc 29  June,     " 

Azagra,  Spain ;  200  killed  by  a  landslip 22  July,  1874 

Antigua  and  other  places  in  Guatemala  destroyed;  great  loss  of 

life 3  Sept.     " 

KaraHissa  and  other  places  in  Asia  Minor;  great  destruction 

of  life 3-5  May,  1875 

Smyrna  and  neighborhood;  many  perish 12  May,     " 

San  Jose  de  Cucuta  and  other  towns  near  Santander,  on  the 
boundary  of  Colombia,  destroyed ;  about  14,000  lives  said  to 

be  lost : 16-18  May,     " 

Lahore  and  vicinity,  India;  several  killed 12  Dec.     " 

At  Scheibs,  on  the  Danube;  felt  throughout  Austrian  empire, 

17  July,  1876 


EAS 

Earthquake  and  tidal  wave  near Callao ;  went  southward ;  much 
shipping  and  several  towns  destroyed,  not  much  mortality, 

9,  10  May,  1877 
Cua,  Venezuela,  nearly  destroyed;  about  300  killed;  loss  about 

$150,000 14  Apr.  1878 

Shocks  at  Cologne  and  other  parts  of  Germany  and  Holland ; 

houses  shaken,  bells  rung,  etc.,  9-11  a.m 26  Aug.     " 

Aci  Reale,  Catania,  Sicily,  5  villages  destroyed,  10  persons  killed, 

17  June,  1879 
Severe  shock  at  Brieg,  in  Switzerland;  felt  at  Berne,  Zurich, 

Geneva,  etc. ;  several  killed 4  July,  1880 

Manilla,  etc.,  Philippines  ;  cathedral  destroyed,  several  killed, 

many  hurt 18-24  July,     " 

Smyrna  and  neighborhood;  many  houses  destroyed,  2  persons 

killed 29,  30  July,     " 

V'alparaiso;  at  Illapel,  Chili,  about  200  perish 13  Sept.     " 

S.  Austria  ;   much  damage  with  loss  of  life,  at  Agram,  etc., 

9-16  Nov. -8  Dec.  " 
Slight  shocks  at  Inverary  and  other  places  "W.  Scotland,  28  Nov.  " 
Berne  and  other  places,  Switzerland  ;  houses  split  up,  etc., 

27  Jan.  and  3  Mch.  1881 
Severe  shocks  in  S.  Italy;  at  Casamicciola,  in  the  isle  of  Ischia, 
289  houses  destroyed,  114  lives  lost,  about  $180,000  loss,  4 

Mch. ;  another  destructive  shock 15  Mch.     '« 

Scio — the  town  and  several  villages  destroyed ;  about  4000  per- 
ish; much  destitution  ensues;  successive  shocks,  beginning 

1.30 p.M 3  Apr.     " 

Panama;  railway  partially  destroyed 7,  9,  10  Sept.  1882 

Slight  shock  in  Cornwall  and  Devon 25  June,  1883 

Casamicciola,  and  several  villages  in  the  island  of  Ischia,  al- 
most entirely  destroyed,  1990  lives  lost,  28  July ;  slight  shocks 

since ;  one  severe 3  Aug.     •' 

Java  and  neighboring  isles  desolated  by  a  series  ofc violent  erup- 
tions from  the  volcanoes  (Java,  Sumatra) 25-28  Aug.     " 

Anatolia,  coast  of  Asia  Minor;  Ischesne,  and  about  30  small 
towns  and  villages  destroyed,  about  100  lives  lost,  and  30,000 

destitute;  Smyrna  much  shaken about  16  Oct.     " 

Shocks  felt  at  Gibraltar 20  Oct.  et  seq.     " 

Severe  shocks  in  eastern  counties  of  England,  proceeding  from 
N.E.  to  S.W.,  centre  Colchester,  where  the  Congregational 
church  steeple  fell,  as  well  as  many  chimneys;  damage  esti- 
mated at  $50,000;  much  destruction  in  neighboring  villages; 
many  inhabitants  homeless;  Langenhoe  church  wrecked; 
much  damage  at  Abberton;  a  child  killed  at  Rowhedge;  an 
invalid  died;  the  shock  felt  at  Coggeshall,  Sudbury,  Ipswich, 
Cambridge,  Bishop's  Stortford,  Northampton,  Leicester,  Wool- 
wich, Sheerness,  different  parts  of  London,  Hampstead,  etc., 

(Mansion-house  funds) 22  Apr.  1884 

Severe  shocks  for  several  days  on  Asiatic  shore  of  sea  of  Mar- 
mora; about  20  deaths  reported 19  May,     '' 

Violent  shock  on  the  island  of  Kishm,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Persian  gulf;  12  villages  destroyed,  about  200  people  killed, 

19,  20  May,      ' 

Slight  shocks  in  the  Alban  hills,  near  Rome 7  Aug.     '' 

SlightshocksinU.S.,from  Wa.shingtontoNew  York,  10, 11  Aug.     " 

At  Genoa,  27  Nov. ;  at  Marseilles.  Lyons,  etc 29  Nov.     " 

Severe  shocks  in  Andalusia,  Malaga;  many  houses  destroyed, 

about  266  persons  killed;  felt  at  Madrid 25  Dec.     '' 

Several  towns  destroyed;  Albania,  Granada,  many  killed;  Pe- 

riana,  about  900  killed 26,  27  Dec.     " 

Shocks,  intermitting 26-31  Dec.     " 

Slight  shocks  in  Carinthia  and  Styria 28  Dec.  et  seq.     " 

Shocks,  1-27  Jan.,  much  camping  out 1885 

Slight  shocks  in  Styria 27,  28  Jan.     " 

Slight  shocks  at  Alhama 12  Feb.     " 

Alarming  shocks  at  Malaga  and  other  towns 27  Feb.     " 

In  province  of  Granada  690  killed  (Spain,  1884) 28  Feb.     " 

Shocks  throughout  eastern  U.  S. ;  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  41  lives 

and  $5,000,000  worth  of  property  lost 31  Aug.  188& 

Slight  shocks  at  and  around  Charleston,  causing  panic, 

Scpt.-Dec.     " 
Terrible  earthquake  in  southern  Europe,  especially  in  the  Ri- 
viera; estimated  loss  of  2000  lives 23  Feb.  1887 

Severe  shock  at  San  Salvador ; 9  Sept.  1891 

Shock  felt  at  San  Francisco 14  Oct.     " 

Severe  earthquake  in  Japan 28  Oct.     " 

[The  official  estimate  places  the  killed  at  4000,  injured  at 
5000,  and  50.000  houses  destroyed.] 
Slight  shocks  in  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  Tasmania, 

27  Jan.  1892 
Islands  of  Zante  andStromboli  (the  former  west  of  Greece;  the 
latter  one  of  the  Lipari  group  west  of  Calabria,  Italy)  severe- 
ly shaken,  31  Jan.,  and  again 12  Feb.  and  17  Apr.  189S 

[Zante  suffered  a  great  loss  in  lives  and  property,  especially 
on  the  latter  date.]    Volcanoes. 
Meshed  and  Kuchan, Persia,  destroyed;  many  lives  lost,  20  Nov.    " 

Slight  shock  felt  in  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont 27  Nov.     " 

Ea§t  Angeles,  the  6th  kingdom  of  the  Heptarchy,  com- 
menced by  UfFa,  526 ;  ended  with  Ethelbert  in  792.    Britain. 
The  bishop's  see  founded  by  St.  Felix,  who  converted  the  East 
Angles  in  630,  was  eventually  settled  at  Norwich,  about  1094. 
East  India  Company,    India;  India  Company, 
East. 
JBast  Indies.    India. 
East  Saxons.     Britain. 

Easter,  instituted  about  68,  the  festival  of  the  church 
in  commemoration  of  our  Saviour's  resurrection,  so  called  ia 


EAS 


244 


EAS 


England  from  the  Saxon  goddess  Eostre,  whose  festival  was 
ill  April.  After  much  contention  between  the  eastern  and 
western  churches,  it  was  ordained  by  the  council  of  Nice,  325, 
to  be  observed  on  the  same  day  through  the  Christian  world. 
"  Kaster-day  is  the  Sunday  following  that  14th  day  of  the 
calendar  moon  which  happens  upon  or  next  after  21  Mch.,  so 
that,  if  the  said  14th  day  be  a  Sunday,  Easter-day  is  not  that 
Sunday,  but  the  next."  Easter-day  may  be  any  Sunday  of 
the  6  weeks  which  commence  witl>  22  Mch.  and  end  with  25 
Apr.  During  the  19th  century,  Easter  occurred  but  once  on  22 
Mch.  (1818),  and  but  once  on  25  Apr.  (1886).  The  dispute  be- 
tween the  old  British  church  and  the  new  Anglo-Saxon  church 
respecting  Easter  was  settled  about  664. — Easter  Sundav,1892, 
17  Apr.;  1893,  2  Apr.;  1894,  25  Mch.;  1895,  14  Apr.,  1896,  5 
Apr. ;  1897,  18  Apr. ;  1898, 10  Apr. ;  1899, 2  Apr. ;  1900, 15  Apr. 

Ea§ter  Inland,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  was  discovered 
by  Davis  in  1686;  it  was  visited  by  Roggewein,  Apr.  1722, 
and  from  him  obtained  its  narae^  visited  by  captain  Cook, 
Mch.  1774.  At  the  southeast  extremity  is  the  crater  of  an  old 
volcano,  about  2  miles  in  circuit  ant\  800  ft.  deep. 

Eastern,  or  Greek,  ehureli.    Ckkek  church. 

Eastern  empire.  After  the  death  of  the  emperor  Jo- 
vian, Feb.  364,  the  generals  at  Nice  elected  Valentinian  as  his 
successor,  who,  in  June,  made  his  brother  Valens  emperor  of  the 
West;  the  final  division  was  in  395, between  the  sons  of  Theodo- 
sius.  The  Eastern  empire  ended  with  the  capture  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  death  of  Constantine  XIII.,  29  May,  1453.  Turkey. 
Nestorius,  the  bishop,  nominated  the  first  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople  9  July,    381 

Theodosius  the  Great  succors  Valentinian  II.,  the  Western  em- 
peror, and  defeats  the  tyrant  Maximus,  at  Aquileia 388 

Valentinian   II.  slain  by  Arbogastes  the  Frank,  who  makes 

Eugeuius  emperor 392 

Eugenius  defeated  and  slain  by  Theodosius,  who  reunites  the 

2  empires 6  Sept.    394 

Death  of  Theodosius;  the  empire  finally  divided  between  his 
sons— Arcadius  receives  the  East,  Honorius  the  West.  17  Jan.    395 

Constantinople  walled  by  Theodosius  II 413 

Alaric  the  Goth  begins  to  ravage  the  empire "- 

Violent  religious  dissensions;  Theodosius  II.  establishes  schools 

and  revives  learning 425 

Theodosian  Code  promulgated 438 

Councilsof  Ephesus,  431,  449;  ofChalcedon 451 

Frequent  sanguinary  confiicts  between  Blues  and  Greens,  cir- 
cus factions  at  Constantinople 498-520 

Justinian  Code  published 529 

War  with  Persia;  victorious  career  of  Belisarius,  imperial  gen- 
eral, begins  . . . , 529-531 

He  suppresses  the  "Nika"  ("conquer")  insurrection  of  the 
circus  factions;  30,000  Greeks  slain,  Constantinople  burned,     532 

Dedication  of  St.  Sophia 537 

Victories  of  Belisarius  in  Africa,  Italy,  and  the  east 533-541 

Recalled  through  Justinian's  jealousy,  542;  again,  548;  again, 

541> ;  disgraced 562 

Beginning  of  the  Turkish  power  in  Asia 545 

Slavonians  ravage  lUyria 551 

Narses  defeats  Totila  and  the  Goths  near  Rome 552 

Disaffection  of  Narses 561 

Death  of  Belisarius  (aged  84),  of  Justinian  (aged  83) 565 

Victories  of  Maurice  and  Narses  in  the  east 579  et  seq. 

Severe  contests  with  the  Avars 594-620 

Narses  burned  at  Constantinople 606 

Flight  (Hegira)  of  Mahomet  from  Mecca  to  Medina,  where  he 

establishes  himself  as  a  prophet  and  prince 16  July,    622 

Victorious  career  of  Heraclius  II 622  et  seq. 

He  recovers  his  lost  territories 627 

Saracens  invade  the  empire,  632;  defeat  Heraclius  at  Aiznadin, 
633;  at  Yermuk.  636;  take  Alexandria,  640;  and  the  Greek 

provinces  in  Africa 648 

CJonstans  purchases  peace  with  them 660 

They  besiege  Constantinople  7  times 672-77 

Bulgiirians  establish  a  kingdom  in  Moesia  (now  Bulgaria),  678; 

they  ravage  the  country  up  to  Constantinople 711 

Saracens  vainly  invest  Constantinople,  716,  718;  defeated 720 

Leo  III.  the  Isaurian  forbids  the  worship  of  images  (hence  the 
Iconoclast  controversy,  and  eventually  the  separation  of  the 

Eastern  and  Western  churches) 726 

Arab  invaders  (90,000)  defeated  by  Acronius 739 

Monasteries  dissolved 770 

Destruction  of  images  throughout  the  empire  decreed,  754; 
image  worship  restored  by  the  empress  Irene  (for  which  she 

was  canonized) 78T 

Empire  loses  the  exarchate  of  Italy,  752;  Dalmatia,  825;  Sicily 

and  Crete 827 

Image-worship  persecuted,  830;   restored,  842;    forbidden  at 

Constantinople  by  one  council,  869;  restored  by  another 879 

S.  Italy  annexed  to  the  empire 890 

Five  emperors  reigning  at  one  time 928 

Naples  added  to  the  empire " 

Basil  subdues  the  Bulgarians 987,  1014 

Bulgaria  annexed  to  the  empire 1018 


Turks  invade  Asia  Minor 

Normans  conquer  S.  Italy 

First  crusade ;  Alexis  I.  recovers  Asia 

Venetians  victorious  over  Greeks 

Hungarians  repelled,  1152;  peace  made  with  Normans  in  Sicily, 

Wars  with  Turks  and  Venetians 

Cyprus  lost  to  the  empire 

Fourth  crusade  begins 

Revolt  of  Alexis  against  his  brother  Isaac;  crusaders  take  Con- 
stantinople, and  restore  Isaac  and  his  son  Alexis  IV.  19  July, 

Ale.xis  Ducas  murders  Alexis  IV.  and  usurps  the  throne;  cru- 
saders take  Constantinople,  kill  Alexis,  and  establish  the 
Latin  empire,  under  Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders 9  May, 

Empire  of  Nice  founded  by  Theodore  Lascaris 

Kingdom  of  Epirus  and  ^Elolia  established 

Constantinople  recovered,  and  the  empire  re-established  by 
M  ichael  Palteologus 25  July , 

Estfxblishmeut  of  the  Turkish  empire  in  Asia,  under  Othman  I. 

Genoese  trade  in  the  Black  sea 

Turks  ravage  Mysia,  etc.,  1340  and  1345;  and  settle  on  the 
coast  of  Thrace 

Sultan  Amurath  takes  Adrianople,  and  makes  it  his  capital, 
1362;  and,  by  treaty,  greatly  reduces  the  empire 

All  the  (ireek  possessions  in  Asia  lost 

Sultan  Bajazet  defeats  the  Christians  under  Sigismund  of  Hun- 
gary, at  Nicopolis 28  Sept. 

Emperor  Manuel  vainly  solicits  help  from  the  western  sover- 


1068 
1080 
1097 
1125 
1156 
1172 
1190 
1202 


eigns. 


1204 

1208 

1261 
1299 
1303 

1353 

1373 
1390 

1396 

1400 

A  Turkish  pacha  established  at  Athens 1401 

Greek  empire  made  tributary  to  Timour,  1402,  who  subjugates 
the  Turkish  sultan,  and  dismembers  his  empire,  1403;  death 

of  Timour,  on  his  way  to  China 1405 

Dissension  among  the  Turks  defers  the  fall  of  Constantinople, 
1403-12;  Mahomet  I.,  aided  by  the  emperor  Manuel,  becomes 

sultan. 1413 

Amurath  II.  in  vain  besieges  Constantinople,  1422;  peace  made,  1425 
John  Piilseologus  visits  Rome,  etc.,  soliciting  help  in  vain. .  .1437-40 

Accession  of  Constantine  XIII. ,  last  emperor 1448 

Accession  of  Mahomet  II.,  1451;  begins  the  siege  of  Constanti- 
nople, 6  Apr. ;  takes  it 29  May,  1453 

[He  granted  the  Christians  personal  security  and  free 
exercise  of  their  religion.] 

364.  Valens.  emperors  of  the  east. 

379.  Theodosius  I.  the  Great. 

395.  ArcadiUs,  the  son  of  Theodosius. 

408.  Theodosius  II.  succeeded  his  father. 

450.  Marcian,  a  Thracian  of  obscure  family. 

457.  Leo  I.  the  Thracian. 

474.  Leo  II.  the  Younger  (died  the  same  year). 
"     Zeno,  called  the  l.saurian. 

491.  Anastasius  I.,  an  lllyrian,  of  mean  birth. 

518.  Justin  I.,  originally  a  private  soldier. 

527.  Justinian  I.,  compiler  of  the  Digest. 

565.  Justin  II.,  nephew  of  Justinian. 

578.  Tiberius  IL,  renowned  for  his  virtues. 

582.  Maurice,  the  Cappadocian,  murdered,  with  all  his  children,  by 

602.  Phocas  the  Usurper,  a  centurion,  whose  crimes  and  cruelties 
led  to  his  own  assassination  in  610. 

610.  Heraclius,  by  whom  Phocas  was  dethroned. 

641.  (Heracleonas)  Constantine  III.  reigned  a  few  months;  poisoned 
by  his  stepmother,  Martina. 
"     Constans  II. ;  assassinated  in  a  bath. 

668.  Constantine  III.  (or  IV.)  Pogonatus. 

685.  Justinian  IL,  son  of  the  preceding;  abhorred  for  exactions, 
debaucheries,  and  cruellies;   dethroned  and   mutilated  by 

695.  Leontius;  dethroned  and  mutilated  by  Tiberius  Aspimar. 

698.  Tiberius  III.  Aspimar. 

705.  Justinian  II.  restored.  Leontius  and  Tiberius  degraded  in  the 
Hippodrome,  and  put  to  death.     Justinian  slain  in  711. 

711.  Philippicus  Bardanes;  assassinated. 

713.  Anastasius  II.;  fled  on  the  election  of  Theodosius  in  716;  af- 
terwards delivered  up  to  Leo  III.  and  put  to  death. 

716.  Theodosius  II L 

718.  Leo  III.,  the  Isaurian. 

[In  726  began  the  Iconoclastic  controversy;  alternate  pro- 
hibition and  restoration  of  images  embroil  several  reigns.] 

741.  Constantine  IV.  (or  V.)  Copronymus,  son  of  the  preceding; 
succeeded  by  his  son, 

775.  Leo  IV. 

780.  Constantine  V.  (or  VI.)  and  his  mother,  Irene. 

790.  Constantine  alone,  by  desire  of  people,  Irene  unpopular. 

792.  Irene  again,  jointly  with  her  son,  and  afterwards  alone,  797; 
deposed  for  cruelties  and  murders,  and  exiled. 

802.  Nicephorus  I.  Logothetes;  slain. 

811.  Stauracius;  reigns  a  few  days  only. 
"     Michael  I. ;  defeated,  abdicates,  and  enters  a  monastery. 

813.  Leo  V.  the  Armenian;  killed  in  the  temple  at  Constantinople 
on  Christmas  day,  820,  by  conspirators  in  the  interest  of 

820.  Michael  II.  the  Stammerer. 

829.  Theophilus,  son  of  Michael. 

842.  Michael  III.  Porphyrogenitus,  and  the  Sot,  son  of  the  preceding, 
murdered  by  his  successor. 

867.  Basil  I.  the  Macedonian. 

886.  Leo  VL  the  Philosopher. 

911.  Alexander  and  Constantine  VL  (or  VII.)  Porphyrogenitus, 
Leo's  brother  and  sSn,  the  latter  only  6  years  of  age;  the 
former  dying  in  912,  Zoe,  mother  of  Constantine,  assumes 
the  regency. 

919.  Romanus  Lecapenus,  usurper,  associates  with  him  his  sons, 

920.  Christopher,  and 


EAS 


245 


ECL 


928.  Stephen  and  Constantine  VII.  (or  VIII.). 

[Five  emperors  now  reign ;  Christopher  d.  931 ;  Romanus 

exiled  by  Constantine  and  Stephen,  who  are  banished.] 
945.  Constantine  VII.  (or  VIII.)   reigns  alone;    poisoned  by  his 

daughter-in-law,  Theophania,  9.59. 
959.  Romanus  II.,  son  of  preceding;  contrives  his  father's  death; 

banishes  his  mother,  Helena. 
963.  Nicephorus  II.  Phocas;  marries  Theophania,  his  predecessor's 

consort,  who  has  him  assassinated. 
969.  John  I.  Zimisces,  celebrated  general;  takes  Basil  II.  and  Con- 
stantine VIII.  (or  IX.),  sons  of  Romanus  II.,  as  colleagues; 

John  dies,  supposed  by  poison,  and 
976.  Basil  II.  and  Constantine  VIII.  reign;  the  former  dies  in  1025, 

the  latter  in  1028. 
1028.  Romanus  III.  Argyropulus;  poisoned  by  his  profligate  consort 

Zoe,  who  raises 
1034.  Michael  IV.  the  Paphlagonian  to  the  throne;  on  his  death, 

Zoe  places 

1041.  Michael  V.  Calaphates  as  his  successor;  Zoe  dethrones  him, 

has  his  eyes  put  out,  and  marries 

1042.  Constantine  IX.  (or  X.)  Monomachus;  they  reign  jointly;  Zoe 

d.  1050. 
1054.  Theodora,  widow  of  Constantine. 

1056.  Michael  VI.  Stratiotes,  or  Strato;  deposed. 

1057.  Isaac  I.  Comnenus;  abdicates. 
1059.  Constantine  X.  (or  XI.)  Ducas. 

1067.  Eudocia,  consort  of  the  preceding,  and  Romanus  IV.  Diogenes, 

whom  she  marries,  reign  to  the  prejudice  of  Michael,  Con- 

stantine's  son. 
1071.  Michael  VII.   Parapinaces  recovers  his  throne,  and  reigns 

jointly  with  Constantine  XI.  (or  XII.). 
1078.  Nicephorus  III. ;  dethroned  by 
1081.  Alexis  or  Alexius  I.  Comnenus;  succeeded  by 
1118.  John  Comnenus,  his  son  Kalos;  dies  of  a  wound  from  a 

poisoned  arrow. 
1143.  Manuel  I.  Comnenus,  son  of  John. 
1180.  Alexis  II.  Comnenus,  son  of  the  preceding,  under  the  regency" 

of  the  empress  Maria,  his  mother. 
1183.  Andronicus  I.  Comnenus;  causes  Alexis  to  be  strangled,  and 

seizes  the  throne;  put  to  death  by 
1185.  Isaac  II.  Angelus  Comnenus,  who  is  deposed,  imprisoned,  and 

deprived  of  his  eyes  by  his  brother, 
1195.  Alexis  III.  Angelus,  the  Tyrant;  deposed,  and  his  eyes  put 

out;  dies  in  a  monastery. 

1203.  Isaac  II.  again,  with  his  son,  Alexis  IV. ;  deposed. 

1204.  Alexis  V.  Ducas;  murders  Alexis  IV. ;  killed  by  crusaders. 

LATIN   EMPERORS. 

1204.  Baldwin  I.,  earl  of  Flanders,  on  the  capture  of  Constantinople 
by  the  Latins,  elected  emperor;  made  prisoner  by  king  of 
Bulgaria,  and  not  heard  of  after. 

1206.  Henry  I.,  his  brother  (d.  in  1217). 

1216.  Peter  de  Courtenay,  his  brother-in-law. 

1221.  Robert  de  Courtenay,  his  son. 

1228.  Baldwin  II.,  his  brother  (a  minor),  and  John  de  Brienne,  of 

Jerusalem,  regent  and  associate  emperor. 
1261.  [Constantinople  recovered,  and  the  empire  of  the  Franks  or 

Latins  terminates.] 

GREEK   EMPERORS  AT  NICE. 
1204.  Theodore  Lascaris  I. 

1222.  John  Ducas  Vataces. 

1255.  Theodore  Lascaris  II.,  his  son. 

1259.  John  Lascaris,  and  (1260)  Michael  VIII.  Palaeologus. 

GREEK    EMPERORS    AT  CONSTANTINOPLE. 

1261.  Michael  VIII.,  now  at  Constantinople;  puts  out  the  eyes  of 

John,  and  reigns  alone. 
1282.  Andronicus  II.  Palajologus,  the  Elder,  son  of  preceding;  de- 
posed by 
1328.  Andronicus  III.,  the  Younger,  his  grandson. 
1341.  John  Pal£eologus  I.,  under  the  guardianship  of  John  Canta- 

cuzenus;  the  latter  proclaimed  emperor  at  Adrianople. 
1347.  John  Cantacuzenus  abdicates. 
1355.  John  I.  Palaeologus  restored. 

1391.  Manuel  II.  Palajologus,  his  son;  succeeded  by  his  son  and  col- 
league. 
1425.  John  II.  Palaeologus.     The  throne  claimed  by  his  3  brothers. 
1448.  Constantine  Palaeologus  XII.  (XIII.  or  XIV. ;  other  emperors 
called  Constantine  by  some  writers) ;  killed  and  Constanti- 
nople taken,  29  May,  1453. 
£bel'iai1S,  a  German  revivalist  sect,  founded  at  Konigs- 
berg,  in  Prussia,  about  1836,  its  leaders  archdeacon  Ebel  and 
dr.  Diestel,  who  were  condemned  for  unsound  doctrine  and 
impure  lives  in  1839.     The  sentence  was  annulled  in  1842,  it 
is  said  by  roj'al  influence.      The  sect  is  popularly  termed 
"Mucker,"  German  for  hypocrites.     Their  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  spiritual  marriage  are  described  by  Hepworth  Dixon, 
in  his  "  Spiritual  Wives,"  1868. 

E'l>ioilite§  (etym.  doubtful), heretics,in  the  1st  century, 
a  branch  of  the  Nazarenes,of  2  kinds:  one  believed  our  Saviour 
born  of  a  virgin,  observed  precepts  of  the  Christian  religion,  but 
added  ceremonies  of  Jews;  the  other  believed  Christ  born  after 
the  manner  of  man,  and  denied  his  divinity.  Photinus  revived 
the  sect  in  342. 

eb'onite,  vulcanized  India-rubber.     Caoutchouc. 
Ebro,  a  river  in  Spain,  scene  of  a  signal  defeat  of  Span- 


iards by  French,  under  Lannes,  near  Tudela,  23  Nov.  1808 ; 
and  of  important  movements  of  the  allied  British  and  Spanish 
armies  in  the  Peninsular  war  (1809-13). 

ecarte  {a'har'ta/'),  a  game  at  cards,  of  modern  origin, 
probably  first  played  in  the  Paris  salons  in  the  first  quarter  of 
the  19th  century  \  a  development  of  a  very  old  card  game  called 
la  triomphe  or  French  ruff. 

Eccle§ia§'te§,  the  Book  of.  In  Hebrew  tradition  one 
of  the  3  canonical  books  of  Solomon,  the  others  being  Proverbs 
and  the  Song  of  Songs  or  Canticles.  Its  later  origin  has  many 
advocates,  while  able  scholars  defend  it  as  the  production  of 
Solomon,  son  of  David. 

ecclesia§tical  courts.  There  was  no  distinction 
between  lay  and  ecclesiastical  courts  in  England  until  1085,  after 
the  Norman  conquest.  The  most  important  and  most  ancient  of 
the  English  ecclesiastical  courts  is  the  Court  of  Arches,  chiefly 
a  court  of  appeal  from  inferior  jurisdictions  within  the  province 
of  Canterbury,  name  derived  from  the  church  of  St.  Mary-le- 
Bow  {Sancta  Maria  de  A  rcubus),  London,  where  it  was  former- 
ly held.  Appeals  from  this  court  lie  to  the  judicial  committee 
of  the  privy  council,  by  statute,  1832.  Till  the  establishment 
of  the  divorce  and  probate  courts  in  1857,  the  following  were 
causes  cognizable  in  ecclesiastical  courts :  blasphemy,  apostasy 
from  Christianity,  heresy,  schism,  ordinations,  institutions  to 
benefices,  matrimony,  divorces,  bastard}%  tiChes,  incest,  fornica- 
tion, adultery,  probate  of  wills,  administrations,  etc.  Church 
of  England,  Martin  v.  Mackonochie,  1867,  etc. 

EcllO  (Gr.  'H;^a>).  In  Greek  mythologj'^  one  of  the  ore- 
ades  or  mountain  nymphs.  The  word  denotes  mere  sound. 
The  time  which  elapses  between  the  utterance  of  a  sound  and 
its  return  must  be  more  than  one  twelfth  of  a  second  to  form 
an  echo.  The  whispering-gallery  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  is  a 
well-known  example.     Acoustics. 

Eckmiihl,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  site  of  a  battle  between 
the  main  armies  of  France  (75,000)  and  Austria  (40,000)  ;  Na- 
poleon and  marshal  Davoust  (hence  prince  d'EckmUhl)defeated 
archduke  Charles,  22  Apr.  1809. 

Eclectics  (from  Gr.  tKXeyii),  I  choose),  ancient  philoso- 
phers (called  Analoffetici,  and  also  Pkilalethes,  the  lovers  of 
truth),  who, not  joining  any  sect,chose  what  they  judged  good 
from  each  ;  of  them  was  Potamon  of  Alexandria,  about  1  a.d. 
Also  a  Christian  sect,  who  considered  the  doctrine  of  Plato  con- 
formable to  the  spirit  of  Christianity.  Medical  Science; 
Philosophy,  Victor  Cousin. 

eclipse,  in  astronomy,  the  obscuration  of  any  heav- 
enly body  by  entering  the  shadow  of  another  body.  An- 
axagoras,  the  Stoic,  of  Klazomenae,  was  the  first  to  ex- 
plain the  physical  cause  of  eclipses,  about  450  B.C.;  but 
Nicias  sacrificed  the  Athenian  army  at  Syracuse  to  his  super- 
stitious dread  of  the  lunar  eclipse  of  27  Aug.  413  b.c.  Colum- 
bus is  said  to  have  awed  the  Indians  of  Jamaica  by  predicting 
the  time  of  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  1504.  The  Egyptians 
said  they  had  accurately  observed  373  eclipses  of  the  sun,  and 
832  of  the  moon,  in  the  period  from  Vulcan  to  Alexander,  who 
died  323  b.c.  The  theory  of  eclipses  is  said  to  have  been  known 
to  the  Chinese  before  120  b.c.  The  first  eclipse  recorded  hap- 
pened 19  Mch.  721  B.C.,  at  8.40  p.m.,  according  to  Ptolemy  ;  it 
was  lunar,  and  was  observed  with  accuracy  at  Babylon.  There 
may  be  as  many  as  7  eclipses  in  a  year,  and  4  will  then  be  solar. 
There  cannot  be  less  than  2 ;  if  but  2  then  they  will  be  solar. 
A  list  of  eclipses  to  the  year  2000  is  given  in  "L'Art  de  Verifier  les 

Dates. ' ' 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  published  a  volume  of 

made  during  Total  Solar  Eclipses,"  1880. 

eclipses  of  the  sun. 

Nineveh  eclipse  (recorded,  according  to  sir  Henry  Rawlinson, 
on  a  Nineveh  tablet  in  the  British  museum) 15  June, 

That  predicted  by  Thales  (Pliny,  lib.  ii.  9)  believed  to  have  oc- 
curred (Halts) 28  May, 

[Sir  6.  B.  Airy,  astronomer  royal,  thinks  the  date  should 
be  610;  others  say  603  or  584  B.C.  It  is  recorded  by  Herod- 
otus as  interrupting  a  battle  between  Medes  and  Lydians.] 

Eclipse  of  Xerxes,  when  setting  out  against  Greece 17  Feb. 

One  at  Athens  (T/iucydides,  lib.  iv.) 

Eclipse  of  Agathocles  (Airy) 15  Aug. 

Total :  3  days'  supplication  decreed  at  Rome  (Livy) 188 

A.D. 

One  at  the  death  of  Jesus  Christ  (Josephus) 3  Apr.      33 

One  observed  at  Constantinople 968 

At  the  battle  of  Sticklestadt 29  July,  1030 


Observations 


B.C. 

763 


585 


478 
424 
310 


1140 
1191 


1662 
1715 
1724 
1802 
1851 

1858 


1870 

1878 

1882 
1883 

1889 


ECO 

In  Fimnoe,  when  It  was  dark  ut  noon  (Du  Fretnoy) 29  June, 

In  England :  a  total  darkness  (  W.  Malmsb.) 20  Mch. 

Again;  stars  visible  ut  lU  iu  the  morning  {Camden) 23  June, 

True  sun  and  the  uppourauce  of  another,  so  that  astronomers 

alone  could  distinguish  the  dilleronce  by  colored  glasses 

One  observed  in  Scotland ;  termed  the  "  black  hour  ".  ,7  June, 

Another  in  Scotland;  termed  "  Mirk  Monday  ' 8  Apr. 

Toul  iu  Kngland ;  stars  shone  and  birds  roosted  at  noon,  3  May, 

Last  totiil  eclipse  in  Kngland;  seen  near  Salisbury 22  May, 

One  central  and  annular  in  middle  Europe 7  Sept. 

Total  eclipses 17  July,  1833;  8  July,  1842;  28  July, 

Annular,  photographed  at  Oundle;  not  seen  well  at  other  places, 

15  Mch. 
Total  eclipse  of  the  sun ;  well  seen  by  sir  G.  B.  Airy  and  others 

in  Siviin;  Warren  de  la  Rue  took  photographs 18  July, 

Tot^il,  of  longest  possible  duration  (observed  for  British  Royal 
Society  in  India,  by  coL  Walker,  Mr.  Hcrschel,  and  others), 

18  Aug. 
[During  this  eclipse  in  India,  M.  Janssen  invented  a  method 
of  studying  the  sun  at  any  time  by  several  spectroscopes, 
multiplying  the  length  of  the  spectrum  and  diffusing  its  brill- 
lamv.  Joseph  Norman  Locky'er  had  suggested  a  similar 
method  in  1866,  but  did  not  use  it  till  20  Oct.  1868,  being 
then  not  aware  of  M.  Janssen's  discovery.] 

One  well  observed  in  Xorth  America 7  Aug. 

Two  e.xpeditions  sent  out  by  the  British  government,  not  suc- 
cessful, to  observe  eclipse  of 22  Dec. 

One  well  observed  at  Ceylon  and  in  southern  India,  12  Dec. 

1871 ;  and  in  North  America 29,  30  July, 

[Similar  eclipses  (about  70)  recur  after  18  years,  10^  days.] 

Solar  eclipse  well  observed  in  Egypt 17  May, 

Eclipse  well  observed  at  Caroline  islands,  Pacific 6  May, 

[Except  ou  12  Aug.  1999,  no  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  will  be 
visible  in  England  for  250  years.— Hind,  July,  1871.] 
One  observed  in  the  Pacific  states  of  the  U.  S 1  Jan. 

ECLIPSES  OF  THE  MCK)N.  B  p 

First,  observed  by  the  Chaldaeans  at  Babylon  {Ptolemy,  iv.) 721 

Total  one  observed  at  Sardis  ( Thucydides,  vii. ) , 413 

Again,  in  Asia  Minor  (Polybim) 219 

One  at  Rome,  predicted  by  Q.  Sulpitius  Gallus  (Livy,  xliv.). ...  168 

One   terrified  the  Roman  troops  and  quelled  their  revolt  a.d. 

(Tacitus) 14 

Economiitei  (a-ko' -no-mists),  a  philosophical  sect, 
founded  by  Francois  Quesnay  (1694-1774),  who  exalted  agri- 
culture above  other  arts ;  he  asserted  that  it  gave  2  things,  the 
support  of  the  laborer,  and  an  excess  of  value  which  belonged 
to  the  proprietor  of  the  land  ("  product  net "),  and  which  alone 
should  be  taxed.  He  favored  freedom  for  industry  and  trade. 
His  "  Phj'siocratie  "  (1768)  and  other  works  were  very  popular, 
even  at  court,  and  influenced  Adana  Smith,  author  of  '•  The 
Wealth  of  Nations." 

£corcheurs  {d-kbr-sheur')  ("flayers"),  bands  of  armed 
adventurers  who  desolated  France  and  Belgium  during  the 
15th  century,  beginning  about  1435.  Among  their  leaders 
were  Chabannes,  comte  de  Damraartin,  the  bastard  of  Armag- 
nac,  and  Villandras;  and  they  at  one  time  numbered  100,000. 
They  are  said  to  have  stripped  their  victims  to  their  shirts, 
and  flayed  the  cattle.  They  were  favored  by  the  English  in- 
vasion and  the  civil  wars. 

ec'ra§ite,  an  explosive  invented  by  Siersch  and  Kubin, 
Austrian  engineers,  impervious  to  damp,  shock,  or  fire,  Oct.  1889. 

Ec'uador,  a  South  American  republic,  formerly  Quito 
and  other  provinces,  part  of  Colombia,  1821;  independent  in 
1831,  when  the  Colombian  republic  was  divided  into  3 ;  the 
other  2  being  Venezuela  and  New  Granada.  Area,  144,000 
sq.  miles.  The  population  of  Ecuador  is  about  1,146,000  (1890), 
of  Quito,  the  capital,  76,000.      Earthquakes,  1868. 

Eddai  (thought  formerly  to  mean  Oldemoder,  or  "  mother 
of  mothers;"  by  others,  "art"),  2  books  of  songs  and  sagas 
(prose  and  verse),  the  former,  the  prose  Edda,  also  called  the 
Younger  Edda,  or  Snorri's  Edda;  the  latter,  the  poetic  or  Elder 
Edda,  a  collection  of  old  Norse  poems,  contain  the  Scandinavian 
mythology  (or  history  of  Odin,  Thor,  Frea,  etc.),  written  by 
skalds,  or  bards,  about  the  Uth  or  12th  century  Translations 
have  been  made  into  French,  English,  etc.  MSS.  of  the  Eddas 
exist  at  Copenhagen  and  Upsal.     Literature. 

Eddyitone,  or  Edystone,  lig^lit-taouse,  off 
the  port  of  Plymouth,  English  channel,  erected  by  the  Trinity 
house  to  enable  ships  to  avoid  the  Eddystone  rock.  The  first 
light-house  was  commenced  under  Mr.  Winstanley,  in  1696 ; 
finished  in  1699 ;  and  destroyed  iu  the  tempest  of  27  Nov.  1703, 
when  Winstanley  and  others  perished.  A  wooden  one,  by 
Rudyerd,  was  built  by  order  of  Parliament,  and  ships  were 
ordered  to  pay  one  penny  per  ton  inwards  and  outwards  tow- 
ards supporting  it,  1708.     This  was  burned  4  Dec.  1755 ;.  and  ' 


EDI 


a  better,  erected  by  Mr.  Smeaton,  finished  9  Oct.  1759. 

woodwork  of  this,  burned  in  1770,  was  replaced  by  stone. 

Foundation  having  given  way,  a  new  one  was  designed  by  James 
N.  Douglass,  engineer  of  the  Trinity  house.  The  foundation-stone 
was  laid  by  the  duke  of  Edinburgh  in  the  presence  of  the  prince 
of  Wales,  19  Aug.  1879.  The  corner-stone  was  placed  by  the  duke 
on  1  June,  1881;  successfully  lighted,  3  Feb.  1882;  opened,  18 
May,  1882.     Light-hoosks. 

Edes'ia,  now  Orfall,  a  town  in  Mesopotamia,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Nimrod ;  by  Appian,  to  have  been  built  by 
Seleucus ;  famous  for  its  schools  of  theology  in  the  5th  century. 
It  was  made  a  principality  by  the  crusaders,  and  was  taken  by  the 
Saracens,  1145;  byNur-ed-deen,in  1144;  and  the  Turks, in  1184. 
Its  ancient  kings  or  rulers  were  named  Abgarus  and  Mannus. 

Edirellill  tkght  (23  Oct.  1642),  Warwickshire,  Engl., 
between  royalists  under  Charles  I.  and  the  parliament  army 
under  the  earl  of  Essex,  was  the  first  of  importance  in  the  civil 
war.  Prince  Rupert,  who  led  the  right  wing  of  the  royalists 
and  headed  the  cavalry,  broke  the  left  wing  of  the  parliament 
forces,  but,  pursuing  too  far,  lost  his  advantage.  Earl  Lind- 
say, who  headed  the  royal  foot,  was  mortally  wounded.  Royal- 
ists forces,  12,000;  parliament  army,  10,000.  The  action  waa 
indecisive,  though  parliament  claimed  the  victory. 

Edict  of  9fante§,  by  which  Henry  IV.  of  France 
granted  toleration  to  his  Protestant  subjects,  13  Apr.  1598,  was 
confirmed  by  Louis  XIII.  in  1610,  and  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1652. 
It  was  revoked  by  Louis  XIV.  22  Oct.  1685.  This  act  cost 
France  50,000  Protestant  families,  and  gave  England  and  Ger- 
many thousands  of  industrious  artisans.  It  also  caused  a  fierce 
insurrection  in  Languedoc.  Camisards.  Some  of  the  refu- 
gees settled  in  Spitalfields,  where  descendants  yet  remain; 
others  in  Soho  and  St.  Giles's,  pursuing  the  art  of  making 
crystal  glasses,  and  the  silk  manufacture  and  jewelry,  then 
new  in  England. 

edict§,  public  ordinances  and  dedrees,  usually  by  sov- 
ereigns; originated  with  the  Romans.  The  Perpetual 
Edict  :  Salvius  Julianus,  of  Milan,  a  civilian  at  Rome  (au- 
thor of  several  treatises  on  public  right),  was  employed  by  the 
emperor  Adrian  to  draw  up  this  body  of  laws  for  the  praetors, 
promulgated  132. 

Edinburgh,  the  metropolis  of  Scotland,  derives  its 
name — in  ancient  records  Edinhure  and  Dun  Edin,  "  the  hill 
of  Edin  " — from  its  castle,  founded  or  rebuilt  by  Edwin,  king 
of  Northumbria,  after  greatly  extending  bis  dominions,  to  pro- 
tect them  from  incursions  of  Scots  and  Picts,  626.  But  it  is 
said  the  castle  was  first  built  by  Camelon,  king  of  the  Picts, 
330  B.C.  ^  It  is  conspicuous,  standing  on  a  rock  300  ft.  high  at 
the  west  end  of  the  old  town,  and,  before  the  invention  of 
great  guns,  had  considerable  strength.     Pop.  1891,  261,970. 

Christianity  introduced  (reign  of  Donald  I. ) 201 

City  fortified,  and  castle  rebuilt  by  Malcolm  Canmore 1074 

Improved  by  David  I , 1124  to  1153 

Holyrood  abbey  founded  by  David  1 1128 

Edinburgh  constituted  a  burgh about     " 

Castle  held  by  England 1174-86 

Parliament  held  here  under  Alexander  II 1215 

City  taken  by  the  English 1296 

Grant  of  the  town  of  Leith  to  Edinburgh 1329 

Surrenders  to  Edward  III 1355 

St.  Giles's  cathedral  built 1359 

City  burned  by  Richard  II.,  1385 ;  and  by  Henry  IV 1401 

James  II.  first  king  crowned  here 1437 

Execution  of  the  earl  of  Athol " 

Annual  fair  granted  by  James  II 1447 

City  strengthened  by  a  wall 1450 

Charter  of  James  III 1477 

Edinburgh  made  the  metropolis  by  James  III 1482 

Royal  College  of  Surgeons  incorporated 1505 

Charter  of  James  IV 1508 

[The  palace  of  Holyrood  was  built  in  this  reign.] 

High-school  founded about  1518 

British,  from  200  ships,  burn  Edinburgh  and  Leith May,  1544 

Leith  is  again  burned,  but  Edinburgh  is  spared 1547 

Tolbooth  built 1561 

Edinburgh  university  chartered 14  Apr.  1582 

James  VI.  leaves  Edinburgh  as  king  of  England 5  Apr.  1603 

He  revisits  it 16  May,  1617 

George  Heriot's  hospital  founded  by  his  will 1624 

Charles  I.  visits  Edinburgh June,  1633 

Riots  in  Greyfriars  church  against  English  liturgy 23  July,  1637 

Charles  again  visits  the  city 1641 

Castle  is  surrendered  to  Cromwell Dec.  1650 

Mercurius  Caledonius,  first  Edinburgh  newspaper,  appeared. . .  1661 

Coffee-houses  first  opened 1677 

College  of  Physicians  incorporated !.*!!!.'.'.".'..  1681 

African  and  East  India  company  incorporated 1695 


The 


EDI  247 

Bank  of  Scotland  founded 1695 

Koyal  bank  founded 1727 

Koyal  Infirmary  incorporated 1736 

Medical  Society  instituted 1737 

Modern  improvements,  "New  town  "  commenced 1753 

Royal  exchange  completed 1761 

Calton-hill  observatory  founded 25  July,  1776 

Society  of  Antiquaries 1780 

Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  incorporated 1783 

Robertson,  the  historian,  dies  here 11  June,  1793 

Holyrood.  an  asylum  of  Louis  XVIII.  and  his  brother,  after- 
wards Charles  X ,.  .1795  to  1799 

Edinburgh  Review  first  published 10  Oct.  1802 

Nelson's  monument  completed 1815 

Gas  company  incorporated 1818 

Water  company  incorporated 1819 

Society  of  Arts  instituted 1821 

Union  canal  completed , 1822 

Royal  Institution  erected 1823 

Royal  Scottish  academy  of  painting,  sculpture,  and  architect- 
ure founded ; 1826 

Edinburgh  and  Dalkeith  railway  opened July,  1831 

Death  of  sir  Walter  Scott 21  Sept.  1832 

..Chambers'' s  Edinburgh  Journal  pub " 

Association  of  the  Fine  Arts 1833 

Edinburgh  and  Granton  railway  begun 1836 

Art  Union  of  Scotland 1837 

Society  of  Arts,  founded  1821 ;  incorporated 1842 

Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  railway  opened Feb.     " 

Secession,  and  formation  of  the  Free  church •.  .18  May,  1843 

New  college  instituted " 

North  British  railway  commenced 1844 

Monument  to  political  martyrs  of  1793-94  by  Mr.  Hume,  21  Aug.     " 

Sir  Walter  Scott's  monument  completed  (begun  1840) 1845 

Edinburgh  Philosophical  Association  (established  1832)  reorgan- 
ized as  the  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Society 1846 

North  British  railway  opened 18  June,     " 

Prince  Albert  lays  the  foundation-stone  of  the  Scotch  National 

Gallery 30  Aug.  1850 

National  Gallery  opened 21  Mch.  1859 

Lord  Brougham  elected  chancellor  of  the  university,  Edinburgh, 

1  Nov.     " 
Prince  consort  lays  foundation  of  new  post-oflQce  and  Industrial 

museum 23  Oct.  1861 

Statues  of  Allan  Ramsay  and  John  Wilson  inaugurated,  25  Mch.  1865 
National  Museum  of  Science  and  Art  opened  by  prince  Alfred 
(created  duke  of  Edinburgh,  etc.,  the  first  royal  prince  whose 

leading  title  was  Scotch,  24  May) 19  May,  1866 

Prince  of  Wales  installed  patron  of  Freemasons  of  Scotland,  12 

Oct. ;  laid  foundation  of  new  Royal  Infirmary 13  Oct.  1870 

Scott  centenary  celebrated 9  (for  15)  Aug.  1871 

Lady  Burdett-Coutts  made  a  burgess 15  Jan.  1873 

Earl  of  Derby  elected  lord  rector  of  the  university 14  Nov.  1874 

Statue  of  Dr.  Livingstone  unveiled 15  Aug.  1876 

New  water-works  (I'ortmore  reservoir  at  the  Moorfoot  hills) 

opened  by  the  lord  provost 13  June,  1879 

Academy  of  Music  for  Scotland  (at  Edinburgh)  founded. .  .Sept.  1882 
Death  of  William  Chambers,  bookseller,  restorer  of  St.  Giles's 

(which  is  reopened  23  May) 20  May,  1883 

Tercentenary  of  the  university  celebrated 16-18  Apr.  1884 

Ancient  cross  restored  by  Gladstone Nov.  1885 

Freedom  of  the  city  presented  to  Parnell  (18,000  vote  against  it), 

20  July,  1889 
[His  name  erased  from  the  roll,  1891.] 

Free  public  library  opened 9  June,  1890 

[Andrew  Carnegie,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  U.  S.,  gave  it  $250,000.] 

Henry  M.  Stanley  receives  the  freedom  of  the  city 11  June,     " 

Scotland. 

"  £<lilll)Ur||[ll  Review"  (a  Whig  quarterly  start- 
ed by  Francis  Jeffrey,  rev.  Sydney  Smith,  Henry  Broughano, 
and  others),  published  first  on  10  Oct.  1802. 

Edmonton,  a  large  suburban  village  of  London,  Engl. 
Charles  Lamb  spent  his  last  years  here,  and  is  buried  in  its 
churchyard.     Here  also  is  the  "  Bell  inn,"  made  famous  by 


EDU 


i.^owper.  "To-morrow  is  our  wedding-day, 

And  we  will  then  repair 
Unto  the  Bell  at  Edmonton 
All  in  a  chaise  and  pair." 

— Cowper,  "History  of  John  Gilpin." 

Eldom.    Idum^a. 

education,  the  art  of  developing  the  physical,  intel- 
lectual, and  moral  faculties  of  man,  has  occupied  the  greatest 
minds  in  all  ages — Socrates,  Plato,  Aristotle,  Cicero,  Quintil- 
ian.  Bacon,  Milton,  Locke,  Rousseau,  etc.  In  England  the 
earliest  schools  for  the  poor  were  attached  to  monasteries; 
for  the  well-to-do  halls  and  colleges  were  gradually  founded. 
Cambridgk,  Colleges,  Oxford,  Universities,  etc. 

IN  ENGLAND. 

William  of  Wykeham  planted  the  school  at  Winchester,  whence 
arose  his  colleges  at  that  place  and  Oxford 1370 

Eton  college  foundfed  by  Henry  VI 1443 

After  the  Reformation  education  improved;  many  grammar- 
schools  erected  and  endowed  by  Edward  VI.  and  Elizabeth,  1535-65 

Christ's  Hospital,  the  Blue-coat  school,  established 1553 


Westminster  school  founded  by  Elizabeth 1560 

Foundation  of  Rugby  school  by  Lawrence  Sheriff,  1567 ;  of  Har- 
row school  by  John  Lyon 1571 

Charterhouse  founded  by  Thomas  Sutton 1611 

Protestant  charity-schools  founded about  1687 

Queen  Anne,  zealous  for  education,  founded  the  Grey-coat 
school,  Westminster,  and  supported  parochial  charity-schools 
(one  established  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  1088) 1698 

Nearly  2000  of  these  schools  established  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  principally  through  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Christian  Knowledge 1698-1741 

Robert  Raikes  began  Sunday-schools about  1781 

[In  1833  there  were  16,828  of  these  with  1,548,890  scholars.] 

Joseph  Lancaster,  a  young  Quaker,  began  to  instruct  the  chil- 
dren of  the  poor 1796 

To  provide  teachers,  he  invented  the  monitorial  system.  His 
exertions  gave  rise  to  the  British  and  Foreign  School  Society 
as  the  "  Royal  Lancasterian  Institution,"  etc 1805 

This  was  followed  by  the  church  of  England  "National  Soci- 
ety for  Educating  the  Poor,"  on  dr.  Bell's  system 1811 

Infant  schools  began about  1815 

Charity  commission,  appointed  at  the  instance  of  Brougham, 
published  their  "Reports  on  Education,"  in  37  vols,  folio,  1819-40 

Irish  national  school  system  (for  Catholics  and  Protestants) 
organized  mainly  by  archbishop  Whately  and  the  Catholic 
archbishop  Murray 1831 

City  of  Loudon  school,  Honey  lane,  opened 1834 

In  1834  the  government  began  annual  grants  (the  first  20,000^.); 
continued  till  the  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council  on  Educa- 
tion was  formed  to  distribute  the  money 1839 

Ragged  School  Union  established 1844 

Middle-class  examinations  from  the  university  of  Oxford  began, 
June,  1858.  The  examiners  granted  the  degree  of  A.  A.  to 
many  persons  at  Liverpool,  Leeds,  etc. ;  similar  examina- 
tions from  Cambridge  in  the  autumn 1858 

Report  of  Commissioners  on  Popular  Education  (appointed 
1858),  pub.  18  Mch.  1861,  led  to  the  minute  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Privy  Council  on  Education  establishing  a  re- 
vised code  of  regulations;  adopted  21  July,  1861,  to  come 
into  operation  after  31  Mch.  1862.  It  decreed  regular  ex- 
aminations, payment  by  results,  evening  schools  for  adults, 
and  other  changes,  under  opposition  from  the  clergy  and 
schoolmasters.  After  agitation  in  Parliament  (25,  28  Mch. 
1862),  a  compromise  was  effected 5  May,  1862 

Suggestion  of  4  establishments  in  England.  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy  ascribed  to  Mr.  Cobden  and  Michel  Chevalier " 

"Conscience  clause,"  founded  on  Endowed  Schools  act,  Mch. 
1860,  introduced  by  Committee  of  Council  on  Education  for 
parishes  with  only  one  school;  children  of  dissenters  to  be 
admitted  without  religious  teaching  or  attendance  at  public 

worship Nov.  1863 

[Report,  10  June,  1865.     Opposed  by  the  clergy;  it  created 
much  controversy  in  1866-67.] 

Parliamentary  committee  to  consider  the  best  mode  of  benefit- 
ing schools  unassisted  by  the  state 28  Feb.  1865 

Committee  appointed  at  a  meeting  for  establishing  higher 
schools  for  middle  classes  in  London  by  funds  of  lapsed  char- 
ities, etc.,  7  Nov. ;  nearly  28,000i.  subscribed  by  end  of  Dec. 
1865 ;  51,349i.  received Oct.  1866 

Subscribers  chartered,  first  school  opened  by  lord  mayor  and 
others  in  Bath  st. ,  St.  Luke's 1  Oct.     " 

Resolutions  moved  in  the  lords  by  earl  Russell  (that  every 
child  has  a  right  to  education,  and  recommending  appoint- 
ment of  a  cabinet  minister  of  education),  withdrawn.  .2  Dec.  1867 

Conference  at  Manchester  recommend  compulsory  education, 
to  be  paid  for  by  rates 15  Jan.  1868 

Technical  Education. — Committee  of  Education  recommend 
scholarships  for  scientific  instruction  to  artisans 21  Dec.     " 

Joseph  Whltworth's  (now  sir)  offer  to  found  30  scholarships, 
each  of  1001.  a  year,  in  mechanics,  etc. ,  18  Mch. ,  accepted  by 
the  lords  of  the  council 27  Mch.     " 

Foundation  of  the  first  new  building  for  a  middle-class  school 
in  London  laid  by  the  lord  mayor,  Lawrence 15  Dec.     " 

National  Education  League  for  compulsory  secular  education 
by  the  state,  first  met  at  Birmingham 12,  13  Oct.  1869 

National  Education  Union  to  supplement  the  denominational 
system  first  met  at  Manchester 3  Nov.     " 

Elementary  Education  bill  introduced  by  W.  E.  Forster,  17  Feb. ; 

opposed  by  dissenters;  signed 9  Aug.  1870 

[Amended  in  1872, 1873,  and  1876.] 

Education  (Scotland)  act  passed 10  Aug.  1872 

Dublin  University  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone 13  Feb.  1873 

College  for  northern  counties  at  Knutsford;  foundation  laid, 

24  Sept.     " 

College  for  higher  education  of  women,  opened  at  Girton.  .  Oct.     " 

Domestic  Economy. — Study  of  food  and  clothing  introduced  into 
government  educational  department 1874 

Mr.  Dixon's  compulsory  attendance  bill  lost  (320-156)..!  July,     " 

Nuneham  college  at  Cambridge  for  women  opened 18  Oct.  1875 

First  annual  conference  of  teachers 14  Jan.  1876 

Mr.  Dixon's  bill  for  universal  school-boards  and  compulsory  ed- 
ucation rejected  by  the  commons  (281-260) Apr.     " 

Intermediate  Education  act  for  Ireland  passed 16  Aug.  1878 

Technical  college  for  north  of  England  opened  at  Newcastle, 

24  Sept.  1880 

Ascham  Society  formed " 

Technical  Education.— City  and  Guilds  of  London  Institute  for 
the  advancement  of  technical  education;  plan  recommended 
by  a  committee,  lord  Selborne,  chairman,  pub.  June;  the  in- 
stitute formally  constituted,  11  Nov.  1878 ;  foundation  of  the 
building  laid  by  prince  Leopold 10  May.  1881 


EDU 


248 


EDU 


Lord  Aberdarp,  W.  E.  Forster,  sir  John  T.ubJK)ck,  and  others 

form  a  conunitloo  to  instruct  electors  of  sihool- board.  .'2,i  Oct  1882 
Fifth  Metro|K)litan  sohcM)!  bmird  elected  (old  policy  attlrmed; 

E.  M.  Buxton,  chairman) 24  Nov.     " 

Boys'  public  day-school  company  founded.  6  Dec  1882;  first 

school  ojKMHHl 12  Sept.  1883 

Techuicjil  collogo.  Finsbury,  opened 19  Feb.     " 

An  for  .-ichcH)!  socioiios  formed  in  London  and  the  provinces. .     " 

New  education  ctnle  (much  attacked)  takes  effect 3  Apr.  1884 

Royal  comniis.sion  on  technical  instruction  appointed,  5  Aug. 
IfcWl  (Bornhard  Samuolsou,  prof  H.  E.  lioscoo,  and  i  others), 
to  imiuirc  abroad  and  at  hom%;  Ist  report,  preliminary,  17 
Fob.  1882;  2d  report  is.suod,  reassuring  as  to  English  work, 

recommends  advance  in  education,  etc about  16  May,     " 

Committee  on  relieving  children  coming  to  school  unfed,  Nov. 

2;  London  School  Dinner  Association  formed Dec.  1889 

Grant  for  free  or  assisted  education,  $10,000,000  annually,  pro- 
posed by  .Mr.  CJoschen 23  Apr.  1891 

Irish  Free'  Education  act  passed 27  June,  1892 

Metropolitan  school-board  children  on  the  rolls  :  1871,  1117;  1890, 

443,14;). 
Primary  schools  in  Great  Britain:  in  1854,  3825;  in  1860,  7272;  in 
1870, 10,949;  in  1880,  20,670;  in  1890,  22,495;  average  attendance, 
4,927.987. 
Annual  grant  for  primary  schools  in  Great  Britain:  in  1861,  $4,067,- 
210;  in  1870,  $4,201,680;  in  1880,  $14,274,690;  in  1890,  $21,295,- 
400;  in  1891,  $21,964,685. 
Grant  for  public  education  in  Great  Britain,  in  1852,  was  $750,000; 
1867,  $3,529,325;  1884-85,  $15,080,835  (for  18,540  schools,  4,670,000 
pupils);  1891-92.  $19,595,660. 
Grant  for  education,  .science,  and  art,  in  1861,  was  $6,794,980;  1872, 
$7,757,800;  1879-80,  $14,274,690;  1891-92,  $31,244,960. 
education  in  the  United  States.  Here  popular  edu- 
cation is  provided  for  by  the  several  states;  their  systems 
dififer  only  in  details.  Early  in  the  historj'-  of  the  northern 
colonies,  free  district  schools  were  common,  and  out  of  these 
has  grown  a  system  of  free,  popular  education  in  all  the  states ; 
every  child  may  have  elementary  secular  education,  without 
cost.  The  common-school  system  is  supplemented  by  state 
normal  schools,  and  the  higher  education  is  provided  for  by 
colleges.  As  early  as  1647  Massachusetts  passed  laws  author- 
izing public  and  grammar  schools.  Connecticut  followed  in 
1650,  and  New  Haven  in  1655  enforced  such  laws  by  penalties. 
Rhode  Island  acted  in  1690.  Maine  was  a  part  of  Massachu- 
setts until  1820 ;  New  Hampshire  until  1693.  New  Jersej',  by 
law,  1693,  left  the  establishment  of  schools  to  the  majority  of 
the  inhabitants  of  each  township ;  but,  if  decided  upon,  made 
the  school-tax  binding  upon  all.  The  Penn  Charter  school 
was  established  in  1698.  New  York,  while  slower  in  this 
movement  than  her  neighbors  until  after  the  Revolution,  or- 
ganized a  general  school  system  by  commissioners  in  1812. 
District-school  libraries  were  instituted  in  1838,  and  a  state 
normal  school  in  1844.  The  more  southern  .states  did  little 
for  education,  except  to  aid  a  few  colleges,  until  after  the 
civil  war.  But  in  all  the  colonies  the  methods  and  instru- 
ments of  instruction  were  of  the  simplest  character ;  a  brief 
inventory  of  the  text -books  in  use  in  early  colonial  days 
will  show  this.  The  "  New  England  Primer,"  used  from  the 
first  in  New  England  colonies,  reached  its  15th  edition  in  1720, 
and  held  its  place  as  late  as  1777.  The  "  New  England  Psalm 
Book,"  in  use  until  after  the  Revolution.  "  Dilworth's  Spell- 
ing-book," succeeded  by  that  of  Noah  Webster,  pub.  1783,  and 
still  in  print.  John  Woolman's  "  First  Book  for  Children." 
The  readers  for  the  more  advanced  were  Bingham's  "  Amer- 
ican Preceptor,"  the  "  Columbian  Orator,"  and  later,  Murray's 
"English  Reader"  (1800-45).  Mathematics  were  not  neglect- 
ed, and  "  Hodder's  Arithmetic,"  1719,  followed  by  Pike's,  1785, 
and  later  by  DaboU's,  1790,  and  "  Dell  worth's  Assistant,"  were 
found  in  all  common  schools  of  those  times.  Of  grammars, 
Lindley  Murray's  was  the  first,  followed  later  by  Goold  Brown's. 
These,  with  "Morse's  Geography,"  1784,  and,  later,  Olney's, 
were  the  chief  text-books  in  public  or  district  schools  through- 
out the  U.  S.  up  to  1840. 

National  Aid.— As  early  as  1785  the  Continental  Congress, 
foreshadowing  the  permanent  policy  of  the  hation  in  encour- 
aging education,  enacted  that  lot  No.  16  of  every  township  of 
public  lands,  consisting  of  640  acres,  or  1  mile  square,  be  re- 
served for  the  maintenance  of  public  schools.  No  method  of 
managing  this  endowment  was  prescribed.  It,  however,  es- 
tablished a  principle,  and  dedicated  J^  part  of  all  the  pub- 
lic lands  of  the  U.  S.  (with  certain  exceptions  as  to  minerals, 
etc,)j  to  the  cause  of  education.  This  act  was  strengthened 
by  the  act  of  23  July,  1787,  making  the  reservation  perpetual. 
\V'hetber  the  public  schools  thus  endowed  were  to  remain  un- 
der the  control  of  the  nation  or  the  state  remained  a  question 


until  after  the  admission  of  Ohio  in  1802.  This  income  is  sup- 
plemented by  state  and  local  taxation,  so  that  it  constitute* 
on  an  average  about  6J  per  cent,  of  the  total  school  revenue 
of  all  the  states.  The  total  amount  expended  on  eleraeiuarv 
public  schools  in  the  U.  S.,  for  1870,  was  $03,396,666;  1880 
$78,094,687 ;  1890-91  it  was  $148,724,647  for  the  average  at- 
tendance of  8,373,264  pupils  for  134.7  days,  out  of  13,010,136 
pupils  enrolled' from  a  school  population  of  18,812,766.  The 
amount  expended  per  pupil  in  the  U.  S.  ranges  from  $3.38  in 
South  Carolina  to  $43.43  in  Colorado  (Rept.  of  Com.  of  Ed. 
1889-90).  The  number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  private  and  paro- 
chial elementary  schools,  not  included  in  these  numbers,  was 
estimated  at  1,516,300.  The  private  middle-class  schools  num. 
bered  99,849  pupils.  The  following  tables  show  the  number 
of  acres  granted  to  the  different  states  and  territories  by  the 
U.  S.,  for  school  purposes,  arranged,  as  near  as  possible,  ac- 
cording to  the  date  of  grant : 

UNITED  STATES   LAND  GRANTS  FOB   PUBLIC   SCHOOLS. 


State. 


Date  of  Grant. 


3  Mch. 
(21  Apr. 
1 15  Feb 
3  Mch. 
19  May, 
3  Mch. 
19  Apr. 
18  Apr. 

2  Mch. 
6  Mch. 

23  Jan. 

23  Jan.     1836 

3  Mch.  1845 
3  Mch.  1845 
6  Aug.    1846 

2  Mch.   1853 

3  Mch.  1853 
26  Feb.  1857 
14  Feb.  1859 
29  Jan. 
28  Feb. 


1803 

1806) 

18431 

1803 

1852 

1857 

1816 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1836 


1861 
1861 


2  Mch.  1861 


3  Mch. 
21  Mch. 
25  July, 
19  Apr. 

3  Mch. 


1863 
1864 
1868 
1869 
1875 


Utah 
Arizona 


9  Sept.   1850) 
22  July,   1854) 

9  Sept.    1850 
26  May,   1864 


No.  of  Ac 


704,-4 
786,04 


837,58 

650,311 

985,061 

902,771 

1,199,13 

1,067,8 - 

886,460 

908,503 

905,144 

958,649 

2,488,675 

6,719,344 

2,969,990 

3,329,706 

2,801,306 

5,112,035 

8,554,560 

3,068,231 
3,985,428 
3,480,281 
2,702,044 
3,715,555 

4',  309, 368 
3,003,613 
4,050,347 


Total 71,082,04» 

UNIVERSITY   GRANTS   AND   RESERVATIONS. 


Ohio 

Mississippi, 

Illinois 

Indiana. . . . 

Louisiana. . 

Missouri. . . 

Alabama. . . 

Michigan . . 
Arkansas. . 

Florida 

Iowa 


Wisconsin... 
California. . . 
Washington. 


Minnesota . 


Oregon . . . 

Kansas . . . 
Nebraska. 
Nevada. . . 
Colorado. . 


New  Mexico., 
Utah 


( 21  Apr. 
\   3  Mch. 

1792) 
1803  ( 

69,120 

I  3  Mch. 
1 20  Feb. 

1803) 
1819) 

46,080 

( 26  Mch. 
Us  Apr. 

1804) 
1818) 

46,080 

(26  Mch. 
\  19  Apr. 

1804) 
1816 

46,080 

(26  Apr. 

1806 

\   3  Mch. 

1811 

46,080 

(  3  Mch. 

1827 

/ 17  Feb. 
\   6  Mch. 

1818) 
1820  1 

46,080 

(20  Apr. 
\   2  Mch. 

1818) 
1819  1 

46,080 

23  June 

1836 

46,080 

23  June 

1836 

46,080 

3  Mch. 

1845 

92,160 

3  Mch. 

1845 

46,080 

(  6  Aug. 
115  Dec. 

1846) 
1854) 

92,160 

3  Mch. 

1853 

46,080 

(17  July, 
\  14  Mch. 

1854) 
1864) 

46,080 

(  2  Mch. 

1861 

h6Feb. 

1867 

82,640 

(  8  July, 

1870 

( 14  Feb. 
\   2  Mch. 

1859) 
1861) 

46,080 

29  Jan. 

1861 

46,080 

19  Apr. 

1864 

46,080 

4  July, 

1866 

46,080 

3  Mch. 

1875 

46,080 

22  July, 

1854 

46,080 

21  Feb. 

1855 

46,080 

Total 1,165,520 


EDU 


249 


EGY 


By  act  of  Congress,  2  July,  1862,  there  was  awarded  30,000 
acres  of  public  land  to  each  state  (no  mineral  lands  to  be 
selected)  for  each  senator  and  representative  in  Congress, 
under  the  apportionment  of  1860,  to  establish  agricultural 


colleges  and  schools  of  the  mechanic  arts.  The  following 
table  shows  the  location  of  colleges,  with  the  Burnber  of  acres 
granted  and  sum  which  the  state  received,  with  other  infor- 
mation.    United  States,  1890. 


UNITED  STATES  LAND  GRANTS  FOR  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES  AND  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  MECHANIC  ARTS. 


Location  and  name  of  College. 


Auburn,  Ala.  —Alabama  Polytechnic  College 

Fayetteville,  Ark. — Arkansas  Industrial  University 

Berkeley,  Cal. — University  of  California  with  branches ^ 

Fort  Collins,  Col.— State  Agricultural  College 

New  Haven— Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  University 

Newark,  Del.— Delaware  College 

Lake  City,  Fla.— Florida  Agricultural  College 

Athens,  Ga.  —  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  has  branches  at  Cuthbert,  ] 
Dahlonega,  Milledgeville,  and  Thomasville J 

Urbana,  111. — University  of  Illinois,  Agricultural  department 

Lafayette,  Ind. — Pardee  University,  Agricultural  department 

Ames,  la.— Iowa  Agricultural  College  and  Farm 

Manhattan,  Kan. — Kansas  State  Apricultural  College 

Lexington,  Ky. — Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Kentucky 

Baton  Rouge,  La. — State  Agricultural  College 

Orono,  Me. — Maine  State  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts 

■College  Hill,  Md.— Maryland  Agricultural  College 

Amherst,  Mass. — Massachusetts  Agricultural  College ; 

Boston,  Mass.— Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology \ 

Lansing,  Mich. — State  Agricultural  College 

Minneapolis,  Minn. — University  of  the  State  of  Minnesota,  Agricultural  department 

Rodney,  Miss. — Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  for  colored  pupils i 

.Starkville,  Miss.— Mississippi  Agricultural  College i 

Columbia,  Mo.— University  of  the  State  of  Missouri i 

Rolla,  Mo.— Missouri  State  School  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy ; 

Lincoln,  Neb. — University  of  Nebraska,  Agricultural  department 

Reno,  Nev. — Nevada  State  University 

Hanover,  N.  H. — N'ew  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 

New  Briniswick,  N.  J. — Rutgers  Scientific  School 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.— Cornell  University,  Agricultural  department  The  national  land  grant  of  18(52' 
amounted  to  over  $6,000,000  lor  this  college.  Valuable  timber  lands  were  located  and  held 
until  1881,  through  the  advice  and  aid  of  Ezra  Cornell,  when  990,000  acres  realized  over 
$6  an  acre 

Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. — North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 

Columbus,  0. — Ohio  State  University,  Agricultural  department 

Corvallis,  Ore. — Oregon  State  Agricultural  College 

State  College,  Bellefonte,  Pa. — Pennsylvania  State  College;  farm,  400  acres 

Providence,  R.  I 

Orangeburg,  S.  C. — Claflin  University,  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Institute 

Knoxville,  Tenn. — State  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  College 

Bryan,  Tex.— State  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  College 

Burlington,  Vt. — State  Agricultural  College,  with  the  University  of  Vermont 

Blacksburg,  Va. — Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 

Hampton,  Va. — Hampton  Agricultural  Institute 

Morgantown,  W.  Va. — West  Virginia  University,  Agricultural  department 

Madison,  Wis. — University  of  Wisconsin,  Agricultural  department 


240,000 
150,000 
ISO.Qi 


a^ 


■^TTooi 

180,000 
90,000 
90,000 

270,000 

480,000 
390,000 
240,000 
90,000 
330,000 
210,000 
210,000 
210,000 

360,000 

240,000 
120,000 

210,000 


330,000 

90,000 
90,000 
150,000 
210,000 


990,000 

270,000 
630,000 
90,000 
780,000 
120.000 
180,000 
300,000 
180,000 
150,000 

300,000 

1.50,000 
240.000 


$216,000 
135,000 


112,500 
135,000 
83,000 
110,806 

243,000 

319,494 
212,238 
500,000 
290,000 
165,000 
210,000 
116,359 
112,500 
\  157,538 
(  78,769 
275,104 
178,000 
f  113,000 
[  115,000 

170,000 

39,504 
95,000 
80,000 
116,000 


125,000 
507,913 

93,985 
439,186 

50,000 
191,800 
271,875 
209,000 
122,626 
;  190,000 

95,000 

90,000 
363,738 


of  pnpiU; 


247 
592 


284 
82 
162 


429 
226 
504 
532 

"m. 

45 
135 

873 
378 
150 


608 


177 
196 


167 
'272 


127 
692 


Total 

Total  for  universities 

"      "  public  schools.. 


9,600,000 

1,165,520 

71,082,048 


Grand  total 81,847,568 

LIST  OF  THE  LARGER  INDIVIDUAL  BENEFACTIONS,  WITH  NAME  OF  COLLEGE  OR  UNIVERSITY  ENDOWED  OR  BENEFITED. 


Benefactor. 

College  or  University. 

Amount. 

$8,000,000 
6,000,000 
5  000  000 

George  Peabody 

For  educating  in  the  U.  S .   . 

Leland  Stanford 

Leland  Stanford  jr.   University  Cal... 

Asa  Packer 

Lehigh  University  Pa 

3,500,000 
*3,500,000 
2,500,000 
2,000,000 
2  000  000 

Johns  Hopkins 

.Johns  Hopkins  University  Md 

Isaac  Rich 

Boston  University  Mass 

Jonas  G.  Clark 

Clark  University  Mass 

The  Vanderbilts     

Vanderbilt  University  Tenn 

1  775  000 

James  Lick 

University  of  California 

1,650,000 
1,600,000 
1,500,000 
1,500,000 
1,500,000 
1,200,000 
1,200,000 
1,000,000 
1,100,000 
908  000 

John  I).  Rockefeller 

John  C.  Green 

Wm.  C.  De  Pauw 

A.  J.  Drexel 

Leonard  Case 

Peter  Cooper. 

Ezra  Cornell 

Cornell  University  Ithaca  N  Y 

Henry  W.  Sage 

Matthew  Vassar 

Vassar  College  Poughkeepsie  N  Y 

George  T.  Seney 

Wesleyan  L^niversity  Conn 

700  000 

S.  W.  Phenix 

Columbia  College  N  Y 

650  000 

E.  P.  Greenleaf. 

Harvard  University  Mass 

630  000 

Amasa  Stone 

Adelbert  College  0 

600  000 

Ario  Pardee 

I,afayette  College  Pa 

500,000 

Benj.  Bussey 

Bussey  Institute  Harvard  University   Mass 

500,000 

Joseph  Sheffield 

Yale  College  Conn 

500,000 

J.  P.  .Tones 

Haverford   Pa 

500,000 

Joseph  W.  Taylor 

Bryn  Mawr  College,  Pa 

450,000 

*  A  like  bequest  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  hospital. 

educational  .  institUtion§.  Colleges,  Uni- 
versities, etc. ;  for  academies  and  state  normal  schools,  see 
each  state  separately. 


EdM^ard,  Fort.     Fort  Edward. 
Egrypt,  N.E.  Africa  ;  area,  400,000  sq.  miles  ;  pop.  1890, 
6,817,265.     The  earliest-known  seat  of  civilization,  the  hiero- 


EGY 

glyphic  and  Coptic  Kemi ;   Hebrew,  Mazor  (I^wer  Egypt), 
Mizraim  (Upper  and  I^>wer  Egypt) ;  Greek,  AiyvTrrof ;  Ara- 
bic f»)r  all  Egypt,  Misr  or  Masr.     Three  niagniricent  works 
on  Egypt  have  been  published:  in  France  (commenced  by 
Napoleon  and  the  savans  who  accompanied  him  to  Egypt), 
"  Description   de   I'tigypte,"   1809-22 ;    in    Italy,    Kosellini's 
'•Monuraenti  dell'  Egitto,"  1832-44;  and  in  Prussia,  Lepsius's 
••  Denkmiiler  aus  Aegypten,"  1848-6«).   For  our  present  knowl- 
edge of  the  early  history  of  Egypt  we  are  almost  wholly  in- 
debted to  discoveries  in  the  present  century,  and  to  the  inter- 
pretation of  monumental  inscriptions,  and  the  papyri  found  in 
tlie  tombs.    Among  the  most  recent  investigators  are  Brugsch, 
Maspero,  Lepsius,  De  Rouge,  Mariette,  Chabas,  Lieblein,  Birch, 
Naville,  Le  Page,  Kenouf,  and  Petrie.     Abydos,  Egyptian 
Exploration  Fund,  Rosetta  stone,  etc. 
Manetho,  a  high-priest  of  On  or  Heliopolis,  in  the  2d  century  b.c., 
at  the  request  of  king  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  wrote  a  history  of 
Egypt,  under  30  dynasties  from  Menes  to  tlie  Persian  conquests; 
of  his  work  only  lists  of  kings  were  preserved,  by  Julius  AfVi- 
canus.  a  writer  wlio  lived  about  300  a.d.    Eusebius  died  about  340, 
Georgius  Syncollus.  800. 
Fabulous  god  kings,  including  the  sun-god  Osiris,  god  of  Hades,  and 
Isis  his  wife,  Typhou;  Horus  (the  last)  was  said  to  have  reigned 
13,900  years,  the  demigods  and  manes,  4000  years. 
Following  table  of  dynasties,  including  the  more  important  kings, 
is  derived  from  various  sources;  the  names  and  dates  vary.    B. 
stands  for  Brugsch,  and  M.  for  Mariette. 

I.  Thinite  (from  This,  near  Abydos),  M.  5004;  B.  4400  B.C. 

Mcna  or  .Menes;  first  known  king  and  law-giver,  founder  of  Mem- 
phis. M.  5004;  B.  4455.  Tola  or  Athothis— Onenephes  I.,  con- 
jectured to  have  built  the  Stepped  pyramid  of  Sakkarah. 

II.  Memphte.     M.  4751;  B.  4133. 

Kakaoo  or  Kaiechos.  The  worship  of  Apis  the  bull  established  at 
.Memphis.     B.  4100. 

III.  Memphite  (monumental  history  properly  begins).  M.  4449; 
B.  3966. 

Seneferoo— soldier,  architect,  and  patron  of  literature  and  art. 

IV.  .Memphite.     M.  4235;  B.  3733. 

Shoofoo  or  Khufa,  the  Cheops  of  Herodotus,  built  the  great  pyramid 


250 


EGY 


f 


XXI.  Tanite.     M.  1110;  B.  1100. 
Historyobscure—Hirhor,  high-priest  of  Amen,  probably  first  of  priest 

kings — Assyrian  governors. 

XXII.  Bubasite.  iM.  980;  B.  966.  ShashankorSheshonkl.,  Shishak, 
1  Kings  xiv.  25-28. 

XXIII.  Tanite,  probably  only  3  i)etty  kings.     M.  810;  B.  766. 

XXIV.  Saite.     M.  721;  B.  733. 

i  Bocchoris  (Bokenranef ),  taken  prisoner  by  Sabaco,  king  of  Ethiopia, 
j      and  burned  alive.     During  the  last  3  dynasties,  the  Ethiopians 

appear  to  have  ruled  in  the  south. 
I  XXV.  Karnak.     Ethiopian.     M.  715;  B.  700. 
Shabat  or  Sabaco.     M.  715;  B.  700.     Takaraka  or  Tirhakah  (2  Kings 

xix.  9).     B.  693.     Egypt  frequently  invaded  by  tlie  Assyrians; 

subdued  and  divided  into  12  governments. 

XXVI.  Saite.     M.  665;  B.  666. 

Psammetichus  I.  (Greek),  governor  under  the  Assyrians,  restored 
the  monarchy  and  revived  art.  M.  665;  B.  666.  Necho  II.  son, 
attempted  a  canal  across  isthmus  of  Suez;  defeated  Josiah,  king 
of  Judali,  at  Megiddo  (2  Kings  xxiii.  29);  defeated  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar at  Carchemish,  612.  Psammetichus  II. ;  inglorious.  B. 
596.  Uahbra  or  Hophra  (Jer.  xliv.  30),  sou  ;  went  to  help  Zede- 
kiah,  but  deserted  him.  B.  591.  Apries  loses  the  conquestp  and 
is  strangled  by  Aniasis,  who  has  a  long,  prosperous  reign  and  in- 
creased intercourse  with  the  Greeks.  B.  572.  Psammetichus  III. 
son  (defeated  by  Cambyses,  son  of  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia).     B.  528. 

XXVII.  Persian.     M.  527;  B.  527. 

Cambyses  conquers  Egypt ;  his  army  lost  invading  Ethiopia.  M. 
527;  B.  527.  Darius  I.  Hystaspes,  greatly  favored  Egypt,  521. 
Xerxes  1.,  severe  (Egyptian  revolt  subdued),  486.  Artaxerxes  I. 
Longimanus  (another  revolt),  465.  Darius  II.  Nothos,  424.  Egypt 
regained  its  independence  by  Armyrtaeus,  424. 

XXVIII.  Saite.     M.  406. 
Armyrtajus,  406. 

XXIX.  Mendesiau.     M.  399;  B.  399. 
Nepherches  and  Achoris  maintain  Greek  alliance. 

XXX.  Sebennyte.     M.  378;  B.  378. 

Necfanebes  I.  Nectanebes  II.  conquered  by  Artaxerxes  Ochus, 
king  of  Persia. 

XXXI.  Persia,  340. 

Darius  III.     Codomanus  —  defeated  by  Alexander  the  Great  and 

killed. 

Alexander  conquered  Egypt  and  founded  Alexandria 332 

Empire  divided,  323.     One  of  Alexander's  generals,  Ptolemy  I. 

(the  son  of  Lagus)  Soter  became  king  of  Egypt 32J 


of  (Jizeh.    M.  4235;  B.  3733.    The  great  limestone  rock  at  the  foot  [  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus  (with  his  father),  285;  alone  (museum 


of  the  Libyan  mountains  was  converted  into  the  form  of  a  man 
headed  lion,  termed  by  the  Greeks  Sphinx.  Khafra  built  the  sec 
ond  Gizeb  pyramid.  B.  3666.  Menkaura  (Mycerinus  III.).  B. 
3633.  High  state  of  civilization  and  art,  and  the  vast  cemetery  of 
Memphis  erected.  The  book  or  ritual  of  the  dead  (papyri)  found 
in  tombs.     Book  op  the  Dead. 

V.  Memphite.     M.  3951;  B.  3566. 

Raenooser.  B.  3433.  Katkara  B.  3366.  Unas  truncated  pyramid 
near  Sakk4rah  built.     B.  3333. 

VI.  Memphite  (history  nearly  a  blank  to  the  11th  dynasty).  M.  3703 ; 
B.  3300. 

Pepi  I.— powerful— long  reign.     B.  3233.    Romantic  story  of  queen 

Nitocris  in  Herodotus. 
VII    Memphite.     B.  3100. 
Petty  kings. 

VIII.  Memphite. 

IX.  Heracleopolite.     M.  3358. 

X.  Heracleopolite.     M.  3249. 

XI.  Theban.     M.  3064. 

Sankhkara,  expedition  to  Ophir  and  Punt  (S.  Arabia?).     B.  2500. 

XII.  Theban  (Egypt  very  prosperous).     B.  2466. 
Amenemhat  I.     M.  3014;  B.  2466. 

Osirtasen  I.  (obelisk  of  On  or  Heliopolis  erected). 

Osirtasen  II.  (memorial  temple  discovered  in  1889). 

Osirtasen  III.,  important  national  works,  excavated  the  lake  Moeris 

and  made  the  labyrinth  and  the  Nilometer.     B.  2300. 
Xill.  Theban.     M.  2851;  B.  2233. 
Sebekhotep,  name  of  several  kings. 

XIV.  Xoite.     M.  2398. 

XV.  Hyksos  or  Shepherd  kings.     M.  2214. 

Invaders  from  Asia  lake  .Memphis  and  settle  in  Lower  Egypt. 

XVI.  Hyksos  or  Shepherd  kings. 

XVII.  Hyksos  or  Shepherd  kings. 
Nub— arrival  of  Jo.seph.     B.  1750. 

Dynasties  XIII.-XVII.  history  very  obscure;  probably  Theban  kings 
reigned  in  southern,  while  the  Hyksos  reigned  in  Lower  Egypt. 

XVIH.  Theban.     M.  1703;  B.  1700. 

Achmes  I.  conquers  the  Hyksoa  M.  1703;  B.  1700.  Amenhotep  I. 
B.  1666.  Tholhmes  I.  B.  1633.  ThothmesII.  and  Hatasoo,  sister. 
B.  1600.  ThothmesIII.,greatking,  victor  in  western  Asia,  etc. ;  his 
exploits  recorded  in  his  temple  at  Karnak.  B.  1600.  Amenhotep 
II.  B.  1566.  Thothmes  IV.  B.  1533.  Amenhotep  III.  victorious 
in  Ethiopia;  the  Colossi  or  vocal  Memnon  bear  his  name.  B.  1500. 
Amenhotep  IV.  introduced  Semitic  worship.  2  or  3  heretical  suc- 
cessors.    Haremhebi  or  Horus  restores  the  old  worship. 

XIX.  Theban.     M.  1462;  B.  1400. 

Rameses  I.  M.  1462;  B.  1400.  Seti  or  Sethos  (Menetah  I.)  victo- 
rious in  Asia;  made  first  canal  from  the  Red  sea  to  the  Nile 
many  monuments  of  him  at  Karnak,  etc.     B.  1333.    Rameses  II. 


of  Alexandria  founded ;  Septuagint  version  of  Hebrew  Script- 

I      ures  made ;  Pharos  completed) 283-247 

j  Ambassadors  first  sent  to  Rome 269 

Ptolemy  III.  Euergetes  reigns 247 

I  Overruns  Syria;  returns  laden  with  rich  spoils  and  2500  statues 
I      and  vessels  of  gold  and  silver,  which  Cambyses  had  taken 

j       from  Egyptian  temples  (Blair) 24ft 

I  Ptolemy  IV.  Philopator '. Nov.  222 

I  Battle  of  Raphia;  Ptolemy  defeats  Antiochus,  king  of  Syria 217 

Ptolemy  V.  Epiphanes Nov.  20Si* 

Embassy  to  Rome 20^ 

Egypt  under  the  protective  influence  of  Rome '* 

Ptolemy  VI.  Philometor Oct.  181 

At  the  death  of  Philometor,  his  brother  Physcon  (Ptolemy  VII. 
Euergetes)  marries  his  queen,  and  on  the  same  day  murders 

Philometor's  infant  son  in  the  mother's  arms Nov.  14ft 

His  subjects,  wearied  by  cruelties  and  crimes,  expel  him 130 

He  defeats  the  Egyptians  and  recovers  his  throne,  128;  d 117 

Ptolemy  VIII.  Soter  II.  and  Cleopatra  his  mother " 

Alexander  I.  and  Cleopatra 107 

Ptolemy  VIII.  restored 89 

Revolt  in  Upper  Egypt;  Thebes  destroyed  after  a  siege  of  3       a; 

years  (Diod.  Siculus) Sja 

Alexander  II.  and  Cleopatra  1 8M 

Ptolemy  IX.  Auletes 8O5 

Berenice  and  Tryphaena 6$^ 

Auletes  restored,  55;  leaves  his  kingdom  to  Ptolemy  and  Cleo-       i 

patra ; 51 

Pompeius  (Pompey)  slain  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy Sept.    48' 

During  a  civil  war  between  Ptolemy  and  Cleopatra  II.,  Alex- 
andria is  besieged  by  Julius  Caesar,  and  the  library  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  (Blair) 47 

Caesar  defeats  the  king,  who,  in  crossing  the  Nile,  is  drowned; 

the  younger  Ptolemy  and  Cleopatra  reign 46 

Cleopatra  poisons  her  brother,  and  reigns  alone 43' 

She  appears  before  Mark  Antony  to  answer  the  crime;  fasci- 
nated by  her  beauty,  he  follows  her  into  Egypt ^ 

Cleopatra  in  Syria 8Mc 

Antony  defeated  by  Octavianus  Caesar  at  Actium  (Blair).  .1  Sept.    8W 
Octavianus  enters   Egypt;   Antony  and  Cleopatra  kill  them-       x 

selves;  Egypt  a  Roman  province Sept,    Wf, 

Octavianus  (Augustus)  Caesar  introduces  the  Julian  year 24 i; 

A.D. 

Egypt  visited  by  Hadrian,  122;  by  Severus 200 

By  Caracalla  (Af assacres) 215 

Egypt  conquered  by  Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra 270 

Reconquered  by  emperor  Aurelian 272 

Severe  Christian  persecution  by  Diocletian 308 

Monachism  begun  in  Egypt  by  Antony. 


son,  the  legendary  Sesostris,  took  Salem,  conquered  Ethiopia,  and  1  Destruction  of  the  temple  and  worship  of  Serapis. 


built  a  fleet  about  1322.     Maneptah,  son,  jirobably  the  Pharaoh  of 

the  Exodus,  i;iOO;  Sell  II.  and  2  or  3  unimportant  kings. 
XX.  Theban.     M.  1288 ;  B.  1200. 
Rameses  III.  (Rhampsinitus  of  Herodotus)  victorious,  cultivated 

navigation  and  commerce.     M.  1288;  B.  1200.     Inglorious  line  of 

kings  named  Rameses. 


Egypt  conquered  by  Chosroes  II.  of  Persia 61< 

Invasion  of  the  Saracens  under  Amrou June,  638'' 

Conquest  of  Alexandria -. 22  Dec.  640 

Cairo  founded  by  the  Saracens 969 

Conquest  by  the  Turks 1163-96 

Government  of  the  Mamelukes  established 1260 


I 


EGY 


251 


EGY 


Selim  I.,  emperor  of  tlie  Turks,  conquers  Egypt 1517 

It  is  governed  by  beys  till  a  great  part  is  conquered  by  the 

French  under  Bonaparte  (Alexandria) 1798-99 

French  expelled  by  British ;  Turks  restored 1801 

Mehemet  Ali  massacres  the  Mamkj.ukes,  and  reigns 1  Mch.  1811 

Arrival  of  Belzoni,  1815;  he  removes  statue  of  Memxox,  1816; 

explores  temples,  etc 1817 

Mahmoud  canal,  from  Alexandria  to  the  Nile,  built 1820 

Mehemet  Pdcha  revolts  and  invades  Syria 1831 

His  son  Ibrahim  takes  Acre,  27  May;  overruns  Syria;  defeats 

the  Turks  at  Konieh 21  Dec.  1832 

He   advances  on   Constantinople,  which   Russian  auxiliaries 

enter,  3  Apr. ;  peace  by  convention  of  Kutayah 4  May,  1833 

Mehemet  again  revolts,  claiming  hereditary  power;  Ibrahim 

defeats  the  Turks  at  Nezib 24  June,  1839 

England,  Austria,  Russia,  and   Prussia   undertake   to  expel 

Ibrahim  from   Syria;   Napier  bombards  Beyrout,  10  Oct.; 

Acre  taken  by  the  British  and  Austrian  fleets^  under  sir  R. 

Stopford,  3  Nov. ;  the  Egyptians  quit  Syria. .  .21  Nov.  et  seq.  1840 
Peace  restored  by  treaty;  Mehemet  made  hereditary  viceroy 

of  Egypt,  but  deprived  of  Syria 15  July,  1841 

Ibrahim  Pacha  d 10  Nov.  1848 

Suez  canal  begun  1858 

Hereditary  succession  and  right  of  coining  money  granted,  but 

tribute  raised  from  400,000/.  to  750,000/ 27  May,  1861 

Malta  and  Alexandria  telegraph  opened 1  Nov.     ' ' 

Viceroy  Said  visits  Italy,  France,  and  England,  May  to  Sept. ; 

returns  to  Alexandria 1  Oct.  1862 

Sultan  of  Turkey  visits  Egypt : 7  Apr.  1863 

Increased  cultivation  of  cotton  in  Egypt 1863-67 

At  the  demand  of  the  sultan,  the  viceroy  sends  troops  to  re- 
press the  insurgents  in  Arabia May,  1864 

Opening  of  part  of  Suez  canal 15  Aug.  1865 

Direct  succession  to  the  viceroyalty  granted  by  the  Porte, 

21  May,  1866 

Opening  of  the  Suez  canal 17  Nov.  1869 

Differences  with  the  sultan  respecting  prerogatives  arranged, 

the  viceroy  giving  up  power  over  taxes  and  loans Dec.     " 


Sir  Samuel  Baker  commissioned  to  suppress  the  slave-trade  up 
the  Nile,  with  absolute  authority  south  of  Gondokoro  (for  4 

years  from  1  Apr.  18()9) 10  May,  1869 

Departure  from  Khartoum 8  Feb.  1870 

After  long  delay,  starts  to  explore  White  Nile 11  Aug.     " 

Arrives  at  Gondokoro  15  Apr. ;  names  it  Ismailia,  and  oCacially 

annexes  it  to  Egypt 26  May,  1871 

Advances  south lan.-Feb.  1872 

Arrives  at  the  African  paradise,  Faliko,  6  Mch. ;  at  Masindi,  in 

Unyoro 25  Apr.     " 

Received  by  Kabba  Rega,  the  young  king,  who  attempts  to 
poison  Baker's  party,  and  attacks  them  in  the  night;  he  is 

defeated  and  Masindi  burned , 8  June,     " 

Baker  marches  to  Foweera,  18  July;  returns  to  Faliko.  .2  Aug.     " 

Slave-trade  apparently  subdued 31  Dec.     " 

Baker  returns  to  Gondokoro,  1  Apr. ;  honors  from  the  khedive 

at  Cairo,  25  Aug. ;  reaches  London 9  Oct  1873 

Col.  Gordon  appointed  successor;  Abou  Saoud  subordinate " 

Baker's  work,  "  Ismailia,''  pub Nov.  1874 


First  stone  of  new  port  laid  by  khedive 15  May,  1871 

Khedive's  son,  prince  Hassan,  made  D.C.L.  at  Oxford. 13  June,  1872 
Sultan,  by  firman,  renders  khedive  practically  independent  (he 
must  not  co'n  money,  make  treaties,  or  build  iron-clads), 

8  June,  1873 
First  Egyptian  budget  produced;  asserted  revenue,  $50,830,000; 

expenditure,  $4.5,200,000 Oct.     " 

International  court  of  justice  opened  by  the  khedive.  .28  June,  1875 
Khedive's  shares  of  Suez  canal  purchased  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment; announced " Nov.     " 

British-Egyptian  expedition  into  Abyssinia  surprised  and  de- 
feated with  much  slaughter 16  Oct.      " 

New  (Gregorian)  style  adopted;  mixed  courts  opened 1  Jan.  1876 

War  with  Abyssinia 1875-77 

Col.  Gordon,  after  great  success,  reaches  England Feb.  1877 

Peace  with  Abyssinia  negotiating  by  col.  Gordon,  June;  terms 

said  to  be  accepted Oct.     " 

Definitive  peace  between  the  khedive  and  Abyssinia  announced, 

Feb.  1879 
Col.  Gordon's  lieutenant,  Gessi  (Nov.  1878),  defeats  rebel  slave- 
dealers  in  Soudan,  central  Africa 5  May,     " 

England  and  France,  by  note,  require  the   appointment  of 

European  ministers about  5  May,     " 

England,  France,  Germany,  Austria,  and  Italy  recommend  tlie 

khedive  to  abdicate about  20  June,     " 

He  refers  to  the  sultan,  who  declines  to  interfere;  the  khedive 

offers  to  pay  his  debts  in  full 22  June,     " 

Khedive  deposed  by  the  sultan;  prince  Tewfik,  his  son,  pro- 
claimed successor 26  June,     " 

Khedive  leaves  for  Naples 30  June,     " 

Tewflk  succeeds  as  khedive 8  Aug.     " 

Col.  Gordon,  negotiating  with  Abyssinia  to  prevent  war,  re- 
ported successful Oct.     " 

He  resigns  governorship  of  the  Soudan,  Oct.  1879;  accepted, 

„  Jan.  1880 

1  eace  with  Abyssinia  announced end  of  June,     " 

Decree  for  abolition  of  slavery end  of  July,  1881 

Insurrection  in  the  Soudan July.'     " 

Ministerial  crisis;  khedive  calls  for  Riaz  Pacha Aug"     " 

Ahmed  Arabi  Bey  and  about  4000  soldiers  surround  the  khedive 's 


palace,  demanding  increased  pay— agreed  to;   Cherif  Pacha 
made  minister 9  Sept. 

Arabi  Bey  appointed  under  secretary  of  war Jan. 

Crisis  continues,  9-13  May;  khedive  firm;  ministry  submits, 
about  16  May;  English  and  French  squadron  arrive  at  Alex- 
andria, 20  May;  Arabi  Pacha  refuses  to  resign,  23  May;  ulti 
matum  of  English  and  French  consuls;  Arabi  Pacha  to  re 
tire;  khedive's  authority  to  be  restored,  etc 25  May, 

Ministry  resigns;  Cherif  Pacha  appointed.  May;  officers  re- 
sist; Arabi  Pacha  reinstated,  27-28  May;  anarchy;  Euro- 
peans quitting  the  country,  29  May;  6000  Egyptian  soldiers 
said  to  be  massacred June, 

Commencement  of  rebellion;  riots  at  Alexandria;  Arabs  attack 
Europeans;  quelled  by  Egyptian  troops,  great  loss  of  life 
(about  60  Europeans  killed),  town  ravaged  and  deserted, 

11  June, 

Powers  agree  to  a  conference  at  Constantinople;  Turkey  objects, 

19  June^ 

Conference  opened 24  June, 

English  and  French  admirals  protest  against  the  fortifying  of 
Alexandria about  4  July, 

British  subjects  warned  to  quit  Egypt about  6  July, 

Bombardment  of  forts  at  Alexandria  threatened  by  admiral 
Seymour,  if  works  threatening  the  British  fleet  are  not 
stopped 9  July, 

Bombardment  begun;  its  object  fully  obtained ;  bombardment 
ceases,  5.30  p.m.;  Egyptian  loss  heavy  in  forts  and  part  of 
the  town.     British  loss,  6  killed,  28  wounded 11  July, 

Arabi  Pacha  and  part  of  his  army  abandon  Alexandria  and  re- 
treat into  the  interior;  he  releases  convicts,  who  with  the 
Arab  mob  plunder  and  set  fire  to  the  city,  and  massacre,  it 
is  said,  many  Christians 12  July, 

European  portion  entirely  destroyed 13  July, 

Khedive  at  palace  Ras  el-Tin  guarded  by  British  marines;  de- 
grades Arabi  Pacha  from  his  office;  sends  for  Cherif  Pacha, 
Riaz  Pacha,  etc about  16  July, 

Arabi  Pacha  attempts  to  cut  off  water-supply;  denounces  the 
khedive,  and  calls  on  the  people about  20,  21  July, 

Proclamation  of  khedive  declaring  Arabi  a  rebel,  etc., 

about  23  July, 

Arabi  proclaims  a  Jihid  or  holy  war;  said  to  have  30,000  men, 

about  24  July, 

British  troops  landed  at  Alexandria 24  July, 

Troops  sent  to  Egypt  from  England  and  India. .  .about  25  July, 

Duke  of  Connaught  sails  in  the  Orient  for  Egypt 31  July, 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood  sails  for  Egypt 3  Aug. 

Reconnoissance  by  gen.  sir  A.  Alison,  British  success,  near  Mah- 
moudieh  canal  ;  lieut.  Howard  Vyse  and  3  others  killed  ; 
about  30  wounded;  Egyptian  loss  about  J*00 5  Aug. 

Conference  agrees  to  the  international  protection  of  the  Suez 
canal,  and  adjourns  sine  die 14  Aug. 

Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  assumes  command  at  Alexandria;  khedive 
empowers  British  commanders  to  establish  order 

Troops,  etc.,  under  gen.  Willis  embark  as  if  for  Aboukir,  but 
proceed  eastward,  and  occupy  Port  Said,  Ismailia,  and  Kan- 
tara;  thus  command  the  canal,  19,  20  Aug. ;  skirmishes  near 
Mahmoudieh  canal,  sir  Evelyn  Wood  succes.sful;  the  enemy 
shelled  out  of  Neftche 20  Aug. 

Total  British  force  in  Egypt,  31,468  men " 

Twenty-six  British  ironclads  at  Alexandria " 

Gen.  Macpherson  with  Indian  troops  arrives  at  Suez. .  .21  Aug. 

From  Ismailia  2  squadrons  of  household  cavalry,  with  2  guns, 
and  detachment  of  19th  hussars,  mounted  infantry,  etc., 
move  on  Neflche;  met  by  10,000  Egyptians  with  artillery, 

24  Aug. 

Cavalry  and  artillery  engagement;  enemy  routed;  capture  of 
5  Krupp  guns  and  train  of  ammunition  and  provisions, 
Egyptian  camps  at  Tel-el-Mahuta  and  Mahsameh  occupied; 
British  loss,  6  killed,  30  wounded 25  Aug. 

Suez  canal  held  by  the  British 26  Aug. 

Gen.  Graham  at  Kassassin  vigorously  attacked  by  13,000 
Egyptians;  signals  for  assistance,  rendered  by  gen.  Drury 
Lowe  with  household  cavalry;  brilliant  charge  and  capture 
of  11  guns  (afterwards  lost),  rout  of  the  enemy,  disorderly 
flight;  British  loss,  7  killed,  70  wounded 28  Aug. 

Capture  of  Tel-kl-Kebir;  Egyptians  routed  under  Arabi  Pacha; 
surrender  of  Zagazig  with  railway  trains,  etc 13  Sept. 

British  enter  Cairo;  Arabi  Pacha  and  his  officers  surrender  un- 
conditionally with  about  10,000  Egyptian  soldiers. .  ..14  Sept. 

Khedive  dissolves  the  Egyptian  army 17  Sept. 

Surrender  of  Aboukir,  17  Sept. ;  re-establishment  of  khedive's 
authority 19  Sept. 

Abd-el-Al  holding  Damietta  with  about  7000  men,  21  Sept. ; 
sir  Evelyn  Wood  sent  against  him.  22  Sept. ;  he  surrenders, 

23  Sept. 

Valentine  Baker  Pacha  nominated  commander  of  a  new  Egyp- 
tian army  (10,000) end  of  Sept. 

Twelve  thousand  British  to  remain  in  Egypt,  sir  A.  Alison  com- 
mander  30  Sept. 

Prophet  El-Mahdi  said  to  hold  all  the  country  south  of  Khar- 
toum   25  Oct. 

Anglo-French  control  abolished 9  Nov. 

Arabi  Pacha  tried;  secret  examination  of  witnesses  (defence 


1881 
1882 


supported  by  AVilfred  Blunt). 


.Nov. 


Pleads  guilty  of  rebellion;    sentence  of  death  commuted  to 
banishment  for  life ^  Dec. 

Letters  from  Arabi  Pacha  to  Wilfred  Blunt,  expressing  gratitude 
to,  and  confidence  in,  England 4  Dec. ;  Times,  5  Dec. 

Mahoud  and  other  rebel  leaders  sentenced  to  banishment, 

7  Dec. 

Riaz  Pacha  resigns;  succeeded  by  Nubar  Pacha 7,  8  Dec. 


EGY  252 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  appointed  commander  of  the  new  Egyptian 

army,  arrives  at  Cairo 'i'i  Dec.  1882 

Arabi  iiud  others  sail  for  Ceylon,  27  Dec. ;  arrive 10  Jan.  1883 

End  of  dual  control 11  Jan.     " 

British  circular  to  the  powers  laid  bafore  the  Forte,  etc.  (the 
Suei  oiinal  to  bo  f^ee,  with  restrictions  in  time  of  war;  for- 
mation of  Knyptian  army,  etc. ) 11  Jan.  et  seq.     " 

Powers,  oxcopl  Fninco  and  Turkey,  consent,  about  27  Jan.  " 
Consiiiution  signed  by  khedive,  30  Apr. ;  promulgated,  1  May,  " 
SuU'iman  Sami  convicted  of  firing,  massacring,  and  plundering 

at  .Alexandria  (11  June,  1882);  hanged 9  June,     " 

Ex  kluMlivo  Ismail  in  I^ndon 28  June,     " 

Parli  imentary  grants  to  lord  Alcester  (Seymour),  25,000i. ;  lord 

Wolsoloy,  30.000/ 29  June,     " 

Departure  of  some  British  troops  countermanded  on  account 

of  the  destruction  of  gen.  Hicks's  army  (Soudan) Nov.     " 

British  government  require  a  limitation  of  the  line  of  defence 

in  n'gurd  to  the  Sou(jlan 6  Jan.  1884 

British  army :  total  killed,  255 July,  1882-Mch.     " 

Conference  on  Kgyptian  finance  invited  l)y  England;  Germany, 

Austria,  Russia,  Italy,  France,  and  Turkey  accept May,     " 

Conference  meets 28  June,     " 

Conference  adjourns,  without  result,  .live  die 2  Aug.     " 

British  force  in  Kgypt  and  Soudan,  about  16,000  men Nov.     " 

Ancient  necropolis  discovered  at  Assouan Feb.  1886 

Sudden  death  of  gen.  Valentine  Baker  Pacha,  aged  62.. 17  Nov.  1887 

Ismail  Pacha  permitted  to  reside  at  Constantinople Dec.     " 

Equatorial  province  lost  by  the  retirement  of  Emin  Pacha..  .1888-89 
Forced  labor  {cori>ie)  of  peasantry  {fellaheen)  alx)lished;  tax 

proi>osed  to  general  assembly,  15  Dec. ;  enacted 17  Dec.  1889 

Discovery  of  a  vast  tomb  of  a  high-priest  of  Ammon,  west  of 

Thebes  (Mummies) Feb.  1891 

Sudden  death  of  khedive  Tewflk 7  Jan.  1892 

Abba^.  his  eldest  son,  recognized  by  the  Porte 8  Jan.     " 

New  railway  bridge  over  the  Nile  opened  by  the  khedive,  5  May,     " 

KHKDIVES,  OR   HEREDITARY   VICEROYS 

(nearly  independent). 
1806.  Mehemet  All  Pacha;  abdicated  Sept.  1848;  d.  2  Aug.  1849. 
1848.  Ibrahim  (adopted  son),  Sept. ;  d.  9  or  10  Nov.  1848. 

"     Abbas  (his  son),  10  Nov. ;  d.  14  July,  1854. 
1854.  Said  (brother),  14  July;  d.  18  Jan.  1863. 
1862.  Ismail  (nephew).  18  Jan.  (b.  31   Dec.  1830) ;    deposed  by  the 

sultan  at  the  request  of  England,  France,  and  other  powers, 

26  June.  1879. 
1879.  Mechinet  TewQk,  b.  10  Nov.  1852,  Invested  with  the  Star  of 

India  by  the  prince  of  Wales,  25  Oct.  1875;  proclaimed  26 

June,  acceded  14  Aug. ;  d.  7  Jan.  1892. 
1892.  Abbas  Pacha  (son  of  Tewflk),  b.  14  July,  1874;  acceded  8  Jan. 

Egyptian  Era,  etc.  The  old  Egyptian  year  was 
the  era  of  Nabonassar  of  365  days,  dating  from  26  Feb.  747 
B.C.  It  was  reformed  30  B.C.,  when  the  new  year  had  receded 
to  29  Aug.,  thenceforth  made  the  first  day  of  the  year.  To  re- 
duce to  the  Christian  era,  subtract  746  years,  125  days.  The 
canicular  or  heliacal  period  of  the  Egyptians  and  Ethiopians 
(1460  years)  began  when  Sirius,  or  the  dog-star,  emerged  from 
the  rays  of  the  sun,  on  20  Julj%  2785  b.c  ,  apd  extended  to  1326 
B.C.  This  year  comprised  12  months  of  30  days,  with  5  sup- 
plementary days. 

Egyptian  Exploration  Fund,  originated  by 

Miss  Amelia  B.  Edwards,  a  learned  Egyptologist,  an(l  promoted 
by  sir  Erasmus  Wilson,  1st  president  (d.  8  Aug.  J 884),  and  R. 
S.  Poole,  secretary,  1881,  to  elucidate  by  excavations  the  his- 
tory and  arts  of  ancient  Egypt  and  biblical  history.    Miss  Ed- 
wards died  15  Apr.  1892.     She  bequeathed  property  to  endow 
a  professorship  of  Egyptology  in  Universitj'  college,  London. 
M.  Edonard  Naville's  explorations  began  19  .Jan.  1883.     The  excava- 
tions conducted  by  M.  Navllle,  1883-84,  led  to  many  important  dis- 
coveries. Including  the  site  of  Goshen.    W.  M.  F.  Petrle  examined 
more  than  20  sites  in  1884-85,  and  made  remarkable  discoveries. 
Some  of  the  results  were  given  to  British  and  foreign  museums. 
He  disclosed  Naucratls,  which  was  a  flourishing  Greek  commer- 
cial and  manufacturing  city,  on  the  Canopic  arm  of  the  Nile,  about 
650  B.C.,  and  declined  after  the  Persian  invasion  and  the  founding 
of  Alexandria  332  B.C.     Explorations  carried  on  by  F.  Llewellyn 
Griffith  at  Tanis,  1886;  Mr.  Petrie,  in  the  mounds  of  Tel-Defenneh, 
discovered  the  remains  of  "  Pharaoh's  house  in  Tahpanhes*'  (588 
B.C. ;  Jer.  xlili.  8-11),  May,  1886. 
Ernest  A.  Gardner  reported  excavations  in  the  spring  at  Naucratis, 
and  exhibited  statuettes,  pottery,  etc.,  from  temples,  cemeteries, 
etc.,  6  July,  1886.     M.  Naville's  explorations  at  the  city  of  Onia 
and  the  "Mound  of  the  Jews"  continued  spring  1887      He  dis- 
covers the  great  temple  of  Bubastis  (about  1300  B.C.),  granite  mon- 
olithic colums,  sculpture,  etc.,  Apr.-June,  1887;  resumes  his  ex- 
cavations, Mch.  1888. 
Exhibition  of  Egyptian  antiquities  at  the  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly, 
London,  by  Flinders  Petrie,  of  his  excavations  at  Fayoum,  July, 
1888. 
Mr.  Petrie  forces  an  extrance  into  the  sepulchral  chamber  of  the 
pyramid  of  Anenemhat  III.  at  Hawara,  Jan. ;  exhibits  the  results 
of  his  explorations,  at  the  Oxford  Mansions,  London,  mummies, 
ornaments,  Implements,  etc.,  Sept.  1889  et  seq. 
A  monograph  on  the  results  of  M.  Naville's  excavations  at  Bu- 

ba.stls  in  1887-89,  pub.  in  the  "Memoirs" Feb.  1891 

Mr.  Petrie  discovers  fragments  of  a  lost  play  of  Euripides,  of 


ELE 

the  "Phaedo"  of  Plato  and  other  writers,  which  have  been 
published  by  prof  Mahafly  after  study  l)y  himself  and  prof. 
Sayce,  reported  July,  1891.  Mr.  Petrlo's  "Ten  Years'  Dig- 
ging In  Kgy|tt,  1«81  to  1891,"  pub .May, 

Egyptology.  Much  attention  has  been  given  of  late 
years  to  this  science,  and  great  interest  excited  through  the 
interpretation  of  monumental  inscriptions,  discoveries,  etc. 
Consult  "  Book  OF  THE  Dead,"  Egypt,  Egyptian  Explora- 
tion Fund,  Mummies,  etc. 

Elirenbreit'itein  ("honor's  broad  stone"),  a  Prus- 
sian fortress  on  the  Rhine,  formerly  belonged  to  the  electors  of 
Treves.  It  was  often  besieged.  It  surrendered  to  the  French 
general  Jourdain,  24  Jan.  1799.  The  fortifications  were  de- 
stroyed on  its  evacuation,  9  Feb.  1801,  at  the  peace  of  Lune- 
ville.     The  works  have  been  restored  since  1814. 

Eiffel  tower,  so  called  from  its  builder,  a  colossal 
iron  structure,  erected  on  the  Champ-de-Mars,  Paris,  1887-^9. 
One  of  the  principal  curiosities  of  the  great  exposition  at  Paris, 
1889.  It  is  985  ft.  high,  contains  7000  tons  of  iron,  and  cost 
$1,000,000. 

"  Eikon  Basirike  "  ("  The  Portraiture  of  His  Sa- 
cred  Majesty  in  his  Solitudes  and  Sufferings"),  a  book  of  de- 
votion formerly  attributed  to  king  Charles  I.,  but  now  generally 
believed  to  have  been  written  mainly  by  bishop  (Jauden,  and 
approved  by  the  king ;  it  was  pub.  in  1648,  and  sold  quickly. 

Ei§te€ldfod,  from  the  Welsh  verb  eistedd,  to  sit; 
meaning  a  session  or  muster.  First  appointed  by  Gryffith  ap 
Conati  to  reform  the  Welsh  bard  system,  1078.     Bakds. 

El-Ariseh,  a  village  of  Egypt,  captured  by  French  under 
Reynier,  18  Feb.  1799.  A  convention  was  signed  here  between 
the  grand-vizier  and  Kleber  for  the  evacuation  of  Egypt  by 
the  French,  28  Jan.  1800.  Kleber  beat  the  Turks  at  Heliopolis 
on  20  Mch.,  and  was  assassinated  14  June  following. 

Elba,  Isle  of,  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  Itah",  about  6  miles 
from  the  mainland  ;  area  90  sq.  miles;  taken  by  admiral  Nel- 
son in  1796,  but  abandoned  1797.  Elba  was  conferred  upon 
Napoleon  (with  the  title  of  emperor)  on  his  abdication  in 
France,  5  Apr.  1814.  He  secretly  embarked  hence,  with  about 
1200  men  in  hired  feluccas,  on  the  night  of  25  Feb.  1815,  land- 
ed in  Provence,  1  McJh.,  and  soon  after  recovered  the  crown. 
France,  1815.  Elba  was  resumed  by  the  grand-duke  of  Tus- 
cany, July,  1815.  Annexed  to  Italy  in  1860,  and  now  forms 
part  of  the  Italian  province  of  Livorn(>. 

Elelling^en,  a  village  of  Bavaria.  Here  Ney  beat  the 
Austrians,  14  Oct.  1805,  and  was  made  duke  of  Elchingen. 

elders  (Gr.  irpiafivTipoi),  in  the  early  church  one  with 
swiaKOTTOi,  or  bishops  (see  1  Tim.  iii.  and  Titus  i.),  who  after- 
wards became  a  distinct  and  superior  order.  Elders  in  the 
Presbyterian  churches  are  laymen. 

El  Dora'dO  ("the  Gilded  Man").  When  the  Spaniards 
had  conquered  Mexico  and  Peru,  they  began  to  look  for  new 
sources  of  wealth  ;  and  having  heard,  through  Orellana,  a  com- 
panion of  Pizarro  and  the  explorer  of  the  Amazon,  of  a  city 
ruled  by  a  king  whose  garments,  changed  daily,  were  woven 
gold,  they  organized  expeditions  into  the  interior  of  South 
America  about  1560,  in  search  of  this  fabulous  region,  which 
they  and  other  nations  continued  to  believe  in  and  search  for 
quite  to  the  18th  century.  Raleigh's  expeditions  were  in 
search  of  this  region,  in  1596  and  1617. 

"  But  he  grew  old— this  knight  so  bold— 
And  o'er  his  heart  a  shadow 
Fell,  as  he  found  no  spot  of  ground 

That  looked  like  El  Dorado."— Rje. 

Eleanor's  erosses.  12  memorial  crosses  erected, 
in  conformity  with  the  will  of  J^leanor  of  Castile,  wife  of 
Edward  I.  of  England,  in  the  places  where  her  bier  rested  on 
its  way  from  Hornby  in  Lincolnshire,  Engl.,  where  she  died 
(1290)  to  Westminster  Abbey,  where  she  was  buried.  The 
12  places  are  here  given  in  their  order,  from  Hornby  to  West- 
minister: Lincoln,  Grantham,  Stamford,  Geddington,  North- 
ampton, Stony  Stratford,  Woburn,  Dunstable,  St.  Albans, 
Waltham,  West  Cheap,  Charing.  But  3  now  remain,  Gedding- 
ton, Northampton,  and  Waltham.     Charing  Cross. 

Elea§a,  Palestine.  Here  Judas  Maccabaeus  was  defeat- 
ed and  slain  by  Bacchides  and  Alcimus  and  the  Syrians,  about 
161  B.C.  (1  Mace.  ix.). 


m 


ELE 


253 


ELE 


EleatiC  sect,  founded  at  Elea,  in  Sicily,  by  Xenoph- 
anes  of  Colophon,  about  535  b.c.,  whither  he  had  been  ban- 
ished on  account  of  his  wild  theory  of  God  and  nature.  He 
supposed  that  the  stars  were  extinguished  every  morning  and 
rekindled  at  night;  that  eclipses  were  occasioned  by  partial 
extinction  of  the  sun  ;  that  there  were  several  suns  and  moons 
for  the  convenience  of  the  different  climates  of  the  earth,  etc. 
—Strabo.  Zeno  (about  463  b.c.)  was  an  Eleatic.  Philos- 
ophy. 

elections,  United  States.  The  presidential  election 
takes  place  on  the  1st  Tuesday  after  the  1st  Monday  of  Nov. 
in  every  4th  year  preceding  the  year  in  which  the  presiden- 
tial term  expires.  United  States.  The  state  elections  are 
held  on  the  same  day  of  the  month,  with  the  following  ex- 
ceptions:  Alabama,  1st  Monday  in  Aug.;  Arkansas,  1st  Mon- 
day in  Sept. ;  Georgia,  1st  Wednesday  in  Oct. ;  Louisiana, 
3d  Monday  in  Apr.;  Maine,  2d  Monday  in  Sept.;  Oregon, 
1st  Monday  in  June ;  Rhode  Island,  1st  Wednesday  in  Apr. ; 
Vermont,  1st  Tuesday  in  Sept. 

Electoral  Commission.  United  States, 
1876. 

electoral  vote.  United  States  through- 
out. 

electors  in  England  for  members  of  Parliament  for 
counties  were  obliged  to  have  40s.  a  year  in  land,  8  Hen.  VI. 
1429.  Among  the  acts  relating  to  electors  are  the  following : 
Act  depriving  excise  and  custom-house  officers  and  contractors 
with  government  of  their  votes,  1782.  Customs.  Act  to  reg- 
ulate polling,  1828.  Great  changes  were  made  by  the  Reform 
acts  of  1832,  1867,  and  1868.  County  Elections  act,  1836. 
Bribery.  The  40s.  freeholders  in  Ireland  lost  their  privilege 
in  1829.  By  Dodson's  act,  passed  in  1861,  university  electors 
are  permitted  to  vote  by  sending  balloting  papers.  Hours  of 
polling  in  metropolitan  boroughs  extended  (from  8  a.m.  to  8 
P.M.)  by  act  passed  25  Feb.  1878. 

electors  of  Germany.  In  the  reign  of  Conrad  I.,  king 
of  Germany  (912-18),  the  dukes  and  counts,  from  being  merely 
officers,  became  gradually  independent  of  the  sovereign,  and 
subsequently  elected  him.  In  919  they  confirmed  the  nomi- 
nation of  Henry  I.,  duke  of  Saxony,  by  Conrad  as  his  successor. 
In  the  13th  century  7  princes  (the  archbishops  of  Mentz, Treves, 
and  Cologne,  the  king  of  Bohemia,  the  electors  of  Branden- 
burg and  Saxony,  and  the  elector  palatine)  assumed  the  ex- 
clusive privilege  of  nominating  the  emperor. — Robertson.  An 
8th  elector  (Bavaria)  was  made  in  1648,  and  a  9th  (Hanover) 
in  1692.  The  number  was  reduced  to  8  in  1777  (by  the  elec- 
!  tor  palatine  acquiring  Bavaria),  and  increased  to  10  at  the 
i  peace  of  Luneville  in  1801.  On  the  dissolution  of  the  German 
I  empire,  the  crown  of  Austria  was  made  hereditary,  1804-6. 
1      Germany. 

i  electors,  United  States.     By  the  constitution  (art.  ii. 

sec.  1),  the  president  and  vice-president  are  chosen  every  4 
years  by  electors.  As  many  are  appointed  hy  each  state,  "  in 
such  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  may  direct,"  as  the  state 
has  representatives  and  senators  in  Congress.  By  the  Twelfth 
Article  of  Amendments,  the  electors  meet  in  their  respect- 
ive states  and  vote  by  ballot  for  2  persons,  of  whom  one  at 
least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with  them- 
selves. The  result,  duly  certified,  is  then  transmitted  to  the 
president  of  the  Senate,  who  shall,  in  the  presence  of  both 
houses,  open  the  certificates  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  count- 
ed. The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  is  declared 
president,  "if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who 
have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,"  then 
the  House  of  Representatives  chooses  one  of  them  for  presi- 
dent, the  votes  being  taken  by  states.  After  this  vote,  the 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  electoral  votes  is  de- 
clared vice-president.  If  the  House  in  such  a  case  should  not 
before  4  Mch.  following  choose  a  president,  then  the  former 
vice-president  becomes  acting  president.  In  case  there  is 
no  majority  of  electoral  votes  for  vice-president,  he  is,  in 
like  manner,  chosen  "by  the  Senate.  The  49th  Congress  en- 
acted that  the  presidential  electors  meet  and  vote  on  the 
2d  Monday  in  Jan.  next  following  the  election,  and  that  Con- 


gress count  the  ballots  on  the  2d  Wednesday  in  Feb.  succeed- 
ing. 

electricity  (from  the  Gr.  rjXeKTpov,  electrum,  amber). 

The  electrical  properties  of  amber  while  being  rubbed  are  said 

to  have  been  known  to  Thales,  600  b.c.  ;  and  Pliny,  70  a.d. 

Magnetism. 

frictional  or  static  electricity. 

Gilbert  records  that  other  bodies  besides  amber  generate  elec- 
tricity when  rubbed,  and  that  all  substances  may  be  attract- 
ed. He  was  the  first  to  use  the  term  electric,  as  electric  force, 
electric  attraction,  etc - iqqq 

Otto  von  Guericke  constructed  the  first  electric  machine  (a    • 
globe  of  sulphur) about  1647 

Robert  Boyle  published  his  electrical  experiments 1676 

Stephen  Gray,  aided  by  Wheeler,  discovered  that  the  human 
body  conducts  eleetricity,  that  electricity  acts  at  a  distance 
(motion  in  light  bodies  being  produced  by  frictional  electric- 
ity at  a  distance  of  666  feet),  the  fact  of  electric  induction, 
and  other  phenomena 1720-36 

Du  Fay  stated  his  theory  of  2  electric  fluids:  vitreous,  from 
rubbed  glass,  etc.,  and  resinous,  from  rubbed  amber,  re- 
sin, etc. ;  and  showed  that  bodies  similarly  electrified  re- 
pel while  those  oppositely  electrified  attract  each  other, 

about  1733 

Ddsaguliers  classified  bodies  as  electrics  and  non-electrics 1742 

Leyden  jar  (vial  or  bottle)  discovered  by  Kleist,  1745,  and  by 
Cuuaeus  and  Muschenbroek,  of  Leyden;  Winckler  construct- 
ed the  Leyden  battery 1746 

Researches  of  Watson,  Canton,  Beccaria,  and  Nollet 1740-47 

At  a  picnic,  Franklin  "  killed  a  turkey  by  the  electric  spark,  and 
roasted  it  by  an  electric  jack  before  a  fire  kindled  by  the 
electric  bottle  " 1748 

He  announced  his  theory  of  a  single  fluid,  terming  vitreous 
electricity  positive,  and  resinous  negative,  1747 ;  and  demon- 
strated the  identity  of  the  electric  spark  and  lightning,  draw- 
ing electricity  from  a  cloud  by  a  kite June,  1752 

Prof  Richman  killed  at  St.  Petersburg  while  repeating  Frank- 
lin's experiments Aug.  1753 

Beccaria  published  his  researches  on  atmospheric  electricity, 
1758;  and  .(Epinus  his  mathematical  theory 1759 

Electricity  developed  by  fishes  investigated  by  Ingenhousz, 
Cavendish,  and  others about  1773 

Lichtenberg  produced  his  electrical  figures 1777 

Electro-statics:  Coulomb  applied  the  torsion  balance  to  the 
measurement  of  electric  force 1785 

Electro-chemistry  :  water  decomposed  by  Cavendish,  Fourcroy, 
and  others 1787-90 

Discoveries  of  Galvani  and  Volta  (Voltaic  electricity,  next 
page) 1791-93 

Oersted,  of  Copenhagen,  discovered  electro-magnetic  action 
(Electro-magnetism,  next  page) 1819 

Thermo-electricity  (currents  produced  by  heat)  discovered  by 
Seebeck:  produced  by  heating  pieces  of  copper  and  bismuth 
soldered  together,  1821.  The  thermo-electrometer  invented 
by  William  Snow  Harris,  1827;  the  thermo-multiplier  con- 
structed by  Melloni  and  Nobili 1831 

[Marcus  constructed  a  powerful  thermo-electric  battery  in 
1865.] 

Faraday  produced  a  spark  by  the  sudden  separation  of  a  coiled 
keeper  from  a  permanent  magnet  (Magneto-electricity, 
next  page) " 

Wheatstone  calculated  the  velocity  of  electricity,  on  the  double- 
fluid  theory,  to  be  288,000  miles  a  second;  on  the  single-fluid 
theory,  576,000  miles  a  second 1834 

Armstrong  discovered,  and  Faraday  explained,  electricity  in 
high-pressure  steam,  used  in  the  hydro- electric  machine 1840 

Electric  Machines. — Otto  von  Guericke  obtained  sparks  by  rub- 
bing a  globe  of  sulphur,  about  1647;  New^ton,  Boyle,  and  oth- 
ers used  glass,  about  1675  ;  Hawksbee  improved  the  ma- 
chine, about  1709;  Bose  introduced  a  metallic  conductor, 
1733;  Winckler  contrived  the  cushion  for  the  rubber,  1741; 
Gordon  employed  a  glass  cylinder,  1742;  for  which  a  plate 
was  substituted  about  1770;  Canton  introduced  amalgam 
for  the  rubber,  1751;  Van  Marum  constructed  an  electric 
machine  at  Haarlem,  said  to  have  been  the  most  powerful 
ever  made,  1785;  Dr.  H.  M.  Nqad  set  up  at  the  Panopticon, 
Leicester  square,  London,  a  very  powerful  electric  ma- 
chine and  liCyden  battery  (in  possession  of  Edwin  Clark, 
1862) 1855 

Hydro-electric  machine,  by  Armstrong,  was  constructed 1840 

Electrophorus,  a  useful  apparatus  for  obtaining  frictional  elec- 
tricity, was  invented  by  Volta  in  1775,  and  improved  by 
him 1782 

C.  F.  Varley's  "  reciprocal  electrophorus  "  invented 1862 

Holtz's  induction  machine 1865 

Sir  William  Thomson's  "electric  replenisher"  described. .  .Jan.  1868 

Mr.  App's  great  inductorium,  or  induction  coil,  giving  the  larg- 
est sparks  ever  seen,  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic  In- 
stitution  29  Mch.  1869 

Electroscope  and  electrometer,  apparatus  for  ascertaining  the 
presence  and  quantity  of  electrical  excitation.  Pith-balls 
were  employed  in  various  ways  as  electroscopes  by  Gilbert, 
Canton,  and  others.  Dr.  Milner  invented  an  electrometer 
similar  to  Peltier's,  1783.  The  gold-leaf  electrometer  was  in- 
vented by  rev.  A.  Bennet,  1789,  and  improved  by  Singer, 
about  1810;  Lane's  discharging  electrometer  is  dated  1767; 
Henley's,  1772;  Bohnenberger's  electroscope,  1820;  Peltier's 
induction  electrometer about  1848 


ELE 

GALVANISM,   OR  VOLTAIC    KI.KCTRICITY,   KLKCTROLY81S,  AND 
ELKOTRO-MAtJNETISM. 

Sulser  noticed  a  iwculiur  sensation  in  the  tongue  when  sil- 
ver and  lead  wore  brought  into  contact  with  it  and  each 
other ; 1762 

Mad  (Jaivani  observed  the  convulsion  in  the  muscles  of  frogs 
wlien  brought  into  contact  with  2  metals,  in  1789;  and  M. 
Galvani,  aflor  studying  the  phenomenon,  laid  the  foundation 
ol  the  galvanic  battery 1791 

Volu  announced  his  discovery  of  the  "voltaic  pile,"  disks  of 
zinc  an«l  silver,  and  moistened  card 1800 

By  ihe  voluiic  pile,  Nicholson  and  Carlisle  decomposed  water, 
and  Dr.  Henry  decomposed  nitric  acid,  auimonia,  etc " 

Transfer  of  acids  and  alkalies  by  Hisinger  and  Berzelius 1803 

Belireus  formed  a  dry  pile  of  «0  pairs  of  zinc,  copper,  and  gilt 
paper 1805 

By  a  large  voltaic  battery  in  the  Royal  Institution,  London, 
Davy  decomimsed  potash,  and  isolated  the  metal  potassium 
(soda  and  other  substances  soon  after) 6  Oct.  1807 

Zamboni's  dry  pile  of  paywr  disks,  coated  with  tin  on  one  side 
and  peroxide  of  mangtiuesc  on  the  other 1809 

Children's  battery  fused  platinum,  etc " 

J.  W.  Ritter  constructed  his  "  secondary  pile  " about  1812 

Davy  exhibited  the  voltaic  arc 1813 

WoUastons  thimble  battery  ignited  platinum  wire 1815 

[Multipliers  or  rheomelers,  popularly  termed  "galvanom- 
eters," invented  by  Ampere  and  by  Schweigger,  1820;  by 
Cumming,  1821;  De  la  Rive,  1824;  Ritchie  (torsion),  18a0; 
Joule  (magnetic),  1843.] 

Faraday  explains  electro-magnetic  rotation Jan.  1822 

Ohm  enunciated  his  formulse  for  galvanic  currents 1827 

[Improvements  in  the  voltaic  battery  by  Wollaston,  1815; 
Becquerel,  1829;  Sturgeon.  1H30;  J.  F.  Daniell,  1836;  Grove 
(nitric  acid,  etc.),  1S;W;  Jacobi,  1840;  tfmee,  1840;  Bunsen 
(carbon,  etc.),  1842;  Grove  (gas  battery),  1842.] 

Faraday  read  the  llrst  series  of  his  "  Experimental  Researches 
on  Klectricity  "  at  the  Royal  society,  London 21  Nov.  1831 

Faraday  demonstrated  the  nature  of  electro-chemical  decom- 
position, and  the  principle  that  the  quantity  and  intensity 
of  electric  action  of  a  galvanic  battery  depend  on  the  size 
and  number  of  plates  employed 1834 

Wheatstone  invented  his  electro-magnetic  chronoscope 1840 

Copper-zinc  couple  (Copper)  constructed  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Gladstone 
and  A.  Tribe 1872 

Batteries:  Bichromate  of  potash  battery  —  a  modification  of 
Dr.  Leeson's  ;  very  powerful  ;  now  much  used.  (Gaston 
Plante's  lead  battery,  powerful,  1860. )  Chloride  of  silver  bat- 
tery (14,400  cells)— results  of  its  discharge  published  by  drs. 
Warren  de  la  Rue  and  Hugo  MQller.  Powerful  results  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Institution,  London 21  Jan.  1881 

Dr.  Byrne's  pneumatic  battery  (air  blown  in),  very  effective,  an- 
nounced    1878 

E.  .1.  Atkins's  method  of  separating  metals  from  their  alloys  by 
electrolysis,  announced Nov.  1883 

Electric  accumulator^  a  modification  by  M.  Faure  of  Gaston 
Plante's  lead  battery  of  1860,  was  exhil)ited  at  Paris,  May, 
1881.  In  June,  a  box  1  cubic  foot  in  size,  containing  4  cells, 
enclosing  thin  sheets  of  lead  surrounded  with  felt  saturated 
with  dilute  acid,  etc.,  was  conveyed  from  Paris  to  London. 
Sir  William  Thomson  found  it  to  possess  electric  energy  of 
1,000,000  foot  pounds,  and  said,  in  the  London  Times  of  9 
June,  1881,  "This  solves  the  problem  of  storing  electricity  in 
a  manner  and  in  a  state  useful  for  many  important  applica- 
tions " ■ 6  June,  1881 

James  Wimshurst  invents  a  "continuous  electrophorus "  and 
an  "  influence  machine  " 1882 

Faure's  accumulator  patented  in  the  U.  S.,  Jan.  1882;  Jullen's 
improvements  attract  attention 1885-86 

Electrical  Accumulator  company  establish  a  large  factory  at 
Newark,  N.  J 1889 

Electro-magnetism  began  with  Oersted's  discovery  of  the  ac- 
tion of  the  electric  current  on  the  magnetic  needle,  1819; 
proved  by  Ampere,  who  exhibited  the  action  of  the  voltaic 
pile  on  the  magnetic  needle,  and  of  terrestrial  magnetism 
on  the  voltaic  current;  he  also  arranged  the  conducting 
wire  in  the  form  of  a  helix  or  spiral,  invented  a  galvan- 
ometer, and  imitated  the  magnet  by  a  spiral  galvanic 
wire , 1820 

Arago  magnetized  a  needle  by  the  electric  current,  and  at- 
tracted iron  filings  by  the  connecting  wire  of  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery      " 

First  electro-magnet 1825 

Electric  induction  discovered  by  Faraday  announced 1831 

Becquerel  invented  an  electro- magnetic  balance " 

Faraday  discovered  the  electro  magnetic  rotative  force  devel- 
oped in  a  magnet  by  voltaic  electricity,  1831;  experiments 
on  the  induction  of  a  voltaic  current,  etc 1834-35 

Sturgeon  made  a  bar  of  soft  iron  magnetic  by  sending  an  elec- 
tric current  through  coils  of  wire  surrounding  it 1837 

Induction  coil  made  by  prof.  G.  C.  Page,  of  Salem,  Mass " 

Joseph  Henry  announced  his  discovery  of  secondary  currents, 

2  Nov.  1838 

Breguet  used  electro-magnetic  force  to  manufacture  mathe- 
matical instruments about  1854 

Magneto  -  electncity  (the  converse  of  Oersted's  discovery  of 
electro-magnetism)  discovered  by  Faraday,  who  produced 
an  electric  spark  by  suddenly  separating  a  coiled  keep- 
er from  a  permanent  magnet;  and  found  an  electric  cur- 
rent in  a  copper  disk  rotated  between  the  poles  of  a  mag- 
net  1831 


254 


ELE 


Magneto-eUctric  machine  first  made  at  Paris  by  Pixil,  1832  ; 
and  in  London  by  Saxton 

Magneto-electricity  applied  to  electro- plating  by  Woolwich 

RubmkortT's  magneto  -  electric  induction  coil  constructed, 

about 

Siemens's  armature  produced 

H.  Wilde's  description  of  his  machine  (a  powerful  generator  of 
dynamic  electricity,  by  permanent  magnets)  and  the  mag- 
neto electric  machine  (constructed  in  1865)  sent  to  the  Royal 
society  by  prof  Faraday 26  Apr. 

Principle  of  accumulation  by  successive  action  discovered  by 
Wilde,  1S65,  by  mutual  action  (by  which  permanent  steel 
magnets  are  dispensed  with);  independently  by  Wheatstone 
and  Siemens 

Light  (resembling  bright  moonlight)  exhibited  on  top  of  Bur- 
lington house 2  Mch. 

"  Faraday  as  a  Discoverer,"  by  prof  Tyndall,  pub Mch. 

\V.  Groves's  electro-induction  balance 

Proposed  International  Electrical  Congress  at  Paris  with  exhi- 
bition   1  Aug. -15  Nov. 

Dynamo  magneto-electric  machines,  by  Wheatstone  and  Sie- 
mens, described  at  the  Royal  society,  London,  14  Feb. ;  by 
Ladd 14  Mch. 

Trial  of  Siemens's  dynamo-magneto-electric  light  in  the  tor- 
pedo service  at  Sheerness  reported  successful 18  Dec- 
Two  of  Siemens's  machines  ordered  for  the  Lizards,  announced. 

Gramme's  magneto-electric  machine  described 

APPLICATIONS.— £fec<rtc  Telegraph. 

Transmission  of  electricity  by  an  insulated  wire  was  shown  by 
Watson  and  others 

Telegraphic  arrangements  were  devised  by  Lesage,  1744;  Be- 
tancourt,  1787;  Cavallo.  1795;  Salva,  1796;  Soemmering,  ex- 
hibited 29  Aug.  1809;  Ronalds 

Ampere  invents  his  telegraphic  arrangement,  employing  the 
magnetic  needle  and  coil,  and  the  galvanic  battery 

F.  Ronalds  publishes  an  account  of  his  electric  telegraph  (d. 
aged  85,  8  Aug.  1873) 

Prof  Wheatstone,  by  electro-magnetic  apparatus,  conveys  30 
signals  through  nearly  4  miles  of  wire June, 

Telegraphs  invented  by  Schilling,  Gauss,  Weber,  and  prof.  Henry 
(magneto  electric),  1833;  by  Steinheil  and  by  Masson,  1837; 

by  Morse 

[Morse  system  of  telegraphy  is  now  established  in  France, 
Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Austra- 
lia.] 

Magnetic  needle  telegraph  patented  by  William  F.  Cooke  (aft. 

sir)  and  Charles  Wheatstone  (aft.  sir) 12  June, 

[Society  of  Arts  Albert  gold  medal  was  awarded  to  them, 
.Tune,  1867.] 

Mr.  Cooke  set  up  the  telegraph  line  on  the  Great  Western  rail- 
way, from  Paddington  to  West  Drayton,  Engl,  1838-39  ;  on 
the  Blackwall  line,  1840;  and  in  Glasgow 

Wheatstone's  alphabetical  printing  telegraph  patented 

First  telegraph  line  in  U.  S.  set  up  from  Washington  to  Balti- 
more (United  States) 

Electric  telegraph  company  established  (having  purchased 
Cooke's  and  Wheatstone's  telegraphic  inventions) 

Gutta-percha  suggested  as  an  insulator  by  Faraday. 

Duplex  telegraphy.,  2  messages  transmitted  along  a  single  wire 
at  the  same  time  in  opposite  directions,  first  accomplished 
by  dr.  Gintl,  Austrian,  1853  ;  Carl  Frischen  of  Hanover, 
1854  ;  by  Messrs.  Siemens,  1857 ;  in  the  same  direction, 
by  Stark  of  Vienna,  1855  ;  apparatus  perfected  by  Joseph 
B.  Stearns  of  Boston,  Mass.,  1872;  applied  to  British  tele- 
graphs  

Quadruplex  tdegraphy,  4  messages  along  1  wire  ;  successful 
experiments  between  London  and  Liverpool 25  Sept. 

House's  printing  telegraph,  1846  ;  Bain's  electro-chemical  tel- 
egraph, 1846;  Hughes's  system 

Wheatstone's  automatic  printing  telegraph  patented 

Bonelli's  typo-electric  telegraph  made  known  and  company  es- 
tablished, 1860;  and  trial  between  Liverpool  and  Manchester, 

1863 ;  promised  revival .•.  .June, 

[Electro- chemical  automatic  of  Bain  (1846-50)  was  brought 
to  public  notice  in  the  U.  S.  as  a  system  of  great  speed,  in 
1869.  The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Telegraph  company  adopted 
it  in  1874,  in  competing  with  the  Western  Union,  claiming  to 
transmit  500  to  800  words  per  minute  against  25  per  minute 
in  the  Morse  system.  It  proved  a  failure  and  an  expensive 
experiment.  An  improved  form  was  taken  up  in  1879  by 
the  American  Rapid  Telegraph  company;  after  a  trial  of  5 
years  it  was  again  abandoned.  An  effort  was  made  by  the 
Postal  Telegraph  company  to  introduce  the  automatic  sys- 
tem of  Leggo  between  New  York  and  Chicago  in  1883,  but 
it  was  abandoned*  after  a  trial  of  3  years.  It  is  asserted 
that  4000  words  a  minute  can  be  sent  over  a  single  wire 
by  this  system.  The  Western  Union  Telegraph  company 
now  control  the  electro-chemical  system,  but  do  not  util- 
ize it.] 

Economical  systems  of  electrical  distribution :  inventors,  Gau- 
lard  and  Gibbs,  1882;  Zipernowski  and  Deri 

Telegraphing  by  induction,  from  moving  railway  trains  to  sta- 
tions, by  ordinary  wire.  The  idea  of  telegraphing  to  moving 
trains  was  contemplated  as  early  as  1853  (William  Wiley 
Smith  of  Indianapolis  proposed  to  communicate  between 
moving  cars) 

This  was  effected  by  the  inventions  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  L.  J. 
Phelps,  and  Gillilaud;  first  published  exhibition 15  Feb. 

Used  on  the  Lehigh  Valley  railroad  with  success 

T.  A.  Edison's  quadruplex  instrument,  by  which  4  messages.  2 


\ 


1842 


1850 
1854 


1867 
1868 
1879 

1881 


1871 
1878 
1875 


1747 

1816 
1820 
1823 
1836 

183'7 


1841 


1846 

1847 


^g73 
1877 
1855 


1864 


1883 


1881 


ELE 

from  each  end,  may  be  transmitted  upon  1  wire  simultane- 
ously, and  prof.  Delaney's  synchronous  multiplex  instru- 
ment' by  which  6  messages  may  be  so  transmitted  on  1 
wire  were  exhibited  at  the  Post-offlce  Jubilee  Fete,  London, 

2  July,  1890 

SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPHY. — Atlantic  Telegraph,  and  others. 

Prof.  Charles  Wheatstone  drew  plans  of  a  projected  submarine 
telegraph  between  Dover  and  Calais 1840 

John  VVatkius  Brett  (on  behalf  of  his  brother,  Jacob  Brett,  the 
inventor  and  patentee),  submitted  a  similar  plan  to  Louis 
I'liilippe  without  success 1847 

He  obtained  permission  from  Louis  Napoleon  to  make  a  trial, 

1847 ;  took  place 28  Aug.  1850 

[Connecting  wires  ('27  miles  long)  were  placed  on  the  govern- 
ment pier  in  Dover  harbor,  and  in  the  steamer  Goliath  were 
coiled  about  30  miles  of  telegraph  wire,  in  a  covering  of  gutta- 
percha, half  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  Goliath  started  from 
Dover,  unrolling  the  wire,  and  dropping  it  to  the  bottom  of 
the  sea.  In  the  evening  it  arrived  at  cape  Grisnez,  and 
messages  were  sent  to  and  fro  between  England  and  the 
French  coast;  but  the  wire,  in  settling  into  the  sea-bot- 
tom, crossed  a  rocky  ridge,  and  parted,  and  the  enterprise 
failed.] 

New  arrangements  were  made  on  a  larger  scale,  and  the  tele- 
graph was  opened  ;  the  opening  and  closing  prices  of  the 
funds  in  Paris  were  known  on  the  London  stock  exchange 
within  business  hours,  and  guns  were  fired  at  Dover  by  wire 
from  Calais ! 13  Nov.  1851 

Project  of  the  Atlantic  cable  was  conceived  in  1853,  when  the 
magnetic  telegraph  had  been  in  operation  10  years.  The 
original  projectors  were  Americans,  including,  besides  prof 
Morse,  Peter  Cooper,  Cyrus  W.  Field,  Moses  Taylor.  Marshal 
0.  Roberts,  etc.  The  company  ^icceeded  in  building  the 
line  from  St.  John's  across  Newfoundland,  and  under  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  mainland.  They  obtained  sub- 
sidies from  the  British  and  U.  S.  governments,  which  have 
since  expired.  2500  miles  of  wire  were  manufactured  and 
tested Mch.  1857 

Laying  commenced  at  Valentia,  Ireland 5  Aug.     " 

Vessels  employed  were  the  Niagara  and  Susquehanna  (U.  S. 
vessels),  and  the  Leopard  and  Agamemnon  {British  ves- 
sels). After  sailing  a  few  miles  the  cable  snapped;  this  was 
soon  repaired,  but  on  11  Aug.,  after  300  miles  of  wire  had 
been  paid  out,  it  snapped  again,  and  the  vessels  returned  to 
Plymouth 11  Aug.     " 

A  second  attempt  failed  through  a  violent  storm. .  .20-21  June,  1858 

Third  voyage  was  successful.  Junction  of  the  continents  was 
completed  by  2050  miles  of  wire  from  Valentia,  in  Ireland, 
to  Newfoundland,  5  Aug.  First  2  messages  were  from  queen 
Victoria  to  pres.  Pierce,  and  his  reply 1(5  Aug.     " 

This  event  caused  great  rejoicing,  but  the  insulation  of  the  wire 
gradually  became  more  faulty,  and  the  power  of  transmitting 

intelligence  utterly  ceased 4  Sept.     " 

[Name  of  operator  at  western  terminus  of  cnble  was  De 
Sauty,  who,  with  a  hope  born  of  extreme  desire  for  the  success 
of  the  cable,  maintained  to  the  last  that  it  was  All  right ! — 
"Till  the  land  was  filled  with  loud  reverberations 
Of 'All  right:' 

"  De  Sautt/." 

But  with  the  disappearance  of  the  power  to  transmit,  De 
Sauty  disappeared  also  ;  this  disappearance  furnished  dr. 
Holmes  material  for  his  humorous  poem  "  De  Sauty  "  (1858), 
quoted  from  above. 

A  new  company  formed 1860 

Steamer  Great  Eastern  (capt.  Anderson)  engaged  to  lay  2300 
miles  of  wire,  sailed  for  Valentia,  Ireland,  from  the  Thames; 
work  supervised  by  prof  Wm. Thomson  and  Cromwell  F.  Var- 
ley >. 15  July,  1865 

After  connecting  the  wire,  sailed  from  Valentia 23  July,     " 

Telegraphic  communication  with  the  vessel  (interrupted  by  2 
faults,  quickly  repaired,  due  to  defective  insulation,  from 
pieces  of  metal  pressed  into  the  guttapercha  coating) 
ceased,  2  Aug.  Apparatus  for  raising  the  wire  proving 
insufficient,    the   vessel   returned,   reaching   the    Medway, 

19  Aug.     " 

Atlantic  Telegraph  company  reconstituted  as  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
can Telegraph  company,  limited Mch.  1866 

Great  Eastern,  with  a  new  cable,  sailed  from  the  Medway,  30 
June;  the  end  at  Valentia  was  spliced  and  the  laying  began, 
13  July;  1200  miles  of  cable  had  been  laid,  22  July;  landed 
at  Heart's  Content,  Newfoundland,  and  a  message  sent 
to  lord  Stanley,  27  July ;  from  queen  Victoria  to  pres. 
Johnson,  28  July,  "From  the  queen,  Osborne,  to  the  presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.,  Washington.  The  queen  congratulates 
the  president  on  the  successful  completion  of  an  undertak- 
ing which  she  hopes  may  serve  as  an  additional  bond  of 
union  between  the  U.  S.  and  England."  To  which  he  re- 
plied  30  July,     " 

Lost  cable  of  1865  recovered,  2  Sept. ;  and  its  laying  completed 
at  Newfoundland 8  Sept.     " 

Great  Eastern  arrived  at  Liverpool 19  Sept.     " 

Samuel  Canning,  Daniel  Gooch,  and  capt.  Anderson  knighted, 

Oct.     " 
[It  was  stated  (Sept.  1866)  that  the  engineer  of  the  cable 
passed  signals  through  3700  miles  of  wire  from  a  battery 
in  a  lady's  thimble.] 

U.  S.  Congress  voted  a-gold  medal  to  Cyrus  W.  Field  for  exer- 
tions connected  with  Atlantic  telegraphs 7  Mch.  1867 

At  a  dinner  given  to  Cyrus  W.  Field  at  Willis's  rooms,  London, 
.  telegraphic  messages  were  exchanged  between  the  company 


255 


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and  lord  Monck,  viceroy  of  Canada,  and  pres.  .Johnson, 

1  July,  1868 

French  Atlantic  Telegraph  company  formed;  French  govern- 
ment grant  concession  for  20  years,  from  1  Sept.  1869.  to 
Julius  Reuter  and  baron  E'mile  d'Erlangen H  July,     " 

Anglo-Danish  telegraph  (Newbiggin  to  Copenhagen)  completed, 

31  Aug.     " 

European  end  of  French  Atlantic  cable  laid  at  Brest,  17  June; 
American  end  at  Duxbury,  Mass 23  July,  1869 

Reported  union  between  Anglo-American  and  French  Atlantic 
telegraph  companies : Jan.  1870 

Telegraph  between  Bombay  and  Suez  completed " 

Telegraph  between  Adelaide  and  Port  Darwin,  Australia,  com- 
pleted  '22  Aug.  1872 

Message  from  the  mayor  of  Adelaide  received  by  the  lord 
mayor  of  London,  and  replied  to 21  Oct.     " 

Fourth  Atlantic  cable  laid  by  Great  Eastern,  Valentia,  Ireland, 
to  Heart's  Content,  Newfoundland 8  June-3  July,  1873 

Brazil  telegraph  cable  completely  laid 22  Sept!     " 

Faraday,  a  great  electric-cable  ship,  built  for  Siemens  Bros., 
launched  at  Newcastle,  Engl.  (Steam),  17  Feb. ;  sails  to  lay 
the  "Direct  U.  S.  company's"  cable,  16  May;  laid  shore  end 
in  Nova  Scotia,  31  May;  in  New  Hampshire,  8  June  ;  con- 
nected with  Newfoundland July.  1874 

Sixth  Anglo-American  telegraph  laid  by  the  Great  Eastern, 

Aug. -Sept.      " 

E.  A.  Coivper^s  writing  telegraph:  quick  plain  writing  (36  miles), 

exhibited  at  Royal  Institution,  London,  etc May,  1879 

Sixth  international  telegraph  conference   opened  in  London, 

^^^^^^^_^  18  June,     " 

South  AfncafTTme  laid  between  Mozambique  and  Natal,  23 
Aug. ;  connected  with  Cape  Town  ;  telegrams  sent  by  queen 
Victoria  to  sir  Bartle  Frere  and  others,  25  Dec. ;  opened  to 

the  public 29  Dec.     " 

New  French  transatlantic  cable  to  be  laid  from  Brest  to  St. 
Pierre  by  the  Faraday,  sailed  June;  connected  with  Halifax, 

Oct.  1879;  line  from  Paris  to  New  York  opened 1  June,  1880 

International  congress  of  electricians  to  be  opened  at  Paris,  15 

Sept. ;  exhibition  on 11  Aug.  1881 

New  Atlantic  cable  laid  by  the  Faraday 22  Aug.  et  seq.     " 

Telegraph  from  England  to  Panama  completed Sept.  1882 

International  submarine  telegraph  conference,  Paris. .  .16  Oct.     " 
International  conference  for  protection  of  submarine  cables, 
Paris,  closed:  convention  agreed  to,  '26  Oct.  1883;  signed  at 

London,  14  Mch.  1884 ;  signed  for  U.  S 26  Mch.  1884 

Commercial  Cable  company's  cables  opened 24  Dec.     " 

Another  international  conference  for  the  protection  of  subma- 
rine cables 1  Dec.  1886 

For  statistics,  Tklkgkaph. 

ELECTRIC   LIGHT. 

Humphry  Davy  produced  electric  light  with  carbon  points 1802 

[Apparatus  for  regulating  the  electric  light  was  devised  in 
1845  by  J.  \V.  Star,  and  by  W.  Staite's  patents,  1846,  1849; 
Staite  (at  Sunderland,  Engl.,  25  Oct.  1847),  and  Petrie  in  1848; 
by  Foucault  soon  after.] 

Jules  Duboscq's  electric  lamp  (the  most  perfect  of  the  kind) 
appeared  at  the  Paris  exhibition  in  1855;  and  was  employed 
by  prof  Tyndall,  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London,  to  illus- 
trate lectures  on  light  and  colors 1856 

Works  of  new  Westminster  bridge,  London,  illuminated  by  Wat- 
son's electric  light 1858 

Magneto-electric  light  (the  most  brilliant  artificial  light  yet  pro- 
duced), devised  by  prof  Holmes,  successfully  tried  at  the 
South  Foreland  light-house,  Dover 1858  and  1859 

French  government  ordered  8  light-houses  illuminated  by  elec- 
tric light Apr.  1861 

M.  Serrin,  of  Paris,  exhibited  his  improved  electric  lamp 1862 

Electric  candle,  invented  by  Paul  Jablochkoff  (an  electric  cur- 
rent passed  through  2  carbons  side  by  side  with  a  slip  of 
kaolin  between  them,  produces  a  steady,  soft,  noiseless  light; 
the  carbons  burn  like  wax) ;  reported  to  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, Paris,  by  M.  D6nayrouze Oct.  1876 

Electric  light  successfully  employed  for  photography  by  H.  Van 
der  Weyde " 

Head,  Wrightson  k  Co.,  of  Stockton-on-Tees,  use  Siemens's 
electric  light  for  bridge-building " 

At  the  Magasin  du  Louvre,  8  electric  lights  replaced  100  Carcel 
gas-burners;  as  manageable  as  coal  gas  supply;  tried  at  West 
India  docks,  London 15  June,  1877 

Tyndall's  experiments  at  South  Foreland,  Engl,  demonstrate 
superiority  of  Siemens's  dynamo  electric  machine,  Aug.  1876- 

July,    '« 

Gramme's  machine  (light  equal  to  758  candles) " 

Serrin's  and  .Jablochkoff 's  lights  improved  by  RapiefT,  a  Rus- 
sian ;  taken  up  by  E.  J.  Reed,  M.  P. ;  a  small  magneto-electric 
machine,  worked  by  steam  ;  conducting  wires  replace  the 
gasworks  and  pipes' July,  1878 

Mr.  Stay  ton  reports  that  the  light  is  much  dearer  than  gas,  and 
not  suitable  for  street  lighting  in  London Sept.     " 

Electric  light  tried  at  Westminster  i)alace 28  Mch.     " 

Two  of  Siemens's  dynamo-magneto-electric  machines  ordered 
for  the  Lizards  light-houses " 

Gaiety  theatre,  London,  lighted  by  Lontin's  machine  and  mod- 
ification of  JablochkofTs Aug.     " 

Hippolyte  Fontaine's  treatise  on  Electric  Lighting,  1877;  trans- 
lated by  Paget  Biggs,  pub " 

T.  A.  Edison  announces  his  method  of  producing  lights  and 
power  from  a  Ritchie  inductive  coil,  a  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chine, which  he  terms  "telemachon,"  worked  by  water- 


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256 


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power  or  steam ;  panic  among  gas  companies  in  London  in 
value  of  shares Sept,  Oct.  1878 

Wm.  E.  Sawyer  and  A.  Man  produce  their  first  successful  in- 
candescent lump " 

Edison's  plan  of  subdividing  lights  filed  at  patent  oflQce, 

23  Oct.     " 

National  Electric  Light  company  forming Nov.     " 

Richard  Wertiermanns  electric  light  subdivided;  a  number  of 
Jets  lit  simultaneously ;  shown  by  British  Telegraph  company, 

2  Nov.     " 

Electric  light  used  for  large  workshops  at  Woolwich,  etc.,  Engl, 
and  throughout  the  country Nov.     " 

London  rime*  machine-room  lit  by  6  lights  ft-om  1  current; 
Rapieff  system Oct.,  Nov.     " 

Three  systems  trying  at  New  York  by  Edison,  Sawyer,  and 
Brush Nov.     " 

Wallace  lamp  (American)  introduced  in  Loudon  by  Mr.  liadd, 

autumn,     " 

Jablochkoff  candle  tried  at  Westgate  on  Sea,  Engl,  by  E.  F. 
Davis,  2-26  Dec;  light  successful;  difficulty  in  practice; 
given  up Dec.     " 

Formation  of  nitric  acid  in  the  air  by  electric  light ;  announced 
by  T.  Wills,  13  Dec.  1»78;  of  hydrocyanic  or  prussic  acid  by 
prof  J.  Dewar autumn,  1879 

Machines  of  Farmer  &  Wallace,  Lontin,  De  Meritens,  Brown- 
ing, Carr6,  and  others,  in  use  in  London " 

Edison  obtains  beautiful  light  from  platinum;  used  600  horse- 
power to  obUin  20,000  lights  at  1  station;  his  patent  regis- 
tered  23  Apr.     " 

M.  Jamin's  electric  candle  exhibited  at  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Paris about  17  Mch.     " 

Dynamo  magneto -electric  machine  patented  by  lord  Elphin- 

stone  and  C.  W.  Vincent " 

[Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  appointed  "to  con- 
sider whether  it  is  desirable  to  authorize  municipal  corpora- 
tions or  other  local  authorities  to  adopt  any  schemes  for  light- 
ing by  electricity"  (dr.  Lyon  Playfair,  chairman),  reports: 
"The"  energy  of  1  horsepower  coaverted  into  gaslight,  yields 
aluminosity  equal  to  12  candle-power.  But  the  same  amount 
of  energy  transformed  into  electric  light  produces  1600  candle- 
power.  .  .  .  Scientific  witnesses  thought  that  electricity  might 
be  used  to  transmit  power  as  well  as  light  to  a  distance,  fur- 
nishing mechanical  power  by  day  and  light  by  night.  .  .  .  The 
electric  light  has  established  itself  for  light-bouse  illumina- 
tion, that  of  large  places,  such  as  squares,  public  halls,  rail- 
way stations,  and  workshops.  .  .  .  Compared  with  gas,  the 
economy  for  equal  illumination  is  not  conclusively  estab- 
lished."— London  Times.] 

St.  George  Lane  Fox's  invention  to  light  lamps  by  electricity 
tried  at  Fulliam,  Engl,  and  reported  successful " 

Dr.  C.  William  Siemens  reports  to  Royal  Society  that  electric 
light  acts  like  solar  light  on  vegetation 2  Mch.  1880 

Electric  light  applied  by  him  to  grow  vegetables  and  fruit  in 
greenhouses " 

J.  W.  Swan  exhibits  his  system  of  dividing  light,  etc.,  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne  (afterwards  in  London) 20  Oct.     " 

Trial  of  3  systems  in  London:  Lontin's,  Southwark  bridge,  etc. ; 
Brush,  Blackfriars  bridge,  etc. ;  Siemens's,  Guildhall,  etc., 

31  Mch.  1881 

New  lamp  (the  "Sun")  by  Louis  Clerc,  a  combination  of  the  arc 
and  incandescent  systems ^ June,  1882 

Electric  " sun "  lamp  and  power  company  was  formed.. .  .July,     " 

Q.  C.  V.  Holmes,  F.  E.  Burke,  and  F.  Cheesewright's  invention 
for  electric  light  in  railways  tried  on  Great  Northern  line, 
reported  successful .25  Oct.     " 

Ferranti  system  of  electric  lighting  (invented  by  sir  William 
Thomson,  S.  Ziani  de  Ferranti,  and  Alfred  Thomson)  success- 
fully tried , Dec.     " 

Domestic  electric  lighting  by  the  Beeman,  Taylor,  and  King 
system  tried  at  Colchester,  Engl 11  June,  1884 

Electric  light  in  Liverpool  and  Manchester  trains Aug.     " 

Electric  light  adopted  at  Milan,  Rome,  Paris,  Tours,  Marseilles, 
and  other  large  European  cities 1890 

Most  large  cities  in  the  U.  S.  partly  lighted  by  electricity 1882-85 

"Liberty  Enlightening  the  World,"  New  York  harbor,  lighted 
by  electricity 1886 

Most  of  the  large  hotels  and  public  halls  of  the  larger  cities  of 
the  D.  S.  lighted  by  electricity 1885-90 

First  permanent  electric  lights  in  the  city  of  London  set  up  in 
Queen  Victoria  st 1891 

ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS. 

Stratingh  and  Becker  of  Groeningen,  in  1835,  and  Botto  of 
Turin,  in  1836,  construct  rude  electric  carriages.  Davidson, 
aScotchman,  in  1838-39,  builds  an  electric  car,  of  several  tons' 
weight,  which  runs  4  miles  an  hour.  Thomas  Davenport 
of  Brandon,  Vt.,  exhibits  a  model  of  a  circular  railway  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  traversed  by  an  electro-magnetic  locomo- 
tive   1835 

Alfred  Vail,  aided  by  an  appropriation  from  Congress,  constructs 
an  electric  locomotive,  which  runs  from  Washington,  D,  C,  to 
Bladensburg,  Md.,  on  the  Washington  branch  of  the  B.  and 
0.  R.  R,  29  Apr.  1851;  attains  a  speed  of  19  miles  an  hour. 
Jean  Henry  Cazal,  a  French  engineer,  proposes  to  utilize  the 
natural  powers,  as  water,  etc.,  for  operating  railways  by  elec- 
trical transmission  of  power 1864 

Dr.  Werner  Siemens  exhibits  an  electric  railway  at  the  Indus- 
trial Exhibition  at  Berlin 1879 

Meanwhile  Stephen  D.  Field  of  San  Francisco,  dr.  Jos.  R.  Fin- 
ney of  Pittsburg,  and  Thos.  A.  Edison  of  N.  Y.,  were  in- 
dependently at  work.    Edison  was  the  first  to  construct 


a  dynamo-electric  railway  in  America,  at  the  expense  of 
Henry  Villard,  at  Menlo  Park,  N.  J.,  on  a  tract  80  rods  in 
length 

First  electric  street-railway  in  Europe  was  the  "  Lichterfclde 
line,"  constructed  by  dr.  Siemens,  at  Berlin 

First  electric  tram-way  cars  in  England  run  at  Leytonstone, 
Essex 4  Mch.  : 

New  electric  railway  opened  at  Berlin 1  May, 

Prof.  Fleeming  Jenkin  invents  the  telpherage  system 

Finney  exhibits  and  successfully  operates  experimental  electric 
motor  on  ordinary  street  car  at  Alleghany,  Pa 

Field's  electric  locomotive  first  exhibited  at  the  Exposition  of 
Railway  Appliances  at  Chicago June, 

Siemens's  electrical  tram-way  between  Portrush  and  Giant's 
Causeway,  Ireland,  completed,  Dec.  1882;  opened  by  earl 
Spencer 28  Sept. 

Electric  tram-cars  first  run  from  Kew  to  Hammersmith,  Engl., 

10  Mch. 

First  electric  street  railway  in  America  from  Baltimore  to 
Hampden,  Md.,  2  miles.  The  current  ran  in  an  insulated 
rail  midway  between  the  other  two.  The  electrical  machin- 
ery was  designed  and  constructed  by  Leo  Daft  of  Jersey  City, 
N.  J.     The  line  opened l  Sept. 

A  successful  electric  street  railroad  at  Scranton,  Pa.,  was  de- 
signed by  Charles  J.  Van  Depoele  of  Chicago,  and  went  into 
operation Dec. 

There  are  3  systems  whereby  the  electric  current  is  supplied 
to  the  motor  upon  the  car,  the  overhead(i  system,  the  under- 
ground system,  and  the  storage-battery  system.  The  first  is  in 
general  use;  while  the  last,  if  it  could  be  made  economical, 
would  soon  supersede  the  others. 

Growth  of  electric  railway  and  of  electrical  transmission  of 
power  very  rapid  from  1881  to  1886.  Chief  inventors  in 
electric  railways  :  Siemens,  Jyrton  and  Perry,  Daft,  Field, 
Sprague,  Bentley  and  Knight,  and  Van  Depoele;  chief  in- 
ventors of  telpherage  system,  Jenkin,  Ayrton,  and  Perry. 

ELECTRICAL  MEASUREMENTS. 

The  following  terms  (after  great  electricians)  were  adopted  by 
the  electrical  congress  at  Paris,  22  Sept.  1881 :  ohm,  volt,  am- 
pere, coulomb,  and  farad.  (Electricians,  under  this  article.) 
Important  resolutions  were  passed  by  the  international  con- 
ference on  electrical  units  at  Paris  (the  "congress  ohm" 
agreed  to) Apr. -May, 

Electrical  standard  committee  (consisting  of  lord  Raleigh,  sir 
Wm.  Thomson,  and  others)  appointed,  Dec.  1890;  it  was  rec- 
ommended that  new  denominations  of  standards  be  made, 
and  determined  with  reference  to  the  centimetre,  gramme, 
and  second,  of  the  Board  of  Trade;  the  ohm  to  be  the  stand- 
ard of  resistance;  the  ampere,  the  standard  of  electrical  cur- 
rent; the  volt,  the  standard  of  electrical  pressure;  all  being 
scientifically  defined 20  Feb.  18 

Committee's  report  printed Aug.     ' 

The  electrical  congress  adopted  the  henry  as  the  unit  of  elec- 
trical induction  in  honor  of  prof  Henry  at  the  World's  Fair, 
Chicago 1893 

ELECTRO -PHYSIOLOGY. 

Aristotle  and  Pliny  refer  to  the  powers  of  the  torpedo ;  Walsh 
and  Ingenhousz,  the  discoveries  of  Galvani  in  1790,  and  the 
researches  of  Matteucci,  about  1830,  advanced  the  sciepce. 

Fowler  experimented  on  animals  with  galvanism,  1793;  Aldini, 
1796,  produced  muscular  contractions  in  a  crWnyinal  recently 
executed,  1803 ;  Ure  did  the  same 1818 

Du  Bois-Reymond  lectured  on  animal  electricity  at  the  Royal 
Institution,  and  showed  an  electric  current,  developed  by  ac- 
tion of  human  muscles May,  1855 

Dr.  Burdon  Sanderson  announced  discovery  of  electricity  in 
plants  to  British  Association  at  Bradford Sept.  1873 

ELECTRIC   USE  IN  GENERAL. 
William  Kemmler  executed  by  electricity  at  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
the  first  in  the  world,  6  Aug.  1890;  several  since  at  Sing  Sing, 
N.  Y. ,  among  them  Carlyle  W.  Harris 8  May,  1893 

ELECTRICAL   TRANSMISSION   OF   FORCE. 

M.  Marcel  Deprez'  experiments  at  Creil  (1876-86),  supported  by 
M.  Rothschild,  reported  successful :  mechanical  power  trans- 
mitted 35  miles  for  industrial  purposes 23  July,  1886 

Elieson  company's  electric  engines  reported  successful  at 
Stratford;  tram-cars  driven  5  miles Oct.  et  seq.     " 

Electrical  traction  on  tram-ways  at  Northfleet;  successful  dem- 
onstration  14  Mch.      " 

Successful  trial  of  electric  tram-car  at  Birmingham 23  Oct.  1889 

M.  Immisch's  electric  motors  successful  in  pumping  and  haul- 
ing at  St.  John's  colliery,  Norman  ton Nov.      " 

City  and  South  London  Electric  railway  opened  by  the  prince 
of  Wales,  4  Nov. ,  to  the  public ' 18  Dec.  1890 

Nickola  Tesla,  at  the  Royal  Institution,  exhibited  his  alternate- 
current  motor,  by  which  currents  are  transformed  by  con- 
stantly reversing  the  direction  into  mechanical  power.  It 
was  stated  that,  with  the  increase  of  physical  power,  the  ef- 
fect upon  the  human  frame  is  diminished 3,  4  Feb.  1892 

[By  means  of  Mr.  Tesla's  apparatus,  the  force  of  about  77.7 
horse-power  was  transmitted  from  the  rapids  of  the  Neckar 
to  Frankforton-Maine,  110  miles,  Sept.  1891.] 

Work  began  on  the  Niagara  Falls  tunnel  (American  side),  4  Oct. 
1890.  Object,  to  develop  electric  power  for  transmission. 
Source  of  power  practically  unlimited.  Tunnel  finished  and 
most  machinery  in  place May,  1893 

Phonograph,  Photophone,  Telegraph,  Telephonb,  etc. 


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LIST  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  INVESTIGATORS  AND 

INVENTORS   IN   ELECTRICITY  AND   MAGNETISM. 

Names. 

Born. 

Died. 

Remarlts. 

Germany 1724 

Italy 1762 

France 1775 

England 

France 1786 

Greece 384  B.C. 

England 1810 

England.'.*.'.'.'.  .1847 

Scotland 1810 

England 1812 

Italy 1716 

Germany 

France 1788 

Scotland. '.".'. '.'..1847 
England 

Sweden. '.'.'.'.  v..  1779 
Hungary '.".'.*."..  1860 

Italy 

Italy 

Ireland 1626 

England 

Switzerland....  1747 

Ohio  .'.'.".'.".'.'."..1849 
Germany 1811 

England 1718 

England 1768 

Italy  .'.'.'.".'.'.".'..1749 

England 1731 

France 

1802 
1834 
1836 

1853 
322B.C. 

1877 

i78i 

1878 
1848 

1823 

1782 
1840 

1809 
1810 

1806 

1845 

1851 

1829 
1873 

i744 

1739 

1867 
1893 

1892 

1868 
1809 

1790 

1798 
i855 

[Investigator.     Established  the  afflnity  between  electricity  and  mag- 
t     netism ;  discovered  the  polarity  of  the  tourmaline,  etc. 
Experimenter  with  galvanism. 

Amniro    Anrlrp  Mario       

(Electro-dynamics.     Unit  of  electrical  current  named  in  his  honor 
(     ampere. 

Investigator.     Induction  coil  giving  the  largest  spark  ever  seen,  1869. 
Rotary  magnetism,  etc. 

Acquainted  with  phenomena  of  electro-physiology. 
Hydro-electric  machine,  etc. 

Separates  metals  from  their  alloys  by  electrolysis,  1883. 
Inventor  of  electric  railway,  telpherage  system,  etc. 

Automatic  chemical  telegraph,  1846.     Electric  telegraph. 
Electric  motor 

■Rain    AIpYander         

■Rarlnw    Wm     H         

Beccaria  Giovanni  B        

Published  researches  on  atmospheric  electricity,  1758. 

( Improves  the  voltaic  battery,  1829 ;  invents  electro- magnetic  balflnre 
\    1831.                                                                                               "  ' 

Electric  lighting. 

Forms  a  dry  pile  of  80  pairs  of  zinc,  copper,  and  gilt  paper,  1805. 

In  the  United  States,  1872,  telephone  and  photophone. 
(Invents  the  "doubler  of  electricity,"  1786,  and  the  gold-leaf  elec- 
[     trometer,  etc. 

Electric  railways,  etc. 

Investigator. 

Investigator  in  electric  telegraphy,  1787. 

Bennet,  Rev.  A 

Bentley,  Edward  M 

Berzelius  Johan  Jakob 

Invents  an  electroscope,  1820. 

I  Typo-electric  telegraph  made  known,  1860.     Inventor  of  an  electric 
(     loom,  railway,  etc. 

Constructs  a  rude  electric  carriage,  1836. 

Published  his  electrical  experiments,  1676. 

Thermopile-quartz  fibre. 

Uses  electro-magnetism  in  making  mathematical  instruments. 

Submarine  telegraphy,  1847. 

Electric  lighting. 

Bonelli   

Botta           

Boyle  Robert     

Boys  C   Vernon      

Dynamos,  electric  lights,  etc. 

Improves  the  voltaic  battery  (carbon,  etc.),  1842. 

Electric  lights,  etc. 

Burlje  F  E 

Byrne     .        

Pneumatic  battery  (air  blown  in),  1878. 

Decomposed  water  by  the  voltaic  pile,  1800. 

Carr6 

Investigator.    Electric  telegraphy,  1795. 
Eminent  investigator. 

Cavendish   Henry 

Cazal  .Jean  Henry 

Electric  railway. 

Cheesewright    F                    

France             

Electric  lighting  in  railways. 
Electric  lamp  "Sun  " 

Clerc  M  Louis             ..            .     . 

England 

France  

England 

United  States 
England  .... 

..1736 
.1832 

Magnetic  needle  telegraph,  patented  1837. 

(  Electro  -  statics.     Unit  of  electrical  quantity  named  in  his  honor 
\     coulomb. 

Writing  telegraph,  1879. 

Investigator. 

Crookes  Wm 

Crosby  0  T 

Investigator  and  writer  on  electricity. 
Voltaic  battery,  1801. 

Cruickshank. . . .        « 

Cummings        

New  Jersey 

Italy 

England 1790 

Vermont 1802 

Scotland 1804 

England 1778 

Ireland 1845 

Switzerland....  1801 

Franc"e'.*.'.'.'.'.*..1843 

Hungary 1854 

France 1683 

Connecticut....  1837 

France  

Germany 1818 

France 1698 

United  States 

Milan,  0 1847 

England 1791 

Massachusetts. .  1820 

France  

England 1864 

Massachusetts..  1819 
California    . .  -  - 

Galvanometer  or  rheometer,  1821. 
Leyden  jar,  alleged  discoverer. 
Electric  motor  for  railroads. 

Cunseus 

Daft   Leo 

Dal  Negro  Salvatore  Abb6 

Electric  motor,  1830,  experiment. 

Daniell  J  F 

Improver  of  the  voltaic  battery,  1836. 

Davenport   Thomas  . 

Electric  motor  for  railroad,  1835. 

Electric  motor  for  railroad,  1838-39;  experiment. 

( Experiments  with  electricity  in  chemistry,  and  the  discoverer  of 
(     electric  light. 

(Telegraphy.     Invents  a  synchronous  multiplex  instrument.    Came 
\     to  the  U.  S.  1855. 
Galvanometer,  1824. 

De  la  Rive,  Augusta 

De  Meritens 

Electric  light,  etc. 

Deprez   M  Marcel  .... 

Investigator  of  the  electrical  transmission  of  force. 

Deri  Max 

Inventor  of  economic  distribution  of  electricity. 

Desaguliers,  J.  Theophile 

Investigator.    Classifies  bodies  as  electric  and  non-electric. 

Inventor,  investigator,  etc. 

Electric  light  (in  Paris  exhibition,  1855). 

Du  Bois-Reymond,  Emil  H. 

Du  Fay,  Chas.  Franpois 

Animal  electricity. 

Discovered  two-fold  nature  of  electricity. 

Dyar,  Harrison  G 

Electric  telegraph.  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  1828. 

Edison  Thomas  Alva 

Inventor  of  telephone,  phonograph,  electric  light,  electric  railroad,  etc. 
(Eminent  investigator.      Unit  of  electrical  capacity  named  in  his 
(     honor  farad. 
Electric  light,  etc. 

Electric  accumulator,  1881;  patented  in  the  U.  S.  1882. 
Dynamos,  electric  lighting,  etc. 
Zealous  in  placing  the  Atlantic  telegraph. 
Electric  railroad 

Farmer,  Moses  G 

Faure,  Camille  A 

Ferranti,  S.  Zianide 

Field,  Stephen  D 

Finney,  Joseph  R 

Pittsburg,  Pa. 

England 

France 

France  

France  

Boston,  Mass. 

Germany 

Italy 

Germany 

!'.i849 

;!i8i9 

..1755 

..1706 

..1737 

..1777 

Electric  railroad 

Fleming,  J.  A 

Eminent  investigator,  etc. 

Electric  lighting. 

Electric  light,  regulating  it. 

Electro-chemistry,  decomposed  water,  1787-90. 

Experiments  on  animals  with  galvanism,  1793. 

Inventor  of  lighting  lamps  by  electricity,  1879.  Eminent  investigator. 
(Eminent  and  original  investigator.    Identifies  lightning  with  elec- 
(     tricity. 

Duplex  telegraphy. 

Animal  electricity,  galvanic  arc,  etc. 

Inventor  of  a  system  of  economical  electrical  distribution,  1882. 

Electro-magnetism.     Applied  electro-magnetism  to  telegraphy. 

Fontaine,  H 

Foucault,  Leon 

Fourcroy,  Antoine  F 

Fowler 

Fox,  St.  Geo.  L. 

Franklin,  Beiyamin. 

Frischen,  Carl ". 

Galvani,  Aloisio 

Gaulard 

Gauss,  Karl  Friedrich 

ELE 


268 


ELE 


LIST  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  INVESTIGATORS  AND   INVENTORS  IN  ELECTRICITY  AND  MAGNETISM.-(Cbn<tnt*ed) 
Born.  I     Died.      |  Remarks.  ~" 


Gay-Lussao,  Jos.  Louis. 

Gibbs 

Gilbert,  Dr.  Wm 

Gilliland.  .Arthur. 

Gintl.  Dr 

Gladstone,  J.  H 

Gordon 

Gore,  George 

Gramme 

Gray,  Klisha 

Gray,  Stephen 

Grove,  Wm.  R 

Guericke,  Otto  von 

Hall,  Thomaa 


France 1778 


England 1540 


Austria 

England 1827 


England 

France 

Illinois 

England 

England 1811 

Germany 1602 

England 


Hiirris.  Sir  Wm.  Snow.:... 

Hawksbee 

Helmhollz,  Hermann  L  F. 
Henley 

Henry,  Prof.  Joseph 


England 1791 


Germany 1821 


Albany,  N.  Y...1797 


Hisinger ." 

Hjorth 

Holmes,  F.  H 

Holmes.  G.  C.  V 

Holtz,  W 

Hooke,  Robert 

House,  Royal  K 

Houston,  Ed.  Jas 

Hughes.  D.  E 

Humboldt,  Friedrich  H.  Alexander 

Immiscb,  M 

Ingenhousz,  Jan 

Jablochkoff,  Paul 

Jacobi.  Moritz  Herman 

Jamins,  M 

Jenkin,  Fleeming 

Joul^,  Dr.  James  Prescott. 

Julien,  Edmond 

Kapp.  Gisbert 

Kerr,  Dr.  John 

King 

Kirchhoff,  Gustav  R 


Kleist  (a  German  monk). 

Knight,  Walter  H 

Kohlrausch 


Sweden 

England 

England 

Germany 

England 1635 


Virginia 1844 

England 1831 

Germany 1769 


Holland 1730 

Russia 

Germany 1801 

France  

England 

England 1818 

Belgium 

Austria 1852 


England 

Germany 1824 

Germany 


I>add 

Lane 

I'Sgg 

Lemonnier,  Pierre  C 

Lesage,  Geo.  Louis 

Lichtenberg,  Geo.  Christopb. 
Lontin 


England. 


Prance 1715 

Switzerland 1724 

Germany 1742 


Marcus 

Masson,  Antoine  Philbert. . 

Matteneci,  Carlo 

Maxim,  Hiram  S 

Maxwell,  J.  C 

Melloni,  M 

Milner,  Isaac 

Mordey,  W.  M 

Morse,  Samuel  P.  B 

Muschenbroek,  Peter  van. . 

Neumann,  F.  E 


Newton,  Sir  Isaac 

Nicholson,  Wm 

Noad,  H.  M 

Nobili,  Leopoldo 

Nollet,  Jean  Antoine.... 
Oersted,  Hans  Christian. 
Ohm,  Georg  Simon 


Pacinotti,  Antonio. 
Page,  Dr.  C.  G 

Peltier 


Perry,  John 

Petrie , 

Phelps,  L.  J 

Pixii 

Plante,  Gaston 

Pliny  (the  Elder) 

Pope,  F.  L 

Priestley,  Joseph 

Rapieflf 

Rich  man,  G.  Wilhelm. 


Ritchie 

Ritter,  J.  Wilhelm 

Ronalds,  F 

Ruhmkorff,  N 


France 1806 

Italy 1811 

Maine 1840 

England 1831 

Italy 1801 

England 1751 

England 1856 

Massachusetts. .  1791 
Holland 1692 

Germany 

England 1642 

England 1755 

England 

Italy 1784 

France 1700 

Denmark 1777 

Germany 1789 

Italy 

Massachusetts. .  1812 


Ireland 1849 


France 1834 

Italy 23 

United  States 

England 1733 

Russia 

Germany 1711 


Germany 1776 

France 1800 


1860 
1603 


1736 
i686 

1867 


1878 


1894 
1874 


1799 
1803 
1799 


1879 
1854 
1820 

1872 
1761 


1727 
1815 

1835 
1770 
1851 
1854 


79 
1804 
1753 


1810 
1873 


1 

'A 

I 


See  CuN^us,  above,  Musohknbroek, 


Electro  magnetism. 

System  of  economical  electrical  distribution,  etc.,  1882. 
(The  "Galileo  of  magnetism;"   uses  the  terms  "electric  force, 
\     "electric  attraction,"  etc. 

Inductive  telegraphy,  telephone,  etc. 

Duplex  telegraphy,  lirst  accomplished,  1853. 

Constructs  copper-zinc  couple,  1872. 

Electrical  machine  with  glass  cylinder,  1742. 

Eminent  investigator  in  voltaic  electricity  and  electro-chemistry. 

Magneto-electric  machine,  1870. 

Inventor  of  telephones,  etc.,  and  of  the  graphophone. 

Investigator;  discovers  the  fact  of  electric  induction. 

Improves  voltaic  battery,  etc.,  1839. 

First  electrical  machine,  1647. 

Electric  locomotive. 

(Investigator.       Invents   lightning  conductors   for   ships,   thermo- 
[     electrometer. 

Electrical  machine,  1709. 

Electrodynamics,  etc. ;  invents  the  tangent  compass,  1849. 

Invents  an  electrometer,  1772. 

( Eminent  investigator;  electro-magnetism.     Unit  of  electrical  induc- 
(     tion  named  in  his  honor  henry. 

Transfer  of  acids  and  alkalies  by,the  voltaic  pile,  1803. 

Discovers  the  reaction  principle  of  magnetization,  1854. 

Electric  light. 

Electric  light,  London,  1882. 

Induction  machine,  1865. 

Investigator. 

Electric  telegraph,  printing,  1846-48. 

Investigator;  electric  light,  railway,  etc. 

Electric  telegraph,  1855. 

Eminent  investigator  of  electricity  and  magnetism. 

Electric  motor.  1889. 

Electro-physiologist,  etc. 

Electric  candle,  etc. 

Electric  motor,  experimental,  1838.     Improves  the  voltaic  pile. 

Electric  candle,  etc. 

Telpherage  system. 

Investigator.     Invents  magnetic  galvanometer,  1843. 

Electric  motor.     Improved  electric  accumulator,  1885. 

Electric  light,  dynamos,  etc. 

Domestic  electric  lighting. 

(  Leyden  jar,  discovered  1745. 
(     below. 

Electric  railways,  etc.,  Bentley-Knight  electric  railroad. 

Eminent  investigator  of  electro-dynamics,  etc. 

Magneto-electric  machine,  1867. 

Invents  a  discharging  electrometer,  1767. 

Automatic  system  of  telegraphy. 

Devises  telegraphic  arrangements,  1774.  •  ■ 

Investigator.     Electrical  dust  figures,  etc. 

Electric  lighting. 

Thermo-electric  battery,  1865. 

Investigator  and  inventor  of  electric  telegraphy,  1837. 

Electro-physiology,  electrolysis,  etc. 

Electric  lighting.     Also  fire-arms,  "Maxim  Gun,"  etc. 

Work  on  electricity  and  magnetism,  London,  1873,  etc. 

Investigator.    Thermo-multiplier  constructed,  1831. 

Invents  an  electrometer,  1783. 

Victoria  dynamo. 

Electric  telegraph,  1837. 

Leyden  jar. 

( Discovers  a  function  called  the  "potential,"  fVom  which  he  deduces 
(     a  theory  of  induction,  1845. 

Eminent  investigator.    Electrical  machine,  1675. 

Decomposes  water  by  the  voltaic  pile,  1800.  , 

Investigator.     Powerful  electrical  machine,  1855.  | 

Investigator.     Constructs  a  thermo-multiplier,  1831.  | 

Investigator.    Contemporary  with  Beccaria,  Canton,  and  Watson.  1 

Eminent  investigator.     Discovers  electro-magnetic  action. 
(Investigator.    States  his  formulae  relating  to  galvanic  currents,  1827. 
\     Unit  of  electrical  resistance  named  in  his  honor  ohm. 

Electro-magnetic  machine,  1864. 

Investigator.     Electric  locomotive,  etc.,  1851-52. 
(Inventor;    discovers  what  is  termed  the   "Peltier  effect,"  183^ 
'     electrometer,  etc.,  1848. 

Electric  railways,  etc. 

Electric  light,  apparatus  for  regulating,  1848. 

Inventor  inductive  telegraphy,  1885. 

First  maker  of  the  magneto-electric  machine,  Paris,  1832. 

Investigator.     Lead  battery,  1860.  ; 

Electro-physiology.  * 

Investigator.  t 

History  of  electricity. 

Improves  the  JaWochkoff  light. 

Killed  at  St.  Petersburg  while  attempting  Franklin's  experiment. 

Eminent  investigator  in  electrJciiy  of  high  potential,  etc. ,  186L 

Galvanometer  (torsion),  1830. 

Constructs  a  "secondary  pile." 

Electric  telegraph,  pub.  1823. 

Magneto-electric  induction  coil,  constructed  1850. 


ELE 


259 


ELE 


LIST  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 

INVESTIGATORS  AND  INVENTORS  IN  ELECTRICITY  AND  MAGNETISM.— (ConcZwded.) 

Names. 

B.„. 

Died. 

Remarks. 

Spain 

England 

Pennsylvania . 

Germany 

Germany 

Germany 

France  

Germany 

Germany 

England 

.1747 

.1799 
.1805 
.1779 
.1770 

.1823 
.1816 

.1818 

1808 

1873 

1857 
1831 

1892 
1877 
1830 

1850 
1779 

546  b!c. 

i893 
1857 

1857 
1883 

1826 

1787 
1891 

i875 

1772 

1828 

1846 

Devises  telegraphic  communications  1796 

CinHnrsnn     Riirdon      

Electricity  in  plants,  1873                   ' 

Incandescent  lamp,  termed  the  Sawyer-Man. 

Magneto-electric  machine,  London,  1833. 

<!/>Viillin<T   f;n«;t;ivil.s!                

Investigator  and  inventor  in  electric  telegraphy,  1833. 
Invents  a  galvanometer,  1820.     The  parent  of  the  needle  system. 
Thermo-electricity  discovered,  1821. 
Electric  lighting. 

(Eminent  investigator  and  inventor  electric  railway,  lights,  etc.,  in 

Eminent  investigator,  etc. 

Singer           

Electrometer  improved,  1810. 

Investigator.     Improves  the  voltaic  battery,  1840. 
Communication  by  induction  between  moving  trains  by  telegraph. 
Exhibits  telegraphic  arrangements  of  communication    1809 

Soemmering  S  T  

Germany 

United  States. 

Austria 

.1755 

Sprague,  Lt.  F.  J 

St;iite  WE 

Klectric  railroad,  etc. 

Electric  light,  experimental,  1846,  patent. 

gtark                               

Duplex  telegraphy,  etc. 

United  States 

Massachusetts 

Germany 

Germany 

England 1783 

Switzerland.  ...1720 
England 1828 

England 

Austria 1857 

Greece 636  b.c. 

England 

England 1824 

( Manchester,  >    -„-„ 
1.     Engl.....'.|    1853 

England  .'.'.*.'.'. 

England 1820 

Scotland 1778 

United  States 

Belgium 1846 

Holland 1750 

England 

Electric  light,  regulating  it,  1845. 

Duplex  telegraphy,  etc. 

1  Investigator  and  inventor  in  electric  telegraphy,  1837.    Discovers 

Stratiugh 

Electric  railway.     Experiment,  1836. 

Sturgeon  William 

Eminent  investigator.     Improves  the  voltaic  pile,  1830. 

Sulzer  John  Geo 

Investigator  in  electro-physiology. 

Swan  J  W 

Inventor  electric  lighting,  etc. 

Symmer   Robert 

Investigator,  1T59.    Maintained  the  theory  of  2  distinct  fluids,  etc. 

Pbotophone. 

Tesla  Nickola 

Investigator  of  high  potentials  and  of  currents  of  great  frequency. 

Thales 

Acquainted  with  electricity. 

Thomson   Alfred 

Inventor.     Electric  lighting. 

Thomson  Sir  Wm  .... 

Investigator  and  inventor.     Electric  replenisher,  1868. 

(In    U.  S.,  electric    railways,  electric    welding,  Thomson-Houston 

Inventor  inductive  machine,  etc. 

Constructs  a  copper-zinc  couple,  1872.    Copper. 
Investigator. 

Tyndall,  John 

Experimenter  with  galvanism,  1818. 

Vail,  Alfred 

Electric  railway.    Constructs  a  locomotive,  1851. 
Electric  street  railroad  Scranton   Pa,. ,  1886. 

Van  Depoele,  C.  J 

Van  Marum  Martin  

( Electric  mechanician.    Said  to  have  constructed  the  most  powerful 

Varley  C  F   

1     electric  machine  ever  made,  1785. 
Investigator  and  inventor.     Reciprocal  eloctrophorus. 
Dynamo-magneto-electric  machine,  1878. 

Vincent,  C.  W 

Italy 

England  .  . 

.1745 

(Eminent  investigator.     Inventor  ot   the  voltaic   battery,  electro- 
\     phorus,  etc.     Unit  of  electrical  pressure  called  in  his  honor  volt. 

Electric  lighting. 

Electro-physiology,  etc. 
( Investigator  during  the  years  1740-50;  Copley  medal.    Transmission 

Wallace 

Walsh 

Watson  Sir  William 

England 

Germany .... 

England.'.*.".'.' 

England 

England . 

England 

England 

Germany .... 

England 

Italy 

Austria 

.1715 
.1804 

.1802 

.1832 
.1703 

.1766 

.1777 
.1853 

Weber,  Wilhelm  E 

(     of  electricity  by  an  insulated  wire,  1747. 

( Investigator.     Inventions  in  electric  telegraphy,  electro-dynamom- 

Weems,  David  G 

(     eter,  etc. 

Electric  light. 

Dynamo  electrical  machine. 

Eminent  investigator  and  inventor.    Electric  telegraph,  etc. 

Associated  with  Gray  in  the  discovery  of  electric  induction. 

Discovers  the  principle  of  accumulation  by  successive  action,  1865. 

Announces  the  formation  of  nitric  acid  in  the  air  by  electric  light,  1878. 

Weston,  Edward 

Wheatstone,  Sir  Chas 

Wheeler  

Wilde   Henry  

Wills,  T 

Inventor.    Continuous  electrophones  and  an  influence  machine,  1882. 

Constructed  the  Leyden  battery,  1746. 

(Eminent  investigator  and  inventor.    Demonstrates  the  identity  of 
[     galvanism  with  electricity. 

Winckler,  John  Heinrich 

WoUaston,  Wm.  H 

Wright 

Investigator  of  galvanism  and  voltaic  electricity. 
Dynamos.     Alternate  current  transformation. 

elegy.  Elegiac  verse  (hexanoeters  and  pentameters 
alternately)  was  the  first  variation  from  the  hexameter  or 
epic  measure,  u.sed  by  Tyrtaeus  and  other  early  poets.  El- 
egies by  Ovid  and  Catullus  are  celebrated.  Gray's  "  Elegy, 
written  in  a  Country  Churchyard,"  pub.  1749.     Literature. 

elements  were  anciently  reckoned  as  4:  earth,  air,  fire, 
and  water.  Lavoisier  enunciated  the  principle  that  all  bod- 
ies which  cannot  be  proved  to  be  compounded  are  to  be  re- 
garded as  elements  (see  table  opposite,  and  separate  articles). 
The  chemical  elements  now  known  are  about  80;  with  the 
€xception  of  bromine  and  fluorine  all  the  elements  enter 
into  combination  directly  or  indirectly  with  oxygen  to  form 
•oxides.  Joseph  Norman  Lockyer,  in  a  paper  read  at  the 
Royal  society,  12  Dec.  1878,  expressed  doubts  of  the  element- 
ary character  of  some  of  the  following  substances,  based  on 
his  spectroscopic  experiments.  His  views  were  not  support- 
ed by  the  researches  of  profs.  Dewar  and  Liveing,  1880-81. 
Chlorine. 


LIST  OF  THE   ELEMENTS, 

Their  atomic  weight,  specific  gravity,  chemical  symbols,  year  of  their 
discovery  as  element  or  isolation,  and  name  of  the  discoverer. 

[Hydrogen  is  taken  as  the  unit  of  atomic  weight,  and  also  the  unit  of  specifie 
gravity  for  gases,  the  unit  of  specific  gravity  for  other  elements  is  water.  Thow 
elements  noted  (!)  are  still  doubtful.] 


Name. 

Atomic 
weight. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Chem. 
symbol. 

Discoverers. 

Year. 

Aluminum 

Antimony 

Arsenic 

Barium 

Bismuth 

Boron 

Bromine 

Cadmium 

Caesium 

27.4 
120 
75 

136.9 

207.5 
11 
79.76 

in.7 

132.7 

2.6 
6.7 
5.7 

4 

9.8 

2.6 

3 

8.65 

Al. 
Sb. 
As. 

Ba. 

Bi. 

B. 

Br. 
Cd. 

Cs. 

WOhler 

B.  Valentine 

6.  Brandt 

(Davy ) 

I  Berzelius >- 

(Ponton j 

(Davy' .*.'.■ ) 

{ Gay  Lussac. . .  J 

(The'nard ) 

Balard 

f  Hermann  .... 
\  Stomeyer .... 
fKirchhofiT.... 
\Bunsen 

1827 
1490 
1733 

1808 

1530 

1808 

1826 
1818 

1860 

ELE 

U8T  OF  THE  KLKMKNTS. — (Continued.) 


260 


ELY 


Calcium. 


Carbon ... 


Cerium. 


Chlorine 

Chromium. . . 

Cobjilt 

Copper 

Davyum  (?).. 
Decipium  (?). 
nidyiuium. .. 

Erbium 

Fluorine 

Gallium 

Germanium  . 
Glucinum. . . . 

Gold 

Holmium  (?). 
Hydrogen  ... 
Ilfnenium  (f). 

Indium 


Iodine 

Iridium 

Iron 

Lanthanum.... 

Lead 

Lithium 

Magnesium.... 

Manganese 

Mercury 

Molybdenum  . . 
Mosandrum  (?). 
Neplunium  (?).. 

Nickel 

Niobium 

Nitrogen 

Norwegium  (?). 

Osmium 

Oxygen 

Palladium 

Philippium  (?). . 

Phosphorus 

Platinum 

Potassium 

Rhodium 


Rubidium 

Ruthenium... 
Scandium  (?). . 

Selenium 

Silicon 

Silver 

Sodium 

Strontium 

Sulphur 

Tantalum 

Tellurium 

Thallium 

Thorium 

Thulium  (?)... 

Tin 

Titanium 

Tungsten 

Uralium  (?)... 

Uranium 

7anadium.. .. 
Vesbium  (?)... 
Ytterbium  (?). 

Yttrium 

Zinc 

Zirconium.... 


Atomic 
wetKht. 


S9.9 
11.97 

Ul 

36.37 
62.4 
68.74 
63.8 


U2.1 
166 

19.1 

70 

73.32 
9.1 
196.2 


113.4 

126.54 
192.5 

55.88 

138.5 

206.4 

7.01 

23.94 

54.8 
199.8 

95.9 


58.6 

94 

14.01 

191" 

15.96 
106.2 

so.'ge 

194.3 
39.04 
104.1 

85.2 

103.5 

79* 

28 
107.66 

23 

87.2 

3L98 
182 
128 
203.64 
232 

117.8 


239.8 
51.2 


172.6 


65.1 
90.4 


Specific 
gravity. 


1.67 

m\ 

6.7 

36.5 
6.8 
8.9 
8.9 


2.1 
19.3 


7.4 

5 
22.4 

7.8 

6.1 
11.4 
.59 

1.74 

8 
13.56 


8.2 
6.3 
14 

22V4 

16 

12 

1.82 
21.5 
.86 
12.1 

1.52 

1L4 

4.5 

16.5 
.97 

2.5 

2.05 
10.8 

6.2 
11.8 

7.7 

7.3 

18.2 

18.4 
5.5 


7.16 
4.1 


Chem. 
symbol. 


Ca. 
C. 

Ce. 

CI. 
Cr. 
Co. 
Cu. 


Di. 
Er. 
F. 
Ga. 
Ge. 
Gl. 
Au. 
Ho. 
H. 


I. 
Ir. 
Fe. 
La. 
Pb. 

L. 
Mg. 
Mn. 
Hg. 
Mo. 


Ni. 
Nb. 
N. 
Ng. 
OS. 
0. 
Pd. 

P. 
Pt. 

K. 
Ro. 

Rb. 


Si. 
Ag. 
Na. 
Sr. 
S. 
Ta. 
Te. 
Tl. 
Th. 

Sii. 
T, 
W. 

U. 
V. 

Yb. 
Y. 
Zn. 
Zr. 


DiicoTerara. 


SDavy 
Berzelius 
Pontin 


{Berzelius.. 
'  Hisinger. . . 
( Klaproth . . 

Davy 

Vauquelin. 

G.  Brandt. 


Kern 

Delafontaine. 
Mosauder .... 


Ampfere 

Boisbeadran. 


WOhler 


Soret  

Cavendish. 

Hermann.. 

[Reich 

[  Richter  . . . 

Courtois. . . 

Tennant. . . 


Mosander , 


Arfwedson. 

Davy 

Gahn 


Scheele  (?). . . 

L.  Smith 

Hermann  . . . 
Cronstedt — 

H.  Rose 

Rutherford.. 

Dahll 

Tennant 

Priestley .... 
Wolluston. . . 
Delafontaine 

Brandt 

Woods 

Davy 

Wollaston . . . 
[Kirchhoff... 


Glaus. 


Berzelius. 
Berzelius. 


Davy 
Davy 


Hatchett . 
Klaproth. 
Crookes.. 
Berzelius. 
Soret . . . . 


Klaproth . . , 

Scheele 

A.  Guyard. , 
Klaproth . . , 
Sefstrom . . 

Scacchi 

Marignac. . 
WOhler. ... 
Paracelsus. 
Berzelius.. 


1810 
1797 
1733 

1877 
1878 
1841 
1843 
1810 
1875 
1886 
1828 

1879 
1766 
1877 


1811 
1804 

1839 

1817 
1808 
1774 

1778 
1879 
1877 
1751 
1846 
1772 
1879 
1804 
1774 
1803 
1878 
1669 
1741 
1807 
1803 


1844 


1817 
1823 


1801 
1798 
1861 
1828 
1879 

1795 
1781 
1879 
1789 
1830 
1879 
1879 
1828 
1.'541 
1824 


Of  these,  17  are  non-nietals,  viz. :  hydrogen,  chlorine,  bromine, 
iodine,fluorine,oxygen,8ulphur,seleniunQ,boron,nitrogen,phos- 
phorus,  carbon,  silicon,  tellurium,  arsenic,  antimony,  bismuth. 

elephant,  a  pachydermatous  animal,  the  largest  of 
living  quadrupeds,  was  in  the  earliest  times  trained  to  war. 
The  history  of  the  Maccabees  informs  us  that  "to  every  elephant 
they  appointed  1000  men  "armed  with  coats  of  mail,  and  600 
horse ;  and  upon  the  elephants  were  strong  towers  of  wood," 
etc.  The  elephants  in  the  army  of  Antiochus  were  pro- 
voked to  fight  by  showing  them  the  "  blood  of  grapes  and 
mulberries."  The  first  elephant  said  to  have  been  seen  in 
England  was  one  of  enormous  size,  presented  by  Louis  IX.  to 
Henry  III.  in  1238. — Baker's  Chi'on.  Polyaenus  states  that 
Julius  Caesar  brought  one  to  Britain  64  b.c.,  which  terrified 
the  inhabitants  greatly. 


Mr.  Barnum,  the  American  .showman,  bought,  for  $10,000,  the 
largo  male  African  elephant  Jumbo,  6  tons'  weight,  of  the 
Zoological  Society,  Regent's  park,  London.  .Jumbo  refused 
to  go,  18  Feb.  After  much  trouble  he  was  removed  in  the 
night,  22-23  Mch.,  and  placed  on  board  the  Assyrian  Monarch, 
24  Mch. ;  arrived  at  New  York,  9  Apr.  1882;  killed  by  a  loco- 
motive in  Canada 16  Sept.  18 

•Eleuitn'ian  iny§terie§.    The  institution  of  these 

annual  secret  religious  ceremonies  (in  honor  of  Demetcr)  at 
Athens  is  attributed  to  Cadmus,  1560;  to  Erechtheus,  1399;  or 
to  Eumolpus,  1356  b.c.  If  any  one  revealed  them,  he  was  to 
be  put  to  death.  They  were  introduced  from  Eleusis  into 
Rome,  in  honor  of  Ceres,  lasted  about  1800  years,  and  were 
abolished  by  Theodosius,  389  a.d.  The  laws  were — 1.  To 
honor  parents;  2.  To  honor  the  gods  with  the  fruits  of  the 
earth ;  3.  Not  to  treat  brutes  with  cruelty  Cicero  regard* 
civilization  as  promoted  by  the  Eleusinian  mysteries. 

Elgin  marblei,  brought  chiefly  from  the  Parthenon, 
a  temple  of  Pallas  Athene  (Minerva),  on  the  Acropolis  at 
Athens,  of  which  they  formed  part  of  the  frieze  and  pediment, 
the  work  of  Phidias,  under  the  government  of  Pericles,  about 
440  B.C.  Thomas  lord  Elgin  began  the  collection  of  these  mar- 
bles during  his  mission  to  the  Ottoman  porte,  in  1802;  and 
from  him  they  were  purchased  by  the  British  government  for 
36,000/.,  and  placed  in  the  British  museum  in  1816.  The  ship 
conveying  them  was  wrecked  near  Cerigo,  and  W.  R.  Hamil- 
ton, who  was  on  board,  remained  several  months  at  Cerigo,  and 
recovered  them  from  the  sea. 

Elis,  a  Greek  state  termed  the  "  Holy  Land,"  in  the  Pel- 
oponnesus, founded  by  the  Heraclidse,  1103  b.c.  Here  Iphitus 
revived  the  Olympic  games,  884,  which  were  regularly  cele- 
brated after  Coroebus  gained  the  prize  in  776.  Elis  surren- 
dered many  towns  to  the  Spartans  in  war,  400.  After  various 
changes,  Elis  joined  the  Achaean  league,  274 ;  and  with  the 
rest  of  Greece  was  subjugated  by  the  Romans  in  146. 

ell  (so  named  from  ulna,  the  arm)  was  fixed  at  46  inches 
by  king  Henry  I.  of  Engl.,  in  1101.  The  old  French  ell,  or 
aune,  was  46.79  inches. 

Ello'ra  or  Elo'ra,  central  India;  remarkable  for  a 
very  ancient  rock-cut  temple,  excavated  according  to  Hindu 
legends  nearly  7000  years  ago;  more  probably  about  800  a.d. 
The  town  was  ceded  to  the  British  by  Holkar  in  1818,  and 
transferred  by  them  to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan  in  1822. 

Elmi'na  and  Duteh  Ouinea,  W.  Africa,  were 
ceded  by  the  Dutch  government  by  treaty,  signed  Feb.  1872, 
and  consolidated  with  the  West  African  settlements;  first 
governor.  Pope  Hennessy,  Apr.  1872.     Ashantees. 

£1  JfEoli'no  del  Rey,  Battle  at.  On  the  morning  of 
8  Sept.  1847,  less  than  4000  U.  S.  troops  attacked  over  14,000 
Mexicans  under  Santa  Anna,  at  El  Molino  del  Rey  (the  King's 
Mills),  near  the  fortress  of  Chapultepec,  close  by  the  city  of 
Mexico.  They  were  at  first  repulsed  with  slaughter;  but, 
returning  to  the  attack,  fought  desperatel}'  for  an  hour,  and 
conquered.  The  Americans  lost  about  800 ;  the  Mexicans 
left  more  than  1000  dead  on  the  field.     Chapultepec. 

£lpllin,  Ireland.  St.  Patrick  founded  a  cathedral  near 
Elphin,  "  by  a  river  issuing  from  2  fountains,"  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  placed  over  it  St.  Asicus,  whom  he  created  bishop, 
who  soon  after  filled  it  with  monks.  After  many  centuries, 
Roscommon,  Ardcarn,  Drumclive,  ^nd  others  were  annexed  to 
Elphin,  making  one  of  the  richest  sees  in  Ireland.  It  is  val- 
ued in  the  king's  books,  by  an  extent  returned  28  Eliz.,  at 
103/.  18s.  sterling.  The  see  was  united  to  Kilmore  in  1841, 
under  the  Church  Temporalities  act,  passed  Aug.  1833. 

£l'sinore  (Zealand,  Denmark),  formerly  the  station  for 
collecting  sound  dues.     The  scene  of  Shakespeare's  "  Hamlet." 
^^  Hamlet.  Gentlemen,  you  are  welcome  to  Elsinore." 

— Act  ii.  sc.  ii. 

E'ly,  anislandin  Cambridgeshire,Engl.,on  which  a  church 
was  built  about  673,  by  Etheldreda,  queen  of  Egfrid,  king  of 
Northumberland;  she  also  founded  a  religious  house,  filled  it 
with  virgins,  and  became  first  abbess.  The  1200th  anniversary 
was  celebrated  17-21  Oct.  1873 ;  about  60,000/.  had  then  been 
spent  in  restoring  the  cathedral.  The  Danes  ruined  the  con- 
vent about  870 ;  but  a  monastery  was  built  in  879,  on  which 
king  Edgar  and  succeeding  monarchs  bestowed  privileges  and 
grants  of  land,  whereby  it  became  the  richest  in  England. 


ELZ 


261 


EMU 


Richard,  the  11th  abbot,  wishing  to  free  himself  from  the 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  made  great  interest  with  Henry  I.  to  get 
Ely  erected  into  a  bishopric,  1108,  and  his  successor  Hervaeus 
was  the  first  prelate,  1109.  Hereward  le  Wake  defended  the 
island  against  William  the  Conqueror  until  1074.  Its  defence 
is  described  in  canon  Kingsley's  novel,  "  Hereward  the  Wake; 
or,  the  Last  of  the  Saxons." 

Erzevir  or  El§evier,  a  family  of  printers,  in  Hol- 
land, famous  for  fine  pocket  editions  of  the  classics. 
Louis,  the  founder,  was  b.  in  1540;  began  business  at  Leyden  in 
1580;  he  printed  about  150  works,  and  d.  4  Feb.  1617.  His  sons 
(especially  Bonaventure)  and  grandsons  were  celebrated  for  their 
work.  No  fewer  than  15  members  of  this  family  carried  on  the 
business  in  succession  until  1712.  Their  Pliny  (1635),  Vergil  (1636), 
and  Cicero  (1642),  are  the  masterpieces  of  their  press.  Their  texts, 
however,  were  without  authority,  not  resting  like  those  of  Aldus 
and  the  Stephenses  on  ancient  MSS. 

Emancipation  in  the  United  States,  and  Proc- 
lamation of.  While  every  one  knew  in  1861,  north 
as  well  as  south,  that  the  onl}'  basis  of  lasting  {)eace  was 
the  abolition  of  slavery,  it  was  after  a  year  of  war  that  Con- 
gress took  notice  of  slavery,  first  by  act  13  Mch  1862,  forbid- 
ding the  use  of  troops  to  return  fugitive  slaves.  This  was 
followed  by  an  act,  16  July,  1862,  that  slaves  escaping  to  the 
federal  line  should  be  free.  In  a  preliminary  proclamation,  j 
22  Sept.  1862,  pres.  Lincoln  announced  that  on  1  Jan.  1863,  all 
persons  held  in  slavery  by  men  in  arms  against  the  United 
States  would  be  declared  free.  Final  proclamation  issued  1  , 
Jan.  1863.  The  number  of  slaves  set  free  by  the  president's 
proclamation,  being  those  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida, 
Georgia,  Louisiana  (part),  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Texas,  Virginia  (part),  was  3,063,392.  Slavery  was 
not  disturbed  by  the  proclamation  in  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Lou- 
isiana (part),  Maryland,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  Virginia  (part), 
West  Virginia;  slave  pop.  831,780.  These  were  emancipated 
by  the  Xlllth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution,  making  the 
total  number  set  free  3,895,172.  Slavery,  United  States. 
embalming.  The  ancient  Egyptians,  believing  that 
their  souls,  after  many  thousand  years,  would  reinhabit  their 
bodies  if  preserved  entire,  embalmed  the  dead.  Some  of  the 
bodies,  called  mummies,  buried  3000  years  ago,  are  still  perfect. 
"The  physicians  embalmed  Israel,"  1689  B.C.  (Gen.  1. 2).  Mum- 
mies. Carbolic  acid  was  successfully  employed  by  prof.  Seely 
in  the  United  States  in  1868. 

The  most  perfect  specimens  of  modern  embalming  are  in  the  museum 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London,  one,  the  wife  of  Van 
Butchell,  preserved  by  John  Hunter  by  injecting  camphorated 
spirits  of  wine,  etc.,  into  the  arteries  and  veins;  and  the  other  the 
body  of  a  young  woman,  who  died  about  1780  of  consumption,  in 
the  Lock  hospital.  The  method  of  embalming  royal  personages  in 
modern  times  is  fully  described  in  Hunter's  "Posthumous  Works." 
He  died  in  1793.— During  the  U.  S.  civil  war  many  soldiers'  bodies 
were  embalmed  and  sent  home. 

embankmcnt§  of  earth  were  erected  by  the  ancients 
for  protection  from  their  enemies  and  from  inundations. 
Thoee  of  the  Egyptians  and  Babylonians  are  described  by 
Herodotus  and  Strabo.  To  the  Romans  are  attributed  the 
first  dikes  of  Holland,  and  the  embankments  of  Romney  marsh, 
<;onsidered  to  be  the  oldest  in  Britain.  In  1250,  Henry  III. 
issued  a  writ  enforcing  the  support  of  these  works,  and  his  suc- 
cessors followed  his  example.  James  I.  greatly  encouraged 
the  embankment  of  the  Thames.  Sir  W.  Dugdale's  "  History 
of  Embanking"  first  appeared  in  1662.  Drainage,  Levees, 
Levels,  Mound  Builders,  Thames. 

embargo  (from  the  Sp.  emhargar,  to  detain),  an  or- 
der restraining  ships  from  sailing.  In  Great  Britain  this  power 
is  vested  in  the  crown,  but  is  exercised  only  in  extreme  cases, 
sometimes  as  a  prelude  to  war.  The  most  memorable  instances 
of  embargo  in  Great  Britain  were  those  to  prevent  exports  of 
«orn  in  1766;  and  for  the  detention  of  all  Russian,  Danish,  and 
Swedish  ships  in  the  several  ports,  owing  to  the  armed  neu- 
trality, 14  Jan.  1801.  On  account  of  insults  to  the  United  States 
flag  by  British  cruisers,  U.  S.  Congress,  in  Dec.  1807,  decreed  an 
embargo,  detaining  with  few  exceptions  all  vessels,  U.  S.  and 
foreign,  then  in  U.  S.  ports,  and  ordering  all  U.  S.  vessels  home. 
The  decree  was  repealed  in  Mch.  1809,  and  the  Non-intercourse 
act  passed.  Another  embargo,  for  90  days,  was  laid  in  Apr. 
1812.     United  States,  1807. 

Ember-week§,  instituted,  it  is  said,  by  pope  Calix- 
tus  I.  (219-223)  to  implore  the  blessing  of  God  on  the  produce 


of  the  earth  by  prayer  and  fasting,  penitents  sprinkling  ashes 
(embers)  of  humiliation  on  their  heads.  In  the  Episcopal 
church  Ember  days  are  the  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday 
after  the  following  days:  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent,  Whitsun- 
day, 14  Sept.  (Holy  Cross),  and  13  Dec.  (St.  Lucia). 

embroidery  is  usually  ascribed  to  the  Phrygians; 
but  the  Sidonians  excelled  in  it,  and  it  is  mentioned  in  1491 
B.C.  (Exod.  XXXV.  35,  and  xxxviii.  23).  Bayeux  tapestry. 
Embroidery  is  now  largely  done  by  machinery.  The  first  era- 
broidery  machine  is  said  to  have  been  invented  by  John  Dun- 
can, of  Glasgow,  in  1804.  Heilman's  was  patented  by  Kochlin. 
Berlin  loool-work  has  been  improved  by  elegant  patterns,  first 
pub.  by  Mr.  Wittich  in  Berlin,  about  1810. 

emerald,  a  green,  precious  stone,  found  in  the  East  and 
in  Peru.  It  has  been  erroneously  alleged  that  there  were  no 
true  emeralds  in  Europe  before  the  conquest  of  Peru,  1545 ; 
there  is  one  in  the  Paris  museum,  taken  from  the  mitre  of  pope 
Julius  II.,  who  died  in  1513. 

£m'e§a,  now  IIem§,  a  town  of  Syria,  renowned  for  a 
temple  of  the  sun,  whose  priest,  Bassianus,  was  proclaimed 
emperor  as  Heliogabalus  or  Elagabalus,  218.  His  atrocities 
led  to  his  assassination,  11  Mch.  222. 

emig^rant§  (Lat.  emigrare :  e,  out ;  and  migrare,  to  re- 
move one's  abode).  The  French  aristocracy  and  clergy  (emi- 
gres') began  to  leave  their  country  in  July,  17'89,  at  the  break- 
ing-out of  the  revolution :  their  estates  were  confiscated  in 
Dec.  A  large  number  returned  in  1802  b}'  an  amnesty  grant- 
ed after  the  peace  of  Amiens.  Many  were  indemnified  after 
the  restoration  in  1815. 

emlg^ration.  Phoenician  and  Greek  emigrants  col- 
onized the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Black  sea. 
Magna  Gr^cia,  Marseilles,  etc.  The  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica opened  a  vast  field  for  emigration.     Immigration. 

eminence,  a  title  conferred  upon  cardinals  by  pope 
Urban  VIII.,  10  Jan.  1631,  more  honorable  than  ."excellency." 
Previous  cardinals  had  the  title  oi  illustrissimi. — Ashe.  The 
grand-master  of  Malta  obtained  this  title. — Pardon. 

emir  (e-mer'),  a  title  of  the  caliphs  among  the  Turks  and 
Persians,  first  awarded  to  the  descendants  of  Mahomet's  daugh- 
ter Fatima,  about  650.  To  such  only  was  originally  given  the 
privilege  of  wearing  the  green  turban. 

emission  theory  of  light  (advocated  by  Newton, 
about  1672)  supposes  that  particles  pass  from  the  luminous  body 
to  the  eye,  and  that  each  ray  of  light  from  the  sun  consists  of 
matter  in  transit.  It  is  opposed  to  the  undulatort/  theory,  now 
generall}"^  received. 

empalement,  or  transfixing  by  a  pale  or  stake,  a  mode 
of  executing  criminals,  mentioned  by  Juvenal,  and  often  inflict- 
ed in  Rome ;  still  used  in  Turkey  and  Arabia.  In  England, 
the  dead  bodies  of  murderers  were  sometimes  staked ;  abolished 
1823.     Suicide. 

emperor,  from  imperator  (ruler),  a  title  first  conferred 
on  victorious  Roman  generals,  and  afterwards  upon  the  sover- 
eign of  that  people.  g  (, 

Augustus  Caesar  first  Roman  emperor 27 

Valentinian  I.  first  emperor  of  the  west,  and  Valens  first  em-   a.d. 

peror  of  the  east 364 

Charlemagne  first  emperor  of  Germany,  crowned  by  Leo  III. . .  800 
Othman  I.  founder  of  Turkish  empire,  first  emperor  of  Turkey,  1299 

Peter  I.  first  emperor  of  Russia 22  Oct.  1721 

Francis  II.  of  Germany  first  emperor  of  Austria 11  Aug.  1804 

Napoleon  Bonaparte  first  emperor  of  the  French " 

Napoleon  III.,  his  nephew,  founded  the  second  French  empire, 

Dec.  1852;  deposed 4  Sept.  1870 

Iturbide  emperor  of  Mexico,  Feb.  1822;  shot 19  July,  1824 

Dom  Pedro  IV.  of  Portugal  first  emperor  of  Brazil 1825 

Faustin  I.  first  emperor  of  Hayti,  in  1849 ;  deposed 1859 

Maximilian  I.  emperor  of  Mexico,  10  Apr.  1864;  shot.  .19  June,  1867 
King  of  Prussia  proclaimed  emperor  of  Germany  at  Versailles, 

France 18  Jan.  1871 

Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  empress  of  India 1  May,  1876 

Empirics,  a  sect  of  physicians,  dating  from  the  3d  cen- 
tury before  Christ,  who  rejected  all  theories  of  the  animal 
economy,  accepting  experience  as  the  onlj'  foundation  of  med- 
icine. The  sect  adopted  the  principles  of  Acron  of  Agrigentum, 
who  flourished  about  430  b.c. 

£mucTaU  and  En'otOChop'CO,  Alabama,  Bat- 
tles of,  on  22  and  24  Jan.  1814.     These  were  fought  by  930 


ENA  2( 

Tennessee  volunteers  and  200  or  300  friendly  Indians,  under 
gen.  Jackson,  against  900  Creeks.  The  U.  S.  troops  lost  20  killed 
and  76  wounded.  The  Creeks  left  190  warriors  dead  on  the 
field. 

enamelling  was  practised  by  the  Egyptians,  Chinese, 
and  other  nations,  and  was  known  in  England  in  the  time  of 
the  Saxons.  At  Oxford  is  an  enamelled  jewel  which  be- 
longed to  Alfred,  made,  as  the  inscription  shows,  by  his  order, 
about  887.  Limoges  enamelled  ware  was  popular  in  the  IGth 
century.  Magnificent  specimens  by  Lepec,  Elkington,  Eman- 
uel, etc.,  at  the  exhibition  at  Paris,  1867.     Mosaic. 

Encsenia,  Greek  festivals  kept  on  days  on  which  cities 
were  built  and  temples  consecrated ;  and  in  later  times,  as  at 
Oxford,  at  the  celebration  or  commemoration  of  founders  and 
benefactors. — Oldisworth.  The  public  commemoration  at  Ox- 
ford suspended  in  1875 ;  restored,  21  June,  1876.  They  were 
the  origin  of  church-wakes  in  England,  about  600.  They 
were  also  feasts  celebrated  by  the  Jews  on  the  25th  of  the 
ninth  month,  in  commemoration  of  the  Maccabees  cleansing 
the  temple,  which  had  been  polluted  by  Antiochus  Epiphanes, 
131  iCc. 

encau§tie  painting,  enamelling  by  fire.  Painting 
with  burned  wax  is  said  to  have  been  known  to  Praxiteles 
about  360  b.c.  This  art  was  revived  by  M.  Bachelier,  1749; 
by  count  Cavlus,  1765;  and  by  Miss  Greenland,  1785  and 
1792. 

Eneke's  (enk-eh')  eomet.    Comets. 

Eneratites,  followers  of  Titian,  about  170,  denounced 
marriage,  and  abstained  from  flesh,  and  from  wine  even  at  the 
Lord's  supper. 

Encyclical  letter.    Rome,  1864. 

encyclopaedia  or  cyclopaedia,  a  general  dic- 
tionary of  art,  science,  and  literature.  This  name  has  been 
given  to  a  work  by  Abulpharagius  in  the  13th  century. 

Alsted's  Encyclopsedia 1620 

Louis  Moreri's  Dictiounaire  Historique 1673 

Hofmann's  Lexicon  Universale 1677 

Corneille's  Dictionnaire  des  Arts 1694 

Bayle's  Dictionnaire 1696 

Lexicon  Technicum  of  John  Harris  (earliest  English  encyclo- 
paedia), 1704;  supplements. 1710,  1741 

Ephraim  Chambers's  Cyclopaedia 1728 

Zedler's  Universal  Lexicon 1732-50 

Encyclopedic  (by  Diderot  and  D'Alembert) 1751-80 

[The  contributors  were  termed  encydopedistes,  and  their 
daring  writings  are  believed  to  have  hastened  the  French  rev- 
olution in  1789.] 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (1st  edition  by  William  Smellie) 1771 

[The  8th  completed,  1861;  9th  begun,  1875;  finished,  1887. 
25  vols.,  4  vols.  American  supplement.] 

Encyclop€die  M^thodique  (by  Pancoucke) 1782-1832 

Chambers's  Cyclopaedia  (edited  by  Rees) 1785 

Rees's  Cyclopaedia 1802-19 

Brockhauss  Conversations  Lexikon,  1st  edition 1818 

[Later  editions  frequent] 

Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana 1817-45 

Encyclopaedia  Americana  (by  F.  Lieber,  etc. ) 1829-1^2 

Cabinet  Cyclopaedia  (a  collection  of  treatises) 1829-46 

Penny  Cyclopaedia .'. .  .1833-46 

Knight's  English  Cyclopaedia  (4  divisions) 1853-61-70 

Duyckinck's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature 1855-66 

AUibone's  Dictionary  of  Authors 1858-80 

NewSmerican  Cyclopaedia,  begun 1858 

Homans's  Cyclopaedia  of  Commerce 1859 

Zell's  Popular  Cyclopaedia 1872  et  seq. 

McClintock  and  Strong's  Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical,  Theological, 

and  Ecclesiastical  Literature 1867  et  seq. 

Chambers's  Cyclopaedia 1859-68;  1874-75;  1889 

Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopaedia 1861  et  seq. 

Ersch  and  Gruber's  AUgemeine  Encyclopadie,  begun  1818;  153 

vols,  pub 1881 

Chinese  Cyclopaedia,  6109  vols,  (all  the  valuable  books  then  ex- 
isting), printed  by  order  of  the  emperor  between 1661-1721 

Copy  bought  for  British  museum 1877 

American  Cyclopaedia,  by  George  Ripley  and  Charles  A.  Dana, 

16  vols 1873-78 

Larousse's  Grand  Dictionnaire  Universel  du  XIX.  Sifecle,  15 

vols.,  imp.  octavo,  1865;  1st  and  2d  supplement 1878  et  seq. 

[One  of  the  best  of  the  encyclopaedic  works  of  the  19th 
century.] 

Johnsons  Universal  Cyclopaedia,  1873 ;  revised 1893-94 

Globe  Encyclopaedia,  completed 1879 

Lossing's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  History 1S81 

Encyclopaedic  Dictionary,  completed 1889 

Enderby  Eand.     Southern  Continent. 

endOSniO'§i§.     M.  Dutrochet,  about  1826,  found  that 


5  ENG 

if  2  fluids,  gases,  or  vapors,  of  unequal  density,  are  separated 
by  an  animal  or  vegetable  membrane,  the  less  dense  will  pass 
through.  This  property  he  called  endosmose,  when  the  move- 
ment is  from  the  outside  to  the  inside,  and  exosmose  when 
from  the  inside  to  the  outside.  Many  natural  phenomena  are 
thus  explained. — Brande. 

energ^y.  In  an  address  to  the  British  association  at 
York,  Engl.,  1  Sept.  1881,  sir  William  Thomson  declared  all 
energy  in  nature  available  for  mechanical  effects,  as  tides, 
food,  falls,  wind,  and  rain,  to  be  derived  from  the  sun. 

Engen,  a  town  of  Baden.  Here  Moreau  defeated  the 
Austrians,  3  May,  1800. 

Eng^hien  {ong-ghe-dn')  or  StCCnliirk,  a  town  of 
S.W.  Belgium.  Here  the  British,  under  William  HI.,  were 
defeated  by  the  French  under  marshal  Luxembourg,  24  July, 
1692. — The  due  d'Enghien,  a  descendant  of  the  great  Conde, 
was  seized  in  Baden  by  order  of  Bonaparte,  conveyed  to  Vin- 
cennes,  and,  after  a  hasty  trial,  shot  by  torchlight,  immediately 
after  condemnation,  21  Mch.  1804.  The  body  was  exhumed 
20  Mch.  1816. 

eng^ineering  and  engineers.  "Engineering  is 
the  art  of  directing  the  great  sources  of  power  in  nature  for  the 
use  and  convenience  of  man." — Thomas  Tredgold.  It  embraces 
a  very  wide  range  of  subjects,  and  the  different  departments 
into  which  the  profession  is  now  divided  do  not  admit  of  very 
strict  definition.  But  it  may  be  classified  as  civil,  including 
the  design  and  construction  of  canals,  river  navigation,  har- 
bors, docks,  roads,  bridges,  railways,  lighthouses,  water  supphv 
irrigation,  sewerage,  etc. ;  as  mechanical,  including  machinery 
of  all  kinds,  steam-engines,  iron  shipbuilding,  agricultural 
implements,  etc. ;  as  mining,  including  all  the  detail  of  open- 
ing and  working  mines ;  and  as  military,  including  the  build- 
ing of  fortifications,  use  of  artillery,  etc.  The  military  en- 
gineers were  formerly  called  trench-masters  in  England,  sir 
William  Pelham  being  so  called  in  1622,  and  the  chief-engi- 
neer was  called  camp-master-general  in  1634.  Capt.  Thomas 
Rudd  had  the  rank  of  chief-engineer  to  the  king  of  England 
about  1650.  The  British  corps  of  engineers  was  formerly  a 
civil  corps,  but  was  made  a  military  corps  and  directed  to 
rank  with  the  artillery,  25  Apr.  1787.  It  has  a  colonel-in- 
chief,  16  colonels-commandant,  and  16  colonels.  In  the  army 
of  the  United  States  the  highest  rank  in  the  corps  of  engi- 
neers is  colonel,  of  which  there  are  6,  and  12  lieut.-colonels. 
Civil  engineering  improved  rapidly  after  the  middle  of  the 
18th  century,  when  Smeaton  began  the  Eddystone  lighthouse^ 
and  Brindley  the  Bridgewater  canal.  Since  then  the  Rennies,^ 
Stephensons,  Brunels,  and  Telford,  Locke,  Hawkshaw,  Lyster, 
Fowler,  Baker,  and  Coode  in  England,  and  the  Roeblings  (fa- 
ther and  son),  gen.  Newton,  Eads,  C.  Shaler  Smith,  C.  C. 
Schnieder,  and  many  others  in  the  U.  S.,  have  improved  navi- 
gation and  constructed  breakwaters,  docks,  bridges,  railways^ 
tunnels,  etc.,  which  are  the  marvel  of  the  age. 

engineers,    societies,   etc.,    in   ENGLAND. 
First  society  of  civil  engineers  formed  by  Smeaton  and  others, 

afterwards  termed  the  Smeatonian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  1795 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  established  in  England,  2  Jan. 

1818;  obtained  a  charter 3  June,  182&' 

[1472  members,  Jan.  1868.]  J 

Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  which  had  its  headquar-  I 

ters  in  Birmingham,  moved  to  London,  1877;  established. . .  1847    I 
Isambard  Kingdom  Brunei,  projector  of  the  Great  Eastern,  % 

aged  53,  d 15  Sept.  1859 

Robert  Stephenson,  railway  engineer,  aged  59,  d 12  Oct.     " 

Engineers'  Amalgamated  Society,  Engl.,  in  1867,  consisted  of 

above  30,000  members;  annual  income,  86,000^.;  disbursed 

to  disabled  workmen,  etc.,  about  50,000Z. ;  amassed  capital, 

about  125,000^. 

Engineer  (London),  weekly  journal,  established 4  Jan.  185ft 

Engineering  (London),  weekly  journal,  established Jan.  1866 

College   of   Practical  Engineers,  Muswell -hill,  near  London, 

opened  by  sir  Henry  Bessemer,  sir  Joseph  Whitworth,  dr. 

C.  Wm.  Siemens,  and  others Sept.  1881 

Sir  John  Hawkshaw,  engineer  of  the  Severn  tunnel,  d.  aged  80, 

2  June,  1891 
Sir  John  Coode,  eminent  for  breakwaters  and  other  works,  b. 

1816,  d 2  Mch.  1892 

IN   the    united   STATES. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  organized 1852 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  organized 1871 

[Home  members  2200,  foreign  38,  1893.] 

American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  organized 1880 

[Total  membership  1569,  1893.]  <, 


I 


ENG 


263 


ENG 


American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  organized 1884 

[Membership  642,  1893.] 

Principal  periodicals  published  in  the  interest  of  engineering 
are  The  Engineering  Magazine,  The  Engineering  and  Mining 
Journal,  The  Engineering  News,  and  The  Engineering  Record, 
all  pub.  in  New  York. 

Breakwaters,  Bridgks,  Docks,  Railroads,  Tunnels,  etc. 

Enslancl  (from  Am/les  and  lond,  land),  so  named,  it  is 
said,  by  Egbert,  first  king  of  the  English,  in  a  general  council 
held  at  Winchester,  829 ;  or  by  Athelstan,  925.  Anglo-Sax- 
ons. England  was  united  to  Wales,  1283;  to  Scotland  in 
1603;  they  have  had  the  same  legislature  since  1707,  when 
the  3  were  styled  Great  Britain.  Ireland  was  incorporated 
with  them,  by  the  act  of  legislative  union,  1  Jan.  1801,  and 
the  whole  was  called  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
a»d  Ireland.  England  contains  40  counties.  The  British 
empire  is  computed  to  contain  about  7,000,000  sq.  miles  of 
territory,  with  340,220,000  inhabitants.  Statistical  details  are 
given  under  the  respective  headings,  Army,  Navy,  Revknuk, 
etc.  Pop.  of  England,  1891, 27,482,104.  For  previous  history, 
Britain,  histories  of  England,  by  Rapin  (in  English),  1725-31 ; 
Thomas  Carte,  1747-55 ;  David  Hume,  1755-62;  Tobias  Sjnol- 
lett.  1757-1765;  John  Lingard,  1819-30;  Charles  Knight, 
1856-62 ;  J.  R.  Green,  1874-80.  Parts  by  T.  B.  Macaulay, 
earl  Stanhope,  J.  A.  Froude,  Miss  H.  Martineau,  and  others. 
Chronicles,  Ireland,  Scotland,  Wales. 
Egbert,  '-king  of  the  English,"  828;  defeats  the  Welsh,  Danes, 

etc.,  at  Hengestdown 835 

Alfred,  king,  871;   after  many  vicissitudes,  vanquishes  the 

Danes 871-896 

He  frames  a  code  of  laws,  890;  forms  a  militia  and  navy,  sur- 
veys and  subdivides  the  country,  and  promotes  education. . .     896 

Athelstan  crushes  Danes.  Scots,  etc.,  at  Brunanburg 937 

Predominance  of  Dunstan;  he  promotes  monachism  and  the 

celibacy  of  the  clergy about    952 

Ethelred  compounds  with  the  Danes  for  peace 991 

Causes  their  massacre 13  Nov.  1002 

Avenged  by  Sweyn,  king  of  Denmark;  Ethelred  flees  to  Nor- 
mandy  1003 

Sweyn  dies,  and  Ethelred  returns,  1014;  d 1016 

Canute,  the  Dane,  sole  monarch 1017 

Edward  the  Confessor,  king;  Saxon  dynasty  restored;  Norman 

language,  customs,  and  laws  introduced 1042 

Harold  II.  crowned,  6  Jan.;  defeats  the  Norwegians  at  Stam- 
ford Bridge,  25  Sept. ;  defeated  and  slain  at  Hastings  by 
William  of  Normandy 14  Oct.  1066 

NORMAN    CONQUEST. 

William  I.  crowned  at  Westminster  abbey 25  Dec.  1066 

Northern  counties  rebel;  ravaged  from  the  Humber  to  the 

Tyne 1069-70 

Introduction  of  the  feudal  system about  1070 

Justices  of  peace  appointed 1076 

Domesday-book  compiled 1085-86 

William  II.  crowned 26  Sept.  1087 

Crusades  begin 1096 

William  II.  killed  by  an  arrow  (New  Forest) 2  Aug.  1100 

Henry  I.  crowned,  restores  Saxon  laws,  etc 5  Aug.     " 

Defeats  his  brother  Robert  and  gains  Normandy 1106 

Prince  William  and  nobles  drowned  (Barflkur) 25  Nov.  1120 

Stephen  crowned 26  Dec.  1135 

Civil  war  between  the  empress  Maud,  Henry's  daughter,  and 
Stephen;  her  Scots  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Standard,  22  Aug.  1138 

She  lands  in  England  and  is  successful 1139 

Crowned  at  Winchester 3  Mch.  1141 

Defeated ;  retires  to  France 1147 

Concludes  a  peace  with  Stephen 1153 

Henry  II.  crowned 19  Dec.  1154 

Constitutions  op  Clarendon  enacted Jan.  1164 

Arrogance  of  Becket;  murdered  (Becket) 29  Dec.  1170 

Conquest  of  Ireland 1171,  1172 

England  divided  into  6  judicial  circuits. 1176 

English  laws  digested  by  Glanville about  1181 

Richard  I.  crowned 3  Sept.  1189 

He  joins  the  crusades 1191 

Defeats  Saladin 1192 

Made  prisoner  by  duke  of  Austria,  and  sold  to  Henry  VI.  of 

Germany Dec.     " 

Ransomed  for  about  300,000i 1194 

John  crowned May,  1199 

Normandy  lost  to  England 1204 

England  put  under  an  interdict 1208 

Magna  Charta  granted 15  Juno,  1215 

Henry  III.  crowned 28  Oct.  1216 

Barons'  war 1262-68 

First  regular  parliament 1265 

Edward  I.  crowned 20  Nov.  1272 

Wales  subdued,  united  to  England 1283 

Death  of  Roger  Bacon 1292 

Scotland  subdued,  1296;  revolts 1297 

Edward  II.  crowned 8  July,  1307 

Defeated  by  Bruce  at^  Bannockburn 24  June,  1314 

Insurrection  of  the  barons  against  his  favorites 1308,  1315,  1325 

Edward  III.  crowned 25  Jan.  1327 

Edward  II.  murdered  (Berkeley  castle) 21  Sept.  1327 


Defeat  of  the  Scots  at  Halidon  hill 1333 

Invades  France;  victorious  at  Crecy 26  Aug.  1346 

Takes  Calais 1347 

Order  of  the  Garter  instituted 1349 

Victory  at  Poitiers 19  Sept.  1356 

Peace  of  Bretigny 8  May,  1360 

Law  pleadings  in  English 1362 

Richard  II.  crowned 22  June,  1377 

Insurrection  of  Wat  Tyler  suppressed 15  June,  1381 

Death  of  Wickliffe 1385 

Henry  IV.  crowned 30  Sept.  1399 

Order  of  the  Bath  instituted  by  Henry  IV " 

Insurrection  of  the  Percies  and  the  Welsh 1402-5 

Henry  V.  crowned 21  Mch.  1413 

France  invaded  by  Henry  V.,  victor  at  Agincourt 25  Oct.  1415 

Treaty  of  Troyes ;  the  French  crown  gained 1420 

Henry  VI.  crowned  at  Paris Dec.  1430 

English  conquests  lost  in  France  except  Calais  (Joan  of  Arc), 

1429-31 

Cade's  insurrection , June,  1450 

War  of  the  Roses  (Battles,  Roses) 1451-57 

Edward  IV.  deposes  Henry  VI 4  Mch.  1461 

Printing  introduced  by  Caxton 1471 

Edward  V. ,  accession 9  Apr.  1483 

Murdered  in  the  Tower  soon  after •' 

Richard  III.  deposes  Edward  V 25  June,     " 

Valuable  statutes  enacted 1484 

Henry  VII. ,  accession ;  Richard  defeated  and  slain  at  Bos- 
worth  field 22  Aug.  1485 

Yeomen  of  the  guard,  the  first  standing  army  in  England  in- 
stituted      " 

Henry  marries  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Edward  IV 1486 

Insurrection  of  Lambert  Simnel  quelled « 1486-87 

Court  of  Star  chamber  instituted 1487 

Insurrection  of  Perkin  Warbeck  quelled 1492-98 

Gardening  introduced,  principally  from  the  Netherlands,  .about  1502 

Death  of  prince  Arthur 2  Apr.     " 

Henry  VIII.,  accession 22  Apr.  1509 

Rise  of  Wolsey 1514 

Henry  VIII. 's  interview  with  Francis  I.  at  Ardres  (Field  of 

the  Cloth  of  Gold) 4-25  June,  1520 

First  map  of  England  drawn  by  G.  Lilly about    " 

Henry  VIIL  becomes  "  Defender  of  the  Faith  " 1521 

Fall  of  Wolsey;  d 29  Nov.  1530 

Henry  VIIL  marries  Anne  Boleyn  privately,  Nov.  1532,  or 

Jan.  1533;  divorced  from  Catherine 23  May,  1533 

Henry  VIIL  styled  "head  of  the  church " 1534 

Pope's  authority  in  England  abolished " 

Sir  Thomas  More  beheaded 6  July,  1535 

Queen  Anne  Boleyn  beheaded 19  May,  1536 

Queen  Jane  Seymour  d 24  Oct.  1537 

Monasteries  suppressed 1538 

Statute  of  Six  Articles  passed 1539 

Abbots  of  Glastonbury,  Reading,  etc.,  executed " 

First  authorized  edition  of  the  Bible  (Cranraer's)  printed " 

Cromwell,  lord  Essex,  beheaded 1540 

Anne  of  Cleves  divorced 9  July,     " 

Queen  Catherine  Howard  beheaded 1542 

Ireland  declared  a  kingdom,  and  the  title  of  "king  of  Ireland" 

confirmed  to  the  English  sovereigns 1543 

Henry  marries  Catherine  Parr 12  July,     " 

Edward  VI.,  accession,  28  Jan. ;  promotes  the  Reformation 

(Somerset,  protector) 1547 

"Book  of  Common  Prayer"  authorized 1548 

Somerset  deprived  of  power,  1549 ;  beheaded 1552 

Mary,  accession,  6  July ;  restores  popery 1553 

E.xecution  of  lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  husband.  Lord  Guilford 

Dudley 1554 

Mary  marries  Philip  of  Spain ;  persecutes  the  Protestants " 

Ridley,  Latimer,  and  Cranmer  burned  (Protestants).  1555  and  1556 

Calais  retaken  by  the  French 7  Jan.  1558 

Elizabeth,  accession;  church  of  England  re-established, 

17  Nov.     " 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  seeks  refuge  in  England,  1568;  executed, 

8  Feb.  1587 

Spanish  armada  repulsed  (Armada) Julj^  1588 

Devereux,  earl  of  Essex,  beheaded 25  Feb.  1601 

James  I. ,  accession ;  union  of  the  2  crowns 24  Mch.  1603 

Styled  "king  of  Great  Britain  " 24  Oct.  1604 

Gunpowder  plot Nov.  1605 

Authorized  version  of  the  Bible  completed 1611 

Baronets  first  created May,     " 

Overbury  murder 15  Sept.  1613 

Shakespeare  d 23  Apr.  1616 

Raleigh  beheaded 29  Oct.  1618 

Book  of  Sports  published 24  May,     " 

Charles  I.,  accession 27  Mch.  1625 

Death  of  lord  Bacon 9  Apr.  1626 

Duke  of  Buckingham  assassinated 23  Aug.  1628 

Hampden's  trial  respecting  "ship  money" 1637 

Contest  between  the  king  and  parliament;  impeachment  and 

execution  of  lord  Strafford 1641 

Attempted  "arrest  of  the  5  members  " 4  Jan.  1642 

Civil  war  begins.     Charles  I,  sets  up  his  standard  at  Notting- 
ham (Battles) 22  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Edgehill 23  Oct.      " 

Archbishop  Laud  beheaded 10  Jan.  1645 

Charles  defeated  at  Xasebv 14  June,     " 

He  flees  to  the  Scotch,  5  May;  is  given  up 21  Sept.  1646 

Execution  of  Charles  1 30  Jan.  1649 

Cromwell's  victory  at  Worcester 3  Sept.  1651 


ENG 


264 


ENG 


Oliver  Cromwell,  protector  of  tho  Cominonwoalth..  .16  Dec.  1653 

Naval  victories  of  Blake 1652-67 

Jiichartl  Cromivell,  protector 3  Sept.  1()58 

Richard  resigns 25  May,  1659 

Charles  II.;  monarchy  re- established 29  May,  1660 

Act  of  uniformity  passed ;  church  of  England  restored 1662 

Groat  plague 1666 

Grmit  ttre  of  London 2,  3  Sept.  1666 

Disgrace  of  lord  Clarendon Nov.  1667 

Death  of  John  Milton 8  Nov.  1674 

Oates's  '•  popish  plot  "  creates  a  panic 13  Aug.  1678 

Sir  Kdmoud  Berry  Godfrey  found  murdered 17  Oct.     " 

Many  Roman  Catholics  executed 1678-79 

Habeas  corpus  act  for  protecting  English  subjects  against  false 

arrest  and  impri.<5onnient,  passed 27  May,  1679 

"Rye  house  plot;"  William,  lord  Russell,  e.xecuted,  21  July, 

and  .Algernon  Sydney  executed 7  Dec.  1683 

Janifs  II. ,  accession 6  Feb.  1686 

Duke  of  Monmouth's  rebellion  defeated  at  Sedgemoor,  6  July; 

he  is  beheaded 15  July,     " 

Acquittal  of  tho  7  bishops 30  June,  1688 

Abdication  of  James  11 11  Dec.     " 

William  III.  and  Mary  proclaimed  by  the  convention  par- 
liament   13  Feb.  1689 

National  debt  begins 1692 

Bank  of  England  incorporated 27  July,  1694 

Death  of  the  queen  regnant,  Mary 28  Dec.     " 

re;ice  of  Ryswick 1697 

Death  of  James  II.  in  exile 16  Sept.  1701  • 

Anne,  accession 8  Mch.  1702 

Victory  of  Marlborough  at  Blenheim 13  Aug.  1704 

Union  of  the  2  kingdoms  as  Great  Britain 1  May.  1707 

Sacheverell  riots 1710 

Treaty  of  Utrecht,  advantageous  to  Great  Britain 11  Apr.  1713 

George  I.  of  Hanover,  accession 1  Aug.  1714 

Scots'  rebellion  quelled 1715 

South-sea  bubble 1720 

Death  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough 16  June,  1722 

Order  of  tho  Buth  revived 172§ 

George  II. ,  accession 11  June,  1727 

Death  of  Newton 20  Mch.     " 

George  II.  at  the  victory  of  Dettingen 16  June,  1743 

Second  Scots'  rebellion;  prince  Charles- Edward  gains  Edin- 
burgh, 17  Sept. ;  victor  at  Preston  Pans 21  Sept.  1745 

Victory  at  Falkirk.  17  Jan. ;  defeated  totally  at  Culloden,  16  Apr.  1746 
Death  of  prince  Frederick  Louis,  son  of  George  II.  and  father 

of  George  III 20  Mch.  1751 

New  style  introduced  into  England,  3  Sept.  (made  14) 1752 

Seven  years'  war  begins  (Battles) May,  175ff 

Conquest  of  India  begins,  under  col.  (afterwards  lord)  Clive 

(I.vDiA) 1757 

Victory  and  death  of  gen.  Wolfe  (Quebec) 1759 

George  III,  accession 25  Oct.  176«r 

Marries  Charlotte  Sophia,  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  8  Sept. ;  is 

crowned 22  Sept.  1761 

Peace  of  Paris ;  Canada  gained 10  Feb.  1763 

Isle  of  Man  annexed  to  Great  Britain 1765 

Death  of  the  Old  Pretender,  "chevalier  de  St.  George"  (Pre- 
tenders)  30  Dec.     " 

Royal  Marriage  act  passed 1772 

American  war  for  independence  begins  (United  States) 1775 

Death  of  earl  of  Chatham 11  May,  1778 

"  No  Popery  "  riots 2-7  June,  1780 

Preliminary  treaty  recognizing  the  independence  of  the  U.  S. 

signed 30  Nov.  1782 

DeQnitive  treaty  signed 3  Sept.  1783 

Margaret  Nicholson  attempts  life  of  George  III 2  Aug.  1786 

Trial  of  Warren  Hastings  begins 13  Feb.  1786 

Death  of  the  Young  Pretender  at  Rome 3  Mch.     " 

King's  malady  made  known 12  Oct.     " 

He  recovers,  and  offers  thanks  at  St.  Paul's 23  Apr.  1789« ' 

First  coalition  against  France 26  June,  1792 

Habeas  Corpus  act  suspended 23  May,  1794 

Howe's  victory 1  June,     " 

Prince  of  Wales  marries  princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick. 8  Apr.  1795 

Warr*n  Hastings  acquitted 23  Apr.     " 

Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales  b 7  Jan.  1796 

Cash  payments  suspended 25  Feb.  1797 

Death  of  Edmund  Burke 9  July,     " 

Irish  rebellion May,  1798 

Habeas  Corpus  act  again  suspended " 

Battle  of  the  Nile;  Nelson  victor 1  Aug.     " 

Hatfield's  attempt  on  the  king's  life 11  May,  1800 

Union  of  Great  Britain  with  Ireland. 1  Jan.  1801 

Nelson's  victory  at  Copenhagen 2  Apr.     " 

Habeas  Corpus  act  again  suspended 19  Apr.     " 

Peace  of  Amiens  concluded 1  Oct.     " 

War  against  France  under  Bonaparte , 18  May,  1803 

Nelson's  victory  and  death  at  Trafalgar 21  Oct.  1805 

Death  of  Mr.  Pitt 23  Jan.  1806 

"  Delicate  investigation  " May,     " 

Lord  Melville  impeached,  29  Apr. ;  acquitted 12  June,     " 

Death  of  Charles  James  Fox 13  Sept.     " 

Orders  in  council  against  Berlin  decree 7  Jan.  1807 

Abolition  of  the  slave-trade  by  Parliament 25  Mch.     " 

Victory  and  death  of  sir  J.  Moore  (Corunna) 16  Jan.  1809 

Duke  of  York  impeached  by  col.  Wardle Jan.     " 

Jubilee  celebrating  king's  accession 25  Oct.     " 

Unfortunate  Walcheren  expedition Aug.-Nov.     " 

Sir  Francis  Burdett's  arrest,  and  riots 6  Apr.  1810 

King's  malady  returns 2  Nov.     " 


1816 


1817 


1829 


General  commercial  embarrassment Dec.  1810 

Regent.— The  prince  of  Wales 5  Feb.  1811 

Luddite  riots Nov.     " 

Assassination  of  Mr.  Perceval,  i)remier 11  May,  1812 

Earl  of  Liverpool  premier 9  June,     " 

War  with  tho  U.  S.  commenced IH  June,     " 

Peace  with  France,  etc 14  Apr.  1814 

Emperor  of  Russia  and  king  of  Prussia  visit  England. .  .7  June,     " 

Centenary  of  tho  house  of  Hanover 1  Aug.     " 

Peace  with  the  U  S.  (treaty  of  Ghent) , 24  Dec.     " 

Battle  of  Waterloo  (close  of  French  war) 18  June,  1815 

Princess  Charlotte  marries  prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg, 

2  May, 

Death  of  R.  B.  Sheridan 9  July, 

Spa-Uelds  meeting 2  Dec. 

Green-bag  inquiry 2  Feb. 

Habeas  Corpus  act  suspended 24  Feb.     " 

Cash  payments  resumed  (suspended  1797) 22  Sept.     " 

Queen  Charlotte  dies  at  Kew 17  Nov.  1818 

Queen  Victoria  b 24  May,  1819 

Manchester  reform  meeting  (Peterloo)  (Manchester)..  .16  Aug.     " 

Duke  of  Kent  d 23  Jan.  1820 

George  IV.,  accession 29  Jan.     " 

Cato  St.  conspirators  arrested,  23  Feb. ;  executed 1  May,     " 

Trial  of  Qcekn  Caroline 19  Aug. -10  Nov.     " 

Coronation  of  George  IV 19  July,  1821 

Queen  Caroline  dies  at  Hammersmith 7  Aug.     " 

Lord  Byron  d 19  Apr.  1824 

Commercial  panic 1825-26 

Duke  of  York  d 5  Jan.  1827 

Mr.  Canning,  premier,  30  Apr. ;  d 8  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Navarino 20  Oct.     " 

Roman  Catholic  Relief  bill  passed.. 13  Apr. 

Political  panic  in  London ;  riots \ Nov. 

William  IV.  accession 26  June, 

Mr.  Huskisson  killed  at  the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester railway 15  Sept. 

Grey  administration  formed Nov. 

King  opens  new  London  bridge Aug.  1831 

Reform  bill  rejected  by  lords,  7  Oct. ;  Bristol  riots 29  Oct. 

English  Reform  act  passed 7  June,  1832 

Assault  on  William  IV.  by  a  discharged  pensioner  at  Ascot, 

19  June, 

Sir  Walter  Scott  d 21  Sept. 

Samuel  T.  Coleridge  d 25  July,  1834 

Slavery  ceases  in  the  colonies 1  Aug.     " 

Corporation  Reform  act  passed 9  Sept.  1835 

Victoria,  accession;  Hanover  separated  from  Great  Brit- 
ain   20  June,  1837 

Coronation  of  queen  Victoria 28  June,  1838 

Beginning  of  war  with  China Mch.  1839 

Penny  postage  begins 10  Jan.  1840 

Queen  marries  prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg 10  Feb.     " 

Oxford's  assault  on  the  queen 10  June,     " 

Prince  of  Wales  b 9  Nov.  1841 

King  of  Prussia  visits  England 24  Jan.  1842 

John  Francis  fires  at  the  queen 30  May,     " 

Bean  presents  a  pistol  at  her. 3  July,     " 

Income  tax  act  passed Aug.     " 

Peace  of  Nankin  (with  China) Dec.     " 

Death  of  duke  of  Sussex.. .' • 21  Apr.  1843 

Tractariao  or  Pusey ite  controversy 1844-45 

Anti-corn  law  agitation 1845 

Peel's  new  tariff',  1845;  railway  mania Nov.     " 

Commercial  panic Mch.  1846 

Corn  laws  repealed 26  June,     " 

Chartist  demonstration  in  London 10  Apr.  1848 

Cholera  reappears  in  England 1848  and  1849 

Adelaide,  queen  dowager,  d 2  Dec.     " 

"  Exhibition  of  1851 "  announced 3  Jan.  1850 

Death  of  Wordsworth  (aged  80) 23  Apr.     " 

Pate's  assault  on  the  queen : 27  June,     " 

Death  of  sir  Robert  Peel  (aged  62) 2  July,     " 

Duke  of  Cambridge  d 8  July,     '» 

Great  excitement  occasioned  by  the  pope's  establishment  of  a 

Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  in  England Nov.     " 

Sixth  census  of  the  United  Kingdom  (Population),  27,637,761, 

30  Mch.  1851 

First  "Great  Exhibition "  opened 1  May,     " 

Australian  gold  arrives Dec.     " 

Death  of  the  poet  Thomas  Moore 26  Feb.  1852 

John  Camden   Neild,  an  eccentric   miser,  bequeathed  about 

250,000/.  to  the  queen ;  d 30  Aug.     " 

Death  of  Wellington  (aged  83),  Sept.  14;  public  funeral,  18  Nov.     " 

Death  of  sir  Charles  Napier,  conqueror  of  Scinde 29  Aug.  1853 

English  and  French  fleets  enter  Bosporus 22  Oct.     " 

Protocol  between  England,  France,  Austria,  and  Prussia  for 

peace  between  Russia  and  Turkey 5  Dec.     " 

Conferences  on  Eastern  question  favor  Turkey Sept. -Dec.     " 

Alliance  between  England,  France,  and  Turkey  signed. .  12  Mch. 
War  declared  against  Russia  (Russo-Turkish  wars).  .  .28  Mch. 

Resignation  of  Aberdeen  ministry 29  Jan. 

Formation  of  Palmerston  ministry Feb.     " 

Death  of  Joseph  Hume  (aged  78) 20  Feb.     " 

Peace  with  Russia  proclaimed,  19  Apr.;  thanksgiving  day,  4 

May;  illuminations,  etc 29  May,  1856 

War  with  China Oct.     " 

War  with  Persia Nov.     " 

Mutiny  of  Indian  army  begins  (India) Mch.  1857 

Death  of  duchess  of  Gloucester  (aged  81),  the  last  of  George 
IIL's  children 30  Apr.     " 


I 


1854 
1855 


i 


ENG 

Princess  royal  marries  prince  Frederick  William  of  Prussia, 

25  Jan. 

Jewish  Disabilities  bill  passed 23  July, 

India  bill  passed 2  Aug. 

Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science  meet  at  Liver- 
pool  12  Oct. 

Derby  ministry  defeated  on  the  Reform  bill;  dissolve  Parlia- 
ment 23  Apr.;  again  defeated,  they  resign,  11  June;  the 
Palmerston- Russell  administration  formed 18  June, 

Lord  Macaulay  d.  (aged  59) 28  Dec. 

Sir  Charles  Barry  d.  (aged  65) 12  May, 

Peace  with  China  signed 24  Oct. 

Thomas  Cochrane,  earl  of  Dundonald,  d.  (aged  82) 31  Oct. 

Prince  of  Wales  visits  Canada  and  United  States,  24  July-20 
Oct. ;  returns 15  Nov. 

Seventh  census  taken  (29,192,419) 8  Apr. 

Excitement,  capt.  Wilkes  (of  U.  S.  navy)  having  seized  Messrs. 
Slidell  and  Mason  from  British  mail  steamer  Trent  (Tkent 
AFFAIR) 8  Nov. 

Death  of  the  prince  consort  of  "typhoid  fever,  duration  21 
days,"  14  Dec. ;  buried 23  Dec. 

U.  S.  government  release  Messrs.  Slidell  and  Mason 28  Dec. 

Prince  Alfred  declared  king  of  Greece  at  Athens  (throne  de- 
clined)  23  Oct. 

Great  distress  in  the  cotton-manufacturing  districts  begins, 
Apr. ;  contributions  received.  Central  Relief  fund,  407,830^. ; 
Mansion-house  fund,  236,926i .• 20  Dec. 

Rupture  with  Brazil Jan. 

Prince  Alfred  elected  king  of  Greece 3  Feb. 

Princess  Alexandra  of  Denmark  enters  London,  7  Mch. ;  mar- 
ried to  the  prince  of  Wales 10  Mch. 

British,  French,  and  Austrian  governments  remonstrate  with 
Russia  on  cruelties  in  Poland 7  Apr. 

Capts.  Grant  and  Speke  return  from  exploring  the  sources  of 
the  Nile June, 

Government  declines  the  French  emperor's  proposal  for  a  con- 
gress of  sovereigns Nov. 

Death  of  William  M.  Thackeray  (aged  52) 24  Dec. 

Judicial  committee  of  privy  council  decide  that  government  had 
no  authority  to  seize  the  Alexandra  (confederate  steamer), 

8  Feb. 

Garibaldi's  visit  to  England 3-27  Apr. 

Ionian  isles  made  over  to  Greece 1  June, 

European  conference  at  London  on  the  Schleswig-Holstein 

question;  no  result 24  Apr.-25  June, 

Death  of  John  Leech  (aged  47) 29  Oct. 

Death  of  Richard  Cobden  (aged  61) 2  Apr. 

Death  of  lord  Palmerston,  18  Oct. ;  public  funeral 27  Oct. 

Earl  Russell  premier 3  Nov. 

New  Reform  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone 12  Mch. 

Commercial  panic  in  London 11  May  et  seq. 

Ministry  defeated  on  Reform  bill,  18  June;  resign 26  June, 

Atlantic  telegraph  (Electricity)  completed;  messages  sent  to 

lord  Stanley 27  July, 

Cable  of  1865  recovered,  and  communication  established  with 

Valentia,  2  Sept. ;  and  with  Newfoundland 8  Sept. 

Visit  of  the  sultan  (Tdrkey).  12-23  July, 

New  Reform  act  passed  (Reform) 15  Aug. 

Michael  Faraday,  natural  philosopher  (nearly  76),  d 25  Aug. 

Preparations  for  the  expedition  to  Abyssinia  (Abyssinia).  .Aug. 
Fenian  outrages ;  rescue  of  prisoners  at  Manchester  (Fenians), 

18  Sept. 

Synod  of  bishops  at  Lambeth  (Pan- Anglican) 24-27  Sept. 

Earl  of  Derby  resigns,  25  Feb. ;  Disraeli  ministry  formed, 

29  Feb. 
Mr.  Gladstone's  resolution  for  disestablishing  the  Irish  church 

adopted  by  the  Commons 30  Apr. 

Death  of  lord  Brougham  (aged  89) 7  May, 

Irish  and  Scotch  Reform  acts  passed 13  July, 

Disraeli  ministry  resigns,  2  Dec. ;  Gladstone  ministry  take  oflQce, 

9  Dec. 
Convention  with  the  U.  S.  respecting  the  Alabama  claim  sfgned 

(afterwards  rejected  by  the  U.  S. ) 14  Jan. 

Irish  church  bill  introduced  into  the  Commons,  1  Mch. ;  royal 

assent 26  July, 

Earl  of  Derby  d.  (aged  70) 23  Oct. 

Charles  Dickens  d.  (aged  58) 9  June, 

Earl  of  Clarendon  d.  (aged  70) 27  June, 

Irish  land  bill  brought  in,  15  Feb. ;  signed 8  July, 

Neutrality  in  Franco- Prussian  war  proclaimed 19  July, 

Treaty  with  Prussia  and  France  for  neutrality  of  Belgium 

signed 9,  11  Aug. 

Election  of  elementary  school-boards Nov. 

Excitement  over  Russian  note  announcing  Russian  war  vessels 

in  Black  sea  (Russia) Nov. 

Princess  Louise  marries  marquess  of  Lome 21  Mch. 

Death  of  sir  John  F.  Herschel,  astronomer  and  philosopher 

(aged  79) 11  May, 

Death  of  George  Grote,  historian  of  Greece  (aged  77).  .18  June, 
Black  sea  conference  met  17  Jan. ;  closed  (neutralization  of 

Black  sea  abrogated,  etc. ) 13  Mch. 

Disestablishment  of  the  church  of  England  bill  rejected  in  the 

Commons  (374-89),  1  May;  Parliament  prorogued 21  Aug. 

Prince  of  Wales  ill  with  typhoid  fever ;  began  to  recover,  14  Dec. 
Excitement  over  U.  S.  claims  under  treaty  of  Washington,  Feb. 
Queen,  entering  Buckingham  palace,  threatened  by  Arthur 

O'Connor,  aged  about  18,  with  an  unloaded  pistol,  and  a  paper 

to  be  signed ;  immediately  apprehended 29  Feb. 

Arthur  O'Connor  pleads  guilty  (sentenced  to  imprisonment  and 

flogging) 9  Apr. 

British  and  U.  S.  governments  correspond  on  claims  for  indirect 
9* 


266 


ENG 


1858 


1859 
1860 


1861 


1863 


1864 


1865 
1866 


1867 


1870 


1871 


losses  from  confederate  cruisers,  which  the  former  rejects, 

3  Feb. -May, 

Supplemental  treaty  proposed;  accepted  by  U.  S.  senate,  25 
May;  further  d'scussion  in  Parliament;  unsatisfactory  corre- 
spondence; the  U.  S.  Congress  adjourns 10  June, 

Strikes  among  builders  and  other  trades June, 

Final  meeting  of  arbitrators;  damages  awarded  (Alabama), 

14  Sept. 

Death  of  Edward  Bulwer,  lord  Lytton,  orator,  poet,  and  novel- 
ist (aged  66) 18  Jan. 

Mr.  Gladstone  defeated  on  the  Dublin  university  bill  (287-284); 
resigns,  13  Mch. ;  resumes  oflBce 17  Mch. 

Visit  of  the  shah  of  Persia 13  June-5  July, 

Duke  of  Edinburgh  marries  grand-duchess  Marie  of  Russia, 

23  Jan. 

Parliament  dissolved 26  .Jan. 

General  election;  conservative  majority  about  50,  Feb. ;  Glad- 
stone ministry  resigns,  17  Feb. ;  Disraeli  ministry  formed, 

21  Feb. 

Close  of  Tichborne  trial  (Trials) 28  Feb. 

Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  returns  from  his  successful  expedition 
against  the  Ashantees 21  Mch. 

Queen  receives  a  testimonial  of  gratitude  from  the  French  na- 
tion for  British  assistance  during  the  war  (France).  .  .3  Dec. 

Moody  and  Sankey,  U.  S.  revivalists,  arrive  in  London,  9  Mch. ; 
sail  from  Liverpool  (Revivals) 4  Aug. 

Khedive's  shares  in  the  Suez  canal  bought  by  the  British 
government  (Suez),  1  Nov. ;  announced 25  Nov. 

Queen  proclaimed  "empress  of  India  " 1  May, 

Mr.  Gladstone's  "  Horrors  in  Bulgaria  "  pub 6  Sept. 

Meeting  against  war  to  defend  Turkey,  St.  James's  hall.  .8  Dec. 

Proclamation  of  neutrality  in  Russo-Turkish  war 30  Apr. 

Debate  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  resolutions,  expressing  dissatisfac- 
tion and  complaint  at  the  conduct  of  the  Ottoman  porte  with 
regard  to  the  despatch  written  by  the  earl  of  Derby,  21  Sept. 
1876,  relating  to  the  massacres  in  Bulgaria  (for  the  resolution, 
225 ;  against,  354) 7-14  May, 

Fleet  sent  to  Besika  bay 3  July, 

Statue  of  king  Alfred  by  count  Gleichen,  at  Wantage,  unveiled 
by  the  prince  of  Wales,  his  descendant 14  July, 

Early  meeting  of  Parliament  on  account  of  Russo  Turkish  war, 

17  Jan. 

Vote  of  6,000,000^.  asked  for  before  entering  into  conference 
respecting  Eastern  affairs,  24  Jan. ;  debate 31  Jan. 

Liberal  amendment  withdrawn  on  report  of  Russian  advance 
on  Constantinople,  7  Feb. ;  vote  passed  (204-124) 8  Feb. 

Warlike  policy  of  the  ministry;  resignation  of  lord  Carnarvon, 
24  Jan. ;  and  earl  of  Derby 28  Mch. 

Earl  of  Salisbury's  circular  indicting  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano, 
2  Apr. ;  moderate  reply  of  GortschakolT  printed 10  Apr. 

Indian  troops  ordered  to  Malta about  17  Apr. 

Censured  by  the  opposition;  debate  in  Commons:  for  govern- 
ment, 347 ;  against,  226 20-23  May, 

Earl  Russell  d.  (aged  85) 28  May, 

Ministry  announce  a  European  congress  on  the  Eastern  ques- 
tion, to  meet  on  13  June;  the  earl  of  Beaconsfleld  and  the 
marquess  of  Salisbury  to  attend  for  England  (Berlin),  3  June, 

Anglo-Turkish  convention  (Turkey)  signed 4  June, 

Conference  meets  at  Berlin  13  June;  treaty  signed. .  .13  July, 

10,000?.  a  year  voted  the  duke  of  Connaught  on  his  marriage 
with  princess  Louise  Margaret  of  Prussia 25  July, 

Debate  on  the  Berlin  treaty  in  the  Commons;  speech  of  Mr. 
Gladstone,  30  July;  majority  for  government  (338-195), 

29  July-3  Aug. 

Parliament  prorogued 16  Aug. 

Meeting  of  Parliament  on  account  of  Afghan  war 5  Dec. 

Majority  for  ministers  on  vote  of  censure,  Lords  (201-65),  10 
Dec. ;  Commons  (328-227) 13-14  Dec. 

Princess  Alice  dies  of  diphtheria  at  Darmstadt,  after  attending 
her  husband  and  children,  7.30  a.m 14  Dec. 

Edward  Byrne  Madden  (?  lunatic)  arrested  for  threatening  the 
queen  in  letters  to  the  Home  office,  12  Dec.  1878 ;  judged  in 


1871 


1873 


1875 
1876 
1877 


1878 


1878 


.13  Jan.  1879 


l,500,000i.  voted  for  Zulu  war 27  Feb. 

Expedition  sent  (between  8000  and  9000  men,  1800  horses,  etc.), 

Feb. -Mch. 

Marriage  of  duke  and  duchess  of  Connaught  at  Windsor, 

13  Mch. 

Proposed  censure  of  government  respecting  Zulu  war,  etc., 
negatived.  Lords  (156-61),  25  Mch. ;  Commons  (306-246), 

31  Mch.-l  Apr. 

Commons  debate  on  the  budget;  for  government,  303;  against, 
230 28-29  Apr. 

Parliament  opened  by  the  queen,  5  Feb. ;  dissolved 23  Feb. 

General  election,  great  liberal  majority,  30  Mch. -16  Apr. ;  res- 
ignation of  ministry 22  Apr. 

Gladstone  ministry  formed 29  Apr. 

New  Parliament  meets  29  Apr. ;  Bradlaugh  difficulty  (Parlia- 
ments)  3  May  et  seq. 

Court  and  general  mourning  for  death  of  gen.  Garfield,  presi- 
dent of  U.  S 21-27  Sept.  : 

Great  hurricane  throughout  England,  causing  destruction  of 
life,  property,  and  shipping 13-15  Oct. 

Queen  shot  at,  at  Great  Western  railway  station,  Windsor,  by 
Roderick  Maclean,  aged  27,  2  Mch. ;  he  is  committed  for  high 
treason 10  Mch.  : 

Queen  dedicates  Epping  forest  to  the  people  for  all  time,  6  May, 

Detection  of  secret  manufacture  of  explosives  at  Birmingham, 
4  Apr. ;  arrest  of  Alfred  Whitehead,  Thos.  Gallagher,  physi- 
cian, Wm.  Norman,  H.  H.  Wilson,  H.  D.  E.  and  Henry  Dalton, 
otherwise  John  O'Connor .• .  5,  6  Apr.  : 


ENG 

Other  arrests  in  Liverpool,  Glasgow,  and  London,  about 6,7  Apr. 

MffXP*  and  the  Sotuian  :  censure  of  government  for  its  "  vacil- 
laiing  and  inconsistent  policy,"  voted  by  the  lords  (181-81) 
12  Feb. ;  rojecleU  by  the  Commons  (311-2t>2) 12-20  Fob. 

Prince  Leoinild,  duke"  of  Albany,  dies,  age  nearly  31,  28  Mch. ; 
buried  at  Windsor 6  Apr. 

Vote  of  censure  of  government  for  not  supporting  Gordon  neg- 
atived in  the  Commons  (303-275) 12-14  May, 

Vote  of  censure  on  the  government  respecting  Egypt,  passed 
by  the  Lords  (189-68):  negatived  by  the  Commons  (302-288), 

27,  28  Feb. 

Day  of  mourning  for  gen.  Gordon  and  the  killed  in  tbd  Soudan, 

13  Mch. 

Reserves  to  be  called  out  in  prospect  of  war  with  Russia.  .27  Mch. 

Mr.  Gladstone  declines  an  earldom  on  retiring 15  June, 

Princess  Beatrice  marries  prince  Henry  of  Battcnberg. .  3  July, 

Sir  Moses  Moulelloro  dies  at  Loudon,  age  101 28  July, 

Funeral  services  in  Westminster  abbey  for  gen.  U.  S.  Grant, 
attended  by  represenUitives  of  the  royal  family 4  Aug. 

Great  Eastern  steamship  sold  at  auction  at  Lloyds'  for  26,000/. 
to  a  private  merchant 29  Oct. 

Mersey  tunnel  formally  opened,  connecting  Birkenhead  and 
Liverpool 20  Jan. 

Edinburgh  Courant.  the  oldest  newspaper  in  Scotland,  to  which 
Scott,  Wilson,  Lockhart,  Ayloun,  De  Quincey,  and  Hogg  had 
been  contributors,  appears  for  the  last  time 6  P'eb. 

BelVs  Life  (Ix)ndon),  the  oldest  sporting  paper  in  the  world, 
after  having  existed  64  years,  ceased  to  appear 28  May, 

In  digging  for  the  foundation  of  a  building  in  upper  Kirkgate, 
Aberdeen,  a  bronze  pot  found  containing  15,000  pieces  of  sil- 
ver coin  of  the  reign  of  Kdward  1 31  May, 

First  stone  of  the  Tower  bridge  laid,  designed  to  cost  750,000f. 
Crossing  the  Thames  near  Wapping,  without  impeding  the 
navigation  of  the  river  by  the  largest  ships 21  June, 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  receives  the  degree  of  honorary  D.C.L. 
from  Oxford 30  June, 

In  an  excavation  at  Cannon  Street  road  and  Cable  street,  Lon- 
don, a  skeleton  found  impaled  on  a  stake.  It  was  believed 
to  be  that  of  Williams,  who  hanged  himself  in  Coldbath  Fields 
prison  in  1811,  when  accused  of  7  murders,  referred  to  in  De 
Quincey's  essay  on  "  Murder  as  a  Fine  Art "  (Ratclipfe  high- 
way)  28  July, 

Henry  M.  Stanley  left  England  for  Alexandria  and  Zanzibar, 
to  head  expedition  to  relieve  Emin  Pacha,  governor  of  the 
equatorial  province  of  Egypt 21  Jan. 

Times  asserted  that  Charles  S.  Parnell,  M.P.,  had  long  resided 
in  Loudon  suburbs,  under  the  name  Preston 26  Nov. 

M^or  Barttelot,  who  left  Stanley  falls,  on  the  Congo,  to  relieve 
Stanley,  shot  by  one  of  his  carriers 19  July, 

Great  Eastern,  after  a  career  of  30  years,  beached  at  New  Ferry, 
on  the  Mersey,  to  be  broken  up  (Great  Eastern).  .  .25  Aug. 

First  sitting  of  Parnell  commission  in  the  probate  court,  Palace 
of  Justice.    The  attorney-general  opened  for  the  Times,  22  Oct. 

British  protectorate  proclaimed  over  British  north  Borneo, 
Brunei,  and  Sarawak,  about  70,000  sq.  miles 24  Oct. 

Before  the  Parnell  commission,  Richard  Pigott's  confession  of 
forgery  is  read,  the  attorney-general,  for  the  Times,  with- 
draws the  case  founded  on  the  forged  letters 27  Feb. 

Pigott  commits  suicide  in  Madrid 1  Mch. 

John  Bright  d 27  Mch. 

House  of  Lords  rejects  the  Deceased  Wife's  Sister  bill — the 
prince  of  Wales  voting  with  the  minority 9  May, 

Snowdon.  the  highest  of  the  Welsh  mountains,  containing  about 
1500  acres,  with  fishing,  mineral,  and  other  rights,  sold  at 
public  auction  for  51501. ,  to  sir  E.  W.  Watkin,  M.  P.,  10  July, 

Marriage  of  the  earl  of  Fife  with  the  princess  Louise,  daughter 
of  the  prince  of  Wales 27  July, 

First  Mahometan  mosque  in  England,  completed  at  Woking, 

18  Aug. 

Parnell  commission  meets  for  the  128th  and  last  time.  .22  Nov. 

Martin  Farquhar  Tupper,  the  poet,  d.  (aged  80) 29  Nov. 

Robert  Browning,  the  poet,  dies  in  Venice  (aged  77) 12  Dec. 

Long-pending  trial  of  Parnell  v.  Walter,  editor  of  the  Times, 
settled;  5000i.  paid  by  the  Times  (Parnell) 3  Feb. 

Firth  bridge  formally  opened.  Bridges  (John  Fowler,  the  en- 
gineer, created  baronet) 4  Mch. 

Heiiry  M.  Stanley  reaches  England  (Africa) 26  Apr. 

Marries  Miss  Dorothy  Tennant  in  Westminster  abbey,  12  July, 

England  transfers  Heligoland  to  Germany 9  Aug. 

Cardinal  John  Henry  Newman  d.  (aged  90) 11  Aug. 

O'Shea  divorce-case  begins  in  London;  no  defence. .  .  .15  Nov. 

Mr.  Gladstone  denies  an  assertion  in  Parnell's  manifesto  (Par- 
nell)  29  Nov. 

Justin  McCarthy  and  44  others  withdraw  from  the  Nationalist 
parliamentary  meeting,  and  form  a  separate  body 6  Dec. 

Archbishop's  and  bishop's  letter  denouncing  Parnell  read  in 
all  the  Catholic  churches  of  Ireland 7  Dec. 

Parnell  seizes  the  office  of  United  Ireland  in  Dublin 10  Dec. 

Parnell,  while  stumping  Ireland,  temporarily  blinded  by  lime 
thrown  at  Castle-Comer 16  Dec. 

Kilkenny  election  held ;  sir  John  Pope  Hennessy,  the  McCarthy- 
ite  candidate,  elected 22  Dec. 

Alexander  Wm.  Kinglake  (historian)  d 2  Jan. 

Charles  Bradlaugh  d 30  Jan. 

Sir  William  Gordon  Gumming,  the  plaintiff  in  the  baccarat 
trial,  married  to  Miss  Florence  Garner  of  New  York,  10  June, 

Parnell  and  Mrs.  O'Shea  secretly  married 25  June, 

Charles  Stewart  Parnell  dies  at  Brighton,  Engl 6  Oct. 

Widow  of  sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  premier  of  Canada,  created 

a  peeress 22  Oct. 

Cardinal  Manning  d. 14  Jan. 


1885 


188G 


1887 


1891 


1892 


>  ENG 

Eldest  son  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  Albert  Victor,  duke  of  Clar- 
ence and  Avondale,  d 14  Jan.  18 

Cardinal  Howard  dies  at  Brighton 16  Sept. 

Alfred  (lord)  Tennyson  d.  (aged  82) 6  Oct. 

Marriage  of  princess  Mario  of  Edinburgh  and  prince  Ferdinand 
of  Koumaiiia,  at  Sigmaringen 10  Jan.  189S1 

Mr.  Gladstone  takes  the  oath  as  premier 31  .Ian. 

Algernon  Sartorfs,  Nellie  Grant's  husband,  d.  in  Italy. .  .7  Feb. 

Mr.  (Jladstono  introduces  Home  Rule  bill  in  Commons..  13  Feb. 

Homo  Rule  bill  passes  first  reading 17  Feb. 

Passes  second  reading  by  347  to  304 21  Apr. 

British  battle-ship  Victoria  collides  with  the  Camperdoum  off 
Tripoli,  Syria,  while  manoeuvring;  loss,  including  vice-ad- 
miral sir  George  Tryon,  22  officers  and  336  crew 23  June, 

Duke  of  York,  son  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  princess  May  of 
Teck,  married,  St.  James  palace,  London 6  July, 

Court-martial  on  surviving  officers  of  the  Victoria  opened  at 

Valetta,  upon  the  Hibemia 17  July, 

(Found,  27  July,  vice-admiral  Tryon  responsible  for  the 
calamity,  exonerating  surviving  officers.] 

Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  dies;  duke  of  Edinburgh  suc- 
ceeds  23  Aug. 

Home  Rule  bill  passes  the  Commons  by  301  to  267;  first  read 
in  the  House  of  Lords 1  Sept 

House  of  Lords  rejects  the  bill  by  419  to  41 8  Sept. 

Manchester  ship  canal  finished 6  Nov. 

Memorial  to  James  Russell  Lowell;  2  stained-glass  windows  in 
Westminster  abbey  unveiled  with  ceremonies 28  Nov. 

Prof.  John  Tyndall,  scientist,  d.  (aged  73) 4  Dec. 

Mr.  Gladstone  defeated  on  Home  Rule  bill  .(is  succeeded  by 
lord  Roseberry) 4  Mch.  18 

KINGS   AND   QUEENS  OP   ENGLAND. 
BEFORE   THE    CONQUEST. 

827.  Egbert,  styled  "  king  of  England  "  in  828. 

837.  Ethelwolf,  his  son. 

857.  Ethelbald,  his  son. 

860.  Ethelbert,  brother. 

866.  Ethelred,  brother. 

871.  Alfred  the  Great,  brother;  d.  21  or  28  Oct.  901. 

901.  Edward  the  Elder,  son;  d.  925. 

925.  Athelstan,  eldest  son ;  d.  17  Oct.  940. 

940.  Edmund  I.,  5th  son  of  Edward  the  Elder;  died  from  a  wound 

received  in  an  afl'ray,  26  May,  946. 
946.  Edred,  brother;  d.  955. 

955.  Edwy,  eldest  son  of  Edmund;  died  of  grief  in  958. 
958.  Edgar  the  Peaceable,  brother ;  d.  1  July,  975. 
975.  Edward  the  Martyr,  his  son,  stabbed  at  Corfe  castle,  at 

instance  of  his  stepmother,  Elfrida,  18  Mch.  979. 
979.  Ethelred  II.;  half-brother;  retired. 

1013.  Sweyn,  proclaimed  king;  d.  3  Feb.  1014. 

1014.  Canute  the  Great,  his  son. 
"     Ethelred  restored  in  Canute's  absence;  d.  24  Apr.  1016. 

1016.  Edmund  Ironside,  his  son,  divided  the  kingdom  with  Canute; 

murdered  at  Oxford,  30  Nov.  1016;  reigned  7  months. 

1017.  Canute  sole  king;  married  Emma,  widow  of  Ethelred;  d.  12 

Nov.  1035;  age  40. 
1035.  Harold  I.,  son;  d.  17  Mch.  1040. 
1040.  Hardicanute,  son  of  Canute  and  Emma;  died  of  repletion  at 

a  marriage  feast,  8  June,  1042. 
1042.  Edward  the  Confessor,  son  of  Ethelred  and  Emma;  d.  5  Jan. 

1066;  age  62. 
1066.  Harold  II.,  son  of  earl  Godwin;  reigned  9  months;  killed  near 

Hastings,  14  Oct.  1066. 

THE  NORMANS. 

The  dates  are  those  of  sir  H.  Nicolas.  The  early  Norman  and 
Plantagenet  kings  reckoned  reigns  from  their  coronation; 
the  later  Plantagenets  from  the  day  after  death  of  the  pred- 
ecessor. From  Edward  VI.  the  reign  has  dated  from  the 
death  of  the  preceding  sovereign. 

1066.  William  the  Conqueror;  crowned  25  Dec. ;  d.  at  Rouen,  9  Sept. 
1087;  age  60. 
Queen:  Matilda,  daughter  of  Baldwin,  earl  of  Flanders;  mar- 
ried in  1054;  d.l083. 

1087.  William  II.  Rufus;  reign  began  26  Sept. ;  killed  by  an  arrow, 
2  Aug.  1100;  age  40. 

1100.  Henry  I.  Beauclerc,  his  brother;  reign  began  5  Aug.|  died  of 

a  surfeit,  1  Dec.  1135;  age  67. 

Queens:  Matilda,  daughter  of  Malcolm  III.  king  of  Scotland; 

married  11  Nov.  1100;  d.  1  May,  1119.     2.  Adelais,  daughter 

of  Godfrey,  earl  of  Louvaine;  married  29  Jan.  1129;  d.  1151. 

1135.  Stephen,  earl  of  Blois,  nephew  of  Henry;  reign  26  Dec. ;  d.  25 
Oct.  1154;  age  60. 
Queen :  Matilda,daughter  of  Eustace,  count  of  Boulogne ;  mar- 
ried 1128;  d.  3May,  115L 
[Maud,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  and  rightful  heir  to  the  throne; 
b.  1101;  betrothed,  1109,  at  8  years  of  age,  to  Henry  V.,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  who  d.  1125.  She  married,  secondly,  Geof- 
frey Plantagenet,  earl  of  Anjou,  1130.  Was  set  aside  from 
the  English  succession  by  Stephen,  1135;  landed  in  England 
and  claimed  the  crown,  1139.  Crowned,  but  soon  after  de- 
feated at  Winchester,  1141 ;  concluded  a  peace  with  Stephen, 
making  her  son  Henry  successor,  1153;  d.  1165.] 

THE   PLANTAGENETS. 
1154.  Henry  II.  Plantagenet,  grandson  of  Henry  I.  and  son  of  Maud; 
reign  began  19  Dec. ;  d.  6  July,  1189;  age  56. 
Queen:  Eleanor,  the  repudiated  queen  of  Louis  VIL,  king  oi 
France,  and  heiress  of  Guienne  and  Poitou;  married  to 
Henry,  1151 ;  d.  26  June,  1202.     Rosamond. 


.M 


HOUSE  OF  TUDOR. 

M85.  Henry  VII.  son  of  Edmund  Tudor,  earl  ot  Richmond  (son  of 
Owen  Tudor  and  queen  Catherine,  widow  of  Henry  V.),  and 
Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Beaufort,  duke  of  Somerset,  le- 
gitimated descendant  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster; 
began  to  reign  22  Aug. ;  d.  21  Apr.  1509;  age  53. 

Queen:  Elizabeth  of  York,  princess  of  England,  daughter  of 
Edward  IV. ;  married  18  Jan.  1486;  d.  11  Feb.  1503. 
I        1509.  Henry  VIII.,  son;  from  22  Apr. ;  d.  28  Jan.  1547;  age  56. 

Queens :  Catherine  of  Aragon,  widow  of  Henry's  elder  brother, 
Arthur,  prince  of  Wales;  married  11  June,  1509;  mother  of 
queen  Mary;  repudiated,  and  afterwards  formally  divorced, 
23  May,  1533 ;  d.  7  Jan.  1536. 

2.  Anne  Boleyn,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  and  maid  of 
honor  to  Catherine;  privately  married,  before  Catherine  was 
divorced,  14  Nov.  1532;  mother  of  queen  Elizabeth;  be- 
headed at  the  Tower,  19  May,  1536. 

3.  Jane  Seymour,  daughter  of  sir  John  Seymour,  and  maid  of 
honor  to  Anne  Boleyn;  married  20  May,  1536;  died  in  child- 
birth, of  Edward  VI.  24  Oct.  1537. 

4.  Anne  of  Cleves,  sister  of  William,  duke  of  Cleves;  married 
6  Jan.  1540;  divorced  10  July,  1540;  d.  1557. 

5.  Catherine  Howard,  niece  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk ;  married 
28  July,  1540;  beheaded  12  Feb.  1542. 

6.  Catherine  Parr,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Parr,  and  widow  of 
Nevill,  lord  Latimer;  married  12  July,  1543;  survived  the 
king,  and  married  sir  Thomas  Seymour,  created  lord  Sud- 
ley;  d.  5  Sept.  1548. 


r  ■ 


ENG  267 

1189.  Richard  I.  Coeur  de  Lion,  son;  reign  began  3  Sept. ;  died  of  a 
wound,  6  Apr.  1199;  age  42.     Akchery. 
Queen:  Berengaria,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Navarre;  married 
12  May,  1191;  survived  the  king. 

1199.  John,  tlie  brother  of  Richard;  reign  began  27  May;  d.  19  Oct. 
1216;  age  49. 
Queens:  Avisa,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Gloucester;  married 
1189;  divorced.  2.  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  count  of  An- 
gouieme,  virgin  wife  of  count  de  la  Marche  ;  married  to 
John  1200.  Survived  the  kiug,  and  remarried  count  de  la 
Marche. 

1216.  Henry  III.,  son  of  John;  reign  began  28  Oct. ;  d.  16  Nov.  1272; 
age  65. 
Queen:  Eleanor,  daughter  of  the  count  de  Provence;  married 
14  Jan.  1236;  survived  the  king;  and  d.l291,  in  a  monastery. 

1272  Edward  I.,  son  of  Henry,  surnamed  Longshanks ;  reign  began 
20  Nov. ;  d.  7  July,  1307;  age  68. 
Queens:  Eleanor  of  Castile;  married  1253;  died  of  a  fever, 
on  her  journey  to  Scotland,  at  Hornby,  in  Lincolnshire, 
1290  (Eleanor's  Crosses).  2.  Margaret,  sister  of  the  king 
of  J'rance ;  married  12  Sept.  1299 ;  survived  the  king ;  d. 
1317. 

1307.  Edward  II.,  son  of  Edward  I. ;  reign  began  8  July;  dethroned 
20  Jan.  1327 ;  murdered  at  Berkeley  castle,  21  Sept.  fol- 
lowing; age  43. 
Queen:  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  king  of  France;  married  1308. 
After  the  execution  of  her  favorite  Mortimer,  she  was  con- 
fined at  Castle  Rising,  near  Lynn,  and  d.  1357. 

1327.  Edward  III.,  son;  reign  began  25  Jan. ;  d.  21  June,  1377;  age 
65. 
Queen:  Philippa,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Hainault;  married 
1326;  d.  15  Aug.  1369. 

1377.  Richard  II.,  son  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  and  grandson  of 
Edward  III. ;  reign  began  22  June;  dethroned  29  Sept.  1399; 
said  to  have  been  murdered  at  Pomfret  castle,  10  Feb.  1400; 
age  34. 
Queens:  Anne  of  Bohemia,  sister  of  the  emperor  Wenceslaus 
of  Germany ;  married  Jan.  1382 ;  d.  7  June,  1394.  2.  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Charles  V.of  France;  married  when  only  7  years 
old,  1  Nov.  1396.  On  the  deposition  of  her  husband  she  re- 
turned to  her  father. 

HOUSE  OF   LANCASTER. 
1399.  Henry  IV.,  cousin  of  Richard  II. ;  reign  began  30  Sept. ;  d. 
20  Mch.  1413 ;  age  47. 
Wives:  Mary,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Hereford;  d.  1394.     2. 
Queen  Joan  of  Navarre,  widow  of  the  duke  of  Bretagne; 
married  1403;  survived  the  king;  d.  1437. 
1413.  Henry  V.,son;  reign  began  21  Mch. ;  d.  31  Aug.  1422;  age  34. 
Queen:  Catherine,  daughter  of  the  king  of  France;  married  30 
May,  1420.     She  outlived  Henry,  and  was  married  to  Owen 
Tudor,  grandfather  of  Henry  VIL,  in  1423;  d.  1437. 
1422.  Henry  VI.,  son;  reign  began  1  Sept.;  deposed  4  Mch.  1461; 
said  to  have  been  murdered  by  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
in  the  Tower,  20  June,  1471 ;  age  49. 
Queen:  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Anjou;  married  22 
Apr.  1445;  survived  the  king;  d.  25  Aug.  1481. 

HOUSE  OF  YORK, 
1461.  Edward  IV. ;  d.  9  Apr.  1483;  age  41. 

Queen:  Lady  Elizabeth  Grey,  daughter  of  sir  Richard  Wood- 
ville,  and  widow  of  sir  John  Grey,  of  Groby;  married  1463 
or  1464.    Suspected  of  favoring  the  insurrection  of  Lambert 
Simnel;  and  closed  her  life  in  confinement,  8  June,  1492. 
1483.  Edward  V.,  son;  deposed  25  June,  1483;  said  to  have  been 
murdered  in  the  Tower;  reigned  2  months  13  days;  age  13. 
"     Richard  III.,  brother  of  Edward  IV. ;  began  to  reign  26  June, 
slain  at  Bosworth,  22  Aug.  1485;  age  35. 
Queen:  Anne,  daughter  of  earl  of  Warwick,  widow  of  Edward, 
prince  of  Wales,  murdered  1471.    Said  to  have  been  poisoned 
by  Richard  (died  suddenly,  16  Mch.  1485),  to  make  way  for 
him  to  marry  princess  Elizabeth  of  York. 


ENG 

1547.  Edward  VI.,  son  (by  Jane  Seymour);  d.  6  July,  1553;  age  16. 

1553.  Jane,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  wife  of  lord  Guild- 
ford Dudley;  proclaimed  queen  on  the  death  of  Edward;  10 
days  afterwards  returned  to  private  life ;  was  tried  13  Nov. 
1553 ;  beheaded  12  Feb.  1554,  17  years  of  age. 
"  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry  (by  Catherine  of  Aragon);  married 
Philip  of  Spain,  25  July,  1554;  d.  17  Nov.  1558;  age  43. 

1558.  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Henry  (by  Anne  Boleyn),  d.  24  Mch. 
1603;  age  70. 

HOUSE  OF   STUART, 

1603.  James  I.  of  England  and  VI.  of  Scotland,  son  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots;  d.  27  Mch.  1625;  age  59. 
Queen :  Anne,  princess  of  Denmark,  daughter  of  Frederick  II. ; 
married  20  Aug.  1590;  d.  Mch.  1619. 

1625.  Charles  I.,  son ;  beheaded  at  Whitehall,  30  Jan.  1649;  age  48. 
Queen :  Henrietta  Maria,  daughter  of  Henry  IV. ,  king  of  France ; 
married  13  June,  1625;  survived  the  king;  died  in  France. 
10  Aug.  1669. 

1649.  Commonwealth.  Oliver  Cromwell  made  protector,  16  Dec. 
1653 ;  d.  3  Sept.  1658 ;  age  59. 

1658.  Richard  Cromwell,  his  son,  made  protector,  4  Sept. ;  resigned 
22  Apr.  1659. 

1660.  Charles  II.,  son  of  Charles  I. ;  d.  6  Feb.  1685;  age  55. 

Queen:  Catherine  of  Hraganza,  infanta  of  Portugal,  daughter 
of  John  IV.  and  sister  of  Alfonso  VL  ;  married  21  May,  1662; 
survived  the  king;  returned  to  Portugal;  d.  21  Dec.  1705. 

1685.  James  II.,  brother  of  Charles  II.,  abdicated  by  flight,  11  Dec. 
1688;  died  in  exile,  6  Aug.  1701;  age  68. 

[1st  wife,  Ann  Hyde,  daughter  of  Edward  Hyde,  earl  of 
Clarendon;  married  Sept.  1660;  d.  1671;  mother  of  queens 
Mary  II.  and  Anne.] 
Queen:  Mary  Beatrice,  prirfcess  of  Modena,  daughter  of  Al- 
fonso d'Este,  duke;  married  21  Nov.  1673;  in  1688  retired 
with  James  to  France;  died  at  St.  Germain,  1718. 

1689.  William  III.,  prince  of  Oninge,  king,  and  Mary,  queen,  daugt- 
ter  of  James;  married  4  Nov.  1677;  began  their  reign  13  Feb. 
1689 ;  Mary  d.  28  Dec.  1694 ;  age  33. 

1694.  William  III. ;  died  of  a  fall  from  his  horse,  8  Mch.  1702;  age  51, 

1702.  Anne,  daughter  of  James  II. ;  married  George,  prince  of  Den- 
mark, 28  July,  1683;  succeeded,  8  Mch.  1702;  her  13  chil- 
dren all  died  young;  lost  her  husband  28  Oct.  1708;  d.  1 
Aug.  1714 ;  age  49. 


HOUSE  OF  HANOVER ;  family  name  GuELPH  or  Guelp. 

(Brunswick,  Este.) 
1714.  George  L,  elector  of  Hanover  and  duke  of  Brunswick-Lune- 
burg;  son  of  Sophia,  daughter  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  I. ;  d.  11  June,  1727 ;  age  67. 
Queen:  Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Zell;  died 
in  prison,  2  Nov.  1726. 
1727.  George  II.,  son;  d.  25  Oct.  1760;  age  77. 

Queen:  Wilhelmina  Carolina  Dorothea  of  Brandenburg- Ans- 
pach;  married  1705;  d.  20  Nov.  1737. 
1760.  George  III.,  grandson  of  George  II. ;  d.  29  Jan.  1820;  age  82. 
Queen :  Charlotte  Sophia,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Mecklea- 
burg-Strelitz;  married  8  Sept.  1761;  d.  17  Nov.  1818. 
1820.  George  IV.,  son;  d.  26  June,  1830;  age  68. 

Queen:  Caroline  Amelia  Augusta,  daughter  of  the  duke  ot 
Brunswick;  married  8  Apr.  1795;  d.  7  Aug.  1821  (Queen 
Caroline). 
1830.  William  IV.,  brother  of  George  IV. ;  d.  20  June,  1837;  age  72. 
Queen :  Adelaide  Amelia  Louisa  Theresa  Caroline,  sister  of  the 
duke  of  Saxe-Meiningen;  married  11  July,  1818;  d.  2  Dec. 
1849. 
1837.  Victoria,  the  reigning  queen. 

THE  PRESENT  ROYAL  FAMILY  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  queen,  and  empress  of  India  by  proclamation  28  Apr.  1876, 
Alexandrina  Victoria,  only  daughter  of  Edward,  duke  of  Kent 
(4th  son  of  king  George  IIL),  b.  24  May,  1819;  succeeded  on  the 
decease  ofher  uncle,  William  IV.,  20  June,  1837;  crowned  at  West- 
minster, 28  June,  1838;  married  (10  Feb.  1840)  to  her  cousin, 

Francis  Albert  Augustus  Charles  Emmanuel,  duke  of  Saxe,  prince 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha;  b.  26  Aug.  1819;  naturalized,  24  Jan. 
1840  (ordered  to  be  styled  Prince  Consort  25  June,  1857);  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Cambridge,  28  Feb.  1847;  d.  14 
Dec.  1861. 

Issue. 

1.  Victoria  Adelaide  Mary  Louisa,  princess  royal,  b.  21  Nov.  1840; 

married  to  the  crown-prince  Frederick  William  of  Prussia,  25 
Jan.  1858  (dowry  40,000?.  and  annuity  of  8000?.);  dowager  em- 
press of  Germany.  Issue:  William,  present  emperor  of  Ger- 
many (succeeded  his  father  Frederick  William,  June,  1888);  b. 
27  Jan.  1859;  and  5  other  children  living. 

2.  Albert  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  duke  of  Saxony,  duke  of  Corn- 

wall and  Rothsay,  earl  of  Chester,  Carrick,  and  Dublin,  baron 
of  Renfrew,  and  lord  of  the  Isles;  b.  9  Nov.  1841;  married  prin- 
cess Alexandra  of  Denmark  (b.  1  Dec.  1844)  10  Mch.  1863.  Issue: 
Albert  Victor,  b.  8  Jan.  1864,  d.  14  Jan.  1892;  George,  b.  3  June, 
1865,  married  princess  Mary  of  Teck  6  July,  1893;  Louise,  b.  20 
Feb.  1867,  married  duke  of  Fife  27  July,  1889;  Victoria,  b.  6. 
July,  1868,  married  prince  Ferdinand,  crown  -  prince  of  Rou- 
mania,  10  Jan.  1893;  Maud,  b.  26  Nov.  1869;  Alexander  John, 
b.  6  Apr.,  d.  7  Apr.  1871.     Wales. 

3.  Alice  Maud  Mary,  b.  25  Apr.  1843;  married  prince  Louis  (since 

grand-duke)  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  1  July,  1862  (dowry  30,000?., 
annuity  6000?.).  Issue:  Victoria,  5  Apr.  1863;  and  5  other  chil- 
dren; died  of  diphtheria,  14  Dec.  1878. 

4.  Alfred  Ernest,  b.  6  Aug.  1844;  entered  the  Euryalus  as  midship- 

man, 31  Aug.  1858;  created  duke  of  Edinburgh,  etc.,  24  May, 


ENQ 

1866;  vJ8tt«d  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Aug.;  Australia,  Nov.  1867; 
flsoaped  assaBSiutttioQ  by  a  Feniun  at  Port  Jackson,  12  Mch. 
1868;  visited  Jaitan,  China,  and  India,  1809;  married  arch- 
duchess Miirie  of  Russia  (b.  17  Oct.  1853),  23  Jan.  1874.  Issue : 
Alfred,  b.  15  Oct.  1874;  Mary,  29  Oct.  1875;  Victoria,  25  Nov. 
1876;  Alexandrina,  1  Sept.  1878;  Beatrice,  20  Apr.  1884. 
6.  Helena  Augusta  Victoria,  b.  26  May,  1846;  married  to  prince 
Christian  of  Schleswig  Holstcin,  5  July,  1866.  Issue:  Christian 
Victor,  b.  14  Apr.  18(57;  and  other  children. 

6.  Louise  Carolina  Alberta,  b.  18  Mch.  1848;  married  to  John,  mar- 

quess of  Lome  (b.  6  Aug.  1845),  21  Mch.  1871. 

7.  Arthur  William  Patrick  Albert,  b.  1  May,  1850;  created  duke  of 

Counaught,  earl  of  Sussex  aud  Strathearn,  23  May,  1874;  10,000^. 
a  year  on  his  proposed  marriage  to  princess  Louise  Margaret  of 
Prussia;  agreed  to,  '26  July,  1878;  married  13  Mch.  1879,  to  prin- 
cess Ixjuise  Margaret  of  Prussia  (b.  25  July,  1860) ;  has  issue. 

a  Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert,  b.  7  Apr.  1853;  voted  15,000^.  a 
year  by  Parliament,  23  Julv,  1874;  created  baron  Arklow,  earl 
of  Clarence,  aud  duke  of  Albany,  24  May,  1881;  married  27  Apr. 
1882,  to  princess  Helen,  daughter  of  prince  of  Waldeck ;  d.  28 
Mch.  1884.  Issue:  Alice  Mary,  b.  25  Feb.  1883;  Leopold  Charles 
Edward,  b.  19  July,  1884. 

9.  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  Feodore.  b.  14  Apr.  1857;  married  23  July, 
1885,  prince  Henry  Maurice  of  Battenberg;  has  issue. 

First  great  grandchild,  Feodore,  b.  12  May,  1879;  daughter  of  Char- 
lotte, daughter  of  princess-royal  Victoria,  and  prince  Bernard 
of  Saxe-Meiningen. 

nOYAL  ARMS  OP  ENGLAND. 

William  I,  William  II.,  and  Henry  I.— 2  lions  or  leopards  passant. 

Stephen — Sagittarius,  the  archer,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac  (traditional). 

Henry  II.  to  Edward  II.— 3  lions  passant. 

Edward  III.  and  his  successors  quartered  the  preceding  with  fleurs- 
de-lis,  the  arms  of  France. 

Henry  V.  used  only  3  fleurs-de  lis. 

Mary*  I.  quartered  the  preceding  with  the  arms  of  her  husband, 
Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

UNITED  KINGDOM. 

James  I.  and  his  successors  combined  the  arms  of  England  and 
France  (1st  and  4th  quarters);  2d,  the  lion  rampant  of  Scotland; 
3d,  the  harp  of  Ireland.  He  introduced  the  unicorn  as  a  sup- 
porter of  the  arms. 

George  L,  George  II.,  and  George  III.  introduced  the  arms  of  Bruns- 
wick. 

In  1801  the  arms  of  France  were  omitted.  In  1816  the  arms  were 
modified,  Hanover  being  made  a  kingdom. 

Victoria. — In  1837  the  arms  of  Hanover  were  omitted.  The  arms 
are  now:  1st  and  4th  quarters,  3  lions  passant  for  England;  2d, 
lion  rampant  for  Scotland;  3d,  harp  for  Ireland. 

I}ngli§h  language  is  traced  from  the  Frisian 
variety  (Low  German)  of  the  Teutonic  or  Germanic  branch  of 
the  great  Indo-European  family,  and  is  closely  related  to  those 
dialects  spoken  on  the  north  shores  and  lowlands  of  Germany. 
Its  origin  due' to  the  immigration  of  the  Angles,  Jutes,  and 
Saxons.  Britain,  449.  A  number  of  words,  however,  still 
remain  of  the  Celts,  the  original  inhabitants,  as  basket,  bran, 
breeches,  crock,  etc.  "  The  English  tongue  possesses  a  verita- 
ble power  of  expression  such  as,  perhaps,  never  stood  at  the 
command  of  any  other  language  of  man." — Grimm.  ^  p 

Celtic  prevailed  in  England 1 

Latin  introduced about       1 

First  period.— Saxon  prevails  (Beowulf;  Caedmon;  Alfred). 450- 1066 

Latin  reintroduced  by  missionaries 596 

Second  period. —Norman-French  combining  with  English.  1066-1250 
William  I.  and  his  successors  used  English  in  their  laws,  etc. ; 
it  was  superseded  by  Latin  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.     Nor- 
man-French was  first  used  in  law-deeds  under  Henry  III. 

Third  Period.- Early  English 1250-1500 

Fourth  period.- Present  English  settled  in  the  16th  century. 
Law  pleadings  were  made  in  English  by  order  of  Edward  IIL 

instead  of  in  French 1362 

English  tongue  and  English  apparel  were  ordered  to  be  used 

in  Ireland,  28  Hen.  VIII 1536 

English  ordered  used  in  lawsuits;  Latin  disused May,  1731 

Percentage  of  Anglo-Saxon  words  in  the  English  Bible,  97; 
Swift. 89;  Shakespeare  and  Thomson, 85;  Addison,  83;  Spen- 
ser and  Milton,  81;  Locke,  80;  Young,  79;  Pope,  76;  John- 
son, 75;  Robertson,  68;  Hume,  65;  Gibbon,  58.— Marsh. 
Of  100,000  English  words,  60,000  are  of  Teutonic  origin;  30,000 
Greek  and  Latin;  and  10.000  from  other  sources. 

Early  English  Text  Society  began  publishing 1864 

English  Dialect  Society,  formed  to  print  old  glossaries May,  1873 

English  literature  and  authors,  Literature. 

engraving  on  signets  is  mentioned  Exod.  xxviii.  11 
(1491  B.C  ).  Engraving  on  plates  and  wood  began  about  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  Engraving  on  glass  was  perfected 
by  Bourdier,  of  Paris,  1799.  The  British  copyright  to  en- 
gravings has  been  protected  by  several  statutes ;  among  the 
principal  are  the  acts  16  and  18  Geo.  IIL  1775  and  1777 ;  and 
the  acts  7  and  8  Vict.,  6  Aug.  1844,  and  15  Vict.,  28  May,  1852. 
A  process  of  enlarging  and  reducing  engravings  by  means  of 
sheets  of  vulcanized  india-rubber  was  shown  by  the  Electro- 
printing  Block  Company,  in  England,  in  1860.    Lithography, 


268 


EPA 


Photo-galvanography.     In  "Lyra  Germanica,"  [)ub.  186 

are   illustrations  engraved  upon   blocks  i)hotographed  fr 

negatives  taken  1)3' John  Leighton,  F.S.A. 

Engraving  oh  Copper.— Prints  from  engraved  copper  plates  first 
appeared  about  14.50,  in  (Jcrmany.  Masso,  surnamod  Finiguerra 
is  called  the  first  Italian  engraver,  about  1440.     Niello.  ' 

Earliest  date  known  of  a  copper-plate  engraving  is  1401. 

Rolling-presses  for  working  the  plates  were  invented  in  1545. 

Of  etching  on  copper  by  aquafortis,  Francis  Mazzuoli,  or  Parraegi- 
ano,  is  the  ro|)uted  inventor,  about  1532.— D«  Piles. 

Etching  was  practised  by  Albert  Durer;  especially  by  Rembrandt;, 
revived  about  1860.  Eminent  modern  etchers:  Lalanne,  P.  G. 
Hamerton,  F.  Seymour  Haden,  Bracquemond,  Jacquemart,  .Mar- 
tial, etc.     Etching  club  established  in  London  in  1838. 

Society  of  Painter-etchers  formed ;  opened  an  exhibition,  Apr.  1881. 

Engraving  on  wood,  long  known  in  China,  began  in  Europe  with  the 
Briefmahlers,  or  manufacturers  of  playing  cards,"  about  1400. 
Printi.vg.  The  art  is  referred  by  some  to  a  Florentine,  and  by 
others  to  Reuss,  a  German;  it  was  greatly  improved  by  Diirer 
(1471-1528)  and  Lucas  van  Leyden  (1497),  and  in  England  by 
Bewick  and  his  brother,  and  pupils  Nesbitt,  Anderson,  etc.,  1789' 
et  seq.  The  earliest  wood  engraving  preserved  represents  St. 
Christopher  carrying  the  infant  Jesus  over  the  sea;  date  1423. 
W.  J.  Linton's  "  Masters  of  Wood  Engraving,"  with  250  fine  ex- 
amples, pub.  July,  1890. 

Engraving  on  soft  steel,  to  be  hardened  afterwards,  was  introduced- 
into  England  by  Messrs.  Perkins  and  Heath,  of  Philadelphia,  1819. 

John  Pye,  "father  of  English  landscape  engraving,"  d.  6  Feb.  1874. 

Mezzotinto  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  col.  von  Siegen,  who 
engraved  a  portrait  of  princess  Amelia  of  Hesse  in  mezzotinto  in 
1643  ;  it  was  improved  by  prince  Rupert  in  1648  ;  and  by  sir 
Christopher  Wren,  about  1(562. 

Aquatinta,  with  a  soft  and  beautiful  effect,  was  invented  by  the 
French  artist  St.  Non,  about  1662;  he  communicated  it  to  Le 
Prince.  Barabbe  of  Paris  was  distinguished  for  his  improvements 
in  it,  1763.  Chiaroscuro  engraving  originated  with  the  Germans, 
and  was  first  practised  by  Mair,  one  of  whose  prints  bears  date- 
149L    Zinc,  etc. 

Enni§killen,  N.W.  Ireland.  This  town  made  an 
obstinate  defence  against  the  army  of  Elizabeth,  1595,  and 
resisted  James  II.,  1689.  1500  Enniskilleners  met  his  gen. 
M'Carthy  at  Newtown-butler  with  6000  men  (of  whom  3000 
were  slain,  and  nearly  all  the  rest  made  prisoners),  losing  but 
20  men,  30  July,  1689.  The  dragoon  regiment  "  Inniskilliiigr 
ers  "  was  originally  recruited  here. 

Enoell,  Book  of,  an  apocryphal  work,  quoted  in  Jude, 
14th  and  15th  verses,  and  bj'  the  earl}-^  fathers,  disai)peare(i 
about  the  8th  century.  A  MS.  Ethiopic  version  was  found  in 
Abyssinia  by  Bruce,  and  brought  to  England  in  1773.  Of 
this,  archbishop  Lawrence  published  an  English  translation  in 
1821,  and  the  Ethiopic  text  in  1838. 

En'sisheim,  a  town  of  Alsace.  Here  Turenne  defeated 
the  Imperial  armj',  and  expelled  it  from  Alsace,  4  Oct.  1674. 

entail  ore§tate§  began  in  England  with  the  statute 
of  Westminster,  1286.  Subsequent  legislation  broke  the  entail 
in  cases  of  treason  (1534),  when  the  estate  is  to  revert  to  the 
crown,  and  of  bankruptcy  (1833  and  1849),  when  it  is  to  be 
sold.  The  law  of  entail  in  Scotland  was  amended  in  1875. 
Entail  abolished  in  Virginia,  1776. 

Enterprise  and  Boxer.    Naval  battles. 

entomology,  the  science  of  insects,  now  mainly  based 
upon  the  arrangement  of  Linnaeus,  1789.  Ray's  "  Methodus 
Insectorum,"  1705;  "  Insectorum  Historia,"  1710.  The  Ento- 
mological Society  of  London  was  instituted  in  1833.  A  na- 
tional entomological  exhibition  at  the  Westminster  aquarium 
was  opened  9  Mch.  1878. 

envelopes  for  letters  are  mentioned  by  Swift,  1726. 
Stamped  adhesive  envelopes  came  into  general  use  in  Great 
Britain  soon  after  the  penny  postal  system,  10  Jan.  1840.  Ma- 
chinery for  their  manufacture  was  patented  by  George  Wilson 
in  1844;  and  by  Messrs.  E.  Hill  and  Warren  De  La  Rue,  17 
Mch.  1845. 

envoys  at  courts,  in  dignity  below  ambassadors, 
enjoy  the  protection,  but  not  the  ceremonies,  of  ambassadors. 
Envoys-extraordinary  are  of  modern  date. —  Wicquefort.  The 
court  of  France  denied  envoys  the  ceremony  of  conduct  to 
court  in  royal  carriages,  1639. 

eozoon  (e-o-zo'-on)  Canadense,  asserted  to  be  the 
earliest  known  form  of  life,  is  a  species  of  foraminifera,  found 
by  prof.  J.  W.  Dawson,  of  Montreal,  in  Laurentian  limestone, 
in  1858. 

epact  (Gr.  tTraKToC,  added)  is  the  excess  of  the  solar 
month  above  the  lunar  synodical  month,  1  day,  11  hours,  15 


EPH 

minutes,  57  seconds,  the  lunar  month  being  only  29  days,  12 
hours.  44  minutes,  3  seconds ;  and  the  excess  of  the  solar  year 
above  the  lunar  synodical  year  (nearly  11  days),  the  lunar 
year  being  354  days.  The  number  of  the  Gregorian  epact  for 
1877,  15 ;  1878,  26 ;  1879,  7  ;  1880,  18. 

Epll'e§U§,  Asia  Minor,  a  city  founded  by  the  lonians 
about  1043  b.c.  It  was  subdued  by  Cyrus  in  544  b.c.  ;  revolted 
from  the  Persians,  501  b.c.  ;  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  in  17  a.d.  Diana,  Temple  of;  Seven  Churches. 
Paul  preached  here  55,  56  a.d.  (Acts  xviii.,  xix.).  His  epistle 
to  the  Ephesians  is  dated  64  a.d.  The  3d  general  council  was 
held  here  in  431.  After  investigation,  begun  in  1863,  J.  T. 
Wood  discovered  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Diana  (Artemis)  in 
Apr.  1870;  and  about  60  tons  of  marble  were  shipped  at  Smyrna 
for  the  British  museum,  Jan.  1872.  Mr.  Wood  published  an 
illustrated  account  of  his  discoveries  in  1876.  The  site  of  the 
temple  was  purchased  for  the  British  museum. 

epll'ori,  powerful  magistrates  of  Sparta,  5  in  number, 
said  to  have  been  first  created  by  Theopompus  to  control  the 
royal  power,  about  757  b.c. 

epic  poeill§  (from  Gi*.  'irrog,  a  song),  narratives  in 
verse.     Eminent  examples : 
Homer's  "Iliad"  and  "Odyssey"  {Greek),  between  8th  and 

10th  century  b.c.     Homek. 
Mahu-bhurata  {Sanscrit),  very  ancient;  by  several  authors;  the 

longest  epic  known  (220,000  lines).  B.C. 

Virgil's  "  ^neid  "  {Latin) about      19 

A.D. 

Ovid's  "  Metamorphoses  "  {Latin) about        1 

Dante  (d.  1321),  "  Divina  Commedia  "  {Italian)  pub 1472 

Ariosto,  "  Orlando  Furioso  "  {Italian) 1516 

Camoens,  "  Lusiad  "  {Portuguese) 1569 

Tasso,  "  Jerusalem  Delivered  "  (Italian) 1581 

Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene  " 1590-96 

Milton's  "  Paradise  I.ost " 1667 

Voltaire,  "  Henriade  "  {French) 1728 

Waller  Scott,  "  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,"  etc 1805 

Literature. 

Epicure'an  pllilO§ophy.  Epicurus  of  Garget- 
tus,  near  Athens,  about  300  b.c.,  taught  that  the  greatest  good 
consists  in  peace  of  mind  springing  from  virtue ;  but  the  name 
•epicurean  is  frequently  given  to  those  who  derive  happiness 
from  sensual  pleasure.   Atoms,  Philosophy. 

Epiclau'rus,  a  seaport  village  of  Greece,  celebrated  as 
the  site  of  the  temple  of  Asclepius,  or  ^sculapius,  god  of 
medicine,  and  enriched  by  gifts  from  persons  healed.  The 
Romans  sent  an  embassy  to  seek  the  help  of  the  god  during 
-a  pestilence,  and  his  worship  was  introduced  at  Rome,  293  B.C. 
The  temple  was  visited  by  ^Emilius  Paulus,  after  his  conquest 
of  Macedonia,  167  b.c. 

epigeil'C§i§.     Spontaneous  generation. 

epigrams,  originally  inscriptions,  especially  on  tombs. 
Marcus  Valerius  Martialis,  the  Latin  epigrammatist,  who  flour- 
ished about  83  A.D.,  is  allowed  to  have  excelled  all  others, 
ancient  or  modern.  The  following  epigram  on  Christ's  turning 
water  into  wine  (John  ii.)  is  an  example:  "Vidit  et  erubuit 
lyrapha  pudica  Deum  "  ("  the  modest  water  saw  its  God,  and 
blushed  ").—CrasAaw  (d.  1650). 
"The  Epigrammatists,"  a  collection  by  rev.  H.  P.  Dodd,  pub.  1870 

and  1875. 

Eipipll'aiiy  (Gr.  errKpavrjc,  manifest),  a  feast  (Jan.  6), 
termed  Twelfth-day,  celebrates  the  manifestation  of  the  Sav- 
iour by  the  appearance  of  the  star  which  conducted  the  magi 
to  him  ;  instituted  813. —  Whately. 

Epi'ms,  a  country  of  N.  Greece.     Its  early  history  is 
obscure. 
First  Pyrrhus  (Neoptolemus)  settled  in  Epirus,  after  the  Trojan  ^■*^- 

war,  1170  B.C. ;  killed  in  the  temple  of  Delphi about  1165 

Pyrrhus  the  Great  reigns,  295;  he  takes  Macedon  from  Deme- 
trius, 290 ;  compelled  to  yield  to  Lysimachus 287 

He  invades  Italy;  defeats  the  Romans,  280;  again,  279;  sub- 
dues Sicily 278 

He  invades  Italy  again,  and  is  totally  defeated  by  Curius  Den- 

tatus  at  Beneventum 275 

He  takes  Macedon  from  Antigonus 273 

He  unsuccessfully  invades  Sparta;  enters  Argos,  and  is  killed 

by  a  tile,  thrown  by  a  woman 272 

Philip  unites  Epirus  to  Macedon 220 

Its  conquest  by  the  Itomans 167 

A.D. 

Epirus  annexed  to  the  Ottoman  empire 1466 

An  insurrection  against  the  Turks  put  down 1854 


269  ERA 

Epis'COpaey.  Bishops,  Church  of  England. 
epi§tle§  or  letters.  An  Egyptian  letter,  about  1300 
B.C.,  is  translated  in  "  Records  of  the  Past,"  vol.  vi.  A  let- 
ter was  sent  to  Joab  by  David  by  the  hands  of  Uriah,  about 
1035  B.C.  (2  Sam.  xi.  14).  Horace  Walpole,  renowned  for 
letters,  was  born  5  Oct.  1717;  died  2  Mch.  1797.  The  collec- 
tion entitled  "Elegant  Epistles,"  commencing  with  Cicero, 
pub.  1790,  ends  with  an  essay  on  letter-writing  by  dr.  John- 
son. 

epitapllS  were  inscribed  on  tombs  by  the  Egyptians, 
Jews,  Greeks,  and  Romans.  T.  J.  Pettigrew  published  a  col- 
lection entitled  "  Chronicles  of  the  Tombs,"  in  1857. 

epitliala'llliuill,  a  nuptial  song  at  marriage.  Tisias 
the  lyric  poet,  is  said  to  have  written  the  first.  He  received 
the  name  of  Stesichorus,  from  the  alterations  made  by  him  in 
music  and  dancing,  about  536  b.c. — Bossuet. 

epoelia,  a  point  of  time  made  remarkable  by  some 
event,  from  which  subsequent  years  are  reckoned  by  historians 
and  cbronologers.     Eras.  g  g. 

Creation 4004 

Deluge 2348 

First  Olympiad 776 

Building  of  Rome 753 

A.D. 

Birth  of  Christ ^ 1 

Hegira  (or  flight  of  Mahomet) 622 

Epsom,  Surrej',  Engl.  The  mineral  springs  were  dis- 
covered in  1618.  The  races  began  about  1711,  and  have  been 
held  annually  since  1730. 

equestrian  order  in  Rome  began  with  Romulus, 
about  750  b.c.     Knighthood. 

equinox.  When  the  sun  crosses  the  equator,  day  and 
night  are  equal  all  over  the  globe.  This  occurs  twice  in  the 
year :  about  21  Mch.  the  vernal  equinox,  and  22  Sept.  the 
autumnal  equinox.  The  crossings,  called  equinoctial  points, 
move  backwards  about  50  seconds  yearlj',  in  about  26,00.0  years 
making  a  complete  revolution.  This  is  called  the  precession 
of  the  equinoxes.  The  axis  of  the  earth  does  not  remain 
rigorously  parallel  to  itself,  but  varies  in  direction,  describing 
an  entire  cone  in  about  26,000  years.  The  northern  extremity 
of  the  earth's  axis  is  now  quite  near  the  polestar,  Polaris,  and 
is  still  approaching  that  star.  It  will  continue  to  do  so  until 
the  year  2120,  when  it  will  point  to  within  half  a  degree  of  it. 
The  axis  will  then  recede  from  it  and  pass  from  the  Little 
Bear  to  Cepheus,  then  across  the  border  of  the  Swan,  and  in 
about  13,000  years  Vega  in  Lyra  will  be  the  polestar.  After 
another  13,000  years  Polaris  will  again  be  the  polestar.  Hip- 
parchus  of  Alexandria  about  2000  years  ago  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  note  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes.  It  was 
fully  explained  by  D'Alembert  and  Laplace  as  a  result  of 
gravitation. 

eras.  The  principal  are  more  fully  noticed  in  their 
alphabetical  order.  g  <, 

Era  of  Constantinople 1  Sept.  5508 

Mundane  Era  of  Antioch  (Alexandria,  etc.,  Julian  period)...  5493 
Julian  Era  (Calendar,  Year). 

Alexandrian  Era,  same  as  Abyssinian  Era " 

Common  Era  of  the  creation  (English  Bible,  CTsAer,  etc.) 4004 


Jkwish  Era 3761 

Romans  reckoned  from  the  founding  of  their  city,  a.c.c.  (anno 

urbis  conditcB) 753 

Era  oi  Nabonassar,  after  which  the  astronomical  observations 

made  at  Babylon  were  reckoned began  26  Feb.    747 

A  lexander,  Era  of 325 

Era  of  the  SeleucidcB  or  Macedonian  (used  by  the  Maccabees), 

commenced    312 

Era  of  Tyre  (Indiction) 125 

Augustan  Era 2T 

Olympiads  belong  to  the  Grecians,  and  date  from  1  .fuly,  776 

B.C. ;    they  subsequently  reckoned  by  indictions,  the  first 

beginning  313  a.d.  ;    these,  among  cbronologers,  are  still 

used  (Indictions). 
Spanish  Era  (of  the  conquest  of  Spain),  Varro,  752,  Cato  the 

Elder,  the  16th  year  of  the  emperor  Augustus  (C^sars),  long  ^■"• 

u.sed  by  the  Spaniards 1  Jan. 

Diocletian  Era,  or  Era  of  Martyrs began  29  Aug. 

Mahometans  began  their  era  from  the  Hegira,  or  flight  of  their 

prophet  from  Mecca 16  July, 

Persian  or  Yezdegird  Era 

Anno  Domini,  Calendar,  Creation,  and  the   names  of  eras 

throughout. 

£rastianisni,  the  belief  of  Thomas  Lieber  (Latinized 
Erastus),  a  German  physician  (1524-83),  that  the  church  had 


38 

284 


622 
632 


ERF 


270 


ETH 


no  right  to  exclude  any  person  from  church  ordinances,  to  in- 
flict excommunication,  etc.  Persons  who  acknowledge  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  civil  power  in  spiritual  matters  and  the  law 
of  patronage  are  now  termed  Erastians. 

Er'Airt,  a  city  of  central  Germany,  was  founded  in  476, 
and  its  university  established  about  1390.  Erfurt  was  ceded 
to  Prussia  in  1802.  It  capitulated  to  Murat,  when  14,000 
Prussian  troops  surrendered,  16  Oct.  1806.  Here  Napoleon 
and  Alexander  met,  and  offered  peace  to  England,  27  Sept. 
1808.  The  French  retreated  to  Erfurt  from  Leipsic,  18  Oct. 
1813.     A  German  parliament  met  here  in  Mch.  and  Apr.  1850. 

Er'ic8§on'§  caloric  engine.    Hkat. 

Erie  canal.     New  Yohk,  1817-25. 

Erie,  Fort.    Fort  Erik. 

Erle§.     Ohio,  1656. 

Erlvan%  Armenia,  in  the  16th  century  the  residence  of 
the  shahs  of  Persia,  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1553  and  1582, 
but  was  recovered  by  Abbas  the  Great,  1604.  After  being 
several  times  captured,  it  was  ceded  to  Persia,  1769.  It  was 
taken  by  Paskiewitch  in  1827,  and  annexed  to  Russia  by  treaty 
in  Feb.  1828. 

Erzeroum  {erz-room'\  principal  city  in  Armenia,  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  a  city  built  by  Theodosius  II.,  415;  taken  by 
the  Seljuk  Turks  in  the  13th  century,  and  by  the  Ottoman  Turks 
in  1517.  It  was  captured  by  the  Russian  general  Paskiewitch, 
June,  1829,  but  restored  in  1830.  It  was  almost  totally  destroyed 
by  earthquakes,  2  June  to  17  July,  1859.     Pop.  188*5,  60,000. 

EiCU'rial,  properly  EiCO'rlal,  25  miles  N.  W.  of 
Madrid,  the  palace  of  the  sovereigns  of  Spain,  termed  the  8th 
wonder  of  the  world,  was  begun  by  Philip  II.  in  1563,  and  com- 
pleted in  1586  at  a  cost  of  about  $50,000,000.  It  is  in  the  form 
of  a  gridiron,  in  honor  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  whose  day  (10  Aug. 
1567)  the  Spaniards  gained  the  victory  of  St.  Quentin.  Ac- 
cording to  Francisco  de  los  Santos,  the  total  length  of  its 
rooms  is  above  120  English  miles.  The  Escurial  comprises  a 
church,  mausoleum,  monastery,  palace,  librarj'^,  and  museum. 
It  was  struck  by  lightning  and  caught  fire  11.30  p.m.,  1  Oct. 
1872,  and  was  much  damaged;  but  the  grand  library  and 
other  treasures  were  preserved. 

Eiplerre  (es-pe-air'),  Belgium.  At  Pont-a-Chin,  near 
this  village,  the  French,  under  Pichegru,  attacked  the  allied 
English  and  Austrian  array  (100,000  men),  commanded  by  the 
duke  of  York,  and  were  repulsed  after  a  long  and  desperate 
engagement,  losing  the  advantages  gained  by  the  victory  at 
Tourcoing,  22  May,  1794. 

esquires,  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  were  armor- 
bearers  to,  or  attendants  on,  a  knight. — Blount.  In  England, 
the  king  created  esquires  by  putting  about  their  necks  the 
collars  of  SS,  and  bestowing  upon  them  a  pair  of  silver  spurs. 
John  de  Kingston  was  created  a  squire  by  patent,  13  Richard 
II.,  1389-90. 

E§§enes,  an  ascetic  Jewish  sect  at  the  time  of  Christ, 
representing  the  highest  culture  of  the  Jewish  nation. 

Essex,  U.  S.  ship.  For  engagement  with  the  British 
ships  Phoebe  and  Cherub,  Naval  battles. 

established  church,  the  state  religion  of  a  coun- 
try ;  a  church  exclusively  recognized  by  the  state.  During 
the  first  3  centuries  of  the  Christian  era  there  was  no  estab- 
lished or  state  church.  During  the  reign  of  Constantine  (323- 
337)  the  state  and  church  were  first  united.  During  mediaeval 
times  up  to  the  Reformation  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  was  the 
state  religion  of  all  western  Europe ;  in  fact,  every  government 
was  in  vassalage  to  papacj'.  The  Reformation  introduced 
more  freedom,  so  that  now  each  state  or  government  decides 
upon  its  own  establishment.  In  England,  while  the  Episcopal 
service  is  the  established  form,  there  is  a  Broad  Church  party, 
which  advocates  freedom  of  belief  enough  to  take  in  all 
churches,  and  even  other  religions.  In  the  United  States,  as 
in  all  true  republics,  there  is  not  and  cannot  be  an  established 
church.     Church. 

Esle,  House  of.  Boniface,  count  of  Lucca  and  duke  of 
Tuscany,  about  811,  is  said  to  have  descended  from  Odoacer, 
king  of  Italy.  From  Boniface  sprang  Albert-Azzo  II.,  mar- 
quess of  Italy  and  lord  of  Este,  born  about  996,  who  mar- 


ried— first,  Cunegonde  of  the  house  of  Guelf,  mother  of 
Guelf,  duke  of  Bavaria,  ancestor  of  thie  house  of  Brunswick 
(Bavaria,  Brunswick);  and,  secondly,  Gersonda,  mother  of 
Fulk,  ancestor  of  the  Estes,  dukes  of  Ferrara  and  Modena. 

Estlionia  or  Revel,  a  Russian  province,  said  to  have 
been  conquered  by  Teutonic  knights  in  the  12th  century; 
after  various  changes  it  was  ceded  to  Sweden  by  the  treaty  of 
Oliva,  3  May,  1660,  and  finally  to  Russia  by  the  peace  of  Ny- 
stadt,  30  Aug.  1721,  having  been  conquered  by  Peter  the  Great 
in  1710. 

etching.     Engraving. 

ether  was  known  to  the  earliest  chemists.  Nitric  ether 
was  discovered  by  Kunkel,  in  1681;  and  muriatic  ether,  from 
the  chloride  of  tin,  by  Courtanvaux,  in  1759.  Acetic  ether 
was  discovered  by  count  Lauraguais,  same  year ;  and  hj-driotic 
ether  was  first  prepared  by  Gay-Lussac.  Phosphoric  ether 
was  obtained  by  M.  Boullay,  The  discovery  that  by  inhaling 
ether  the  patient  is  rendered  unconscious  of  pain  is  due  to  Dr. 
Charles  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  Mass.  Thomas  Morton,  of  the 
same  place,  first  introduced  it  into  surgical  practice,  under 
dr.  Jackson's  directions  (1846).  Amylene,  Chloroform. 
The  term  '*  ether  "  was  applied  to  a  transparent  and  extremely 
sparse  fluid,  supposed  to  fill  celestial  space  b}-  the  German  as- 
tronomer Encke,  about  1829,  when  studying  the  elements  of 
Pons's  comet,  discovered  in  1818. 

ethics  (Gr.  T^OtKa,  term  for  morals).  Pythagoras,  500 
B.C.,  was  the  first  of  the  Greeks  who  recognized  it  as  a  social 
force.  He  was  followed  by  Socrates,  450  b.c.  ;  Plato,  374  b.c.  ; 
Aristotle,  334  B.c. ;  Epicurus,  306  b.c.  ;  Zeno  the  Stoic,  290 
B.C.,  and  others,  each  with  a  different  system.  Jewish  ethics, 
represented  by  Moses  and  the  Old  Testament;  Christian  ethics, 
by  the  New  Testament ;  mediaeval,  by  St.  Augustin  and 
Thomas  Aquinas;  modern,  by  Grotius,  1583-1645;  Hobbes, 
1588-1679  ;  Descartes,  1595-1650  ;  Spinoza,  1632-77  ;  Locke, 
1632-1704;  Leibnitz,  1646-1716;  Reid,1710-96:  Hume,  1711- 
1776 ;  Kant,  1724-1804 ;  Paley,  1743-1805 ;  Bentham,  1747- 
1832;  Fichte,  1762-1814;  Hegel,  1770-1831 ;  Schelling,  1775- 
1854;  Cousin,  1792-1867;  Whewell,  1795-1866;  Comte,  1798- 
1857  •,  John  Stuart  Mill,  1806-73,  and  others.    Philosophy. 

Ethiopia.  The  name  was  applied  anciently  rather 
vaguely  to  countries  the  inhabitants  of  which  had  sunburned 
complexions,  in  Asia  and  Africa ;  but  applied  properly  to  the 
modern  Nubia,  Sennaar,  and  northern  Abyssinia.  Many  pyr- 
amids are  at  Napata,the  capital  of  Meroe,  the  civilized  part  of 
ancient  Ethiopia.     Egypt.  b.c. 

Ethiopians  settle  near  Egypt 1615 

Zerah,  the  Ethiopian,  defe;ited  by  Asa 941 

A  dynasty  of  Ethiopian  kings  reigned  over  Egypt 765  to  715 

Tirhakah,  king  of  Ethiopia,  marches  against  Sennacherib 710 

Unsuccessful  invasion  of  Cambyses 52.')-22 

Ptolemy  III.  Euergetes  extended  conquests  in  Ethiopia 225 

Candace,  queen  of  MeroB,  advancing  against  the  Roman  settle-  a.d. 

ment  of  Elephantine,  defeated  by  Petronius 22-23 

ethnolog^y,  a  branch  of  anthropology,  is  defined  as  the 
science  "  which  determines  the  distinctive  characters  of  the 
persistent  modifications  of  mankind,  their  distribution,  and 
the  causes  of  the  modifications  and  distribution,"  The  study 
of  the  relations  of  the  different  divisions  of  mankind  to  each 
other  is  of  recent  origin.  Balbi's  "Ethnographic  Atlas"  was 
published  in  1826,  and  dr.  Prichard's  great  work,  "  Researches 
on  the  Physical  History  of  Mankind,"  1841-47.  Dr.  R.  G.  La- 
tham's works  appeared  in  1851-52.  Charles  Pickering's  "  The 
Races  of  Men,  and  Their  Geographical  Distribution,"  Phila- 
delphia, 1848 ;  Antoine  Desmoulin's  "  Histoire  Naturelle  des 
Races  Humaines,"  Paris,  1826;  J.  J.  Virey's  "  Histoire  Natu- 
relle du  Genre  Humain,"  Paris,  1824;  A.  de  Quatrefages's 
"Histoire  Generale  des  Races  Humaines,"  Paris,  1887;  Nott 
and  Gliddon's  "  Types  of  Mankind,"  1854,  and  "  Indigenous 
Races  of  the  Earth,"  Philadelphia,  1867;  Paul  Broca's  "Me- 
moires  d'Anthropologie,"  Paris,  1883;  Paul  Topinard's  "£l6- 
ments  d'Anthropologie  Generale,"  Paris,  1885 ;  Huxley's  "  Geo- 
graphical Distribution  of  Mankind,"  London,  1870.  The 
Ethnological  Society,  England,  established  in  1843,  published 
transactions.  On  17  Jan.  1871,  it  was  amalgamated  with  the 
Anthropological  Society,  and  named  the  Anthropological  Insti- 
tute. Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Washington,  D.  C,  began  to  pub- 
lish annual  reports,  1879.  This  bureau  is  the  highest  authority 
on   the  language,  sociology,  and  customs  of  the  American 


1 


ETH 


271 


ETO 


aborigines.  The  International  Congress  of  the  Ethnographic 
Sciences  met  at  Paris,  30  Sept.  1889.  Many  naturalists  have 
attempted  to  describe  the  races  or  varieties  into  which  man 
is  divided ;  some  resting  with  the  simplest  and  most  palpable 
differences,  others  extending  the  comparisons  to  the  most 
complex  :  (1)  color;  (2)  hair;  (3)  shape  of  skull  and  facial 
angle;  (4)  features;  (6)  constitution  and  character;  (6)  lan- 
guage, etc.  The  following  shows  the  classification  of  some  of 
the  most  eminent  naturalists.  Cuvier:  Caucasian,  Mongolian, 
Ethiopian  or  Negro.  Buflfon  and  Blumenbach :  Caucasian, 
Mongolian,  Ethiopian,  American,  Malayan  (this  division  was 
long  generally  accepted).  Linnaeus :  European  or  whitish, 
American  or  coppery,  Asiatic  or  tawny,  Negro  or  Mack. 
Dr.  Prichard  divided  them  into  7  races;  Pickering  into  11; 
Desmoulins,  at  first  into  11,  and  afterwards  16;  dr.  La- 
tham, 3  primary  divisions  and  16  subdivisions;  De  Quatre- 
fages,  a  single  stem  with  3  trunks.  White,  Yellow,  and  Black; 
White  subdivided  into  3  parts.  Yellow  into  2,  and  Black 
into  4,  and  these  again  subdivided;   Bory  de  St.  Vincent, 


into  15 ;  Nott,  8  families,  as  also  Agassiz ;  Huxle}',  2 :  1, 
Ulotrichi,  woolly  hair  (Negroid);  2,  Leiostrichi,  smooth  hair; 
subdivided  —  Australoid,  Mongoloid,  Hanthrochroic,  Melano- 
chroic.  Keith  Johnson  classifies  after  Buffon  as  follows  (3 
types) : 

1.    CAUCASIAN. 

Shemitic,  Georgian,  Circassian,  Armenian,  Iranian,  Hindu,  Gypsies, 

Celtic,  Grecian,  Italic,  Teutonic,  Goths  or  Germans,  Sclavonic. 

2.  MONGOLIAN  (central  Asian). 

Tibetans,  Chinese,  Burmese,  Anamese,  Siamese,  Cambodians  (north- 
ern Asian),  Samoeids,  Ostiaks,  Yeniseians,  Tungus  (Turanians), 
Finns,  Lapps,  Magyars,  Koreans,  Japanese,  Kamtchatdales,  Kor- 
jaks,  Esquimaux,  Mongolians,  and  Turks. 

Malay  (subdivision),  Malayan,  Polynesian,  Papuan,  Australian. 

American  (subdivision),  includes  all  Indians  in  North  and  South 
America. 

3.   ETHIOPIAN. 

All  the  inhabitants  ot  Africa.  Subdivisions  :  Kaffirs,  Hottentots, 
tribes  of  northern  Africa  (partially  Caucasian),  Berbers,  Copts,' 
Nubians,  Gallas,  Abyssinians,  etc. 

Language. 


TABLE 

OF  RACES  (after  Brinton's  classification). 

Race. 

Traits. 

Branch. 

stock. 

Groups  or  Peopleg. 

Color,  white.     Hair,  wavy. 
Nose,  narrow. 

1. 

South  Mediterranean 

II. 
North  Mediterranean.... 

Hamitic 

(1.  Libyan. 
^2.  Egyptian. 
(3.  East  African. 
(1.  Arabian. 
{2.  Abyssinian. 
(3.  Chaldean. 
Euskarian 

Eurafrican. 

Semitic. 
( Enskaric    

}  Aryac 

Indo-Germanic  or  Cellindic 

Peoples  of  the  Caucasus. 

Color,  black  or  dark. 
Hair,  frizzly.    Nose,  broad. 

Negrillo.... 

( Central  African 

\  South  African 

f  Nilotic           

Dwarfs  of  the  Congo. 
Bushmen,  Hottentots. 

II. 
Negro 

1 

Austafrican. 

Senegambian 

I  Nubian. 

III. 
Negroid 

J 

Bantu 

Kaffirs,  Congo  tribes,  etc. 

Color,  yellow  or  olive. 
Hair,  straight. 
Nose,  medium. 

I. 
Sinitic 

(Chinese  . . . 

Chinese 

\  Tibetan 

(Indo-Chinese 

II. 
Sibiric 

Burmese,  Siamese,  Anamese,  etc. 

Manchus,  Tungus. 

Mongols,  Kalmucks. 

Turks,  Cossacks. 

Finns,  Magyars. 

Chukchis  Ainos 

Tartaric 

1  Finnic 

Arctic 

Japanic  

Japanese,  Koreans. 

Color,  coppery. 

Hair,  straight  or  wavy. 

Nose,  medium. 

\  Atlantic 

Tinneh,  Algonkin,  Iroquois. 

(  Pacific 

II. 
Central 

Chi  nooks,  Koloshes,  etc. 
Naliuas  Tarascos 

American. 

i  Mexican 

1  Isthmian 

Mayas,  Chapanecs. 
Caribs,  Arawaks,  Tupis. 
Chibehas,  Quichuas. 

III. 
Southern 

( Atlantic 

{pacific 

Color,  dark. 

Hair,  wavy  or  frizzly. 

Nose,  medium  or  narrow. 

I. 
Negritic                   ...   . 

(Negrito        

Mincopies,  Aetas. 
New  (juineans 

J  Papuan 

(Melanesian 

(  Malayan 

Insular  and  littoral 

11. 

Feegeeans,  etc. 
Malayan,  Tagalas. 

peoples. 

( Polynesian 

III. 

ethyl,  a  compound  radical,  a  colorless  gas,  with  a  slightly 
ethereal  odor,  a  compound  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  first  ob- 
tained in  the  free  state  by  prof.  Edward  Frankland  in  1849. 
Several  of  its  compounds  with  metals  take  fire  on  exposure  to 
the  air. 

Etna,  Mount,  Sicily.  Here  were  the  fabled  forges  of 
the  Cyclopes,  and  it  is  called  by  Pindar  the  pillar  of  heaven. 
Eruptions  are  mentioned  by  Diodorus  Siculus  as  happening 
1693  B.C.,  and  Thucydides  speaks  of  3  eruptions  as  occurring 
734,  477,  and  425  B.C.  There  were  eruptions,  125, 121,  and  43 
B.c.—Livy.  Volcanoes. 
Eruptions,  40,  254,  and  420  a.  d.  — Carrera. 
One  in  1012.— Geoffrey  de  Viterbo. 

One  overwhelmed  Catania,  when  15,000  inhabitants  perished. .  1169 
Eruptions,  1329,  1408,  1445,  153(5,  1537,  1564,  et  seq. 
In  1669,  tens  of  thousands  of  persons  perished  in  streams  of  lava 

which  rolled  along  for  40  days. 
Eruptions  in  1766,  1787, 1809,  1811,  and  in  May,  1830,  when  sev- 
eral villages  were  destroyed,  and  showers  of  ashes  reached 
near  to  Rome. 

Town  of  Bronte  was  destroyed 18  Nov.  1832 

Violent  eruption  occurred Aug.  and  Sept.  1852 

An  eruption  began  1  Feb.,  and  ceased July,  1865 

Violent  eruption  began 28  Nov.  1868 


Another  eruption  began 29  Aug.  1874 

Violent  eruption 26  May-7  June,  1879 

Eruption,  severe 31  May,  1886 

Another July,  1892 

Eton  college,  Buckinghamshire,  Engl.,  founded  by 
Henry  VI.  in  1440,  and  designed  as  a  nursery  to  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge. 

"  Ye  distant  spires,  ye  antique  towers 
That  crown  the  watery  glade. 
Where  grateful  Science  still  adores 
Her  Henry's  holy  shade." 
— Gray,  "Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College." 
John  Stanbery,  confessor  to  Henry  VI.  (bishop  of  Bangor, 
in  1448),  was  nominated  the  first  provost.     One  of  the  pro- 
vosts,   William    Waynflete    (bishop    of   Winchester,    1447), 
greatly  promoted  the   erection   of  the  buildings.      Besides 
about  300  noblemen's  and  gentlemen's  sons,  there  were  70 
king's  scholars  on  the  foundation,  who,  when  properly  quali- 
fied, were  formally  elected,  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  August,  to 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  removed  there  when  there  were 
vacancies,,  according  to  seniority.     The  establishment  of  the 
montem  is  nearly  coeval  with  the  college.    It  consisted  in  the 
procession  of  the  scholars,  arrayed  in  fancy  dresses,  to  Salt-hill 


ETR 


272 


EVE 


once  in  3  years;  the  donatiuiis  cullccted  on  the  road  (some- 
times as  much  as  800/.)  were  given  to  the  senior  or  best  scholar, 
their  captain,  for  his  8up|H)rt  at  Cambridge.  The  montem 
was  disconlinuetl  in  1847.  The  college  system  was  modified 
by  the  Public  Schools  act,  1868.  In  1873  the  practice  of  elect- 
ing students  to  King's  college,  Cambridge,  ceased,  the  scholars 
to  be  students  at  Cambridge  being  chosen  there.  In  1880 
there  were  853  students. 

Etril'ria  or  TllMCia  (hence  the  modern  name  Tus- 
cany), a  province  of  Italy,  whence  the  Romans  derived  many 
laws,  customs,  and  superstitions.  Herodotus  asserts  that  the 
country  was  conquered  by  a  colony  of  Lydians.  Its  subjuga- 
tion forms  an  important  part  of  early  Roman  history.  It  was 
most  powerful  under  Porsena  of  Clusium,  who  attempted  to 
reinstate  the  Tarquins,  506  b.c.  Veii  was  taken  by  Camillus, 
396  B.C.  A  truce  between  the  Romans  and  Etrurians  for  40 
years  was  concluded,  351  b.c.  The  latter  were  defeated  at 
the  Vadimonian  lake,  310,  with  the  Boii,  their  allies,  283  B.C., 
ami  lost  tiieir  independence  about  265  n.c.  Vases  and  other 
works  of  the  Etruscans  still  remaining  show  their  civilization. 
Napoleon  I.  established  a  kingdom  of  Etruria,  1801,  and  sup- 
pressed it  1807.  Tuscany.  "  The  Cities  and  Cemeteries  of 
Etruria,"  by  (ieorge  Dennis,  pub.  1848  and  1878. — Etruria, 
Staffordshire,  Engl.,  the  site  of  Josiah  Wedgwood's  porcelain 
works,  etc.,  was  founded  in  1771. 

EubOB'a,  the  largest  Lsland  in  the  iEgean  sea.  Two  of  its 
cities,  Chalcis  and  Eretria,  were  very  important,  till  the  former 
was  subdued  by  Athens, 506  b.c,  and  the  latter  by  the  Persians, 
490.  After  the  Persian  war  Euboea  became  wholly  subject  to 
Athens,  and  was  its  most  valuable  possession.  It  revolted  in  445, 
but  was  soon  subdued  by  Pericles,  After  the  battle  of  Chaeronea, 
338,  it  became  subject  to  Macedon.  It  was  made  independent  by 
the  Romans  in  194;  but  was  afterwards  incorporated  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Achaia.    It  now  forms  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece. 

Eucalyp'tUS  glob'ulu§,  or  blue-gum-tree,  a  very 
fast-growing  Tasmanian  evergreen,  of  the  order  Myrtacece. 
From  the  extraordinary  power  of  its  roots  to  absorb  moisture, 
and  the  salutary  aromatic  odor  of  its  leaves,  it  has  been  found 
highly  beneficial  in  counteracting  the  malaria  of  marshy  dis- 
tricts of  hot  climates,  and  hence  has  been  named  the  fever- 
destroying  tree.  M.  Ramel  (d.  1881)  first  sent  seeds  from 
Melbourne  to  Paris  in  1854,  and  subsequently  seeds  were  dis- 
tributed over  the  south  of  Europe,  the  north  and  south  of 
Africa,  and  elsewhere. 

So  rapid  is  the  growth  of  this  tree  that  a  forest  may  be  formed  in 
20  years.  It  sometimes  reaches  the  height  of  350  feet,  with  a 
circumference  of  100  feet,  rivalling  Wellingtonia  gigantea. 
Timber,  bark,  and  oils  of  the  eucalyptus  are  highly  valuable,  and 
prof.  Bentley  says  that  the  genus  is  one  of  the  most  important  to 
man  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  In  1874  its  medicinal  value  was 
said  to  have  been  exaggerated. 

Enchari§t,  thanksgiving,  an  early  name  for  the  Lord's 
supper.     Sacrament. 

Euclid's  "  Elements."  Euclid,  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  flourished  about  300  b.c.  The  "  Elements  "  are 
not  wholly  original;  many  of  the  demonstrations  were  derived 
from  Thales,  Pythagoras,  Eudoxus,  and  others.  Euclid  reduced 
them  to  order,  and  probably  inserted  many  theorems  of  his 
own.  The  "  Elements"  were  first  printed  at  Basle  by  Simon 
Grynaeus,  in  1533. 

eildiom'eter,  an  apparatus  to  ascertain  the  purity  of 
air,  or  the  quantity  of  oxygen  gas  in  it ;  one  was  invented  by 
dr.  Priestley  in  1772. 

Eug^ubine  tables,  7  tablets  of  brass,  probable  date 
about  400  B.C.  (with  inscriptions  relating  to  sacrifices,  etc. — 4 
in  Umbrian,  2  in  Latin,  and  one  partly  in  both  dialects),  were 
discovered  in  1444  at  Gubbio,  the  ancient  Eugubium,  or  Iguvi- 
um.  The  inscriptions  are  accurately  given  by  Lepsius,  in  his 
*'  Inscriptiones  Umbricae  et  Oscae,"  1841. 

eunucllS,  first  mentioned  among  the  Egyptians  and 
Assyrians,  are  said  to  have  been  first  employed  bj-  Semiramis, 
queen  of  Assyria,  about  2007  b.c.  Eunuchs  frequently  at- 
tained to  political  power  in  the  later  Eastern  empire. 

eu'pllllisill,  an  affected  style  of  language,  prevalent  in 
the  time  of  Elizabeth,  arose  from  "  Euphues ;  the  Anatomy  of 
Wit,"  by  John  Lyly,  pub.  1581. 


Eurasian  plain,  the  great  central  plain  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  so  named  by  ethnologists  (1865).     Ethnology. 

Europe,  the  smallest  of  3  continents  of  the  old  world, 
really  an  appendage  of  Asia  ;  area,  nearly  3,800,000  sq.  miles; 
pop.  1872,  301,700,000;  1891,  380,000,000.  For  the  history, 
Gkkeck,  Romk,  and  the  modern  kingdoms. 

Euryni'edon,  a  river  in  Pamphylia,  near  which 
Cimon,  son  of  Miltiades,  destroyed  the  fleet  of  the  Persians  at 
Cyprus,  and  defeated  their  land  forces,  466  b.c. 

Eusta'tiUS,  St.,  a  West  India  island,  settled  by  the 
Dutch,  1632;  taken  by  the  French  in  1689;  by  the  British  in 
1690;  again  by  the  British  forces  under  Rodney  and  Vaughan, 
3  Feb.  1781.  It  was  recovered  by  the  French  under  the  mar- 
quess de  Bouille,  26  Nov.  same  year ;  recaptured  by  the  Brit- 
ish, 1801,  1810  ;  restored  to  the  Dutch,  1814. 

Euta^lV  Springes,  Battle  of.  One  of  the  most  san- 
guinary battles  of  the  American  Revolution  was  fought  at  Eu- 
taw  Springs,  near  the  Santee  river,  in  South  Carolina,  on  8 
Sept.  1781.  The  Americans  were  commanded  by  gen.  Greene, 
and  the  British  by  col.  Stewart.  The  conflict  was  indecisive. 
Stewart  kept  the  field,  but  at  night  retreated  towards  Charles- 
ton. Next  morning  Greene  took  possession  of  the  battle- 
ground, and  sent  detachments  in  pursuit.  Congress  presented 
a  gold  medal  and  a  British  flag  then  captured  to  Greene,  in 
appreciation  of  his  valor.  American  ,loss  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing,  555.     British  loss,  693.     United  States. 

Euty'cllians,  from  Eutyches,  an  abbot  of  Constanti- 
nople, who  asserted  in  446  that  there  was  but  one  nature  in 
Christ,  the  human  having  been  absorbed  in  the  divine.  This 
doctrine  was  condemned  by  a  council  at  Constantinople  in 
448,  and  at  Chalcedon  in  451.  It  has  been  also  called  Mono- 
physite  (of  one  nature),  and  Jacobite,  from  Jacobus  Baradaeus, 
its  zealous  defender  in  the  6th  century.  It  is  the  form  of 
Christianity  among  the  Copts  and  Armenians. 

Eux'ine.     Black  sea. 

Evang^elical  (Gr.  EvayysXiov,  good  news),  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  specifically  applied 
in  England  to  a  portion  of  the  clergy  of  the  Anglican  church 
(also  called  the  low  church),  who  profess  to  preach  the  gospel 
more  purely  than  their  brethren  termed  the  high-church 
party.     Church  of  England. 

Evangelical  Alliance  was  founded  by  sir  Culling  Eardle^  Smith 
and  others  at  Liverpool  in  1845,  to  promote  unity  among  Protes- 
tants against  Romanism  and  infidelity.  It  holds  annual  meetings. 
It  met  in  Sept.  1857,  at  Berlin,  where  it  was  well  received  by  the 
king.  The  19th  meeting  was  held  at  Hull,  3  Oct.  1865;  the  20th 
at  Bath,  16  Oct.  1866;  the  21st  at  Amsterdam,  Aug.  1867;  at  Derby, 
23-28  Nov.  1869.  Lord  Ebury  presided  at  a  day  of  united  prayer 
for  the  issue  of  the  general  election  about  to  take  place.  1  Oct. 
1868.  The  proposed  conference  at  New  York  in  Sept.  1870,  de- 
ferred on  account  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  took  place  Oct.  1873. 
The  Alliance  met  at  Geneva,  23-28  Sept.  1872;  at  Brighton,  22-24 
Apr.  1873;  at  Oxford,  29  Aug.  1874;  at  Constantinople,  Mch.  1875; 
at  Southport,  3  Oct.  1876;  at  Oxford,  25  Oct.  1877;  at  Basle,  2  Sept. ; 
and  at  Edinburgh,  28  Oct.  1879. 
"Evangelical  church"  in  Germany  began  with  a  fusion  of  the 
Lutherans  and  Calvinists  in  Nassau  in  1817;  followed  by  similar 
movements  in  different  parts  of  Germany,  1818-22. 

Evangelical    Association    or    Albreclit 

Brethren.  A  sect  founded  by  rev.  Jacob  Albrecht  or 
Albright,  a  German  Lutheran  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1803.  They 
held  their  first  conference  in  1807,  and  soon  after  adopted  the 
name  of  Die  evangelische  Gemeinschaft  von  Nord  Amerika. 
Their  first  general  conference  was  held  in  1816.  In  doctrine 
they  are  Arminian.  They  have  a  college  at  Plainfield,  III.,  and 
a  publishing  house  at  Cleveland,  0.,with  a  branch  at  Stuttgart, 
Germany.  Their  strength  in  1890  was:  26  conferences  and  mis- 
sions, 1845  preachers,  145,703  members,  and  1958  churches. 

Evangelists,  preachers  of  the  "gospel,"  or  good  news. 
Gospels. 

Eves'ham,  a  town  of  Worcestershire,  Engl.,  where 
prince  P^dward,  afterwards  Edward  I.,  defeated  the  barons 
headed  by  Simon  de  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester,  4  Aug.  1265, 
when  the  earl,  his  son  Henry,  and  most  of  his  adherents  were 
slain.  Henry  III.,  when  about  to  be  cut  down  by  a  soldier 
who  did  not  know  him,  was  saved  by  exclaiming, "  Do  not  kill 
me,  soldier;  I  am  Henry  of  Winchester,  thy  king  !"  This  vic- 
tory broke  up  the  combination  of  the  barons. 


EVO 

evolution  theory  includes  the  nebular  theory  and 
Darwin's  doctrine  of  natural  selection.     Development,  Pro- 

<}RESSIONISTS. 

In  1«V7,  3  forms  of  evolution  were  discussed:—!.  That  of  all  animals 
gradually  from  the  lowest  form,  the  amoeba,  up  to  man,  in  con- 
trast with  the  Biblical  account  of  the  creation;  2.  that  of  every 
animal  from  protoplasm  in  a  cell,  or  egg;  3.  that  of  all  the  parts 
of  an  animal  from  its  blood. 

exarcllS,  appointed  by  the  Byzantine  emperors  of  the 
east,  to  govern  central  Italy  after  its  conquest  by  Belisarius 
and  Narses,  548.  They  ruled  Ravenna  from  668  to  752,  when 
Eutychus,  the  last,  was  overcome  by  Astolphus  the  Lom- 
bard. 

exchangee,  formerly  bourse,  the  Royal  Exchange  being 
"Britain's  Burse;"  that  at  Paris  is  still  named  La  Bourse, 
from  bursa,  a  purse.  One  called  Collegium  Mercatorvni  existed 
at  Rome,  493  b,c.  The  Exchange  at  Amsterdam  was  reckoned 
the  finest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The  Stock  ex- 
change of  New  York  occupies  a  marble  building  on  Wall  street 
and  numbers  1100  members,  with  a  membership  fee  or  seat  at 
a  cost  of -$24,000.  The  Produce  exchange  has  a  membership 
of  3000,  and  the  Consolidated  Stock  and  Petroleum  exchange 
a  membership  of  2362.  There  are  also  a  Cotton  exchange,  a 
Coffee  exchange,  etc. 

exclieq'lier,  an  ancient  institution  of  England,  consist- 
ing of  officers  with  financial  and  judicial  functions;  the  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  the  financial  officer,  formerly  sat  in 
the  court  of  exchequer  above  the  barons.  The  first  chancellor 
was  Eustace  de  Fauconbridge,  bishop  of  London,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  IIL,  about  1221.  Sir  Robert  Walpole  was  the  last 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  who  acted  judicially  (1735).  The 
legal  function  of  the  chancellor  was  abolished  by  the  Judica- 
ture act,  Aug.  1873. 

CHANCELLORS   OF  THE   EXCHEQUER. 

Henry  Addington  (afterwards  lord  Sidmouth) 21  Mch.  1801 

William  Pitt  (premier) 16  May,  1804 

Lord  Henry  Petty  (afterwards  marquis  of  Lansdowne). .  10  Feb.  1806 

Spencer  Perceval . .  .31  Mch.  1807 

Prem'er  6  Dec.  1809;  assassinated 11  May,  1812 

Nicholas  Vansittart  (afterwards  lord  Bexley) 9  June,     " 

Fred.  J.  Robinson  (afterwards  lord  Goderich  and  earl  of  Ripon), 

31Jan.  1823 

■George  Canning  (premier) Apr.  1827 

John  C.  Herries 17  Aug.     " 

Henry  Goulburn 26  Jan.  1828 

Viscount  Al thorp  (afterwards  earl  Spencer) 22  Nov.  1830 

Sir  Robert  Peel  (premier). 10  Dec.  1834 

Thomas  Spring  Rice  (afterwards  lord  Monteagle) 18  Apr.  1835 

Francis  T.  Baring  (afterwards  baronet) 26  Aug.  1839 

Henrv  Goulburn 3  Sept.  1841 

Charles  Wood  (afterwards  baronet,  lord  Halifax,  1866).  .6  July,  1846 

Benjamin  Disraeli  (afterwards  lord  Beaconsfield) 21  Feb.  1852 

William  Ewart  Gladstone 28  Dec.     " 

Sir  George  Cornewall  Lewis 5  Mch.  1855 

Benjamin  Disraeli,  again 27  Feb.  1858 

William  Ewart  Gladstone,  again June,  1859 

Benjamin  Disraeli,  again 6  July,  1866 

George  Ward  Hunt 29  Feb.  1868 

Robert  Lowe 9  Dec.     " 

William  Ewart  Gladstone  (and  premier) Aug.  1873 

Sir  Stafford  Northcote 21  Feb.  1874 

William  Ewart  Gladstone  (and  premier) 28  Apr.  1880 

Hugh  Culling  E.  Childers Dec.  1882 

Sir  Michael  Hicks- Beach 24  June,  1885 

Sir  William  V.  Harcourt 6  Feb.  1886 

Lord  Randolph  Henry  Spencer  Churchill  (resigned). .  .26  July,     " 

George  J.  Goschen 3  Jan.  1887 

Sir  William  V.  Harcourt 18  Aug.  1892 

Exchequer,  Court  of  {CuHa  Regis),  instituted  by 
William  L  on  the  model  of  the  transmarine  exchequer  of 
Normandy,  in  1079 ;  according  to  some  authorities  by  Henry 
L  It  included  the  common  pleas  until  they  were  separated 
(16  John, 1215). — Cohe's  Reports.  The  exchequer  was  St)  named 
from  a  checkered  cloth  which  anciently  covered  the  table 
where  the  judges  and  chief  officers  sat.  Here  are  tried  causes 
relating  to  the  king's  revenue;  to  accounts,  disbursements, 
customs,  and  fines  imposed,  as  well  as  all  matters  at  common- 
law  between  subject  and  subject.  The  j  udges  are  stj'led  barons, 
first  appointed  in  1234.  There  are  a  chief  and  4  puisne  barons, 
the  fifth  judge  having  been  added  23  July,  1830. 

excise.  The  system  was  established  in  England  by  the 
Long  Parliament  in  1643,  duties  being  levied  on  wines,  beer, 
etc.,  and  tobacco,  to  support  the  army  against  Charles  I.  It 
was  continued  under  Charles  11.      The  present  system  was 


EXE 

eriScted  about  1733.     The  old  excise  office  was  built  on  the 
!  site  of  Gresham  college  in  1744;  the  present  is  at  Somerset 
i  house.     The  officers  of  excise  and  customs  were  deprived  of 
I  votes,  for  members  to  Parliament  in  1782,  but  received  them 
again  in   1868.     In  1849   the  boards  of  excise,  stamps,  and 
taxes,  were  united  as  "the  board  of  commissioners  of  inland 
revenue."     Notwithstanding  the  abolition  of  the  excise  duty 
upon  numerous  articles,  and  the  reduction  of  duty  upon  various 
others  of  late  years,  the  total  excise  revenue  has  progressively' 
advanced.     Additional  excise  duties  were  charged  by  17  and 
18  Vict.  c.  27,  3  July,  1854.     The  excise  duties  were  further 
modified  in  1860.     Revenue.     For  the  United  States,  Cus- 
toms, Revenue. 

REVENUE   from   EXCISE   IN  THE   UNITED   KINGDOM. 

1786 £5,540,114 

1308 19,867,914 

1820 26,364,702 

1830 18,644,385 

1840 12,607,766 


1850 £15,278,203 

I860 20,240,467 

1870 21,879,238 

1880 25,218,303 

1890 24,723,917 


exeoininilllication,  or  separation  from  Christian 
communion  (Matt,  xviii.  17;  1  Cor.  v.,  etc.),  was  instituted  to 
preserve  the  purity  of  the  church.  The  Roman  church  ex- 
communicated by  Bell,  Book,  and  Candle.    Interdict. 

Gregory  VIL  excommunicated  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  and 
absolved  his  subjects  from  their  allegiance 1077 

Innocent  III.  excommunicated  John  of  England,  placing  the 
country  under  an  interdict 1208-14 

Gregory  IX.  excommunicated  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  4 
times,  between 1228-45 

Louis  XII.  of  France  was  excommunicated  by  Julius  II.  1510; 
Luther  by  Loo  X.  1521;  Henry  VIIL  of  England  by  Paul  IIL 
in  1535;  and  Elizabeth  by  Pius  V 25  Apr.  1570 

Emperor  of  France,  king  of  Sardinia,  and  others  were  virtually 
excommunicated  (but  not  by  name)  on  account  of  the  annex- 
ation of  the  Romagna  by  Sardinia 29  Mch.  1860 

executioni.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIIL  (38  years), 
it  is  said  that  no  less  a  number  than  72,000  criminals  were  ex- 
ecuted.—5/ow;.  In  the  10  years  between  1820  and  1830,  there 
were  executed  in  England  alone  797  criminals;  but  as  laws 
were  mitigated  the  number  of  executions  decreased.  In  the 
3  years  ending  1820,  the  executions  in  England  and  Wales 
amounted  to  312;  in  the  3  years  ending  1830,  they  were  178  ; 
in  the  3  years  ending  1840,  they  were  62.  In  England  from 
1850-60,  93  executions;  from  1860-70,  136;  from  1870-80, 
163.  The  place  of  execution  in  London  (formerly  generally 
at  Tyburn)  was  in  front  of  Newgate  from  1783  to  1868, 
when  an  act  directed  executions  to  take  place  within  the 
walls  of  prisons.  The  dissection  of  bodies  of  executed  crim- 
inals was  abolished  in  1832.  John  Calcraft,  born  1800,  exe- 
cutioner for  London,  1828-74,  died  13  Dec.  1879.  —  For  re- 
markable executions,  Trials.  —  In  the  United  States  the 
legal  executions  reported  for  1891  were  123  —  52  white,  65 
negroes,  1  Mexican,  4  Indians,  and  1  Japanese.  The  lynch- 
ings  reported  were  195,  all  in  the  western  and  southern  states 
(Alabama  reporting  26  and  Mississippi  23).  Of  these  121  were 
negroes  and  69  were  white,  with  a  few  Indians,  Chinese,  and 
Mexicans.     Of  the  195,  6  were  women.     Crime,  Death. 

Exeter,  a  town  of  Devonshire,  Engl.,  said  to  have  been 
named  A  ugusta  from  having  been  occupied  by  the  second  Augus- 
tan legion  com  manded  by  Vespasian ;  its  present  name  is  derived 
from  Excestre.  It  was  for  a  considerable  time  the  capital  of 
the  West  Saxon  kingdom.  The  bishopric  anciently  comprised 
2  sees — Devonshire  (founded  about  909)  and  Cornwall.  The 
church  of  the  former  was  at  Crediton,  of  the  latter  at  Bodmin, 
and  afterwards  at  St.  German's.  About  1040  the  sees  were 
united.  St.  Petroc  was  the  first  bishop  of  Cornwall,  before 
900;  Eadulphus,  the  first  bishop  of  Devonshire,  905 ;  and 
Leofric,  the  first  bishop  of  Exeter,  in  1049.  The  cathedral 
originally  belonged  to  a  monastery  founded  by  Athelstan; 
Edward  the  Confessor  removed  the  monks  to  his  new  abbey 
of  Westminster,  and  gave  their  church  for  a  cathedral  to  the 
united  see,  1049. 
Alfred  invested  the  city,  held  by  the  Danes,  and  compelled 

them  to  capitulate 877,  894 

Exeter  sacked  by  Sweyn , 1003 

Besieged  by  William  the  Conqueror 1067 

Castle  surrendered  to  king  Stephen 1136 

City  first  governed  by  a  mayor 1200 

Celebrated  nunnery  founded 1236 

Ancient  bridge  built 1250 

Edward  I.  holds  a  parliament  here 1286 

Besieged  by  sir  William  Courtenay 1469 


EXE 


274 


EXP 


city  assaulted  by  Perkin  Warbeck 1497 

Exeter  constiluled  a  county  of  itself. 1536 

Welsh,  viair  of  St.  Thomas's,  hanged  on  the  tower  of  his  church 

as  a  Cornish  rebel 2  July,  1549 

Prince  Maurice  takes  Kxeter  for  king  Charles  I Sept.  1(>43 

It  surrenders  to  the  parliamentarians Apr.  1(>46 

Exeter  college,  Oxford,  Engl.,  was  founded  by 
Walter  Stapleton,  bishop  of  Exeter,  in  1314.  The  buildings 
are  mainly  a  quadrangle  in  the  later  Gothic  style. 

Exeter  liall,  Strand,  London,  erected  in  1830-31  for 
the  meetings  of  religious  and  philanthropic  institutions,  con- 
certs, oratorios,  and  musical  societies,  a  large  apartment  with 
orchestra  and  organ,  and  rooms  attached  for  committees,  etc., 
opened  29  Mch.  1881.  Music.  Religious  services  were  held 
here  in  1856  by  rev.  C.  Spurgeon,  and  in  1857  by  ministers  of 
the  church  of  England,  on  Sundays. 
Hall  was  purchased  for  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

for  25,000/.,  July,  1880;  reopened  (jubilee) *29  Mch.  1881 

exillbitioilii,  industrial,  began  with  the  French. 
Expositions  having  been  organized  and  opened  at  Paris  in 
1798,  1801,  '02,  '06,  '19,  '23,  '27,  '34,  '39,  '44,  and  '49.  The  first 
exhibition  of  the  kind  in  England  was  the  National  Repository, 
opened  under  royal  patronage  in  1828,  near  Charing  Cross. 
In  the  Uniteti  States  at  New  York  in  1853.  Crystal  Palace. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  World's  Industrial 
Exhibitions : 


Place. 


London 

New  York. . . . 

Paris. 

London 

Pari& 

Vienna  

Philadelphia. . 

Paris: 

Paria 

Chicago , 


Year. 


1851 
1853 
1855 
1862 
1867 
1873 
1876 
1878 
1889 
1893 


Acres, 
UuilJiiig. 


21 

23^5^ 
37 
40 

70.08 
60 
75>^ 
142.12 


13,937 
4,000 
20,839 
28,653 
50,226 
50,000 
30,864 
40,366 
55,000 


Visitors. 


6,039,195 


Open 
days. 


200 
171 
217 
186 
159 
194 
185 
158 


World's  Columbian  Exhibition. 

Exodll§  (Gr.t^o^oc,way  out),  the  departure  of  the  Israel- 
ites from  Egypt,1491  B.C.;  and  described  in  the  book  of  Exodus. 
Chronologers  vary  in  the  date  of  this  event:  the  Septuagint  gives 
1614;  Hales,  1648 ;  Wilkinson,  1495;  Bunsen,  1320  or  1314. 

expeditioili.  Lat.  ex,  out,  and  pes,  pedis,  foot ;  a 
sending  or  setting  forth  of  a  body  of  persons  on  any  important 
enterprise. 

MILITARY   AND   NAVAL  EXPEDITIONS.  ^.C. 

Jason  and  the  Argonauts  in  the  ship  Argo  to  Colchis 1263 

[William  Morris'  poem  "  Jason  "  pub.  1867.    Argonauts.] 

Greek  expedition  against  Troy,  and  siege 1193-84 

[Described  in  the  "  Iliad  "  of  Homer.     Troy.] 


Darius  Into  Greece ;  battle  of  Marathon 29  Sept  490 

Xerxes  into  Greece;  battle  of  Thermopylse.    Salamis  (naval), 

I'lataja 480-79 

Cyrus  against  Artaxerxes ;  retreat  of  10,000  Greeks 401 

Alexander  the  Great  into  Asia;  overthrow  of  the  Persian  mon- 

archy ;  battles  of  Granicus,  3;J4 ;  Issus,  333 ;  Arbela 331 

Hannibal  into  Italy;  battles  of  Thrasymene,  217 ;  Cannas 216- 

Julius  Caesar  into  Britain ;  first,  55;  second 64 

A.D. 

Saracens  into  France ;  battle  of  Tours 10  Oct.    732 

Crusades 1096-1291 

Kdward  III.  of  England  into  France;  battle  of  Crecy 1346. 

Henry  V.  of  England  into  France;  battle  of  Agincourt 1416 

Philip  II.  of  Spain  into  England ;  the  Armada 1588 

Napoleon  into  Russia  and  retreat  (Moscow) 1812 

British  into  Abyssinia 1867-68 

EXPEDITIONS  OF  DISCOVERY   AND    COLONIZATION. 

Egyptian,  of  Pharaoh-Necho,  Phoenician,  down  the  Arabian 
gulf  around  the  southern  extremity  of  Africa  into  the  Med- 
iterranean by  the  strait  of  Gibraltar,  arriving  in  Egypt  after   B.C. 
an  interval  of  about  3  years  (Herodotus) 604 

Hanno  the  Carthaginian  along  the  western  coast  of  Africa 570 

A.D. 

Northmen  discover  Iceland 861 

Christopher  Columbus  discovers  America 1492 

Vasco  de  Gama ,  western  coast  of  Africa,  cape  of  Good  Hope, 

passage  to  the  East  Indies 149T 

Fernando  de  Magellan's  voyage  around  the  world 1520-21 

Lewis  and  Clark,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river  (United 

States) 1805-6 

John  C.  Fremont,  throughout  the  west  to  the  PaciQc  (United 

States) 1842-46 

Lieut.  Wilkes,  with  6  small  vessels  of  the  U.  S.  navy  ( Vincennes, 
Peacock,  Porpoise,  Relief ,  Flying-fish,  &nA  Sea-gull),  sails  from 
Hampton  Roads,  Va.,  to  explore  the  southern  seas,  19  Aug.  1838 

They  discover  an  antarctic  continent 19  July,  1839 

Peacock  lost  on  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river, 

July,  1841 
Vincennes,  Wilkes's  flag-ship,  returns  to  New  York  after  an  ab- 
sence of  almost  4  years June,  1842 

[Wilkes's  "Narrative"  was  pub.  in 6  vols,  illustrated.    The 
scientific  reports  form  20  quarto  and  folio  vols.] 
Voyage  of  the  British  steamer  Challenger  to  examine  into  the 
physical  and  biological  condition  of  the  great  ocean  basins 
and  oceanic  currents  (Deep-sea  soundings) 1872 

EXPEDITIONS  OF    SEARCH   AND   RELIEF. 

In  search  of  sir  John  Franklin 1848-60 

Henry  M.  Stanley  in  search  of  David  Livingstone  (Africa) 1872 

Engineer  Melville  in  search  of  the  survivors  of  the  U.  S.  yacht 

Jeannette 24  Mch.  1882 

Commander  W.  S.  Schley  in  search  of  lieut.  A.  Greely  (North- 
east and  Northwest  passage) 1884 

Henry  M.  Stanley  to  relieve  Emin  Pacha 1887-90 

For  minor  expeditions,  America,  Northeast  and  Northwest 
passage,  and  separate  governments  throughout  the  work. 

expenditures  of  the  United  States.  The  principal 
objects  of  expenditure  in  the  U.  S.  are  civil,  army,  navy,  Ind- 
ians, pensions,  interest.  Premiums  on  bonds  purchased  were 
also  quite  an  important  source  of  expenditure  during  the  years 
1867-74,  and  1889-91. 


EXPENDITURE  FOR  EACH  OF  THE  YEARS  NAMED,  AND  THEREFROM  ITS   GENERAL  INCREASE. 


Ye.,. 

Civil  and 
Miscellaneoas. 

War. 

Navy. 

Indians. 

Pensions. 

Premiums. 

Interest. 

Total. 

1789-91 

$1,083,972 

$632,804 

$27,000 

$175,814 



$1,177,863 

$3,097,453 

1800 

1,337,613 

2,560,879 

$3,448,716 

31 

64, 131 

.... 

3,402,601 

10,813,971 

1810 

1,101,145 

2,294,324 

1,654,244 

177,625 

83,744 

.... 

3,163,671 

8,474,753 

1820 

2,592,022 

2,630,392 

4,387,990 

315,750 

3,208,376 

.... 

5,151,004 

18,285,534 

1830 

3,237,416 

4,767.129 

3,239,429 

622,262 

1,363,297 

1,912,575 

15,142,108 

1840 

5.995,399 

7,096,267 

6,113,897 

2,331,795 

2,603,562 

174,598 

24,314,518 

1850 

16,043,763 

9,687,025 

7,904,725 

1,663,591 

1,866,886 

.... 

3,782,393 

40,948,383 

1860 

27,977,978 

16,472,203 

11,514,650 

2,991,122 

1,100,802 

3,144,121 

63,200,876 

1866 

42,989,383 

1,030,690,400 

122,617,434 

5,059,360 

16,347,621 

1,717,900 

77,395,090 

1,296,817,188 

1870 

53,237,462 

57,656,675 

21,780,230 

3,407,938 

28,340,202 

15,996,556 

129,235,498 

309,653,561 

1880 

54,713,530 

38,116,916 

13,536,985 

5,945,457 

56,777,174 

2,795,320 

95,757,575 

267,642,958 

1890 

81,403,256 

44,582,838 

22,006,206 

6,708,047 

106,936,855 

20,304,244 

36,099,284 

318,040,711 

TOTAL  EXPENDITURES  FROM  1789  TO  1891  INCLUSIVE. 
I  2,368,670,150   ]  4,777,863,340  |  1,207,598,473   |  264,471,240      |  1,373,889,939    |  122,902,713      |  2,682,025,768    \  12,797,421,623 
As  there  was  no  national  debt  in  1836-37  there  was  no  interest — the  only  years  without  interest. 


The  expenditures  for  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
show  as  follows  for  the  years  given — gross  amount. 

1860 £69,502,289 

1865 66,462,207 

1870 68,864,752 

1875 74,328,040 

1880 : 84,105,754 

1887 90,869,282 

1891 87,377,000 

Revenue. 

explosives.     Blasting,  Dualine,  Dynamite,  Gel- 
atine, Glyoxiline,  Gun-cotton,  Gunpowder,  Lithofrac- 

TEUR,  NiTRO-GLYCERINE,  CtC. 


exports,  United  States.     Specie  vahie,  from  1790. 

Domestic 

*                            Domestic  Merchandise.  Gold  and  Silver, 

1790 $19,666,000 

1800 31,840,906 

1810 42,366,675 

1820 51,683,640 

1830 58,524,878 $937,151 

1840 111,660,561 2,235,073 

1850 134,900,233 2,046,679 

1860 356,242,423 56,946,851 

1870 455,208.341 43,883.803 

1880 823,946,353 9,347,893 

1890 '. 845,293,828 35,782,181 


I 


EXP 


275 


FAI 


The  greatest  amount  of  domestic  merchandise  exported  in  any  one 
year  was  in  1881,  amounting  to  $883,925,94:7.  The  greatest  amount 
of  gold  and  silver,  in  1875,  $83,857,129,  and  in  1889,  $80,214,994. 
The  percentage  of  exported  agricultural  products  was,  in  1860, 
81.13-  1870,  79.35;  1880,  83.25;  1890,  74.51  of  the  whole  amount. 
The  exports  of  the  U.  S.  to  the  principal  foreign  countries  were,  to 

(1880 $453,796,497 

\  1890 447,895,662 

( 1880 57,062,263 

1 1890 85,563.312 

(1880 100,063,044 

1 1890 49,977,024 

(1880 30,775,871 

U890 41,503,812 

(1880 34,154,180 

11890 26,630,444 

(1880 17,207,098 

11890 22,657,795 

(1880 14,657,884 

\  1890 12,758,463 

( 1880 12,352,642 

|l890 13,068,096 

(1880 11,225.699 

U890 13,084,415 

(1880 7,866,493 

\1890 13,285,287 

ia,  Brazil,  and  Japan. 

AMOUNT  OF  DOMESTIC  EXPORTS  FROM  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


Great  Britain 

Germany 

France 

Canada 

Belgium 

Netherlands 

Spain 

Italy 

Cuba .. 

Mexico 

The  next  in  order  are  Austral 


Exports  to 
Foreign  Countries. 

Exports  to 
British  Colonies. 

Exports. 
Totals. 

1856-60) 
average ) 

£84,000,000 

£40,000,000 

£124,000,000 

1861-65) 
average ) 

97,000,000 

47,000,000 

144,000,000 

1866-70 1 
average  j 

137,000,000 

51,000,000 

188,000,000 

1871-75 ) 
average  J 

175,000,000 

64,000,000 

239,000,000 

1876-80) 
average f 

134,000,000 

67,000,000 

201,000,000 

1881-85  ) 
average  j 

151,000,000 

81,000,000 

282,000,000 

1886-90) 
average } 

155,000,000 

81,000,000 

236,000,000 

Imports. 


Elxtradition,  Treaty  of.  Treaties  on  the  subject  of 
criminals  arise  from  the  universal  practice  of  nations  to  sur- 
render criminals  only  under  special  treaty  with  the  country 
which  claims  them.  Treaties  of  this  character  have  been  made 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  9  Aug.  1842 ; 
with  France,  9  Nov.  1843;  and  later  supplemented  Switzer- 
land, 25  Nov.  1850 ;  Austria,  3  July,  1856 ;  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way, 21  Mch.  1860;  Mexico,  11  Dec.  1861;  Italy,  23  Mch. 
1868,  and  later;  Ottoman  empire,  5  Jan.  1877.  In  the  treaty 
with  Belgium,  1882,  attempted  assassination  of  a  ruler  made 
an  extraditable  offence;  treaty  with  Spain,  1887;  with  Uru- 
guay, 1887,  with  Prussia,  1892,  and  others.  The  crimes  for 
which  extradition  is  usually  granted  are  forgery,  burglary, 
embezzlement,  counterfeiting,  grand  larceny,  manslaughter, 
murder,  perjury,  rape,  and  other  felonies.  In  modern  states, 
particularly  in  England  and  the  U.  S.,  political  offences  have 
always  been  excepted  from  extradition.  Great  Britain  refused 
to  surrender  Ezra  D.  Winslow,  of  Boston,  who,  charged  with 
forgery,  escaped  to  London,  1872,  unless  it  was  agreed  that  the 
prisoner  should  be  tried  only  for  that  offence,  according  to  the 
treaty.  Mr.  Fish,  the  secretary  of  state,  stood  on  the  Ashbur- 
ton  treaty  of  1842.  The  British  government  yielded,  27  Oct. 
1876.  William  M.  Tweed  escaped  from  New  York  to  Spain, 
was  arrested  there,  and  returned  to  the  U.  S.,  although  there 
was  no  extradition  treaty  between  the  couittries,  Sept.  1876. 
Difficulty  arose  with  Mexico,  1877,  regarding  the  pursuit  of 
criminals  across  the  border.  The  Sicilian  bandit  Randazzo 
was  captured  in  New  Orleans,  1881,  and  taken  to  New  York, 
whence  he  was  extradited  on  the  requisition  of  the  Italian 
government. 

extreme  unetion.    Anointing. 

Eyiau,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  where,  on  7-8  Feb.  1807,  the 
French  defeated  the  Russians  in  a  bloody  contest.  Napoleon 
commanded  in  person.  Both  armies,  by  this  and  other  battles, 
were  so  much  reduced  that  the  French  retired  to  the  Vistula 
and  the  Russians  on  the  Pregel. 


Fa'bii.  A  noble  family  of  Rome,  the  name  said  to  come 
from  faba,  a  bean,  because  their  ancestors  cultivated  beans;  or 
from  Fabuis,  a  son  of  Hercules.  They  made  war  against  the 
people  of  Veil,  and  near  the  Cremera  all  the  grown-up  males 
of  the  family  (306  men)  were  slain  in  a  sudden  attack,  477  b.c. 
From  one,  Q.  Fabius  Vibulanus,  whose  tender  age  had  detained 
him  at  Rome,  arose  the  noble  Fabii  of  the  following  ages.  Q. 
Fabius  Maximus  Verrucosus,  a  celebrated  general  of  Rome, 
successfully  opposed  Hannibal,  216  B.C.  He  devised  a  system 
of  defensive  warfare  since  known  as  "  Fabian,"  and  was  him- 
self called  Cunctator,  the  delayer. 

f*able§.  "  Jotham's  fable  of  the  trees  (Judg.  ix.,  about 
1209  B.C.)  is  the  oldest  extant,  and  as  beautiful  as  any  made 
since." — A  ddison.  Nathan's  fable  of  the  poor  man  (2  Sam.  xii., 
about  1034  B.C.)  is  next  in  antiquity.  The  oldest  collection 
of  fables  is  of  Eastern  origin,  and  in  Sanscrit.  The  fables  of 
Vishnoo  Sarma,  or  Pilpay,  are  the  most  beautiful,  if  not  the 
most  ancient,  in  the  world. — Sir-  William  Jones.  Prof.  Max 
Miiller  traced  La  Fontaine's  fable  of  the  "  Milkmaid"  to  the 
early  Sanscrit,  ^sop's  fables,  dated  about  565  or  620 
B.C.,  were  versified  by  Babrius,  a  Greek  poet,  about  130  b.c. 
(Coray),  and  rewritten  in  prose  by  Maximus  Planudes,  a 
Greek  monk,  about  1320,  who  added  other  fables  and  a  worth- 
less life  of  JEiSop.  The  fables  of  Phsedrus,  in  Latin  iambics 
(about  8  A.D,),  of  La  Fontaine  (1700),  and  of  Gay  (1727),  are 
esteemed. 

facial  ang^le  (contained  by  a  line  from  the  middle  of 
the  ear  to  the  edge  of  the  nostrils,  and  another  thence  to  the 
ridge  of  the  frontal  bone)  was  devised  by  Peter  Camper  to 
measure  the  elevation  of  the  forehead.  In  negroes  this  angle 
is  about  70°;  in  Europeans  varies  from  75°  to  85°.  Camper 
died  7  Apr.  1789.  His  book  on  "  Characteristic  Marks  of  Coun- 
tenance" was  pub.  1791. 


factions  of  the  circus,  among  the  Romans,  were  parties 
of  racers  with  chariots  in  the  circus,  distinguished  by  colors, 
as  green,  blue,  red,  and  white ;  Domitian  added  gold  and  scar- 
let, about  90  A.D.  In  Jan.  532,  an  insurrection  occurred  at  Con- 
stantinople, called  the  Nika  sedition,  which  lasted  5  daj''s,  about 
30,000  lives  were  lost,  and  Justinian  was  indebted  for  his  life 
and  throne  to  the  heroism  of  his  empress  Theodora.  The 
blues  and  greens  (political  parties  named  for  the  colors  worn 
in  the  races  of  the  circus)  united  for  a  day  or  two  against  the 
emperor,  taking  Nika!  (conquer)  for  a  watchword.  'J'he 
blues  soon  turned,  and  massacred  the  greens.  The  conflict 
was  suppressed  by  Belisarius  with  difficulty,  and  the  games 
were  abolished  for  a  time.  Described  fully  by  the  contem- 
porary historian  Procopius ;  briefly  in  Gibbon's  "  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire." 

Faen'za,  a  city  of  central  Italy,  the  ancient  Faventia, 
submitted  to  the  emperor  Frederick  I.,  1162;  was  taken  by 
Frederick  II.,.12  Apr.  1241;  held  by  the  pope,  1275;  by  the 
Bolognese,  1282 ;  by  Caesar  Borgia,  1501 ;  by  Venice,  1504 ;  by 
the  papacy,  1509 ;  by  the  French,  1512.  After  various  changes 
early  in  the  16th  century  it  was  held  by  the  papacy  till  the 
annexation  by  Sardinia,  1859.  Hence  Faience  pottery  is 
named,  first  made  here. 

"Faerie  Qlieene,"  by  Edmund  Spenser;  a  part 
was  pub.  in  England  in  1590;  the  whole,  1611. 

Fahrenheit.     Thermometer. 

Faineants  (fa-na-on').     Mayors  of  the  palace. 

Fairlop  oak,  with  a  trunk  48  feet  in  circumference, 
the  growth  of  5  centuries,  in  Hainault  forest,  Essex,  Engl.,  was 
blown  down  in  Feb.  1820.  Beneath  its  branches  an  annual 
fair  was  long  held  on  the  1st  Friday  in  July,  founded  by  the 
eccentric  Mr.  Day,  a  pump  and  block  maker  of  Wapping,  who, 


276 


FAI 

having  a  small  estate  in  the  vicinity,  annually  came  here  with 
friends  to  dine  on  beans  and  bacon. 

Fair  Oaks,  near  Richmond,  Va.,  the  site  of  an  inde- 
cisive battle  between  confederates,  under  gen.  Joseph  E.  Johns- 
ton, and  a  part  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,31  May  and  I  June, 
18G2.     Peninsular  campaign,  Vikgini a. 

fHirs  and  wakCH  were  instituted  in  Italy  about  600 ; 
in  England  by  Alfred,  886. — Spelman.  At  wakes,  established 
by  (Jregory  VII.  in  1078,  and  termed /ena,  monks  celebrated 
the  fostival  of  their  patron  saint :  the  concourse  of  people  oc- 
casioned a  great  demand  for  goods.  Fairs  were  established 
in  France  about  800  by  Charlemagne,  and  encouraged  in 
England  about  1071  by  William  the  Conqueror.  Many  stat- 
utes were  made  for  the  regulation  of  fairs  (1328-1868).  The 
"Fairs  act,"  passed  25  May,  1871,  abolishes  fairs;  in  1872, 
Charlton  and  Blackheath  fairs,  and  in  1873  Clapham  fair,  were 
abolished  as  nuisances.— In  the  United  States  the  terra  fair 
has  mostly  lost  its  Old  World  meaning,  and  is  applied  to  in- 
dustrial exhibitions,  including  township,  county,  and  state 
fairs.  Certain  state  fairs  have  assumed  an  importance  almost 
national.     W^orld's  Columbian  Exhibition. 

falconry,  or  liawking,  the  use  of  trained  birds 
of  prey  in  the  pursuit  of  smaller  game,  in  England  cannot  be 
traced  with  certainty  before  the  reign  of  king  Ethelbert,  the 
Saxon  monarch,  858,— Pennant.  The  grand  seignior  at  one 
time  kept  6000  falconers  in  his  service.  Juliana  Berners's 
book  on  "Hawkynge  and  Huntynge"  was  printed  in  1496. 
Angling.  Recent  attempts  have  been  made  in  England  to 
revive  falconry.   Hawking  was  practised  in  Thrace.—^  ristotle. 

FalCZi  {fal'-skee),  a  town  on  the  Pruth,  Turkey.  Here 
was  concluded  a  peace  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  21  July, 
1711,  the  Russians  giving  up  Azof,  and  all  possessions  on  the 
Black  sea,  to  the  Turks.  The  Russians  were  saved  from  de- 
struction by  the  address  of  Catherine,  the  empress.  In  1712 
the  war  was  renewed,  until  the  peace  of  Constantinople,  16 
Apr.  1712. 

Faler'ii,  a  city  of  the  Falisci,  Etruscans  who  joined  the 
Veil  against  Rome,  and  were  beaten  by  Cornelius  Cossus,  437 
B.C.  When  the  city  was  besieged  by  Camillus  in  394,  a  school- 
master offered  to  betray  the  children  of  the  principal  citizens 
into  his  hands.  On  his  refusal,  the  citizens  from  gratitude 
surrendered.  They  opposed  Rome  in  the  first  Punic  war ;  and 
in  241  the  city  was  taken  and  destroyed. 

Falernian  YFine,  celebrated  by  Virgil  and  Horace, 
was  the  produce  of  Falernus,  or,  as  called  by  Martial,  Mons 
Massicus,  in  Campania.  Horace,  in  his  ode  "  Ad  Amphoram  " 
— "To  a  jar  of  wine" — probably  31  b.c.,  speaks  of  the  wine 
as  born  with  him  in  the  consulate  of  Manlius  Torquatus,  "  0 
nata  mecum  Consule  Afanlio,"  which  makes  its  age  34  years, 
as  Horace  was  born  65  b.c. 

Falkirk,  a  town  of  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  the  site  of  a 
victory  by  the  English  under  Edward  I.  over  the  Scots,  under 
Wallace,  part  of  whose  forces  deserted.  It  is  said  from  20,000 
to  40,000  Scots  were  slain,  22  July,  1298.  In  a  battle  at  Fal- 
kirk muir  royal  forces  under  Hawley  were  defeated  by  prince 
Charles  Edward  Stuart,  17  Jan.  1746. 

Falkland  islands,  a  group  in  the  South  Atlantic, 
about  100  in  number  (the  2  principal  being  East  and  West 
Falkland),  between  lat.  51°  and  52°  S.,  and  Ion.  57°  and  62°  W., 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  seen  by  Americus  Vespucius,  1502, 
and  visited  by  Davis,  1592 ;  explored  by  Hawkins,  1594 ;  seized 
by  France,  1764.  The  French  were  expelled  by  the  Spaniards ; 
and  in  1771  Spain  yielded  to  England.  The  republic  of  Buenos 
Ayres  afterwards  claimed  the  islands,  and  a  colony  from  that 
country  settled  at  Port  Louis;  but  in  a  dispute  with  the  U.  S. 
the  settlement  was  destroyed  in  1831.  In  1833  the  British 
flag  was  hoisted  at  Port  Louis,  and  a  British  officer  has  since 
resided  there.  Area  of  East  Falkland  3000  sq.  miles,  and  of 
West  Falkland  2300  sq.  miles;  of  the  whole  group  6500  sq. 
miles.     Pop.  1893  about  2000. 

famines.  The  famine  of  the  7  years  in  Egypt  began 
1708  B.C. — Usher,  Blair.  b  c 

At  Rome,  thousands  threw  themselves  into  the  Tiber 436 

A.D. 

Awful  in  Egypt 42 

At  Rome,  attended  by  plague 262 


FAS 


In  Britain ;  people  ate  the  bark  of  trees 272 

lu  Scotlaud ;  thousands  died 306 

lu  Kugland ;  40,000  perished 310 

Awful  iu  I'hrygiii. 370 

In  Italy,  parents  ate  their  children  {Dufresnoy) 450 

In  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland 739 

Again,  when  thousands  starve 823 

Again,  which  lasts  4  years 954 

Awful  throughout  Europe 1016 

In  England,  21  William  1 1087 

In  England  and  France,  followed  by  pestilential  fever 1193-95 

Again  in  England 1251 

Again,  people  devoured  horses,  dogs,  cats,  and  vermin 1315 

Occasioned  by  long  rains 1336 

In  -England  and  France  (Rapin) 1353 

Again,  bread  made  from  fern-roots  {Slow) 1438 

Throughout  Britain 1565 

Awful  in  France  ( Voltaire) 1693 

General  in  Britain 1748 

Devastates  Bengal 1771 

At  Cape  Verd;  16,000  persons  perish 1775 

Grievous  in  France;  hastened  the  French  revolution 1789 

Severe  in  England 1795 

Throughout  Britain 1801 

At  Drontheim,  Sweden  intercepting  the  supplies 1813 

Scarcity  of  food  for  Irish  poor,  1814,'16,  '22,  '31,  '46,  by  failure 
of  the  potato  crop.  Grants  by  Parliament,  to  relieve  suffer- 
ing, made  in  1847,  in  all  $50,000,000. 

In  N.  W.  India;  above  800,000  perish 1837-38 

In  N. W.  India;  thousands  perish 1860-61 

In  Bengal  and  Orissa;  about  1,000,000  perish 1865-66 

In  Rajpootana,  etc. ;  about  1,500,000  perish 1868-69 

In  Persia  very  severe 1871-72 

In  Bengal,  through  drought  (India) 1874 

In  Asia  Minor 1774-76 

In  Bombay,  Madras,  Mysore,  etc. ;  about  500,000  perish  (India, 

Mansion-hocse) 187.7 

In   N.  China;   very  severe;   9,500,000  said  to  have  perished 

($225,000  collected  in  England  for  relief) 1877-78 

In  Cashmere 1879 

Very  severe  in  Tauris,  etc.,  in  Asia  Minor July,  1880 

Very  severe  in  Russia 1891-92 

fan.  Used  by  the  ancients ;  Cape  hoc  flabellum,  et  ventu- 
lum  huic  sicfacito — "  Take  this  fan,  and  give  her  thus  a  little 
air," — Terence's  "  Eunuch  us,"  166  B.C.  Fans,  together  with 
muffs,  masks,  and  false  hair,  were  first  devised  by  demi-monde 
in  Italy,  and  were  brought  to  England  from  France. — Stow. 
In  the  British  museum  are  Egyptian  fan-handles. 

Fancuil  {fan'-el)  liall,  the  "Cradle  of  Liberty;" 
built  by  Peter  Faneuil,  a  Huguenot  merchant  of  Boston,  in 
1742,  and  presented  to  the  cit}'.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1768.  The 
lower'  story  was  used  as  a  market.  It  was  a  meeting-place  of 
the  people  during  the  disputes  with  Great  Britain  which  led 
to  the  War  of  Independence;  hence  the  name  "Cradle  of 
Liberty." 

faradiza'tion,  the  medical  application  of  magneto- 
electric  currents  which  Faraday  discovered  in  1837.  The  ap- 
paratus was  first  made  by  M.  Pixii,  and  employed  by  dr.  Neef 
of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Farad,  name  taken  for  a  unit  of 
electric  capacity,  1875.     Electricity. 

farce,  a  short  comic  drama,  usually  of  one  or  two  acts. 
One  by  Otway  is  dated  1677.  The  best  English  farces  (by 
Foote,  Garrick,  Bickerstafif,  etc.)  appeared  from  1740  to  1780. 
They  originated  in  droll  shows  exhibited  by  charlatans  and 
buffoons  in  the  streets.     Drama. 

Farmers'  Alliance,    Political  parties. 

farmers-general.    Fermiers. 

Farnese  family  became  important  through  the  ele- 
vation of  Alexander  Farnese  to  the  papacy  as  Paul  III.  He 
gave  his  natural  son  Peter  the  duchy  of  Parma,  Italy,  and  his 
descendants  ruled  till  Antony  died,  without  issue,  1731.  Alex- 
ander, prince  of  Parma,  was  governor  of  the  Netherlands  in 
1579. 

farttling",  an  early  English  coin.  Farthings  in  silver 
were  coined  by  king  John;  the  Irish  farthing  of  his  reign 
(1210)  is  rare.  Farthings  were  coined  in  England  in  silver  by 
Henry  VIII.  First  coined  in  copper  by  Charles  IL,  1665; 
again  in  1672,  in  a  large  coinage  of  copper  money.  Half- 
farthings  were  first  coined  in  1843.  Queen  Anne's  farthings. 

Fasti  Capitolini,  marble  tablets  found  in  the  forum 
at  Pome,  1547,  contain  a  list  of  consuls  and  other  officers  from 
the  year  of  Rome  250  to  765.  Other  fragments  were  found  in 
1817  and  1818.  The  "  Fasti  Consulares,"  from  509  b.c.  to  235 
A.D.,  are  given  in  Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Antiquities." 


I 


Madison. 
Lincoln. 


Johnson. 
Artliur. 


The  following  are  the 


Uh  and  5th  centuries.— Greek. 

Eusebius d.  about  340 

Athauasius d.  373 

Ephrem  Syrus d.  about  378 

Basil d.  379 

Cyril  of  Jerusalem d.  386 

Gregory  Nazianzen d.  389 

Macarius d.  about  391 

Gregory  Nyssen d.  about  394 

Epiphanius d.  403 

John  Chrysostom d.  407 

Cyril  of  Alexandria d.  444 

Theodoret d.  457 

Latin. 

Arnobius fl.  303 

Lactantius d.  about  330 

Ambrose .d.  397 

Jerome d.  420 

Augustine d.  430 


FAS 

fasts,  observed  by  many  nations  from  renaote  antiquity : 
by  the  Jews  (2  Chron.  xx.  3);  by  the  Ninevites  (Jonah  iii.); 
see  Isa.  Iviii.  A  fast  of  the  Jews  was  the  great  day  of  atone- 
ment, Lev.  xxiii.,  1490  b.c.  Moses  fasted  40  days  and  nights 
on  Sinai  (Exod.  xxiv.),  1491  b.c.  The  first  Christian  noinis- 
ters  were  ordained  with  fasting  (45  a.d.),  Acts  xiii.  2.  Annual 
fasts,  as  that  of  Lent,  and  at  other  stated  times,  and  fasts  on 
particular  occasions  to  appease  the  anger  of  God,  began  in  the 
church  in  the  2d  century  (138).  The  Mahometan  fast  is 
termed  Ramadan. — Dayg  of  humiliation,  fasting,  and  prayer 
appointed  by  the  presidents  of  the  United  States : 

Wednesday 9  May,  1798,  by  president  John  Adams. 

Thursday 12  Jan.  1815, " 

Last  Thursday  of Sept.  1861, 

Thursday 30  Apr.  1863, 

First  Thursday  in Aug.  1864, 

Thursday 1  June,  1865, 

Monday 26  Sept.  1881, 

fathers  of  the  ehureh. 

principal : 

1st  century. — Greek. 
Apostolical. 
Hermas. 
Barnabas. 

Clemens  Romanus d.  100 

Ignatius d.  115 

Polycarp d.  about  169 

2d  century. — Greek. 

Justin  Martyr d.  about  166 

Irenseus d.  about  200 

Alhenagoras. 

3d  century.— Greek. 
Clemens  Alexandrinus,d.abt.  217 

Hippolytus d.  230 

Origen d.  about  253 

Latin. 

Tertullian d.  about  220 

Minutius  Felix fl.  about  230 

Cyprian d.  about  258 

Fat'imites.    Ali,  Mahometanism. 

fats  are  oils  solid  at  ordinary  temperatures.  The  re- 
searches of  Chevreul  since  1811  on  their  chemical  nature  are 
very  important.     Candles. 

FaustUS,  a  professor  of  magic,  renowned  in  chap-books, 
flourished  about  1500  a.d.  Goethe's  dramatic  poem  "Faust" 
appeared  in  1790. 

feasts  and  festivals.     The  "  Feasts  of  the  Lord  "— 
viz.,  those  of  the  Passover,  Pentecost,  Trumpets,  and  Taber- 
nacles— were  instituted  1490  b.c.  (Lev,  xxiii,). 
Feast  of  Tabernacles,  at  dedication  of  Solomon's  temple,  1004  b.c. 
Hezekiah  (726  b.c.)  and  Josiah  (623)  kept  the  feast  of  Passover. 
In  the  Christian  church,  the  feasts  of  Christmas,  Easter,  Ascension, 

and  the  Pentecost  or  Whitsuntide,  are  said  to  date  from  the  1st 

century. 
Rogation  days  appointed  469. 
Jubilees  in  the  Romish  church  were  instituted  by  Boniface  VIII.  in 

1300.     Jubilees. 

The  Christian  festivals  of  the  church  are: 
Fixed  :  All  Saints  or  All  Hallows 1  Nov. 

"       All  Souls 2  Nov. 

"       Christmas  or  the  Nativity 25  Dec. 

"      Innocents 28  Dec. 

"      Circumcision 1  Jan. 

"       Ephiphany  or  Twelfth  day 6  Jan. 

"       Candlemas-day 2  Feb. 

"      Lady-day 25  Mch. 

Movable :  Ascension  day  or  Holy  Thursday. 
Ash  Wednesday,  Easter  Sunday,  Good  Friday,  Palm  Sunday,  Sexa- 
gesima  Sunday,  Trinity  Sunday,  see  under  separate  articles.  The 
date  of  these  days  depends  on  the  date  of  Easter.  Besides  these 
there  are  the  Saints  or  Red  Letter  days,  fixed. 
Of  the  festivals  of  the  Greeks  the  principal  were:  The  Agraulia,  in 
honor  of  the  daughter  of  Cecrops.  Artemisia,  in  honor  of  Artemis 
(Diana).  Dionysia,  in  honor  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)— the  Baccha- 
nalia of  the  Romans ;  Eleusinia,  the  most  celebrated  of  any  in 
Greece,  latter  part  of  Sept.  and  first  part  of  Oct. ;  Panethenaia,  in 
honor  of  Athene  (Minerva). 
Of  the  Romans :  Agonalia,  in  honor  of  Janus.  Bacchanalia,  in  honor 
of  Bacchus ;  suppressed  in  186  b.  c.  Faunalia,  in  honor  of  Faunus ; 
celebrated  13  Feb.,  or  the  ides  of  the  month  (on  this  date  occurred 
the  slaughter  of  the  Fabii).  Lupercalia,  in  honor  of  the  god 
Pan,  15  Feb.  Liberalia,  in  honor  of  Liber,  the  Roman  Bacchus. 
Cerealia,  in  honor  of  Ceres.  Persons  in  mourning  could  not  at- 
tend this  celebration,  and  therefore  it  was  not  observed  in  the 
year  after  the  battle  of  Can  nse.  Bona  Dea  ("  the  Good  Goddess"); 
she  was  worshipjied  by  the  Roman  matrons  in  the  house  of  the 
chief  pontiff,  and  the  male  sex  was  carefully  excluded ;  no  man 
ever  entered  her  temple.  Saturnalia,  in  honor  of  Saturn;  the 
most  remarkable  one  in  the  Roman  year;  at  first  lasting  but  1 


277 


FEN 


day  (19  Dec),  but  afterwards  extended  to  7.  During  its  con- 
tinuance the  senate  did  not  sit;  the  schools  were  closed;  no  war 
was  proclaimed,  no  criminal  executed;  while  the  utmost  liberty 
and  good-will  prevailed. 

February  (Lat.  Fehruum,  originally  from  the  Sabine 
language,  signifying  a  purgative),  the  2d  month,  in  which  the 
Romans  celebrated  Februa,  festivals  of  purification  and  expia- 
tion on  the  15th  of  the  month,  for  the  manes  of  the  dead. 
This  month,  with  January',  was  added  to  the  year  by  Numa, 
about  713  B,c, 

fecia'les  or  fetia'les,  20  in  number,  heralds  of 
Rome  to  announce  war  or  proclaim  peace,  appointed  by  Numa, 
about  712  B.C. 

federal,  federalists.    Political  parties. 

felony,  in  English  law  (Blackstone,  1723-80),  com- 
prises every  species  of  crime  which  occasions  the  forfeiture  of 
land  and  goods, 

feneillg^,  recently  revived  in  England  and  the  United 
States  as  a  sport,  was  introduced  into  England  from  France ; 
but  to  prevent  duelling,  fencing-schools  were  prohibited  by 
law  in  1285.  Scott's  "  Fencing  Master  "  was  pub.  in  Edinburgh 
by  sir  W.  Hope  in  1687,  and  a  society  to  encourage  the  art 
was  formed  in  Scotland  in  1692. 

Fe'nians  (the  name  of  ancient  Irish  militia,  Fianna 
Eirin),  a  "brotherhood"  in  the  United  States  and  Ireland 
united  to  liberate  Ireland  and  establish  a  republic.  The  agi- 
tation was  begun,  it  is  said,  b}'  Stephens,  in  Mch,  1858,  and  in 
1864  enlistments  and  secret  drillings  took  place.  The  leaders 
were  called  "  head-centres."  A  convention  was  formed  in  1863 
in  the  U.  S.  The  movement  was  opposed  by  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic clergy.     Ireland. 

Fenian  riot  at  the  Rotondo,  Dublin 22  Feb.  1864 

Twenty-five  persons  arrested  in  Dublin,  and  the  newspaper 
Irish  People  (established  Sept.  1863)  seized,  15  Sept. ;  others 

arrested  at  Cork,  etc 16-30  Sept.  1865 

Fenians  in  the  U.  S.  assert  in  an  address,  that  officers  are 

going  to  Ireland  to  organize  an  army  of  200,000 Sept.     " 

Allocution  of  the  pope,  condemning  secret  societies 30  Sept.     " 

O'Donovan  and  5  others  committed  for  high  treason 2  Oct.     " 

A  Fenian  provisional  government  at  New  York,  and  a  congress 

of  600  members  held  at  Philadelphia Oct.     " 

Capture  of  James  Stephens,  Irish  head-centre,  11  Nov. ;  he  es- 
capes from  jail 24  Nov.     " 

Habeas  corpus  act  suspended  in  Ireland ;  about  250  suspected 

persons  arrested  immediately 17  Feb.  1866 

Mass-meeting  in  New  York,  threats  to  invade  Canada. .  .4  Mch.     '* 
Fenian  schooner  Friend  captures  British  schooner  Wentworth, 

and  scuttles  her  near  Eastport,  Me 1  May,     " 

James  Stephens  arrives  in  New  York 10  May,     ' ' 

Col.  O'Niel  and  Fenians  cross  the  Niagara  and  enter  Canada, 

31  May ;  met  by  volunteers,  with  bloodshed 2  June,     " 

Sweeny  and  others  arrested 6,  7  June,     " 

Pres.  Johnson's  proclamation  against  the  Fenians 7  June,     " 

Spear  and  others  cross  boundary  near  Vermont,  7  June ;  corps 

demoralized ;  many  return 9  June,     " 

Trials  in  Canada — col.  Lynch  and  rev.  John  MacMahon  (sen- 
tenced to  be  hanged  on  13  Dec.)  reprieved 24-26  Oct.     " 

James  Stephens,  "central  organizer  of  the  Irish  republic," 

said  to  sail  from  U.  S 24  Nov.     " 

Britain  offers  2000L  for  his  apprehension Nov.     " 

Sweeny  (released)  rejoins  the  U.  S.  army Jan.  1867 

Fenians  enter  Chester;  repulsed 11,  12  Feb.     " 

Outbreak  in  Kerry;  Killarney  threatened;  capt.  Moriarty  and 

others  captured 12  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Massey  captured n 4  or  6  Mch.     " 

Proclamation  of  the  Irish  republic  sent  to  the  London  Times 

and  other  papers 6  Mch.     " 

Fenian  rising  near  Dublin  ;  telegraph  destroyed  ;  attack  on 
police-station  at  Tallaght  repelled;  several  shot;  208  prison- 
ers taken  into  Dublin 7  Mch.     " 

One  thousand  Fenians  hold  market-place  at  Drogheda,  but  re- 
treat at  approach  of  police 7  Mch.     " 

Capt.  Maclure  captured 31  Mch.     '* 

Special  commission  to  try  230  Fenians— Whiteside,  chief-jus- 
tice; Deasy  and  Fitzgerald,  begin  (Massey,  Keogh,  Corydon, 

and  McGough,  approvers) 9  Apr.  et  seq.     " 

Burke  and  Doran  sentenced  to  death,  1  May ;  reprieved,  26  May,     " 
Many  convictions  of  treason  (M'Afferty,  M'Clure,  and  others) 

and  treason- felony,  and  many  discharged May,     " 

Pres.  Roberts  retires;  party  in  U.S.  said  to  be  demoralized,  July,     " 
Many  arrests;  23  on  charge  of  murder;  tried,  5  condemned  to 
death  (2  reprieved);  7  sentenced  to  7  years'  imprisonment, 

^  29  Oct.-12  Nov.     " 

Allen,  Gould,  and  Larkin  executed  at  Salford 23  Nov.     " 

Address  of  Fenian  brotherhood  of  U.  S.  to  "  liberty-lovmg 

people  of  England,"  dated  New  York 12  Dec.     " 

Explosion  at  Clerkenwell  House  of  Detention,  London,  to  re- 
lease Burke  and  Casey,  leading  Fenians,  at  3 :45.     (A  cask  ot 
gunpowder  was  fired  close  to  the  prison  wall;  Timothy  Des- 
mond, Jeremiah  Allen,  and  Ann  Justice  arrested  on  sus-     ^^ 
picion) 13  Dec. 


FER 


278 


FID 


Reunion  of  Roberts  and  Stephens  parties  under  a  new  presi- 
dent  about  20  Doc.  1867 

Mullany,  a  prisoner,  turns  queen's  evidence,  and  accuses  Barrett 
or  Jackson  (captured  at  Glasgow,  14  Jan.)  of  firing  the  barrel 

at  Clerkenwell 28  Jan.  1868 

O'Farrell,  a  Fenian,  wounds  the  duke  of  Edinburgh  at  Fort 

Jackson,  12  Mch. ;  sentenced  to  death 31  Mch.     " 

Darcv  M'Gee,  M.P.,  shot  dead  by  a  Fenian  at  Ottawa.. .  .7  Apr.  " 
Triiilof  Wm.  and  Timothy  Desmond,  Nicholas  English,  John 
O'Keefe,  Michael  Barrett,  and  Ann  Justice,  for  murder 
(Clerkenwell  outrage)  begun,  20;  acquittal  of  Justice,  23;  of 
O'Keefe,  24;  and  of  the  2  Desmonds  and  English,  27.  Con- 
viction of  Barrett 27  Apr.     " 

Michael  Barrett  executed 26  May,     " 

O'Donovan  Rossji  and  others  released Mch.  1869 

Fenian  raid  into  Canada  repelled  by  militia;  gen.  Neill  capt- 
ured by  U.  S.  marshal 26  May,  1870 

Michael  Davitt  and  John  Wilson  convicted  of  treason- felony, 

18  July,     " 
Pres.  Grant's  proclamation  against  Fenian  raids  into  Canada, 

13  Oct.     " 

Mr.  Gladstone  promises  release  of  Fenian  convicts 15  Dec.     " 

Convicts  released Jan.  1871 

Fenians  favor  the  French  in  the  war Aug.  1870-Feb.     " 

Fenian  raid  into  Manitoba  suppressed  by  U.  S.  troops,  and  gen. 

Neill  arrested  (Ireland) about  12  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Cluseret  (a  short  time  in  the  service  of  the  Fenians)  de- 
scrilies  them  in  Fraser's  Magazine;  he  says,  "Their  insur- 
rection was  foolishly  planned  and  still  more  foolishly  exe- 
cuted," and  advises  reconciliation  with  England July,  1872 

Escape  of  Fenian  prisoners  from  W.  Australia  in  the  Catalpa, 

American  ship,  17  Apr. ;  arrive  at  New  York 19  Aug.  1876 

O'Mahony,  head-centre,  d.  at  New  York;  grand  funeral  service, 

6  Feb.  1877 
Michael  Davitt  and  other  Fenian  convicts  released. .  Jan.-Sept.  1878 

Again  arrested  and  committed  to  prison 3,  4  Feb,  1881 

Michael  Davitt  elected  M.  P.  for  county  Meath 22  Feb.  1882 

Convention  at  Philadelphia  opened,  25  Apr. ;  denounced  by 
O'Donovan   Rossa,   who  revives  the   Irish  Revolutionary 

Brotherhood 6  May,  1883 

Capt.  Thos.  Phelan  stabbed  (not  killed)  as  a  suspected  traitor 
by  Richard  Short,  in  Rossa's  office.  New  York,  9  Jan. ;  0'  Dono- 
van Rossa  shot  in  the  street  by  Lucilla  Yseult  Dudley,  an 
English  widow  (declared  insane),  aged  25,  2  Feb. ;  Phelan 

and  he  recover,  in  the  same  hospital Feb.  1885 

Great  Fenian  congress  at  Paris 23  Feb.  1888 

Michael  Davitt  elected  M.P.  for  N.  Meath July,  1892 

Ffere-Champenoiie  (fare-shamp-nwas'),  a  village 
of  France.  Here  the  French  army  under  Marraont,  Mortier, 
and  Arrighi  were  surprised  and  defeated  bj'  the  allies  under 
the  prince  of  Schwarzenberg,  25  Mch.  1814,  after  an  heroic 
resistance.     Paris  surrendered  6  days  after. 

Fergll§  Haclvor  of  Scott's  "  Waverley."  The  origi- 
nal was  maj.  Donald  MacDonald,  executed  18  Oct.  1746,  with 
8  others. 

FerinaB  Latinae,  Roman  festivals  ascribed  to  Tarquin 
the  Proud,  about  534  B.C.  The  principal  magistrates  of  47 
Latin  towns  met  on  a  mount  near  Rome,  and  with  the  Roman 
authorities  offered  a  bull  to  Jupiter  Latialis. 

fermentatioil,  termed  by  Gay-Lussac  one  of  the 
most  mysterious  processes  in  nature ;  he  showed  in  a  memoir, 
1810,  that  in  the  process  45  lbs.  of  sugar  are  resolved  into  23 
of  alcohol  and  22  of  carbonic  acid.  In  1861  Pasteur  showed 
that  fermentation  depends  on  minute  organisms  in  the  ferment- 
ing fluid,  derived  from  the  atmosphere.  For  his  researches  he 
was  awarded  an  annual  pension  of  120,000  francs  in  1874. 

fermiers  generailX  {fair.me-ai/'ja-na-rau'),of&ceTS 
who  farmed  the  French  revenues  before  1789,  often  oppressive- 
ly. There  were  60  of  them  at  the  beginning  of  the  French  rev- 
olution.   Lavoisier  and  27  of  these  were  executed  8  May,  1794. 

Ferozesliah',  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  India.  The 
British,  under  sir  Hugh  Gough,  attacked  the  entrenched  Sikhs, 
and  carried  their  first  line,  21  Dec.  1845;  but  night  coming  on, 
the  operations  were  suspended  till  daybreak,  when  the  second 
line  was  stormed  by  gen.  Gilbert,  and  74  guns  captured.  The 
Sikhs  advanced  to  retake  their  guns,  were  repulsed  with  great 
loss,  and  retreating  to  the  Sutlej,  22  Dec,  recrossed  the  river 
unmolested,  27  Dec.    British  loss  reckoned  at  2415. 

Ferra'ra,  part  of  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,  under  the 
emperors  of  the  East,  subdued  by  the  Lombards  in  the  8th 
century,  and  taken  about  752  by  Pepin,  who  gave  it  to  pope 
Stephen  II.  About  1208  it  fell  to  the  house  of  Este,  and 
became  the  principal  seat  of  literature  and  fine  arts  in  Italy. 
Pope  Clement  VIII.  obtained  the  sovereignty  in  1598,  on  the 
death  of  duke  Aplhonso  II.,  last  legitimate  male  of  the  Este 
family.  His  illegitimate  nephew,  Caesar,  became  duke  of 
Modena.     The  French  under  Massena  took  Ferrara  in  1796 ; 


but  it  was  restored  to  the  pope  in  1814.  An  Austrian  garri- 
son held  it  from  1849 ;  it  retired  in  June,  1859,  and  the  people 
demanded  annexation  to  Sardinia,  which  was  accomplished  in 
Mch.  1860. 

Ferrars'§  arre§t.  In  Mch.  1642,  George  Ferrars,  a 
member  of  Parliament,  while  at  the  house,  was  seized  by  a 
sheriffs  officer  for  debt,  and  committed  to  the  Compter  prison. 
The  house  despatched  a  sergeant  to  require  his  release,  which 
was  resisted,  and,  in  the  affray,  his  mace  was  broken.  The 
house  in  a  body  repaired  to  the  Lords  to  complain,  when  the 
contempt  was  adjudged  to  be  great,  and  the  punishment  was 
referred  to  the  lower  house.  On  another  message  to  the 
sheriffs  by  the  Commons  they  delivered  up  the  member,  and 
the  civil  magistrates  and  creditor  were  committed  to  the 
Tower,  the  inferior  officers  to  Newgate,  and  an  act  passed  re- 
leased Ferrars  from  liability  for  the  debt.  Henry  VIII.  ap- 
proved all  these  proceedings,  from  which  dates  the  rule  of 
Parliament  exempting  members  from  arrest. — Holinshed. 

Ferro,  the  most  western  Canary  isle,  from  whose  west 
point  some  geographers  take  their  first  meridian,  was  known 
to  the  ancients,  and  was  rediscovered  in  1402. 

Ferrol,  a  seaport  town  of  N.W.  Spain.  Upwards  of 
10,000  British  landed  near  Ferrol  under  sir  James  Pulteney,  in 
Aug.  1800,  and  occupied  the  heights;  but,  despairing  of  suc- 
cess, from  the  strength  of  the  works,  sir  James  re-embarked. 
His  conduct  was  condemned.  Soult  captured  Ferrol,  27  Jan. 
1809.  An  insurrection  of  about  1500  men  in  the  arsenal, 
headed  by  brigadier  Pozas  and  capt.  Montojo,  raised  the  red 
flag,  11  Oct.  1872.  They  dispersed  or  surrendered,  fearing 
attack,  17  Oct. 

Fescen'nine  verse§  were  rude  extemporary  dia- 
logues, frequently  licentious,  in  favor  among  the  ancient 
Etruscans  at  weddings,  and  still  popular  in  Italy. 

festivals.     Feasts,  Music. 

Fete  I>ieu,  a  feast  of  the  Roman  church  in  honor  of 
the  real  presence  in  the  Lord's  supper,  on  the  Thursday  af- 
ter Trinity  Sunday.  Corpus  Christi.  Berengarius,  arch- 
bishop of  Angers,  opposed  transubstantiation,  and  to  atone  for 
his  crime  a  yearly  procession  was  made  at  Angers,  called  la 
fete  de  Dieu,  1019. 

feudal  laws.  The  tenure  of  land  by  suit  and  ser- 
vice to  lord  or  owner,  in  use  in  England  by  the  Saxons,  about 
600,  was  extended  by  William  I.  in  1066.  The  kingdom  was 
divided  into  baronies,  given  on  condition  of  furnishing  the 
king  men  and  money.  The  vassalage,  limited  by  Henry  VII., 
1496,  was  abolished  by  statute,  1660.  The  feudal  system  was 
introduced  in  Scotland  by  Malcolm  II.  in  1008,  and  the  hered- 
itary jurisdictions  were  abolished  in  that  kingdom,  1746-47. 
Feudal  laws,  established  in  France  by  Clovis  I.  about  486, 
were  discountenanced  by  Louis  XI.  in  1470. 

FeilillantS  (feu-yms'),  a  religious  order  of  reformed 
Cistercians,  founded  by  Jean  de  la  Barrifere  in  1577  at  the  ab- 
bey of  Feuillant  (whence  the  name),  near  Toulouse,  and  set- 
tled in  Paris  in  1587.  The  Feuillant  club,  formed  in  Paris 
by  Lafayette  and  others  in  1789,  to  counteract  the  intrigues 
of  Jacobins,  was  named  from  the  convent  where  they  met. 
A  body  of  Jacobins  burst  into  their  hall  and  dispersed  them, 
25  Dec.  1791,  and  the  club  broke  up  in  1792. 

Fez  (in  the  ancient  Mauritania,  Africa),  a  city  of  Mo- 
rocco, founded  by  Edris,  a  descendant  of  Mahomet,  about  787, 
was  long  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez.  After  long  struggles, 
it  was  annexed  to  Morocco  about  1550.  Leo  Africanus  de- 
scribes it  as  containing  more  than  700  temples,  mosques,  and 
other  public  edifices,  in  the  12th  century. 

fietions.  Romances.  Fictions  in  law  are  the  formal 
or  pretended  observance  of  a  rule  of  law  which  is  really  obso- 
lete ;  such  as  the  plea  of  citizenship  in  Roman  courts,  which 
was  necessary  to  the  jurisdiction,  but  could  not  be  disputed, 
even  if  known  to  be  false.  See  Maine,  "  Ancient  Law,"  p.  26. 
Lord  Mansfield,  in  the  court  of  King's  Bench,  declared  that 
"  no  fiction  of  law  shall  ever  so  far  prevail  against  the  real 
truth  as  to  prevent  the  execution  of  justice,"  31  May,  1784. 
They  have  been  mostly  abolished. 

"Fidelio,"  Beethoven's  only  opera;  composed  in 
1804,  produced  first  at  Vienna,  20  Nov.  1805, 


I 


FID 


279 


FIR 


Fide'nae,  a  Sabine  city,  often  at  war  with  Rome.  It 
-was  captured  and  the  inhabitants  enslaved,  426  b.c.,  by  the 
Romans,  whose  ambassadors  they  had  slain. 

Field  of  the  Clotll  of  Oold,  a  plain  near 
Ardres  and  Calais,  in  France,  on  which  Henry  VIII.  met 
Francis  I.  of  France,  7-25  June,  1520.  The  nobility  of  both 
kingdoms  displayed  their  magnificence,  and  many  involved 
themselves  in  debt.  Paintings  of  the  embarkation  and  inter- 
view are  at  Windsor  castle.     Champ  dk  Maks. 

FieiClli'§  {fe-es'-kee)  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louis 
Philippe.     France,  1835. 

Fifth-monaretiy  men,  about  1645,  supposed  the 

Millennium  to  be  at  hand,  when  Jesus  Christ  from  heaven 
should  erect  the  5th  universal  monarchy.  They  elected  him 
king  at  London.  Cromwell  dispersed  them,  1653. — Kearsley. 
Another  rising,  with  loss  of  life,  was  suppressed  6  Jan.  1661. 
Thos.  Venner,  a  cooper,  their  leader,  and  16  others,  were  soon 
after  executed. 

Fiji,  Feejee,  or  Viti  i§le§,  in  the  South  Pacific 
ocean,  between  lat.  15°  30'  and  19°  30'  S.  and  Ion.  177°  E.  and 
178°  W. ;  discovered  by  Tasman,  Dutch  navigator,  1643. 
There  are  above  200  isles,  80  inhabited ;  the  largest  about  360 
miles  in  circumference,  with  a  population  of  124,658,  2100  Eu- 
ropean, 1890.  Capital  Suva. 
Islands  ofTered  by  the  king,  Thakombau,  and  chiefs  to   the 

British  government,  but  not  accepted July,  1859 

House  of  Commons  granted  1680Z.  for  expenditure  in  them,  and 

European  settlements  made 1860 

Annexation  to  Great  Britain  proposed  in  Parliament;  declined 
25  June,  1872;  but  unconditional  cession  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment accepted  by  sir  Hercules  Robinson,  July;  and  an- 
nounced by  him 25  Oct.  1874 

His  club  presented  to  the  queen  by  king  Thakombau " 

Sir  Arthur  Hamilton  Gordon  first  governor. 1875 

Many  deaths  by  epidemic  measles early  in     " 

Outbreak  of  cannibal  devil-worshippers  suppressed  by  military; 
about  20  ringleaders  executed about  June,  1876 

flle§  are  mentioned  (1  Sam.  xiii.  21)  1093  b.c.  They  are 
manufactured  in  great  perfection  by  file-cutting  machinery. 
That  set  up  by  T.  Greenwood  of  Leeds,  in  1859,  was  invented 
by  M.  Bernot  of  Paris.  It  is  said  that  the  price  of  files  by  it 
is  reduced  from  32(?.  to  ^d.  per  dozen. 

fil'ibuiters  (properly  Jlibustiers),  originally  freeboot- 
ers who  plundered  coasts  of  America  in  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries ;  also  applied  to  Narcisco  Lopez  and  his  followers. 
Lopez,  born  in  Venezuela,  1799,  went  to  Cuba  and  entered  the 
army.  Distinguished  himself  in  Spain;  joined  the  revolu- 
tionists in  Cuba  in  1848;  organized  an  expedition  to  invade 
Cuba  at  New  York,  but  stopped  by  a  proclamation  of  president 
Taylor,  1849.  Organized  another  expedition  and  landed  at 
the  town  of  Cardenas,  19  May,  1850,  with  600  men  ;  took  the 
town,  but  soon  after  evacuated  it  and  returned  to  New  Orleans. 
Prepared  another  expedition,  and,  sailing  from  New  Orleans, 
3  Aug.  1851,  he  landed  at  Bahia  Hondo,  to  the  west  of  Ha- 
vana, 11  Aug.;  he  was  accompanied  on  this  expedition  by 
col.  William  L.  Crittenden  of  Kentucky,  whom  he  left  at  the 
landing-place  with  130  men,  while  he  moved  on  Las  Pozas 
with  323  men.  He  here  appealed  to  the  people  in  vain  for  a 
general  rising ;  he  was  obliged  to  surrender  shortly  after  (28 
Aug.),  having  accomplished  nothing.  He  was  tried  for  high 
treason  at  Havana  and  garroted  1  Sept.  1851.  Col.  Critten- 
den was  captured  while  attempting  to  escape  to  New  Orleans, 
and  with  50  others  shot  at  Havana,  16  Aug.— William  Walker, 
another  filibuster,  was  born  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  *1824. 
Going  to  California  in  1850,  he  led  an  expedition  into  lower 
CaUfornia,  landing  at  La  Paz,  4  Nov.  1853 ;  his  plans  failing, 
he  retreated  northward,  and  in  May,  1854,  surrendered  to  the 
United  States  authorities  at  San  Diego ;  taken  to  San  Francisco 
he  was  tried  under  the  neutrality  laws  and  acquitted,  15  May, 

1854.  Early  in  1855  Walker  was  invited  to  Nicaragua  by  one 
of  the  factions,  "  The  Liberals,"  with  a  promise  of  52,000  acres 
of  land.  On  4  May,  1855,  with  60  men,  he  arrived  at  San 
Juan  del  Sur  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Nicaragua  from  San  Fran- 
cisco.    Gained  the  battle  of  Virgin  bay  or  La  Virgin,  1  Sept. 

1855,  with  170  men  against  540  Nicaraguans.  On  13  Oct.  he 
occupied  Grenada,  a  town  on  lake  Nicaragua  ;  here  he  ordered 
gen.  Corral  shot,  8  Nov.  1855.  War  began  with  Costa  Rica. 
Walker  was  defeated  at  Guana  Castro,  20  Mch.  1856,  but  de- 
feated the  Costa  Ricans  at  Rivas  11  Apr.     He  forced  his  elec- 


tion as  president  of  Nicaragua,  Sept.  1856,  and  his  minister, 
Padre  Vijil,  was  recognized  at  Washington  by  president  Pierce. 
His  government,  however,  soon  ended,  and  on  1  May,  1857,  he 
surrendered  with  1&  officers  to  com.  Charles  H.  Davis  of  the 
U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Maj-y,  which  conveyed  him  to  Panama, 
whence  he  returned  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  was  received 
with  great  enthusiasm.  There  were  engaged  in  this  under- 
taking 2288  men,  of  whom  61  were  officers.  On  25  Nov.  1857, 
he  again  invaded  Nicaragua  with  about  200  men,  landing  near 
Greytown,  but  was  soon  compelled  to  surrender  to  com.  Hiram 
Paulding  of  the  U.  S.  frigate  WabasJi,  and  was  conveyed  to 
New  York,  but  escaped  punishment  by  nolle  prosequi,  2  June, 
1858,  while  com.  Paulding  was  censured.  Again  Walker,  in- 
tending to  create  a  revolution,  on  5  Aug.  1860,  landed  at 
Truxillo,  Honduras,  and  took  the  fort  on  the  6th.  On  the 
j  next  daj-^  he  issued  a  proclamation  stating  he  made  war  on 
the  government,  and  not  on  the  people.  He  was  summoned 
to  surrender  by  the  captain  of  the  British  man-of-war  Icarus, 
but  refused  and  fled ;  he  was  caught  30  Sept.  1860 ;  delivered 
up  to  the  Honduras  government ;  tried,  and  shot  12  Oct.  1860. 
His  followers  were  liberated. — The  term  "filibustering"  has 
of  late  been  applied  to  all  forms  of  irregular  and  predatory 
warfare,  and  to  methods  of  delaying  the  decision  of  debated 
questions  in  deliberative  assemblies,  by  raising  false  or  trivial 
issues,  or  wasting  time  in  useless  motions  and  roll-calls. 

Filio'que,  "  and  from  the  Son,"  inserted  in  the  Nicene 
CREED,  in  respect  to  the  procession  of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the 
Father  and  the  Son,  in  a  council  at  Toledo,  589 ;  adopted  by 
the  western,  but  rejected  by  the  eastern  church  since  662.  The 
omission  of  the  phrase  was  considered  at  the  Old  Catholic 
conference  at  Bonn,  Aug.  1875.     Athanasian  creed. 

fine  arts.    Arts,  Engraving,  Painting,  Sculpture. 

Finland,  a  Russian  grand-duchy,  in  the  middle  of  the 
12th  century  was  conquered  by  Eric  IX.  of  Sweden,  who  in- 
troduced Christianity.  Often  taken  by  the  Russians  (1714- 
1742,  and  1808),  and  restored  (1721  and  1743);  but  after  1809 
retained  by  treaty.  Abo.  Its  political  constitution  was  con- 
firmed by  the  czar  in  1800,  1825,  and  1856.  Area  144,255  sq. 
miles.  Pop.  1862,  1,746,229;  1875, 1,912,647 ;  1889,  2,388,404. 
During  a  famine  whole  villages  were  starved,  Mch.  1868. 

lire.  The  ancient  poets  supposed  that  fire  was  stolen  from 
heaven  by  Prometheus.  Heraclitus,  about  596  B.C.,  maintained 
that  the  world  was  created  from  fire,  and  deemed  it  to  be  a 
god  omnipotent.     Parsees,  Philosophy. 

fire-annihilator,  an  apparatus  invented  by  T. 
Phillips,  in  1849.  When  put  in  action,  steam  and  carbonic 
acid  are  formed,  which  extinguish  flame.  It  was  not  success- 
ful commercially.  UExtincteur  was  invented  by  dr.  F.  Car- 
lier,  and  patented  by  A.  Vignon  in  July,  1862.  It  is  an  iron 
cylinder  filled  with  water  and  carbonic-acid  gas,  generated  by 
bicarbonate  of  soda  and  tartaric  acid.  The  apparatus  was  de- 
veloped and  improved  by  W.  B.  Dick  in  his  manual  and 
chemical  fire-engines,  which  give  a  continuous  flow  of  water 
and  gas ;  patented  Apr.  1869. 

"Mata-fuego,"  or  "fire-killer,"  of  M.  Banolas  of  Paris,  was  suc- 
cessfully exhibited  at  the  Alexandra  palace,  16  Oct.  1880.  Great 
bodies  of  flame  were  almost  instantaneously  extinguished. 

flre-arms.  The  first  fire-arms  were  cannon,  and  the  first 
small  fire-arms  were  a  species  of  cannon  borne  by  2  men.  Ar- 
tillery, Cannon,  Chassepot  rifle.  Pistols,  Revolvers. 

Fire-arms  made  at  Perugia  in  Italy 1364 

Employed  by  the  Burgundians  at  Arras 1414 

Arquebus  in  use  about 1465 

Edward  IV.  of  England  landed  at  Ravenspur,  it  is  said,  with  300 

Flemings  armed  with  hand-guns 1471 

At  Moral  the  Swiss  are  said  to  have  had  10,000  arquebusiers. .      " 
A  fire-arm  known  as  the  petronel  (from  poitrine,  the  chest), 

a  kind  of  large  "pistol,"  came  into  use 1480 

Fire-arms  said  to  have  been  used  at  the  siege  of  Berwick 1521 

Musket  used  in  the  armies  of  Charles  V about  1521 

Earliest  breech-loaders about  1537 

(During  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  numerous.) 
[These  were  of  rude  construction;  the  first  discharged  by 

a  lighted  match,  later  forms  (about  1517)  by  a  wheel-lock. 

Loading  and  firing  took  much  time.    At  Kuisyingen,  in  1636, 

only  7  shots  were  fired  by  soldiers  in  8  hours,  and  at  Witten- 

mergen,  1638,  the  musketeers  of  the  duke  of  Weimar  fired  7 

times  from  noon  until  8  p.m.] 
Match-lock  and  wheel-lock  superseded  by  the  flint-lock,  which 

is  of  Spanish  origin,  prior  to 1630 

[Introduced  into  England  during  the  reign  of  William  III. ; 


FIR  ^ 

remained  in  use  in  the  British  army  until  1840,  and  manu- 
ftctured  as  late  as  1842.    The  best  were  manufactured  in 
1815  by  Joseph  Manton,  the  "  king  of  gun-makers."] 
Rifles  not  in  repute  or  much  used  until  the  17th  century. 
William,  landgrave  of  Hesso,  armed  his  companies  with  the 

rifle  carbine 1631 

(The  most  famous  rifle-barrel  maker  was  Nicholas  Bis, 
goldsmith  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain;  the  lowest  price  for  his  sin- 
gle rifle  barrel  was  ,1!200.] 
Fergusson  rifle,  breech-loader,  in  use  in  the  American  revolu- 
tion  1775-82 

Percussion  principle  patented  by  rev.  Mr.  Forsythe 1807 

First  patent  in  the  U.  S.  for  a  breech-loading  fire-arm  was  to 
Thornton   &   Hall,  of  North  Yarmouth,  Mass.   (10,000   of 

which  were  made  for  the  U.  S.) 21  May,  1811 

Copper  percussion  caps  made  in  England 1818 

Rkvolvbks  invented  by  Samuel  Colt,  1829;  patented 1835 

Percussion  musket  in  use  in  the  British  army 1842 

Old  musket,  "  Brown  Bess, "  superseded  in  England  by  the  En- 
field rifle  (so  called  from  the  place  of  manufacture) 1857 

Before  the  civil  war  in  the  U.  S.,  1861-65,  the  principal  breech- 
loading  rifles  were  Maynard's,  patented  1851;  Merrill's.  1856; 
Burnside's,  1856;  Sharp's,  1859;  Spencer,  1860.  While  the 
Springfield  rifle-musket,  muzzle-loader,  was  the  principal 
fire-arm  in  use  among  the  northern  troops  during  the  civil 
war,  the  following  breech  loaders  were  purchased  by  the 
U.  S.  government  from  1  Jan.  1861  to  30  Jan.  1866.  The 
"Spencer,"  8-shooter,  being  most  in  demand. 


Ballard 1,500 

Ball. . .  1,002 

Burnside 55,567 

Cosmopolitan 9,342 

Gallagher. 22,728 

Glbbs. 1,052 

Hall 3,520 

Joslyn 11,261 

Lindner 892 

Merrill 14,495 

The  weight  and  calibre  of  the  modem  army  rifle  has  been  much 
reduced,  as  shown  below. 


Maynard 20,002 

Palmer 1,001 

Remington 20,000 

Sharp 80,512 

Smith 30,062 

Spencer 94,156 

Starr 25,603 

Warner 4,001 

~"  151 


RIFLES   USED  BY  THE  PRINCIPAL  NATIONS. 

Nation. 

Gnn. 

Weight. 

Calibre. 

No.  of 

IbB. 

~9" 
8 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
10 
10 
9 
9 
8 
9 
8 
8 

oz. 

inch. 

Austria 

Mannlicher 

Mauser 

2 

0 
0 
9 
4 
0 
0 

10 

10 
4 
0 

12 
8 
4 

12 

0.315 

0.31 

0.433 

0.315 

0.303 

0.315 

0.315 

0.315 

0.3 

0.3 

0.304 

0.315 

0.3 

0.295 

0.31 

0.3 

5 

Belgium               .   . 

5 

China 

Lee      

5 

Mannlicher 

Lee-Speed 

Lebel 

5 

8 

8 

Germany 

Mannlicher 

Mannlicher 

Murata   

5 

Italv   

5 

Japan 

5 

Portugal 

Kropatchek 

Lebel 

5 

8 

Mannlicher 

Krag-Jorgensen.. 

Schmidt 

Manser 

Krag-Jorgensen.. 

5 

Sweden  and  Norway. , 
Switzerland 

6 
12 

Turkey  

5 

United  States 

5 

Gatling,  Maxim,  Mitrailleuse. 

fire-eng^ines  are  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Ctesi- 
bius,  260  B.C.  They  are  mentioned  by  Pliny,  70  a.d.  A 
"water-bow"  was  patented  by  Thonoas  Grent  in  1632;  one 
was  constructed  by  John  Van  der  Heyden  about  1663.  Bra- 
mah's  engine  was  patented  in  1793.  John  Braithwaite  con- 
structed a  steam  fire-engine  in  1830. 
W.  Dennis's  portable  self-acting  pneumatic  fire-engine  tried 

successfully  at  gas-works  near  the  Thames,  Engl 30  Nov.  1876 

Number  of  fire-engines  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  U.  S. :  New  York, 
57, including 3 fire-boats;  Chicago,63;  Philadelphia, 40;  Boston,34; 
St.  Louis,  31;  Cincinnati,  26;  Brooklyn,  34,  including  3  fire-boats; 
San  Franci8co,23 ;  Buffalo,21;  NewOrleans,20;  Pittsburg,  19;  Cleve- 
land, 18;  Detroit,17;  Milwaukee,  16;  Baltimore,  14;  Louisville,  14. 

fire-escapes  were  patented  by  David  Marie  (1766) 
and  Joachim  Smith  (1773)  and  many  since.  Versmann's 
composition  for  rendering  wash  dresses  fire-proof  was  made 
public  about  1860.  Many  devices  patented  in  the  U.  S.  since 
1870. 

fire  insurance.     Insurance. 

fireman's  respirator,  the  invention  of  dr.  Tyndall 
(1870-71),  is  a  combination  of  his  respirator  of  cotton -wool 
moistened  with  glycerine,  and  dr.  Stenhouse's  charcoal  respira- 
tor.    Armed  with  it  a  man  may  remain  long  in  dense  smoke. 

fires.  The  conflagration  of  a  city,  with  all  its  tumult  of 
concomitant  distress,  is  one  of  the  most  dreadful  spectacles 
which  this  world  can  offer  to  human  eyes.  —  D?:  Johnson. 
Liverpool,  1862,  etc. ;  Santiago. 

IN  LONDON. 

Much  of  the  city,  with  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  destroyed.  .962  and  1087 


"  FIR 

One  at  London  bridge  began  on  the  Southwark  side,  extended 
to  the  other  side  and  hemmed  in  a  crowd;  about  ;J000  were 
drowned,  and  much  of  the  city,  north  apd  south,  burned 1212 

Great  Fire,  whoso  ruins  covered  436  acres,  extended  from  the 
Tower  to  the  Temple  church,  and  from  the  northeast  gate  to 
Holborn  bridge.  It  began  in  a  baker's  house  in  Pudding 
lane,  behind  Monument  yard,  and  destroyed,  in  4  days,  89 
churches  (including  St.  Paul's),  the  city  gates,  the  Royal 
exchange,  the  Custom-house,  Guildhall,  Sion  college,  and 
many  other  public  building.s,  besides  13,200  houses,  laying 
waste  400  streets.  About  200,000  persons  encamped  in 
Islington  and  Highgate  fields  (Monumknt) 2-6  Sept. 

In  Cornhill  ward,  200  houses  burned;  began  in  Change  alley; 
most  terrible  since  1666 '. 25  Mch. 

There  were  953  fires  in  1854;  1113  in  1857;  1114  in  1858  (38 
lives  lost);  1183  in  1861.     1303  fires  in  1862;  1404  in  1863; 
and  1715  in  1864.     In  1866,  1338  fires  (326  serious) ;  in  1867,        ^ 
1397  fires  (245  serious);  in  1868,  1668  fires  (235  serious);  in 
1869, 1572  fires  (199  serious) ;  in  1870, 1946  fires  (276  serious) ;         -t 
in  1871,  1842  (207  serious);  in  1872,  1494  (120  serious);  in        i 
1873,  1548  (166  serious;  35  lives  lost);  in  1874,  1573  (154  seri- 
ous; 23  lives  lost);  in  1875,  1668  (163  serious;  29  lives  lost);         j 
in  1876,  1787  (166  serious;  35  lives  lost);  in  1877,  1708  (159 
serious;  29  lives  lost);  in  1878,  1659  (170  serious);  in  1879, 
1718 ;  1880, 1871  (162  serious ;  33  lives  lost).    In  but  few  cases 
were  the  premises  totally  destroyed. 

In  1890  there  were  2555  fires  (153  serious;  61  lives  lost).  The 
fires  in  London  are  far  more  numerous  in  December  than 
in  any  other  month. 

IN  the  united  states,  ; 

Theatre  at  Richmond,  Va. ;  the  governor  and  many  leading 
citizens  perished  (Virginia) 26  Dec.  1811 

New  York  city,  600  warehouses,  etc;  loss,  $20,000,000,  16  Dec.  1835 

Washington  city,  destroying  general  post-offlce  and  patent 
office,  with  10,000  valuable  models,  drawings,  etc 15  Dec.  1836 

Charleston,  S.  C,  1158  buildings,  covering  145  acres 27  Apr.  1838 

New  York  city,  46  buildings;  loss,  $10,000,000 .6  Sept.  183* 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1000  buildings;  loss  about  $6,000,000 10  Apr.  1845 

New  York  city,  1300  dwellings  destroyed 28  June, 

New  York  city,  302  stores  and  dwellings,  4  lives,  and  $6,000,000 
of  property 19  July, 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  600  buildings,  besides  steamboats,  piers,  etc. ;  24 
acres  burned  over;  loss,  $3,000,000 9  Sept.  1848 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  15  blocks  of  houses  and  23  steamboats;  loss  es 
timated  at  $3,000,000 17  May,  1849' 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  nearly  2500  buildings  burned;  estimated 
loss  about  $3,500,000;  many  lives  lost 3-5  May,  1851 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  500  buildings;  estimated  loss,  $3,000,000^ 

22  June,     " 

Congressional  library,  Washington  city,  35,000  volumes,  with 
works  of  art 24  Dec. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  12  acres  of  ground  burned  over,  about  100 
buildings;  loss,  $1,000,000 8  Nov.  1856 

New  York  Crystal  palace  destroyed,  with  an  immense  amount 
of  property  on  exhibition 5  Oct.  1858 

Portland,  Me.,  nearly  destroyed;  10,000  people  rendered  home- 
less; loss,  $15,000,000 4  July,  1866 

Great  Chicago  fire,  burning  over  about  3)^  square  miles,  de- 
stroying 17,450  buildings,  killing  200  persons,  and  rendering 
98,500  homeless;  loss  over  $200,000,000.  The  most  destruc- 
tive fire  ever  known 8,  9  Oct.  1871 

Great  fire  in  Boston;  over  800  buildings  burned;  loss,  $80,000,- 
000 9  Nov.  1872 

Brooklyn  theatre  (Brooklyn,  N.  Y.)  burned  ;  295  lives  lost 
(Theatres) 5  Dec.  1876 

For  smaller  fires,  see  articles  on  diff'erent  cities. 

fire-sllips.  Among  the  most  formidable  of  such  con- 
trivances was  an  explosion  vessel  to  destroy  a  bridge  of  boats 
at  the  siege  of  Antwerp  in  1585.  The  first  use  of  them  in 
the  British  navy  was  by  Charles,  lord  Howard,  of  Efiingham^ 
against  the  Spanish  Armada,  July,  1588. — Ropin. 

fireworlts  are  said  to  have  been  made  by  the  Chinese 
in  remote  ages.  They  were  invented  in  Europe,  at  Florence,^ 
about  1360,  and  were  exhibited  as  a  spectacle  in  1588.  In  the 
United  States  most  used  in  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  4  July. 

fire-worshippers.    Parsees. 

first-fruits  as  offerings  were  a  large  part  of  the  reve- 
nues of  the  Hebrew  priesthood.  First-fruits  (called  Annates, 
from  annus,  a  year),  in  the  Roman  church,  originally  the  prof- 
its of  one  year  of  every  vacant  bishopric,  afterwards  of  every 
benefice,  were  first  claimed  by  pope  Clement  V.  in  1306,  and 
were  collected  in  England  in  1316;  but  chronologers  diflFer. 
In  26  Henry  VIII.,  1534,  the  first-fruits  were  assigned  by 
Parliament  to  the  king  and  his  successors.  Mary  gave  the 
annates  to  the  popes  (1555);  but  Elizabeth  resumed  them 
(1559).  They  were  granted,  together  with  the  tenths,  to  the 
poor  clergy,  by  queen  Anne,  in  1703.  The  offices  of  first-fruits, 
tenths,  and  queen  Anne's  bounty  were  consolidated  by  1  Vict, 
c.  20  (1838).  Annates  were  long  resisted  in  France,  and  to- 
tally suppressed  in  1789. 


FIS 

Fiill  I>aill  ford,  S.  C,  Battle  at,  between  Americans 
under  Sumter  and  British  under  Wemyss,  12  Nov.  1780. 
American  victory. 

fl§h,  flilieriCJi,  etc.  Laws  for  the  protection  of  fish- 
eries were  enacted  by  Edward  I.  in  1284,  and  by  his  successors. 
The  rights  of  the  English  and  French  fishermen  were  defined 
by  treaty  in  1839.  The  known  species  of  fish  are  about  7000. 
—Guntker,  187 1. 

First  experiments  in  artificial  propagation  of  fish  in  the  U.  S. 
were  made  in  South  Carolina  in  1804.  In  1853  successful 
efforts  to  hatch  trout  were  made  at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Many 
large  establishments  for  hatching  are  now  in  operation;  and 
there  are  fish  commissioners  in  about  half  the  states.  Much 
Las  been  done  to  stock  or  restock  rivers,  creeks,  lakes,  and 
ponds;  and  laws  for  the  protection  offish  are  general.  By- 
act  of  Congress  of  9  Feb.  1871,  a  U.  S.  commissioner  of  fish 
and  fisheries  was  provided  for;  and  great  progress  has  been 
made  in  the  propagation  and  conservation  of  food  fishes. 
Fishmongers'  company  of  London  (salt),  1433;  (stock),  1509; 

united 1536 

Fishing  towns  in  England  regulated  by  an  act  passed 1542 

Fishing  on  the  English  coast  forbidden  to  strangers 1609 

Dutch  paid  30,000/.  for  right  to  fish  on  British  coasts 1636 

■Corporation  of  free  British  fisheries  instituted 1750 

Fish-machines,  for  conveying  fish  by  land  to  London,  set  up 

in  1761 ;  and  supported  by  Parliament 1764 

British  society  of  fisheries  established  in  London 1786 

Irish  Fishery  company  formed Dec.  1818 

In  1849,  '2  peasants,  Remy  and  Gehin,  obtained  medals  for  cul- 
tivating fish  in  France,  and  the  government  set  up  an  estab- 
lishment for  this  purpose  at  Huningue,  under  M.  Coumes. 
In  1860  great  progress  had  been  made  by  M.  Coste  and  others. 

■Commission  to  examine  British  fisheries  appointed 1860 

Acts  to  amend  British  fishery  laws 1861,  1862,  1863, 1868,  1869 

In  Apr.,  Mr.  Ponders  placed  in  the  Thames  76,000  young  fish 

;       (salmon,  trout,  char,  and  grayling);  and  on  17  Apr.,  Frank 

Buckland  demonstrated  the  importance  of  fish  culture  before 

I       members  of  the  Royal  Institution,  London 1863 

I    In  1853  .Mr.  Buist  began  the  culture  of  fish  at  Stormontfleld, 

j       Perthshire;  reported  highly  successful Sept.  1866 

t   'Convention  with  France  on  sea  fisheries  signed  at  Paris,  11 

1        Nov.  1867 ;  ratified  by  Sea-Fisheries  act,  passed 13  July,  1868 

Act  for  the.  protection  of  fresh-water  fish  passed 8  Aug.  1878 

!    International  fish  and  fishing  exhibition  at  Berlin  opened  by 

[       the  crown  prince 1 .20  Apr.  1880 

National  fisheries  exhibition  at  Norwich  opened  by  the  prince 

of  Wales 18-30  Apr.  1881 

1  American  Sea-Fisheries. — Sebastian  Cabot  first  directed  attention 
j  to  American  fisheries  in  1498.  The  earliest  fishing  voyages  to 
I  American  coasts  were  made  in  1517.  Bartholomew  Gosnold  ex- 
plored the  New  England  coast  in  1602;  and,  catching  cod  near 
the  southern  cape  of  Massachusetts,  named  it  Cape  Cod.  A  ship- 
load offish  was  sent  from  Massachusetts  to  England  in  1624. 
'  Fish  were  exported  from  Boston  in  1633.  An  act  to  encourage 
\  fishing  was  passed  by  Massachusetts  in  1639,  and  the  industry 
[  grew  rapidly  until  the  Revolution.  By  the  treaty  of  peace  in 
1783,  the  right  of  U.  S.  citizens  to  fish  on  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
laud,  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  etc.,  was  conceded.  But,  to  in- 
jure the  U.  S.  fishing  industry,  the  British  government,  in  July, 
1783,  prohibited  the  importation  of  its  fish  into  the  British  We'st 
Indies.  The  U.  S.  government  passed  a  bounty  act  to  encourage 
fishing  in  1789,  and  another  in  1790,  imposing  duties  on  imported 
tish.  Other  acts  to  encourage  this  industry  were  passed  16  Feb. 
1792,  2  May,  1792,  1797,  and  1799.  The  bounties  were  abolished 
in  1807,  but  restored  in  1813.  There  has  been  much  legislation 
since,  with  the  general  policy  of  encouraging  the  industry.  After 
the  war  of  1812-15,  the  British  maintained  that  hostihties  had 
abrogated  the  fishing  rights  of  1783;  and  in  1818,  by  a  convention, 
the  fishing  privileges  of  U.  S.  citizens  were  defined.  Disputes 
concerning  bay  and  inlet  fishing  arose  in  1852,  which  were  settled 
by  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  1854.  The  U.  S.  gave  notice,  17  Mch. 
1865,  of  the  abrogation  of  this  treaty,  taking  eff"ect  17  Mch.  1866. 
In  consequence  of  disputes  which  arose  in  1870,  the  subject  was 
included  in  the  treaty  of  Washington,  1871,  the  fisheries  provisions 
of  which  took  effect  1  July,  1873.  By  it  the  fisheries  of  both 
•countries  were  opened  equally  to  the  citizens  of  both;  but  the 
difference  of  value,  in  the  respective  concessions,  was  referred  to 
arbitration.  This  commission  met  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  in 
1877,  and  awarded  to  Great  Britain  $5,500,000.  The  justice  of 
this  decision  was  disputed  in  the  U.  S. ;  but  Congress  promptly 
niade  the  appropriation,  and  the  money  was  paid  in  London  by 
the  American  minister,  23  Nov.  1878,  who  protested  against  the 
j     award  as  excessive. 

i-Seal  Fisheries  Dispute.— The  coast  of  Alaska  has  valuable  seal 
'  fisheries.  The  Russian  American  Fur  company,  under  grant  from 
Russia,  annually  exported  about  25,000  skins  of  the  seal,  sea- 
otter,  beaver,  etc.  In  1867  the  U.  S.  purchased  Alaska.  To  pre- 
vent the  extinction  of  seals  threatened  by  the  rapid  increase  of 
fishers,  Congress,  in  1868,  placed  Alaska  under  the  treasury  de- 
partment, and  forbade  the  killing  of  any  mink,  marten,  sable,  or 
I  fur-seal  in  Alaska  or  its  waters.  The  breeding  grounds  of  seal 
were  leased  to  the  Alaska  Commercial  company  of  San  Francisco 
for  $60,000  a  year,  and  $2  for  every  seal-skin  shipped,  the  number 
limited  each  year  to  100,000.  But  the  company  could  not  protect 
•  Its  territory;  vessels  from  British  Columbia  and  the  U.  S.  took 
seals  with  impunity,  and  the  extinction  of  the  seal  in  a  few  years 
was  threatened.  The  government  sent  cruisers  into  the  Behring 
sea  in  1876,  checking  the  slaughter.     But  poaching  continued; 


281  FLA 

the  natives  especially  capture  seals,  and  take  them  in  boats  to 
vessels  awaiting  them  at  sea.  The  U.  S.  claimed  the  Behring  sea 
as  mare  clausum,  with  jurisdiction  over  half  of  it,  asserting  that 
Russia  had  maintained  this  doctrine,  and  that  Great  Britain  had 
once  admitted  it.  But  in  1822,  in  answer  to  the  Russian  claim, 
both  Great  Britain  and  the  U.  S.  insisted  that  a  sea  whose  entrance 
is  1000  miles  wide  or  more  cannot  be  other  than  open  to  all,  and 
the  claim  of  the  U.  S.  has  been  met  by  Great  Britain  and  Russia 
with  the  same  rule.  However,  the  U.  S.  revenue  cutter  Corwin 
was  sent  to  the  Behring  sea  with  instructions  to  seize  all  sealers 
found  east  of  a  line  drawn  from  between  the  Diomede  islands  in 
Behring  sea,  straight  southwesterly  to  a  point  equidistant  from 
Copper  and  Otter  islands  in  the  Aleutian  group.  In  1886  the 
British  schooners  Caroline,  Onward,  and  Thornton  were  captured 
and  taken  to  Sitka.  The  vessels  were  condemned,  their  masters 
fined,  the  cargoes  of  seal  skins  confiscated  and  sent  to  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  British  government  demanded  the  release  of  the  pris- 
oners and  an  indemnity  of  $160,000.  In  Jan.  1887  the  president 
directed  the  authorities  of  Alaska  to  release  the  imprisoned  men 
and  surrender  the  vessels  and  property;  but  it  was  not  until  Sept. 
that  the  order  was  complied  with.  U.  S.  vessels  still  guarded  the 
waters,  and  in  1887  the  Rush  seized  the  British  vessels  Dolphin, 
Annie  Beck,  W.  P.  Saywond,  Grace,  and  Alfred,  besides  7  American 
vessels  at  various  distances  from  the  shore,  varying  from  30  to 
70  miles.  The  British  vessels  w-ere  again  released.  In  1889  Con- 
gress provided  for  the  better  protection  of  the  Alaskan  fisheries, 
tacitly  receding  from  the  claim  that  the  Behring  sea  is  mare 
clausum.  Arbitration  between  the  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain  was 
proposed  and  practically  accepted,  and,  as  this  would  take  much 
time,  a  modus  vivendi  for  the  protection  of  the  seals  meanwhile 
was  proposed  in  a  correspondence  begun  4  May,  1891,  and  closed 
15  June,  1891,  when  the  president  proclaimed  the  terms.  For 
final  settlement  consult  Behring  sea.  • 

Fi§lier'S  Hill,  Va.  Here,  on  21  Sept.  1864,  gen. 
Sheridan  again  defeated  the  confederates  under  gen.  Early 
(whom  he  had  defeated  2  days  before  at  WiNCHESTEn), 
capturing  1100  prisoners  and  16  guns.     Grant's  Virginia 

CAMPAIGN. 

Filinie  {fe-oo'-mci)  (meaning  river),  the  port  of  the 
kingdom  of  Hungary,  on  the  Adriatic;  built  on  the  supposed 
site  of  Tersatica,  destroyed  by  Charlemagne  about  799,  after- 
wards known  as  Vitopolis,  Civita  Sancti  Viti  ad  Flumen,  and 
finally  Fiume.  It  was  successively  subject  to  the  Greeks,  Ro- 
mans, the  eastern  emperors,  the  pope,  and  the  house  of  Haps- 
burg.  It  was  captured  by  the  French  early  in  the  century, 
taken  by  the  English  in  1813,  and  given  to  Austria  in  1814. 
It  was  transferred  to  Hungary  in  1822;  to  Croatia  in  1848; 
restored  to  Hungary  in  1868.  A  new  port  and  railways  were 
constructed  in  1877.     Pop.  1880, 13,314. 

Five  Fork§,  Battle  of,  near  Richmond,  Va.  Here 
gen.  Slieridan  turned  the  front  of  the  confederates  and  defeated 
them  after  a  fierce  struggle,  1  Apr.  1865.     Grant's  Virginia 

CAMPAIGN. 

Five  Hundred,  Council  of,  under  new  French  con- 
stitution, 22  Aug.  1795  ;  rudely  dissolved  by  Napoleon,  10  Nov. 
1799.     Council,  French. 

Five-mile  act,  17  Chas.  II.  c.  2  (Oct.  1665),  forbade 
nonconformist  teachers  who  refused  the  non-resistance  oath  to 
come  within  five  miles  of  any  corporation  where  they  had 
preached  since  the  act  of  Oblivion  (unless  travelling),  under 
penalty  of  40^.     They  were  relieved  by  Will.  HI.  in  1689. 

Fladenheim  or  Flatheim,  Saxony.  Here  Ro- 
dolph  of  Swabia  defeated  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  27  Jan. 
1080. 

flag^.  The  flag  acquired  its  present  form  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury, in  Spain ;  it  was  previously  small  and  square. — Ashe, 
Introduced,  it  is  said,  by  the  Saracens,  before  whom  the  en- 
signs of  war  were  extended  on  cross-pieces  of  wood.  Car- 
ROCiuM.  The  honor  -  of-  the  -flag  salute  at  sea,  exacted  by 
England  from  early  times,  was  formally  conceded  by  the 
Dutch  in  1673  after  many  defeats.  Louis  XIV.  obliged  the 
Spaniards  to  lower  their  flag  to  the  French,  1680.— Henav If. 
After  an  engagement  of  3  hours  between  Tourville  and  the 
Spanish  admiral  Papachin,  the  latter  yielded,  firing  a  salute 
of  nine  guns  to  the  French  flag,  2  June,  1688. — Ide7n. 

flag',  United  States.  The  earliest  legislation  on  a  nation- 
al flag  was  a  resolution  of  Congress,  14  June,  1777,  "  that  the 
flag  of  the  13  United  States  be  13  stripes  alternate  red  and 
white ;  that  the  union  be  13  stars,  white  in  a  blue  field,  rep- 
resenting the  new  constellation."  In  1794  Congress  ordered 
that  after  1  May,  1795,  "  the  flag  of  the  United  States  be  15 
stripes,  alternate  red  and  white,  and  that  the  union  be  15 
stars,  white  in  a  blue  field."      This  was    to    note    the   ad- 


FLA 


282 


FLO 


mission  of  Vermont  and  Kentucky.  In  1816  a  committee 
was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  changing  the 
flag,  and  4  Apr.  1818,  an  act  was  approved  reducing  the  num- 
ber of  stripes  to  13,  and  increasing  the  number  of  stars  to 
represent  at  all  times  the  number  of  states  in  the  Union.  44 
surs  in  the  U.  S.  flag  in  1893. 

First  U.  S.  flag  raised  was  that  over  Fort  Schuyler,  N.  Y., 
then  a  military  post  on  the  site  of  the  village  of  Rome  (Fort 

SCIU'YLKR) 3  Aug.  1777 

It  was  flrsl  seeu  in  a  foreign  country  aboard  the  Ranger,  capt. 
Paul  Jones,  at  Quiberon  bay,  France,  where  it  received  the 

salute  of  that  government 14  Feb.  1778 

First  displayed  m  a  British  port  on  board  the  Bedford,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, which  arrived  in  the  Downs 3  Feb.  1783 

First  trip  around  the  world  in  the  ship  Columbia  (Unitkd 

States) 1787-90 

Carried  farthest  south  in  the  schooner  Flying  Fish,  liout.  W. 
M.  Walker,  U.  S.  N.  (Wilkes  U.  S.  exploring  expedition),  laL 

70°  14'  S.,  Ion.  100°  W 24  Mch.  1839 

Carried,  by  lieut.  J.  B.  Lockwood,  U.  S.  N.  (Greely  expedition), 

lat  83°  24'  N.,  Ion.  40°  46'  W 13-15  May  1882 

Carried  flirthest  north  by  lieut.  R.  E.  Peary,  U.  S.  N.,  lat.  83° 

30'  N.,  Ion.  39°  W 1891 

Before  1866  all  American  flags  were  of  English  bunting.  Sa- 
LUTK  AT  Ska  and  Unio.n  Jack. 

Flagel'lant§,  at  Perouse,  Italy,  about  1268,  during  a 
plague,  maintained  there  was  no  remission  of  sins  without 
flagellation,  and  publicly  lashed  themselves.  Clement  VI.  de- 
clared them  heretics  in  1349 ;  and  90  of  them,  and  their  leader, 
Conrad  Schmidt,  were  burned,  1414.  In  1574  Henry  III.  of 
France  became  a  Flagellant  for  a  short  time. 

flaf^e'olet,  a  musical  instrument  ascribed  to  Juvigny, 
about  1581 ;  double  flageolet  patented  by  William  Bainbridge, 
1803;  improved  1809  and  1819. 

Flanders,  part  of  ancient  Belgium,  which  was  con- 
quered by  Julius  Caesar,  51  b.c.  It  became  part  of  France, 
843  A.D.,  and  was  governed  by  counts  subject  to  the  king, 
from  862  till  1369,  the  first  being  Baldwin,  Bras  de  Fer,  who 
is  said  to  have  introduced  the  cloth  manufacture.  In  1204 
Baldwin  IX.  became  emperor  at  Constantinople.  In  1369 
Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy,  married  Margaret,  the  heiress  of 
count  Louis  II.  After  this  Flanders  was  subjected  successive- 
ly to  Burgundy  (1384),  Austria  (1477),  and  Spain  (1555).  In 
1580  it  declared  independence,  but  afterwards  returned  to  its 
allegiance  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg.  In  1713  it  was  in  the 
German  empire.  France  obtained  part  of  Flanders  by  treaty 
in  1659  and  1679.  Natives  of  Flanders  were  called  Flemings. 
Belgium,  Burgundy,  and  Nktherlands. 

riattery,  Cape,  at  the  entrance  of  the  strait  Juan  de 
Fuca,  west  coast  of  the  state  of  Washington,  U.S.,  so  named 
by  capt.  Cook  because  it  looked  like  a  distant  harbor,  1778. 

Flavian  Caesars,  the  Roman  emperors  Vespasian, 
Titus,  and  Domitian,  66-96  a.d.     C^sars,  The  Twelve. 

flax.  The  manufacture  in  Egvpt  in  very  early  times 
was  carried  thence  to  Tyre  about  588  b.c.,  and  to  Gaul  about 
1  B,c.;  and  thus  reached  Britain.  It  was  encouraged  in 
England,  by  statue  24  Hen.  VIII.  1533.  For  many  ages  the 
core  was  separated  from  the  flax,  the  bark  of  the  plant,  by 
hand.  A  mallet  was  next  used ;  but  the  old  methods  of 
breaking  and  scutching  the  flax  yielded  to  a  water-mill  which 
was  invented  in  Scotland  about  1750.  Flowers  and 
Plants,  Hemp. 

Fleet  prison,  London,  was  built  over  the  small  river 
Fleta  (whence  the  name  fleet),  now  a  sewer.  In  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.  this  river  is  said  to  have  been  navigable  to 
Holborn  bridge. 

It  was  founded  in  the  1st  year  of  Richard  I.,  was  allotted 
for  debtors,  1640;  and  persons  were  committed  here  by  the 
star-chamber,  and  for  contempt  of  court  of  chancery.  It 
was  burned  during  the  Gordon  riots,  7  June.  1780,  rebuilt 
1781-82,  pulled  down  1845  (debtors  removed  to  Queen's  Bench 
prison).  The  site  was  sold  to  the  London.  Dover,  and  Chat- 
ham railway  company  for  60,000Z.  on  2  June,  1864.  Last 
vestige  removed Feb.  1868 

Fleet  marriages.  Between  19  Oct.  1704  and  12 
Fob.  1705  there  were  celebrated  295  marriages  in  the  Fleet 
without  license  or  certificate  of  banns.  20  or  30  couples  were 
sometimes  joined  in  one  day,  and  their  names  concealed  by 
private  marks  if  they  chose  to  pay  an  extra  fee.  Pennant 
says  that  in  his  youth  he  was  often  accosted  with,  "  Sir,  will 
you  please  to  walk  in  and  be  married  ?"    Painted  signs  of  joined 


th^^' 


hands,  with  the  inscription,  "  Marriages  performed  with 

were  common  on  the  building. 

This  abuse  abolished  by  the  Marriage  act 1769 

Flemish  school.     Painting. 

Flensburg,  a  city  of  Schleswig.  Here  the  Danes  de- 
feated the  allied  Schleswig  and  German  troops,  9  Apr.  1848. 
It  was  entered  by  the  allies,  7  Feb.  1864.     Denmark. 

fleur-de-lis  {Jler-de-le'),  the  emblem  of  France,  said 
to  have  been  brought  from  heaven  by  an  angel  to  Clovis  on 
his  vow  that,  if  victorious  in  a  pending  battle  with  the  Ale- 
nianni  near  Cologne,  he  would  embrace  Christianity,  496.  It 
was  the  national  emblem  till  the  revolution  in  1789,  when  the 
tricolor  (blue,  white,  and  red)  was  adopted. 

Fleurus,  a  village  of  Belgium,  the  site  of  several  battles. 
Between  the  Catholic  league  under  Gonzales  de  Cordova  and 

the  Protestant  union  (indecisive) 30  Aug.  162J 

Prince  of  Waldeck  defeated  by  marshal  Luxemburg 1  July,  1690 

Allies  under  the  prince  of  Coburg  defeated  by  the  French 

revolutionary  army  under  Jourdan,  who  joined  the  armies 

of  the  Moselle,  the  Ardennes,  and  the  North.     (The  French 

said  to  have  profited  by  a  balloon  reconnoissance. ) .  .26  June,  1794, 
Here  Napoleon  defeated  Bliicher  (Ligny) 16  June,  1818 

floating^  batteries.  Batteries;  Gibraltar,  1781, 
Flodden  field,  Northumberland,  Engl.  Site  of  sm 
battle  on  9  Sept.  1513,  between  English  and  Scots ;  James  IV.  of 
Scotland  having  joined  Louis  XII.  of  France  against  Henry 
VIII.  of  England.  James,  many  nobles,  and  10,000  men  wer»* 
slain — scarce  a  Scotch  family  of  eminence  but  had  a  member 
of  it  killed  in  this  battle— while  the  English,  under  the  earl 
of  Surrey,  lost  only  persons  of  small  note. 

"Tradition,  legend,  time,  and  song, 
Shall  many  an  age  the  wail  prolong  : 
Still  from  the  sire  the  son  shall  hear  i 

Of  the  stern  strife  and  carnage  drear  | 

Of  Flodden's  fatal  field,  S 

Where  shivered  was  fair  Scotland's  spear, 
And  broken  was  her  shield."  ] 

— Scott,  "  Marmion,"  canto  vi.  stanza  34.     ' 

flog'g^ing^,  by  the  Jewish  law,  was  limited  to  forty- 
stripes,  "lest  thy  brother  should  seem  vile  unto  thee,"  1451 
B.C.  (Deut.  XXV.  3).  William  Cobbett  in  1810,  and  John 
Drakard  in  1811,  were  punished  for  publishing  severe  cen- 
sures on  flogging  in  the  British  army. 
Flogging  abolished  in  the  U.  S.  navy  and  on  vessels  of  com- 
merce  28  Sept,  1850 

Abolished  in  the  U.  S.  army 5  Aug.  1861 

Abolished  in  British  army  by  Army  Discipline  act Apr. 

floods.     Inundations. 

Flora'lia,  annual  games  at  Rome  in  honor  of  Floi 
lasting  fronti  28  Apr.  to  2  May,  instituted  about  752,  but  n( 
celebrated  with  regularity  till  about  174  b.c. 

Florence  {Flormtia),  capital  of  Tuscany,  and  from 
1864  to  1871  of  Italy,  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  sol- 
diers of  Sulla  (80  B.C.),  and  enlarged  by  the  Roman  triumviru 
In  its  palaces,  universities,  academies,  churches,  and  librariea 
are  many  of  the  rarest  works  of  sculpture  and  painting.  The 
Florentine  academy  and  Academia  della  Crusca  (established 
1582)  were  instituted  to  enrich  literature  and  improve  the  lan- 
guage of  Tuscany  j  the  latter  was  so  named  because  it  reject* 
like  bran  all  words  not  pure  Tuscan  :  both  are  now  united  uM- 


L850 
L88l| 


der  the  former  name. 
Destroyed  by  Totila 


Pop.  1890,  191,453. 

about    541 

Rebuilt  by  Charlemagne  about    800 

Becomes  an  independent  republic about  1198 

Wars  of  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines 1215  et  seq. 

Dante  born  here 14  May,  1266 

Arti  or  guilds  established 1266 

Factions  of  the  Bianchi  and  Neri 1300 

Great  plague,  the  Black  Death 1348 

Influence  of  the  Medici  begins  with  Cosmo  de'  Medici,  "the 

father  of  his  country  " about  1420 

Death  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici 8  Apr.  1492 

Savonarola  strangled  and  burned 23  May,  1498 

Alexander  de'  Medici  perpetual  governor 1580 

Cosmo  de'  Medici  created  grand-duke  of  Tuscany ;  makes  Flor- 
ence his  capital  (Tuscany) ISW 

Revolution  at  Florence 27  Apr.  1889 

Annexation  to  Sardinia  voted  by  people,  11,  12  Mch. ;  the  king 

enters  Florence 7  Apr.  1860 

King  opens  the  exhibition  of  the  industrial  products  of  Italy. 

15  Sept.  1861 
Florence  decreed  the  capital  of  Italy  till  the  acquisition  ot 

Rome 11  Dec,  1864 

King  and  court  remove  there 13  May,  1865 


FLO 


283 


FLO 


Dante  festival  (the  600th  anniversary  of  his  birth)  opened  by 

the  king 14  May,  1865 

First  assembly  of  Italian  parliament  here 18  Nov.      " 

Capital  removed  to  Rome July,  1871 

Fourth  centenary  of  Michel  Angelo 12  Sept.  1875 

Brick  duomo,  begun  by  Arnulfo,  1294;  dedicated  by  pope  Eu- 
genius  IV.,  1436;  completed  by  Brunelleschi,  1447;  the  fa- 
cade cased  with  marble  by  government,  uncovered  in  pres- 
ence of  the  king 12  May,  1887 

Equestrian  statue  of  king  Victor  Emmanuel  unveiled,  20  Sept.  1890 

Flore§,  or  Isle  of  Flowers,  one  of  the  Azores,  discovered 
by  Vanderberg  in  1439,  and  settled  by  the  Portuguese  in  1448. 
Florida,  one  of  the  United  States,  lies  between  31°  and 
24°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  79°  48'  and  87°  38'  W.  Ion.     The  Perdido 
river  separates  it  from  Alaba- 
ma on  the  west.    It  is  mostly  a 
peninsula,  275  miles  long  and 
averaging  90  miles  in  width, 
extending  south  to  the  strait 
of  Bimini,  and  separating  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  from  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean.     Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama bound  it  on  the  north. 
Area,  54,240  sq.  miles  in  45 
counties.    Pop.  1890,  391,422. 
Capital,  Tallahassee. 
Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  sailing 
from  Porto  Rico  in  search 
of  new  lands,  discovers  Florida  27  Mch.,  lands  near  St.  Au- 
gustine, plants  the  cross,  and  takes  possession  in  the  name 

of  the  Spanish  monarch 2  Apr.  1512 

Diego  Miruelo,  a  pilot,  sails  from  Cuba  with  one  vessel,  touches 

at  Florida,  and  obtains  pieces  of  gold  from  the  natives 1516 

Spaniards,  under  Francis  Hernandez  de  Cordova,  land  in  Flori- 
da, but  are  driven  offby  the  natives,  and  return  to  Cuba 1517 

Ponce  de  Leon  having  returned  to  Porto  Rico  and  obtained 
title  and  privileges  of  Adelantado  of  Florida,  fits  out  2  ves- 
sels and  revisits  Florida.      Driven  off  by  the  natives,  he 

soon  after  dies  in  Cuba 1521 

Panfllo  de  Narvaez,  commissioned  to  conquer  and  govern  the 
mainland  from  the  river  of  Palms  near  Tampico  to  cape  Flor- 
ida, lands  at  Tampa  bay  with  400  men  and  80  horses,  15  Apr.  1528 
Fernando  de  Soto,  leaving  Cuba,  lands  at  Tampa  bay,  which 
he  calls  Espiritu  Santo,  with  about  1000  men  and  350  horses, 
and  passing  north  through  Florida  erects  a  cross  of  wood 

near  the  northern  boundary.     He  lands 25  May,  1539 

Don  Tristan  de  Luna,  with  about  1500  soldiers  and  many  zeal- 
ous friars,  anchors  in  Santa  Maria  bay  (probably  Pensacola), 
establishes  a  camp,  from  which  he  makes  excursions,  14  Aug.  1559 
Expedition  fitted  out  by  admiral  Coligni,  under  capt.  Jean 
Ribault,  on  the  way  north  along  the  coast,  place  at  the  en- 
trance of  St.  John's  river  a  monument  of  stones,  bearing  the 

arms  of  France,  and  build  fort  Charles 1562 

Ren6  de  Laudonni5re,  with  3  vessels  sent  from  France  by  Coli- 
gni. settles  at  point  now  known  as  St.  John's  bluff.  .22  June,  1564 
Sir  John   Hawkins,  with  4  vessels,  anchors  at  Laudonnidre's 
settlement,  and  seeing  the  settlers  in  great  need,  offers  to 
take  them  back  to  France.     Laudonniere  refuses,  but  buys 

a  vessel  of  Hawkins,  who  sets  sail 15  Aug.  1565 

Seven  vessels,  under  Ribault,  from  Dieppe,  23  May,  with  500 

men  and  families  of  artisans,  land  at  river  St.  John.  .29  Aug.  " 
Don  Pedro  Menendez  de  Avilla  arrives  from  Spain  with  an 
expedition  at  St.  Augustine,  28  Aug.  1565.  Re-embarking, 
they  discover  4  large  vessels  of  the  French  anchored  at 
the  mouth  of  the  St.  John.  Being  fired  upon  by  the  Span- 
ish the  French  put  to  sea,  and  Menendez  returns  to  St.  Au- 
gustine, lands,  and  takes  possession  of  the  country  in  the 

name  of  the  king  of  Spain 8  Sept.     " 

Menendez,  with  500  men,  attacks  and  massacres  the  settlers 
of  Laudonniere  at  fort  Caroline,  few  of  the  French  escaping. 

He  calls  the  fort  San  Mateo 19  Sept.     " 

Ribault  sails  to  surprise  the  Spanish,  10  Sept.,  but  by  a  tempest  is 
driven  ashore  near  Mosquito  inlet  and  followed  up  by  Menen- 
dez, and  all  who  reject  the  Catholic  foith  are  massacred. .  Sept.     " 
Laudonniere,  with  18  or  20  fugitives,  the  survivors  of  the 

massacre  at  fort  Caroline,  sails  for  France 25  Sept.     " 

Menendez  sails  for  Spain,  having  in  18  months  established  forts 
and  block-houses  at  St.  Augustine,  San  Mateo,  Avista,  Guale, 

St.  Helena,  Tequcsta,  Carlos,  Tocobayo,  and  Coava spring,  1567 

Father  Sedefio  and  brother  Baez  begin  a  mission  among  Ind- 
ians on  Guale  (Amelia  island);  the  latter  compiles  a  cate- 
chism in  Indian  language 1568 

Dominic  de  Gourgues  lands  near  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's 
river,  at  Fernandina,  with  184  men.  Befriended  by  Indians 
hostile  to  the  Spanish,  and  seeking  revenge  for  the  French, 
he  surpri.'^es  the  Spanish,  destroys  fort  San  Mateo,  and  sets 

sail  for  France 3  May,     " 

Menendez,  having  returned,  spends  a  few  years  in  Florida, 
then  leaves  the  government  to  his  relative,  marquis  de  Me- 
nendez, and  again  goes  to  Spain 1572 

Sir  Francis  Drake  lands  at  St.  Augustine  and  destroys  the  fort 
which  the  Spaniards  abandoned,  but  rebuilt  immediately 

after  his  departure 8  May,  1586 

Twelve  brothers  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis  sent  to  Florida  to 
continue  the  mission  on  the  island  of  Guale 1593 


Son  of  the  chief  of  Guale  incites  a  general  conspiracy,  and  the 

missionaries  are  massacred ." 1598 

War  between  the  Spanish  and  Apalachee  Indians,  who  are 
conquered,  and  a  large  number  set  to  work  on  the  fortifica- 
tions of  St.  Augustine 1638 

Diego  de  Rebellado  succeeds  to  the  house  of  Menendez  as  cap- 
tain-general of  Florida 1655 

St.  Augustine  pillaged  by  buccaneers  under  capt.  John  Davis, 
an  Englishman 1665 

Don  Juan  Hita  de  Salacar,  captain-general  of  Florida 1675 

Don  Juan  Marquez  de  Cabrera,  captain-general  of  Florid?. 1680 

Marquez  Cabrera  attempts  to  remove  tribes  of  Florida  Indians 
from  the  interior  to  the  islands  on  the  coast;  an  insurrection 
follows,  and  some  tribes  removing  to  Carolina  make  incur- 
sions into  Florida about  1681 

Three  galleys  of  Spaniards  from  St.  Augustine  break  up  the 
colony  of  Scots  on  Port  Royal  island,  S.  C 1686 

Don  Laureano  de  Torres,  governor  of  E.  Florida 1693 

Andres  de  Arriola  appointed  first  governor  of  a  Spanish  colony  at 
Pensacola,  with  a  fort, "  Charles,"  and  other  public  buildings,  1696 

Don  Joseph  Cuniga  governor  of  St.  Augustine 1701 

St.  Augustine  besieged  by  a  land  expedition  from  Carolina  under 
col.  Daniel,  and  a  naval  force  under  gov.  Moore ;  2  Spanish 
vessels  appearing  off  the  harbor,  gov.  Moore  raises  the  siege,  1702 

Carolina  troops  under  col.  Moore  move  against  the  Indians  in 
N.  Florida  and  fight  the  Spaniards  under  Don  Juan  Mexia, 
at  fort  San  Luis  near  Tallahassee 15  Jan.  1703 

Combined  attack  of  French  and  Spaniards  unsuccessfully 
made  upon  Charleston,  S.  C Aug.  1706 

Don  Gregorio  de  Salinas,  governor  of  Pensacola,  succeeded  by 
Don  Juan  Pedro  Metamoras 1717 

Don  Antonio  de  Benavuedi  y  Malina  appointed  governor  of  E. 
Florida  to  succeed  Don  Juan  de  Ayala « 1718 

Expedition  against  Pensacola  fitted  out  by  M.  de  Bienville,  the 
French  commander  at  Mobile,  captures  the  fort,  and  takes  the 
garrison  to  Havana  in  2  French  vessels;  gov.  Metamoras  im- 
mediately equips  an  expedition  and  recaptures  the  fort 1719 

French  under  Desnade  de  Champmeslin  besiege  Pensacola,  de- 
stroying the  fortifications  and  public  buildings  and  capturing 
the  fort  and  Santa  Rosa  island 18  Sept.     " 

Pensacola  restored  to  Spain  by  peace  with  Franco;  Spaniards 
rebuild  the  town  on  Santa  Rosa  island  near  where  fort  Pick- 
ens now  stands 1722 

Col.  Palmer  of  Carolina,  with  300  men  and  a  band  of  friendly 
Indians,  makes  a  rapid,  unexpected,  and  effectual  descent 
upon  Indian  and  Spanish  settlements  in  Florida 1727 

Don  Francisco  Moral  Sanchez,  governor  of  St.  Augustine,  for 
an  unsatisfactory  treaty  with  the  English  under  gen.  Ogle- 
thorpe, is  recalled  to  Spain  and  executed 1736 

Don  Manuel  Joseph  de  Justis,  sent  in  place  of  gov.  Moral,  is 
succeeded  by  Don  Manuel  de  Monteano 1737 

Gen.  Oglethorpe,  governor  of  Georgia,  arrives  at  the  mouth  of 
St.  John's  river  and  captures  fort  San  Diego. 24  May,  1740 

Gen.  Oglethorpe  destroys  fort  Moosa  which  he  finds  deserted, 
but  afterwards  places  there  a  garrison  of  Highlanders  under 
col.  Palmer June,     " 

English  reinforced  by  a  Carolina  regiment,  open  the  siege  of 
St.  Augustine 24  June,     " 

Three  hundred  Spaniards  capture  fort  Moosa;  col.  Palmer  killed 
in  action 25  June,     " 

Gen.  Oglethorpe  hearing  of  the  arrival  of  Spanish  vessels  with 
supplies  for  besieged,  and  many  of  his  men  being  sick  and 
discouraged,  raises  the  siege 20  July,     " 

Spanish  fleet  of  36  sail  under  gov.  Monteano  enters  harbor  of 
St.  Simons,  Ga.,  and  after  4  hours'  engagement,  Oglethorpe 
abandons  the  works  and  retires  to  Frederica 5  July, 

After  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Frederica,  gov.  Monteano, 
scared  by  a  decoy  letter  sent  by  Oglethorpe,  and  by  3  vessels 
from  Charleston,  sails  away  for  Florida 14  July, 

Oglethorpe  makes  a  sudden  descent  upon  St.  Augustine,  but 
captures  only  a  few  Spaniards 9  Mch. 

Noted  Indian  chief  Secoffee,  with  his  tribe,  settles  in  Alachua, 
about  the  centre  of  Florida;  founder  of  the  Seminole  nation. 

Don  Alonzo  Fernandez  de  Herrera  appointedgovernorof  Florida, 

Treaty  ceding  E.  and  W.  Florida  to  Great  Britain  in  exchange 
for  Havana  and  the  west  part  of  Cuba  ratified 10  Feb.  1763 

Temporary  command  of  province  given  to  maj.  Ogilvie " 

By  proclamation,  king  of  Great  Britain  divides  Florida  into  2 
provinces,  east  and  west,  by  the  Apalachicola  river;  W.  Florida 
extending  to  the  Mississippi  and  N'.  from  gulf  to  lat.  31°.  .7  Oct.     •' 

Gen.  James  Grant  appointed  first  English  governor  of  E.  Florida,      • 

Pensacola  laid  outasa  city,  with  streets  at  right  angles,  making 
squares  400x200  feet ' •• 

Dennis  Rolle,  obtaining  from  British  government  a  grant  of 
40,000  acres,  embarks  from  England  with  100  families  and 
settles  on  east  side  of  the  St.  John's  river  at  Rollstowu 1765 

King's  road,  from  fort  Barrington  to  St.  Augustine  constructed 
by  subscription  from  public-spirited  men  in  Florida " 

Forty  families  from  Bermuda  emigrate  to  Mosquito  to  engage 
in  ship-building 1766 

Fifteen  hundred  Greeks,  Italians,  and  Minorcans,  indentured  to 
work  for  a  company  organized  in  England  by  sir  William 
Duncan  and  dr.  Andrew  Turnbull,  form  a  settlement  at  Mos- 
quito called  New  Smyrna 1767 

Gen.  Grant,  returning  to  England,  is  succeeded  by  lieut.  -  gov. 
John  Moultrie 1771 

Col.  Patrick  Tonyn,  sent  from  England  to  assume  the  governor- 
ship of  E.  Florida,  arrives Mch.  1774 

British  vessel,  The  Betsy,  from  I>ondon,  with  111  barrels  of 
powder,  captured  off  St.  Augustine  by  a  privateer  from  Car- 
olina  Aug.  1775 


1742 


1750 
1755 


1780 
1781 


178^ 


FLO  284 

Colonists  at  New  Smyrna  institute  proceedings  to  annul  their 
Indentures,  and,  being  successful,  remove  to  St.  Augustine.. . 

Governor  of  R.  Florida  calls  out  the  uiilitia  to  join  the  royal 
troops  in  resisting  "the  perfidious  insinuations "  of  the 
neighboring  colonies 

Sixty  of  the  most  distinguished  citizens  of  Carolina  are  seized 
by  the  Hrilish  and  transported  as  prisoners  to  St.  Augustine, 

Gov.  Tonyn,  owing  to  the  state  of  public  affairs,  is  forced  to  call 
a  general  assembly  which  meets 17  Mch. 

Don  Bernardo  de  (Jalvez,  assisted  by  a  naval  force  under  ad- 
miral Sdana,  invests  Pensacola;  forts  St.  Michel  and  St. 
Bernard  garrisoned  by  1000  English  under  gen.  Campbell; 
the  magazine  of  fort  exploding,  gen.  Campbell  capitulates, 

Mch. 

Country  westof  Pensacola  as  faras  the  Mississippi  river  receded 
to  (Jreat  Britain  by  Spain 

Expedition  under  col.  Devcreux  sails  from  St.  Augustine,  and 

/Kvith  .">0  men  captures  the  Bahama  islands  from  Spanish 

.  JBy  treaty.  Great  Britain  cedes  to  Spain  E.  and  W.  Florida,  evac- 
^^     uatiou  to  take  place  within  3  months 3  Sept.     " 

Gov.  Zespedez,  the  new  Spanish  governor,  arrives  at  St.  Au- 
gustine and  takes  possession  of  Florida  in  the  name  of  the 
,  king  of  Spain June,  1784 

/loxauderMcCJillivray,  chief  of  the  Creeks,  forms  a  treaty  with 
the  Spanish  governor  in  behalf  of  the  Creek  and  Seminole 
Indians,  engaging  to  prevent  white  men  from  entering  the 
country  without  a  Spanish  permit " 

William  Augustus  Bowles,  in  British  employ,  who  had  won  the 
favor  of  the  Creeks  at  Pensacola,  captures  fort  St.  Marks  and 
holds  it  for  several  weeks  until  gov.  O'Neil  of  Pensacola  drives 
him  out,  arrests  and  sends  him  prisoner  to  Cuba 1789 

Gen.  Mcintosh,  after  imprisonment  for  a  year  in  Cuba  because 
of  the  jealousy  of  the  Spanish  governor,  Quesada,  returns  to 
Florida,  gathers  followers,  destroys  a  Spanish  fort  at  Jack- 
sonville and  several  Spanish  galleys;  returns  to  Georgia 1794 

Spain  recedes  to  France  all  of  W.  Florida  lying  west  of  the 
Perdido  river 1795 

Band  of  Seminole  Indians,  or  "runaways,"  from  the  Creek 
nation,  settle  near  the  present  site  of  Tallahstssee 1808 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  seize  W.  Florida  if  a  for-  " 
eigu  power  attempts  to  capture  it 15  Jan.  1811 

Settlers  on  the  northern  boYd^of  Floridaorganize  a  provisional 
government,  with  gen.  Jolm"SrMTrfTltt5sIi  governor  of  the  re- 
public and  col.  Ashley  military  chief. -.  1812 

Fernandina,  at  this  time  a  depot  of  neutral  trade,  garrisoned 
by  Spanish  troops  under  Don  Jose  Lopez,  is  besieged  by  gen. 
Mcintosh  and  capitulates 17  Mch.     " 

Gov.  Kindelan,  sent  from  Spain  to  succeed  col.  Estrada,  acting- 
governor  of  Florida,  demands  withdrawal  of  U.  S.  troops " 

Company  of  U.  S.  troops,  mostly  invalids,  under  command 
of  lieut.  Williams,  is  attacked  by  negroes  under  Prince,  sent 
by  the  governor  of  St.  Augustine;  negroes  are  dispersed  after 
mortally  wounding  lieut.  Williams 12  May,     " 

Monument  erected  in  the  public  square  at  St.  Augustine  by 
order  of  the  Spanish  Cortes,  to  commemorate  the  liberal 
constitution  granted  to  Spain  and  her  colonies 17  Oct.     " 

British  fleet  enters  Pensacola  harbor  and  garrisons  forts 
Michel  and  Barrancas  with  British  troops,  by  consent  of  the 
Spanish  governor Aug.  1814 

Gen.  Jackson,  with  5000  Tennessee  volunteers,  captures  Pen- 
sacola and  fort  Michel;  fort  Barrancas  is  blown  up  by  the 
British 7  Nov.     " 

U.  S.  troops,  under  cobsDuncan  li.  Clinch,  unexpectedly  rein- 
forced by  Creek  Indians  on  the  same  errand,  and  aided  by 
2  gunboats,  attack  a  fort  on  the  Apalachicola  river  estab- 
lished by  the  British  as  a  refuge  for  runaway  negroes,  and 
commanded  by  a  negro  named  Garcia;  a  hot  shot  from  gun- 
boat "154"  entering  the  magazine  blows  it  up;  out  of  350  men, 
women,  and  children  in  the  fort  not  over  50  escape.. 24  Aug.  1816 

By  order  of  the  president  of  the  U.  S.  capt.  Henly  invests  and 
breaks  up  a  depot  for  smugglers  and  buccaneering  privateers 
on  Amelia  island,  under  the  Spanish  flag,  and  led  by  Gregor 
McGregor  and  Louis  Aury 23  Dec.  1817 

Gen.  Jackson,  aided  by  Creeks  under  a  treaty,  attacks  the 
Seminoles  in  Florida,  destroying  the  Miccosukee  and  Fowl 
towns  and  fort  Marks 1818 

Gen.  Jackson,  the  Spanish  governor  at  Pensacola  furnishing 
arms  to  the  hostile  Indians,  and  blockading  his  supplies  up 
the  Escambia,  marches  to  Pensacola  and  captures  it " 

Gen.  Jackson  hangs  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister  (Arbuthnot  and 
Ambkistkr,  case  of) -. 30  Apr.     " 

E.  and  W.  Florida  ceded  to  U.  S.  by  treaty  and  purchase,  Spain 
receiving  $5,000,000 22  Feb.  1819 

Change  of  flags  at  St.  Augustine  under  gov.  Coppinger,  on  the 
p.irt  of  Spain,  and  col.  Robert  Butler,  of  the  U.S 10  July,  1821 

Change  of  flags  at  Pensacola,  gov.  Callava  representing  Spain, 
and  gen.  Jackson  the  U.S " 21  July,     " 

Gen.  Jackson  appointed  governor  of  Florida  on  change  of  flags,     " 

Juan  P.  Salas  sells  to  John  W.  Simonton  his  title  to  Key  West 
obtained  from  the  Spanish  government  in  1815 20  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Jackson  in  W.,and  capt.  Hanham  in  E.  Florida,  wrest 
papers  and  archives  from  the  Spanish  governors " 

Act  for  a  territorial  government  in  Florida  of  all  territory 
ceded  by  Spain  to  U.  S.,  known  as  E.  and  W.  Florida,  30  Mch.  1822 

William  P.  Duval  appointed  territorial  governor " 

First  legislative  council  meets  at  Pensacola June,     " 

Key  West  made  a  naval  depot  and  station  of  the  U.  S.,  under 
command  of  com.  Porter " 

By  Congress  E.  and  W.  Florida  are  united,  and  legislative 
council  meets  at  St.  Augustine 30  Mch.  1823 

Treaty  of  fort  Moultrie;  the  Indians  of  Florida  agree  to  re- 


FLO 

move  within  certain  limits,  the  northern  line  being  about 

20  miles  south  of  Micanopy 18  Sept.  1823 

Dr.  William  H.  Simmons  and  John  L.  Williams,  commissioners 
of  legislative  council,  select  Tallahassee  as  capital Oct.     " 

First  house  in  new  capital  erected 1824 

Name  of  the  castle  of  St.  Marks  at  St.  Augustine  changed  to 
fort  Marion 7  Jan.  1826 

Florida  Institute  of  Agriculture,  Antiquities,  and  Sciences  organ- 
ized at  Tallahassee,  and  holds  its  first  public  meeting,  4  Jan.  1827 

Treaty  of  Payne's  landing  between  col.  JamesGadsden,  U.  S.  com- 
missioner, and  the  Seminole  Indians;  who  surrender  their 
lands  in  Florida  for  an  equal  area  in  Indian  territory,  agree- 
ing to  remove  within  3  years 9  May,  1833 

Additional  treaty  made  at  fort  Gibson,  Indian  territory,  with 
representative  chiefs  of  Seminoles,  assigning  them  a  tract  in 
the  Indian  territory 28  Mch.  1834 

Proclamation  of  pres.  Jackson  announcing  the  ratification  of 
the  treaty  of  Payne's  landing  and  fort  Gibson 12  Apr.     " 

State-house  in  Tallahassee  begun,  1826;  finished •' 

John  H.  Eaton  appointed  territorial  governor •• 

U.  S.  officer  at  fort  King  notifies  gen.  Thompson,  Indian  agent 
for  Florida,  of  the  determination  of  influential  chiefs  of 
Florida  Indians  not  to  emigrate Oct.     " 

Severest  cold  ever  known  in  Florida;  the  St.  John's  river 
frozen  several  rods  from  the  shore,  and  thermometer  marks 
7°  above  zero,  a  northwest  wind  for  3  days about  8  Feb.  1836 

A  council  at  the  Indian  agency  extends  time  for  removal  to 
1  Jan.  1836;  8  chiefs  agree  to  emigrate,  5  refuse 24  Apr.     " 

Battle  near  Wahoo  swamp;  U.  S.  troops  attacked  by  Indians 
under  Micanoi)y,  Jumper,  and  Alligator,  and  maj.  Dade's 
command  massacred 28  Dec.     " 

Seminole  chief  Osceola,  seeking  revenge  for  recent  imprison- 
ment by  the  whites,  with  about  20  Indians,  surprises  gen. 
Thompson  and  a  friend  while  walking  near  the  Indian 
agency,  and  kills  and  scalps  them 28  Dec.     " 

Battle  of  gen.  Clinch  with  Indians  under  Osceola  and  Alligator, 
near  the  With lacooche  river 31  Dec.     '• 

Battle  at  Dunlawtown  of  maj.  Putnam  with  Indians  under 
king  Philip 18  Jan.  1836 

Gen.  Gaines,  with  troops  from  New  Orleans,  attacked  by  Ind- 
ians while  seeking  to  ford  the  Withlacoochee 29  Feb.     " 

Richard  Keith  Call  appointed  territorial  governor Mch.     " 

Defence  of  Cooper's  post  west  of  the  Withlacoochee  by  Georgia 
volunteers  under  maj.  Cooper  against  250  Seminole  warriors, 

5-7  Apr.     " 

Railroad  from  St.  Joseph  to  bayou  Columbus  opened " 

Battles  between  the  U.  S.  troops  and  Indians  in  Florida,  at  Mi- 
canopy,  9  June  ;  Welika  pond,  9  July  ;  Ridgely's  mills,  27 
July ;  fort  Drane,  21  Aug. ;  San  Velasco 18  Sept.     " 

Battle  of,  Wahoo  swamp  ends  the  campaign  of  1836;  results 
of  the  year  encourage  the  Seminoles 17-21  Nov.     " 

Gen.  Call  relieved;  gen.  Thomas  S.  Jesup  takes  command,  Nov.     " 

Attack  on  camp  Monroe  by  400  Seminoles  under  king  Philip 
repulsed 8  Feb.  1837 

Four  hundred  Seminoles  attack  fort  Mellon,  on  lake  Monroe, 
and  retire 9  Feb.     " 

Indians  assembled  in  large  numbers  at  fort  Dade,  by  articles 
of  capitulation  agree  to  withdraw  south  of  the  Hillsborough 
river,  and  prepare  at  once  to  emigrate  to  the  west 6  Mch.     " 

Gen.  Hernandez  captures  2  camps  of  Indians  and  negroes, 

10  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Hernandez,  by  order  of  gen.  Jesup,  captures  Osceola  and 
sends  him  to  fort  Moultrie,  S  C,  as  a  prisoner 21  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Taylor  routs  a  large  Indianforce  at  Okeechobee  lake,  25  Dec.     " 

Battle  at  Wacassassa  river 26  Dec.     " 

Action  with  Seminoles  at  Jupiter  inlet  ;  gen.  Jesup  wounded, 

24  Jan.  1838 

Gen.  Jesup  offering  peace,  many  Indians  come  into  camp, 
agreeing  to  let  the  president  decide  whether  they  remain  in 
the  country  or  not Feb.     " 

President  determining  to  enforce  the  treaties,  gen.  Jesup  capt- 
ures about  700  Indians  and  negroes 22  Mch.     " 

Over  1000  Indians  removed  to  the  western  reservation " 

Gen.  Zachary  Taylor  takes  command  in  Florida,  gen.  Jesup  re- 
tiring  15  May,     " 

Territory  of  Florida,  in  convention  at  St.  Joseph,  forms  a  state 
constitution 3  Dec.     " 

Robert  H.  Reid  appointed  territorial  governor 1839 

Indians  attack  col.  Harney's  post  on  theCarloosahatchee,23  July,     " 

During  this  and  4  years  previous  Florida  furnished  5342  volun- 
teers for  the  Indian  war " 

Gen.  Taylor  asking  to  be  relieved,  brevet  brig. -gen.  W.  R.  Ar- 
mistead  is  assigned  to  command  in  Florida 6  May,  1840 

Battles  with  Indians  at  fort  King,  Marion  co.,  28  Apr.;  Wac- 
cahoota.  6  Sept. ;  Everglades,  3-24  Dec. ;  Micanopy. .  .28  Dec.     " 

Battle  at  fort  Brooke 2  Mch.  1841 

Gen.  Armistead  relieved  at  his  request,  and  gen.  William  J. 
Worth  takes  command 31  May,     " 

Richard  K.  Call  reappointed  territorial  governor " 

Battle  at  Hawe  creek,  25  Jan. ;  at  Pilakikaha.. . .-. 19  Apr.  1842 

Gen.  Worth,  by  general  order,  announces  the  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities with  Indians  in  Florida 14  Aug.     " 

Officers  and  soldiers  who  died  in  the  Florida  war  buried  at  St. 
Augustine  with  military  honors,  and  a  monument  erected  by 
their  comrades 15  Aug.     " 

John  Branch,  territorial  governor 1844 

Congress  grants  8  sections  of  public  lands  in  Florida  for  seat  of 
government,  1  section  in  each  township  for  public  schools,  2 
townships  for  2  seminaries  of  learning,  and  5  percent,  from 
sales  of  public  lands  for  educational  purposes;  state  admit- 
ted to  the  Union 3  Mch.  1846 


1845 
1846 
1849 


1850 
1853 

1857 


FLO  285 

William  D.  Moseley,  governor  of  the  new  state 

Destructive  hurricane  passes  over  Key  West 11  Oct. 

Thomas  Brown,  governor 

Public  meeting  in  St.  Augustine  petitions  the  federal  govern- 
ment for  removal  of  all  Indians  from  the  state 25  Aug. 

Chief  and  6  sub -chiefs  of  the  Seminoles  and  Micasukies, 
and  a  delegate  from  the  Tallahassees,  meet  gen.  Twiggs  in 
council  and  agree  to  remove  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  try 
to  persuade  their  people  to  do  so 21  Jan. 

James  E.  Broome,  governor 

Madison  S.  Perry,  governor 

Two  state  seminaries  of  learning  organized,  one  at  Palatka, 
known  as  the  seminary  oast  of  the  Suwanee,  and  the  other  at 
Tallahassee,  known  as  the  seminary  west  of  the  Suwanee 

Most  of  the  Florida  Indians  emigrate  to  the  Indian  territory; 
U.  S.  troops  mustered  out 

Fort  Marion  seized  by  confederates  of  St.  Augustine  by  order 
of  the  governor 7  Jan. 

Fort  Clinch,  in  construction  on  Amelia  island,  seized  by 
confederates Jan. 

Apalachicola  arsenal,  established  in  1833,  captured  by  confed- 
erates  Jan. 

State  convention  at  Tallahassee  passes  an  ordinance  of  secession 
— yeas  62,  nays  7 — amending  the  Constitution  by  inserting  the 
words  "Confederate States"  in  place  of-'United States,"  10  Jan. 

Forts  Barrancas  and  McRae  and  the  navy-yards  at  Pensacola 
seized  by  confederates 12  Jan. 

John  Milton,  governor 

Forts  McRae  and  Barrancas  dismantled Apr, 

Federals  in  fort  Pickens,  near  Pensacola,  are  reinforced  by  troops 
from  New  York  and  Illinois,  on  steamer  Atlantic. IQ-2'S  Apr. 

Confederate  "  Coast  Guard  "  seize  the  light-house  and  all  U.  S. 
government  property  at  Key  Biscayne,  Fla 23  Aug. 

Confederates  attack  the  Wilson  Guards  on  Santa  Rosa  island, 

9  Oct. 

Frigates  Niagara  and  Richmond  bombard  forts  McRae,  Barran- 
cas, and  Pickens 23  Nov. 

Electoral  vote  cast  for  Jefferson  Davis 12  Feb. 

Federal  fleet  under  admiral  Dupont,  with  slight  resistance,  takes 
St.  Mary's,  Fernandina,  and  fort  Clinch 

St.  Augustine  taken  by  federals  without  resistance 11  Mch. 

Jacksonville,  Fla. ,  surrendered  to  Dupont 12  Mch. 

Jacksonville  evacuated  by  federals 9  Apr. 

Confederate  fort  on  St.  John's  blufl",  St.  John's  river,  captured 
by  federals 3  Oct. 

Federals  again  take  Jacksonville 5  Oct. 

St.Mary's  shelled  and  burned  by  federal  gunboatifo/iaM>fc,9  Nov. 

Jacksonville  taken  by  federals  under  col.  Higginson. .  .10  Mch. 

Federals  badly  defeated  at  Olustee 20  Feb. 

Regarding  Florida  as  still  a  state  of  the  Union,  a  convention  at 
Jacksonville  appoints  delegates  to  the  presidential  conven- 
tion at  Baltimore 24  May, 

By  proclamation,  pres.  Johnson  appoints  William  Marvin  pro- 
visional governor 13  July, 

Delegates  elected  to  state  convention  at  Tallahassee 10  Oct. 

Convention  at  Tallahassee  adopts  a  new  constitution  without 
submission  to  the  people  and  repeals  the  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion   28  Oct. 

David  S.  Walker  elected  governor 29  Nov. 

Pres.  Johnson  proclaims  that  "  the  insurrection  which  hereto- 
fore existed  in  the  state  of  Florida  is  at  an  end  and  is  hence- 
forth to  be  so  regarded  " 2  Apr. 

Meeting  at  Tallahassee  forms  a  state  educational  association, 

20  May, 

Col.  Sprague,  military  commander  of  district  of  Florida;  head- 
quarters at  Tallahassee  (later  at  Jacksonville) 31  May,     " 

Republican  convention  at  Tallahassee;  129  delegates.  .11  July,     " 

Convention  organizing  a  Conservative  party  (Constitutional 
Union)  at  Tallahassee  appoints  a  state  committee. .  .25  Sept.     " 

Forty-one  out  of  46  delegates  elected  to  constitutional  conven- 
tion at  Tallahassee;  organize,  but  disagree  as  to  the  eligibil- 
ity of  4  of  their  number 20  Jan.  1868 

Fifteen  members  of  the  constitutional  convention  decide  not 
to  attend  the  meetings 1  Feb.     " 

D.  Richards,  president  of  convention,  announces  for  20  or  22 
delegates  that  they,  a  legal  quorum,  have  framed  and  adopt- 
ed a  constitution  ignoring  the  constitution  of  1865 6  Feb.     " 

Fifteen  members  meet  at  Tallahassee  and  elect  Horatio  Jenkins 
president 8  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Meade  calls  the  delegates  together,  and  col.  Sprague,  act- 
ing as  chairman,  Richards  and  Jenkins  resign,  and  Jenkins 
is  appointed  president  of  the  convention 18  Feb.     " 

State  constitution  adopted;  8  delegates  sign  under  protest,  9 
refuse 25  Feb.     " 

New  constitution  ratified  by  the  people May,     " 

Harrison  Reed  elected  governor "        " 

Legislature  meets  and  adopts  the  XIV.  Amendment June,     " 

Military  and  civil  government  surrendered  to  Harrison  Reed, 
who  is  inaugurated  as  governor 4  July,     " 

Unsuccessful  attempt  to  impeach  gov.  Reed  of  high  crimes  and 

misdemeanors  in  ofHce " 

Legislature  provides  for  a  state  board  of  education 1869 

XV.  Amendment  ratified  by  House  and  Senate,  11  and  16  June,     " 
Harvey  S.  Harmon  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Alucha  circuit  court, 

by  judge  J.  H.  Gross;  first  negro  admitted  in  Florida " 

People  of  Florida  we.st  of  the  Choctawhatchee  river  vote  by  a 
majority  for  annexation  to  Alabama,  the  conditions  fixed 
by  commissioners  being  "the  consent  of  Congress  and  con- 
sideration of  $1,000,000  paid  to  Florida  by  Alabama,"  2  Nov.      " 

Equalization  act  passed  by  legislature 27  Jan.  1871 

Taxation  felt  to  be  unnecessarily  heavy ;  delegates  from  nearly 


1865 


1866 
1867 


FLO 

all  the  counties  meet  at  Lake  City  and  appoint  a  finance 
committee  to  "examine  into  the  financial  condition  of  the 
state"  and  to  call  on  the  governor  to  interfere 6  Sept.  1871 

Proclamation  of  governor  calling  on  the  people  not  to  bring  the 
law  into  contempt  by  refusal  to  pay  taxes,  and  promising  en- 
forcement of  the  Equalization  act  till  declared  unconstitu- 
tional or  repealed 6  Nov.     " 

Attempt  to  remove  gov.  Reed  by  impeachment  unsuccessfully 
renewed peb.  1872 

Act  reorganizing  the  state  agricultural  college,  proposed  by  a 
former  legislature,  and  making  the  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  its  president " 

Brown's  Theological  Institute  incorporated " 

Ossian  B.  Hart  elected  governor 5  Nov.     " 

Act  at  special  session  of  the  legislature  refunding  the  state  in- 
debtedness (total  bonded  debt,  $1,430,223.48) Feb.  1873 

Marcellus  L.  Stearns  succeeds  gov.  Hartr,  who  d 18  Mch.  1874 

Florida  Fruit  Growers'  association  opens  a  few  days'  session 
at  Jacksonville 20  Jan.  1875 

At  a  special  election,  amendments  to  the  constitution  are  rati- 
fied by  the  people 4  May,     " 

George  F.  Drew,  Democrat,  elected  governor 7  Nov.  1876 

After  the  November"  presidential  election  3  sets  of  certificates 
of  electoral  votes  were  sent  to  Washington:  (1)  that  of  Re- 
publican electors,  signed  by  gov.  Stearns ;  (2)  that  of  Demo- 
cratic electors,  signed  by  attorney-gen.  Cocke;  (3)  that  of 
Democratic  electors  made  under  act  of  the  legislature  and 
signed  by  gov.  Drew Dec.  1876-Jan.  1877 

Act  authorizing  state  adjutant-general  to  lease  convicts,  3  Mch.     ••' 

Florida  state-prison  made  an  asylum  for  lunatics 1  Apr.    " 

Convention  of  colored  men  at  Tallahassee  addresses  the  col- 
ored people  of  the  state  on  education  and  acquiring  home- 
steads and  fostering  habits  of  industry  and  sobflety,  4  July,     " 

Gov.  Drew  procures  conveyance  to  the  state  of  nearly  1,800,000 
acres  of  government  land  under  act  of  Congress  relating  to 
swamp  and  overflowed  lands 1880 

William  D.  Bloxham,  Democrat,  elected  governor Nov.      " 

State  sells  4,000,000  acres  of  state  land  south  of  Ocala  and 
east  of  the  Kissimmee  river  to  Hamilton  Disston  and  asso- 
ciates of  Philadelphia  for  $1,000,000 1881 

Active  work  begun  on  a  contract  with  Philadelphia  capitalists 
for  draining  lake  Okeechobee  and  reclaiming  land;  half  of 
reclaimed  land  to  go  to  the  contractors 1882 

Trustees  remove  the  state  university  from  Eau  Gallic  to  Lake 
City  and  incorporate  the  "  Florida  University  " 1883 

State  institution  for  blind  and  deaf  and  dumb  located  at  St.  Au- 
gustine    1884 

Edward  A.  Perry,  Democrat,  elected  governor 4  Nov.     " 

At  the  November  election  a  new  constitution,  formed  by  the 
convention  of  1885,  ratified  by  the  people 2  Nov.  1886 

Francis  P.  Fleming,  Democrat,  elected  governor Nov.  1888 

Discovery  of  phosphate  rock  in  abundance  near  Dunnellen, 
Marion  co June,  1889 

Sub-tropical  exposition  opens  at  Jacksonville 9  Jan.  1890 

Constitutional  amendment  adopted  providing  that  the  election 
of  state  offlcers  shall  be  held  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  October  every  2d  year Nov.     " 

Supreme  council  of  the  National  Farmer's  Alliance  begins  its 
session  at  Ocala 2  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Francis  E.  iSpinner,  ex-secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the 
U.  S. ,  born  1802,  dies  at  Jacksonville 31  Dec.     " 

Monument  to  the  confederate  dead  unveiled  at  Pensacola, 

17  June,  1891 

U.  S.  senator  Wilkinson  Call  secures  renomination  on  the  86th 
ballot  in  caucus,  by  vote  of  52  to  42  for  D.  H.  Mayo  and  2  for 
ex  gov.  Bloxham 25  May,     " 

Senator  Call  declared  re-elected  by  51  votes  in  joint  session, 
a  majority  of  both  houses;  but  as  only  15  senators  and  39 
members  of  the  House  attended,  his  election  is  disputed, 
there  being  no  quorum  of  the  Senate 26  May,     " 

Governor  appoints  R.  H.  M.  Davidson  U.  S.  senator  to  fill  the 
supposed  vacancy 15  Sept.     " 

Ex  gov.  Marcellus  L.  Stearns  dies  at  Palatine  Bridge,  N.  Y., 
aged  53 8  Dec.      " 

Senator  Wilkinson  Call  seated  in  U.  S.  Senate "         " 

TERRITORIAL   GOVERNORS. 


Names.  Term. 

Andrew  Jackson 1821  to  1822 

William  P.  Duval. .  ..1822  "  1834 

John  H.  Eaton 1834  "  1836 

Richard  K.  Call 1836  "  1839 


Names.  Term. 

Robert  R.  Reid 1839  to  1841 

Richard  K.  Call 1841  "  1844 

John  Branch 1844  "  1845 


STATE  GOVERNORS. 


Names. 

Term. 

Remarkt. 

William  D  Moseley 

1845  to  1849 
1849  "  1853 
1853  "  1857 
1857  "  1861 
1861  "  1865 

1865  "  1866 

1866  "  1868 
1868  "  1872 
1872  "  1874 
1874  "  1877 
1877  "  1881 
1881  "  1885 
1885  "  1889 
1889  "  1893 
1893  "  1897 

Thomas  Brown                         

James  E  Broome          ....        .... 

Madison  S  Perry        . .           

William  Marvin             . .         

Provisional. 

David  S  Walker          

Harrison  Reed 

Ossian  B  Hart            

Died  in  office 

Marcellus  L  Stearns     

George  F  Drew            

Edward  A.  Perry 

Francis  P  Fleming 

Henry  L.Mitchell 

FLO 


286 


FLO 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  FLORIDA. 


No.  of  Congreu. 


Date. 


James  D.  We8tcott,Jr, 

David  L.  Yulee 

Jackson  Morton 

Stephen  B.  Mallory... 
David  L.  Yulee 


Thomas  W.  Osborn. 
AdonUiih  S.  Welch. 

Abijah  (Gilbert 

Simon  B.  Conover. 
Charles  W.  Jones.. 

Wilkinson  Call 

Samuel  Pasco 


29lh  to  30th 
29th  "  3l8t 
3l8t  "  33d 
32d  "  3(5th 
34th  "  36th 


1845  to  1849 
1845  "  1851 
1849  "  1855 
1851  "  1861 
1855  "  1861 


[37th,  38th,  and  39th  Congress,  seats  vacant.] 


40th  to  42d 

40th 
41st  "  43d 
43d  "  45th 
44th  "  49th 

4t5th  "  

50th  "  


1868  to  1873 

1868  "  

1869  "  1875 
1873  "  1879 
1875  "  1887 
1879  "  


Seated  1  Dec.  1845. 


Yulee  contests  this  seat  unsuccessfully. 


Seated  30  June,  1868. 
"       2  July,     " 


Term  expires  1897. 
"      1899. 


florin,  a  coin  first  made  by  the  Florentines.  A  florin 
issued  by  Edward  III.  was  current  in  England  for  6s.  in  1337. 
— Camden,  This  English  coin  was  called  floren,  after  the 
Florentine  coin,  because  the  latter  was  of  the  best  gold.  Coin 
and  Coinage. 

floi¥er§  and  planti.  Many  flowers  now  common 
in  England  were  introduced  between  Henry  VII.  and  Eliza- 
beth (1485-1603).     The  art  of  preserving  flowers  in  sand 


was  discovered  in  1633.  A  mode  of  preserving  them  from 
frost  in  winter,  and  hastening  vegetation  in  summer,  was 
invented  in  U.  S.  by  George  Morris,  in  1792. — The  flora- 
ciilture  of  the  United  States  has  rapidly  increased  since 
1870.  Besides  the  Society  of  American  Florists,  there  are 
over  1000  state  and  local  ones,  and  above  400  horticultural 
societies.  This  pleasant  industry  has  become  remunera- 
tive. 


NAMES   OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  SHOWING  THEIR  NATIVITY. 


I 


Popalur. 


Almond j     Amygdalus  pumilia. 

Apple j     Pyrus  malus. 

Apricot 

Arbor-vitae 


Arbutus,  trailing 

Artichoke 

Artichoke,  Jerusalem. 

Ash 

Asparagus 

Aster,  China 

Azalea. 


Bachelor's  button. 


Balm  ofGilead. 

Balsam 

Banana 


Barley . 


Basswood  (Linden). 


Bayberry 

Bean. 

Bean  (Kidney). 
Bean  (Lima)... 

Beech 

Beet 


Birch. , 


Blackberry.. 
Bluebell.... 
Blue-grass . . 

Boxwood 

Broom-corn. 

Buckwheat. 
Bulrush  . . . . 
Buttercup  . . 
Butternut . . 
Cabbage . . . . 


Cactus,  night-blooming. 


Cale 

Candytuft 

Caraway 

Cardinal-flower. 

Carnation 

Carrot 

Castor-oil  plant 


Prunus  armeniaca. . . . 
TJnnn  f  occidentalis  . . . 

^''^J<^\orientalis 

Epigcea  repens 

Cynara  scolymus 

Helianthus  tuberosus . . 
Fraxinus  americana. . 
Asparagus  officinalis. . 
Callistrephus  chinensis. 


Azalea 


icalendulacea.. 


\pontica. . . 
Centaur ea  cyanus. 


Populus  candicans . . 
fmpatiens  balsamine 
Musa  sapientum  .... 


Hordeum  vulgare , 


(americana. 
\europcea... 


Myrica  cerifera. . . 
Faba  vulgaris .... 
Phaseolvs  vulgaris. 
Phaseolus  lunatus. 


Fagus  silvatica 

Beta  vulgaris 

f  lenta 

excelsa 

Betula  -I  populifolia  . . 
papyracea . . . 

[  laciniate 

Rubus  villosus 

Hyadnthus  nutans 

Poa  compressa 

Buxus  sempervirens . , . 
Sorghum  saccharatum. 


Fagopyrum  esculentum. 

Juncus  effusus 

Ranunculus  acris 

Julians  cinerea 

Brassica  oleracea 


Cereus  grandijlorus . 


Brassica  campestris. . . 

Iheris  umbellata 

Carum  carvi 

Tnhplin  jcardinalis... 
Lobelia  y^^^^^ 

Dianthus  caryophyllus. 

Daucus  carota 

Ridnus  communis 


Nativity. 


China. 

Europe  and  Asia . 

Asia. 

United  States. 

China. 

United  States 

Europe,  S. 
Brazil. 
United  States, 

Europe,  W 

China. 

United  States. 
Asia  Minor. 
Europe,  central . . 


United  States. 

India. 

India 


Egypt. 


United  States. 
Europe 


United  States,  E. 
Egypt. 

America 

South  America. 

Un.ted  States. . . 
Europe,  S. 


United  States,  N. 


United  States , 

Europe  and  Asia. 

United  States,  Middle., 

Europe. 

Abyssinia. , 


Asia 

United  States. 
Europe. 
United  States. 
Europe,  N 


Mexico. 


Europe,  N. 
Europe,  S. 
Caria. 

United  States. 

Europe,  S. 
Europe  and  Asia. 
India 


{Over  1000  varieties  now  in  the  U.  S. 
The  Romans  had  22  varieties  (Pliny). 


( One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  fragrant 
]  of  early  spring  wood  flowers  of  the 
(     northern  U.  S. 

(Praised  by  Pliny  and  Cato.  One  of 
(    the  oldest  culinary  vegetables. 

f  Botanical  name  from  Centaur.  Chiron, 
I  one  of  the  Centaurs,  being  wounded 
-{  in  his  foot  by  Hercules,  cured  it  with 
I  this  plant.  A  hardy  and  popular 
[     annual. 

r Cultivated  in  all  tropical  and  sub-trop- 
^     ical  climates.    No  specific  difference 
(    between  it  and  the  plantain. 
C  Native  country  conjectural. 

"Their  steeds  beside  the  cars — 
I  Champing  their  oats  and  their  white 

barley— stood. 
And  waited  for  the  golden  morn  to 

rise." 

—Homer,  "Iliad,"  viii.  686-88, 
I  Bryant's  trans. 

I  "The  topmost  linden  gathered  green 
^        From  draughts  of  balmy  air." 
(  —Tennyson. 

(Furnishes  the  bayberry  tallow  of  com- 
(    merce. 

Beans. 

The  beech  of  Virgil's  "Pastorals": 
"Patulse  recumbans  sub  tegmine 
fagi,"  was  not  a  beech,  but  the  Quer- 
cus  esculus. 

(The  species  Papyracea  furnishes  the 
1     bark  for  the  Indian  canoe. 


Much  cultivated  of  late  years  in  U.  S. 

Celebrated  in  Kentucky. 

f "  It  is  said  that  Benj.  Franklin  intro- 
[  duced  it  into  U.  S."— 6?eo.  TImrber. 
fits  flour  an  important  article  of  food 
I     in  the  U.  S.     Agriculturk. 


In  its  wild  state  without  head. 
(  Its  magnificent   flower  expands   by 
J      night  and  blooms  but  a  few  hours. 
(     The  order  is  exclusively  American. 


In  India  it  becomes  a  tree.  In  the 
southern  U.  S.  a  stout  shrub,  where 
it  is  extensively  cultivated  for  the 
oil  extracted  from  its  seed. 


FLO 


287 


FLO 


NAMES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PLANTS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THEIR  ^ATIYITY.— (Continued.) 


Popular. 


Nativity. 


Remarks. 


Catnip.. 
CaUtaiL 


Cauliflower 

Cedar,  red 

Celery 

Century-plant 

Cherry 

Chestnut 

Chiccory  (succory) 

Choke-cherry 

Chrysanthemum... 

Citron 

Clematis 

/white) 
\red.../  ••• 

Clover,  sweet 

Cockscomb 


Columbine... 

Corn,  Indian. 
Corn-cockle,. 


Clover 


Cotton-plant . . . 

Crab- apple 

Cranberry 

Cress,  water . . . 

Crocus 

Cucumber 

Cucumber-tree. 

Currants 


Cypress. . 

Daffodil. . 
Dahlia..  . 


Daisy. .... 
Dandelion 
Dewberry. 


Dogwood. . 
Egg-plant. 

Elder 


Fennel 


Filbert,  hazelnut. 


Fir 

Flax 

Four-o'clock. 

Foxglove 

Fuchsia 

Garlic 


Geranium. 


Ginseng 

Gladiolus 

Goldenrod 

Gooseberry,  garden. 
Gourd 


Grape  , 


Hawthorn  . 
Heliotrope. 
Hemlock. . . 


Hemp 

Hickory 

Holly 

Hollyhock. 


Nepeta  cataria 

Typha  latifoLia 

.  I     Brassica  botrytis — cauliflora 

, !     Juniperus  virginiana 

Apium  graveolis 

.  I     Agave  americana 

Cerasus  vulgarum , 

Castanea  vesca , 

.  j     Cichorum  intybus , 

. !     Cerasus  virginiana 

.  I     Chrysanthemum  sinense , 

Citrus  medica 

Clematis  virginiana 

^"/""-{i'S.ie:.::::::;:::} 

Mililotus  alba , 

Celosia  cristata 

'^'i-'^-i^S^ii: -::::.:. 

Zea  mays 

Agrostemma  githago 

®-»""'»pSS::::::::::: 

Pyrus  coronaria 

Oxycoccus  macrocarpus 

Nasturtium  officinale 

Crocus  vermis 

Cucumis  sativus 

Magnolia  acuminata 

«*M?Sr™-„-;:::::::::;:::;::} 

{Cupr casus  thyoides 
Taxodium  distychum 

Narcissus,  Pseudo-narcissus. ...... 

Dahlia  vanabilis 


Europe,  S.E... 
United  States. 


Europe,  N 

United  States. 

Egypt. 

Central  and  S.  America. 

Europe,  E. 

United  States. 

Central  Asia. 

United  States,  E. 

China 

Asia. 

United  States. 

Europe  and  Asia 

Europe  and  Asia. 
India. 

Europe  and  Asia. 
United  States. 

America 

Europe. 

India 

West  Indies. 
United  States. 

United  States,  N 

Europe. 

Europe,  S. 

Asia. 

United  States. 

Europe. 

United  States 

United  States,  S. 


Bellis  perennis 

Taraxacum  dena-leonis. 

p„/,„o  (canadensis 

^""^"^  {trivialis 


Europe. 
Mexico. 


England 

Europe,  N.,  and  Asia. 
United  States,  N. 
United  States,  S. 


Cornus  florida 

Solanum  esculentum 

«,.»..„».  f;x2!^'!;:::::::::} 
'«»-&r".r;::.::::::::::} 

Anethum  fceniculum 

Abies  [Y'"'^''^ 

Xfrasert 

Linum  usitatissimum 

Mirabilis  jalapa 

Digitalis  purpurea 

Fuchsia  coccinea 

Allium  sativum  (common) 

Pelargo-  igraveolens  {  gcenfedl . 
mum    Xzonale  (horse-shoe). .  j 

Panax  quinquefolium 

Gladiolus  communis , 

cf„7vj^ „  (canadensis > 

^"^"^S"  [altissima | 

Ribes  uva — crispa 

Lagenaria  vulgaris 


United  States,  N. 
Central  Africa, 

United  States. 


United  States 

England. 

United  States. 

Asia. 

United  States,  N. 

United  States. 

Asia 

Peru. 

Central  Europe. 

Chili. 

Asia. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


United  States . 
Europe,  S. 


United  States. , 

Europe. 
India. 


(  Isabella,  Cataw- )  i 
Vitis  Idbrusca  <  ba.  Concord,  and  [  i  United  States . 

(others.  )  | 
Vitis  vulpina  (Scuppernong) ■  United  States. 

F^Y^•.mWera{g^^;™P«^°^'"«■}  i  Asia. 


f  Viti 
\  Vitii 


Heliotropium  peruvianum . 
Abies  canadensis 


England 

United  States. 
Peru. 

United  States,  N. 


Cannabis  sativa '  India 

Carya  alba i  United  States. 

J,      (opaca  (American  holly) i  United  States. 

■'^^^  \aquifolium  (English  holly) . . . '  England 

AUhcea  rosea Asia  Minor,  China. 


fSaid  to  be  eaten  by  cats.  The  dried 
-{  herb  in  infusion  is  slightly  sudor- 
(     iflc. 

f  In  the  cauliflower  we  eat  the 
I  fleshy  flower -stalks  and  undevel- 
■{  oped  buds,  which  are  crowded  to- 
I  gether  in  a  compact  mass  forming 
i     the  head. 

rrhe  largest  of  all  herbaceous  plants. 
■<  That  it  flowers  but  once  in  a  hun- 
(    dred  years  is  a  popular  fallacy. 


I  Of  late  years,  through  cultivation,  has 

<     become  one  of  the  most  showy  and 

(    popular  of  the  autumn  flowers. 

Introduced  into  the  U.  S.  before  1774. 

With  other  grass  it  makes  the  best  of 

hay.    Its  cultivation,  when  "  turned 

in,"  improves  the  soil. 


Maize. 

Cotton. 

'  Its  fine  acid  fruit  has  become  a  staple 
article  of  commerce,  and  on  the  bog- 
lands  of  Massachusetts,  New  .Jersey, 
and  Wisconsin,  its  cultivation  has 
proved  a  success. 


White  cedar. 

"  Daffodils, 
That  come  before  the  swallow  dares, 

and  take 
The  winds  of  March  with  beauty." 
— Shakespeare,  "Winter's  Tale," 
act  iv.  sc.  iii. 
"When    daisies    pied    and    violets 
blue. 
And  lady-smocks  all  silver-white, 
And  cuckoo-buds  of  yellow  hue 
Do  paint  the  meadows  with  de- 
light." 
—Shakespeare,    "Love's   Labor's 
Lost,"  act  V.  sc.  ii. 
An    excellent    tree    for   cultivation. 
Wood  close-grained  and  Arm.    Bark 
sometimes  used  as  a  tonic.   Very  or- 
namental when  in  flower. 


;  The  white  elm  is  one  of  the  most  mag- 
[     niflcent  of  trees. 


(From  the  fibres  of  its  bark  linen  is 
made,  and  its  seeds  yield  "linseed 
oil."  Mentioned  by  Virgil,  "Urit 
enim  lini  campum  seges,  urit  ave- 
n ».  — ' '  Georg. "  i.  76.     Flax. 


A  thrifty  plant,  many  varieties  largely 
cultivated. 

Its  root  used  medicinally. 
■♦'But  on  the  hill  the  goldenrod,  and 
the  aster  in  the  wood, 
And  the   yellow  sunflower  by  the 
brook  in  autumn  beauty  stood." 
— Bryant. 
'  "This  song  of  mine  is  a  song  of  the 
vine, 
To  be  sung  by  the  glowing  em- 
bers 
Of  wayside  inns,  when  the  rain  be- 
gins 
To  darken  the  drear  November." 
—Longfellow,  "  Catawba  Wine. " 
I"  "  And  every  shepherd  tells  his  tale 
Under  the  hawthorn  in  the  dale. " 
[  —Milton. 

r  "  This  is  the  forest  primeval,  the  mur- 
muring pines  and  the  hemlocks." 
I  —Longfellow,  "Evangeline." 

Hemp. 

'Heigh,  ho!  sing  heigh,  ho!  unto  the 
green  holly." 

—Shakespeare,  "As  You  Like  It," 
song,  act  ii.  sc.  vii. 


FLO 


FLO 


NAUES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THEIR  NATIVITY.— (Contmued) 


Populkr. 


Honeysuckle. 


Hop 

Horse-cbestnut. . 
Horse-radish.... 
House-leek 

Huckleberry.  ... 

Hyacinth 

Hydrangea 

Ironwood 


Ivy 

Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
Jasmine 


Jingko-tree . 

Juniper. 

Larch  


Larkspur. 

Laurel,  American. 

Lavender 

Leek 

Lemon 


Lentils.. 
Iiettuce. 
Lilac... 


Lily. 


Lily.calla 

Lily,  white  day 

Lily-of-tbe-valley 

Lime 

Linden.     (Basswood.) 
Live-for-ever,  common  orpine. 

Locust 


Locust,  honey 

Love-lies-bleeding. 


Magnolia . 
Mallow.. . , 


Maple 


Marigold 

Maijoram 

May-flower.      (Trailing    ar-1 

BUT08 J 

Mignonette 

Milkweed 

Mint.  (Peppermint and Spbae- 

MINT 

Mistletoe 


Morning-glory  , 


Mountain  ash. 


Mulberry.. 


Mullein 

Muskmelon. 

Mustard 


Myrtle 

Narcissus. . 
Nasturtion. 


Oak. 


Oat.. 


Oleander. 
Onion  . . . 
Orange.. . 


Lonicera  ■ 


japontca 

caprifolium  (common). . . 

Humulus  lupulus 

jEscuIus  hippocastanum 

Amoracia  i^usticana 

Sempervivum  tectorum 

"^  *  \restnosa  (black) ) 

Hyacinthus  orientalis 

Hydrangea  hortensis 

Ostrya  virginica 

I  Hedera  helix 

■s  »;.,<.  i toxicodendron  (poison  ivy)  > 
j^«/jus  \^radicans  (climbing  ivy). . .  f 

Aris(zma  triphylum 

r«.«.v.„.,».  ifniticans  (yellow) 

Jasmmum  \i^cinale  (white) 

Salisburia  adiantifolia 

Juniperus  communis 

Larix  americana 

iconsolida 

Delphinium  <  filatum 

igrandiflorum 

KctZmia  latifoiia  (calico-bush) 

Lavandula  spica 

Allium  porrum 

Citrus  limonum , 


Ervum  lens , 

LactUfCa  scariola 

Syringa  vulgaris 

{candidum.,. 
Lilium  <  bulbiferum. 

[iigrinum 

Richardia  cethiopica 
Funkia  eubcordata. . 
Convallaria  majalis. 
Citrus  limenta 


Sedum  telephium 

„  ,  .   ._  fpaeudacacia  (common). 
Moomia  ^fiigpi^  (rose  acacia).. . 

Gleditschia  tracanthvs 

Amarantvs  melancholicus 


Magnolia 


(grandijlora . 


\consipicuM . 

Malva  rotundifolio 

(  rubrum 


Aeer-l  dasvpC'^P'"'''"" 


saccharinum.. 

[  nigrum 

Calendula  officinalis. 
Origanum  majorana 


Receda  odorata  . . . 
Asclepias  cornuti. . 


Phorodendron  flavescens 

PAa.6ttt.{sT!';'^:;:::::::::::} 

Convolvulus  japonicus 


Pyrus 


Moras 


iamencana. 
\ancuparia . 


alba, 
nigra 


Verbascum  thapus. 
Cucumia  melo. 


^"«p-{:fc :;:::::::::::::::} 


Myrtus  communis. 
Narcissus  poeticus 
TropcBolum  majus. 


nigra 

Quercus  -{  rubra — 
tinctoria. 
alba 


Avena  tativa 


Nerium  oleander. . 

Allium  cepa 

Citrus  aurantium . 


Nativity. 


China. 

Europe. 

Europe. 

Europe 

Asia,  N. 
Europe. 
Europe. 

United  States 

Levant. 

China. 

United  States. 

England 

United  States. 

United  States. 

Europe,  S.\ 

Asia.  / 

Japan  

United  States. 

United  States. 

Europe. 

Siberia. 

Siberia. 

United  States,  E. 

Europe,  S 

Switzerland. 
Asia. 

Asia 

Europe  and  Asia. 

Hungary. 

Levant. 

Italy. 

China. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Japan. 

United  States  &  Europe. 

Asia,  E. 


Europe 
United  States. 
United  States, 
United  States.' 
Asia,  £ 


■A 


United  States,  S. 

China. 

Europe. 


United  States . 

Asia,  E. 
Portugal 


Africa,  N. 
United  Statea 


United  States,  Middle. 
Central  America. 
China. 

United  States) 
Europe  j   


United  States . 


China. 

Persia. 

United  States. 
Asia,  into  Eng.  1570. 

Europe. 

Europe,  S. 

Europe,  S. 

Peru. 

United  States,  S 


United  States. 
United  States. 


Island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 


Palestine 

Syria  and  Persia. 
India  and  West  Indies. 


Hops. 


fBotauically  it  is  named  in  honor  of 
\    Gay-Lussac. 


"  A  rare  old  plant  is  the  ivy  green." 
—Dickem 

(''The  jessamine  clambers  in  flowert 
■i     o'er  the  thatch." 
(    — Dimond,  "The  Mariner's  Dream.' 
Introduced  into  the  U.  S. ;  very  rare. 


(The  plant  is  fragrant,  and  by  distilla-| 
(     tion  yields  oil  of  lavender. 

(  This  legume,  as  an  article  of  food,  is  of ' 
{     the  greatest  antiquity  (Gen.  xxv. 
(     34). 


Formerly  much  prized  as  a  shade 
tree. 

"  I  can  see  his  sickle  gleaming, 
Cheery-voiced  can  hear  him  team- 
ing 
Down  the  locust-shaded  way." 

—  Whiitier. 

A  stately  and  beautiful  tree,  in  height 
70-90  ft.,  flowers  pure  white,  very 
fragrant. 

Eminently  American,  the  sugar  ma- 
ple especially,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able and  interesting  of  our  trees. 
The  sugar  and  syrup  made  from  its 
sap  is  highly  prized.  Each  variety 
esteemed  as  shade  trees. 


A  parasitic  plant.    Many  varieties  for- 
eign. 
"The  mistletoe  hung  in  the  castle 
hall, 
The  holly  branch  shone  on  the  old 
oak  wall." 
— Bayly,  "The  Mistletoe  Bough." 
'Much  admired,  especially  the  Euro- 
pean  variety,  for    its   clusters   of 
beautiful  scarlet  berries  in  the  au- 
^     tumn. 

[A  tree  40  ft.  in  height,  fruit  resembles 
'[     the  blackberry. 

I  Cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves  as 
food  of  the  silkworm. 


Varieties  numerous. 


/Timber  formerly  in  great  demand  for 
\    ship-building. 


A  tree   pre-eminent   for   grandeur, 

strength,  and  usefulness. 
The  island  of  Juan  Fernandez  is  given 

as  its  native  place,  but  that  of  none 

of  our  cultivated  grains  is  clearly 

known. 
A  splendid  shrub,  almost  a  tree  in  the 

East.  Green-bay-tree  supposed  to  be 

the  plant  referred  to  in  Ps.  xxxvii. 

35. 


I 


FLO 


289 


FLO 


NAMES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THEIR  NATIVITY.— (Continued.) 


Popular. 


Orchis,  showy. 
Osage-orange. . 
Pseony 


Parsley.. 
Parsnip. 

Pea 

Peach  . . 
Peanut. . 


Pear. 


Pecan  nut 

Pennyroyal... 

Pepper,  red..., 
Pepper,  black. 
Peppermint. . 
Pepper-root. . , 
Persimmon... 
Petunia 

Phlox 


Pine. 


Pineapple 

Pink.  (Carnation  and  Sweet-  ) 

WILLIAM.)  / 

Plum 


Poison  ivy.     (Ivy.) 

Pokeweed 

Pomegranate 

Pond-lily.     (Water-lily.).. 

Poplar.    (BalmofGilead.). 


Poppy. 


Potato.    (Sweet-potato.). 
Prince's  feather. 


Pumpkin., 
"Quince. . . , 
Radish..., 


Raspberry 

Bhubarb,  garden. 
Bice 


Rose. 


Rue- 


Rye.  . . . 
■Saffron., 


Sago-plant. . 
Sarsaparilla. 


Scuppernong.     (Grape.) 

Snow-ball 

Sorghum.    (Broom-corn. 
Sorrel 


Orchis  spedabilis . . . 
Madura  aurantiaca. 
Pceonia  officinalis. . . 


Viola  tricolor 

Apium  petroslienum. 

Pastinaca  sativa 

Pisum  sativum 

Persica  vulgaris  .... 
Arachis  hypogcea 


Pyrus  communis. 


Carya  olivce  formis 

(•Hedema  pulegioides 

\Mentha  pulegium 

Capsicum  annum 

Piper  nigrum 

Mentha  piperita 

Dentaria  diphylla 

Diospysos  virginiana 

Petunia  violacea 

Paniculata  maculata  {^a^iSs}  '  • 
C  strobus  (white) 

P,«w<t  J  Palustris  (turpentine) 

-^'""^  1  mitis  (yellow) 

[  resinosa  (Norway) 

Bromelia  ananas 

rw  • ,!.,„  ( chinensis 

D^anthus  Ipl^^^^f^ 

o  ,      ^  ( domestica  (many  varieties) 
rrunus  <  americana 


Phytolacca  decandra 

Punica  granatum 

Nuphar  advena 

( tremuloides 

Populus  f  dilatata  (Lombardy). 

( aWa 


^«i'---!Xafr".": 


Solanum  tuberosum . . 
Polygonum  orientate , 


Cucurbita  pepo  . . 
Cydonia  vulgaris. 
Raphanus  sativa. 


(idcBU^  (garden) 

Rubus  <  strigosus  (wild  red) 

(occidentalis  (black) 

Rheum  rhaponticum 

Oryza  sativa 

setigera  (prairie) 

multifiora  (.Japan) 

rubiginosa  (Eglantine) 

cinnamonea  (cinnamon) . . , 

canina  (dog) 

centifolia  (Provens) 

damascena  (damask) 

alba  (white) 

judica  (Chinese  monthly). 

eglantaria  (yellow) 

[  gallica  (French) 

Ruta  groveoleus 


Rosa- 


Secale  cereale 

Crocus  sativa 

Salvia  officinalis 

Cycas  circinalis 

Smilax  sarsaparilla . 
Sassafras  officinale. . 


Viumum  opulus  roseum. 
Rumex  -acetosella 


Nativity. 


United  States 

United  States,  S.W. 
Italy. 


England 

Europe,  S. 
Europe,  W. 
Europe  and  Asia. 

United  States,  S. . 


Europe. 


10 


United  States,  S.W 

United  States. 
Europe. 
India. 
India. 

Europe 

United  States. 

United  States,  S.  and  W. 

Brazil. 

United  States. 

United  States,  N. 

U.  S.,S.  Atlantic 

United  States 

United  States,  N. 

U.  S.,  S.,  and  West  Indies, 

China. 

Europe. 

Europe,  S. 

United  States. 


United  States. 
Europe,  S. 
United  States. 
United  States  "I 
Italy  y , 

Europe  ) 


Remarks. 


Asia,  S. 
Europe 


South  America. . 
India. 


Levant.. 
Levant. 
China. 


China  ) 

United  States  [ 
United  States) 

Siberia 

India. 

United  States. 

Japan. 

Europe. 

Europe. 

Europe. 

Europe,  S. 

Levant. 

Germany. 

India. 

Germany. 

France. 

Europe,  S 


Europe,  N.  and  E. 
Asia. 

Europe,  S. 
Asia,  S. 

United  States 

United  States. 

Central  Europe. 

United  States. 


The  order  Orchidaceae,  with  its  400 
genera  and  several  thousand  species, 
is  among  the  most  interesting  and 
curious  of  plants,  being  remarkable 
for  the  grotesque  form  of  stem,  root, 
and  flower ;  they  are  natives  of  near- 
ly every  part  of  the  world.  Great 
attention  of  late  years  given  to  their 
cultivation. 

'^'■Ophelia.—.  .  .  And  there  is  pansies, 
that's  for  thought." 
— (SAaA;espeare, "Hamlet,"  activ.sc.v. 

'The  pods,as  they  first  form ,  force  them- 
selves into  the  soil,  where  they  rip- 
en. Its  cultivation  furnishes  profit- 
able employment  where  it  can  be 
grown.  Tennessee,  North  Carolina, 
N.  Georgia,  etc.,  produce  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  bushels  annually. 

■  A  fruit  next  in  popularity  and  value 

'     to  the  apple.  The  Romans  had  many 

(     varieties. 

Its  nuts  much  esteemed. 


This  plant  is  largely  cultivated  in  the 
U.  S.,  especially,  in  Wayne  Co., 
central  N.  Y.,  for  the  manufacture 
of  the  oil  of  peppermint. 


Of  the  highest  importance.  Lumber, 
turpentine,  tar,  pitch,  and  resin  are 
products  of  the  pine. 


"  Hard  by  a  poplar  shook  alway. 

All  silver-green  with  gnarled  bark." 

— Tennyson,  "Mariana." 

'■'■lago. — Not  poppy,  nor  mandragora. 

Nor  all  the  drowsy  syrups  of.  the 

world, 
Shall  ever  med'cine  thee  to  that 

sweet  sleep 
Which  thou  ow'dst  yesterday. " 

— Shakespeare,  ' '  Othello, ' ' 
act  iii.  sc.  iii. 
Potatoes,  Sweet-potato. 
"Ah!   on   Thanksgiving  day,    when 
from  east  and  from  west. 
From  north  and  from  south,  come 
the  pilgrim  and  guest, 

What  moistens  the  lip  and  bright- 
ens the  eye — 
What  calls  back  the  past  like  the 
rich  pumpkin-pie?" 

—  TT/nWter,  "The  Pumpkin." 
~  Now  extensively  cultivated  in  the  U.  S. 

{Cultivated  for  its  fleshy  acid  petioles 
as  a  substitute  for  fruit  in  the  spring. 


f  "■'  OpAch'a.— There's  rue  for  you  ;  and 
J  here  is  some  for  me  ; 
]  We  may  call  it  herb-grace  o'Sundays." 
[  —Shakespeare, ' '  Hamlet, ' '  act. iv.sc.v. 
VThis  is  the  principal  cereal  for  bread 
\    in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

(■This  is  regarded  as  the  true  medicinal 
\    sarsaparilla. 


Sorghum,  Sugar. 


FLU 


290 


FLU 


NAMES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SHOWING  THEIR  NATIVITY.— (Concluded.) 


Popular. 


Spearmint. 
Spikenard . 
Spinach  . . . 


Spring-beauty. 


Spruce. . 


Squash 

Star-of- Bethlehem. 

Strawberry 

Sugar-cane 

Sumach.    (Ivy.  ) . . 


Sunflower 

Sweet-cicely . . 

Sweet-flag 

Sweet-pea 

Sweet- potato. . 
Sweet-william 

Sycamore. . . . . 


Syringa. 

Tamarack.    (  Larch.  ) 

Tansy  

Tea-rose 

Teasel 


ThisUe. . . 

Thyme . . 
Timothy, 

Tobacco  . 
Tomato.. 


herdsgrass. , 


Tree-of- heaven 

Trillium.     (Wakerobin.) 

Trumpet-flower. 


Tuberose 

Tulip 

Tulip-tree.    (White-wood.) 

Turnip,  common  rutabaga. . . 

Vegetable  oyster 

Verbena. 


Violet.    (PAjfST. 


Virginia  creeper. 
Wakerobin. 


Walnut,  black. 

Water-lily 

Watermelon  . . 
Wheat 


White-wood 

Wild  cherry,  black. 
Willow,  weeping 

Wintergreen 


Wistaria. 


Witch-hazel 

Woodbine.     (Honeysuckle.  ) 


Mentha  viridis.... 
Aralia  racemosa. . 
Spinacia  oleracea. 


(alba 

Abies -inigra 

(excelsa 

Cucurbita  \'^''^''P''P^ 

^  {verrucosa 

Orinthogalum  umbellatum . 

Fragaria  vesca 

Saccharum  officinarum 

(glabra 

Rhus  ■<  typhina 

(venenata  (poison)  . . 

Helianthus  annuus 

Osmorhiza  longistylis. 

A  corns  calamus 

Lathyrus  odoratus 

Batatas  edulis 

Dianthus  barbatus 

(Platanus  occidentalis. 

\Acer  pseudo-platanu^. 

Syringa  persica 


Tanacetum  vulgare , 

Camellia  japonica 

^^^'^''^ifullonum 

/%v«-„^    (lanceolatum 

Virsium  ^fj^rvense  (Canada). 

Thymus  serpyllus 

Phelum  pratense 

Nicotiana  tabacum 

Lycopersicum  esculentum. . . 


Ailanthus  glandulosa. , 


(radicans. . . . 
Tecoma  ■<  capensis .... 

(grandijlora. 
Polyanthes  tuberosa , . 
Tulipa  gesneriana. . . . 


Jirassira  i  '*"^"  depressa ) 

jirassica  -^^campestris  rutabaga  . .  j 
Tragopogon  porrifolius 

{Aubletia 
Chamxedrifolia 

f  grandijlora 


Viola  J  English 

^^^'^■S  cucullata  (wild)  and  many) 


[     other  varieties. 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia 
Trillium  erythrocarpum. 


Juglans  nigra 

^^^»-{?Sr«;:;::::::::::} 

Citrullus  vulgaris 

Triiicum  vulgare. 


Liriodendron  tulipifera 

Cerasus  serotina 

Salix  babylonica 


Gaultheria  procumbeus. 


(Frutescens. .. 
\  Consequana. . 


Hamamelis  virginiana . 


Taxus 


(canadensis. 
1  baccata  . . . 


Nativity. 


United  States. 
United  States,  N. 
Europe 


United  States 

United  States,  N. 

United  States,  N. 

Europe,  N. 

(?) 

United  Statea 

Europe. 

U.  S.  and  Europe., 

Asia,  S 


United  State& 

South  America 
United  States,  N. 
United  States. 
Sicily. 

Both  Indies 

Europe,  E. 
United  States. 
Europe,  N. 
Persia. 

Europe  and  Asia. 
China  and  Japan. 

Europe. 

United  States. 

Europe,  N. 

Europe 

Central  America 

Central  and  S.  America . 


China 


United  States. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
China  and  Japan. 
Ceylon. 
Persia, 

Europe  and  Asia. 

Europe. 
United  States. 
South  America. 
Switzerland  > 
p]ngland        j 

U.  S.  throughout. 


United  States . 
United  States. 


U.  S.,  Middle  and  W. 
United  States. 
India 

Europe  and  Asia.... 


U.  S.,  Middle  and  W. 
United  States. 
Central  Asia 


United^States,  N. 

U.  S.,  S.  andW.  1 
China.  j 


United  States. 


U.S.,  N.  and  Middle. 
England 


This  now  well-known  pot-herb  Issnid' 
to  have  been  brought  into  Spain  by 
the  Arabs. 

One  of  the  flrst,as  well  as  the  most  deli- 
cate, of  our  early  spring  wood  flowers. 


Extensively  cultivated  for  its  fruit. 
Sugar. 


First  brought  to  Spain  ft-om  the  West 
Indies  by  Columbus.  It  is  the  po- 
tato of  Shakespeare  and  contempo- 
rary writers,  the  Solanum  tuberosum,. 
being  then  almost  unknown  in  Eu- 
rope. 


(Extensively  cultivated  for  fodder  in 
\     the  eastern  and  middle  U.  S. 

Tobacco. 

Tomato. 

( Rapid  growth  and  rather  gracefbl  ap- 
pearance favored  its  cultivation  at 
J  first,  but  its  disagreeable  odor  when 
]  in  flower  stopped  it.  Congress  for- 
bade further  planting  of  it  in  public. 
[    grounds  of  the  U.  S. ,  3  Mch.  1853. 


'•Violets,  dim. 
But  sweeter  than  the  lids  of  Juno's- 

eyes, 
Or  Cytherea's  breath." 

— Shakespeare,  "  Winter's  Tale," 
act  iv.  sc.  ill. 
A  vigorous  climber,  occupying  nearly 
the  same  position  in  the  U.  S.  that 
the  ivy  does  in  England,  being  cul- 
tivated as  a  covering  for  walls,  etc. 
The  dense  dark-brown  wood  of  this 
species  is  among  the  most  valuable 
in  the  northern  U.  S.     Its  nuts  are 
also  esteemed.  It  isbecomingscarce. 
fExtensively  cultivated  in  the  U.  S. 

for  its  delicious,  cooling  fruit. 
"Wheat. 

(A  magnificent  forest  tree  ;  wood  ex- 
l     tensively  used  as  a  substitute  for 
(     pine  ;  becoming  scarce. 
Weeping  Willow. 

{A  little  plant  of  the  woods,  with  spicy 
leaves  and  scarlet  berries. 
A  splendid  flowering  vine  of  rapid 
growth  ;  flowers  in  long  pendulous 
clusters. 

{'  Medicinal  extract  from  its  leaves  and 
bark  esteemed. 


fluorescence.  When  the  invisible  chemical  rays 
beyond  the  blue  end  of  the  spectrum  pass  through  uranium 
glass  or  solutions  of  quinine,  horse-chestnut  bark,  or  stramo- 
nium datura,  they  become  luminous  by  what  was  termed 
"  fluorescence  "  by  its  discoverer,  prof.  Stokes,  in  1852.  By 
fluorescence,  drs.  Bence  Jones  and  Dupre  detected  the  presence 
of  quinoidine  in  animal  tissues.     Calorescence. 

fluorine,  a  gaseous  element  obtained  from  fluor-spar ; 
first  collected  over  mercury  by  Priestley ;  named  by  Ampere, 
1810.     It  is  so  corrosive  that  it  is  separated  with  great  diffi- 


culty. Its  chemical  history  was  elucidated  by  Davy  (1809), 
Berzelius  (1824),  and  succeeding  chemists.  The  corrosive 
properties  of  fluoric  acid  were  applied  in  the  arts  in  1760  by 
Schwankhard  of  Nuremberg. — Gmelin. 

Flushing',  a  seaport  of  the  Netherlands,  on  the  isle  of 
Walcheren.  For  the  siege,  Walcheren  expedition.  It 
was  fortified  by  Napoleon  I.,  but  the  works  were  finally  dis- 
mantled in  1867.  The  port  improved,  and  new  dock  opened 
by  the  king  of  Holland,  8  Sept.  1873. 

flute.     The  transverse  flute  (called  the  "  German,"  but 


FLU 


291 


FOR 


properly  the  Swiss  flute)  was  described  by  Michael  Prctorius 
of  Wolfenbiittel  in  1620,  and  by  Mersenne  of  Paris  in  1636. 
It  was  much  improved  by  French  in  the  17th  century;  by 
Quantz,  Tacet,  Florio,  Potter,  Miller,  Nicholson,  and  others  in 
the  18th.  In  the  present  century,  also,  the  Nicholsons,  Boehm 
of  Munich,  Godfrey  of  Paris,  Carter,  Rockstro,  and  Rudall 
&  Rose  of  London,  have  greatly  improved  it.     Flageolet. 

fluxion§,  a  branch  of  higher  mathematics,  discovered 
by  Newton,  1665,  upon  principles  identical  with  those  of  the 
differential  calculus  described  by  Leibnitz,  1684.  A  contro- 
versy ensued  as  to  prior  discovery.  There  is  now  no  doubt  of 
the  independence  of  each  philosopher ;  but  the  methods  of 
Leibnitz  have  proved  more  practical  and  fruitful.  The  finest 
applications  of  the  calculus  are  by  Newton,  Euler,  Lagrange, 
and  Laplace.  The  first  elementary  work  on  fluxions  in  Eng- 
land is  a  tract  of  22  pages  in  "  A  New  Short  Treatise  of  Alge- 
bra, together  with  a  Specimen  of  the  Nature  and  Algorithm 
of  Fluxions,"  by  John  Harris,  M.A.  (London,  1702). 

flyings,  artificial.  Greek  mythology  asserts  that  Daeda- 
lus made  wings  of  wax  for  his  son  Icarus,  who,  disobeying  his 
father,  flew  so  high  that  the  sun  melted  his  wings,  and  he  fell 
into  the  sea  which  took  his  name.  Archytas  is  said  to  have 
made  a  flying  dove,  about  400  b.c.  Friar  Bacon  maintained 
the  possibility  of  flying,  and  predicted  the  general  practice  of 
it,  1273,  Bishop  Wilkins  says  (1651),  "  It  will  yet  be  as  usual, 
to  hear  a  man  call  for  his  wings  when  he  is  going  on  a  journey 
as  it  is  now  to  hear  him  call  for  his  boots ! "  Borelli  (about 
1670)  showed  the  futility  of  these  speculations.  About  1800, 
sir  George  Cayley  experimented  on  the  subject,  and  in  1843 
Mr.  Henson  invented  a  flying-machine  ;  but  nothing  has  been 
devised  of  practical  use.  The  motion  of  birds  in  relation  to 
aeronautics  was  much  discussed  by  scientific  men  in  1867-68. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Aeronautical  society,  London,  26  Mch. 
1868,  it  was  stated  that  a  member  had,  by  his  muscular  force, 
aided  by  apparatus,  risen  from  the  ground  and  flown  hori- 
zontally. Dr.  James  Pettigrew  published  elaborate  researches 
on  flying,  1867-71.  The  idea  that  machines  can  be  made  to 
fly  or  sail  through  the  air,  the  problem  depending  merely  on 
the  mechanism  of  the  flying-machine,  is  now  entertained  by 
many  men  of  science.  Costly  experiments  are  made  almost 
constantly  at  different  places  —  in  France,  Germany,  Great 
Britain,  United  States,  and  Australia,  the  latter  country  espe- 
cially noted  for  the  recent  successful  experiments  of  Lawrence 
Hargrave  of  Sidney,  New  South  Wales.  "  Experiments  in 
^rodynamics,"  by  S.  P.  Langley,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
ion,  Washington,  pub.  1891.     Balloons. 

Fo,  Religion  of,  the  form  of  Buddhism  existing  in  China. 

fOg-$igIial§,  in  use  on  vessels  and  along  coasts,  are 
bells,  steam-trumpets,  batteries  of  whistles  blown  by  steam, 
transmission  of  sound  through  water,  the  sirene,  fog-horn, 
etc.    Acoustics. 

Foix  (foo-a'),  S.  France,  a  county  established  1050,  and 
united  with  Beam,  1290.  About  1494  Catherine  de  Foix,  the 
heiress,  married  Jean  d'Albret,  whose  descendant,  Henry  IV., 
as  king  of  France,  united  Foix  to  the  monarchy,  1589. 

folk-lore,  a  general  name  given  by  W.  J.  Thorns,  in 
1846,  to  popular  legends,  fairy  tales,  local  traditions,  old  out- 
dying  customs,  superstitions,  etc.  He  proposed  a  Folk-lore  so- 
ciety in  Notes  and  Quei-ies,  1  Dec.  1877 ;'  formed  1878. 

font.  The  early  baptisterj'  was  part  of  the  church,  with 
a  large  font  for  immersion,  partitioned  from  the  rest.  Previ- 
ously, lakes  and  rivers  were  resorted  to  for  immersion.  Fonts 
are  said  to  have  been  set  up  in  churches  in  the  6th  century. 

Foiltainebleau  {fon-tain-blo'),  a  town  near  the 
Seine,  France.  The  royal  palace,  founded  by  Robert  le  Pieux 
about  999,  enlarged  and  adorned  by  successive  kings,  was 
completed  by  Louis  Philippe,  1837-40.  Fontainebleau  was 
entered  by  the  Austrians,  17  Feb.  1814.  Here  Napoleon  ab- 
dicated, 4  Apr.,  and  took  leave  of  the  army,  20  Apr.  1814. 

Peace  between  France,  Denmark,  etc 2  Sept.  1679 

Treaty  between  Germany  and  Holland 8  Nov.  1785 

Treaty  between  Napoleon  and  Spain 27  Oct.  1807 

Decree  of  Fontainebleau.  for  destruction  of  British  merchan- 

^  <lise 19  Oct.  1810 

Concordat  between  Napoleon  and  pope  Pius  VII 25  Jan.  1813 

Fontenaille  (/ont'e-na)  or  Fonteiiay  (Fonta- 


netum),  a  village  in  Burgundy.  Near  here  Charles  the  Bald 
and  Louis  the  German  totally  defeated  their  brother,  emperor 
Lothaire  I.,  25  June,  841.  This  victory,  termed  "  the  judg- 
ment of  God,"  helped  to  form  the  French  monarchy. 

Fontenoy  {font-mi'),  a  village  near  Tournay,  Bel- 
gium, site  of  a  sanguinary  battle,  30  Apr.  (11  May,  n.s.),  1745, 
between  French,  under  marshal  Saxe,  and  English,  Hanoveri- 
ans, Dutch,  and  Austrians,  under  duke  of  Cumberland.  The 
king,  Louis  XV.,  and  the  dauphin  were  present.  The  opening 
success  of  the  British  illustrates  the  power  of  a  column ;  and 
the  advance  of  the  Austrians  at  Marengo  (14  June,  1800)  was 
compared  to  it  by  Bonaparte.  The  allies  lost  12,000,  the 
French  nearly  as  many;  but  the  allies  retreated.  Marshal 
Saxe  (ill  of  the  disorder  of  which  he  died)  was  carried  about 
the  posts  in  a  litter,  assuring  his  troops  of  success. 

foot-ball.  The  first  distinct  mention  of  foot-ball  in 
England  is  by  William  Fitzstephen,  in  his  "  History  of  Lon- 
don," 1175.  To  prevent  the  decadence  of  archery  in  England, 
foot-ball  and  other  games  were  prohibited  (1365).  In  1458, 
James  III.  of  Scotland  decreed  that  foot-ball  and  Golf  be 
utterly  put  down.  Shrove  Tuesday  was  known  in  England 
as  "  Foot-ball  day  "  as  late  as  1830. 

Foot-ball  revived  among  university  men about  1860 

Foot-ball  association  (no  handling  or  touching  the  ball  except 

by  kicking)  formed  in  England r 1863 

Rugby  Foot  ball  union  founded 1871 

Harvard  and  Yale  adopt  11  as  the  number  of  a  foot-ball  team,  1880 
R.  Young,  by  place  kick  with  run,  sends  the  ball  187  ft.  10  in., 

2  July,  1881 
Best  distance  by  drop  kick,  172  ft.  8  in.,  made  by  F.  Hardgrave, 

at  Queen's  park,  Brisbane,  Australia Oct.  1882 

American  Foot-ball  association  organized 1884 

J.  E.  Duffy,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  by  drop  kick,  sends  the  ball  168 

ft.  7 1<^  in 22  May,  1886 

Greatest  score  made  on  the  American  point  system,  Harvard 

158  to  Exeter  0 " 

William  P.  Chadwick.  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  by  place  kick  with  run, 

sends  the  ball  200  ft.  8  in 29  Nov.     " 

Harvard  defeats  Yale  for  the  first  time  since  1875,  at  Hamp- 
den park,  Springfield,  Mass.     Score,  12-6 22  Nov.  1889 

Intercollegiate  association  ;  Princeton  beats  Yale,  10-0,  N.  Y. 

city 28  Nov.     " 

Intercollegiate  association;  Yale  beats  Princeton,  32-0,  Eastern 

park,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 27  Nov.  1890 

Yale  beats  Harvard,  6-0,  Springfield,  Mass .19  Nov.  1892 

Intercollegiate  association;    Yale  beats  Princeton,  12-0,  N.  Y. 

city 24  Nov.     " 

Yale  beats  Harvard,  6-0,  Springfield,  Mass 25  Nov.  1893 

Princeton  beats  Yale,  6-0,  N.  Y.  city 30  Nov.     " 

Yale  beats  Harvard,  12-4,  Springfield,  Mass 24  Nov.  1894 

Pennsylvania  beats  Harvard,  18-4,  Philadelphia,  Pa 29  Nov.     " 

Yale  beats  Princeton,  24-0,  N.  Y.  city • 1  Dec.     " 

foreig°ll  orderi.  No  British  subject  may  accept  an 
order  from  a  foreign  sovereign,  or  wear  his  insignia,  without  the 
sovereign's  consent,  by  orders  issued  in  1812  and  1834 ;  regula- 
tions published  in  London  Gazette,  10  Maj'^,  1855.  In  the  United 
States:  "No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  U.S.; 
and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  any  present, 
emolument,  office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any 
king,  prince,  or  foreign  state." — Constitution  U.  S.,  art.  i.  sec  ix. 

Foreiters,  Ancient  Order  of,  a  species  of  benefit  soci- 
ety, founded  on  the  principle  that  many  can  help  one  ;  religious 
and  political  discussions  tire  excluded.  The  American 
branch,  founded  1864,  has  grand-courts  16,  sub-courts  900,  and 
90,000  members.  The  membership  of  the  order  in  the  whole 
world  was  (31  Dec.  1890)  816,176.  It  has  lodges  in  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  Holland,  India,  and  the 
West  Indies,  Spain,  Malta,  E.,  W.,  and  S.  Africa,  St.  Helena, 
New  South  Wales,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  British  Columbia, 
Peru,  Nicaragua,  and  Colombia,  etc.  The  funds  of  the  order 
are  $25,288,825 ;  assets,  $70,000,000. 

forest§.  There  were  in  England,  in  the  last  century, 
as  many  as  68  forests,  18  chases,  and  upwards  of  780  parks. 
New  Forest.  In  the  United  Kingdom  there  are  3,116,819 
acres  of  forest.  Of  the  European  countries  the  forest  area  of 
Russia  is  the  greatest,  being  503,880,000  acres;  the  next  is 
Sweden  and  Norway,  with  62,315,939;  the  least  is  Denmark, 
with  464,360.  The  total  for  all  Europe  is  726,685,617  acres. 
The  total  forest  area  in  the  United  States  was  estimated,  in 
1891,  at  481,764,599  acres,  included  in  farms  185,794,219  acres, 
besides  Alaska  and  Indian  reservations.  Forest  fires  in  1880 
burned  over  432,464  acres ;  this  is  probably  the  annual  av- 


FOR 


292 


FOR 


erage  since.  These  fires,  with  the  present  rate  of  cutting  for 
the  lumber  market,  threaten  to  destroy  the  forests  in  the  U.  S. 
For  the  preservation  of  its  forests,  the  state  of  New  York  in- 
stituted a  Forest  commission  in  1885  (Nkw  York)  ;  while  Cal- 
ifornia, Colorado,  North  Dakota,  New  Hampshire,  and  Ohio 
have  taken  similar  action.  To  encourage  forest-planting  on 
the  treeless  prairies,the  act  of  Congress,  approved  14  June,1878, 
made  tree-planting  a  consideration  for  grants  of  public  lands. 
Act  repealed  3  Mch.  1891.  Many  states  have  appointed  a  holi- 
day, known  as  Arbok  day,  for  the  voluntary  planting  of  trees. 

forgery  of  deeds,  or  giving  forged  deeds  in  evidence, 
was  made  punishable  in  England  by  fine,  by  standing  in  the 
pillory,  having  both  ears  cut  oflF,  the  nostrils  slit  up  and  seared, 
the  forfeiture  of  land,  and  perpetual  imprisonment,  5  Eliz.  1562. 
Since  paper  credit  became  general,  many  statutes  have  been 
enacted ;  the  latest  Forgery  act  in  England  passed  9  Aug.  1870. 

IN  ENGLAND. 

Forgery  flrst  made  punishable  by  death 1634 

Forging  letters  of  attorney  made  capital 1722 

Mr.  Ward,  M.P.,  expelled  the  House  of  Commons  for  forgery, 

16  May,  1726;  and  consigned  to  the  pillory 17  Mch.  1727 

First  forger  on  the  Bank  of  England  was  Richard  William 
Vaughan,  once  a  linen-draper  of  Stafford.  He  employed  a 
number  of  artists  on  different  parts  of  notes ;  filled  up  twenty 
and  gave  them  to  a  young  lady  whom  he  was  to  marry,  as  a 
proof  of  wealth ;  no  suspicion  entertained.    One  of  the  artists 

informed,  and  Vaughan  executed  at  Tyburn 1  May,  1758 

Forged  notes  presented  to  the  bank,  1801-10,  for  101,661^. 
Bank  prosecutes  142  persons  for  forgery  or  uttering  forged 

notes 1817 

Thos.  Maynard,  the  last  person  executed  for  forgery 31  Dec.  1829 

One  act  all  forgeries  henceforth  punished  with  death 1830 

Punishment  of  forgery  with  death  ceases,  except  of  wills  or 

powers  of  attorney  to  transfer  stock 1832 

These  cases  also  reduced  to  transportable  offences 1837 

fork§  were  in  use  on  the  Continent  in  the  13th  and  14th 
centuries. — Voltaire.  This  is  reasonably  disputed.  In  Fjmes 
Moryson's  "  Itinerarj'," reign  of  Elizabeth,  he  says,  "At  Venice 
each  person  was  served  (besides  his  knife  and  spoon)  with  a 
fork  to  hold  the  meat  while  he  cuts  it,  for  there  they  deem  it 
ill  manners  that  one  should  touch  it  with  his  hand."  Thomas 
Coryate  solemnly  describes  the  manner  of  using  forks  in  Italy, 
and  adds, "I  myself  have  thought  it  good  to  imitate  the  Ital- 
ian fashion  since  I  came  home  to  England,"  1608.  2-pronged 
forks  were  made  at  Sheffield  soon  after.  3-pronged  forks 
are  more  recent.  Silver  forks,  previously  only  used  by  the 
rich,  came  into  general  use  in  England  about  1814. 
G.  Smith  found  a  bronze  fork  with  2  prongs  at  Kouyunjik,  Assyria, 

1873. 
A  "flesh-hook  of  3  teeth  "  mentioned  1  Sam.  ii.  13,  about  1165  B.C. 

forma  pauperis.  A  person  having  a  just  cause 
of  suit,  yet  too  poor  to  maintain  it,  has  attorney  and  counsel 
assigned  him  in  England  on  swearing  that  he  is  not  worth  5/., 
by  statute  11  Henry  VII.,  1495.  This  act  has  bee«  remodelled, 
and  now  any  person  may  plead  in  forma  pauperis  in  the  courts. 

formie  aeid,  the  acid  of  ants  {formicce).  Its  artifi- 
cial production  by  Pelouze  in  1831  was  an  epoch  in  organic 
chemistry. 

Formo'sa,  an  island  in  the  Pacific,  90  miles  from  the 
Chinese  coast.  In  May,  1874,  the  Japanese,  with  the  consent 
of  a  Chinese  mandarin,  chastised  the  savage  tribes  here  for 
massacring  Japanese  sailors  who  had  settled  on  the  isle.  The 
Chinese  threatened  war  if  they  did  not  quit  within  90  days, 
18  Aug.  1874.  By  British  interposition  the  Japanese  withdrew, 
an  indemnity  having  been  agreed  on ;  treaty  between  Japan 
and  China  signed  31  Oct.  1874.  Formosa  flourished  under  the 
rule  of  Ting,  who  was  removed  in  1878.  The  plant  of  the 
Woosung  railway  brought  here  in  1878.  George  Psalmanazar 
published  his  fabricated  description  of  Formosa  in  1704.  It 
uow  forms  the  19th  province  of  China.    Pop.  in  1880, 3,000,000. 

For'novo,  a  town  of  Parma,  Italy.  Near  here  Charles 
VIII.  of  France  defeated  the  Italians,  6  July,  1495. 

fort  Adams.     Adams,  fort. 

fort  Anne,  N.  Y.,  built  by  the  British,  1757,  stood 
about  14  miles  south  of  the  present  village  of  Whitehall. 

fort  Barrancas,  on  the  south  side  of  Pensacola 
bay,  Fla.,  built  by  the  Spaniards  in  1669.  Ceded  to  the  United 
States  24  Oct.  1820.  Seized  by  confederates  13  Jan.  1861 ; 
reoccupied  by  federals,  9-10  May,  1862. 


fort  Boone,  built  by  Daniel  Boone  on  the  present 
site  of  Boonesborough,  Ky.,  as  a  defence  against  Indians,  1775, 
withstood  several  attacks  from  them  during  1777-78. 

fort  Boivyer.    Bowvkr,  fort. 

fort  Broivn,  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  Mata- 
moras,  built  by  gen.  Taylor,  1846,  defended  by  major  Brown 
against  a  fierce  assault  of  Mexicans,  6  May,  1846,  until  relieved 
by  gen.  Taylor  on  the  10th.     Major  Brown  was  killed. 

fort  Clinton.     Clinton  and  Montgomery,  forts. 

fort  Crown  Point.     Crown  Point. 

fort  Cumberland,  Md.,  on  the  Potomac,  built  1754, 
a  rendezvous  for  troops  under  gen.  Braddock  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  fort  Duquesne  in  1755. 

fort  Dearborn,  Chicago,  built  1805-6,  under  the 
superintendence  of  maj.  John  Whistler  (who  also  built  fort 
Wayne) ;  occupied  in  1812  by  capt.  Nathan  Heald,  with  a 
garrison  of  54  men ;  evacuated  by  orders  from  gen.  Hull,  15 
Aug.  1812.  The  Indians  slew  many  of  the  garrison  and  resi- 
dents immediately  after.     Fort  burned  same  day.    Illinois. 

fort  Be  Russy,  La.,  on  the  Red  river,  a  short  dis- 
tance below  Alexandria,  built  hj  the  confederates.  Captured 
by  adm.  Porter  and  gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  11  Mch.  1864. 

fort  Bonelson,  Tenn.,  built  when  the  rebellion  be- 
gan by  the  confederates  on  the  Cumberland  river,  east  of 
fort  Henry,  to  protect  Nashville  and  the  heart  of  the  confed- 
eracy. But  its  importance  was  not  appreciated  by  the  con- 
federates, who  expected  a  federal  advance  in  1862  into  east 
Tennessee.  Fort  Henry  was  captured  6  Feb.  Com.  Foote 
attacked  Donelson  with  flotilla  on  the  14th,  but  was  repulsed. 
A  battle  was  fought  on  the  15th,  the  garrison  trying  to  cut  its 
way  through  Grant's  line.  It  was  successful  at  first  against 
the  federal  right,  but  failed  to  press  its  advantage,  and  on  the 
16th  the  fort  surrendered,  with  10,000  prisoners  and  40  guns. 
Of  the  original  garrison  of  about  18,000  men,  2000  were  killed 
or  wounded,  and  many  escaped  by  the  river,  among  them 
gens.  Floyd,  Pillow,  and  Forrest.  The  defence  was  misman- 
aged. The  federal  loss  was  about  2000;  the  confederate 
somewhat  larger.  The  immediate  result  was  the  confederate 
evacuation  of  Nashville  and  Columbus. 

fort  Buquesne.     Pennsylvania,  1754,  '55,  '57. 

fort  Edward,  N.  Y.  This  fort,  built  on  east  bank  of 
the  Hudson  river,  about  45  miles  north  of  Albany,  by  the 
British  in  1755,  under  gen.  Lyman,  and  was  first  called  fort 
Lyman,  but  name  changed  soon  after  to  fort  Edward  by  sir 
William  Johnson.  The  village  of  fort  Edward  now  covers  its 
site,  and  takes  its  name  from  it.  Near  it  Jane  McCrea  was 
killed  while  being  taken  to  the  camp  of  Burgoyne,  1777.  New 
York. 

fort  Erie,  in  Ontario,  Canada,  on  the  Niagara  river 
opposite  Buffalo,  was  taken,  with  its  garrison  of  200  men,  on 
July  3, 1814,  by  the  Americans  under  gens.  Brown,  Scott,  and 
Ripley.  Early  in  Aug,  the  fort,  garrisoned  by  2500  men 
under  gen.  Gaines,  was  besieged  by  5000  British  under  gen. 
Drummond.  On  15  Aug.  Drummond  made  a  desperate  as- 
sault, but  was  repulsed,  losing  600  men  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners.  American  loss,  84  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 
The  siege  continued  until  Sept.  17,  when  gen.  Brown,  then  in 
command,  made  a  sortie  to  destroy  the  enemy's  outer  defences, 
and  drive  Drummond  to  relinquish  the  siege.  It  was  made 
by  3000  men,  and  with  complete  success,  inflicting  a  loss  of 
1000  men.  American  loss,  79  killed,  216  wounded.  On  the 
night  of  Sept.  21,  Drummond  precipitately  retired ;  and  on 
5  Nov.  1814,  the  Americans  abandoned  and  destroyed  this 
fort.  Its  ruins,  which  now  mark  its  site,  are  scarcely  discern- 
ible.    New  York,  United  States. 

fort  Fisher,  N.  C,  built  by  the  confederates  at  one  of 
the  entrances  to  Cape  Fear  river,  was  the  main  defence  of  the 
seaward  approach  to  Williamston,  N.  C.  Attempt  to  blow  up 
the  fort  by  exploding  250  tons  of  gunpowder,  near  its  seaward 
wall  (plan  conceived  by  gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler)  failed,  23  Nov. 
1864.  Captured  by  gen.  Alfred  H.  Terry,  supported  by  the 
fleet,  15  Jan.  1865;  2083  prisoners,  169  heavy  guns. 

fort  Forty  or  Forty  fort,  Pa.,  erected  by  Connec- 
ticut settlers  in  Wyoming  valley  in  1769,  was  the  rendezvous 


FOR 


293 


FOR 


of  the  Americans  when  the  valley  was  invaded  by  Tories  and 
Indians,  3  July,  1778.     Fort  surrendered,  4  July.     Wyoming. 

fort  Frederick,  Md.,  built  1755-56,  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  50  miles  below  fort  Cumberland. 

fort  FrOlltenac,  near  the  present  site  of  Kingston, 
Ont.,  built  by  Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada,  1673,  was  for 
80  years  the  strongest  fort  in  America.  The  French  held  it 
until  1758,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  British  under  col.  Brad- 
street  without  resistance.  It  had  been  the  main  rendezvous 
of  French  expeditions  against  the  English. 

fort  Oeorge,  N.  Y.,  near  the  site  of  fort  William 
Henry,  built  1758-60,  has  no  historic  reputation. 

fort  Oeorge,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  river  on 
the  Canada  side,  and  opposite  fort  Niagara,  occupied  by  the 
British,  was  captured  by  the  U.  S.  troops  under  gen.  Dearborn, 
27  May,  1813.  British  garrison  numbered  about  3000.  U.  S. 
troops  lost  33  killed  and  88  wounded  ;  the  British  lost  108  killed, 
163  wounded,  and  622  made  prisoners.  On  8  July  following 
a  U.  S.  foraging  party  near  fort  George  was  attacked  by  a 
superior  force  of  British  and  Indians.  Only  a  corporal  and 
9  men  escaped  to  the  fort ;  the  remainder  (29)  were  killed  or 
wounded.  On  the  17th  the  outworks  of  fort  George  were  at- 
tacked by  200  British  and  Indians  ;  they  were  gallantly  de- 
fended by  a  detachment  from  the  garrison  under  col.  (after- 
wards lieut.-gen.)  Winfield  Scott.  The  U.  S.  troops  lost  4  killed 
and  4  wounded.  Again,  on  24  Aug.,  these  outworks  were  at- 
tacked by  a  British  party.  They  were  repulsed  by  a  detach- 
ment under  capt.  Davenport.  The  loss  on  both  sides  was 
inconsiderable.  Evacuated  by  the  U.  S.  force  10  Dec.  1813. 
New  York,  United  States. 

fort  Ori§WOld,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Thames 
river,  Conn.,  defended  by  some  150  men  under  col.  William 
Ledyard,  was  captured  by  the  British,  6  Sept.  1781,  who, 
under  Benedict  Arnold,  acted  cruelly  after  the  surrender,  col. 
Ledyard  being  killed  when  delivering  his  sword. 

fort  Harri§Oll,on  the  Wabash,  about  2  miles  above 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  built  by  gen.  Harrison,  1811.  Gallantly 
defended  by  capt.  Zachary  Taylor,  with  a  garrison  of  50  men, 
from  an  attack  by  the  Indians,  4  Sept.  1812. 

fort  Henry,  W.  Va.,  built  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Ohio,  just  above  Wheeling,  as  a  place  of  refuge  from  the  Ind- 
ians, 1774.  Attacked  by  Simon  Girty  with  400  Indians  in  sum- 
mer of  1777.  It  was  garrisoned  by  40  men,  23  of  whom  were 
killed  in  an  attempted  reconnoissance ;  the  remainder  stood 
a  siege  until  reinforced  by  54  men,  when  their  assailants  re- 
tired. Here  Elizabeth  Zane,  in  the  midst  of  the  attack,  un- 
dertook the  dangerous  task  of  procuring  a  keg  of  powder  con- 
cealed in  a  distant  outhouse  for  the  garrison. 

fort  Henry,  Tenn.,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  was  capt- 
ured  by  gen.  U.  S.  Grant  and  com.  A.  H.  Foote,  6  Feb.  1862, 
with  7  gun-boats,  4  of  them  iron-clad.  Gen.  Grant,  with  11 
regiments,  moved  to  the  rear  of  the  fort,  when  gen.  Tilghman, 
commanding,  sent  most  of  his  men,  about  3000,  to  fort  Donel- 
son,  retaining  83  in  the  fort.  21  of  these  were  killed  or 
wounded,  and  the  remainder,  including  Tilghman,  with  17 
guns,  were  captured. 

fort  Hindman,  Arkansas  post,  on  the  Arkansas 
river,  captured  by  the  federals  under  gen.  John  A.  McCler- 
nand,  11  Jan.  1863.     Arkansas. 

fort  Independence,  on  Castle  island,  in  Boston 
harbor,  was  first  built  in  1634,  and  called  Castle  William.  It 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  Massachusetts  in  1798,  and 
received  its  name  from  pres.  John  Adams  while  visiting  it  in 
1799.     It  is  one  of  the  finest  forts  in  the  U.  S. 

fort  Independence,  N.  Y.,  a  small  fort  built  1776 

on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  a  little  below  and  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river  from  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery. 

fort  Jackson,  La.,  about  65  miles  below  New  Orleans, 
on  the  Mississippi,  was  begun  in  1814.  It  was  seized  by  the 
confederates  10-13  Jan.  1861.  Com.  Farragut  passed'  this 
fort  and  St.  Philip  24  Apr.  1862 ;  it  surrendered  to  gen.  B.  F. 
Butler  28  Apr. 

fort    Lafayette    (formerly    fort    Diamond,    name 


changed  1823),  on  the  left  of  the  Narrows  in  New  York  har- 
bor, used  during  the  civil  war  as  a  military  prison. 

fort  L<e  Bceuf,  Pa.,  built  by  the  French  on  French 
creek,  about  30  miles  southeastof  the  present  city  of  Erie,  Pa., 
1753.  Here  Washington  met  the  French  commander  when 
sent  by  gov.  Dinwiddle  of  "Virginia  to  learn  regarding  the  oc- 
cupancy of  the  Ohio  valley  by  the  French.     Pennsy«.vania. 

fort  liCe,  N.  J.,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  fort  Wash- 
ington. Occupied  by  gen.  Greene  when  it  was  captured  by 
Cornwallis,  19  Nov.  1776 ;  gen.  Greene,  however,  escaped  with 
his  force,  but  lost  all  the  stores,  cannon,  etc. 

fort  Hackiliac,  Mich.,  on  an  island  in  the  strait 
between  lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  built  by  the  French,  1670- 
1680;  occupied  by  the  English,  1760.  •  Capture  and  mas- 
sacre of  the  English  garrison  by  Indians  during  the  Pon- 
tiac  war,  4  June,  1763 ;  turned  over  to  the  United  States 
by  the  British,  1795.  Captured  by  the  British  without  re- 
sistance, 17  July,  1812.  U.  S.  troops,  500  regulars  and  400 
militia,  under  col.  Croghan,  unsuccessfuUj'  attempted  to  re- 
capture it,  4  Aug.  1814. 

fort  Macon,  N.  C,  on  Rogue's  island,  commands  the 
entrance  to  Newport  river;  begun  in  1826  and  finished  in 
1834.  Seized  by  gov.  Ellis  of  N.  C.  early  in  1861  for  the 
confederates.  Surrendered  to  the  federals  under  gen.  Parke 
and  adm.  Dupont,  25  Apr.  1862. 

fort  McAllister,  Ga.,  on  the  Ogeechee  river,  built 
by  the  confederates ;  captured  by  assault  by  gen.  Hazen,  13 
Dec.  1864. 

fort  McHenry,  Md.,  3  miles  southeast  from  the 
city  of  Baltimore.  First  work  built  1775,  present  work  1794. 
Sustained,  with  a  garrison  of  1000  men  under  gen.  Arraistead, 
a  severe  bombardment  from  the  British  fleet  of  16  vessels,. 
13  Sept.  1814.  It  was  during  this  bombardment  that  Francis 
S.  Key  composed  the  song,  "Star  Spangled  Banner." 
British  retired  ;  loss  slight  on  both  sides. 

fort  McRee,  Fla.,  opposite  fort  Pickens,  Pensacola 
bay,  begun  in  1833;  seized  by  the  confederates,  12-13  Jan. 
1861 ;  re-occupied  by  the  federals,  9-10  May,  1862. 

fort  ]VIeig^§,  at  the  foot  of  the  Maumee  rapids,  Ohio, 
built  early  in  181.3  by  gen.  Harrison,  and  named  after  gov. 
Meigs  of  Ohio.  Here  gen.  Harrison  was  besieged  by  a  strong 
force  of  British  and  Indians  under  gen.  Proctor,  28  Apr.-8 
May,  1813.  Gen.  Green  Clay,  attempting  to  reinforce  Harrison, 
lost  most  of  his  command,  but  part  of  it  entered  the  fort,  and 
Proctor  retired.  Again  assaulted  by  the  same  leader  with 
about  4000  British  and  Indians,  21  July,  1813 ;  repulsed ;  gen. 
Clay  in  command  of  the  fort. 

fort  Mercer,  N.  J.,  built  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Delaware,  not  far  below  Philadelphia,  under  command  of 
col.  Christopher  Green.  Assaulted  by  British  under  count 
Donop,  22  Oct.  1777 ;  repulsed ;  Donop  mortally  wounded  and 
captured;  dying  on  the  25th.  Evacuated  20  Nov.  1777. 
Cornwallis  dismantled  the  fort  and  demolished  the  works. 

fort  Mifflin,  Pa.,  on  Mud  island,  7  miles  below  Phil- 
adelphia, under  lieut.-col.  Smith  of  Marj-land,  bombarded  by  a 
British  fleet,  23  Oct.  1777,  which  retired  baffled ;  but  renewed 
the  attack  on  10  Nov.,  and  on  the  16th  the  garrison  evacuated 
it.     American  loss  250  killed  and  wounded. 

fort  Mimms,  Ala.,  near  Montgomery,  celebrated  for 
the  Indian  massacre  of  30  Aug.  1813.     Alabama. 

fort  Montg^omery,  N.  Y.,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  a  little  below  West  Point,  built  at  the  same  time  as 
fort  Clinton,  completed  1776.  It  held  a  garrison  of  800  men. 
Captured  with  fort  Clinton  by  a  British  force  under  sir  Henry 
Clinton,  6  Oct.  1777.     Clinton  and  Montgomery,  forts. 

fort  Morg^an,  Ala.,  entrance  to  Mobile  bay,  begun 
1819 ;  seized  by  the  Alabama  troops,  5  Jan.  1861;  surrendered 
to  the  federals— fleet  under  adm.  Farragut,  and  land  forces 
under  gen.  Gordon  Granger— 23  Aug.  1864. 

fort  Motte,  S.  C,  near  the  Congaree  river,  the  resi- 
dence of  Mrs.  Rebecca  Motte ;  fortified  by  the  British  ;  capt- 
ured by  the  Americans  under  gen.  Marion,  12  May,  1781. 

fort  Moultrie,  S.  C,  on  Sullivan's  island,  in  Charles- 


FOR 


294 


FOR 


ton  harbor,  built  in  1776 ;  first  called  fort  Sullivan,  but  name 
changed  to  Moultrie  in  honor  of  its  commander ;  bombarded 
by  a  British  fleet  under  sir  Peter  Parker,  28  June,  1776,  of  10 
vessels,  2  of  60  g»n>s  each.  7  of  28,  and  1  of  22.  After  10  hours 
ot  firing  it  withdrew.  During  this  bombardment,  serg.  William 
Jasper  distinguished  himself  by  replacing  the  flag,  the  staff  of 
which  had  been  shot  away,  the  flag  falling  outside  of  the 
fort.  Fort  rebuilt  in  1812.  Evacuated  by  maj.  Robert  An- 
derson by  night,  26  Dec.  1860,  and  Fort  Sumtkr  occupied. 
Fort  Moultrie  occupied  by  confederates  on  the  27th,  until 
abandoned  18  Feb.  1865,  upon  the  evacuation  of  Charleston. 

fort  IVecesslty.    Vikginia,  1754. 

fort  IViai^ara,  N.  Y.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara 
river,  on  its  east  bank.  A  fortification  was  erected  here  by 
La  Salle  in  1679;  improved  by  the  French,  1725;  captured  by 
the  British,  1759.  Further  enlarged,  it  was  the  rendezvous 
of  Tories  and  Indians  during  the  Revolution,  and  held  by  the 
British  until  turned  over,  1795,  to  the  United  States.  Bom- 
barded by  the  British  across  the  river,  21  Nov.  1812 ;  captured 
by  themj  19  Dec.  1813.     New  York. 

fort  ]Vlnety-§lx,  on  the  site  of  the  village  of  Cam- 
bridge, S.  C,  bnilt  by  the  British ;  named  because  96  miles 
from  the  frontier  fort  Prince  George.  Occupied  by  a  garri- 
son of  American  loyalists  under  lieut.-col.  Cruger;  besieged 
by  gen.  Greene  from  22  May  to  19  June,  1781,  when,  on  ap- 
proach of  Rawdon,  he  raised  the  siege.  Soon  after  abandoned 
by  the  British. 

fort  Ontario,  N.  Y.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego 
river.    East  bank  built  by  the  English,  1727 ;  strengthened  in 

1755.  Surrendered  to  the  French  under  Montcalm,  14  Aug. 

1756,  1400  men,  120  cannon,  14  mortars,  with  ammunition 
and  stores.  Fort  dismantled  bj'-  the  French  and  partly  de- 
stroyed. The  British  rebuilt  it  in  1759  and  held  it  through 
the  Revolution,  but  was  delivered  up  to  the  United  States, 
1796.  The  fort,  with  a  garrison  of  about  300  men  under  lieut.- 
col.  Mitchell,  attacked  by  the  British  fleet  with  3000  men  un- 
der sir  James  L.  Yeo,  6  May,  1814.  The  garrison  withdrew 
from  the  fort,  which  the  British  immediately  occupied,  but 
abandoned  the  next  day  after  dismantling  it. 

fort  Orang^e,  built  by  the  Dutch  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1623.     New  York. 

fort  Pic  ken  §,  Fla.,on  Santa  Rosa  island,  commanding 
the  entrance  to  the  harbor  of  Pensacola  bay.  While  most  of 
the  forts  in  the  south  were  seized  by  the  confederates  during 
the  spring  of  1861,  this  fort  was  held  by  lieut.  Adam  J.  Slem- 
mer,  with  a  garrison  of  but  81  officers  and  men,  and  retained 
by  the  federals  throughout  the  civil  war.  It  was  besieged 
from  18  Jan.  1861,  until  the  middle  of  April,  when  it  was  re- 
inforced with  several  hundred  troops  under  col.  Henry  Brown. 

fort  Pillow,  Tenn.,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, 40  miles  above  Memphis,  built  by  the  confederates; 
evacuated  by  them  4  Jan.  1862;  occupied  by  the  federals,  5 
Jan.,  and  garrisoned  by  577  men,  262  of  whom  were  negroes; 
captured  by  the  confederates  under  Forrest,  12  Apr.  1864.  From 
number  killed  both  of  black  and  white  troops,  after  surrender, 
this  event  is  known  as  the  Fort  Pillow  massacre. 

fort  Pitt.     Fort  Duquesne. 

fort  Pula§ki,  Ga.,  on  Cockspur  island,  built  to  guard 
the  entrance  to  the  Savannah  river,  was  seized  by  confeder- 
ates early  in  1861.  With  difficulty  gen.  Quincy  A.  Gillmore 
established  batteries  on  Tybee  island,  which  commanded  it. 
On  9  Apr.  1862,  these  opened  on  the  fort  at  a  distance  of  about 
1650  yards,  and  compelled  its  surrender  on  the  11th. 

fort  Putnam,  N.  Y.,  built  1778,  on  an  eminence  back 
of  the  present  site  of  West  Point. 

fort  Sander§,  an  unfinished  but  important  work  in 
the  fortifications  erected  for  the  defence  of  Knoxville,  E.  Tenn. ; 
assaulted  by  the  confederates  under  gen.  Longstreet  on  the 
night  of  28-29  Nov.  1863  ;  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  800. 

fort  ScllUjier,  N.  Y.,  built  in  1758  as  fort  Stanwix, 
under  the  direction  of  gen.  Stanwix,  where  the  city  of  Rome 
now  stands.  In  1776  it  was  extensively  repaired,  and  called 
Schuyler  in  honor  of  gen.  Philip  Schuyler.  The  fort  invest- 
ed by  a  force  of  British  and  Indians,  1700  strong,  under  St. 


Leger,  2  Aug.  1777.  The  garrison  of  750  men,  under  command 
of  col.  Gansevoort,  having  no  flag,  made  one  after  the  pattern 
adopted  by  the  Continental  Congress.  Flag.  Gen.  Herkimer 
advanced  with  800  men  and  fought  the  battle  of  Oriskany; 
but  while  not  defeated,  he  was  unable  to  relieve  the  forti 
Schuyler  now  sent  Benedict  Arnold  forward  with  a  relieving 
force.  The  latter,  by  stratagem,  excited  a  panic  in  the  force . 
of  St. Leger,  who  hastily  retired.   Fort  abandoned  1 2  May,  1781, ) 

fort  Stephenson,  at  lower  Sandusky,  now  Fre-j 
mont,  Ohio,  was  built  in  1812,  and  garrisoned  by  150  men  un- 
der command  of  maj.  George  Croghan,  then  21  years  of  age. ' 
It  was  invested  by  a  large  force  of  British  and  Indians  under 
command  of  Proctor,  31  July,  1813 ;  but  in  an  assault,  2  Aug., 
they  lost  120  men,  and  retired  early  on  the  morning  of  the  3d. 
On  13  Feb.  1835, 22  years  after,  Congress  awarded  a  gold  medal 
to  col.  Croghan  for  his  gallant  defence.    United  vStates,  1836. 

fort  Stony  Point,  N.  Y.,  a  partly  finished  fort  on  the 
Hudson  river,  captured  by  the  British  with  its  small  garrison, 
1  June,  1779.  They  further  strengthened  the  fort  and  gar- 
risoned it  with  about  600  men  under  lieut.-col.  Johnson.  Gen. 
Washington  assigned  the  task  of  recapturing  it  to  gen.  An- 
thony Wayne,  who,  on  the  night  of  16  July,  stormed  the 
works  with  Massachusetts  light  infantry,  capturing  the  entire 
garrison,  with  a  loss  of  15  killed  and  83  wounded.  The  Ameri- 
cans, however,  evacuated  it  on  the  18th,  after  destroying  the 
works.  Wayne's  assault  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  exploits 
of  the  Revolution. 

fort  St.  Philip,  La.,  about  65  miles  below  New  Or-' 
leans,  on  the  opposite  (east)  bank,  and  a  little  above  fort  Jack- 
son, on  the  Mississippi;  built  by  the  Spaniards  about  1750. 
Seized  with  fort  Jackson  by  the  confederates,  10-13  Jan.  1861, 
and  bombarded  by  Farragut  on  his  way  up  the  river  to  New 
Orleans,  24  Apr.  1862.  It  surrendered  to  gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler, 
28  Apr. 

fort  Sumter,  in  Charleston  harbor,  nearly  midway 
between  Sullivan  and  Morris  islands,  and  3|-  miles  from 
Charleston  city.  Begun  in  1828,  and  originally  a  casemated 
brickwork  of  5  faces,  designed  for  2  tiers  of  guns  in  em- 
brasure and  en  harhette.  In  the  spring  of  1861  maj.  Robert 
Anderson,  commanding  in  Charleston  harbor,  in  view  of  the 
secession  of  South  Carolina  (20  Dec.  1860),  and  of  her  prep- 
arations to  seize  the  forts  in  the  harbor,  evacuated  Fort  Moul- 
trie on  the  night  of  26  Dec,  and  occupied  fort  Sumter.  The 
Star  of  the  West,  sent  to  reinforce  Sumter,  was  fired  upoa 
off  Morris  island  (9  Jan.  1861),  and  returned  to  New  York.- 
For  4  months  preparations  were  made  by  the  confederates  at 
Charleston — 7000  men  under  gen.  G.  T.  Beauregard — for  an  at- 
tack on  fort  Sumter.  On  11  Apr.  Beauregard  demanded  its 
surrender,  which  was  refused  by  maj.  Anderson.  That  night 
the  relieving  flotilla  reached  the  offing,  and  at  3.20  a.m.  on  the 
12th  Anderson  was  notified  that  fire  would  be  opened  upon 
him  in  one  hour.  At  that  time  the  bombardment  began  from 
fort  Moultrie,  2  batteries  at  fort  Johnson,  an  iron-clad  battery 
on  Cumming's  Point,  another  near  Charleston,  and  others 
formed  for  this  purpose.  The  first  gun  was  fired  by  Edmund 
Kuffin,  an  aged  Virginian.  United  States,  1861.  After 
about  3  hours  the  garrison  answered  the  fire.  3  times  dur- 
ing the  day  the  quarters  were  set  on  fire  by  the  shells.  At 
noon  the  relieving  fleet  was  discernied  from  the  fort  and  sa- 
luted. The  bombardment  was  continued  till  dark,  and  re- 
newed on  the  13th.  No  reinforcements  could  reach  the  fort. 
The  fires  again  broke"  out,  and  the  fort  becoming  untenable, 
maj.  Anderson  surrendered  it,  and  the  next  day  (14  Apr.)  evac- 
uated the  work,  lowering  his  flag  with  a  salute,  and  with  the 
garrison  sailed  northward.  In  this  first  conflict  of  the  civU 
war  there  were  no  casualties  on  either  side.  On  7  Apr.  1863, 
an  attempt  by  adm,  Dupont,  with  a  fleet  of  monitors,  to  re- 
duce fort  Sumter,  failed  on  account  of  obstructions  in  the  har- 
bor, which  prevented  the  vessels  from  reaching  the  weakest 
side  of  the  fort.  The  monitor  Keokuk  was  sunk,  and  other 
vessels  sustained  serious  injuries.  The  bombardment  was  re- 
newed by  adm.  Dahlgren  after  the  occupation  of  Morris  island 
in  the  summer  of  1863,  but  the  fort,  though  reduced  to  an 
earthwork,  and  rendered  temporarily  harmless  as  an  offensive 
work,  was  not  captured.  It  was  held  by  the  confederates 
until  they  evacuated  Charleston,  17  Feb.  1865.  On  18  Feb;- 
1865,  the  U.  S.  flag  was  again  raised  over  fort  Sumter  by 


FOR  295 

«naj.-gen.  Hennessy;  while  on  14  Apr.  1865,  the  same  flag 
-which  had  been  lowered  by  maj.  Anderson  just  4  years  before 
(14  Apr.  1861)  was  again  raised  by  him  above  the  fort  with 
appropriate  ceremonies. 

fort  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  on  the  west  side  of  lake 
■Charaplain  and  at  the  outlet  of  lake  George  into  that  lake ;  built 
by  the  French  in  1756,  and  named  by  them  fort  Carillon,  but 
the  Indian  name  was  generally  applied  to  it — Ticonderoga,  a 
corruption  of  Cheonderoga,an  Iroquois  word  signifying soMwc^m^- 
or  brawling  water.  It  was  from  the  first  a  strong  work,  but  after- 
wards much  strengthened,  and  served  as  the  starting-place  and 
general  rendezvous  for  the  French  expeditions  under  Montcalm 
and  others.  An  attack  was  made  on  the  fort  8  July,  1758,  by 
gen.  James  Abercrombie,  who  had  moved  against  it  from  the 
lower  end  of  lake  George  with  7000  regulars,  9000  provincials, 
and  a  large  train  of  artillery,  and  although  the  French  com- 
mander had  but  4000  men,  the  British  were  signally  defeated 
with  a  loss  of  2000,  including  gen.  Geo.  A.  Howe.  Abercrombie 
retreated.  In  1759  it  was  again  invested  by  gen.  Amherst  with 
11,000  men ;  the  French,  without  resistance,  retired  to  Crown 
j  Point,  27  July,  1759.  Atthecommencement  of  the  Revolution, 
Ticonderoga  was  garrisoned  by.  48  men  under  capt.  Delaplace. 
I  It  was  surprised  on  the  morning  of  10  May,  1775,  by  Ethail  Allen 
I  with  83  men,  and  taken  with  120  iron  cannon,  50  swivels,  2  10- 
inch  mortars,  1  howitzer,  1  cohorn,  10  tons  of  musket-balls,  3 
cartloads  of  flints,  100  stands  of  small-arms,  etc.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold accompanied  this  expedition.  Maj.'gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair 
was  in  command  at  Ticonderoga  when  it  was  approached  by 
Burgoyne  in  1777.  His  force  consisted  of  2546  continentals 
and  900  militia.  Owing  to  the  superior  position  of  the  British, 
St.  Clair  abandoned  the  fort  on  the  night  of  6  July,  1777. 

fort  Wagner,  S.  C,  built  by  confederates  at  the  north 
end  of  Morris  island  about  2600  yards  from  fort  Sumter.  As- 
•^aulted  by  the  federals,  11  July,  1863;  grand  assault  made 
after  a  bombardment  by  batteries  and  fleet  from  noon  until 
<iark,  18  July,  1863,  which  failed,  with  a  loss  to  the  federals 
of  1500  men.  From  this  time  it  was  under  an  almost  con- 
tinuous flre  until  7  Sept.  1863,  when  it  was  evacuated,  the  fed- 
erals having  advanced  their  parallels  nearly  to  the  fort.  Al- 
though 122,300  pounds  of  metal  had  been  hurled  at  the  fort 
during  the  last  2  days  of  the  siege  at  short  range  from  breach- 
ing guns,  none  of  them  less  than  100-pounders,  the  bomb-proofs 
were  found  intact,  showing  the  power  of  resistance  in  sand. 

fort  Warren,  Boston  harbor,  Mass.,  on  George's  isl- 
and, begun  in  1833 ;  famous  as  a  prison  for  confederate  officers 
during  the  civil  war. 

fort  "Wasllington,  site  between  181st and  186th  sts., 
iNew  York,  was  built  1776  on  the  highest  elevation  on  Man- 
hattan island.  On  16  Nov.  1776,  it  was  captured  by  the  British 
•under  Howe,  with  its  garrison  of  more  than  2000  men  under 
■command  of  col.  Robert  Magaw. 

fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  where  the  town  of  Fort  Wayne 
"HOW  stands,  was  built  in  1794  by  gen.  Wayne,  soon  after  his 
defeat  of  the  Indians  at  "  Fallen  Timbers,"  It  was  success- 
fully defended  against  600  Indians,  28  Aug.-12  Sept.  1812,  by 
a  garrison  of  70  men  under  capt.  James  Rhea ;  on  12  Sept.  the 
Indians  fled  on  the  approach  of  a  relieving  party  under  gen. 
Harrison. 

fort  William  Heiiry,  erected  at  the  head  of  lake 
•George,  N.  Y.,  by  gen.  Johnson,  late  in  1755,  after  a  battle 
there  with  the  French  under  Dieskau,  was  attacked  by  the 
French  and  Indians,  under  Montcalm,  16  Mch.  1757,  but  the 
'defence  was  so  vigorous  that  Montcalm  retired  to  Ticonderoga, 
where,  being  reinforced,  he  again  marched  to  the  fort,  with  a 
•force  of  over  9000  men  and  a  train  of  artillery,  while  the  gar- 
rison under  col.  Monroe  numbered  some  3000.  To  a  summons 
from  Montcalm  to  surrender,  3  Aug.,  Monroe  refused.  After  a 
-siege  of  6  days,  col.  Monroe,  his  ammunition  and  stores  quite 
exhausted,  agreed  to  surrender  under  a  promise  of  protection 
•from  the  Indians.  No  sooner,  however,  had  the  garrison 
•oiarched  out  (9  Aug.),  than  the  Indians  commenced  an  in- 
■discriminate  slaughter,  \^ich  was  continued  half-way  to  fort 
Edward ;  1500  of  the  garrison  perished  or  were  carried  into 
•captivity.  Montcalm  burned  or  otherwise  destroyed  every- 
rthing  connected  with  the  fort.  It  was  never  again  rebuilt. 
J'oR'r  George. 


FOS 


fortification§  and  fortresses.     The  Phoenicians 
were  the  first  people  to  fortify  cities.     ApoUodorus  says  that 
Perseus  fortified  M3'cenae,  where  statues  were  afterwards  erected 
to  him.     Chinese  wall,  Hadrian's  wall.      The  modern 
system  was  introduced  about  1500.     Albert  Diirer  wrote  on 
fortification  in  1527 ;  and  improvements  were  made  by  Vauban, 
who  fortified  many  places  in  France ;  he  died  1707. '  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  principal  fortresses  of  Europe  : 
Austria-Hungary.— Y'\xs,iG\aiB?i  fortresses  at  Cracow,  Przemysl,  Karls- 
burg,  .Irad,  Temesvar,  Komorn,  Peterwardein.  Buda-Pesth,  Pola, 
and  Trieste,  the  2  last  naval  harbors  as  well     There  are  lesser 
fortresses  at  Josephstadt,  Theresienstadt,  Brod-Karlstadt,  Zara, 
Ragusa,  Cattaro,  besides  numerous  defences  on  the  Alpine  fron- 
tier in  Tyrol,  etc. 
Belgium. — First-class,  Antwerp,  and  the  fortified  towns  of  Dender- 
monde  and  Diest;    on  the  Meuse,  Li^ge,  Huy,  and  Namur,  and 
on  French  frontier,  Mous,  Tournay,  and  Ypres. 
Denmark. — Copenhagen  is  the  only  fortress  of  importance. 
France.— On  the  German  frontier  3  first-class  fortresses,  Belfort, 
Verdun,  and  Brianpon,  besides  less  important  ones  at  Saugres, 
Toul,  Auxonne,  and  9  fourth-class  places.    On  the  Belgian  frontier 
4  first-class,  Lille,  Dunkirk,  Arras,  and  Douay;   8  second-class, 
6  third-class,  and  others  of  less  note.     On  the  Italian  frontier  3 
first-class,  Lyon,  Grenoble,  and  Besanpon,  and  11  detached  forts. 
Mediterranean  coast,  Toulon  (naval),  first-class;  Antibes  second- 
class,  and  21  forts.     Spanish  frontier,  first-class,  Perpignan  and 
Bayonne  and  12  lesser  fortifications.     On  the  Atlantic  coast  3  first- 
class,  Rochefort,  Lorient,  and  Brest;  5  second-class  and  17  forts. 
Channel  coast,  first-class,  Cherbourg;  2  second-class  and  16  forts. 
Germany. — On  the  Baltic,  2  first-class,  KOnigsberg  and  Danzig;  3  sec- 
ond-class, Boyen,  Memel,  and  Pillau.  On  the  Polish  frontier,  Posen 
and  Neisse,  first-class;  Glogau  and  Klatz,  second-class.     Central 
Germany  3  first-class,  Spandau,  Magdeburg,  and  Kustrin;  second- 
class,  Torgau.  Southern  Germany,  4  first-class,  Mainz,  Ingolstadt, 
Rastatt,  and  Ulm.  French  frontier,  first-class,  Metz  and  Strasburg; 
second-class,  Dienhofen,  Bitsch,  and  New  Breisach.    Belgian  fron- 
tier, first- class,  Cologne  and  Koblenz;  second-class,  Wesel and Saar- 
Louis.    Lower  Baltic  and  North  sea,  first-class,  Kiel;  second-class, 
Friedrichsort,Ciixhaven,Geestemunde,Wilhelmshaven,andSwine- 
munde.     Vistula  district,  second-class.  Thorn,  Graudenz,  audDir- 
schau.    The  German  fortresses  are  all  connected  by  underground 
telegraphs. 
/toZy.— First-class  fortresses  at  Casale,Placentia,  Cremona,  Peschiera, 
Verona,  Mantua,  Legnago  (the  last  4  forming  the  old  Austrian 
Quadrilateral),  all  in  the  valley  of  the  Po,  besides  I'avia,  Venice, 
Alessandria,  and  Bologna.     On  the  coasts  are  Ventimiglia,  Vado, 
Genoa,  Spezzia,  Gaeta,  Civita  Vecchia,  Tarentum,  Brindisi,  Ancoua, 
Brindolo,  etc. 
Russia. — Has  an  extensive  frontier  of  land  and  sea  protected  by 
numerous  fortresses.     The  principal  on  the  west  (Polish)  frontier 
are  Novo-Georgievsk,  Warsaw,  Kief,  Ivangorod.   Brest-Litovsk, 
and  Vilna.     Baltic  coast,  Riga,  Diinamiinde,  Revel,  Narva,  Kron- 
stadt,   Viborg,   Fredericksham,    Helsingfors,    Abo,    and    others. 
Black  sea  coast,  Odessa  and  Nikolaiev.     In  the  Crimea,  Sebasto- 
pol  and  isthmus  of  Perekop,  while  others  less  important  extend 
eastward  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  where  is  found  Nikolaifsk  and 
Vladivostok,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amour. 
Turkey.— In  Bulgaria  are  the  5  famous  fortresses,  viz. :  Rustchuk, 
Silistria,  and  Widden  on  the  Danube,  Varna  on  the  Black  sea,  and 
Shumla  in  the  interior. 
Principal  fortresses  in  the  Mediterranean  are  Malta  and  Gibraltar, 

both  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 
United  States.— The  only  fortress  is  fortress  Monroe  at  Old  Point  Com- 
fort, Va.,  built  to  defend  the  navy-yard  at  Norfolk.  It  was  com- 
menced in  1817  after  designs  by  gen.  Simon  Bernard  (b.  France  1779, 
d.  Paris  1839,  eminent  military  engineer  under  Napoleon,  etc., 
served  in  U.  S.  army,  1816-31).  Its  area  is  about  80  acres,  sur- 
rounded by  a  moat,  with  tide-water  from  8  to  15  feet  deep  and  from 
75  to  150  feet  wide.  A  full  armament  would  consist  of  371  guns. 
Its  plan  is  an  irregular  heptagon  ;  it  has  cost  about  $3,000,000. 

Fortunate  isles.     Canary  islands. 

fortune-telling  is  traced  to  early  astrologers,  by 
whom  the  planets  Jupiter  and  Venus  were  supposed  to  beto- 
ken happiness.  The  Sibyllas  were  women  said  to  be  inspired 
by  Heaven.  Gypsies,  Sibyls.  In  England  the  laws  against 
fortune-telling  were  long  severe.  A  severe  decree  was  pub- 
lished in  France,  11  Jan.  1680,  against  fortune-tellers  and 
poisoners,  under  which  several  suffered  death. — Henault. 
Fortune-tellers  in  England  are  liable  by  acts  of  1743  and  1824 
to  be  imprisoned  as  rogues  and  vagabonds. 

forum,  at  Rome,  originally  a  market-place,  became 
about  472  b.c.  the  place  of  assembly  of  the  people  in  their 
tribes  (the  Comitia),  and  was  gradually  adorned  with  temples 
and  public  buildings. — Near  Forum  Trebronii,  in  Moesia,  the 
Romans  were  defeated  by  the  Goths,  Nov.  251  a.d.  After  a 
struggle  in  the  morass,  the  emperor  Decius  and  his  son  were 
slain  and  their  bodies  not  recovered. 

Fossalta,  near  Bologna,  central  Italy.  Here  Enzo  or 
Enrico,  titular  king  of  Sardinia,  natural  son  of  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.,  was  defeated  and  made  prisoner,  26  May,  1249. 
He  was  kept  in  honorable  captivity  till  his  death,  14  Mch.  1272, 


FOT 


296 


FRA 


Fotbering;liay  caitle,  Northamptonshire,  Engl., 
built  about  1400.  Here  Richard  III.  of  England  was  born  in 
1450;  and  here  Mary  queen  of  Scots  was  tried,  11-14  Oct. 
1586,  and  beheaded,  8  Feb.  1587.  It  was  demolished  by  her 
son,  James  I.  of  England,  in  1604. 

Foilg^hard,  near  Dundalk,  N.  Ireland.  Here  Edward, 
brother  of  Robert  Bruce,  after  invading  Ireland  in  1315,  was 
defeated  by  sir  John  Berminghara,  5  Oct.  1318.  Bruce  was 
killed  by  Roger  de  Maupis,  a  burgess  of  Dundalk. 

fouildling[-llO§pitals  are  ancient.  Public  buildings 
for  receiving  foundlings  existed  in  Rome  in  the  6th  century. 
One  was  set  up  at  Milan  in  787,  and  in  the  middle  ages  others 
in  the  principal  cities  of  Europe.  One  founded  in  Florence 
in  1317  still  tlourishes.  The  French  government  in  1790  de- 
clared foundlings  "  children  of  the  state." 

No  foundling-hospital  in  England  when  Addison  wrote 1713 

London  foundling-hospital,  projected  by  Thomas  Coram,  a  sea- 
captain,  incorporated  Oct.  1739 ;  opened 2  June,  1756 

Handel  gave  an  organ ;  opened  it 1  May,  1750 

It  succors  about  500  infants;  Coram's  statue  put  up 1856 

Foundling-hospital  in  Dublin  instituted  in  1704;  internal  de- 
partment closed  by  order  of  government 31  Mch.  1835 

Foundling-hospital  at  Moscow,  founded  by  Catherine  II.  in  1772; 
about  12,000  children  are  received  annually. 

fouiltain§.  The  fountain  of  Hero  of  Alexandria  was 
invented  about  150  b.c.  Among  remarkable  fountains  at 
Rome  are  the  Fontana  di  Trevi,  constructed  for  pope  Clement 
XII.  in  1735.;  the  Fontana  Paolina,  for  pope  Paul  V.  in  1612; 
and  Fontana  dell'  Acqua  Felice,  called  also  the  Fountain  of 
Moses.  Those  in  the  palace  gardens  at  Versailles,  made  for 
Louis  XIV.,  and  the  Grand  Jet  d'Eau  at  St.  Cloud,  are  beau- 
tiful There  are  above  100  public  fountains  in  Paris,  the  most 
striking  being  the  Chateau  d'Eau  on  the  Boulevard  St.  Martin 
(by  Girard,  1811),  and  that  at  the  Palais  Royal. 

Fonrierism,  a  social  system  devised  by  M.  Charles 
Fourier  (d.  1837).  The  phalanstery  (from  phalanx),  an  asso- 
ciation of  400  families  living  in  one  edifice,  designed  to  secure 
the  highest  amount  of  happiness  at  lowest  cost.  The  sj'stem 
failed ;  its  advocates  say,  because  tried  on  a  small  scale. 

"  Four  masters,"  a  name  given  to  Michael,  Conary, 
and  Cucogry  O'Clery  and  Ferfeasa  O'Mulconry,  who,  in  the 
first  half  of  the  17th  century,  compiled  from  original  docu- 
ments the  annals  of  Ireland  from  2242  b.c.  to  1616  a.d.  An 
edition  of  these,  from  autograph  MSS.,  with  a  translation  ed- 
ited by  dr.  John" O'Dono van,  was  published  at  Dublin,  1851. 

foxglove  (folks'  or  fairies'  glove),  a  handsome  indige- 
nous flower.  The  canary  foxglove  {Digitalis  canariensis) 
came  from  the  Canary  islands,  1698.  The  Madeira  foxglove 
introduced  into  England  in  1777.  The  fox-grape,  the  scup- 
pernong  (FiVis  vulpina'),  from  Virginia  to  England  before  1656. 

Frag^a,  a  town  of  N.E.  Spain.  Near  here  the  Christians, 
under  Alfonso  I.  of  Aragon,  were  defeated  by  the  Moors,  17 
July,  1134. 

franc,  the  current  silver  French  coin  (19.4  cents),  super- 
seded the  livre  toumois  by  law  in  1795. 

France,  the  Roman  Gaul.  In  the  5th  century  it  was 
conquered  by  the  Franks,  a  German  people  of  Franconia  in 
Germany,  where  they  became  known  about  240.  The  country 
was  gradually  named  Franheni-ic,  Franks'  kingdom.  For 
dynastic  changes,  see  tables.  Before  the  revolution  France 
was  divided  into  40  governments.  In  1790  it  was  divided 
into  83  departments,  and  later  into  130,  including  Corsica, 
Geneva,  Savoy,  and  other  conquests.  In  1815  the  departments 
were  reduced  to  86 ;  in  1860  they  were  raised  to  89  by  the  ac- 
quisition of  Savoy  and  Nice;  in  1871  reduced  to  86  by  the 
loss  of  Alsace  and  Lorraine.  France,  since  the  overthrow  of 
Napoleon  III.,  4  Sept.  1870,  has  been  a  republic,  confirmed 
25  Feb.  and  16  June,  1875,  by  an  organic  law  {Comtitution 
Wallon);  modified  June,  1879,  Aug.  1884,  June,  1885,  and 
July,  1889.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Chamber 
of  Deputies  and  a  Senate,  and  the  executive  in  a  president 
and  a  ministry.  President  elected  for  7  years  by  the  Senate 
and  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  united  in  a  congress.  The 
president  promulgates  the  laws  and  enforces  them.  He 
selects  a  ministry  from  the  chamber,  appoints  all  civil  and 
military  officers,  has  the  right  of  individual  pardon,  and  is  re- 
sponsible only  in  case  of  high-treason.     He  concludes  treaties 


with  foreign  powers,  but  cannot  declare  war  without  previous 
assent  of  both  chambers.  In  case  of  vacancy  the  2  chambers 
meet  immediately  and  unitedlv  elect  a  new  president.  Area^ 
204,092  sq.  miles.'  Pop.  in  1700,  19,669,320  ;  1762,  21,769,163  ; 
1801,27,349,003;  1820,30,451,187;  1836,33,540,910;  1846, 
35,401,761 ;  1856,  36,039,364;  1861,  including  the  new  depart- 
ments, 37,382,225;  1872  (after  the  war),  36,102,921  (Alsace 
and  Lorraine  lost  with  a  pop.  of  1,597,219  in  1871);  1876^ 
36,905,788;  1886,  88,218,903;  1891,  38,343,192.  French 
colonies. 
Franks  settle  in  that  part  of  Gaul  afterwards  called  Flanders, 

about    418 
Clovis,  481;  defeats  Syagrius  and  the  Gauls  at  Sois-sons,  486; 

the  AlemanniatTolbiac,  nearCologne;  embraces  Christianity,    496 
He  kills  Alaric  the  Goth  at  the  battle  of  Vougl^,  near  Poitiers, 
unites  his  conquests  from  the  Loire  to  the  Pyrenees,  and 

makes  Paris  his  capital 507 

He  proclaims  the  Salic  law;  and  dies,  leaving  4  sons 511 

Frequent  invasions  of  the  Avars  and  Lombards 562-84 

Mayors  of  the  palace  assume  sovereign  authority 584 

Charles  Martel,  mayor  of  the  palace 714 

Invasion  of  Saracens,  720;   defeated  by  Charles  Martel  near 

Tours 10  Oct.    732 

Reign  of  Pepin  the  Short 752 

Charlemagne  king,  768;  conquers  Saxony  and  Lombardy,  773- 

774;  crowned  emperor  of  the  West 25  Dec,    80O 

Normans  invade  Neustria,  876;  part  of  which  is  granted  Rollo, 

as  Normandy,  by  Charles  the  Simple 911 

Rejgn  of  Hugh  Capet 987 

Paris  made  capital  of  all  France 996 

Letters  of  franchise  granted  to  cities  and  towns  by  Louis  VI. . .  1135 

Louis  VII.  joins  in  the  crusades 114^ 

Philip  Augustus  defeats  the  Germans  at  Bouvines 1214 

Louis  VIII.,  Coeur  de  Lion,  frees  his  serfs 1224 

Charles  of  Anjou  conquers  Naples  and  Sicily. 1266- 

Louis  IX.  conducts  an  army  into  Palestine;  takes  Damietta, 

1249  (Crusades)  ;  d.  before  Tunis 25  Aug.  1270 

Tyranny  of  Charles  of  Anjou  causes  massacre  called  Sicilian 

Vespers 1282 

Philip  the  Fair's  quarrels  with  the  pope 1301-2 

Knights  templars  suppressed 1307-8 

Union  of  France  and  Navarre 1.314 

English  invasion— Philip  VI.  defeated  at  Crecy. 26  Aug.  1346 

Calais  taken  by  Edward  III 3  Aug.  1347 

Dauphiny  annexed  to  France 1349 

Battle  of  Poitiers,  king  John  taken  (brought  prisoner  to  Eng- 
land)  19  Sept.  1356 

France  laid  under  an  interdict  by  the  pope 1407 

Battle  of  Agi.vcourt 25  Oct.  1415 

Massacre  of  the  Armagnacs  by  the  Burgundians June,  1418 

Henry  V.  of  England  acknowledged  heir  to  the  throne 142a 

Henry  VI.  crowned  at  Paris;  duke  of  Bedford  regent 1422- 

Siege  of  Orleans,  8  May;  battle  of  Patay;  English  defeated  by 

Joan  of  Arc 18  June,  1429 

Joan  of  Arc  burned  at  Rouen 30  .May,  1431 

England  lost  all  France  (but  Calais) 1434  and  1450 

"  League  of  the  Public  Good  "  against  Louis  XI.  by  the  nobles, 

Dec.  1464-Oct.  1465 

Edward  IV.  of  England  invades  France 147^ 

Charles  VIII.  conquers  Naples,  1494 ;  loses  it 1496 

League  of  Cambray  against  Venice 1508 

Pope  Julius  II.  forms  the  Holy  League  against  France 1511 

English  invasion— battle  of  Spurs 16  Aug.  1513 

Interview  on  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold  between  Fran- 
cis L  and  Henry  VIII.  of  England 1520 

Francis  I.  defeated  and  taken  at  Pavia 24  Feb.  1525 

Peace  of  Cambray 5  Aug.  1529 

Persecution  of  Protestants  begins 1530 

Royal  printing-press  established,  1531;  Robert  Stephens  prints 

Latin  Bible 1532 

Brittany  annexed  to  France " 

League  of  England  with  emperor  Charles  V. ;  Henry  VIII.  in- 
vades France 1544 

Peace  with  England 7  June,  1546 

Successful  defence  of  Metz  by  the  duke  of  Guise 1552 

He  takes  Calais 1558 

Religious  wars;  massacre  of  Protestants  at  Vassy 1  Mch.  1562 

Guise  defeats  Huguenots  at  Dreux 19  Dec.     " 

Guise  killed  at  siege  of  Orleans,  18  Feb. ;  temporary  peace  of 

Amboise 19  Mch.  1563 

Huguenots  defeated  at  St.  Denis 10  Nov.  1567 

At  Jarnac,  13  Mch. ;  at  Moncontour 3  Oct.  1569 

Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 24  Aug.  1572 

"  Holy  Catholic  League  "  established 1576 

Due  de  Guise  assassinated  by  king's  order,  23  Dec. ;  and  his 

brother,  the  cardinal 24  Dec.  l.'>88 

Henry  in.  stabbed  by  Jacques  Clement,  a  friar,  1  Aug. ;  d.2  Aug.  1589 

Henry  IV.  defeats  the  league  at  Ivry 14  Mch.  1590 

He  becomes  a  Roman  Catholic 25  July,  1593 

League  leaders  submit  to  him Jan.  1596 

He  promulgates  the  edict  of  Nantes 13  Apr.  1598 

Silk  and  other  manufactures  introduced  by  him  and  Sully.  .1606-10 

Quebec,  in  North  America,  settled m 1608 

Murder  of  Henry  IV.  by  Ravaillac 14  May,  1610 

Regency  of  Mary  de'  Medici 1610-14 

States-general  complain  of  the  management  of  finances.  27  Oct.  1614 

Rise  of  the  Concinis,  1610;  their  fall  and  death 1617 

Navarre  annexed  to  France 1620 


i 
i 


I 


FRA 


297 


FRA 


1774 
1775 
1776 


Vigorous  administration  of  Richelieu,  begins  with  finance 1624 

Rochelle  taken  after  a  long  siege 1628 

<'Dav  of  Dupes;"  Richelieu  defeats  machinations  of  enemies, 

^  ^     '  11  Nov.  1630 

[Bulwer's  drama  "Richelieu  "  founded  on  the  events  of 
this  time.] 
Richelieu  organizes  the  Academie  de  France  (Academies).  .  .1634-35 

His  death  (aged  58) *  Dec.  1642 

Louis  XIV.,  king,  aged  4  (Anne  of  Austria  regent) 14  May,  1643 

Administration  ofMazarin;  victories  of  Turenne 1643-46 

Civil  wars  of  the  Fronde 1648  efseq. 

Death  ofMazarin,  9  Mch. ;  Colbert  financial  minister 1661 

War  with  Holland,  etc 1672 

Canal  of  Languedoc  constructed 1664-81 

Peace  of  Nimeguen 10  Aug.  1678 

Edict  of  Nantes  revoked 22  Oct.  1685 

Louis  marries  madame  de  Maintenon " 

War  with  William  IIL  of  England 1689  et  seq. 

Peace  of  Ryswick 20  Sept.  1697 

War  of  the  Spanish  succession Sept.  1701 

JTrench  defeated  at  Blenheim 2  Aug.  1704 

At  Ramillies 23  May,  1706 

aPeace  of  Utrecht 11  Apr.  1713 

Dissensions  of  Jesuits  and  Jansenists;  the  bull  Unigenitus, 

Sept.     " 
Accession  of  Louis  XV. ;  stormy  regency  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 

1  Sept.  1715  et  seq. 

Law's  bubble  in  France  (Law) 1716 

French  defeated  at  Dettingen. 16  June,  1743 

•Successful  campaign  of  marshal  Saxe 1746 

Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 18  Oct.  1748 

Seven  Years'  war  begins May,  1756 

Damiens's  attempt  on  life  of  Louis  XV 5  Jan.  1757 

■Canada  lost— battle  of  Quebec 13  Sept.  1759 

-Jesuits  banished  from  France,  their  effects  confiscated 1762 

Peace  of  Paris ;  Canada  ceded  to  England 10  Feb.  1763 

Louis  XV.  under  the  influence  of  madame  du  Barry 1769 

Death  of  Louis  XV 10  May, 

Tamine  riots  at  Versailles May. 

Hinister  Turgot  dismissed May 

Ministry  of  Necker Nov.     " 

Louis  XVL  assists  American  colonies  against  England,  at  first 

secretly 1778 

Torture  abolished  in  French  judicature 1780 

Peace  of  Versailles  with  England 3  Sept.  1783 

Diamond-necklace  affair  (Diamonds) 1785 

Meeting  of  the  assembly  of  notables,  22  Feb.  1787 ;  again,  6  Nov.  1788 
Opening  of  States-general  (308  ecclesiastics,  285  nobles;  621 

deputies,  Tiers  Etat) 5  May^n89 

Tiers  Etat  constitute  National  Assembly 17  June,     " 

French  Revolution  begins;  destruction  of  Bastile.  .14  July,     " 
National  Assembly  changes  title  "  king  of  France  "  to  "  king  of 

the  French  " 16  Oct.     " 

Property  of  the  clergy  confiscated 2  Nov.     " 

Emigration  of  nobles Oct. -Dec.     " 

■Confederation  of  Champ  de  Mars;  France  declared  a  limited 
monarchy;  Louis  XVL  swears  to  maintain  the  constitution, 

14  July,  1790 

Silver  plate  taken  from  churches  and  coined 3  Mch.  1791 

Death  of  Mirabeau,  aged  42  years 2  Apr.     " 

King,  queen,  and  royal  family  arrested  at  Varennes,  in  flight, 

21  June,     " 

Louis  (a  prisoner)  sanctions  national  constitution 15  Sept. 

War  declared  against  the  emperor 20  Apr. 

Jacobin  club  declare  their  sittings  permanent 18  June, 

Multitude,  with  red  bonnet  of  liberty,  march  to  Tuileries  to 

make  demands  on  king 20  June,     " 

First  coalition  against  France;  great  French  war  begins  (Bat- 
tles, 1792-1815) June,     " 

Royal  Swiss  guards  cut  to  pieces;  massacre  of  5000 10  Aug.     " 

-Revolutionary  tribunal  set  up 19  Aug.     " 

Decree  of  National  Assembly  against  priests  ;  40,000  exiled, 

26  Aug.     " 
Massacre  in  Paris;  prisons  broken  open  and  1200  persons  (100 

priests)  slain 2-5  Sept.     " 

Murder  of  the  princess  deLamballe  (French  Revolution),  3  Sept     " 

National  convention  opened 17  Sept.     " 

Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  at  Valmy 20  Sept.     " 

Convention  decrees  a  republic,  20  Sept. ;  proclaimed. .  .22  Sept.     " 
Prench  people  declare  fraternity  with  all  nations  who  desire 

to  be  free,  and  offer  help 19  Nov.     " 

Tlanders  conquered Dec.     " 

Decree  of  perpetual  banishment  of  Bourbons,  those  confined  in 

Temple  excepted 20  Dec.     " 

Iiouis  imprisoned  in  the  Temple  apart  from  the  queen,  brought 
to  trial,  19  Jan. ;  condemned  to  death,  20  Jan. ;  beheaded  in 

the  Place  de  Louis  Quinze 21  Jan.  1793 

•Committee  of  public  safety  established "  " 

"War  with  England  and  Holland  declared 1  Feb.     " 

War  in  La  Vendee Mch.     " 

Reign  of  Terror— proscription  of  Girondists,  31  May ;  establish- 
ment of  convention 23  June,     " 

Marat  stabbed  by  Charlotte  Corday 13  July,     ' ' 

•Charlotte  Corday  guillotined 17  July,     " 

■^ueen  Marie  Antoinette  beheaded 16  Oct.     " 

Execution  of  the  Girondists 31  Oct.     " 

IPhilip  Egalit6,  duke  of  Orleans,  who  voted  for  the  king's  death, 

guillotined  at  Paris  ^Orleans),  6  Nov. ;  madame  Roland, 
^  8  Nov.     " 

Worship  of  Goddess  of  Reason 10  Nov.     " 

-Adoption  of  new  republican  calendar 24  Nov.     " 

10* 


Execution  of  Danton  and  others,  5  Apr. ;  of  madame  Elizabeth, 

12  May, 
Robespierre  president,  4  June;  he  and  71  others  guillotined, 

28  July, 

Abolition  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal 15  Dec. 

Peace  with  Prussia 5  Apr. 

Insurrection  of  the  Faubourgs 20,  21  May, 

Louis  XVII.  dies  in  prison  (Williams,  Eleazar) 8  June, 

French  directory  chosen 1  Nov. 

Bonaparte  marries  Josephine,  widow  of  vicomte  de  Beauhar- 
nais 


1792 


1795 


8  Mch.  1796 


Bonaparte's  successful  campaigns  in  Italy 1796  et 

BabeuPs  conspiracy  suppressed 12  May, 

Pichegru's  conspiracy  fails May, 

Expedition  to  Syria  and  Egypt July, 

European  coalition  against  France Apr. 

Council  of  Five  Hundred  deposed  by  Bonaparte,  who  is  de- 
clared first  consul 10  Nov. 

He  defeats  the  Austrians  at  Marengo 14  June, 

His  life  attempted  by  an  infernal  machine 24  Dec' 

Peace  of  Amiens  (with  England,  Spain,  and  Holland)  signed, 

25-27  Mch. 

Amnesty  to  the  emigrants Apr. 

Legion  of  Honor  instituted 19  May, 

Bonaparte  made  consul  for  life 2  Aug. 

Bank  of  France  established 14  Apr. 

Declaration  of  war  against  England 22  May, 

Conspiracy  of  Moreau  and  Pichegru  against  Bonaparte,  15  Feb. ; 
Pichegru  strangled  in  prison  (Georges) 6  Apr. 

Due  d'Enghien  executed 21  Mch. 

France  an  empire  ;  Napoleon  emperor,  18  May;  crowned  by 
the  pope 2  Dec. 

He  is  crowned  king  of  Italy ' 26  May, 

Another  coalition  against  France Aug. 

Napoleon  defeats  the  allies  at  Austerlitz 2  Dec. 

Prussians  at  Jena 14  Oct. 

Russians  at  Eylau .8  Feb. 

Meets  the  czar  at  Tilsit,  26  June;  peace  signed 7  July, 

His  Milan  decree  against  British  commerce 17  Dec. 

New  nobility  of  France  created 1  Mch. 

Abdication  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain  and  his  son  in  favor  of  Na- 
poleon, 5  May;  insurrection  in  Spain .' 27  May, 

Commencement  of  the  Peninsular  war  (Spain) July, 

Alliance  of  England  and  Austria  against  France Apr. 

Victories  in  Austria;  Napoleon  enters  Vienna May, 

Peace  of  Vienna 14  Oct. 

Divorce  of  Josephine  decreed  by  the  Senate 16  Dec. 

Napoleon  marries  Maria  Louisa  of  Austria 1  Apr. 

Holland  united  to  France 9  July, 

"Birth  of  the  king  of  Rome  (since  styled  Napoleon  IL).  .20  Mch. 

War  with  Russia  declared 22  June, 

Victory  at  Borodino 7  Sept. 

Disastrous  retreat  from  Moscow;  French  army  destroyed.. Oct. 

Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia  allied  against  France Mch. 

British  enter  France 7  Oct. 

Surrender  of  Paris  to  the  allies 31  Mch. 

Abdication  of  Napoleon  negotiated - 5  Apr. 

Bourbons  restored;  Louis  XVIII.  arrives  in  Paris 3  May, 

Napoleon  arrives  at  Elba 4  May, 

Constitutional  charter  decreed 4-10  June, 

Quits  Elba,  and  lands  at  Cannes 1  Mch. 

Arrives  at  Fontainebleau  (Hundred  Days) 20  Mch. 

Joined  by  all  the  army 22  Mch. 

Allies  sign  a  treaty  against  him Mch. 

He  abolishes  the  slave-trade 29  Mch. 

Leaves  Paris  for  the  army 12  June, 

Defeated  at  Waterloo 18  June, 

Returns  to  Paris,  20  June;  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  infant 
son 22  June, 

Intending  to  embark  for  America,  arrives  at  Rochefort,  3  July, 

Louis  XVIII.  enters  Paris " 

Napoleon  surrenders  to  capt.  Maitland  of  the  Bellerophon  at 
Rochefort 15  July, 

Transferred  at  Torbay  to  the  Northumberland,  and  with  adm. 
sir  George  Cockburn  sails  for  St.  Helena 8  Aug. 

Arrives  at  St.  Helena  to  remain  for  life 15  Oct. 

Execution  of  marshal  Ney 7  Dec. 

Family  of  Bonaparte  excluded  forever  from  France  by  the  law 
of  amnesty 12  Jan. 

Due  de  Berri  murdered 13  Feb. 

Death  of  Napoleon  I.  (Wills) 5  May, 

Louis  XVIII.  dies;  Charles  X.  king 16  Sept. 

National  guard  disbanded 30  Apr. 

War  with  Algiers ;  dey's  fleet  defeated. 4  Nov. 

Seventy-six  new  peers  created 5  Nov. 

Election  riots  at  Paris;  barricades;  several  killed. .  .9,  20  Nov. 

Villdle  ministry  replaced  by  the  Martignac 4  Jan. 

B6ranger  imprisoned  for  political  songs 10  Dec. 

Polignac  administration  formed 8  Aug. 

Chamber  of  Deputies  dissolved , 16  May, 

Algiers  taken 5  July, 

Obnoxious  ordinances  regarding  press,  and  reconstruction  of 
Chamber  of  Deputies 26  July, 

Revolution  commences  with  barricades 27  July, 

Conflicts  in  Paris  between  the  populace  (ultimately  aided  by 
the  national  guard)  and  the  army 28-30  July, 

Charles  X.  retires  to  Rambouillet;  flight  of  his  ministry,  31 
July ;  he  abdicates 2  Aug. 

Due  de  Orleans  accepts  the  crown  as  Louis  Philippe  I. .  .7  Aug. 

Constitutional  charter  of  July  pub 14  Aug. 

Charles  X.  retires  to  England 17  Aug. 


1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 


1800 
1802 


1804 


1805 


1806 
1807 


1809 


1810 


1811 
1812 


1813 
1814 


1815 


1816 
1820 
1821 
1824 
1827 


1829 


FRA 

Polignac  and  other  ministers  tried  and  sentenced  to  perpetual 

imprisonment 21  Dec. 

Abolition  of  hereditary  peerage  decreed;  the  peers  (36  new 

peers  created)  concurring  by  103  to  70 27  Dec. 

ABC  (abaissis)  insurrection  in  Paris  suppressed 6, 6  June, 

Charles  X.  leaves  Holyrood  house,  London,  for  Continent,  18  Sept 

Ministry  of  Soult,  duke  of  Dalmatia 11  Oct. 

Bergoro'n  and  Benoit  tried  for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louis 
Philippe;  acquitted 18  Mch. 

Duchess  de  Berri,  who  has  been  delivered  of  a  female  child, 
and  asserts  her  secret  marriage  with  an  Italian  nobleman, 
sent  to  Palermo 9  Juno, 

Death  of  Lafayette 20  May, 

Marshal  Gerard  takes  oflBce 15  July, 

M.  Dupuytren  d 8  Feb. 

Due  de  Broglie,  minister. ., Feb. 

Fieschi  attempts  the  king's  life 28  July, 

[He  fired  an  infernal  machine  as  the  king  and  his  sous 
rode  along  the  lines  of  the  national  guard,  on  the  Boulevard 
du  Temple.  It  had  25  barrels,  charged  with  missiles,  lighted 
simultaneously  by  a  train  of  gunpowder.  The  king  and  his 
sons  escaped;  but  marshal  Mortier,  duke  of  Treviso,  was 
shot  dead,  many  officers  dangerously  wounded,  more  than 
40  persons  killed  or  injured.] 

Fieschi  executed 19  Feb. 

Louis  Alibaud  fires  at  the  king  on  his  way  from  the  Tuileries, 
25  June;  guillotined 11  July, 

Ministry  of  count  Mole,  vice  M.  Thiers 6  Sept. 

Death  of  Charles  X 6  Nov. 

Attempted  insurrection  at  Strasburg  by  Louis  Napoleon 
(planned,  it  is  said,  by  Filain  de  Persigny),  29,30  Oct. ;  he  is 
sent  to  America 13  Nov. 

Prhice  Polignac  and  others  set  at  liberty  from  Ham  and  sent 
out  of  France 23  Nov. 

Meunier  fires  at  the  king  on  his  way  to  open  the  French  cham- 
bers   27  Dec. 

Amnesty  for  political  oflences 8  May, 

"  Id^es  Napol^oniennes,"  by  prince  Louis  Napoleon,  pub 

TfeUeyrand  d 20  May, 

Marshal  Soult  at  the  coronation  of  the  queen  of  England,  28  June, 

Birth  of  the  comte  de  Paris 24  Aug. 

Death  of  duchess  of  Wurtemberg  (daughter  of  Louis  Philippe), 
a  good  sculptor 2  Jan. 

Insurrection  of  Barbfes  and  Blanqui  at  Paris 12  May, 

M.  Thiers  minister  of  foreign  affairs 1  Mch. 

Chambers  decree  the  removal  of  Napoleon's  remains  from  St. 

Helena  to  France 12  May, 

[By  permission  of  the  British  government  these  were 
taken  from  tomb  at  St.  Helena  15  Oct.  1840,  and  embarked 
next  day  on  board  the  French  frigate  Belle  Poule,  under 
prince  de  Joinville;  reached  Cherbourg  30  Nov.,  and  15  Dec. 
were  deposited  in  the  H5tel  des  Invalides.  The  ceremony 
was  witnessed  by  1,000,000  persons;  150,000 soldiers  assisted 
in  the  obsequies;  and  the  royal  family  and  all  notables  were 
present;  the  relatives  of  the  emperor  were  in  exile  or  in  pris- 
on.   The  body  was  placed  in  its  crypt  on  31  Mch.  1861.] 

Descent  of  prince  Louis  Napoleon,  gen.  Montholon,  and  50  fol- 
lowers, at  Vimereux,  near  Boulogne,  6  Aug. ;  the  prince  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life 6  Oct. 

Darmes  fires  at  the  king '. 15  Oct. 

M.  Guizot  minister  of  foreign  affairs 29  Oct. 

Project  of  law  for  an  extraordinary  credit  of  140,000,000  francs 
for  fortifications  of  Paris 15  Dec. 

Copyright  fixed  at  30  years  after  author's  death 30  Mch. 

Bronze  statue  of  Napoleon  placed  on  the  column  of  the  Grande 
Arm6e,  Boulogne 15  Aug. 

Attempt  to  assassinate  the  due  d'Aumale  (king's  son)  on  re- 
turn from  Africa 13  Sept. 

Due  de  Orleans,  heir  to  the  throne,  killed  by  a  fall  from  his 
carriage 13  July, 

Queen  of  England  visits  royal  family  at  Chateau  d'Eu,  2-7  Sept! 

Extradition  treaty  with  England  signed 

"War  with  Morocco,  May;  peace 10  Sept. 

Lecompte  attempts  to  assassinate  king  at  Fontainebleau,  16  Apr. 

Louis  Napoleon  escapes  from  Ham 25  May, 

Seventh  attempt  on  life  of  the  king;  by  Joseph  Henri,  29  July, 

Spanish  marriages:  queen  of  Spain  with  her  cousin,  and  in- 
fanta with  due  de  Montpensier 10  Oct. 

Disastrous  inundations  in  the  south 18  Oct. 

Praslin  murder  (Praslin) 18  Aug. 

Death  of  Marshal  Oudinot  (due  de  Reggio)  at  Paris,  in  his  91st 
year,  13  Sept. ;  Soult  succeeds  as  general  of  France. .  26  Sept. 

Jerome  Bonaparte  returns  to  France  after  an  exile  of  32  years, 

10  Oct. 

Surrender  of  Abd-el-Kader 23  Dec. 

Death  of  the  ex-empress,  Maria  Louisa,  18  Dec, ;  and  of  ma- 
dame  Adelaide 30  Dec. 

Grand  reform  banquet  at  Paris  prohibited 21  Feb. 

Revolutionary  tumult;  impeachment  and  resignation  of  Gui- 
zot, 22  Feb. ;  barricades  thrown  up,  Tuileries  ransacked,  pris- 
ons opened,  and  frightful  disorders 23,  24  Feb. 

Louis  Philippe  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  infant  grandson,  the 
comte  de  Paris;  royal  family  and  ministers  escape. .  .24  Feb. 

Republic  proclaimed  from  steps  of  Hotel  de  Ville 26  Feb. 

Ex-king  and  queen  arrive  at  Newhaven,  Engl 3  Mch. 

Funeral  procession  for  the  victims  of  the  revolution 4  Mch. 

Provisional  government  resigns  to  an  executive  commission, 

elected  by  the  National  Assembly 7  May, 

[The  members  were:  MM.  Dupont  de  I'Eure,  Arago,  Gar- 
nier- Pages,  Marie,  Lamartine,  Ledru-RoUin,  and  Crimieux. 
The  secretaries:  Louis  Blanc,  Albert,  Flocon,  and  Marrast.] 


298 


FRA 


1831 
1832 


1834 
1836 


1837 
1838 


1841 


1842 
1843 


1844 
1846 


1847 


1848 


People's  attack  on  the  assembly  suppressed 15  May,  184ft: 

Perpetual  banishment  of  Louis  Philippe  and  family  decreed, 

26  May,     " 
Louis  Napoleon  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  for  the  Seine 

and  3  other  departments 13  Juno,     " 

Rise  of  the  Red  Republicans;  war  against  troops  and  national 
guard;  more  than  300  barricades  thrown  up;  firing  in  all 

parts  of  Paris  during  the  night 23  June, 

Troops  under  Cavaignac  and  Lamorici^re,  with  immense  loss, 

drive  insurgents  from  left  bank  of  Seine 24  June, 

Paris  declared  in  a  state  of  siege 25  June, 

Faubourg  du  Temple  carried  with  cannon,  and  the  insurgents 

surrender 26  June, 

[The  outbreak  said  to  cost  the  nation  30,000,000  francs; 
16,000  persons  killed  and  wounded,  8000  prisoners  taken. 
Archbishop  of  Paris  killed  while  tending  the  dying,  26  June.] 

Cavaignac,  president  of  the  council 28  June,     " 

Louis  Napoleon  takes  seat  in  National  Assembly 26  Sept.     '* 

Paris  relieved  after  a  state  of  siege  of  4  months 20  Oct.     '• 

Constitution  of  4  Nov.  promulgated  from  Tuileries 12  Nov.     '• 

Louis  Napoleon  elected  president,  11  Dec. ;  proclaimed. 20  Dec.     '• 
[He  had  5,587,759  votes;  Cavaignac,  1,474,687;  Ledru-Rol- 
lin,  381,026;  Raspail,  37,121;  Lamartine,  21,032;  Changar- 
nier,  4975.] 
Military  demonstration  deters  Reds  from  insurrection.  .29  Jan.  1843^ 

Louis  Philippe  dies  at  Claremont,  Engl 26  Aug.  1850 

Liberty  of  the  press  restricted 26  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Changarnier,  commander  of  national  guard,  removed, 

10  Jan.  1851 
Death  of  the  duchess  d'Angouieme,  daughter  of  Louis  XVI., 

at  Frohsdorf 19  Oct.     " 

Death  of  marshal  Soult 26  Oct.     " 

Telegraph  between  England  and  France  opened 13  Nov.     " 

Coupd^etat;  legislative  assembly  dissolved;  universal  suff"rage 
proclaimed;  Paris  declared  in  a  state  of  siege;  president  for 
10  years  proposed,  and  a  second  chamber  or  senate.  ..  2  Dec.     '• 
MM.  Thiers,  Changarnier,  Cavaignac,   Bedeau,  LamoriciSre, 

and  Charres  arrested,  and  sent  to  castle  of  Vincennes,  2  Dec.     •' 
About  180  members  of  the  assembly,  with  M.  Berryer,  attempt- 
ing to  meet,  arrested ;  Paris  occupied  by  troops 2  Dec.     " 

Fighting  in  Paris ;  troops  victorious '. 3,  4  Dec.     •« 

Consultative  commission  founded 12  Dec.     " 

Vote  for  president  for  10  years,  7,473,431;  against,  641,351, 

21,  22  Dec.     " 
Prince-president  installed  at  Notre  Dame;  a  national  holiday; 

Louis  Napoleon  occupies  Tuileries 1  Jan.  1852" 

Gens.  Changarnier,  Lamoricifere,  and  others  conducted  to  the 

Belgian  frontier 9  Jan.     " 

Eighty- three  members  of  legislative  assembly  banished;  575 
persons  arrested  for  resisting  coup  d^etat  of  2  Dec,  and  sent 

to  Havre  for  transport  to  Cayenne 10  Jan.     " 

[The  inscription  "Liberty,  Fraternity,  Equality,"  ordered 
erased  throughout  France,  and  old  names  of  streets,  public 
buildings,  etc.,  restored.  Trees  of  liberty  hewn  down  and 
burned.] 
National  guard  disbanded,  reorganized,  and  placed  under  exec- 
utive ;  the  president  appointing  officers 10  Jan.     " 

New  constitution  pub 14  Jan.     " 

Orleans  family  required  to  sell  all  their  property  in  France 

within  a  year 22  Jan.     " 

Second  decree,  annulling  family  settlement  by  Louis  Philippe 

at  his  accession,  confiscating  the  property 22  Jan.     " 

Birthday  of  Napoleon  I.  (15  Aug.)  made  the  only  national  holi- 
day. : 17  Feb.     " 

Crystal  palace  authorized  in  Champs  Elys6es,  Paris 30  Mch.     " 

M.  Thiers  and  others  permitted  to  return  to  France 8  Aug.     " 

Senate  prays  "the  re  -  establishment  of  hereditary  sovereign 

power  in  the  Bonaparte  family  " 13  Sept.     " 

Prince-president  at  Toulon,  27  Sept. ;  at  Bordeaux,  says  "2/'ew- 

pire  c'est  lapaix  "  (  "  the  empire  is  peace  ") 7  Oct.     " 

Releases  Abd-el-Kader  (Algiers) 16  Oct.     " 

Convokes  senate  for  November  to  consider  changes  of  govern- 
ment and  prepare  a  decree  for  ratification  by  the  people, 

19  Oct.     " 
By  message  to  the  senate  he  promises  restoration  of  the  em- 
pire, and  orders  the  people  to  be  consulted 4  Nov.     " 

Votes  for  the  empire,  7,824,189;  nays,  253,145;  null,  63,326, 

21  Nov.     " 

Prince  president  declared  emperor,  as  Napoleon  III 2  Dec.     " 

Marries  Eugenie  de  Montijo,  countess  of  T6ba.  at  Notre  Dame, 

29  Jan.  1855 
Statue  of  Marshal  Ney  unveiled  on  the  spot  where  he  died,  ex- 
actly 38  years  before 7  Dec.     " 

War  declared  against  Russia  (Russo-Turkish  wars) 27  Mch.  1854 

Industrial  exhibition  at  Paris  opened 15  May,  1855 

Attempted  assassination  of  emperor  by  Pianort 28  Apr.     " 

By  Bellemarre 8  Sept.     " 

Peace  with  Russia  signed 30  Mch.  1856 

Death  of  Beranger,  popular  poet 16  July,  1857 

Longwood,  the  residence  of  Napoleon  I.  at  St.  Helena,  bought 

for  180,000  francs " 

Death  of  Eugene  Cavaignac  (aged  55) 28  Oct.     " 

Death  of  mdlle.  Rachel  (aged  38) 4  Jan.  1858. 

Attempted  assassination  of  emperor  by  Orsini,  Pieri,  Rudio, 
Gomez,  etc.,  by  explosion  of  3  shells  (2  persons  killed,  many 

wounded) 14  Jan.     " 

[Felix  Orsini,  a  man  of  talent  and  energy,  earnest  for  Ital- 
ian independence,  b.  Dec.  1819;  studied  at  Bologna  in  1837; 
joined  a  secret  society  in  1843;  condemned  to  the  galleys 
for  life  in  1844;  released  in  1846;  took  part  in  the  Roman 
revolution  in  1848;  elected  to  the  assembly;  on  the  fall  of  the 


1859 


1860 


1861 


FRA  5 

republic,  fled  to  Genoa  1849 ;  to  England  1853.  For  fresh 
conspiracies,  arrested  in  Hungary,  Jan.  1855,  and  sent  to 
Mantua;  escaped  to  England  in  1856,  where  he  associated 
with  Kossuth,  Mazzini,  etc. ;  delivered  lectures,  and  devised 
the  plot  for  which  he  suffered.  By  will  he  acknowledged  the 
justice  of  his  sentence.] 

«'  Napoleon  III.  et  I'Angleterre  "  pub 11  Mch.  1858 

Orsini  and  Fieri  executed 13  Mch.     " 

Dispute  with  Portugal  on  Charles-et-Georges  settled  .23  Oct.     " 

Trial  of  comte  de  Montalembert 25  Nov.     " 

[In  Oct.  1858,  the  comte  in  a  pamphlet,  "Un  Debat  sur 
I'Inde,"  eulogized  English  institutions,  depreciating  those  of 
France.  He  was  sentenced  to  6  months'  imprisonment  and 
fined  3000  francs,  but  pardoned  by  the  emperor  2  Dec.  He 
appealed,  was  acquitted  of  a  part  of  the  charge,  and  his  sen- 
tence again  remitted  (21  Dec).  In  Oct.  1859,  the  comte  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet,  entitled  "Pie  IX.  et  la  France  en  1849  et 
1850,"  censuring  England  for  opposition  to  Romanism.] 

Publication  of  "  Napoleon  III.  et  I'ltalie  " Feb. 

Austria  invading  Sardinia,  France  declares  war,  and  the  French 
enter;  the  empress  appointed  regent;  the  emperor  arrives  at 
Genoa 12  May, 

Victories  of  French  and  Sardinians  at  Montebello,  20  May; 
Palestro,  30,  31  May ;  Magenta,  4  June;  Melegnano  (Marig- 
nano),  8  June;  Napoleon  enters  Milan",  8  June;  at  Solferino, 

24  June, 

Armistice 6  July, 

Emperors  of  France  and  Austria  meet  at  Villa  Franca,  11  July, 

Peace  agreed  on 12  July, 

Austrian  and  French  envoys  confer  at  Zurich 8  Aug. -Nov. 

Emperor  announces  a  free-trade  policy;  Mr.  Cobden  at  Paris, 

5  Jan. 

Treaty  for  annexation  of  Savoy  and  Nice  signed 24  Mch. 

Jerome  Bonaparte,  the  emperor's  uncle,  d.  (aged  76). .  .24  June, 

New  tariff  comes  into  operation 1  Oct. 

Public  levy  of  Peter's-pence  forbidden,  and  issue  of  pastoral 
letters  checked Nov. 

Jerome  (son  of  Jerome  Bonaparte  and  Elizabeth  Patterson,  of 
Baltimore)  sues  for  legitimate  rights;  nonsuited, 

25  Jan.-15  Feb. 

[The  marriage  in  the  U.  S.  24  Dec.  1803,  was  annulled,  and 

Jerome  married  princess  Catherine  of  Wurtemberg,  12  Aug. 

1807;  their  children  were  prince  Napoleon  and  princess  Ma- 

thilde  (Bonaparte).] 

Principality  of  Monaco  bought  for  4,000,000  francs,  2  Feb. ;  an- 
nounced  5  Feb. 

"  La  France,  Rome,  et  I'ltalie  "  pub 15  Feb. 

Prince  Napoleon  speaks  for  Italian  unity,  English  alliance,  and 
against  the  pope's  temporal  power 1  Mch. 

Pope's  temporal  government  advocated  in  the  chambers; 
French  army  has  687,000  men Mch. 

Circular  forbidding  priests  to  meddle  with  politics 11  Apr. , 

Declaration  of  neutrality  in  U.  S.  conflict 11  June, 

Recognition  of  kingdom  of  Italy 24  June, 

Convention  of  France,  Great  Britain,  and  Spain,  on  interven- 
tion in  Mexico,  signed  (Mexico) 31  Oct. 

Embarrassment  in  finances;  Achille  Fould  finance  minister, 
14  Nov. ;  with  enlarged  powers 12  Dec. 

Emperor  reminds  clergy  of  their  duty  "  to  Caesar  " 1  Jan. 

French  army  lands  at  Vera  Cruz 7  Jan. 

French  masters  of  the  province  of  Bienhoa,  in  Anam.  .20  Jan. 

Victories  in  Cochin-China  (6  provinces  ceded  to  France), 

28  Mch. 

Spanish  and  British  plenipotentiaries  decide  to  quit  Mexico; 
French  declare  war  against  Mexico 16  Apr. 

Treaty  of  peace  between  France  and  Anam  signed 3  June, 

Camp  at  Chalons  formed  because  of  Garibaldi's  movements  in 
Sicily;  broken,  when  he  is  taken  prisoner 29  Aug. 

Sympathy  for  him  in  France Sept. 

Emperor  proposes  a  European  congress,  and  invites  sover- 
eigns or  their  deputies  by  letter 4  Nov. 

Invitation  declined  by  England 25  Nov. 

Convention  of  France,  Brazil,  Italy,  Portugal,  and  Hayti  for  a 
telegraph  between  Europe  and  America 16  May, 

Death  of  marshal  Pelissier,  duke  of  Malakoff,  governor  of  Al- 
geria (b.  1794) 22  May, 

Convention  with  France  signed  by  Japanese  ambassadors  at 
Paris 20  June, 

Convention  (France  and  Italy)  to  evacuate  Rome,  etc.,  15  Sept. 

Clergy  forbidden  to  read  pope's  encyclical  letter  of  8  Dec.  in 
churches;  archbishop  of  Besanpon  and  other  prelates  dis- 
obey  5  Jan. 

Death  of  Proudhon  (b.  1809),  who  said  "La  propri^te  c'est  le 
vol " 19  Jan, 

Prince  Jerome  Napoleon  vice  president  of  privy  council.  ..Jan. 

Decree  for  an  international  exhibition  of  agriculture,  industrv, 
and  the  fine  arts,  at  Paris,  on  1  May,  1867 1  Feb. 

Duo  de  Morny  (reported  half-brother  of  emperor),  d...  .10  Mch. 

Inauguration  of  statue  of  Napoleon  I.  at  Ajaccio,  with  impru- 
dent speech  by  prince  Napoleon,  15  May ;  censured  by  em- 
peror, 23  May ;  prince  resigns  offices 9  June, 

U.  S.  protest  against  intervention  in  Mexico— prolonged  corre- 
spondence (Mexico) Aug.  1865-Feb. 

At  Auxerre,  Napoleon  denounces  the  treaties  of  1815  . .  .6  May, 

By  letter  says  that  in  the  German  war  "France  will  observe 
an  attentive  neutrality" 11  June, 

Emperor  of  Austria  cedes  Venetia  to  France,  and  invites  em- 
peror's  interventiofi  with  Prussia 4  July, 

Empress  Charlotte  of  Mexico  arrives  at  Paris 8  Aug. 

Note  to  Prussia  desiring  restoration  of  frontier  of  1814;  declared 
by  Prussia  to  be  inadmissible Aug. 


1864 


1865 


9  FRA 

Letter  from  comte  de  Chambord  to  his  adherents  in  favor  of 
the  pope's  temporal  power,  dated .-. .  .9  Dec. 

Richelieu's  head,  after  many  removals,  deposited  in  the  Sor- 
bonne 17  Dec. 

International  exhibition  opened  (Paris) 1  Apr. 

Three  provinces  in  Anam  annexed  to  the  empire 25  June, 

International  conference  at  Paris  on  money. .  .17  June-9  July, 

Protectorate  over  Cambodia  assured  by  treaty 15  July, 

Abolition  of  imprisonment  for  debt  adopted  by  senate,  18  July, 

Emperors  of  France  and  Austria  meet  at  Salzburg,  18-21  Aug. 

Emperor  by  letter  recommends  expenditure  in  railways,  ca- 
nals, and  roads 15  Aug. 

French  troops  enter  Rome 30  Oct. 

Garibaldians  defeated  at  Montana 3  Nov. 

"Napoleon  III.  et  I'Europe  en  1867  "  pub Nov. 

In  the  legislative  assembly,  Rouher,  the  minister,  says,  "  We 
declare  that  Italy  shall  never  seize  upon  Rome"  (govern- 
ment supported  by  238  votes  to  17) 5  Dec. 

New  army  bill  (allowing  100,000  recruits  annually;  a  new  na- 
tional guard,  etc. ;  providing  for  an  army  of  1,200,000  men), 
passed  in  the  corps  legislatif  (206  to  60) 1  Jan. 

M.  Magne  announces  deficiency  in  the  budget;  and  a  loan  for 
90,000,000  francs 29  Jan. 

Army  bill  passes  senate— 125  to  1  (Michel  Chevalier,  who  spoke 
warmly  against  it),  30  Jan. ;  becomes  law 4  Feb. 

"  Les  Titres  de  la  Dynastie  Imperiale  "  appeared,  about  20  Mch. 

Rochefort's  weekly  La  Lanterne  suppressed;  he  and  his 
printer  condemned  to  fine  and  imprisonment;  escapes  to 
Belgium Aug. 

Death  of  Lamartine  (b.  Oct.  1792),  28  Feb.;  of  Troplong,  presi- 
dent of  the  senate 1  Mch. 

Dissolution  of  legislative  assembly  of  1863 26  Apr. 

Laying  of  French  Atlantic  telegraph  completed 23  July, 

P5re  Hyacinthe  (Loyson),  Carmelite  preacher  at  Paris,  pro- 
tests against  papal  infallibility,  etc.  and  resigns 20  Sept. 

Agitation  against  free  trade Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec. 

Victor  Noir,  a  journalist,  killed  by  Pierre  Bonaparte,  at  Auteuil, 
in  meeting  for  a  challenge  to  M.  Rochefort 10  Jan. 

Charles,  comte  de  Montalembert,  author,  d.  (see  1858)...  13  Mch. 

Trial  of  Pierre  Bonaparte  at  Tours;  acquitted  (but  ordered  to 
pay  25,000  francs  to  Noir's  family) 21-27  Mch. 

Emperor  proclaims  proposed  changes  in  constitution. .  .24  Apr. 

Plebiscite,  Do  the  people  approve  the  changes?  (yes,  7,527,379; 
no,  1,530,909) 8  May, 

Orleans  princes  address  legislative  assembly,  demanding  re- 
turn to  France,  19  June ;  refused,  173  to  31 2  July, 

Prince  Leopold  of  HohenzollernSigmaringen  nominated  for 
Spanish  throne;  warlike  speeches  of  ministers.  .5,  6,  7  July, 

Prince  Leopold  withdraws;  guarantees  required  by  France 
from  Prussia  refused;  France  decides  on  war,  15  July;  dec- 
laration signed  (Franco-Prussian  war) 17  July, 

Empress  appointed  regent 23  July, 

Emperor  joins  army 28  July, 

Government  declares  that  France  is  only  "at  war  with  the  pol- 
icy of  Bismarck" 2  Aug. 

State  of  siege  proclaimed  in  Paris  after  defeat  of  MacMahon 
at  Woerth 7  Aug. 

Government  appeals  to  France  and  Europe  against  Prussia, 

8  Aug. 

Stormy  debate  in  the  corps  legislatif  (M.  de  K^ratry  called  on 
emperor  to  abdicate;  Guyot  Montpeyroux  said  the  army 
were  "lions  led  by  asses");  resignation  of  Ollivier  and 
ministry 9  Aug. 

New  ministry:  gen.  Cousin-Montauban,  comte  de  Palikao  (dis- 
tinguished in  China),  minister  of  war,  chief;  M.  Chevreau, 
interior;  M.  Magne,  finance ;  Clement  Duvernois,  commerce 
and  agriculture;  adm.  Rigault  de  Genouilly,  marine;  baron 
Jerome  David,  public  works;  prince  de  La  Tour  d'Auvergne, 
foreign  affairs,  etc 10  Aug. 

Decree  enlarging  army  for  the  war,  and  appointing  a  "  defence 
committee  "  for  Paris 10  Aug. 

Orleans  princes  (due  d'Aumale,  prince  de  Joinville,  due  de 
Chartres)  offer  services  in  the  army ;  declined Aug. 

Government  declares  against  any  negotiations  for  peace,  14  Aug. 

Murder  of  Allain  de  Moneys,  suspected  of  republicanism  and 
Germanism  (badly  beaten  and  burned  to  death  by  peas- 
ants at  Hautefaye,  Dordogne,  near  Bordeaux) 16  Aug. 

Gen.  Trochu  (Orleanist),  author  of  "  L'Arm^e  Franpaise  en 
1867,"  governor  of  Paris,  17  Aug. ;  issues  proclamation, 

18  Aug. 

Decrees  expulsion  of  all  foreigners  not  naturalized 28  Aug. 

Deputation  from  10,000  persons  call  on  Trochu  to  assume  the 
government ;  he  declines 8  p.m.  3  Sept. 

Palikao  announces  to  assembly  defeat  at  Sedan,  surrender  of 
emperor  and  MacMahon's  army  (90,000).  Jules  Favre  de- 
clares for  defence  to  the  last  gasp,  attacks  the  empire,  and 
proposes  dictatorship  of  gen.  Trochu 3.35  a.m.  4  Sept. 

On  motion  of  Thiers,  a  commission  of  government  and  na- 
tional defence  named,  and  a  constituent  assembly  called, 

3.10  p.m.  4  Sept. 

Assembly  invaded  by  the  crowd,  demanding  a  republic;  most 
deputies  retire.  Gambetta  and  other  liberals  assume  to  de- 
pose the  emperor  and  establish  a  republic. .  .4.15  p.m.  4  Sept. 

Last  meeting  of  senate ;  it  adheres  to  the  emperor " 

"Government  of  defence"  proclaimed,  gen,  Trochu  president; 
L6on  Gambetta,  interior;  Jules  Simon,  public  instruction; 
Jules  Favre, foreign;  Cr6mieux,  justice;  Jules  Picard, finance; 
gen.  Leflo,  war;  Fourichon,  marine;  Magne, agriculture;  Do- 
rian, public  works;  fitienne  Arago,  mayor  of  Paris;  K6ratry, 
police 4  Sept. 

Informal  meeting  of  assembly,  M.  Thiers,  president.    Jules 


1867 


1868 


1870 


FRA 

Favre  reportfl  formation  of  provisional  government ;  some 
protest;  Thiers  recommeuds  moderation evening,  i  Sept. 

Empress,  the  comlo  de  Palikuo,  and  ministers  secretly  leave 
Paris  and  enter  Belgium evening,  4  Sept. 

Legislative  chamber  dissolved;  senate  abolished;  regular  troops 
and  national  guard  fraternize;  "  perfect  order  reigns,"  6  Sept. 

Napoleon  III.  reaches  WilhelmshOhe,  near  Cassel, 

9.35  P.M.  5  Sept. 

Republican  deputies  In  Spanish  Cortes  greet  republic. . .     " 

Red  Republican  flag  raised  at  Lyons " 

Victor  Hugo  and  Ijouis  Blanc  arrive  in  Paris 6  Sept. 

Jules  Favre,  in  a  circular  to  French  diplomatic  representatives, 
says,  "  We  will  not  cede  cither  an  inch  of  our  territories  or 
a  stone  of  our  fortresses  " 6  Sept. 

Proflered  services  of  Orleans  princes  again  declined " 

Republic  recognized  by  the  U.  S 8  Sept. 

Defence  committee  summon  king  of  Prussia  to  quit  France  at 
once 8  Sept. 

Decree  convoking  constituent  assembly  of  750  members  (to  be 
elected  on  16  Oct.) 8  Sept. 

Prince  imperial  at  Hastings,  7  Sept. ;  Joined  by  empress,      " 

Republic  recognized  by  Spain,  8  Sept ;  by  Switzerland,  9  Sept. 

Elections  for  constituent  assembly  ordered  2  Oct 16  Sept. 

Diplomatic  circular  from  Jules  Favre;  France  makes  no  claim 
on  Prussia  for  disinterestedness;  statesmen  should  hesitate 
to  continue  a  war  in  which  more  than  200,000  men  have 
fallen;  a  freely  elected  assembly  is  summoned,  and  the  gov- 
ernment will  abide  by  its  judgment;  France,  left  to  free 
action,  asks  the  cessation  of  the  war,  but  prefers  disaster  to 
dishonor;  France  has  been  wrong,  and  acknowledges  its  ob- 
ligation to  repair  the  wrong 17  Sept. 

Government  delegation  under  M.  Cr^mieux,  minister  of  jus- 
tice, and  foreign  ambassadors,  at  Tours 18  Sept. 

Manifesto  of  Red  Republicans  by  gen.  Cluseret  placarded  in 
Paris about  18  Sept. 

Bronze  statues  of  Napoleon  ordered  to  be  made  into  cannon, 

about  19  Sept. 

M.  Duruof  in  a  post-balloon  quits  Paris  with  mail-bags,  arrives 
at  Evreux,  and  reaches  Tours 23  Sept. 

Failure  of  negotiations  for  peace  between  Bismarck  and  Jules 
Favre;  manifesto  of  government  at  Tours;  people  must 
either  disavow  ministry  or  "fight  to  the  bitter  end;"  elec- 
tions for  assembly  suspended 24  Sept. 

All  Frenchmen  between  20  and  25  years  of  age  prohibited  leav- 
ing France about  26  Sept. 

Enthusiasm  in  provinces  on  failure  of  negotiations;  "war  to 
the  knife,"  and  levee  en  masse  proclaimed  by  prefects;  war- 
like ardor  in  Brittany  stirred  by  M.  Cathelineau,  26,  27  Sept. 

Disorder  by  Red  Republicans  at  Lyons  quieted  by  national 
guards;  gen.  Cluseret  disappears 28  Sept. 

All  between  21  and  40  to  form  a  national  garde  mobile;  all 
men  in  arms  at  disposal  of  minister  of  war 30  Sept. 

All  Frenchmen  under  60  forbidden  to  quit  France 8  Oct. 

M.  Gambetta  escapes  from  Paris  in  a  balloon,  7  Oct. ;  arrives 
at  Rouen  and  declares  for  "a  pact  with  victory  or  death," 
8  Oct. ;  arrives  at  Tours  and  becomes  minister  of  war  as  well 
as  of  the  interior 9  Oct. 

Address  from  comte  de  Chambord;  his  whole  ambition  to 
found  with  the  people  a  really  national  government. .  .9  Oct. 

Blanqui,  Gustave  Flourens,  Ledru-RoUin,  F^lix  Pyat,  etc.,  Red 
Republicans,  defeated  in  attempts  to  establish  commune  at 
Paris,  10,  11  Oct. ;  reconciliation  by  Rochefort.  .about  14  Oct. 

Circular  of  Gambetta  stigmatizing  surrender  of  Metz  (on  27 
Oct)  as  a  crime 28  Oct 

M.  Thiers  brings  Paris  news  of  surrender  of  Metz  and  proposals 
for  an  armistice 30  Oct, 

Riots  in  Paris;  gen.  Trochu  threatened;  principal  members  of 
the  defence  government  imprisoned  in  Hotel  de  Ville;  Ledru- 
RoUin,  Victor  Hugo,  and  Gustave  Flourens,  etc.,  made  a 
committee  of  public  safety  and  of  the  commune  under  M. 
Picard;  national  guard  releases  the  government 31  Oct 

Empress  arrives  at  WilhelmshOhe;  interview  of  Bazaine  with 
emperor 31  Oct 

Marshals  Canrobert  and  Leboeuf  and  many  generals  at  Wil- 
helmshOhe  ■ 1  Nov. 

Government  proclaims  a  plebiscite  in  Paris  on  3  Nov.  Do  the 
people  uphold  the  government  of  national  defence?.  ..1  Nov. 

Plebiscite:  for  government,  557,976;  against,  62,638 3  Nov. 

Mobilization  of  all  able-bodied  men  between  20  and  40.  .4  Nov. 

Failure  of  negotiations  for  an  armistice 6  Nov. 

*' France  can  but  carry  on  with  such  courage  and  strength  as 
remain  to  her  a  war  d  outrance. " — Guizot 8  Nov. 

Alexandre  Dumas,  novelist  and  dramatist,  d 10  Dec. 

Delegate  government  removed  from  Tours  to  Bordeaux,  11  Dec. 

Gambetta  at  Bordeaux  declares  that  the  government  only 
holds  oflBce  for  the  defence  of  the  country ;  demonstration 
in  honor  of  republic 1  Jan. 

Foreigners  not  permitted  to  leave  Paris  by  Germans 19  Jan. 

Fierce  speech  of  Gambetta  at  Lille,  demanding  continuance  of 
war 22  Jan. 

Disturbances  at  Paris  suppressed  by  army 23  Jan. 

Resignation  of  Trochu ;  Vinoy  governor  of  Paris 24  Jan. 

Capitulation  of  Paris;  armistice  signed  by  Favre  and  Bis- 
marck  28  Jan. 

Disavowed  by  Gambetta  at  Bordeaux 31  Jan. 

Due  d'Aumale  declares  for  constitutional  monarchy 1  Feb. 

Food  from  London  reaches  Paris  (Mansion-house) 3  Feb. 

Government  publish  reasons  for  capitulation  (2,000,000  people 
in  Paris  with  only  10  days'  provisions),  4  Feb. ;  annul  Gam- 
betta's  decree,  4  Feb. ;  he  and  his  ministry  resign.  .5,  6  Feb. 

Proclamation  of  Napoleon  IIL     "Betrayed  by  fortune,"  he 


300 


FRA 


1870 


condemns  the  government  of  4  .Sept. ;  says  that  his  govern- 
ment was  4  times  conlirmed  in  20  years;  submits  to  the 
judgment  of  time;  saying  "that  a  nation  cannot  long  obey 
those  who  have  no  right  to  command  " 8  Feb. 

General  election  of  a  National  Assembly " 

F.  P.  J.  Grdvy  elected  president Feb. 

First  meeting  of  new  Natioual  Assembly 12  Feb. 

Supplementary  armistice  signed 15  Feb. 

Garibaldi  resigns  his  election,  13  Feb. ;  Grdvy  elected  president 
by  5-19  out  of  538 16  Feb. 

Termination  of  war;  Belfort  garrison  (12,000)  marches  out 
with  military  honors 16  Feb. 

Pact  of  Bordeaux:  Thiers  made  chief  of  executive,  by  agree- 
ment of  parties  in  assembly,  17  Yob. ;  voted 18  Feb. 

Thiers  ministry:  Dufaure,  justice;  Jules  Favre,  foreign ;  Picard, 
interior;  Jules  Simon,  public  instruction;  Lambrecht  com- 
merce; gen.  Leflo,  war;  adm.  Pothuan,  marine;  De  Larcy, 
public  works 17  Feb. 

Government  recognized  by  the  great  powers 18  Feb. 

Due  de  Broglie  appointed  minister  at  London 21  Feb. 

Thiers  and  Bismarck  negotiate 22,  23,  24  Feb. 

Preliminaries  of  peace  accepted  by  MM.  Thiers  and  Favre,  and 
15  delegates  to  National  Assembly  (cession  of  parts  of  Alsace 
and  Lorraine,  including  Strasburg  and  Metz,  and  payment 
of  5  milliards  of  francs— $1,000,000,000),  25  Feb. ;  signed, 

26  Feb. 

Preliminaries  accepted  by  assembly  (546  to  107) ;  deposition  of 
Napoleon  III.  unanimously  confirmed 1  Mch. 

National  guards  seize  cannon  and  plant  them  at  Moutmartre 
and  Belleville,  against  Germans  entering  Paris 1  Mch. 

Emperor  of  Germany  reviews  about  100,000  troops  at  Long- 
champs  near  Paris 1  Mch. 

Germans,  30,000,  enter  Paris,  1  Mch. ;  depart 3  Mch. 

National  Assembly  remove  to  Versailles  (461-104) 10  Mch. 

Blauqul,  Flourens,  etc.,  condemned  for  insurrection  of  31  Oct 
1870 12  Mch. 

Central  committee  of  republican  confederation  of  national 
guards  ("government  of  the  Buttes")  meet;  depose  Vinoy; 
appoint  Garibaldi  general-in-chief 15  Mch. 

Insurrection  at  Paris;  regular  troops  occupying  Buttes  Mout- 
martre and  Belleville,  attacked  by  national  guards,  soon  fra- 
ternize with  Insurgents,  who  capture  and  shoot  gens.  Le- 
comte  and  Clement  Thomas,  and  seize  the  Hotel  de  Ville; 
barricades  erected  in  Belleville  and  other  places;  gen.  Vinoy, 
with  gendarmerie,  retires  across  the  Seine 18  Mch. 

Insurgents  nominate  a  central  committee  of  national  guard, 
headed  by  Assy,  a  workman,  who  seize  public  ofilces;  Thiers 
by  circular  enjoins  obedience  to  the  assembly 19  Mch. 

Central  committee  orders  communal  election  in  Paris,  19  Mch. ; 
liberates  11,000  political  prisoners  in  Paris 20  Mch. 

National  Assembly  at  Versailles  ;  propose  conciliation  ;  ap- 
point committee  to  support  the  government 20  Mch. 

Napoleon  III.  arrives  at  Dover,  Engl " 

Bank  of  France  saved  by  courage  of  marquis  de  Plceuc,  the 
governor,  and  the  forbearance  of  citizen  Beslay 20  Mch. 

Assembly  appeal  to  nation  and  army 21  Mch. 

Unarmed  demonstration  of  Friends  of  Order;  fired  on  by  in- 
surgents; 10  killed,  20  wounded 22  Mch. 

Municipal  elections  at  Paris;  200,000  out  of  500,000  vote;  two 
thirds  in  favor  of  insurgents 26  Mch. 

Commune  proclaimed  at  Hotel  de  Ville 28  Mch. 

Conference  for  peace  meets  at  Brussels " 

Gustave  Flourens,  Blanqui,  and  Fdlix  Pyat  head  the  commune; 
wish  to  imitate  Italian  republics  of  middle  ages 29  Mch. 

Part  remission  of  overdue  rents  ordered ;  standing  army  named 
national  guard 29  Mch. 

Reign  of  terror:  "  Paris  has  no  longer  liberty  of  the  press,  of 
public  meeting,  of  conscience,  or  of  person."— Ze  Soir,  1  Apr. 

Fighting  begins  9  a.m.  at  Courbevole;  Flourens  marches  to 
Versailles  via  Rueil .- 2  Apr. 

Corps  of  gen.  Bergeret  at  Rond  Point,  near  Neuilly,  stopped  by 
artillery  of  Mont  Val^rien;  insurgents  in  forts  Issy  and 
Vanves  exchange  shots  with  Meudon 3  Apr. 

Gen.  Duval  taken  in  fight  at  Chatillou,  and  shot;  death  of 
Flourens  at  Chatou ;  Delescluze,  Cournet,  and  Vermorel  suc- 
ceed Bergeret,  Eudes,  and  Duval  on  executive  commission; 
Cluseret  delegate  of  war,  Bergeret  commandant  of  Paris 
forces 4  Apr. 

Gen.  Cluseret  takes  offensive;  military  service  compulsory  for 
citizens  under  40;  the  archbishop  of  Paris  arrested — 5  Apr. 

Extension  of  lines  to  Neuilly  and  Courbevole;  "complicity 
with  Versailles"  made  penal;  hostages  arrested;  Dombrow- 
ski  succeeds  Bergeret  in  command  of  Paris ;  guillotine  burned 
on  Place  Voltaire 6  Apr. 

Federals  abandon  Neuilly;  commission  of  barricades  created 
and  presided  over  by  Gaillard  senior;  railway  termini  seized 
by  insurgents 8  Apr. 

Marshal  MacMahon,  commander-in-chief  for  assembly,  dis- 
poses his  forces  and  invests  fort  Issy 11  Apr. 

Versailles  batteries  established  on  Chatillon;  Orleans  railway 
and  telegraph  cut;  southern  communications  of  insurgents 
intercepted;  decree  to  destroy  column  VendOme 12  Apr. 

Redoubt  of  Gennevilliers  taken;  troops  of  Versailles  advance 
to  Chateau  de  Becon;  Assy  at  bar  of  commune 14  Apr. 

Communists  appeal  to  the  nation 19  Apr. 

Bagneux  occupied  by  Versaillais;  reorganization  of  commis- 
sions; Eudes  appointed  inspector-general  of  southern  forts; 
moves  from  Montrouge  to  palace  of  Legion  of  Honor,  20  Apr. 

Versailles  batteries  at  Breteuil,  Brimborion,  Meudon,  and 
Moulin  de  Pierre  trouble  the  federal  fort  Issy;  battery  be- 
tween Bagneux  and  Chatillon  shells  fort  Vanves;  truce  at 


1871 


II 


FRA 

Neuilly  9  a.m.  to  5  p.m.  ;  inhabitants  of  Neuilly  enter  Paris 
by  Porte  des  Ternes 25  Apr. 

Les  Moulineaux,  outpost  of  insurgents,  taken  by  troops;  forti- 
fied on  the  27th  and  28th 26  Apr. 

"  Cemetery  and  parlc  of  Issy  taken  by  Versaillais  at  night;  free- 
masons attempt  reconciliation  again;  commune  levies 2,000,- 
000  francs  from  railway  companies 29  Apr. 

Flag  of  truce  to  fort  Issy  from  the  Versaillais,  calling  federals 
to  surrender;  gen.  Eudes,  with  fresh  troops,  takes  com- 
mand; Cluseret  imprisoned  at  Mazas  by  commune;  Rossel 
made  provisional  delegate  of  war 30  Apr. 

Versaillais  take  station  of  Clamart  and  Chateau  of  Issy;  com- 
mittee of  public  safety  formed:  Antoine  Arnauld,  Leo  Meil- 
let,  Ranvier,  Felix  Pyat,  Charles  G^rardin;  alleged  massacre 
of  communist  prisoners 1  May, 

Central  committee  of  national  guard  charged  with  administra- 
tion of  war;  Chapelle  Expiatore  ordered  destroyed,  materials 
to  be  sold  by  auction 5  May, 

Battery  of  Montretout  (70  marine  guns)  opens  fire;  Thiers 
calls  Parisians  to  rise  against  commune 8  May, 

Morning:  insurgents  evacuate  fort  Issy;  committee  of  public 
safety  renewed — Ranvier,  Antoine  Arnauld,  Gambon,  Eudes, 
Delescluze ;  Rossel  resigns 8  May, 

Peace  with  Germany  signed  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.lO  May, 

Cannon  from  fort  Issy  taken  to  Versailles;  decree  to  destroy 
Thiers's  house;  Delescluze  made  delegate  of  war 10  May, 

Thiers  opposed ;  offers  to  resign;  assembly  vote  confidence  in 
him  (495-10) 11  May, 

Troops  occupy  Couvent  des  Oiseaux  at  Issy,  and  lyceum  at 
Vanves;  Auber,  the  composer,  d.  (aged  89) 12  May, 

Triumphal  entry  of  troops  into  Versailles  with  flags  and  can- 
non from  convent ;  evacuation  of  Issy  completed;  fort  Vanves 
taken  by  troops 13  May, 

Cannonade  from  batteries  of  Courbevoie,  Becon,  Asniferes,  on 
Levallois  and  Clichy ;  both  villages  evacuated;  demolition  of 
house  of  M.  Thiers  begun 14  May, 

Column  VendOme  overthrown 16  May, 

Secession  from  communist  government;  central  club  formed; 
a  battalion  of  women  formed 17  May, 

Silver  ornaments  in  churches  seized;  cartridge  factory  near 
Champ  de  Mars  explodes;  100  killed 17  May, 

Assembly  adopts  treaty  of  peace 18  May, 

Rochefort  brought  prisoner  to  Versailles;  last  session  of  the 
commune 21  May, 

Noon:  explosion  of  powder-magazine  of  Mandge  d'Etat-major 
(staff  riding-school) ;  hostages  transferred  from  Mazas  to  La 
Roquette;  Assy  arrested  in  Paris  by  Versaillais;  assembly 
votes  to  restore  column  VendOme;  M.  Ducatel,  at  risk  of 
life,  signalling  that  the  way  is  clear, the  Versaillais  enter  Paris 
by  gates  of  St.  Cloud  and  Montrouge,  2  p.m.  21  May;  take 
possession  of  south  and  west,  and  about  10,000  prisoners 
after  some  fighting 22  May, 

Montmartre  taken  by  Douai  and  Ladmirault;  death  of  Dom- 
browski.  Morning:  Assy  arrives  at  Versailles;  gendarmes 
and  Gustave  Chaudey  executed  at  prison  of  Sainte-P61agie. 
Night:  Tuileries  fired;  Delescluze  and  committee  of  public 
safety  sit  at  Hotel  de  Ville 23  May, 

Morning:  Palais  Royal,  Ministry  of  Finance,  Hotel  de  Ville, 
etc.,  fired.  1  p.m.,  powder-magazine  at  Palais  du  Luxem- 
bourg blown  up;  committee  of  public  safety  organize  de- 
tachments of  fusee-bearers;  petroleum  pumped  into  burn- 
ing buildings;  Raoul  Rigault  shot  by  soldiers.  Evening: 
At  prison  of  La  Roquette  archbishop,  abbd  Deguerry,  presi- 
dent Bonjean,  and  64  others,  hostages,  shot 24  May, 

Forts  Montrouge,  Hautes-Bruyeres,  Bicfitre,  evacuated  by  in- 
surgents; death  of  Delescluze  reported;  at  Avenue  d'ltalie 
the  Peres  Dominicains  of  Arcueil  shot 25  May, 

Sixteen  priests  and  38  gendarmes  shot  at  Belleville  by  insur- 
gents; many  women  fighting,  and  casting  petroleum  into 
fires,  shot 26,  27  May, 

Buttes  Chaumont,  heights  of  Belleville,  and  cemetery  of  P§re 
la  Chaise  carried  by  troops;  prison  of  La  Roquette  by  ma- 
rines; deliverance  of  169  hostages ;  investment  of  Belleville 
complete;  last  position  captured  by  MacMahon;  fighting 
ends 5  p.m.  28  .May, 

Federal  garrison  of  Vincennes  surrendered 29  May, 

Reported  results  of  7  days'  fighting:  regular  troops— 877  killed, 
645  wounded,  183  missing;  insurgents— about  50,000  dead, 
25,000  prisoners;  nearly  all  leaders  killed  or  prisoners;  about 
a  fourth  of  Paris  destroyed 22-27  May, 

Estimated  loss  of  property,  800,000,000  francs Apr.-May, 

Thiers's  decree  disarming  Paris  and  abolishing  national  guard 
of  Seine 29  May, 

Victor  Hugo  expelled  from  Belgium 30  May, 

Reported  wholesale  execution  of  prisoners  by  marquis  de 
Gallifet;  Paris  put  under  martial  law;  about  50,000  insur- 
gents still  at  large 30  May, 

•Solemn  funeral  of  Darboy,  archbishop  of  Paris 7  June, 

Abrogation  of  proscription  by  assembly  (484-103);  elections  of 
due  d'Aumale  and  prince  de  Joinville  legalized 8  June, 

Thiers  advocates  maintaining  republic " 

New  taxes  (463,000,000  francs)  and  loan  proposed  by  M.  Pouyer- 
Quertier 12  June, 

Trochu's  speech  defending  "government  of  national  defence," 

13,  14  June, 

Theatres,  etc.,  reopened  in  Paris about  20  June, 

Letter  of  M.  Guizot  to  M.  Gr6vy,  recommending  political  mod- 
eration and  maintenance  of  present  government 22  June, 

Loan  of  2,000,000,000  francs  decreed,  26  June;  subscription 
opened,  27  June;  about  4,000,000,000  subscribed  in  France, 

28  June, 


301 


FRA 


One  hundred  and  thirty-two  members  elected  to  assembly;  in- 
cludes Gambetta,  a  few  legitimists  and  Bonapartists ;  the 
rest  support  government 2  July,  1871 

Letter  from  comte  de  Chambord  at  Chambord,  professing  de- 
votion to  France;  modern  policy  and  liberality;  but  de- 
clining to  give  up  the  white  flag  of  Henry  IV. ;  he  retires  to 
Germany  to  avoid  agitation;  dated 5  July,     " 

Government  said  to  have  500  votes  in  the  assembly;  bill  for 
new  taxes  passed  (483-5) 8  July,     " 

Five  hundred  million  francs,  part  of  indemnity  to  Germany, 
paid about  14  July,     " 

Prince  Jerome  Napoleon  expelled  from  France  (at  Havre), 

15  July,     " 

Full  compensation  for  losses  of  invaded  provinces  refused  by 
Thiers,  who  acknowledges  no  debt,  but  proposes  to  act  gen- 
erously  Aug.     '« 

Trial  of  communist  prisoners  at  Paris  begun about  8  Aug.     " 

Dissensions  in  assembly  between  monarchists  and  republicans; 
resignation  of  Thiers  not  accepted,  24  Aug. ;  his  power  con- 
tinued, and  the  sovereign  and  constituent  authority  of  the 
assembly  voted  (443-227) about  25  Aug.     " 

Thiers  named  president  of  the  republic  while  the  assembly  shall 
continue  (the  Rivet- Vitet  proposition),  491-93 31  Aug.     " 

Ferrd  and  Lullier  sentenced  to  death,  others  to  transportation 
or  imprisonment,  2  Sept. ;  3  women  (p6troleuses)  to  death 
for  throwing  petroleum  on  fires 5  Sept.     " 

Assembly  assumes  for  the  nation  the  losses  of  invaded  prov- 
inces  6  Sept.     " 

Rossel,  communist  general,  sentenced  to  death 8  Sept.     " 

Law  carrying  out  treaty  with  Germany  on  imports  from  Alsace 
and  Lorraine,  and  reducing  German  troops  in  France  to 
50,000  men,  14  Sept. ;  passed  (533-33);  session  closed, 

*2  A.M.  17  Sept.     " 

Germans  evacuate  Paris  forts about  20  Sept.     " 

Rochefort  (ot  La  Lanterne  and  Le  Mot  d'Ordre)  sentenced  to 
life  imprisonment 21  Sept.     "^ 

Difficulty  in  Alsace  and  Lorraine  treaty "  " 

Eight  murderers  of  gens.  Lecomte  and  Thomas  condemned, 

18  Nov.     " 

Rossel,  Ferr6,  and  Bourgeois,  communists,  shot  at  Satory  be- 
fore 3000  soldiers 28  Nov.     '^ 

Gaston  Cremieux  executed  at  Marseilles 30  Nov.     " 

Territory  held  by  Germans  declared  under  siege 4  Dec.     " 

Thiers's  message  to  assembly;  deprecates  free -trade;  pro- 
poses moderate  protection 7  Dec.     " 

Long  debate ;  proposed  taxes  on  raw  materials  opposed ;  gov- 
ernment defeated  (377-307) 19  Jan.  1872 

Resignation  of  Thiers  and  ministry;  MacMahon  writes,  "Army 
will  obey  orders  of  a  majority  of  assembly,  but  not  dictator- 
ship;" Thiers  resumes  office 20  Jan.     " 

Assassins  of  archbishop  Darboy  and  others  (on  24  May,  1871) 
convicted 23  Jan.     " 

Manifesto  of  comte  de  Chambord;  he  will  not  become  a  legiti- 
mate king  by  revolution 29  Jan.     '• 

General  subscription  to  indemnity  to  Germans  begins Feb.     " 

Manifesto  for  constitutional  monarchy  signed  by  about  280  of 
the  Right about  21  Feb.     " 

Ex-emperor  assumes  by  letter  responsibility  of  surrender  at 
Sedan 12  May,     " 

Majority  of  assembly  propose  MacMahon  as  president  in  room 
of  Thiers July,     " 

Pilgrimage  of  about  20.000  to  grotto  of  Virgin  at  Lourdes  (where 
miraculous  appearance  of  Virgin  to  2  girls  was  reported,  14 
Feb.  1858) 6  Oct.     " 

Comte  de  Chambord  writes  De  la  Rochette,  protesting  against 
a  republic;  that  France  can  be  saved  by  a  monarchy  alone; 
he  is  Catholic  and  monarchical,  etc 15  Oct.     '* 

National  Assembly  meets  again,  11  Nov. ;  Thiers,  in  his  mes- 
sage, declares  republic  legal ;  urges  conservatism ;  proposes 
changes 12  Nov.     " 

Attack  of  gen.  Changarnier  on  Thiers's  policy  and  Gambetta's 
speech  at  Grenoble;  majority  for  government,  150  (300  did 
not  vote) 18  Nov.     " 

Government  project  becomes  law , 19  Nov.     " 

Report  of  commission  read  by  M.  Batbie,  claiming  right  of 
assembly  to  frame  constitution  with  responsible  ministry; 
president  not  to  speak  in  the  assembly,  etc 26  Nov.     " 

M.  Thiers  addresses  assembly ;  prefers  English  to  American  sys- 
tem; monarchy  now  impossible;  adheres  to  republic ;  wishes 
it  conservative.  Dufaure's  amendment  carried  by  370  to  334 
(royalists  with  Bonapartists  against  radicals) 29  Nov.     ** 

Manifesto  of  Left,  proposing  a  legal  dissolution  of  assembly, 

10  Dec.     " 

Negatived  (490-201) 14  Dec.     " 

Powerful  speech  of  Thiers  to  the  commission  of  30 16  Dec.     " 

Debt  (before  the  war,  about  11,512,500,000  francs),  18,717,500,- 
000  francs Dec.     " 

Meeting  of  National  Assembly 6  Jan.  187S 

Death  of  Napoleon  III.  at  Chiselhurst 9  Jan.     " 

Bonapartist  manifesto:  "The  emperor  is  dead,  but  the  empire 
is  living  and  indestructible" 15  Jan.     " 

Thiers  addresses  commission  of  30  against  proposed  changes, 

2  Feb.     «« 

Letter  of  comte  de  Chambord  published;  destroys  prospects  of 
fusion  of  Bourbons Feb.     ' 

Debate  begins  on  report  of  commission,  which  preserves  leg- 
islative rights  of  present  assembly,  and  the  provisional  state 
of  the  "pacte  de  Bordeaux,"  27  Feb.  Thiers  supports  this 
"  truce  of  parties,"  adopted  (475-199) 4  .Mch.     '* 

Convention  at  Berlin  for  final  evacuation  of  departments  in 
Sept.  on  payment  of  indemnity 15  Mch.     " 


FRA  302 

Declaration  Jn  the  assembly,  "  that  M.  Thiers  has  deserved 
well  of  his  country" 17  Mch.  1873 

Besgnation  of  Thiers  and  his  ministry  accepted  (368-339),  24 
May;  marshal  MacMahon,  d>ic  de  MagenUi  (b.  1808),  elected 
president  by  3i)0  votes  (the  Left  did  not  vote);  he  accepts, 
declaring  independence  of  party,  24  May;  in  his  message  he 
says,  "The  post  in  which  you  have  placed  rao  is  that  of  a 
sentinel,  who  has  to  watch  over  the  integrity  of  your  sover- 
eign power  " 26  May,     " 

France,  except  Verdun,  evacuated  by  Germans 2  Aug.     " 

Fusion  of  legitimists  and  Orleanists  ;  comte  de  Paris  meets 
comte  do  Chambord,  who  is  accepted  as  chief 6  Aug.     " 

Prince  imperial  Napoleon  declares  policy  of  his  family,  "  Ev- 
ervthing  bv  the  people  for  the  people" 15  Aug.     *' 

lAst  instalment,  250,000,000  francs,  of  indemnity  of  5,000,000,- 

000  francs  paid 5  Sept.     " 

Verdun  quitted  by  Germans 13  Sept.     " 

Last  quitted  French  territory 16  Sept.     " 

Letter  from  comte  de  Chambord  to  the  vlcomte  de  Rodez- 

Benavent;  tendency  to  concession;  says,  "I  want  the  co- 
operation of  all,  and  all  have  need  of  me,"  dated. .  .19  Sept.     " 

Prince  Jerome  Napoleon  joins  republicans — 26  Sept.     " 

Trial  of  marshal  Bazaine,  commander  on  the  Rhine  in  1870, 
for  treachery  and  misconduct  at  Metz  begins;  due  d'Au- 
male  president  of  court 6  Oct.     *' 

Manifesto  of  monarchists  proposing  restoration,  guaranteeing 
liberties,  etc 1«  Oct.     " 

L€on  Say  and  l^ed  Centre  decline  negotiation  with  monarch- 
ists; who  threaten  abstention  in  ne.xt  elections 23  Oct.     " 

Letter  of  comte  de  Chambord  to  M.  Chesnelong:  "I  retract 
nothing,  and  curtail  nothing  of  my  previous  declarations.  I 
do  not  wish  to  begin  a  reign  of  reparation  by  an  act  of  weak- 
ness; if  enfeebled  to-day,  I  should  be  powerless  to-morrow; 

1  am  a  necessary  pilot;  the  only  one  capable  of  guiding  the 
Shinto  port,  because  I  have  for  it  a  mission  of  authority," 

27  Oct.     " 

L6on  Say  and  Left  Centre  say  the  time  has  come  to  organize 
a  conservative  republic 30  Oct.     " 

Meeting  of  National  Assembly ;  president's  message  asks  in- 
creased and  prolonged  power  (10  years) ;  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  15;  voted  urgent  (by  360-350) 5  Nov.     " 

Eight  of  committee  favor  extending  presidency  5  years  after 
meeting  of  next  legislature,  under  existing  conditions  till 
the  passing  of  constitutional  laws;  the  others  favor  10  years 
without  conditions 13  ^'ov.     " 

M.  Laboulaye  presents  report  of  committee  ;  MacMahon,  by 
message,  suggests  7  years 17  Nov.     " 

Warm  debate;  majority  of  68  for  ministers,  18  Nov. ;  7  years' 
power  voted  to  president  MacMahon  (383-31T),  19  Nov. ;  de- 
cree  20  Nov.     " 

Bazaine  foundguilty  of  capitulating  (with  170,000  men)  in  open 
field ;  of  negotiating  dishonorably  with  enemy,  and  surren- 
dering a  fortified  place;  sentence,  death  and  degradation,  10 
Dec. ;  commuted  to  20  years'  imprisonment 12  Dec.     " 

*•  Comte  Albert  de  Bourbon, "  claiming  to  be  son  of  Louis  XVIL  ; 
discredited  (Impostors) 27  Feb.  1874 

Prince  Louis  Napoleon's  majority  (at  18)  celebrated  at  Chisel- 
hurst  by  6000  Frenchmen;  he  awaits  the  8th plebiscite, 

16  Mch.      " 

Dahirel,  legitimist,  moves  that  on  1  June  the  assembly  vote  be- 
tween monarchy  and  republic;  negatived  (330-256).  .27  Mch.     " 

Disputes  of  republicans  and  Bonapartists;  Left  Centre  demand 
the  republic,  or  dissolution  of  assembly 8,  9  June,     " 

Bonnard,  communist,  condemned  for  murder,  25  Feb. ;  shot, 

6  June,     " 

Electoral  bill;  age  of  electors  fixed  at  21,  not  25  (defeat  of  min- 
istry)  10  June,     " 

Casimir  P^rier  (leader  of  Left  Centre)  moves  recognition  of  re- 
public; MacMahon  president  till  20  Nov.  1880,  and  revision 
of  constitution;  voted  " urgent "  (345-341) 14,15  June,     " 

Due  de  Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia  moves  restoration  of  legitimate 
monarchy;  negatived;  he  resigns  British  embassy,  15  June.     " 

By  order  of  the  day,  president  MacMahon  declares  that  with 
army  he  will  maintain  authority  for  the  7  years 29  June,     " 

Manifesto  of  comte  de  Chambord,  ' '  France  has  need  of  mon- 
archy. My  birth  has  made  me  your  king.  .  .  .  The  Christian 
and  French  monarchy  is  in  its  very  essence  limited  (temperee). 
It  admits  of  the  existence  of  2  chambers;  one  nominated  by 
the  sovereign,  the  other  by  the  nation.  ...  I  do  not  wish 
for  those  barren  parliamentary  struggles,  whence  the  sover- 
eign too  frequently  issues  powerless  and  enfeebled.  ...  I 
reject  the  formula  of  foreign  importation,  which  all  our  na- 
tional traditions  repudiate,  with  its  king  who  reigns  and 
does  not  govern.  "—Signed  Henry  V 2  July,     " 

Debate  on  manifesto;  legitimists  defeated;  ministers,  defeated 
on  motion  for  septennate,  resign  (368-331) ;  resignation  not 
accepted  by  president 8  July,     " 

President  by  message  declares  determination  to  maintain  law 
of  20  Nov.,  calls  for  constitutional  laws 9  July,     " 

Reports  of  committee,  by  Ventavon  (bill  proposes  maintenance 
of  authority  of  president;  ministerial  responsibility;  2  legis- 
lative assemblies;  dissolution  of  Chamber  of  Deputies  by 
president;  etc.),  suspended 16  July,     " 

Casimir  P6rier's  motion  for  republic  rejected  (375-333),  23  July,     " 

Malleville's  motion  for  dissolution  rejected  (374-332) " 

Assembly  adjourns  (to  30  Nov.) 5  Aug.     " 

Bazaine  escapes  from  isle  of  Ste.  Marguerite 10  p.m.  9  Aug.     " 

[His  wife  asserted  that  he  descended  by  an  old  gutter  on  a 
knotted  rope ;  was  taken  in  a  boat  by  her  and  her  nephew, 
Alvarez  de  Rul,  to  steamer  Baron  Ricasola,  which  landed 
him  at  Genoa  (see  Dec.  1873).] 


FRA 

VendOme  column  restored 31  Aug.  1874" 

Death  of  M.  Guizot 12  Sept. 

Bazaino's  defence,  sent  by  him  to  the  Now  York  Herald,  dated 
6  Sept. ,  pub.  in  London 14  Sept. 

Trials  for  complicity  in  Bazaine's  escape;  col.Villette  and  oth- 
ers sentenced  to  imprisonment 17  Sept. 

Thiers,  at  Vizille,  near  Grenoble,  upon  an  address,  says, "Since 

{rou  cannot  establish  monarchy,  establish  the  republic,  frank- 
y  and  sincerely" 27  Sept. 

Political  parties  were— Extreme  Right:  legitimists,  adherents 
of  Henry  V.  Moderate  Right:  monarchists.  Right  Centra: 
8ei)tennates,  imperialists  or  Bonapartists.  Left  Centre:  mod- 
erate republicans  (chief,  Thiers).  Left:  more  pronounced. 
Extreme  Left:  radicals  (chief,  Gambetta) Nov.     " 

St.  Genest's  pamphlet,  "  L'Assembldo  et  la  France,"  inciting 
to  a  coup  d'etat end  of  Nov.     " 

Comte  de  Chambord  requests  friends  not  to  vote  so  as  to  pre- 
vent or  delay  restoration  of  monarchy Nov.     " 

Addresses  ft-om  towns,  etc.,  in  France,  with  thanks  for  reliet 
during  war  1870-71  (inscribed  '■'  Britannice  grata  Gallia  "), 
with  about  12,000,000  signatures,  presented  to  queen  Victo- 
ria by  M.  d'Agiout  and  comte  de  Serrurier  (placed  in  British 
museum  for  inspection) 3  Dec.     •' 

Assembly  meets;  president's  firm,  moderate  message. ..     "         " 

Sudden  death  of  M.  Ledru-Rollin 31  Dec.     " 

President  recommends  a  senate,  motion  against  it  passed  (420- 
250),  6  Jan. ;  ministers'  resignation  not  accepted 7  Jan.  1875 

Cost  of  war  (9,885,000,000  francs  or  $1,977,000,000)  announced, 

Jan.     " 

Laboulaye's  amendment  rejected  (359-335) 29  Jan.     " 

Wallon's  amendment  (president  to  be  elected  by  majority  of 
2  chambers  for  7  years,  eligible  for  re-election;  republic 
virtually  established),  passed 1  a.m.  31  Jan.     *' 

Rejoicing  through  the  country Feb.     " 

Duprat's  amendment  carried  (senate  chosen  by  universal  suf- 
frage), 11  Feb. ;  3d  reading  of  constitutional  bill  rejected 
(357-345);  dissolution  of  assembly  negatived  (407-266),  12  Feb. ; 
president's  message  disapproving  of  last  votes 13  Feb.     " 

Senate  bill  (senate  of  300;  225  elected  by  departments,  75  by 
National  Assembly) "122  Feb.     " 

Union  of  moderate  monarchists  and  republicans;  legitimists 
and  Bonapartists  defeated;  senate  bill  passed  (448-244),  24 
Feb. ;  final  vote  for  republic;  constitutional  laws  passed  (436- 
262),  5  P.M.  25  Feb. ;  pub 1  Mch.     " 

New  ministry:  Buffet,  interior;  Dufaure,  justice  ;  L€on  Say, 
finance;  Wallon,  instruction;  De  Meaux,  agriculture  and 
commerce;  Cissey,  war;  Decazes,  foreign ;  Montaignac,  ma- 
rine; Caillaux,  public  works 10  Mch.     " 

Due  d'Audiffret-Pasquier  elected  president  of  assembly  almost 
unanimously 15  Mch.     " 

Assembly  adjourns  to  11  May 20  Mch.     " 

Meeting  of  assembly,  11  May;  ministry  propose  to  refer  a  bill 
to  committee  of  30;  defeated;  part  of  committee  resign,  18 
May ;  new  committee  elected  (republican  majority) . .  26  May,     " 

Assembly  adjourns 4  Aug.     " 

Plon  having  lost  by  publishing  "Julius  Caesar,"  by  Napoleon 
III.,  sues  emperor's  executors;  fails;  and  is  adjudged  to  pay 
costs Aug.     " 

Assembly  ballots  for  senators  for  life;  due  d'Audiffret-Pasquier 
elected;  breach  between  legitimists  and  Orleanists  disclosed; 
government  defeated 9  Dee.     " 

Seventy-five  senators  for  life  (52  republicans)  elected,  9-21  Dec.     " 

Communist  trials  report;  9596  convicted;  110  sentenced  to 
death Dec.     *' 

Estimated  result  of  elections:  moderate  republicans,  270 ;  rad- 
icals, 60;  Bonapartists,  92;  Orleanists,  58;  legitimists,  36, 

7  Mch.  1876 

Amnesty  for  communists  introduced  in  senate  by  Victor  Hugo; 
in  assembly  by  Raspail 21  Mch.     " 

Debate  on  amnesty,  14  May;  rejected  (394-52),  17  May;  Victor 
Hugo's  speech  for  amnesty;  proposal  rejected  almost  unani- 
mously  22  May,     " 

Gambetta's  resolution  for  parliamentary  government  carried 
(355-154),  17  May;  363  liberal  deputies  protest 18  May,  1877 

President  prorogues  chambers  for  a  month;  firm  manifesto  by 
the  Left 18  May,     " 

Thiers  accepted  as  leader  by  republicans;  Broglie's  circular 
for  repressing  the  press  issued about  29  May,     " 

President,  in  an  order  of  the  day,  after  a  review  at  Longehamps, 
says,  "I  appeal  to  the  army  to  defend  the  dearest  interests 
of  the  country  " 2  July,     " 

Prosecution  of  Gambetta  (and  Murat,  editor  of  Republique 
Francaise)  for  saying  at  Lille  (29  July),  the  president  must, 
if  the  elections  be  against  him,  "se  soumettre  ou  se  d^met- 
tre"  ("submit  or  resign") about  25  Aug.     " 

Thiers  d.,  aged  SO,  3  Sept. ;  public  funeral,  no  disorder,  8  Sept.     " 

Gambetta  and  Murat  sentenced  to  3  months  in  prison  and 
fine  of  2000  francs,  11  Sept. ;  on  appeal,  sentence  affirmed,  • 

22  Sept.     " 

Pres.  MacMahon,  in  manifesto  on  elections,  claims  success  for 
government,  and  says,  "  I  cannot  obey  the  injunctions  of  the 
demagogy;  I  can  neither  become  the  instrument  of  radical- 
ism nor  abandon  the  post  in  which  the  constitution  has 
placed  me" 19  Sept.     " 

Thiers's  manifesto  to  electors  (an  historical  defence  of  the  re- 
public and  late  chamber)  pub 24  Sept.     " 

Gambetta  convicted  for  placarding  his  address ;  fine,  3750  francs 
and  3  months'  imprisonment 12  Oct.     " 

General  election  quiet;  defeat  of  Bonapartist  and  clerical  par- 
ties (of  506  oflQcial  candidates  about  199  elected;  republicans, 
320).H 14  Oct.      " 


If 


FRA  303 

■I'inal  result:  325  republicans;  112  Bonapartists ;  96  monarch- 
ists   28  Oct.  1877 

<;ensus  for  1876  announced  ;   36,905,788  (increase  of  802,867 

over  1872) 8  Nov.     " 

MacMahon  will  not  resign ;  ministry  remains  temporarily;  an- 
nounced  8  Nov.     " 

F.  P.  Jules  Gr^vy  re-elected  president  of  chamber 10  Nov.      " 

Albert  Gre'vy's  resolution  for  commission  of  33  upon  govern- 
ment interference  in  elections,  13  Nov.;  carried  after  warm 

debate  (312-205) 15  Nov.      " 

•Commercial  men  meet  in  Paris;  petition  president 2  Dec.      " 

President  submits  unconditionally,  13  Dec.  A  republican  min- 
istry formed;  Dufaure,  president  of  council  and  minister  of 
justice;  De  Marcere,  interior;  Waddiugion  (Protestant),  for- 
eign aflairs;  Bardoux,  public  instruction;  gen.  Borel,  war; 
vice-adm.  Pothuau,  marine;  L€on  Saj'-,  finance;  Teisserenc 
de  Bort,  commerce;  De  Freycinet,  public  works;  the  presi- 
dent in  message  accepts  the  will  of  the  country 14  Dec.     " 

Ximoges  affair;  gen.  Rochebouet  said  to  have  issued  orders  to 
gen.  de  Bressoles  for  a  military  movement,  12  Dec. ;  major 
LabordSre  denounces  orders  as  illegal,  13  Dec. ;  orders  nulli- 
fied by  change  of  ministry,  14  Dec. ;  De  Bressoles  suspended 
for  mistake;  Labord^re  cashiered;  excitement  in  Paris  over 

suspected  preparations  for  a  coup  d'etat Jan.  1878 

45en.  Ducrot  dismissed,  suspected  of  conspiring  for  coup  d'etat, 

10,  11  Jan.     " 
International  exhibition  at  Paris  opened  by  president  (Paris), 

1  May,     " 

-Joan  of  Arc  and  Voltaire  centenaries  celebrated 30  May,     " 

Death  of  Thiers  commemorated  at  Notre  Dame,  etc.  . .  .3  Sept.     " 
•Twelve  thousand  national  lottery  tickets   of   1    franc  sold 

(Lotteries) up  to  Nov.     " 

Xctter  from  comte  de  Chambord  to  M.  de  Mun,  maintaining 

his  rights;  pub 25  Nov.     " 

Elections  for  senate :  64  republican,  16  opposition 5  Jan.  1879 

•Chamber  votes  confidence  in  the  ministry  (223-121) 30  Jan.     " 

Ministerial  programme:  pardons  to  communists;  clerical  influ- 
ence upon  education  checked;  officials  opposed  to  republic 

dismissed,  etc 16  Jan.     *' 

Drawing  of  the  national  lottery  begun 26  Jan.     " 

Pres.  MacMahon  refuses  to  supersede  military  officers  ;  resigns, 
28  Jan. ;  F.  P.  Jules  Gr6vy  elected  president  by  senate  and 
deputies  united   as    "The   National  Assembly   "(536   for 

Gr6vy ;  99  for  gen.  Chanzy) 30  Jan.     " 

•Gambetta  president  of  chamber 31  Jan.     '< 

Communist  amnesty  passed  by  Chamber  of  Deputies.  .21  Feb.     " 
Proposed  return  of  assemblies  to  Paris ;  congress  to  be  appoint- 
ed (315-128) 22  Mch.      " 

M.  Ferry's  education  bills  to  check  clerical  influences,  abolish- 
ing Jesuit  colleges,  etc Mch.     " 

Blanqui  (a  convict)  elected  for  Bordeaux 20  Apr.     " 

Prince  imperial  Louis  Napoleon  killed  while  reconnoitring  in 

Zululand 1  June,     '* 

Blanqui's  election  annulled  by  chamber  (372-33),  4  June;  par- 
doned and  released 11  June,      " 

Senate  and  deputies  vote  return  to  Paris  (526-249) 20  June,     " 

M.  Ferry's  law  of  superior  public  instruction  passed  by  the 

deputies 9  July,     " 

.President  Gravy's  first  military  review  at  Longchamps, 

13  July,     " 

Fete  of  the  republic 14  July,     " 

Prince  Jerome  Napoleon  coldly  accepted  as  chief  by  Bonapart- 
ists   20  July,     " 

>Comte  de  Chambord's  letter:  "With  the  co-operation  of  all 
honest  men,  and  with  the  grace  of  God,  I  may  save  France, 

and  will" 26  July,     " 

Senate  and  assembly  meet  again  at  Paris 27  Nov.     " 

Death  (ex-foreign  ministers) :  due  de  Grammont,  16  Jan. ;  Jules 

Favre 20  Jan.  1880 

•Debate  in  senate:  7th  clause  of  Ferry's  education  bill  (abol- 
ishing Jesuit  schools,  etc. ) ;  Jules  Simon  speaks  against  it; 

rejected  (148-129) 9  Mch.     " 

Decree  dissolving  Jesuits  and  other  orders  in  France.  .29  Mch.     " 
Letter  from  prince  Jerome  Napoleon  in  favor  of  the  decree; 

offends  Bonapartists about  5  Apr.     " 

■Bishops  and  others  protest  against  the  decree Apr.     " 

-Amnesty  bill  for  political  offences;  presented  by  M.  de  Freyci- 
net, 19  June ;  passed  by  chambers  (333-140) 21  June,     " 

•Otaheite  formally  annexed  to  France 29  June,     " 

•Expulsion  of  religious  orders  (officially  opposed)  carried  into 

eflect  with  Jesuits 30  June,     " 

-Amnesty  bill  passed  for  all,  except  incendiaries  and  assassins, 

by  senate  (143-138) 3  July,     " 

>President  Grevy  grants  general  amnesty,  10  July;  Rochefort 

warmly  received  in  Paris 12  July,     " 

First  grand  republican  national  fete 14  July,     " 

"Carmelites  and  other  religious  orders  expelled 16  Oct. -Nov.     " 

JLoan  of  1,000,000,000  fr.  offered  (public  debt  about  3,000,000,000 

ft'.);  30  times  the  amount  subscribed Mch.  1881 

^ScRDTiN  DE  LiSTE  advocated  by  Gambetta;  opposed  by  presi- 
dent, who  yields 21,  22  Mch.     " 

Expedition  to  N.  Africa  to  chastise  the  Kroumirs;  invasion  of 

„  Tunis Mch. ,  Apr.     " 

'Treaty  with  the  bey  signed  (Tcnis) 12  May,     ' ' 

Excitement  at  Marseilles  and  in  Italy 13  May  et  seq.     " 

M.  Bardoux's  bill  for  the  scrutin  de  liste  passed  by  deputies 

^  (243-235) 18  May,     ' ' 

Tunis  treaty  ratified  by  chamber  (453-1) 23  May,     " 

Scrutin  de  liste  rejected  by  senate  (148-114) 9  June,     " 

.Election  addresses.  M.  Rouher  retires  from  politics  (virtual 
end  or  Bonapartism),  about  31  July ;  prince  Napoleon  Jerome 


FRA 

advocates  progress— "everything  for  and  by  the  people  "— 
about  31  July;  Gambetta  speaks  at  Tours,  Belleville,  12  Aug., 
for   revision  of  constitution,  Aug. ;   Jules  Ferry  at  Nancy 

deprecates  division .about  11  Aug.  1881 

General  elections;  republican  triumph;  many  extremists  re- 
jected  21  Aug.  et  seq.     " 

Capuchins  and  other  orders  relieved  from  monastic  vows  by 

the  pope Oct     " 

New  ministry:  Gambetta,  minister  of  foreign  afi'airs  and  pre- 
mier; Cazot,  justice;  Waldeck  -  Rousseau,  interior;  Allain- 
Targ6,  finance;  gen.  Campenon,  war;  Gougeard,  marine; 
Paul  Bert,  education  and  worship;  Raynal,  public  works; 
Rouvier,  commerce  and  colonies;  Cochery,  post  and  tele- 
graph ;  Deves,  agriculture ;  and  Proust,  arts 12  Nov.     " 

Defeat  of  government;  scrutin  de  liste  rejected  (305-119);  Gam- 
betta resigns 26  Jan.  1882 

New  ministry:  De  Freycinet,  president  of  council  and  minister 
for  foreign  affairs;  L6on  Say,  finance;  Jules  Ferry,  public 
instruction;  Goblet,  interior  and  public  worship;  Humbert, 
justice;  gen.  Billot,  war;  adm.  Jaureguiberry,  marine;  Var- 
roy,  public  works;  Tirard,  commerce;  De  Mahy,  agriculture; 

Cochery,  post  and  telegraph 30,  31  Jan.     " 

Credit  to  protect  Suez  canal  refused  on  motion  of  C16menceau 

(416-75) ;  ministry  resigns 29  July,     " 

New  ministry:  Duclerc,  president  of  the  council  and  minister 
for  foreign  affairs;  Tirard,  finance;  Devfes,  justice;  De  Fal- 
lidres,  interior;  Pierre  Legrand,  commerce  and  ad  interim 
public  works;  gen.  Billot,  war;  adm.  Jaureguiberry,  marine; 
Cochery,  post  and  telegraph ;  De  Mahy,  agriculture ;  Duvaux, 

public  instruction 1  Aug.     " 

Bonapartists  select  prince  Victor  chief about  31  Aug.     *' 

Compulsory  Education  act  takes  effect 2  Oct.     " 

Death  of  Gambetta,  aged  44,  after  weeks  of  suffering  from  ac- 
cidental wound,  midnight 31  Dec.     " 

Prince  Napoleon  arrested  for  manifesto  against  government, 

16  Jan.  1883 

Floquet's  bill  to  exile  Bourbons  and  Bonapartists "  " 

Government  bill  of  De  Fallieres  for  power  to  expel  same,  20  Jan.     " 

Expulsion  bill  adopted  by  committee 25  Jan.     " 

Fabre's  bill  permitting  princes  to  remain  without  civil 
rights  discussed,  29  Jan. ;  passed  by  chamber  (343-163), 

1  Feb.     « 

Prince  Napoleon's  indictment  quashed;  released 9  Feb.     " 

Senate  rejects  expulsion  bill;  adopts  amendment  of  Say  and 
Waddington  (165-127);  expelling  princes  only  after  trial, 

12  Feb.     « 
Decree  to  retire  Orleanist  princes  from  army  under  law  of 
1834  (due  d'Aumale,  due  de  Chartres,  and  due  d'Alenp on), 

api)roved  by  deputies  (295-103) 24  Feb.     *' 

Marshal  Bazaine  publishes  his  defence  at  Madrid " 

Museum  of  revolution  established  at  Versailles 20  June,     " 

National  fete;  colossal  statue  of  Republic  uncovered.  ,14  July,     " 

Death  of  comte  de  Chambord,  aged  nearly  63. 24  Aug.     *' 

Statue  of  Lafayette  unveiled  at  Lepuy 6  Sept.     " 

Government  awards  25,000  francs  to  Mr.  Shaw  (Madagascar, 

1883) about  15  Oct.     " 

Franpois  Mignet,  historian,  d.  (aged  87) 24  Mch.  1884 

Prince  Victor  acknowledged  chief  of  Bonapartists;  his  father 

publishes  painful  correspondence June,     " 

Colossal  statue  of  Liberty  by  Bartholdi  given  to  United  States, 

unveiled  by  Jules  Ferry  at  Paris 4  July,     " 

Death  of  Victor  Hugo,  poet,  dramatist,-  and  novelist  (aged  83), 

22  May;  buried  in  Pantheon;  all  Paris  spectators 1  June,  1885 

Scrutin  de  liste  bill  with  senate  amendments 8  June,     " 

Madagascar  under  French  protection  by  treaty  of. 12  Dec.    " 

Senate  votes  expulsion  of  Bonaparte  family  (141-107). 22  June,  1886 

Mobilization  of  army  on  the  Spanish  frontier .30  Aug.  1887 

[The  troops  were  from  2  to  6  days  in  concentrating.] 

Marie-Franpois  Sadi  Carnot  elected  president 3  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Boulanger  minister  of  war " 

Daniel  Wilson,  son-in-law  of  ex-president  Gr6vy,  sentenced  to 
2  years'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  3000  francs  for  complicity 

in  sale  of  army  decorations 1  Mch.  1888 

Duel  between  M.  Floquet,  premier,  and  gen.  Boulanger;  the 

latter  severely  wounded " 

French  seize  the  Marquesa  group  in  the  Pacific  ocean.. 20  Sept.     " 

Marshal  Bazaine  dies  at  Madrid 23  Sept.     " 

Senate  passes  bankruptcy  bill  as  desired  by  Panama  Canal  com- 
pany  17  Jan.  1889 

Gen.  Boulanger  proclaims  devotion  to  the  republic  on  the  eve 

of  the  election 26  Jan.     '♦ 

Boulanger  elected  deputy  in  the  department  of  the  Seine  by 

plurality  of  81,550  over  M.  Jacques,  republican 27  Jan.     " 

Old  Panama  company  dissolved 4  Feb.     " 

Cabinet  decides  to  prosecute  gen.  Boulanger 29  Mch.     '* 

Boulanger  flees  from  Paris  to  Brussels 1  Apr.     " 

In  public  statement  says  he  left  France  rather  than  be  tried  by 

the  senate 3  Apr.     " 

He  issues  manifesto 5  Apr.     " 

His  trial  begun  before  the  senate 12  Apr.     " 

Boulanger  leaves  Brussels  for  England 24  Apr.     " 

Formal  opening  of  French  exposition 6  May,     " 

Carlotta  Patti,  singer,  sister  of  Adelina,  d.  at  Paris 28  June,     " 

Boulanger  defeated  in  election;  out  of  1344  cantons  he  carries 

but  12 29  July,     « 

Boulanger's  trial  before  high  court  of  senate  begun 7  Aug. 

Boulanger,  Henri  Rochefort,  and  count  Dillon  sentenced  to  be 

deported  to  some  fortified  place 14  Aug.     " 

Boulanger  issues  manifesto  from  London 16  Aug.     " 

Names  of  Boulanger  and  count  Dillon  erased  from  the  Legion 
of  Honor. 26  Aug.     « 


FRA  304 

Beturn  of  158  republican  deputies  and  89  opposition;  Boulan- 

ger  election  cliiinicd  from  Montmartre 23  Sept.  1889 

Paris  municipal  commission  declare  votes  for  Boulanger  in 

Montmartre  and  Henri  Rochefort  in  Belleville  void.. 26  Sept  " 
Electoral  bureau  decide  Boulanger  not  elected  deputy.. 27  Nov.  " 
Duke  of  Orleans  sentenced  to  2  years'  imprisonment...  12  Feb.  1890 

Pardoned  by  pres.  Carnot 3  June,     " 

Panama  Canal  commission  report:  20  years  and  1,737,000,000 

fhmcs  needed  to  complete  canal 27  June,     " 

International  congress  opens  at  Paris 16  Sept.     " 

Meissonier,  celebrated  painter,  d 31  Jan.  1891 

Prince  Jerome  Napoleon  (son  of  Jerome,  brother  of  Napoleon 

I.)  dies  at  Rome  (Bonapartk  family) 17  Mch.     " 

[Bonapartist  leaders  recognize  Victor,  his  eldest  son,  as 
heir  to  the  empire;  Jerome  by  will  names  Louis,  his  second 
son,  head  of  the  house  of  Bonaparte.] 

Franfois  Jules  P.  Gre'vy,  ex-president,  d.  (aged  84) 9  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Boulanger  (b.  1837)  shoots  himself  at  the  grave  of  his  mis- 
tress, Mme.  de  Bonne  Main,  near  Brussels 30  Sept.     '• 

Senate  adopts  a  duty  on  American  pork  in  place  of  prohibition, 

30  Oct     " 

Decree  admitting  American  pork  at  4  ports 5  Dec.     " 

Encyclical  of  pope  to  French  bishops  enjoining  submission  to 

republic 16  Feb.  1892 

Chamber  votes  300,000,000  francs  for  an  expedition  against 

Dahomey 11  Apr.     " 

Order  to  prosecute  archbishop  of  Avignon  and  bishops  of 
Nimes,  Montpellier,  Valence,  and  Viviers,  for  concerted  ad- 
dresses to  Catholic  electors  against  the  state. .  .about  22  Apr.     " 

Investigation  of  the  Panama  canal  scandal  begun 25  Nov.     " 

Loubet  ministry  resigns  on  the  Panama  scandal  issue.  .28  Nov.     " 

Ribot  ministry  succeeds 5  Dec.     " 

Charles  de  Lesseps  arrested  for  complicitv  in  canal  frauds, 

16  Dec.     " 
Ferdinand  and  Charles  de  Lesseps,  Fontane,  Cottu,  and  Eiffel, 
sentenced  to  prison  and  fine  by  court  of  appeals  for  fraud  in 

the  Panama  canal 9  Feb.  1893 

M.  Taine,  historian,  d 5  Mch.     " 

Trial  of  those  accused  of  corruption  in  the  Panama  Lottery  Bond 

bill  begun  in  the  assize  court,  Paris 8  Mch.     " 

Jules  Ferry,  president  of  the  senate,  d 17  Mch.     " 

Ferdinand  and  Charles  de  Lesseps  re-elected  members  of  the 

board  of  directors  of  the  Suez  canal 6  June,     " 

French  court  of  cassation  quashes  the  sentence  of  Charles  de 
Lesseps  and  others  convicted  of  fraud  in  the  Panama  affair, 

and  all  released  from  prison 15  June,     " 

Guy  de  Maupassant,  French  writer  of  fiction,  d 6  July,     " 

Active  hostilities  with  the  Siamese  government  begin July,     " 

France,  by  ultimatum  to  Siam,  demands  reparation  for  out- 
rages; answer  required  within  48  hours 19  July,     " 

Siam  accepts  French  ultimatum  in  full 29  July,     " 

Siam  gives  the  guarantees  demanded  by  France 1  Aug.     " 

Blockade  of  Siamese  coast  begun  July,  withdrawn 4  Aug.     " 

Marshal  MacMahon,  duke  of  Magenta,  ex-presideut,  d.  .17  Oct     " 

M.  Gounod,  great  French  composer,  dies  at  Paris 18  Oct     " 

Auguste  Vaillant,  a  violent  anarchist,  throws  a  dynamite  bomb 
from  the  gallery  of  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies  among 
the  members  below  while  they  were  in  session,  by  which 

many  were  seriously  injured,  but  none  mortally 9  Dec.     " 

Vaillant  the  anarchist  tried  during  Jan.,  condemned  to  death, 
and  guillotined 5  Feb.  1894 

SOVEREIGNS   OF   FRANCE. 


428. 
447. 
458. 
481. 

611. 


634. 
648. 
658. 


675. 
684. 


613. 
628. 


656. 
670. 


674. 


711. 
715. 


MEROVINGIAN  RACE. 

Pharamond  (existence  doubtful). 

Clodion  the  Hairy,  his  supposed  son;  king  of  the  Salic  Franks. 

Merovaeus,  orMerov6e;  son-in  law  of  Clodion. 

Childeric,  son  of  M^rovge. 

Clovis,  his  son,  real  founder  of  the  monarchy. 
His  4  sons  divided  the  empire: 
Childebert;  Paris. 
Clodomir;  Orleans. 
Thierry;  Metz. 
Clotaire;  Soissons. 

Theodebert;  Metz. 

Theodebald;  succeeded  in  Metz. 

Clotaire  L  ;  sole  ruler.     Upon  his  death,  the  kingdom  divided 
between  4  sons,  viz. : 

Charibert,  ruled  at  Paris. 

Gontram,  in  Orleans  and  Burgundy. 

Sigebert,  at  Metz ;  and)  t^  .i  ■     ^  „  ,     ^    j, 

Chilperic,  at  Soissons.  I  ^"^^  assassmated  by  Fredegond. 

Childebert  II. 

Clotaire  II. ;  Soissons. 

Thierry  IL,  son  of  Childebert ;  in  Orleans. 

Theodebert  n. ;  Metz. 

Clotaire  II. ;  became  sole  king. 

Dagobert  I.,  the  Great,  son  of  Clotaire  IL ;  divided  the  king- 
dom between  his  2  sons: 

Clovis  IL  ;  Burgundy  and  Neustria. 

Sigebert  II. ;  Austrasia. 

Clotaire  III.,  son  of  Clovis  IL 

Childeric  II. ;  sole  king;  assassinated,  with  his  queen  and  his 
son  Dagobert,  in  the  forest  of  Livri. 

Thierry  IIL  ;  Burgundy  and  Neustria. 

Dagobert  IL,  son  of  Sigebert  in  Austrasia;  assassinated  679. 

Clovis  III.     (Pepin,  mayor  of  the  palace,  rules  in  his  name). 

Childebert  IIL,  the  Just,  brother  of  Clovis;  Pepin  supreme. 

Dagobert  IIL,  son  of  Childebert 

Chilperic  II. ,  deposed  by  Charles  Martel,  mayor  of  the  palace. 


717. 
720. 


737. 
742. 


762. 
768. 


814. 
840. 


877. 


922. 
923. 


954. 


987. 

996. 

1031. 
1060. 

1108. 

1137. 

1180. 

1223. 
1226. 

1270. 
1285. 
1314. 
1316. 

1322. 

1328. 
1350. 

1364. 

1380. 

1422. 
-J46L 
M483. 

1498. 

1515. 
1547. 

1559. 
1560. 
1574. 


1589. 


1610. 
1643. 


FRA 

Clotaire  IV.,  of  obscure  origin,  raised  by  Charles  Martel  to  tha^ 

throne ;  dies  soon  after ;  Chilperic  is  recalled  from  Aquitaiue. 
Chilperic  IL  restored;  soon  dies  at  Noyon. 
Thierry  IV.,  son  of  Dagobert  IIL,  surnamed  de  Chelles;  d.  737. 

Charles  Martel  reigns  under  the  new  title  of  "duke  of  th** 

French. '  ^—Henault. 
Interregnum,  till  the  death  of  Charles  Martel,  in  741.  • 

Childeric  III.,  son  of  Chilperic  IL,  surnamed  the  Stupid.    Car^ 

loman  and  Pepin,  sons  of  Charles  Martel,  share  the  crown. 

THE  CARLOVINGIANS. 

Pepin  the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Martel;  succeeded  by  his  2; 

sons: 
Charles  the   Great  (Charlemagne)   and   Carloman;    Chariest- 

crowned  emperor  of  the  West,  by  Leo  IIL,  800.    Carlomaik 

reigned  but  3  years.    Charlemagne  d.  28  Jan.  814;  age  72. 
Louis  I.,  le  Debonnaire,  emperor;  dethroned,  but  restored. 
Charles,  surnamed  the  Bald,  king;  emperor  in  875;  poisonecb 

by  Zedechias,  a  Jewish  physician. 
Lo'uis  II. ,  the  Stammerer,  son  of  Charles  the  Bald,  king. 
Louis  III.  and  Carloman  II. ;  the  former  d.  882,  and  Carlomani 

reigned  alone. 
Charles  III.,  le  Gros ;  usurps  right  of  Charles  the  Simple. 
Eudes,  or  Hugh,  count  of  Paris. 
Charles  III.  (or  IV.),  the  Simple;  deposed,  and  died  in  prison* 

in  929;  he  married  Edgiva,  daughter  of  Edward  the  Elcler^ 

of  England,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  king  Louis  IV. 
Robert  brother  of  Eudes;  crowned  at  Rheims;  Charles  killed^ 

him  in  battle. — Henault. 
Rudolph,  or  Raoul,  duke  of  Burgundy;  elected  king,  but  never- 
acknowledged  by  the  southern  provinces.— f/ewau«. 
Louis  IV.,  d'Outremer,  or  Transmarine,  son  of  Charles  III.  (or- 

IV.),  taken  by  his  mother  into  England,  died  by  fall  from^ 

his  horse. 
Lothaire,  his  son;  with  his  father  from  952,  succeeds  him  at. 

15  years  of  age,  protected  by  Hugh  the  Great;  poisoned. 
Louis  v.,  the  Indolent,  son  of  Lothaire;  poisoned  (supposed! 

by  his  queen,  Blanche) ;  last  of  race  of  Charlemagne. 

THE  CAPETS. 

Hugh  Capet,  the  Great,  count  of  Paris,  etc. ,  eldest  son  of  Hugh- 
the  Abbot,  3  July ;  usurps  the  rights  of  Charles  of  Lorraine, 
uncle  of  Louis  Transmarine.  From  him  this  race  of  king* 
is  called  Capevingians  and  Capetians.     He  d.  24  Oct 

Robert  IL,  surnamed  the  Sage;  son;  died  lamented,  20  July: 
age  61.  ** 

Henry  I.,  son;  d.  29  Aug. 

Philip  I.,  the  Fair,  V Amoureux ;  son;  succeeded  at  8  years  ot 
age ;  ruled  at  14 ;  d.  3  Aug. ;  age  55. 

Louis  VI.,  surnamed  the  Lusty,  or  le  Gros;  son;  d.  1  Aug.. 
1137;  age  59. 

Louis  VII. ;  son;  surnamed  the  Young;  reigned  with  his  fa- 
ther for  some  years;  d.  l8  Sept  1180;  age  60. 

Philip  II.  (Augustus);  son;  succeeds  at  15 ;  crowned  at  Rheimr 
in  his  father's  lifetime;  d.  14  July,  1223;  age  58. 

Louis  VIII.  CoRur  de  Lion  ;  son ;  d.  8  Nov.  1226 ;  age  39. 

Louis  IX.;  son;  called  St  Louis;  succeeded  at  15,  under  his- 
mother  as  guardian  and  regent;  died  in  camp  before  Tunis- 
25  Aug.  1270;  age  55. 

Philip  IIL,  the  Hardy;  son;  died  at  Perpignan,  6  Oct  1285^. 
age  40. 

Philip  IV.,  the  Fair;  son;  king  in  his  17th  year;  d.  29  Nov. 
1314;  age  47. 

Louis  X. ;  son ;  surnamed  Hutin,  an  old  word  for  headstrong, 
or  mutinous;  d.  5  June,  1316;  age  27. 

John  I.,  posthumous  son  of  Louis  X. ;  b.  15  Nov. ;  d.  19  Nov. 

Philip  v.,  the  Long  (on  account  of  his  stature);  brother  of 
Louis;  d.  3  Jan.  1322;  age  28. 

Charles  IV.,  the  Handsome;  brother;  d.  31  Jan.  1328;  age  34. 

HOUSE  OF  VALOIS. 

Philip  VL  de  Valois,  the  Fortunate;  grandson  ot  Philip  IIL;. 
d.  23  Aug.  1350;  age  57. 

John  II. ,  the  Good;  son;  died  suddenly  in  the  Savoy  in  Lon- 
don, 8  Apr. 

Charles  V.,  the  AVise;  son;  d.  16  Sept  1380;  age  43. 

Charles  VL,  the  Beloved;  son;  d.  21  Oct  1422;  age  54. 

Charles  VIL,  the  Victorious;  son;  d.  22  July,  1461;  age  58. 

Louis  XL  ;  son;  able  but  cruel;  d.  30  Aug.  1483;  age  60. 

Charles  VIII. ,  the  Affable;  son;  d.  7  Apr.  1498;  age  28. 

Louis  XII.,  duke  of  Orleans;  the  Father  of  his  People;  great- 
grandson  of  Charles  V. ;  d.  1  Jan.  1515 ;  age  53. 

Francis  I.  of  Angoulfime;  called  the  Father  of  Letters;  great- 
great-grandson  of  Charles  V. ;  d.  31  Mch.  1547 ;  age  52. 

Henry  II. ;  son ;  died  of  accidental  wound  by  comte  de  Mont- 
morency at  a  tournament  for  nuptials  of  his  sister  with  the- 
duke  of  Savoy,  10  July,  1.559;  age  40. 

Francis  II. ;  son;  married  Mary  Stuart,  queen  of  Scots;  d.  5 
Dec.  1560;  age  17. 

Charles  IX.;  brother;  Catherine  de'  Medici,  his  mother,  re- 
gent; d.  30  May,  1574;  age  24. 

Henry  III. ;  brother;  elected  king  of  Poland;  last  of  the  house- 
of  Valois;  stabbed  by  Jacques  Clement,  a  Dominican  friar,. 
1  Aug. ;  d.  2  Aug.  1589;  age  38. 

HOUSE   OF  BOURBON. 

Henry  IV.,  the  Great,  of  Bourbon,  king  of  Navarre;  son-in-law 
of  Henry  II. ;  assassinated  by  Francis  Ravaillac,  14  May, 
1610;  age  57. 

Louis  XIII. ,  the  Just;  son;  d.  14  May,  1643;  age  42. 

Louis  XIV.,  the  Great,  Dievdonne ;  son;  d.  1  Sept  1715;  age  77. 


FRA 


1715.  Louis  XV.,  the  Well-beloved;  great-grandson;  d.  20  May,  1774; 

age  64. 
1774.  Louis  XVL,  his  grandson;  ascended  the  throne  in  his  20th 
year;  married  the  archduchess  Marie  Antoinette,  of  Austria, 
May,  1770;  dethroned,  14  July,  1789;  guillotined,  21  Jan. 
1793;  age  39;  and  his  queen,  16  Oct.  following. 

[Louis  was  executed  Monday,  21  Jan.  1793,  at  8  o'clock 
A.M.  On  the  scaffold  he  said,  "Frenchmen,  I  die  innocent  of 
the  offences  imputed  to  me.     I  pardon  all  my  enemies, 
and  I  implore  of  Heaven  that  my  beloved  France—"    At 
this  instant  Santerre  ordered  the  drums  to  beat,  and  the 
executioners  to  perform  their  office.    When  the  guillotine 
descended,  the  priest  exclaimed,  "Sonof  St.  Louis!  ascend 
to  heaven."    The  head  was  held  up,  and  a  few  shouted, 
^'VivelaRepubliquef^    The  body  was  interred,  the  grave 
immediately  filled  with  quicklime,  and  a  guard  set  until 
it  should  be  consumed.] 
1793.  Louis  XVII.,  son  of  Louis  XVL,  never  reigned,  but  died  in 
prison,  supposed  by  poison,  8  June,  1795,  aged  10  years  2 
months.     Owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  his  death  quite  a 
number  of  Impostors  have  laid  claim  to  being  Louis  XVII. , 
or  his  son.     It  has  been  asserted  that  he  escaped  to  Eng- 
land, and  lived  there  as  Augustus  Meves.     Even  as  late  as 
1874  one  Naundorf  claimed  to  be  Albert  de  Bourbon,  son  of 
Louis  XVII.,  and  with  Jules  Favre  as  counsel,  he  brought 
his  claim  to  trial.     Verdict  strongly  against  his  claim,  27 
Feb.  1874.     Williams,  Eleazer. 

FIRST   REPUBLIC. 
1792.  National  Convention  (750  members),  first  sitting,  21  Sept. 
1795.  Directory  (Lareveill^re-L^paux,  Letourneur,  Rewbell,  Barras, 
and  Carnot)  nominated  1  Nov. ;  abolished,  and  Bonaparte, 
Duces,  and  SieySs  appointed  an  executive  commission,  Nov. 
1799. 
1799.  Consulate;    Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Cambaceres,  and  Lebrun  ap- 
pointed consuls,  24  Dec.     Napoleon  appointed  consul  for  10 
years,  6  May,  1802;  for  life,  2  Aug.  1802. 

FIRST   EMPIRK.      (BONAPARTE   FAMILY.) 

[Established  by  the  senate  18  May,  1804.] 
1804.  Napoleon  (Bonaparte)  I. ;  b.  15  Aug.  1769.     He  married, 

1st,  Josephine,  widow  of  Alexis,  vicomte  de  Beauharnais,  8 

Mch.  1796  (who  was  divorced  IG  Dec.  1809;  d.  29  May,  1814). 

2d,  Maria  Louisa  of  Austria,  2  Apr.  1810  (d.  17  Dec.  1847).    Son, 

Napoleon  Joseph,  duke  of  Reichstadt;  b.  20  Mch.  1811;  d. 

22  July,  1832. 

He  renounced  the  thrones  of  France  and  Italy,  and  accepted 

the  isle  of  Elba  for  his  retreat,  5  Apr.  1814. 
Again  appeared  in  France,  1  Mch.  1815. 
Was  defeated  at  Waterloo,  18  June,  1815. 
Abdicated  in  favor  of  his  infant  son,  22  June,  1815.     Banished 
to  St.  Helena,  where  he  d.  5  May,  1821;  age  52.     France, 
1840. 

BOURBONS   RESTORED. 
1814.  Louis  XVIII.  (comte  de  Provence),  brother  of  Louis  XVI. ;  b. 
17  Nov.  1755;  married  Marie  Josephine  Louise  of  Savoy; 
entered  Paris,  and  took  possession  of  the  throne,  3  May, 
1814;  obliged  to  flee,  20  Mch.  1815;  returned  8  July,  same 
year;  died  without  issue,  6  Sept.  1824;  age  69. 
1824.  Charles  X.  (comte  d'Artois),  his  brother;  b.  9  Oct.  1757;  mar- 
'  ried  Marie  TherSse  of  Savoy;  deposed  30  July,  1830.     He 
resided  in  Britain  till  1832,  and  died  at  Gratz,  in  Hungary, 
6  Nov.  1836;  age  79. 
Heir :  Henry,  due  de  Bordeaux,  called  comte  de  Charabord, 
son  of  duo  de  Berry;  b.  29  Sept.  1820;  married  princess 
Theresa  of  Modena,  Nov.  1846;  no  issue;  styled  himself 
Henri  V. ;  d.  24  Aug.  1883;  age  63.     Fra.\ce,  1870  et  seq. 

HOUSE   OF    ORLEANS.       (ORLEANS.) 

1830.  Louis  Philippe,  son  of  Louis  Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans,  called 
Egalite,  descended  from  Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans,  son  of 
Louis  XIII.;  b.  6  Oct.  1773;  married  25  Nov.  1809,  Maria 
Amelia,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  I.  (IV.),  king  of  the  2  Sicilies 
(d.  24  Mch.  1866).  Raised  to  the  throne  as  the  king  of  the 
French,  9  Aug.  1830;  abdicated  24  Feb.  1848.  Died  in  exile, 
in  England,  26  Aug.  1850;  age  77. 
Heir:  Louis  Philippe,  count  of  Paris;  b.  24  Aug.  1838  ;  d.  8 
Sept.  1894. 

SECOND  REPUBLIC,  1848. 
Revolution  began  in  a  popular  insurrection  at  Paris,  22  Feb.  1848. 
The  royal  family  escaped  to  England,  a  provisional  government 
was  established,  monarchy  abolished,  and  a  republic  declared. 
Charles  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  declared  by  the  National  Assem- 
bly (19  Dec.)  president  of  the  republic  of  France;  and  proclaimed 
next  day,  20  Dec. ;  elected  for  10  years,  22  Dec.  1851. 

FRENCH  EMPIRE   REVIVED.       (BONAPARTE   FAMILY.) 

[1821.  Napoleon  II.  (so  termed  by  decree  of  Napoleon  III.  on  acces- 
sion). Napoleon  Joseph,  son  of  Napoleon  I.  and  Maria  Lou- 
isa, archduchess  of  Austria;  b.  20  Mch.  1811;  created  king 
of  Rome.  At  his  father's  abdication  he  was  made  duke  of 
Reichstadt,  in  Austria;  died  at  SchOnbrunn,  22  July,  1832; 
age  21.] 

1852.  Napoleon  III.,  president  of  French  republic,  elected  emperor, 
21,  22  Nov.  18.52;  proclaimed  2  Dec.  1852;  surrendered  to 
king  of  Prussia  at  Sedan,  2  .Sept.  1870;  deposed  at  Paris,  4 
Sept. ;  arrives  at  WilhelmshOhe,  near  Cassel,  5  Sept. ;  depo- 
sition confirmed  by  National  Assembly,  1  Mch. ;  he  protested 
against  it,  6  Mch.  1871;  died  at  Chiselhurst,  England,  9  Jan. 
1873 ;  buried  there  15  Jan. ;  age  65. 


305  FRA 

Empress:  Eugenie  Marie  (a  Spaniard,  countess  of  T^ba);  b.  5 
May,  1826;  married  29  Jan.  1853. 

Heir :  Napoleon  Eugfene  Louis  Jean  Joseph,  son ;  styled  Na- 
poleon IV.;  b.  16  Mch.  1856;  killed  in  Zululand,  1  June, 
1879;  buried  beside  his  father  at  Chiselhurst  (prince  of 
Wales  and  other  princes  present),  12  July,  1879.     Wills. 

At  the  celebration  of  the  fete  Napoleon,  15  Aug.  1873,  the 
prince  declared  the  policy  of  his  family  to  be  "Everything 
by  the  people,  for  the  people. ' ' 

[On  18  Dec.  1852,  the  succession,  in  default  of  issue  frora 
the  emperor,  was  determined  in  favor  of  prince  Jerome  Na- 
poleon and  his  heirs  male.]    France,  1883-91. 

THIRD   REPUBLIC. 

I.  Louis  Adolphe  Thiers  (b.  16  Apr.  1797)  appointed  chief  of  the  ex- 
ecutive, 17  Feb.,  and  president  of  the  republic,  31  Aug.  1871;  re- 
signed, 24  May,  1873;  d.  3  Sept.  1877;  age  80. 

II.  Marshal  M.  E.  Patrice  Maurice  MacMahon,  due  de  Magenta  (b  1.^ 
July,  1808),  elected  president,  24  May;  nominated  for  7  years,  20- 
Nov.  1873 ;  d.  17  Oct.  1893. 

IIL  Franpois  Paul  Jules  Grgvy  (b.  15  Aug.  1813);  elected  30  Jan. 

1879;  d.  9  Sept.  189L 
IV.  Marie  Francois  Sadi  Carnot  (b.  11  Aug.  1837),  elected  3  Dec.  1887. 

France,  Isle  of.     Mauritius. 

Frandie-Comte  (fransh-con-fa't/),  a  province  in  up- 
per Burgundy,  E.  France,  was  conquered  by  Julius  Caesar,  about 
45  B.C. ;  by  Burgundians,  early  in  the  5th  century  a,d.  ;  and  by 
Franks  about  534.  It  was  made  a  county  for  Hugh  the  Black 
in  915,  and  named,  because  taken  from  Renaud  III.  (1127-48) 
and  restored  to  him.  By  marrying  the  count's  daughter  Be- 
atrice, the  emperor  Frederick  I.  acquired  it,  1156.  Their  de- 
scendant, Mary  of  Burgundy,  marrying  the  archduke  Maxi- 
milian, conveyed  it  to  the  house  of  Austria,  1477.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  French,  1668 ;  restored  by  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  2  May,  1668;  again  conquered;  and  annexed  to 
France  by  treaty,  1678. 

francllise.  A  privilege  or  exemption  from  ordinary 
jurisdiction ;  anciently  an  asylum  or  sanctuary  for  the  person. 
In  Spain,  churches  and  monasteries  were,  until  lately,  fran- 
chises for  criminals,  as  formerlj'  in  England.  Sanctuaries, 
In  1429,  the  elective  franchise,  or  right  to  vote  for  rulers  and 
magistrates,  for  counties  in  England,  was  restricted  to  resi- 
dents having  at  least  40s.  a  year  in  land.  The  elective  fran- 
chise is  conferred  upon  male  citizens  in  each  of  the  United 
States,  with  certain  conditions  of  previous  residence,  at  the 
age  of  21  3'ear8.  Women  possess  it  only  in  Wyoming,  and  in 
some  states  at  school  elections.  Woman's  suffrage.  The 
conditions  of  the  franchise  vary  slightly  in  the  different  states. 
For  instance,  in  Vermont  deserters  from  the  U.  S.  army  or 
navy  during  the  civil  war  and  ex-confederates  are  excluded 
from  voting.  In  New  York  and  Wyoming  no  man  can  vote 
at  any  election  on  the  result  of  which  he  has  a  bet.  Residents^ 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  cannot  vote  for  president  of  the 
U.  S.     District  of  Columbia. 

Franciscans.  Gray  or  Minor  Friars,  an  order  founded 
by  St.  Francis  d'Assisi  about  1209.  Their  rules  were  chastity^ 
poverty,  obedience,  and  an  austere  regimen.  About  1220  they 
appeared  in  England,  where,  at  the  dissolution  of  monasteries 
by  Henry  VIII.,  they  had  65  abbej'S  or  other  houses,  1536-88. 

Francis's  assault  on  the  queen.  John  Francis,  a 
youth,  fired  a  pistol  at  queen  Victoria  as  she  passed  down 
Constitution  hill,  London,  in  an  open  barouche,  accompanied 
by  prince  Albert,  30  May,  1842.  The  queen  was  uninjured. 
Warned  of  an  attack,  the  queen  had  forbidden  the  ladies  of 
her  court  to  attend  her.  Francis  was  condemned  to  death,  17 
June,  following,  but  was  transported  for  life,  and  liberated  oa 
ticket-of-leave  in  1867. 

Franco'nia  or  Frank'enland  (on  the  Maine), 

formerlj-  a  circle  of  the  German  empire,  part  of  Thuringia,  was 
conquered  by  Thierry,  king  of  the  Franks,  530,  and  colonized. 
Its  count  or  duke,  Conrad,  was  elected  king  of  Germany,  912  ;. 
and  was  ancestor  of  emperor  Conrad  III.,  elected  1138,  and 
another  duke.  Franconia  was  made  a  distinct  circle  from 
Thuringia  in  1512.  At  its  subdivision  in  1806  various  Ger- 
man princes  obtained  parts ;  but  in  1814  the  largest  share  fell 
to  Bavaria. 

Franco-Prussian  war  originated  in  the  French 
emperor's  jealousy  of  the  growing  power  of  Prussia,  by  the 
defeat  of  Denmark  in  1864,  and  of  Austria  in  1866.  These 
successes  destroyed  the  German  confederation,  and  led  to  the: 
North  German  confederation  under  the  control  of  the  king  of 


FRA 


306 


FRA 


Prussia,  who  acquired  besides  Hanover,  llesse-Cassel,  Nassau, 
Frankfort,  and  other  provinces.  This  aggrandizement  of 
Prussia  was  largely  due  to  the  policy  of  count  Bismarck- 
^houhausen,  prinae-miuister  from  Sept.  1862. 

In  a  draught  treaty,  secretly  proposed  to  Prussia  by  Napoleon  III. 
in  1866:  "  1.  The  emperor  recognizes  the  acquisitioua  which 
Prussia  has  made  in  the  last  war;  2.  The  king  of  Prussia 
promises  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  Luxembourg  by 
France;  3.  The  emperor  will  not  oppose  a  federal  uuiou  oi 
the  northern  and  southern  states  of  Germany,  excluding 
Austria;  4.  The  king  of  Prussia,  in  case  the  emperor  should 
■enter  or  conquer  Belgium,  will  support  him  in  arms  against 
any  opposing  power;  6.  They  enter  into  an  alliance  offensive 
and  defensive. ' ' 

[This  draught  appeared  in  the  London  Times,  25  July,  1870. 
After  discussion,  its  authenticity  was  admitted ;  Bismarck  as- 
serting that  it  emanated  from  the  French  emperor,  and  had 
never  been  seriously  entertained  by  himself] 

In  Mch.  1867,  a  dispute  arose,  the  French  emperor,  seeking  to 
purchase  Luxembourg  from  the  king  of  Holland,  was  opposed 
by  Prussia;  the  province  had  formed  part  of  the  German 
confederation.  At  a  conference  of  representatives  of  the  great 
powers  in  London,  the  neutrality  of  Luxembourg  was  de- 
termined, with  the  withdrawal  of  the  Prussian  garrison  and 
the  destruction  of  the  fortifications 7-11  May,  1867 

Prince  Leopold  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen  (connected  with 
the  Prussian  dynasty,  and  brother  of  Charles,  prince  of  Rou- 
mania),  a  candidate  for  the  throne  of  Spain 4  July,  1870 

Remonstrances  by  France;  threatening  speeches  in  the  cham- 
ber by  due  de  Grammont,  foreign  minister;  after  negotiation 
and  intervention  of  Great  Britain,  prince  Leopold,  with  the 
consent  of  his  sovereign,  declined  the  crown 12  July,     " 

France,  not  satisfied,  demanded  a  pledge  that  the  candidacy 
should  not  be  renewed.  This  irritated  Prussia  and  ended  the 
negotiations,  the  king  refusing  to  receive  the  count  Benedetti, 
the  French  minister 13  July,     " 

Fruitless  efforts  to  avert  war  by  earl  Granville,  British  foreign 
minister about  15  July,     " 

War  announced  by  the  emperor,  the  great  majority  of  cham- 
bers approving;  Lefts,  or  Republicans,  opposing.  M.  Thiers 
and  a  few  others  protested  against  it  as  premature. . .  15  July,     " 

[After  Sedan  the  emperor  told  Bismarck  that  he  was  forced 
into  war  by  public  opinion.  He  was  deceived  as  to  the 
strength  of  his  army  and  its  preparation.] 

["  The  greatest  national  crime  that  w^e  have  had  the  pain 
of  recording  since  the  days  of  the  first  French  revolution 
has  been  consummated.  War  is  declared — an  uiyust  but 
premeditated  war."— London  Times,  16  July,  1871.] 

[For  details  of  battles,  see  separate  articles.] 

French  army,  about  300,000: 

Ist  corps,  under  marshal  MacMahon. 
2d  corps,  under  gen.  Frossard. 
3d  corps,  under  marshal  Bazaine. 
4th  corps,  under  gen.  Ladmirault. 
6th  corps,  under  gen.  de  Failly. 
6th  corps,  under  marshal  Canrobert. 
Imperial  guard,  under  gen.  Bourbaki. 

Commander-in-chief,  the  emperor;    gen.  le   Boeuf,  second; 
succeeded  by  marshal  Bazaine. 

J*russian  army,  about  640,000: 

1.  Northern,  under  gen.  Vogel  von  Falckenstein,  about  220,- 

000,  defending  the  Elbe,  Hanover,  etc. 

2.  Right,  under  prince  Frederick  Charles,  about  180,000. 

8.  Centre,  under  gens,  von  Bittenfeld  and  von  Steinmetz, 

about  80.000. 
4.  Left,  under  crown-prince  of  Prussia,  about  166,000. 
Commander-in-chief,  king  William;  second,  gen.  von  Moltke. 

north  German  army,  Aug.,  contained:  1st,  550,000  line,  with 
1200  guns  and  53,000  cavalry;  2d,  187,000  reserve,  with  234 
guns  and  18,000  cavalry ;  and  3d,  205,000  landwehr,  or  militia, 
with  10,000  cavalry ;  in  all  944,000  men,  with  1680  mobilized 
guns  and  193.000  horses. 

JLdd  to  these  the  Bavarians,  69,000  line,  with  192  guns  and 
14,800  horses— 25,000  reserve  with  2400  horses,  and  22,000 
landwehr;  Wurtembergers— 22,000  line,  with  54  guns  and 
6200  horses,  6500  reserve,  and  6000  landwehr ;  and  Badenese 
—16,000  line,  with  54  guns,  4000  reserve,  and  9600  landwehr. 

Total  of  German  troops,  1,124,000.  Aug.     " 

Four  weeks  sooner,  on  peace  footmg,  there  were  only  360,000. 

Both  French  and  German  soldiers  were  brave  and  efficient;  but 
the  French  generals  acted  largely  upon  impulse.  The  Ger- 
mans had  usually  a  well-matured  plan,  massing  forces  at  crit- 
cal  points.  From  Saarbriitk  to  Sedan,  Moltke's  plans  were 
ably  carried  out. 

"Causes  of  the  ruin  of  the  French  army  were:  "  (1)  superiority 
of  the  Germans  in  numbers;  (2)  unity  of  their  command  and 
concert  of  operation;  (3)  their  superior  mechanism  in  equip- 
ment and  supplies;  (4)  superior  intelligence,  steadiness,  and 
discipline  of  the  soldiers;  (5)  superior  education  of  the  officers, 
and  the  dash  and  intelligence  of  the  ca.va.lry.^^— Quarterly 
Review. 

Estimated  cost  of  the  war  to  France,  9,885,000,000  francs.  .Jan.  1875 

War  resolved  on  by  France,  15  July ;  declaration  delivered  at 
Berlin 19  July,  1870 

North  German  parliament  meet  at  Berlin,  and  engage  to  sup- 
port Prussia  in  the  war 19  July,     " 

WQrtemberg,  Bavaria,  Baden,  and  Hesse-Darmstadt  declare 
war  against  France,  and  send  forces 20  July,     " 


War  proclamation  of  emperor  Napoleon 23  July,  1870 

Part  of  bridge  at  Kehl  blown  up  by  Prussians "  " 

Prodiimation  of  king  promising,  as  results  of  the  war,  a  durable 

peace  and  the  liberty  and  unity  of  Germany 25  July,     " 

Napoleon  joins  the  army;  at   Metz  assumes  command  and 

proclaims  that  the  war  will  bo  long  and  severe.  .28,  29  July,  " 
King  of  Prussia  proclaims  amnesty  for  political  offences,  31  July,  " 
French   government  announce  that   "they   make   war,  not 

against  Germany,  but  against  Prussia,  or  rather  against  the 

policy  of  count  Bismarck  " 2  Aug.     " 

French  under  Frossard  bombard  SaarbrQck ;  emperor  aud  his 

sou  present;  Prussians  dislodged,  with  little  loss 2  Aug.     " 

King  leaves  Berlin  for  the  army,  1  Aug.,  and  announces  that 

"all  Germany  stands  united  in  arms  " 3  Aug.     " 

Crown  prince  crosses  the  Lauter  into  France,   and   defeats 

Frossard,  storming  the  lines  of  Wissembourg  and  Geisburg; 

gen.  Douay  killed 4  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Woerth;  crown-prince  defeats  MacMahon's  army  of 

Rhino;  they  retire  to  Saverne  to  cover  Nancy 6  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Forbach;   SaarbrQck  recaptured,  and   Forbach   (in 

France)  taken  by  gens,  von  GOben  and  von  Steinmetz;  the 

French  retreat 6  Aug.     " 

Germans  occupy  Forbach,  Haguenau,  and  Saarguemines,  7  Aug.     " 
Bazaine  appointed  to  command  at  Metz  (about  130,000  men); 

MacMahon  has  about  50,000  near  Saverne;  Canrobert  about 

50,000  near  Nancy '. 8  Aug.     " 

Bombardment  of  Strasburg  begun 14  Aug.     " 

Emperor  retires  to  Verdun "  " 

Bazaine  defeated  in  several  sanguinary  battles  before  Metz: 

1.  Battle  of  Courcelles  (Pange,  or  Longeville)  by  Von  Stein- 

metz and  the  1st  army 14  Aug.     " 

2.  Battle  of  Vionville,  or  Mars-la  Tour,  by  prince  Frederick 

Charles  and  the  2d  army 16  Aug.     " 

3.  Battle  of  Gravelotte  by  king's  combined  armies. .  .18  Aug.  " 
MacMahon  reaches  Chalons,  16  Aug.;  joined  by  emperor;  his 

army  between  130,000  and  150,000 20  Aug.     " 

MacMahon's  army  of  the  Rhine  retreats;  Prussians  under  king 
and  crown-prince  advance;  prince  Frederick  Charles  op- 
posed to  Bazaine  at  Metz  (German  armies  in  France  about 
500,000;  French  armies  about  300,000;  communications  be- 
tween Bazaine  and  MacMahon  difficult).. . . about  20  Aug.     " 

MacMahon  at  Rheims  with  shattered  corps  of  Failly  and  Can- 
robert ;  starts  to  join  Bazaine,  23  Aug. ;  crown  -  prince  and 
prince  of  Saxony  pursue,  23  Aug. ;  march  upon  Chalons, 

24  Aug.      " 

Three  armies  of  reserve  formed  in  Germany,  and  a  4th  army, 
under  crown-prince  of  Saxony,  to  co-operate  with  crown- 
prince  of  Prussia  against  Paris 26  Aug.     ** 

Two  German  armies  (220,000)  marching  on  Paris 28  Aug.     " 

Continued  retreat  of  MacMahon's  army;  severe  fighting  at 
Dun,  Stenay,  and  Mouzon 28  Aug.     " 

MacMahon,  with  about  150,000,  and  the  emperor  retreat 
northwards;  part  of  army  under  De  Failly,  surprised  and  de- 
feated near  Beaumont,  between  Mouzon  and  Moulins ;  French 
beaten  in  several  engagements  during  the  day 30  Aug.      " 

Germans  enter  Carignan;  attack  French  in  plain  of  Douzy; 
after  a  repulse,  drive  them  to  Sedan 31  Aug.     " 

Bazaine  striving  to  escape,driven  back  into  Metz.  31  Aug.,1  Sept.     " 

Battle  round  Sedan;  began  at  4  a.m.  between  Sedan  and  Douzy; 
French  at  first  successful ;  after  a  severe  struggle  Germans 
victorious;  MacMahon  wounded,  5.30  p.m.  ;  gen.  de  Wimpften 
refuses  terms  offered  by  king  of  Prussia 1  Sept.     " 

Sedan  and  MacMahon's  army  capitulate;  emperor  surrenders 
to  the  king  (Sedan) 2  Sept.     " 

Revolution  at  Paris;  republic  proclaimed  (France).  ..  .4  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Vinoy  and  a  corps  sent  too  late  to  aid  MacMahon;  retreat 
and  arrive  in  Paris 6,  7  Sept.     " 

Siege  of  Paris  begun ;  ingress  and  egress  prohibited  without  a 
permit 15  Sept.     " 

Three  French  divisions  under  gen.  Vinoy  attack  Germans  on 
heights  of  Sceaux;  repulsed  with  loss  of  7  guns  and  2500 
prisoners;  defeat  attributed  to  disorder  of  Zouaves;  national 
guard  behave  well 19  Sept.     " 

Bismarck  consents  to  receive  Jules  Favre  (about  16  Sept.); 
they  meet  at  Chateau  de  la  Haute  Maison.  19  Sept. ;  and  at 
king's  headquarters,  Ferri^res,  near  Lagny 20  Sept.     '* 

Versailles  surrenders,  19  Sept. ;  entered  by  crown-prince  of 
Prussia 20  Sept.     «« 

Jules  Favre  reports  his  interviews  with  Bismarck:  Prussia  de- 
mands cession  of  departments  of  upper  and  lower  Rhine  and 
part  of  Moselle,  with  Metz,  Chateau  Salins,  and  Soissons; 
would  grant  an  armistice  w^hile  a  French  constituent  assem- 
bly might  meet;  French  to  surrender  Strasburg,  Toul,  and 
Verdun  (or  Phalsburg,  according  to  Favre).  and  Mont  Va- 
Idrien  if  assembly  meet  at  Paris;  terms  rejected 21  Sept.     " 

Gen.  von  Steinmetz  sent  to  Posen  as  governor-general;  prince 
Frederick  Charles  commands  before  Metz 21  Sept.     " 

Levee  en  masse  of  men  under  25  in  France 23  Sept.     '* 

Desperate  ineffective  sallies  from  Metz 23,  24,  27  Sept.     " 

All  departments  of  the  Seine  and  Marne  occupied  by  Germans, 

26  Sept.     «* 

Iron  cross  given  by  crown-prince  of  Prussia  to  more  than  30 
soldiers  under  statue  of  Louis  XIV.  at  Versailles 26  Sept.     " 

Capitulation  of  Strasburg,  27  Sept. ;  formal  surrender, 

28  Sept.     " 

Sortie  of  gen.  Vinoy's  army  (at  Paris) ;  repulsed,  after  2  hours' 
fighting — crown-prince  present;  above  200  prisoners  taken; 
gen.  Giulham  killed 30  Sept.     " 

Circular  from  Bismarck,  disclaiming  any  intention  of  reducing 
France  to  a  second-rate  power 1  Oct.     ** 

Gen.  Burnside,  U.  S.  A.,  visits  M.  Favre "        *' 


FRA 

M  Thiers's  fruitless  visit  to  Vienna,  23  Sept. ;  to  St.  Petersburg, 
27  Sept. ;  dined  with  the  czar 2  Oct.  : 

II  Fuvre,  in  the  name  of  the  diplomatic  body,  requests  Bis- 
marck to  give  notice  before  bombarding  Paris,  and  to  allow 
a  weekly  courier;  count  declines  both  requests,  but  permits 
passage  of  open  letters;  reported 3  Oct. 

Battle  of  Thoury;  van  of  gen.  Reyan's  army  of  Loire  under 
gen.  la  Motte  Rouge,  defeats  Germans  between  Chaussy 
and  Thoury,  and  captures  prisoners  and  cattle 5  Oct. 

M.  Thiers's  mission  to  foreign  courts  reported  abortive.  .6  Oct. 

Part  of  army  of  Lyons,  under  gen.  Dupr^,  defeated  by  Badenese 
under  gen.  von  Gegenfeld  near  St.  Remy;  French  loss  about 
1500,  and  660  prisoners;  German  loss  about  430 6  Oct. 

Gen.  Buruside  leaves  Paris  to  meet  Bismarck. 7  Oct. 

<Jreat  sortie  from  Metz;  Germans  surprised;  40,000  French  en- 
gaged; repulsed  after  severe  conflicts;  French  loss  about 
2000;  German  about  600 7  Oct. 

M.  Thiers  again  at  Vienna 8  Oct. 

■Garibaldi  arrives  at  Tours;  enthusiastically  received;  reviews 
national  guard  at  Tours 9  Oct. 

Russia,  Great  Britain,  and  Spain  refuse  mediation 10  Oct. 

Prussian  circular  to  European  powers  regretting  obstinate  re- 
sistance of  French  government  to  peace,  and  foretelling  so- 
cial disorganization  and  starvation 10  Oct. 

AhWs,  near  Paris,  burned  for  alleged  treachery  (killing  sleeping 
soldiers) 10  Oct. 

•Gambetta  escapes  from  Paris  by  a  balloon,  7  Oct. ;  proclaims  at 
Tours  that  Paris  has  560,000  troops  ;  that  cannon  are  cast 
daily,  and  that  women  are  making  cartridges;  demands  co- 
operation in  war 10  OcL 

Part  of  army  of  Loire  defeated  at  Arthenay,  near  Orleans,  by 
Bavarians  under  Von  der  Tann;  2000  prisoners  taken.  10  Oct. 

First  three  shots  fired  at  Paris 11  Oct. 

Orleans  captured  by  gen.  von  der  Tann,  after  9  hours'  fighting; 
army  of  Loire,  defeated,  retires  behind  the  Loire 11  Oct. 

■Gen.  Bourbaki  accepts  command  at  Tours;  gen.  la  Motte  Rouge 
superseded  in  command  of  army  of  the  Loire  by  gen.  d'Au- 
relle  de  Paladines 12  Oct. 

•Garibaldi  appointed  commander  of  French  irregulars. . .      " 

St.  Cloud  fired  on  by  French  and  burned 13,  14  Oct. 

Emperor  Napoleon  declares  that  "there  can  be  no  prospect  of 
peace,  on  the  basis  of  ceding  to  Prussia  a  single  foot  of  French 
territory ;  and  no  government  in  France  can  attach  its  sig- 

■    nature  to  such  a  treaty  and  remain  in  power  a  day  " .  17  Oct. 

Circular  of  Jules  Favre  asserting  that  Prussia  "  coldly  and 
systematically  pursues  her  task -of  annihilating  us.  France 
has  now  no  illusions  left.  For  her  it  is  now  a  question  of 
existence.  .  .  .  We  prefer  our  present  sufferings,  our  perils, 
and  our  sacrifices  to  the  consequences  of  the  inflexible  and 
cruel  ambition  of  our  enemy.  France  needed,  perhaps,  to 
pass  through  a  supreme  trial— she  will  issue  from  it  trans- 
figured."   18  Oct. 

British  government  (supported  by  neutral  powers)  asks  an  ar- 
mistice to  elect  a  national  assembly 21  Oct. 

Reported  failure  of  suggestions  for  an  armistice,  Prussia  de- 
manding consent  of  France  to  cession  of  territory 24  Oct. 

Gambetta  informs  mayors  of  towns  that  "  resistance  is  more 
than  ever  the  order  of  the  day  " 24  Oct. 

Reported  negotiations  for  surrender  of  Metz " 

Thiers  undertakes  mission  for  an  armistice about     " 

Bazaine  surrenders  Metz  and  his  army,  "conquered  by  fam- 
ine "  (Franck.  Oct. -Dec.  1873;  Metz) 27  Oct. 

Safe-conduct  to  Thiers  to  enter  Paris  for  negotiation. .  .28  Oct. 

Bismarck  to  earl  Granville,  expresses  desire  for  a  French  na- 
tional assembly  to  consider  terms  of  peace;  but  overtures 
must  come  from  the  French 28  Oct. 

Gen.  von  Moltke  created  a  count  on  his  70th  birthday. .      " 

Thiers  enters  Paris 30  Oct. 

Thiers  receives  powers  from  French  defence  government  to 
treat  for  armistice,  and  meets  Bismarck 31  Oct.,  1  Nov. 

Bismarck  ofl"ers  armistice  of  25  days  for  election  of  a  French 
national  assembly 3  Nov. 

Favre  declares  to  the  national  guard  that  the  government  has 
sworn  not  to  yield  an  inch  of  territory,  and  will  remain  faith- 
ful to  this  engagement 3  Nov. 

Failure  of  negotiation,  as  Bismarck  will  not  permit  food  to  ea- 
ter Paris  during  the  armistice  without  any  military  equiva- 
lent; Thiers  ordered  to  break  off"  negotiation 6  Nov. 

Permission  for  election  of  a  French  national  assembly  declined 
by  French  government 7  Nov. 

Orders  that  no  one  shall  enter  or  quit  Paris " 

Oapitulation  of  Verdun 8  Nov. 

Germans,  under  gen.  von  der  Tann,  defeated  between  Coul- 
miers  and  Baccon,  near  Orleans,  retire  to  Thoury 9  Nov. 

Goutinued  fighting;  Orleans  retaken  by  gen.  d'Aurelle  de  Pala- 
dines; French  losses,  2000;  German,  about  700  and  2000 
prisoners 10  Nov. 

Armies  in  central  France  now  under  prince  Frederick  Charles 
and  the  grand-duke  of  Mecklenburg 14  Nov. 

<rrand-duke  of  Mecklenburg  repulses  army  of  Loire,  near  Dreux, 
which  is  captured  by  Von  Treskow 17  Nov. 

iParis  engirdled  with  a  second  line  of  investment 20  Nov. 

Manteufl'el  defeats  French  army  of  north,  between  Villers- 
Bretonneux  and  Soleur,  near  Amiens 27  Nov. 

.Amiens  occupied  by  Von  GOben  after  a  battle 28  Nov. 

■Severe  engagement  near  Beaune  la  Rolande  (Loiret)  between 
part  of  army  of  Loire,  under  D'Aurelle  de  Paladines,  and  the 
Germans  under  Voigts-Rhetz ;  prince  Frederick  Charles  ar- 
rives and  turns  the  day ;  French  retire 28  Nov. 

De  K^ratry  resigns,  accusing  Gambetta  of  misconduct,  28 
Nov. ;  Bourbaki  appointed  to  an  army  corps 29  Nov. 


307 


FRA 


Fruitless  endeavors  of  army  in  Paris  and  army  of  the  Loire  to 

unite 29  Nov.-4  Dec.  1870 

Great  sortie  of  120,000,  under  gens.  Trochu  and  Ducrot,  who 
cross  the  Marne ;  severest  conflict  between  Champigny-sur- 
Marne,  Brie-sur-Marne,  and  Villiers-sur-Marne;  French  re- 
tain ground  gained,  but  advance  is  checked;  (chiefly  Saxons 

and  Wurtembergers  engaged) 30  Nov.     " 

Contest  resumed  at  Avron;  Germans  retake  Champigny  and 

Brie;  French  retreat 2  Dec.     " 

Army  of  the  Loire;  Chanzy  defeated  by  grand-duke  of  Meck- 
lenburg at  Bazoche-des-Hautes,  2  Dec. ;  near  Chevilly  (French 

call  the  affair  indecisive) 3  Dec.     " 

Gen.  d'Aurelle  de  Paladines  intrenched  before  Orleans  ;  pro- 
poses to  retreat;  government  opposes  him,  but  yields;  he 
determines  to  await  attack ;  part  of  his  army  defeated  by 
prince  Frederick  Charles  and  grand-duke  of  Mecklenburg; 
he  retreats  with  100,000  men;  Orleans  threatened  with  bom- 
bardment; surrenders  at  midnight 4  Dec.     " 

Ten  thousand  prisoners,  77  guns,  and  4  gunboats  captured  at 

Orleans , 5  Dec.     " 

Rouen  occupied  by  Manteuflel 6  Dec.     " 

General  order  of  king  of  Prussia,  "We  enter  on  a  new  phase 
of  the  war.  .  .  .  Every  attempt  to  break  through  the  invest- 
ment or  relieve  Paris  has  failed  " 6  Dec.     ** 

Grand-duke  of  Mecklenburg  attacks  gen.  Chanzy  and  army  of 
Loire  near  Beaugeucy;  indecisive,  7  Dec. ;  the  Germans  vic- 
torious, taking  1100  prisoners  and  6  guns,  and  occupying 

Beaugency,  but  with  severe  loss 8  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Manteuffel's  army :  part  occupies  Evreux,  and  marches  to 

Cherbourg;  part  to  Havre 8  Dec.     *' 

Whole  army  of  the  Loire  engaged,  under  gen.  Chanzy  and 

others ;  it  retreats,  but  obstinately  resists 5-10  Dec.     " 

Brilliant  action  by  Chanzy • 11  Dec.     " 

Delegate  government  transferred  from  Tours  to  Bordeaux; 

Gambetta  remains  with  army  of  Loire 11  Dec.     " 

Vigorous  sortie  from  Paris  repulsed— artillery  action.  .21  Dec.     " 
Tours  partly  shelled ;  submits,  but  not  occupied  by  Germans, 

21  Dec.     " 
Seven  hours'  battle  at  Pont  h  Noyelles  between  ManteufTel  and 
army  of  north  under  Faidherbe;  both  claim  victory;  Faid- 

herbe  retreats 23  Dec.     " 

Mont  Avron,  fort  near  Paris,  after  a  day's  bombardment,  aban- 
doned and  occupied  by  Germans 29  Dec.     " 

Severe  battles  near  Bapaume,  between  army  of  the  north  un- 
der Faidherbe  and  Germans  under  Manteuflfel  and  Von  GO- 

ben;  victory  claimed  by  both;  French  retreat 2,  3  Jan.  1871 

Bombardment  of  eastern  front  of  Paris  and  of  southern  forts, 

4  Jan. ;  forts  Issy  and  Vanves  silenced 6  Jan.     " 

Bombardment  of  Paris,  buildings  injured,  and  people  killed; 

France  appeals  to  foreign  powers 9, 10  Jan.     " 

Chanzy  retreating;  defeated  near  Le  Mans  by  prince  Frederick 

Charles  and  grand-duke  of  Mecklenburg 11  Jan.     *' 

Prince  Frederick  Charles  enters  Le  Mans  after  6  days'  fighting 
(about  20,000  French  prisoners  ;  German  loss  about  3400), 

12  Jan.     " 

Vigorous  sorties  from  Paris  repulsed 13  Jan.     " 

Chanzy  retreating,  14  Jan. ;  defeated  near  Vosges. .  .15,  16  Jan.     " 

St.  Quentin  recaptured  by  Isnard,  under  Faidherbe "         " 

Bourbaki  defeated  near  Belfort  after  3  days'  fighting,  15-17 

Jan. ;  retreats  south 18  Jan.     " 

Grand-duke  of  Mecklenburg  enters  Alenfon 17  Jan.     " 

Bombardment  of  Longwy  begun "         " 

Faidherbe  defeated  near  St.  Quentin,  after  7  hours'  fighting,  by 

Von  GOben;  4000  prisoners  taken 19  Jan.     " 

Great  sortie  from  Paris  of  Trochu  and  100,000  men,  repulsed 

with  loss  of  about  1000  dead  and  5000  wounded 19  Jan.     •' 

Armistice  for  2  days  at  Paris  refused 22  Jan.     '* 

Bombardment  of  St.  Denis  and  Cambrai "         " 

Resignation  of  Trochu ;  Vinoy,  governor  of  Paris 23,  24  Jan.     " 

Favre  opens  negotiations  with  Bismarck "         •' 

Longwy  capitulates;  4000  prisoners,  200  guns 25  JarL     •' 

Letter  from  M.  Guizot  to  Mr.  Gladstone  proposing  demolition 
of  fortresses  on  both  sides  of  Rhine;  and  maintenance  of 

balance  of  power  by  congresses ;  pub 26  Jan.     '* 

Capitulation  of  Paris;  armistice  for  21  days  signed  by  count 

Bismarck  and  Jules  Favre 28  Jan.     " 

Forts  round  Paris  occupied  by  the  Germans 29  Jan.     " 

Advance  of  German  troops  into  France  suspended 30  Jan.     " 

Bourbaki  with  about  80,000  men  driven  by  Manteuffel  into 
Switzerland,  near  Pontarlier,  about  6000  captured,  30  Jan., 

1  Feb.     " 

French  loss  about  350,000  men,  800  guns  up  to Jan.     " 

Dijon  occupied  by  Germans 1  Feb.     " 

Belfort  capitulates  with  military  honors 13  Feb.     " 

Negotiations  for  peace,  Thiers  and  Bismarck 22-24  Feb.     *« 

Preliminaries  of  a  treaty  accepted  by  Thiers,  Favre,  and  15 
delegates  from  National  Assembly:  France  to  cede  parts  of 
Lorraine,  including  Metz  and  Thionville,  and  Alsace  less 
Belfort ;  and  pay  5,000,000,000  francs,  25  Feb. ;  signed  26  Feb. ; 

accepted  by  National  Assembly 1  Mch.     " 

[German  loss  in  battles  throughout  the  war:  killed  or  died 
soon  after,  17,570;  died  of  wounds  eventually,  10,707;  total 
killed  and  wounded,  127,867.] 

Gorman  troops  enter  Paris  and  remain  48  hours 1-3  Mch.     " 

They  quit  Versailles 12  Mch.     ** 

Conference  for  peace  open  at  Brussels 28  Mch.     ♦* 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  10  May;  rati- 
fied by  French  National  Assembly 18  May,     " 

frailC§-tireur8  (fj-ang-tee-rurr',  free-shooters),  armed 
men  unattached  to  any  body  of  regular  troops,  guerillas,  ac- 


FRA  'c 

tive  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war  from  about  14  Aug.  1870 ;  espe- 
cially after  the  surrender  of  MacMahon's  arnoy  at  Sedan,  2  Sept. 
Frankenliausen,  N.  Germany.  Near  this  place 
Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  allies  defeated  insurgent 
peasant,  headed  by  Munzer  the  anabaptist,  15  May,  1525. 

Frankfort -on -the -Haiti,  a  city  of  central 
Germany,  founded  in  the  5th  century ;  was  the  residence  of 
Charlemagne  in  794;  walled  by  Louis  I.,  838;  a  capital  city, 
843;  an  imperial  city,  1245. 
Union  of  Frankfort:  treaty  between  France.  Sweden,  Prussia, 

and  other  German  stJites  led  to  war  with  Austria 22  May,  1744 

Frankfort  captured  by  French  by  surprise 2  Jan.  1759 

Captured  by  Custine,  28  Oct. ;  retaken  by  Prussians 2  Doc.  1792 

Bombarded  by  French ;  surrendered  to  Kleber 16  July,  1796 

Made  part  of  confederation  of  the  Rhine 1806 

A  grand-duchy  under  Carl  von  Dalberg 1810 

Republic  restored ;  made  capital  of  German  confederation 1815 

Vain  attempts  at  insurrection  by  students Apr.  1833,  May,  1834 

Frankfort  diet  publish  a  federative  constitution 30  Mch.  1848 

Plenipotentiaries  of  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Hanover,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Mecklenburg,  etc.,  here  constitute  council  of  the 

German  diet 1  Sept.  1860 

German  sovereigns  (except  king  of  Prussia)  meet  at  Frankfort 
/at  Invitation  of  emperor  of  Austria),  to  consider  federal  re- 
form, 17  Aug. ;  plan  not  accepted  by  Prussia 22  Sept.  1863 

Meeting  of  diet  of  German  confederation ;  condemn  treaty  of 

Gastein 1  Oct.  1865 

Diet  adopts  the  Austrian  motion,  that  Prussia  has  broken  the 
treaty;  Prussian  representative  declares  the  confederation 

at  an  end,  and  proposes  a  new  confederation 14  June,  1866 

Entered  by  the  Prussians,  who  exact  heavy  supplies. . .  16  July,     " 
Annexed  to  Prussia  by  law  of  20  Sept. ;  promulgated  at  Frank- 
fort (the  legislative  corps  and  15,000  citizens  protest). 8  Oct.     " 
Visited  by  king  of  Prussia;    cathedral  of  St.   Bartholomew 

(founded  1315,  completed  1512).  burned 14, 15  Aug.  1867 

Frankfort  supported  Prussia  in  the  war July.  1870 

Peace  between  France  and  Germany  signed  here .10  May,  1871 

Pop.  in  Dec.  1867,  78,277;  in  1890, 179,985.     Germaxy. 

Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  a  city  of  N.  Germany, 
a  member  of  the  Hanseatic  league;  suffered  much  from  ma- 
rauders in  the  middle  ages  and  in  the  Thirty  Years'  war.  The 
university  was  founded  in  1506,  and  incorporated  with  that  of 
Breslau  in  1811.  Near  Frankfort,  12  Aug.  1759,  Frederick  of 
Prussia  was  defeated  by  the  Russians  and  Austrians.  Pop. 
in  1890,  55,738.     Cunnersdorf. 

fi*ankm^  letters,  sending  letters  free  of  postage, 
right  claimed  by  members  of  Parliament  about  1660.  In 
England  the  privilege  was  restricted  in  1839,  and  abolished 
under  uniform  penny  postage,  10  Jan.  1840.  Queen  Victoria 
was  among  the  first  to  relinquish  the  privilege.  The  franking 
privilege  in  the  United  States  formerly  belonged  to  the  presi- 
dent during  life,  and  to  senators  and  members  of  Congress 
during  their  terms  of  office.  It  was  abolished  July  1,  1873 ; 
but  certain  mail  matter  on  public  business  may  be  sent  free  in 
"  penalty  envelopes." 

Frankland,  State  of.  After  North  Carolina  ceded  to 
the  United  States  her  western  territory,  the  people  of  east 
Tennessee,  thus  disposed  of  without  their  consent,  met  in 
convention  at  Jonesborough  in  1784,  to  form  an  indepen- 
dent state.  And  although  North  Carolina  repealed  the  act 
of  cession,  and  erected  the  Tennessee  counties  into  a  separate 
judicial  and  military  district  with  a  supreme  court  and  briga- 
dier-general of  their  own,  a  second  convention  assembled  at 
Jonesborough  and  organized  an  independent  government  un- 
der the  name  of  Frankland.  The  provisional  organization  was 
based  on  that  of  North  Carolina — a  permanent  constitution  to 
be  framed  the  next  year.  Under  the  provisional  arrangement 
an  assembly  met ;  John  Sevier  was  chosen  governor,  laws  were 
passed,  courts  were  constituted,  new  counties  were  erected, 
and  the  government  of  North  Carolina  was  notified  that  the 
people  of  the  state  of  Frankland  had  declared  themselves  in- 
dependent of  North  Carolina,  and  were  no  longer  under  her 
jurisdiction.  To  this  North  Carolina  objected.  In  the  mean- 
while disputes  upon  the  constitution  divided  the  convention, 
while  a  third  party,  in  favor  of  adhering  to  North  Carolina, 
appeared.  The  convention  of  the  new  state  delegated  William 
Cocke  to  Congress,  with  a  memorial  asking  admission  into 
the  Union.  But  he  met  with  no  encouragement.  The  party 
adhering  to  North  Carolina  rallied,  and  in  the  spring  of  1786 
elections  were  held  in  all  counties  for  members  of  its  assem- 
bly. The  state  of  Frankland  also  held  elections,  and  thus  2 
sets  of  officers  claimed  authority,  threatening  civil  war.  Vir- 
ginia became  interested,  as  one  of  her  counties,  Washington, 


^  FRA 

adjoining  the  state  of  Frankland,  looked  to  a  union  with  it^ 
this  alarmed  the  Virginia  assembly,  which  passed  a  resolution 
making  it  treason  to  attempt  to  erect  a  new  state  in  her  ter- 
ritory without  permission  of  the  assemblj'.  The  state  gov- 
ernment of  Frankland  continued  to  maintain  a  quasi  exist- 
ence throughout  the  year  1787,  under  frequent  collisions  with 
the  North  Carolina  government,  which  constantly  grew  strong- 
er, until,  in  May,  1788,  Sevier,  the  leader  of  the  new  state 
party  (afterwards  first  governor  of  the  state  of  Tennessee), 
fled,  and  with  his  flight  the  state  of  Frankland  expired.  A 
few  weeks  after,  a  supreme  court  of  North  Carolina,  was  lield 
at  Greeneville  without  interruption.  Among  attorneys  then 
admitted  to  practice  was  Andrew  Jackson. 

ft*anklin,  the  English  freeholder  in  the  middle  ages. 
See  "The  Franklin's  Tale"  in  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales'^ 
(written  about  1364). 

Franklin,  Battle  of.  Gen.  Sherman  confided  to  gen, 
Geo.  H.  Thomas,  28  Sept.  1864,  the  defence  of  Tennessee  with 
unlimited  discretion.  He  also  detached  gen.  Stanley  with 
the  4th  corps,  and  gen.  Schofield  with  the  23d  and  most  of 
the  cavalry  under  gen.  Wilson,  from  his  command,  to  report 
to  Thomas  at  Nashville.  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  from  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  was  also  ordered  to  report  to  him.  All  this  wa» 
done  to  meet  the  threatened  advance  of  the  confederate  gen. 
Hood  upon  Nashville.  Hood  crossed  the  Tennessee  river  afr 
Florence  with  about  35,000  infantry  and  10,000  cavalrj',  on 
29  Oct.  1864.  On  17  Nov.,  having  learned  that  Sherman  had 
gone  south  from  Atlanta,  he  left  the  Tennessee  and  started 
northward  towards  Nashville.  His  army  was  formed  in  3 
corps,  under  maj.-gen.  B.  F.  Cheatham,  lieut.-gens.  A.  P.  Stew- 
art and,  S.  D.  Lee,  and  his  cavalry  under  Forrest,  each  corpa 
having  three  divisions.  Gen.  Thomas  was  at  Nashville,  while 
gen.  Schofield  commanded  at  the  front.  Schofield  fell  bade 
from  Pulaski  to  Columbia,  Tenn.,  as  Hood  advanced,  and  con- 
centrated his  forces,  Nov.  24.  As  Hood  declined  to  bring  on 
an  engagement,  Schofield  directed  Stanley  to  retire  to  Spring 
Hill,  where  Hood  attacked  him  late  on  29  Nov.,  without  deci- 
sive results,  although  the  confederates  were  enabled  to  bivouac 
within  a  few  rods  of  Schofield's  line  of  retreat  and  controlled 
it.  The  latter,  however,  pushed  forward  his  train  during  the 
night  of  the  29th,  so  that  on  the  morning  of  30  Nov.  the  whole 
army  was  well  on  its  way  towards  Franklin.  Franklin  lies  in 
a  bend  of  the  Harpeth  river,  some  20  miles  south  from  Nash- 
ville. Here  Schofield,  with  his  force  of  about  17,000  men,  was 
compelled  to  halt  till  his  trains  could  cross  the  river.  Defence* 
were  hastily  erected,  and  as  the  federal  troops  moved  into 
Franklin  they  were  posted  behind  them,  except  the  3d  divi- 
sion of  the  4th  corps,  which  was  placed  on  the  extreme  left 
across  the  Harpeth,  and  the  2d  and  3d  brigades  of  the  2d 
division,  4th  corps,  which  were  halted  about  400  yards  in 
advance  of  the  line  of  defence,  the  2d  brigade  on  the  right 
of  the  Columbia  pike,  and  the  3d  brigade  on  the  left  of  that 
pike  and  deployed  in  a  weak  line  of  battle,  and  left  without 
orders.  The  federals  were  in  position  at  3  p.m.  or  earlier,  but 
the  confederates  had  not  formed  for  assault  before  half-past  3 
or  4  P.M.,  when  they  advanced  directly  in  front  on  the  Co- 
lumbia pike.  The  blunder  of  placing  troops  in  front  of  the 
works  helped  the  confederates,  so  that  they  gained  them  quite 
as  soon  as  the  fleeing  brigades.  They  entered  on  the  Co- 
lumbia pike  directly  in  the  centre,  and  would  soon  have 
occupied  the  whole  line  but  for  the  brilliant  charge  of 
the  1st  brigade  of  the  2d  division,  4th  corps,  under  gen. 
Emerson  Opd3'cke,  "  who,  acting  entirely  upon  his  own 
judgment,"  succeeded  in  repelling  the  dangerous  assault.*" 
Others  followed,  equally  determined  but  even  less  successful^ 
until  10  P.M.,  when  the  battle  ceased.     Schofield  hastily  with- 


*  When,  in  reviewing  this  battle,  one  considers  the  disaster  that 
might  have  followed  this  unmilitary  formation  but  for  the  fore- 
sight and  bravery  of  gen.  Opdycke,  he  is  apt  to  inquire  why  these 
2  brigades  were  thus  left,  not  only  exposed  themselves,  but  jeopard- 
izing the  whole  command.  If  the  army  had  been  defeated,  this  ob- 
jectless arrangement  must  have  been  investigated,  and  it  would  be 
known  who  was  the  delinquent.  Maj.-gen.  John  M.  Schofield  com- 
manded the  field,  maj.-gen.  David  S.  Stanley  the  corps  to  which  these 
troops  belonged,  and  gen.  Wagner  the  division,  Conrad  the  3d  brigade, 
and  Lane  the  2d  brigade  of  the  troops  in  front,  while  other  officers  of 
distinction  were  looking  on.  It  would  seem  among  so  many  military 
men  with  an  experience  of  nearly  4  years  of  active  service,  many  of 
them  with  a  West  Point  education,  that  some  one  would  have  de- 
tected  and  at  least  attempted  to  correct  this  blunder. 


FRA  ** 

<irew  the  troops  across  the  river,  and  by  daylight  they  were 
•well  on  their  way  towards  Nashville.  The  loss  to  the  federals 
in  this  battle  was  189  killed,  1033  wounded,  and  1104  missing 
{captured  from  the  2  brigades  halted  in  front  of  the  works) ; 
total,  2326.  The  confederate  loss  was  1750  killed,  8800  wound- 
ed, and  702  prisoners ;  total,  6252,  and  was  especially  heavy 
in  general  officers.  The  killed  were,  maj.-gen.  P.  R.  Cleburne, 
brig. -gens.  Gist,  Adams,  Strahl,  and  Granbury;  wounded, 
maj.-gen.  Brown,  brig.-gens.  Carter,  Manigault,  Quarles, 
€ockrell,  and  Scott;  captured,  brig. -gen.  Gordon.  The  battle 
of  Franklin  shows  the  greatest  loss  in  killed  for  the  number 
engaged  on  the  part  of  the  assailing  force  of  any  battle  in  his- 
tory, and  adds  additional  testimony  to  the  superb  fighting 
^jualities  of  the  confederate  soldier. 

Franklin,  Search  for.  Sir  John  Franklin  (1786-1847) 
served  under  Nelson  at  Copenhagen,  1801.  First  arctic  expe- 
dition of  exploration,  1819,  overland  from  York  factory,  Hud- 
son's bay,  down  the  Coppermine  river  to  the  Arctic  ocean  and 
return,  traversing  5550  miles.  Second  arctic  expedition  de- 
scends the  Mackenzie  river  and  traverses  and  surveys  37°  of 
Ion.  of  the  arctic  coast ;  for  this  he  was  knighted  by  the  British 
government,  1829,  and  the  university  of  Oxford  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  With  capts.  Crozier  and  Fitzjames, 
in  the  British  ships  Erebus  and  Terror  (carrying  a  crew  of 
138),  he  sailed  from  Greenhithe,  Engl.,  on  his  3d  arctic  ex- 
pedition of  discovery,  24  May,  1845.  Northwest  passage. 
Their  last  despatches  were  from  the  Whalefish  islands,  dated 
12  July,  1845.  Their  prolonged  absence  caused  intense  anx- 
iety, and  several  expeditions  were  sent  from  England  and 
€l8ewhere  in  search  of  them  ;  and  coals,  provisions,  clothing, 
and  other  necessaries  were  deposited  in  various  places  in  the 
arctic  seas  by  the  English  and  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment, by  lady  Franklin,  and  private  persons.  The  True- 
love,  capt.  Parker,  which  arrived  at  Hull  4  Oct.  1849,  from 
Davis's  strait,  brought  intelligence  (not  afterwards  confirmed) 
that  the  natives  had  seen  sir  John  Franklin's  ships  the  pre- 
vious Mch.,  frozen  up  by  ice  in  Prince  Regent's  inlet.  Other 
Accounts  were  equally  illusory.  The  British  government,  on 
7  Mch.  1850,  offered  a  reward  of  20,000^.  to  any  party  of  any 
country  that  should  render  efficient  assistance  to  the  missing 
crews.  Sir  John's  first  winter-quarters  were  found  at  Beechy 
island  by  capts,  Ommanney  and  Penny. 

1.  British  ship  Plover,  capt.  Moore  (afterwards  under  capt.  Ma- 
guire),  sailed  from  Sheerness  to  Behring's  strait,  in  search, 

IJan.  1848 

2.  Land  expedition  under  sir  John  Richardson  and  dr.  Rae, 

of  Hudson's  Bay  company,  left  England 26  Mch.     " 

[Sir  John  R'ichardson  returned  to  England  in  1849,  and 
dr.  Rae  continued  his  search  till  1851.] 

3.  Sir  James  Ross,  with  the  Enterprise  and  Investigator  (12 
June,  1848),  having  also  sailed  in  search  to  Barrow's  strait, 
returned  to  England  (Scarborough) 3  Nov.  1849 

4.  Enterprise,  capt.  CoUinson,  and  Investigator,  commander 
M'Clure,  sailed  from  Plymouth  for  Behring's  strait.. 20  Jan.  1850 

[Both  ships  went  through  to  the  eastward.] 
&.  Capt.  Austin's  expedition,  viz.,  Resolute,  capt.Austin,  C.  B. ; 
Assistance,  capt.  Ommanney;  Intrepid,  lieut.  Bertie  Cator; 
and  Pioneer,  lieut.  Sherard  Osborn,  sailed  from  England  for 

Barrow's  strait 25  Apr.     " 

[Returned  Sept.  1851.] 

6.  Lady  Franklin,  capt.  Penny  ;  and  Sophia,  capt.  Stewart, 
sailed  from  Aberdeen  for  Barrow's  strait 13  Apr.     " 

[Returned  home  Sept.  1851.] 

7.  U.  S.  -expedition  in  the  Advance  and  Rescue,  under  lieut. 
De  Haven  and  dr.  Kane  (son  of  the  judge),  towards  which  Mr. 
Grinnell  subscribed  $30,000,  sailed  for  Lancaster  sound  and 
Barrow's  strait;  after  drifting  in  the  pack  down  Baffin's 
bay,  the  ships  were  released  in  1851  uninjured 25  May,     " 

"8.  Felix,  sir  John  Ross,  fitted  out  chiefly  by  the  Hudson's 

Bay  company,  sailed  to  the  same  locality. 22  May,     " 

[Returned  in  1851.] 

9.  British  ship  North  Star,  commander  Saunders,  which  had 
sailed  from  England  in  1849,  wintered  in  Wolstenholme 
sound,  and  returned  to  Spithead 28  Sept.     " 

10.  British  ship  Herald,  capt.Kellett,  C.B..  which  had  sailed  in 
1848,  made  3  voyages  to  Behring's  strait,  and  returned 1851 

Lieut.  Pirn  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  meaning  to  travel  through 
Siberia  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  Kolyma  ;  but  was  dis- 
suaded from  proceeding  by  the  Russian  government, 

18  Nov.     " 
[Enterprise  and  Investigator  (see  No.  4  above)  had  not 
been  beard  of  for  2  years.] 

11.  Sir  Edward  Belcher's  expedition — consisting  of  Assistance, 
sir  Edward  Belcher,.C.B. ;  Resolute,  capt.  Kellett,  C.  B. ;  North 
Star,  capt.  PuUen;  Intrepid,  capt.  M'Clintock;  and  Pioneer, 
capt.  Sherard  Osborn— sailed  from  Woolwich 15  Apr.  1852 

[This  expedition  arrived  at  Beechy  island  14  Aug.  1852. 
The  .Assistance  and  Pioneer  proceeded  through  Wellington 


^  FRA 

channel,  and  the  Resolute  and  Intrepid  to  Melville  island; 
the  North  Star  remaining  at  Beechy  island.] 

LADY  franklin's  EQUIPMENTS. 

Lady  Franklin,  with  a  few  friends  (and  the  "Tasmanian  trib- 
ute," 1500Z.),  equipped  4  expeditions  (Nos.  12,  13, 14,  16). 

12.  Prince  Albert,  capt.  Forsyth,  sailed  from  Aberdeen  to  Bar- 
row's strait 5  June,  1850 

[Returned  1  Oct.  1850.] 

13.  Prince  Albert,  Mr.  Kennedy,  accompanied  by  lieut.  Bellot, 
of  the  French  navy,  and  John  Hepburn,  sailed  from  Strom- 
ness  to  Prince  Regent's  inlet 4  June,  1851 

[Returned,  Oct.  1852.] 

14.  Isabel,  commander  Inglefleld,  sailed  for  the  head  of  BafiQn's 
bay,  Jones's  sound,  and  the  Wellington  channel,  6  July;  and 
returned Nov.  1852 

15.  Mr.  Kennedy  sailed  again  in  the  Isabel,  on  a  renewed  search 

to  Behring's  strait 1853 

16.  British  ship  Rattlesnake,  commander  Trollope,  sent  to  as- 
sist the  Plover,  capt.  Maguire  (who  succeeded  capt  Moore), 

at  Point  Barrow  in  Apr. ;  met  with  her Aug.     " 

17.  Second  U.  S.  expedition,  the  Advance,  under  dr.  Kane, 

early  in  June,     " 

18.  Phoenix  (with  the  Bredalbane  transport),  commander  In- 
glefleld, accompanied  by  lieut. Bellot,  sailed  in  May;  returned, 
bringing  despatches  from  sir  E.  Belcher,  etc Oct.     " 

[Investigator  and  sir  E.  Belcher's  squadron  were  safe;  but 
notracesof  Franklin's  party  had  been  met  with.  Lieut.  Bellot 
was  drowned  in  August  while  conveying  despatches  for  sir 
E.  Belcher.  Capt.  M'Clure  had  left  the  Herald  (10)  at  Cape 
Lisburne,  31  July,  1850.  On  8  Oct.  the  ship  was  frozen  in, 
and  so  continued  for  9  months.  On  26  Oct.  1850,  on  an  ex- 
cursion, the  captain  discovered  an  entrance  ioto  Barrow's 
strait,  and  thus  established  a  N.E.-N.W.  passage.  In  Sept. 
1851  the  ship  was  again  fixed  in  ice,  and  so  remained  till 
lieut.  Pim  and  a  party  from  capt.  Kellett's  ship,  the  Resolute 
(11),  fell  in  with  them  in  Apr.  1853.  The  position  of  the  En- 
terprise (4)  was  still  unknown.] 

A  monument  to  Bellot's  memory  was  erected  at  Greenwich. 
His  "Journal  "  was  pub 1854 

Dr.  Rae,  spring  of  1853,  again  approached  the  magnetic  pole; 
July,  1854,  he  reported  to  the  admiralty  purchase  from  Es- 
quimaux of  articles  which  had  belonged  to  sir  J.  Franklin 
and  his  party — sir  John's  star  or  order,  part  of  a  watch, 
silver  spoons,  and  forks  with  crests,  etc.  Natives  told  him 
that  they  had  met  white  men  about  4  winters  previous,  and 
had  sold  them  a  seal;  and  that  4  mouths  later,  they  had 
found  the  bodies  of  30  men  (some  buried),  who  had  evidently 
perished  from  starvation;  the  place  appears  to  have  been 
near  the  Great  Fish  river  of  Back.  Dr.  Rae  arrived  in  Eng- 
land on  22  Oct.  1854,  with  the  relics,  which  were  deposited  in 
Greenwich  hospital.  He  and  his  companions  were  awarded 
10,000i.  for  their  discovery. 

19.  Phoenix,  North  Star,  and  Talbot,  under  capt.  Inglefleld, 
sailed  in  May,  and  returned Oct.     '* 

Sir  E.  Belcher  (No.  11),  after  deliberation,  in  Apr.  1854,  ordered 
all  his  captains  to  abandon  the  ships;  and  capt.  Kellett  gave 
similar  orders  to  capt.  M'Clure,  of  the  Investigator.  The  ves- 
sels had  been  abandoned  15  May  when  the  crews  of  the  Phoe- 
nix and  Talbot  (under  capt.  Inglefleld)  arrived  (19).  On  their 
return  to  England  all  the  captains  were  tried  by  court-mar- 
tial and  honorably  acquitted 17-19  Oct.  1855 

[Capt.  Kellett's  ship,  the  Resolute,  adrift  1000  miles  from 
where  she  was  left,  was  found  by  George  Henry,  commanding 
an  American  whaler,  who  brought  her  to  New  York.  The 
British  government  having  abandoned  their  claim  on  the 
vessel,  she  was  bought  by  order  of  Congress,  repaired  and 
equipped,  and  intrusted  to  com.  H.  J.  Hartstene,  to  be  pre- 
sented to  queen  Victoria.  She  arrived  at  Southampton,  12 
Dec.  1856 ;  was  visited  by  the  queen  on  the  16th,  and  formal- 
ly surrendered  on  the  30th.  When  the  ship  was  broken  up 
a  desk  was  made  of  the  wood,  and  presented  by  the  queen 
to  pres.  Hayes,  29  Nov.  1880.] 

Capt.  Collinson's  fate  was  long  uncertain,  and  another  expedi- 
tion was  planned,  when  intelligence  came,  Feb.  1855,  that  he 
had  met  the  Rattlesnake  (16)  at  fort  Clarence  on  21  Aug. 
1854,  and  had  sailed  immediately,  in  hopes  of  getting  up  with 
capt.  Maguire  in  the  Plover  (1),  which  had  sailed  2  days  pre- 
viously. Capt.  Collinson,  having  failed  in  getting  through 
the  ice  in  1850  with  capt.  M'Clure,  returned  to  Hong-Kong 
to  winter.  In  1851  he  passed  through  Prince  of  Wales's 
strait,  and  remained  in  the  arctic  regions  without  hearing 
of  Franklin  till  July,  1854,  when,  again  released  from  the 
ice,  he  went  to  fort  Clarence,  as  above  mentioned.  Capts. 
Collinson  and  Maguire  arrived  in  England May,     " 

20.  Third  U.  S.  expedition  in  search  of  dr.  Kane,  in  the  Ad- 
vance, consisted  of  the  Release  and  the  steamer  Arctic,  the 
bark  Eringo,  and  another  vessel  under  com.  H.  J.  Hart- 
stene, accompanied  by  a  brother  of  dr.  Kane  as  surgeon, 

31  May,  «♦ 
[On  17  May,  1855,  dr.  Kane  and  his  party  quitted  the  Ad- 
vance, and  journeyed  over  the  ice,  1300  miles,  to  the  Danish 
settlement;  on  their  way  home  in  a  Danish  vessel  they  fell 
in  with  com.  Hartstene,  18  Sept. ;  and  arrived  with  him  at 
New  York,  11  Oct.  1855.  Dr.  Kane  visited  England  in  1856; 
he  died  in  1857.] 
Hudson's  Bay  company,  under  advice  of  dr.  Rae  and  sir  G. 
Back,  sent  an  overland  expedition,  June,  1855,  which  re- 
turned Sept.  following.  More  remains  of  Franklin's  party 
were  discovered " 

21.  Eighteenth  British  expedition  (equipped  by  lady  Franklin 
and  her  friends,  the  government  having  declined  to  fit  out 


FRA 


310 


FRE 


another)— the  Fox,  screw  steamer,  under  capt.  (since  sir)  F. 
L.  M'Clintock,  British  navy  (see  No.  11)— sailed  from  Aber- 

deen,  1  July,  1857 ;  returned 22  Sept.  1859 

[On  6  May,  1859,  lieut.  Hobson  found  at  point  Victory,  near 
cape  Victoria,  beside  a  cairn,  a  tin  case  containing  a  paper 
signed  25  Apr.  1848,  by  capt.  Fit^ames,  which  certified  tliat 
Bhips  Erebus  and  Terror,  on  12  Sept.  1846,  were  beset  in  lat. 
70°  50'  N.  and  Ion.  98°  23'  W. ;  that  sir  John  Franklin  died 
11  June,  1847;  that  the  ships  were  deserted  22  Apr.  1848. 
Capt.  M'Clintock  continued  the  search,  and  discovered  skel- 
etons and  other  relics.  His  "Journal"  was  pub.  in  Dec. 
1859;  and  on  28  May,  1860,  gold  medals  were  given  to  him 
and  to  lady  Franklin  by  Royal  Geographical  Society. 

Mr.  Hall,  arctic  explorer,  reported,  in  Aug.  1865,  a  hope  that 
capt.  Crozier  and  others  were  surviving. 

A  national  monument  by  Noble,  set  up  in  Waterloo  place,  Lon- 
don, was  inaugurated  15  Nov.  1866.  It  is  inscribed  to  "  Frank- 
lin, the  great  navigator,  and  his  brave  companions  who  sac- 
rificed their  lives  incompleting  the  discovery  of  the  North- 
west Passage,  1847-48  a.d." 

Sir  John  Franklin  discovered  the  northwest  passage  by  sail- 
ing down  Peel  and  Victoria  (now  Franklin)  straits. 

"Franklin  search  o.xpedition,"  under  lieut.  Schwatka,  of  the 
U.  S.  array,  overland  in  summer  and  autumn  of  1879,  discov- 
ers remains  of  the  crews,  etc. ;  he  set  up  memorials,  brought 
the  remains  of  lieut.  John  Irving,  of  the  Terror;  and  returned 
to  Boston.  Mass about  23  Sept.  1880 

Remains  of  lieut.  John  Irving  buried  at  Edinburgh 7  Jan.  1881 

Franks  (or  freemen),  a  name  of  a  combination  of  north- 
western Grerman  tribes  about  240  a.d.,  which  invaded  Gaul 
and  other  parts  of  the  Roman  empire  with  various  success  in 
the  5th  century.     France,  Gaul. 

Frauiihofer's  lines.    Spectrum. 

Fredericksburg^,  Campaign  and  Battle  of.  After 
the  battle  of  Antietara  (Maryland  campaign),  McClellan, 
still  in  command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  occupied  Har- 
per's Ferrj',  22  Sept.  1862.  After  a  delay  of  over  a  month,  he 
crossed  the  Potomac— 26  Oct.-2  Nov. — in  pursuit  of  Lee,  who 
rapidly  retired  to  the  Rappahannock.  Warrenton  was  the 
place  selected  by  McClellan  for  the  concentration  of  the  army. 
"  Never  had  the  army  of  the  Potomac  manoeuvred  better  or 
been  better  prepared  for  a  great  struggle,  and  never  had  the 
mutual  confidence  between  general  and  soldiers  been  greater 
than  at  this  moment." — Count  de  Paris,  "  History  of  the  Civil 
War  in  America,"  vol.  ii.  p.  656.  On  the  evening  of  7  Nov.  a 
despatch  was  handed  McClellan,  relieving  him  of  the  com- 
mand, and  appointing  gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside  in  his  stead. 
It  was  with  great  reluctance  that  Burnside  assumed  control. 
McClellan's  plan  of  campaign  was  changed.  Burnside's  plan 
was  to  leave  the  enemy  at  Culpeper,  descend  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rappahannock  as  far  as  Falmouth,  in  front  of  Fred- 
ericksburg, and  crossing  the  river,  to  occupy  Fredericksburg. 
On  14  Nov.  Burnside  issued  his  orders  for  an  advance  from 
Warrenton  to  Falmouth.  He  had  already  divided  the  army 
of  127,574  men  into  3  grand  divisions,  each  of  2  corps.  The 
left  grand  division,  under  gen.  Franklin,  consisted  of  the  1st 
and  6th  corps,  Reynolds  and  Smith ;  the  centre,  under  Hooker, 
3d  and  5th  corps,  Butterfield  and  Stoneman ;  and  the  right 
grand  division,  under  Sumner,  2d  and  9th  corps.  Couch  and 
"Wilcox.  Sumner  left  Warrenton  15  Nov.  and  arrived  at  Fal- 
mouth the  17th.  Burnside  was  at  Falmouth  with  Franklin's 
grand  division  on  the  19th.  Here  until  26  Nov.  the  army 
lay  awaiting  the  pontoon-train  from  Washington  by  water  to 
Aquia  creek,  which  should  have  been  at  Falmouth  as  soon  as 
the  army.  This  delay  allowed  the  confederates  to  seize  and 
fortify  the  heights  behind  Fredericksburg.  It  was  not  until 
Dec.  11,  owing  to  the  incessant  rain,  that  Burnside  gave  or- 
ders to  cross  the  river  at  Fredericksburg,  and  attack  the  con- 
federates. The  pontoons  were  laid  with  great  difficulty 
and  considerable  loss,  nearly  the  whole  of  the  11th  being 
consumed  in  the  effort,  thwarted  by  the  fire  of  confederates 
concealed  in  houses  of  Fredericksburg.  Gen.  Franklin  crossed 
below  Fredericksburg,  without  loss,  on  the  morning  of  the 
12th.  The  confederate  forces,  80,000  strong,  lay  intrenched 
along  the  hills  behind  Fredericksburg,  with  an  open  plain  in 
front,  Longstreet's  corps  occupying  the  height  known  as  Mary's 
hill,  directly  behind  the  town,  while  Stonewall  Jackson  lay 
farther  to  the  right  in  front  of  Franklin's  grand  division.  The 
federals  were  formed  with  Sumner  on  the  right.  Hooker  in  the 
centre,  and  Franklin  on  the  left.  The  battle  was  opened  by 
Franklin  about  9  a.m.  13  Dec,  and  continued,  in  a  series  of 
disconnected  and  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  enemy's  works, 
until  night.     On  the  morning  of  the  14th  Burnside  was  only 


I 


prevented  from  renewing  the  attack  by  the  united  disapprovaJ 
of  his  corps  commanders.  On  the  14th  and  15th  the  arraiea- 
were  quiet,  a  truce  of  a  few  hours  being  obtained  by  the 
federals  for  burying  the  dead.  On  the  night  of  15  Dec.  the 
federals  retired  across  the  river,  and  on  the  16th  the  confeder- 
ates  again  occupied  Fredericksburg.  The  federal  losses  were- 
1180  killed,  9028  wounded,  2145  missing ;  total,  12,353.  Con- 
federates lost  593  killed,  3961  wounded,  653  missing ;  total,. 
5207.  Soon  after  the  discomfiture  of  the  Potomac  army  at 
Fredericksburg,  Burnside  proposed  another  campaign,  cross- 
ing the  Rappahannock  above  Fredericksburg.  Every  arrange- 
ment was  made  for  crossing  at  Banks  ford,  about  15  miles- 
above  Fredericksburg,  on  20  Jan.  1863.  The  weather  was  fine 
and  the  confederates  were  evidently  deceived,  but  a  storm 
broke  out  on  the  night  of  the  20th,  such  as  to  render  move- 
ment impossible.  Burnside  relinquished  the  campaign  and 
went  into  winter-quarters  at  Falmouth.  This  movement  is 
known  as  the  Mud  campaign.  Burnside  was  relieved  at  his 
own  request,  25  Jan.  1863. 

Fred'erickshald,  a  maritime  town  of  Norway, 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  was  killed  by  a  cannon-shot  before- 
its  walls,  while  examining  the  works,  11  Dec.  1718.  His  hand 
was  on  his  sword  and  a  prayer-book  in  his  pocket.  5 

free  companies  and  lances.    Condottieri. 

Freedmen's  Bureau.  At  the  close  of  the  civil 
war  in  the  United  States  a  bureau  was  created  in  the  war  de- 
partment to  care  for  the  freedmen,  who  had  been  the  wards- 
first  of  the  war  and  then  of  the  treasury  department.  It  had 
four  divisions :  I.  Lands ;  II.  Records  { III.  Financial  affairs ;. 
IV.  Medical.  It  was  under  the  management  of  a  commis- 
sioner, appointed  by  the  president,  and  an  assistant  commis- 
sioner from  each  of  the  states  declared  to  be  in  insurrection. 
The  bureau  received  in  1866  768,590  acres  of  land  acquired 
by  the  U.  S.  by  confiscation  of  sale,  not  more  than  40  acres  of 
which  was  to  be  assigned  to  each  of  the  freedmen  or  refugees 
for  use  for  three  years  at  a  maximum  annual  rental  of  six  per 
cent,  of  its  appraised  value.  About  $400,000  were  collected 
for  rents.  Under  the  workings  of  the  bureau,  during  4 
years,  20,897,431  rations  were  issued,  1,000,000  freedmen 
received  hospital  treatment,  and  schools  were  established 
throughout  the  south.  Its  work  latterly  was  largely  educa- 
tional, and  entirely  so  after  1  Jan.  1869,  except  that  the  col- 
lection of  pay  and  bounties  for  colored  soldiers  and  sailors  was 
continued  until  1872.  The  total  expenditures  of  the  bureau 
from  Mch.  1865  to  30  Aug.  1870  were  $15,359,092.27. 
A  "  Bureau  of  Refugees,  Freedman,  and  Abandoned  Lands  " 

created  by  Congress 3  Mch.  1865 

Major- gen.  Oliver  0.  Howard  appointed  commissioner May,     " 

School  superintendent  for  each  state  appointed 12  July,     " 

"Inspector  of  Schools  "  or  general  superintendent  appointed, 

Sept.     " 
Supplementary  Freedmen's  Bureau  bill,  passed  6  Feb.  1866, 

vetoed 19  Feb.  1866 

Act  enlarging  powers  of  the  bureau  passed  over  the  president's 

veto. . . , 16  July,     " 

Act  passed  to  continue  the  bureau  for  one  year  from  16  July, 

1868,  passed .July,  1868: 

Bureau  ordered  withdrawn  1  Jan.  1869,  with  exceptions  above 

noted,  by  act  of 3  Aug.      " 

Educational  supervision  ceases 1  July,  IBTO 

Freemasonry.  Writers  on  Masonry,  themselves 
Masons,  affirm  that  it  has  had  a  being  "ever  since  symmetry 
began  and  harmony  displayed  her  charms."  It  is  traced  by 
some  to  the  patriarchs,  to  the  pagan  mysteries,  to  Solomon's 
temple,  to  the  crusades,  to  Knights  Templars,  to  the  Roman  col- 
lege of  artificers,  to  masonry  as  a  craft  in  the  middle  ages,  to- 
the  Rosicrucians,  to  Cromwell,  to  prince  Charles  for  political 
purposes,  to  sir  Christopher  Wren,  to  dr.  Desaguliers  and  his- 
friends,  1717.  Its  introduction  into  Britain  has  been  fixed  by 
some  as  early  as  674;  and  into  Scotland  1140. 

First  grand-lodge  was  founded  at  York,  Engl 92ft 

[The  York  rite  is  the  basis  of  all  rites  of  a  Masonic  char- 
acter.] 
Grand-lodge  of  England  established,  London  (George  Payne, 

grandmaster) 1717 

Masonry  introduced  in  France 1722-25 

First  lodge  in  Paris  founded  by  the  earl  of  Derwentwater 172& 

Grand-lodge  of  Ireland  established 1729" 

Grand-lodge  at  York  partially  accepts  the  constitution  of  the 

grand-lodge  of  England 1732: 

First  provincial  grand-lodge  in  America  established  at  Boston..  173* 

Freemasons  persecuted  in  Holland  by  the  States-general 1735 

Scottish  grand-lodge  reformed  at  Edinburgh 173& 


FRE 


311 


FRE 


Pope  Clement  XII.  by  bull  excommunicates  Freemasons,  and 
an  edict  of  Charles  VI.  of  Germany  forbids  Masonic  meetings 

in  the  Netherlands  or  in  Austria 1738 

Frederick  the  Great  of  Prussia  initiated " 

Explanation  of  the  pope's  bull  given  by  cardinal  Ferraro :  "Any 
one  joining  the  Freemasons  subject  to  death  and  confiscation 

of  property  without  hope  of  remission  or  pardon  " 1739 

Grand  Royal  Mother  lodge  of  the  Three  Globes  erected  at  Berlin 

1740;  made  grand-lodge 1744 

Severe  edicts  against  Masonry  in  Russia,  Holland,  France,  Port- 
ugal, Naples,  etc 1731-51 

Chapter  of  Clermont  formed  at  Paris 1754 

English  grand-lodge  of  France  founded,  1736;  assumes  the  title 

of  grand-lodge  of  France 1756 

Foundation  of  the  national  grand-lodge  of  Italy  (dissolved  1790),     " 

Grand-lodge  of  Holland  established " 

Rite  of  "Strict  Observance  "  introduced  in  Germany 1762 

Royal  York  grand-lodge  founded  at  Berlin 1765 

Swedish  rite  promulgated 1767 

"  Grand  Orient "  of  France  founded 1772 

Masonic  charity  instituted  in  England 1788 

Ancient  and  accepted  Scottish  rite,  33°,  flrst  introduced  in  Eu- 
rope (Paris)  from  Charleston,  S.  C,  by  De  Grasse  Tilly,  son 

*f  adm.  De  Grasse about  1802-4 

Union  of  the  2  grand-lodges  of  England,  York  and  London, 
making  the  ancient  and  true  Freemasonry  consist  of  but  3 

degrees :  apprentice,  fellow-craft,  and  master 1813 

Edict  of  pope  Pius  VII.  against  Freemasonry 1814 

Rite  of  Mizraim  introduced  in  Paris 1815 

Edict  of  the  king  of  Portugal  against  Freemasonry 1824 

Dispute  in  Germany  as  to  receiving  Jews  as  members 1836 

,  [Still  unsettled.] 

I         Gould's  "  History  of  Freemasonry  "  pub.  London 1887 

FREEMASONRY   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

•'Documentary  evidence  and  tradition  are  alike  silent  as  to  the  time 
of  the  introduction  of  Freemasonry  into  theU.  S."— GouM,  "His- 
tory of  Freemasonry,"  1887,  vol.  vi.  p.  424. 
Pennsylvania  Gazette,  8  Dec.  1730,  contains  the  earliest  printed 
notice  of  the  craft  in  America.    It  says:  "As  there  are  several 
lodges  of  Freemasons  erected  in  the  province,  and  people  have 
lately  become  much  amused  with  conjectures  concerning  them, 
we  think  the  following  account  of  Freemasonry  from  London  will 
not  be  unacceptable  to  our  readers. " 
According  to  many  Masonic  writers  a  provincial  grand-lodge  (St. 
John's)  and  also  a  private  lodge  were  established  at  Boston, 

Mass.,  by  Henry  Price 30  July,  1733 

This  obtained  a  place  on  the  roll  of  the  grand-lodge  of  England,  1734 
Benj.  Franklin,  probably  initiated  in  England,  writes  to  grand- 
lodge  of  Massachusetts  as  grandmaster  of  Pennsylvania " 

Franklin  publishes  the  Masonic  constitution " 

Henry  Price  constituted  grandmaster  over  all  North  America. .     " 

George  Washington  initiated  at  Fredericksburg,  Va 4  Nov.  1752 

St.  Andrew's  lodge  constituted  at  Boston 30  Nov.     " 

Washington  made  master  Mason 4  Aug.  1753 

First  Masonic  hall  built  in  the  U.  S.  (Philadelphia) 1754 

Second  lodge  in  Philadelphia  constituted 1758 

Joseph  Warren  initiated  at  St.  Andrew's  lodge,  Boston,  10  Sept.  1761 

"  provincial  grandmaster 1769 

"  provincial  grandmaster  of  America 1772 

Order  of  the  "  Eastern  Star  "  established  in  the  U.  S 1778 

[It  belongs  to  "Adoptive  Masonry, "  introduced  into  France 
about  1775  to  convert  women  with  Masonry.     It  can  be  con- 
ferred only  on  master  Masons  in  good  standing,  their  wives, 
widows,  sisters,  daughters,  and  mothers.      Its  degrees  are 
Jephthah's  Daughter,  for  daughter;   Ruth,  widow;  Esther, 
wife;  Martha,  sister;  Electa,  mother.] 
During  the  revolution  there  were  as  many  as  10  field  or  travel- 
ling lodges  with  the  army. 
In  New  York  the  first  provincial  grandmaster  was  Daniel  Coxie, 
1730 ;  and  the  earliest  lodge  on  record  was  in  working  order 
certainly  before  24  Jan.  1738. 
A  grand-lodge  established  in  New  York  during  its  occupancy 
by  the  British,  1781;  and  by  the  citizens  about  1783. 

Grand-lodge  established  in  Pennsylvania 1786 

De  Witt  Clinton  initiated  in  the  Holland  lodge.  New  York 1793 

[Made  grandmaster  of  the  grand-lodge  of  New  York,  1806.] 

First  grand-chapter  in  the  U.  S.  at  Philadelphia 24  Oct.  1797 

Imposing  ceremonies  at  Boston,  Mass.,  by  the  Freemasons  in 

honor  of  brother  Lafayette 1825 

Abduction  and  supposed  murder  of  William  Morgan  by  Free- 
masons for  revealing  secrets  of  the  order Sept.  1826 

New  York  ;  Morgan,  William. 

LIST   SHOWING   THE  DATE  OF   THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  FREE- 
MASONRY  INTO  THE  OLDER  STATES. 

Georgia 1735 1st  grand-lodge 1786 

[2d  American  lodge  on  the  English  rolls.] 

South  Carolina ' 1736 1st  grand-lodge 1787 

New  Hampshire 1736 "  1789 

Maryland 1737 "  1781 

Rhode  Island 1749 "  1791 

Connecticut 1750 "  1789 

Virginia 1750  (?) "  1778 

North  Carolina 1756 "  1787 

New  Jersey 1761 "  1786 

Delaware 1765 ;...  "  1806 

Vermont ..1781 "  1794 

Kentucky 1788 "  1800 

Ohio 1790-95  (?) "  1808 

Mississippi 1801 *'  1818 

Louisiana 1807 "  1812 


[There  were  probably  lodges  in  Louisiana  prior  to  1807.  but 
the  above  lodge,  established  by  the  grand-lodge  of  New  York, 
was  the  first  lodge  working  in  the  English  language.] 

Michigan 1794  (British  ?),  1st  grand-lodge 1826'- 

District  of  Columbia. . .  —  "  1810 

[There  are  now  (1893)  49  grand-lodges  in  the  U.  S.  and  about  10,000' 
lodges  with  a  membership  of  667,000.] 

MASONS,  BLACK  OR  COLORED. 

The  blacks,  or  negro  population,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  applied  to  Eng- 
land for  a  charter— their  lodge  having  existed  in  Boston  for  8  years- 
—in  1784.     The  request  was  granted  29  Sept.  1784, but  the  warrant 
did  not  arrive  in  Boston  until  1787.     Its  number  was  "459,"  and 
the  title  "African  lodge."    Prince  Hall  was  the  first  master.     He 
established  a  lodge  by  his  own  authority  at  Philadelphia,  1797.  and 
a  second  at  Providence,  R.  L,  soon  after.    The  "African  lodge"wa8- 
shown  on  the  English  list  until  1813.    Formally  declared  its  inde- 
pendence of  foreign  control,  1827.     Organized  a  national  grand- 
lodge  in  1847.     They  have  grand-lodges  in  several  states,  which' 
are  more  or  less  recognized  as  legal  in  France,  Italy,  Germany, 
Hungary,  Peru,  Liberia,  etc.,  but  not  in  the  U.  S. 
The  degrees  of  the  Ancient  Arabic  Order  of  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine- 
conferred  on  colored  Masons  for  the  first  time  in  the  U.S.,  Wash- 
ington, 25  June,  1893,  John  G.  Jones  receiving  the  33°.   The  colored 
Masons  now  have  all  the  degrees  the  whites  have  in  this  country. 
Free-soil  party.     Political  parties. 
fVee-trade  principles,  advocated  by  Adam  Smith  ini 
his  "Wealth  of  Nations  "  (1776),  triumphed  in  England  whea 
the  corn-laws  were  abolished  in  1846,  and  the  commercial  treaty 
with  France  was  adopted  in  1860.     Richard  Cobden,  termed! 
"Apostle  of  Free  Trade,"  who  advocated  these  measures,  died,. 
2  Apr.  1865.     Since  1830  British  exports  have  been  tripled. 
In  the  United  States  the  Democratic  party  has  of  late  years 
advocated  a  reform  of  the  tariff,  in  the  direction  of  free-trade;, 
while  the  Republicans  defend  extreme  protection.     Tariff. 

Free-'Will  Bapti§t§.  A  denomination  of  Baptists- 
in  the  United  States,  Arminian  in  doctrine.  The  first  church 
was  organized  by  elder  Benjamin  Randall,  a  convert  of  White- 
field,  in  New  Durham,  N.  H.,  30  June,  1780.  The  first  general 
congress  was  held  in  1827.  The  society  sustains  colleges  at 
Lewiston,  Me.,  Hillsdale,  Mich.,  and  elsewhere.  Its  strength, 
in  the  U.  S.  and  Canada  in  1890  was:  Churches,  1613;  min- 
isters, 1600;  members,  86,300. 

Frencll  in  America. 
Island  of  cape  Breton  discovered  by  fishermen  from  Brittany. .  1504 

Rude  chart  of  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  by  Dennys  of  Harfleur 1506 

Verazzano  in  the  interest  of  France  skirts  eastern  coast  of 

North  America  and  enters  New  York  and  Newport  harbors.  1524 
Jacques  Cartier,  a  mariner  of  St.  Malo,  crosses  gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence and  enters  the  bay  which  he  names  Des  Chaleurs,  from 

the  heat  of  mid-summer 1534 

[He  enters  the  gulf  again  in  1535,  naming  it  St.  Lawrence. 
He  ascends  to  the  island  of  Orleans,  and  sends  a  boat  as  far 
as  Montreal] 
Francis  de  la  Roque,  lord  of  Roberval,  obtains  from  Francis  L 
viceroyalty  of  Canada,  Saguenay,  Newfoundland,  Belle  Isle, 
cape  Breton,  and  Labrador,  with  authority  to  plant  a  col- 


ony. 


1540 

Cartier  makes  his  3d  voyage  and  passes  the  winter  in  the 

St  Lawrence,  but  returns  to  France 1541 

[Roberval  proceeds  to  the  St.  Lawrence  1542,  but  returns 
the  next  year.  The  discoveries  of  the  French  fishermen, 
of  Verazzano  and  Cartier,  give  France  her  claim  to  the  north- 
em  portion  of  America.] 

Jean  Ribault,  under  the  patronage  of  adm.  de  Coligny,  explores 
the  coast  of  Florida  and  discovers  the  river  St.  John  and  the 
inlet  Port  Royal May,  1562. 

On  an  island  in  this  harbor  he  erects  a  fort  (soon  abandoned), 
which  he  names  Carolina,  after  Charles  IX.  of  France " 

French,  under  Ribault  and  Rene  de  Laudonniere,  establish  a 
settlement  on  the  river  St.  John,  and  build  a  fort  which  is 
also  named  fort  Carolina 1564 

Fort  Carolina  attacked  by  the  Spaniards  under  Menendez  and 
the  entire  garrison  and  inhabitants  of  the  settlement  put  to 
death  as  Protestants 1565 

In  turn  Dominic  de  Gourges,  a  French  soldier  of  fortune,  at- 
tacks the  Spaniards  at  fort  Carolina,  which  he  captures,  and 
hangs  the  entire  garrison  "as  robbers  and  murderers. 3  May,  1568 
[Ending  the  attempt  of  the  French  to  colonize  Florida.] 

Marquis  de  la  Roche  commissioned  by  France  to  conquer  Canada 
and  adjacent  countries  not  possessed  by  any  Christian  prince,  1598 

Chauvin,a  naval  officer,  obtains  a  similar  commission  on  the 
death  of  Roche 1600' 

M.  de  Chatte  commissioned  as  governor 1602. 

[The  name  Canada,  first  confined  to  a  small  district  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay,  was  extended  to  all  terri- 
tory watered  by  the  St.  Lawrence  and  its  tributaries.] 

Pontgrave',  accompanied  by  Samuel  Champlain,  ascends  the 
St.  Lawrence 1603: 

Patent  to  Pierre  de  Gast  Sieur  de  Monts  for  "Acadia,"  being 
North  America  between  40°  and  46°  N.  lat " 

De  Monts,  attended  by  Champlain  and  Poutrincourt,  discovers 
the  harbor  of  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis,  Nova  Scotia 1604 

Champlain  explores  the  bay  of  Fundy,  discovers  and  names 
the  river  St.  John,  and  enters  Passamaquoddy  bay " 


FRE 


812 


^RE  ■ 


De  Monts  enters  the  Penobscot,  the  Kennebec,  Casco  bay,  and 

the  Saco,  and  oxamiues  the  coast  as  far  south  as  cape  Cod. .  1605 
Pouirincourt  establishes  the  tlrst  i)eraiaueut  French  settlement 

in  America  at  Tort  Koyal 1607 

ChampUiiu  establishes  the  post  of  Quebec 3  July,  1608 

He  joins  a  war  party  of  Hurous  against  the  Iroquois,  enters 

and  coasts  the  lake  that  now  bears  his  name 1609 

[A  series  of  explorations  now  secures  to  the  French  the 
later  "New  France,"  including  Canada  and  Acadia.] 
French  Jesuits,  under  father  Biart,  reach  Port  Royal,  Mount 

Desert,  and  the  Kennebec,  and  ascend  that  river 1611-12 

ArgiiU  from  Virginia  destroys  the  fortitlcations  of  De  Monts 
on  the  isle  of  St  Croix,  and  burns  the  settlement  at  Port 

Royal 1613 

Champlain  visits  lake  Huron 1615 

He  enters  New  York  with  a  war  party  of  Hurons  and  attacks 
a  village  of  the  Seneca  Indians  near  the  foot  of  Seneca  lake 

and  is  repulsed " 

Etienne  Brule  of  Champigny  penetrates  the  region  beyond 

lake  Huron 1616-18 

Champlain  governor  of  Canada 1620 

Organization  of  the  company  of  "the  Hundred  Associates"  or 

of  the  "  New  France  "  ratified  by  France 6  May,  1628 

Port  Royal  occupied  by  the  English " 

■Quebec  surrenders  to  sir  David  Kirke 1629 

["  Not  a  port  in  North  America  remained  to  the  French; 
ft-om  Long  Island  to  the  Pole,  England  was  without  a  rival." 
—Bancroft.  "  Hist,  of  U.  S.,"  vol.  i.  p.  335.] 
By  treaty  with  England  Richelieu  obtains  restitution  of  all  ter- 
ritory as  prior  to  the  war 29  Mch.  1632 

Champlain  publishes  his  consolidated  narrative,  and  on  his 

map  the  falls  of  Niagara  are  first  noted " 

"Jesuit  Relations  of  Canada"  begun " 

Jesuits  active  among  the  Indians;  the  Micmac  mission  start- 
ed; Br^beuf,  Daniel,  and  Lallemand  establish  missions  on 

lake  Huron  and  other  places 1634-35 

Ohamplain,  governor  of  Canada,  d 1635 

French  occupy  the  islands  of  Martinique  and  Dominique 1636 

Madame  de  la  Peltier,  with  the  aid  of  3  nuns,  establishes  the 

Ursuline  convent  at  Quebec 1639 

Jean  Nicolet  at  Green  Bay,  Wis 1640 

Montreal  founded 1641 

Charles  Raymbault  and  Isaac  Jogues  reach  the  strait  that 

forms  the  outlet  of  lake  Superior 4  Oct.     " 

Francois  de  Montmorency  Laval,  first  bishop  of  Quebec,  ar- 
rives   16  June,  1659 

[He  was  vicar-apostolic  of  New  France,  and  made  bishop 
of  Quebec  1674.] 
<Jroseillers  and  Radison,  fur-traders,  explore  lake  Superior —      " 

Augustin  de  Safifray  de  M6sy,  7th  governor  of  Canada 1663-65 

Jacques  Marquette  places  a  mission  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. . .  Apr.  1668 
La  Salle,  perhaps,  tracks  the  Ohio  river  to  the  Mississippi 

(Ohio) 1669-71 

Maine,  east  of  the  Penobscot,  surrendered  to  the  French 1670 

French  occupy  about  lakes  Huron  and  Superior. .  1671 

Daniel  de  Remi,  seigneur  de  Courcelles,  governor  of  Canada..  1666-72 
Louis  de  Buade,  count  de  Frontenac,  arrives  at  Quebec  as  gov- 
ernor of  Canada 1672 

Fort  Frontenac  built  on  the  present  site  of  Kingston,  Out 1673 

Marquette  and  Joliet  in  Iowa " 

Marquette  and  Joliet  sail  down  the  Mississippi  below  the  Ar- 
kansas river  and  return .•. " 

Joliet's  map  of  the  Mississippi " 

Marquette  d.  (aged  38) 18  May,  1675 

La  Salle  at  fort  Frontenac 1676 

La  Salle,  Tonty,  and  Hennepin  at  Niagara  falls 8  Jan.  1679 

Oriffin  launched  on  lake  Erie  (New  York) " 

Hennepin  at  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony May,  1680 

La  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi,  erects  a  cabin  on  the  Chick- 
asaw blufl;  raises  the  cross  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  and 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  plants  the  arms  of  France 

and  calls  the  whole  valley  Louisiana 1682 

Frontenac  recalled  to  France  (succeeded  by  De  la  Barre) 1682 

Hennepin  publishes  his  explorations 1683 

French  in  Texas  under  La  Salle 1685 

French  on  the  Hudson  bay " 

La  Salle  shot  by  Duhaut  and  L'Archeveque  while  on  his  way 

from  Texas  to  the  Illinois  country 20  Mch.  1687 

Frontenac  reappointed  governor  of  Canada. 1689 

France  declares  war  against  England  ("King  William's  war  "), 

25  June,  1689 

French  occupy  the  Hudson  bay  territory " 

Indians  fall  on  Cocheco  (Dover),  N.  H. ,  murder  maj.  Richard 

"Waldron  and  23  others,  carrying  captive  29 27  June,     " 

Iroquois  capture  Montreal  and  Lachine 25  Aug.     " 

French  and  Indians  destroy  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  (New  York), 
8  Feb. ;  settlement  at  Salmon  Falls,  N.  H.,  27  Mch. ;  and  Fal- 
mouth^ on  Casco  bay  (Maine) May,  1690 

Sir  William  Phipps  conquers  Acadia " 

His  expedition  by  water  against  Quebec  utterly  fails  as  well  as 

the  invasion  by  land Oct.     " 

Schuyler's  raid  into  Canada  against  the  French  settlement  on 

the  Sorrel ^ 1691 

Acadia  retaken  by  the  French 26  Nov.     " 

York,  Me. ,  attacked  by  the  French  and  Indians  (Maine).  .  .Jan.  1692 

Frontenac's  last  invasion  of  western  New  York July,  1696 

Peace  of  Ryswick ;  France  retains  the  coast  and  adjacent  islands 
from  Maine  beyond  Labrador  and  Hudson's  bay,  also  Canada 

and  Mississippi  valley  without  boundary  lines 20  Sept.  1697 

Hennepin  publishes  a  further  account  of  his  exploration " 

Death  of  Frontenac,  aged  78  years 28  Nov.  1698 


1700 
1701 


1702 


D'Iberville  enters  the  Mississippi  from  the  gulf  (Louisiana), 

2  Mch. 
["The  Mississippi,  as  yet,  had  never  been  entered  from  the 
sea."— .Bancni/7,  "Hist,  of  U.  S.,"  vol.  iii.  p.  200.] 

Treaty  of  Canada  with  the  Iroquois 8  Sept. 

\j&.  Motte  Cadillac  establishes  a  post  at  Detroit July, 

Bienville  in  command  of  the  settlements  in  Louisiana 

Chief  fortress  removed  from  Biloxi  to  the  western  bank  of  the 

Mobile  river,  the  first  settlement  of  Europeans  in  Alabama. 

"War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,"  or  Queen  Anne's  war, 

4  May     " 
Philippe  de  Rigaud,  marquis  de  Vaudreuil,  governor  of  Canada,  1703 
French  and  Indians  surprise  unprotected  villages,  Wells,  Scar- 
borough, Casco,  Spurwink,  and  others,  in  Maine,  killing  or 

carrying  off  inhabitants  to  Quebec 10  Aug.     " 

Deerfield,  Mass.,  attacked  and  destroyed 28  Feb.  1704 

Death  of  Henri  de  Tonty,  companion  of  La  Salle Sept.     " 

Attack  on  Haverhill,  Mass. ;  partially  destroyed 29  Aug.  1708 

French  surrender  Port  Royal,  Acadia,  to  an  English  fieet.2  Oct.  1710 
[The  English  change  the  name  to  Annapolis.] 

Sir  Hoveden  Walker's  expedition  against  Quebec  fails. 1711 

Truce  established  between  England  and  France 1712 

Treaty  of  Utrecht  (Spanish  Succession  war  ends)  gives  Acadia 

to  the  English;  boundary  lines  still  undefined 1713 

French  establish  a  trading-post  at  Natchez *» 

Fort  Toulouse  built  in  Alabama 1714 

Death  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France 1715 

P^ench  in  the  Ohio  valley 17I6 

Illinois  joined  to  Louisiana 1717 

New  Orleans  founded 1718 

Five  hundred  negroes  brought  from  Guinea  to  Louisiana 1719 

French  begin  to  fortify  Louisburg 1720 

Joncaire  establishes  a  post  at  Niagara  among  the  Senecas 1721 

[Trade  with  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  established  (1)  by 
way  of  lake  Erie,  the  Maumee,  and  the  Wabash,  and  so  down 
the  Ohio;  (2)  by  lake  Michigan,  the  Chicago  river  to  the 
Illinois,  to  the  Mississippi;  (3)  by  the  way  of  Green  bay, 
Fox  river,  and  the  Wisconsin.] 

Postal  arrangements  between  Montreal  and  Quebec " 

New  Orleans  made  the  capital  of  the  Louisiana  colony 1722 

Vaudreuil,  gov.  of  Canada,  d ". 1725 

Massacre  of  the  French  at  Natchez  by  the  Indians 29  Nov.  1729 

M.  Varennes  de  Verendrye  reaches  lake  Winnipeg 1731 

French  establish  themselves  on  lake  Champlain " 

Verendrye  builds  fort  Rouge  near  the  present  site  of  the  city 

of  Winnipeg  and  discovers  the  Rocky  mountains 1736 

Explorations  between  lake  Superior  and  Hudson  bay 1738-42 

Austrian  Succession  war  begins  between  England  and  France 

(known  in  the  colonies  as  King  George's  war) 15  Mch.  1744 

Capture  of  Louisburg  by  the  English  (Massachusetts) 1745 

Montreal  island  raided  by  the  English 1747 

Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  (Austrian  Succession  war  ends) 1748 

Roland,  M.  B.,  marquis  Gallissoni^re,  governor  of  Canada. .  .1745-49 
Expedition  of  C^loron  de  Bienville  down  the  Ohio;  burial  of 

plates  (Ohio) 1749 

Fort  Rouille  (Toronto)  built  by  the  French " 

Sugar-cane  introduced  into  Louisiana 1751 

Virginia  treats  with  the  Indians  at  Logstown June,  1752 

English  trading  post  at  Pickawillany,  or  Piqua,  0.,  broken  up 

by  the  French June,     " 

French  occupying  the  Ohio  country  build  a  fort  at  Presque  isle, 
now  Erie,  Pa.,  and  fort  Le  Boeuf  on  French  creek  about  25 

miles  southeast  from  Erie 1753 

Washington  at  fort  Le  Boeuf  (Pennsylvania,  Virginia) " 

Ohio  Company  begin  a  fort  at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio,  but  are 
driven  away  by  the  French,  who  complete  the  work  and  call 

it  fort  Duquesne 

Washington  attacks  the  French  under  Juraondville,  builds  fort 

Necessity,  and  surrenders  to  the  French  (Virginia) 

English  fleet  going  to  Acadia  transports  the  French  inhabitants 

to  the  Atlantic  colonies  (Acadia) 

Dieskau  defeated  at  lake  George  (New  York) " 

Gov.  Shirley's  failure  in  the  Niagara  expedition " 

[French  forts  and  posts  north  of  the  Ohio  at  this  time  were 
Le  Boeuf  and  Venango  on  French  creek,  Pa. ;  Presque  Isle  and 
Duquesne,  Pa.;  Sandusky  and  Miami,  Ohio;  St.  Joseph's, 
near  lake  Michigan;  Pontchartrain  (Detroit);  Michillimack- 
inac,  Fox  river;  Cr^ve  Coeur  and  fort  St.  Louis  on  the  Illi- 
nois; Vincennes,  Cahokia,  and  Kaskaskia.] 

Braddock  defeated  (Pennsylvania) 9  July,     " 

De  Menneville,  marquis  Duquesne,  governor  of  Canada. 1752-55 

Montcalm  in  Quebec 1756 

Montcalm  captures  Oswego 14  Aug.     " 

Montcalm  takes  fort  William  Henry  (Forts,  New  York). 9  Aug.  1757 

French  defeat  Rogers  on  lake  Champlain Mch.  1758 

Abercrombie  defeated  in  his  assault  on  Ticonderoga. . .  ,8  July,     " 

Amherst  captures  I^ouisburg July,     " 

Col.  Bradstreet  attacks  fort  Frontenac ;  the  garrison  surrenders, 

27  Aug.     " 
Gen.  Forbes  advances  on  fort  Duquesne;  the  French  blow  up 

the  works  and  retire  (Pennsylvania) Nov.     " 

Gen.  Johnson  captures  fort  Niagara  (New  York) 1759 

Amherst  captures  Ticonderoga 26  July,     " 

Gen.  Wolfe's  victory  at  Quebec ;  his  death  and  that  of  Montcalm, 

13  Sept. ;  Quebec  surrenders 18  Sept.     " 

Pierre    Franpois,  marquis  de  Vaudreuil,  governor  (and  last 
French)  of  Canada,  1755-60,  surrenders  Montreal  to  gen. 

Amherst ;  Canada  passes  to  the  English 8  Sept.  1760 

BeMtre  surrenders  Detroit 29  Nov.     " 

By  secret  treaty  Louis  XV.  cedes  to  Spain  Louisiana  west  of  the 
Mississippi  with  island  of  Orleans  east  of  it 3  Nov.  1762 


\ 


1754 


1755 


FRE 


313 


FRE 


Acadia  confirmed  to  the  English  by  treaty  of  Paris 10  Feb.  1763 

Spain  cedes  Louisiana  to  France  by  treaty  of  St.  Ildefonso.Oct.  1800 
U.  S.  purchases  Louisiana   of  the   French   government    for 
$15,000,000,  30  Apr. ;  ratified  by  Napoleon  in  May  and  by  the 
U.  S.  (LonsiANA,  United  Statks) Oct.  1803 

French  A§§ociatioii  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  was  established  by  the  General  As- 
sembly 22  Apr.  1872,  its  chief  founders  being  MM.  Balard, 
Claude,  Bernard,  Delaunay,  Dumas,  Pasteur,  Berthelet,  Wilrtz, 
and  others.  M.  de  Quatrefages  was  elected  first  president, 
and  the  first  annual  meeting  was  held  at  Bordeaux,  5  Sept. 
1872,  when  many  foreign  scientific  men  were  present. 

French  language  is  mainly  based  on  rude  Latin 
of  western  nations  subjugated  by  Rome.  German  was  in- 
troduced by  Franks  in  the  8th  century.  In  the  9th  the  Gallo- 
Romanic  dialect  became  divided  into  the  langue  cCoc  of  the 
south  and  the  langue  d'o'il  of  the  north.  The  dialect  of  the 
Isle  of  France  became  predominant  in  the  12th  century.  The 
French  language  as  written  by  Froissart  assimilates  more  to 
modern  French,  and  its  development  was  almost  completed 
when  the  Academic  Fran9aise  (established  by  Richelieu  in 
1634)  published  a  dictionary  of  it  in  1674.  The  French  lan- 
guage, laws,  and  customs  were  introduced  into  England  by 
William  I.,  1066.  Law  pleadings  were  changed  from  French 
to  English  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  1362. — Stow. 

French  literature  and  author§.  Litera- 
ture. 

French  revolution  of  1789-95.     The   condition 
of  the  laboring  poor  in  France  had  grown  rapidly  worse  during 
the  reigns  of  Louis  XIV.  and  XV.,  and  at  the  accession  of  Louis 
XVI.  was  desperate.     Starvation  threatened  whole  provinces, 
and  disaffection  towards  the  crown  was  increased  by  the  un- 
popularity of  the  king's  marriage  with  Marie  Antoinette, 
daughter  of  Maria  Theresa  of  Austria,  an  alliance  which  indi- 
cated the  persistent  adherence  of  the  monarchy  to  its  arbitrary 
and  oppressive  traditions.   After  the  dismissal  of  Calonne,  1787, 
a  feeling  prevailed  that  the  country  was  on  the  eve  of  a  rev- 
olution ;  that  the  financial  confusion,  the  spread  of  poverty, 
the  helplessness  of  the  government,  the   feebleness  of  the 
king,  and  the  extravagance  and  luxury  of  his  court  could  not 
continue  without  a  catastrophe.     The  first  assembly  of  "  the 
notables "  was  called  22  Feb.  1787,  the  second,  1788.     The 
States-general  met  May,  1789.     The  National  Assembly  was 
formed  30  June,  1789.     The  revolution  began  with  the  de- 
struction of  the  Bastile,  14  July,  1789.  France,  1789-95.    The 
names  given  below  are  the  best  known  of  the  revolution,  either 
for  their  tragic  fate  or  for  their  prominence.  France,  1785,  etc. 
Bailly,  Jean  Sylvain,  b.  Paris,  15  Sept.  1736.     Eminent  scientist,  as- 
tronomer, etc. ;  favored  the  revolution;  mayor  of  Paris,  1789;  re- 
sist."^ the  sanguinary  revolutionists;  guillotined  12  Nov.  1793. 
Barbaroux  (bar-fta-roo'),  Charles  Jean  Marie,  b.  at  xMarseilles,  France, 
6  Mch.  1767.     Joined  the  Girondists;  escaped  until  25  June,  1794, 
when  he  was  captured  and  guillotined  at  Bordeaux.     One  of  the 
few  lovable  characters  of  the  revolution. 
Bar^re   de   Vieusac  [ba'rer  deh  ve-uh-zak'),   Bertrand,  b.  Tarbes, 
France,  10  Sept.  1755.     Notorious  for  meanness,  cowardice,  and 
atrocious  cruelty;  supporting  always  the  strongest  party,  he  es- 
caped the  vengeance  of  all,  and  d.  15  Jan.  1841,  the  last  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Public  Safety.     See  Macaulay's  famous  essay  "  BarSre. " 
Ba,rna,ve  {bdrndv'),  Antoine  Pierre  Joseph  Marie,  b.  Grenoble,  France, 
1761;  member  of  Tiers  Etat  of  States-general,  1789;  member  of  as- 
sembly, and,  except  Mirabeau,  its  most  powerful  orator;  president 
of  assembly,  Oct.  1790;  maintained  the  inviolability  of  the  king's 
person ;  favored  a  constitutional  monarchy.    At  the  end  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  he  returned  to  Grenoble,  1792.     His  sympathy 
for  the  royal  family  brought  him  under  suspicion,  and  he  was  ar- 
rested Aug.  1792.     After  a  years'  confinement  he  was  brought  be- 
fore the  revolutionary  tribunal,  condemned,  and  guillotined,  30 
Nov.  1793.    One  of  the  noblest  actors  and  victims  of  the  revolution. 
Barras  {bd-rd'),  Paul  Francois  Jean    Nicolas,  comte  de,  b.  France, 
June,  1755.    In  the  national  convention  voted  for  the  king's  death. 
Successfully  opposed  Robespierre,  27  July,  1794.    Gave  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  command   against  the   insurrection  of  5  Oct.  1795. 
Prominent  in  national  affairs  until  1799;  d.  1829. 
Beauharnais  (bfy-ar-na'),  Alexandre  de,  b.  Martinique,  1760;  mar- 
ried at  Paris  mdlle.  Josephine  Tacher  de  la  Pagerie  (afterwards 
wife  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte);  member  of  the  States-general  and 
national  convention.    Joined  the  army  of  the  north;  retired  be- 
cause of  noble  birth;  condemned  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal, 
and  guillotined  23  June,  1794. 
Billaud-Yarennes  {be-yo'-vd-ren'),  Jacques  Nicolas,  b.  Rochelle, 
France,  1762;  active  in  the  massacre  of  Sept.  1792.     In  the  na- 
tional convention  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king,  and  against 
allowing  him  counsel;  deserted  Robespierre,  but  was  banished  to 
Cayenne,  whence  he  escaped,  and  d.  at  Port-au-Prince,  Hayti,  1819. 
Brissot  (bre-so'),  Jean  F'ierre.  b.  Chartres,  France,  Jan.  1754.    A  lead- 
ing Girondist;  guillotined  31  Oct.  1793. 


Calonne  {ka-lon'),  Charles  Alexandre  de,  b.  Douai,  France,  1734. 
State  minister  before  the  revolution  (1783-87);  recommending  a 
redistribution  of  taxes,  abolition  ef  corvees  and  the  gabelle,  etc., 
he  was  dismissed  and  exiled.  He  returned  to  France,  1802,  and 
d.  30  Oct.  of  that  year. 

Cambac6r6s  {kon-bah-sa-res'),  Jean  Jacques  Regis  de,  b.  Montpel- 
lier,  France,  18  Oct.  1753;  member  of  National  Assembly,  1792. 
In  the  trial  of  the  king,  advocated  all  latitude  of  defence  for  the 
king's  advocate;  and  while  voting  the  king  guilty,  moved  for  de- 
lay in  the  execution  of  the  sentence.  Enjoyed  the  confidence  of 
Napoleon  throughout  his  reign^  retired  to  Belgium,  1815;  re- 
called and  restored  to  his  rights,  1818;  d.  1824. 

Cambon  (kon-bon'),  Joseph,  b.  1754.  Member  of  the  assembly,  1791  •, 
voted  for  the  king's  death;  accused  Robespierre  in  the  assembly, 
1794,  etc. ;  d.  1820. 

Carnot  (kar-no'),  Lazare  Nicolas  Marguerite,  b.  Nolay,  France,  13 
May,  1753.  Member  of  the  National  Assembly,  1791,  and  of  the 
Committee  of  Public  Safety  under  Robespierre  ;  voted  for  the 
overthrow  of  the  nobility  and  the  death  of  the  king.  Defended 
Collot  d'Herbois  and  Barfere  after  the  fall  of  Robespierre.  In  1795 
he  became  one  of  the  5  directors  of  the  republic;  minister  of  war 
for  a  short  time,  before  Napoleon  became  consul  for  life;  1806 
retired  to  private  life.  During  the  "hundred  days  "  again  minis- 
ter of  war;  retired  to  AVarsaw;  d.  at  Magdeburg,  1823. 

Carrier  {kd-re-a'),  Jean  Baptiste,  b.Yolai, France,  1756;  a  cruel  lead- 
er in  the  "reign  of  terror";  active  Jacobin;  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly ;  voted  for  the  king's  death.  Prominent  in  the 
arrest  of  the  due  d'Orleans  and  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Giron- 
dists. Best  known  for  his  wholesale  butchery  of  men,  women, 
and  children  at  Nantes,  1793-94.  After  the  fall  of  Robespierre  he 
was  condemned  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal  and  guillotined  16 
Dec.  1794. 

Chaumette  (sho-mei'),  Pierre  Gaspard,  b.  Nevers.'France,  1763,  a  vio- 
lent and  brutal  revolutionist;  insulted  the  imprisoned  king,  and, 
with  Ht^bert,  accused  the  queen  of  infamous  crimes;  devised  the 
"Fetes  de  la  Raison";  was  guillotined  through  the  jealousy  of 
Robespierre,  1794. 

Clootz,  Jean  Baptiste,  better  known  as  AnacharsisClootz;  b.  Prussia, 
1755,  of  a  wealthy  and  aristocratic  family ;  sent  to  Paris  to  be  edu- 
cated, 1766;  embraced  republican  principles,  and,  upon  the  open- 
ing of  the  revolution,  became  a  violent  fanatic.  In  the  national 
convention  he  voted  the  death  of  the  king,  but,  exciting  the  jeal- 
ousy of  Robespierre,  was  guillotined,  with  Hebert,  Chaumette, 
and  others,  1794. 

Collot  d'Herbois  {ko-lo' der-bwd'),  Jean  Marie,  b.  Paris,  1750;  a  san- 
guinary leader,  active  in  the  conflicts  of  10  Aug.  and  in  the  mas- 
sacre of  Sept.  1792;  noted  for  ordering  600  inhabitants  of  Lyons 
shot  in  one  day.  Supported  Robespierre;  voted  for  the  death  of 
the  king;  abandoned  Robespierre,  but  was  tried  with  Billaud  and 
transported  to.Cayenne,  where  he  d.  8  June,  1796.  Called  the  Tiger 
of  the  Revolution. 

Condorcet  (kondor-sa'),  Marie  Jean  Antoine  Nicolas  Caritat,  mar- 
quis de,  b.  Picardy,  17  Sept.  1743.  Eminent  in  literature  and  sci- 
ence. He  greeted  with  enthusiasm  the  revolution  in  the  inter- 
ests of  liberty;  member  of  the  legislative  assembly  and  of  the 
national  convention,  1792;  voted  the  king  guilty;  opposed  his 
death;  voted  for  an  appeal  to  the  people;  denounced  the  arrest 
and  execution  of  the  Girondists,  and  incurred  the  hatred  of  the 
"  Mountain."  Fleeing  from  proscription,  he  was  captured  7  Apr. 
1794,  and  died  the  next  day  in  prison  from  exhaustion. 

Corday  d'Armans,  Marie  Anne  Charlotte,  b.  Normandy. France,  1-768; 
assassinated  Marat  in  a  warm  bath  in  his  house;  guillotined  July, 
1793. 

Cottereau,  Jean  (called  Chounan,  screech-owl) ;  grateful  to  Louis  XVI. 
for  a  pardon  for  some  slight  offence,  he  led  a  loyalist  band  of 
peasantry  in  his  district  against  the  revolutionists,  1792-94;  mor- 
tally wounded,  28  July,  1794. 

Couthon  (koo'ton'),  George,  b.  Auvergne,  France,  1756.  In  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king;  opposed  the 
Girondists;  engaged  in  the  massacre  at  Lyons;  on  the  fall  of 
Robespierre  was  guillotined,  July,  1794.  Called  the  Panther  of 
the  Triumvirate. 

Danton  (don'ton'),  George  Jacques,  b.  Arcis-sur-Aube,  France,  1759. 
His  public  career  began  as  president  of  the  club  Cordeliers,  in 
which  he  showed  himself  one  of  the  most  extreme  of  the  early 
revolutionists,  and  fully  equalled  either  Marat  or  Robespierre  ia 
his  bloody  work.  In  1792  he  led  the  struggle  against  the  Giron- 
dists. In  the  national  convention  he  voted  for  the  death  of  the 
king.  His  ability  was  the  greatest  force  in  accomplishing  the 
destruction  of  the  Girondists;  but  Robespierre  and  the  Jacobins 
were  too  strong  for  him,  and  he  was  arrested,  with  his  followers, 
30  Mch.  1794,  and  guillotined  5  Apr.  1794.  He  was  an  orator,  and 
has  been  termed  the  Mirabeau  of  the  Sans-Culottes. 

Desmoulins  {da-moo-lan'),Luc]e  Simplice  Camille  Benoist,b.  Picardy, 
France,  2  Mch.  1760.  Active  revolutionist  and  journalist.  In  the 
national  convention  voted  for  the  abolition  of  royalty  and  death 
of  the  king;  at  first  intimate  with  Robespierre,  but  afterwards 
joined  Danton,  and  with  him  was  arrested  and  guillotined,  5  Apr. 
1794.     His  wife  was  guillotined  a  few  days  after. 

Dumouriez  (du-moo-re-d'),  Charles  Frauf  ois,  b.  at  Cambray.  France, 
1739;  advocated  reform  in  the  government  with  the  Girondists. 
Commanding  the  army  of  the  north,  he  gained  the  battle  of  Je- 
mappes,  1792 ;  and  was  successful  in  the  Netherlands  until  defeat- 
ed at  Neerwinden,  1793,  when,  being  recalled  by  the  convention 
under  a  charge  of  treason,  he  took  refuge  in  the  Austrian  camp. 
In  1804  he  settled  in  England,  and  was  pensioned  by  George  IIL 
with  $6000  a  year;  d.  1823. 

Fauchet  (fo-shd'),  (Abbe)  Claude,  b.  Domes,  department  Ni^vre, 
France,  1744;  devoted  to  the  service  of  the  church;  rapidly  pro- 
moted;  preached  before  the  king;  for  too  liberal  a  tone  in  his 
sermons  he  was  deposed,  1788;  earnest  and  active  in  the  rev- 


FRE 


814 


FRE 


olution;  a  leader  of  the  attack  on  the  Bastile;  member  of  the 
<5ommune;  floured  in  the  extreme  clubs;  blessed  the  tricolor; 
Appointed  coustimtional  bishop,  1791;  organized  the  "Cercle  So- 
cial," 1791;  member  of  the  assembly  and  convention;  disgusted 
with  the  excesses  of  the  Jacobins,  ho  sided  with  the  Girondists; 
opposed  the  death  of  the  king,  and  voted  for  an  appeal  to  the  peo- 
ple for  imprisonment  and  banishment;  suspected  by  the  more 
violent  of  the  Revolutionists,  he  was  accused  of  complicity  with 
Charlotte  Corday  in  the  murder  of  Marat,  and  guillotined  with 
the  Girondists,  31  Oct.  1793.    Called  the  Priest  of  the  Revolution. 

Touchy  ifoosha'),  Joseph,  b.  Nantes,  France,  29  May,  1763.  At- 
tached to  the  most  violent  party  in  the  national  convention,  he 
voted  for  the  king's  death;  took  part  in  the  massacre  at  Lyons. 
Best  known  up  minister  of  police  before  and  under  Napoleon; 
treacherous  and  unscrupulous;  d.  in  exile  at  Trieste.  25  Dec.  1820. 

Foulon',  Joseph  Franpois,  b.  France.  1715.  Held  office  under  the 
monarchy;  counselled  reform  in  some  departments  of  the  gov- 
ernment. Haled  by  the  populace  for  sayings  ascribed  to  him, 
such  as,  "  If  the  people  have  no  bread  let  them  eat  hay,"  he  was 
seized  by  the  mob  on  the  day  of'the  destruction  of  the  Bastile, 
1789,  killed,  and  his  head,with  the  mouth  filled  with  hay,  paraded 
on  a  pole  through  the.  streets. 

Fouquier-Tinville  (fooke-a'  tanvel'),  Antoine  Quentin,  b.  Heronel, 
France,  1747;  an  infamous  public  accuser.  From  the  flrst  an  ex- 
treuie  revolutionist,  friend  of  Danton  and  Robespierre.  Persons 
of  both  sexes  and  of  all  ages,  innocent  and  guilty,  royalists,Giron- 
dists,  Jacobins,  friend  or  foe,  his  own  associates,  Hubert,  Clootz, 
Danton,  and  Desmoulius,  were  indifferently  accused  by  him.  On 
the  fall  of  Robespierre  he  was  condemned  and  guillotined,  1794. 

Freteau  (fre-to'),  St.  Just  Emmanuel  Marie  Michel  Philippe  de,  b. 
France,  1745;  moderate  revolutionist;  favored  a  constitutional 
monarchy ;  retired  to  his  estate,  but  fell  a  victim  to  the  revolu- 
tionary frenzy,  1794. 

Gensonnd  (zhan-so-na'),  Armaud,  b.  Bordeaux,  France,  10  Aug.  1758. 
Helped  organize  the  Gironde;  member  of  convention,  voted  for 
the  king's  death,  but  afterwards,  with  his  party,  became  more 
moderate.    He  was  guillotined,  31  Oct.  1793. 

Guadet  (gd-da').  Marguerite  Elie,  h.  Bordeaux,  France,  1758;  mem- 
ber of  the  national  convention;  spoke  against  the  death  of  the 
king,  but  voted  for  it.  A  leader  of  Girondists,  on  the  fall  of  that 
party  he  took  refuge  with  friends  at  Bordeaux,  but  was  discov- 
ered and  executed  there,  July,  1794. 

Cuillotin  igeyotan'),  Joseph  Ignace,  b.  Sautes,  France,  1738;  mod- 
erate revolutionist;  known  as  the  person  who  flrst  proposed  in 
the  legislative  assembly,  1789,  some  machine  to  be  used  for  capi- 
tal  punishment  other  than  the  sword  or  axe.  Although  not  its 
inventor,  he  gives  name  to  the  machine  (guillotine);  d.  1814. 

B6bert  {a-Mr'),  Jacques  Ren6,  b.  Alenjon,  France,  1755;  poor  and 
vile,  the  scum  of  the  revolution,  and,  with  Chaumette,  the  most 
unprincipled  of  accusers.  Witness  against  the  queen ;  charges  too 
revolting  for  even  the  revolutionary  tribtmal.  Denounced  by  Saint- 
Just,  13  Mch.  1794,  he  was  guillotined  on  the  22d;  died  like  a  cow- 
ard. His  widow  was  guillotined  a  few  days  after,  on  the  same  day 
as  the  widow  of  Desmoulins. 

Herault  de  Sechelles  {a-ro' deh  sa-shel'),  Marie  Jean,  b.  Paris,  1760; 
extreme  revolutionist,  friend  of  Danton,  member  of"  Cordeliers"; 
guillotined,  with  Hebert,  Clootz,  Danton,  and  others,  Apr.  1794. 

Hoche  {osh),  Lazare,  b.  Montreuil,  France,  1768.  As  a  soldier,  with 
the  revolutionists,  he  successfully  opposed  the  Austrians,  1793 ;  but 
having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  Saint- Just,  he  was  arrested, 
and  only  escaped  death  by  the  fall  of  Robespierre.  Again,  as  a 
commander,  he  distinguished  himself,  but  d.  1797.  One  of  the 
most  skilful  of  the  generals  of  the  revolution. 

Isnard  [is-nar'),  Maximin,  b.  Grasse,  France,1751;  member  of  assem- 
bly, 1791.  United  with  the  Girondists;  member  of  the  Committee 
of  Public  Safety.  On  the  fall  of  the  Girondists  he  escaped  death 
by  concealment;  afterwards  a  member  of  the  Five  Hundred;  re- 
turned to  private  life,  1800;  d.  1830. 

Jourdan  {zhoor-don'),  Jean  Baptiste,  b.  France,  1762.  One  of  the  gen- 
erals of  the  revolutionary  period;  successful  in  1794.  Not  "being 
properly  supported  by  the  government,  he  resigned.  With  the 
army  under  Napoleon;  made  peer  of  France,  1819;  d.  1833. 

Kellermann,  Francois  Christophe,  b.  Strasburg,  30  May,  1735;  ar- 
dent revolutionist;  gains  the  battle  of  Valmy,  20  Sept.  1792.  Em- 
ployed by  Napoleon ;  d.  12  Sept.  1820. 

Xafayette,  Jean  Marie  Paul  Roch  Yves  Gilbert  Motier,  marquis  de; 
b.  at  the  chateau  of  Chavagniac,  Auvergne,  France,  6  Sept.  1757. 
An  ardent  republican,  he  heartily  embraced  the  American  cause, 
and  served  through  the  War  of  Independence.  In  France  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Assembly  of  Notables,  1787 ;  of  the  National 
Assembly,  1789.  His  name  is  prominent  in  revolutionary  annals 
until  1792,  when  he  took  refuge  in  the  neutral  territory  of  Liege 
to  escape  the  revolutionists,  but  was  seized  by  Austrians  and  held 
prisoner  for  5  years  under  great  hardship.  Napoleon  stipulated 
for  his  release  at  the  treaty  with  Austria  of  Campo  Formio,  1797. 
His  was  the  purest  character  of  the  revolutionary  period;  but 
failed  to  influence  the  revolutionary  party,  and  by  his  advocacy 
of  a  constitutional  monarchy  he  forfeited  the  confidence  of  the 
royalists.     His  life  of  patriotic  service  ended  20  May,  1834. 

Lambalie  (lon'bai')  Marie  Therfese  Louise  de  Savoie-Carignan  de, 
princess  of;  b.  Turin,  1749.  Distinguished  for  beauty  and  virtue; 
married  prince  of  Lambalie,  1767 ;  a  widow,  1768.  Favorite  at- 
tendant of  the  queen  Marie  Antoinette,  whose  dangers  and  adver- 
sities she  shared.  Imprisoned  in  La  Force,  and  murdered,  Sept. 
1792,  with  great  brutality;  her  remains  mutilated  beyond  recog- 
nition, and  her  head  carried  on  a  pike  through  the  streets. 

l&voisler  {Id-vwd-se-a'),  Antoine  Laurent,  b.  Paris,  1743.  Eminent 
scientist,  one  of  the  founders  of  modern  chemistry;  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Farmers-general;  on  2  May,  1794.  one  Dupin  in 
the  convention  presented  a  frivolous  charge  against  the  whole  body 
■of  ex- Farmers-general;  on  6  May,  1794,  Lavoisier  with  27  others 


of  them  was  condemned,  and  2  days  afterwards  they  were  guillo- 
tined. A  petition  in  his  favor  evoked  the  reply  "  the  republic  has 
no  need  of  savants." 

Lebas  (lihba'),  Philippe  Franpois,  b.  Arras,  1765;  violent  revolu- 
tionist; devoted  personal  friend  and  partisan  of  Robespierre,  on 
whose  fall  he  committed  suicide,  1794. 

Louis  XVI.     Franck,  1775-93.     House  of  Bourbon. 

Louis  XVII.     Fkanck,  House  of  Bourbon. 

Louvet  de  Couvray  {l-oo-veh'  deh  koo-vra'),  b.  Paris,  1760.  Prominent 
member  of  the  Gironde;  elected  to  national  convention,  1792.  Pro- 
scribed with  his  parly,  but  escaped  the  guillotine;  member  of  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred;  d.  1797. 

Marat  (ma-rd'),  Jean  Paul,b.  Baudry,  Switzerland,24  May,1743.  Ed- 
ucated, he  obtained  some  notice  in  several  departments  of  science. 
In  1788  he  entered  the  political  arena,  and  engaged  in  issuing 
pamphlets.  Edited  a  paper,  L^Ami  du  Peuple,  12  Sept.  1789. 
Offending  parlies  in  power,  he  sought  safety  for  a  while  in  Eng- 
land, and  on  his  return  in  the  cellars  and  sewers  of  Paris.  After 
10  Aug.  1792,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  commune,  and  demanded  a 
tribunal  to  try  the  royalists  in  prison.  As  no  tribunal  was  formed, 
the  massacre  of  the  prisoners  followed  in  Sept.  As  member  of 
the  national  convention,  he  maintained  that  the  king  should  be 
tried  for  no  act  prior  to  his  acceptance  of  the  constitution,  but 
that  he  must  die.  In  his  struggle  with  the  Girondists  Marat, 
aided  by  Danton,  was  successful  in  the  end.  Assassinated  by 
Charlotte  Corday,  13  July.  1793.  That  Marat  was  ins  me  through 
most  of  his  public  career  there  is  no  question.  Under  the  insanity 
of  -'suspicion"  he  became  a  monster  of  cruelty,  albeit  naturally- 
humane. 

Marie  Antoinette,  Josephe  Jeanne,  queen  of  France,  b.  Austria,  2  Nov. 
1755;  married  Louis,  afterwards  Louis  XV  L  of  France,  1770;  be- 
came queen,  1775.  The  hatred  of  the  people  for  her  frivolity,  sel- 
flshness,  extravagance,  and  obstinacy  hastened  the  revolution. 
Many  false  accusations  brought  against  her  found  support  in  her 
conduct.  The  diamond-necklace  scandal,  in  which  she  was  not  to 
blame,  brought  her  name  into  disrepute.  Her  self-will  hampered 
the  good  intentions  of  the  king.  She  would  not  consent  to  any 
limit  of  the  royal  power.  Her  sufferings  during  the  last  year  of 
her  life  excited  universal  sympathy.  She  was  tried  Oct.  1793,  and 
on  the  16th  was  sentenced  and  guillotined. 

Mirabeau  {mer-d-bo'),  Honors  Gabriel  Riquetti.  comte  de;  b.  Bi- 
gnon,  France,  9  Mch.  1749.  The  small  pox  when  he  was  but  3  years 
old  disfigured  his  face  for  life.  In  1789  he  was  returned  a  member 
of  the  States-general  from  Aix— in  the  Tiers  Etat.  Here  his  polit- 
ical life  commenced,  and  for  the  next  2  years  he  was  the  principal 
leader  of  the  revolution.  He  d.  2  Apr.  1791,  too  soon  to  shape  the 
government  or  the  future  of  France.  He  was  an  orator  of  the 
highest  order,  but  his  statesmanship  was  never  fully  tested 
Some  imagine  that,  had  he  lived,  France  would  have  escaped  the 
horrors  of  the  revolution,  through  a  constitutional  monarchy. 

Necker  (neA;-A;e?-'),  Jacques,  b.  Geneva,  Switzerland,  1732;  celebrated 
as  the  father  of  madame  de  Staei,  and  as  minister  of  finance  under 
Louis  XVI.,  at  the  opening  of  the  revolution.  He  was  twice  dis- 
missed 'by  the  king,  but  recalled  at  the  demand  of  the  people. 
His  second  dismissal  excited  the  populaee  to  destroy  the  Bastile, 
and  the  king  recalled  him.  He  soon  showed  himself  unable  to 
cope  with  political  or  financial  questions,  and  in  Sept.  1790,  re- 
signed office,  unregretted;  d.  at  Coppet,  Switzerland,  1804. 

D'Orl^ans  {dor-la-on'),  Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  due,  called  Egalite; 
b.  Saint-Cloud,  1747;  by  marriage  became  one  of  the  richest  men 
in  France.  He  was  a  pronounced  liberal,  and  his  dissensions  with 
the  court  of  Louis  XV^I.,  where  he  was  cordially  disliked,  probably 
led  him  to  make  his  Palais  Royal  in  Paris  a  focus  of  liberal  ideas. 
His  popularity  in  Paris  was  greatly  increased  by  his  liberality 
during  the  famine.  Was  elected  to  the  States  general,  1780,  and 
joined  the  Tiers  Etat  with  others  of  the  nobility.  Allied  himself 
with  the  Dantonists  and  assumed  the  title  Egalite.  Member  of  the 
national  convention,  he  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king— a  standing 
disgrace  to  his  name.  He  was  arrested  and  guillotined  during  the 
"  reign  of  terror,"  Nov.  1793,  merely  on  account  of  his  rank. 

Petion  de  Villeneuve  (pa-te-on'  deh  vel-nuv'),  Jerome,  b.  Chartres, 
France,  1753.  Radical  member  of  the  National  Assembly,  1790; 
elected  mayor  of  Paris,  1791.  Having  acted  in  the  convention 
with  the  Girondists,  he  escaped  their  destruction;  but  was  found 
dead  in  a  field  in  the  department  of  the  Gironde.  June,  1794. 

Pichegru  [pesh-gru'),  Charles,  b.  Arbois,  France.  1761.  Joined  the 
revolutionists;  general-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  north,  17i)4. 
Aided  materially  in  suppressing  the  insurrection  of  the  Faubourgs, 
Apr.  1795.  Suspected  of  sympathy  with  royalists,  he  retired  from 
the  army.  President  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred;  again  sus- 
pected of  complicity  with  the  royalists,  he  was  condemned  and 
transported  to  Cayenne.  Escaped  to  England,  and  returned  .se- 
cretly to  Paris,  1804,  where  he  was  arrested,  and  a  few  days  after 
(6  Apr.)  was  found  dead  in  his  prison. 

Robespierre  (rob-es-pe-er'),  Franpois  Joseph  Maximilien  Isidore,  b. 
Arras,  France,  1759.  From  the  first  a  prominent  figure  of  the 
revolution;  connected  with  many  sanguinary  and  brutal  acts. 
From  the  Sept.  massacre  of  1792  he  was  virtually  dictator,  until 
his  overthrow,  July,  1794.  He  was  arraigned  by  the  Girondists, 
and  his  fate  was  in  their  hands;  but  by  their  vacillation  he  ob- 
tained the  ascendency,  and  31  Oct.  1793,  saw  the  leaders  of  that 
party  executed.  In  the  deaths  of  the  king  and  queen,  in  the 
overthrow  of  the  Gironde  and  of  Danton,  his  was  the  ruling  hand. 
He  was  most  abhorred  among  the  many  monsters  of  this  period. 
He  was  at  last  assailed  in  the  tribune  by  members  made  desper- 
ate through  fear  of  their  own  lives,  27  July,  1794;  condemned  and 
guillotined  the  next  day  {•28th),  already  half  dead  with  a  brokea 
jaw  received  in  the  melee  the  day  previous. 

Roland  de  la  t'lati^re  (ro-lon'  deh  la  pla-te-air'),  Jean  Marie,  b.  Ville- 
franche,  France,  1734;  moderate  revolutionist.  Girondist,  minister 
of  state,  minister  of  the  interior  under  the  republic,  Aug.  1792- 


FRE 


315 


FUE 


Jan.  1793;  resigned  and  returned  to  Rouen;  on  nearing  of  the 
death  of  his  wife  (guillotined),  he  committed  suicide,  Nov.  1793. 

Roland,  Marie  Jeanne,  madame,  b.  Paris,  17  Mch.  1754.  Although  her 
beauty  and  grace  attracted  many  suitors,  she  married  M.  Roland, 
20  years  her  senior,  in  1780.  She  was  zealous  in  the  cause  of 
liberty,  and  enlisted  in  the  early  movement  of  the  revolution  with 
enthusiasm.  By  her  manners,  genius,  and  conversational  powers 
she  acquired  great  influence  among  the  Girondists.  She  was  guil- 
lotined 9  Nov.  1793. 

Saint-Just  (san-zhusC),  Antoine  Louis  Leon  de,  b.  Decize,  France,  1767. 
Violent  revolutionist,  intimate  friend  of  Robespierre,  whose  meas- 
ures he  always  supported ;  member  of  the  national  convention, voted 
for  the  death  of  the  king  without  delay  or  appeal  to  the  people. 
Prominent  in  overthrowing  the  Girondists  and  Danton's  party; 
and  with  Robespierre  and  Couthon  formed  the  triumvirate  of 
the  "reign  of  terror. "    Guillotined,  with  Robespierre,  July,  1794. 

Santerre  (son-ter').  Antoine  Joseph,  b.  Paris,  1762;  a  revolutionary 
leader;  commanded  national  guards,  1792,  and  guards  at  execution 
of  the  king,  etc. ;  d.  1809.     France,  House  of  Bourbon. 

"Siey^s  (se-yds'),  Emmanuel  Joseph,  known  as  abbeSieyes;  b.  Fr^jus, 
France,  3  May,  1748.  Zealous  revolutionist,  member  of  the  conven- 
tion of  1792,  voted  for  the  king's  death;  but,  shocked  by  the  "  reign 
of  terror,"  temporarily  retired  from  public  life.  Later,  member  of 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety,  and  of  the  Directory;  and  one  of 
the  first  consuls,  1799.  Unable  to  cope  with  Napoleon,  he  again  re- 
tired; d.  Paris,  20  June,  1836.     Famous  as  a  constitution  maker. 

Tallien  (td-le-an'),  Jean  Lambert,  b.  Paris,  1769;  conspicuous  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  revolution  as  a  "patriot."  Intimate  with  Dan  ton 
and  Marat.  Participated  in  the  massacres  of  Sept.  and  other  atroc- 
ities. Being  suspected  by  Robespierre,  he  opposed  his  domina- 
tion for  a  time,  and  on  9  Thermidor  (27  July,  1794)  Robespierre 
was  overthrown.  Tallien  then  sunk  into  obscurity,  and  died  in 
Paris  in  great  poverty,  Nov.  1820. 

Vergniaud  (vern-j/e-o'), Pierre  Victurnien,  b.  Limoges,  France,  31  May, 
1759.  Elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly,  Sept.  1791 ;  attacked 
the  king  In  a  brilliant  speech,  July,  1792.  Member  of  the  na- 
tional convention ;  in  the  trial  of  the  king  voted  for  an  appeal  to 
the  people,  but,defeated  in  this, voted  for  the  king's  death;  and  as 
president  of  the  convention  passed  the  sentence  on  him,  Jan. 
1793.  As  a  Girondist  he  defended  his  party  ably  but  unsuccess- 
fully against  Robespierre  and  the  "  Mountain,"  Apr.  1793;  arrest- 
ed June,  1793;  guillotined,  31  Oct.  1793.  One  of  the  most  brilliant 
leaders  of  the  revolution. 

Frencli     revolutionary     calendar.     In 

1792,  the  French  nation  adopted  a  calendar  professedly  found- 
ed on  philosophical  principles.  The  first  year  of  the  era  of  the 
republic  began  at  midnight,  between  21  and  22  Sept.  1792; 
but  its  establishment  was  not  decreed  until  the  4th  Friraaire 
of  the  year  II.,  24  Nov.  1793.  The  calendar  existed  until  the 
10th  Nivose,  year  of  the  republic  XIV.,  31  Dec.  1805,  when 
the  Gregorian  mode  of  calculation  was  restored  by  Napoleon  I. 

AUTUMN. 

Vendemiaire Vintage  month 22  Sept.  to  21  Oct. 

Brumaire Fog  month 22  Oct.  to  20  Nov. 

Frimaire Sleet  month 21  Nov.  to  20  Dec. 

WINTER. 

Nivose Snow  month 21  Dec.  to  19  Jan. 

Pluviose Rain  month 20  Jan.  to  18  Feb. 

Ventose Wind  month 19  Feb.  to  20  Mch. 

SPRING. 

Oerminal Sprouts'  month 

Flor^al Flowers'  month 

Prairial Pasture  month  . 


.21  Mch.  to  19  Apr. 
.20  Apr.  to  19  May. 
.20  May  to  18  June. 


SUMMER. 

Messidor .Harvest  month 19  June  to  18  July. 

Fervidor,  or  Thermidor  . . .  Hot  month 19  July  to  17  Aug. 

Fructidor Fruit  month 18  Aug.  to  16  Sept. 

SANSCULOTIDES,  OR   FEASTS   DEDICATED  TO 

Les  Vertus The  Virtues 17  Sept. 

Le  G6nie Genius 18     " 

Le  Travail I,abor 19     " 

L'Opinion Opinion 20     " 

Les  Recompenses Rewards 21     " 

Frencli  revolutions.     France,  1830, 1848, 1870. 

FrenclltOWn,now]fIonroe,Mich.,was  taken  from 
the  British  by  gen.  Winchester,  18  Jan.  1813.  It  was  retaken 
by  the  British  under  gen.  Proctor,  22  Jan.,  and  Winchester 
and  his  force  captured.    Known  as  the  River  Rasin  massacre. 

flPCSCO  painting^S  are  executed  on  fresh  plaster. 
Ancient  ones  exist  in  Egypt,  Italy,  and  England,  and  modern 
ones  in  the  British  houses  of  parliament,  at  Berlin,  and  other 
places.  The  fresco  paintings  by  Giotto  and  others  at  the 
Campo  Santo,  a  cemetery  at  Pisa,  executed  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, are  justly  celebrated.     Stereochromy. 

Fretaval,  a  town  of  central  France.  Here  Richard  I. 
of  England  defeated  Philip  II.  of  France,  and  captured  his 
royal  seal,  archives,  etc.,  15  July,  1194.  Fretaval  was  taken 
by  the  Germans,  14  Dec.  1870,  and  soon  abandoned. 


friars  (from  Fr.  frere,  a  brother).  Benedictines,  Car- 
melites, Cistercians,  Dominicans,  Franciscans,  Minok- 
ri'ES,  and  other  orders. 

Friday,  the  6th  day  of  the  week ;  so  called  from  Friga, 
or  Frea,  the  Scandinavian  Venus,  wife  of  Thor,  and  goddess  of 
peace,  fertility,  and  riches,  who  with  Thor  and  Odin  formed 
the  supreme  council  of  the  gods.     Good  Friday. 

Friedland,  a  town  of  N.  Prussia.  Here  the  allied 
Russians  and  Prussians  were  beaten  by  French,  commanded 
by  Napoleon,  on  14  June,  1807.  The  allies  lost  80  pieces  of 
cannon  and  about  18,000  men ;  the  French  about  10,000.  The 
peace  of  Tilsit  followed,  Prussia  surrendering  nearly  half  her 
dominions.  This  battle  furnished  a  subject  for  one  of  Meisso- 
nier's  greatest  war-pictures. 

Friendly  isles,  in  the  southern  Pacific,  between  lat. 
13°  and  25°  S.  and  Ion.  172°  W.  and  177°  E.,  more  than  150 
in  number,  form  a  large  archipelago.  They  were  discovered 
by  Tasman,  in  1643;  visited  by  Wallis,  who  called  them 
Keppel  isles,  1767 ;  and  by  capt.  Cook,  who  named  them  from 
the  friendh'  disposition  of  the  natives,  1773,  though  later  voy- ' 
agers  found  them  very  ferocious. 

Friesland,  East,  N.  Germany,  ancient  Frisia,  for- 
merly governed  bj'  its  own  counts.  On  the  death  of  its  prince, 
Charles  Edward,  in  1744,  it  became  subject  to  the  king  of 
Prussia;  Hanover  disputed  its  possession'  but  Prussia  pre- 
vailed. It  was  annexed  to  Holland  by  Bonaparte  in  1806 ;  to 
the  French  empire,  1810;  and  awarded  to  Hanover  in  1815. 
The  English  language  is  said  to  be  mainly  derived  from  the 
old  Frisian  dialect. — Friesland,  West,  in  Holland,  was  part  of 
Charlemagne's  empire  in  800.  It  passed  under  the  counts  of 
Holland  about  936,  and  was  one  of  7  provinces  which  renounced 
the  Spanish  yoke  in  1580.  The  term  chevaux-de-frise  (or 
cheval-de-frise,  a  Friesland  horse)  is  derived  from  Friesland, 
where  it  was  invented. 

Friuli  (/ree-00 '-?ee),Venetia,  made  a  duchy  by  Alboin 
the  Lombard  when  he  established  his  kingdom,  about  570.  It 
was  conquered  by  Charlemagne.  Duke  Henri,  a  Frenchman, 
was  assassinated  in  799,  as  was  duke  Berengarius,  king  of  Italy 
and  emperor,  in  924.  The  emperor  Conrad  gave  the  duchy  to 
his  chancellor,  Poppo,  patriarch  of  Aquileia,  in  the  11th  cen- 
tury ;  it  was  conquered  by  Venice  in  1420,  annexed  to  Austria, 
1797  i  to  France,  1805 ;  to  Austria,  1814 ;  to  Italy,  1866. 

FrO'bisher's  strait,  discovered  by  sir  Martin  Fro- 
bisher,  who  sought  a  northwest  passage  to  China,  and  after 
exploring  the  coast  of  New  Greenland,  entered  this  strait,  11 
Aug.  1576.  He  returned  to  England,  bringing  with  him  black 
ore,  supposed  to  contain  gold,  which  induced  queen  Elizabeth 
to  patronize  a  second  voyage.  This  led  to  a  third  fruitless  ex- 
pedition.    He  was  mortally  wounded  at  Brest,  Nov.  1694. 

Froebel  {fro'-bel)  Society,  established  to  promote 
the  Kindergarten  system,  1874. 

Fronde,  Civil  wars  of  the,  in  France,  in  the 
minority  of  Louis  XIV.  (1648-52),  durintr  the  government  of 
queen  Anne  of  Austria  and  cardinal  Mazarin,  between  the  fol- 
lowers of  the  court  and  nobility,  and  the  parliament  and  citi- 
zens. The  latter  were  called  Frondeurs  (slingers),  it  is  said, 
from  an  incident  in  a  street  quarrel.  In  a  riot  on  27  Aug.  1648, 
barricades  were  erected  in  Paris. 

fruits*     Flowers  and  plants. 

fuchsia  {few'-zhe-a),  an  American  plant  named  after  the 
German  botanist  Leonard  Fuchs,  about  1542.  The  Fuchsia 
fulffens,  the  most  beautiful  variety,  was  introduced  from  Mex- 
ico, about  1830. 

Fuen'tes-de-Ono're,  a  town  of  central  Spain.  On 
2  May,  1811,  Massena  crossed  the  Agueda  with  40,000  infantry, 
5000  cavalry,  and  about  30  pieces  of  artillery,  to  relieve  Almeida. 
He  expected  every  day  to  be  superseded  in  command,  and 
wished  to  make  a  last  effort  for  his  own  military  character. 
Wellington  had  but  32,000  men,  of  which  1200  were  cavalry. 
He,  however,  determined  to  fight  rather  than  raise  the  block- 
ade of  Almeida.  After  much  fighting,  on  3  May,  night  stopped 
the  conflict.  Next  day  Massena  was  joined  by  Bessieres  with 
a  body  of  the  Imperial  Guard,  and  on  5  May  made  his  grand 
attack.  In  all  the  war  there  was  no  more  dangerous  hour  for 
England.     The  fight  lasted  until  evening,  when  the  lower 


FUG 


316 


GAL 


part  of  the  town  was  abandoned  by  both  parliea— the  British 
maintaining  the  chapel  and  crags,  and  the  French  retiring  a 
cannon-shot  from  the  stre&m.— Napier: 

fhlHritivC-Slave  lair.  Slavery  in  the  United 
States. 

f\lg[Ue  (Jeicff),  in  music  (in  which  one  part  seems  to  chase 
another),  is  described  in  Morley's  "  Introduction  to  Practicall 
Musicke,"  1597.  Sebastian  Bach  and  Handel  were  eminent 
fugue-writers. 

Fulford,  a  town  of  Yorkshire,  England.  Here  Harold 
Hardrada  of  Norway,  and  Tostig,  brother  of  Harold  of  Eng- 
land, defeated  the  earls  Edwin  and  Morcar,20  Sept.  1066;  and 
the  people  near  York  submitted  to  them.    Stamforu  bridge. 

fkinerals.  David  lamented  over  Saul  and  Jonathan, 
1056  B.C.,  and  over  Abner,  1048  b.c.  (2  Sam.  i.  and  iii.).  In 
Greece,  Solon  first  pronounced  a  funeral  oration,  according  to 
Herodotus,  580  b.c.  The  Romans  made  harangues  over  their 
illustrious  dead.  Theopompus  obtained  a  prize  for  the  best 
funeral  oration  in  praise  of  Mausolus,  353  b.c.  Popilia  was 
the  first  Roman  lady  at  whose  funeral  an  oration  was  delivered. 
It  was  done  by  her  son  Crassus.  Cicero  says  that  Julius  Caesar 
did  the  like  for  his  aunt  Julia  and  his  wife  Cornelia. — Funeral 
games,  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  included  horse-races, 
dramatic  representations,  processions,  and  mortal  combats  of 
gladiators.  These  games  were  abolished  by  the  emperor  Clau- 
dius, 47  A.D.     A  tax  was  laid  on  funerals  in  England,  1793. 


fkirniture.  Specimens  of  Egyptian  furniture,  repre 
sented  on  the  interior  walls  of  the  pyramids,  appear  in  Rosel- 
lini's  "  Monumenti  dell'  Egitto,"jvol.  ii.  1832-44.  J.  G.  Pollen's^ 
"  Ancient  and  Modern  Furniture  and  Woodwork,"  in  the  South 
Kensington  museum,  London,  1874,  illustrated  by  photographa 
and  engravings,  was  pub.  July,  1874.  Many  interesting  ex- 
amples will  be  found  in  Fosbroke's  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Antiq- 
uities," vol.  i.  1825. 

Fur'ruckabad',  N.  India,  a  province  acquired  by  the 
East  India  company  in  June,  1802.  Near  the  capital  of  the 
same  name,  16  Nov.  1804,  lord  Lake  defeated  the  Mahratta 
chief  Holkar,  and  about  60,000  cavalry,  himself  losing  2  killed 
and  about  20  wounded. 

furs  were  worn  in  England  by  Henry  I.  about  1125.  Ed- 
ward III.  enacted  that  persons  who  could  not  spend  100/.  a 
year  should  not  indulge  in  them,  28  Mch.  1336-37. 

fusiliers,  British  foot-soldiers,  formerly  armed  with 
fusees  with  slings  to  sling  them.  The  7th  regiment  (or  Royal 
English  Fusiliers)  was  raised,  11  June,  1685 ;  the  21st  (or  Royal 
North  British),  23  Sept.  1679;  the  23d  (or  Roval  Welsh),  17 
Mch.  16S8.— Grose. 

Fut'tehghur',  a  town  of  British  India.  Here 
Nana  Sahib  massacred  both  the  English  defenders  of  the 
fort  and  their  Sepoy  assailants,  July,  1857;  and  here  the 
Sepoy  rebels  were  defeated  bv  sir  Colin  Campbell,  2  Jan» 
1858. 


I 


G 


g'abelle  (ga-heV),  (from  Gahe^  a  gift),  a  term  applied  to 
various  taxes,  but  afterwards  restricted  to  the  duty  upon  salt, 
first  imposed  by  Philip  the  Fair  on  the  French  in  1286. — Duruy. 
Edward  III.  of  England,  termed  Philip  of  Valois,  who  exacted 
the  tax  rigorously,  the  author  of  the  salic  law  (from  sal,  salt), 
1340.  The  heavy  assessments,  though  in  some  provinces 
lightened  by  exemptions  purchased  from  the  sovereigns,  pro- 
duced 38,000,000  francs  under  Louis  XVI.  This  grievous  bur- 
den hastened  the  revolution.     It  was  abolished  1790. 

Gadsden  purchase.     United  States,  1853. 

Oaelic  (f/d'Hc),  the  northern  branch  of  the  Celtic  lan- 
guages, Irish,  Erse  or  Highland  Scottish,  and  Manx.  The 
"Dean  of  Lisraore's  Book"  (written  1511-51)  contains  Gaelic 
poetry ;  specimens  were  published,  with  translations,  in  1862, 
by  rev.  T.  M'Lachlan.  Celts.  Gaelic  society  of  London 
founded  1777.  Gaelic  society,  to  extend  acquaintance  with  the 
Gaelic  languages  and  history,  established  in  New  York  1879. 

Oaeta  (gd-a'-ta),  the  ancient  Cajeta,  a  fortified  Neapoli- 
tan seaport,  has  undergone  several  remarkable  sieges.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French,  4  Jan.  1799;  by  the  English,  31  Oct.  1799 ; 
by  the  French,  18  Juh%  1806;  and  by  the  Austrians  in  1815 
and  1821.  Here  pope  Pius  IX.  took  refuge,  24  Nov.  1848,  and 
resided  more  than  a  year.  Here  also  Francis  II.  of  Naples, 
with  his  queen  and  court,  fled  when  Garibaldi  entered  Naples, 
7  Sept.  1860 ;  and  remained  till  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Sar- 
dinian gen.  Cialdini,  13  Feb.  1861,  after  a  siege,  uselessly  pro- 
longed by  a  French  fleet  in  the  harbor.  Cialdini  was  created 
duke  of  Gaeta. 

Gaines's  Mill,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. 

Oalapa'gos  or  Tortoise  islands,  ceded  to  the 

United  States  by  Ecuador,  3  Nov.  1854,  under  protest  of  Brit- 
ain, France,  and  other  powers.  Area,  2400  sq.  miles ;  pop.  200. 
Oala'tia,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor.  In  the  3d  century 
B.C.,  Gauls  under  Brennus  invaded  Greece,  crossed  the  Helles- 
pont, and  conquered  the  Troas,  278;  were  checked  by  Attalus 
I.  in  battle  about  241 ;  and  settled  in  what  was  afterwards 
Gallograecia  and  Galatia.  The  country  was  ravaged  by  Cneius 
Manlius,  189  b.c.,  and  was  annexed  to  the  Roman  empire,  25 
B.C.,  on  the  death  of  king  Amyntas.  Paul's  epistle  to  the 
Galatians  was  probably  written  58  a.d. 


OalatZ,  a  town  of  Roumania.  Preliminaries  of  peace 
between  Russia  and  Turkey  signed  here,  11  Aug.  1791,  led  to 
treaty  of  Jassy,  9  Jan.  1792.  The  site  of  several  conflicts, 
Russians  defeating  Turks,  Nov.  1769 :  10  May,  1828.  Pop. 
1876,  80,763. 

Oalieia  (gal-ish'-e-a),  a  province  of  N.W.  Spain,  con- 
quered by  D.  Junius  Brutus,  136  B.C.,  and  by  Vandals,  419  a.d.  ; 
and  by  successive  invaders.  In  1065,  Ferdinand  I.,  king  of 
Castile  and  Leon,  died ;  his  dominions  were  divided,  and  his 
son  Garcia  became  king  of  Galicia.  Ruling  tyrannicalh',  he 
was  expelled  by  his  brother  Sancho ;  returned  at  latter's  death, 
1072 ;  was  again  expelled  by  his  brother  Alfonso,  1073 ;  and  died 
in  prison,  1091.  The  dissolute  Urraca,  queen  of  Castile,  gave 
Galicia  to  her  son  Alfonso  in  1109.  He  defended  her  against 
her  husband,  Alfonso  VII.,  and  at  her  death,  in  1126,  acquired 
Castile,  reuniting  the  kingdoms. 

Oalieia,  a  province  of  Austro-Hungary.  East  Galicia 
was  acquired  by  Germany  at  the  partition  in  1772,  and  West 
Galicia  at  that  of  1795.  The  latter  was  ceded  to  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1809,  but  recovered  by  Austria  in  1815, 
The  appointment  of  count  Goluchowski,  a  Pole,  as  governor,  in 
Oct.  1866,  pleased  the  Poles.  About  2,000,000  in  this  province. 
Poland. 

galleries.  Louvre,  Luxembourg,  National,  Paint- 
ing, Versailles. 

galleys  with  2  rows  of  rowers,  biremes,  with  3  rows  of 
rowers,  triremes,  and  with  4  rows  of  rowers,  quadriremes,  were 
in  use  among  the  Greeks,  Romans,  Carthaginians  and  more 
modern  nations.  Generally  the  rowers  were  slaves  or  crimi- 
nals. The  phrases  "galley-slave"  and  "condemned  to  the 
galleys"  refer  to  these  sea- vessels  with  25  to  30  oars  on  each 
side,  manned  by  4  or  5  slaves  to  each  oar.  In  France  they 
had  a  general  of  galleys,  of  whom  the  baron  de  la  Garde  was 
the  first,  1544.  The  punishment  of  the  galleys  {galh-es)  in 
France  has  been  superseded  by  the  travaux  forces,  forced 
labor,  regulated  by  a  law  of  1854,  the  men  being  called  formats, 

Oalliean,  (l)  of  or  pertaining  to  France.  (2)  Specif- 
ically pertaining  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in  France. 

Oallieanism,  the  spirit  of  nationalism  within  the 
church  of  France  as  opposed  to  the  power  of  the  papal  see — 
the  spirit  of  the  Gallican  church  as  distinguished  from  the 


GAL 


317 


GAR 


Homish.  It  has  existed  in  France  from  the  introduction  of 
•Christianity.  This  spirit  culminated  during  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.,  when  in  Mch.  1682,  the  French  clergy  demanded 
that  the  papal  authority  in  France  be  limited  to  spiritual  mat- 
ters and  be  subject  to  the  decision  of  a  general  council.  This 
was  condemned  by  successive  popes  in  1682-90, 1706-94.  The 
•Gallicanists  have  been  overpowered  by  the  Ultramontanists 
<luring  the  19th  century. 

galliuni,  new  element,  a  metal,  discovered  by  Lecoq  de 
Boisbaudran,  by  the  spectroscope ;  reported  to  French  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  20  Sept.  and  6  Dec.  1875. 

g[aloclie§  (ga-loshes'),  French  for  overshoes,  formerly  of 
leather;  since  1843  of  vulcanized  India-rubber.  The  impor- 
tation into  England  was  prohibited  by  3  Edw.  IV.  c.  4  (1463). 

galvaniini.     Electricity. 

Oalway,  W.  Ireland.  The  ancient  settlers  here  formed 
13  tribes,  a  distinction  not  yet  forgotten.  It  was  conquered 
by  Richard  de  Burgo  in  1232.  In  1690  Galway  city  declared 
for  king  James,  but  was  taken  by  gen.  Ginckel  soon  after  the 
■decisive  battle  of  Aughrim,  12  July,  1691. 

Oainbia,  a  British  colony  of  West  Africa.  The  pro- 
posed cession  of  Gambia  to  France,  in  exchange  for  other  ter- 
ritories, was  opposed  in  Jan.  1876,  and  eventually  given  up. 
Erected  into  an  independent  colony,  Dec.  1888,  with  an  ad- 
ministrator and  legislative  council.  Area,  2700  sq.  miles; 
pop.  50,000.     Area  of  settlement,  69  sq.  miles ;  pop.  14,266. 

g^ambOg^e',  a  medicine  and  pigment,  brought  from  In- 
dia by  the  Dutch  about  1600.  Hermann,  in  1677,  announced 
that  it  was  derived  from  trees  of  Ceylon,  since  ascertained  to 
belong  to  the  order  Guttifera.  The  gamboge  of  commerce  is 
mainly  derived  from  Siam,  Cambodia,  and  Cochin  China. 

g'ame  laiV§  are  a  remnant  of  the  forest  laws  of  Will- 
iam the  Conqueror,  who,  to  preserve  game,  made  it  forfeiture 
of  property  to  disable  a  wild  beast,  and  loss  of  eyes  for  a  stag, 
buck,  or  boar.  The  clergy  protested  against  ameliorations  of 
tliese  laws  under  Henry  III.  The  first  game  act  passed  in 
1496,  Game  certificates  were  first  granted  with  a  dutv  in 
1784.  The  Game  act  (1  and  2  Will.  IV.  c.  32),  modifying  all 
previous  laws,  passed  in  1831,  permits  the  sale  of  game  at  cer- 
tain seasons.  The  game  laws  throughout  the  United  States 
differ  widely,  but  all  inflict  a  penalty  of  from  $5  to  $50  for 
killing  song-birds.  In  New  York  the  killing  of  moose  is  ille- 
gal. Some  game  are  protected  for  a  limited  time,  as  quail 
in  Niagara  county,  N.  Y.,  which  could  not  be  lawfully  killed  for 
3  years  from  17  May,  1886.  Duck,  geese,  and  brant  cannot  be 
killed  in  the  state  of  New  York  between  sunset  and  daylight, 
nor  with  any  net,  device,  or  other  instrument  than  guns  fired 
from  the  shoulder,  and  lanterns  or  other  light  must  not  be  used. 

gamei.  Candidates  for  athletic  games  in  Greece  were 
dieted  on  new  cheese,  dried  figs,  and  boiled  grain,  with  warm 
water,  and  no  meat.  The  sports  were  leaping,  foot-races, 
quoits,  wrestling,  and  boxing.  Capitoline,  Isthmian,  Olym- 
pic, Pythian,  Secular  games.  Sports,  etc. 

Ifaming^  was  introduced  into  England  by  the  Saxons ; 
the  loser  was  often  made  a  slave  to  the  winner,  and  sold  in 
traffic,  like  other  merchandise. — Camden. 
Act  prohibiting  gaming  to  all  gentlemen  (and  tennis,  cards, 

dice,  bowls,  etc.,  to  inferiors,  except  at  Christmas  time)  ....  1541 

Oaming-houses  licensed  in  London 1620 

Losses  by  betting  or  play  of  more  than  lOOZ.  at  any  one  time, 

not  collectible  by  law,  16  Chas.  II 1663 

Bonds  or  other  securities  given  for  money  won  at  play  not 

enforcible;  and  any  person  losing  more  than  \0l.  may  sue 

the  winner  to  recover  it  back,  9  Anne,  c.  14 1710 

Act  to  prevent  excessive  and  fraudulent  gaming,  suppressing 

private  lotteries  and  faro,  basset,  and  hazard 1739 

Betting-houses  suppressed 1853 

Public  gamingtables  suppressed  at  Wiesbaden,  Homburg,  etc., 

31  Dec.  1872 
Bevenue  of  Monaco  is  mainly  derived  from  its  gaming-tables 

(Monaco). 

gam'ut.  The  scale  of  musical  intervals  (commonly 
termed  do  or  ut,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  to  which  si  was  added  after- 
wards), for  which  the  first  7  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  now 
employed,  is  mentioned  by  Guido  Aretino,  a  Tuscan  monk, 
about  1025.     MusiC. 


Oaiige§  canal, 

Ganges  and  the  Jumna. 


rrigating  the  country  between  the 
The  main  line  (525  miles  long)  was 


opened  8  Apr.  1854.  Great  diflUculties  were  overcome  by  its 
engineer,  sir  Proby  Cautley.  In  Oct.  1864,  sir  Arthur  Cotton 
asserted  that  the  work  was  badly  done,  and  the  investment 
only  paid  3  per  cent. 

gardenings.  The  first  garden,  Eden,  planted  by  God 
(Gen.  ii.).  The  Scriptures  abound  with  allusions  to  gardens, 
particularly  the  Song  of  Solomon  and  the  prophets;  and 
Christ's  agony  took  place  in  a  garden.  Xenophon  describes 
the  gardens  at  Sardis,  and  Epicurus  and  Plato  taught  in  gar- 
dens. Theophrastus's  "  History  of  Plants  "  was  written  about 
322  B.c.  Horace,  Virgil,  and  Ovid  derive  many  images  from 
the  garden  (60  b.c.  to  50  a.d.)  ;  and  Pliny's  Tusculan  villa  is 
circumstantially  described  (about  100  a.d.).  The  Romans 
introduced  gardening  into  Britain,  religious  orders  maintained 
it,  and  its  practice  increased  in  the  16th  century,  when  many 
Flemings  came  to  England  to  escape  persecutions  of  Philip  II. 
Miller's  dictionary  was  pub.  1724 ;  the  British  Horticultural 
Society  was  established  in  1804;  Loudon's  "  Encyclopsedia  of 
Gardening "  was  first  pub.  1822,  and  his  "  Encyclopaedia  of 
Plants"  in  1829.    Flowers  and  Plants;  Truck-farming. 

Oarfield  monument.  The  memorial  stands  on 
a  wide  stone  terrace  in  Lake  View  cemetery,  Cleveland,  O. 
It  is  a  circular  tower  148  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  50  feet. 
It  is  highly  decorated  with  allegorical  and  other  designs.  In 
the  centre  of  the  tower  is  a  heroic  marble  statue  of  Garfield, 
modelled  by  George  Doyle  of  New  York.  The  memorial  was 
designed  by  George  Keller  of  Hartford,  Conn. ;  dedicated  30 
May,  1890 ;  and  cost  $134,755,  of  which  38  states  contrib- 
uted $130,380 ;  10  territories,  $3166 ;  France,  $1149;  Belgium, 
$40;  Australia,  $12;  England,  $5;  Canada,  $3. 

Oargsaril§,  a  mountain  in  Asia  Minor,  10  miles  north- 
west of  Adramyti,  the  highest  of  the  range  of  Ida,  near  the 
supposed  site  of  ancient  Troy. 

"  There  lies  a  vale  in  Ida,  lovelier 
Than  all  the  valleys  of  the  Ionian  hills. 

Behind  the  valley  topmost  Gargarus 

Stands  up  and  takes  the  morning;  but  in  front 

The  gorges,  opening  wide  apart,  reveal 

Troas  and  Ilion's  column'd  citadel, 

The  crown  of  Troas. ' '  —Tennyson,  ' '  CEnone. " 

Oarig^liano   {gd-reel-yah'-no),   a    river,   S.W.  Italy. 
After  long  waiting  and  refusing  to  recede,  Gonsalvo  de  Cor- 
dova bridged  this  river,  27  Dec.  1503,  and  surprised  and  de- 
feated the  French  army.     Gaeta  surrendered  a  few  days  after. 
Oarter,  Order  of  the.     Edward  IIL,  when  at  war  with 
France  and  eager  to  obtain  the  best  soldiers  of  Europe,  pro- 
jected a  revival  of  king  Arthur's  round-table.     On  New-Year's 
day,  1343-44,  he  published  letters  of  protection  for  the  safe 
coming  and  return  of  foreign  knights  who  would  venture  their 
reputation  at  his  jousts  and  tournaments.     These  took  place 
23  Apr.  1344.     A  table  was  erected  in  Windsor  castle  of  200 
feet  diameter,  and  the  knights  were  entertained  at  the  king's 
expense.     In  1346  Edward  gave  his  garter  for  the  signal  of  a 
successful  battle  (probably  Crecy) ;  and  being  victorious,  and 
having  David,  king  of  Scotland,  a  prisoner,  he,  in  memory  of 
these  exploits,  is  said  to  have  instituted  this  order,  23  Apr.  1349. 
Edward  III.  made  the  chief  badge  of  the  order  a  garter  of  blue  vel- 
vet bordered  with  gold,  inscribed  in  old  French,  "■  Honi  soil  qui 
malypense''^  (Evil  be  to  him  who  evil  thinks).     Knights  are  in- 
stalled at  Windsor,  and  styled  Equites  aurece  periscelidis  (knights 
of  the  golden  garter). — Beatson. 
The  order,  until  Edward  VI. 's  time,  was  called  the  order  of  St. 
George,  patron  saint  of  England.     His  figure  on  horseback,  hold- 
ing a  spear,  and  killing  the  dragon,  was  first  worn  by  the  knights 
suspended  by  a  blue  ribbon  across  the  body  from  the  shoulder. 

Instituted,  according  to  Selden,  23  Apr.  1344;  according  to  Nico- 
las, 1347 ;  to  Ashmole 1340 

Office  of  "Garter  king  of  arms  of  Englishmen  "  instituted, 

between  May  and  July,  1417 

Additions  to  the  statutes  decreed 1421,  1423 

Order  of  the  Garter  in  Ireland  instituted  by  Edward  IV.,  1466; 

abolished .• 1494 

Collar  and  George  of  the  order  instituted  by  Henry  VII.,  about  1497 

Statutes  reformed  by  order,  28  May,  1519;  issued 23  Apr.  1522 

Ceremonies  changed,  because  of  the  Reformation 20  Apr.  1548 

Revision  of  the  statutes 1560 

Annual  feast  of  St.  George  discontinued , 1567 

Escutcheon  converted  into  a  star 1629 

Number  of  knights  increased  by  7 1786 

Order  reconstituted;  to  consist  of  the  sovereign,  prince  of 
Wales,  25  knights  companions,  and  lineal  descendants  of 
George  III. ,  when  elected 17  Jan.  1806 


GAS 


318 


GAU 


Several  European  sovereigns  elected 1813-14 

Abdul-Aziz,  sultan  of  Turkoj',  receives  the  Garter  from  queen 

Victoria  on  her  yacht  at  a  naval  review 17  July,  1867 

Shah  of  Persia  invested  at  Windsor 20  June,  1873 


ORIGINAL,    KNIGHTS. 

Thomas,  earl  of  Kent. 

John,  lord  Grey,  of  Rotherfleld. 

Sir  Kichard  Filz  Simon. 

Sir  Miles  Stapleton. 

Sir  Thomas  Wale. 

Sir  Hugh  Wrotlesley. 

Sir  Nele  Loryng. 

Sir  John  Chandos. 

Sir  James  Audeley. 

Sir  Otho  Holand. 

Sir  Henry  Earn. 

Sir  Sanchet  d'Abrichecourt. 

Sir  Walter  Paveley. 


King  Edward  III.,  sovereign. 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales  (called 

the  Black  Prince). 
Henry,  duke  of  Lancaster. 
Thomas,  earl  of  Warwick. 
John,  captal  de  Buch. 
Ralph,  earl  of  Stafford. 
William,  earl  of  Salisbury. 
Roger,  earl  of  Mortimer. 
Sir  John  Lisle. 

Bartholomew,  lord  Burghersbe. 
Jobn,  lord  Beauchamp. 
John,  lord  Mohun,  of  Dunster. 
Sir  Hugh  Courtenay. 

ga§,  in  chemistry,  a  permanently  elastic  aeriform  fluid. 
Chlorine,  Elements,  Hydrogen,  Nitrogen,  Oxygen,  etc. 
Monge  and  Clouet,  it  is  said,  condensed  sulphurous  acid  before 

1800;  Northmore  liquefied  chlorine 1805 

Faraday  determined  a  gas  to  be  the  vapor  of  a  volatile  liquid 

at  a  temperature  above  the  boiling  point  of  the  liquid;  and 

that  the  condonsing-point  of  the  gas  is  the  boiling-point  of 

the  liquid ;  he,  by  pressure,  liquefied  chlorine 1823 

Furnaces  with  gases  as  fuel  invented  by  C.  W.  Siemens,  and 

employed  in  glass-works,  etc 1861 

Lenoir's  gas-engine,  motive  power  obtained  by  combined  gases 

ignited  by  electricity,  patented " 

One  hundred  and  forty  three  of  these  engines  working  in  Paris; 

introduced  into  England Dec.  1864 

Prof.  Thomas  Grahaui's  paper  on  diffusion  of  gases,  1834;  he 

showed  that  platinum  and  other  metals  absorb  gases 1866 

Pierre  Hugon's  gas-engine  (said  to  be  superior  to  Lenoir's, 

1861)  exhibited 1867 

Oxygen  liquefied  by  cold  and  pressure  (predicted  by  Faraday) ; 

by  Cailletet,  at  Paris,  2  Dec. ;  by  Raoul  Pictet  at  Geneva, 

22  Dec.  1877 

Nitrogen,  hydrogen,  and  air  liquefied  by  Cailletet 1877-78 

Process  exhibited  at  Royal  Institution,  London,  by  prof.  James 

Dewar 14  June,  1878 

Ozone  liquefied  by  Hautefeuille  and  Chappuis,  Paris Oct.  1880 

Gas  from  gas- wells  used  as  fuel  in  western  Pennsylvania 1884 

Extensively  used  throughout  western  Pennsylvania,  New  York, 

Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois 1890 

In  province  of  Ontario 1891 

gai-ligllt,  the  inflammable  aeriform  fluid,  carburetted 
hydrogen,  evolved  by  combustion  of  coal ;  described  by  dr. 
Clayton  in  1739. 

Coal-gas  for  illumination  tried  by  Mr.  Murdoch,  in  Cornwall. . .  1792 
Gas-light  introduced  at  Boulton  &  Watt's  foundery  in   Bir- 
mingham    1798 

Lyceum  theatre,  London,  experimentally  lit  with  gas  by  Mr. 

Winsor 1803 

Adopted  at  cotton-mills  of  Phillips  &  Lee,  Manchester  (1000 

burners  lighted) 1805 

Introduced  in  London,  at  Golden  lane,  16  Aug.  1807;  Pall  Mall, 

1809 ;  generally  through  London 1814-20 

David  Pollock,  father  of  the  late  chief  baron,  was  governor  of 

the  first  "chartered  "  gas  company 1812 

Attempt  fails  to  introduce  gas  into  Baltimore 1816-20 

Gas-lighting  introduced  in  Paris 1819 

Successfully  introduced  into  Boston 1822 

Gas-lighting  introduced  into  New  York 1823-24 

Gas  first  used  in  Dublin,  1818;  the  streets  generally  lighted,  Oct.  1825 

First  used  in  PhiladelpTiia 1835 

Sidney,  Australia,  first  lighted  with  gas 1841 

Moscow  first  lighted 1866 

Gas  successful  as  fuel  for  the  generation  of  steam  by  Jackson's 

patent Apr.  1868 

Processes  to  obtain  illuminating  gas  from  water  patented  by 
Cruickshanks  (1839);  White  (1849),  and  others.  Water-gas, 
by  Ruck's  process,  mixed  with  ordinary  gas,  reported  suc- 
cessful at  Chichester Aug.  1873 

[Gas-meters  patented  by  John  Malam  (1820),  sir  W.  Con- 

greve  (1824),  Samuel  Clegg  (1830),  Nathan  Defries  (1838),  and 

others.] 

By  the  London  Gas  act.  passed  13  July,  1868,  ordinary  gas 

charged  3^.  9d.  the  lOOOi  cubic  feet  after  1  Jan.  1870.    Charges 

raised  because  of  dear  coal  and  labor Jan.  1874 

Street  ga-s  lit  by  electricity,  by  St.  G.  Lane  Fox's  method;  a 

trial,  partly  successful,  Pall  Mall,  etc 13  Apr.  1878 

Electric  liglit  replacing  gas  for  street  illumination  in  the  U.  S.,  1891-94 

Oa§pce,  Affair  of  the.  The  British  revenue  schooner  Gas- 
pee  annoyed  American  seamen  in  Narragansett  bay  by  demand- 
ing the  lowering  of  their  flags  in  passing.  While  trying  to  en- 
force the  demand  the  Gaspee  went  ashore  at  what  is  known  as 
*>  Gaspee's  Point."  On  the  same  night,  9  June,  1772,  64  armed 
men  boarded  the  boat,  captured  the  crew,  and  burned  the  vessel. 
Although  a  large  reward  ($5000)  was  offered  for  the  apprehen- 
sion of  the  leader,  Abraham  "Whipple,  he  was  never  betrayed. 
He  was  afterwards  a  commodore  in  the  Continental  navy. 


Oa§tein,  a  city  of  Salzburg,  Austria.     The  long  discus- 
sion between  Austria  and  Prussia  respecting  the  disposal  of  the 
duchies  conquered  from  Denmark  was  closed  by  a  provisional 
agreement  signed  here  by  their  ministers  (Blum  for  Austria 
and  Bismarck  for  Prussia)  14  Aug.  1865.      This  agreement 
was  censured  by  other  powers  and  abrogated  by  war  in  1866. 
Austria  was  to  have  the  temporary  government  of  Holstein,  and 
Prussia  that  of  Schleswig;  the  establishment  of  a  Prussian  fleet 
was  proposed,  with  Kiel  as  a  federal  harbor,  held  by  Prussia;  Lau- 
enburg  was  absolutely  ceded  to  Prussia,  and  the  king  was  to  pay 
Austria  as  a  compensation  2,500,000  Danish  dollars. 
Emperors  of  Austria  and  Germany  met  at  Gastein,  Aug.  1886. 

Oatlillg"  gun,  named  after  its  inventor,  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  exhibited  at  Paris  in  1867 ;  designed  to 
discharge  at  once  a  number  of  projectiles  smaller  than  the 
shells  of  field  guns ;  it  has  as  many  locks  as  barrels.  It  was 
tried  at  Shoeburyness,  Engl.,  and  rejected  as  inferior  to  a  field 
gun  firing  shrapnel.  The  gun  has  since  been  greatly  improved, 
and  is  believed  to  be  one  of  thebest  arms  of  its  class  iij  use. 
A  powder  for  the  Gatling,  invented  by  M.  Pertuiset,  was  tried 
in  London,  Aug.  1870. 

g[ailge§  (ga'-ges)  (in  railways).  A  discussion  (termed 
"  the  battle  of  the  gauges  ")  began  in  England  among  engineers 
about  1833.  I.  M.  Brunei  approved  the  broad  gauge  adopted 
on  the  Great  Western  railway ;  R.  Stephenson,  Joseph  Locke, 
and  others,  chose  the  narrow,  now  almost  universal.  A  2-foot 
gauge  was  recommended  in  Feb.  1870,  as  successful  on  the 
Festiniog  railway,  Wales,  with  B'airlie's  engine.  About  200 
miles  of  the  southwestern  lines  of  the  Great  Western  were  al- 
tered from  the  broad  to  the  narrow  gauge  in  a  few  days,  June, 
1874.  In  the  United  States  the  broad  (6  feet)  gauge  formerly 
used  by  the  Erie,  Grand  Trunk,  and  other  roads,  has  been 
abandoned.  The  southern  railroads,  originally  5  feet,  and  the 
Ohio  railroads,  originally  4  feet  10  inches,  have  conformed  to 
the  standard  gauge  of  4  feet  8J  inches ;  now  in  use  throughout 
the  country,  except  upon  a  few  unimportant  lines,  where,  for 
the  sake  of  economj'-,  very  narrow  gauges  (3  feet,  or  2  feet  6 
inches)  have  been  adopted. 

gauging,  measuring  the  liquid  contents  of  a  barrel  or 
other  vessel,  regulated  in  England  by  law,  27  Edw.  III.  1352. 

Oaul  and  Oaul§.  Gallia  was  the  ancient  name  of 
France  and  Belgium.  The  Gauls  (whom  Greeks  called  TaXa- 
Tai ;  Romans,  Galli  or  Celtae)  came  from  Asia,  invading  east- 
ern Europe;  were  driven  westward,  and  settled  in  Spain  (in 
Galicia), north  Italy  (Gallia  Cisalpina), France,  Belgium  (Gallia 
Transalpina),  and  the  British  isles  (lands  of  the  Cymry  or 
Gaels).  B.C. 

Phocseans  found  Massilia,  now  Marseilles 60O 

Galli  Senones  under  Brennus  defeat  Romans  at  the  river  Allia; 

sack  Rome;  defeated  and  expelled  by  Camillus 13  July,    390 

Again  defeated 367 

Gauls  defeated  by  the  Romans  at  Sentinum 295 

Senones  defeat  Romans  at  Arretium ;  nearly  exterminated  by 

Dolabella 283 

Gauls  overrun  northern  Greece,  280  b.c.  ;  beaten  at  Delphi,  279; 

and  by  Antigonus,  king  of  Macedon 273 

Gauls  defeated  with  great  slaughter  near  Pisa 225 

Insubres  overthrown  by  Marcellus;  king  Viridomarus  slain..     222 

They  assist  Hannibal 218  et  seq. 

Romans  conquer  Gallia  Cisalpina,  220;  invade  Gallia  Transal- 
pina, with  varied  success 121-58 

They  colonize  Aix,  123  b.c.  ;  and  Narbonne 118 

Julius  Caesar  subdues  Gaul  in  8  campaigns 58-50 

Lyons  (Lugdunum)  founded 41 

A.D. 

Druids'  religion  proscribed  by  Claudius. 43 

Adrian  visits  and  favors  Gaul ;  called  Restorer  of  the  Gauls. . .     120 

Introduction  of  Christianity 160- 

Christians  persecuted 177,  202,  257,  286,  288 

Franks  and  others  defeated  by  Aurelian 241 

By  Probus,  275,  277 ;  who  introduces  vine  culture 280 

Maximian  defeats  the  Franks 281 

Constantine  proclaimed  emperor  of  Gaul 306 

Julian  relieves  Gaul, desolated  by  barbarians;  defeats  Alemanni 

at  Strasburg 357 

Julian  proclaimed  emperor  at  Paris,  360 ;  d 363 

Gaul  harassed  by  Alemanni 365-77 

Invasion  and  settlement  of  Burgundians,  Franks,  Visigoths, 

etc 378-450 

Clodion,  chief  of  the  Salian  Franks,  invades  Gaul;  defeated  by 

Agtius 447 

Huns  under  Attila  defeated  by  ABtius  near  Chalons 451 

.(Egidius,  Roman  commander,  murdered 464 

Childeric  the  Frank  takes  Paris " 

All  Gaul  west  of  the  Rhone  ceded  to  Visigoths 475 

End  of  Roman  empire  of  the  West;  kingdom  of  the  Franks 

begins  (France) 476 


GAU 


319 


GEO 


g'auntlet,  an  iron  glove,  introduced  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, perhaps  about  1225;  it  was  thrown  down  as  a  challenge 
to  an  adversary. 

g^auze  (from  Gaza,  a  city  of  Palestine,  where  first  made), 
a  fabric  much  prized  among  the  Romans.  "Brocades  and 
damasks  and  tabbies  and  gauzes  have  been  lately  brought 
over"  (to  Ireland).— Z>ea«  Swift,  in  1698.  The  manufacture 
of  gauze  and  articles  of  a  light  fabric  at  Paisley,  in  Scotland, 
began  about  1759. 

g^aVCl-kind  (derived  from  the  Saxon  gifeal  cyn, "  give 
all  suitably;"  or  from  gafolcynd,  land  yielding  rent),  a  custom 
in  Kent  of  dividing  estates  in  land,  the  wife  to  have  half,  the 
rest  equally  among  male  children,  550.  By  Irish  gavel-kind, 
even  bastards  inherited. — Davies.  Not  only  a  father's  lands 
were  equally  divided  among  sons,  but  a  brother's  among  breth- 
ren, if  he  had  no  issue. — Law  Diet. 

Oaza,  a  city  of  Philistines,  whose  gates  Samson  car- 
ried off  about  1 120  B.C.  (Judg.  xvi.).  It  was  taken  by  Alex- 
ander after  a  long  siege,  332 ;  and  near  it  Ptolemy  defeated 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  312  b.c.  It  was  taken  by  Saladin,  1170 
A.D. ;  by  Bonaparte,  Mch.  1799 ;  and  by  Egyptians  under  Ibra- 
him Pacha,  1831. 

g^ems.  The  Greeks  excelled  in  cutting  precious  stones, 
and  many  ancient  specimens  remain.  The  art  was  revived 
in  Italy  in  the  15th  century.  In  Feb.  1860,  Herz's  collection 
of  gems  was  sold  for  $50,000.  Rev.  C.  King's  "  Antique  Gems  " 
appeared  in  1860,  and  his  "  Natural  History  of  Precious  Stones 
and  Gems"  in  1865.  Dr.  A.  Billing's  "  Science  of  Gems,"  1868. 
Artificial  gems  have  been  produced  by  chemists  (Ebelmen, 
Deville,  Wohler,  and  others),  1858-65. 
Duke  of  Marlborough's  collection,  valued  at  60,000^.,  sold  by 

auction  to  Mr.  Bromilow  for  36,1501 28  June,  1875 

Aaron's  Brkastplate,  Diamond,  etc. 

g^enealog^y   (Gr.  yeveaXoyia — from  yived,  birth,  de- 

'  scent,  and  \6yog,  discourse).     The  earliest  pedigrees  are  con- 

I  tained  in  the  5th,  10th,  and  Uth  chapters  of  Genesis.     The 

1  first  book  of  Chronicles  contains  many  genealogies.    The  pedi- 

!  gree  of  Christ  is  given  in  Matt.  i.  and  Luke  iii.     There  are 

I  many  books  on  the  subject ;  one  was  issued  at  Magdeburg, 

j  "Theatrum  Genealogicum,"  by  Henninges,  in  1598.     Ander- 

I  son,  "  Royal  Genealogies,"  London,  1732.    Sims's  "  Manual  for 

i  the  Genealogist,"  etc.,  1586,  will  be  found  a  useful  guide.    The 

■  works  of  Collins  (1756  et  seq.),  Edmondson  (1764-84),  and  Nico- 

'•  las  (1825  and  1857), on  the  British  peerage,  are  highly  esteemed. 

j  The  Genealogical  Society,  London,  established  in  1853. 

'       general§.      Matthew  de  Montmorency  was  the  first 
!    general  of  French  armies,  1203.— fl'eMaw/^     Balzac  says  car- 
t   dinal  Richelieu  coined  the  word  generalissimo,  on  taking  com- 
mand of  the  French  armies  in  Italy,  in  1629.   Ulysses  S.  Grant 
became  the  first  general  of  the  array  of  the  United  States  in 
1866.     Army,  United  States. 

g'eneration,  in  chronology,  the  interval  between  the 
birthofafatherand  the  birth  of  his  child:  33  years  on  the  aver- 
age.   Harvey's  thesis  "  Omne  vivum  ex  ovo  "  (every  living  being 
1  springs  from  an  egg)  has  been  disproved  by  the  researches  of 
Von  Siebold  and  others.     Spontaneous  generation. 

Oene'va  (Ger.  Genf),  a  town  of  Allobroges,  a  Gallic  tribe, 

58  B.C. ;  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  426  a.d.  ;   part 

i  of  the  empire  of  Charlemagne,  about  800.     Pop.  1888,  71,807. 

■  Republic  founded 1512 

Emancipated  from  Savoy 1526 

Calvin  settling  here,  Geneva  was  termed  the  "  Rome  of  Cal- 
vinism " about  1536 

Servetus  was  burned  for  heresy 27  Oct.  1553 

Geneva  allied  to  Swiss  cantons 1584 

Incorporated  with  France 26  Apr.  1798 

Admitted  to  Swiss  Confederation 30  Dec.  1813 

Constitution  made  more  democratic 1846 

Revolution, Catholic  cantons  seeking  to  introduce  Jesuit  teach- 
ers; provisional  government 7  Oct.  1848 

[The  scheme  was  withdrawn.] 
Alabama  arbitration  commission  met;  received  cases  and  ad- 
journed to  15  June,  1872 18  Dec.  1871 

Formal  meeting  of  commission 15  June,  1872 

Monsignor  Mermillod  nominated  bishop  of  Geneva  (in  the  dio- 
cese of  bishop  of  Lausanne)  and  vicar  apostolic;  his  arrest 
•     proposed,  2  Feb. ;  ordered  to  quit,  or  submit  to  civil  govern- 

ment  by  15  Feb. ;  expelled 17  Feb.      " 

Jix-duke  of  Brunswick  dies  here  and  bequeaths  his  vast  prop- 
erty, above  $3,820,000,  to  the  city 18  Aug.  1873 


Geneva  convention.    Red  Cross. 
Oen'oa  (It.  Genova),  the  ancient  Genua,  N.  Italy.     Its 
inhabitants  were  Ligures,  who  submitted  to  Romans,'115  B.c. 
It  partook  of  the  revolutions  of  the  Roman  empire.     Pop» 
1881,  138,081. 

Genoa  becomes  a  free  commercial  state about  lOOO 

Frequent  wars  with  Pisa 1070-1284 

Frederick  II.  captures  22  galleys,  and  vainly  besieges  Genoa. .  1241 

University  founded 1243 

Doria  and  Spinola  families  rule about  1270' 

Genoese  destroy  naval  power  of  Pisa  at  Melora 6  Aug.  1284 

Frequent  wars  with  Venice 1218-32;  129:^99 

Rafaele  Doria  and  Galeotto  Spinola  appointed  captains 1335 

Simon  Boccanegra  made  first  doge,  1339 ;  set  aside  by  the  no- 
bles, 1344;  reappointed 1356- 

Discord;  many  doges  appointed 1394 

Genoa  under  protection  of  France,  1396;  of  Naples,  1410;  of 

Milan,  1419;  losing  and  regaining  freedom 1421-1512; 

Sacked  by  Spaniards  and  Italians  under  Prosper  Colonna 1522 

Andrew  Doria  deserts  French  service,  and  restores  indepen- 
dence of  his  country 1528^ 

Genoa  bombarded  by  French May,  1684 

By  British Sept.  1745 

Taken  by  imperialists;  soon  expelled "      1746 

Another  siege  raised 10  June,  1747 

Celebrated  bank  failed 1750 

Genoa  made  the  Ligurian  republic May,  1797 

Blockaded  by  British  fleet  and  Austrian  army  until  starved; 
evacuated  by  capitulation,  5  June;  but  surrendered  to  French 

after  victory  at  Marengo 14  June,  180O  " 

Genoa  annexed  to  French  empire .<! . .  .4  June,  1805- 

Surrenders  to  English  and  Sicilians 18  Apr.  1814 

United  to  kingdom  of  Sardinia Dec.     " 

Insurgents,  after  a  murderous  struggle,  drove  out  garrison  and 
proclaimed  the  Ligurian  republic,  3  Apr. ;  surrendered  to 

gen.  La  Marmora  11  Apr.  1849 

Columbus's  first  voyage,  1492 ;  celebrated Sept.  1892 

gens-cl'arnie§  (zhdn-ddrms'),  anciently  in  France  the 
king's  horse-guards  only,  afterwards  the  king's  gardes-du- 
curps ;  musketeers  and  light  horse  were  reckoned  among  them. 
There  was  also  a  company  of  gentlemen  (about  250)  bearing 
this  name.  Scots  guards  were  about  the  persons  of  kings  of 
France  from  St.  Louis,  1226.  They  were  organized  as  a  royal 
corps  by  Charles  VII.  about  1441,  younger  sons  of  Scottish 
nobles  being  usually  captains.  In  England  the  name  gens- 
d'armes  was  at  one  time  given  to  the  police,  but  was  changed 
to  "  municipal  guard  "  in  1830. 

g'Cntleman  (from  gentHis,  of  a  gens,  a  race  or  clan). 
The  Gauls,  observing  that  of  the  Roman  soldiers  scutarii  and 
gentiles  had  the  best  appointments,  called  them  ecvyers  and 
gentilshommes.  The  "  grand  old  name  "  of  gentleman  in  Eng- 
land was  given  to  the  well-descended  about  1430. — Sidney. 
Gentlemen  by  blood  were  those  who  could  show  4  descents, 
from  a  gentleman  created  by  the  king  by  letters-patent. 

g^entlenien-at-arni§,  formerly  the  Band  of  Gentle- 
men Pensioners,  the  oldest  corps  in  England,  except  Yeomen 
of  the  Guard.  It  was  instituted  by  Henrv  VIII.  in  1609,  en- 
tirely of  gentlemen  of  noble  blood,  whom  he  named  his  pen- 
sioners or  spears.  William  IV.  commanded  that  it  be  called 
his  majesty's  honorable  corps  of  gentlemen-at-arms,  7  Mch, 
18Bi.— Curling. 

g"eo<l'e§y  (from  Gk.  y^,  the  earth,  and  Saiio,  I  divide)^ 

the  art  of  measuring  the  surface  and  determining  the  figure 

of  the  earth,  etc.     Col.  A.  Clarke's  "  Geodesy"  pub.  1880. 

Seventh  international  geodetic  congress  met  at  Rome,  15-24 

Oct.  1883;  recommended  the  adoption  of  Greenwich  as  zero 

of  longitude,  and  of  uniform  time.     International  congress 

at  Washington,  1  Oct.  1884;  recommends  Greenwich  as  the 

prime  meridian  (France  and  Brazil  dissent) 13  Oct.  1884 

Terms  of  a  universal  day  agreed  upon  (Day,  Latitudk)  1  Nov.     " 

g^eog'rapliy.  The  first  geographical  records  are  in 
the  Pentateuch  and  the  book  of  Joshua.  Homer  describes  the 
shield  of  Achilles  as  representing  the  earth  surrounded  by 
the  sea,  and  also  the  countries  of  Greece,  islands  of  the  archi- 
pelago, and  site  of  Troy. — Iliad.  The  priests  taught  that  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphos  was  the  centre  of  the  world. 
Anaximander  of  Miletus  devised  geographical  maps,  about 
568  B.C.  Hipparchus  attempted  to  reduce  geography  to  a 
mathematical  basis,  about  135  B.C.  Strabo,  the  great  Greek 
geographer,  lived  71-14  b.c.  Ptolemy  flourished  about  139 
A.D.  The  science  was  brought  to  Europe  by  Moors  of  Bar- 
bary  and  Spain,  about  12^0.— Lenglet.  Maps  and  charts  were 
introduced  into  England  by  Bartholomew  Columbus  to  illus- 
trate his  brother's  theory  of  a  western  continent,  1489.    Geog- 


GEO 


820 


GEO 


raphy  is  now  divided  into  mathematical,  physical,  political, 
and  commercial ;  and  its  study  has  been  promoted  during  this 
century  by  expeditions  at  the  expense  of  governments  and 
societies.  The  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London  w«s 
established  in  1830;  that  of  Paris  in  1821.  The  American 
Geographical  Society,  New  York,  was  organized  1862.     Af- 

KICA,  NoitTIIWKST  PASSAOK,  MAPS. 

Internutiouul  congress  of  geographers  at  Antwerp  in  1871;  at 

Paris,  1  Aug.  1875;  at  Brussels 12  Sept.  1876 

Dr.  August  Heinrich  Potermann,  founder  and  editor  of  '•  Mit- 
theilungeu  uber  wichtige  ueue  Erforschungen  auf  dem  Ge- 
samnUgebiete  der  Geographie"  in  1865,  and  an  eminent  car- 
tographer, d 26  Sept.  1878 

Congress  on  commercial  geography  at  Brussels Oct.  1879 

E.  H.  Buubury's  "History  of  Ancient  Geography  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans, "  pub.  1879.  Ho  refers  especially  to 
Hecjit«us,  Herodotus,  Hanno,  Pythoas  (discoverer  of  Britain), 
Emtosthenes  (b.  276  B.C. ;  made  a  map),  and  to  Ptolemy, 
about  139  A.D. 

E.  A.  Freeman's  "  Historical  Geography  of  Europe  "  pub 1881 

International  congress  of  geographers  at  Venice,  15  Sept.  1881; 

at  Bordeaux 4  Sept.  1882 

British  Commercial  Geographical  Society;  founded  at  the  Man- 
sion House.  London,  15  July;  met 27  Oct.  1884 

Scottish  Geographical  Society,  Edinburgh,  inaugurated.  .3  Dec.     " 
Manchester  Geographical  Society  established Jan.  1885 

g^eol'Ogy,  the  science  of  the  earth,  said  to  have  been 

cultivated  in  China  before  Christ,  as  well  as  by  Aristotle, 

Theophrastus,  Plinj',  Avicenna,  and  the  Arabian  writers. 

In  1574  Mercati  wrote  of  fossils  in  the  pope's  museum:  Cesalpino 
Majoli  and  others,  1597;  Steno,  1669;  Soilla,  1670;  Quirini,  1676; 
Plot  and  Lister,  1678;  Leibnitz,  1680,  wrote  observations  and  the- 
ories on  changes  in  the  earth's  crust. 

Hooke  (1668),  in  a  work  on  earthquakes,  declared  fossils  "as  mon- 
uments of  nature,  more  certain  tokens  of  antiquity  than  coins  or 
medals;  and  though  difficult,  it  would  not  be  impossible  to  raise  a 
chronology  out  of  them. " 

Burnet's  "Theory  of  the  Earth,"  1690;  Whiston's  in  1696. 

Buffon's  geological  views  (1749),  censured  by  the  Sorbonne  in  1751, 
were  recanted.  He  said  that  the  present  condition  of  the  earth 
is  due  to  secondary  causes,  which  will  produce  further  changes. 
His  eminent  fellow  -  laborers  and  successors  were  Gesner,  1758; 
Michell.  1760;  Raspe,  1762-73;  Pallas  and  Saussure,  1793-1800. 

Werner  (1775)  ascribed  rocks  to  an  aqueous  origin,  denied  the  exist- 
ence of  volcanoes  in  primitive  geological  times,  and  had  many 
followers  — Kirwan,  De  Luc,  etc.  Hutton  (1788),  supported  by 
Playfair  (1801),  opposed  Werner's  views,  referring  the  principal 
changes  in  the  earth's  crust  to  the  energy  oi  fire.  The  parties 
were  termed  Neptunists  and  Vulcanists. 

William  Smith,  father  of  British  geology  (who  had  walked  over  a 
large  part  of  England),  published  a  "Tabular  View  of  British 
Strata  "  in  1799,  and  his  "  Geological  Map  of  England  and  Wales," 
1812-15;  d.  28  Aug.  1839.  Rev.  Adam  Sedgwick  d.  27  Jan.  1873, 
aged  87.     Sir  Charles  Lyell  d.  22  Feb.  1875. 

In  1803  the  Royal  Institution  had  the  best  geological  collection  in 
London,  collected  by  H.  Davy,  C.  Hatchett,  and  others;  proposal 
of  sir  John  St.  Aubyn,  sir  Abraham  Hume,  and  the  right  hon.  C. 
F.  Greville  to  aid  government  in  establishing  a  school  of  mines 
there  in  1804-7;  declined  13  Nov.  1807. 

Geological  Society  of  London  established  1807.  By  collecting  new 
facts  it  checked  the  disposition  to  theorize,  and  led  to  views  mid- 
way between  those  of  Werner  and  Hutton. 

Geological  Society  of  Dublin,  1832;  of  Edinburgh,  1834;  of  France, 
1830;  of  Germany,  1848. 

In  1835  Mr.  (afterwards  sir  Henry)  De  la  Beche  suggested  the  pres- 
ent Museum  of  Geology,  which  began  at  Craig's  court,  and  was  re- 
moved to  Jermyn  street,  London.  To  him  are  due  valuable  geolog- 
ical maps  formed  on  the  ordnance  survey.  The  building  was 
erected  by  Mr.  Pennethorne,  and  formally  opened  by  the  late 
prince  consort,  14  May,  1851.  Attached  to  the  museum  are  the 
Mining  Records  office,  a  lecture  theatre,  laboratories,  etc.  Sir  H. 
De  la  Beche,  the  first  director,  d.  13  Apr.  1855;  succeeded  by  sir 
Roderick  Murchison,  who  d.  22  Oct.  1871 ;  by  prof.  A.  C.  Ramsay, 
Mch.  1872. 

A  similar  institution  established  at  Calcutta  by  the  East  India  com- 
pany in  1840. 

International  Geological  congress  at  Paris,  1878;  at  Bologna,  29  Sept 
1881. 

English  standard  works  on  geology  are  those  of  Lyell,  Murchison, 
Phillips,  De  la  Beche.  Mantell,  and  Ansted. 

Cuvier  and  Brongniart's  work  on  "  Geology  of  Paris,"  1808  et  seq. 

L.  Agassiz,  "Poissons  Fossiles,"  1833-45.    ' 


IL 


Dana's  "Manual  of  Geology,"  1874. 
Strata  composing  the  earth's  crust  form  2  great  classes: 
J    j Those  generally  attributed  to  the  action  of  fire; 
(Igneous  formations  unstratified,  crystalline, 

1.  Volcanic,  as  basalt,  etc. 

2.  Plutonic,  as  granite,  etc. 
Those  generally  attributed  to  the  agency  of  water; 
Aqueous  formations  stratified,  rarely  crystalline, 

1.  Metamorphic  or  unfoseiliferous  rocks. 

2.  Sedimentary  or  fossiliferous  rocks,  divided  into  4  gi 

series  : 

I.  Neozoic,  latest  forms  of  life Post-tertiary,  Man. 

II.  Cainozoic,  recent  forms  of  life Tertiary,         Mammals.    " 

III.  Mesozoic,  middle-life  period Secondary,      Reptiles. 

IV.  Palaeozoic,  most  ancient  forms  of  life. .  Primary,         Fish,  Inver*  I 

tebratea    : 

TABLE  OF  STRATA  (chiejly  from  Lyell). 
NKOZOIC — I.    POST-TERTIARY. 

A.  Post-Pliocene  : 

1.  i?ecew^;  marine  strata,  with  ^Mwian  remains;  Danish  peat; 
kitchen  middens  ;  bronze  and  stone  implements  ;  Swiss 
lake  dwellings;  temple  of  Serapis  at  Pozzuoli. 

2.  Post- Pliocene  :  Brixham  cave,  with  flint  knives,  and  bones 
of  living  and  extinct  quadrupeds;  ancient  valley  gravels; 
glacial  drift;  ancient  Nile  mud;  post-glacial  North  Ameri- 
can deposits;  remains  of  mastodon;  Australian  breccias. 

II.  TERTIARY,  OR  CAINOZOIC,  SERIES. 

B.  Pliocene  : 

3.  Newer  Pliocene  (or  Pleistocene),  mammalian  beds,  Norwich 
crag  {marine  shells). 

4.  Older  Pliocene:  red  and  coralline  crag  (Suffolk,  Antwerp). 

C.  6,6.  Miocene,  upper  and  lower:  Bordeaux;  Virginia  sands 

and  Touraine  beds;  Pikerm6  deposits  near  Athens;  vol- 
canic tuff  and  limestone  of  the  Azores,  etc. ;  brown  coal  of 
Germany,  etc.  {mastodon,  gigantic  elk,  salamander,  etc.). 

D.  7,  8,  9.  Eocene,  upper,  middle,  and  lower  :    fresh-water  and 

marine  beds;  Barton  clays;  Hracklesham  sands ;  Paris  gyp- 
sum; London  plastic,  and  Thanet  clays  {palms,  birds,  etc.). 

III.  SECONDARY,  OR  MESOZOIC,   SERIES. 

E.  '10.  CrefaceoMS, upper:  British  chalk;  Maestricht  beds.— Chalk 

with  and  without  flints,  chalk  marl,  upper  green  sand, 
gault,  lower  green  sand  {mesosaurus ;  fish,  mollusks,  etc.). 
11.  Lower  (or  Neocomian  or  Wealden):  Kentish  rag;  Weald 
clay;  Hastings  sand  {iguanodon,  fiylceosaurtis,  etc.). 

F.  12.  Oolite,  upper  :   Purbeck  beds,  Portland  stone  and  sand, 

Kimmeridge  clay;  lithographic  stone  of  Solenhofen  with 
archceopteryx  {fish). 

13.  Middle:  Calcareous  grit,  coral  rag,  Oxford  clay,  Kelloway 
rock  {belemnites  and  ammonites). 

14.  Lower  :  Cornbrash,  forest  marble,  Bradford  clay,  great 
o51ite,  Stonesfleld  slate,  fuller's  earth,  inferior  oOlite  (ich- 
thyosaurus, plesiosaurus,  pterodactyl). 

G.  15.  Lias:  Lias  clay  and  marl  stone  {ammonites,  equisetum,  am- 

phibia, labyrinthodon). 
H.      16.  Trias,  upper:  White  lias,  red  clay,  with  salt  in  Cheshire, 
coal-fields  in  Pennsylvania  {fish,  dromatherium). 

17.  Middle,  or  Muschelkalk  (wanting  in  England)  {Encrinus; 
Placodus  gigas). 

18.  Lower:  New  red  sandstone  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
{labyrinthodon,  footprints  of  birds  and  reptiles). 

IV.  PRIMARY,  OR  PALEOZOIC,  SERIES. 

I.  19.  Permian:  magnesian  limestone,  marl  slates,  red  sandstone 
and  shale,  dolomite;  Kupferschiefer  (firs, fishes,  amphibia). 

K.  20,  21.  Carboniferous,  upper  and  lower:  Coal  measures,  mill- 
stone grit,  mountain  limestone  (ferns,  catamites,  coal). 

L.  22,  23,  24.  Devonian,  upper,  middle,  and  lower  :  tilestones, 
corastones,  and  marls,  quartzose,  conglomerates  (shells,  fish, 
trilobites). 

M.  25,26,27.  <S'i7M?-tan, upper,  middle,  and  lower:  Ludlow  shales, 
Aymestry  limestone,  Wenlock  limestone,  Wenlock  shale, 
Caradoc  sandstone,  Llandeilo  flags  ;  Niagara  limestone 
(sponges,  corals,  trilobites,  shells). 

N.  28,  29.  Cambrian,  upper  and  lower:  Bala  limestone,  Festiniog 
slates,  Bangor  slates  and  grits,  Wicklow  rock,  Hasleets  grits, 
Huron ian  series  of  Canada  (zoophytes,  lingula,  ferns,  sigil- 
laria,  stigmaria,  catamites,  and  cryptogamia). 

0.  30.  Laurentian,  upper  gneiss  of  the  Hebrides  (?) :  Labradorite 
series,  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence;  Adirondack  mountains, 
New  York. 
31.  Lower  :  Gneiss  and  quartzites,  with  interstratified  lime- 
stones,  in  one  of  which,  1000  feet  thick,  occurs  a  foramini- 
fer,  eozoon  Canadense,  the  oldest  known  fossil. 


"  The  history  of  the 

NORTH  AMERICA'S  GEOLOGIC  AGES,  PERIODS,  AND  EPOCHS  (according  to  Dana), 
ages  of  each  continent  has  its  periods  and  epochs,  which  may  or  may  not  correspond  in  their  limits  with  those  of  the  other  continents.' 

'-Dana. 

Time. 

Age. 

Period. 

Epoch. 

fQuaternary,  or  of  man., 
i  Tertiary,  or  of  mammals 

1  Recent 

1  Modern. 
1  Second  Glacial. 
( Aluvian. 
\  Deluvian. 

Glacial. 

Pliocene. 

Miocene. 
(Upper  Eocene. 
tMiddle      " 

Lower      " 

J 

[Glacial 

J 

r  Sumter 

Lignitic 

i 


GEO 


821 


GEO 


NORTH  AMERICA'S  GEOLOGIC  AGES,  PERIODS,  AND  EFOCRS.— {Continued.) 


Age 


Epoch. 


Mesozoic. 


Of  reptiles. . 


Cretaceous. 


Jurassic, 


f  Carboniferous. 

I 


Devonian  or  of  fishes. 


,  Triassic 

f  Permian 
Carboniferous. 


Palaeozoic. 


Sub-carboniferous. 

Catskill 

Chemung 


Hamilton . 


[Corniferous. 


Silurian  or  of 
t  invertebrates  ' 


Upper 
Silurian 


Lower 
Silurian 


f  Oriskany 

Lower  Helderberg. 
i  Salina 


[Niagara.. 


f  Trenton. . . 

Canadian. 
Cambrian. 


Achaean. 


Eozoic. 
Azoic. 


Including  the  earliest  forms  of  life. 
Previous  to  the  appearance  of  life. 


Upper. 
Middle. 
Lower. 
Wealden. 

( Upper, 
oolitic  ]  Middle. 

( Lower. 

I  Upper  lias. 
Liassic  <  Marlstone. 

( Lower  lias. 
Keuper  (mottled  clays). 
Muschelkalk  (shell  limestone). 
Bunter  Sandstein  (variegated  sandstone). 
Permian— from  ancient  kingdom  of  Permia,  Russia. 
Upper  coal  measure. 
Lower  coal  measure. 
Millstone  grit. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Catskill. 
Chemung. 
Portage. 
Genesee. 
Hamilton. 
Marcellus. 
Corniferous. 
Schoharie. 
Cauda-Galli. 

Oriskany.  • 

Lower  Helderberg. 
Salina. 
Xiagara. 
Clinton. 
Medina. 
Cincinnati. 
Utica. 
Trenton. 
Chazy. 
Quebec. 
Calciferous. 
Potsdam. 
Acadian. 
See  Nos.  30  and  31,  Table  of  Strata,  p.  320. 


geom'Ctry  (Gr.  ye<t)fisTpia,  earth  measurenoent)  is 
.ascribed  to  Egyptians;  annual  inundations  of  the  Nile  made  it 
necessary  by  carrying  away  landmarks  and  boundaries,      g.c. 

Thales  introduced  geometry  into  Greece about    600 

Pythagoras  cultivated  it about    580 

Doctrine  of  curves  arose  from  conic  sections;  considered  by 

Plato about    390 

Euclid's  "  Elements  "  compiled about    300 

Archimedes,  a  discoverer  in  geometry 287-212 

'Conchoid  curve  discovered  by  Nicomedes 220 

Ptolemy,  the  astronomer,  2d  century,  a.d. 

•Geometry  taught  in  Europe  in  the  13th  century. 

Books  on  geometry  and  astronomy  were  destroyed  in  England 

as  infected  with  magic,  7  Edw.  VI.  —Stow 1552 

Descartes  published  his  "  Analytical  Geometry  " 1627 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  ("  Arithmetica  Universalis,"  etc.) 1642-1727 

:Simsou's  edition  of  Euclid  first  appeared 1756 

La  Place's  "  M6canique  Celeste  " 1799-1805 

George,  St.,  tutelary  saint  of  England,  adopted  as 
patron  of  the  order  of  the  Garter  by  Edward  III.  His  day  is 
23  Apr.     Garter,  Knighthood. 

St.  George,  a  tribune  in  the  reign  of  Diocletian,  being  a  man  of 
courage,  was  a  favorite;  but,  complaining  to  the  emperor  of  his 
severities  towards  the  Christians,  and  arguing  in  their  defence, 
he  was  beheaded  23  Apr.  290.— On  that  day,  in  1192,  Richard  I. 
defeated  Salad  in. 

Oeorg-es'  eon§piracy,  in  France.  Gen.  Moreau, 
gen.  Pichegru,  Georges  Cadoudal,  who  was  commonly  known 
by  the  name  of  Georges,  and  others,  were  arrested  at  Paris, 
charged  with  conspiracy  to  kill  Bonaparte  and  restore  Louis 
XVIII.,  Feb.  1804.  Pichegru  was  strangled  in  prison,  6  Apr. 
12  conspirators,  including  Georges,  were  executed,  25  June, 
and  others  imprisoned.  Moreau  was  exiled,  and  went  to 
America.     In  1813  he  was  killed  before  Dresden. 

Oeor'gia,  ancient  Iberia,  now  a  province  of  S.  Russia, 
near  the  Caucasus,  submitted  to  Alexander  about  331  B.C.,  but 
threw  off  the  yoke  of  his  successors.  It  was  subjugated  to 
Rome  by  Pompey,  65  b.c.,  but  retained  its  sovereigns.  Chris- 
tianity was  introduced  in  the  3d  century.  In  the  8th  century, 
after  a  severe  struggle,  it  was  subdued'  by  the  Arab  caliphs ; 
,by  the  Turkish  sultan  Alp-Arslan,  1068;  and  by  Tartar 
hordes,  1235.  From  the  14th  to  the  18th  century,  Georgia 
was  successively  held  by  Persian  and  Turkish  monarchs.  In 
1740  Nadir  Shah  made  part  of  it  a  principality,  whose  last 


ruler,  Heraclius,  surrendered  it  to  the  czar  in  1799,  and  in  1802 
Georgia  became  a  Russian  province. 

Oeorgia,  the  southernmost  and  youngest  of  the  13  orig- 
inal states  of  the  United  States,  is  bounded  north  by  Tennessee 
and  North  Carolina, east  by  the 
Savannah  river  (which  sepa- 
rates it  from  South  Carolina), 
and  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  which 
forms  a  coast  line  of  about  128 
miles;   Florida  bounds  it  on 
the  south,  and  Alabama  and 
a  small  part  of  Florida  on  the 
west.    It  lies  between  lat,  30<^ 
20'  and  35°  N.,  and  Ion.  80°  40' 
and  85°  38'  W.     Area,  69,475 
sq.  miles,  i n  137  counties.   Pop. 
1890,  1,837,353;   capital,  At- 
lanta. 
De   Soto   enters  the  state  from  Florida;   travels  northeast 
through  the  pine  barrens,  erects  a  cross  of  wood  near  the 
Ocmulgee;  hears  from  Indians  on  the  Etowah  of  gold  to  the 
north,  and  proceeds  westward  to  the  Mississippi,  entering 

Alabama  by  the  Coosa 1540 

Tristan  de  Luna,  with  300  Spaniards,  spends  the  summer  in 

what  is  now  Habersham  county,  searching  for  gold 1560 

Jean  Ribault  of  Dieppe,  with  2  ships  fitted  out  by  Gaspard  de 
Coligni,  high  admiral  of  France  and  leader  of  Huguenots, 
anchors  off  mouth  of  Satilla,  discovers  Altamaha  river,  Ossa- 

baw  sound,  and  the  Savannah  river May,  1562 

Second  expedition  sent  out  by  Coligni,  3  ships  under  Ren6  de 

Laudonnier  anchor  in  St.  Andrew's  sound June,  1564 

Land  between  lat.  31°  and  36°  N.,  and  westward  to  the  ocean, 
granted  by  first  charter  of  Charles  II.  to  the  lords  proprietors 

of  Carolina 24  Mch.  1663 

A  3  years'  grant  of  lands  between  Savannah  and  Altamaha 
rivers  obtained  from  lords  proprietors  of  Carolina  by  sir 
Robert  Montgomery,  bart.,  who  issues  proposals  for  settle- 
ment of  his  province,  the  "  Margravate  of  Azilia  " 1717 

Montgomery  fails  to  colonize  and  forfeits  grant 1720 

Lords  proprietors  of  Carolina  sell  seven  eighths  of  their  grant 
to  Parliament,  and  all  south  of  Savannah  river  is  reserved 

by  British  crown 1729 

Lord  Carteret,  owner  of  one  eighth,  sells  it  to  trustees  for  es- 
tablishing the  colony  of  Georgia  in  America 28  Feb.  1732 

Trustees  receive  their  charter  granting  "  all  those  lands  between 
Savannah  and  Altamaha,  and  westerly  from  heads  of  said 


1734 


1735 


GEO  822 

rivers  in  a  direct  line  to  the  South  seas,  including  islands  with- 
in 20  leagues  of  the  coast."  Thetrustees,Bervingwithout  pay, 
offer  to  all  "  indigent  persons  who  would  be  willing  to  seek  a 
livelihood  in  the  colony  if  provided  with  a  passage  thither 
and  means  of  getting  settled,"  free  citizenship  and  free  exer- 
cise of  religion  (Papists  excluded).     Charter  granted.. 9  June, 

Ship  Ann,  cupt.  John  Thomas,  with  gen.  Oglethorpe  (Oglb- 
THOKFE,  gen.  James),  rev.  Henry  Herbert,  D.D.,  and  35  fami- 
lies, anchors  in  Rebellion  roads,  S.  C 13  Jan. 

Obtaining  consent  of  Creek  Indians  through  Mary  Musgrove, 
interpreter,  rev.  Thomas  Bosomworth,  Oglethorpe  and  col- 
onists land  at  Yamacraw  bluff,  on  south  side  of  Savannah 
river,  the  present  site  of  Savannah 12  Feb. 

First  clapboard  house  in  Georgia  begun  in  Savannah. .  .19  Feb. 

Two  thousand  religious  books  received  by  trustees  ft"om  un- 
known person  in  England  for  use  in  colony 18  Apr. 

Ship  James,  capt.  Yoakly,  llrst  ship  to  sail  up  the  Savannah 
and  unload  at  the  town May, 

Treaty  of  Oglethorpe  with  lower  Creek,  Uchee,  and  Yamacraw 
Indians,  who  agree  ever  to  protect  the  English  and  restore 
runaway  negroes,  receiving  for  each  4  blankets  and  2  guns, 
or  an  equivalent e 21  May, 

Ten  families  sent  IVom  Savannah  to  fort  Argyle  on  Ogeechee 
river,  previously  garrisoned  by  rangers June, 

Public  designation  of  town  and  wards  with  religious  exercises; 
town  court  of  record  established,  first  session  of  magistrates 
held,  and  first  jury  in  Georgia  impanelled 7  July, 

Forty  Jews  arrive  at  Savannah,  sent  by  the  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  trustees July, 

Trustees  prohibit  rum  in  Georgia 11  Aug. 

Forty-two  families  ofSalzburgers,  sent  from  Augsburg,  Bavaria, 
by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  Christian  Knowledge, 
settle  at  Ebenezer 17  Mch. 

Oglethorpe  sails  for  England,  leaving  Thomas  Causton  in  au-^ 
thority 7  Apr. 

Ten  persons,  under  rev.  Gottlieb  Spanzenberg,  sent  over  from 
Saxony  to  begin  a  Moravian  settlement  in  America,  locate 
on  north  side  of  the  Ogeechee  river,  near  fort  Argyle. .  .Jan. 

Fifty-nine  Salzburgers  under  Mr.  Vat,  22  British  emigrants, 
and  some  Indian  chiefs  whom  Oglethorpe  had  taken  to  Eng- 
land, arrive  at  Savannah  early  in " 

Small  quantity  of  Georgia  silk  taken  to  England  and  court  dress 
made,  worn  by  queen  Caroline  at  levee  on  king's  birthday, 

2  Apr.       " 

Augusta  laid  out  and  garrisoned  at  trustees'  expense;  Roger 
de  Lacy,  an  Indian  agent,  one  of  its  first  settlers " 

First  issue  of  4000i.  of  Sola  bills,  or  bills  of  exchange  of  various 
denominations,  made  by  trustees'  agents  in  Georgia,  24  July,     " 

About  100  Highlanders,  sent  from  Scotland  by  trustees,  settle  on 
north  side  of  the  Altamaha  river,  calling  it  New  Inverness,  Jan.  1736 

Two  ships,  convoyed  by  British  sloop  Hawk,  bringing  Ogle- 
thorpe, John  and  Charles  Wesley,  25  Moravians,  and  a  num- 
ber ofSalzburgers,  anchor  near  Tybee  island 5  Feb.     " 

Fort  on  St.  Simons  island  at  Frederica,  as  marked  out  by 
Oglethorpe,  begun 19  Feb.     '' 

John  Wesley  first  preaches  at  Savannah 7  Mch.     ' ' 

First  Sunday-school  in  Georgia  held  by  Mr.  Delamotte  and  John 
Wesley  at  Savannah " 

Fort  St.  Andrews  erected  on  Cumberland  island  by  Highland- 
ers, and  fort  William  planned " 

Treaty  ending  hostilities  between  Spanish  and  English  colonies, 
and  referring  all  disputes  as  to  boundaries  between  Georgia 
and  Florida  to  the  home  governments 27  Oct.     " 

Oglethorpe  appointed  general  of  forces  in  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia June,  1737 

John  Wesley  sails  for  England 24  Dec.     " 

Uprising  of  negroes,  incited  by  the  Spanish  at  Stono,  quelled..  1738 

Arrival  of  ship  bringing  rev.  George  Whitefield  and  a  regiment 
recruited  by  Oglethorpe  in  England;  the  regiment,  under  col. 
Cochran,  locating  at  Frederica 3  May,     " 

Many  Moravian  emigrants  remove  to  Pennsylvania  (the  rest 
follow  2  years  later) " 

Attempted  assassination  of  gen.  Oglethorpe  while  inspecting 
fort  St.  Andrews  on  Cumberland  island Nov.     " 

Articles  of  convention  between  the  British  and  Spanish  govern- 
ments; disputed  territories  to  be  retained  by  present  posses- 
sors  14  Jan.  1739 

Treaty  of  peace  at  Coweta  Town  between  chiefs  of  Creek  In- 
dians and  Oglethorpe 21  Aug.     " 

George  Whitefield  lays  first  brick  of  central  building  of  orphan 
house  "  Bethesda,"  9  miles  from  Savannah 25  Mch.  1740 

Spanish  fort  St.  Diego,  near  St.  Augustine,  defended  by  57  men, 
taken  by  Oglethorpe 10  May,     " 

Being  joined  at  St.  John's  by  Carolina  troops,  Oglethorpe 
marches  upon  fort  Moosa,  which  Spaniards  evacuate  and  re- 
treat to  St.  Augustine 15  May,     " 

Foundation  for  Christ  church.  Savannah,  commenced..  11  June,     " 

Fort  Moosa  recaptured  by  300  Spaniards  under  don  Antonio 
Salgrado  after  a  bloody  conflict 26  June,     " 

After  an  ineffectual  siege  of  3  weeks  Oglethorpe  retires  from 
before  St.  Augustine  and  reaches  Frederica  about. .  .20  July,     " 

Georgia  divided  into  2  counties:  Savannah,  comprising  all  ter- 
ritory north  of  Darien;  and  Frederica,  covering  the  settle- 
ments on  St.  Simon's  island  and  the  Altamaha;  and  col. 
William  Stephens  chosen  president  of  Savannah 15  Apr.  1741 

Nine  Spanish  vessels,  attempting  to  enter  Amelia  sound,  are 
repulsed  by  cannon  of  fort  William,  on  Cumberland  island, 
aided  by  armed  schooner  of  14  guns  and  80  men 21  June,  1742 

Spanish  squadron  of  36  vessels  enters  St.  Simon's  harbor  in  spite 
of  battery  of  fort  and  a  few  English  ships,  lands  about  500  men 
within  4  miles  of  Frederica 5  July,     " 


GEO 

English  having  abandoned  fort  St.  Simon,  the  Spanish  occupy 
it;  march  against  Frederica,  and  are  driven  back  to  an  open 
marsh  bordering  on  a  forest,  where  they  stack  arms  and  are 
surprised  and  completely  routed  by  a  platoon  and  company 
of  rangers  under  lieuts.  Sutherland  and  Mackay  in  a  battle 
known  as  "  Bloody  marsh  " 7  July,  1742 

Rum  act  repealed  in  Georgia  by  order  of  House  of  Commons, 

14  July,     " 

Gen.  don  Manuel  de  Montiano,  alarmed  by  a  decoy  letter  sent 
by  Oglethorpe,  with  his  fleet,  fearful  of  being  hemmed  in  by 
sea  and  land,  hastens  to  sea about  20  July,     " 

Oglethorpe  returns  with  detachment  of  Highlanders  from  a 
fruitless  incursion  into  Florida 9  Mch.  174* 

Magazine  at  Frederica  blown  up 22  Mch.     " 

Trustees  abrogate  part  of  constitution  appointing  board  for 
Frederica,  and  counties  are  consolidated;  col.  AVm.  Stephens 
elected  first  president  of  colony  of  Georgia,  under  govern- 
ment established  at  solicitation  of  people,  by  the  king,  18  Apr.     " 

Chas.  Harris  and  James  Habersham  in  partnership  establish 
first  commercial  house  in  Georgia 1744- 

Thomas  Bosomworth  obtains  deed  from  Indian  chief  and  em-  , 
peror,  Malatchee,  to  islands  of  Ossabaw,  Sapelo,  and  St.  Cath- 
arine  14  Dec.  174T 

Small  ship  (the  first)  chartered  in  England  by  Harris  and  Ha- 
bersham to  bring  Georgia  products May,  174^ 

In  response  to  petitions  the  act  of  1735,  prohibiting  importa- 
tion and  use  of  negro  slaves,  was  repealed  by  trustees,  26  Oct.     " 

Trustees  abolish  tail-male  tenure  of  grants  and  make  them  ab- 
solute   25  May,  1750r 

Henry  Parker  commissioned  vice-president  of  Georgia,  26  June,     " 

Christ  church  (Anglican),  Savannah,  dedicated 7  July,     " 

Provincial  assembly  of  delegates  to  propose,  debate,  and  refer 
matters  to  the  trustees,  first  meets  at  Savannah 15  Jan.  1751 

Henry  Parker  chosen  president  of  colony 8  Apr.     " 

First  general  muster  of  militia  in  lower  districts  at  Savannah, 

13  June,     " 

Trustees  hold  last  meeting,  surrender  charters,  and  the  govern- 
ment passes  to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  23  June,  1752: 

Community  of  Anglican  church  people,  after  preliminary  ex- 
amination of  lands  in  1752-53  and  procuring  grant  of  about 
32,000  acres  of  land  between  Ogeechee  and  Altamaha,  settle 
at  Midway,  Ga Mch.  1754 

Patrick  Graham  elected  president  of  colony " 

Silver  seal  made  for  colony  under  king's  direction 21  June,     " 

Capt  John  Reynolds,of  the  British  navy,  appointed  governor  of 
Georgia  in  Aug.,  arrives  at  Savannah 29  Oct.     " 

Reynolds  dissolves  board  and  forms  a  royal  council  under  let- 
ters patent  from  the  crown 30  Oct.     " 

First  General  Assembly,  of  freeholders  of  estates  of  not  less 
than  500  acres,  meets  at  Savannah 7  Jan.  175& 

Governor  assents  to  12  acts  of  assembly ;  the  second  was  for 
issuing  dOOOl.  in  paper  bills  of  credit 7  Mch.     " 

Two  transports  arrive  at  Savannah  with  about  400  Acadians, 
banished  from  Nova  Scotia  (Acadia).  As  Papists  could  not 
remain  in  Georgia  under  charter,  they  were  sent  to  South 
Carolina  the  next  spring Dec.     " 

By  machinations  of  his  secretary,  William  Little,  gov.  Rey- 
nolds is  charged  with  maladministration  and  resigns  oflice 
to  Henry  Ellis,  elected  lieutenant-governor 16  Feb.  175T 

Treaty  of  peace  with  council  of  upper  and  lower  Creeks  by 
lieut.  -gov.  Ellis 3  Nov.     «' 

Georgia  divided  into  8  parishes,  and  church  of  England  wor- 
ship established 17  Mch.  1758- 

Islands  of  Ossabaw,  St.  Catharine,  and  Sapelo  formally  ceded 
to  England  by  Creek  nation 22  Apr.     " 

Ellis  appointed  governor-in-chief  by  lords  of  trade 17  May,     " 

Grant  of  300  acres  for  site  of  Sunbury  by  Mark  Carr,  part  of 
his  500  acre  grant,  from  the  king  in  1757 20  June,     " 

Claims  of  Thomas  and  Mary  Bosomworth  settled  by  order  of 
the  king 9  Feb.  1759' 

First  wharf  built  in  Savannah " 

Act  for  issuing  lilOl.  in  paper  bills  of  credit 1  May,  1760- 

Lieut. -gov.  James  Wright  succeeds  gov.  Ellis 2  Nov.     " 

George  III.  proclaimed  king  with  civil  and  military  pomp; 
the  only  event  of  the  kind  ever  witnessed  in  Georgia,  10  Feb.  1761 

Commission  creating  James  Wright  captain-general  and  gov- 
ernor-in-chief of  Georgia  reaches  Savannah 28  Jan.  1762 

William  Grover,  first  chief-justice  of  Georgia,  removed  from 
oflSce  for  maladministration Mch.  1763. 

Protest  and  caveat  issued  by  gov.  AVright  against  grants  of 
land  south  of  the  Altamaha  by  South  Carolina 30  Mch.     " 

First  newspaper  in  Georgia,  the  Georgia  Gazette,  issued  at 
Savannah  by  James  Johnson 17  Apr.     " 

By  royal  proclamation,  southern  boundary  of  Georgia  is  made 
the  St.  Mary's  river,  including  lands  between  this  and  the 
Altamaha  claimed  by  South  Carolina 7  Oct.      " 

Congress  of  Creeks,  Cherokees,  Catawbas,  Chickasaws,  and 
Choctaws,  meet  governors  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia  at  Augusta,  and  conclude  treaty  and 
cede  additional  land  to  Georgia 5  Nov      " 

New  commission  granted  gov.  Wright  for  the  new  Mississippi 
territory  of  Georgia 20  Jan.  1764 

Four  additional  parishes  laid  off  between  Altamaha  and  St. 
Mary's  rivers 1765 

Sixteen  members  of  assembly  at  Savannah  consider  a  circular 
from  Massachusetts  assembly,  proposing  a  general  congress 
at  New  York  on  the  stamp-act 2  Sept.     " 

Letter  sent  general  congress  in  New  York  announces  hearty 
CO  -  operation  of  Georgia  assembly,  but  opposition  of  gov. 
Wright  prevents  attendance  of  delegates Oct.     " 

British  ship  Speedwell  arrives  in  Savannah  river  with  stamps, 


1767 
1768 


1769 
1770 


1772 
1773 


1774 
1775 


GEO  323 

which  are  secretly  transferred  to  fort  Halifax  to  avoid  de- 
struction threatened  by  "Liberty  Boys " 5  Dec. 

South  Carolina  aroused  because  Georgia  accepts  stamps  to 
clear  60  or  70  vessels  waiting  at  Savannah Dec. 

Two  hundred  Liberty  Boys  threatening  to  break  open  fort  and 
destroy  stamps,  the  governor  removes  them  under  military 
escort  to  the  guard-bouse 2  Jan. 

Mr.  Agnus,  stamp  distributer,  arrives  at  Tybee,  is  secretly  con- 
veyed to  the  governor's  house,  takes  the  oath,  but  in  a  few 
days  leaves  town  convinced  of  his  insecurity 3  Jan. 

A  body  of  600  men  threatening  fort  George  and  the  governor's 
house,  the  stamps  are  placed  on  the  Speedwell 3  Feb. 

Efflgy  of  gov.  Wright,  with  offensive  circular  of  sec.  Conway 
in  his  hand,  burned  on  the  commons  in  Savannah 4  Feb. 

Official  announcement  of  repeal  of  stamp-act  received  by  gov- 
ernor   6  July, 

Assembly  refuses  governor's  call  for  supplies  for  British 
troops  in  Georgia,  and  gen.  Gage  withdraws  all  troops  from 
province  soon  after 20  Jan. 

One  hundred  and  seven  Irish  Protestants  settle  at  forks  of 
Lambert  creek  and  Great  Ogeechee Mch. 

Benjamin  Franklin  appointed  agent  for  Georgia  in  Great  Britain, 

11  Apr. 

King  rejects,  as  irregular  and,  disrespectful,  a  petition  of  the 
assembly  presented  by  Franklin,  protesting  against  acts  of 
Parliament  taxing  America,  under  date  of 24  Dec. 

Merchants  and  traders  of  Savannah  meet  and  resolve  that  im- 
porters of  articles  subject  to  parliamentary  duties  are  ene- 
mies to  the  country •. 16  Sept. 

Unanimous  election  of  dr.  Wimberly  Jones  as  speaker  of  as- 
sembly; vetoed  by  governor,  who  dissolves  assembly,  22  Feb. 

James  Habersham,  president  of  the  council,  assumes  executive 
duties  on  Wright's  departure  for  England,  and  twice  vetoes 
election  of  dr.  Jones  as  speaker  of  assembly July, 

Works  for  filature  in  Savannah,  erected  1751,  discontinued; 
end  of  silk  industry  in  Georgia 

Gov.  Wright  returns  from  England  with  title  of  baronet. .  .Feb. 

Creeks  and  Cherokees  convene  at  Augusta  and  cede  to  king 
over  2,100,000  acres  in  Georgia,  to  liquidate  indebtedness  to 
traders  of  over  $200,000 1  June, 

Meeting  in  Savannah;  resolves  to  concur  with  sister  colonies 
in  every  constitutional  measure  to  obtain  redress  of  Amer- 
ican grievances.  This  meeting  was  afterwards  pronounced 
illegal  and  punishable  by  gov.  Wright 10  Aug. 

Resolutions  of  fealty  to  Continental  Congress  drawn  up  by 
representatives  of  Darien  in  district  congress 12  Jan. 

Provincial  congress  in  Savannah  elects  dr.  Jones,  Archibald 
Bullock,  and  John  Houstoun,  delegates  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  Philadelphia 18  Jan.     " 

Delegates  send  patriotic  letter,  but  cannot  attend  during  strug- 
gle in  Georgia  with  royal  power 8  Apr.     " 

General  Assembly  convenes;  no  quorum;  royal  government 
in  Georgia  suspended 9  May,     " 

Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Joseph  Habersham,  Edward  Telfair, 
and  a  few  others  appropriate  to  colonial  use  500  pounds  of 
powder  from  king's  magazine 11  May,     " 

Lyman  Hall,  delegate  from  parish  of  St.  John,  to  Continental 
Congress,  arrives  at  Philadelphia  with  present  for  patriots  in 
Massachusetts  of  160  barrels  of  rice  and  50/ 13  May,     " 

Other  delegates  from  the  state  not  taking  their  seats  in  Con- 
gress, Georgia,  except  parish  of  St.  John,  is  placed  under  ban 
of  colonial  intercourse  by  Continental  Congress 17  May,     " 

Ship  Juliana  leaves  Savannah  with  gift  of  63  barrels  of  rice 
and  1201.  in  specie  for  Massachusetts 1  June,     " 

Gov.  Wright  having  issued  orders  for  celebration  of  king's 
birthday.  Liberty  people  spike  the  cannon  on  the  bay,  dis- 
mount them,  and  roll  them  to  the  bottom  of  blufif 2  June    " 

First  liberty-pole  in  Georgia  erected  at  Savannah,  on  king's 
birthday 5  June,     " 

Claim  of  George  Galphin,  a  prominent  and  liberal  trader,  au- 
dited before  governor  and  approved,  for  9791Z 6  June,     " 

Provincial  congress  at  Tondee's  Long  Room,  Savannah,  elect 
Archibald  Bullock  president,  adopt  the  "American  Declara- 
tion or  Bill  of  Rights"  of  Continental  Congress,  and  resolve 
in  non- importation  of  British  merchandise 4  July,     " 

First  provincial  vessel  commissioned  for  naval  warfare  in  the 
Revolution,  is  sent  out  by  Georgia  under  command  of  capt. 
Bowen  and  Joseph  Habersham.  Discovering  an  English 
vessel  bringing  powder  for  Indians  and  royalists,  they  board 
her  and  secure  the  powder 10  July,     " 

Continental  Congress  officially  notified  that  Georgia  acceded 
to  general  association;  it  is  thenceforth  one  of  the  United 
Colonies 20  July,     " 

Messrs.  Zubley,  Bullock,  and  Houstoun,  take  seats  as  delegates 
from  Georgia  to  Continental  Congress 13  Sept.     " 

English  ship  with  250  barrels  of  gunpowder  seized  off  Tybee 
island  by  the  Liberty  people 17  Sept.     " 

Provincial  congress  takes  under  supervision  all  courts  of  law, 

1  Dec.     " 

Council  of  safety  fully  organized ;  George  Walton,  pres.,  11  Dec.     " 

Battalion  of  troops  ordered  raised  at  continental  expense  for 
protection  of  Georgia,  organized 7  Jan.  1776 

Gov.  Wright  arrested  by  maj.  Joseph  Habersham  and  put  un- 
der parole 18  Jan.     " 

Provincial  congress  organize;  elect  hon.  Archibald  Bullock 
president,  issue  bills  of  credit  for  military  stores,  and  draw 
up  temporary  constitution  for  Georgia 22  Jan.     " 

Gov.  AVright  escapes  to  English  ship  Scarborough,  and  writes 
a  letter  to  people,  offering  peace,  but  is  not  heeded.  .11  Feb.     " 

Capt.  Rice,  charged  by  the  council  of  safety  to  dismantle  shipping 
at  Savannah  to  prevent  capture  by  the  British,  is  surprised 


GEO 

and  imprisoned  on  a  vessel  which  the  British  had  boarded. 
To  accomplish  his  release  the  council  of  safety  fired  several 
vessels,  arrested  all  members  of  royal  council  in  Savannah, 
and  menaced  officers  of  ships  at  Tybee 2  Mch.  1776 

Lord  North's  bill  prohibiting  trade  with  the  colonies  in  rebel- 
lion is  announced  in  Georgia Mch.     ** 

Temporary  constitution  ratified  by  provincial  congress,  15  Apr.     " 

Declaration  of  Independence  signed  by  Lyman  Hall,  Button 
Gwinnett,  and  George  Walton,  members  from  Georgia,  3  July,     "^ 

Declaration  of  Independence  received  in  Savannah ;  read  by 
Archibald  Bullock  at  liberty-pole,  and  acknowledged  by 
national  salute a  Aug.     " 

First  constitution  of  Georgia  ratified  in  convention;  parishes 
abolished  and  counties  erected  instead 5  Feb.  1777 

Fort  Mcintosh  on  St.  Ilia  river  surrendered  to  British .  .17  Feb.     " 

Pres.  Bullock  invested  with  the  executive  power,  with  assist- 
ance of  5  persons  of  his  own  choosing 22  Feb.     " 

Mr.  Bullock  dying  within  a  month,  is  succeeded  by  Button 
Gwinnett,  who  was  soon  after  killed  in  a  duel  with  gen. 
Mcintosh 4  Mch.     " 

Act  of  attainder  of  enemies  of  American  liberty  as  traitors,  and 
confiscating  their  estates,  passes  the  assembly 1  Mch.  1778 

Executive  council  invests  the  governor  with  sole  executive 
power  independent  of  council 16  Apr.     " 

British  under  col.  Prevost  advance  north  into  Georgia  to  join 
lieut.-col.  Campbell,  who  sailed  from  New  York 27  Nov.     '• 

Campbell  anchors  off  Tybee " 27  Dec.     " 

Campbell  lands,  attacks  rear  of  Americans  under  gen.  Howe, 
who  retreats  across  the  Savannah,  abandoning  the  city. 
American  loss,  nearly  100  killed  and  wounded,  30  drowned 
in  swamps,  7  officers,  416  non-commissioned  officers  and 
privates  taken  prisoners.  British  loss,  2  captains  and  5 
privates  killed,  8  privates  wounded » 29  Dec.     '* 

CoL  Campbell  takes  possession  of  Cherokee  hill  and  Ebenezer, 

1,  2  Jan.  1779 

Maj.  Lane  surrenders  garrison  at  Sunbury  to  Prevost 9  Jan.     " 

Augusta  surrendered  to  British  under  Campbell Jan.     " 

Americans  under  Pickens,  Dooly,  and  Clarke  repulse  British  at 
battle  of  Kettle  creek,  Wilkes  county 14  Feb.     " 

Prevost  surprises  and  defeats  Americans  under  gen.  Ashe  at 
Briar  creek.  Loss,  American,  340  killed,  wounded,  and  pris- 
oners; British,  16  killed  and  wounded 3  Mch.     " 

Civil  government  renewed  by  British  under  col.  Prevost,  4  Mch.     " 

Gov.  Wright  returns  to  Georgia 13  July,     " 

As  British  invasion  prevented  carrying  the  constitution  into 
effect,  the  supreme  executive  council  is  clothed  with  plenary 
power  and  elects  John  Wereat  president 6  Aug.     " 

Count  d'Estaing,  with  fleet  of  33  war-vessels,  surprises  and 
captures  i)art  of  British  fleet  under  sir  James  Wallace  com- 
manding Tybee  station 3  Sept.     '* 

Armies  of  Lincoln  and  D'Estaing  besiege  Savannah. .  .23  Sept.     '• 

Capt.  French  with  111  British,  and  5  vessels  with  crews  and 
ammunition,  frightened  by  bonfires  and  voices,  surrender  to 
col.  John  White  of  Georgia  line  and  6  Americans 1  Oct.     *' 

Americans  and  French  attack  Savannah;  lose  1100  killed  and 
wounded  out  of  4000  and  abandon  siege,  bearing  away  count 
Pulaski,  mortally  wounded 9  Oct.     '• 

A  dissatisfied  faction  elects  George  Walton  governor,  appoints 
executive  councillors,  and  elects  delegates  to  Congress,  pro- 
ducing great  confusion 4  Nov.     " 

Assembly  at  Augusta  elects  Richard  Howley  governor  and 
George  Wells  president  of  executive  council 4  Jan.  1780 

Gov.  Howley  by  proclamation  calls  on  people  to  sujjport  and 
defend  the  government 2  Feb.     '* 

Assembly  adjourns  to  Heard's  Fort,  Wilkes  county,  which  be- 
comes temporary  capital  of  the  state 5  Feb.     " 

Gov.  Howley  leaves  for  Continental  Congress;  pres.  Wells 
dying  soon  after,  Stephen  Heard  becomes  executive,  18  Feb.     '* 

House  of  Assembly  of  only  15  members  (18  being  a  quorum) 
passes  acts  attainting  rebels  of  high-treason 9  May,     " 

Augusta  taken  by  col.  Clarke,  14  Sept.;  retaken  by  British,  17  Sept.     " 

Fort  Grierson,  one  of  the  defences  of  Augusta,  taken  by  Clarke, 
Pickens,  and  Lee 24  May,  1781 

Col.  Brown,  who  with  British  forces  stands  a  protracted  siege 
of  Augusta  by  Americans,  capitulates  (Augusta) 5June,     " 

Assembly  convenes  at  Augusta  and  elects  Nathan  Brownson 
governor 16  Aug.     " 

John  Martin  elected  governor  at  Augusta 1  Jan.  1782 

Legislature  consults  with  gen.  Wayne  at  Sister's  Ferry  on  the 
Savannah,  and  by  proclamation  invites  desertion  from 
British  army  and  return  of  citizens  to  Georgia 12  Jan.     " 

Gov.  Martin,  in  destitution,  is  supplied  by  legislature  by  sale 
of  forfeited  negroes  and  supplies 4  May,     " 

British  forces,  advancing  7  miles  from  Savannah  to  escort 
Creek  Indian  allies  into  camp,  are  routed  by  Wayne.  21  May,     " 

Orders  received  by  sir  James  Wright  at  Savannah  for  evacua- 
tion of  the  province 14  June,     " 

Seat  of  provincial  government  removed  to  Ebenezer,  head- 
quarters of  gen.  Wayne,  where  assembly  meets 1  July,     " 

Savannah  evacuated  by  British;  col.  James  Jackson  selected 
to  receive  the  keys H  July,     " 

Executive  council  establish  themselves  in  Savannah,  and  leg- 
islature convenes 14  July,     " 

Last  blood  of  Revolution  shed  in  Georgia,  col.  John  Laurens, 
killed  in  a  skirmish  at  Combahee  Ferry 27  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Pickens  and  col.  Clarke  drive  a  party  of  marauding  Tories 
from  settlement  on  Etowah  into  Florida 17  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Mcintosh,  John  Houstoun,  and  Edward  Telfair  appointed 
agents  to  adjust  the  northern  boundaries 15  Feb.  1783; 

Treaty  ratified  at  Augusta;  Creeks  cede  country  west  of  Tuga- 
loo,  including  head- waters  of  Oconee  river 31  May,     "■ 


1783 
1784 


1786 


1786 


1787 
1788 


1790 


GEO  32^ 

Legislature  convenes  at  Augusta 8  July, 

Franklin  ami  Washington  counties  laid  out  on  land  ceded  by 
the  Creek  Indians Feb. 

Executive  council  notified  of  ratification  by  Congress  of  treaty 
of  peace  with  Great  Britain 1  Mch. 

Land  court  opened  at  Augusta  to  issue  warrants,  "  Citizens' 
Rights,"  "  Refugee  certificates,"  "Continental  certificates," 
"  Minute-men  certificates,"  and  "  Marine  certificates,"  Apr. 

University  of  Georgia  receives  charter  and  40,000  acres  of 
wild  land 

Legislature  grants  count  d'F.staing  20,000  acres  of  land  and 
free  citizenship  of  (ioorgia 

Hostile  Creeks  subjected  by  col.  Clarke,  and  treaty  concluded 
at  Giilphingtou 12  Nov. 

Chatham  artillery  of  Savannah  organized 1  May, 

Col.  Gunn  breaks  up  camp  of  runaway  negroes,  trained  to 
arms  by  the  British  and  ravaging  country 6  May, 

Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  dies  at  "  Mulberry  Grove,"  14  miles  from 
Savannah,  the  home  presented  him  by  the  legislature, 

19  June, 

Assembly  directs  paper  bills  of  credit  not  to  exceed  30,000/. 
struck  off  under  direction  of  governor. 14  Aug. 

Abram  Baldwin  and  hon.  William  Frew,  delegates  from  Georgia, 
sign  draught  of  constitution  proposed  for  ratification,  17  Sept. 

Legislature  at  Augusta  ratifies  the  federal  Constitution,  the  4th 
state 2  Jan. 

George  Handly  elected  governor  to  succeed  gen.  James  Jackson 
(age  30)  elected  9  Jan.,  who  resigned  on  account  of  his  youth, 

25  Jan. 

Differences  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  settled;  north- 
ern boundary  of  Georgia  fixed  in  line  west  from  head  of  most 
northern  branch  of  Tugaloo  river  to  the  Miss-ssippi  river,  Feb. 

First  bag  of  cotton  exported  from  Georgia,  raised  by  Alexander 
Bissel  of  St.  Simon's  island 

New  constitution,  to  take  effect  in  following  Oct.,  formally  ac- 
cepted by  governor 6  May, 

First  general  assembly  under  new  constitution  meets. .  .3  Nov. 

General  assembly  meets  for  public  worship  in  St.  Paul's  church, 
Augusta,  on  the  first  national  thanksgiving  under  the  con- 
stitution  26  Nov. 

Col.  Willet  gains  the  confidence  of  Creek  Indians  and  Alexander 
McGillivray,  son  of  a  Scotchman  by  a  half-breed  Creek,  an 
enemy  to  the  Americans  and  acknowledged  head  of  the 
Creeks;  McGillivray  with  8  warriors  accompanies  Willet  to 
Philadelphia  and  New  York,  when  a  treaty  is  concluded, 
ceding  land  south  of  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  rivers 13  Aug. 

Two  brass  cannon,  taken  at  Yorktown,  are  presented  to  the 
Chatham  artillery  of  Savannah,  by  gen.  Washington,  in  ap- 
preciation of  their  part  in  his  reception  in  Savannah;  one 
bears  tlie  inscription,  "  Surrendered  by  the  capitulation  of 
York  Town,  19  Oct.  1781.  Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense—G.  R. " 
with  the  imperial  crown m 1791 

Gen.  Washington,  on  a  presidential  tour,  arrives  at  Savannah 
and  is  received  with  enthusiasm 13  May,     " 

Eli  Whitney  of  Connecticut,  while  residing  in  Georgia,  invents 
the  cotton-gin 27  May,  1793 

Gen.  Clarke,  claiming  that  by  the  treaty  of  1790  certain  lands 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Oconee  river  had  been  improperly 
ceded  to  the  Creeks  by  the  U.  S.,  takes  possession,  defying 
Georgia  and  U.  S.,  but  is  driven  out 12  Oct.  1794 

Seat  of  government  removed  from  Augusta  to  Louisville,  now 
county  seat  of  Jefferson  county 16  May,  1795 

Rescinding  act  signed  by  gov.  Irwin,  who  was  elected  the  pre- 
vious month  (Yazoo  speculations) 13  Feb.  1796 

U.  S.  grants  to  Georgia  pre-emption  rights  to  lands  obtained  by 
joint  treaty  made  with  the  Creek  .Indians  by  U.  S.  and  Geor- 
gia in  previous  year ...v Mch.  1797 

Mississippi  territory  set  off  from  Georg.a  by  act  of  Congress, 

'  »,  7  Apr.  1798 

Revised  constitution  signed  by'  delegatea  at  Louisville,  pro- 
claimed by  16  rounds  of  artillery 30  May,     " 

"Senatus  Academicus"  of  university  of  Georgia  first  meets  at 
Louisville Nov.  1799 

Moravian  mission  among  the  Cherokees  begun  at  Spring  Place, 
Murray  county 1801 

First  building  erected  for  university  of  Georgia " 

James  Jackson  resigns  to  take  seat  in  U.  S.  Senate;  David 
Emanuel  acting  governor 7  Dec.     " 

Georgia  cedes  her  western  territory  to  the  U.  S.  for  $1,250,000 
and  stipulation  that  the  Indian  title  to  lands  in  Georgia 
should  be  extinguished  by  U.  S.,  but  no  time  for  completion 
of  contract  is  specified 24  Apr.  1802 

First  commencement  at  university  of  Georgia May,  1804 

Treaty  at  Washington ;  Creek  Indians  cede  land  between  Oconee 
and  Ocmulgee  to  the  U.  S 14  Nov.  1805 

First  session  of  legislature  at  Milledgeville,  the  new  capital 1807 

Battle  between  Georgia  volunteers  under  col.  Daniel  Newman 
and  Lotchaway  and  Alligator  Indians  in  E.  Florida 5  Oct.  1812 

Attack  and  destruction  of  Auttose  towns  by  950  Georgia  militia 
under  gen.  Floyd,  and  battle  with  Creeks  on  Tallapoosa  river; 
Indian  loss,  200  killed;  Americans,  11  killed,  54  wounded, 

29  Nov.  1813 

Gen.  Floyd  repulses  a  large  body  of  Creek  Indians  at  camp  De- 
fiance, 48  miles  west  of  the  Chattahoochee,  after  a  loss  of  17 
killed  and  132  wounded 27  Jan.  1814 

Treaty  ceding  territory  to  U.  S.  between  Creek  Indians  and 
gen.  Jackson,  at  fort  Jackson 9  Aug.     " 

Point  Petrie,  near  St.  Mary's,  defended  by  about  90  men  under 
capt.  Massias,  is  surrendered  to  1000  British 13  Jan.  1815 

William  H.  Crawford  appointed  secretary  of  war 3  Mch.     " 

Frederic  Tudor  of  Boston  ships  first  load  of  ice  to  Savannah. . .  1817 


GEO 


First  mission  of  American  Board  of  Commissioners  among  the 
Cherokees  commenced  at  Spring  Place,  Murray  county 1817 

William  H.  Crawford  appointed  secretary  of  treasury 22  Oct.     " 

David  B.  Mitchell  resigns  governorship  and  is  succeeded  by 
William  Rabun,  president  of  the  senate 4  Nov.     '• 

Three  hundred  Georgia  infantry  under  lieut.-col.  Arbuckle  re- 
pulse Fowltowu  Indians  12  miles  from  fort  Scott  on  Flint 
river 23  Nov.     " 

Ex-gov.  Mitchell,  U.  S.  agent  to  the  Creek  Indians,  concludes 
treaty,  ceding  lands  in  N.  W.  Georgia  to  the  U.  S.  to  be  an- 
nexed to  Georgia 22  Jan.  1818 

First  transatlantic  steamship  Savannah  sails  from  Savannah 
for  Liverpool  (passage  took  26  days) 26  May,  1819 

Gov.  Rabun  dying,  is  succeeded  by  Matthew  Talbot,  president 
of  the  senate 24  Oct.     " 

Macon  laid  out,  and  first  court  held 20  Mch.  1823 

Wilson  Lumpkin  appointed  by  president  commissioner  of 
boundary  between  (ieorgia  and  Florida " 

By  amendment  to  the  constitution,  the  election  of  governor  is 
transferred  from  the  legislature  to  the  people 17  Nov.  1824 

Treaty  at  Indian  Springs  with  Creeks— represented  by  gen. 
William  Mcintosh  and  50  others.  They  cede  to  U.  S.  all  the 
Creek  country  in  Georgia  and  several  millions  of  acres  in 
Alabama 12  Feb.  1825 

Savannah  and  Ogeechee  canal  begun,  the  state  subscribing  for 
$40,000  of  stock " 

Governor  orders  a  survey  of  Indian  lands  in  Georgia " 

U.  S.  government  sends  gen.  Gaines  to  Georgia  to  protect  the 
Indians " 

Treaty  with  Creek  Indians  at  Washington  annuls  treaty  of 
1825  and  cedes  only  lands  in  Georgia,  the  Creeks  agreeing  to 
emigrate 24  Jan.  1826 

Threatening  correspondence  between  gov.  Troup  and  the  U.  S. 
on  jurisdiction  in  Indian  matters  within  the  state 1826-27 

State  extends   criminal  jurisdiction   over   part   of  Georgia 
17894      claimed  by  the  Cherokees 20  Dec.  1828 

John  M.  Berrien  appointed  attorney-general 9  Mch.  1829 

Legislation  annuls  all  laws  and  ordinances  made  by  Cherokees, 

19  Dec.     " 

First  gold  from  Georgia  mines  received  at  the  U.  S.  mint 1830 

Law  forbidding  any  white  person  to  enter  the  Cherokee  coun- 
try without  license  and  oath  of  allegiance  to  Georgia, 

22  Dec.     " 

Cherokee  Georgia  surveyed  by  order  of  governor,  laid  out  in 
small  sections,  and  distributed  by  lottery  to  the  people  of 
Georgia Apr.  1831 

Rev.  Samuel  A.  Worcester  and  Elizur  Butler,  M.D.,  mission- 
aries to  Cherokees,  refusing  oath  of  allegiance  to  Georgia, 
are  imprisoned  in  state  penitentiary 16  Sept.     '* 

Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  pronounces  authority  assumed  by 
Georgia  unconstitutional,  declares  void  laws  depriving  Ind- 
ians of  their  rights,  and  orders  release  of  missionaries. .  Mch.  1832 

Gospel  of  Matthew  printed  at  New  Echota  in  Cherokee  lan- 
guage       <« 

Altamaha  and  Brunswick  railroad,  12  miles  long,  commenced.     " 

Anti-tariff  convention  meets  at  Milledgeville 12  Nov.     " 

Imprisoned  missionaries  pardoned  by  gov.  Lumpkin. .  .14  Jan.  1833 

John  Forsyth  appointed  secretary  of  state 27  June,  1834 

William  Schley  elected  governor,  recommends  a  state  lunatic 
asylum  at  Milledgeville  and  geological  survey Nov.  1835 

Treaty  at  New  Echota  between  U.  S.  and  Cherokee  nation  fixes 
24  May,  1838,  for  Georgia  to  take  possession  of  territory  ceded 
by  Cherokees 29  Dec.     " 

Battle  of  Chickasawhachee  in  Baker  county  between  Creek 
Indians  on  their  way  to  join  the  Seminoles,  and  Georgia 
militia 3  July,  1836 

Wesleyan  female  college,  the  oldest  for  women  in  the  U.  S., 
chartered , 1837 

U.  S.  branch  mint  opened  at  Dahlonega,  Lumpkin  county " 

Southern  convention,  180  delegates  from  5  states,  at  Augusta 
for  establishing  direct  trade  with  Europe 2  Apr.  1838 

Cherokee  Indians,  1560  in  number,  escorted  out  of  Georgia  to 
Ross  Landing,  Tenn.,  by  Georgia  militia 3  June,     " 

Bonds  for  $1,579,875  issued  by  state  for  the  Western  and  At- 
lantic railroad 1839 

Georgia  Historical  Society  incorporated " 

First  settlement  on  site  of  Atlanta " 

Gov.  McDonald  advocates  the  Missouri  compromise " 

Great  flood  in  Georgia,  the  Savannah  river  the  highest  in  a 
century;  boats  pass  through  streets  of  Augusta 28  May,  1840 

Law  reducing  state  tax  20  per  cent 1841 

After  much  opposition  bill  passes,  adding  25  per  cent,  to  state 
tax  of  previous  year 1842 

Suspension  from  office  of  bishop  Andrews  of  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church,  for  marrying  a  slave-holder,  results  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  South,  organized  at 
Louisville,  Ky 1  May,  1845 

Opening  of  Georgia  Institution  for  Education  of  Deaf  and 
Dumb  in  a  log-cabin  at  Cave  Springs 1846 

Settlement  previously  known  as  Marthasville  and  Terminus  is 
named  Atlanta 1847 

Macon  and  Atlanta  telegraph  line  in  operation 1849 

George  W.  Crawford  appointed  secretary  of  war 6  Mch.     "       : 

Wallace,  Iverson,  and  Lumpkin  of  Georgia  issue  a  manifesto  to  .f 

people  of  the  U.  S.,  declaring  emancipation  certain  unless  pre-  f 

vented  by  the  slave  states,  and  calling  upon  the  latter  for  1 

union  and  concert  in  self-defence "       ' 

Gen.  Narciso  Lopez,  having  fled  from  Cuba  to  New  York  under 
charges  of  conspiracy,  organizes  an  expedition  against  Cuba, 
lands  at  Savannah,  is  arrested,  but  discharged  amid  the  cheers 
of  the  people  and  allowed  to  proceed 27  May,  1850 


GEO 


325 


GEO 


.1 


State  convention  of  delegates  called  by  the  executive  at  Mil- 
ledgeville  adopts  the  "  platform  of  1850. "  "  Resolved,  That 
the  state  of  Georgia,  even  to  the  disruption  of  every  tie  that 
binds  her  to  the  Union,  will  resist  any  act  of  Congress  abol- 
ishing slavery  " 10  Dec.  1850 

Extension  of  slavery  into  California  and  New  Mexico  being  ad- 
vocated by  the  Southern  Extremists,  the  Union  party  nomi- 
nate and  elect  Howell  Cobb  governor Oct.  1851 

By  joint  resolution  the  governor  is  requested  to  withdraw  the^ 

"block  of  marble  bearing  the  inscription,  "The  Constitution  as 

it  is,  the  Union  as  it  was,"  contributed  to  the  Washington 

monument,  and  substitute  one  bearing  the  state  arms. 31  Dec.     " 

Formation  of  the  "  Know- Nothing "  or  American  party  in 

Georgia 1852 

Southern  convention  meets  in  Savannah 12  Dec.  1856 

Appropriation  of  $200,000  made  by  Congress  for  purchase  of 
site  for  a  naval  depot  at  Brunswick  on  Blythe  island,  28  Jan.  1857 

Howell  Cobb  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury 6  Mch.     " 

Gov.  Brown  vetoes  bill  suspending  forfeiture  proceedings 
against  banks  for  one  year;  the  banks  in  Augusta  and  else- 
where resume  specie  payment 1  May,  1858 

Georgia  schooner- yacht  Wanderer  seized  in  New  York  on  sus- 
picion of  being  a  slave-trader,  but  released 16  June,     " 

Gov.  Brown  seizes  forts  Pulaski  and  Jackson  16  days  before 

Georgia  secedes 3  Jan.  1861 

Ordinance  of  secession  passed  (yeas,  208;  nays,  89) 19  Jan.     " 

[Alex.  H.  Stephens  and  Herschel  V,  Johnson  vote  nay.] 

Members  of  Congress  from  Georgia  withdraw 23  Jan.     " 

Iverson  withdraws  from  the  Senate  (United  States).  .  .28  Jan.     " 
Mint  at  Dahlonega  seized  by  confederate  authorities  of  Geor- 
gia  28  Feb.     " 

Georgia  adopts  confederate  constitution 16  Mch.     " 

Georgia  adopts  a  state  constitution 23  Mch.     " 

Gov.  Brown  by  proclamation  forbids  the  people  of  Georgia  to 

pay  northern  creditors 26  Apr.     " 

Admiral  Dupont,  U.  S.  navy,  takes  Tybee  island Nov.     " 

Draft  of  troops  made  in  Savannah,  at  call  of  pres.  Davis  for 

1200  volunteers  from  Georgia 4  Mch.  1862 

Fort  Pulaski  bombarded  by  federals  and  taken 10  Apr.     " 

Conscript  act,  annulling  previous  contracts  by  volunteers  and 
making  all  men  over  18  years  and  under  35  soldiers  for  the 

war,  sustained  by  supreme  court  of  Georgia 11  Nov.      " 

First  general  council  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  of  the 

confederate  states  assembles  at  Augusta 19  Nov.     " 

Federals  under  col.  Montgomery  capture  and  burn  Darien, 

11  June,  1863 
Confederate  war- vessel  Atlanta  leaves  Savannah  to  attack  the 
blockading  fleet;  meets  federal  monitor Weehawken,  and  in  15 

minutes  is  disabled  and  captured 17  June,     " 

Battle  of  Chickamauga 19-20  Sept.     " 

Battle  of  Ringgold 27  Nov.     " 

First  detachment  of  federal  prisoners  received  at  Anderson- 

viLLE  PRISON 15  Feb.  1864 

Battle  of  Tunnel  hill 22-25  Feb.     " 

Resolutions  passed  by  legislature  recommending  the  tender  of 

peace  to  the  U.  S.  after  every  victory Mch.     " 

Confederates  under  gen.  Johnston  evacuate  Resaca  (Atlanta 
CAMPAIGN)  and  cross  the  Oostenaula,  speedily  followed  by 

federals  under  gen.  Sherman 15  May,     " 

Sherman  attacks  Johnston  at  bluffs  of  Kenesaw  mountain  and 

is  repulsed  (Atlanta  campaign) 27  June,     " 

Johnston  evacuates  Marietta 1  July,     " 

Johnston  succeeded  by  Hood  in  defence  of  Atlanta 17  July,     " 

First  battle  (Peach-tree  creek)  near  Atlanta 20  July,     " 

Second  battle  (Decatur)  near  Atlanta 22  July,     " 

Third  battle  near  Atlanta 28  July,     " 

Battle  of  Jonesboro 31  Aug.     " 

Hood  evacuates  Atlanta  after  burning  all  machinery,  supplies, 

and  munitions  of  war  not  portable 1  Sept.     " 

Pres.  Jefferson  Davis,  on  a  tour  of  inspection,  delivers  an  ad- 
dress on  the  crisis,  at  Macon 23  Sept.     " 

Battle  of  Allatoona  Pass 6  Oct.     " 

Sherman  begins  his  march  to  the  sea  with  2  corps  of  the  army 
of  the  Tennessee  under  Howard  and  2  corps  of  the  army  of 

the  Cumberland  under  Slocum 14  Nov.     " 

[City  of  Atlanta  burned  at  the  same  time  (Sherman's  great 
march).] 
Gov.  Brown  and  Georgia  legislature,  in  session  at  Milledgeville, 

leave  hurriedly  for  Augusta 18  Nov.     " 

Fort  McAllister  captured  by  the  federals  under  Hazen. 

13  Dec.     " 

Confederates  evacuate  Savannah 20  Dec.     " 

Legislature  assembles  at  Macon 11  Feb.  1865 

James  Johnson  appointed  provisional  governor  by  president 

Johnson 17  June,     " 

Convention  of  state  delegates  at  Milledgeville  repeal  ordinance 

of  secession 30  Oct.     " 

War  debt  declared  void  by  convention,  and  revised  constitu- 
tion adopted 7  Nov.     " 

Legislature  assembled  at  Milledgeville  adopts  amendment  to 

federal  Constitution  abolishing  slavery 5  Dec.     " 

Charles  J.  Jenkins  inaugurated  governor  of  Georgia 14  Dec.     " 

Legislature  appropriates  $200,000  to  buy  corn  for  indigent 
poor  of  the  state,  and  distributes  it  to  45,000  people, 

12  Mch.  1866 
Legislature  passes  over  the  governor's  veto  a  stay-law  for- 
bidding levy  or  sale  under  execution  upon  any  contract  or 
liability  made  or  incurred  prior  to  1  Jan.  1865,  or  any  sub- 
•  sequent  renewal,  except  for  one  third  of  the  principal  and 
interest  after  1  Jan.  1868,  and  one  third  after  each  subsequent 
year " 


New  constitution  set  aside  by  Congress Mch.  1867 

Maj.-gen.  John  Pope  assumes  command  of  third  military  dis- 
trict  1  Apr.     " 

Use  of  "chain  gang"  as  a  legal  mode  of  punisliment  except 

in  penitentiary  discontinued 1  May,     " 

Republican  state  mass  convention  held  at  Atlanta  adopts  the 
name  "Union  Republican  Party  of  Georgia,"  and  pledges 

hearty  support  of  reconstruction  measures 4  July,     "^ 

Convention   of  native  white   citizens   of  Georgia,  at  Macon, 

under  name  of  "  Conservative  Party  of  Georgia  " 5  Dec.     " 

Constitutional  convention,  called  by  order  of  gen.  Pope,  meets 

at  Atlanta ;9  Dec.     " 

Convention  makes  Atlanta  the  capital 8  Jan.  1868 

Gov.  Jenkins,  refusing  warrant  for  expenses  of  constitutional 
convention,  is  removed  by  gen.  Meade,  military  governor; 
maj.-gen.  Thomas  H.  Ruger  made  provisional  governor, 

13  Jan.     " 
State  central  committee  of  conservative  party  meets  at  Macon 
and  adopts  the  title,  "The  Central  Executive  Committee  of 

the  National  Democratic  Party  of  Georgia" 13  Feb.     '* 

New  constitution  ratified n  Mch.     " 

Rufus  B.  Bullock,  republican,  elected  governor 20  Apr.     " 

"Farming  out"  of  penitentiary  convicts  begun  by  gen.  Ruger, 

11  May,     " 

Gov.  Bullock  inaugurated  to  serve  4  years 22  July,     " 

Convention  of  negroes  held  at  Macon 6  Oct.     " 

Right  of  negroes  to  hold  office  settled  by  the  Supreme  court, 

22  June,  186» 
Act  of  Congress  completes  reconstruction  of  Georgia. .  .22  Dec.     " 

Georgia  senate  refuses  to  ratify  the  XV.  th  Amendment " 

Gen.  A.  H.  Terry  assigned  to  military  command  of  district  of 

Georgia 24  Dec.     " 

Legislature  elected  1868  assemble  in  Atlanta  by  go'v.  Bullock's 

proclamation,  to  perfect  organization  of  state 10  Jan.  1870 

XIV. th  and  XV. th  Amendments  ratified  in  legislature Feb.     " 

Georgia  readmitted  to  the  Union 15  July,     " 

System  of  public  instruction  established  by  law 13  Oct.     " 

Gov.  Bullock,  accused  of  fraudulent  negotiation  of  bonds  in- 
dorsed by  the  state,  resigns  and  leaves  the  state;  Benjamin 

Conley,  pres.  of  the  senate,  succeeds 30  Oct.  1871 

James  M.  Smith  elected  governor  by  special  election. .  .19  Dec.     " 
Macon  and  Brunswick  railroad  seized  by  the  state  for  non- 
payment of  interest 2  July,  1873 

Amendment  to  bonding  law  prohibits  payment  of  $8,000,000 
bonds  indorsed  by  gov.  Bullock,  and  pronounced  fraudulent. 
(Being  ambiguously  worded,  it  failed  of  its  purpose.)  Passed, 

Feb.  1874 

Commissioner  of  agriculture  authorized  by  law Feb:     " 

State  board  of  health  organized 9  June,  1875 

Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  Democrat,  elected  governor 4  Oct.  1876 

New  constitution  adopted 25  July,  1877 

Confederate  monument  unveiled  at  Augusta .' 31  Oct.  1878 

Legislature  votes  bounties  to  soldiers  who  had  lost  limbs  in  the 
confederate  service;    appoints  a  commission    to    regulate 

railroad  charges,  and  adopts  a  state  flag July-Oct.  1879 

Macon  and  Brunswick  railroad  sold  at  auction  by  the  state  for 

$1,125,000 13  Jan.  1880 

Nugget  of  gold  weighing  over  a  pound  found  in  Nacoochee 

valley spring  of    " 

Revision  of  state  code  regulating  time  for  voting  by  the  elec- 
toral college " 

State  temperance  convention  meets  at  Atlanta 4  July,  1881 

International  cotton  exposition  held  at  Atlanta, 

5  Oct. -31  Dec.     " 
One  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  settlement  of  Savannah 

celebrated 13  Feb.  1883 

Gov.  Stephens  dying,  is  succ  .-.ed  by  James  S.  Boynton,  pres- 
ident of  the  senate 5  Mch.     " 

Henry  D.  McDaniel,  Dem  rat,  elected  governor  at  special  elec- 
tion   24  Apr.     ' ' 

Legislature  prohibits  Sunday  excursion  trains " 

General  local  option  law  passed  by  legislature 1885 

First  election  under  local  option  law  in  Fulton  county;  major- 
ity of  225  for  prohibition  in  vote  of  about  7000 25  Nov.     " 

Interstate  farmers'  convention  held  at  Atlanta Aug.  188T 

At  local  option  election  in  Fulton  county.  Prohibitionists  are 

defeated  by  1122  votes  out  of  a  total  of  9244 " 

Legislature  increases  Supreme  court  from  3  judges  to  5 " 

Opening  of  the  Technological  school  at  Atlanta,  a  branch  of  the 

state  university Oct.  1888 

New  capitol  at  Atlanta  finished  and  accepted  by  state;  cost, 

$1,000,000 20  Mcb.  1890 

National  military  park  established  at  Chickamauga  battle- 
field by  Congress 19  Aug.     " 

Direct  trade  convention  held  at  Atlanta 10  Sept.     " 

Direct  trade  convention,  delegates  from  6  cotton -producing 

states,  organizes  at  Atlanta 10  Sept.     " 

William  J.  Northen,  president  of  State  Agricultural  Society, 
nominated  by  Farmers'  State  Alliance  in  June,  and  by 
Democratic  State  Convention  in  Aug.,  is  elected  governor, 

1  Oct.     " 
Corner-stone  of  Normal  and  Technological  school  for  girls  at 

Milledgeville  laid Nov.     '* 

Ex-gov.  Gordon  elected  U.  S.  senator 19  Nov.     " 

Ex-gov.  James  Milton  Smith  dies  at  Columbus 26  Nov.     " 

Monument  to  Henry  W.  Grady  unveiled  at  Atlanta 21  Oct.  1891 

Southern  states  exposition  opens  at  Augusta 2  Nov.     " 

Charles  F.  Crisp  elected  speaker  U.  S.  Congress 8  Dec.     " 

First  state  convention  of  People's  partv  at  Atlanta,  nominates 

W.  L.  Peck  for  governor  and  a  full  state  ticket 20  July,  1892 

L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of  U.  S.  Supreme  court,  dies  at  Macon.  .23  Jan.  1893 


GEO 

GOVERNORS  OF   GEORGIA— COLONIAL. 


John  Reynolds 

Henry  KUis 

James  Wright 

Archibald  Bullock,  acting. , 

Button  Gwinnett,  acting.. . . 


John  A.  Trueitlen 

John  Houstoun 

Georgia  in  the  hands  of  the  ^ 
British,  with  Sir  James  S 
Wright  as  royal  governor) 

John  Martin 

Lyman  Hall 

John  Houstoun 

Samuel  Elbert 

Edward  Telfair 

George  Matthews 

George  Handley 


Date. 


1764 
1767 
1760 
1776 

1777 

1777 
1778 

1779-81 

1782 
1783 
1784 
1785 
1786 
1787 
1788 


( Appointed  by  the  Georgia 
\    assembly. 


(Under    the    new    state 
\    constitution. 


Chosen  by  assembly. 


OER 


UNDER  .THE  FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION. 


Georgo  Walton 1789-90 

Edward  Telfair 1790-93 

George  Matthews 1793-96 

Jared  Irwin 179C-98 

James  Jackson 1798-1801 

David  Emanuel 1801 

Josiah  Tattnall 1801-2 

John  Milledge 1802-6 

Jared  Irwin 1806-9 

David  B.  Mitchell 1809-13 

Peter  Early 1813-15 

David  B.  Mitchell 1815-17 

William  Rabun 1817-19 

Matthew  Talbot,  act. . . .  1819 

John  Clark 1819-23 

Geo.  M.  Troup 1823-27 

John  Forsyth 1827-29 

Geo.  R.  Gilmer 1829-31 

Wilson  Lumpkin 1831-35 


William  Schley 1835-37 

Geo.  R.  Gilmer 1837-39 

Chas.  J.  McDonald 1839-43 

Goo.  W.  Crawford 1843-47 

Goo.  W.  B.  Towns 1847-51 

Howell  Cobb 1851-53 

Herschel  V.  Johnson... .  1853-57 

Joseph  E.  Brown 1857-65 

James  Johnson 1865 

Chas.  J.  Jenkins 1865-67 

Gen.  T.  H.  Ruger 1867-68 

Rufus  B.  Bullock 1868-72 

James  Milton  Smith. . . .  1872-77 

Alfred  H.  Colquitt 1877-82 

Alex.  H.  Stephens 1882-83 

Henry  D.  McDaniel 1883-86 

John  B.  Gordon 1886-90 

William  J.  Northen 1890-94 

William  Y.  Atkinson. . .  1895-99 


1 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


William  Few 

James  Gunn 

James  Jackson 

George  Watson 

Josiah  Tattnall 

Abraham  Baldwin 

James  Jackson 

John  Milledge 

George  Jones 

William  H.  Crawford 

Charles  Tait 

William  B.  Bullock 

William  Wyatt  Bibb 

George  M.  Troup 

John  Forsyth 

John  Elliott 

Freeman  Walker. 

Nicholas  Ware 

Thomas  W.  Cobb 

John  McPherson  Berrien. 

Oliver  H.  Prince 

John  Forsyth 

George  M.  Troup 

Alfred  Cuthbert. 

John  P.  King. 

Wilson  Lumpkin 

John  McPherson  Berrien. 

Walter  T.  Colquitt 

Herschel  V.  Johnson 

William  C.  Dawson 

Robert  M.  Charlton 

Robert  Toombs 

Alfred  Iverson 


Joshua  Hill 

H.  V.  M.  Miller 

Thomas  M.  Norwood. 

John  B.  Gordon 

Beijamin  H.  Hill 

Joseph  E.  Brown 

Pope  Barrow 

Alfred  H.  Colquit. . . . 
John  B.  Gordon 


1st  and  2d 
1st  to    7th 

3d 

4th 
4th  to  5th 
6th  "  9th 
7th  «'  8th 
9th  "  12th 

10th 

10th  to  12th 

11th 

13th 
13th  to  14th 
14th  "  15th 

15th 
16th  to  18th 

16th 
17th  to  18th 
18th  "  20th 
19th  "  20th 

20th 
21st  to  23d 
21st  "  22d 
"  27th 
"  24th 
26th 
32d 
30th 

30lh 
31st  to  33d 

32d 
33d  to  36th 
34th  "  36th 
36th  "  41st 
41st  "  42d 

41st 
42d  to  43d 
43d  "  46th 
45th  "47  th 
47  th  "  51st 

47th 
48th  to  53d 

52d 


23d 
23d 
25th 
27th 
28tb 


1789  to  1793 
1789  "  1801 
1794  "  1795 

1795 
1796  to  1799 
1799  "  1807 
1801  "  1806 

1806  "  1809 
1807 

1807  to  1813 

1809 

1813 
1813  to  1816 
1816  "  1819 

1819 
1819  to  1824 
1819  "  1821 
1821  "  1824 

1824  "  1828 

1825  "  1829 
1828 

1829  to  1834 
1829  "  1833 
1834  "  1843 
1833  "  1837 
1837  "  1841 
1841  "  1852 
1843  "  1848 

1848 
1849  to  1855 

1852 
1853  to  1861 
1855  "  1861 
1861  ■"  1871 
1871  "  1873 

1871 
1871  to  1875 
1873  "  1881 
1877  "  1882 


1883  to  1894 
1891 


Resigned  1795.  Opposed  bill  to  suppress  slave-trade. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Jackson,  1795. 

Elected  in  place  of  Jackson,  1796. 

Died  1807.  Elected  president  pro  tem.  1801-2  and  1807. 

Died  18  Mch.  1806. 

Elected  president  pro  tem.  1809.     Resigned  1809. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Baldwin,  1807. 

[  Elected  in  place  of  Baldwin,  1807.     Elected  president  pro  tem. 
[     1812.     Resigned  1813,  being  appointed  minister  to  France. 

Elected  in  place  of  Milledge. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Crawford. 

Elected  in  place  of  Crawford.     Resigned  1816. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bibb.     Resigned  1819. 

Resigned  1819. 


Resigned  1821. 
Resigned  1828. 


Elected  in  place  of  Forsyth. 

Died  1824. 

Elected  in  place  of  Ware,  1824 

Resigned  1829. 

Elected  in  place  of  Cobb. 

Elected  in  place  of  Berrien.     Resigned  1834. 

Elected  in  place  of  Forsyth. 

Resigned  1837. 

Elected  in  place  of  King. 

Resigned  1852. 

Resigned  1848. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Colquitt. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Berrien. 

Expelled  14  Mch.  1861. 

Withdrew  from  the  Senate  28  Jan.  1861.     United  States. 

No  representation  in  the  United  States  Senate. 


Died  16  Aug.  1882. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hill. 
Died  26  Mch.  1894. 
Term  expires  1897. 


Oeorg^ium  Sidus,  the  first  name  of  the  planet 
Uranus,  discovered  13  Mch.  1781. 

Oerberoi,  an  ancient  town  of  Normandy,  N.  France. 
Here  William  the  Conqueror  was  wounded  in  battle  by  his 
son  Robert,  who  had  joined  the  French  king,  Philip  I.,  1078. 

germ  theory  of  disease  supposes  "  many  dis- 
eases due  to  the  presence  and  propagation  in  the  animal  sys- 
tem of  minute  organisms  having  no  part  in  its  normal  econo- 
my."— Maclagan,  1876. 

Doctrine  of  corUagium  animatum  was  held  in  the  middle  ages 
and  put  forth  in  the  16th  century,  but  the  organisms  were 
first  discovered  in  the  19th  by  profs.  Lister,  Tyndall.  and 
others,  1875-78.  At  the  British  association,  14  Sept.  1870, 
prof  Huxley  expressed  his  concurrence  with  the  "germ 
theory."  Dust  and  DisfeASB. 
Dr.  Koch  identified  the  microscopical  germs  of  cattle  disease, 

of  consumption,  of  cholera,  and  other  diseases 1879  et  seq. 

Dr.  E.  Klein  reported  his  investigations  on  the  relation  of  bac- 
teria to  cholera Feb.  1885 

Numerous  specimens  of  these  germs  were  exhibited  at  the 
British  Royal  Institution  in  illustration  of  prof  Tyndall's 

discourse  on  "  Living  Contagia" 16  Jan.     " 

By  excluding  these  germs  from  wounds,  etc.,  sir  Joseph  Lister 

•introduced  antiseptic  surgery about  1870 

•♦Louis  Pasteur,"  by  M.  Radot,  his  son-in-law,  gives  an  ac- 


count of  Pasteur's  success  in  mitigating  some  diseases  by 
inoculation.    A  translation  by  lady  Claud  Hamilton  pub., 

Feb.  1885 

M.  Engelmann  demonstrates  the  action  of  microbes  in  the  de- 

-  velopment  of  vegetable  cells  from  carbonic  acid  and  moisture 
in  the  atmosphere 1889 

Profs.  Behring  and  Kisasato  of  Berlin  announce  their  method 
of  treating  tetanus  and  diphtheria Jan.  1891 

Discovery  of  influenza  bacillus  by  dr.  Richard  Pfeiffer  an- 
nounced (Medical  science) Jan.  1892 

Oerman  confederation,  l^ortli,  established 
in  room  of  the  Germanic  confederation.  Pop.  1867,  esti- 
mated 29,906,092;  merged  in  the  German  empire,  1  Jan.  1871. 
King  of  Prussia  invites  the  states  of  North  Germany  to  form  a 

new  confederation 16  July,  1866 

Treaty  of  alliance,  offensive  and  defensive,  between  Prussia 

and  Saxe-Weimar,  Oldenburg,  Brunswick,  Saxe-Altenburg, 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Anhalt,  2   Schwarzburgs,  Waldeck,  the 

younger  Reuss,  2  Lippes,  Lubeck,  Bremen,  and   Hamburg; 

signed 18  Aug.     " 

Two  Mecklenburgs 21  Aug.     " 

Hesse  (for  country  north  of  the  Main) 3  Sept.      ' 

Elder  Reuss 26  Sept.      ' 

Saxe-Meiningen.' 8  Oct.      ■ 

Saxony 21  Oct.     ' '  < 

Meeting  of  North  German  parliament  (295  deputies  from  the 

22  states)  at  Berlin 24  Feb.  1807 


GER 


327 


GER 


Oerman  £ast  Africa.     The  German  sphere  of 

influence  in  E.  Africa,  with  an  estimated  area  of  345,000  sq. 

miles,  and  an  estimated  pop.  of  1,760,000,  extends  southward 

from  the  equator  to  about  the  12°  of  latitude,  and  between  the 

S0°  and  40°  of  E.  longitude,  having  a  coast  line  east  on  the 

Indian  ocean  of  about  400  miles.     On  its  north-northeast  lies 

British  E.  Africa,  W.  Congo  State,  S.W.  British  Central  Africa, 

and  S.  Portuguese  E.  Africa.     The  following  is  a  summary 

of  the  events  of  settlement,  etc. : 

Dr.  Carl  Peters  goes  to  Africa  as  chief  agent  for  the  committee 
for  German  colonization  and  concludes  treaties  with  10  sul- 
tans; German  flag  hoisted Nov. -Dec.  1884 

•German  E.  African  company,  mainly  founded  by  dr.  Peters  at 
Berlin,  chartered 12  Feb.  1886 

;Settlements  founded  in  the  valley  of  Kingani Mch.-Apr.     " 

Treaty  with  the  sultan  of  Zanzibar  comes  into  force. .  .19  Aug.     " 

Dr.  Peters,  with  a  party  of  23  engineers,  medical  men,  etc., 
leaves  Germany  as  the  agent  of  the  German  Emin  Pasha 
Relief  Society Apr.  1887 

•Germans  attack  Bogamoya  and  kill  natives 23  Sept.  1888 

Collapse  of  the  German  settlement,  attributed  to  the  Arab 
slave-dealers;  reported Oct.     " 

E.  African  bill  passed  by  the  parliament,  granting  money 
for  the  defence  of  German  interests  and  suppression  of 
slave-trade 30  Jan.  1889 

•Germans  defeat  Arabs  at  Bogamoya 6  Mch. 

Capt.  (afterwards  maj.)  Wissmann  appointed  imperial  commis- 
sioner in  E.  Africa,  21  Feb. (dissension  with  dr.  Peters),  31  Mch. 

German  flag  hoisted  at  the  consulate;  capt.  Wissman  assumes 
command 5  Apr. 

Dr.  Peters  organizing  his  Emin  Relief  expedition;  men  and 
camels  engaged Mch.-Apr. 

Capt.  Wissmann  captures  Pangani 8  July, 

Adm.  Freemantle,  of  the  British  navy,  seizes  the  steamship 
Neera,  belonging  to  the  Emin  Relief  expedition  at  Lamu, 
and  takes  it  to  Zanzibar,  June;  dr.  Peters  remonstrates, 
29  June;  after  a  trial  the  ship  is  released,  the  owners  paying 
costs,  6  Aug. ;  dr.  Peters  directed  by  his  committee  to  proceed 
no  farther 31  Oct.     " 

Diflerences  between  the  sultan  of  Zanzibar  and  the  Germans 
respecting  territory about  8  Nov.     " 

Maj.  Wissmann  receives  H.  M.  Stanley,  Emin  Pasha,  and  party 
at  Bogamoya 5  Dec.     " 

After  fights,  Bushiri  captured  and  hanged 16  Dec.     " 

Maj.  Wissmann,  after  severe  fighting,  captures  Bwana  Heri's 
fortified  position  near  Saadani 5  Jan.  1890 

Arab  tribes  come  to  Bogamoya  and  submit about  18  Jan.     " 

Bwana  Heri  holds  a  considerable  force  against  maj.  Wissmann; 
reported 16  Feb.     '• 

Emin  Pasha  enters  the  German  service  and  proceeds  with  a 
military  expedition  to  Victoria  Nyanza 31  Mch.     " 

German  parliament  votes  4,850,000  marks  to  E.  African  ser- 
vice  24  June,     " 

Mahomed  Bin  Cassim  and  3  companions  were  hanged  at  Boga- 
moya, after  trial  for  murder  of  a  German  merchant  about  8 
years  previously 27  June,     " 

Anglo-German  convention  signed  at  Berlin  by  the  emperor, 

1  July,     " 

Maj.  Wissmann  ennobled  and  warmly  received  in  Berlin  and 
other  places,  June ;  unwell,  enjoined  absolute  rest. . .  14  July,     " 

Dr.  Peters  and  party  arrive  at  Zanzibar  about  10  July ;  tele- 
graphs to  his  company 18  July,     •' 

[His  treaty  with  the  king  of  Uganda  invalid;  he  is  accused 
of  living  by  raids  on  the  natives.] 

Advance  of  Emin  Pasha;  severe  fighting  with  the  Masai  in 
Ugogo ;  reported 31  July,     <' 

Dr.  Carl  Peters  arrives  in  Berlin 25  Aug.     " 

German  E.  African  company  cedes  all  its  territorial  rights  to 
the  imperial  government ;  reported 28  Oct.     " 

Jimperor  contributes  3000  marks  towards  the  building  of  the 
steamer  Wissmann,  to  be  placed  on  lake  Victoria  Nyanza, 

about  5  Dec.     " 

Emin  Pasha  Relief  committee  dissolves  itself 15  Dec.     •' 

Emin  Pasha  (refractory)  recalled  to  the  coast  by  maj.  von 
Wissmann,  imperial  commissary;  reported 19  Dec.     " 

German  imperial  fiag  hoisted  at  Bogamoya,  1  Jan. ;  maj.  von 
Wissmann  established  there 26  Jan.  1891 

Baron  von  Soden  appointed  governor  of  German  E.  Africa, 
dr.  Carl  Peters  his  commissary,  Feb.,  with  a  peaceful,  pro- 
gressive programme Mch.     " 

Maj.  von  Wissmann  severely  punishes  the  Kishobo  tribe  for 
robbery;  reported 6  Mch.     " 

Heturns  to  Bogamoya,  15  Mch. ;  recalled  for  rest ;  reported, 

14  Apr.     " 

Dr.  Peters's  "  New  Light  on  Dark  Africa,"  pub spring,     " 

German  expeditionary  colonial  troops  under  lieut.  von  Zelewski 
Jittacked  by  the  natives  (about 3000)  south  of  the  Ruaha  river; 
lieutenant  and  other  officers  killed;  10  Europeans  and  about 
300  native  members  of  the  expedition  massacred  near  the 
station  Mpwapwa,  Kondora;  large  capture  of  arms  and  am- 
munition  17  Aug.     " 

Capt.  Ruediger  appointed  acting-governor  of  German  E.  Africa 

about  1  Oct.     " 

Movements  of  Emin  Pasha  about  Albert  Nyanza,  repudiated  by 
German  government,  July;   resignation  of  maj.  von  Wiss- 

^  mann Oct.     " 

Eevolt  of  the  Wadigoes  against  taxation;  Germans  under  capt. 
Krenzler  defeated  12  Dec. ;  defeated  again 19  Dec.     " 


Baron  von  Soden  pursues  a  peaceful  policy  in  opposition  to 
maj.  von  Wissmann jan.  1892 

He  meets  lieut.  C.  S.  Smith  and  dr.  Peters,  joint  commission- 
ers for  the  delimitation  of  the  territories  at  Wanga Feb.     " 

German  parliament  votes  2,500,000  marks  for  German  in- 
terests in  E.  Africa  and  suppression  of  the  slave-trade, 

r.     T.  5  Mch.     " 

Dr.  Kayser  sent  to  E.  Africa  to  examine  the  state  of  the 
colony ,  May,     " 

Oerman  language  has  2  great  branches :  Hoch- 
deutsch  and  Plattdeutsch,  High  and  Low  German.  The  former 
became  the  literary  language,  largely  by  its  use  in  Luther's 
translation  of  the  Bible  and  other  works,  1522-34.  There  are 
many  dialects;  the  satirical  epic  in  Low-German,  "Reineke 
Fuchs,"  appeared  in  1498.     Reynard  the  Fox. 

Oerman  literature  and  authors.  Liter- 
ature. 

Oerman  IVest  Africa.     The  German  sphere  of 
influence  in  W.  Africa  (aside  from   Cameroons)    extends 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  about  950  miles  from  the  Orange 
river  on  the  south,  to  the  Cunene  river  on  the  north,  including 
the  native  province  of  Damaraland  and  Nemaqualand.     The 
Portuguese  territory  of  Angola  bounds  it  on  the  north,  while 
to   the   east  lies  British   S.  Africa,   and   on   the  south  the 
British    territory  of  Cape   Colony.      Total  estimated   area, 
842,000  sq.  miles,  with  a  pop.  of  250,000.     An  imperial  com- 
missioner exercises  a  nominal  authority  in  the  protectorate. 
German  government  sends  an  exploring  expedition  into  south- 
west African  coast,  Damaraland  (visited  by  German  mission- 
aries since  1840) ;  Mr.  Luderitz  acquires  some  lands  at  Angra 
Pequeiia  from  the  chiefs;  dr.  Nachtigall's  oflBcial  visit  to  this 
place  in  a  German  man-of-war  failed;  after  this  dr.  Goering 
obtained  a  treaty  ceding  land  from  the  chief  Kamaherero, 
afterwards  denied,  having  previously  in  1885  transferred  all 
his  rights  to  Robert  Lewis,  a  British  subject,  long  known  to 
the  Damaras.     Mr.  Lewis's  rights  were  set  aside  by  the  Ger- 
man Colonial  company  of  S.W.  Africa,  and  he  and  other 
English  were  expelled;  claims  of  Messrs.  Lewis,  Ford,  and 
Bam,  set  forth  at  Berlin  by  the  British  government ....'.  .1885-91 
Germans  disallow  Mr.  Lewis's  claims;  reported 3  Apr.  1891 

Germanic    confederation,   superseding   the 

Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  was  constituted  8  June,  1815 ; 
held  its  first  diet  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  16  Nov.  1816,  and 
its  last,  24  Aug.  1866.     Germany.     It  comprised  : 

1.  Austria;   2.  Prussia;  3.  Bavaria;  4.  Saxony;  5.  Hanover; 
6.  WQrtemberg. 

7.  Baden ;  8,  9.  Hesse  (electorate  and  grand-duchy). 
ID.  Denmark  (for  Holstein  and  Lauenburg). 

11.  Netherlands  (for  Luxemburg). 

12.  Saxe-Weimar,  Saxe-Coburg,   Saxe-Meiningen,   and   Saxe- 

Altenburg. 

13.  Brunswick  and  Nassau. 

14.  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 

15.  Oldenburg,  3  Anhalts,  and  2  Schwarzburgs. 

16.  Two  Hohenzollerns,  Liechtenstein,  2  Reuss,  Schaumburg- 

Lippe,  Lippe,  and  Waldeck. 

17.  Free  cities:  Lubeck,  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Bremen,  and 

Hamburg. 
Diet  calls  a  constituent  assembly,  30  Mch.,  which  met.  18  May,  1848 
Diet  remits  its  functions  to  the  archduke  John,  vicar  of  the 

empire  (Germany) 12  July,     " 

Diet  reestablished,  meets 30  May,  1851 

Emperor  of  Austria  proposes  reform  of  confederation,  17  Aug. ; 

accepted  by  diet,  1  Sept. ;  rejected  by  Prussia 22  Sept.  1863 

Diet  celebrates  its  50th  anniversary 8  June,  1865 

Majority  of  diet  supports  Austrian  claims  on  Schleswig  and 
Holstein;  Prussia  withdraws  and  dissolves  the  confedera- 
tion; diet  declares  itself  indissoluble,  and  protests..  14  June,  1866 

Diet  removes  to  Augsburg  during  the  war. 14  July,     " 

Confederation  renounced  by  Austria  at  Nikolsburg 26  July,     " 

Diet  holds  its  last  sitting 24  Aug.     " 

OermantOlkVn,  Pa.,  Battle  of.  After  occupation  of 
Philadelphia  by  British,  Sept.  1777,  Howe  stationed  his  main 
forces  at  Germantown,  while  the  continental  army  was  at 
Skippock  creek,  about  20  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Learning 
that  Howe's  force  was  weakened,  Washington  decided  to  at- 
tack, and  moved  on  the  night  of  3  Oct.  1777,  with  Sullivan 
and  Wayne  and  about  10,000  men.  The  battle  was  opened 
about  7  A.M.,  4  Oct.,  by  Sullivan  near  Germantown,  and  the 
British  advance  column  was  obliged  to  retire  after  a  sharp 
engagement,  but  on  the  retreat  5  companies  occupied  Judge 
Chew's  stone  house  and  held  the  Americans  in  check.  The 
attempt  to  dislodge  the  enemy  caused  delay  and  embarrass- 
ment. After  3  hours  of  severe  fighting  the  Americans  were 
obliged  to  retreat,  with  a  loss  of  about  600.  The  British  loss 
was  supposed  to  be  800.  Washington  retired  to  his  former 
camp  without  pursui^;. 


QER 


328 


GER 


Oermany  (Germania,  A  lemannia),  an  empire  of  Europe, 
anciently  divided  into  independent  states.  The  Germans  long 
resisted  the  Romans,  and  although  that  people  conquered  parts 
of  the  country,  they  were  expelled  before  300  A.i>.  In  the  5th 
century  the  Huns  and  other  eastern  tribes  overran  most  of 
Germany.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  8th  century,  Charlemagne 
subdued  the  Saxons  and  other  tribes,  and  was  crowned  em- 
peror at  Rome,  25  Dec.  800.  At  the  extinction  of  his  family, 
911,  the  empire  became  elective,  and  was  held  mostly  by  the 
Hapsburgs  from  1437  till  1804.  Germany  was  divided  into 
circles.  1501-12.  The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  was 
formed  12  July,  1806 ;  Germanic  Confederation,  8  June, 
1815;  North  German  Confederation,  18  Aug.  1866; 
the  treaty  ratified  8  Sept.  1866.  Franco-Prussian  war, 
1870-71.  The  re-established  empire  of  Germany  (1  Jan.  1871) 
founded  upon  treaties  concluded  between  the  North  German 
confederation  and  (1)  the  grand-duchies  of  Baden  and  Hesse, 
16  Nov.  1870;  (2)  the  kingdom  of  Havana,  23  Nov.  1870;  (3) 
the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemberg,  25  Nov.  1870 ;  ratified,  29  Jan. 
1871.  William  I.,  king  of  Prussia,  was  proclaimed  emperor 
at  Versailles,  18  Jan.  1871.  Area  208,738  sq.  miles;  pop.  in 
1871  (including  Alsace-Lorraine,  acquired  1870),  41,069,846; 
1881 ,  45,194,172 ;  1890,  49,416,476.  The  parliament  is  elected 
by  manhood  suffrage  and  ballot.     Army. 

Teutones,  with  Cymry,  defeat  Romans  in  Illyria 113 

After  varying  success  are  defeated  by  Marius 102 

Drusus  invaded  Germany 12-9 

Battle  of  Teutoburg;  Hermann,  or  Arminius,  destroys  Romans  a.d. 

under  Varus 9 

Hermann  assassinated 19 

Franks  invade  Gaul 238 

Great  irruption  of  Germanic  tribes  into  Gaul 450  et  seq. 

Charlemagne  subdues  and  Christianizes  the  Saxons 772-85 

Crowned  emperor  of  the  West  at  Rome  by  the  pope 25  Dec.    800 

He  adds  a  second  head  to  the  eagle,  standard  of  the  double 

empire  of  Rome  and  Germany 802 

Louis  (te  Debonnaire)  separates  Germany  from  France 839-40 

Germans  under  Arnulf  take  Rome 896 

German  princes  assert  independence,  and  Conrad  I.  of  Fran- 

conia  reigns 8  Nov.    911 

[The  electorate  began  about  this  time.     Electors.] 
Reign  of  Henry  I.  (king),  the  Fowler;  he  vanquishes  the  Huns, 

Danes,  Vandals,  and  Bohemians 918-34 

Otho  I.  crowned  emperor  by  the  pope 962 

Otho  II.  conquers  Lorraine 978 

Henry  III.  conquers  Bohemia 1042 

Contest  between  Henry  IV.  and  pope  Gregory  VII.  (Hilde- 

brand) 1075 

Henry's  humiliation  at  Canossa 1077 

He  takes  Rome,  1084;  Gregory  dies  in  exile  at  Salerno 1085 

Disputes  with  pope  on  ecclesiastical  investitures 1073-1123 

GuELPH  and  Ghibelline  feuds  begin 1140 

Conrad  III.  leads  a  crusade;  baffled  by  Greek  treachery 1147 

Frederick  Barbarossa  emperor,  1152;  wars  in  Italy 1154-77 

He  destroys  Milan 1162 

Ruins  Henry  the  Lion  (  Bavaria) 1180 

Is  drowned  during  the  crusade  in  Syria 10  June,  1190 

Teutonic  order  of  knighthood *' 

Hanseatic  league  established    about  124& 

Rudolph,  count  of  Hapsburg,  chosen  by  electors 1273 

Edict  called  the  Golden  Bull,  by  Charles  IV 1356 

Tyrol  acquired 1363 

Sigismund,  king  of  Bohemia,  elected.     He  betrays  John  Huss 

and  Jerome  of  Prague,  who  are  burned  alive  (Bohemia).  .  .1414-16 

Sigismund  deposed;  Albert  II.,  duke  of  Austria,  succeeds 1437 

Pragmatic  sanction  settles  the  empire  in  house  of  Hapsburg. ..  1439 

Peasants'  wars 1502, 1514,  1524 

Era  of  Reformation  (Lutheranism) 1517 

Luther  excommunicated  by  diet  at  Worms 17  Apr.  1521 

German  Bible  and  liturgy  published  by  Luther 1522-46 

War  with  pope— the  Germans  storm  Rome 1527 

Diet  at  Spires;  Protestants  condemned 13  Mch.  1529 

Confession  of  Augsburg  pub 25  Jan.  1530 

Protestant  league  of  Smalcald 31  Dec.  1531 

Anabaptists  seize  MQnster,  24  June,  1535;  defeated,  and  John 

of  Leyden  slain 1536 

Death  o'f  Luther 18  Feb.  1546 

War  with  Protestants 26  June,     " 

Who  are  helped  by  Henry  II.  of  France— Peace  of  Religion  at 

Passau 31  July,  1552 

Abdication  of  Charles  V.  announced 25  Oct.  1555 

Hungary  joined  to  empire .' .  1570 

Thirty  Years'  war  begins  between  Evangelic  union  under 

elector-palatine,  and  Catholic  league  under  duke  of  Bavaria. .  1618 

Battle  of  Prague,  which  ruined  the  elector  palatine 8  Nov.  1620 

Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden  invades  Germany June,  1630 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  victor,  killed  at  Lutzen 16  Nov.  1632 

Treason  of  Wallenstein ;  he  is  assassinated 25  Feb.  1634 

End  of  Thirty  Years'  war;  treaty  of  Westphalia,  establishing 

religious  toleration 24  Oct.  1648 

War  with  France 1674 

John   Sobieski,  king   of  Poland,  after  defeating  the  Turks, 

obliges  them  to  raise  the  siege  of  Vienna 12  Sept.  1683 


Peace  of  Ryswick  (with  France) 20  Sept.  1697 

Peace  of  Carlowitz  (with  the  Turks) 26  Jan.  169^ 

War  with  France,  etc.,  6  Oct.  1702;  Marlborough's  victory  at 

Blenheim 13  Aug.  1704 

Peace  of  Utrecht 11  Apr.  1713 

Pragmatic  Sanction 1722 

Francis  I.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  marries  the  heiress  of  Austria, 

Maria  Theresa  (1736);  she  succeeds  her  father,  and  becomes 

queen  of  Hungary 20  Oct.  1740- 

Elector  of  Bavaria  elected  as  Charles  VII 22  Jan.  1742 

Dies  20  Jan. ;  Francis  I.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  elected 15  Sept.  1745- 

Seven  Years'  war  between  Austria  and  Prussia  and  their  allies 

begins  Aug.  1756;  ends  with  peace  of  Hubertsburg. . .  15  Feb.  1765- 

Lorraine  ceded  to  France 1766- 

Joseph  II.  extends  his  realm  by  partition  of  Poland,  1772;  civil 

reforms  and  liberal  changes 1782. 

War  with  Turkey 1788 

Victory  of  Austrians  and  Russians  at  Rimnik 22  Sept.  1789^ 

J.  G.  Basedow,  educational  reformer,  d ; 25  July,  1790 

Rhenish  provinces  revolt 1793 

Francis  I.  joins  in  2d  partition  of  Poland 1795^ 

In  wars  with  France  loses  Netherlands,  all  territories  west  of 

the  Rhine,  and  states  in  Italy 1793-1S03 

Territory  ceded  to  France  by  treaty  of  Luneville 9  Feb.  1  -i(>l 

Francis  II.  resigns  the  imperial  crown  of  Germany  (Austria), 

11  Aug.  1804 
Napoleon  establishes  kingdoms  of  Bavaria  and  Wurtemberg, 

1805;  of  Westphalia,  1807;  German  empire  dissolved,  con- 
federation of  Rhine  formed 12  July,  1S06 

North  Germany  annexed  to  France 13  Dec.  181U-11 

Commencement  of  war  of  independence;  order  of  the  Iron 

Cross  instituted Mch.  1813 

Defeat  of  French  at  Leipsic 16-19  Oct.     •' 

Congress  of  Vienna 1  Nov.  1814  and  25  May,  1H15 

N Germanic  Confederation  formed.. 8  June,  ' 
KoLLVEREiN  formcd 1H18 

"  Society  for  Promoting  Kmmledge  of  Ancient  German  His-     ~ 

tory  "'founded  by  Stein 1819 

A  German  scientific  association  formed,  "  Naturforscher-Ver- 
ein "  Sept.  1822 

General  depression  in  trade 1824 

Death  of  J.  H.  Voss,  poet,  etc 29  Mch.  1826 

Revolution  at  Brunswick  (flight  of  the  duke) 7  Sept.  1830' 

In  Saxony  (abdication  of  the  king) 13  Sept.     " 

Death  of  Goethe,  poet,  novelist,  pbilosopher 22  Mch.  1832. 

Becker's  song,  the  free  German  Rhine;  and  Alfred  de  Mussel's 

song,  "  Le  Rhin  Allemand,"  appear 1841 

Excitement  about  Ronge,  Catholic  reformer,  and  the  holy  coat 

of  Treves 1844 

Insurrection  at  Vienna  and  throughout  Germanv  (Austria, 

Hungary,  etc.) 1848 

Revolt  in  Schleswig  and  Holstein  (Denmark) Mch.     " 

King  of  Prussia  makes  proclamation  as  an  agitator  for  recon- 

solidation  of  the  German  empire 27  Mch.     " 

National  Assembly  meets  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main 18  May,     " 

Archduke  John  of  Austria  elected  vicar  of  the  empire.. 12  July,  " 
National  Assembly  elects  the  king  of  Prussia  emperor,  28  Mch. ; 

he  declines 3  Apr.  1849^ 

Recalls  the  Prussian  members  of  assembly 14  May,     " 

Frankfort  assembly  adjourns  to  Stuttgart 30  May,     " 

Treaty  of  Vienna;  Austria  and  Prussia  agree  to  form  a  new 
central  power  for  a  limited  time;  appeal  to  be  made  to  gov- 
ernments of  Germany 30  Sept.     '* 

Austria  protests  against  alliance  of  Prussia  with  smaller  Ger- 
man states 12  Nov.  .  " 

Treaty  of  Munich;  Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  WQrtemberg  to  revise 

German  Confederation *. 27  Feb.  1850 

Parliament  at  Erfurt Mch.     " 

King  of  Wiirtemberg  denounces  insidious  ambition  of  king  of 

Prussia 15  Mch.     " 

German  diet  at  Frankfort 10  May,     " 

Hesse-Cassel  not  represented  at  Erfurt,  7  June;  Hesse- Darm- 
stadt withdraws  from  Prussian  league 20  June,     " 

Austria  calls  an  assembly  of  German  Confederation,  19  July; 

it  meets  at  Frankfort 2  Sept.     " 

Austrian,  Bavarian,  and  Prussian  forces  enter  Hessk-Cassel, 

12  Nov.     " 

Conferences  at  Dresden 23  Dec.  1850,  to  15  May,  1851 

Max  Schneckenburger,  author  of  "  Die  Wacht  am  Rhein,"  d..  " 
Diet  of  Germanic  Confederation  renewed  at  Frankfort,  30  May,  " 
New  liberal  party  meet  in  Eisenach,  Saxe- Weimar,  17  July;  in 

7  resolutions  recommend  reform  of  federal  constitution;  diet 
replaced  by  a  strong  central  government;  a  national  assembly 
summoned;  Prussia  invited  to  take  the  initiative  — 14  Aug.  1859' 
Proposal  not  accepted  by  Prussia,  opposed  by  Hanover.  ...Sept.     " 

Dispute  with  Denmark  on  Holstein  and  Schleswig Nov.  I860' 

National  association  at  Berlin  recommends  a  federal  govern- 
ment with  central  executive,  under  leadership  of  Prussia, 

13  Mch.  1862 
Meetings  of  plenipotentiaries  from  German  states  on  federal 

reform 8  July-10  Aug.     " 

Deputies  from  German  states  at  Weimar  declare  that  Germany 

should  form  one  federal  state 28,  29  Sept.     " 

Deputies  declare  in  favor  of  unity 21  Aug.  1863- 

Emperor  of  Austria  invites  German  sovereigns  to  congress  at 
Frankfort,  31  July;  king  of  Prussia  declines,  4  Aug. ;  nearly 
all  the  sovereigns  meet,  16,  17  Aug. ;  approve  Austrian  plan 

of  federal  reform,  1  Sept. ;  rejected  by  Prussia 22  Sept.     " 

Diet  determines  on  federal  execution  in  Holstein  if  Denmark 

does  not  fulfil  her  obligations 1  Oct.     " 

Fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic  celebrated..  18  Oct.     "^ 


1864 


1865 


1867 


1870 


GER  329 

•German  troops  enter  Holstein  for  "federal  execution"  (Den- 
mark)  23  Dec. 

Death  of  Maximilian  II.  of  Bavaria 10  Mch. 

Prussia  retains  duchies;  discussion  between  Austria  and  Prus- 
sia; diet  adopts  resolution  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony,  requesting 
Austria  and  Prussia  to  give  Holstein  to  duke  of  Augusten- 
burg;  rejected 6  Apr. 

Austria  declares  that  Prussia  has  broken  treaty  by  invading 
Holstein,  llJune;  diet  approves  by  9  votes;  Prussian  repre- 
sentative declares  Germanic  Confederation  at  an  end  and  pro- 
poses a  new  one,  excluding  Austria 14  June, 

IPrussians  enter  Saxony;  war  begins 15  June, 

Diet  determines  for  war,  16  June;  proclaims  prince  Charles  of 

Bavaria  general  of  confederation 27  June, 

[For    the   war,  etc.,   Prussia;    German   confederation, 
North.] 

Alliance  of  Prussia  and  northern  states;  ratified 8  Sept. 

•Disputes  betweei*  diet  and  Austria  and  Prussia  on  Schleswig- 
Holstein Oct.  and  Nov. 

Xuxemburg  evacuated  by  Prussian  garrison 9  Sept. 

Inauguration  of  Luther  monument  at  Worms  by  king  of  Prus- 
sia  'io  June, 

'Count  Arnim,  German  representative  at  Rome,  protests  against 
papal  infallibility May, 

Oount  Bismarck,  announcing  declaration  of  war  by  France, 
terms  it  groundless  and  presumptuous 19  July, 

Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  Baden  support 
Prussia  in  war 20  July, 

Jlunich,  Stuttgart,  and  other  cities  declare  for  union  with 
North  Germany about  6  Sept. 

Baden  and  Hesse-Darmstadt  join  North  German  confederation 
by  treaty,  about  15  Nov. ;  Bavaria,  23  Nov. ;  and  Wurtem- 
berg,  25  Nov. ;  retaining  certain  military  and  diplomatic 
powers Nov. 

King  of  Bavaria,  in  a  letter  to  king  of  Saxony,  nominates  king 

\    of  Prussia  for  emperor  of  Germany about  4  Dec. 

Parliament  in  an  address  requests  king  to  become  emperor 
(votes  for,  188 ;  against,  6) 10  Dec. 

.Address  solemnly  presented  to  king  in  an  assembly  of  princes 
by  dr.  Simson 18  Dec. 

•German  empire  restored,  1  Jan. ;  William  I.  of  Prussia  pro- 
claimed emperor  at  Versailles 18  Jan.  1871_ , 

Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at  Versailles 26  Feb. 

First  Reichstag,  or  imperial  council,  opened  at  Berlin  by  the 
emperor 21  Mch. 

New  constitution  of  empire  comes  into  force 4  May, 

Chancery  of  empire;  prince  Bismarck  chancellor 12  May, 

Treaty  of  peace  ratified 16  May, 

Dr.  DOIlinger  of  Munich  excommunicated  for  opposing  dogma 
of  papal  infallibility,  18  Apr. ;  made  D.C.L.  of  Oxford.  .June, 

Ultramontane  agitation  against  government ;  excitement  among 
Polish  Romanists;  Bismarck  carries  school-inspection  bill 
agaiust  Roman  clergy Mch. 

Bill  for  expulsion  of  Jesuits  passed  in  Parliament  (131-93) 
session  ends  19  June;  the  law  pub 5  July, 

Last  payment  of  French  war  indemnity 5  Sept. 

Count  Harry  Arnim,  formerly  ambassador  at  Rome  and  Paris, 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  Berlin,  ostensibly  for  detaining 
official  papers,  4  Oct. ;  released  on  bail 28  Oct. 

Bismarck  resigns  after  an  adverse  vote  in  the  Parliament,  16 
Dec. ;  on  a  vote  of  confidence  (199-71)  remains 18  Dec. 

Civil-marriage  bill  passed 25  Jan. 

Bismarck  resigns  again,  3  Apr. ;  withdrawn 8  Apr. 

Attempted  assassination  of  emperor  by  HOdel,  11  May;  strin- 
gent bill  to  repress  socialism  introduced  and  rejected  (251-57), 

24,  25  May, 

Emperor  fired  at  and  wounded  by  prof.  Karl  Eduard  Nobiling, 
a  socialist,  at  Berlin 2  June, 

•Crown-prince  charged  with  public  affairs 4,  5  June, 

Emil  Heinrich  Max  HOdel  condemned 10  July, 

JHOdel  executed  at  Berlin 16  Aug. 

Dr.  Nobiling  dies  of  self-inflicted  wounds 10  Sept. 

Bismarck's  resignation  tendered,  not  accepted  by  the  emperor; 
the  states  yield Apr. 

Ifew  army  bill  passed  (186-96) 9  Apr. 

Imperial  rescript  against  parliamentary  government  pub. , 

7  Jan. 

Death  of  prince  Charles,  emperor's  brother 21  Jan. 

<Germania,  a  colossal  statue,  etc.,  by  prof.  Schilling,  a  national 
memorial  of  German  unity  and  victories  of  1870-71,  set  up 
In  Niederwald  at  Rudesheim  on  the  Rhine,,  uncovered  by 
emperor  William  in  presence  of  German  sovereigns  and 
5000  spectators ;  Von  Moltke  there,  but  not  Bismarck.  28  Sept 

Bismarck  refuses  to  present  to  the  chamber  a  letter  of  con- 
dolence from  the  U.  S.  Congress  on  the  death  of  dr.  Lasker, 
formerly  his  supporter,  afterwards  his  opponent Feb. 

Crerman  Parliament  opened;  disputes  on  Lasker  affair, 

6,  7  Mch.     " 

Mr.  Sargent,  obnoxious  U.  S.  minister,  appointed  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, 26  Mch. ;  declined 27  Mch.     " 

Clerman  colony  founded  at  Cameroons,  and  Bimbia,  west  coast 
of  Africa,  by  Herr  Nachtigall Aug.     " 

German  flag  said  to  be  hoisted  on  north  coast  of  New  Guinea, 
New  Britain,  and  other  islands Dec.     " 

Clerraan  colonization  society  constituted  at  Frankfort,  6  Dec. 
1882.  By  charter  of  the  emperor,  dr.  Carl  Peters  and  others 
authorized  to  acquire  Usagara,  N'Gury,  and  other  territories 
west  of  Zanzibar 27  Feb.  1885 

Prince  Frederick  Charles  d 15  June,     " 

t.eopold  von  Ranke,  historian,  d.  (aged  90) 23  May,  1886 

Poundation  stone  of  the  opening  lock  of  a  canal  from  the  Bal- 
11* 


1872 
1873 
1874 


1875 
1877 


1878 


1882 


1884 


GER 

tic  to  the  North  sea, 61  miles  long,  laid  at  Holtenau,  near  Kiel, 
by  the  emperor;  estimated  cost,  168,000,000  marks.  .3  June,  1887 
Indisposition  of  the  crown-prince.  Winters  in  Italy  and  S. 
France,  under  the  care  of  sir  Morell  Mackenzie,  1887;  said 
to  have  malignant  growth  of  the  larynx;  tracheotomy  per- 
formed (the  German  doctors  and  Mackenzie  differ) Feb.  1888 

Serious  illness  of  the  emperor;  prince  William  (grandson)  in- 
trusted with  official  powers 8  Mch.     " 

Emperor  d.  (nearly  91  years  old). : 9  Mch.     " 

Emperor  Frederick  IIL  arrives  at  Berlin 11  Mch.     " 

Solemn  national  funeral  of  the  deceased  emperor 16  Mch.     ' ' 

Rescript  empowering  the  crown-prince  William  to  act  for  the 

emperor  in  state  aff'airs  when  required 21  Mch.     " 

Emperor  Frederick  III.  d.  (cancer  of  the  larynx) 15  June,     " 

Emperor  William  II.  opens  Parliament 25  June      " 

Sir  Morell  Mackenzie  publishes  "The  Fatal  Illness  of  Fred- 
erick the  Noble."     The  German  surgeons'   report  of  the 

case  differs about  15  Nov.     " 

E.  African  bill,  granting  money  to  defend  German  interests 
and  suppress  slave-trade,  adopted  by  federal  council  (Africa, 

Anglo-French  agreements) 1  Feb.  1889 

Three  German  war- vessels  lost,  9  officers  and  87  men  drowned 

at  Samoa I6  Mch.     " 

Bismarck's  bill  to  comjiel  the  working  class,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  the  state  and  their  employers,  to  provide  for  sick- 
ness (passed  1883).  for  accidents  (passed  1884),  for  old  age 

and  infirmity,  passed 24  May,     " 

Emperor  and  empress  present  at  the  marriage  of  his  sister  to 

the  duke  of  Sparta ,27  Oct.     " 

Dr.  Dollinger  d.  at  Munich 10  Jan.  1890 

Two  rescripts  of  emperor  for  improving  condition  of  the  work- 
ing classes,  and  suggesting  co-operation  of  France,  England, 

Belgium,  and  Switzerland t 4  Feb.     " 

Delegates  with  ambassadors  and  ministers  meet 15  Mch.     " 

[Delegates:  Great  Britain,  sir  John  Gorst;  France,  Jules 
Simon;  Italy,  senator  Boccardo,  and  others.  The  confer- 
ence opened  by  the  baron  von  Berlepsch,  Prussian  minister 
of  commerce,  elected  president  15  Mch. ;  closed  29  Mch.  1890. 
Subjects  discussed:  regulation  of  labor  in  mines,  of  Sunday 
labor,  and  of  the  labor  of  children  and  youths.  Recommen- 
dations adopted  referred  to  the  respective  legislatures.] 

Resignation  of  prince  Bismarck,  chancellor 18  Mch.     " 

He  declines  title  of  duke  of  Lauenburg about  23  Mch.     " 

He  is  succeeded  by  gen.  George  von  Caprivi  de  Caprera  de 

Montecucculi about  20  Mch.     " 

Count  Herbert  Bismarck,  secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  resigns, 

succeeded  by  baron  Marschall  von  Biederstein.  .about  1  Apr.    " 
New  Parliament  opened  by  the  emperor;  while  desiring  peace 

he  asks  18,000,000  marks  for  army  supplies 6  May,     " 

Vote  of  4,500,000  marks,  and  an  annual  subsidy  of  350,000  marks, 
for  the  suppression  of  slavery,  and  protection  of  German  in- 
terests in  E.  Africa  proposed  by  gen.  von  Caprivi 12  May,     " 

First  German  national  horse-show  (at  Berlin).  .12  June,  et  seq.     " 

New  army  bill  passed  by  the  Parliament 28  June,     " 

Anglo -German    convention    respecting  E.  Africa   signed  at 

Berlin i  July,     " 

Heligoland  formally  transferred  to  Germany  by  England,9  Aug.     " 
Sudden  death  of  field-marshal  von  Moltke,  aged  90,  24  Apr. ; 
military  funeral,  attended  by  emperor,  German  sovereigns, 
state  officers,  ambassadors,  etc.,  Berlin,  28  Apr. ;  quiet  inter- 
ment at  Kreisau,  in  Silesia v 29  Apr.  1891 

Prince  Bismarck  elected  deputy  to  Reichstag  for  Geestemiinde, 

1  May,     " 
Emperor's  speech  at  Brandenburg  censures  political  opponents 

as  "  grumblers  " 24  Feb.  et  seq.  1892 

Several  newspapers  at  Berlin  confiscated  for  reprinting  the 

Times  leader  on  the  emperor's  speech 3  Mch.     " 

Rioting  at  Berlin,  Hanover,  Dantzig,  and  other  places,  through 

distress 25  Feb.  et  seq.     " 

Ministerial  crisis  in  Prussia 22  Mch.     *' 

Government  defeated  in  the  Parliament;  the  vote  for  an  im- 
perial corvette  negatived 29  Mch.     " 

Parliament  prorogued 31  Mch.     " 

Cholera  severe  at  Hamburg  through  Aug.,  Sept.,  and Oct.     " 

Army  bill  rejected  by  a  vote  of  210-162.  Reichstag  immedi- 
ately dissolved  by  the  emperor 6  May,  1893 

New  German  Reichstag  opened  by  the  emperor;  his  speech 

asks  passage  of  army  bill  without  delay 4  July,     " 

Army  bill  passed  the  Reichstag  by  201-185;  peace  effective 

fixed  at  479,220  men  for  2  years 15  July,     " 

Reichstag,  by  a  majority  of  37,  voted  to  revoke  the  decree  ex- 
pelling the  Jesuits  from  Germany 1  Dec.     •' 

KINGS  AND   EMPERORS  OF   GERMANY. 
CARLOVINGIAN   RACE. 

800.  Charles  L,  the  Great,  or  Charlemagne. 
814.  Louis  I.,  le  Debonnaire,  king  of  France. 
840.  Lothaire  I.,  or  Lother,  son  of  Louis;  died  in  a  monastery  at 

Treves,  Sept.  855. 
855.  Louis  II.,  son  of  Lothaire. 
875.  Charles  II.,  the  Bald,  king  of  France;  d.  877. 
881.  Charles  III.,  the  Fat,  crowned  king  of  Italy;  deposed;  suc- 
ceeded by 
887.  Arnulf,  or  Arnoul;  crowned  emperor  of  Rome,  896. 
899.  LouisIII..  the  Blind. 

"     Louis  IV.,  the  Child,  son  of  Arnulf;  last  of  Carlovingian  race 
in  Germany. 

SAXON   DYNASTY. 
911.  Otho,  duke  of  Saxony ;  refuses  because  of  age. 
"     Conrad  I.,  duke  of  Franconia,  king. 


GER  330 

918.  Henry  I.,  the  Fowler,  son  of  Otho,  duke  of  Saxony,  king. 

936.  Otho  I.,  the  Great,  son  of  Henry,  crowned  by  pope  John  XII., 
2  Feb.  962;  beginning  of  holy  Roman  empire. 

973.  Otho  II.,  the  Bloody;  massacred  his  chief  nobility  at  an  en- 
tertainment, 981  ;  wounded  by  a  poisoned  arrow. 

983.  Otho  III.,  the  Red,  his  son,  a  minor,  poisoned. 
1002.  Henry  II.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  surnamed  the  Holy  and  the  Lame. 

HOUSE  OF  FRANCX)NIA. 

1024  Conrad  II.,  surnamed  the  Salique. 

1039.  Henry  III.,  the  Black,  son. 

1056.  Henry  IV.,  son;  a  minor;  Agnes,  regent;  deposed  by  his  son 

and  successor;  Rudolph  (1077);  Herman  (1082)  nominated 

by  the  pope;  Conrad  (1087). 
1106.  Henry  V.,  married  Maud,  or  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 

England. 
1126.  Lothaire  II.,  surnamed  the  Saxon. 

HOUSE  OF  HOHENSTAUFEN,  OR  OF  SDABIA. 
1138.  Conrad  III.,  duke  of  Franconia. 
1152.  Frederick  I.,  Barbarossa;  drowned,  his  horse  throwing  him 

into  river  Saleph,  10  June,  1190. 
1190.  Henry  VI.,  son,  surnamed  Asper,  or  Sharp;  detained  Richard 

I.  of  England  a  prisoner;  d.  1197. 

[Interregnum,  throne  contested  by  Philip  of  Suabia  and 
Otho  of  Brunswick.] 
1198.  Philip,  brother  to  Henry;  assassinated  at  Bamberg  by  Otto 

of  Wittelsbach. 
1208.  Otho  IV.,  surnamed  the  Superb;  excommunicated  and  de- 
posed; d.  1218. 
1216.  Frederick  II.,  king  of  Sicily,  son  of  Henry  VI. ;  deposed  by 

subjects,  who  elected  Henry,  landgrave  of  Thuringia,  1246; 

Frederick  died  1250,  naming  his  son  Conrad  his  successor; 

but  the  pope  appointed 
1247.  William,  earl  of  Holland  (nominal). 
1260.  Conrad  IV.,  son  of  Frederick. 

[His  son  Conradin  was  proclaimed  king  of  Sicily,  which 

was,  however,  surrendered  to  his  uncle  Manfred,  1254,  and 

at  his  death  given  by  the  pope  to  Charles  of  Anjou,  in  1263. 

Conradin,  on  invitation  of  the  Ghibellines,  entered  Italy 

with  a  large  army;  was  defeated  at  Tagliacozzo,  23  Aug. 

1268;  and  beheaded  at  Naples,  29  Oct.,  ending  the  Hohen- 

staufen  family.] 

1256.  [Interregnum.] 

1257.  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  and  Alphonso  of  Castile  merely 

nominated. 


GET 


HOUSES  OF  HAPSBURG,  LUXEMBURG,  BAVARIA,  ETC. 
1273.  Rudolph,  count  of  Hapsburg. 

1291.  [Interregnum.] 

1292.  Adolphus,  count  of  Nassau,  to  exclusion  of  Albert,  son  of 

Rudolph;  deposed;  slain  at  Gelheim,  2  July,  1298,  by 
1298.  Albert  I.,  duke  of  Austria,  Rudolph's  son;  killed  by  his  neph- 
ew at  Rheinfels,  1  May,  1308. 
1308.  Henry  VII.  of  Luxemburg. 

1313.  [Interregnum.] 

1314.  Louis  IV.  of  Bavaria,  and  Frederick  III  of  Austria,  son  of 

Albert,  rival  emperors;  Frederick  d.  1330. 
1330.  Louis  reigns  alone. 

1347.  Charles  IV.  of  Luxemburg.    (At  Nuremberg,  in  1356,  the  Gold- 
en Bull  became  the  fundamental  law  of  the  empire.) 
1378.  Wenceslas,  king  of  Bohemia,  son;  twice  imprisoned;  forced 

to  resign ;  but  continued  to  reign  in  Bohemia. 
1400.  Frederick  III.,  duke  of  Brunswick,  assassinated  as  soon  as 

elected;  seldom  in  list  of  emperors. 
'•     Rupert,  count  palatine  of  the  Rhine;  crowned  at  Cologne; 

d.  1410. 
1410.  Jossus,  marquess  of  Moravia;  chosen  by  a  party  of  electors; 

died  next  year. 
•'     Sigismund,  king  of  Hungary;  elected  by  a  party;  on  the 

death  of  Jossus  recognized  by  all;  king  of  Bohemia,  1419. 

IMPERIAL  HOUSE  OF  AUSTRIA. 

1438.  Albert  II.,  the  Great,  duke  of  Austria,  and  king  of  Hungary 

and  Bohemia;  d.  27  Oct.  1439. 

1439.  [Interregnum.] 

1440.  Frederick  IV.,  surnamed  the  Pacific;  elected  emperor  2  Feb. ; 

not  crowned  until  June,  1442. 
1493.  Maximilian  I.,  son;  d.  1519.     In  1477  ho  married  Mary  of 
Burgundy. 
Francis  I.  of  France  and  Charles  I.  of  Spain  compete  for  the 

empire. 
Charles  V.  (L  of  Spain),  son  of  Joan  of  Castile  and  Philip  of 
Austria,  elected;  resigned  both  crowns,  1556;  retired  to  a 
monastery,  where  he  d.  21  Sept.  1558. 
Ferdinand  I.,  brother;  succeeded  by  his  son. 
Maximilian  II. ,  king  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia. 
Rudolph  IL,  son. 
1612.  Matthias,  brother. 
1619.  Ferdinand  II.,  cousin,  king  of  Hungary. 
1637.  Ferdinand  III.,  son. 
- 1658.  Leopold  I. ,  son. 
1705.  Joseph  I.,  son. 
17n.  Charles  VL,  brother. 
1740.  Maria  Theresa,  daughter,  queen  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia; 

sustained  by  England. 
1742.  Charles  VII.,  elector  of  Bavaria,  rival  emperor,  supported  by 
France;  d.  Jan.  1745. 

[Hence  a  general  war.    Austrian  succession.] 
1745.  Francis  I.  of  Lorraine,  grand  -  duke  of  Tuscany,  consort  of 

Maria  Theresa. 
1766.  Joseph  IL,  son. 


1619. 


1556. 
1564. 
1576. 


1790.  Leopold  IL,  brother. 

1792.  Francis  II.,  son,  emperor  of  Austria  only,  as  Francis  I.,  1804. 
Austria. 

house  of  hohenzollern.    (prussia.) 
1871.  William  I.,  king  of  Prussia,  18  Jan.  (b.  22  Mch.  1797,  d.  9  Mch. 

1888) ;  empress,  Augusta,  b.  30  Sept.  1811 ;  d.  7  Jan.  1890. 
1888.  Frederick  William,  b.  18  Oct.  1831.    Married  Victoria  Adelaide 
Mary  Louise,  princess  royal  of  England,  25  Jan.  1858;  d.  15> 
June,  1888. 
"      William  II.,  eldest  son  of  Frederick  William;  b.  27  Jan.  1859;, 
married  princess  Victoria  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
Augustenburg  (b.  22  Oct.  1858)  27  Feb.  1881. 
Heir:  Frederick  William  Victor  August  Ernest;  b.  6  May, 
1882.     Prussia. 

gerrymander,  an  unfair  division  of  a  community 
into  representative  districts  in  the  interest  of  a  political  party. 
The  term  originated  in  Massachusetts  in  1812,  when  the  Dem- 
ocratic-Republicans, to  secure  the  United  States  senator,  framed 
the  senatorial  districts  so  as  to  control  most  of  them.  The  ap- 
portionment was  approved  by  Rlbridge  Gerry,  then  governor. 
A  district  was  formed  which  was  thought  to  resemble  on  the 
map  a  salamander,  but  the  Federalists  called  it  "gerrymander,"' 
from  the  governor's  name.     The  word  is  now  in  common  use. 

"  Oesta  Romanorum,"  a  collection  of  popular 

tales  from  Oriental  and  classical  sources,  written  in  Latin  by 
an  unknown  author,  about  1350  a.d.  One  of  the  first  books 
printed  in  the  15th  century.  These  tales  were  largely  used 
by  early  English  poets  and  dramatists,  including  Shakespeare. 
An  English  translation,  by  the  rev.  C.  Swan  (from  an  edition 
printed  at  Hagenau,  1508),  appeared  1824. 

Oettysburg,  Pa.,  Battle  of,  fought  1-3  July,  18G3. 
After  the  confederate  victory  at  Chancellorsville  the  South 
called  on  Lee  to  invade  the  northern  states.  As  early  as  May 
Lee's  movements  foreshadowed  such  an  invasion.  Early  in 
June  his  army  concentrated  at  Culpeper,  except  A.  P.  Hill's 
division,  which  was  at  Fredericksburg.  At  the  middle  of 
June  the  movement  fairly  commenced,  with  full  100,000  men. 
On  12  June,  Hooker  began  to  fall  back  from  the  Rappahan- 
nock to  cover  Washington.  Lee  advanced,  and  on  15  June 
dispersed  Milroy's  force  at  Winchester  (7000  strong),  captur- 
ing 2300  prisoners.  He  then  crossed  the  Potomac  (24,25 
June),  and  advanced  to  Chambersburg.  Hooker  also  crossed 
on  26  June,  and  the  next  day  was  relieved  by  gen.  Meade. 
Lee,  in  the  meantime,  was  pushing  on  into  Pennsylvania. 
The  federal  array  moved  in  a  parallel  direction  east  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  Lee  was  in  advance,  and  threatened  Harrisburg. 
As  in  the  former  invasion  (1862),  the  passes  of  South  mountain 
afforded  access  to  the  confederate  rear.  Meade  took  advantage 
of  them,  and  (28  June)  Lee  saw  that  he  must  halt  and  stake 
the  campaign  upon  a  battle.  The  time  and  place  of  battle 
were  not  selected  by  either  side,  but  determined  by  accident 
and  the  physical  character  of  the  country.  Lee  concentrated 
his  army  at  Gettysburg,  whither  Ewell  marched  southwardly 
from  Carlisle,  and  Longstreet  and  Hill  eastwardly  from  Cham- 
bersburg. Meade's  right  (30  June)  was  near  Gettysburg,  and 
gen.  Pleasanton,  perceiving  the  importance  of  that  place,  ad- 
vanced and  occupied  it— anticipating  the  confederates.  On  1 
July  there  was  a  collision,  in  which  gen.  Reynolds  was  killed ; 
but,  after  losing  10,000  men,  the  federal  forces  still  held  a 
position  which  was  the  key  of  the  field  of  operations.  On  2 
July  (both  armies  being  well  up  and  in  position)  there  was  a 
second  battle,  with  heavy  loss  on  both  sides.  Sickles  was 
driven  from  a  position  of  no  great  importance.  At  night  the 
Union  forces  still  held  Cemetery  hill  from  Gulp's  hill  to 
Round  Top.  On  3  July,  after  a  bombardment  of  Cemetery  hill 
from  Seminary  ridge,  Lee  again  assaulted.  The  assaulting 
column,  under  Pickett  and  Heth,  numbered  18,000-  It  was. 
almost  annihilated.  After  this  decisive  repulse  Lee  retreated 
(Sunday,  5  July).  His  army  might  have  been  utterly  de- 
moralized and  dispersed  by  prompt  and  relentless  pursuit.  The 
forces  were  about  equal  at  Gettysburg,  each  numbering  from 
70,000  to  80,000  infantry  and  artillerj'.  The  federal  loss  wa» 
23,190,  of  whom  nearly  7000  were  missing.  The  confederate 
loss  was  about  36,000,  of  whom  13,733,  wounded  or  unwounded, 
remained  as  prisoners.  Lee's  entire  loss,  from  commencement 
to  close  of  the  invasion,  was  nearly  60,000  men.— On  19  Nov. 
1863,  the  battlcrground  was  consecrated  as  a  national  ceme- 
tery for  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  July  battles.  It  was  on  this 
occasion  that  president  Lincoln  made  the  most  famous  of  his 
speeches.     Cemeteries,  United  States. 


1 


GHE 


331 


GLA 


Ohent  igant),  Belgium,  an  ancient  city,  built  about  the 
7th  century,  during  the  middle  ages  became  very  rich.  John, 
3d  son  of  Edward  III.  of  England,  is  said  to  have  been  born 
here  in  1340  (hence  named  John  of  Gaunt)  during  the  revolt 
under  Jacob  van  Artevelde,  a  brewer,  whose  son  Philip  re- 
vived the  insurrection  against  Louis,  count  of  Flanders,  1379- 
1382.     Pop.  1891, 153,740. 

Ghent  rebelled  against  Philip  of  Burgundy,  1451;  against  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  1539;  severely  punished,  1510. 
"Pacification  of  Ghent"  (when  the  north  and  south  provinces  of 

the  Netherlands  united  against  Spain)  proclaimed  8  Nov.  1576; 

broken  up,  1579.    The  300th  anniversary  celebrated  3-10  Sept. 

1876. 
Ghent  taken  by  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  9  Mch.  1678 ;  and  by  the  duke 

of  Marlborough,  1706. 
Ghent  seized  by  French,  1793;  annexed  to  Netherlands,  1814;  made 

part  of  Belgium,  1830. 
Peace  of  Ghent,  between  Great  Britain  and  U.  S.,  signed  24  Dec. 

1814. 

Ohibellines.    Guelphs. 

g^llO§tS,  produced  by  optical  science.  Mr.  Dircks  de- 
scribed his  method  at  the  British  Association  meeting  in  1858. 
Dr.  John  Taylor  produced  ghosts  scientifically  in  Mch. ;  and 
Mr.  Pepper  exhibited  the  ghost  illusion  at  the  Royal  Polytech- 
nic Institution,  London,  July,  1863.     Cock-lane  ghost. 

giants  are  mentioned  in  Gen.  vi.  4.     Bones  of  reputed 
giants,  17, 18,  20,  and  30  ft.  high,  have  been  proved  to  be  re- 
mains of  animals. — The  battle  of  Marignano  (1515)  has  been 
termed  "  battle  of  the  giants."     Dwarfs. 
Og,  king  of  Bashan,  of  the  remnant  of  the  giants:  his  bedstead  was 

9  cubits  long  (about  16><^  ft. ).     1451  B.C.  (Deut.  iii.  11). 
Goliath  of  Gath's  "height  was  6  cubits  and  a  span."    Killed  by 

David  about  1063  b.c.  (1  Sam.  xvii.  4). 
Four  giants,  sons  of  Goliath,  killed  (2  Sam.  xxi.  15-22)  about  1018. 
Emperor  Maximin  (235  a.d.)  was  8>^  ft.  in  height,  and  of  great  bulk. 

Some  say  between  7  and  8  ft. ;  others  above  8. 
"The  tallest  man  that  hath  been  seen  in  our  age  was  one  named 
Gabara,  who  in  the  days  of  Claudius,  the  late  emperor,  was  brought 
out  of  Arabia.     He  was  9  ft.  9  in.  high. "— P/iny. 
John  Middleton  (b.  1578),  commonly  called  the  Child  of  Hale  (Lan- 
cashire), whose  hand,  from  the  carpus  to  the  end  of  his  middle 
finger,  was  17  in.  long;  his  palm  %%  in.  broad;  his  whole  height 
9  ft.  3  m.—Plot,  "Nat.  Hist,  of  Staffordshire,"  p.  295. 
Patrick  Cotter,  Irish  giant,  b.  in  1761,  was  8  ft.  7  in.  in  height;  his 
hand,  to  the  extremity  of  the  middle  finger,  measured  12  in.,  and 
his  shoe  was  17  in.  long;  d.  Sept.  1806. 
Charles  Byrne,  called  O'Brien,  8  ft.  4  in.  high;  d.  1783;  his  skeleton 

is  in  the  museum,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  England. 
Big  Sam,  porter  of  prince  of  Wales  at  Carlton  palace,  near  8  ft.  high, 
performed  as  a  giant  in  "Cymon,"  at  the  Opera  house,  London, 
1809. 
M.  Brice,  a  native  of  the  Vosges,  7  ft.  6  in.  high,  exhibited  himself 

in  London,  Sept.  1862,  and  Nov,  1863. 
Robert  Hales,  the  Norfolk  giant,  d.  at  Great  Yarmouth,  22  Nov.  1863 

(aged  43).     He  was  7  ft.  6  in.  high,  and  weighed  452  lbs. 
Chang- Woo-Gow,  a  Chinese,  aged  19,  7  ft.  8  in.  high,  exhibited  him- 
self in  London  in  Sept.  et  seq.,  1865.     Grown  to  8  ft.,  exhibited  at 
Westminster  aquarium;  with  him  Brustav,  a  Norwegian,  7  ft.  9 
in.,  aged  35,  llJune,  1880. 
Capt.  Martin  Van  Buren  Bates,  of  Kentucky,  and  miss  Ann  Hanen 
Swann,  of  Nova  Scotia,  each  about  7  ft.  high;  exhibited  in  Lon- 
don, in  May;  married  at  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  17  June,  1871. 
Marian,  "the  Amazon  queen,"  8  ft.  2  in.  high,  born  in  Thuringia, 
21  Jan.  1866;  exhibited  in  London,  July,  1882. 

giaour  (jowr),  Turkish  for  infidel,  an  unbeliever  in 
Mahometanism.— Byron's  poem,  "The  Giaour,"  was  pub.  in 
1813. 

Oibral'tar.  The  ancient  Calpe  (with  Abyla,  on  the 
opposite  shore  of  Africa,  called  the  Pillars  of  Hercules),  a  town 
and  strongly  fortified  rock  in  S.  Spain,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Great  Britain  and  considered  im- 
pregnable. The  height  of  the  rock,  according  to  Cuvier,  is 
1437  English  ft.  It  was  taken  by  the  Saracens  under  Tarik, 
whence  its  present  name  (derived  from  Gibel  el-Tarik),  in  711. 
Area  of  town,  1^  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891,  25,755,  including  a 
garrison  of  6737. 
Taken  from  the  Moors,  1309;  surrendered  to  them,  1333;  taken 

from  them  by  Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  1462;  strengthened  by 

Charles  V 1552 

Attacked  by  British  under  sir  George  Rooke,  the  prince  of 

Hesse-Darmstadt,  sir  John  Leake,  and  admiral  Byng,  21 

July ;  taken 24  July,  1704 

Besieged  by  Spanish  and  French;  they  lose  10,000  men;  the 

victorious  British  but  400 11  Oct.     " 

Sir  John  Leake  captured  several  ships,  and  raised  the  siege, 

10  Mch.  1705 

Ceded  to  England  by  treaty  of  Utrecht 11  Apr.  1713 

Spaniards  repulsed  in  an  attack  with  great  loss 1720 

They  again  attack  with  20,000  men,  and  lose  5000;  British 

loss,  300 22  Feb.  1727 


Siege  by  Spaniards  and  French,  whose  armaments  (the  great- 
est brought  against  a  fortress)  were  overthrown 16  July,  1779 

In  one  night  their  floating  batteries  were  destroyed  with  red- 
hot  balls,  and  their  line  of  works  by  a  sortie  of  gen.  Eliott; 
the  enemy's  loss  in  munitions  of  war  was  estimated  at 
2,000,OOOZ. ;  the  army  was  40,000  men 27  Nov.  1781 

Grand  defeat  by  a  garrison  of  only  7000  British 13  Sept.  1782 

[Duke  of  Crillon  commanded  12,000  of  the  best  troops  of 
France.  1000  pieces  of  artillery  were  brought  against  the 
fortress;  besides  47  sail  of  the  line,  all  3-deckers;  10  great 
floating  batteries,  esteemed  invincible,  carrying  212  guns;  in- 
numerable frigates,  xebecs,  bomb-ketches,  cutters,  and  gun 
and  mortar  boats;  small  craft  for  disembarking  forces  cov- 
ered the  bay.  For  weeks  6000  shells  were  daily  thrown  into 
the  town.] 

Blockade  ceased 5  Feb.  1783 

Royal  battery  destroyed  by  fire Nov.  1800 

Engagement  between  French  and  English  fleets  in  the  bay; 
British  ship  Hannibal,  74  guns,  lost 6  July,  1801 

Royal  Carlos  and  St.  Hermenigildo,  Spanish  ships,  each  of  112 
guns,  blew  up,  with  crews,  at  night-time,  in  the  strait;  all 
on  board  perished 12  July,     " 

Oll'bertines,  an  order  of  canons  and  nuns  established 
at  Sempringham,  Lincolnshire,  Engl.,  by-Gilbert  of  that  place, 
1131-48.  At  the  dissolution  by  Henry  VIII.  there  were  25 
houses  of  the  order  in  England  and  Wales. 

gildings  on  wood  formed  part  of  decorations  of  the  Jew- 
ish tabernacle,  1490  b.c.  (Exod.  xxv.  11);  was  practised  at 
Rome  about  145  b.c.  The  capitol  was  the  first  building  thus 
adorned. — Pliny.  Of  gold-leaf  for  gilding,  the  Romans  made 
but  750  leaves,  4  fingers  square,  out  of  an  ounce. — Pliny,  Gild- 
ing with  leaf  gold  on  bole  ammoniac  was  first  introduced  by 
Margaritone  in  1273. 

gill,  ardent  spirit,  made  from  bigg,  a  kind  of  barley,  and 
from  rye,  flavored  with  the  essential  oil  of  the  juniper  berry. 

gin  (contracted  from  engine),  a  machine  for  separating 
cotton-wool  from  the  seed.     Cotton-gin. 

^ginger,  the  root  of  the  Amomum  zinziber,  a  native  of 
India  and  China,  now  cultivated  in  the  West  Indies. 

gillgliam  (Jav.  ginggang),  a  woven  cotton  fabric,  the 
yarn  colored  before  weaving.  Its  manufacture  introduced  into 
England  from  the  East  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 
Largely  used  in  the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies.  First 
manufactured  in  the  U.  S.  at  Clinton,  Mass.,  by  Erastus  Bige- 
low,  1846. 

giraffe'  or  camd'opard,  a  quadruped  of  interior 
Africa ;  known  to  the  ancients.  In  1827  one  was  brought  to 
England  first,  as  a  present  to  George  IV.  It  died  in  1829. 
On  25  May,  1835,  4  giraffes,  obtained  by  M.  Thibaut,  were  in- 
troduced into  the  Zoological  gardens,  Regent's  park,  London, 
where  a  young  one  was  born  in  1839.  The  bones  of  the  leg 
differ  from  those  of  other  ruminants  in  being  solid. 

Oirard  college.     Colleges,  Education. 

Oirgen'ti.    Agrigentum. 

Oiron'diitS,  a  party  during  the  French  revolution,  led 
by  deputies  from  the  Gironde.  They  were  ardent  republicans, 
but  after  the  cruelties  of  Aug.  and  Sept.  1792,  failed  to  restrain 
the  cruelties  of  Robespierre  and  the  Mountain  party ;  and  the 
leaders,  Brissot,  Vergniaud,  and  others,  were  guillotined  31 
Oct.  1793.  Lamartine's  "  Histoire  des  Girondins,"  pub.  1847, 
hastened  the  revolution  of  1848.     French  revolution. 

(jrirtOIl  college,  Cambridge,  Engl.,  for  the  higher 
education  of  women.     It  began  at  Hitchin,  1869;  removed 
here,  and  was  opened  Oct.  1873.      Newnham  college,  Cam- 
bridge, in  connection  with  it,  was  opened  18  Oct.  1876. 
Miss  Charlotte  Angas  Scott,  aged  about  22,  attained  the  posi- 
tion of  "wrangler"  (for  mathematics) Jan.  1880 

Miss  A.  F.  Ramsay  of  this  college,  senior,  and  alone  in  first 
division  of  classical  tripos  at  Cambridge 18  June,  1887 

Oi§ors  (zhee-zor'),  France,  Battle  of,  on  20  Sept.  or  10 
Oct.  1198,  when  Richard  I.  of  England  defeated  the  French. 
His  parole  for  the  day,  "Dieu  et  mon  droit"  ("God  and  my 
right "),  afterwards  became  the  motto  of  the  arms  of  England. 

gladiators  were  originally  malefactors  who  fought  for 
their  lives,  or  captives  who  fought  for  freedom.  They  were 
first  exhibited  at  the  funeral  ceremonies  of  the  Romans,  263 
B.C.,  and  afterwards  at  festivals,  about  215  b.c.  Their  revolt 
under  Spartacus,  73  b.c.,  was  quelled  by  Crassus,  71.  When 
Dacia  was  reduced  by  Trajan,  10,000  gladiators  fought  at 
Rome  in  celebration  of  his  triumph,  for  123  days,  103  a.d.— 


GLA  2 

Anthon,  These  combats  were  suppressed  in  the  East  by  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  325,  and  in  the  West  by  Theodoric  in  500. 
In  these  gladiatorial  combats,  the  spectators  decided  the  fate 
of  the  vanquished,  and  indicated  their  will  by  pointing  the 
thumb  at  the  desired  victim  (pollice  verso),  or  by  shutting  it 
down  upon  the  hand  (^pollice presso)  as  as  sign  of  mercy. 

Oladitone'§  adininl§tration§.    (1st)  9  Dec. 

1868-20  Feb.  1874;  (2d)  28  Apr.  1880-9  June,  1885;  (3d)  26 
Feb.  1886-20  July,  1886 ;  (4th)  18  Aug.  1892-4  March,  1894. 
Administrations.  William  Ewart  Gladstone,  born  29  Dec. 
1809 ;  master  of  the  mint,  Sept.  1841 ;  president  of  the  board  of 
trade.  May,  1843-Feb.  1845 ;  secretarj'  for  colonies,  Dec.  1845- 
July,  1846 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  Jan.  1853-Feb.  1855, 
June,  1859-June,  1866;  lord  high  commissioner  extraordinary 
to  the  Ionian  isles,  Nov.  1858 ;  M.P.  for  Newark,  18  Dec.  1832- 
46;  for  Oxford,  1847-65 ;  for  South  Lancashire,  1865-68;  for 
Greenwich,  Nov.  1868 ;  announced  the  dissolution  of  Parlia- 
ment, 23  Jan.  1874 ;  resigned,  17  Feb.  1874  ;  temporarily  re- 
signed  leadership  of  liberal  party,  13  Jan.  1875 ;  elected  M.P. 
for  Mid-Lothian  (1579-1368),  5  Apr.  1880;  his  ministry  re- 
signed on  account  of  minoritj'  on  the  budget  bill  (264-252),  9 
June,  1885;  he  declined  an  earldom,  16  June,  1885.  Among 
measures  carried  by  Gladstone  ministries  are :  The  Irish  Church 
Disestablishment  act,  the  Irish  Land  act  of  1870 ;  the  Education 
act,  the  Ballot  act,  the  Irish  Land  Law  act  of  1881 ;  the  Em- 
ployers' Liability  act,  the  Agricultural  Holdings  act,  the  Buri- 
als act,  the  Ground  Game  act,  the  Franchise  act.  He  intro- 
duced his  Irish  bill,  8  Apr.  1886,  rejected  (343-313), 7-8  June; 
minority  in  general  election ;  resigned,  20  July,  1886 ;  opposed 
the  government  crimes  bill  unsuccessfully,  Feb.-July,  1887; 
received  silver  trophy  presented  to  him  by  Joseph  Pulitzer  of 
the  New  York  World,  the  result  of  subscriptions,  etc.,  9  July, 
1887.  The  term  "  grand  old  man  "  is  said  to  have  been  first 
applied  to  Mr.  Gladstone  by  Henry  Labouchere,  M.P.,  about 
Apr.  1881,  and  soon  generally  adopted,     England,  1893. 

01a§'|rOW',  Lanarkshire,  the  largest  city  in  Scotland, 
grew  rapidly  after  the  union  in  1707,  obtaining  some  of  the 
American  trade.     Pop.  1707  about  12,000 ;  in  1861,  394,857 ; 
in  1871,477,144;  in  1891,  with  suburbs,  792,728. 
Cathedral  or  high  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Kentigern,  or  Mungo, 

began about  1181 

Erected  into  a  burgh..-. 1190 

Charter  was  obtained  from  James  II 1451 

University  founded  by  bishop  Turn  bull about     ' ' 

Made  a  royal  burgh  by  James  VI 1611 

Olasites  in  Scotland  and  jSandemaniailS  in  Eng- 
land. In  1727,  John  Glas,  a  minister  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land, published  "  The  Testimony  of  the  King  of  Martyrs  con- 
cerning his  Kingdom  (John  xviii.  36),"  opposing  national 
churches,  and  describing  the  original  constitution  of  the 
church,  its  doctrines,  ordinances,  officers,  and  discipline,  as  in 
the  New  Testament.  Having  been  deposed  in  1728,  he  and 
others  formed  several  churches  upon  the  primitive  models.  A 
series  of  letters  on  Hervey's  "  Theron  and  Aspasio,"  published 
by  Robert  Sandeman,  in  1755,  gave  rise  to  churches  in  Lon- 
don and  other  places  in  England,  and  also  in  North  America. 
The  meeting-house  at  Barnsburv,  London,  N.,  was  erected  in 
1862. 

g[la§8.  The  Egyptians  are  said  to  have  been  taught 
glass-making  by  Hermes.  The  discovery  of  glass  took  place 
in  Syria. — Pliny.  Glass-houses  were  erected  in  Tyre.  Glass 
was  used  by  Romans  in  the  time  of  Tiberius ;  and  the  ruins  of 
Pompeii  show  windows  of  glass  used  before  79. 
Glass  is  said  to  have  been  brought  to  England  by  Benedict  Bis- 

cop,  abbot  of  Wearmouth 676 

Glass-manufacture  established  in  England  at  Crutched-friars 

and  in  the  Savoy.— 5tow 1557 

Chemical  discoveries  have  greatly  improved  the  manufacture 
in  this  century.  Faraday  published  researches  on  the  man- 
ufacture of  glass  for  optical  purposes 1830 

Glass-painting  w^s  known  to  the  ancient  Egyptians.  It  was 
revived  about  the  10th  century,  and  is  described  in  the  trea- 
tise by  the  monk  Theophilus;  was  practised  at  Marseilles  in 
a  beautiful  style,  about  1500;  most  perfect  about  1530. 
Specimens  of  the  13th  century  exist  in  England;  C.  Winston's 

work  is  the  best  on  the  subject,  1846 ;  new  edition 1867 

"Marvels  of  Glass-making  in  AH  Ages,"  A.  de  Sanzay;  Engl. 

transl 1870 

Glass-plate,  for  coach-windows,  mirrors,  etc.,  made  at  I.ambeth 
by  Venetian  artists,  under  patronage  of  Villiers,  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham   1673 

Manufacture  was  improved  by  French,  who  made  large  plates ; 


2  GLO 

and  in  Lancashire,  when  the  British  Plate-glass  company  was 
established 1773 

Manufacture  of  British  sheet -glass  introduced  by  Messrs. 
Chance  of  Birmingham about  1832 

Tempered  or  toughened  glass  :  M.  De  la  Bastie's  process  (plung- 
ing heated  glass  into  a  hot  bath  of  oleaginous  or  alkaline 
compounds)  announced  Apr.  1875;  largely  manufactured  in 
France,  and  sold  cheap  in  London 1876 

Oldest  bottle-glass  manufactory  in  the  U.  S.  established  at 
Glassboro,  N.  J : 1775 

Cut-glass  manufactory  established  at  White's  Mill,  Wayne 
county,  Pa 1852 

Largest  plate-glass  manufactory  at  New  Albany.  Ind. 

Frederick  Siemens  described  his  process  for  producing  strong 
homogeneous  tempered  glass  at  the  British  Society  of  Arts, 

26  Feb.  1885 

Application  of  glass  for  rails  proposed  by  H.  Lindsay- Bucknall, 

and  for  railway  sleepers  proposed  by  F.  Siemens 1885-86 

[This  glass  asserted  to  be  much  stronger  than  iron.] 

01a§tOIll>liry,  a  market-town  of  Somerset,  Engl.,  said 
to  have  been  the  residence  of  Joseph  of  Ariraathea,  and  the 
site  of  the  first  Christian  church  in  Britain,  about  60. 

"...  From  our  old  books  I  know 

That  Joseph  came  of  old  to  Glastonbury.  - 

And  there  he  built  with  wattles  from  the  marsh  i 

A  little  lonely  church  in  days  of  yore." 

—Tenni/sow,  "The  Holy  Grail."    i 

Traditional  burial-place  of  king  Arthur,  about  544.  A  church 
was  built  here  by  Ina  about  708.  The  town  and  abbey  were 
burned,  1184,  and  an  earthquake  did  great  damage  in  1275. 
Richard  Whiting,  the  last  abbot,  who  had  100  monks  and  400 
domestics,  was  hanged  on  Tor  hill  in  his  pontificals  for  refus- 
ing the  oath  of  supremacy  to  Henry  VIII.,  14  Nov.  1539.  The 
monastery  was  suppressed  1540. 

g^lee,  a  piece  of  unaccompanied  vocal  music,  in  at  least  3 
parts,  first  composed  early  in  the  18th  century.  Eminent  com- 
posers, Samuel  Webbe  (1740-1816),  Stevens,  Callcott,  Horsley, 
Danby,  Paxton,  lord  Mornington,  Spofforth,  etc.     Music. 

Olencoe  massacre  of  the  Macdonalds,  a  Jacobite 
clan,  of  Scotland,  for  not  surrendering  before  1  Jan.  1692,  the 
time  stated  in  king  William's  proclamation.  Sir  John  Dal- 
rymple,  master  (afterwards  earl)  of  Stair,  their  enemy,  obtained 
a  decree  "  to  extirpate  that  set  of  thieves,"  which  the  king  is 
said  to  have  signed  without  perusing.  Every  man  under  70 
was  to  be  slain.  This  mandate  was  treacherously  executed 
by  120  soldiers  of  a  Campbell  regiment,  hospitably  received  by 
the  Highlanders,  13  Feb.  1692.  About  60  men  were  slain, 
and  many  women  and  children,  turned  out  naked  in  a  freezing 
night,  perished.  This  excited  great  indignation,  and  an  in- 
quiry was  set  on  foot.  May,  1695,  but  no  capital  punishment 
followed.  The  account  of  this  massacre,  as  given  by  Macaulay 
in  his  history,  is  highly  colored. 

Olenclale,  Battle  of.     Peninsular  campaign. 

globe  or  earth.  The  globular  form  of  the  earth,  the 
5  zones,  some  of  the  principal  circles  of  the  sphere,  the  opacity 
of  the  moon,  and  the  true  causes  of  lunar  eclipses  were  taught, 
and  an  eclipse  predicted,  by  Thales  of  Miletus,  about  640  b.c. 
Pythagoras  argued,  from  the  varying  altitudes  of  the  stars  by 
change  of  place,  that  the  earth  must  be  round;  that  there  might 
be  antipodes  on  the  opposite  part  of  the  globe ;  that  Venus  was 
the  morning  and  evening  star ;  that  the  universe  consisted  of 
12  spheres^ — those  of  the  earth,  water,  air,  fire,  the  moon,  the 
sun,  Venus,  Mercury,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  the  stars — 
about  506  b.c. — Aristarchus  of  Samos's  theory  that  the  earth 
turned  on  its  own  axis  and  revolved  about  the  sun  seemed  to 
his  contemporaries  so  absurd  that  the  philosopher  nearly  lost 
his  life,  280  B.C.  It  revolves  around  the  sun  at  a  speed  of 
over  68,000  miles  an  hour,  in  365  d.  6  h.  9  m.  9.6  s. ;  this  is 
termed  the  sidereal  year.  The  mean  solar  year  is  somewhat 
less,  being  365  d.  5  h.  48  ra.  46.7  s.  It  revolves  on  its  axis  once 
in  23  h,  56  m.  4.1  s.  mean  solar  time;  equivalent  to  24  h.  Si- 
dereal TIME..  Its  axis,  which  is  inclined  23°  27'  from  a 
perpendicular  to  the  ecliptic  (so  called  because  solar  and  lunar 
eclipses  can  only  take  place  when  the  moon  is' very  near  this 
plane),  continually  points  in  the  same  direction,  thus  causing 
the  change  of  seasons  and  difference  in  length  of  day  and 
night.  Eccentricity  of  its  orbit  around  the  sun,  0.01679. 
Greatest  distance  from  the  sun  (aphelion,  about  8  July),  94,- 
450,000  miles;  nearest  (perhelion,  about  81  Dec),  91,330,000 
miles ;  mean  distance,  92,890,000  miles.  Eclipse,  Equinox, 
Latitude,  Longitude,  Planets,  Stars,  Sun,  Year,  etc. 


GLO  ^ 

Copernicus,  explaining  the  movement  of  the  earth  and  planets 
around  the  sun,  laid  the  foundation  of  modern  astronomy. . .  1543 

To  determine  the  figure  of  the  earth,  degrees  of  latitude  have 
frequently  been  measured:  by  Bouguer  and  La  Condamine, 
in  Peru,  and  by  Maupertuis  and  others  in  Lapland 1735 

In  France  and  Spain  by  Mechain,  Delambre,  Biot,  and  Arago 
between 1792  and  1821 

In  India  by  col.  (afterwards  sir  George)  Everest,  pub 1830 

Measurements  made  on  a  meridian  by  astronomical  observa- 
tions, at  points  connected  by  telegraph;  at  Calais,  Me.,  and 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey 1866-67 

The  following  table,  from  "  Guillemin's  Astronomy,"  edited 
by  J.  Norman  Lockyer,  and  revised  by  Richard  A.  Proctor, 
shows  the  length  of  arcs,  measured  in  the  northern  hemisphere, 
at  gradually  increasing  latitudes : 

.T       ,  .     r  Length  of 

Place.  Mean  lat.  of  arc.  deg.  in  ft. 

India 12°  32'  20" 362,956 

"     16°    8'  21" 363,044 

America 39°  12'    0" 363,786 

Italy 42°  59'    0" 364,262 

France 44°  51'    2" 364,572 

England 52°    2'  19" 364,951 

Denmark 54°    8'  14" 365,087 

Russia 56°    3'  55" 366,291 

Sweden 66°  20'  10" 365,744 

Equatorial  diameter 41,848,380  feet=7925.83-|-  miles. 

Polar  "         41,708,710    "  =z:78&9.40+      " 

Difference 139,670    "      =26.43+     " 

Recent  geodesists  show  that  the  equatorial  diameter  from  Ion. 
14°  23'  east  to  194°  23'  east  of  Greenwich  is  2  miles  longer  than 
that  at  right  angles  to  it.— Mem.  Roy.  Ast.  Soc,  vol.  xxix.  1860. 

Surface  of  the  earth  contains  about  196,626,000  sq.  miles,  of  which 
over  three  quarters  is  water. 

Experiments  by  pendulums  to  demonstrate  the  earth's  rotation  by 
Foucault  in  1851,  and  to  determine  its  density  by  Maskelyne, 
Bailly,  and  others;  and  in  1826,  1828,  and  1854  by  Mr.  (afterwards 
sir)  G.  B.  Airy,  the  astronomer- royal. 

Estimated  density,  5.6  times  that  of  water;  weight,  6,000,000,000,- 
000,000,000.000  tons.— Procter,  1875. 

[This  does  not  include  the  air,  which  weighs  5,178,000,000,000,000 
tons.] 

Artificial  globes.  It  is  said  that  a  celestial  globe  was  brought  to 
Greece  from  Egypt,  368  b.c.,  and  that  Archimedes  constructed  a 
planetarium  about  212  b.c. 

Earliest  preserved  globe,  in  the  Biblioth§que  Nationale  de  Paris,  is 
of  copper,  engraved  in  Arabic-Cuflc  characters  of  the  11th  century. 

Earliest  post-Columbian  globe  extant  is  in  the  Lenox  library 

of  New  York  city ;  supposed 1506-7 

[Copper,  4>^  inches  in  diameter  and  engraved.] 

That  of  Johann  SchOner  of  Bamberg,  showing  North  and  South 
America  as  large  islands  (now  at  Nuremberg) 1520 

Illustrious  Gerard  Mercator  constructed  and  published  a  ter- 
restrial globe  at  Louvain  in  1541,  and  a  celestial  globe 1551 

[These  were  the  most  celebrated  globes  of  the  16th  century. 
Of  many  published,  only  2  sets  are  now  known,  one  in  the 
royal  library  at  Brussels,  one  at  Vienna.] 

Globe  of  Euphrosynus  Ulpius 1542 

[Made  in  Rome  and  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  New 
York  Historical  Society.] 

Mollineux,  globes  of 1592 

[Only  1  extant.in  the  library  of  the  Middle  Temple, London.] 

Globe  of  Gottorp,  a  concave  sphere,  11  feet  in  diameter,  containing 
a  table  and  seats  for  12  persons,  the  inner  surface  representing 
the  visible  heavens,  the  stars  and  constellations,  all  distinguished 
according  to  magnitude,  and,  turned  by  curious  mechanism,  their 
true  position,  rising  and  setting,  are  shown.  The  outside  is  a  ter- 
restrial globe.  The  original  globe  of  Gottorp,  at  the  expense  of 
Frederick  II.,  duke  of  Holstein,  was  erected  at  Gottorp,  under  the 
direction  of  Adam  Olearius,  after  a  design  found  among  the  papers 
of  Tycho  Brahe.  Frederick  IV.  of  Denmark  presented  it  to  Peter 
the  Great  in  1713.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1757,  but 
was  reconstructed. — Coxe. 

Globe  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge,  Engl.,  erected  by  dr.  Long 
(master,  1733).  18  feet  in  diameter. 

In  1851,  Mr.  Abrahams  erected  in  Leicester  square.  I-ondon,  for 
Mr.  Wyld,  a  globe  60  feet  4  inches  in  diameter,  lighted  from  the 
centre" by  day,  and  by  gas  at  night.  It  was  closed  in  July,  1861; 
the  models  were  sold,  and  the  building  taken  down. 

Olobe  theatre,  Bankside,  London.     Theatres. 

j^lory,  the  nimbus  drawn  by  painters  round  the  heads 
of  saints,  angels,  and  holy  men,  and  the  circle  of  rays  on  im- 
ages, adopted  from  the  Caesars  and  their  flatterers,  were  used 
in  the  first  century. — The  doxology,  "  Gloria  Patri,"  is  very 
ancient,  and  originally  without  the  clause  "  as  it  was  in  the 
beginning,"  etc.     In  the  Greek  it  began  with  Ao^a,  glorj'. 

Gloucester  {ghs'ter),  (Rom.  Glevum),  a  seaport  town 
of  England,  submitted  to  the  Romans  about  45,  and  to  the 
Saxons  577.  The  statutes  of  Gloucester,  passed  at  a  parlia- 
ment held  by  Edward  I.,  1278,  relate  to  actions  at  law.  This 
city  was  incorporated  by  Henry  III.,  and  was  fortified  by  a 
-strong  wall,  demolished  after  the  Restoration,  in  1660,  by  or- 
der of  Charles  II.,  as  punishment  for  the  successful  resistance 


*  GOD 

of  the  city  to  Charles  I.,  under  col.  Massey,  Aug.,  Sept.  1643. 
The  abbey,  founded  by  king  Wulphere  about  700,  burned  in 
1102,  and  again  in  1122,  contains  tombs  of  Robert,  duke  of 
Normandy,.and  Edward  II. 

gluernum  (from  yXvKvg,  sweet).  In  1798  Vauquelin 
discovered  the  earth  glucina  (so  termed  from  the  sweet  taste 
of  its  salts).  It  is  found  in  the  beryl  and  other  crystals/ 
From  glucina  Wohler  and  Bussy  obtained  the  rare  metal 
glucinura  in  1828. — Gmelin. 

g[lucose.     Sugar. 

g^luten,  an  ingredient  of  grain,  particularly  wheat,  termed 
the  vegeto-animal  principle  (containing  nitrogen).  Its  dis- 
covery is  attributed  to  Beccaria  in  the  18th  century. 

glyc'erine,  discovered  by  Scheele  about  1779,  and 
termed  by  him  the  "  sweet  principle  of  fats,"  and  further  stud- 
ied by  Chevreul,  termed  the  "  father  of  the  fatty  acids."  It  is 
obtained  pure  by  saponifying  olive-oil  or  animal  fat  with  ox- 
ide of  lead  or  litharge.  Glycerine  is  now  much  employed  in 
medicine  and  the  arts. 

glyox'yline  (invented  by  F.  A.  Abel,  the  chemist  of  the 
British  war  department,  in  1867),  an  explosive  mixture  of 
gun-cotton,  pulp,  and  saltpetre  saturated  with  nitro-glycerine. 
It  was  abandoned  for  compressed  gun-cotton. 

Ono§tiCS  {nos-tiks)  (from  the  Gr.  yvS>'<yiQ,  knowledge), 
a  sect  who,  soon  after  the  preaching  of  Christianity,  endeav- 
ored to  combine  its  principles  with  the  Greek  philosophy. 
Among  their  teachers  were  Saturnius,  111 ;  Basilides,  134 ;  and 
Valentine,  140.  Priscillian,  a  Spaniard,  was  burned  at  Treves 
as  a  heretic,  in  384,  for  endeavoring  to  revive  Gnosticism. 

Ooa,  a  maritime  city  of  S.W.  Hindostan,  was  taken  by 
the  Portuguese  under  Albuquerque  in  1510,  and  made  their 
Indian  capital.  Area  of  the  colonial  possessions,  1447  sq.  miles. 
Pop.  1881,  445,450. 

Oobelin  {gohe-lanf)  tapestry,  so  called  from  a 
house  in  Paris,  formerly  possessed  by  wool-dyers,  whereof  the 
chief  (Jehan  Gobelin),  in  the  reign  of  Francis  I.,  is  said  to 
have  found  the  secret  of  dyeing  scarlet.  This  house  was  pur- 
chased by  Louis  XIV.  about  1662  for  a  manufactory  of  works 
for  adorning  palaces  (under  the  direction  of  Colbert),  especially 
tapestry,  designs  for  which  were  drawn  by  Le  Brun,  about  1666. 

"  Ood  save  tlie  king."  This  melody  is  said  to 
have  been  composed  by  John  I5ull,  mus.  doc,  in  1606,  for  a 
dinner  given  to  James  I.  at  Merchant  Taylors'  hall ;  others 
ascribe  it  to  Henry  Carey,  author  of  "Sally  in  our  alley," 
who  died  4  Oct.  1743.  It  was  much  sung  1745-46,  It  has 
been  claimed  by  the  French.  The  controversy  is  summed  up 
in  Chappell's  "  Popular  Music  of  the  Olden  Times "  (1859). 
The  melody  has  been  adopted  for  the  German  national  anthem 
("  Heil  dir  im  Siegerkranz  "),  and  also  adapted  to  the  Danish. 

godfathers  and  godmothers,  or  sponsors. 

The  Jews  are  said  to  have  had  them  at  circumcision,  but  they 
are  not  mentioned  in  Scripture.  Tradition  says  sponsors  were 
first  appointed  by  Hyginus,  a  Roman  bishop,  about  154,  during 
a  persecution.  In  Roman  Catholic  countries  bells  have  god- 
fathers and  godmothers  at  their  baptism. 

gods,  Greek  and  Roman.     Mythology. 

Ood  win  sands,  sand-banks  off  the  east  coast  of 
Kent,  on  land  which  belonged  to  Godwin,  earl  of  Kent,  the 
father  of  Harold  II.  This  ground  was  afterwards  given  to 
the  monastery  of  St.  Augustin  at  Canterbury;  but  the  abbot 
neglecting  to  repair  the  wall  that  defended  it  from  the  sea, 
the  tract  was  submerged  about  1100,  leaving  the  sands,  upon 
which  many  ships  have  been  wrecked. — Salmon. 
"  If  a  skipper  stands  out  by  sen'  George's  channel,  making  for  the 

Downs,  what's  right  ahead  of  him?     The  Goodwins.     He  isn't 

forced  to  run  upon  the  Goodwins,  but  he  may.  "—X>icA;ens,  "  Dom- 

bey  and  Son." 

Oodwin'S  oath.  "Take  care  you  are  not  swearing 
Godwin's  oath."  This  caution,  to  a  person  taking  a  voluntary 
and  intemperate  oath,  or  making  violent  protestations,  refers 
to  a  monkish  tradition  that  Godwin,  earl  of  Kent,  tried  for 
the  murder  of  prince  Alfred,  brother  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
and  pardoned,  died  at  the  king's  table  while  protesting  with 
oaths  his  innocence  1053 ;  supposed  to  have  been  choked  with 
a  piece  of  bread,  as  a  judgment  from  heaven,  having  prayed 


GOL  834 

it  might  stick  in  his  throat  if  he  were  guilty  of  the  mur- 
der. 

g^old  (mentioned  Gen.  ii.  11),  the  most  ductile  of  metals, 

considered  by  all  nations  the  most  valuable.     It  is  too  soft  to 

be  used  pure,  and  to  harden  it  it  is  alloyed  with  copper  or 

silver.    English  coin  consists  of  22  carats  of  pure  gold  and  2 

of  copper. 

Value  of  gold  compared  with  silver  is  said  to  have  been  in  the  time 
of  Herodotus,  450  b.c.,  about  10  to  1;  of  Plato,  38  b.c.,  12  to  1; 
1876  A.D.,  more  than  15  to  1. 

The  ratio  in  the  U.  S.  in  1862  was  15.36;  in  1872,  16.63;  in  1882, 
18.19;  in  1889,  22.03;  in  1891,  20.92. 

Amalgamation  of  gold  is  described  by  Vitruvius  (about  27  b.c.)  and 
Pliny  (about  77  a.d.).  The  alchemist  Basil  Valentine  (in  the  ISth* 
century)  knew  the  solution  of  chloride  of  gold  and  fulminating 
gold.  Andreas  Cassius,  in  1686,  described  the  preparation  of  gold- 
purple,  then  adapted  by  Kunkel  to  make  red  glass,  and  to  other 
purposes.— (?mc/tn.  The  chemical  properties  of  gold  have  been  in- 
vestigated by  eminent  chemists,  such  as  Berzelius  and  P'araday. 

Oold-mines.— Gold  was  found  most  abundantly  in  Africa,  Japan, 
and  in  South  America,  where  it  was  discovered  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1492.  From  that  time  to  1731  they  imported  into  Europe 
6,000,000,000  pieces  of  eight,  in  registered  gold  and  silver,  exclu- 
sive of  what  were  unregistered. 

Peter  the  Great  reopened  ancient  gold-mines  in  Russia,  1699. 

Ural  or  Oural  mountains  of  Russia  long  produced  much  gold. 

A  piece  of  gold  weighing  90  marks,  equal  to  60  lbs.  troy  (the  mark 
being  8  ounces),  was  found  near  La  Paz,  a  town  of  Peru,  1730. 

Gold  discovered  in  Malacca  in  1731;  in  New  Andalusia  in  1785;  in 
Ceylon,  1800;  2887  ounces  of  gold,  value  9991^.,  obtained  from 
mines  in  Britain  and  Ireland  in  1864;  it  has  been  found  in  Corn- 
wall, Engl.,  and  in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  in  Ireland. 

Gold  discovered  in  California,  19  Jan.  1848,  on  col.  Sutter's  place,  by 
James  Wilson  Marshal. 

First  deposit  of  gold  from  California,  weighing  1804.59  ounces,  val- 
ued at  $18,055  per  ounce,  made  at  U.  S.  mint  8  Dec.  1848. 

Gold  discovery  in  Aicstralia.—Kdwa,ril  Hargraves  went  to  California 
in  search  of  gold,  and  observed  there  rocks  and  strata  resembling 
those  of  his  own  district  of  Conobolas,  30  miles  west  of  Bathurst, 
New  South  Wales.  On  his  return  home,  he  examined  the  soil,  and 
after  1  or  2  months'  digging,  found  gold,  12  Feb.  1851.  He  obtained 
a  reward  from  the  colonial  government,  and  was  made  commis- 
sioner of  crown  -  lands.  The  excitement  spread  througli  New 
South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  other  places;  and  in  the  first  week  of 
July,  1851,  a  native,  formerly  attached  to  tlie  Wellington  mis- 
sion, then  in  the  service  of  dr.  Kerr,  of  Wallawa,  discovered, 
while  tending  sheep,  a  mass  of  gold  in  a  heap  of  quartz.  3  blocks 
of  quartz  (from  2  to  3  cwt.),  found  in  the  Murroo  creek,  50  miles 
to  the  north  of  Bathurst,  contained  112  lbs.  of  pure  gold,  valued 
at4000i!.  The  "Victoria  nugget,"  a  magnificent  mass  of  virgin 
gold,  weighing  340  oz.,  was  taken  to  England  from  the  Bendigo 
diggings;  and  a  piece  of  pure  gold  of  106  lbs.  weight  was  also 
found.  From  the  gold-fields  of  mount  Alexander  and  Ballarat, 
in  the  district  of  Victoria,  up  to  Oct.  1852,  there  were  taken 
2,532,422  oz.,  or  105  tons  10  cwt.  of  gold;  and  gold  was  ex- 
ported worth  8,863,477^.  In  Nov.  1856,  the  James  Baines  and 
Lightning  brought  gold  from  Melbourne  valued  at  1,200,000Z.  The 
"Welcome  nugget"  weighed  2019^^  oz. ;  value,  8376^.  10s.  3d.; 
found  at  Baker's  hill,  Ballarat,  11  June,  1858.  Between  May,  1851, 
and  May,  1861,  96,000,000^.  of  gold  were  taken  to  England  from 
New  South  Wales  and  Victoria. 

Amount  of  gold  produced  in  the  U.  S.  since  its  discovery  in  Califor- 
nia in  1848,  to  1890,  $1,837,170,000.  The  greatest  amount  in  any 
one  year,  1853,  $65,000,000;  the  least  amount,  1883,  $30,000,000. 
Gold  production  of  the  world  in  500  years,  $7,240,000,000.  Gold 
production  of  the  world  for  1890,  $116,008,900.  Com  andcoinagk. 
Silver. 

Gold  vxire  was  first  made  in  Italy  about  1350.  An  ounce  of  gold  is 
sufficient  to  gild  a  silver  wire  above  1300  miles  in  length;  and 
such  is  its  tenacity  that  a  wire  the  one  eighteenth  part  of  an  inch 
will  bear  the  weight  of  500  pounds  without  breaking. — Fourcroy. 

Gold  leaf.— A  single  grain  of  gold  may  be  extended  into  a  leaf  of  56 
sq.  inches,  and  gold  leaf  can  be  reduced  to  the  300,000th  part  of 
an  inch,  and  gilding  to  the  10,000,000th  part.  — .K'e%'s  Cambist. 
Gilding. 

Oold  Coait,  a  British  colony  in  W.  Africa ;  settle- 
ments made  by  the  Dutch ;  transferred  to  Great  Britain  by 
treaty,  signed  2  Feb.  1872 ;  joined  with  Lagos  to  form  the 
"  Gold  Coast  Colony."  Area,  46,600  sq.  miles ;  pop.  estimated, 
1,905,000,  of  whom  about  150  are  Europeans. 

Oolden  Bull,  or  Bulla  Aurea,of  emperor  Charles 
IV.  of  Germany ;  one  of  the  most  peculiar  public  documents 
of  the  middle  ages.  After  a  prayer  for  divine  assistance,  etc., 
and  the  questioning  of  Satan,  the  emperor  proceeds  as  follows: 
"  Inasmuch  as  we,  through  the  office  by  which  we  possess  the 
imperial  dignity,  are  doublj' — both  as  emperor  and  b}'  the  elec- 
torial  right  which  we  enjoy — bound  to  put  an  end  to  future 
danger  of  discords  among  the  electors  themselves,  to  which 
number  we,  as  king  of  Bohemia,  are  known  to  belong:  we 
have  promulgated,  decreed,  and  recommended  for  ratification 
the  subjoined  laws  for  the  purpose  of  cherishing  unity  among 
the  electors  and  of  bringing  about  a  unanimous  election,  and 


GOL 


1 

ana 


of  closing  all  approach  to  the  aforesaid  detestable  discord 
to  various  dangers  which  arise  from  it.  This  we  have  done 
in  our  solemn  court  at  Nuremberg,  in  session  with  all  the  elec- 
toral princes,  ecclesiastical  and  secular,  and  amid  a  numerous 
multitude  of  other  princes,  counts,  barons,  magnates,  nobles, 
and  citizens ;  after  mature  deliberation  and  fulness  of  our  im- 
perial power,  sitting  on  the  throne  of  our  imperial  majesty, 
adorned  with  the  imperial  bands,  insignia,  and  diadem,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1356,  in  the  9th  Indiction,  on  the  4th  day 
before  the  ides  of  January,  in  the  10th  year  of  our  reign  as 
king — the  1st  as  emperor." 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  subjects  for  which  specific 
directions  or  laws  are  given  : 

1.  The  proper  escort  of  electors  and  by  whom  furnished. 

2.  Of  electing  the  king  of  the  Romans. 

3.  Of  seating  the  bishops  of  Treves,  Cologne,  and  Mainz. 

4.  Of  the  princes'  elections  in  common. 

5.  Of  the  rights  of  the  count  palatine  and  the  duke  of  Saxony 

6.  Of  comparison  of  prince  electors  with  ordinary  princes. 

7.  Of  the  successors  of  the  princes. 

8.  Of  the  immunity  of  the  king  of  Bohemia  and  his  subjects. 

9.  Of  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  other  specie. 

10.  Of  money. 

11.  Of  the  immunity  of  prince  electors. 

12.  Of  the  coming  together  of  the  princes. 

13.  Of  revoking  privileges. 

14.  Of  those  from  whom,  as  unworthy,  their  feudal  possessions  are 
taken. 

15.  Of  conspiracies. 

16.  Of  "  Pfalzburgers  "  (citizens  of  one  place  who  reside  in  another). 

17.  Of  challenges  of  defiance. 

18.  Of  letters  of  intimidation. 

19.  Formula  of  representation  sent  by  a  prince  elector  with  an 
envoy  or  proxy. 

20.  Of  the  unity  of  the  electorial  principalities  and  of  the  rights 
connected  with  them. 

21.  Of  the  order  of  marching  as  regards  the  archbishops. 

22.  Of  the  order  of  proceeding  of  the  prince  electors  and  by  whom 
the  insignia  shall  be  carried. 

23.  Of  the  benediction  of  the  archbishop  in  the  presence  of  the  em- 
peror. 

24.  Of  conspiracies. 

25.  Of  the  succession  of  the  difi"erent  kingdoms  and  provinces. 

26.  Of  the  order  of  procession. 

27.  Of  the  ofiices  of  the  prince  electors  in  the  solemn  courts  of  the 
emperor  or  king  of  the  Romans. 

28.  Of  the  arrangement  of  the  imperial  table. 

29.  Of  election,  coronation,  and  first  imperial  court  when  held. 

30.  Of  the  rights  of  the  officials  when  princes  receive  their  fiefs 
from  the  emperor  or  king  of  the  Romans. 

31.  Of  the  necessity  of  teaching  the  Italian  and  Slavic  tongues. 

g'Olden  fleece.  According  to  the  Greek  legend, 
Phrixus  and  Helle  were  children  of  Athamas,  king  of  Orcho- 
MENUS.  Through  the  designs  of  their  step-mother,  Ino,  Phrixus 
was  about  to  be  sacrificed  to  Zeus,  when  Hermes  sent  a  gold- 
en-fleeced ram  which  carried  the  children  in  safety  over  land 
and  water  as  far  as  the  sea  between  Sigaeum  and  the  Cherso- 
nese, when  Helle  fell  and  was  drowned  in  its  waters,  whence 
named  Hellespontus  {Helle's  sea).  Phrixus  went  on  to  Colchis, 
to  king  ^etes,  who  received  him  kindly.  Phrixus  here  sac- 
rificed the  ram  to  Zeus,  and  its  golden  fleece  was  hung  in  a 
grove  sacred  to  Ares.  To  bring  back  the  golden  fleece  to 
Greece  was  the  object  of  the  Argonauts. — Philip  the  Good, 
duke  of  Burgundj',  at  his  marriage  in  1429,  instituted  the  mil- 
itary order  of  Toison  d^or,  or  "  golden  fleece,"  on  account,  it  is 
said,  of  his  profit  from  wool.  The  number  of  knights  was  31. 
The  king  of  Spain,  as  duke  of  Burgundy,  became  grandmaster 
of  the  order.  The  knights  wore  a  scarlet  cloak  lined  with 
ermine,  a  collar  opened,  and  the  duke's  cipher,  a  B,  to  signify 
Burgundy,  together  with  flints  striking  fire,  and  the  motto, 
"Anteferit,quamflamm.a  micat."  On  the  collar  hung  a  golden 
fleece,  with  this  device,  '^  Pretium  non  vile  laborum."  The 
order  afterwards  became  common  to  all  princes  of  the  house 
of  Austria,  as  descendants  of  Marj',  daughter  of  Charles  the 
Bold,  last  duke  of  Burgundy,  who  married  Maximilian  of  Aus- 
tria in  1477.  It  now  belongs  to  both  Austria  and  Spain,  by 
treaty  made  30  Apr.  1725. 

Oolden  Horde,  a  name  of  Mongolian  Tartars,  who 
established  an  empire  in  Kaptchak  (or  Kibzak),  now  S.E. 
Russia,  about  1224,  under  Batou,  grandson  of  Genghis  Khan. 
Invading  Russia,  they  made  Alexander  Newski  grand-duke, 
1252.  At  the  battle  of  Bielawisch,  in  1481,  they  were  crushed 
by  Ivan  III.  and  the  Nogai  Tartars. 

"  Oolden  Leg^end  "  ("  Legenda  Aurea").  The  Uvea 
of  our  Lord  and  the  saints,  written  by  Giacomo  Varaggio,  or 


M 


GOL 

Jacobus  de  Voragiiie,  a  Dominican  monk,  about  1260;  first 
printed  1470 ;  a  translation  printed  by  Caxton,  1483.  Long- 
fellow's "  Golden  Legend,"  a  lyric  drama  based  upon  a  story 
of  self-sacrifice,  appeared  in  1851. 

golden  number,  the  number  that  shows  the  year 
of  the  moon's  cycle  of  19  years ;  its  discovery  is  ascribed  to 
Meton  of  Athens,  about  432  B.C.— Pliny.  To  find  the  golden 
number  or  year  of  the  lunar  cycle,  add  one  to  the  date,  and 
divide  by  19 ;  the  quotient  is  the  number  of  cycles  since  Christ, 
and  the  remainder  the  golden  number.  This  is  now  the  99th 
cycle,  and  the  golden  number  for  1892  is  12;  1893, 13;  1894, 
14;  1895,  15. 

gold-fish  (the  golden  carp,  Cyprinus  auratus),  taken  to 
England  from  China  in  1691,  but  not  common  till  about  1723. 

golf,  the  national  game  of  Scotland,  has  spread  to  Eng- 
land, Europe,  India,  America,  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  is 
played  with  rubber  balls  and  a  golf  club,  along  a  series  of 
links  or  downs,  in  which  are  small  round  holes  at  intervals  of 
100  to  400  yards.  With  other  games  it  was  prohibited  by 
the  king  in  1457.  The  royal  golf  club  of  St.  Andrews  is  now 
the  national  club  of  Scotland. 
Gutta-percha  balls  substituted  for  those  made  of  leather  and 

stuffed  with  feathers 1848 

Allan  Robertson,  the  greatest  golfer  that  ever  lived,  d 1859 

gonfalonier  {gon'-fal-o-neer')  or  standard- 
bearer  of  justice,  originally  a  subordinate  officer  in 
Florence;  instituted  1292;  became  paramount  in  the  15th 
century,  and  was  suppressed  27  Apr.  1532,  when  the  constitu- 
tion was  changed  and  Alexander  de'  Medici  made  duke. 

Good  Friday  (probably  God's  Friday),  the  Friday 
(before  Easter  day,  a  solemn  fast  of  the  church  in  remembrance 
of  the  crucifixion  of  Christ  on  Friday,  3  Apr.  33,  or  15  Apr.  29. 
Its  appellation  of  good  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  the  church  of 
England ;  the  Saxons  denominated  it  Long  Friday,  from  the 
long  offices  and  fastings  enjoined  on  this  day.  For  its  date, 
Easter. 

Oood  Templars  (order  originated  in  the  United 
States  in  1851)  pledge  themselves  not  to  make,  buy,  sell,  fur- 
nish, or  cause  to  be  furnished,  intoxicating  liquors  to  others 
AS  a  beverage.  The  first  English  lodge  was  formed  at  Bir- 
mingham in  May,  1868.  In  1891  there  were  100  grand 
lodges  in  the  world,  and  the  membership  was  410,996,  with  a 
juvenile  branch  of  159,106  members. 

Goorkhas  (goor'kas),  a  warlike  tribe  of  Nepaul,  India, 
became  prominent  in  the  17th  century.  Their  invasions  were 
•defeated  about  1791  by  Chinese,  whose  vassals  they  became. 
In  a  war  with  British  in  1814  they  were  at  first  successful, 
4)ut  were  subdued,  and  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  in  Feb. 
1816.  Since  1841  the  native  regiments  have  been  largely 
recruited  by  Goorkhas,  who  have  rendered  valuable  service 
in  nearly  all  British-Indian  wars,  and  in  Afghanistan,  1878-79. 

Oordian  knot,  said  to  have  been  made  of  thongs 
used  as  harness  to  the  wagon  of  Gordius,  a  husbandman,  after- 
wards king  of  Phrygia.  Whosoever  loosed  this  knot,  the  ends 
of  which  were  not  discoverable,  the  oracle  declared  should  be 
ruler  of  Persia.  Alexander  the  Great  cut  away  the  knot  with 
his  sword  until  he  found  the  ends  of  it,  and  thus,  in  a  military 
sense  at  least,  interpreted  the  oracle,  330  b.c. 

Gordon's  *'  RfO  Popery  "  riots,  London,  occa- 
sioned by  the  zeal  of  lord  George  Gordon,  2-9  June,  1780. 
On  4  Jan.  1780,  he  tendered  the  petition  of  the  Protestant  associa- 
tion to  lord  North. 
On  Friday,  2  June,  be  headed  the  mob  of  40,000  persons  who  assem- 
bled in  St.  George's  fields,  under  the  name  of  the  Protestant  as- 
sociation, to  carry  a  petition  to  Parliament  for  repeal  of  an  act 
which  granted  indulgences  to  the  Roman  Catholics.     The  mob 
proceeded  to  pillage,  burn,  and  pull  down  the  chapels  and  houses 
of  the  Roman  Catholics  first,  but  afterwards  of  others,  for  nearly 
6  days.   The  bank  was  attempted,  jails  opened  (the  King's  Bench, 
Newgate,  Fleet,  and  Bridewell  prisons).     On  the  7th,  36  fires  were 
blazing  at  once.     By  the  aid  of  armed  associations  of  citizens, 
the  horse  and  foot  guards,  and  militia  of  several  counties,  em- 
bodied and  marched  to  London,  the  riot  was  quelled  on  the  8th. 
"Two  hundred  and  ten  rioters  were  killed  and  248  wounded,  of  whom 

75  died  in  hospitals,  and  many  were  convicted  and  executed. 
I-oss  of  property  was  estimated  at  180,000?. 
Lord  George  was  tried  for  high-treason  and  acquitted,  5  Feb.  1781. 

He  died  a  prisoner  for  libel,  1  Nov.  1793. 
Dickens  gives  a  vivid  description  of  these  riots  in  "  Barnaby  Rudge. ' ' 


335 


GOT 


gorget  (jgor'-jet),  the  ancient  breastplate,  was  very  large, 
varying  in  size  and  weight.  The  present  diminutive  breast- 
plate came  into  use  about  1660.     Armor. 

gorilla,  a  powerful  ape  of  W.  Africa,  about  5  ft.  7  in. 
high.  It  is  a  match  for  the  lion,  and  attacks  the  elephant 
with  a  club.  Perhaps  identical  with  the  hairy  people  Gorul- 
lai,  mentioned  by  the  Carthaginian  navigator  Hanno,  in  his 
"  Periplus,"  about  570  b.c.  Expeditions.  In  1847  a  sketch 
of  a  gorilla's  cranium  was  sent  to  prof.  Owen  by  dr.  Savage, 
then  at  the  Gaboon  river,  and  preserved  specimens  have  been 
brought  to  Europe ;  a  living  one  died  on  its  voyage  to  France. 
In  1851  prof.  Owen  described  specimens  to  the  Zoological  So- 
ciety ;  in  1859  he  gave  an  account  of  the  species  at  the  Royal 
Institution,  London;  and  in  1861  several  skins  and  skulls  were 
there  exhibited  by  M.  du  Chaillu,  who  killed  21  of  them  while 
in  central  Africa.  A  young  one  brought  to  New  York  in 
1890.     The  gorilla  was  not  known  to  Cuvier. 

Oospellers,  a  name  given  to  the  followers  of  Wick- 
lifife,  who  attacked  popery,  about  1377.  WicklifFe  opposed  the 
pope's  supremacy,  temporal  jurisdiction  of  bishops,  etc.,  and  is 
called  father  of  the  Reformation. 

OospelS  (Sax.  god-spell,  good  story).  Matthew's  and 
Mark's  are  conjectured  to  have  been  written  between  38  and 
65  A.D. ;  Luke's,  55  or  65 ;  John's,  about  97.  Irenseus  in  the 
2d  century  refers  to  each  gospel  by  name.  '  Dr.  Robert  Bray 
was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Countries,  incorporated  in  1701.  A 
body  termed  "Bray's  Associates"  still  exists;  meant  to  aid  in 
forming  and  supporting  clerical  parochial  libraries. 

Ootlia  {go'-ta),  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  Here  is  published  the  celebrated  A  Imanack  de  Gotha, 
which  first  appeared  in  1764,  in  German,  and  which  is  the 
best  and  most  complete  account  of  the  descent  and  kindred  of 
all  the  royal  families  of  the  world. 

Gothenburg  system,  in  Sweden.  A  plan  first  de- 
vised and  executed  by  the  municipal  government  of  this  city 
for  the  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic.  It  begins  by  limiting 
licenses  closely,  with  the  view  of  ultimately  vesting  a  monop- 
oly of  the  sale  in  the  municipality  itself,  and  excluding  from 
the  trade  all  who  derive  a  profit  from  it.  It  was  advocated 
in  England  by  Mr.  Chamberlain,  M.P.,  and  much  discussed, 
1876-77. 

'  Ootllie  architecture  arose  about  the  9th  century 
A.D.,  and  spread  over  Europe.  Its  characteristic  is  the  pointed 
arch ;  hence  it  has  been  called  the  pointed  style.  "  Gothic  " 
was  originally  a  term  of  reproach  given  it  by  Renaissance 
architects  of  the  16th  centurj'.  Its  invention  has  been  claimed 
for  several  nations,  particularly  for  the  Saracens.  The  follow- 
ing list  is  from  Godwin's  "Chronological  Table  of  English 
Architecture  "  : 

Anglo-Roman— 55  B.C.  to  about  250  a.d.— St.  Martin's  church,  Can- 
terbury. 
Anglo-Saxon— ^QQ   to   1066.— Earl's  Barton    church,  St.   Peter's, 
Lincolnshire. 

Gothic  Anglo- Roman— 10&6  to  1135 Rochester  cathedral    nave; 

St.  Bartholomew's,  Smithfield;  St.  Cross,  Hants,  etc. 
Early  English,  or  Pointed — 1135   to   1272. — Temple   church,   Lon- 
don; parts  of  Winchester,  Wells,  Salisbury,  and  Durham  cathe- 
drals, and  Westminster  abbey. 
Pointed,  called  pure   Gothic_1272    to    1377.— Exeter    cathedral, 

Waltham  Cross,  etc. ;  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster. 
Florid  Pointed— lan  to  1509.— Westminster  hall  ;   King's  college, 
Cambridge  ;  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor  ;  Henry  VII. 's  chapel, 
Westminster. 
Elizabethan— 1509  to  1625.— Northumberland  house.  Strand;  part 

of  Windsor  castle;  Hatfield  house;  schools  at  O.xford. 
Revival  of  Grecian  architecture  about  1625.     Banqueting  -  house, 

Whitehall,  etc. 
Revival  of  Gothic  architecture  began  about  1825,  mainly  through 
the  exertions  of  A.  W.  Pugin.    Controversy  on  its  value  was  rife 
in  1860-61. 

Gothland,  an  isle  in  the  Baltic  sea,  was  conquered  by 
the  Teutonic  knights,  1397-98;  given  up  to  the  Danes,  1524; 
to  Sweden,  1645 ;  conquered  by  the  Danes,  1677 ;  and  restored 
to  Sweden,  1679.  * 

Oothard,  St.  (Fr.  san  go-tar').     Tunnels. 
Ooths,  a  warlike  nation  between  the  Caspian,  Pontus, 
Euxine,  and  Baltic  seas.     They  entered  Moesia,  took  Philip- 
popolis,  massacring  thousands ;  defeated  and  killed  the  empe- 
ror Decius,  251 ;  but  were  defeated  at  Naissus  by  Claudius, 


GOT  ^ 

hence  surnamed  Gothicus,  320,000  being  slain,  269.  Aurelian 
ceded  Dacia  to  them  in  272 ;  but  they  long  troubled  the  em- 
pire. After  the  destruction  of  the  Roman  western  empire  by 
the  Heruli,  the  Ostrogoths,  or  Eastern  Goths,  under  Theodoric, 
subdued  most  of  Italy,  and  retained  it  till  553,  when  they  were 
conquered  by  Narses,  Justinian's  general.  The  Visigoths,  or 
Western  Goths,  founded  a  kingdom  in  Spain,  which  continued 
until  the  Saracen  conquest. 

Oottliard,  St.  (san  got'-harf),  a  Cistercian  convent 
near  the  river  Raab,  Hungary.  Here  the  Turks,  under 
grand-vizier  Kupriuli,  were  routed  by  imperialists  and  their 
allies,  commanded  by  Montecuculi,  1  Aug.  1664.  Peace  fol- 
lowed. 

Oottlngen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  a  member  of  the  Han- 
seatic  League  about  1360.  The  university  "  Georgia  Augus- 
ta," founded  by  George  H.  of  England  in  1734,  was  opened 
1737.  It  was  seized  by  the  French,  1760,  and  held  till  1762. 
In  1837  several  able  professors  were  dismissed  for  expressing 
political  opinions. 

'*GoUVernOur,  The,"  a  moral  and  educational  work, 
full  of  anecdotes,  by  sir  Thomas  Elyot,  first  pub.  1531;  an 
annotated  edition  with  glossary  by  H.  H.  S.  Croft  pub. 
1880. 

ffOVernor,  an  instrument  attached  to  steam-engines, 
etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  regularity  of  motion  by  ad- 
justing the  amount  of  power.  The  centrifugal  governor  or 
the  fly-ball  governor,  as  it  is  called,  was  invented  by  Huy- 
ghens  about  1650.  Watts  applied  it  to  the  regulating  of  steam- 
engines,  1784 ;  many  improvements  since. 

OoWrie  conspiracy.  John  Ruthven,  earl  of 
Gowrie,  in  1600,  reckoning  on  the  support  of  the  burghs  and 
the  kirk,  conspired  to  dethrone  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  and 
seize  the  government ;  and  the  king  was  decoyed  into  Gowrie's 
house  in  Perth,  on  5  Aug.  1600.  The  plot  was  frustrated,  and 
the  earl  and  his  brother  Alexander  were  slain  on  the  spot. 
At  the  time,  many  believed  that  the  young  men  were  rather 
victims  than  authors  of  a  plot.  Their  father,  William,  was 
treacherously  executed  in  1584  for  his  share  in  the  raid  of 
Ruthven,  in  1582 ;  and  he  and  his  father,  Patrick,  were  among 
the  assassins  of  Rizzio,  9  Mch.  1566. 

grace,  a  title  assumed  by  Henry  IV.  of  England,  on  his 
accession  in  1399.  Excellent  grace  was  assumed  by  Henry  VI. 
about  1425.  Till  James  L,  1603,  the  king  was  addressed  by 
that  title,  but  afterwards  by  the  title  of  majesty  only.  "  Your 
grace "  is  the  form  of  address  to  an  archbishop  or  a  duke. 
The  term  "  Grace  of  God  "  is  said  to  have  been  taken  by  bish- 
ops at  Ephesus,  431  (probably  from  1  Cor.  xv.  10),  by  the  Car- 
lovingian  princes  in  the  9th  century,  by  popes  in  the  13th 
century ;  and  about  1440  it  was  assumed  by  kings  as  signify- 
ing their  supposed  divine  right.  ''Dei  gratia"  was  put  on 
his  great  seal  by  William  II.  of  England,  and  on  his  gold 
coin  by  Edward  HI.  The  king  of  Prussia's  saying  that  he 
would  reign  "  by  the  grace  of  God "  gave  much  offence,  18 
Oct.  1861. 

gprace  at  meat.  The  ancient  Greeks  would  not  par- 
take of  meat  until  they  had  offered  part  of  it,  as  first-fruits, 
to  the  gods.  The  short  prayer  said  before,  and  by  some  per- 
sons after  meat,  in  Christian  countries,  is  in  conformity  with 
Christ's  example,  John  vi.  11,  etc.  '•  The  custom  of  saying 
grace  at  meals  had  probably  its  origin  in  the  early  times  of 
the  world." — Lamb,  "  Grace  before  Meat,  Essays  of  Elia." 

Orsecia  Magna,  colonies  planted  by  the  Greeks,  974- 
748  B.C.     Italy. 

graffiti  {graf-fee'-tee),  the  scribblings  found  on  the  walls 
of  Pompeii  and  other  Roman  ruins ;  selections  were  published 
by  Wordsworth  in  1837,  and  by  Garrucci  in  1856. 

Oraham'S  dike,  Scotland,  a  wall  built  in  209  a.d. 
by  Severus  Septimus,  the  Roman  emperor,  or  by  Antoninus 
Pius.  It  reached  from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  Clyde.  Bu- 
chanan mentions  considerable  remains  of  this  wall  in  his  time, 
and  vestiges  are  still  to  be  seen. 

"Orail,  Holy  "  (Sangreal).  Tennyson's  poem  with 
this  title,  Dec.  1869,  led  to  much  discussion.  Tennyson  treats 
it  as  the  cup  in  which  Christ  drank  at  the  Last  Supper. 


6  GRA 

"  The  Holy  Grail  I  .  .  .  What  is  it? 
The  phantom  of  a  cup  that  comes  and  goes?  . 
The  cup,  the  cup  itself,  from  which  our  Lord 
Drank  at  the  last  sad  supper  with  his  own." 

—Tenjiyson,  "The  Holy  Grail." 

Mediaeval  romances  treat  it  as  the  dish  which  held  the  paschal! 
lamb.  The  word  is  probably  old  French,  grial,  from  the  old 
Latin  gradalis,  a  dish. 

grain.  Henry  HI.  of  England  is  said  to  have  chosen 
a  grain  of  wheat  from  the  middle  of  the  ear  as  the  standard 
of  weight :  12  grains  to  be  a  pennyweight,  12  pennyweights 
one  ounce,  and  12  ounces  a  pound  troy. — Lawson. 

grammarians,  those  versed  in  grammar  or  the 
structure  of  language.  A  society  of  grammarians  was  formed 
at  Rome  as  early  as  276  b.c. — Blair.  ApoUodorus  of  Athens, 
Varro,  Cicero,  Messala,  Julius  Caesar,  Nicias,  -^lius  Donatus, 
Remmius,  Palemon,Tyrannion  of  Pontus,  Athenaeus,  and  other 
distinguished  men  were  of  this  class.  A  Greek  grammar  was- 
printed  at  Milan  in  1476 ;  Lily's  Latin  grammar  ("  Brevis  In- 
stitutio"),  1513;  Lindley  Murray's  English  grammar,  1795;, 
Cobbett's  English  grammar,  1818.  Harris's  "  Hermes"  was- 
pub.  1750,  Home  Tooke'^s  "Epea  Pteroenta;  or.  The  Diver- 
sions of  Purley,"  in  1786,  treatises  on  the  philosophy  of  lan- 
guage and  grammar.  Cobbett  declared  Mr.  Canning  to  have- 
been  the  only  purely  grammatical  orator  of  his  time ;  and  dr. 
Parr,  speaking  of  a  speech  of  Mr.  Pitt's,  said,  "  We  threw  our 
whole  grammatical  mind  upon  it,  and  could  not  discover  one 
error."  Among  the  English  grammars  first  published  in  the- 
United  States  were  Ross's,  Hartford,  1782 ;  "  British  Grammar,'" 
London  and  Boston,  1784;  Buchanan's  English,  pub.  Phila- 
delphia, 1792;  Ticknor's,  Boston,  1794;  Dearborn's,  Boston,. 
1795;  Bingham's,  Boston,  1801;  Cochran's,  Boston,  1802;  Noab 
Webster's,  1807;  Gurney's,  1808 ;  Judson's,  Boston,  1808;  Al- 
den's,  Boston,  1811 ;  Smith's,  Philadelphia,  1812 ;  Lindley  Mur- 
ra3''s,  American  edition.  New  York,  1814 ;  Goold  Brown's,, 
1823;  Peter  Bullions's,  1834. 

gramme.     Metrical  system. 

Gramme's  magneto-electric  machine, 

invented  1870.     Electricity. 

Grampian  hills,  central  Scotland.  At  Ardoch, 
near  Mons  Grampius  of  Tacitus,  Scots  and  Picts  under 
Galgacus  were  defeated  by  Romans  under  Agricola,  84  or 

85  A.D. 

Oranada,  a  citj',  S.  Spain,  was  founded  by  Moors  in 
the  8th  century,  and  was  then  in  the  kingdom  of  Cordova.. 
In  1236,  Mohammed-al-Hamar  made  it  capital  of  his  new 
kingdom  of  Granada,  which  prospered  till  its  subjugation  by 
the  "great  captain,"  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  2  Jan.  1492.  In 
1609  and  1610  the  industrious  Moors  were  expelled  from  Spain 
by  the  bigoted  Philip  HI.,  to  the  lasting  injury  of  his  country. 
Granada  was  taken  by  marshal  Soult  in  1810,  and  held  till 
1812.  Pop.  1888,  73,006.  In  the  province  of  Granada,  5  towns 
were  destroyed,  914  persons  killed,  with  a  great  loss  of  prop- 
erty through  the  earthquake  of  25  Dec.  et  seq.  1884. 

granaries  were  formed  by  Joseph  in  Egypt,  1715  b.c. 
(Gen.  xli.  48).  There  were  327  granaries  in  Rome. —  Univ. 
Hist. 

grand  alliance  between  the  emperor  Leopold  I.  and 
the  Dutch  States-general  (principally  to  prevent  the  union  of 
the  French  and  Spanish  monarchies  in  one  person),  signed  at 
Vienna,  12  May,  1689,  to  which  England,  Spain,  and  the  duke 
of  Savoy  afterwards  acceded. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  This  society 

of  Union  veteran  soldiers  of  the  civil  war  was  first  organized 
at  Springfield,  111.,  during  the  winter  of  1865-66,  under  the 
leadership  of  dr.  B.  F.  Stephenson,  surgeon  of  the  14th  Illi- 
nois infantry.  A  national  encampment  is  held  by  the  society 
annually.  Total  membership,  1893,  403,024  in  45  depart- 
ments. 

First  post  formed  at  Decatur,  III 6  Apr.  1866- 

A  national  convention  was  called  and  met  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 

20  Nov.  " 
[The  following  states  represented  :  New  York,  Pennsylvania,. 
Illinois,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  Ohio,  Iowa,  Kansas,  In- 
diana, and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Gen.  Stephen  A.  Hurlbut  of 
Illinois  was  elected  commander-in-chief,  with  dr.  Stephenson  a» 
adjutant  general.] 


I 


GRA  337  QRA 

NATIONAL  ENCAMPMENTS  AND  COMMANDERS  OF  THE  GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


Stephen  A.  Hurlbut,  111 

John  A.  Logan,  111 

John  A.  Logan,  111 

John  A.  Logan,  111 

Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  R.  I 

Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  R.  I 

Charles  Devens,  jr.,  Mass 

Charles  Devens,  jr..  Mass 

John  F.  Hartranft,  Pa 

John  F.  Hartranft,  Pa 

John  C.  Robinson,  N.  Y 

John  C.  Robinson,  N.  Y 

William  Earnshaw,  Ohio 

Louis  Wagner,  Pa 

George  S.  Merrill,  Mass 

Paul  Van  Der  Voort,  Neb 

Robert  B.  Beath,  Pa 

John  S.  Kuntz,  Ohio 

S.  S.  Burdette,  Washington,  D.C. 

Lucius  Fairchild,  Wis 

John  P.  Rae,  Minn 

AVilliam  Warner,  Mo 

Russell  A.  Alger,  Mich 

Wheelock  G.  Veazey,  Vt 

John  Palmer,  N.  Y 

A.  G.  Weissert,  Wis 

J.  G.  B.  Adams,  Mass 

Thomas  6.  Lawler 


Encampment. 


Indianapolis,  Ind.. 
Philadelphia,  Pa..., 

Cincinnati,  O 

Washington,  D.  C. . . 

Boston,  Mass , 

Cleveland,  0 

New  Haven,  Conn. , 

Harrisburg,  Pa 

Chicago,  111 

Philadelphia,  Pa... 
Providence,  R.  I... 
Springfield,  Mass.. 

Albany,  N.  Y 

Dayton,  0 

Indianapolis,  Ind. . 

Baltimore,  Md 

Denver,  Col 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Portland,  Me 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Columbus,  0 , 

Milwaukee,  Wis. . . 

Boston,  Mass 

Detroit,  Mich 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. . 
Pittsburg,  Pa 


20 

Nov. 

1866 

15  June, 

1868 

12 

May, 

1869 

12 

1870 

10 

1871 

8 

1872 

14 

1873 

13 

1874 

12 

1875 

30  June, 

1876 

26 

11 

1877 

4 

u 

1878 

17 

(' 

1879- 

8 

«' 

1880 

15 

u 

1881 

21 

u 

1882 

25 

July, 

1883 

23 

" 

1884 

24  June 

188& 

26 

Aug 

1886-. 

27 

Sept 

1887 

10 

1888< 

27 

Aug 

1889 

12 

" 

1890' 

4 

" 

1891 

20 

Sept 

1892 

5 

1893 

10 

" 

1894 

g^rand  pen§ionary,  a  chief  state  functionary  in 
Holland  in  the  16th  century.  In  the  constitution  given  by 
France  to  the  Batavian  republic,  before  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
land was  formed,  the  title  was  revived  and  given  to  the  head 
of  the  government,  29  Apr.  1805,  Rutger  Jan  Schiramelpen- 
ninck  being  made  grand  pensionary.     Holland. 

Orang^e,  National,  organized  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec. 
1867,  to  protect  the  interests  of  farmers  and  improve  their 
condition.  Reorganized  at  St.  Louis  in  1874.  It  is  strictly 
non-political  and  numbered  250,000  members  in  1891,  among 
them  not  a  few  women.  The  chief  oflScer  is  termed  master, 
2d  officer,  overseer,  etc. 

Oraili'CUS,  a  river  in  N.W.  Asia  Minor,  near  which,  on 
22  May,  334  b.c.,  Alexander  the  Great  defeated  the  Persians. 
The  Macedonian  troops  (30,000  foot  and  5000  horse)  crossed 
the  Granicus  in  the  face  of  the  Persian  army  (600,000  foot 
and  20,000  horse). — Justin,  The  victors  lost  55  foot  and  60 
horse.  Sardis  capitulated,  Miletus  and  Halicarnassus  were 
taken  by  storm,  and  other  great  towns  submitted.    Battles. 

Oranson,  near  the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  Switzerland, 
where  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  defeated  by 
the  Swiss,  3  Mch.  1476. 

Orant,  Ulysses  S.,  administration  of.  United  States, 
1869-77. 

Orant'§    campaign   in   Virginia   (4  May, 

1864  to  9  Apr.  1865).  The  grade  of  lieutenant-general  was 
revived  2  Mch.  1864,  and  on  the  9th  Grant  was  appointed 
with  this  rank  commander,  under  the  president,  of  the  armies 
of  the  United  States.  Under  him  Sherman  acted,  and  a  plan 
was  agreed  upon  for  a  simultaneous  advance  in  May  against 
the  armies  of  Johnston  in  Georgia  and  Lee  in  Virginia.  In 
April,  Grant  transferred  Sheridan  from  the  army  of  the  Cum- 
berland to  command  the  cavalry  in  Virginia,  while  gen.  Meade 
still  led  the  army  of  the  Potomac.  The  confederate  army 
under  Lee,  at  the  opening  of  this  campaign,  was  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Rapidan,  60,000  to  70,000  strong,  never  under  bet- 
ter discipline,  or  more  alert  and  active.  As  this  was  the  cul- 
minating campaign  of  the  war,  a  list  is  given  of  the  principal 
officers  of  the  2  federal  armies  which  co-operated  in  it,  with 
their  aggregate  strength  for  duty,  and  a  table  of  their  losses. 

ARMY     OF     THE     POTOMAC. 
Maj.-gen.  George  G.  Meade. 
Id  Army  Corps,  maj.-gen.  Wiufleld  S.  Hancock. 
1st  div.,  brig. -gen.  Francis  C.  Barlow;    2d  div.,  brig. -gen.  John 
Gibbon;  3d  div.,  brig. -gen.  David  B.  Birney;  4th  div.,  brig. -gen. 
Gershom  Mott. 
5th  Army  Corps,  maj.-gen.  Gouverneur  K.  Warren. 
1st  div.,  brig. -gen.  Charles  Griffln;    2d  div.,  brig. -gen.  John  C. 
Robinson;   3d  div.,  brig. -gen.  Samuel  W.  Crawford;   4th  div., 
brig. -gen.  James  S.  Wadsworth. 
Uh  Army  Corps,  maj.-gen.  John  Sedgwick. 
1st  div.,  brig. -gen.  Horatio  G.  Wright;  2d  div.,  brig. -gen.  George 
W.  Getty;  3d  div.,  brig. -gen.  James  B.  Ricketts. 
^th  Army  Corps,  maj.-gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside. 


1st  div. ,  brig.  -gen.  Thomas  G.  Stevenson ;   2d  div. ,  brig.  -gen.  Rob- 
ert B.  Potter:  3d  div.,  brig. -gen.  Orlando  B.  Wilcox;   4th  div., 
brig. -gen.  Edward  Ferrera. 
Cavalry,  maj.-gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan. 
1st  div.,  brig. -gen.  Alfred  T.  A.  Torbert;  2d  div.,  brig. -gen.  David 
McM.  Gregg;  3d  div.,  brig.  gen.  James  H.  Wilson. 
Artillery,  brig. -gen.  Henry  J.  Hunt. 

Aggregate  Strength  for  Duty. 

Officers.                    Enlisted  men.  Guns. 

Infantry 4459. 91,420 

Artillery 226 


7,554. 


(192 

\  92  Reserve, 
Cavalry 607 12,257 32 


Total. 


.5292. 


,111,231 316 


ARMY    OF  THE  JAMES. 

Maj.  -gen.  Benjamin  F.  Butler. 
\Oth  Army  Corps,  maj.-gen.  Quincy  A.  Gillmore. 
1st  div.,  brig. -gen.  Alfred  H.  Terry;  2d  div.,  brig. -gen.  John  W. 
Turner;  3d  div.,  brig. -gen.  Adelbert  Ames. 
\Sth  Army  Corps,  maj.-gen.  W.  F.  Smith. 
1st  div.,  brig. -gen.  William  T.  H.  Brooks;    2d  div.,  brig. -gen. 
Godfrey  Weitzel;  3d  div.,  brig. -gen.  Edward  W.  Hinks. 
Cavalry,  brig. -gen.  August  V.  Kautz. 

Aggregate  Strength  for  Duty. 

Officers.  Enlisted  men.  Guns.. 

Infantry 1337 30,453 

Artillery 61 2,065 82 

Cavalry 128 4,604 8 

Total... 


.1526. 


.37,122. 


.90 


Grant  moves  against  Lee,  the  army  of  the  Potomac  crossing 
the  Rapidan 4  May, 

Warren  with  the  5th  corps  leading  at  Germania  ford,  followed 
by  Sedgwick  with  the  6th,  pushes  directly  into  the  Wilder- 
ness. Hancock  crosses  at  Ely's  ford  and  moves  on  Chancel- 
lorsville. 

Battle  of  the  Wilderness 5-6  May, 

It  was  not  the  intention  of  Grant  to  fight  Lee  here,  but  the  at- 
tack of  the  confederates  compelled  it.  The  severe  fighting  of 
the  5th  and  the  battle  of  the  6th  were  indecisive.  On  the 
morning  of  the  7th  Lee  was  intrenched,  awaiting  attack. 
Grant  withdrew,  directing  the  column  towards  Spottsylvania 
Court-house;  Warren  leading  at  7  a.m. 

Battle  of  Spottsylvania 10-12  May, 

Warren,  nearing  Spottsylvania  Court-house,  finds  that  confeder- 
ates have  anticipated  him;  he  intrenches,  and  awaits  other 
troops.  On  the  9th  Grant  has  cleared  the  Wilderness  and 
concentrated  near  Spottsylvania;  Hancock  on  the  right,  War- 
ren in  the  centre,  and  Sedgwick  on  the  left.  On  this  day, 
while  placing  his  artillery,  Sedgwick  is  killed,  and  Wright 
takes  the  6th  corps.  On  the  10th  and  11th  there  is  severe 
but  desultory  fighting.  On  the  12th  occurs  the  gallant  as- 
sault of  Hancock's  corps  on  the  confederate  works,  cap- 
turing 20  guns  and  some  3000  prisoners.  The  desperate- 
attempt  of  the  confederates  to  retake  these  works,  known 
as  the  '-Fight  at  the  Salient"  or  "Bloody  Angle,"  was 
unsuccessful.  After  several  days  of  manoeuvring,  on  the 
night  of  20-21  May,  the  army  marches  on  towards  Rich- 
mond. 

North  Anna  crossing.— Warren'' s  corps  crosses  the  North 
Anna  at  Jericho  ford  on  the  23d.  Hancock  crosses  at  Ches- 
terfield bridge  on  the  morning  of  the  24th.  Here  again  Grant 
is  confronted  by  Lee;  after  a  spirited  reconnoissance  it  is 
found  that  the  confederate  position  is  too  strong  to  be  forced. 
Grant  withdraws  from  its  front  and  moves  towards  the  Pa- 
munkey  river  on  the  night  of 26-27  May, 


186# 


QRA 


838 


GRA 


Sheridan  meets  Fitzhugh  Lee  aud  Hampton  at  Hawes's  shops 

in  a  severe  cavalry  engagement 28  May,  1864 

BcUtle  of  Cold  Harbor. 3  June,     " 

Orant  again  moves  south  to  Cold  Harbor,  31  May-2  June, 
where  he  finds  Lee  strongly  intrenched;  a  partial  engage- 
ment takes  place  on  the  afternoon  of  the  2ci.  On  3  June, 
the  army  of  the  Potomac  being  reinforced  by  the  18th 
corps  (army  of  the  James),  Grant  assaults  tlie  confederate 
works  at  early  sunrise  for  30  minutes,  resulting  in  a  dis- 
astrous repulse  and  a  loss  of  over  10,000  men.  The  armies 
face  each  other  until  12  June,  when  Grant  decides  to  ap- 

S roach  Richmond  from  the  south.  Accordingly  from  12-16 
une  the  army  passes  from  the  Cbickahominy  to  the  James; 
Petersburg,  22  miles  south  of  Richmond,  is  now  its  objective 
point. 

jSheridan^s  Jlrst  raid 8-24  May,     " 

Grant  despatches  Sheridan  to  harass  the  confederate  rear.  He 
passes  to  the  left  of  the  confederate  army,  with  an  engage- 
ment at  Todd's  tavern  on  the  8th.  Crosses  the  North  Anna 
and  captures  Beaver-dam  station,  destroying  the  railroad 
for  10  miles,  and  1,500,000  rations,  on  the  9th;  Allen  sta- 
tion, Ashland,  ^nd  Yellow  tavern,  11th.  At  Yellow  tavern 
the  confederate  cavalry  commander,  gen.  Stuart,  is  killed. 
Engagements  follow  at  Meadow  bridge,  Mechanicsville, Straw- 
berry hill,  Richmond  fortifications,  12th.  Resting  3  days  at 
Haxhall's  landing,  on  the  James,  Sheridan  returns  to  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  on  24  May,  having  passed  completely 
around  the  confederate  army. 

Sheridan's  second  raid 4-24  June,     " 

Sheridan's  object  was  to  join  Hunter  at  Gordonsville,  and  with 
him  to  destroy  the  confederate  communications  and  threat- 
en Richmond.  But  Hunter  failed  to  reach  Gordonsville,  and 
Sheridan  was  not  strong  enough  to  meet  the  enemy.  His 
cavalry  engagements  were  those  at  Trevillian  station  and 
Newton's  cross-roads,  11-12  June;  King  and  Queen's  Court- 
house, 18th  to  20th;  White  House  and  Tunstall's  station,  21st; 
Jones's  bridge,  23d;  St.  Mary's  church,  24th. 
Movement  against  Petersburg^  army  of  the  James. — Gen.  But- 
ler, commanding  the  army  of  the  James,  moves  from  for- 
tress Monroe  towards  Petersburg,  5  May,  to  support  the 
army  of  the  Potomac.  Butler  occupies  Bermuda  Hundreds, 
6  May.    Petersburg  is  immediately  occupied  by  Beaure- 


gard ;   and   Butler  is  checked  at  Bermuda  Hundreds  by 

Beauregard's  works  across  the  neck  of  the  peninsula. 

12-31  May, 
Eighteenth  corps  of  the  army  of  the  James  transferred  to 

Grant  at  Cold  Harbor 2  June, 

Butler  attempts  Petersburg,  but  fails 10  June, 

Army  of  the  Potomac  advances,  joining  Butler 15-16  Juno, 

Hancock  advances  on  Petersburg,  failing  to  take  it  through 

imperfect  co-operation  and  misunderstanding 15  June, 

Assaults  on  defences  of  Petersburg  repulsed 16-17-18  June, 

Failure  of  2d  and  6th  corps  to  sever  the  Weldon  railroad, 

21-22  June, 

Affair  at  Deep  Bottom,  2d  corps  engaged 26  July, 

Explosion  of  mine  and  assault  on  confederate  works;  total 

failure  (Mine  explosion) 30  July, 

Warren  with  5th  corps  seizes  and  holds  the  Weldon  railroad, 

18-21  Aug. 
Hancock  with  2d  corps  driven  from  Reams's  station,  on  the 

Weldon  railroad,  with  severe  loss 25  Aug. 

Gen.  Butler,  with  10th  corps  under  Birney  and  18th  corps  un- 
der Ord,  assaults  and  takes  fort  Harrison 29  Sept. 

Warren  with  5th  and  Parke  with  9th  corps  capture  confeder- 
ate works  at  Peebles's  farm 30  Sept.-l  Oct. 

Failure  of  Hancock  to  seize  south-side  railroad  at  Boydton 

Plank-road  or  Hatcher's  Run 27  Oct. 

Second  attempt  to  turn  confederate  right  at  Hatcher's  Run 

fails 5-6  Feb. 

Lee  attacks  and  captures  fort  Stedman,  which  is  immediately 

retaken ;  confederate  loss  4000 25  Mch.- 

Sheridan  joins  the  army  of  the  Potomac  from  his  raid  in  the 

Shenandoah  valley  with  some  10,000  cavalry 27  Mch. 

Battle  of  Five  Forks;  Sheridan  with  5th  corps  and  cavalry 

defeats  the  confederates 31  Mch.-l  Apr. 

Sheridan  removes  Warren  from  command  of  the  5th  corps 

late  on  the  afternoon  of  1  Apr.,  and  substitutes  Griffin. 

Grant  assaults  and   carries  the  works  about  Petersburg. 

Gen.  A.  P.  Hill,  confederate,  killed 2  Apr. 

Richmond  evacuated " 

"  occupied  by  gen.  Weitzel 3  Apr. 

Pursuit  of  Lee;  affair  at  Sailor's  creek 6  Apr. 

"        "  "      "  Farmville 7  Apr. 

Army  of  northern  Virginia  surrenders  at  Appomattox.  .9  Apr. 


1864 


FEDERAL  LOSSES  (POTOMAC  ARMY)  FROM  THE  WILDERNESS  TO   THE  JAMES,  4  May-16  June. 


Men. 


Men. 


Captured  or  mi-ssing. 


Wilderness 

Spottsylvania 

North  Anna 

Cold  Harbor 

Sheridan's  1st  raid. 
"  2d    "    . 


143 
174 

41 

143 

7 

14 


2103 
2551 

550 

1702 

57 

136 


672 

159 

433 

16 

43 


11,468 
12,744 
2,575 
8,644 
321 
698 


138 
62 
17 
35 
10 
25 


3,245 
2,196 

644 
1,780 

214 


17,666 
18,399 

3,986 

12,737 

625 

1,516 


Totals 

Army  of  the  James,  May-15  June Totals 

About  Petersburg  (army  of  the  Potomac  and  army  of  the  James) ) 

15-30  June j 

July 

Aug.  and  Sept 

Oct.,  Nov.,  and  Dec 

Totals 

Jan.,  Feb.,  Mch.,  and  Apr.  1865 Totals 

Grand  totals 


522 


111 

76 
137 


372 
81 


1013 


7099 


1902 

849 
1384 
603 


4738 
1085 


13,518 


1892 
181 


221 
544 
194 


1484 
384 


3941 


36,450 
3,722 

9,410 

3,587 
7,112 
3,288 


23,397 
7,298 


70,867 


287 
45 


91 
301 
62 


622 

70 


1024 


8,679     I 
1,633    I 

4,453 

1,553 

8,539 
2,409 


16,954 
1,941 
29,207"    I 


54,929 
6,215 

16,569 

6,377 
18,017 


f\ 


47,567 
10,859 


119,570 


OPERATIONS  IN  THE  SHENANDOAH  VALLEY. 

Campaign  of  Grant  against  Lee  embraced  movements  up  the 
Shenandoah  valley.  Sigel,  commanding  department  of  West 
Virginia,  is  sent  up  the  valley  with  10,000  men,  supported 
by  gen.  Crook,  who  leaves  Charlestown,  W.  Va.,  at  the  same 
time 1  May,  1864 

Breckinridge  easily  defeats  Sigel  at  Newmarket 15  May,     " 

Grant  relieves  Sigel  and  appoints  Hunter,  who  defeats  the  con- 
federates under  gen.  W.  E.  Jones  at  Piedmont 5  June,     " 

Hunter,  joined  by  Crook  and  Averill,  advances  to  Staunton,  and 
instead  of  proceeding  to  Gordonsville  to  join  Sheridan,  goes 
to  Lexington,  and  on  18  June  threatens  Lynchburg  with 
20,000  men ;  but  opposed  by  a  much  stronger  force,  escapes 
into  West  Virginia,  where  his  force  for  the  time  is  useless. 

Confederate  forces,  now  under  gen.  Early,  move  rapidly  down 
the  Shenandoah  to  the  Potomac,  and  spread  consternation 
from  Baltimore  to  Washington 2,  3  July,     " 

Gen.  Lew.  Wallace  attempts  to  check  the  confederates  at 
Monocacy,  but  is  defeated  with  a  loss  of  98  killed,  579  wound- 
ed, and  1280  missing 9  July,     " 

Confederate  cavalry  approach  Baltimore 10  July,     " 

On  the  11th  Early  is  within  6  or  7  miles  of  Washington,  and 
menaces  the  capital  on  the  12th,  but  retires  on  the  13th. 
The  19th  corps  (Emory's),  arriving  at  fortress  Monroe  from 
Louisiana,  and  the  6th  corps  from  before  Petersburg,  sent 
by  Grant  under  Wright  to  attack  Early,  pursue  him  some 
distance  up  the  valley,  and  return  to  Leesburg,  and  are  or- 
dered back  to  Petersburg.  Early  returns  as  soon  as  the 
pursuit  ceases;  strikes  Crook  at  Martinsburg.  defeats  him, 
and  holds  the  Potomac  from  Shepardstown  to  Williamsport. 

Early  now  sends  B.  R.  Johnston  and  McCausland  with  some 
3000  cavalry  on  a  raid  into  Pennsylvania 30  July,     " 


Approaching  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  they  demand  $100,000,  which 
is  not  paid,  and  burn  the  town. 

Sixth  and  19th  corps,  on  their  way  to  Petersburg,  return.  Grant 
relieves  gen.  Hunter,  organizes  the  army  of  the  middle  divi- 
sion, and  gives  the  command  to  Sheridan  (Army) 7  Aug.  1864 

Sheridan  attacks  and  defeats  Early,  strongly  fortified  at  Ope- 
quan  creek,  near  Winchester 19  Sept.     " 

Early  falls  back  to  Fisher's  hill,  south  of  Winchester,  where 
Sheridan  routs  him,  taking  1100  prisoners  and  16  guns, 

23  Sept.     " 

Sheridan  pushes  Early  to  the  mountains;  returns  to  Cedar 
creek,  and  leaving  his  command,  visits  Washington.  .15  Oct.     " 

Early,  reinforced,  returns  to  Fisher's  hill,  and  learning  Sher- 
idan's absence,  sets  out  to  attack  on  the  evening  of. . .  18  Oct.     " 

Surprises  the  federals  under  Wright,  driving  them  back  with 
a  loss  of  24  guns  and  1200  prisoners,  morning  of 19  Oct.     " 

Sheridan  at  Winchester  on  the  night  of  the  18th.  On  his 
way  to  the  front  news  of  the  rout  of  his  army  reaches  him. 
His  arrival  on  the  field  stops  the  retreat.  The  line  of  bat- 
tle re-formed  at  3  p.m.,  he  attacks,  and  by  dark  recovers  the 
ground  lost  in  the  morning.  Early  is  crushed,  and  the  cam- 
paign in  the  valley  ended.     Cedar  creek. 

Sheridan,  with  10,000  cavalry,  drives  the  confederates  from 
Waynesboro,  27  Feb.,  and  advancing,  joins  Grant  before 
Petersburg  (see  supra) 27  Mch.  1866 

^rape§.  Before  Edward  VI.'s  time  grapes  were  brought 
to  England  in  quantities  from  Flanders,  where  they  were  first 
cultivated  about  1276.  The  vine  was  introduced  into  Eng- 
land 1552,  being  first  planted  at  Bloxhall,  in  Suffolk.  In  the 
gardens  of  Hampton  court  palace  is  a  vine  planted  1769,  said 


GRA  3 

to  surpass  any  in  Europe ;  it  is  72  feet  by  20,  and  has  in  one 
season  produced  2272  bunches  of  grapes,  weighing  18  cwt. ;  the 
stem  is  13  inches  in  girth. — Leigh.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

"Graphic,  liOndon,"  an  illustrated  weekly  jour- 
nal, established  4  Dec.  1869. 

graphite  (from  the  Gr.  ypd^Eiv,  to  write),  a  form  of 
mineral  carbon,  with  a  trace  of  iron,  improperly  termed  black- 
lead  and  plumbago.  In  1809  sir  Humphry  Davy  investigated 
the  relations  of  3  forms  of  carbon— the  diamond,  graphite, 
and  charcoal.  A  rude  kind  of  black-lead  pencil  is  mentioned 
by  Gesner,  1565.  Interesting  results  of  sir  B.  C.  Brodie's  re- 
searches on  graphite  appeared  in  the  international  exhibition 
of  1862.  Fresh  discoveries  were  made  in  the  nearly  exhaust- 
ed Borrowdale  mines,  Cumberland,  in  1875. 

graph'0§COpe,  an  optical  apparatus  for  magnifying 
engravings,  photographs,  etc.,  with  fine  effect,  invented  by  C. 
J.  Rowsell;  exhibited  in  1871. 

graph'otypc,  a  process  for  making  blocks  for  surface- 
printing,  invented  by  De  Witt  Clinton  Hitchcock  in  1860,  and 
described  by  Mr.  Fitz-Cook  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  England,  6 
Dec.  1865.  Drawings  were  m^de  on  blocks  of  chalk  with  si- 
licious  ink;  when  dried  the  soft  parts  were  brushed  away, and 
the  drawings  remained  in  relief;  stereotypes  were  then  taken 
from  the  block. 

grate§.  The  Anglo-Saxons  had  arched  hearths,  and 
chafing-dishes  were  in  use  until  the  introduction  of  chimneys 
about  1200.     Chimneys,  Stoves. 

Oravelines  {grav-leen'),  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  N. 
France.  Here  the  Spaniards,  aided  by  an  English  fleet,  de- 
feated the  French  on  13  July,  1558. 

Oravelotte  {grav-lot'),  Battle  of,  18  Aug.  1870,    Metz. 

gravitation,  as  a  supposed  innate  power,  was  noticed 
by  the  Greeks,  and  also  by  Seneca,  who  speaks  of  the  moon 
attracting  the  waters,  about  38  a.d.     Kepler  investigated  the 
subject  about  1615 ;  and  Hooke  devised  a  theory  of  gravitation 
about  1674.     The  principles  of  gravity  were  demonstrated  by 
Galileo  at  Florence,  about  1633 -,  but  the  law  laid  down  by 
Newton  in  his  "  Principia,"  in  1687,  is  said  to  have  been 
proved  by  him  in  1670.     The  fall  of  an  apple  from  a  tree  in 
1666  is  said  to  have  directed  his  attention  to  the  subject. 
Newton  says,  "I  do  not  anywhere  take  on  me  to  define  the  kind 
or  manner  of  any  action,  the  causes  or  physical  reasons  thereof, 
or  attribute  forces  in  a  true  and  physical"  sense  to  certain  cen- 
tres, when  I  speak  of  them  as  attracting,  or  endued  with  attractive 
powers. ' ' 
On  15  July,  1867,  M.  Chasles  laid  before  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences some  letters  alleged  to  be  from  Newton  to  Pascal  and  oth- 
ers to  show  that  to  Pascal  was  due  the  theory  of  gravitation.   The 
authenticity  of  these  letters  was  denied,and  their  forgery  and  his 
own  delusion  were  acknowledged  by  M.  Chasles  before  the  acad- 
emy, 13  Sept.  1869. 

gravity,  specific.    Elements. 

Great  Bridge,  Battle  of.     Virginia,  1775. 

Oreat  Britain,  the  name  given  in  1604  to  Eng- 
lAND,  Scotland,  and  Wales. 

Great  Eastern.     This  colossal  paddle  and  screw 

steamship,  justly  called  "  Leviathan,"  was  built  by  Messrs. 

Scott  Russell  &  Co.,  from  designs  of  I.  K.  Brunei,  and  after 

3  months'  effort  was  launched  at  Millwall,  Engl.,  31  Jan.  1858. 

Her  dimensions  were:  length,  691  ft.,  breadth,  83  ft.,  and 

depth,  48  ft. ;  tonnage,  18,915.     Steam  was  generated  iu  10 

boilers,  with  100  furnaces.      When  launched  she  had  cost 

about  720,000/. 

She  leaves  her  moorings  at  Deptford  for  Portland  Roads  (10 
firemen  were  killed  by  an  explosion  during  the  trip), 

^  ■  7  Sept.  1859 

Wintering  at  Southampton,  she  sails  for  New  York  under  capt. 
Vine  Hall  with  38  passengers  and  8  guests 17  June,  1860 

Remaining  at  New  York  on  exhibition  28  June  to  16  Aug.,  she 
returns  to  England,  arriving 26  Aug.     " 

Ou  one  of  several  trips  between  Liverpool  and  New  York  in 
1862,  she  runs  on  a  rock  near  Long  Island Aug.  1862 

Bought  by  Glass,  Elliot  &  Co.  in  spring  of  186i,  and  chartered 
to  lay  the  second  Atlantic  telegraph  cable 1864 

Sails  for  Valentia,  Ireland,  with  over  2000  miles  of  cable,  with 
prof.  William  Thomson  and  Cromwell  F.  Yarley  to  superin- 
tend the  paying  out  (Electricity) 15  July,  1865 

Cable  breaks  2  Aug.,  and  the  Great  Eastei-n  returns  to  Med- 
way,  arriving 19  Aug.      " 

n  ith  a  new  cable  she  sails  from  Medway 30  June,  1866 


^  GRE 

New  cable  completed  at  Heart's  Content,  Newfoundland,  and 

messages  exchanged  between  theU.  S.  and  England.  30  July,  1866 
Recovers  the  lost  cable  of  1865,  2  Sept.  1866,  and  completes  the 

laying  at  Newfoundland 8  Sept.      " 

Great  Eastern  returns  to  Liverpool,  arriving 19  Sept.     " 

Sails  for  New  York  prepared  for  2000  passengers  for  the  Paris 
exposition,  and  returns  with   191.     She  is  seized  on  her 

arrival  by  the  seamen,  claiming  their  wages May,  1867 

Successfully  lays  the  French  Atlantic  cable,  leaving  Brest  with 
2725  miles  of  cable,  22  June,  reaching  the  island  of  St.  Pierre, 

near  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 13  July,  1869 

Arrives  at  Bombay  with  the  Bombay  and  Suez  cable. .  .27  Feb.  1870 

Completes  the  laying  of  the  5th  Atlantic  cable 3  July,  1873 

Lays  the  6th  Atlantic  cable Aug. -Sept.  1874 

Sold  at  auction  at  Lloyds'  to  Frederick  de  Mattos  for  26,200^., 

29  Oct.  1885 
Beached  at  New  Ferry  on  the  Mersey  to  be  broken  up,  25  Aug.  1888 

Oreat  IWEeaclows.     Virginia,  1754. 

■  great  seal  of  England.  The  first  seal  used  by 
Edward  the  Confessor  was  called  the  broad  seal,  and  affixed 
to  the  grants  of  the  crown,  1048. — Baker's  Chron.  The  most 
ancient  seal  with  arms  is  that  of  Richard  I.  James  II.,  when 
fleeing  from  London  in  1688,  dropped  the  great  seal  in  the 
Thames.  The  great  seal  of  England  was  stolen  from  the  house 
of  lord  chancellor  Thurlow  in  Great  Ormond  street,  London,  and 
carried  away,  with  other  property,  24  Mch.  1784,  a  day  before 
the  dissolution  of  Parliament ;  it  was  never  recovered,  and  was 
replaced  the  next  day.  A  new  seal  was  brought  into  use  on 
the  union  with  Ireland,  1  Jan.  1801.  A  new  seal  for  Ireland 
was  brought  into  use  and  the  old  one  defaced,  21  Jan.  1832. 
The  Great  Seal  Offices  act,  passed  7  Aug.  1874,  abolished  cer- 
tain offices,  transferred  duties,  etc.  The  Great  Seal  act,  passed 
2  Aug.  1880,  relates  to  appointment  of  judges,  patents,  etc. 

great  seal  of  the  Confederacy.  Joint  reso- 
lution to  establish  a  seal  for  the  Confederate  States  passed  by 
the  Confederate  congress,  and  approved  30  Apr.  1863.  Made 
in  England,  and  completed  July,  1864,  at  a  cost  of  $600. 
It  reached  Richmond  in  Apr.  1865,  about  the  time  of  its  evac- 
uation, and  was  never  used.  It  is  now  in  the  office  of  the 
state  secretary  of  South  Carolina. 

great  seal  of  the  United  States.  Immedi- 
ately after  the  adoption  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
4  July,  1776,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  device 
for  a  seal,  but  the  matter  was  not  consummated  until  20  June, 
1782,  when  the  present  seal  was  adopted.  The  device  is,  on 
one  side  a  spread  eagle  with  a  shield  with  13  stripes  pale- 
ways,  and  a  chief  azure ;  in  one  talon  a  bundle  of  arrows,  in 
the  other  an  olive  branch  ;  in  its  beak  a  scroll  with  the  motto 
E  pluribus  unum ;  and  over  its  head  a  glory  breaking  from 
the  clouds,  surrounding  13  stars.  On  the  reverse  is  an  unfin- 
ished pyramid,  symboUing  the  growth  and  strength  of  the 
states ;  over  it  the  all-seeing  eye  in  a  triangle,  surrounded 
by  a  glory,  and  around  the  rim  the  words  Annuit  coeptis 
(God  has  favored  the  undertaking),  and  Novus  ordo  seclorum 
(a  new  order  of  things).  This  seal  has  never  been  changed, 
and  is  in  charge  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

Oreece,  anciently  termed  Hellas,  a  kingdom  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Europe.  The  Greeks  are  fabled  to  have 
been  the  progeny  of  Javan,  4th  son  of  Japheth.  Mythol- 
ogy derived  the  name  Greece  from  an  ancient  king,  Graecus, 
and  Hellas  from  another  king,  Hellen,  son  of  Deucalion. 
From  Hellen's  sons,  Dorus  and  ^Eolus,  came  the  Dorians  and 
iEolians;  another  son,  Xuthus,  was  father  of  Achaeus  and  Ion, 
progenitors  of  the  Achaeans  and  lonians.  Homer  calls  the 
inhabitants  indifferently  Myrmidons,  Hellenes,  and  Achaians. 
They  were  also  termed  Danai,  from  Danaus,  king  of  Argos, 
1474  B.C.  Greece  anciently  consisted  of  the  peninsula  of  PpL- 
OPONNESus,  containing  the  states  of  Achaia,  Arcadia,  Ar- 
golis,  chief  city  Argos,  Elis,  Laconia,  chief  city  Sparta; 
Messenia,  The  other  states  of  Greece  separated  from  the 
Peloponnesus  by  the  isthmus  of  Corinth  (which  isthmus  con- 
stituted the  state  of  Corinthia,  chief  city  Corinth),  were 
AcARNANiA,  ^TOLiA,  Attica,  chief  city  Athens  ;  Bceotia, 
chief  city  Thebes;  Dolopia,  Doris  (inhabitants  Dorians), 
Epirus,  Eub(ea,  an  island,  Locris  (inhabitants  Locrians), 
Mackdon,  Megaris,  chief  city  Megara  ;  Phocis,  chief 
city  Delphi,  Thessaly,  and  the  islands.  The  limits  of 
modern  Greece  are  much  more  confined.  Greece*  became 
subject  to  the  Turkish  empire  in  the  15th  century.  The  pop- 
ulation of  the  kingdom,  established  in  1829,  96,810;  in  1861, 


GRE 


340 


GRE 


1,096,810,  with  the  Ionian  isles  (added  in  1864),  about  1,348,522; 
in  1870, 1,457,894.  Area,  including  Thessaly,  25,041  sq.  miles ; 
pop.  1889, 2,187,208.     The  early  history  is  mythic.  b.c. 

Sicyon  founded  (Eusebius) 2089 

Uninus  arrives  in  (Jreece  (Lenglet) 2042 

Revolt  of  the  TiUins;  war  of  the  Giants *    * 

Inachus,  king  of  the  Argi  ves 1910 

Kingdom  of  Argos  begun  by  Inachus  (Etisebius) 1866 

Reign  of  Ogyges  in  Boeotia  {Eusebius) 1796 

&icriflce8  to  the  gods  introduced  by  Phoroneus 1773 

Sicyon  now  begun  (Lenglet) " 

Deluge  of  Ogyoks 1764 

A  colony  of  Arcadians  emigrate  to  Italy  under  (Enotrus:  the 
country  first  called  (Enotria,  afterwards  Magna  Grsecia  (Eu- 

sebiui) 1710 

Pelasgi  hold  the  Peloponnesus,  1700-1550;  succeeded  by  the 

Hellenes 1550-1300 

Chronology  of  the  Arundelian  marbles  commences  {Etuebitis).  1582 

Cecrops  arrives  from  Kgypt about  15§0 

Akeopaous  csUiblished 1504 

Deluge  of  Deucalion  (Eusebius) 1503 

Panatbenaean  games  instituted 1495 

Cadmus  with  the  Phoenician  letters  settles  in  Boeotia,  and 

founds  Thebes about  1493 

Lelex,  first  king  of  Laconia,  afterwards  called  Sparta. 1490 

Danaus,  king  of  Argos  (Danai),  said  to  have  brought  the  first 

ship  ^nto  Greece,  and  to  have  introduced  pumps 1485 

Reign  of  Hellen  (Eusebius) 1459 

First  Olympic  games  at  Elis,  by  the  Fdai  Dactyli 1453 

Who  are  said  to  have  discovered  iron 1406 

Corinth  rebuilt  and  so  named 1384 

Eleusinian  mysteries  instituted  by  Eumolpus  ^1356)  and  Isth- 
mian games 1326 

Kingdom  of  Mycenae  created  out  of  Argos 1313 

Pelops,  from  Lydia,  settles  in  south  Greece  (Peloponnesus), 

about  1283 

Argonautic  expedition  (Argonauts) 1263 

Pythian  games  begun  by  Adrastus " 

War  of  the  7  Greek  captains  against  Thebes 1225 

Amazonian  war 1213 

Rape  of  Helen  by  Theseus  (Sparta) v " 

Rape  of  Helen  by  Paris 1204 

Commencement  of  the  Trojan  war 1193 

Troy  taken  and  destroyed  on  the  night  of  the  7th  of  the  month 

Thargelion  (27  May  or  11  June) 1184 

iEneas  said  to  have  arrived  in  Italy about  1182 

Migration  of  iEoIians,  who  build  Smyrna,  etc 1123 

Return  of  the  Heraclidse about  1103 

Settlement  of  the  lonians  in  Asia  Minor 1044 

Rhodians  begin  navigation  laws 916 

Lycurgus  flourishes 846 

Olympic  games  revived  at  Elis,  884;  the  first  Olympiad;  the 

beginning  of  authentic  chronology  in  Greece 776 

Messenian  wars 743-669 

Sea-fight,  first  on  record,  between  Corinthians  and  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  island  of  Corcyra 664 

Byzantium  built 657 

Seven  sages  of  Grggfig^Solon,  Periander,  Pittacus,  Chilo,  Thales, 

"ClSCtfOttrsrand  Bias)  flourish • about  •  590 

Persian  conquests  in  Ionia 544 

Sybaris  in  Magna  Grsecia  destroyed;  100,000  Crotonians  un- 
der Milo  defeat  300,000  Sybarites 508 

Sardis  burned  by  Greeks,  provoking  Persian  invasion 504 

Thrace  and  Macedonia  conquered 496 

Athens  and  Sparta  resist  demands  of  king  of  Persia 490 

Persians  defeated  at  Marathon 28  Sept.     491 

Xerxes  invades  Greece,  but  is  checked  at  Thermopyl^  by  Le- 

onidas Aug.     480 

Battle  of  Salamis 20  Oct.      " 

Mardonius  defeated  and  slain  at  Plat^a;  Persian  fleet  de- 
stroyed at  Mycale 22  Sept.     479 

Battle  of  Eurymedon  (end  of  Persian  war) 466 

Athens  begins  to  tyrannize  over  Greece 459 

Sacred  war  begun 448 

War  between  Corinth  and  its  colony  Corcyra 435 

Leads  to  the  Peloponnesian  war 431-404 

Disastrous  Athenian  expedition  to  Syracuse 415-413 

Athenian  fleet  defeated  by  Lysander  the  Spartan  at  ^Egospo- 

tami Sept.    405 

Retreat  of  the  10,000  under  Xenophon 400 

Death  of  Socrates 399 

Sea-fight  at  C.nidus 394 

Peace  of  Antalcidas 387 

Rise  and  fall  of  the  Theban  power  in  Greece 370-360 

Battle  of  Mantinea ;  death  of  Epaminondas 362 

Ambitious  designs  of  Philip  of  Macedon 353 

Sacred  wars  ended  by  Philip,  who  subdues  the  Phocians; 348 

Battle  of  Ch^ronea 338 

Philip  assassinated  by  Pausanias 335 

Alexander,  his  son,  subdues  Athenians,  and  destroys  Thebes. .      " 

Alexander  conquers  the  Persian  empire 334-331 

Rise  of  Pyrrhus  the  Great  (Epircs,  Rome) 295 

Greece  harassed  by  Alexander's  successors;  revive  the^tolian 

and  Achaian  leagues  (Achaia) 284-280 

Greece  invaded  by  Gauls,  280;  they  are  defeated  at  Delphi,  279; 

and  expelled 277 

Dissensions  lead  to  Roman  intervention 200 

Greece  conquered  by  Mummius  and  made  a  Roman  province,  147-146 

Greece  visited  and  favored  by  Augustus,  21  b.c.  ;  and  by  Ha-  a.d. 

drian 122-133 


Invaded  by  Alaric 

Plundered  by  the  Normans  of  Sicily lUft 

Conquered  by  Latins,  and  divided  into  small  governments 1204 

Turks  under  Mahomet  II.  conquer  Athens  and  part  of  Greece. ,  1456 

Venetians  hold  Athens  and  the  Morea 1466 

Greece  mainly  subject  to  the  Turks 1540 

Morea  held  by  Venice 1687-1715 

Struggle  for  independence  with  Russian  help,  1770  et  seq. ; 

fVuitless  insurrection  of  the  Suliotes 180S 

Secret  society,  the  Hetairia,  established 1815 

Insurrection  in  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  in  which  Greeks  join, 

suppressed 1821 

Proclamation  of  prince  Alexander  to  shake  off"  Turkish  yoke, 
Mch. ;  he  raises  the  standard  of  the  cross  against  the  cres- 
cent, and  war  of  independence  begins " 6  Apr.     " 

Greek  patriarch  put  to  death  at  Constantinople 23  Apr.     " 

Morea  gained  by  the  Greeks June,     " 

Missolonghi  taken  by  Greeks Nov.      " 

Independence  of  Greece  proclaimed 27  Jan.  1822 

Siege  of  Corinth  by  the  Turks Jan. 

Bombardment  of  Scio;  its  capture;  most  horrible  massacre 

recorded  in  modern  history  (Chios) 11  Apr. 

Greeks  victors  at  Thermopylae,  etc 13  July, 

Massacre  at  Cyprus July, 

Corinth  taken 16  Sept. 

National  congress  at  Argos 10  Apr.  1823 

Victories  of  Marco  Bozzaris.  June;  killed 10  Aug. 

Lord  Byron  in  Greece,  embraces  its  cause Aug. 

First  Greek  loan Feb.  1824 

Death  of  lord  Byron  at  Missolonghi 19  Apr. 

Defeat  of  the  capitan  pacha  at  Samos 16  Aug. 

Provisional  government  of  Greece  set  up 12  Oct. 

Ibrahim  Pacha  lands,  25  Feb.;  takes  Navarino,  23  May;  Tri- 

politza 30  June,1825 

Greek  fleet  defeats  the  capitan  pacha June,     " 

Provisional  government  asks  protection  of  England July,     " 

Ibrahim  Pacha  takes  Missolonghi  by  assault,  after  a  long  and 

heroic  defence 23  Apr.  1826 

Seventy  thousand  pounds  raised  in  Europe  for  the  Greeks " 

Reschid  Pacha  takes  Athens 2  June,  1827 

Egypto-Turkish  fleet  destroyed  at  Navarixo 20  Oct.     "• 

Treaty  of  London,  between  Great  Britain,  Russia,  and  France, 

on  behalf  of  Greece,  signed 6  July,     " 

Count  Capo  d'Istria  president  of  Greece 18  Jan.  1828 

Panhellenion,  Grand  Council  of  State,  established 2  Feb.     " 

National  bank  founded 14  Feb.     " 

Convention  of  viceroy  of  Egypt  with  sir  Edward  Codrington 

for  evacuation  of  Morea  and  delivery  of  captives 6  Aug.     " 

Patras,  Navarino,  and  Modon  surrender  to  French 6  Oct.     " 

Turks  evacuate  the  Morea , Oct.     " 

Missolonghi  surrendered  to  Greece 16  May,  1829 

Greek  National  Assembly  meets  at  Argos 23  July,     " 

Porte  acknowledges  independence  of  Greece  by  treaty  of 

Adrianople 14  Sept.     " 

Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  declines  the  sovereignty, 

21  May,  1830 
Count  Capo  d'Istria,  president  of  Greece,  assassinated  by  the 
brother  and  son  of  Mavromichaelis,  a  Mainote  chief  whom 

he  had  imprisoned 9  Oct.  1831 

Assassins  built  into  close  brick  walls  to  their  chins,  and  sup- 
plied with  food  until  they  die 29  Oct.     " 

Crown  offered  to  and  accepted  by  Otho  of  Bavaria,  previously 

under  a  regency 7  May,  1832 

Otho  I.  assumes  the  government 1  June,  1835 

University  at  Athens  established,  1837;  building  commenced..  1839 

Leopold  of  Bavaria  proposed  as  heir  to  the  throne Jan.  1862 

Insurrection  at  Patras  and  Missolonghi,  17  Oct. ;  provisional 
government  at  Athens  deposes  the  king,  23  Oct. ;  he  and  the 
queen  flee;  arrive  at  Corfu,  27  Oct. ;  European  powers  neu- 
tral; general  submission  to  provisional  government.  .31  Oct.  " 
Demonstrations  in  favor  of  prince  Alfred  of  Great  Britain,  who 
is  proclaimed  king  at  Lamia  in  Phthiotis,  22  Nov. ;  excite- 
ment in  his  favor  at  Athens 23  Nov.     " 

Provisional  government  grants  universal  suffrage 4  Dec.     " 

National  Assembly  meets  at  Athens 22  Dec.     " 

National  Assembly  elects  M.  Ralbis  president,  29  Jan. ;  prince 

Alfred  chosen  king  by  230,016  out  of  241,202  votes 3  Feb.  1863 

Assembly  offers  crown  to  prince  William  of  Schleswig-Holstein, 

18  Mch.  ;  proclaims  him  as  king  George  1 30  Mch.     " 

Protocol  between  the  3  protecting  powers— F'rance,  England, 
and  Russia — signed  at  London,  consenting  to  offer  on  condi- 
tion of  annexation  of  the  Ionian  isles  to  Greece 5  June,     " 

King  of  Denmark  accepts  from  the  aged  adm.  Canaris  the 
Greek  crown  for  prince  William,  whom  he  advises  to  adhere 
to  the  constitution  and  gain  the  love  of  his  people. .  .(>  June,     " 
King  arrives  at  Athens,  30  Oct. ;  takes  oath  to  the  constitution, 

31  Oct.     " 

Balbis  ministry  formed 28  Apr.  1864 

Protocol  annexing  Ionian  isles  to  Greece,  signed  by  M.  Zaimis 
and  sir  H.  Storks,  28  May;   Greek  troops  occupy  Corfu,  2 

June;  king  arrives  there 6  June,     " 

New  ministry  under  Canaris  formed 7  Aug.     "■ 

Assembly  recognizes  the  debt  of  1824 5  Sept.     "^ 

After  delay  and  remonstrance  from  the  king,  19  Oct.,  a  new 
constitution  (no  upper  house)  passed  by  assembly,  1  Nov. ; 

accepted  by  king 28  Nov.     " 

Agitation  in  favor  of  Cretan  insurrection  (Candia).  .  Aug.-Dec.  1866 
Great  sympathy  With  insurrection  in  Candia;  blockade  run  by 
Greek  vessels  with  volunteers,  arms,  and  provisions, 

Apr.  et  seq.  1861 
King  marries  grand-duchess  Olga  of  Russia 27  Oct.     " 


4 


M.'l 


GRE 


341 


Rupture  between  Turkey  and  Greece  in  consequence  of  Greek 
armed  intervention  in  Candia Dec.  1868 

After  conference  of  western  powers  at  Paris,  Jan.,  their  requi- 
sitions accepted,  and  diplomatic  relations  between  Turkey 
and  Greece  resumed 26  Feb.  1869 

Law  for  cutting  isthmus  of  Corinth  passed 7  Nov.     " 

Concession  to  cut  a  canal  through  isthmus  of  Corinth  granted 
to  a  French  company Apr.  1870 

Lord  and  lady  Muncaster  and  a  party  of  English  travellers 
seized  by  brigands  at  Oropos,  near  Marathon ;  lord  Muncas- 
ter and  the  ladies  sent  to  treat;  25,000;.  demanded  as  ran- 
som, with  pardon 11  Apr.     " 

Brigands  retreating,  surrounded  by  troops,  kill  Mr.  Vyner,  Mr. 
Lloyd,  Mr.  Herbert,  and  count  de  Boyl 21  Apr.     " 

Great  excitement;  influential  persons  charged  with  connivance 
at  brigandage May,  June,     " 

Several  brigands  killed;  7  captured;  tried  and  condemned,  23 
May;  5  executed 20  June,     " 

Decree  for  suppression  of  brigandage  issued Oct.     " 

Discovery  of  relics  at  Spata,  near  Athens;  tombs  containing 
bones,  precious  metal  ornaments,  etc.  (removed  to  Athens  by 
M.  Stamataki) about  1  July,  1877 

Revival  of  Theban  "sacred  band,"  instituted  by  Epaminondas 
(to  be  1000  instead  of  300) about  July,    " 

Insurrection  in  Thessaly  against  Turks,  28  Jan. ;  10,000  Greeks 
enter  the  country,  retire  at  the  armistice early  in  Feb.  1878 

Insurrection  struggling  ;  battles  at  Macrinitza,  28,  29  Mch. ; 
C.  Ogle,  Times  correspondent,  killed  by  Turks  (investigation 
led  to  no  result) 29  Mch.     " 

Insurrection  closed  through  British  intervention;  announced, 

6  May,     " 

Greece  disappointed  by  Berlin  treaty,  13  July;  rectification  of 
frontiers  by  sultan,  proposed ; . .  .about  24  July,    " 

Convention  of  Turkey  and  Greece  at  Constantinople;  Thessaly 
ceded  to  Greece,  24  May ;  signed 2  July,  1881 

Carried  into  effect;  Greek  flag  raised  in  Arta 6  July,     " 

Railway  from  Athens  to  Corinth  opened 15  Apr.  1885 

Great  discovery  of  statuary  near  the  Acropolis,  Athens 1886 

Crown-prince  Constantino,  duke  of  Sparta,  marries  princess 
Sophie  of  Prussia,  sister  of  emperor  of  Germany 27  Oct.  1889 

Statues,  etc. ,  supposed  to  be  the  work  of  Phidias  at  Rhamnus 
in  Attica,  discovered Oct.  1890 

Seventieth  anniversary  of  Greek  independence 6  Apr.  1891 

Canal  across  the  isthmus  of  Corinth  begun  5  May,  1882;  com- 
pleted   1893 

This  canal  is  about  4  miles  long,  27  ft.  deep,  71  ft.  wide  at  the  top, 
and  69  ft.  at  the  bottom.  The  lease  to  the  company  extends  for 
99  years,  when  the  canal  falls  to  the  government  on  payment 
of  $1,000,000  to  the  company.  This  canal  shortens  the  route 
from  the  Adriatic  to  Constantinople  by  185  nautical  miles,  and 
effects  a  great  saving  in  distance  to  other  ports  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

KINGS  OF   GREECE. 

1832.  Otho  L,  prince  of  Bavaria;  b.  1  June,  1815;  elected  king,  7 
May,  1832;  under  regency  till  1  June,  1835;  married,  22  Nov. 
1836,  to  Maria  Frederica,  daughter  of  grand-duke  of  Olden- 
burg; deposed  23  Oct.  1862;  d.  in  Bavaria,  26  July,  1867. 

1863.  George  I.  (son  of  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark),  king  of  the  Hel- 
lenes; b.  24  Dec.  1845;  accepted  the  crown,  6  June,  1863; 
declared  of  age,  27  June,  1863;  married  grand-duchess  Olga 
of  Russia,  27  Oct.  1867. 
Heir:  Constantino,  duke  of  Sparta,  b.  2  Aug.  1868;  married  to 

princess  Sophie  of  Prussia,  27  Oct.  1889. 
Heir:  George,  b.  19  July,  1890. 

Greek  architecture.    Architecture. 

Greek  church,  or  Eastern  church.  While 
disowning  the  supremacy  of  the  pope  and  rejecting  many  doc- 
trines and  practices  of  the  Roman  church,  the  Greek  church 
is  both  the  source  and  background  of  it.  The  council  of 
Nicsea  (325)  recognized  3  patriarchs — the  bishop  of  Rome,  of 
Alexandria,  and  of  Antioch  ;  to  these  were  afterwards  added 
the  bishops  of  Constantinople  and  Jerusalem.  The  relation  of 
the  Greek  church  to  the  Roman  is  one  of  growing  estrange- 
ment from  the  5th  century  to  its  final  separation  in  1054  with 
several  abortive  attempts  to  unite  since.  The  estrangement 
and  final  rupture  may  be  traced  to  the  overweening  preten- 
sions of  the  Roman  bishops  and  to  Western  innovations  in  the 
doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  accompanied  by  an  alteration  of 
the  creed,  etc.,  strengthened  by  a  difference  in  the  religious 
spirit  and  ideas  of  each.  "Greek  theology  had  its  root  in 
Greek  philosophy,  while  a  great  deal  of  Western  theology 
was  based  on  Roman  law.  The  Greek  fathers  succeeded  the 
Greek  sophists,  while  the  Latin  theologian  succeeded  the  Ro- 
man advocate."— ;S'/an%,  "Eastern  Church,"  ch.  i.  The  prime 
difference  in  the  doctrine  of  the  two  churches  lies  in  the  pro- 
cession of  the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Father  only,  or  from  the 
Father  and  the  Son ;  the  Greek  church  teaching  the  former 
doctrine,  and  the  Roman  the  latter.  In  the  Greek  church, 
too,  patriarchs  of  equal  dignity  have  higher  rank  among  the 
bishops,  instead  of  pope ;  and  priests  are  allowed  to  marry 
once.     The  number  of  sacraments  is  also  different.     The  or- 


GRE 

thodox  Greek  church  includes  various  churches  produced  by 
jealousy  of  race  or  by  territorial  division  which  are  indepen- 
dent or  autocephalous,  and  yet  one  in  doctrine  with  their  head. 
The  most  important  of  these  are,  the  churches  of  Russia, 
Georgia,  Servia,  Roumania,  Bulgaria,  Greece,  Montenegro,  etc. 
The  orthodox  Greek  church  (1893)  is  estimated  to  contain 
98,000,000  people.     Fathers  of  the  Church. 

Catechetical  school  at  Alexandria  (Origen,  Clemens,  etc. ) 180-254 

Rise  of  monachism about    300 

Foundation  of  churches  of  Armenia,  about  300;  of  Georgia  or 

Iberia ° 3^3 

First  council  of  Nice  (Cooncils  of  the  Chcrch)  . . ! .'  .* . '. . .' . " ." .     325 

Rivalry  between  Rome  and  Constantinople  begins about    340 

Ulphilas  preaches  to  the  Goths about    376 

Nestorius  the  bishop  nominated  the  first  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople   9  juiv,    381 

On  the  death  of  Theodosius  the  Roman  empire  finally  divided 
between  his  sons  Arcadius  and  Honorius,  the  former  receiv- 
ing the  East  and  the  latter  the  West 17  Jan.    395 

[When  the  empire  was  divided  there  was  one  patriarch  in 
the  West  (bishop  of  Rome),  while  in  the  East  there  were  at 
first  2,  then  4,  and  later  5.] 

Nestorius  condemned  at  the  council  of  Ephesus 431 

Jerusalem  made  a  patriarchate  with  jurisdiction  over  Pales- 
tine   ^ 451 

Monophysite  controversy;  churches  of  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Ar- 
menia part  from  church  of  Constantinople 461 

Close  of  school  of  Athens ;  extinction  of  Platonic  theology 529 

.racobite  sect  founded  in  Syria  by  Jacobus  Baradseus 541 

Struggle  with  Mahometans  begins » 634 

FiLiOQUE  in  the  Nicene  creed  rejected  by  the  Eastern  church. .     662 

Maronite  sect  begins  to  prevail about    676 

I'aulicians  severely  persecuted 690 

Iconoclastic  controversy  begins about    726 

Pope  Gregory  II.  excommunicates  emperor  Leo ;  hence  the  sep- 
aration of  the  Eastern  (Greek)  and  Western  (Roman)  churches,    729 

Image-worship  condemned 734 

Foundation  of  church  in  Russia;  conversion  of  princess  Olga, 

955;  of  Vladimir 988 

Pope  Leo  IX.  excommunicates  the  Eastern  church 1054 

Maronites  join  the  Roman  church 1182 

Reunion  of  Eastern  and  Western  churches  at  council  of  Lyons, 

1274  (more  political  than  ecclesiastical);  again  separated 1277 

Orthodox  confession  of  faith  put  forth  in 1643 

Proposed  union  with  church  of  England 1723 

Patriarchate  of  Moscow  established,  1582 ;  suppressed 1762 

Archimandrite  Nilos,  representing  Constantinople  and  4  patri- 
archates, visits  London  on  behalf  of  Greek  clergy  in  Danu- 

bian  principalities 1863 

Pope's  invitation  to  an  oecumenical  council,  8  Dec.  1869;  de- 
clined by  patriarch  of  Constantinople about  3  Oct.  1868 

Letter  from  patriarch  Gregory  to  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ac- 
knowledging receipt  of  English  prayer-book,  and  objecting 

to  some  of  "Thirty-nine  Articles" dated  8  Oct.  1869 

Greek  church  at  Liverpool  consecrated  by  an  archbishop, 

16  Jan.  1870 
Greek  empire.     Eastern  empire. 

Oreek  lire,  a  combustible  composition  (unknown, 
thought  to  have  been  principally  naphtha)  thrown  from  en- 
gines, said  to  have  been  invented  by  Callinicus,  an  engineer 
of  Heliopolis,  in  Syria,  in  the  7th  century,  to  destroy  the  Sar- 
acens' ships,  which  was  effected  by  the  general  of  the  fleet  of 
Constantine  Pogonatus,  and  30,000  men  were  killed.  A  so- 
called  "  Greek  fire,"  probably  a  solution  of  phosphorus  in  bi- 
sulphide of  carbon,  was  employed  at  siege  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Sept.  1863. 

Oreek  lang^uag'e.  The  study  was  revived  in 
W.  Europe  about  1450 ;  in  France,  1473.  William  Grocyn, 
or  Grokeyn,  an  English  professor  of  this  language,  intro- 
duced it  at  Oxford,  about  1491,  where  he  taught  Erasmus, 
who  taught  it  at  Cambridge  in  1510. —  Wood's  A  then.  Oxon. 
England  has  produced  many  eminent  Greek  scholars,  such  as 
Richard  Bentley,  died  1742  ;  prof.  Richard  Porson,  died  1808 ; 
dr.  Samuel  Parr,  died  1825  ;  and  dr.  Charles  Burney,  died  1817. 
"  Society  for  Promoting  Hellenic  Studies"  formed  16  June,1879. 
A  "  Greek  Club,"  for  the  study  of  the  language  and  literature 
of  ancient  Greece,  was  founded  in  New  York  by  prof.  Henry 
Drisler,  rev.  dr.  Howard  Crosby,  and  others,  in  1857,  and 
is  still  maintained.  Modern  Greek  literature  is  now  culti- 
vated. 

Oreek  literature  and  authors.   Literature. 

Oreeley'S  peace  mi§§ion.  United  States, 
1864. 

Oreely's  arctic  expedition.  Abstinence, 
Northeast  and  Northwest  passages. 

g'reenl>ackS,  a  name  given,  from  the  predominating 
color  of  the  ink,  to  notes  for  a  dollar  and  upwards,  first  issued 


ORE  342 

by  the  United  States  government  in  1862.     Notes  for  lower 
sums  (even  3  cents)  were  termed  "  fractional  currency." 

Oreeiie's  femou§  retreat.    United  States, 
1781. 

Oreeillaild  is  the  name  applied  to  a  large  continental 
island  separated  from  North  America  by  Davis  strait,  lying 
mostly  within  the  arctic  circle,  belonging  to  Denmark,  and 
supposed  to  extend  from  lat.  59°  49'  N.  to  lat.  84°  N.  It  was 
discovered  by  Icelanders,  under  Eric  Raude,  about  980,  and 
name<l  from  its  verdure.  It  was  visited  by  Frobisher  in  1676. 
The  first  ship  from  England  to  Greenland  was  sent  for  the 
whale-fishery  by  the  Muscovy  company,  2  James  1. 1604.  In 
a  voyage  in  1630  8  men  were  left  behind  by  accident,  who 
suffered  incredible  hardships  till  the  following  year,  when  the 
company's  ships  brought  them  home. — Tindal.  The  Green- 
land Fishing  company  was  incorporated  1693.  Hans  Egede, 
a  Danish  missionary,  founded  a  new  colony,  called  Godhaab, 
or  Good  Hope,  in  1720-23 ;  and  other  missionary  stations  have 
been  since  established.  Partially  surveyed  by  Scoresby  in 
1821;  and  by  capt.  Graah,  for  Denmark,  in  1829-30.  Pop.  in 
1878,  about  9408 ;  1888,  10,221 ;  area  estimated  at  between 
400,000  and  600,000  sq.  miles.  Northeast  passages,  1892-94. 
Oreenwieh,  Kent,  Engl.,  anciently  Grenawic,  an  an- 
cient manor,  near  which  Danes  murdered  archbishop  Elphege, 
1012.  The  hospital  stands  on  the  site  of  a  royal  residence 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  and  enlarged  by  his  suc- 
cessors. Here  were  born  Henry  VIII.,  his  daughters  Mary 
and  Elizabeth,  and  here  his  son  Edward  VI.  died.  Charles  II. 
planned  a  new  palace  here,  but  erected  one  wing  only. 
William  III.  and  Mary  converted  the  palace  into  a  royal  hos- 
pital for  seamen,  1694,  and  added  new  buildings,  erected 

by  Wren 1696 

By  act  of  Parliament,  about  900  indoor  pensioners  received 
additions  to  their  pensions,  quitted  the  hospital,!  Oct.1865; 
henceforth  to  be  an  infirmary.  The  remaining  inmates,  ex- 
cept 31  bedridden  persons,  had  left  previously 1  Oct.  1869 

Greenwich  observatory,  built  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  sir  Jonas  Moore  and  sir  Christopher  Wren,  by  Charles 
II.,  on  the  summit  of  Flamsteed  hill,  so  called  from  the  first 
astronomer-royal.  The  building  was  founded  10  Aug.  1675, 
and  Flamsteed  commenced  his  residence  10  July,  1676.  In 
1852,  an  electric  telegraph  signal-ball  in  the  Strand,  London, 
was  completed,  and  connected  with  Greenwich  observatory. 
astronomers-royal. 


GUA 


John  Flamsteed 1675 

Edmund  Halley 1719 

James  Bradley 1742 

Nathaniel  Bliss 1762 


Nevil  Maskelyne 1765 

John  Pond 1811 

George  Biddell  Airy 1835 

Wm.  H.  M.  Christie 1881 


Oregorian  ealeil<lar.     Calendar,  New  style. 

Oreg^orian  chant  and  modes  received  their 
name  from  pope  Gregory  I.,  who  improved  the  Ambrosian 
chant,  and  increased  the  number  of  modes  (musical  scales) 
to  8  about  590.  On  these  the  ritual  music  of  the  Western 
churches  is  founded.     Music. 

grenade  (Sp.  granadd),  an  Explosive  missile,  invented 
1594,  is  a  hollow  globe  or  ball  of  iron,  filled  with  fine  pow- 
der, and  fired  by  a  fusee. 

Hand-grenades  are  about  2}4  inches  in  diameter.     Rampant  gre- 
nades, of  various  sizes,  are  rolled  over  the  parapet  in  a  trough. 

grenadiers.  The  grenadier  corps  was  a  company, 
consisting  of  the  tallest  and  strongest  men  in  an  infantry 
regiment,  armed  with  a  pouch  of  hand-grenades.  Established 
in  France  in  1667,  and  in  England  in  1685. — Brown.    Guards. 

Oretna  Oreen,  a  village  of  Dumfries,  S.  Scotland, 
near  the  border.  Here  runaway  marriages  were  contracted  for 
many  years,  as  Scotch  law  ruled  that  an  acknowledgment  be- 
fore witnesses  made  a  legal  marriage.  John  Paisley,  a  tobac- 
conist, and  termed  a  blacksmith,  who  officiated  from  1760,  died 
in  1814.  His  first  residence  was  at  Megg's  hill,  on  the  com- 
mon or  green  between  Gretna  and  Springfield,  to  the  last  of 
which  villages  he  removed  in  1782.  A  man  named  Elliot  was 
lately  the  principal  officiating  person.  The  General  Assem- 
bly, in  1826,  in  vain  attempted  to  suppress  this  system ;  but 
Parliament,  in  1856,  made  these  marriages  illegal  after  that 
year,  unless  one  of  the  parties  had  lived  in  Scotland  21  days. 

OreytOW^n,  Attack  upon.     United  States,  1854. 

Oriffln  or  Oriffon,  The.     New  York,  1679. 


1 

:>  in.     ' 


Orimm'S  lai¥  of  the*  transmutation  of  consonants  in 
the  Aryan  family  of  languages;  propounded  by  Jacob  L.Grimm 
in  his  "  History  of  the  German  Languages,"  in  1848. 

Labials.  Dentals.  Gutturali. 


Greek,  Latin,  Sanskrit p       b  f 

Gothic ./       p  b 

Old  High  German 6  (u)  fp 


t      d      th  \  k      g      ch 
th     t       d\         k 
d     z       t\g     ch      k 
Examples:  Sanskrit, pi7ri;  Greek  and  Latin, pato*;  Italian, padre; 

Spanish,  padre;  French,  pcre ;  Gothic, /adrctn  (pL);  Old  High 

German,  mtor;  English, /a</(er. 

Ort'qualand,  W.  and  E.,  2  districts  in  British  S. 
Africa,  containing  diamond  fields.  The  first  diamond  was  dis- 
covered in  W.  Griqualand  in  Mch.  1867,  and  caused  a  great 
influx  of  immigrants  from  all  nations,  and  the  formation  of 
many  settlements.  Diamonds  to  the  value  of  12,000,000^, 
were  found  there  between  1871  and  1880,  and  about  15,000,000/. 
between  1883  and  1887.  The  district  was  annexed  to  Cape 
Colony  27  Oct.  1871,  and  incorporated  with  it  in  1880.  Kim- 
berley,  the  capital,  was  founded  in  1871 ;  population  in  1890, 
about  6000  Europeans  and  10,000  natives.  Griqualand  E.,  be- 
tween the  Kaffir  border  and  southern  Natal,  was  annexed  to 
Cape  Colony  in  1875;  pop.  1890,  152,618. 

Orisons  {gre-zon'),  a  Swiss  canton.  Caddee.  It  was 
overrun  by  the  French  in  1798  and  1799.  The  ancient 
league  was  abolished,  and  Grisons  became  a  member  of  the 
Helvetic  confederation,  19  Feb.  1803. 

groat,  from  the  Dutch  groat,  value  fourpence,  was  the 
largest  silver  coin  in  England  until  after  1351.  Fourpenny 
pieces  were  coined  in  1836  to  the  value  of  70,884/. ;  in  1837, 
16,038/. ;  discontinued  since  1856. 

grocers  anciently  meant  "  ingrossers  or  monopolizers,'* 
as  appears  by  a  statute  37  Edw.  III.  1363  :  "  Les  marchauntz 
nomez  engrossent  totes  maners  de  merchandises  vendables." 
The  Grocers'  company,  one  of  the  12  chief  companies  of  Lon- 
don, was  established  in  1345,  and  incorporated  in  1429. 

Gro'chow,  near  Praga,  a  suburb  of  Warsaw,  Russian 
Poland.  Here  took  place  a  desperate  conflict  between  the  Poles 
and  Russians,  19,  20  Feb.  1831,  the  Poles  remaining  masters  of 
the  field  of  battle.  The  Russians  shortly  after  retreated,  having 
been  foiled  in  their  attempt  to  take  Warsaw.  They  are  said  to 
have  lost  7000  men,  and  the  Poles  2000.     Poland,  1861. 

grog,  sea  term  for  rum  and  water,  derived  its  name  from 
adm.  Edw.Vernon,  who  wore  grogram  breeches,  and  was  hence 
called  "  Old  Grog."  About  1745,  he  ordered  his  sailors  to  di- 
lute their  rum  with  water. 

Oroveton,  Battle  of.     Pope's  Virginia  campaign. 

Ouadalupe  Hidalgo  {gwa-da-ho'-pa  he-dal'-go), 
a  city  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico,  where,  on  2  Feb.  1848,  the 
Mexican  and  United  States  commissioners  concluded  peace. 
By  that  treaty.  New  Mexico  and  Upper  California  were  ceded 
to  the  United  States  for  $15,000,000  and  the  assumption  of 
debts  of  $3,500,000  due  from  Mexico  to  U.  S.  citizens  for  prop- 
erty destroyed.  Annexations;  Mexican  avar;  United 
States,  Feb.  1848. 

Ouadeloupe  {gwa-da-loop^),  a  West  India  island, 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493.  The  French  took  possession 
in  1635,  and  colonized  it  in  1664.  Taken  by  the  English  in 
1759,  and  restored  in  1763.  Again  taken  by  the  English  in 
1779, 1794,  and  1810.  The  allies,  to  allure  the  Swedes  into 
the  late  coalition  against  France,  gave  them  this  island.  It 
was,  however,  by  the  consent  of  Sweden  restored  to  France  at 
the  peace  in  1814.  It  was  again  taken  by  the  British,  10  Aug. 
1815,  and  restored  to  the  French,  July,  1816. 

€ruad-el-ras,  N.W.  Africa.  Here  the  Spaniards  sig- 
nally defeated  the  Moors,  23  Mch.  1860,  after  a  severe  conflict; 
gen.  Prim  manifested  great  bravery,  for  which  he  was  enno- 
bled.    The  preliminaries  of  peace  were  signed  on  the  25th. 

guano  igwa'no)  or  huano  (the  Peruvian  term  for 
manure),  the  excrement  of  sea-birds  that  swarm  on  the  coasts 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  and  of  Africa  and  Australia.  It  is  men- 
tioned by  Herrera  in  1601,  and  Garcilasso  stated  that  the. 
birds  were  protected  by  the  Incas.  Humboldt  was  one  of 
the  first  by  whom  it  was  brought  to  Europe,  to  ascertain  its 
value  in  agriculture.  The  importation  of  guano  into  Great 
Britain  appears  to  have  commenced  in  1839.  Agriculture  ; 
United  States,  1840. 


GUA  S 

g^liard§.     The  custom  of  having  guards  is  said  to  have 

been  introduced  by  Saul,  1093  B.C. 

Body-guards  were  appointed  for  kings  of  England,  1  Hen.  VII.  1485. 

Horse-guards  were  raised  i  Edw.  VI.  1550. 

Royal  regiment  of  guards  was  first  raised  by  Charles  II.  in  Flanders 
in  1656,  col.  lord  Wentworth ;  another  regiment  was  raised  by  col. 
John  Russell,  1660,  under  whom  they  were  combined  in  1665. 
The  Coldstream  Guards,  raised  by  gen.  Monk,  were  constituted 
the  2d  regiment  in  1661.  Coldstream  guards.  These  guards 
were  the  beginning  of  the  British  standing  array. 

Gen.  sir  F.  Wm.  Hamilton's  "History  of  the  Grenadier  Guards," 
an  elaborate  work,  appeared  1874. 

Imperial  guard  ;  Life-guard,  Washington's  ;  Militia  ;  National 

GUARDS. 

Ouatema'la.  A  republic  in  Central  America,  revolted 
from  Spain  1821,  and  declared  independent  21  Mch.  1847,  after 
having  formed  for  26  years  part  of  the  confederation  of  Cen- 
tral America.  Constitution  settled,  2  Oct.  1859.  President 
(1862),  gen.  Raphael  Carrera,  elected  1851 ;  appointed  for  life, 
1854 ;  died  14  Apr.  1865 ;  succeeded  by  Vincent  Cerna,  3  May, 
1865-69 ;  Manuel  Garcia  Granedos,  Dec.  1872 ;  R.  Barrios,  7 
May,  1873.  A  war  between  Guatemala  and  San  Salvador  broke 
out  in  Jan.  1863 ;  and  on  16  June  the  troops  of  the  latter  were 
totally  defeated.     An  insurrection  became  formidable,  July, 

1871.  Alliance  with  Honduras  against  San  Salvador,  Mch. 

1872.  It  is  now  governed  under  a  constitution  proclaimed 
Dec.  1879 ;  modified  Oct.  1885,  Nov.  1887,  and  Oct.  1889.  The 
National  Assembly  consists  of  members  chosen  for  4  years. 
The  president  is  elected  for  6.  Area,  46,800  sq.  miles ;  pop. 
1890,  estimated  1,452,000. 

Ouelphs  {gwelfs)  and  Ohibcllines  {gih-e-kens'), 
the  papal  and  imperial  factions  who  destroyed  the  peace  of 
Italy  from  the  12th  to  the  end  of  the  15th  century  (the  in- 
vasion of  Charles  VIII.  of  France  in  1495).     The  origin  of 
the  names  is  ascribed  to  the  contest  for  the  imperial  crown 
between  Conrad  of  Hohenstaufen,  duke  of  Swabia,  lord  of 
Wiblingen  (hence  Ghibeliti),  and  Henry,  nephew  of  Welf,  or 
Guelf,  duke  of  Bavaria,  in  1138.     The  former  was  successful; 
[  but  the  popes  and  several  Italian  cities  took  the  side  of  his 
I  rival.     Hie  Guelf  and  Hie  Ghibelin  are  said  to  have  been  used 
:  as  war-cries  in  1140,  at  a  battle  before  Weinsberg,  in  WUr- 
I  temberg,  when  Guelf  of  Bavaria  was  defeated  by  the  em- 
,  peror  Conrad  IV.,  who  came  to  help  the  rival  duke,  Leopold. 
j  It  is  a  tradition  that  upon  the  surrender  of  Weinsberg  the 
I  emperor  condemned  all  the  men  of  that  city  to  death,  but 
j  permitted  the  women  to  bring  out  whatever  they  most  val- 
I  ued;  on  which  they  carried  out  their  husbands  on  their  shoul- 
j  ders.     The  Ghibellines  were  mostly  expelled  from  Italy  in 
i  1267,  when  Conradin,  last  of  the  Hohenstaufens,  was  beheaded 
\  by  Charles  of  Anjou.     Guelph  is  the  name  of  the  present 
I  royal  family  of  England.    Bavaria,  duke  of;  Brunswick, 
I  England,  Hanover. 

i  guerilla  {Sp. guerrilla/^ little  war"),  a  terra  first  ap- 
I  plied  to  armed  peasants  who  worried  the  French  armies  dur- 
i  ing  the  Peninsular  war,  1808-14. 

j  OlieilX  (geh,  "beggars"),  a  name  given  by  the  comte  de 
I  Barlaimont  to  the  300  Protestant  deputies  from  the  Low  Coun- 
,  tries,  headed  by  Henri  of  Brederode  and  Louis  of  Nassau,  who 
i  petitioned  Margaret,  governess  of  the  Low  Countries,  to  abolish 

the  Inquisition,  5  Apr.  1566.  The  deputies  at  once  assumed  the 
iname  as  honorable,  and  organized  armed  resistance  to  the 

government.     Holland. 

i  Ouiana  {ge-d'-na),  northeast  coast  of  South  America, 
i  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498,  visited  by  the  Spaniards  in 
the  16th  century;  and  explored  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1596 
and  1617.  The  French  settlements  here  were  formed  in  1626- 
1643 ;  and  the  Dutch,  1627-67.  At  the  peace  of  Breda,  1667, 
Dutch  Guiana  was  assured  to  the  Netherlands  in  exchange  for 
;  the  colony  New  Netherland  (New  York),  and  this  was  confirmed 
iby  the  treaty  of  Westminster,  Feb.  1674.  Since  then  Surinam 
has  been  twice  in  the  power  of  England— 1799  till  1802,  and 
again  in  1804  to  1814,  when  it  was  returned,  with  other  Dutch 
,colonies,  except  Berbice,  Demerara,  and  Essequibo,  which  re- 
jmain  to  the  British.  Area,  British  Guiana,  109,000  sq.  miles ; 
iPop.  1891,  284,887.     Cayenne,  Demerara,  Surinam. 

■  guide-books  for  travellers  are  an  English  invention. 
Paterson's  "British  Itinerary"  appeared  in  1776;  the  last  edi- 
tion in  1840;  when  it  was  superseded  by  railways.     Gali- 


'^  GUI 

gnani's  "  Picture  of  Paris,"  1814.  Murray's  «  Handbook  for 
Travellers  on  the  Continent,"  the  parent  of  the  series,  appeared 
in  1836.  Appleton's  "General  Guide  to  the  United  States 
and  Canada,"  1879,  and  since. 

Ouienne  (ge-en'),  a  French  province,  was  part  of  the  do- 
minions of  Henry  II.  in  right  of  his  wife  Eleanor,  1152.  Philip 
of  France  seized  it  in  1293,  which  led  to  war.  It  was  alternate- 
ly held  by  England  and  France  till  1453,  when  John  Talbot, 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  in  vain  attempted  to  retake  it  from  the 
latter. 

Ouildtiall,  London,  was  built  in  1411.  When  it  was 
rebuilt  (in  1669),  after  the  great  fire  of  1666,  no  part  of  the 
ancient  building  remained,  except  the  interior  of  the  porch 
and  walls  of  the  hall.  The  front  was  erected  in  1789 ;  a  new 
roof  built,  1864-65.  Beneath  the  west  window  are  colossal 
figures  of  Gog  and  Magog,  said  to  represent  a  Saxon  and  an 
ancient  Briton ;  replaced  older  ones,  1708 ;  renewed,  1837. 
The  hall  holds  7000  persons.  Here  were  entertained  the  allied 
sovereigns  in  1814,  and  Napoleon  III.  19  Apr.  1855.  A  library 
existed  in  the  Guildhall  in  1426,  from  which  books  were  taken 
by  protector  Somerset  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  The  library 
was  again  set  up,  and  reopened,  Jan.  1828. 

guilds  (of  Saxon  origin,  about  the  8th  century),  associa- 
tions in  towns  for  mutual  benefit,  resembling  British  religious 
and  friendly  societies,  chartered  in  Great  Britain  by  the  sov- 
ereign since  the  time  of  Henry  II. 
Guild  of  Corpus  Christi,  York,  had  14,800  members  when  a  return 

of  these  guilds  was  ordered,  1388. 
Revival  of  religious  guilds  began  in  1851,  with  that  of  St.  Alban. 

Guilford  €ourt-llOU§e,  Battle  at.  Gen.  Greene 
retreated  from  the  Catawba  river,  in  South  Carolina,  into  Vir- 
ginia, before  pursuing  Cornwallis,  in  the  winter  of  1781.  He 
soon  returned,  and  at  Guilford  Court-house,  in  North  Carolina, 
he  fought  Cornwallis  and  the  British  for  more  than  2  hours 
desperately.  The  Americans  were  repulsed,  and  the  British 
took  possession  of  the  field,  but  at  a  cost  that  made  the  victory 
a  sad  disaster.  "  Another  such  victory,"  said  Fox,  in  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament,  "will  ruin  the  British  army."  The  British 
lost  over  600;  the  Americans  about  400  killed  and  wounded, 
and  1000  who  deserted  to  their  homes. 

guillotine  (yil-lo-teen'),  an  instrument  for  immediate 
and  painless  death,  named  after  its  supposed  inventor,  a  physi- 
cian named  Joseph  Ignatius  Guillotin.  French  revolution. 
In  1866  M.  Dubois,  of  Amiens,  stated  that  the  idea  only  was 
due  to  Guillotin,  who  at  a  meeting  of  the  legislative  assembly 
in  1789  expressed  an  opinion  that  capital  punishment  should 
be  the  same  for  all  classes.  Accordingly,  at  the  request  of  the 
assembly,  M.  Louis,  secretary  of  the  "Academie  de  Chirurgie," 
submitted  to  that  body,  on  20  Mch.  1792,  his  invention  of  a 
mode  of  capital  punishment, "  sure,  quick,  and  uniform."  The 
first  person  executed  by  it  was  a  highway  robber  named  Pel- 
letier,  on  25  Apr. ;  and  Dangremont  was  its  first  political  vic- 
tim, 21  Aug.  following.  Guillotin  died  in  1814.  The  guillo- 
tine at  Paris  was  burned  by  the  communists,  7  Apr.  1871.  A 
similar  instrument  (called  the  Mannaid)  is  said  to  have  been 
used  in  Italy,  at  Halifax  in  England  (Halifax),  and  in  Scot- 
land, there  called  the  Maiden  and  the  Widow. 

Oulnea  (gin'-ee),  a  geographical  division  of  W.  Africa, 
was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  about  1446.  From  their 
trade  with  the  Moors  originated  the  slave-trade,  sir  John 
Hawkins  being  the  first  Englishman  who  engaged  in  this 
traflSc.  Assisted  by  other  Englishmen  with  money,  he  sailed 
from  England  in  Oct.  1562,  with  3  ships,  to  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  purchased  or  forcibly  seized  300  negroes,  sold  them 
profitably  at  Hispaniola,  and  returned  home  richly  laden  with 
hides,  sugar,  ginger,  and  other  merchandise,  in  Sept.  1563. 
This  voyage  led  to  similar  enterprises.— ^«Hm^^  Slave- 
trade.  An  African  company  to  trade  with  Guinea  was  char- 
tered 1588.  The  Dutch  settlements  here  were  transferred  to 
Great  Britain,  6  Apr.  1872.     Ashantees,  Elmina. 

guinea,  English  gold  coin,  so  named  from  having  been 
first  coined  of  gold  brought  by  the  African  company  from  the 
coast  of  Guinea  in  1663,  valued  then  at  205. ;  but  worth  305.  in 
1695.  Reduced  at  various  times ;  in  1717  to  21*.  In  1810 
guineas  were  sold  for  22*.  6d. ;  in  1816,  for  275.  In  1811  an 
act  was  passed  forbidding  their  exportation,  and  their  sale  at 


C^SE    LIBR^^ 


GUL 


844 


HAB 


«  price  above  the  current  value,  21s.  The  first  guineas  bore 
the  impression  of  an  elephant,  having  been  coined  of  African 
^old.  Since  the  issue  of  sovereigns,  1  July,  1817,  guineas  have 
not  been  coined.     Coin  and  coinage. 

"  Gulliver'§  Travels,"  by  dean  Swift,  first  pub. 
1726-27. 

gun.     Artillery,  Fire-arms. 

gun-boats.     United  States,  1807. 

gun-cotton,  a  highly  explosive  substance,  invented 
by  prof.  Schonbein,  of  Basel,  and  made  known  in  1846.  It  is 
purified  cotton,  steeped  in  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  nitric 
acid  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  dried,  retaining  the  appearance 
■of  cotton-wool.  Collodion.  Its  nature  was  known  to  Brac- 
•conot  and  Pelouze. 

gunpowder.  The  invention  of  gunpowder  is  as- 
cribed to  Bertholdus  or  Michael  Schwartz,  a  Cordelier  monk 
■of  Goslar,  south  of  Brunswick,  in  Germany,  about  1320.  But 
some  maintain  that  it  was  known  much  earlier.  Some  say 
that  the  Chinese  and  Hindus  possessed  it  centuries  before. 
Its  composition  is  mentioned  by  Roger  Bacon,  in  his  treatise 
«  De  NuUitate  Magi»."  He  died  in  1292  or  1294.  Various 
substitutes  for  gunpowder  have  been  recently  invented,  such 
4is  the  white  gunpowder  of  Mr.  Horsley  and  dr.  Ehrhardt, 
and  gun-paper  by  Mr.  Hochstodten.  A  new  gunpowder  by 
M.  Newmayer  of  Toya,  near  Leipsic,  was  discussed  in  Nov. 
1866.  "  Pellet  gunpowder "  was  ordered  to  be  used  in  gun- 
charges  in  the  British  army,  Mch.  1868.  An  act  to  amend 
the  law  concerning  the  making,  keeping,  and  carriage  of  gun- 
powder, etc.,  was  passed  in  England,  28  Aug.  1860,  and  other 
acts  since.  Birmingham,  1870.  In  May,  1872,  a  company 
was  formed  to  manufacture  R.  Punshon's  patent  cotton  gun- 
powder, asserted  to  be  very  safe  and  controllable.  Common 
gunpowder  when  burned  produces  much  smoke.  The  inven- 
tion of  a  smokeless  powder  has  long  been  sought.  "  The  great 
•majority  of  smokeless  powders  (over  20  in  all)  may  be  classed 
under  2  heads,  (1)  those  consisting  of  nitro-cellulose,  and  (2) 
those  in  which  nitro-glycerine  forms  a  part." — Engineering 
Journal,  London,  20  May,  1892,  p.  629.  Of  the  different  kinds 
the  principal  ones  are  apyrite,  chosen  by  Sweden  after  ex- 
haustive and  protracted  experiments,  1891 ;  Nobel's  (German), 
1889-91;  French,  "BN,"  nitro-glycerine;  English,  cordite. 

ClIRONOSCOPE. 

The  use  of  gunpowder  was  denounced  by  Ariosto,  1516;  by  Jean 
Marot,  1532;  by  Cervantes,  1604;  termed  "villanous  saltpetre," 
by  Shakespeare,  about  1598. 

English  war  gunpowder:  75  parts  nitrate  of  potash  (saltpetre),  10 
sulphur,  15  carbon.    These  proportions  may  be  slightly  varied. 

W.  Hunter,  after  a  careful  examination  of  the  question,  in  1847, 
says:  "July  and  ^ugnst,  1346,  may  be  safely  assumed  to  be  the 
time  when  the  explosive  force  of  gunpowder  was  first  brought  to 
bear  on  the  military  operations  of  the  English  nation." 

gunpO'Wder  plot,  a  conspiracy  to  spring  a  mine 
under  the  British  houses  of  Parliament,  and  destroy  the  king, 
lords,  and  commons,  was  discovered  4  Nov.  1605.  It  was  pro-^ 
jected  by  Robert  Catesby  early  in  1604,  and  several  Roman 
Catholics  of  rank  were.in  tie  plot.  Guy  Faux  was  found  in  the 
vaults  under  the  House' >of  Lords,  hired  for  the  purpose,  pre- 
paring a  train  to  be  fired  the  next  day.     Catesby  and  Percy 


(of  the  family  of  Northumberland)  were  killed  at  Hoi 
house,  whither  they  had  fled,  8  Nov. ;  and  Guy  Faux,  sir] 
Everard  Digby,  Rookwood,  Winter,  and  others  were  executed,; 
80, 31  Jan.  1 606.  Henry  Garnet,  a  Jesuit,  suffered  as  an  accom 
plice,  3  May  following.  The  discovery  was  occasioned  by  an 
anonymous  letter  sent  to  lord  Monteagle,  which  said :  "  Though 
there  be  no  appearance  of  any  stir,  yet  I  say  they  shall  re- 
ceive a  terrible  blow  this  parliament,  and  yet  they  shall  notj 
see  who  hurts  them."  In  1825,  the  vault  called  Guy  Faux  eel 
lar,  in  which  barrels  of  gunpowder  were  lodged,  was  converted 
into  offices. 

Ounter's  chain,  66  ft.  long,  divided  into  100  linka, 
is  used  in  measuring  land.  It  was  invented  by  Edmund  Gua' 
ter  in  1606. 

gutta-perclia,  a  gum  from  the  sap  of  the  Isonandra 
gutta,  a  large  forest-tree  of  the  Malay  peninsula  and  neighbor- 
ing islands.  It  was  made  known  in  England  by  drs.  De  Al 
meida  and  Montgomery,  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  in  1843.  Being 
a  non-conductor  of  electricity,  it  is  invaluable  as  an  insulator] 
and  its  use  in  submarine  telegraphs  was  suggested  by  Faraday 
and  Werner  Siemens  independently,  1847. 

gymna'sium,  a  place  where  the  Greeks  performed 
public  exercises,  and  where  philosophers,  poets,  and  rhetorl 
cians  repeated  their  compositions.  In  wrestling  and  boxing 
the  athletes  were  often  naked  (gymnos),  whence  the  name 
— The  gymnasia  in  Germany  are  the  classical  schools  prepar- 
ing pupils  in  a  nine  years'  course  for  the  universities  and  the 
learned  professions. 

gypsies,  gipsies,  or  Egyptians  (Fr.  Bohemiens 
It.  Zingari;  Sp.  Gitanos ;  Ger.  Zigeuner),  vagrants,  supposecB 
to  be  descendants  of  low-caste  Hindus  expelled  by  TimourJ 
about  1399.  They  appeared  in  Germany  and  Italy  early 
the  15th  century,  and  at  Paris  in  1427.  In  England  an  acfl 
was  passed  to  suppress  them  as  vagabonds  in  1530 ;  and  undei 
Charles  1. 13  persons  were  executed  at  one  assizes  for  havingf 
associated  with  gypsies  for  a  month.  The  gypsy  settlement 
at  Norwood,  England,  was  broken  up,  and  they  were  treated  as 
vagrants,  Maj'-,  1797.  There  were  in  Spain  alone,  before  1800, 
more  than  120,000  gypsies,  and  there  are  communities  of  them 
in  England.  Notwithstanding  their  intercourse  with  other 
nations,  their  manners,  customs,  visage,  and  appearance  are 
almost  wholly  unchanged,  and  their  pretended  knowledge  of 
futurity  gives  them  power  over  the  superstitious.  Esther  Faa 
was  crowned  queen  of  the  gypsies  at  Blyth,  England,  on  18 
Nov.  1860.  The  Bible  has  been  translated  into  gypsy  dialects. 
Gypsy  parliaments  are  occasionally  held. 
George  Borrow  fraternized  with  the  gypsies  and  wrote  several 
works  describing  his  adventures,  especially  "The  Zincali  "  (1841), 
"The  Bible  in  Spain  "  (1842),  "  Lavengro  "  (1850),  and  a  "  Diction- 
ary of  the  Gypsy  Language  "  (1874).  He  was  b.  in  1803,  and  d.  in 
Aug.  1881. 

gy'rOSCOpe  (from  Gr.  yvpoQ,  ring,  and  aKoirkix),  to 
observe),  a  rotatory  apparatus  invented  by  Fessel  of  Cologne 
(1852),  improved  by  prof.  Wheatstone  and  M.  Foucault  of 
Paris.  It  is  similar  in  principle  to  the  rotatory  apparatus 
of  Bohnenberger  of  Tubingen  (b.  1765,  d.  1831).  The  gyro- 
scope, by  exhibiting  the  combination  and  counteraction  of 
centrifugal  and  centripetal  forces,  illustrates  the  laws  of  motion. 


H 


H.  This  letter  of  the  alphabet  has  varied  in  form  from 
the  Phoenician  and  old  Hebrew  symbol  B,  called  Cheth,only 
by  the  removal  of  the  upper  and  lower  horizontal  lines. 

Haarlem  (hdr^lem),  an  ancient  town  in  Holland,  men- 
tioned in  the  register  of  the  10th  century.  Through  count 
William  II.  it  obtained  a  charter  in  1245.  For  a  short  time 
in  1492  it  was  occupied  by  the  insurgents  called  the  "  bread- 
and-cheese  folk."  Its  inhabitants  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  revolt  of  the  Netherlands.  It  was  invested  by  the  duke 
of  Alva  with  a  force  of  30,000,  Dec.  1572,  and  surrendered  af- 
ter a  heroic  defence,  July,  1573.  Alva  violated  his  capitula- 
tion promises  and  destroyed  nearly  half  the  inhabitants.     It 


was  recovered  from  the  Spaniards  by  the  prince  of  Orange  in 
1577.  The  lake  was  drained  1848-52,  liberating  42,000  acres 
of  land;  estimated  cost  of  drainage,  $3,600,000.  Pop.  1890, 
51,626. 

Habak'kuk,  one  of  the  minor  prophets  of  the  Old 
Testament,  606  b.c. — Usher. 

habeas  eorpus  (in  England).  The  subjects'  Writ 
of  Right,  passed  "  for  the  better  securing  the  liberty  of  the 
subject,"  31  Charles  II.  c.  2,  27  May,  1679,  If  any  person  be 
imprisoned  by  the  order  of  any  court,  or  of  the  queen,  he  may 
have  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  to  bring  him  before  the  queen  s 
bench  or  common  pleas,  which  shall  determine  whether  bis 


HAB 


345 


HAL 


committal  be  just.  This  act  (founded  on  the  old  common-law) 
is  next  in  importance  to  Magna  Charta.  Parliament  may 
suspend  the  Habeas  Corpus  act  for  a  specified  time  in  a 
great  emergency.  Then  the  nation  parts  with  a  portion  of 
liberty  to  secure  its  permanent  welfare,  and  suspected  per- 
sons may  then  be  arrested  without  cause  assigned. — Black- 
stone. 

Act  suspended  for  a  short  time 1689,  1696,  1708 

Suspended  for  Scots'  rebellion 1715-16  J 

Suspended  for  12  months 1722  ; 

Suspended  for  Scots'  rebellion 1744-45 

Suspended  for  American  war 1777-79  j 

Again  by  Mr.  Pitt,  owing  to  French  revolution 1794 

Suspended  in  Ireland  in  the  great  rebellion 1798  ! 

Suspended  in  England 28  Aug.  1799,  and  14  Apr.  1801  j 

Again,  on  account  of  Irish  insurrection 1803  [ 

Again,  on  alleged  secret  meetings 21  Feb.  1817  ; 

Bill  to  restore  habeas  corpus  introduced 28  Jan.  1818 

Suspended  in  Ireland  (insurrection) 24  July,  1848  J 

Kestored  there 1  Mch.  1849 

Suspended  again  (Fenians).  17  Feb.  1866;  26  Feb.  and  31  May,  1 

1867;  and  28  Feb.  1808,  till 25  Mch.  1869  ; 

Because  of  the  affair  of  John  Anderson  (Slavery  in  England),  an  . 
act  of  1862  enacted  that  no  writ  of  habeas  corpus  should  issue 
out  of  England  to  any  colony,  etc.,  having  a  court  with  authority 
to  grant  such  writ. 

liabea§  corpus  (in  the  United  States).     The  Con- 
stitution  of  the   U.  S.    provides    that    "  the    privilege    of  ! 
habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when,  in  cases  of 
rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  it ;"  but 
does  not  specify  what  department  of  the  government  may  j 
suspend  it.     A  series  of  contests  on  this  subject  began  with 
the  civil  war  and  continued  throughout,  both  as  to  the  legality 
of  suspension  and  the  jurisdiction.     The  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
was  first  suspended  by  pres.  Lincoln  between  Washington 
and  Philadelphia,  27  Apr.  1861,  in  instructions  to  gen.  Scott  - 
(it  had  been  suspended  by  state  authority  in  Rhode  Island  for  ' 
a  brief  time  during  Dorr's  rebellion).  : 

President  suspends  the  writ  in  Key  West,  Tortugas,  and  Santa  i 

Rosa 10  May,  1861  ! 

Further  extension 2  July,     "     | 

Chief-justice  Taney  issues  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  27  May.  to  j 

gen.  Geo.  Cadwallader  on  appeal  by  John  Merryman  of  Bal-  j 

timore.  then  confined  in  fort  McHenry 25  May,     " 

[On  the  general's  refusal  to  obey  the  writ  Taney  attempts  i 

to  arrest  him,  but  fails.]  j 

Theophilus  Parsons  supports  president's  power  to  suspend,  ! 

5  June,     "     I 
Attorney  general  Bates  asserts  the  president's  power  to  declare 

martial  law  and  suspend  the  writ  of  Aafteas  co?7JMS.... 5  July,     "     j 
One  hundred   and   seventy-four  persons   committed  to  fort  | 

Lafayette July  to  Oct.     "     j 

Suspension  of  the  writ  made  general 24  Sept.  1862  i 

Congress  by  act  upholds  this  power 3  Mch.  1863  : 

Vallandigham  arrested  (United  States) 4  May,     "     j 

President  suspends  by  proclamation 15  Sept.     " 

All  persons  held  under  suspension  of  the  writ  discharged. May,  1804 

Suspends  in  Kentucky 5  July,     " 

Pres.  Johnson  restores  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  except  in  the 
late  insurrectionary  states.  District  of  Columbia,  New  Mexico, 

and  Arizona,  by  proclamation 11  Dec.  1865 

In  all  states  and  territories  except  Texas 2  Apr.  1866 

Throughout  the  U.  S 20  Aug.      " 

Thirty-eight  thousand  arrests  were  made  according  to  the  pro- 
vost-marshal's record,  Washington,  during  the  rebellion. 

MiLLIGAN   CASE  ;   StONE,  BRIG. -GEN.  CHARLES  P.,  CaSe   Of. 

Hades  (Gr.  "AV^ijg)  (a,  not,  and  dSu),  to  see),  originally 
the  god  of  the  lower  world,  and  only  in  this  sense  in  Homer. 
Hence  the  place  of  departed  spirits.  The  word  Sheol  of  the 
Hebrews  expresses  the  same  idea.  The  later  Greek  as  well 
as  Hebrew  thought  divided  the  place  into  2  parts.  Later  still 
the  idea  developed  into  the  contrasted  spheres  of  Heaven  and 
Hell,  including  the  Purgatory  of  the  church. 

Hadrian's  wall,  built  to  prevent  irruptions  of 
Scots  and  Picts  into  the  northern  counties  of  England,  then 
under  Roman  government,  extended  from  the  Tyne  to  Solway 
frith.  It  was  80  miles  long,  12  feet  high,  and  8  feet  thick, 
^\ith  mile  castles  and  smaller  sentry  boxes  between.  Along 
its  whole  northern  side  was  a  ditch  or  fosse  about  36  feet  wide 

I'  and  15  feet  deep,  while  on  the  southern  side  was  a  Roman 
road  connecting  the  garrisons  of  the  different  stations.  It  was 
probably  from  10  to  15  years  in  building,  and  required  10,000 
men  to  garrison  its  stations.  Probably  built  under  Hadrian 
1 121  A.D.,  and  extended  by  Servius  207-^10. 

Hafsfiord  (kofs-fe-ord'),  Norway.  Here  Harold  Har- 
fager,  in  a  sea-fight,  defeated  his  enemies,  and  consolidated  his 
kingdom,  872.    A  millenary  festival  was  held  throughout  Nor- 


way, and  a  monument  to  his  memory  set  up  at  Hangesund^ 
by  prince  Oscar  of  Sweden,  18  July,  1872. 

Ha^ue,  the,  capital  of  Holland,  once  called  the 
finest  village  in  Europe ;  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  States- 
general,  and  residence  of  the  former  earls  of  Holland  since 
1260,  when  William  XL  built  the  palace  here.  Pop.  1890^ 
160,531. 

Here  the  states  abjured  the  authority  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain 1580^ 

A  conference  upon  the  5  articles  of  remonstrants,  which  occa- 
sioned the  synod  of  Dort 1610' 

Treaty  at  the  Hague  (to  preserve  equilibrium  of  the  North)  of 

England,  France,  and  Holland 21  May,  1659^ 

De  Witts  torn  in  pieces  here 4  Aug.  1672; 

French,  favored  by  a  hard  frost,  took  possession  of  the  Hague; 
inhabitants  and  troops  declared  in  their  favor;  revolution 

ensued;  stadtholder  and  family  fled  to  England 19  Jan.  1795- 

The  Hague  evacuated  by  the  French Nov.  1813 

Stadtholder  returned Dec.     " 

"  Hail,  Columbia !"  This  patriotic  song  was. 
written  by  Joseph  Hopkinson,  29  Apr.  1798,  when  the  United 
States  were  threatened  with  a  war  with  France.  It  was  com- 
posed to  the  air  of  the  "  President's  March,"  for  a  young  actor 
and  singer  in  the  Philadelphia  theatre,  and  became  at  once 
highly  popular.     Literature;  New  York  city,  1789. 

liail-§toriIlS.     Storms. 

Hainault  forest,  Essex,  Engl.,  disafferested  in  185U 
Here  stood  the  Fairlop  oak. 

Hainailt  (ha'-no'),  a  frontier  province  of  Belgium^ 
anciently  governed  by  counts  hereditary  after  Regnier  I.,  who 
died  in  916.  The  count  John  d'Arsenes  became  count  of  Hol- 
land in  1299.  Hainaut  henceforth  partook  of  the  fortunes  of 
Flanders. 

Haine§'§  HlufT,  Operations  at.  Vicksburg  cam- 
paign. 

liair.  In  Gaul,  hair  was  much  esteemed ;  hence  the  ap- 
pellation Gallia  comata;  cutting  off  the  hair  was  a  punishments 
The  royal  family  of  France  held  it  a  privilege  to  wear  long 
hair  artfully  dressed  and  curled.  "  The  clerical  tonsure  is  of 
apostolic  institution  ! " — Isidorus  Hispalensis.  Pope  Anicetus 
forbade  the  clergy  to  wear  long  hair,  155.  Long  hair  was 
a  distinctive  mark  of  the  cavaliers  or  followers  of  Charles  I.  of 
England,  as  short  hair  was  of  the  Roundheads,  during  the 
civil  war  and  protectorate  of  Cromwell,  1642-60.  Of  late 
years  the  hair  is  worn  much  shorter  than  formerly. 

Hakluyt  (hak'-loot)  Society,  England,  for  the  pub- 
lication of  rare  voyages  and  travels,  15  Dec.  1846,  was  named 
after  Richard  Hakluyt,  who  published  his  "  Principal  Nav- 
igations, Voyages,  and  Discoveries  made  by  the  English 
Nation,"  in  1589 ;  and  died  23  Nov.  1616,  aged  63.  Virginia, 
1606. 

iialcyon  (Gr.  aXKvdjv,  king-fisher),  a  poetic  name  for 
the  king-fisher ;  and  since  that  bird  was  fabled  to  lay  its  eggs- 
on  the  waves,  and  to  keep  the  sea  calm  during  incubation,. 
"  halcyon  days"  are  days  of  calm  and  peace. 

Hale,  capt.  Nathan,  the  Ameri'^an  spy,  belonged  to^ 
Knowlton's  regiment  and  accepted  ihe  perilous  service  of  ex- 
ploring the  British  camp  on  Long  Island  under  instructions- 
from  gen.  Washington,  then  retreating  to  Harlem  Heights. 
With  the  desired  information,  he  was  discovered  before  reach- 
ing the  American  lines,  through  a  Tory  kinsman,  and  hanged 
next  morning.  22  Sept.  1777,  without  tritVi  and  with  insult 
and  cruelty.  He  was  a  graduate  of  YaW,  1773,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  22.  His  statue  erected  in  City  Hall  park,  N.  Y.,. 
Dec.  i893.     New  York,  1777. 

Half-breeds.     Political  parties. 

Hariearnas'siis,  now  Boodroom,  an  ancient 

town  of  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  reputed  birthplace  of  Herodotus,. 
484  B.C. ;  site  of  the  tomb  of  Mausolus,  erected  352 ;  taken 
by  Alexander,  334.     Mausoleum. 

Halidon  hill,  near  Berwick,  where,  on  19  July,  1.S33,. 
the  English  defeated  the  Scots,  killing  more  than  14,000,  with 
the  regent  Douglas  and  many  nobles ;  the  English  loss  was- 
small.  Edward  Balliol  thus  became  king  of  Scotland  for  a 
short  time. 

Halifax,  capital  of  Nova  Scotia,  lat.  44°  37'  N.,  Ion.  63°^ 


HAL  846 

38'  W.,  was  founded  by  the  hon.  Edward  Cornwallis  in  1749, 
and  named  after  the  earl  of  Halifax.     Pop.  1891,  38,556. 

Halle,  Prussian  Saxony,  N.  Germany,  first  mentioned 
801,  made  a  city  by  the  emperor  Otho  II.,  in  981.  University 
founded  bj'  Frederick  I.,  1694,  recognized  as  one  of  the  princi- 
pal schools  of  Protestant  theology.  The  orphan-house  was 
established  by  August  Francke,  1698-99.  Halle  suflFered  much 
by  the  Thirty  Years'  and  Seven  Yedrs'  wars.  It  was  stormed 
by  the  French,  17  Oct.  1806,  and  added  to  Westphalia ;  but 
given  to  Prussia  in  1814.     Pop.  1890, 101,401. 

hallcliyall  and  amen  {Praise  the  Lord,  and  So  be 
it),  expressions  in  Hebrew  hymns,  ascribed  to  Haggai  about 
520  B.C.  Their  introduction  into  Christian  worship  is  ascribed 
to  St.  Jerome,  about  390  a.d. 

Hallo-ween  or  HallOir-eve,  the  evening  before 
All-Saints'  day,  the  night  of  Oct.  31,  in  many  countries  a  time 
for  superstitious  ceremonies,  and  in  Scotland  especially  devoted 
by  young  people  to  playful  divination  for  predicting  future 
husbands  or  wives. 

"  Amang  the  bonny,  winding  banks. 
Where  Doon  rins,  wimplin',  clear, 
Where  Bruce  ance  ruled  the  martial  ranks, 

And  shook  his  Carrick  spear, 
Some  merry,  friendly,  country  folks 

Together  did  convene. 
To  burn  their  nits,  and  pou  their  stocks, 
And  baud  their  Halloween 

Fu'  blythe  that  night." 

— Burns,  "Halloween." 

halo,  a  circle  of  light  around  the  sun  or  moon,  produced 
by  refraction  through  minute  ice  crystals  suspended  in  the  at- 
mosphere. 

Ha'lys,  a  river  in  Asia  Minor,  near  which  a  battle  be- 
tween Lydians  and  Medes  was  interrupted  by  an  almost  total 
■eclipse  of  the  sun,  which  led  to  peace,  28  May,  585  B.C.  (the 
4th  year  of  the  48th  Olympiad).— P/^■w2^,  <'Nat.  Hist."  ii. 
Others  date  it  584,  603,  or  610  b.c.  This  eclipse  is  said  to 
have  been  predicted  many  years  before  by  Thales  of  Miletus. 
— Herodotus,  i.  75. 

Ham,  a  town  on  the  Somme,  N.  France.  The  castle 
was  built  in  1470  by  the  constable  Louis  of  Luxembourg, 
<;omte  de  St.  Pol,  beheaded  by  Louis  XL,  19  Dec.  1475.  Here 
were  imprisoned  the  ex-ministers  of  Charles  X.,  1830,  and 
Louis  Napoleon  after  his  attempt  at  Boulogne,  from  Oct. 
1840,  till  25  May,  1846,  when  he  escaped  by  the  aid  of  Maz- 
zini. 

Hamburg^,  a  free  city  of  N.W.  Germany,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Elbe,  founded  by  Charlemagne  about  809.  It 
joined  the  Hanseatic  league  (Hanse  towns)  in  the  13th 
centurv,  and  became  a  flourishing  commercial  cit}\  Pop.  in 
1860,229,941;  1871,338,974;  1875,338,618;  1890,323,923. 
Its  territory  includes  158  sq.  miles,  with  a  pop.,  1890,  of 
«22,530. 
A  free  imperial  city  by  permission  of  dukes  of  Holstein,  1296; 

subject  to  them  till  1618 ;  purchased  total  exemption  from 

their  claims. 1768 

French  declared  war  upon  Hamburg  for  treachery  in  giving  up 

Napper  Tandy  (Tandy) , Oct.  1799 

British  property  sequestrated Mch.  1801 

Hamburg  taken  by  French  after  battle  of  Jena 1806 

Incorporated  with  France 1810 

Evacuated  by  French  on  Russian  advance  into  Germany 1813 

Restored  to  independence  by  the  allies May,  1814 

Hamburg  joined  North  German  confederation 21  Aug.  1866 

Joined  German  empire,  Jan. ;  privileges  as  free  portconflrmed, 

16  Apr.  1871 
Yisitation  of  Cholera 1892 

South  Carolina, 


HAN 


Hamburg,  s.  C,  massacre. 

1876. 

Hamilton  and  Burr.     New  York,  1804. 

Hampton  Court  palace,  Middlesex,  Engl., 
feuilt  by  cardinal  Wolsey  on  the  site  of  the  manor-house  of 
the  knights  hospitallers,  and  in  1525  presented  to  Henry  VIII. 
Here  Edward  VI.  was  born,  12  Oct.  1537 ;  here  his  mother, 
Jane  Seymour,  died,  24  Oct.  following ;  and  here  Mary,  Eliza- 
•beth,  Charles,  and  other  sovereigns  resided.  Much  was  pulled 
<lown,  and  the  grand  inner  court  built  by  William  III.  in  1694, 
when  the  gardens,  occupying  40  acres,  were  laid  out.  The 
vine  was  planted  1769.     A  conference  here,  14-16-18   Jan. 


1604,  between  Puritans  and  established  church  clergy,  led  to 
new  translation  of  the  Bible.     Conferencp:. 

Hampton  Roads,  Va.,  Conflict  between  the 
Monitor  and  the  Merrimac.  The  United  States  war  ship 
Merrimac,  sunk  when  Norfolk  navy-yard  was  abandoned  by 
the  federals,  20  Apr.  1861,  was  raised  by  confederates,  con- 
verted into  an  iron-clad  ram,  and  named  Virginia.  John 
Ericsson  contracted  to  build  the  Monitor  5  Oct.  1861 ;  com- 
pleted it  early  in  the  following  January.  On  5  Mch.  1862, 
she  was  despatched  to  fortress  Monroe.  Just  before  she 
arrived  the  Virginia,  commanded  by  Franklin  Buchanan, 
came  out  (8  Mch.)  and  attacked  the  federal  vessels  in  Hamp- 
ton Roads.  She  sunk  the  Cumberland,  captured  the  Congress, 
and  pushed  the  Minnesota  aground,  and  at  night  returned  to 
Norfolk.  Next  morning  she  reappeared,  but  was  met  by  the 
Monitor,  commanded  by  lieut.  John  L.  Worden.  After  a  short 
conflict  the  Virginia,  finding  the  odds  against  her,  again  re- 
tired. After  evacuation  of  Norfolk  by  the  confederates,  she 
was  blown  up  by  her  commander,  Josiah  Tatnall,  11  May, 
1862.  The  Monitor  sank  on  her  passage  to  Charleston,  31 
Dec.  1862.    Monitor,  Navy. 

Hampton  Roads  conference.  In  Jan. 
1865,  Francis  P.  Blair  twice  visited  Richmond,  Va.,  to  confer 
with  Jefferson  Davis.  He  believed  that  a  suspension  of  hos- 
tilities, and  an  ultimate  settlement  by  restoration  of  the  Union, 
might  be  brought  about,  by  the  common  desire,  north  and 
south,  to  enforce  the  Monroe  doctrine  against  the  French  in 
Mexico.  Out  of  Mr.  Blair's  visits  grew  a  conference,  held  on 
a  vessel  in  Hampton  Roads,  3  Feb.  1865,  between  Mr.  Lincoln 
and  Mr.  Seward  upon  one  side,  and  Messrs.  A.  H.  Stephens, 
R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  and  John  A.  Campbell  on  the  other.  It 
was  informal,  and  no  basis  for  negotiation  was  reached. 

Hanau  (ha -now),  a  town  of  Hesse-Cassel,  incorporated 
1303.  Here  a  division  of  the  armies  of  Austria  and  I3avaria 
of  30,000  men,  under  gen.  Wrede,  encountered  the  French, 
70,000  strong,  under  Napoleon  I.,  on  their  retreat  from  Leipsic, 
30  Oct.  1813.  The  French  suffered  severely,  though  the  allies 
were  compelled  to  retire.  Hanau  was  made  a  principality  in 
1803;  seized  bythe  French  in  1806;  incorporated  with  the 
duchy  of  Frankfort  in  1809 ;  restored  in  1813  to  Hesse ;  which 
was  annexed  to  Pru.ssia  in  1866. 

Handel's  commemorations.  The  first  was 
held  in  Westminster  abbey,  London,  26  May,  1784 ;  above 
3000  persons  present.  The  band  contained  268  vocal  and 
245  instrumental  performers,  and  the  receipts  of  3  days  were 
12,746/.  These  concerts  were  repeated  in  1785, 1786, 1787,  and 
1791. 
Second  great  commemoration,  with  644  performers,  24,  26,  28  June, 

and  1  July,  1834. 
Great  Handel  festival  (at  the  Crystal  palace)  on  the  centenary  of 
his  death,  projected  by  Sacred  Harmonic  Society.   Grand  rehearsal 
at  Crystal  palace,  15,  17,  19  June,  1857,  and  2  July,  1858. 
Performances:  "Messiah,"  20  June;  selections,  22  June;  "Israel  in 
Egypt,"  24  June,  1859,  26,827  persons  present,  with  2765  vocal  and 
393  instrumental  performers.    The  receipts  were  about  33,000^., 
expenses  18,000^. ;  of  the  residue  (15,000^.),  2  parts  accrued  to  the 
Crystal  Palace  company,  and  1  part  to  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society.     Handel's  harpsichord,  original  scores  of  his  oratorios, 
and  other  relics  were  exhibited. 
Handel  festivals  (at  the  Crystal  palace):  4000  performers,  highly 
successful,  23,  25,  27  June,  1862;    again,  26,  28,  30  June.  1865; 
again,  15,  17,  19  June,  1868  (about  25,000  present) ;  also,  19,  21, 
23  June,  1871  (about  84,000  persons  subscribed);  also,  22,  24,  26 
June,  1874  (total  present,  78,839);    also,  25,  27,  29   June,   1877 
(present,  74,124);  18,  21,  23,  25  June,  1880  (present,  70,643). 
Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  Boston,  Mass.,  for  performances  only; 
founded  1816.     Music. 

handkerclliefs,  wrought  and  edged  with  gold,  used 
to  be  worn  in  England  by  gentlemen  in  their  hats,  as  favors 
from  young  ladies ;  worth  from  bd.  to  12d  each,  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth,  1658. — Stow^s  Chron.  Paisley  handkerchiefs 
were  first  made  in  1743. 

hands,  Imposition  of,  first  performed  by  Moses  in  setting.'; 
apart  his  successor  Joshua  (Numb,  xxvii.  23) ;   in  reception 
into  the  church,  and  in  ordination,  by  the  Apostles  (Acts  viii. 
17  ;  1  Tim.  iv.  14). 

hanging^,  draining,  and  quartering,  said  to 

have  been  first  inflicted  upon  William  Marise,  a  pirate,  a  no- 
bleman's son,  25  Hen.  III.  1241.     5  gentlemen  of  the  duke  of 


HAN 


347 


HAR 


■Gloucester  were  arraigned  and  condemned  for  treason,  and  at 
the  place  of  execution  were  hanged,  cut  down  alive  instantly, 
stripped  naked,  their  bodies  marked  for  quartering,  and  then 
pardoned,  25  Hen.  IV.  1447.— aS^ow.  The  Cato-street  con- 
spirators (Cato-street  conspiracy)  were  beheaded  after 
•death  by  hanging,  1  May,  1820.  Hanging  in  chains  was  abol- 
ished in  1834.     Death  penalty. 

Hangings  Rock,  S.  C,  Battle  of.  A  few  miles 
•eastward  of  Rocky  mount,  on  the  Catawba  river,  a  large 
bowlder  on  a  high  bank,  called  Hanging  rock,  gives  name  to 
the  place.  There  a  large  body  of  British  and  Tories  were  at- 
tacked and  dispersed  by  gen.  Sumter  on  6  Aug.  1780,  after  a 
■desperate  engagement  of  about  4  hours.  Sumter  lost  12  killed 
and  41  wounded. 

Hanover,  N.  W.  Germany,  successively  an  electorate 
and  a  kingdom,  chiefly  territories  which  once  belonged  to  the 
■dukes  of  Brunswick.  It  was  annexed  to  Prussia,  20  Sept. 
1866.  Pop.  1859,  1,850,000 ;  1861,  1,888,070 ;  1875,  2,017,393 ; 
1890,  2,278,361. 

Hanover  became  the  9th  electorate 19  Dec.  1692 

Suft'ered  much  during  the  Seven  Years'  war. 1756-63 

Seized  by  Prussia 3  Apr.  1801 

■Occupied  and  hardly  used  by  the  French 5  June,  1803 

Delivered  to  Prussia 1805 

Retaken  by  the  French 1807 

Part  of  it  annexed  to  Westphalia 1810 

Regained  for  England  by  Bernadotte 6  Nov.  1813 

Made  a  kingdom,  George  III.  of  England  king 12  Oct.  1814 

Duke  of  Cambridge  viceroy ;  representative  government  estab- 
lished  Nov.  1816 

Visited  by  George  IV. Oct.  1821 

Ernest,  duke  of  Cumberland,  king 20  June,  1837 

He  granted  a  constitution  with  electoral  rights,  1848;  annulled 

by  decree  of  the  federal  diet 12  Apr.  1855 

King  claims  from  Eno:land  crown-jewels  of  George  III.  (value 
about  120,000^.),  1857;  arbitration,  the  jewels  given  up,  Jan.  1858 

Stade — dues  given  up  for  compensation 12  June,  1861 

King  takes  side  with  Austria;  the  Prussians  enter  and  occupy 

Hanover 13  June  et  seq.  1866 

Hanoverians  defeat  Prussians  at  Langensalza,  27  June;  but  sur- 
render  29  June,     " 

Hanover  annexed  to  Prussia  by  law,  20  Sept. ;  promulgated, 

6  Oct.     " 

Protest  of  king  of  Hanover  to  Europe 23  Sept.     " 

Arrangement  with  Prussia  by  a  treaty  ratified 18  Oct.  1867 

ELECTORS. 

1692.  Ernest  Augustus,  youngest  son  of  George,  that  son  of  William, 
duke  of  Brunswick-Luneburg,  who  obtained  by  lot  the  right 
to  marry  (Brunswick).  He  became  bishop  of  Osnaburg  in 
1662,  and  in  1G79  inherited  the  possessions  of  his  uncle  John, 
duke  of  Calenberg;  created  elector  of  Hanover  in  1692. 

[He  married,  in  1659,  princess  Sophia,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick, elector-palatine,  and  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James 
I.  of  England.  In  1701  Parliament  settled  the  British  crown 
in  her  descendants,  "being  Protestants,"  after  failure  of 
descendants  from  William  III.  and  Anne.] 

1698.  George  Lewis,  son  of  the  preceding ;  married  his  cousin  Sophia, 
heiress  of  duke  of  Brunswick-Zell;  became  king  of  Great 
Britain,  1  Aug.  1714,  as  George  I. 

1727.  George  Augustus,  his  son  (George  II.  of  England),  11  June. 

1760.  George  William  Frederick,  his  grandson  (George  III.  of  Eng- 
land), 25  Oct. 

KINGS. 

1S14.  George  III.  of  England  became  first  king  of  Hanover,  12  Oct. 

1820.  George  Augustus  Frederick,  his  son  (George  IV.  of  England), 
29  Jan. 

1830.  William  Henry,  his  brother  (William  IV.  of  England), 26  June; 
d.  20  June,  1837. 
[Hanover  separated  from  crown  of  Great  Britain.] 

1837.  Ernest  Augustus,  duke  of  Cumberland,  brother  to  William  IV. 
of  England,  succeeded  (as  a  distinct  inheritance)  to  the 
throne  of  Hanover,  20  June. 

1851.  George  V.  (b.  27  May,  1819),  son  of  Ernest;  ascended  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  18  Nov.  His  states  an- 
nexed to  Prussia,  20  Sept.  1866;  visited  England,  May,  June, 
1876;  d.  12  June,  1878. 

1878.  Ernest  Augustus  II.,  son,  b.  21  Sept.  1845;  maintained  his 
claims  in  a  circular  to  the  sovereigns  of  Europe,  dated  11 
July,  1878;  married  princess  Thyra  of  Denmark,  20  Dec. 
1878. 

Hanse  towns.  The  Hanseatic  league  (from  hansa, 
association),  formed  by  port  towns  in  Germany  against  the 
piracies  of  Swedes  and  Danes,  began  about  1140;  thp  league 
signed  1241.  At  first  onl}-^  of  towns  on  the  coasts  oithe  Bal- 
tic, in  1370  it  included  66  cities  and  44  confederates.  The 
league  proclaimed  war  against  Waldemar,  king  of  Denmark, 
about  1348,  and  against  Eric,  in  1428,  with  40  ships  and  15,000 
legular  troops,  besides  seamen.  On  this  several  princes  or- 
dered the  merchants  of  their  kingdoms  to  withdraw  (fheir  ef- 


fects. The  Thirty  Years'  war  in  Germany  (1618-48)  broke 
the  strength  of  the  league,  and  in  1630  only  Bremen,  Ham- 
burg, and  LiJBECK  retained  the  name.  The  league  suffered 
also  by  the  rise  of  the  commerce  of  the  Low  Countries  in  the 
15th  century.  Their  privileges  by  treaty  in  England  were 
abolished  by  Elizabeth  in  1578. 

Hapsburg^,  Habsbur^,  or  Habichtsburgp 

(Hawk's  castle),  House  of,  the  family  from  which  the  imperial 
house  of  Austria  sprang  in  the  11th  century,  "Werner  being  the 
first-named  count  of  Hapsburg,  1099.  Hapsburg  was  an  an- 
cient castle  of  Switzerland,  on  a  lofty  eminence  near  Schintz- 
nach.  Rudolph,  count  of  Hapsburg,  became  archduke  of  Aus- 
tria and  emperor  of  Germany,  1273,  through  the  support  of 
archbishop  Werner,  elector  of  Mentz,  and  the  duke  of  Bavaria. 
Austria,  Germany. 

bard -cider  and   logr- cabin   campaig^n. 

United  States,  1840. 

Harfleur  {har-flur'),  seaport,  N.  W.  France,  taken  by 
Henry  V.,  22  Sept.  1415. 

Harlaw,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  site  of  a  desperate, 
indecisive  battle  between  the  earl  of  Mar,  with  the  royal  army, 
and  Donald,  the  lord  of  the  Isles,  who  aimed  at  independence, 
24  July,  1411.  It  was  disastrous  to  the  nobility,  some  houses 
losing  all  their  males. 

Harleian  {har-W-ian)  library,  with  7000  MSS., 
besides  rare  books,  bought  by  Edward  Harley,  afterwards  earl 
of  Oxford  and  Mortimer,  1705  et  seq.,  is  now  in  the  British 
museum.  Much  of  his  life  and  wealth  was  spent  on  the  col- 
lection. He  died  21  May,  1724.  The  "  Harleian  Miscellany," 
a  selection  from  MSS.  and  tracts  of  his  library,  was  pub.  1744 
and  1808. 

Harlem  Heights,  Battle  of.  A  severe  skirmish, 
on  16  Sept.  1776,  between  American  troops  under  col.  Knowl- 
ton  and  major  Leitch,  and  detachments  of  the  British  army, 
then  in  po.ssession  of  New  York  city.  Knowlton  and  Leitch 
were  killed,  but  the  Americans  were  victorious.  Of  Knowl- 
ton, Washington  said,  "  He  was  an  honor  to  any  country." 

Harlem  River  Aqueduct  bridge.  Aque- 
ducts. 

Harmar's  Indian  expedition.    Ohio,  1790. 

harmonic  strings,  said  to  have  been  invented  by 
Pythagoras  about  540  b.c.,  through  hearing  4  blacksmiths 
working  with  hammers,  in  harmony,  whose  weights  he  found 
to  be  6,  8,  9,  and  12. 

harmon'ica,  or  musical  glasses  (tuned  by  regulating 
the  amount  of  water,  and  played  by  a  moistened  finger  on  the 
rim),  were  played  on  by  Gluck  in  London,  23  Apr.  1746 ;  "  ar- 
ranged "  by  Puckeridge  and  Delaval,  and  improved  by  dr. 
Franklin  in  1760.  Mozart,  Beethoven,  and  others  composed 
for  this  instrument.     Copophone. 

harmon'ichord,  a  keyed  instrument,  in  which 
sounds  are  produced  by  friction,  invented  by  Th.  KaufFmann 
in  1810. 

Harmonists,  a  sect  founded  in  WUrtemberg  by 
George  and  Frederick  Rapp,  about  1780.  Not  much  is  known 
of  their  tenets,  but  they  held  their  property  in  common,  and 
considered  marriage  a  civil  contract.  They  emigrated  to 
America,  and  settled  first  in  Butler  county,  Pa.,  1805,  but  re- 
moved to  Indiana,  and  purchased  27,000  acres  of  land,  and 
called  it  New  Harmony,  1814.  In  1824  they  sold  their  land 
to  Robert  Owen,  and,  returning  to  Pennsylvania,  settled  at 
Economy,  a  few  miles  north  of  Pittsburg.  Nevv^  Harmony. 
Robert  Owen  failed  in  his  scheme  for  a  "social"  community, 
and  returned  to  England.     Socialism. 

harmo'nium,  a  keyed  instrument,  resembling  the  ac- 
cordion, its  tones  produced  by  wind  upon  metallic  reeds.  The 
Chinese  were  well  acquainted  with  the  effects  of  vibrating 
tongues  of  metal.  M.  Biot  stated,  in  1810,  that  they  were 
used  musically  by  M.  Grenie ;  and  in  1827-29  free  reed-stops 
were  employed  in  organs  at  Beauvais  and  Paris.  The  best- 
known  harmoniums  in  England  are  those  of  Alexandre  and 
Debain,  the  latter  claiming  to  be  the  original  maker  of  the 


HAR 


348 


HAS 


French  ijistrument.  In  1841,  W.  E.  Evans,  of  Cheltenham, 
produced  his  English  harmonium,  then  termed  the  "  organ- 
harmonica,"  which,  by  successive  improvements,  became  a  (ine 
instrument,  with  diapason  quality,  and  great  rapidity  of  speech, 
without  loss  of  power. 

harmony,  the  combination  of  musical  notes  of  different 
pitch ;  not  understood  by  the  ancient  Greeks.     Music. 

harne8§,  originally  defensive  armor;  now  applied  to 
working-tackle  of  animals.  Chariots,  and  leathern  dressings 
for  horses  to  draw  them,  are  ascribed  by  mythology  to  Erich- 
thonius  of  Athens,  who  was  made  the  constellation  Bootes 
(ploughman)  after  his  death,  about  1487  b.c. 

harp.  Invented  by  Jubal,  3875  b.c.  (Gen.  iv.  21).  David 
played  it  before  Saul,  1063  b.c.  (I  Sam.  xvi.  23).  The  Cim- 
bri,  or  English  Saxons,  had  this  instrument.  The  celebrated 
Welsh  harp  was  strung  with  gut;  and  the  Irish  harp,  like 
more  ancient  harps,  with  wire.  Erard's  improved  harps  were 
patented  in  1795. 

One  of  the  most  ancient  harps  is  that  of  Brian  Boroimhe,  monarch 
of  Ireland,  given  by  his  son  Ponagh  to  pope  John  XVI  1 1,  with  the 
crown  and  other  regalia  of  his  father,  to  obtain  absolution  for  the 
murder  of  his  brother  Teig.  Adrian  IV.  alleged  this  as  one  of  his 
titles  to  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  in  a  bull  transferring  it  to  Henry 
II.  This  harp  was  given  by  Leo  X.  to  Henry  VIII. ,  by  him  to  the 
first  earl  of  Clanricarde;  it  then  came  to  the  family  of  De  Burgh; 
next  to  that  of  MacMahon  of  Clenagh.  county  Clare;  afterwards  to 
that  of  MacNamara  of  Limerick;  and  was  deposited  by  the  right 
hon.  William  Conynghara  in  the  College  museum,  Dublin,  in  1782. 

IIarper'§  Ferry,  W.  Va.,  at  the  outlet  of  the  Shen- 
andoah valley,  where  the  Shenandoah  joins  the  Potomac. 
The  town  in  'i860  had  a  population  of  10,000.  John  Brown 
seized  the  place  16  Oct.  1859.  Brown's  insukrkction.  On 
18  Apr.  1861,  the  day  after  the  secession  of  Virginia,  a  con- 
federate force  marched  upon  the  town.  Lieut.  Roger  Jones, 
unable  to  hold  the  post,  abandoned  it,  after  destroying  the  ar- 
senal and  workshops.  The  place  was  held  by  gen.  Patterson 
just  before  and  during  the  first  battle  of  Bidl  Run.  On  15 
Sept.  1862,  it  was  surrounded  and  captured  by  "  Stonewall " 
Jackson.  Col.  Dixon  S.  Miles,  commanding  the  post,  was 
killed;  12,520  men  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  confederates. 

M.^UYLAND   CAMPAIGN   and    UNITED   STATES  and    VIRGINIA, 

1859-62. 

harp§ichorcl.    Piano-forte. 

IIarri§oii,  Fort.    Fort  Harrison. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  Administration  of.  Unit- 
ed St.ates,  1840-41. 

IIarri§011,  Benjamin,  Administration  of.  United 
States,  1889-93. 

Harrison's  timepiece,  made  by  John  Harrison, 
of  Foulby,  near  Pontefract,  Engl.  In  1714,  the  British  gov- 
ernment offered  rewards  for  methods  of  determining  longitude 
at  sea.  Harrison  came  to  London,  and  produced  his  first  time- 
piece in  1735;  his  second  in  1739;  his  third  in  1749,  and  his 
fourth,  which  procured  him  the  reward  of  20,000^.  offered  by 
the  Board  of  Longitude,  a  few  years  after.  He  obtained 
10,000/.  of  his  reward  in  1764;  and  other  sums,  more  than 
24,000/.  in  all,  for  later  improvements. 
Patent  museum  at  South  Kensington  has  an  8- day  clock  made  by 

Harrison  in  1715.     It  strikes  the  hour,  indicates  the  day  of  the 

month,  and,  except  the  escapement,  its  wheels  are  entirely  made 

of  wood.     It  was  going  in  1871. 

HarroMT-on-the-Hill  school,  Middlesex, 

Engl.,  founded  and  endowed  by  John  Lyon  in  1571.  To  en- 
courage archery,  the  founder  instituted  a  prize  of  a  silver 
arrow,  to  be  shot  for  annually  on  4  Aug. ;  but  the  custom  has 
been  abolished.  Lord  Palmerston,  sir  R.  Peel,  and  lord  Byron 
were  educated  here.  The  school  arrangements  were  modified 
by  the  Public-schools  act,  1868.  Charles  II.  called  Harrow 
church  "  the  visible  church." 

Hartford  convention.  Delegates  from  the  New 
England  states  politically  opposed  to  pres.  Madison,  and  to 
the  war  with  Great  Britain,  met  at  Hartford  in  Dec.  1814, 
to  consider  public  affairs.  Peace  soon  made  further  action 
unnecessary.  The  convention  excited  acrimonious  discus- 
sion. It  was  alleged  that  secession  or  obstruction  to  the  gov- 
ernment in  prosecuting  the  war  was  contemplated;  but  this 
was  stoutlv  denied.     Connecticut,  1814. 


'^Hartford  (or  Connecticut)  Courant' 

first  pub.  26  Oct.  1764.     Connecticut, 

harus'piccs,  priests  or  soothsayers,  of  Etruscan  origin^ 
who  foretold  events  by  observing  entrails  of  animals,  were  in- 
troduced in  Rome  by  Romulus  (about  750  b.c.),  and  abolished; 
by  Constantine  337  a.d,,  then  70  in  number.  j 

Harvard  colleg^e,  now  Harvard  univerJ, 
sity,  the  oldest  institution  of  learning  in  the  United  States^  ' 
was  founded  by  act  of  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts- 
granting  400/.  towards  a  school  or  college,  28   Oct.  1636. 
Number  of  graduates  from  all  departments  to  1893,  18,300. 
John  Harvard,  a  graduate  of  Emmanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
Engl.,  dying  at  CharJestown,  Mass.,  bequeaths  his  library  and 

half  of  his  estate,  about  700^.,  for  a  college 14  Sept. 

Cambridge  (then  Newtown)  the  place  selected  as  the  site  of  the 

college,  to  be  known  as  Harvard 13  Mch. 

Its  first  head  was  Nathaniel  Eaten,  soon  deposed  for  ill- 
treating  and  starving  the  students  and  beating  his  assistant, 
a  Mr.  Briscoe.  Succeeded  by  Henry  Dunster,  its  first  pres- 
ident  27  Aug.  1640 

[The  school  soon  acquires  a  high  reputation  under  him.  J 

First  commencement Aug.  1642 

[Graduates,  Benj.  Woodbridge,  George  Dowing,  John  Bulk- 
ley,  William  Hubbard,  Samuel  Bellingham,  John  Wilson, 
Henry  Saltonstal,  Tobias  Barnard,  Nathaniel  Brewster.] 

Overseers  of  the  college  established 

Thirty  graduates  in  all  to 164^ 

First  charter 1650| 

Pres.  Dunster  is  indicted  for  disobeying  the  ordinance  of  infant 
baptism  in  the  Cambridge  church,  and  among  other  inflic- 
tions is  compelled  to  resign  his  office Oct.  16649 

Charles  Chauncy  accepts  the  presiden(-y 27  Nov. 

New  building  of  brick  erected,  cost  3000/.,  from  contributions 

throughout  New  England,  mostly  in  Massachusetts 1669' 

[The  bequests  to  the  college  up  to  1700  amounted  to  over 
6000/.  besides  2000  acres  of  land,  and  320  books.] 

Medical  school  in  connection  with  the  college  established 178J 

Divinity    "  "  "  "  "  181& 

Law  "  "  "  "  "  181T 

Observatory  built 1846- 

Abbott  Lawrence  founds  the  Lawrence  Scientific  school 184T 

Election  of  overseers  transferred  to  B.A.'s,  M.A.'s,  and  hon- 
orary graduates  instead  of  state  officials,  etc 186& 

Museum  built,  and  chair  of  American  archaeology  and  ethnolo- 
gy endowed  by  a  gift  of  $150,000  from  George  Peabody 186ft 

Dental  school  established 1868 

School  of  agriculture  established  through  aid  from  Benj.  Bussey,  1871 

School  of  forestry  established 1872 

Memorial  hall,  with  a  classic  theatre,  erected  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  136  Harvard  men  who  died  in  the  war  for  the 

Union,  1861-65 1874 

Harvard  Annex,  now  Radcliffe  college,  founded  for  the  colle- 
giate education  of  women 1879 

Veterinary  school  established 1882 


PRESIDEN 

TS  OF 

HAKV 

ARD. 

Name. 

Term  of  oflSce. 

Remarks. 

Rev  Henry  Dunster          .... 

1640  to  1654 
1654  "  1672 
1672  "  1675 

1675  "  1681 

1682  "  1684 
1685  "  1701 

1701  "  1707 

1707  "  1724 
1725  "  1737 
1737  "  1769 
1770  "  1773 
1774  "  1780 

1781  "  1804 

1806  "  1810 
1810  "  1828 

1829  "  1845 

1846  "  1849 
1849  "  1853 
1853  "  1860 
1860  "  1862 
1862  "  1868 
1869 

Forced  to  resign. 
Died  in  office. 
Obliged  to  resign 
/Notformallyinstalled 

"    Charles  Chauncy 

' '    John  Rogers          

(    until  1680. 
Died  in  office 

"    Increase  Mather 

"     Samuel  Willard 

(Vice-president  until 
\    his  death. 
Died  in  office. 

"     Benjamin  Wads  worth... 

* '     Edward  Holyoke 

"     Samuel  Locke     

Resigned. 

(Died  in  office.  Salary, 
\     $1400  a  year. 
Died  in  office. 

' '    Samuel  Langdon 

"    Joseph  Willard 

' '    Samuel  Webber 

"    John  Thornton  Kirkland, 
"    Josiah  Quincy 

Resigned. 
1  Wrote  a  h  i  story  of  the 
\     college  up  to  1840. 

Died  in  office. 

Edward  Everett 

Jared  Sparks     

James  Walker , 

Cornelius  C.  Felton 

Thomas  Hill 

Charles  W.  Eliot ■ 

Colleges. 

Hasting^§,  one  of  the  Cinque-ports,  Sussex,  Engl. ;  said 
to  owe  its  name  to  a  Danish  pirate  Hastinge,  who  built  forts 
here  about  893 ;  but  Mr.  Kemble  thinks  it  was  the  seat  of  a 
Saxon  tribe  named  Hastingas.  William,  duke  of  Normandy, 
occupied  Hastings,  29  Sept.  1066,  in  his  invasion  of  England, 
and  at  Senlac,  now  Battle,  near  Hastings,  defeated  Harold  If. 
of  England,  taking  his  life  and  kingdom,  14  Oct.  1066.  His  2 
brothers  were  slain  with  him,  and  were  interred  at  VValthara 


HAS 


349 


HAY 


Abbey,  Essex.  The  severity  of  this  battle  attests  the  courage 
and  determination  of  the  combatants,  and  it  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world.  It  is  described  in 
Bulwer's  novel  "  Harold,  the  Last  of  the  Saxons ;"  also  in 
Kingsley's  "  Hereward  the  Wake."     Stamford  bridge. 

IIastillgS'§  trial.  Warren  Hastings,  governor-gen- 
eral of  India,  was  tried  by  the  peers  of  Great  Britain  for  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors.  Among  other  charges  was  his  ac- 
ceptance of  a  present  of  100,000^.  from  the  nabob  of  Oude; 
Chunar,  Treaty  of.  The  trial  occupied  145  days,  during 
7  years  and  3  months  ;  commencing  13  Feb.  1788,  terminating 
in  his  acquittal,  23  Apr.  1795,  Sheridan's  speech  on  the 
impeachment  excited  great  admiration. 

Hastings  was  born  in  1732;  went  to  India  as  a  writer  in  1750;  be- 
came governor-general  of  Bengal  in  1772;  of  India,  1773;  governed 
ably  but  tyrannically,  till  he  resigned  in  1785.  The  expenses  of 
his  trial  (70,000Z.)  were  paid  by  the  East  India  company,  and  a 
pension  was  granted  to  him.  He  died  a  privy -councillor  in 
1818. 

Hatcher's  Run,  Battle  of.  Grant's  campaign 
IN  Virginia,  1864-65. 

Hatfield's  attempt.  On  ll  May,  1800,  during  a 
review  in  Hyde  park,  an  undiscovered  hand  fired,  wounding 
a  young  man  who  stood  near  king  George  III.  In  the  even- 
ing, at  Drury-lane  theatre,  Hatfield  fired  a  pistol  at  the  king. 
Hatfield  was  confined  as  a  lunatic  till  his  death,  23  Jan.  1841, 
aged  69. 

liatS,  first  made  by  a  Swiss  at  Paris,  1404.  When  Charles 
,  VII.  of  France  entered  Rouen  in  triumph,  in  1449,  he  wore 
j  a  hat  lined  with  red  velvet,  bearing  a  rich  plume  of  feathers. 
i  Henceforward,  hats  and  caps,  at  least  in  France,  began  to  take 
the  place  of  chaperons  and  hoods. — Henault.  Hats  were  first 
I  manufactured  in  England  by  Spaniards,  in  1510. — Stow,  Very 
j  high-crowned  hats  were  worrr  by  Queen  Elizabeth's  courtiers, 
;  and  were  again  introduced  in  1783.  Silk  hats  began  to  super- 
1  sede  beaver  about  1820. 


I  None  allowed  to  sell  any  hat  for  above  20d.  nor  cap  for  above  2s. 
i  8d,  5  Hen.  VII.  1489.  Every  person  above  7  years  to  wear  on 
I     Sundays  and  holidays  a  cap  of  wool,  knit,  made,  thickened,  and 

dressed  in  England  by  some  of  the  trade  of  cappers,  under  forfeit- 
1  ure  of  3  farthings  for  every  day's  neglect,  1571.  Excepted;  maids, 
j     ladies,  and  gentlewomen,  and  every  lord,  knight,  and  gentleman, 

of  20  marks  of  land,  and  their  heirs,  and  such  as  had  borne  office 
j  of  worship  in  any  city,  town,  or  place,  and  the  wardens  of  London 
*    companies,  1571. 

i  Hatteras  expedition.  United  States,  Aug. 
1861,  Jan.  1862,  etc. 

i     Hauser,  Casper,  Case  of.     There  appeared  in  the 

(Streets  of  Nuremberg,  20  May,  1828,  a  boy  in  the  garb  of  a 

ipeasant,  helpless  and  bewildered.     He  carried  2  letters.     One 

ipurporting  to  be  by  a  laborer  said  that  the  boy  was  given  into 

|his  custody  on  7  Oct.  1812,  and  by  agreement  he  had  instructed 

;him  in  reading,  writing,  and  the  Christian  religion,  and  kept 

Ihira  in  close  confinement  from  that  time.     The  other  letter 

[purported  to  be  from  his  mother,  saying  he  was  born  on  30 

Apr.  1812,  that  his  name  was  Casper,  and  that  his  father,  an 

Officer  in  the  6th  Nuremberg  regiment,  was  now  dead.     The 

jippearance  of  the  youth  corresponded  with  these  credentials. 

iHe  was  detained  in  prison  as  a  vagrant  until  July,  1828,  when 

.le  was  given  into  the  care  of  prof.  Daumer,  who,  as  guardian, 

;ook  charge  of  his  education.     On  17  Oct.  1829,  he  was  found 

vounded  on  his  forehead,  as  he  said,  by  a  man  with  a  black- 

med  face.     He  was  placed  under  surv^eillance.     The  earl  of 

Stanhope  became   interested,  and   sent  him   to  Anspach  to 

chool.    After  this  he  became  clerk  to  the  president  of  the 

■ourt  of  appeals.     The  case  again  attracted  notice  by  his  re- 

eiving  a  death  wound  at  the  hands  of  some  person  unknown 

0  him  while  walking  in  the  outskirts  of  the  town  on  the 

fternoon  of  14  Dec.  1833.     Prof.  Daumer,  and  Feuerbach, 

resident  of  the  court  of  appeals,  believed  that  he  was  son 

f  the  grand-duke  Charles  of  Baden,  kidnapped  by  the  count- 

ss  of  Hochberg  to  secure  succession  to  the  children  of  the 

rand-duke  Charles  Frederick ;  but  this  was  contradicted  in 

"^75,  and  an  official  record  of  the  baptism,  post-mortem  ex- 

mination,  and  burial  of  the  heir  were  published.     It  is  still 

.iicertain  who  the  boy  \vas,  but  the  prevailing  belief  connects 

ira  closely  with  the  grand-duke  of  Baden.     Much  interest 

as  been  excited  among  students  of  psychology   by   prof. 

►aumer's  record  of  Casper's  intellectual  growth   after  his 


release  from  solitude.     A  monument  was  erected  to  him 
Anspach. 

Havana,  capital  of  Cuba,  West  Indies,  founded  by  Ve- 
lasquez, 1511 ;  taken  by  a  British  force  under  lord  Albemarle, 
14  Aug.  1762;  restored,  1763.  The  remains  of  Columbus, 
brought  from  St.  Domingo,  were  deposited  in  the  cathedral 
here,  1795.     Pop.  1893,  200,000. 

Haverhill,  Mass.  (celebrated  its  250th  anniversary 
2  July,  1890),  Indian  massacre  at.  Massachusetts,  1697- 
1708;  DusTiN. 

Havre  -de  -  Grace    ( ii'vr  -  deh  -  grds ),   or  L<e 

Havre,  a  seaport  town  of  N.W.  France,  was  defended  for 
the  Huguenots  by  the  English  in  1562,  who  were  expelled  in 
1563.  It  was  bombarded  by  Rodney,  6  to  9  July,  1759;  by  sir 
Richard  Strachan,  25  May,  1798;  and  blockaded,  6  Sept.  1803. 
Attempts  of  the  British  to  burn  the  shipping  here  failed,  7  Aug. 
1804.    Pop.  1891, 116,369. 

Havre-de-Orace  {hav'-er-de-grds),  a  post-village 
of  Marvland,  ravaged  by  the  British  under  adm.  Cockburn,  3 
May,  1813. 

Hawaii  (lid-wl'-e),  an  island  in  the  N.  Pacific  ocean, 
discovered  Dec.  1778,  by  capt.  Cook,  who,  on  14  Feb.  1779,  was 
killed  here  by  the  natives.  This  and  the  other  islands  of  the* 
group  called  Hawaiian  or  Sandwich  islands  were  united  into  a 
kingdom  under  Kamehameha  I.  Kamehameha  II.  and  his 
queen  died  in  England  in  1823.  Under  Kamehameha  III.  the 
kingdom  was  recognized  by  England,  France,  the  United  States, 
and  other  governments.  A  constitution  was  granted  in  1840  ; 
revised  in  1852.  On  the  death  of  the  king  in  1854,  he  was 
succeeded  by  Kamehameha  IV.,  his  nephew;  died  1863  ;  suc- 
ceeded by  Kamehameha  V. ;  died  11  Dec.  1872 ;  succeeded  by 
prince  Lunalilo,  crowned  8  Jan.  1873 ;  died  1874 ;  succeeded 
by  king  Kalakaua;  he  by  queen  Liliuokalani,  his  eldest  sister, 
20  Jan.  1891,  who  was  dethroned  Jan.  1893,  when  a  provisional 
government  was  formed,  in  the  interest  of  those  advocating 
annexation  to  the  U.  S.  There  are  56  miles  of  railway  in  the 
islands,  and  250  miles  of  telegraph,  and  Honolulu  is  lighted  by 
electricity.  Area  of  the  islands,  6640  sq.  miles :  viz.,  Hawaii, 
4210;  Maui,  760;  Oahu,600;  Kauai,  590;  Molokai,270;  Lauai, 
150 ;  Niihau,  97  ;  Kahoolawe,  63.  Pop.  1 884, 80,578 ;  1890, 89,- 
990.  Honolulu,  on  the  island  of  Oahu,  the  capital ;  pop.  20,487. 
At  the  discovery  by  capt.  Cook,  1778,  the  population  was 
probably  200,000. 

John  L.  Stevens,  U.  S.  minister  at  Hawaii,  writes  to  his  govern- 
ment in  favor  of  annexation 19  Nov.  1892 

Detachment  of  marines  (160  men),  with  2  pieces  of  artillery, 

from  the  U.  S.  ship  Boston,  lands  at  Honolulu 16  Jan.  1893 

Queen  Liliuokalani  dethroned "         " 

[A  provisional  government  established  and  commissioners 
sent  to  the  U.  S.  to  ask  for  annexation.] 

Hawaiian  commissioners  arrive  at  Washington 3  Feb.     " 

John  L.  Stevens,  U.  S.  minister  at  Hawaii,  assumes  a  protec- 
torate pending  instructions  from  Washington 9  Feb,     " 

Pres.  Harrison,  by  message  to  the  Senate,  recommends  annex- 
ation of  the  islands  under  a  treaty  concluded  between  sec. 

Foster  and  the  Hawaiian  commissioners 15  Feb.     " 

An  envoy  of  queen  Liliuokalani  arrives  at  Washington, 

17  Feb.     " 

Princess  Kaiulani  reaches  New  York  from  England 1  Mch.     " 

Pres.  Cleveland  withdraws  the  Hawaiian  treaty 9  Mch.     " 

Ex-queen  Liliuokalani  sends  circulars  to  the  different  powers 
explaining  her  course,  and  protesting  against  the  attempt  to 

deprive  her  of  her  throne,  etc 9  Mch.     " 

Ex-representative  James  H.  Blount  of  Georgia,  sent  on  a  spe- 
cial mission  to  Hawaii  from  the  U.  S.  government. .  .20  Mch.     " 
Commissioner  Blount  orders  the  U.  S.  flag  lowered  at  Hawaii, 

13  Apr.     " 
Commissioner   Blount   appointed  envoy  extraordinary  and 

minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  Hawaiian  islands 9  May,     " 

Lorin  A.  Thurston,  Hawaiian  minister  to  the  U.  S.,  presented 

to  pres.  Cleveland 9  June,     " 

Commissioner  Blount  arrives  at  Washington 22  Aug.     " 

Albert  S.  Willis  of  Kentucky  appointed  minister 8  Sept.     " 

Minister  Willis  presents  his  credentials  to  pres.  Dole  of  the 

provisional  government '^  Nov.     " 

Sen.  Hoar  of  Massachusetts  offers  a  resolution  requestmg  the 
president  to  transmit  to  Congress  all  correspondence  and 

other  papers  relating  to  Hawaii :  adopted 6  Dec.     " 

President's  message  regarding  the  Hawaiian  affairs  sent  to  the 

Senate  (United  States,  1894) 18  Dec. 

haw^king.     Falconry. 

hay.     Agriculture. 

Hayes's   administration.     United  States, 

1877. 


HAY 


850 


HEL 


naytl  (hd'-ti),  or  Haiti,  Indian  name  of  a  West  Indian 
island  discovered  by  Columbus  in  Dec.  1492,  and  named  His- 
paniola,  and  afterwards  St.  Domingo.  Before  the  Spaniards 
fully  conquered  it,  they  are  said  to  have  destroyed,  in  battle 
or  cold  blood,  3,000,000  of  its  inhabitants,  1496.  It  now 
comprises  the  republics  of  St.  Domingo  in  the  east,  and 
Hayti  in  the  west.  Area  of  Hayti,  10,204  sq.  miles;  pop. 
about  572,000;  area  of  St.  Domingo,  18,045  sq.  miles;  pop. 
about  610,000. 

Hayti  seized  by  the  filibusters  and  French  buccaneers 1630 

French  government  took  possession  of  colony 1677 

Negroes  revolt  against  France 23  Aug.  1791 

And  massacre  nearly  all  the  whites 21-23  June,  1793 

French  directory  recognize  Toussaint  I'Ouverture  as  general- 

in-chief. 1794 

Eastern  part  of  the  island  ceded  to  France  by  Spain 1795 

Toussaint  founds  an  independent  republic  in  St.  Domingo, 

9  May,  1801 

Surrenders  to  the  French 7  May,  1802 

Is  conducted  to  France,  where  he  dies 1803 

New  insurrection  under  Dessalines;  French  quit  the  island, 

Nov.     " 
Dessalines  proclaims  massacre  of  all  whites,  29  Mch. ;  crowned 

emperor  of  Hayti,  as  Jacques  I Oct.  1804 

He  is  assassinated;  the  isle  divided 17  Oct.  1806 

Henry  Christophe,  colored,  president,  Feb.  1807;  crowned  em- 
peror as  Henry  I.,  while  Pethion  rules  as  president  at  Port- 
au-Prince Mch.  1811 

Numerous  black  nobility  and  prelates  created " 

Pethion  dies;  Boyer  elected  president May,  1818 

Christophe  commits  suicide,  Oct.  1820;  the  2  states  united 
under  Boyer  as  regent  for  life,  Nov.  1820;  who  is  recognized 

by  France 1825 

Revolution ;  Boyer  deposed 1843 

SL  Domingo  and  eastern  Hayti  proclaim  the  "Dominican  re- 
public," Feb.  1844;  recognized  by  France,  1848;  Buenaven- 
tura Baez,  president 1849-53 

Hayti  proclaimed  an  empire  under  its  late  president,  Solouque, 

as  Faustin  I.,  i6  Aug.  1849;  crowned 18  Apr.  1852 

Santana,  president  of  the  Dominican  republic,  1853-56;  suc- 
ceeded by  B.  Baez '. 1856-58 

Faustin  attacks  republic  of  St.  Domingo,  repulsed 1  Feb.  1856 

Jose  Valverde  elected  president  of  Dominican  republic 1858 

Revolution  in  Hayti ;  gen.  Fabre  Geffrard  proclaims  republic, 

22  Dec.      " 

Faustin  abdicates 15  Jan.  1859 

Gefirard  takes  oath  as  president  of  Hayti 23  Jan.     " 

Sixteen  executions  for  conspiracy  against  Geffrard Oct.     " 

Spanish  emigrants  land;  a  declaration  for  reunion  with  Spain 

signed  18  Mch.,  decreed  by  the  queen 20  May,  1861 

Insurrection  against  Spain  in  St.  Domingo 18  Aug.  1863 

Spanish  force  sent;  insurgents  generally  defeated 1864 

St.  Domingo  renounced  by  Spain 5  May,  1865 

New  constitution  proclaimed  in  Hayti June,  1867 

President  of  the  republic  of  St.  Domingo,  gen.  Ulisses  Heureaux, 

elected '. 1886 

President  of  the  republic  of  Hayti,  gen.  Hyppolite Oct.  1889 

Health,  Irrational  Board  of,  established  by 
act  of  Congress  approved  3  Mch.  1879.  National  quarantine 
law  passed,  3  June,  1879. 

hearth,  or  ehimney,  tax,  on  every  fireplace  or 
hearth  in  England,  was  imposed  by  Charles  II.  in  1662, 
when  it  produced  about  200,000?.  a  year.  It  was  abolished 
by  William  and  Mary  in  1689 ;  imposed  again,  and  again  abol- 


heat  (called  by  French  chemists  caloric).  Little  prog- 
ress was  made  in  the  science  of  heat  till  about  1757,  when 
Joseph  Black  put  forward  his  theory  of  latent  heat  (heat,  he 
said,  being  absorbed  by  melting  ice),  and  of  specific  heat. 
Cavendish,  Lavoisier,  and  others  continued  Black's  researches. 
Sir  John  Leslie  published  his  views  on  radiant  heat  in  1804. 
Count  Rumford  proposed  the  theory  that  heat  consists  in  mo- 
tion among  particles  of  matter ;  and  supported  it  by  experi- 
ments on  friction  (recorded  in  1802).  This  theory  (called  the 
dynamical  or  mechanical  theory  of  heat,  and  used  to  explain 
numberless  phenomena  of  physics  and  chemistry)  has  been 
established  by  independent  researches  of  dr.  J.  Meyer  of 
Heilbronri,  Germany,  and  of  Mr.  Joule  of  Manchester,  Engl, 
(about  1840),  showing  that  heat  is  the  equivalent  of  work 
done.  In  1854,  prof.  William  Thomson  of  Glasgow  published 
researches  on  the  dynamical  power  of  the  sun's  rays.  Ther- 
mo-electricity, produced  by  heating  pieces  of  copper  and  bis- 
muth soldered  together,  was  discovered  by  Seebeck  in  1823. 
A  powerful  thermo-electric  battery  was  constructed  by  Marcus 
of  Vienna  in  1865.  Prof.  Tyndall's  "  Heat,  a  Mode  of  Mo- 
tion," first  pub.  Feb.  1863 ;  3d  edition,  1868. 
Sir  George  Cayley  invented  a  heated-air  engine  in  1807,  and  Mr.  Stir- 
ling applied  it  to  raising  water  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  in  1818. 


One  invented  by  Mr.  Wenham  was  described  in  1873.    Improve 
ments  have  been  made  by  C.  William  Siemens. 
Capt.  Ericsson  constructed  a  ship,  in  which  caloric  or  heat  was  the 
motive  power.    On  4  Jan.  1853,  it  sailed  down  the  bay  of  Nc 
York  at  14  miles  an  hour,  it  is  said  at  a  cost  of  80  per  cent,  lesa 
than  steam.     Although  caloric  engines  were  not  commorciallyi 
successful,  capt.  Ericsson  continued  his  experiments,  and  patentedl 
an  improved  engine  in  1856. 

Heb'rlde§  (the  Ebudm  of  Ptolemy  and  the  Hebudes  of 
Pliny),  western  isles  of  Scotland,  long  subject  to  Norway; 
ceded  to  Scotland  in  1264 ;  and  annexed  to  the  Scottish  crown 
in  1540  by  James  v.  The  heritable  jurisdictions  were  abol 
ished  in  1747.  Johnson's  "Journey  to  the  Hebrides"  pub. 
in  1775. 

He'brOTl,  a  town  of  Palestine.  Here  Abraham  resided, 
I860  B.C. ;  and  here  David  was  made  king  of  Judah,  1048  b.c. 
Near  Hebron  is  the  cave  of  Machpelah,  where  were  buried 
Abraham  and  his  descendants. 

hee'atoinh,  an  ancient  sacrifice  of  100  oxen,  particu- 
larly observed  by  the  Lacedaemonians  when  they  possessed 
100  cities.  The  sacrifice  was  subsequently  reduced  to  23 
animals,  and  goats  and  lambs  were  substituted. 

Heck'eivelcler,  Mary,  the  first  white  child  born  in, 
Ohio,  1781.     Ohio. 

Heela,  mount,  Iceland.  Its  first  recorded  eruption 
is  1004.  About  22  eruptions  have  taken  place,  according  t» 
Olasson  and  Paulson.  Great  convulsions  of  this  mountain 
occurred  in  1766,  since  when  a  visit  to  the  top  in  summer  is 
not  attended  with  great  difficulty.  Perhaps  the  most  awful 
volcanic  eruption  on  record  took  place  in  1784-85,  when  rivers 
were  dried  up  and  villages  destroyed.  The  mount  was  in 
violent  eruption  from  2  Sept.  1845,  to  Apr.  1846.  3  new 
craters  were  formed,  from  which  pillars  of  fire  rose  to  the 
height  of  14,000  English  feet.  The  lava  formed  several  hills^ 
and  pieces  of  pumice-stone  and  scoriae  of  2  cwt.  were  thrown  a 
league  and  a  half;  the  ice  and  snow  which  had  covered  the 
mountain  for  centuries  melted  in  great  floods. 

Heg^lra  Qiej'-i-ra ;  Arab,  hejra),  era  Of  the,  date» 
from  the  flight  of  Mahomet  from  Mecca  to  Medina  on  the 
night  of  Thursday,  15  July,  622.  The  era  commences  on  the 
16th.  Some  begin  from  the  15th,  but  Cantemir  proves  that 
the  16th  was  the  first  day.  33  of  its  lunar  years  are  equal  to 
32  of  our  reckoning. 

Heidelberg  (hV-dl-burg),  Germany,  capital  of  the  Pa- 
latinate, 1362-1719.  The  Protestant  electoral  house  becoming 
extinct  in  1693,  war  ensued,  in  which  the  castle  was  ruined,  and 
the  elector  removed  to  Mannheim.  It  was  annexed  to  Baden 
in  1802.  Here  was  the  celebrated  tun,  constructed  1343,  con- 
taining 21  pipes  of  wine.  Another  was  made  in  1664,  which 
held  600  hogsheads.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  French  in 
1688 ;  but  a  larger  one,  fabricated  in  1751,  which  held  800 
hogsheads,  and  was  formerly  kept  full  of  Rhenish  wine,  is  said 
to  be  mouldering  in  a  damp  vault,  empty  since  1769.  The 
university  here  is  the  oldest  in  the  empire,  founded  in  1356 
by  the  elector  Rupert.  In  1891,  it  had  123  professors  and 
teachers,  and  970  students. 

Hel'ena,  Ark.,  Affair  at.     Arkansas,  1863. 

Hele'na,  St.,  an  island  in  the  S.  Atlantic  Ocean,  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese  under  Juan  de  Nova  Castilla,  on 
St.  Helena's  day,  21  May,  1502.  The  Dutch  afterwards  held 
it  until  1600,  when  they  were  expelled  by  the  English.  The 
British  East  India  company  settled  here  in  1651;  and  the 
island  was  alternately  possessed  by  the  English  and  Dutch 
until  1673,  when  Charles  II.,  on  12  Dec,  assigned  it  to  the 
company  once  more.  St.  Helena  was  the  place  of  Napoleon's 
captivity,  16  Oct.  1815;  and  here  he  died,  5  May,  1821.  His 
remains  were  removed  in  1840,  and  interred  at  the  Hotel  des 
Invalides,  Paris.  Fkance,  1840.  The  house  and  tomb  have 
been  purchased  by  the  French  government.  Area,  47  sq. 
miles  ;  pop.  1891,  4116. 

Heligoland  (hel'-ig-o-land),  an  island  in  the  North 
sea,  taken  from  the  Danes  by  the  British,  5  Sept.  1807  ;  made 
a  depot  for  British  merchandise;  confirmed  to  England  by  the 
treaty  of  Kiel,  14  Jan.  1814.  In  a  naval  engagement  off  Hel- 
igoland, between  the  Danes  and  the  Austrians  and  Prussians, 
the  allies  were  compelled  to  retire,  9  May,  1864.     Transferred 


1 


HEL 


351 


HER 


to  the  German  government,  9  Aug.  1890,  and  united  with  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  Area,  %  sq.  mile ;  its  average 
height,  198  ft. ;  pop.  1890,  2086. 

UeliOg'rapliy  (from  Gr.  rfKioq,  the  sun,  and  ypd^io, 
to  describe). 
A  system  of  telegraphing  by  mirrors  flashing  solar  rays  said  to  have 

been  employed  in  the  time  of  Alexander,  about  333  B.C. 
A  portable  heliograph,  invented  by  H.  Mance,  of  the  Persian  tele- 
graph department,  was  described  1875.    It  was  employed  in  India, 
1877-78 ;  and  in  the  Afghan  and  Zulu  campaigns,  1879-80.     Pho- 
tography. 

heliom'eter,  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  diam- 
eters of  the  sun,  moon,  planets,  and  stars,  invented  by  Savary 
in  1743 ;  applied  by  M.  Bouguer  in  1744.  A  fine  heliometer, 
by  Repsold  of  Hamburg,  was  set  up  at  the  Radcliffe,  Engl., 
observatory,  Oct.  1849. 

lie'lio§COpe,  a  peculiar  telescope  for  protecting  the 
eye  while  observing  the  sun,  invented  by  Christopher  Scheiner 
in  1625. 

he'liOStat,  an  instrument  to  make  a  sunbeam  appar- 
ently stationary;  invented  by  Gravesande  about  1719,  and 
greatly  improved  by  Mains  and  others.  One  constructed  by 
MM.  Foucault  and  Duboscq  was  exhibited  at  Paris  in  Oct. 
1862. 
Hell.     Hades. 

Hell  Oate.  New  York,  1876,  etc. 
Hellas,  Thessaly,  the  home  of  the  Hellenes  and  the 
i  Greek  race,  which  supplanted  the  Pelasgians  from  the  15th  to 
j  the  11th  century  B.C.,  named  for  Hellen,  king  of  Phthiotis, 
:  about  1600  b.c.  The  Hellenes  separated  into  the  Dorians, 
'[  .^olians,  lonians,  and  Achaians.  The  present  king  of  Greece 
i  is  called  "  king  of  the  Hellenes."     Greece. 

Hel'lespont  (now  strait  of  the  Dardanelles),  named 
I  after  Helle,  daughter  of  Athamas,  king  of  Thebes,  who  was 
j  drowned  here.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  story  of  the  loves  of 
:Hero,  priestess  of  Aphrodite  at  Sestos,  and  Leander  of  Abydos. 
;Leander  was  drowned  on  a  tempestuous  night  swimming 
■across  the  Hellespont  (about  1  mile),  and  Hero,  in  despair, 
ithrew  herself  into  the  sea,  about  627  B.C.  Lord  Byron  and 
flieut.  Ekenhead  also  swam  across,  3  May,  1810.  Golden 
IFleece,  Xerxes. 

'  helmets.  Romans  had  a  vizor  of  grated  bars  to  raise 
iabove  the  eyes,  and  a  beaver  to  lower  for  eating ;  the  Greek 
helmet  was  round,  the  Roman  square.  Richard  I.  of  England 
wore  a  plain  round  helmet;  but  most  of  the  English  kings 
thad  crowns  above  their  helmets.  Alexander  HI.  of  Scotland, 
•  |1249,  had  a  flat  helmet,  with  a  square  grated  vizor ;  and  the 
belmet  of  Robert  I.  was  surmounted  by  a  crown,  1306. — Gwil- 
j'ra.  In  the  16th  century  the  beaver  was  confounded  with  the 
pzor. 
I  "  Hamlet.  Then  saw  you  not  his  face? 

'^Horatio.  0,  yes,  my  lord;  he  wore  his  beaver  up." 

— Shakespeare,  "Hamlet,"  act.  iv.  sc.  ii. 

lierots,  captives  (so  called  from  the  Gr.  iXelv,  to  take ; 
l»r  from  Helos,  a  city  which  refused  tribute  to  Sparta,  883  b.c.). 
i^he  Spartans,  it  is  said,  ruined  the  city,  reduced  the  Helots  to 
ilavery,  and  called  all  slaves  and  prisoners  of  war  helotoe.  The 
Lumber  of  helots  was  much  enlarged  by  the  conquest  of  Mes- 
lenia,  668  b.c.  ;  they  are  said  to  have  formed  four  fifths  of  the 
iihabitants  of  Sparta.  In  the  Peloponnesian  war  the  helots 
ehaved  bravely,  and  were  rewarded  with  liberty,  431  b.c.  ; 
ut  the  sudden  disappearance  of  2000  manumitted  slaves  was 
ttributed  to  Lacedaemonian  treachery. — Herodotus. 

Helvetian  republic.  Switzerland  having  been 
onquered  by  the  French  in  1797,  a  republic  was  established 
pr.  1798,  with  this  title.     Switzerland. 

Helvetii,  a  Celto- Germanic  people  who  inhabited 
hat  is  now  Switzerland.  Invading  Gaul,  61  B.C.,  they  were 
■jfeated  and  massacred  by  Julius  Caesar,  58  B.C.,  near  Ge- 
.ava. 

i  hemp  {Cannabis  saliva"),  an  annual  plant,  with  an  angular 
>ugh  stem  and  alternate  lobed  leaves ;  probably  a  native  of 

Antral  Asia.  Its  fibre  was  made  into  cloth  in  early  times — 
entioned  by  Herodotus,  The  Anglo-Saxons  had  hempen 
oth,  and  it  was  in  common  use  in  central  and  southern  Eu- 


rope in  the  13th  century.  Hemp-seed  was  ordered  for  the 
Plymouth  colony,  Massachusetts,  1629,  and  has  been  cultivated 
in  the  United  States  ever  since ;  most  largely  in  Kentucky,^ 
Tennessee,  Missouri,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois.  It  is  exten- 
sively used  in  cables,  ropes,  cordage,  twine,  sacking,  tarpau- 
lins, canvas,  sail-cloth,  etc.  The  process  of  preparation  of  the 
fibre  is  similar  to  that  of  flax.  The  finest  hemp  grows  in  Italy 
and  Russia.  The  Cannabis  indica,  or  Indian  hemp,  from  which 
the  intoxicating  drug  hashish  is  obtained,  is  but  a  variety  of 
the  common  hemp. 

Hennepin,  Louis.  French  in  America,  1680. 
'83,  '97. 

henotleon  (from  Gr.  evdrrfc,  unity),  an  edict  of  union 
to  reconcile  the  Eutychians  with  the  church,  issued  by  emperor 
Zeno  at  the  instance  of  Acacius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,. 
482.  It  was  zealously  opposed  by  the  popes,  and  was  annulled 
by  Justin  I.  in  51 8.  The  orthodox  party  triumphed,  and  many 
heretic  bishops  were  expelled  from  their  sees. 

Henry,  John,  Case  of.     United  States,  Mch.  1812. 

liep'tarcliy  (government  of  7  rulers)  in  England  was 
gradually  formed  from  455,  when  Hengist  became  king  of 
Kent,  and  ended  828,  when  Egbert  became  sole  monarch  of 
England.  There  were  at  first  9  or  10  Saxon  kingdoms,  but 
Middlesex  soon  ceased  to  exist,  and  Bernicia  and  Deira  were 
generally  governed  by  one  ruler,  as  Northumbria.  Britain, 
Octarchy. 

Heraeli'dee,  descendants  of  Hercules,  expelled  from 
the  Peloponnesus  about  1200  b.c.;  they  reconquered  it  in  1048, 
1103-4,  or  1109  b.c.,  a  noted  epoch  in  chronology,  preceding 
history  being  accounted  fabulous. 

heraldry.  Marks  of  honor  were  used  in  the  first 
ages. — Nisbet.  The  Phrygians  had  a  sow;  the  Thracians,, 
Mars;  the  Romans,  an  eagle ;  the  Goths,  a  bear;  the  Flemings, 
a  bull ;  the  Saxons,  a  hor.se ;  and  the  ancient  French,  a  lion,^ 
and  afterwards  the  Fleur-de-lis.  Heraldry,  as  an  art,  is  as- 
cribed first  to  Charlemagne,  about  800,  and  next  to  Frederick 
Barbarossa,  about  1152;  it  began  and  grew  with  the  feudal 
law. — Mackenzie.  The  great  English  works  on  heraldry  are 
those  of  Barcham  or  Barkham,  pub.  by  Gwillim,  1610;  p]d- 
monson,  1780;  and  Burke's  "Armory,"  1842;  new  ed.  1878,. 
contains  history  and  the  arms  of  above  60,000  British  fam- 
ilies. 
Edward  III.  appointed  2  heraldic  kings-at-arms  for  the  south 

and  north  (Surrey,  Norroy ) 1340 

Richard  III.  incorporated  and  endowed  the  Heralds'  college, 

14S3-84 
Philip  and  Mary  enlarged  its  privileges,  and  confirmed  them 

by  letters-patent 15  July.  15.54 

Formerly,  in  many  ceremonies,  the  herald  represented  the  king's 

person,  and  therefore  wore  a  crown,  and  was  always  a  knight. 
College  has  an  earl-marshal,  3  kings-of-arms  (Garter,  Clarencieux, 

and  Norroy),  6  heralds  (Richmond,  Lancaster,  Chester,  Windsor, 

Somerset,  and  York),  4  pursuivants,  and  2  extra  heralds.     Earl, 

KiNGS-OF-ARMS. 

He'rat,  on  the  confines  of  Khorasau,  a  strong  city,  called 
the  key  of  Afghanistan,  conquered  by  Persia  early  in  the 
16th  century;  by  the  Afghans,  1715;  by  Nadir  Shah,  1731  ;, 
recovered  by  the  Afghans,  1749.  The  Persians,  bafiied  in  an 
attempt  in  1838,  took  it  25  Oct.  1856,  in  violation  of  the  treaty 
of  1853 ;  and  war  ensued  between  Great  Britain  and  Persia. 
Peace  was  made  in  Apr.  1857  ;  and  Herat  was  restored  27  July 
following.  It  was  seized  again  by  Dost  Mahomed,  26  May, 
1863 ;  taken  by  Yakoob  Khan,  rebelling  against  his  father,  6 
May,  1871.  Yakoob,  reconciled  to  his  father,  was  made  gov- 
ernor, 16  Sept.  1871.     Afghanistan. 

Herculaneum,  an  ancient  city  of  Campania,  over- 
whelmed, with  Pompeii,  by  an  eruption  of  lava  and  also  from 
Vesuvius,  23  or  24  Aug.  79.  Successive  eruptions  covered  the 
site ;  it  was  lost  until  excavations  began  in  1711 ;  in  1713  many 
antiquities  were  found.  In  1738  excavations  were  resumed  and 
continued  until  1780,  and  works  of  art,  monuments,  and  memo- 
rials of  the  ancient  city  discovered ;  resumed  again  in  1828, 
but  without  encouraging  results.  150  rolls  of  MS.  papyri 
were  found  in  1754;  many  antiquities  were  purchased  by  sir 
William  Hamilton,  and  sold  to  the  British  museum ;  but  the 
principal  relics  are  preserved  in  the  museum  of  Portici.  The 
"Antichita  di  Ercolano,"  8  vols,  folio,  were  published  by  the- 
Neapolitan  government,  1757-92. 


HER 


heredity.  The  transmission  of  qualities  from  parents 
has  been  specially  studied  by  Francis  Galton,  F.R.S.,  who  pub- 
lished "Hereditary  Genius,"  1869,  and  "Records  of  Family 
Faculties,"  containing  tabular  forms  to  be  filled  with  authentic 
data  for  his  new  science  of  "  Eugenics."  Money  prizes,  5^.  and 
upwards,  were  offered  for  the  best  records.  His  "  Inquiries 
into  Human  Faculty  "  was  pub.  in  1883,  and  "  Natural  Inher- 
itance "  in  1889. 

heretics  (from  Gr.  aipemg,  choice).  Paul  says,  "  After 
the  way  which  they  call  heresy,  so  worship  I  the  God  of  my 
fathers"  (Acts  xxiv.14,60).  Heresy  was  unknown  to  the  Greek 
and  Roman  religions.  Simon  Magus  is  said  to  have  broached 
the  Gnostic  heresy  about  41.  This  was  followed  by  the  Mani- 
chees,  Nestorians,  Arians,  etc.  Inquisition.  It  is  said  that 
laws  for  prosecuting  heretics  began  with  emperor  Frederick 
II.  in  1220,  and  were  immediately  adopted  by  pope  Hono- 
rius  III. 
Epiphanius  chosen  bishop  of  Constautius  in  Cyprus,  367; 

wrote  •'  Piinariura,"  a  discourse  against  heresies;  d 402 

Thirty  heretics  came  from  Germany  to  England  to  propagate 
their  opinions,  and  were  branded  in  the  forehead,  whipped, 
and  thrust  naked  into  the  streets  in  the  depth  of  winter, 
where,  none  daring  to  relieve  them,  they  died  of  hunger  and 

cold  (Si)eed) 1160 

[Highest  point  reached  by  ecclesiastical  power  in  England 
was  in  the  act  De  hceretico  coniburendo  (2  Hen.  IV.  c.  15).  This 
enabled  the  diocesan  to  pronounce  sentence  of  heresy,  and 
the  sheriff  to  execute  it  by  burning  the  offender  without 
waiting  for  consent  of  the  crown] 

Ijxws  against  heretics  repealed,  25  Hen.  VIII 1534-35 

Lust  person  executed  for  heresy  in  Great  Britain  was  Thomas 

Aikenhead,  at  Edinburgh 1696 

[Orthodox  Mahometans  are  Sonnites;  the  heretics,  Shiites, 
Druses,  etc.] 

IIernia§,  author  of  "The  Shepherd,"  a  Christian  apoc- 
ryphal book,  probably  written  about  131.  Some  believe  Her-, 
mas  to  be  mentioned  in  Rom.  xvi.  14. 

Memiitag^e,  the,  about  12   miles  from  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  on  the  Cumberland  river,  the   residence  of  Andrew 
Jackson.    The  vault  in  which  lie  his  remains  and  those  of  his 
wile  is  marked  by  a  simple,  elegant  monument. 
heriiiit§.    Monachism. 

Herne'§  oall,  Windsor  park,  Engl.  So  called  from 
an  old  tradition  that  one  Heme,  a  keeper  in  the  park,  hung 
himself  upon  it,  and  it  was  ever  after  haunted  by  his  ghost. 
Said  to  have  been  cut  down  inadvertently  in  1796.  Others 
aay  that  it  stood  until  blown  down  in  1863.  Celebrated  by 
mention  in  Shakespeare's  "  Merry  Wives  of  Whidsor,"  act  iv. 
fic.  iv. : 

^^Mrs.  Page.  There  is  an  old  tale  goes,  that  Heme  the  hunter. 
Sometime  a  keeper  here  in  Windsor  forest. 
Doth  all  the  winter  time,  at  still  midnight. 
Walk  round  about  an  oak,  with  great  ragg'd  horns. 


I 


852      •  HES 

treaty  of  Berlin,  18  July,  1878.     Pop.  about  250,000.     Bog 

NIA. 

Hesse,  W.  Germany,  seat  of  the  Catti,  part  of  the  empii 
of  Charlemagne ;  its  present  rulers  are  descended  from  tho! 
of  that  day.  It  was  joined  to  Thuringia  till  about  1263,  whei 
Henry  I.  (son  of  a  duke  of  Brabant  and  Sophia,  daughter 
the  landgrave  of  Thuringia)  became  landgrave  of  Hesse.  Thi 
most  remarkable  of  his  successors  was  Philip  the  Magnani 
mous  (1509),  an  eminent  warrior  and  supporter  of  the  Refor 
mation,  who  signed  the  Augsburg  Confession  in  1530,  and  thi 
league  of  Smalcald  in  1531.  At  his  death,  in  1567,  Hess 
was  divided  into  Hesse -Cassel  and  Hesse- Darmstadt,  unde 
his  sons  William  and  George,  and  their  descendants  were  emi 
nent  in  the  convulsions  of  Germany  during  the  17th  and  18t' 
centuries.  Hessians.  In  1803  Hesse-Cassel  became  an  ele 
torate,  and  in  1806  Hesse-Darmstadt  a  grand-duchy;  titles  r< 
tained  in  1814.  In  1807  Hesse-Cassel  was  incorporated  wit 
Westphalia,  but  in  1813  the  electorate  was  re  -  establishei 
Area,  2965  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1875  (grand-duchy),  884,218 ;  188 
936,340;  1890,993,659. 

ELECTOKS. 

1803.  William  I. ;  b.  3  June,  1743 ;  succeeded  as  landgrave,  17a 
made  elector,  1803;  deprived  of  his  states,  1806;  restore 
1813;  d.  27  Feb  1821. 

1821.  William  II. ;  b.  28  July,  1777;  d.  20  Nov.  1847. 

1847.  Frederick  William ;  b.  20  Aug.  1802. 

The  elector,  in  1850,  remodelled  constitution  of  1831,  givii 
the  chamber  exclusive  right  of  voting  taxes,  and  conven 
the  chamber  only  at  the  usual  time  for  closing  the  sessio 
making  demand  for  money  for  1851.  The  chamber  asked 
regular  budget  for  discussion.  Elector  dissolved  the  chaa 
ber,  and  declared  dominions  in  a  state  of  siege,  7  Sept.  185i 
He  fled  to  Hanover,  later  to  Frankfort;  on  14  Oct.  he  called  6 


'■'■Page.  Why,  yet  there  want  not  many,  that  do  fear 
In  deep  of  night  to  walk  by  this  Heme's  oak." 

herrings,  Battle  of  the,  fought  12  Feb.  1429,  when  the 
due  de  Bourbon  was  defeated  while  attempting  to  intercept  a 
convoy  of  salt  fish,  on  the  road  to  the  English  besieging  Or- 
leans.    Sir  John  Fastolff  commanded  the  English. 

Herrn'hUters.      Moravians. 

Her'uli,  a  German  tribe  which  ravaged  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor  in  the  3d  century.  Odoacer,  their  leader,  over- 
whelmed the  Western  empire  and  became  king  of  Italj',  476. 
He  was  defeated  and  put  to  death  by  Theodoric  the  Ostro- 
goth, 491-93.     Rome. 

Herzegovina  {hert'-se-gb-ve'-nd)  or  Hertseli,  a 

province  of  Austria,  originally  part  of  Croatia,  was  united  with 
Bosnia  in  1326,  and  made  the  duchy  of  St.  Saba  by  the  em- 
peror Frederick  III.  in  the  following  century.  It  was  ceded  to 
Turkey  in  1699  at  the  peace  of  Carlowitz.  In  Dec.  1861,  an 
insurrection  against  the  Turks  broke  out,  fostered  by  the  prince 
of  Montenegro.  It  was  subdued ;  and  on  23  Sept.  1862,  Vu- 
catovitch,  chief  of  the  insurgents,  surrendered,  on  behalf  of  his 
countrymen,  to  Kurschid  Pacha,  and  an  amnesty  was  granted. 
Another  insurrection  against  the  Turks  broke  out,  1875,  and 
continued  until  the  provinces  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
were,  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July,  1878,  handed  over  to 
the  Austro  -  Hungarian  government.  Herzegovina  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  Austrians,  Aug.  1878,  in  conformity  with  the 


1 


1806. 
1830, 
1848. 


the  Frankfort  diet  to  help  re-establish  his  authority.  Oi 
6  Nov.  10,000  Austro- Bavarians  entered  Hesse-Cassel,  under 
prince  Thurn  und  Taxis,  with  headquarters  in  Hanau ;  next 
day  a  Prussian  force  entered  Cassel.  Elector  returned  to 
his  capital,  taxes  having  been  collected  under  threats  of  im- 
prisonment, 27  Dec.  1850. 

Constitution  of  1831  abolished,  and  a  new  one  established,  1852. 

Conflict  resumed,  till,  by  law  of  20  Sept.  1866,  Hesse-Cassel  was 
annexed  to  Prussia,  8  Oct.  1866. 

Ex-elector's  property  sequestrated  for  intrigues  against  Pri 
sia,  2  Nov.  1868,  and  Feb.  1869.     He  d.  6  Jan.  1875 

Pop.  of  Hesse- Darmstadt,  Dec.  1875,  884,218. 

GRAND-DUKES. 

Louis  I. ;  b.  14  June,  1753;  d.  6  Apr.  1830. 

Louis  II. ;  b.  26  Dec.  1777;  d.  16  June,  1848. 

Louis  III. ;  b.  9  June,  1806.  By  treaty,  15  Sept.  1866,  he  ceded 
northern  Hesse- Darmstadt  to  Prussia,  and  paid  a  war  con- 
tribution; supported  Prussia  against  France,  Aug.  1870;  d. 
13  June,  1877. 
1877.  Louis  IV.,  nephew,  b.  12  Sept.  1837;  married  princess  Alice 
of  Great  Britain  (b.  25  Apr.  1843),  1  July,  1862;  d.  of  diph- 
theria after  nursing  her  husband  and  children,  14  Dec.  1878. 

Heir:  Ernest  Louis,  b.  25  Nov.  1868. 

Frederick  William,  2d  son,  killed  by  a  fall,  29  May,  1873;  and 
other  children. 

Hesse- Homburg,  a  landgraviate,  established  by  Frederick,  son 
of  George  of  Hesse  -  Darmstadt,  in  1596.  His  descendant, 
Augustus  Frederick,  married  (7  May,  1818)  Elizabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  George  III.  of  England,  who  had  no  issue. 

Landgraviate  was  absorbed  into  the  grand-duchy  of  Hesse  in 
1806,  but  re-established  in  1815  with  additional  territories. 
Landgrave  Ferdinand  succeeded  his  brother,  8  Sept.  1848, 
and  d.  24  Mch.  1866. 

Hesse-Homburg  annexed  to  Prussia,  8  Oct.  1866. 

Hessian    fly   {Ceddomyia   destructor),  the   American 
wheat  midge,  very  destructive  to  wheat  in  the  United  States 
in  1786,  whither  it  is  said  to  have  been  brought  by  the 
Hessian  soldiers  in  British  pay — hence  its  name. 
Wheat  crop  suffered  severely  in  the  U.  S.  in  1846  and  1886.     Fly  ap- 
peared in  England  in  1788,  and  was  described  by  sir  Joseph  Banks. 
Its  appearance  in  England  in  1887  occasioned  much  alarm  through 
out  the  country. 
Its  action  said  to  be  checked  by  a  parasite— saw-fly  {Ceraphron  de- 
structor). —  W.  Fream,  Aug.  1887.    Very  prevalent  in  eastern  coast 
of  Britain,  not  much  inland. — Ormerod,  Aug.  1887. 
In  20  English  and  10  Scotch  counties ;  the  alarm  considered  to  be  er* 

agge rated.— Pari.  Rep.  Sept.  1887. 
Presence  of  the  insect  reported  in  Lincoln,  Suffolk,  Herts,  Perth- 
shire, 28  July,  1890. 

Hessians.  During  the  War  of  Independence,  Great 
Britain  hired  a  large  number  of  auxiliaries  from  the  land- 
grave of  Hesse,  to  serve  against  the  colonies.  In  Nov.  1786. 
Great  Britain  paid  him  471,000/.  in  3  per  cent,  consols,  as  com- 
pensation for  the  loss  of  15,700  of  his  subjects  in  this  war;  or 
about  -f  150  for  each  life.  It  was  with  the  proceeds  of  this  traf- 
fic in  the  lives  of  his  people  that  the  famous  water-works 


i 


I 


HEX  353 

and  pleasure-grounds  at  Cassel  were  constructed.  Bemis's 
Heights. 

liexameter,  the  measure  of  Greek  heroic  verse,  of  6 
feet,  each  containing  2  long  syllables  (a  spondee),  or  a  long  one 
^nd  2  short  (a  dactyl),  the  verse  of  the  "  Iliad  "  and  "  Odys- 
sey," and  of  Virgil's  "  ^neid." 

Hexham  or  Hag^ulStad,  Northumberland.  The 
see  of  Hexham,  founded  about  678,  had  10  bishops  succes- 
sively, but  the  rapine  of  the  Danes  destroy^  it;  the  last  prel- 
ate appointed  810.  At  the  battle  of  Hexham  the  Yorkist 
army  of  Edward  IV.  defeated  the  Lancastrian  army  of  Henry 
VI.,  15  May,  1464. 

Hi-a-wa'-tha,  reputed  founder  of  the  Iroquois  confed- 
eracy. Longfellow's  "  Song  of  Hiawatha  "  was  pub.  in  1855. 
Literature. 

Hibbert  fund.  Robert  Hibbert  on  19  July,  1847, 
established  a  trust  fund  "for  the  promotion  of  comprehen- 
sive learning  and  thorough  research  in  relation  to  religion  as 
it  appears  to  the  eye  of  the  scholar  and  philosopher,  and 
wholly  apart  from  the  interest  of  any  particular  church  or  sys- 
tem." 

Hibbert  lectures;  first  course  of,  7  by  prof.  Max  Muller  (given 
at  Westminster)  "On  the  Origin  and  Growth  of  Religion,  as 

illustrated  by  the  Religions  of  India  " 25  Apr. -30  May,  1878 

Since  given  by  M.  Renouf,  in  1879;  by  Ernest  Renan,  6-14  Apr. 
1880;  by  T.  W.  Rhys  Davids,  26  Apr. -24  May,  1881;  by  prof 
Kuenen,  25  Apr.-May,  1882;  by  C.  Beard,  1883;  by  prof  Al- 
bert Reville,  21  Apr.  et  seq.  1884;  by  prof  0.  Pfleiderer,  1885; 
by  J.  Rhys,  1886;  by  prof  A.  H.  Sayce Apr.  1887 

Hibernia,  Ibernia,  Ivernia,  and  lerne,  a 

name  of  Ireland  in  ancient  writers  (Aristotle,  Ptolemy,  etc.). 
Ireland. 

Hicksites.     Quakers. 

hierog[lypll'ic§,  literally  sacred  sculptures  or  en- 
gravings, the  representation  of  objects  to  express  language, 
used  by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  Mexicans,  and  other  nations. 
The  Egyptians  used  about  1700  hieroglyphs,  engraved  on 
stone,  painted  on  wood,  and  written  on  papyri.  They  were 
-either  phonetic  or  ideographic.  Their  invention  is  myth- 
ically ascribed  to  Thoth  (Logos).  That  they  were  entirely 
ideographic  was  the  opinion  held  until  1787,  when  Zoega 
stated  that  the  ovals  or  cartouches  contained  royal  names. 
In  1818  Dr.  Young  deciphered  the  named  Ptolemy  in  the  Ro- 
setta  Stone.  Young,  ChampoUion,  Rosellini,  Lepsius,  Brugsch, 
Mariette,  Chabas,  Birch,  and  others  (in  the  present  century) 
have  elucidated  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  Abydos,  "Book 
OF  THE  Dead,"  Egypt,  Rosetta  STONf;,  Tell-el-Amarna 
tablets. 

High  and  IjOW  Cliurcll,  sections  in  the  church  of 
England,  became  prominent  in  the  reign  of  Anne.  Dr.  Sa- 
cheverell,  preacher  at  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark,  was  prosecut- 
■ed  for  2  seditious  sermons  preached  (14  Aug.  and  9  Nov.  1709) 
exciting  apprehension  for  the  safety  of  the  church,  and  hos- 
tility against  dissenters.  His  friends  were  called  High-church 
and  his  opponents  Low-church,  or  moderate,  men,  1720.  The 
queen  favored  Sacheverell,  and  made  him  rector  of  St.  An- 
drew's, Holborn.     He  died  1724. 

IIi|a[h  €oininis§ion,  Court  of,  an  ecclesiastical 

court,  established  by  1  Eliz.  c.  1, 1559,  by  which  all  spiritual 
jurisdiction  was  vested  in  the  crown.  It  originally  had  no 
power  to  fine  or  imprison ;  but  under  Charles  I.  and  archbishop 
Laud  it  assumed  illegal  powers,  was  complained  of  by  the  Par- 
liament, and  abolished  in  1641. 

Highlands  of  Scotland,  long  held  by  semi-bar- 
barous clans,  were  greatly  improved  by  gen.  Wade's  military 
roads,  about  1725-26;  by  the  abolition  of  heritable  jurisdiction 
of  feudal  rights  in  1747,  and  by  the  establishment  of  the  High- 
land and  Agricultural  Society  in  1784.     Regiments. 

highness.     The   title   of  "highness"   was   given   to 

Henry  VII. ;  and  this,  and  sometimes  "  your  grace,"  was  the 

manner  of  addressing  Henry  VIII. ;  but  about  the  end  of  his 

reign,  the  titles  of  "  highness  "  and  "  your  grace "  were  ab- 

^^bed  in  that  of  "  majesty."     Louis  XIII.  of  France  gave  the 

le  of  "highhess,"  in  1664,  to  the  prince  of  Orange,  who 

as  previously  called  "excellency."     Louis  XIV.  gave  the 

12 


HIT 

princes  of  Orange  the  title  of  "high  and  mighty  lords,"  1644. 
— IfenuuU, 

high-priest.     Priest. 

high-treason.  To  regulate  trials  for  this  crime  and 
protect  liberty  in  England,  the  25th  of  Edward  III.  1352,  was 
enacted,  requiring  2  living  witnesses ;  Parliament  having  re- 
fused to  sanction  the  sentence  of  death  against  the  duke  of 
Somerset.  By  40  Geo.  III.  1800,  where  the  overt  act  is  a  direct 
attempt  upon  the  life  of  the  sovereign,  the  trial  is  conducted 
in  the  same  manner  as  for  murder.  Treason. 
Last  2  executions  in  England  for  high  treason: 

I.  William  Cundell,  alias  Connell,  and  John  Smith;  2  of  14  British 
subjects  taken  in  the  enemy's  service  in  the  isles  of  France  and 
Bourbon,  tried  by  special  commission,  6  Feb.  1812.  Mr.  Abbot, 
afterwards  lord  Tenterden  and  chief-justice,  and  sir  Vicary  Gibbs, 
attorney-general,  conducted  the  prosecution,  and  Mr.  (afterwards 
lord)  Brougham  defended  the  prisoners.  The  defence  was  that 
they  had  assumed  the  French  uniform  to  aid  their  escape  to  Eng- 
land. They  were  hanged  and  beheaded  on  the  lodge  of  Horse- 
monger- lane  jail  on  16  Mch.  1812. 

All  the  other  convicts  were  pardoned,  on  condition  of  serving  in 
colonies  beyond  seas. 

II.  Cato-street  conspirators  (Cato-street  conspiracy)  executed  1 
May,  1820. 

Hillabee  tOVrns,  Attack  on,  by  gen.  White,  with 
360  mounted  Tennessee  militia  and  some  friendly  Cherokees. 
This  place  is  on  the  Tallapoosa,  in  Alabama.  ^The  attack  was 
made  on  18  Nov.  1813.  61  warriors  were  killed  and  256  made 
prisoners  without  loss  of  a  man. 

Himalaya  {hivi-U'-la-yd)  mountains.  Moun- 
tains. 

Hiin'era,  a  town  of  Sicily.  Here  Theron  and  Gelon  of 
Agrigentum  defeated  the  Carthaginians,  480  b.c.  ;  and  at  Ec- 
nomus,  near  here,  the  latter  defeated  Agathocles  of  Syracuse, 

311  B.C. 

Hindostan'.    India. 

Hindu  era  began  3101  b.c.,  or  756  before  the  Deluge 
of  2348.  The  Hindus  count  months  by  the  progress  of  the 
sun  through  the  zodiac.  The  Samoat  era  begins  56  b.c.  ;  the 
Saca  era  79  a.d. 

hippopot'amus  (Gr.  t7r7ro7rdra/ioc,  river-horse),  a 
native  of  Africa,  known  to,  but  incorrectly  described  by,  an- 
cient writers.  Hippopotami  were  exhibited  at  Rome  by  An- 
toninus, Commodus,  and  others,  about  138, 180,  and  218.  The 
first  brought  to  England  arrived  25  May,  1850,  and  was  placed, 
in  the  Zoological  gardens.  Regent's  park,  London  (d.  11  Mc 
1878) ;  another,  a  female,  4  months  old,  was  placed  there  : 
1854.  One  born  there,  21  Feb.  1871,  and  another  born  1  J«-.. 
1872,  lived  a  few  days  only ;  another  born  5  Nov.  1872.  Two 
young  ones,  born  at  Paris  in  May,  1858,  and  June,  1860,  were 
killed  by  their  mother.  One  born  at  Amsterdam,  29  July, 
1865.     One  born  in  Central  Park,  New  York,  1893. 

Hispaniola.    Hayti. 

histology  (from  Gr.  laroq,  a  web),  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  tissues  in  animals  and  vegetables;  mainly  depend- 
ent on  the  microscope.  Schwann,  Valentin,  KoUiker,  Que- 
kett,  and  Robin  are  celebrated  for  their  researches.  Prof.  Que- 
kett's  "  Lectures  on  Histology  "  were  pub.  in  1852  and  1854. 
Medical  science. 

history.  The  Bible,  the  Parian  Chronicle,  the  histories 
of  Herodotus  ("  the  father  of  history  ")  and  Ctesias,  and  the 
poems  of  Homer  are  the  foundations  of  early  ancient  hi-t ory. 
Later  ancient  history  is  considered  as  ending  with  the  ('  .r  ruc- 
tion of  the  Roman  empire  in  Italy,  476.  Modern  hisi  \  dates 
from  the  age  of  Charlemagne,  about  800.  There  was  not  a 
professorship  of  modern  history  in  either  English  university 
until  the  years  1724  and  1736,  when  "  regius "  professorships 
were  established  by  George  I,  and  George  II.-— Royal  Histori- 
cal Society^  London,  established  1868,  earl  Russell,  president, 
1872.  A  commission  was  appointed  in  England  31  Aug.  1869, 
to  examine  historical  MSS.  held  by  institutions  and  private 
families,  and  to  publish  any  considered  desirable.  It  has  is- 
sued several  reports,  1870  et  seq. 

Hittites,  descendants  of  Heth,  second  son  of  Canaan ;  a 
commercial  tribe,  from  whom  Abraham  bought  a  grave  for  his 
wife,  1860  B.C.  (Gen.  xxiii.).  They  opposed  Joshua,  1451  b.c.; 
and  the  Egyptians,  about  1340  b.c. 


HOB 


854 


HOL 


Castle  of  Jerablus,  a  mound  and  ruins,  20  miles  below  Beredjik,  on 
the  Euphrates;  was  visited  by  Henry  Maundrell,  1699;  by  dr. 
Pococke,  1745;  and  by  J.  H.  Skene  and  George  Smith  (d.  187()), 
who  agreed  in  considering  the  remains  to  be  those  of  Carchemisli, 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  Hittites,  captured  and  annexed  by  Sar- 
gon,  king  of  Assyria  (about  721  b.c.).  The  site  had  been  held  suc- 
cessively by  Hittites,  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  (ireeks,  Romans, 
and  Arabs.  A  rich  harvest  may  be  expected  from  its  explora- 
tion. 

Capt.  C.  R  Conder's  discovery  of  a  key  to  the  language  of  Hittite 
inscriptions  on  b<is-reliefs,  gems,  etc.,  some  of  which  were  discov- 
ered by  Burckhardt,  1808,  and  rediscovered  by  Mr.  I'almer  in  1870, 
announced  26  Feb.  1887;  they  consist  of  invocations,  hymns,  etc., 
to  the  sun,  etc.  His  "Altaic  Hieroglyphs  and  Hittite  Inscrip- 
tions" pub.  1887. 

Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  in  1879,  considered  the  Hittites  to  have  been  in 
very  early  times  the  predominant  power  in  Asia  Minor  and  N. 
Syria.  The  investigations  of  Ramsay.  Hogarth,  and  Headlam,  in 
1890,  supported  by  the  English  Asia  Minor  Exploration  Fund,  led 
to  many  discoveries  which  are  described  in  the  London  Times  of 
25  July,  1891. 

Hobkirk'§  Hill,  S.  C,  Battle  of,  fought  25  Apr. 
1781,  between  the  British  under  lord  Rawdon,  and  the  Amer- 
icans under  Greene.  The  Americans  were  worsted  and  re- 
tired.    British  loss,  258 ;  American,  266. 

Hochelag^a  (hok-a-ld'-gd),  the  chief  town  of  the  Hu- 
rons,  on  the  site  of  Montreal,  Canada,  when  the  French  first 
entered  the  St..  Lawrence  in  1535. 

Hochkirclien,  Saxonj'.  Here  the  Prussian  army 
of  Frederick  II.  was  surprised  and  defeated  by  the  Austrians 
under  count  Daun,  14  Oct.  1758.  The  French  here  defeated 
the  Russians  and  Prussians,  21  May,  1813. 

Hochstadt,  a  city  on  the  Danube,  in  Bavaria,  near 
which  several  important  battles  have  been  fought :  ( 1)  20  Sept. 
1703,  when  the  imperialists  were  defeated  by  the  French  and 
Bavarians,  under  marshal  Villars  and  the  elector  of  Bavaria. 

(2)  2  [n.  s.  13J  Aug.  1704,  called  the  battle  of  Blenheim. 

(3)  19  June,  1800,  when  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians,  and 
avenged  the  defeat  of  the  French  at  Blenheim. 

Hohenlind'eil,  a  village  of  Bavaria.  Here  the  Aus- 
trians, commanded  by  archduke  John,  were  beaten  by  the 
French  and  Bavarians,  commanded  by  Moreau,  3  Dec.  1800. 
The  peace  of  Luneville  followed.  Campbell  commemorated 
this  battle  in  his  lyric  of  "  Hohenlinden,"  published  soon 
after. 

Hohenstaufen.     Germany,  Guelphs. 

JHotienzollern  {hd-en-tsoV-lei-n),  the  reigning  family 
in  Prussia.  Its  origin  is  referred  to  Thassilo,  about  800,  who 
built  the  castle  of  HohenzoUern.  In  1417,  Frederick  of  Nu' 
rt.i.berg,  his  descendant,  was  made' elector  of  Brandenburg. 
The  princes  of  Hohenzollern-Hechingen  and  HohenzoUern- 
Sigmaringen  abdicated  in  favor  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  7  Dec. 
1849.  Charles,  son  of  the  prince  of  HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen, 
was  elected  prince  of  Rouraania,  20  Apr.  1866.  Danubian 
PRINCIPALITIES.  His  brother  Leopold,  nominated  candidate 
for  the  throne  of  Spain,  withdrew  July,  1870.  Brandenburg, 
Prussia. 

Holbein  Society,  England,  for  obtaining  photo- 
lithographic representations  of  ancient  wood  engravings ;  es- 
tablished in  1868,  sir  William  Stirling  Maxwell  president. 
Dance  of  death.  Painting  (German  school). 

holidays.     Legal  holidays. 

Holland  {hollow  land,  or  some  say,  vjooded  land),  a 
kingdom  in  N.W.  Europe  (now  known  as  Netherlands),  com- 
posed of  land  rescued  from  the  sea,  and  defended  by  immense 
dikes.  It  was  inhabited  by  the  Batavi  in  the  time  of  Caesar, 
who  made  a  league  with  them.  It  became  part  of  Gallia 
Belgica,  and  afterwards  of  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia.  From 
the  10th  century  to  the  15th  it  was  governed  by  counts  under 
the  German  emperors.  In  1861  the  population  of  the  kingdom 
in  Europe  was  3,521,416;  of  the  colonies,  18,175,910 ;  of  both 
in  1863,21,805,607;  of  the  kingdom,  Jan.  1873,  3,767,263; 
1876,  3,865,456;  colonies,  about  25,110,000;  1879,  kingdom, 
4,037,010;  colonies,  1889,  29,765,031 ;  kingdom,  1890,  4,564,- 
565.     Belgium,  Flanders. 

Parties  termed  Hooks  (followers  of  Margaret,  countess  of  Hol- 
land) and  Codfish  (supporters  of  her  son  William,  who  en- 
deavored to  supplant  her)  begin  civil  war,  which  lasted  many 

years 1347 

Holland  united  to  Hainaut,  1299 ;  and  Brabant. 1416 


Annexed  to  Burgundy  by  duke  Philip,  who  wrests  it  from  his 

niece  Jaqueline  of  Holland,  daughter  of  the  last  count 4135. 

Annexed  to  Austria  through  marriage  of  Mary  of  Burgundy 

with  archduke  Ma.\imilian 1477 

Government  of  Philip  of  Austria 1495 

Of  Margaret  of  Austria  and  Charles  V 150& 

Of  Philip  II 1555. 

Philip  II.  establishes  the  Inquisition;  Hollanders  having  em- 
braced Reformed  doctrines,  confederacy  of  Guei'x  (Beggars) 

formed  by  nobles  against  it 1566 

Compromise  of  Breda  presented Jan.     " 

Revolt  under  William,  prince  of  Orange,  begins 1672. 

Elizabeth  of  Englffid  declines  offered  sovereignty,  but  prom- 
ises help 1575 

Pacification  of  Ghent— union  of  north  and  south  provinces —  1676. 

League  of  Utrecht  between  7  northern  provinces 1579 

Their  independence  declared 29  Sept.  158fr 

Assassination  of  William  of  Orange 10  July,  1584- 

Ten  southern  provinces  conquered  by  prince  of  Parma 1585 

Provinces  solicit  help  from  England  and  France;  expedition 

of  earl  of  Leicester;  English  and  Dutch  disagree 1585-87 

Battle  of  Zutphen— sir  Philip  Sidney  mortally  wounded, 

22  Sept.  1586. 

Prince  Maurice  appointed  stadtholder 1587 

Death  of  Philip  II.     His  son  Philip  III.  cedes  the  Netherlands 

to  Albert  of  Austria  and  the  infanta  Isabella 1598- 

Campaigns  of  Maurice  and  Spinola 1599-1604 

Maurice  defeats  the  archduke  at  Nieuwport 2  July,  1600- 

Independence  of  the  United  Provinces  recognized;  truce  of 

Antwerp  for  12  years 9  Apr.  1609 

Batavia  in  Java  built 1610- 

Religious  dissensions  between  Arminians  and  Gomarists...  1610-19 

Maurice  favors  the  latter  and  intrigues  for  royal  power.' 1616 

Synod  of  Dort;  persecution  of  the  Arminians 1618-19 

Execution  of  Barneveldt 13  May,  1619- 

Renewal  of  war;  Maurice  saves  Bergen-op-Zoom 1622. 

His  tyranny ;  plot  against  him,  16  persons  executed 1623 

His  death;   his  brother  Frederick  succeeds,  and  annuls  the 

persecution 1625. 

Manhattan  (now  New  York),  North  America,  founded;  massa- 
cre of  English  at  Amboyna,  India 1624 

Victories  of  Van  Tromp,  who  takes  2  Spanish  fleets  off  the 

Downs 16  Sept.  and  21  Oct.  1639- 

Peace  of  Westphalia;  republic  recognized  by  Europe 1648- 

War  with  England— naval  actions.  Blake  defeats  De  Ruyter, 
22  Oct. ;  is  surprised  by  Van  Tromp,  who  takes  some  English 
ships  and  sails  the  Channel  with  a  broom  at  his  mast-head, 

29  Nov.  1652; 
Indecisive  sea-fights,  12-14  June;    death  of  Van  Tromp,  21 

July;  peace  follows 1653 

Victorious  war  with  Sweden 1659 

Another  war  with  England 1665 

Indecisive  sea-fights,  1-4  June;  victory  ofMonk  over  De  Ruyter, 

25  July,  1666 
Triple  alliance— England,  Holland,  and  Sweden  against  France,  1668 

Charles  II.  deserts  Holland ;  joins  France 1670' 

French  overrun  Holland 1671 

Desperate  condition  of  the  states— populace  massacre  the  De 

Witts— William  III.  made  stadtholder 1672 

French  repelled  by  the  sluices  being  opened " 

Indecisive  campaigns 1673-77 

William  marries  princess  Mary  of  England 1677 

Peace  with  France  (Nimeguen) 167& 

William  becomes  king  of  England 1689 

Sanguinary  war  with  France 1689-96 

Peace  of  Ryswick  signed 20  Sept.  1697 

Death  of  William 8  Mch.  1702 

No  stadtholder  appointed — administration  of  Heinsius " 

War  against  France  and  Spain ;  campaigns  of  Marlborough,  1702-1* 

Peace  of  Utrecht 30  Mch.  1714 

Holland  supports  the  empress  Maria  Theresa 1743-48 

William  Henry  hereditary  stadtholder 1747 

Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 18  Oct.  1748 

War  with  England— Holland  loses  colonies 1781-83 

Civil  wars  in  the  Low  Countries 1787-89 

French  republicans  enter  Holland ;  people  support  them 1793 

Unsuccessful  campaign  of  the  duke  of  York 1794 

Batavian  republic  established  in  alliance  with  France 1795 

Battle  of  Camperdown ;  Duncan  defeats  Dutch 11  Oct.  179T 

Texel  fleet — 12  ships  of  the  line,  with  13  Indiamen — surrenders 

to  the  British  admiral,  without  firing  a  gun 30  Aug.  1799" 

New  constitution  in  Batavian  republic  ;  chief  ofilcer  (R.  J. 

Schimmelpenninck)  called  grand  pensionary 26  Apr.  1805 

Holland  erected  into  a  kingdom,  and  Louis  Bonaparte,  father 

of  Napoleon  III. ,  declared  king 5  June,  1806- 

Ill-fated  Walcheren  expeditio.v July,  Sept.  1809 

Louis  abdicates 1  July,  ISW 

Holland  united  to  France 9  July,     " 

Restored  to  the  house  of  Orange;  Belgium  annexed... 17  Nov.  1813 
Prince  of  Orange  proclaimed  sovereign  prihce  of  the  united 

Netherlands 6  Dec,     " 

New  constitution 1815 

Revolution  in  Belgium 25  Aug.  1830 

Belgium  separated  from  Holland 12  July,  1831 

Holland  makes  war  against  Belgium 3  Aug.     " 

Treaty  between  Holland  and  Belgium  signed  in  London .  19  Apr.  1839 

Abdication  of  William  1 7-10  Oct.  1840 

King  agrees  to  political  reform,  Mch. ;  a  new  constitution 

granted 17  Apr.  1848 

Death  of  William  II 17  Mch.  1849 

Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  restored,  announced 12  Mch.  1853 


HOL 


365 


HOL 


States-general  pass  a  law  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 

Dutch  West  Indies  (after  1  July,  1863) 6  Aug.  1862 

Slavery  ceases  in  the  Dutch  West  Indies 1  July,  1863 

Canal  from  Amsterdam  to  North  sea  began 8  Mch.  1865 

Government  undertakes  a  canal  to  connect  Rotterdam  with 

the  sea Mch.     '' 

New  ministry  (protectionist) 1  June,  1866 

Correspondence  with  Prussia  respecting  the  Prussian  garrison 

in  Luxemburg July-Aug.     " 

Alleged  treaty  with  France  to  cede  Luxemburg 22  Mch.  1867 

Fortifications  of  Luxemburg  razed May,  1868 

International  exhibition  opened  at  Amsterdam  by  prince  Henry, 

15  July,  1869 
Meeting  of  the   chambers;   strict  neutrality  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war  to  be  maintained 19  Sept.  1870 

Cession  of  Dutch  possessions  in  Guinea  to  Great  Britain,  voted, 

7  July,  1871 

Expedition  against  the  Achinese  (Sumatra)  embarks Dec.  1873 

Canal  between  the  North  sea  and  Amsterdam  passed  by  a 
monitor  (see  1865),  4  Oct. ;  inaugurated  by  the  king.  .1  Nov.  1876 

International  exhibition  at  Amsterdam  opened 1  May,  1883 

Committee  for  revising  the  constitution  appointed 12  May,     " 

Death  of  the  prince  of  Orange 24  June,  1884 

Queen  appointed  by  a  congress  to  be  regent  if  necessary .  1  Aug.     " 

Death  of  William  III 23  Nov.  1890 

Queen  Emma  takes  oath  as  regent  during  minority  of  her 
daughter,  queen  Wilhelmine,  b.  31  Aug.  1880 9  Dec.     " 

PRINCES   OF  ORANGE    (OraNGe),  STADTHOLDERS. 
1502.  Philibert  de  Chalons. 
1530.  Rend  de  Nassau,  his  nephew. 

1544.  William  of  Nassau,  styled  the  Great,  cousin  to  Rend,  recovers 

the  principality  of  Orange  in  1559.    Nominated  stadtholder, 

1579;  killed  by  an  assassin  hired  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  10 

July,  1584. 

1584.  Philip  William,  his  son ;  stolen  from  the  university  of  Louvain ; 

Dutch  excluded  him  from  their  provinces;  d.  1618. 
1618.  Maurice,  renowned  general;  stadtholder  in  1587;  a  younger 
1  son  of  William  by  second  marriage. 

1625.  Frederick  Henry  (brother),  stadtholder. 
\     1647.  William  XL,  stadtholder;  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Charles 
!  I.  of  England;  his  son  succeeded  in  1672. 

I     1650-72.  John  De  Witt,  grand  pensioner;  no  stadtholder. 
{    1660.  William    Henry;    stadtholder    1672;    married    Mary,   eldest 
daughter  of  James  II.  of  England,  1677. 
1702-47.  No  stadtholder. 
1702.  John  William,  nephew  of  William  III.,  loses  the  principality 

of  Orange,  which  is  annexed  to  France. 
1747.  William  Henry,  hereditary  stadtholder;  married  princess  Anne 

of  England;  succeeded  by  his  son. 
1751.  William  IV. ;    retired  on  French  invasion  1795;  d.  1806. 
1795.  Holland  and  Belgium  united  to  French  republic. 

KINGS. 

1806.  Louis  Bonaparte  made  king  of  Holland  by  his  brother  Napo- 
leon, 5  June,  1806;  abdicated,  31  July,  1810. 
1810.  Holland  again  united  to  France. 

1813.  House   of  Orange   restored.     William   Frederick,  prince    of 
Orange  (b.  1772),  proclaimed  6  Dec.  1813;  took  oath  of  fidel- 
ity as  sovereign  prince,  30  Mch.  1814;   assumed  style  of 
king  of  the  Netherlands,  16  Mch.  1815;  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  son,  7  Oct.  1840 ;  d.  12  Dec.  1843. 
1840.  William  II.;  b.  6  Dec.  1792;  succeeded  on  his  father's  abdi- 
cation; d.  17  Mch.  1849;  succeeded  by 
1849.  William    III.,  son;    b.  19    Feb.   1817;    married    Sophia   of 
!  Wurtemberg,  18  June,  1839.     (She  d.  3  June,  1877. )    Mar- 

i  ried  Emma  of  Waldeck-Pyrmont,  7  Jan.  1879;  issue  :  Wil- 

1  helmine,  b.  31  Aug.  1880. 

I  1890.  Wilhelmine,  queen,  b.  31  Aug.  1880. 

\     Holland  Land  company  and  purchase. 

New  York,  1786,  etc. 

Holland,  l^eil'',     Australia,  Australasia. 

HollOAiray  hospitals  and  college.     Thomas 
HoUoway,  proprietor  of  the  popular  ointment,  etc.,  offered  the 
British  government  250,000/.  to  erect,  for  the  use  of  the  middle 
classes,  a  sanatorium  or  asylum  for  the  insane,  and  hospitals 
!for  incurables  and  convalescents.     The  asylum  was  erected  at 
St,  Anne's  Hill,  Eghara,  near  Virginia  Water,  1873  et  seq. 
Opened  by  the  prince  of  Wales,  16  June,  1886. 
Royal  HoUoway  College  for  the   Higher   Education    of    Women, 
Egham,  Engl.     First  brick  laid,  12  Sept.  1879.     Opened  by  queen 
Victoria,  30  June,  1886.     It  includes  library,  reading-room,  muse- 
um, and  picture  gallery.    Estimated  cost  600,O0OZ. ;  endowment 
200,000?.    The  princely  buildings  are  in  the  French  renaissance 
style,  temp.  Francis  I.  (1515-47) ;  architect,  W.  Crosslmd.     There 
is  good  accommodation  for  250  students.     The  session  opened 
4  Oct.  1887.     Mr.  HoUoway  gave  250,000/.,  and  prom-;sed  100,000/. 
,    additional  for  endowment.     He  d.  26  Dec.  1883,  aged  83,  leaving 
^J?  *™™f.5l^  fortune,  although  he  was  exceeding'/  generous  dur- 
"  '"■-"'  '     is  said  to  have  expended  45,000/.  a  year  in 


«l 


his  lifetime; 
advertisements. 


hol'ophote,  a  form  of  lamp  in  which  the  light  is  con- 
verged and  directed  to  a  particular  spot  to  prevent  collisions 
It  sea,  etc.  Different  kinds  have  been  inveited  by  Stevenson, 
^lacdonald,  Preece  and  others  (1889). 


Holstein  {hol'-stln)  and  ^chles'wf|?,  N.W.  Ger- 
many, duchies  once  belonging  to  Denmark.  The  country,  in- 
habited by  Saxons,  was  subdued  by  Charlemagne  early  in  the 
9th  century,  and  afterwards  was  part  of  the  duchy  of  Saxony. 
In  1106  or  1110  Adolphus  of  Schauenberg  became  count  of 
Holstein ;  his  descendants  ruled  till  1459,  when  Adolphus  VIL 
died  without  issue,  and  Holstein  and  Schleswig,  fearing  hi» 
nephew  Christian,  king  of  Denmark,  elected  him  duke.  In 
1544  his  grandson,  Christian  II.,  divided  his  states  among  his 
brothers,  the  duchies  to  remain  subject  to  Denmark;  The  eld- 
est branch  of  the  family  reigned  in  Denmark  till  the  decease  of 
Frederick  VIL,  15  Nov.  1863.  From  a  younger  branch  (dukes 
of  Holstein-Gottorp)  descended  the  kings  of  Sweden  from  1751 
to  1818,  and  the  reigning  family  in  Russia  since  1762,  whea 
duke,  as  husband  of  Anne,  became  czar.  In  1773  Catherine 
II.  of  Russia  ceded  Holstein-Gottorp  to  Denmark  in  exchange 
for  Oldenburg,  etc.  The  duchies  were  occupied  by  the  Swedes 
in  1813,  but  restored  to  Denmark  in  1814,  and  on  28  May, 
1831,  constituent  assemblies  were  granted  to  them.  Since 
1844  disputes  have  been  rife  between  the  duchies  and  Denmark, 
and  in  1848  the  States-general  of  the  duchies  voted  annexation 
to  the  German  confederacy,  supported  by  Prussia;  war  ensued 
till  1850,  when  they  submitted  to  Denmark.  The  agitation 
in  the  duchies,  encouraged  by  Prussia,  revived  in  1857.  The 
Germans  in  Schleswig  wished  to  join  the  German  confedera- 
tion, like  Holstein ;  but  both  duchies  demanded  greater  inde- 
pendence of  Denmark,  that  power  opposing  the  change. 
Denmark.  By  the  convention  of  Gastein,  14  Aug.  1865, 
the  government  of  Holstein  was  left  with  Austria,  and  that  of 
Schleswig  with  Prussia.  The  whole  of  Holstein  and  part  of 
Schleswig  were  ceded  to  Prussia  by  the  treaty  of  Prague,  23 
Aug.  1866.  The  5th  clause,  directing  N.  Schleswig  to  be 
given  to  Denmark  if  the  people  voted  for  it,  was  not  acted 
on,  and  was  abrogated,  Feb.  1879.  Area,  7273  sq.  miles.  Pop. 
in  1860,  1,004,473 ;  1890,  1,217,437.  Heligoland.  Den- 
mark. 

Holy  Alliance,  ratified  at  Paris,  26  Sept.  1815,  be- 
tween emperor  of  Russia  (its  originator),  emperor  of  Austria, 
and  king  of  Prussia,  bound  them,  among  other  things,  to  be 
governed  by  Christian  principles  in  all  political  transactions, 
with  a  view  to  perpetuating  peace.  The  compact  was  se- 
verely censured  in  England  as  opposed  to  liberty. 

Holy  Orall.     "  Grail,  Holy." 

Holy  maid  of  Kent.  Elizabeth  Barton  was  in- 
cited by  Catholics  to  oppose  the  Reformation  by  pretending 
inspiration  from  heaven.  She  foretold  the  speedy  and  violent 
death  of  Henry  VIII.  if  he  divorced  Catherine  of  Spain  and 
married  Anne  Boleyn,  and  direful  calamities  to  the  nation. 
Executed,  with  confederates,  at  Tyburn,  5  Maj',  1534. 

holy  places  in  Palestine  have  stirred  conten- 
tion between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches  for  several  cen- 
turies. In  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  they  were  placed  under 
Latin  monks,  protected  by  the  French  government;  but  the 
Greeks  from  time  to  time  obtained  firmans  from  the  Porte  in- 
validating the  rights  of  the  Latins,  who  were  at  last  (in  1757) 
expelled  from  the  sacred  buildings,  which  were  committed  to 
the  care  of  the  Greeks  by  a  hatti-scherif,  or  imperial  ordinance. 
Holy  sepulchre  partly  destroyed  by  fire  and  rebuilt  by  Greeks, 

who  claim  additional  privileges 1808 

Russian  and  French  governments  sent  envoys  (M.  Dashkoff 
and  M.  Marcellus)  to  adjust  the  dispute;  arrangement  pre- 
vented by  the  Greek  revolution s 1821 

Subject  again  agitated,  and  the  Porte  proposed  mixed  commis- 
sion to  adjudicate  all  claims.  M.  Titoff,  the  Russian  envoy, 
for  the  Greeks,  and  M.  Lavalette,  the  French  envoy,  for  the 

liatins,  took  up  the  question 1850 

A  firman  of  the  Porte  confirms  the  rights  previously  granted 
to  Greek  Christians,  and  denies  to  the  Latins  exclusive  pos- 
session of  certain  holy  places,  but  leaves  them  a  key  of  the 

church  at  Bethlehem,  etc.,  as  in  former  times 9  Mch.  1862 

French  government  acquiesced  with  dissatisfaction;  but  the 
Russian  envoy  still  desired  the  key  withheld  from  the  Latin 
monks.  M.  d'Ozeroff  declared  the  right  of  Russia  to  protect 
the  orthodox  under  the  treaty  of  Kainardji  in  1774,  and  de- 
manded that  the  firman  of  9  Mch.  1852,  be  read  at  Jerusalem, 
though  it  militated  against  his  pretensions,  which  was  ac- 
cordingly done.     The  dispute  continued;  the  Porte  exposed 

to  attacks  of  the  Russian  and  French  governments Mch.  1853 

Prince  Menschikoff  arrives  at  Constantinople  as  envoy  extraor- 
dinary, and  besides  claims  respecting  the  holy  places,  de- 
mands a  protectorate  of  Greek  Christians  in  Turkey,  leading 
to  the  war  of  1854-66  (Russo-Tubkish  wars) 28  Feb.     " 


HOL 


366 


HON 


Holy  Roman  Empire.  The  German  empire  re- 
ceived this  title  under  the  emperor  Otho  I.  the  Great,  crowned 
at  Rome  by  pope  John  XII.,  2  Feb.  962.     Germany,  Rome. 

Holy  Rood  or  Cross.  A  festival  for  the  recovery, 
by  the  emperor  Heraclius,  of  a  large  piece  of  the  cross,  taken 
away,  on  the  plundering  of  Jerusalem,  about  615.  The  feast 
of  the  Invention  (or  Finding)  of  the  Cross  is  on  3  May  ;  that 
of  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross,  14  Sept.  At  Boxley  abbey,  in 
Kent,  Engl.,  was  a  crucifix,  called  the  Rood  of  Grace ;  at  the 
dissolution  it  was  broken  in  pieces  as  an  imposture  by  Hilsey, 
bishop  of  Rochester,  at  St.  Paul's  cross,  London,  1636. 

Holy  Sepulclire,  a  Byzantine  church  in  modern 
Jerusalem.  Fergusson,  Robinson,  and  others  consider  the 
true  site  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  to  be  the  mosque  of  Omar,  the 
"  dome  of  the  Rock!"  The  question  is  undecided.  The  Order 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  was  founded  by  Godfrey  of  Bouillon, 
1099 ;  revived  by  pope  Alexander  VI.  1496 ;  reorganized  1847 
and  1868. 

lioly  ^vater  is  said  to  have  been  used  in  churches  as 
early  as  120  A.D.—Aske. 

Holy  Week,  or  the  "  Week  of  Indulgences,"  is  the 
week  before  Easter. 

HolyrOOd  palace,  Edinburgh,  formerly  an  abbey, 
for  several  centuries  the  residence  of  the  monarchs  of  Scotland. 
The  abbey,  of  which  vestiges  remain,  was  founded  by  David 
I.  in  1128,  and  contains  the  burial-place  of  several  of  his  suc- 
cessors. The  palace  is  a  large  quadrangular  edifice  of  hewn 
stone, Ground  a  court  surrounded  by  piazzas.  In  the  north- 
west tower  is  the  bedchamber  of  queen  Mary ;  and  from  an 
adjoining  cabinet  David  Rizzio,  her  favorite,  was  dragged  and 
murdered,  9  Mch.  1566.  The  northwest  towers  were  built  by 
James  "V.,  and  the  rest  of  the  palace  was  added  during  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

home -rule.  The  Home  Government  Association 
(for  home-rule),  established  in  Dublin  in  1870,  held  its  first 
anniversary  meeting,  26  June,  1871.  It  includes  both  Catho- 
lics and  Protestants  among  its  members. 

Isaac  Butt,  home-ruler,  elected  M.P.  for  Limerick 20  Sept.  1871 

Home-rule  advocated  by  archbishop  McHale  and  others  of  the 

Romanist  clergy  in  Ireland 1873 

Programme  of  the  party  requiringan  Irish  parliament  of  queen, 

lords,  and  commons,  and  other  powers,  pub 25  Oct.     " 

A  conference  at  the  Rotondo,  Dublin,  reported  a  failure, 

18-21  Nov.     " 
A  motion  in  the  commons  in  favor  of  home-rule  defeated  (314 

to  52) 20  Mch.  1874 

Isaac  Butt's  motion  for  a  committee  on  the  subject,  30  June; 

was  negatived  (458  to  61),  2,  3  July,  1875;  again  (291  to  61), 

30  June,  IJuly,  1876;  again  (417  to  67) 24  Apr.  1877 

Stormy  convention  at  Dublin,  Mr.  Butt  chairman.  .21,  22  Aug.     " 

Home-rulers  obstruct  business  in  commons  (Parliament) " 

Home-rule  M.P. 's  meet  at  Dublin;  Mr.  Butt  still  leader.  .9  Oct.     " 

He  yields  to  the  obstructionists,  Jan. ;  resigns Apr.  1878 

Meeting  at  Dublin,  14  Oct. ;   dissensions  between  moderate 

party  (Mr.  Butt  and  others)  and  obstructives  (Charles  Stewart 

Parnell  and  others) Oct. -Nov.     " 

Death  of  Mr.  Butt,  5  May;  succeeded  as  leader  by  William  Shaw,  1879 
Mr.  Parnell  proposes  a  convention  to  meet  at  Dublin,  11  Sept. ; 

opposed  by  William  Shaw,  Mitchell  Henry,  and  others, 

Sept.     " 
Meeting  at  Dublin;  pronounced  opposition  to  British  govern- 
ment  20,  21  Jan.  1880 

About  65  home-rulers  in  the  new  Parliament,  led  by  Mr.  Shaw 

and  Mr.  Parnell Apr.     " 

Mr.  Parnell  chosen  by  45  as  parliamentary  chairman.  .17  May,     " 
Thirty-one  home-rulers  voted  with  the  government;  16  with 

Mr.  Parnell 13  July,     " 

Home-rule  convention  at  Newcastle  on -Tyne 9  Aug.     " 

Meeting  at  Dublin;  Justin  McCarthy  appointed  vice-president; 

resolution  to  resist  coercion  in  Ireland  adopted 27  Dec.     " 

Trial  of  Mr.  Parnell  and  others  at  Dublin  (Trials), 

28  Dec.  1880-25  Jan.  1881 

Strong  manifesto  of  Parnell ;  a  counter  one  by  Shaw Feb.     " 

Lord  Salisbury  in  a  speech  ridicules  the  agitation  in  favor 

of  home-rule  in  Ireland 23  Apr.  1889 

England,  Ireland,  Parnell. 

"  Home,  SlFeet  home."  Literature,  Amer- 
ican, 1792 ;  Music. 

Homer's  "  Iliad  "  and  "  Odyssey,"  the  oldest 
Greek  epic  poems.  The  first  begins  with  the  wrath  of  Achilles, 
and  ends  with  the  funeral  of  Hector ;  the  second  recounts  the 
voyages  and  adventures  of  Ulysses,  after  the  destruction  of 
Troy.  Various  dates  are  assigned  to  these  works,  from  962  to 
500  B.C.     Among  the  thousands  of  volumes  burned  at  Con- 


stantinople, 477  A.D.,  are  said  to  have  been  a  Homer,  writi 

in  gold  on  the  great  gut  of  a  dragon,  120  feet  long. 

F.  A.  Wolf,  in  his  "Prolegomena,"  in  1795,  regarded  the  poems  as 
a  composite  of  epic  songs,  formed  by  Pisistratus  about  550  b.c. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  •'  the  Homeric  controversy,"  in  which 
the  leading  scholars  of  Europe  have  been  engaged  ever  since.  The 
Germans  have  generally  accepted  the  theory  of  Wolf,  with  some 
modifications,  while  the  British  have  until  very  recently  defended 
the  unity  of  each  epic,  and  the  individuality  of  Homer,  under  the 
lead  of  col.  Mure,  the  historian  of  Grecian  literature,  Mr.  Gladstone 
("  Homer  and  the  Homeric  Age  "),  and  others.  Grote.  the  histo- 
rian of  Greece,  believed  that  the  Iliad  was  originally  a  poem  of 
moderate  length  on  "the  wrath  of  Achilles,"  and  had  been  pieced 
out,  after  the  art  of  writing  became  general,  with  several  shorter 
poems.  More  recently  Paley  and  others  in  England  have  adopted 
extreme  views  as  to  the  late  date  of  the  poems  in  their  present 
form,  and  the  multiplicity  of  authors  of  their  constituent  parts. 

First  English  version  of  the  "Iliad,"  by  Arthur  Hall,  appeared  in 
1581.  The  most  celebrated  versions  of  Homer's  works  are  Chap- 
man's, 1616;  Hobbes's,  1675;  Pope's,  1715-25;  Cowper's.  1791; 
and  Bryant's,  1870-71.  The  translation  of  the  "Iliad  "  by  the  earl 
of  Derby  (1864)  is  much  commended. 

liom'ieide  was  tried  at  Athens  by  the  Areopagites, 
1607  B.C.  Killing  in  any  public  exercise  of  skill,  or  killing  one 
who  lay  in  wait  to  do  injury,  or  one  taken  with  another's  wife, 
sister,  daughter,  or  concubine,  or  one  who,  without  just  grounds, 
assaulted  another  violently,  was  not  murder.  Among  the 
Jews  wilful  murder  was  capital ;  but  he  who  killed  in  chance- 
medley  might  flee  to  one  of  the  Cities  of  refuge,  and  there 
continue  till  the  death  of  the  high-priest  (Numb,  xxxv.), 
1451  B.C.  9  Geo.  IV.  c.  31  (1828)  defines  justifiable  homicide 
and  homicide  in  its  various  degrees  of  guilt,  and  circum- 
stances of  provocation  and  wilfulness.     Murder. 

Homildon  Hill,  Northumberland,  Engl.,  where  the 
Scots,  under  earl  Douglas,  were  defeated  by  the  Percies 
(among  them  Hotspur),  14  Sept.  1402.  Douglas  and  the  earls 
of  Angus,  Murray,  Orkney,  and  the  earl  of  Fife,  son  of  the 
duke  of  Albany,  and  nephew  of  the  Scottish  king,  with  many 
nobility  and  gentry,  were  taken. 

homilies,  in  early  Christian  times,  were  discourses  de- 
livered by  the  bishop  or  presbyter,  in  a  homely  manner,  for 
the  common  people.  Charlemagne's  "  Homilarium  "  was  issued 
809.  In  England  the  "  Book  of  Homilies,"  drawn  up  by  abp. 
Cranmer,  and  pub.  1547,  and  another  prepared  by  order  of 
convocation,  1563,  were  directed  to  be  read  in  churches  that 
had  no  minister  able  to  compose  proper  discourses. 

llomOBOp'atliy,  a  system  of  therapeutics  taught  in 
his  "Organon  of  Medicine,"  1810,  and  other  works,  by  dr. 
Samuel  Hahnemann  of  Leipsic  (d.  2  July,  1843).  He  held 
that  every  medicine  has  a  specific  power  of  inducing  a  dis- 
eased state  of  the  system  (similia  similibus  curantur,  like  cures 
like);  and  that  if  such  medicine  be  given  to  a  person  suffer- 
ing under  the  disease  which  it  has  a  tendenc}'  to  induce,  the 
disease  disappears,  because  2  similar  diseased  actions  cannot 
simultaneously  subsist  in  the  same  organ. — Brande.  He  used 
infinitesimal  doses  of  medicine,  such  as  the  millionth  of  a 
grain  of  aloes;  and  required  the  patient  to  regulate  his  diet 
and  habits  carefully.  Introduced  into  England,  1827,  and  into 
United  States  about  the  same  time  by  dr.  Hans  B.  Gram. 
The  Hahnemann  hospital  was  opened  in  Bloomsbury  square, 
London,  16  Sept.  1850.  The  World's  Convention  of  Homoe- 
opathic Physicians  opened  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  26  June,  1876. 
London  School  of  Homoeopathy  founded  15  Dec.  1876.  Ho- 
moeopathic congress  met  at  Liverpool,  14  Sept.  1877.  There 
were  said  to  be  12,500  practitioners  in  the  U.  S.,  15  colleges 
with  1200  students,  in  1890.  American  Institute  of  Homoeop- 
athy met  in  "Washington,  D.  C,  June,  1892.  Meuical  science, 

llOmOOUSion   Qio'-mo-d'-si-on)  and   liomoloil- 

Sioil  (ho'-vioi-o'-si-on)  (Gr.  dfioovawvy  same  essence; 
ofioioixTLOv,  similar  essence  or  being),  terms  employed  with 
respect  to  the  nature  of  the  Father  and  the  Son  in  the  Trinity. 
The  orthc  lox  party  adopted  the  former  term  as  a  party  cry 
at  the  coun<  il  of  Nice,  325 ;  the  Arians  adopted  the  latter  at 
Seleucia,  359. 

Hondu'ras,  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502,  and  con- 
quered by  the  Spaniards  1623,  is  one  of  the  republics  of  Cen- 
tral America;  es-^ablished  5  Nov.  1838,  and  is  governed  under 
a  charter  proclaimed  in  Nov.  1865.  A  new  constitution  1 
Nov.  1880.  The  executive  authority  rests  in  a  president 
elected  for  4  yeart.     Gen.  Pariano  Leista  elected  president, 


tei^^l 


HON 


357 


HOU 


10  Nov.  1891.  Area,  46,400  sq.  miles  ;  pop.  1889,  431,917:— 
British  Honduras,  Central  America,  was  settled  by  English 
from  Jamaica  soon  after  a  treaty  with  Spain  in  1667.  They 
were  often  disturbed  by  the  Spaniards,  and  sometimes  ex- 
pelled, till  1783.  Balize,  or  Belize,  the  capital,  has  a  large 
mahogany  trade.  Area,  7560  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891,  31,471. 
The  English  governor's  salary  is  2400/.  a  year. 

lioneymooil.  It  was  a  custom  to  drink  of  diluted 
honey  for  30  days,  or  a  moon's  age,  after  a  wedding,  and  hence 
the  term  honeymoon,  of  Teutonic  origin.  Attila  the  Hun 
drank,  it  is  said,  so  freely  of  hydromel  on  his  marriage-day 
that  he  died  of  suffocation,  453. 

Hong'-Kong',  an  island  off  the  coast  of  China,  was 
taken  by  capt.  Elliott,  23  Aug.  1839,  and  ceded  to  Great  Brit- 
ain 20  Jan.  1841.  Its  chief  town  is  Victoria,  built  in  1842. 
Hong-Kong  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  strait  half  a 
mile  wide,  and  contains  about  29  sq.  miles.  The  opposite 
peninsula  of  Kowloon,  part  of  the  mainland  of  China,  was 
ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  treaty,  1861,  and  is  now  part  of 
Hong-Kong.  The  governor's  salary  is  6000/.  Pop.  1891, 
221,441. 

"Honi  soit  qwi  mal  y  peii§e  "  ("  Evil  to  him 

who  evil  thinks").  Tradition  says  that  the  countess  of  Salis- 
bury, at  a  ball  at  court,  dropping  her  garter,  the  king,  Edward 
III.,  took  it  up  and  presented  it  to  her  with  these  words,  after- 
wards the  motto  of  the  order  of  the  Garter. 

Honor.  Temples  were  erected  to  Honor  by  Scipio 
Africanus,  about  197  b.c.  ;  and  by  C.  Marius,  about  102 
B.C. — The  Legion  of  Honor  was  created  by  Bonaparte  in 
1802. 

Hood's  invasion  of  Tennessee,  1864. 
Franklin  and  Nashville,  Battles  of. 

Hoosae  tunnel.    Tunnels. 

hops,  in  use  in  England  in  1425. — Harleian  MS.  In- 
troduced from  the  Netherlands  into  England  about  1524,  and 
used  in  brewing ;  but  the  physicians  having  represented  that 
they  were  unwholesome,  their  use  was  prohibited  in  1528. — 
Anderson.  The  duty  on  hops  was  repealed  in  1862,  after 
many  applications.  Hops  are  largely  cultivated  in  the  tlnited 
States.  They  were  introduced  about  1640,  but  were  not  an 
article  of  commerce  until  about  1810-20.  In  1840  there  was  pro- 
duced some  1,240,000  lbs. ;  1850, 3,497,029  lbs. ;  1860, 10.991,996 
lbs.;  1870, 25,456,669  lbs. ;  1880,  26,546,378  lbs. ;  1890,39,171,- 
270  lbs.  17  of  the  states  produce  hops ;  especially  California, 
New  York,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Wisconsin,  which  in 
1890  raised  99.48  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  The  U.  S.  in  1879, 
had  46,800  acres  of  hops;  in  1889,  50,212  acres.  California,  in 
1879,  had  1119  acres,  and  in  1889,3974;  Oregon,  in  1879,  had 
304  acres ;  in  1889,  3130 ;  and  Washington,  in  1879,  had  534 
acres ;  in  1889,  5113. 

Horatii  and  Curiatii.    Rome,  669  B.C. 

horn,  hornpipe.  The  horn  is  thought  to  be,  next 
to  the  reed,  the  earliest  wind-instrument,  and  is  known  to. 
most  savage  nations.  It  was  first  made  of  horn,  hence  the 
name  ;  afterwards  of  brass,  with  keys  for  the  semitones,  in  the 
last  century. — The  dance  called  the  hornpipe  is  supposed  to 
be  so  named  from  its  having  been  performed  to  the  Welsh 
ptb-com,  that  is,  hornpipe,  about  1300.— /Spencer.  Many  horn- 
pipes were  composed  in  the  18th  century.  The  "College 
Hornpipe  "  was  very  popular. 

Hornet,  Battles  of  the.     Naval  battles. 

horse.  The  remains  of  the  earliest  known  animal, 
eohippus  (not  larger  than  a  fox),  to  which  it  is  possible  to 
trace  back  the  modern  horse,  are  found  in  the  lowest  Eocene 
strata  (Geology)  in  New  Mexico,  Wyoming,  and  Utah.  In 
Europe  wild  horses  were  abundant  in  the  Neolithic  or  pol- 
ished-stone age.  The  people  of  Thessaly  were  excellent  eques- 
trians, and  probably  first  among  the  Greeks  who  broke  horses 
ill  for  service  in  war;  whence  the  fable  that  Thessaly  was 
originally  inhabited  by  centaurs.  "  Solomon  had  40,000  stalls 
of  horses  for  his  chariots,  and  12,000  horsemen"  (1  Kings 
iv.26),  1014  B.C.  Th6  Greeks  and  Romans  had  some  covering 
to  secure  their  horses'  hoofs  from  injury.  First  mention  of  the 
British  horse— Ccesar,  "  De  Bello  Gallico,"  iv.  24-33 ;  v.  15-16. 


In  the  9th  century  horses  were  shod  only  in  time  of  frost. 
Shoeing  was  introduced  into  England  by  William  I.,  1066. 
Horses  were  not  used  for  agricultural  labor  until  a  compara- 
tively recent  time.  A  law  in  Wales  forbade  ploughing  with 
the  horse.  The  crusades  introduced  the  eastern  horse  into 
Europe.  The  use  of  post-horses  introduced  into  England  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Richard  III.  Queen  Elizabeth  reputed  an 
accomplished  horse-woman.  Introduction  of  famous  eastern 
horses  into  England  during  the  reign  of  William  III.  The 
Darley  Arabian  brought  over  during  the  reign  of  queen 
Anne. 

First  horses  in  Massachusetts 1629-30 

J.  S.  Rarey,  an  American,  in  London  publicly  tamed  vicious 
horses,  and  even  a  zebra  from  the  Zoological  gardens.  His 
system  is  founded  on  study  of  the  disposition  of  the  animal, 
and  on  kindness.  He  taught  many  his  method  (20  Mch., 
lord  Palmerston  and  20  others),  under  pledge  of  secrecy;  re- 
leased in  June, when  his  book  was  reprinted  in  England  with- 
out his  consent 1858 

He  was  engaged  to  instruct  cavalry  oflJcers  and  riding-masters 

of  the  army July,  1859 

He  gave  a  lecture  to  the  London  cabmen,  12  Jan.  1860;  and  re- 
ceived 20  guineas  from  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 

Cruelty  to  Animals May,  I860 

Horse-tax  in  England  was  imposed  in  1784.  It  was  extended 
and  increased  in  1796;  and  again  in  1808.  The  duty  "upon 
"horses  for  riding"  only,  in  England,  amounts  to  about 

350,000^.  per  year 1862 

An  establishment  for  the  sale  of  horse-flesh  as  food  was  opened 
at  Paris  9  July,  1866,  with  success.  About  150  persons  (in- 
cluding sir  Henry  Thompson  and  sir  John  Lubbock)  dined 

on  horse-flesh  at  the  Langham  hotel,  London 6  Feb.  1868 

Annual  license  duty  in  England  on  horses  and  mules,  10s.  M. 

each;  horse-dealers'  license.  111.  10s.  (act  passed  1869). .  .^  .  1870 
Horse  epidemic  ("epizooty "),  from  Canada,  at  New  York, 

Boston,  etc Oct.  1872 

Banquet  on  flesh  of  horse,  mule,  and  donkey  at  Paris. .  .3  Apr.  1875 
Racing. 

Hortensian  law,  passed  by  Q.  Hortensius,  dictator, 
286  B.C.,  after  the  secession  of  the  plebeians  to  the  Janiculum, 
affirmed  the  legislative  power  granted  them  by  previous  laws 
in  446  and  336  B.c. 

horticulture  (from  hortus  and  cultura),  the  art  of 

cultivating  gardens.     Gardening. 

Royal  Horticultural  Society  of  London  founded  by  sir  Joseph 
Banks  and  others  in  1804;  incorporated  17  Apr.  1809;  trans- 
actions first  pub 1812 

Massachusetts  State  Horticultural  Society,  the  oldest  in  Amer- 
ica, established  (Flowers  and  Plants) 1829 

Hospitallers.     Knights,  Malta. 

hospitals,  originally  hospitia  for  the  reception  of  trav- 
ellers. Among  the  earliest  hospitals  were  the  one  founded 
by  Valens  in  Caesarea,  370-80  a.d.,  and  that  built  at  Rome  in 
the  time  of  St.  Jerome.  The  earliest  date  of  a  hospital  in 
England  is  1080,  when  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
founded  2, 1  for  leprosy  and  1  for  ordinary  diseases.  One  at 
Jerusalem,  built  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  1112,  had  room 
for  2000  inmates,  with  an  infirmary.  Of  the  first  of  English 
hospitals  was  St.  Bartholomew's.  It  was  built  as  a  priory,  1102 ; 
handed  over  to  citizens  of  London,  1547;  rebuilt  in  1729.  St. 
Thomas's,  founded  as  a  priory,  1213 ;  purchased  by  the  city  of 
London,  1551,  and  opened  for  the  sick.  After  various  changes 
it  was  transferred  to  Lambeth,  its  present  site,  1871.  Bethle- 
hem (or  Bedlam),  a  priory  built  1247,  was  given  to  king  Henry 
VIII.  for  the  reception  of  lunatics,  1547  (the  oldest  lunatic 
asylum  in  Europe  except  that  at  Granada).  The  present 
building  was  constructed  in  1810.  Christ's  Hospital  early 
ceased  to  serve  as  a  hospital.  A  great  movement  for  found- 
ing hospitals  in  England  commenced  in  the  18th  century. 
The  oldest  hospital  in  the  United  States  is  the  Pennsylvania 
hospital,  Philadelphia,  1750,  followed  by  the  New  York  hos- 
pital, 1770;  Charity  hospital.  New  Orleans,  1784;  Boston  dis- 
pensary, 1796.  Of  recent  hospitals  the  Johns  Hopkins  hos- 
pital of  Baltimore,  opened  1889,  is  noted  for  the  care  bestowed 
upon  its  plans.  It  is  a  result  of  years  of  study  of  European 
hospitals,  with  the  advice  of  distinguished  American  doctors. 
It  is  the  largest  hospital  in  America  and  as  perfect  as  any  in 
the  world.  Capacitj',  400  patients.  Endowed  by  Johns  Hop- 
kins, a  merchant  of  Baltimore,  with  $3,500,000. 

HounslOW,  Engl.,  formerly  a  market-town,  is  on  a 
branch  of  the  London  and  Southwestern  railway,  9  miles  from 
Hyde  Park  Corner.  Before  the  railway  was  opened  500 
coaches  passed  through  the  town  daily.     West  of  the  town 


HOU 


868 


HUN 


there  was  "  Hounslow  heath,"  containing  some  4293  acres,  for 
many  years  a  favorite  resort  of  highwaymen,  who  when  ex- 
ecuted were  exposed  in  gibbets  along  the  way. 

hour.  The  early  Egyptians  divided  day  and  night  each 
into  12  hours,  a  custom  adopted  by  Jews  or  Greeks  probably 
from  the  Babylonians.  The  day  is  said  to  have  been  first 
divided  into  hours  from  293  B.C.,  when  L.  Papirius  Cursor 
erected  a  sun-dial  in  the  temple  of  Quirinus  at  Rome.  Before 
Water-clocks  were  invented,  158  b.c.,  time  was  called  at 
Rome  by  public  criers.  In  England,  the  measurement  of  time 
was,  i\\  early  days,  uncertain :  one  expedient  was  by  wax- 
candles,  3  inches  burning  an  hour,  and  6  wax-candles  burning 
24  hours — ascribed  to  Alfred,  886  a.d.     Day. 

House  of  €oniinon§,  Lordi,  etc.  Commons, 
Lords,  Parliament. 

Hoivarcl  Association,  United  States.  This  vol- 
untary organization  distinguished  itself  for  courage  in  caring 
for  sick  of  Southern  cities  during  yellow -fever  epidemics, 
1878-79.  The  members  nursed  24,000  patients  in  New  Or- 
leans alone  between  17  Aug.  and  26  Oct.  1868,  and  expended 
in  charity  $380,185.83.  The  association  makes  no  distinc- 
tion among  suflPerers  of  race  or  religion,  and  judiciously  dis- 
penses funds  contributed  by  the  charitable  throughout  the 
country. 

taoiwitzer,  a  German  piece  of  ordnance,  ranking  be- 
tween a  cannon  and  a  mortar,  came  into  use  early  in  the  18th 
century. 

Hubbardton,  Vt.,  Battle  at.  St.  Clair,  after  evacu- 
ating Fort  Ticonderoga,  retired  towards  Hubbardton;  leav- 
ing a  rear-guard  there  of  1200  men  under  col.  Seth  Warner,  he 
marched  towards  Castleton.  At  Hubbardton  the  rear-guard 
was  overtaken  by  the  British,  7  July,  1777,  when  a  sharp  en- 
gagement took  place,  in  which  the  Americans  were  beaten  and 
dispersed  with  a  loss  of  120  killed  and  wounded,  and  200  pris- 
oners. St.  Clair,  with  about  2000  men,  made  his  way  through 
the  forest  to  fort  Edward. 

"Hudibras."  The  first  3  cantos  of  this  political 
satire,  by  Samuel  Butler,  appeared  in  1663 ;  the  other  parts  in 
1664  and  1678.     Literature. 

Hudson,  Henrj'^,  Fate  of.  It  was  the  intention  of  Hud- 
son to  winter  in  Hudson's  bay,  1610,  but  his  crew  were  muti- 
nous and  obliged  him  to  sail  for  England.  While  still  near 
Hudson's  bay  he  was  seized  by  mutineers,  and  with  8  others, 
including  his  son,  sent  adrift  in  an  open  boat  and  never  heard 
from  afterwards.  His  fate  was  revealed  by  one  of  the  muti- 
neers.    New  York,  1609. 

Hudson's  sea,  misnamed  bay,  North  America,  dis- 
covered by  Sebastian  Cabot,  1517,  and  rediscovered  by  capt. 
Henry  Hudson  when  in  search  of  a  northwest  passage  to  the 
Pacific  ocean,  1610.  Connected  with  the  Atlantic  ocean  by 
Hudson  strait,  and  with  the  Arctic  ocean  by  Hecla  and  Fury 
straits.  With  Fox  channel,  its  length  on  Ion.  80°,  from  the 
lower  end  of  James's  bay,  is  about  1350  miles ;  and  in  breadth 
it  extends  through  17°  on  lat.  60°.  Its  distance  inland  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean  is  about  13°  on  lat.  62°.  The  ''  governor 
and  company  of  adventurers  of  England  trading  to  Hudson's 
bay"  obtained  a  charter  from  Charles  II.  in  1670.  The  "  fer- 
tile belt"  was  settled  by  lord  Selkirk  in  1812.  For  these 
territories  the  bishopric  of  Rupert's  Land  was  founded,  1849. 
The  charter  having  expired,  the  chief  part  of  the  company's 
territories,  on  the  proposition  of  earl  Granville,  the  colonial 
secretary  (9  Mch.  1869),  were  transferred  to  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  for  300,000/.,  and  a  right  to  a  portion  of  land  within 
50  years,  and  other  privileges ;  the  company  having  consented 
to  this  9  Apr.  1869.  Some  of  the  people  resisted  annexation, 
and  gen.  Louis  Kiel  proclaimed  independence  and  seized  the 
company's  treasury,  Jan.  1870.  On  3  or  4  Mch.  he  tried  and 
shot  Thomas  Scott,  a  Canadian,  who  had  escaped  from  his 
custody.  Col.  (afterwards  sir)  Garnet  J.  Wolseley  conducted 
a  Canadian  expedition  to  the  territories  (now  named  Mani- 
toba), and  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  loyal  inhabitants,  23 
Jul}--,  saying  "  our  mission  is  one  of  peace."  Riel  was  un- 
supported and  offered  no  resistance.     Manitoba. 

hue  and  cry,  the  old  common-law  process  in  England 
of  pursuing  "  with  horn  and  voice,"  from  hundred  to  hundred. 


I 

y  thel 


artd  county  to  county,  all  robbers  and  felons.  Formerly 
hundred  was  bound  to  make  good  losses  by  robberies  therein, 
unless  the  felon  were  taken ;  but  by  subsequent  laws  it  is  an- 
swerable only  for  damage  by  riotous  assemblies.  The  pursuit 
of  a  felon  was  aided  by  a  description  of  him  in  the  Hue  and 
Cry,  a  gazette  for  the  purpose,  founded  1710. — Ashe. 

Hug'ueilOtS  {hu'-ge-not),  a  term  (derived  by  some  from 
the  Ger.  Eidgenossen,  oath-companions ;  by  others  from  Hugues, 
a  Genevese  Calvinist)  applied  to  the  Reformed  party  in  France, 
followers  of  Calvin.  They  took  up  arms  against  their  perse- 
cutors in  1561.  After  a  delusive  edict  of  toleration,  many 
were  massacred  at  Vassy,  1  Mch.  1562,  when  civil  wars  began, 
which  lasted,  with  some  intermission,  till  the  edict  of  Nantes 
in  1598  (revoked  in  1685).  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
many  Huguenots  fled  to  the  United  States,  settling  in  South 
Carolina,  Virginia,  and  New  York.  The  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's day,  24  Aug.  1572,  occurred  during  a  truce.  Bar- 
tholomew, Calvinists,  Camisard,  Edict  of  Nantes,  Prot- 
ESTANTS.  Smiles's  "  History  of  the  Huguenots  "  appeared  in 
1867.  Baird's  "  Rise  of  the  Huguenots  "  was  pub.  1879.  The 
crypt  in  Canterjiury  cathedral  assigned  to  French  Protestants 
in  1550  is  still  used  by  them  for  divine  worship. 

Hull,  Gen.  William,  Trial  of.     United  States,  1812;  ■ 
Jan.  and  Mch.  1814. 

Huinaita,  a  strong  post  on  the  river  Paraguay,  forti- 
fied with  a  battery  of  300  cannon  by  Lopez,  the  president  of 
Paraguay,  and  believed  to  be  impregnable,  was  passed  by  the 
Brazilian  iron-clads  17  Feb.  1868.  On  the  19th  Caxias,  the 
Brazilian  general,  stormed  a  work  north  of  Humaita,  and  capt- 
ured many  stores.  Humaita  itself,  after  a  siege,  was  aban- 
doned, 24  July,  1868. 

Humane  Society,  Royal,  London,  for  recovery 
of  persons  apparently  drowned,  was  founded  in  1774  by  drs. 
Goldsmith,  Heberden,  Towers,  Lettsom,  Hawes,  and  Cogan, 
principally  by  the  last  3.  The  society  has  above  280  depots, 
with  apparatus.  The  principal  one  was  erected  in  1794  on 
ground  given  by  George  III.,  north  of  the  Serpentine  river, 
Hyde  park.     Drowning. 

humanism,  the  phwDSophical  study  of  man's  person- 
ality as  the  most  important  subject  of  culture ;  the  pursuit 
of  an  ideal  in  mind  and  character  as  the  end  of  all  education 
and  progress;  advocated  by  Petrarch  and  other  disciples  of 
ancient  classic  literature,  termed  the  "  new  learning  "  ("  literoR 
humaniores"),  and  the  renaissance,  in  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th 
centuries. 

Humanitarians,  a  small  sect  in  London,  founded 
by  Mr.  Kaspary,  a  German  Jew.  Their  principles,  set  forth 
in  "  The  Fifteen  Doctrines  of  the  Religion  of  God,"  written 
1866,  include  pantheism  and  transmigration  of  souls. 

Humanity,  Religion  of.  Positive  philosophy, 
Secularism. 

hundred,  a  Danish  institution,  was  a  part  of  a  shire, 
composed,  it  is  said,  of  a  hundred  families  when  the  coun- 
ties were  first  divided,  about  897.  The  hundred -court  is  a 
court-baron  for  all  the  inhabitants  of  a  hundred  instead  of  a 
manor. 

Hundred  Days,  the  term  of  Napoleon's  restoration, 
from  his  arrival  in  Paris,  20  Mch.,  to  his  departure.  29  June, 
1815. 

Hundred  Years'  war,  in  French  history,  began 
with  the  English  invasion  in  1337. 

Hung^ary,  a  kingdom  of  central  Europe,  forming  with 
Austria  the  Austro-Hungarian  monarchy,  formerly  part  of 
ancient  Pannonia  and  Dacia,  subjected  to  the  Romans  about 
106,  retained  till  the  3d  century,  then  seized  by  the  Goths, 
who  were  expelled  about  376  by  the  Huns.  Attila,  Huns. 
After  Attila's  death  in  453,  the  Gepidae,  and  in  500  the  Lom- 
bards, held  the  country.  It  was  acquired  by  the  Avars  about 
668,  and  retained  till  their  destruction  by  Charlemagne  in  799. 
About  890  it  was  settled  by  a  Scythian  tribe  named  Vingours, 
or  Ungri  (whence  the  Ger.  name  Ungarn),  and  Magyars,  of 
Finnish  origin.  The  chief  of  the  latter,  Arpad  (889),  was  an- 
cestor of  a  line  of  kings  ending  in  1301.  The  progress  of  Mag- 
yars westward  ended  with  their  defeat  by  the  emperor  Henry 


HUN 


359 


HUN 


the  Fowler,  934.  Area,  125,039  sq.  miles.  Population  of  the 
kingdom,  including  Transylvania,  Fiume,  Croatia,  and  Sla- 
vonia,  31  Dec.  1869, 15,509^455 ;  1890, 17,335,929.  Austria. 
.Steplieu,  founder  of  the  monarchy,  establishes  Christianity, 

subdues  Slavs,  etc.,  entitled  Apostolic  king  by  the  pope 997 

Poles  overrun  Hungary 1061 

Bela  III.  introduces  Greek  civilization 1174  et  seq. 

Kavages  of  Tartars  under  sons  of  Genghis  Khan,  throughout 

Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  Russia I'ill  et  seq. 

■Ooldeu  bull  of  Andrew  II.,  granting  personal  rights 1222 

Death  of  Andrew  III.,  end  of  the  Arpad  dynasty 1301 

Victories  of  Louis  the  Great  in  Bulgaria,  Servia,  and  Dalmatia, 

1344-82 
Invading  Italy,  he  avenges  the  murder  of  his  brother  Andrew, 

king  of  Naples ' 1348 

Sanguinary  anarchy  ;  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Louis,  is  drowned  ; 
king  Mary,  the  daughter,  marries  Sigismond  of  Branden- 
burg ;  they  govern  with  severity 1382 

[The  Hungarians  disliked  the  name  queen;  and  when  a  fe- 
male came  to  the  throne,  called  her  king.] 

.Sigismond's  cruelties  ;  his  subjects  appeal  to  the  Turks 1393 

Battle  of  Nicopolis  ;  Bajazet  vanquishes  Sigismond  and  a  large 

army 28  Sept.  1396 

■Sigismond  obtains  crown  of  Bohemia,  and  Is  elected  emperor 

of  Germany 1410 

Albert  of  Austria  succeeds  to  throne  of  Hungary 1437 

Victories  of  John  Hunniades  (reputed  illegitimate  son  of  Sigis- 
mond) over  the  Turks 1442-44 

Who  obtain  a  truce  of  10  years 1444 

Broken  by  Ladislas,  king  of  Hungary  (at  the  pope's  instiga- 
tion) ;  he  is  defeated  and  slain,  with  the  papal  legate,  at 

Varna 10  Nov.     •' 

.John  Hunniades  escapes  ;  becomes  regent 1444-53 

Raises  siege  of  Belgrade,  14  July  ;  d 10  Sept.  1456 

Hungarians  insult  Turkish  ambassadors  ;  war  ensues  ;  Soly- 

man  II.  takes  Buda 1526 

Disastrous  battle  of  Mohatz 29  Aug.     " 

Hungary  subject  to  Austria r. .      " 

Peace  of  Vienna  ;  Protestants  tolerated 23  June,  1606 

John  Sobieski  defeats  Turks  in  several  battles,  and  raises 

sieg*  of  Vienna 12  Nov.  1683 

Duke  of  Lorraine  retakes  Buda 1686 

Prince  Louis  of  Baden  defeats  Turks  at  Salenckemen.  .19  Aug.  1691 

Prince  Eugene  defeats  them  at  Zenta 11  Sept.  1697 

Peace  of  Carlowitz 26  Jan.  1699 

Pragmatic  sanction,  authorizing  female  succession 1722-23 

Servia  and  Wallachia  ceded  to  Turkey  at  peace  of  Belgrade. . .  1739 
Hungarians  enthusiastically  support  Maria  Theresa  against 

France  and  Bavaria 1740 

Protestants  permitted  to  have  churches 1784 

Independence  of  Hungary  guaranteed 1790 

Diet  meets  ;  Hungarian  academy  established 1825 

People,  discontented  with  Austrian  rule,  rebel 11  Sept.  1848 

Murder  of  military  governor,  count  Lamberg,  by  a  mob  at 
Pesth  ;  Hungarian  Diet  appoints  provisional  government 
under  Kossuth  and  Louis  Batthyany,  28  Sept. ;  Hungarians 

defeat  the  ban  of  Croatia 29  Sept.     " 

Diet  denounces  as  traitors  all  who  acknowledge  the  emperor 

of  Austria  as  king  of  Hungary 8  Dec.     " 

Insurgents  defeated  by  Austrians  at  Szaikszo,  21  Dec;   at 

Mohr  by  the  ban  Jellachich 29  Dec.     " 

Buda-Pesth  taken  by  Windischgratz 5  Jan.  1849 

Bern  defeats  Austrians  at  Hermannstadt 21  Jan.     " 

Hungary  declares  itself  free  ;  Kossuth  governor 14  April,     " 

Hungarians  defeat  imperialists  before  Gran 18  April,     " 

Hussian  army  crosses  Galicia  to  join  Austrians 1  May,     •' 

Austro-Russian  troops  defeat  Hungarians  at  Pered.. .  .20  June,     " 

Battles  of  Acs  ;  Austrians  defeat  Hungarians 2,  10  July,     " 

Hungarians  defeat  Jellachich 14  July,     " 

Hungarians  defeated  by  Russians  ;  GOrgey  retreats  after  3 

days'  battle 15  July,     " 

Battle  before  Komorn  with  Austro-Russian  army 16  July,     " 

Insurgents  under  Bem  enter  Moldavia,  23  July  ;  defeated  by 

the  Russians  at  Schassburg 31  July,     " 

Haynau  defeats  Hungarians  before  Temesvar 10  Aug.     " 

"GOrgey  and  army  surrender  to  Russians 13  Aug.     " 

Kossuth,  Andrassy,  Bem,  etc.,  escape  to  Turkish  frontiers, 
placed  under  protection  at  New  Orsova  (Turkey)..  .  .21  Aug.     " 

Komorn  surrenders  to  Austrians  ;  war  ends 27  Sept.     " 

Louis  Batthyany  tried  at  Pesth,  and  shot ;   many  Insurgent 

chiefs  put  to  death 6  Oct.     " 

Amnesty  to  Hungarian  insurgents,  who  return  home.  ..16  Oct.     " 

Bem  dies  at  Aleppo 10  Dec.  1850 

Crown  of  St.  Stephen  and  royal  insignia  discovered  and  sent 

to  Vienna 8  Sept.  1853 

Amnesty  for  political  offenders  of  1848-49 12  July,  1856 

During  the  Italian  war  in  1859,  an  insurrection  was  planned  in 
Hungary  ;  communications  between  Louis  Napoleon  and 
Kossuth,  it  is  said,  led  the  emperor  of  Austria  to  the  sudden 
peace  of  Villafranca,  and  afterwards  to  promise  reforms  and 

j"      to  grant  liberty  to  Protestants  in  Hungary Aug. -Oct.  1859 

.■Recall  of  archduke  Albert ;  gen.  Benedek  governor April,  1860 

SDemand  for  restoration  of  old  constitution  ;   reunion  of  the 

(      Banat  and  Voivodina  with  Hungary,  etc Oct.      " 

(  Heeting  of  Reichsrath  at  Vienna  ;  no  deputies  from  Hungary 

■      or  Croatia 29  April,  1861 

Imperial  rescript  refusing  entire  independence  of  Hungary, 

21  July  ;  Diet  protesting,  20  Aug. ;  is  dissolved 21  Aug.     " 

-Archbishop  of  Gran,  primate,  protests  against  the  act  of  im- 
perial government Sept. -Oct.     " 


1870 


1871 
1873 


Summoned  to  Vienna  ;  be  stands  firm 25  Oct.  1861 

Magistrates  in  comitat  of  Pesth  resign  ;  military  government 
established  ;  passive  resistance  of  nobility Dec.      " 

Emperor  visits  Buda-Pesth  ;  well  received  ;  a  new  policy  an- 
uounced  ;  rights  of  Hungary  to  be  restored 6-9  June,  1865 

Imperial  rescript,  abolishing  representative  constitution  of  the 
empire,  restoring  independence  of  Hungary,  etc 21  Sept.     " 

Hungarian  legions  join  Prussian  army,  June  (after  peace  al- 
lowed to  return  to  their  allegiance) Oct.  1866 

Constitution  of  1848  restored  ;  independent  ministry  appointed 
under  count  Julius  Andrassy 17  Feb.  1867 

Croats  protest  against  incorporation  with  Hungary.. .  .25  May,     " 

Emperor  and  empress  crowned  at  Buda  with  ancient  ceremo- 
nies  8  June,     " 

Bills  for  financial  arrangement  with  Austria  and  for  Jewish 
emancipation  receive  royal  assent 29  Dec.     " 

First  trial  by  jury  of  press  offences  (fine  and  imprisonment  for 
publishing  a  letter  of  Kossuth) 27  Feb.  1868 

Kossuth  (elected  to  the  legislature)  resigns  by  letter.  .14  April,     " 

Croatian  deputation  accepts  union  with  Hungary 27  May,'     " 

Congress  of  Hungarian  Jews  opened  ;  Joseph  EOtvos  minister, 

14  Dec.     " 

Louis  Batthyany  (executed  and  privately  buried,  Oct.  1849),  re- 
interred  in  public  cemetery,  Pesth 9  June, 

Count  Andrassy  succeeds  count  von  Beust,  foreign  minister  at 
Vienna  ;  count  Louyay,  Hungarian  premier 14  Nov. 

Buda-Pesth  formally  constituted  the  capital Nov. 

Joseph  Scharf  and  9  other  Jews  tried  at  Nyireghyhaza  for 
murder  of  a  Christian  maid,  Esther  Solymosi  (on  1  April, 
1882) June,  1883 

Acquitted 3  Aug.     " 

Violent  anti- Jewish  riots  Pesth,  Zala,  Egersseg^  etc.,  July, 
Aug. ;  martial  law  proclaimed 29,  30  Aug.      " 

Count  Julius  Andrassy  dies  in  Istria 18  Feb.  1890 

Unveiling  at  Arad  of  the  national  monument  of  the  13  generals 
executed  6  Oct.  1848  ;  currency  reform  bill  (gold  to  be  the 
basis)  introduced  into  the  Diet 14  May,  1892 

SOVEREIGNS. 

997.  St.  Stephen,  duke  of  Hungary  (son  of  Geisa);  established  Cath- 
olic religion  (1000),  with  title  from  the  pope  of  apostolic 
king,  still  borne  by  emperor  of  Austria,  as  king  of  Hungary. 

1038.  Peter,  the  German;  deposed. 

1041.  Aba,  or  Owen. 

1044.  Peter,  again;  deposed;  and  his  eyes  put  out. 

1047.  Andrew  I. ;  deposed. 

1061.  Bela  I. ;  killed  by  the  Call  of  a  tower.  ^ 

1074.  Salamon,  son  of  Andrew. 

1075.  Geisa  I.,  son  of  Bela. 
1077.  Ladislas  I.,  the  Pious. 

Coloman,  son  of  Geisa. 

Stephen  II.,  named  Thunder. 

Bela  II. ;  had  his  eyes  put  out. 

Geisa  II. ;  succeeded  by  his  son, 
1161.  Stephen  III. ;  and  Stephen  IV.  (anarchy). 
1173.  Bela  IIL  ;  succeeded  by  his  son, 
1196.  Emeric;  succeeded  by  his  son, 

1204.  Ladislas  II. ;  reigned  6  months  only. 

1205.  Andrew  n.,  son  of  Bela  in. 
1235.  Bela  IV. 

1270.  Stephen  IV.  (or  V.),  his  son. 
1272.  Ladislas  III. ;  killed. 

Andrew  III.,  surnamed  the  Venetian,  son  in-law  of  Rudolph 
of  Hapsburg,  emperor  of  Germany  (last  of  the  house  of  Ar- 
pad); d.  1301. 
Wenceslas  of  Bohemia,  and  (1305)  Otho  of  Bavaria. 
Charobert,  or  Charles  Robert,  of  Anjou. 
Louis  I.,  the  Great;  elected  king  of  Poland,  1370. 
1382.  Mary,  called  king  Mary,  daughter  of  Louis. 
1385-86.  Charles  Durazzo. 
1387.  Mary  and  her  consort  Sigismond:  the  latter  became  king  of 

Bohemia,  and  was  elected  emperor  in  1410. 
1392.  Sigismond  alone  (on  the  death  of  Mary). 
1437.  Albert,  duke  of  Austria,  marries  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sigis- 
mond, and  obtains  the  thrones  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  and 
Germany ;  dies  suddenly. 

1439.  Elizabeth  alone ;  she  marries 

1440.  Ladislas  IV.,  king  of  Poland,  of  which  kingdom  he  was  Ladis- 

las VI. ;  slain  at  Varna. 

1444.  [Interregnum.] 

1445.  John  Hunniades,  regent. 

1458.  Ladislas  v.,  posthumous  son  of  Albert;  poisoned. 

"     Matthias  Corvinus,  son  of  Hunniades. 
1490.  Ladislas  VI.,  king  of  Bohemia:  the  emperor  Maximilian  laid 

claim  to  both  kingdoms. 
1516.  Louis  II.  of  Hungarjr  (I.  of  Bohemia);  loses  his  life  at  the 
battle  of  Mohatz. 

John  Zapolski,  voivode  of  Transylvania,  elected  by  Hun- 
garians, and  supported  by  sultan  Solyman ;  by  treaty  with 
Ferdinand,  he  founds  principality  of  Transylvania,  1536. 
1526.   i  Ferdinand  I.,  king  of  Bohemia,  brother  to  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  ;  rival  kings  (with  Ferdinand  the  Hapsburg 
period  began,  the  sovereign  rulers  of  Austria  after  him 
succeeding  to  the  title  of  the  Hungarian  crown). 
1540.  Ferdinand  alone;  elected  emperor,  1558. 
1563.  Maximilian,  son;  emperor  in  1564. 
1572.  Rudolph,  son;  emperor  in  1576. 
1608.  Matthias  II..  brother;  emperor  in  1612. 
1618.  Ferdinand  XL,  cousin,  emperor. 
1625.  Ferdinand  III.,  son;  emperor,  1637. 
I  1647.  Ferdinand  IV.,  son;  d.  in  1654,  3  years  before  his  father. 


1095. 
1114. 
113L 
114L 


1290. 


1301. 
1309. 
1342. 


HUN 


360 


HYD 


1656. 
1687. 
1712. 
1741. 

1780. 

1790. 
1792. 

1836. 

1848. 


Leopold  I.,  brother;  emperor,  1667. 

Joseph  I.,  son;  emperor  in  1705. 

Charles  VI.  (of  Germany),  brother,  and  nominal  king  of  Spain. 

Maria  Theresa,  daughter,  empress;  survived  her  consort,  em- 
peror Francis  I.,  ft"om  1765  until  1780.     Germany. 

Joseph  II.,  son;  emperor  in  1765;  succeeded  to  Hungary  on 
the  death  of  his  mother. 

Leopold  II.,  brother;  emperor;  succeeded  by  his  son. 

Francis  I.,  son  (Francis  IL  as  emperor  of  Germany);  in  1804 
he  became  emperor  of  Austria  only. 

Ferdinand  V'.,  son;  Ferdinand  I.  as  emperor  of  Austria. 

Francis  Joseph,  emperor  of  Austria;  nephew;  succeeded  on 
the  abdication  of  his  uncle,  2  Dec.  1848;  crowned  king  of 
Hungary,  8  June,  1867. 

Hunker,  Illinkeri§lll,  a  term  applied  to  the 
conservative  element  in  the  Democratic  party  of  New  York, 
1835-60,  which  accepted  the  pro-slavery  doctrine  of  the  south 
without  question.     Barnburners. 

Huns,  a  race  of  warlike  Asiatics,  said  to  have  conquered 
China  about  210  B.C.,  and-  to  have  been  expelled  therefrom 
about  90  A.D.  They  invaded  Hungary  about  376,  and  drove 
out  the  Goths.  Marching  westward,  under  Attila,  they  were 
thoroughly  beaten  at  Chalons  by  the  consul  Aetius,  451 ;  on 
the  death  of  Attila  they  ceased  to  be  formidable  and  gradu- 
ally disappeared. 

hunting^.  The  Assyrian  kings  maintained  game  pre- 
serves, and  with  the  Egyptians  were  partial  to  the  chase. 
Herod,  says  Josephus,  was  a  successful  sportsman.  The  an- 
cient Greeks  loved  the  chase,  and  Xenophon  wrote  a  work  on 
hunting,  especially  the  hare,  with  dogs. 
Alfred  the  Great  is  said  by  Asserius,  his  biographer,  to  have 

been  an  expert  hunter  at  12  years  of  age 860 

♦'  Bokysof  Hawking  and  Huntyng,"  by  dame  Julyana  Earners, 

was  printed  at  St.  Albans 1486 

Famous  among  modern  hunters  are  Rowaleyn  Gordon  Gum- 
ming, Scottish  sportsman  of  Altyre,  who  spent  5  years  hunt- 
ing in  S.  Africa,  between  1843  and  1849 ;  and  Jules  Gerard, 
surnamed  the  "  Lion-killer,"  a  French  officer  in  Africa,  who 

killed  his  25th  Hon 1855 

Stag  hunting. — A  pack  of  stag-hounds  is  recorded  as  kept  by 

Hugh  RoUand,  queen  Elizabeth's  ranger,  at  Simonsbath 1598 

This  pack  was  sold  in  London 1825 

Sir  Arthur  Chichester  establishes  a  pack  of  stag-hounds  in  Ex- 
moor  district 1827 

Fox  hunting. — Lord  Wilton  says :  "  About  the  year  1750  hounds 
began  to  be  entered  solely  to  fox."  Previous  to  this  time 
the  fox  was  not  considered  an  animal  of  the  higher  chase. 

Lord  Arundel  (English)  kept  a  pack  of  fox-hounds 1690-1700 

Fox-hunting  has  come  into  some  prominence  in  the  U.  S.  since 
1876,  when  the  "Livingston  County  (N.  Y.)  Hunt  "  was  organized 
by  W.  A.  Wadsworth  and  C.  C.  Fitzhugh,  and  the  "  Queens  County 
Drag  Hounds  "  was  established.  Other  hunt-clubs  in  the  U.  S. 
and  Canada  are :  Rockaway,  at  Cedarhurst,  L.  I. ;  Essex  County,  at 
Orange,  N.  J. ;  Meadowbrook,  at  Hempstead.  L.  I. ;  Myopia,  Wen- 
ham,  Mass. ;  Radnor,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. ;  Rose  Tree,  Media,  Pa. ;  Elk 
Ridge,  near  Baltimore;  Dutchess  County  Hunt-Club,  N.  Y. ;  Dun- 
blane Hounds,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Montreal  Hunt-Club,  Quebec; 
and  Toronto  Hunt-Club,  Ont.     Dogs. 

liurricanes.     Storms. 

hussars',  Hungarian  mounted  militia,  provided  by 
land-holders;  instituted  by  Matthias  Corvinus,  about  1359. 
(Hussar  is  derived  from  huss,  20,  and  ar,  price).  The  British 
hu-ssars  were  enrolled  in  1759. 

Huss'ites.  The  clergy  having  instigated  the  pope 
to  issue  a  bull  against  heretics,  John  Huss  (b.  in  Bohemia, 
1373),  a  zealous  reformer,  was  cited  before  the  council  of 
Constance,  the  emperor  Sigismond  sending  him  a  .safe  -  con- 
duct. He  appeared,  but  was  thrown  into  prison,  and  after 
some  months'  confinement  was  condemned  and  burned  alive, 
with  heroic  endurance,  6  or  7  July,  1415.  Jerome  of  Prague, 
his  intimate  friend,  who  came  to  support  and  second  him,  was 
also  burned,  30  May,  1416,  although  under  a  safe  -  conduct. 
Many  followers  of  Huss  took  up  arms  in  1419,  formed  a  po- 
litical party  under  John  Ziska,  and  built  the  city  of  Tabor. 
Ziska  defeated  emperor  Sigismond,  11  July,  1420,  and  a 
short  truce  followed.  Ziska,  blinded  at  the  siege  of  Rabi, 
beat  all  the  armies  sent  against  him.  He  died  of  the  plague, 
18  Oct.  1424,  and  is  said  to  have  ordered  a  drum  made  of  his 
skin  to  terrify  his  enemies.  2  Hussite  generals,  named  Proco- 
pius,  defeated  the  imperialists  in  1431,  and  a  temporary  peace 
ensued.  Divisions  took  place  among  the  Hussites,  and  on  30 
May,  1434,  they  were  defeated,  and  Procopius  the  elder  slain 
at  Bomischbrod  or  Lippau.  Toleration  was  granted  by  the 
treaty  of  Iglau,  and  Sigismond  entered  Prague  23  Aug.  1436. 
The  Hussites  opposed  his  successor,  Albert  of  Austria,  and 


called  Casimir  of  Poland  to  the  throne ;  but  were  defeated  im 
1438.  Hussites  still  existed  in  the  time  of  Luther,  and  were 
called  *'  Bohemian  Brethren." 

llUSting^S  (said  to  be  from  house-court,  an  assembly  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons),  an  ancient  court  of  London,  its  supreme- 
court  of  judicature,  as  the  court  of  common  council  is  of  legis- 
lature. The  court  of  hustyngs  was  granted  to  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, to  be  holden  and  kept  weekly,  by  Edward  the  Confessor 
1052.  One  was  held  to  outlaw  defaulters,  6  Dec.  1870.  Win- 
chester, Lincoln,  York,  etc.,  were  also  granted  hustings  courts 

Hutchings,  William.     Revolution,  Survivors  op- 

THE. 

Hutchinson,  Anne.  Massachusetts,  1636;  New 
York,  1643. 

Hutchinsonians  included  many  eminent  clergy  of 
England,  who  did  not  form  a  sect,  but  held  the  opinions  of 
John  Hutchinson  of  Yorkshire  (1674-1737);  they  rejected  the 
Newtonian  system,  and  sought  in  the  Scriptures  a  complete- 
natural  philosophy.  Hutchinson's  work,  "  Moses'  Principia,"" 
was  pub.  1724.  He  derived  all  things  from  air,  whence,  he 
said,  proceeded  fire,  light,  and  spirit,  types  of  the  Trinity. 
In  1712  he  invented  a  timepiece  for  finding  longitudes,  and 
died  in  1737. 

Hydas^'pes,  a  river  in  India,  where  Alexander  the 
Great  defeated  Porus,  after  a  severe  engagement,  327  b.c. 

Hyde  park,  London,  W.,  the  ancient  manor  of  Hyde,, 
belonging  to  Westminster  abbey,  became  crown  property  at 
the  dissolution,  1535.  It  was  sold  by  Parliament  in  1652 ;  but 
resumed  by  the  king  at  the  restoration  in  1660.  The  Serpen- 
tine was  formed  1730-33. 

Colossal  statue  of  Achilles,  cast  from  cannon  taken  at  Sala- 
manca, Vittoria,  Toulouse,  and  Waterloo,  inscribed  to  "Ar- 
thur, duke  of  Wellington,  and  his  brave  companions  in  arms, 
by  their  countrywomen,"  erected 18  June,  1822; 

hydraulic  press.     Hydrostatics. 
hydrochlo'ric  acid  or  chlorhy'dric  acid, 

the  only  known  compound  of  chlorine  and  hydrogen,  discov- 
ered by  dr.  Priestley,  1772;  its  constitution  determined  by 
Davy,  1810.  It  is  also  called  muriatic  acid  and  spirits  of  salt. 
Alkalies. 

hydrodynamics,  that  branch  of  hydromechanics 
that  treats  of  the  motion  of  fluids.     Hydrostatics. 

hy'drogen  (from  Gr.  v^wp,  water,  and  y(.vvdh),  I  gen- 
erate). Paracelsus  observed  a  gas  rise  from  a  solution  of 
iron  in  oil  of  vitriol,  about  1500;  Turquet  de  Mayerne  discov- 
ered its  inflammability,  1656 ;  as  did  Boyle,  1672 ;  Lemery 
noticed  its  detonating  power,  1700.  In  1766  Cavendish  proved 
it  to  be  an  element,  and  in  1781  he  and  Watt  first  showed  that 
when  combined  with  oxygen,  by  burning,  water  is  produced. 
Subsequently  Lavoisier  decomposed  water,  and'^gave  hydrogen 
its  present  name  instead  of  "  inflammable  air."  One  volume 
of  oxygen  combines  with  2  volumes  of  hydrogen  to  form  water. 
Hydrogen  is  never  found  in  the  free  state.  It  was  liquefied 
by  Raoul  Pictet  and  Cailletet,  end  of  1877.     Elements. 

hydroge'nium,  a  hypothetical  metal.  In  a  paper 
before  the  Royal  Society,  London,  7  Jan.  1869,  Thomas  Gra- 
ham, master  of  the  mint,  suggested  that  a  piece  of  the  metal 
palladium,  into  which  hydrogen  had  been  pressed,  became  an 
"  alloy  of  the  volatile  metal  hydrogenium." 

hydrog'raphy  is  the  description  of  the  surface  waters 
of  the  earth.  The  first  sea-chart  is  attributed  to  Henry  the 
Navigator,  in  the  16th  century.  Charts,  Coast  survey,, 
Maps. 

hydrom'eter,  an  instrument  to  measure  gravity, 
density,  and  other  properties  of  liquids.  The  oldest  mention 
of  it  occurs  in  the  5th  century  in  the  letters  of  Synesius  to 
Hypatia;  but  it  is  not  improbable  that  Archimedes  was  the 
inventor  of  it. — Bechmann.  Archimedes  was  killed  in  212b.c., 
and  Hypatia  was  torn  to  pieces  at  Alexandria  415  a.d.  Robert 
Boyle  described  a  hydrometer  in  1675.  Baume's  (1762)  and 
Sykes's  (about  1818)  have  been  much  employed. 

hydrop'athy,  a  term  applied  to  the  treatment  of 
disease  by  cold  water,  practised  by  Hippocrates  in  the  4th. 
century  b.c.,  by  the  Arabs  in  the  10th  century  a.d.,  and  re- 


I 


HYD 


361 


ICH 


vived  by  dr.  Currie  in  1797.  A  system  was  taught  in  1825 
iby  Vincenz  Priessiiitz,  of  Grafenberg,  in  Austrian  Silesia. 
Similar  doctrines  were  outlined  by  dr.  Sydenham  before  1689. 
Priessnitz  died  26  Nov.  185\.— Br ande.  Medical  science 
(Theories,  Systems,  and  Schools). 

hydropllO'toia  (Gr.  v8po,  water,  0o/3og,  fear),  proper- 
ly, a  horror  of  water,  a  disease  originating  in  dogs,  but  com- 
rnunicable  to  men  by  the  saliva  of  the  dog  entering  the  blood, 
And  characterized  by  great  nervous  disturbance,  muscular  rig- 
ors. It  was  regarded  as  inevitably  fatal,  until  the  first  inoc- 
ulation of  the  human  subject  for  hydrophobia  was  performed 
by  Louis  Pasteur  upon  Joseph  Meister  at  Paris,  7-16  July, 
1885.  First  on  natives  of  the  United  States,  4  children  from 
Newark,  N.  J.,  sent  to  him  for  treatment  21  Dec.  1885;  suc- 
Kjessful.  First  performed  in  the  U.  S.  by  dr.  Valentine  Mott 
of  New  York,  Oct.  1886,  virus  procured  at  Pasteur's  laboratory. 

hydrostafics.  Theory  and  practice  of  the  pressure 
•and  equalization  of  fluids,  etc.,  were  probably  first  studied  in 
fthe  Alexandrian  school  about  300  u.c.  b  c. 

Pressure  of  fluids  discovered  by  Archimedes about    250 

Forcing-pump  and  air-fountam  invented  by  Hero about    120 

A.D. 

"Water-mills  were  known about        1 

Science  revived  by  Galileo,  Castellio,Torricelli,  and  Pascal  (who 
suggested  the  principle  of  the  hydraulic  press)  17th  century. 

Theory  of  rivers  scientifically  understood 1697 

Oscillation  of  waves  correctly  explained  by  Newton 1714 

:Scientiflc  form  given  to  hydro-dynamics  by  Bernouilli 1738 

Joseph  Bramah's  hydrostatic  or  hydraulic  press  patented 1785 

Sir  William  Armstrong's  hydraulic  crane  patented 1846 

John  Crowther's 1825 

hygiene  (hy'-gem),  from  Hygieia,  goddess  of  health. 
The  science  of  the  preservation  of  health.    Life,  Sanitary. 


liyg^rom'eter,  an  instrument  to  measure  moisture  in 
the  atmosphere.  That  by  Saussure  (d.  1799)  is  most  em- 
ployed. It  consists  of  a  human  hair  boiled  in  caustic  lye,  and 
acts  by  absorption.— ^mwtZe.  Daniell's  hygrometer  (1820)  is 
much  esteemed. 

tiyinilS.  The  song  of  Moses  is  the  most  ancient,  1491 
B.C.  (Exod.  XV.).  The  Psalms  date  from  about  1060  b.c,  to 
about  444  b.c.  (from  David  to  Ezra).  The  Jews  often  accom- 
panied hymns  with  instrumental  music.  Paul  (64  a.d.)  speaks 
of  Christians  admonishing  one  another  "  in  psalms  and  hymns 
and  spiritual  songs  "  (Col.  iii.  16).  Hilary,  the  bishop  of  Aries, 
in  France,  is  said  first  to  have  composed  hymns  to  be  sung  in 
Christian  churches,  about  431.  The  hymns  of  dr.  Watts 
(d.  1784),  of  John  Wesley  (d.  1791),  and  of  his  brother  Charles 
(d.  1788),  are  used  by  English  churchmen  and  dissenters. 
"  Hymns,  Ancient  and  Modern,"  edited  by  rev.  sir  Henry 
Baker,  first  appeared  in  1860.  "Dictionary  of  Hymnology," 
by  rev.  John  Julian,  pub.  1892. 

hyp'notij^ni  (Gr.  virvog,  sleep),  or  nervous  sleep,  terms 
given  by  Mr.  Braid  (in  1843)  to  a  sleep-like  condition  produced 
by  steadily  fixing  the  mind  on  one  object.  Minor  surgical 
operations  have,  it  is  said,  been  performed  without  pain  on 
persons  in  this  state.  "  It  may  be  regarded  as  an  artificial 
catalepsy." — EncycL  Brit.,  9th  ed.,  vol.  xv.,  p.  282. 

liypsoin'eter,  a  thermometrical  barometer  for  meas- 
uring altitudes,  invented  by  F.  J.  Wollaston  in  1817 ;  much 
improved  by  Regnault  about  1847. 

Hyrea'llitl,  Asia,  near  the  Caspian,  a  province  subject 
to  Persia,  334  b.c.  ;  held  by  Parthians,  244.  It  is  now  Ma- 
zenderan,  a  Persian  province. 


i,  the  9th  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  corresponding  to 
■the  Greek  iota,  v/hich  was  derived  from  Semitic  source,  and 
possibly  ultimately  from  Egypt.     Alphabet. 

iambic  ver§e,  a  verse  consisting  wholly  or  mainly  of 
iambic  feet,  each  of  which  consists  of  one  short  followed  by  a 
long  syllable,  on  which  the  stress  falls.  It  is  the  common  verse 
■of  dramatic  dialogue,  both  in  Greek  and  in  Latin ;  and  the  iam- 
bus is  the  fundamental  foot  in  all  epic  and  heroic  poetry,  in  the 
Italian,French,  German,  and  other  languages,  as  well  as  in  Eng- 
.-glish.  The  word  iambus  was  mythically  derived  from  lambe, 
in  Greek  mythology  an  attendant  of  Metanira,  wife  of  Celeus, 
iingofEleusis,  who  entertained  Demeter,  while  seeking  through 
Attica  her  daughter  Perserphone,  with  jokes,  stories,  and  poeti- 
cal effusions ;  and  hence  free  and  satirical  verses  were  called 
iambics. — Apollodorus.  Iambic  verses  were  first  written  about 
700  B.C.  by  Archilochus,  who  courted  Neobule,  the  daughter  of 
Lycambes;  but,after  a  promise  of  marriage,  the  father  ])referred 
a  richer  suitor;  whereupon  Archilochus  wrote  so  bitter  a  satire 
•on  the  old  man's  avarice  that  he  hanged  himself. — Herodotus. 

Iberia.     Georgia,  Spain. 

Icarians.  A  communistic  society,  founded  in  France 
•by  Etienne  Cabet  in  1840.  3  Feb.  1848,  the  van-guard  sailed 
for  Texas  and  settled  in  Fanin  county.  Decimated  b}"^  fever, 
the  remnant  joined  a  second  colony  from  France,  and  settled 
at  Nauvoo,  111.,  in  Mch.  1849.  In  'l853  they  purchased  3000 
acres  in  Adams  county,  Iowa,  to  which  they  removed  in  1859. 

ice.  Water  in  the  solid  state,  which  it  assumes  under 
ordinary  conditions  of  atmospheric  pressure  at  a  temperature 
of  32-  Fahrenheit.  Galileo  observed  ice  to  be  lighter  than 
water,  about  1597  ;  specific  gravity  being  .92.  The  ice  trade 
lirst  started  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1805,  when  a  man  named  Tu- 
dor shipped  ice  to  Martinique.  Ice  is  now  made  artificially, 
especially  in  the  southern  states  and  in  Australia. 

Iceland,  an  island  situated  between  the  N.  Atlantic 
and  the  Arctic  oceans,  subject  to  Denmark,  discovered  by  Nor- 
wegian chiefs  about  861;  according  to  some  accounts,  it  had 
beon  previously  visited  by  a  Scandinavian  pirate.  Area, 
u9.756  sq.  miles ;  pop.  69,224. 
12* 


Colonized  by  Norwegians — 874 

Christianity  introduced about  100(1 

[Annual  general  assembly  was  termed  Althing:  4  great 

schools,  like  universities,  were  founded  in  the  11th  century; 

and  education  was  general.] 
Warrior,  statesman,  and  poet  Snorri  Sturluson  was  murdered, 

22  Sept.  1241 
Had  a  republican  government  and  a  flourishing  literature  till 

subjected  to  Hakon,  king  of  Norway 1264 

Protestantism  introduced * about  1551 

New  constitution  signed  by  the  king,  5  Jan.,  took  effect  1  Aug., 

on  a  visit  of  king  Christian  of  Denmark,  when  the  1000th 

anniversary  of  the  colonization  was  celebrated  at  the  capital, 

Reykjavik 1874 

Cloasby's  Icelandic-English  Dictionary  pub.  in  England 1869-73 

Iceland  has  suffered  by  volcanic  eruptions,  especially  in  1783;  and 

on  29  Mch.  1875,  whole  districts  of  pasture-land  were  devastated. 

America,  Eddas,  Hecla. 

Ice'ni,  a  British  tribe,  chiefly  in  SuflFolk  and  Norfolk. 
In  61  A.D.,  while  Suetonius  Paulinus  was  reducing  Mona  (An- 
glesey), incited  by  their  queen  Boadicea  they  marched  south- 
wards and  destroyed  Verulam,  London,  and  other  places,  with 
the  Roman  inhabitants  ;  but  were  defeated  by  Suetonius,  with 
great  slaughter,  near  London. 

"  While  about  the  shores  of  Mona  those  Neronian  legionaries 
Burnt  and  broke  the  grove  and  altar  of  the  Druid  and  Druidess, 
Far  in  the  East  Boadicea,  standing  loftily  charioted, 
Mad  and  maddening  all  that  heard  her  in  her  fierce  volubility. 
Girt  by  half  the  tribes  of  Britain,  near  the  colony  Camulodi'ine, 
Yell'd  and  shriek'd  between  her  daughters  o'er  a  wild  confedera- 
cy." — Tennyson,  "  Boadicea. " 

ice-yacliting.    Sailing. 

"  IcU  dicn  "  ("I  serve"),  the  motto  under  the  plume  of 
ostrich  feathers  found  in  the  helmet  of  the  king  of  Boliemia, 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Cressy  while  a  volunteer  in  the  French 
army,  26  Aug.  1346.  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  who  won  the 
battle,  in  respect  to  his  father,  Edward  III.,  who  commanded 
in  chief,  adopted  the  motto,  since  borne  with  the  feathers  by 
heirs  to  the  crown  of  England. 

ichnol'Ogry,  the  science  of  footprints,  or  impressions 
in  mud  or  sand  of  animals  of  former  ages.  Dr.  Duncan 
discovered  the  footprints  of  a  tortoise  in  the  sandstone  of  An- 
nandale,  in  1828;  many  discoveries  have  since  been  made  by 
Owen,  Lyell,  Huxley,  and  others. 


ICH 


362 


tchthyoroj;^)',  the  science  of  fishes.  Eminent  writers 
are  Willoughbv,  Kay,  Valenciennes,  Cuvier,  Owen,  Agas8iz,etc. 
Yarrell's  "British  Fishes"  (1836-59)  is  a  classical  work.    Fish. 

ICO'nillin,  now  Ko'ltiyell,  a  town  of  Syria.  Here 
Paul  and  Barnabas  preached,  38.  Soliman  the  Seljuk  founded 
a  kingdom  here  in  1074,  which  lasted  till  conquered  by  Turks, 
1307,  but  subdued  by  crusaders  in  1097  and  1190. 

ICOn'OClB§t8  ("  image-breakers  ").  The  controversy  re- 
specting images  (introduced  into  churches  for  popular  instruc- 
tion about  300)  began  about  726,  and  caused  disturbance  and 
loss  of  life  in  the  Eastern  empire.  Leo  Isauricus  issued  2 
edicts  for  demolishing  images  in  churches  in  that  year,  and 
enforced  them  with  rigor  in  736.  Defenders  of  images  were 
again  persecuted  in  752  and  761,  when  Constantine  forbade  his 
subjects  becoming  monks.  The  worship  of  images  was  restored 
by  Irene  in  780.  This  schism  occasioned  the  second  council  of 
Nice,  787.  Theophilus  banished  painters  and  statuaries  from 
the  Eastern  empire,  832.  The  iconoclasts  were  excommunicated 
at  the  8th  general  council  at  Constantinople, 869-70.  This  con- 
troversy led  to  the  separation  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches. 
Many  images  in  churches  were  destroyed  in  England  and  Scot- 
land during  the  Reformation  and  the  English  civil  war,  1641-48. 

Idaho  (Ind.  Edah  hoe),  one  of  the  states  of  the  north- 
western division  of  the  Union.  Its  name  signifies  "  light  on 
the  mountains."  It  lies  be- 
tween 42°  and  49°  N.  lat,  and 
111°  and  117°  W.  Ion.  The 
Dominion  of  Canada  bounds 
it  on  the  north,  Montana  and 
Wyoming  on  the  east,  Utah 
and  Nevada  on  the  south,  and 
Oregon  and  Washington  on  the 
west.  Area,  84,800  sq.  miles, 
in  18  counties;  pop.  1890, 
84,385 ;  capital,  Boise  City. 

First  white  men  in  Idaho, 
Lewis  and  Clark's  explor- 
ing expedition  (United  States) 1805-6 

First  settlement  at  fort  Hall  by  N.  J.  Wyeth 1834 

Cceur  rt'Alene  mission  established 1842 

Gold  discovered  on  the  Oro  Fino  creek,  followed  by  a  large 

immigration 1858-60 

Idaho  created  a  territory 3  Mch.  1863 

General  school  law  passed 12  Jan.  1877 

Test-oaths  abjuring  polygamy,  plural  and  celestial  marriages 

required  of  all  county  and  precinct  officers 1884-85 

New  capitol  completed  at  Boise  City 1887 

Insane  asylum  erected  at  Blackfeet " 

Legislature  unseats  3  members  as  ineligible  under  the  anti- 
Mormon  test-oaths 1888 

University  at  Moscow,  authorized  by  the  legislature Jan.  1889 

Convention  frames  a  state  constitution 4  July-6  Aug.     " 

Constitution  ratified  and  state  officers  elected 5  Nov.     " 

Supreme  court  sustains  the  Idaho  anti-Mormon  test-oath  law 

for  voters 3  Feb.  1890 

Admitted  as  the  43d  state  by  proclamation  of  president.  3  July,     " 
Gov.  Shoup  takes  the  oath  of  oflQce,  3  Nov.,  and  convenes  the 

legislature  at  Bois^  City 8  Dec.     " 

Legislature  elects  U.  S.  senators;  gov.  Shoup  for  term  ending 
i  Mch.  1891  (also  F.  T.  Dubois  to  succeed  him),  and  "W.  J.  Mc 

Connell 18  Dec,     " 

Lt.-gov.  Willey  succeeds  gov.  Shoup  resigned 20  Dec.     " 

Election  of  Dubois  being  deemed  illegal,  William  H.  Claggett  is 

chosen  Shoup's  successor 11  Feb.  1891 

Law  allowing  verdict  by  three-fourths  of  a  jury  in  a  civil  action, 
and  an  Australian  ballot  law  enacted  at  session  ending  14  Mch.     " 

U.  S.  senate  seats  Dubois  (vote  55-5) 3  Mch.  1892 

Lockout  involving  3000  striking  miners  begins  in  the  Cceur 
d'Alene  mining  district  in  Shoshone  county,  1  Apr.  An  attack 
on  men  employed  in  the  Gem  mines,  made  by  union  men, 

results  in  the  killing  of  several  miners 11  July,     " 

Martial  law  put  in  force  in  Shoshone  county 14  July,     " 

Proclamation  of  pres.  Harrison  commanding  all  persons  in 

insurrection  in  Idaho  to  disperse 16  July,     " 

Two  thousand  U.  S.  troops,  by  order  of  pres.  Harrison,  occupy 

Wardner,  14  July;  suppress  disturbance;  withdraw. 23  July,     " 
Trial  of  insurrectionary  miners  at  Cceur  d'Alene  city  for  con- 
spiracy; 4  convicted,  10  acquitted 29  Sept     " 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 


Name.  Date. 

Wm.  H.  Wallace 1863  to  1864 


Caleb  Lyon 1864 

David  W.  Ballard.. .  .1866 

Samuel  Bard 1870 

Gilman  Marston 1870 

Alexander  Connor. .  .1871 
Thomas  M.  Bowen. .  .1871 


1866 
1867 


Name.  Date. 

Thomas  W.  Bennett.,  1871  to  1876. 

Mason  Brayman 1876  "  1880 

John  B.  Neil 1880  "  1883 

John  N.  Irwin 1883 

Wm.  N.  Burn 1884  "  1885 

Edwin  A,  Stevens. .  .1885  "  1889 


ILL 


STATE   GOVERNORS. 


Name. 

Date 

Remarki.             fl 

1890 
1890  to  1893 
1893  "  1895 
1895  "  1897 

Elected  U.  S.  senatfl 
Lt.-gov.  acting.       ■ 
Republican.             M 

N.  B.  Willey 

Wm.  J.  McConnell 

UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  IDAHO.                ^ 

Name. 

No.  of  CouRreM. 

Date.     1               Remarks. 

George  L.  Shoup 

Fred.  T.  Dubois 

Fiay-flrst 

1890 

Term  expires,  189T 
189& 

lcleali§in.     Philosophy. 

Ide§  (Lat.  idus),  in  the  Roman  and  church  calendar 
the  15th  day  of  Mch.,  May,  July,  and  Oct. ;  the  13th  day  in 
every  other  month.  Dates  were  reckoned  backward  from 
the  ides,  as  from  the  calends  and  the  nones.  On  the  idus 
of  Mch.,  44  B.C.,  Julius  Caesar  was  assassinated, 

idols.  Images  or  similitudes  of  a  divinity,  as  objects 
of  worship.  The  public  worship  of  idols  was  introduced  by 
Ninus,  king  of  Assyria,  2059  b,c. —  Vossius.  Images  are  men- 
tioned in  Gen.  xxxi.  19,  30,  1739  b.c.  The  Jews  frequently 
deserted  the  worship  of  God  for  idols  till  their  captivity,  588 
B.C.  Constantine,  emperor  of  Rome,  ordered  heathen  temples 
destroyed,  and  all  sacrifices  to  cease,  330  \.v>.—Dvfresnoy. 
Idolatry  was  revived  in  Britain  by  Saxons  about  473,  but 
died  out  after  the  coming  of  Augustin,  about  597.  Icono- 
clasts, Wkek. 

Idumse'a,  the  country  of  the  Edoraites,  descendants  of 
Esau,  brother  of  Jacob  (Gen.  xxxvi.,  Josh.  xxiv.  4).  ^  ^ 

Edomites  refuse  the  Israelites  a  way  through  their  country  . .  1453 

They  are  subjugated  by  David ._ 1040' 

Revolt  against  Ahaziah,  892;  are  defeated  by  Amaziah 827 

They  join  the  Chaldaeans  against  Judah,  and  are  anathema- 
tized in  Ps.  cxxxvii about    570- 

John  Hyrcanus,  the  Maccabee,  subjugates  and  endeavors  to 

incorporate  them  with  the  Jews 125 

Herod  the  Great,  son  of  Antipater,  an  Idumajan,  king  of  Judsea,      40 

Ildefon'SO,  San,  a  town  of  Spain.  Here  was  signed 
a  treaty  between  France  and  Spain,  19  Aug.  1796 ;  and  another,, 
by  which  France  regained  Louisiana,  1  Oct.  1800.  United 
States. 

Ilerda,  a  town  of  N.E.  Spain,  founded  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians, now  Lerida  on  the  Segre.  Here  Caesar  defeated  Afra- 
nius  and  Petreius,  lieutenant  of  Pompey,  after  a  brave  re- 
sistance, 49  B.C. 

irium,  Asia  Minor.  A  city  was  built  here  by  Dardanus 
and  called  Dardania,  1480  b,c.  Troy,  another  city,*  was  found- 
ed by  Troas,  about  1341  b.c.  ;  and  llus,  his  successor,  called 
the  country  Ilium.     Homer. 

Illinois,  one  of  the  northern  central  states  of  the  United 
States,  its  western  boundary  the  Mississippi  river,  which  sep- 
arates  it  from  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri;  Wisconsin   bounds  it 
on  the  north,  lake  Michigan 
touching  the  northeastern  cor- 
ner ;  Indiana  on  the  east,  and 
Kentucky  on  the  south.    It  is 
limited  in  lat.  by  36°  59'  to  42° 
30'  N.,  and  in  Ion.  by  87°  35' 
to  91°  40'  W.     Area,  56,650 
sq.   miles,   in    102    counties. 
Pop.  1890,  3,826,351.     Cap- 
ital, Springfield. 
Louis  Joliet  and  Jacques 
Marquette   descend    the 
Mississippi  river  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  to  the 
Arkansas.    Returning,  they  ascend  the  Illinois,  making  their 
way  to  lake  Michigan  via  the  Desplaines  and  Chicago  rivers,  167$ 
Marquette,  purposing  to  establish  a  mission  among  the  Illi- 
nois Indians,  makes  a  portage  from  the  Chicago  to  the  Des- 
plaines, descends  the  Illinois  river  nearly  to  Utica,  where  he 

meets  a  large  concourse  of  chiefs  and  warriors 8  Apr.  1C75- 

Father  Claude  Allouez,  successor  to  Marquette,  who  d.  18  May, 
1675,  enters  the  Chicago  river  on  his  way  to  the  Indian  mis- 
sion   Apr.  167ft 

Robert  Cavalier  Sieur  de  la  Salle,  with  Henry  Tonti,  father 
Hennepin,  and  a  party  of  33,  descending  the  Kankakee  and 
Illinois  rivers,  pass  through  Peoria  lake  3  Jan.  1680,  and 

erect  fort  Crevecoeur  on  the  east  shore  of  the  outlet 1680 

Father  Hennepin  descends  the  Illinois  from  the  fort  to  explore 
the  upper  Mississippi 28  Feb,     " 


i 


ILL  363 

La  Salle,  returning  from  Montreal  with  supplies  for  fort  Creve- 
coeur,  finds  the  town  of  the  Illinois  Indians  burned  by  the 

Iroquois,  the  fort  destroyed,  and  the  garrison  dispersed 1680 

La  Salle  and  Tonti,  seeking  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  de- 
scend the  Illinois,  arriving  at  its  mouth 6  Feb.  1682 

They  build  fort  St.  Louis  on  Starved  Rock  on  the  Illinois,  near 

the  site  of  Utica Nov.     " 

La  Salle  returns  to  France,  1683;  sails  for  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  in  Aug.  168i.  Tonti,  with  25  Frenchmen  and  5 
Indians,  intending  to  meet  him  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, leaves  fort  St.  Louis 13  Feb.  1686 

I       Fort  Chicago,  probably  built  by  M.  de  la  Durantaye  in  1685,  ap- 

I  pears  on  a  map  of  lake  Michigan  dated 1688 

Mission  established  at  the  great  town  of  the  Illinois  is  re- 
(  moved  down  the  river  to  the  present  site  of  Kaskaskia  before  1690 

[       Philip  Renault,  with  200  mechanics  and  laborers  and  500  negro 
[  slaves  for  working  supposed  mines  in  Illinois,  founds  St. 

1  Philipps,  a  village  a  few  miles  above  Kaskaskia 1719 

i       Pierre  Duque  Boisbriant,  sent  by  the  Western  company,  builds 
j  fort  Chartres  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  22  miles  from 

Kaskaskia 1720 

Jesuits  establish  a  monastery  and  college  at  Kaskaskia 1721 

.  Kaskaskia  becomes  an  incorporated  town 1725 

Renault  sells  his  slaves  to  the  French  colonists  in  Illinois 1744 

Fort  Massac,  or  Massacre,  on  the  Ohio,  about  40  miles  from  its 
mouth,  established  by  the  French  about  1711,  is  enlarged 

and  garrisoned 1756 

British  flag  raised  over  fort  Chartres 10  Oct.  1765 

Col.  Wilkins,  sent  to  fort  Chartres  to  govern  the  Illinois  coun- 
try, assumes  by  proclamation  the  civil  administration,  ap- 
pointing 7  magistrates  or  judges 21  Nov.  1768 

First  court  held  in  Illinois  opens  at  fort  Chartres 6  Dec.     " 

Land  grant  of  30,000  acres  in  the  present  county  of  Randolph 
made  by  col.  Wilkins,  to  John  Baynton,  Samuel  Wharton, 

and  George  Morgan,  merchants  of  Philadelphia 12  Apr.  1769 

A  freshet  destroying  a  part  of  fort  Chartres,  it  is  abandoned  by 
the  British  garrison,  who  occupy  fort  Gage,  opposite  Kas- 
kaskia, and  fix  the  government  there 1772 

Deed  to  the  Illinois  Land  company  from  the  chiefs  of  Indian 
tribes  in  Illinois  for  2  immense  tracts  of  land  in  southern 

Illinois,  bought  5  July,  recorded  at  Kaskaskia 2  Sept.  1773 

American  expedition  under  George  Rogers  Clark  conquers 

Illinois  without  bloodshed,  occupying  Kaskaskia 4  July,  1778 

Territory  conquered  by  col.  Clark  is  made  by  the  legislature  of 

Virginia  into  Illinois  county Oct.     " 

Col.  John  Todd  proclaims  from  Kaskaskia  a  temporary  govern- 
ment for  Illinois 15  June,  1779 

Illinois  included  in  the  Virginia  act  of  cession  to  the  U.  S. 

20  Dec.  1783,  the  deed  of  which  is  executed 1  Mch.  1784 

Illinois  included  in  Northwest  territory,  organized  by  act  of 

Congress 13  July,  1787 

Maj.-gen,  Arthur  St.  Clair,  elected  by  Congress  governor  of  the 

Northwest  territory,  arrives  at  Kaskaskia Feb.  1790 

By  act  of  Congress  400  acres  are  granted  to  every  head  of  fam- 
ily who  had  improved  farms  in  Illinois  prior  to  1788 1791 

By  the  treaty  of  Greenville,  16  tracts  6  miles  square  in  Illi- 
nois are  ceded  by  the  Indians  ;  one  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Chicago  river,  "where  a  fort  formerly  stood " 3  Aug.  1795 

Site  of  Peoria  fixed  by  the  abandonment  of  a  settlement  called 

La  Ville  de  Maillet,  located  farther  up  the  lake  in  1788 1796 

Jean  Baptiste  Point  de  Saible,  a  negro  who  settled  at  Chicago 
about  1779,  sells  his  cabin  to  a  French  trader  named  Le  Mai 

and  moves  to  Peoria " 

Illinois  part  of  Indiana  territory,  created  by  act  of 7  May,  1800 

Memorial  to  Congress  by  a  committee  called  to  Vinceunes  by 
gov.  Harrison,  requesting  repeal  of  the  6th  article  of  the 

organic  act  prohibiting  slavery 20  Dec.    1802 

By  treaty  of  fort  Wayne,  7  June,  ratified  at  Vincennes  7  Aug. 
1803,  the  Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  1,634,000  acres  of  land, 
336,128  in  Illinois;  and  by  treaty  of  Vincennes,  13  Aug.,  the 

Kaskaskias  cede  most  of  southern  Illinois 1803 

Fort  Dearborn  built  on  the  south  side  of  Chicago  river  by  the 
federal  government  and  garrisoned.  The  corner  of  Michi- 
gan ave.  and  River  st. ,  Chicago,  marks  the  site " 

Congress  establishes  land  offices  at  Kaskaskia,  Vincennes,  and 

Detroit 15  Mch.  1804 

John  Kinzie  of  the  American  Fur  company  buys  Le  Mai's  trad- 
ing house  ;  is  the  first  permanent  settler  at  Chicago " 

By  the  treaty  of  St.  Louis,  3  Nov.  1804,  the  united  Sac  and  Fox 
Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  land  on  both  sides  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  extending  on  the  east  from  the  mouth  of  the 

Illinois  to  its  head  and  thence  to  the  Wisconsin 3  Nov.     " 

Western  Star  Lodge  of  Freemasons  established  at  Kaskaskia, 

24  Sept.  1805 
Piankeshaw  Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  2,616,921  acres  west  of 

the  Wabash,  opposite  Vincennes 30  Dec.     " 

Territory  of  Illinois  created  with  Kaskaskia  as  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment  3  Feb.  1809 

Ninian  Edwards  commissioned  governor  by  Madison  . .  .24  Apr.     " 
;    Mail  route  established  by  law  from  Vincennes  to  St.  Louis  via 

Kaskaskia,  Prairie  du  Rocher,  and  Cahokia 1810 

I   Illinois  raised  to  second  grade  of  territorial  government,  21  May,  1812 

Owing  to  Indian  murders  and  outrages  a  cordon  of  forts  and 
t      blockhouses  is  erected  in  Illinois  ;  the  most  noted  is  fort 

i       Russel,  near  Edwardsville " 

i  Garrison  of  Fort  Dearborn  by  order  of  gen.  Hull,  7  Aug.  1812, 

I      though  reinforced  by  capt.  Wells  and  15  friendly  Miamis, 

1      evacuate  the  fort  15  Aug.    They  are  attacked  and  massacred 

by  Indians  ;    39   killed,  27  taken  prisoners,  and  the   fort 

burned 15-16  Aug.     " 

i  Capt.  Craig  of  Shawneetown,  under  instructions  from  gen. 
I 


ILL 

I  Samuel  Hopkins,  burns  Peoria  and  removes  the  captured 
French  inhabitants  suspected  of  complicity  with  the  Ind- 
ians, to  Alton Oct.  1812 

Legislature  convenes  at  Kaskaskia 25  Nov.     " 

Illinois  Herald  established  at  I{;askaskia  by  Matthew  Duncan.  1814 
Laws  of  the  territory  revised  by  Nathaniel  Pope,  and  printed 

by  Matthew  Duncan  under  date 2  June,  ISIS' 

Bank  of  Illinois  incorporated  at  Shawneetown 1816 

Fort  Dearborn  rebuilt " 

Charter  for  Cairo  city  granted  by  the  legislature 1817-18 

Enabling  act  for  thp  state  of  Illinois  approved. 18  Apr.  1818 

Northern  boundary  of  Illinois  extended  50  miles  to  lat.  42°  30',     '* 
Convention  at  Kaskaskia  to  frame  a  constitution  adopts  an 

ordinance  accepting  the  Enabling  act 26  Aug.     " 

Illinois  Emigrant^  afterwards  the  Illinois  Gazette,  established 

at  Shawneetown  by  Henry  Eddy  and  Singleton  H.  Kimmel..     " 
First  general  assembly  under  the  constitution  meets  at  Kas- 
kaskia  5  Oct.     " 

Illinois  admitted  into  the  Union,  approved 3  Dec.     " 

State  bank  of  Illinois  incorporated  with  4  branches  . .  .22  Mch.  1819 
Legislature  re-enacts  the  "black  laws"  respecting  free  ne- 
groes, mulattoes,  servants,  and  slaves 30  Mch.      " 

Spectator  founded  by  Hooper  Warren  at  Edwardsville " 

Ferdinand  Ernst,  from  Hanover,  locates  a  colony  of  25  or  30 

families  at  Vandalia " 

John  Kelly  and  family  the  first  white  settlers  at  Springfield  . .     " 

A  Frenchman  named  Boutilier  settles  on  the  Fever  river " 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Vandalia 1820 

State-house  at  Vandalia  destroyed  by  fire 9  Dec.  1823 

General  election,  proposed  convention  to  amend  constitution, 

permitting  slavery,  defeated  by  4972  to  6640 Aug.  1824 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  Association  incorporated  .  .19  Jan.  1825 

Reception  given  gen.  Lafayette  at  Kaskaskia , 30  Apr.     " 

Congress  grants  224,322  acres  to  the  state  of  Illinois  to  aiding 

the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal 2  Mch.  1827 

Father  of  Abraham  Lincoln  removes  from  Indiana  with  his 

family  to  Macon  county.  111 1830 

Towns  of  Chicago  and  Ottawa  surveyed  and  laid  out  by  a  board 
of  canal  commissioners,  and  maps  prepared  by  James  Thomp- 
son bearing  date 4  Aug.     " 

State  penitentiary  at  Alton  constructed 1831 

"Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,"  the  first  book  pub- 
lished in  the  state,  by  Sidney  Breese " 

U.  S.  troops  under  gen.  Gaines,  having  burned  the  old  Sac  vil- 
lage on  the  Mississippi,  deserted  by  Black  Hawk  and  his 
warriors,  encamp  at  Rock  island,  where  Black  Hawk,  sum- 
moned to  a  council,  signs  an  agreement  not  to  recross  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Illinois  side  without  permission  from  the 

governor,  or  the  president  of  the  U.  S 30  June,     " 

Rock  Springs  Theological  seminary  and  high-school,  founded 
by  rev.  John  M.  Peck,  D.  D.,  is  transferred  to  Alton  and  be- 
comes the  nucleus  of  Shurtleflf  college " 

Black  Hawk,  with  150  warriors,  unsuccessfully  attacks  Apple 

River  fort,  12  miles  from  Galena 6  June,  1832 

Battle  of  Kellog's  grove,  60  miles  from  Dixon  ;  col.  Demont 

attacked  by  Indians  under  Black  Hawk 26  June,     " 

Chicago  incorporated  as  a  town Aug.  1833 

New  state  bank  with  6  branches,  incorporated 1834 

Abraham  Lincoln  elected  to  the  state  legislature " 

[Also  1836, '38, '40.] 
First  number  of  the  Alton  Observer,  an  antislavery  newspa- 
per, published  by  rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy 8  Sept.  1835 

Abraham  Lincoln  admitted  to  practise  law " 

Act  to  establish  and  maintain  a  general  system  of  internal  im- 
provement appropriates  $10,230,000 27  Feb.  183T 

Chicago  chartered  as  a  city 4  Mch.     " 

Corner  stone  of  state  capitol  at  Springfield  laid 4  July,      " 

Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  publisher  of  the  Alton  Observer,  shot 

dead  by  a  mob  at  his  office  (Alton  riot) 7  Nov.     '< 

First  rail  on  NorthernCross  railroad  laid  at  Meredosia,9  May, and 

first  locomotive  in  Mississippi  valley  put  on  the  track,  8  Nov.     " 
Legislature  first  meets  at  Springfield,  the  new  capital:  Assem- 
bly in  second  Presbyterian  church.  Senate  in  first  Methodist, 

and  the  superior  court  in  the  Episcopal 9  Dec.  1839 

Mormons  locate  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Hancock 

county,  and  found  Nauvoo 1840 

Knox  college,  at  Galesburgh,  chartered  1837,  opened 1841 

Laws  passed,  "to  diminish  the  state  debt  and  put  the  state  bank 
into  liquidation,"  24  Jan.  1843,  and  "  to  reduce  the  public  debt 

$1,000,000  and  put  the  bank  of  Illinois  into  liquidation  " 1843 

Mormon  leaders  Joe  and  Hyrum  Smith,  the  former  mayor  of 
Nauvoo,  imprisoned  for  treason  in  levying  war  against  the 
state  by  declaring  martial  law  in  Nauvoo,  and  by  ordering 
out  the  Nauvoo  Legion  to  resist  a  posse  comitattis,  assassinated 

in  jail  at  Carthage  by  conspirators 27  June,  1844 

Jacksonville  Female  academy,  at  Jacksonville,  opened  1830, 

chartered 1845 

Two  thousand  Mormons,  the  van  of  the  general  exodus,  cross 

the  Mississippi  on  the  ice 15  Feb.  1S46 

Illinois  Institute  for  the    Deaf  and   Dumb,  at  Jacksonville, 

opened " 

Abraham  Lincoln  elected  to  Congress " 

Illinois  Female  college  at  Jacksonville  opened  and  chartered. .  1847 

Illinois  Institution  for  the  Blind  at  Jacksonville  opened " 

Convention  met  at  Springfield  7  June,  1847,  and  completed  a 
constitution  31  Aug.,  which  is  adopted  by  the  people,  59,887 

to  15,859  and  takes  effect 1  Apr.  1848 

Illinois  StaatsZeitung  founded  by  Robert  Hoeffger,  at  Chicago, 

Apr.  " 
Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  begun  in  1836,  opened  ...  .16  Apr.  " 
Bloody  Island  dike  built  at  E.  St.  Louis " 


ILL  364 

Rockford  seminary  at  Rockford,  chartered  in  1847,  is  opened,  1849 
Jefferson  Davis  challonges  col.  W.  H.  Bissell,  afterwards  gov- 
ernor, to  a  duel  ;  he  accepts  the  challenge,  but  the  matter  is 

amicably  settled Feb.  1850 

Geological  survey  authorized  by  act  of 17  Feb.  1861 

Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Jacksonville  opened. . .  Nov.     " 
liiiw  providing  that  any  negro  or  mulatto,  bond  or  free,  who 
comes  into  the  stale  and  rouiains  10  days,  may  be  lined  $50 

or  sold  into  slavery  until  the  Hue  is  worked  out 12  Feb.  1853 

Act  passed  incorporating  the  State  Agricultural  Society " 

Mount  Carrol  seminary,  at  Mount  Carrol,   chartered  1852, 

opened " 

Illinois  Wesleyan  university,  at  Bloomington,  chartered  and 

opened " 

State  common-school  convention  meets  at  Bloomington. . .  Dec.     " 
Hon.  N.  W.  Edwards  appointed  state  superintendent  of  com- 
mon schools 15  Mch.  1854 

Attempt  of  senator  Stet)hen  A.  Douglas  to  address  the  people 
of  Chicago  from  an  open  balcony  in  defence  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill  is  met  with  hisses,  groans,  and  continued  noise 

for  4  hours,  when  Douglas  retires 1  Sept.     " 

1  jiw  for  a  system  of  free  schools  in  the  state 15  Feb.  1855 

Trial  of  some  30  German  saloon  keepers  in  Chicago  for  violat- 
ing the  prohibitory  liquor  law  just  passed  leads  to  a  riot  21 

Apr. ;  city  placed  under  martial  law 22  Apr.     " 

Eureka  college,  opened  at  Eureka  in  1849,  receives  its  charter,     " 
Northwestern  university  at  Evanston,  chartered  in  1851,  is 

opened " 

Illinois  state  university  at  Normal  opened 1857 

Monmouth  college  at  Monmouth,  opened  in  1856,  chartered...      " 
Many  prisoners  ftom  the  old  penitentiary  at  Alton  removed  to 

the  new  penitentiary  at  Joliet 22  May,  1858 

Debate  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas  throughout  the  state  on 

slavery summer  and  autumn,     " 

Gov.  Bissell  dies;  lieut.-gov.  John  Wood  succeeds 18  Mch.  1860 

Abraham  Lincoln  nominated  for  president  by  the  Republican 

national  convention  at  Chicago 16  May,     " 

Abraham  Lincoln  inaugurated  president 4  Mch.  1861 

<ien.  Swift,  with  6  companies  and  4  cannon,  leaves  Chicago  to 
occupy  Cairo,  under  telegraphic  order  from  the  secretary  of 

war  to  gov.  Yates,  of  19  Apr 21  Apr.     " 

Twenty-one  thousand  stands  of  arms  seized  at  the  St.  Louis 
arsenal  by  forces  under  capt.  Stokes,  and  removed  to  Alton 

by  boat,  thence  to  Springfield  by  rail 26  Apr.     " 

U.  S.  Grant  tenders  his  services  to  gov.  Yates,  and  is  assigned 

to  command  of  camps  Yates,  Grant,  and  Douglas Apr.     " 

Stephen  A.  Douglas  dies  at  Chicago,  aged  48 3  June,     " 

Dr.  Newberry  organizes  the  northwestern  branch  of  the  U.  S. 

Sanitary  Commission  at  Chicago " 

A  convention  chosen  to  form  a  new  constitution  meets  7  Jan. 
1862;  assumes  legislative  powers,  ratiflestheXIII.lh  Amend- 
>ment  to  the  Constitution,  votes  $500,000  of  state  money  for 
the  relief  of  sick  and  wounded  Illinois  soldiers,  and  frames  a 

constitution  which  was  rejected  by  the  people June,  1862 

Arsenal  established  by  act  of  Congress  on  Rock  island,  where 

fort  Armstrong  was  erected  in  1816 1863 

Chicago  Times  suppressed   for  one  day  by  order  from  gen. 

Burnside,  No.  84,  dated  1  June,  and  revoked 4  June,    " 

Democratic  mass  convention,  40,000  delegates,  held  at  Spring- 
field  17  June,     " 

Political  disturbance  at  Charleston,  Coles  county,  between  citi- 
zens attendant  upon  the  circuit  court  and  veterans  of  the 

54th  Illinois  regiment;  7  lives  are  lost 22  Mch.  1864 

Discovery  of  fraudulent  reissue  of  $224,182.66  of  90  days  re- 
deemed canal  scrip  dating  back  some  30  years,  by  the  use  of 
checks  signed  in  blank  at  that  time.  Suspicion  points  to 
ex-gov.  Mattesou,  who  offers  to  indemnify  the  state  against 
'  loss,  9  Feb.  1859.  Other  evidences  of  fraud  in  office  coming 
to  light,  under  a  decree  rendered  in  the  Sangamon  circuit 
court  against  Malteson  for  $255,500,  the  state  secures  $238,- 
000  at  a  master's  sale  of  the  ex-governor's  property... 27  Apr.    " 

Democratic  national  convention  meets  at  Chicago 29  Aug.     " 

Plot  to  liberate  confederate  prisoners  at  camp  Douglas,  Chi- 
cago, is  exposed,  and  leaders,  arrested  Nov.  1864,  are  tried 

by  court-martial  and  convicted  at  Cincinnati Jan,  1865 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XIII. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 

and  repeals  the  '•  black  laws  " " 

Burial  of  pres.  Lincoln  at  Springfield 4  May,    " 

Sanitary  Commission  fair  at  Chicago,  $250,000  raised May,     " 

Illinois  Asylum  for  Feeble-minded  Children,  at  Lincoln,  opened,     *' 
First  post  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  mustered  in  at 

Decatur  (Grand  Army) 6  Apr.  1866 

Orville  H.  Browningappointedsecretary  of  the  interior..!  Sept.     " 
Tunnel  under  lake  Michigan  to  supply  Chicago  with  water 

completed;  length  2  miles Dec.     " 

Law  passed  abolishing  capital  punishment 1867 

Horace  Capron,  U.  S.  commissioner  of  agriculture 4  Dec.     " 

University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana.  chartered  1867,  opened  .Mch.  1868 
U.  S.  Grant  nominated  for  president  by  the  Republican  na- 
tional convention  at  Chicago 20  May,     " 

Cook  county  normal  school  at  Englewood  opened "  . 

Corner-stone  of  the  new  capitol  at  Springfield  laid 5  Oct.     " 

First  river-tunnel  in  this  country  completed  under  the  Chi- 
cago river;  810  ft.  long Dec.     " 

U.  S.  Grant  inaugurated  president 4  Mch.  1869 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution; 

vote,  in  Senate  17  to  7  ;  in  House,  52  to  27 5  Mch.     " 

Elihu  B.Washburne  appointed  secretary  of  treasury '•         " 

John  A.  Rawlins  appointed  secretary  of  war 11  .Mch.     " 

Appropriation  made  by  legislature  for  the  Northern  Illinois 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Elgin " 


ILL 

Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  at  Springfield,  May,  1870; 
ratified  by  the  people;  134.227  to  35,443 2  July, 

Evangelical  proseminary  at  Klmhurst,  chartered  1868,  opened. 

Seminary  of  the  Sacred  Heart  at  Chicago,  opened  in  1858, 
chartered 

Remains  of  pres.  Lincoln  transferred  from  the  temporary 
tomb  to  the  crypt  of  the  monument  at  Oak  Ridge  cemetery. 

May, 

Deepening  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  to  create  a  cur- 
rent from  lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois  river,  begun  in  1865, 
is  completed 18  July, 

Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  turned  over  to  the  state Aug. 

Sovereign  Grand  Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  meets  at  Chicago, 

18  Sept. 

Chicago  fire,  which  burns  over  2124  acres  and  destroys  17,500 
buildings,  begins  (Fikes) 8-9  Oct. 

New  building  for  the  U.  S.  Marine  hospital  established  at  Chi- 
cago, May,  1852  ;  completed 

Gov.  Oglesby,  elected  U.  S.  senator  ;  lieut.-gov.  John  L.  Bev- 
eridge  succeeds  him 4  Mch. 

St.  Francis  Solanus  college  at  Quincy,  opened  in  1860,  is  char- 


1 


1870 


1871 


tered. 


Northwestern  Farmers'  convention  of  150  delegates  from  Indi- 
ana, Iowa,  Michigan,  New  York,  and  Illinois,  meets  at  Chi- 
cago   22  Oct. 

North  wing  of  the  Southern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Anna 
opened 15  Dec. 

Southern  Illinois  normal  university  at  Carbondale  opened 

Monument  to  Abraham  Lincoln  at  Oak  ridge,  Springfield,  dedi- 
cated (Lincoln's  monument) 15  Oct. 

National  convention  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  held 
at  Chicago 12  May, 

National  temperance  association  meets  at  Chicago  ...  .3  June, 

Chicago  day  schools  for  the  deaf  opened 

Lake  Forest  university,  at  lake  Forest,  opened 

Parade  of  1500  armed  Communists  carrying  the  red  flag  in 
Chicago,  winter  of 

Appropriation  by  the  legislature  for  the  Eastern  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  at  Kankakee 

State  Board  of  Health  organized 

Illinois  Industrial  School  for  Girls,  at  South  Evanston,  opened. . 

Militia  law;  entire  male  population  to  be  enrolled,  and  hOOO 
organized  and  armed  ;  no  other  military  organizations  to 
parade  or  drill  unless  licensed 28  May, 

Board  of  Fish  Commissioners  created  by  legislature 

Bureau  of  labor  statistics  established 

Republican  national  convention  meets  at  Chicago 2  June, 

Greenback  national  convention  meets  at  Chicago '• 

Robert  T.  Lincoln  secretary  of  war 5  Mch. 

St.  Joseph's  Diocesan  college,  at  Teutopolis,  opened  1862, 
chartered 

Aurora  the  first  city  in  the  world  to  light  its  streets  with  elec- 
tricity   

State  penitentiary  at  Chester  ready  for  occupation 

St.  Mary's  school,  Knoxville.  opened  1868,  chartered 

Gov.  Cullom,  elected  U.  S.  senator,  is  succeeded  by  John  M. 
Hamilton 7  Feb. 

Chicago  Voice  and  Hearing  School  for  the  Deaf  opened  at  En- 
glewood  

Ephphatha  School  for  the  Deaf  opened  at  Chicago 

Haymarket  massacre  by  anarchists  (Chicago) 4  May, 

Illinois  Soldiers  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Quincy,  organized  18b5, 
and  dedicated 20  Oct. 

Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  U.  S.  senator,  dies  at  Washington.  .26  Dec. 

Appropriation  by  the  legislature  for  the  Industrial  Home  for 
the  Blind  in  Cook  county 

Illinois  asylum  for  insane  criminals  established  at  Chester 

Chicago  university  endowed  with  $1,600,000  by  J.  D.  Rocke- 
feller, and  a  gift  of  land  by  Marshall  Field,  .v. 

Convention  of  Afro- American  leagues  opens  in  Chicago..  15  Jan. 

Chicago  secures  the  World's  Fair,  the  vote  on  the  site  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  being:  Chicago,  157  ;  New  York, 
107  ;  St.  Louis,  26  ;  Washington,  18 24  Feb. 

Panic  in  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade 12  Apr. 

Constitutional  amendment,  to  permit  the  city  of  Chicago  to 
issue  5%  bonds  to  $5,000,000  to  aid  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  adopted  by  legislature 31  July, 

Governor  signs  the  World's  Fair  bill 5  A  ug. 

George  R.  Davis  selected  as  director  general  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition 19  Sept. 

Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  democrat,  elected  U.  S.  senator  on  the 
154th  ballot 11  Mch. 

Laws  reducing  the  legal  rate  of  interest  from  6  to  5%,  and 
making  the  first  Monday  in  Sept.  (Labor  Day)  and  12  Feb. 
(Abraham  Lincoln's  Birthday)  legal  holidays,  passed  at  ses- 
sion ending 12  June, 

Gov.  Fifer  signs  the  Ballot  Reform  bill 23  June, 

First  reunion  of  survivors  of  the  Black  Hawk  war  of  1832  held 
at  Lena  ;  17  veterans  present '.  .28  Aug. 

Equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Grant  unveiled  at  Chicago 7  Oct. 

World's  Fair  amendment  to  state  constitution  adopted  by  vote 
of  500,299  to  15,095 Nov. 

Alien  land  law  pronounced  unconstitutional 23  Dec. 

Train  of  28  cars  containing  12,000  bushels  of  shelled  com,  the 
contribution  of  residents  of  McLean  county  to  the  Russian 
famine  sufferers,  is  made  up  at  Bloomington 10  Mch. 

Eighty  sq.  miles  of  territory  inundated  by  the  breaking  of  a 
levee  on  the  Mississippi 

Democratic  national  convention  meets  at  Chicago 21  June, 

University  of  Chicago  opens,  without  formal  ceremony,  with 
500  students 1  Oct. 


1872 
1873 


1874 

1875 
1876 


1877 
1878 


1879 


1887 


1891 


1392' 


ILL 


365 


IMM 


World's  Columbian  Exposition,  preliminary  exercises  at  Chi- 
cago •  orations  by  Chauncey  M.  Depew  and  Henry  Watterson, 

'21  Oct.  1892 

U.  S.  supreme  court  affirms  the  judgment  of  the  U.  S.  circuit 
court  adverse  to  the  claims  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
company  to  the  submerged  lands 5  Dec.     " 

World's  Columbian  Exposition  opened  at  Chicago 1  May,  1893 

Gov.  Altgeld  pardons  the  anarchists  Fielden.  Neebe,  and 
Schwab,  serving  sentence  in  the  penitentiary  for  complicity 
in  the  Haymarket  riot  (Chicago) 26  June,     " 

Garter  H.  Harrison,  mayor  of  Chicago,  assassinated  (Chicago), 

28  Oct.     " 

World's  Columbian  Exposition  closed .30  Oct.     " 

Prendergast,  the  murderer  of  the  mayor  of  Chicago,  hanged, 

-  13  July,  1894 

TERRITORIAL.   GOVERNOR. 

Ninian  Edwards commissioned 24  Apr.  1809 


STATE. 


Shadrach  Bond. 


1818 


Edward  Cowles 

Ninian  Edwards "  "     

John  Reynolds "  "     

William  L.  D.  Ewing acting 

Joseph  Duncan assumes  office 

Thomas  Carlin "  "     

Thomas  Ford "  "     

Augustus  C.  French "  "     

Joel  A.  Matteson "  " 

William  H.  Bissell "  •'     '. 

John  Wood acting 18  Mch. 

Richard  Yates assumes  office Jan. 

Richard  J.  Oglesby " 

John  M.  Palmer " 

Richard  J.  Oglesby " 

John  L.  Beveridge acting 4  Mch. 

Shelby  M.  Cullom assumes  office Jan. 

John  M.  Hamilton acting 7  Feb. 

Richard  J.  Oglesby Jan. 

Joseph  W.  Fifer " 

John  B.  Altgeld " 


1822 
1826 
1830 
1834 


1842 
1846 
1853 
1857 
1860 
1861 
1865 
1869 
1873 

1877 
1883 
1885 
1889 
1893 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


Remarks. 


Ninian  Edwards 

Jesse  B.  Thomas 

John  McLean 

Elias  Kent  Kane 

David  J.  Baker 

John  M.  Robinson 

William  L.  D.  Ewing... 

Richard  M.  Young 

Samuel  McRoberts 

Sidney  Breese 

James  Semple 

Stephen  A.  Douglas 

James  Shields 

Lyman  Trumbull 

Orville  H.  Browning. . . 
William  A.  Richardson. 

Richard  Yates 

John  A.  Logan 

Richard  J.  Oglesby 

David  Davis 

John  A.  Logan 

Shelby  McCullom 

Charles  B.  Farwell 

John  M.  Palmer 


15th  to  18th 
15th  "  19th 
18th  "  20th 
19th  "  23d 

21st 
21st  to  27th 

24th 
25th  to  27th 

27th 
28th  to  31st 

28th 

29th  to  37th 

31st  "  33d 
34th  "  42d 

37th 
37th  to  39th 
39th  "  42d 
42d  "  45th 
43d  "  46th 
45th  "  47th 
46th  "  49th 

48th   

50th  "  51st 
52d    


1818  to  1824 
1818  "  1826 
1824  "  1830 
1826  "  1835 

1830 
1831  to  1841 

1836 
1837  to  1843 
1841  "  1843 
1843  "  1849 
1843  "  1846 

1847  "  1861 

1849  '>  1855 
1855  "  1871 

1861 
1863  to  1865 
1865  "  1871 
1871  "  1877 
1873  "  1878 
1877  "  1883 
1879  "  1886 

1883   

1887  "  1891 
1891   


Seated  4  Dec.  1818.  Resigned  1824. 

Seated  4  Dec.  1818. 

Elected  in  place  of  Edwards.    Died  14  Oct.  1830. 

Died  11  Dec.  1835. 

Appointed  in  place  of  McLean,  1830. 

Elected  in  place  of  McLean. 

Elected  in  place  of  Kane,  1836. 

Died  27  Mch.  1843. 

Appointed  in  place  of  McRoberts,  1843. 

Nominated  for  the  presidency  1860  by  the  Democratic  party. 
Died  3  June,  1861. 


Appointed  in  place  of  Douglas. 
Elected  in  place  of  Douglas. 


Nominated  for  vice-president  1884.     Died  26  Dec.  1886. 
Term  expires  1895. 


Term  expires  1897. 


illuminatecl  books.  The  practice  of  decorating 
MSS.  with  drawings,  emblematical  figures,  and  portraits,  is  of 
great  antiquity.  Varro  wrote  the  lives  of  700  illustrious  Ro- 
mans, embellished  with  their  portraits,  about  70  b.c. — Plin. 
"  Nat.  Hist."  Beautiful  missals  and  other  works  were  printed 
in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  and  fine  imitations  have  ap- 
peared.    Manuscripts. 

Illuniina'ti,  heretics  in  Spain,  where  they  were  called 
Alombrados,  about  1575.  Suppressed  there,  they  appeared 
in  France.  One  of  their  leaders  was  friar  Anthony  Buchet. 
They  professed  to  obtain  grace  and  perfection  by  prayer.  A 
secret  society  bearing  this  name,  opposed  to  tyranny  and 
priestcraft,  founded  in  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria,  by  dr.  Adam  Weis- 
haupt,  in  May,  1776,  was  suppressed  in  1784-85. 

illu§trated  papers.     Newspapers. 

lUyr'ia,  now  including  Dalmatia,  Croatia,  and  Bosnia, 
Austrian  provinces,  after  several  wars  (from  230  b.c.)  was 
made  a  Roman  province,  167  b.c.  In  1809  Napoleon  I.  gave 
the  name  of  lUyrian  provinces  to  Carniola.  Dalmatia,  and  other 


provinces,  then  part  of  the  French  empire,  now  Carinthia, 
Carniola,  etc. 

ilme'llilllll,  a  metal  of  the  tantalum  group,  announced 
by  R.  Herrmann,  about  1847,  but  rejected  by  chemists ;  its 
claims  were  reasserted  by  him  in  1867. 

image-worship.     Iconoclasts. 

"  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ"  ("X>e  Imitaiione 
Chrisii"),  a  devotional  work  of  unknown  authorship.  It  has 
been  attributed  to  an  abbot  Gersen  (whose  existence  is  doubt- 
ful) ;  to  Jean  Gerson,  chancellor  of  Paris ;  and  to  Thomas  k 
Kempis,  said  to  have  been  merely  a  compiler  and  editor;  hQ 
died  25  July,  1471. 

immaeulate  eoneeption.    Conception. 

immig^ratioil  into  the  United  States.  Owing  to  the 
increased  immigration  into  the  U.  S.  of  paupers  and  criminals, 
Congress  in  1885  and  1891  enacted  laws  regulating  immigra- 
tion, and  in  the  latter  j'ear  created  the  office  of  Superintendent 


of  Immigration.     United  States,  1885-91,  etc. 
NUMBER  OF  IMMIGRANTS  AND  THEIR  NATIONALITY  BY  DECADES  FROM  1821  TO  1890,  INCLUSIVE. 


Immigrants  from 


Great  Britain  (not  specified). 

Scotland 

Ireland 


Total. 


Germany 

Norway  and  Sweden. 

Austro-Hungary 

Italy :... 

France  

Russian  Poland 

Switzerland 

Denmark 

Netherlands 

Belgium 

Spain  and  Portugal.. 
All  others 


Total 


1821-30 


22,167 
2,912 
50,724 


75,803 

6,761 
91 

'408 

8,497 

91 

3,226 

169 

1,078 

27 

2,622 

43 


23,013 


1831-40 


73,143 

2,667 
207,381 


283,191 

152,454 
1,201 

'  2,253 

45,575 
646 
4,821 
1,063 
1,412 
22 
2,954 


1841-50 


263,332 

3,712 

780,719 


1,047,763 

434,626 
13,903 


1,870 
77,262 

656 
4,644 

539 
8,251 
5,074 
2,759 

155 


1851-60 


385,643 
38.331 
914;il9 


1,338,093 
951,667 


9,231 
76,358 

1,621 
25,011 

3,749 
10,789 

4,738 

10,353 

116 


1861-70 


568,128 
38,768 
435,778 


1.042,674 

787,468 

109,298 

7,800 

11,728 

35,984 

4,536 

23,286 

17,094 

9,102 

6,734 

8,493 

210 


1871-80 


460,479 

87.564 

436;  871 


984,914 

718,182 
211,245 
72,969 
55,759 
72,206 
52,254 
28,293 
31,771 
16,541 
7,221 
9,893 


1881-90 


657,488 
149,869 
655,482 


1,462.839 

1,4.52,970 
568,362 
353,719 
307,309 
50.464 
265,088 
81,988 
88,132 
53,701 
20,177 
6,535 
10,318 


1,021,733     1,276,990  |  3,258,763 


Total.         _       :,„,,, 
1821-90    Grand  Total. 


2,430,380 

323,823 

3,481,074 


4,504.128 
925,031 
434,488 
388,558 
366,346 
324,892 
171,269 
142,517 
100,874 
43,993 
43,609 
11.594 


5,235,277 


7,4.57,299 


IMM  866  IMP 

NUMBER  OP  fMMIGRANTS  AND  THEIR  NATIONALITY  BY   DECAPES  FROM   1821   TO  1890  INCLrPTVE.-(Con^nMef?.) 


I 


/mmlgranU  from 

1821-80 

1881-40 

1841-60 

1851-60 

1861-70 

1871-80 

1881-90 

Total. 

1S21-90 

Grand  total 

Asia: 
China 

2 

8 

8 
40 

36 

47 

41,397 
•    61 

64.301 
308 

123,201 
622 

61.711 
6,669 

290,655 
7,755 

All  others 

Total 

10 
16 

2.277 

3,834 

4,817 

531 

105 

48 
62 

13,624 

12,301 

6,599 

856 

44 

82 
55 

41,723 

13,528 

3,271 

3,579 

368 

41,458 
210 

69,309 

10,660 

3,078 

1,224 

449 

64,609 
312 

153,871 

9,043 

2,191 

1396 

96 

123,823 
229 

383,269 

13,957 

5,362 

928 

210 

68,380 
437 

392,802 

29,042 

1,913 

2,304 

462 

1,046,875 

92,365 

27,231 

10,818 

1,734 

•298.410 

Africa           

1,311 

America : 
British  America 

West  Indies 

Mexico      ... 

Central  America 

Total 

11,564 

325 

2 

32,679 

33,424 

103 

9 

69,802 

62,469 

337 

29 
52,777 

74,720 

3,090 

158 

25,921 

166,597 

3,446 

221 

15,232 

403,726 

10,056 

10,913 

1,540 

426,523 

15,798 

12,574 

1,299 

33,155 
23.906 
199,250 

1,179,02a 

Islands : 
Atlantic 

i 

Pacific 

'^ 

All  others 

Total 

33,006 

69,914 

53,143 

29,169 

18,899 

22,509 

29,671 

256.311 

Totals 

143,412 

599,126 

1,713,251 

2,598,214 

2,314,824 
From  m 
Cr 

2,812,191 
59  to  1820,  e 

5,246,613 
stimated. . 

15,427,631 

250,000 

15,677,631 

Of  the  inomigrants  during  the  last  decade  (1881-90)  61.1  per 
cent,  were  males  and  38.9  per  cent,  females;  21.4  per  cent, 
were  under  15  years,  68.1  per  cent,  were  between  15  and  40, 
and  10.5  per  cent,  were  over  40.  The  number  of  immigrants, 
irrespective  of  nationality,  for  the  year  1891,  was  560,319 ;  1892, 
623,084 ;  1893, 502,917.  The  greatest  number  of  immigrants  in 
any  one  year  was  in  1882,  when  the  number  788,992  was  reached. 

Immortals  (Gr.  aOdvaToi),  the  flower  of  the  Persian 
army,  limited  to  10,000,  and  recruited  from  the  nobility  alone, 
about  500  B.C.  The  name  was  also  given  to  the  body-guard  of 
the  emperors  at  Constantinople  in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries. 

Immortals,  The  forty.  The  Institute  of  France  is  com- 
posed of  5  Academies.  The  highest  is  the  French  academy  of 
40  members,  a  chair  in  which  is  the  highest  honor  in  the  French 
literary  world.  The  others  are  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and 
Belles-Lettres,  40  members ;  Academy  of  Science,  66  members ; 
of  Fine  Arts,  40  members  (14  painters,8  sculptors,8  architects.4 
engravers,  6  musicians);  and  the  Academy  of  Moral  and  Politi- 
cal Science,  40  members.    Members  of  each  are  elected  for  life. 

impeaclimeilt  in  England.  The  first  impeachment 
by  the  commons  and  the  first  of  a  lord  chancellor,  Michael  de 
la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk,  was  in  1386.  By  statute  12  and  13 
Will,  and  Mary,  1700,  no  pardon  under  the  great  seal  shall 
be  pleaded  to  an  impeachment  by  the  commons. 
Impeachmentof  Warren  Hastings,  13  Feb.  1788-25  Apr.  1795;  acquittal. 
Impeachment  of  lord  Melville,  9  Apr. ;  acquittal,  12  June,  1806. 
Inquiry  into  the  charges  preferred  by  col.  Wardle  against  the  duke 

of  York,  27  Jan.  to  20  Mch.  1809;  acquittal. 
Trial  of  Caroline,  queen  of  George  IV.,  by  bill  of  pains  and  penalties, 

before  the  House  of  Lords,  commenced  16  Aug. ;  Mr.  Brougham 

began  her  defence,  3  Oct. ;  the  last  debate  on  the  bill  took  place 

10  Nov.  1820.     Queen  Caroline. 

impeactiment  in  the  United  States.  The  Constitu- 
tion of  the  U.  S.  gives  the  House  of  Representatives  sole  power 
to  impeach  the  president,  vice-president,  and  all  civil  officers  of 
the  U.  S.  by  a  numerical  majority  only.  It  also  gives  the  Senate 
sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  The  Senate  then  sits  as  a 
court,  organizing  anew,  senators  taking  a  special  oath  or  affirma- 
tion applicable  to  the  proceeding.  From  their  decision  there  is 
no  appeal.  A  vote  of  two  thirds  of  the  Senate  is  necessary  to  con- 
vict. When  the  president  is  tried  the  chief-justice  shall  preside. 
The  punishment  is  limited  by  the  Constitution,  (1)  to  removal 
from  office;  (2)  to  disqualification  for  holding  and  enjoying  any 
office  of  honor, trust, or  profit  under  the  U.S.  government.  Im- 
portant cases:  (1)  William  Blount,  U.S.  senator  from  Tennessee, 
for  conspiring  to  transfer  New  Orleans  from  Spain  to  Great  Brit- 
ain,1797-98;  acquitted  for  want  of  evidence.  United  States. 
(2)  John  Pickering,  judge  of  the  district  court  of  New  Hamp- 
shire,  charged  with  drunkenness,  profanity,  etc.;  convicted  12 
Mch.  1803.  (3)  Judge  Samuel  Chase,  impeached  30  Mch.  1804; 
acquitted  1  Mch.  1805.  United  States.  (4)  James  H.  Peck, 
district  judge  of  Missouri,  impeached  13  Dec.  1830,  for  arbitrary 
conduct,  etc.;  acquitted.  (5)  West  H.  Humphreys,  district 
judge  of  Tennessee,  impeached  and  convicted  for  rebellion,  26 
Jan.1862.    (6)  Andrew  Johnson,  pres.  of  the  U.S.,  1868.    Unit- 


ed States.  (7)  W.  W.  Belknap,  sec.  of  war,  impeached  for  re- 
ceiving money  of  post-traders  among  the  Indians,  2  Mch.  1876; 
resigns  at  the  same  time;  acquitted  for  want  of  jurisdiction. 

'*  Impending^  Crisis,"  a  book  written  by  Hinton 
R.  Helper,  a  North  Carolinian,  pointing  out  the  evil  effects 
of  slavery  upon  the  whites,  first  pub.  1857.  It  had  a  large  sale 
(140,000  copies)  and  great  influence.     United  States,  1859. 

Imperial  g^uard  of  France  was  created  by  Napoleon 
from  the  guard  of  the  Convention,  the  Directory,  and  the  Con- 
sulate, when  he  became  emperor  in  1804.  It  consisted  at  first 
of  9775  men,  but  was  afterwards  enlarged.  Subdivided  in  1809 
into  the  old  and  young  guard.  In  Jan.  1814  it  numbered  102,- 
706.  It  was  dissolved  by  Louis  XVIII.  in  1815;  revived  by 
Napoleon  III.  in  1854.  It  surrendered  with  Metz  to  the  Ger- 
mans, 27  Oct.  1870;  and  was  abolished  by  the  defence  govern- 
ment soon  after.     It  took  part  in  the  Crimean  war  in  1855. 

imports  of  merchandise  into  the  United  States  from 
30  Sept.  1789,  for  the  years  shown,  are  given  in  following  table. 
As  the  treasury  accounts  did  not  separate  merchandise  from 
specie  until  1821,  they  are  shown  together  up  to  that  year. 


Year. 


1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1821 
1831 
1841 
1851 
1861 
1871 
1881 
1891 


Imports. 


Merchandise. 


$54,520,835 
95,885,179 
122,957,544 
210,771,429 
289,310,542 
520,223,684 
642,664,628 
844,916,196 


Coin  and  bullion. 


$8,064,890 
7,305,945 
4,988,633 
5,453,503 

46,339,611 

21.270,024 
110,575,497 

36,259.447 


Totals. 


$23,000,000 
91,2.'52,768 
85,400,000 
74,450,000 
62,585,724 
103,191,124 
127,946,177 
216,224,932 
335,650,153 
541,493,708 
753,240,125 
881,175,643 


LIST   AND    VALUE  OF   THE  PRINCIPAL  ARTICLES   OF   IMPORT 
Articles.  FOR  1891.  Value. 

Sugar $105, 728, 

96,123, 


Coffee. 

Wool,  and  manufactures  of. 59, 

Iron  and  steel,  and  manufactures  of. 55, 

Chemicals,  drugs,  dyes,  and  medicines 47, 

Silk  manufactures 37, 

Flax,  hemp,  jute,  etc.,  and  manufactures  of 30, 

Cotton  manufactures 29, 

Hides  and  skins 27, 

Fruits  and  nuts 25, 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of. 19, 

Sillc,  raw 19, 

India-rubber,  and  manufactures  of. 18, 

Tobacco,  and  manufactures  of. 16, 

Tea 13, 

Precious  stones 13 

Leather,  and  manufactures  of. 12, 

Wines 10 


Furs,  and  manufactures  of. 

Earthen-ware  and  china 

Glass  and  glass-ware 

Tin. 


All  other  articles ■••178,     _^ 

Total $844,916,196 


1 


IMP 

TOTAL  VALUE  OF  IMPORTS   INTO   GREAT   BRITAIN. 


36: 


Year. 

Imports. 

Year. 

Import.. 

1800 

£30,570,605 

1879 

£362,991,875 

1810 

36,514,564 

1881 

397,022,489 

1830 

46,245,241 

1883 

426,891,579 

1840 

62,004,000 

1885 

370,967,955 

1850 

95,252,084 

1887 

362,227,564 

1861 

217,485,024 

1889 

427,637,595 

1870 

303,296,082 

1891 

435,441,264 

illipO§tor§.  The  following  are  among  the  most  ex- 
traordinary : 

Mahomet  promulgated  his  creed,  604.     Mahomktanism. 

Aldebert,  a  Gaul,  in  743,  pretending  to  have  a  letter  from  the  Re- 
deemer, which  fell  from  heaven  at  Jerusalem,  seduced  multitudes 
into  woods  and  forests  to  live  in  imitation  of  John  the  Baptist. 
He  was  condemned  by  a  council  at  Rome  in  745. 

•Gonzalvo  Martin,  a  Spaniard,  claimed  to  be  the  angel  Michael  in 
1359;  burned  by  the  Inquisition  in  Spain  in  1360. 

■George  David,  son  of  a  waterman  at  Ghent,  styled  himself  son  of 
God,  sent  into  the  world  to  adopt  children  worthy  of  heaven;  he 
denied  the  resurrection,  preached  a  community  of  women,  and 
taught  that  the  body  only  could  be  defiled  by  sin;  he  had  many 
followers;  d.  at  Basle,  1556,  promising  to  rise  again  in  3  years. 

Otreflef,  a  monk,  pretended  to  be  Demetrius,  the  son  of  Ivan,  czar 
of  Muscovy,  killed  by  the  usurper  Boris.  He  maintained  that  an- 
other child  had  been  substituted.  He  was  supported  by  Poland; 
his  success  led  the  Russians  to  invite  him  to  the  throne,  and  de- 
liver into  his  hands  Feodor,  the  reigning  czar,  and  all  his  family ; 
his  imposition  was  discovered,  and  he  was  assassinated  in  his  pal- 
ace, 1606. 

Sabbata  Levi,  a  Jew  of  Smyrna,  long  amused  Jews  and  Turks  at 
Constantinople,  etc.,  by  personating  Christ,  166G. 

Joseph  Smith.     Mormons. 

Apparition  of  Our  Lady  of  Salette;  imposture  exposed  and  several 
persons  prosecuted,  Apr.  1846.  The  superstition  revived  and  flour- 
ishing, Aug.  1872. 

Pilgrimage  of  about  20,000  persons  to  Lourdes,  in  the  Pyrenees,  on 
account  of  alleged  miracles  (the  Virgin  said  to  have  appeared  to  2 
girls,  11  Feb.  1858),  6  Oct.  1872.     France,  Loretto. 

Louis  XVII.     Fbanck,  list  of  sovereigns. 

IN   BRITISH   HISTORY. 

Man  pretending  to  be  the  .Messiah,  and  woman  assuming  to  be  the 
Virgin  Mary,  were  burned,  1222. 

Jack  Cade  assumed  the  name  of  Mortimer.  Cade's  insurrection, 
1450. 

In  14S7,  Lambert  Simnel,  tutored  by  Richard  Simon,  a  priest,  sup- 
ported by  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  personated  the  earl  of  Warwick. 
Simnel's  army  was  defeated  by  Henry  VII.,  and  he  was  made  a 
scullion  in  the  king's  kitchen. 

For  Warbeck's  imposture  in  1492,  Warbkck. 

Elizabeth  Barton,  styled  the  Holy  Maid  of  Kent,  claimed  inspiration, 
foreteUing  that  the  king  would  have  an  early  and  violent  death  if 
he  divorced  Catherine  of  Spain  and  married  Anne  Boleyn.  She 
and  confederates  were  executed  at  Tyburn,  21  Apr.  1534. 

In  1553  (first  year  of  Mary's  reign,  after  her  marriage  with  Philip), 
Elizabeth  Croft,  a  girl  18  years  of  age,  was  secreted  in  a  wall,  and 
with  a  whistle  uttered  seditious  speeches  against  the  queen  and 
the  prince,  and  also  against  the  mass  and  confession,  for  which 
she  did  penance. 

■William  Hacket,  a  fanatic,  personated  our  Saviour,  and  was  ex- 
ecuted for  blasphemy,  1591. 

Valentine  Greatrix,  an  Irish  impostor,  pretended  to  cure  diseases  by 
stroking  the  patient;  he  deceived  many,  and  occasioned  warm 
disputes  in  Ireland  and  England  about  1666.  Boyle  and  Flam- 
steed  believed  in  him. 

Dr.  Titus  Oates. 

Robert  Young,  a  prisoner  in  Newgate,  forged  the  writing  of  the  earls 
of  Marlborough,  Salisbury,  and  other  noblemen  to  a  pretended 
association  for  restoring  king  James;  the  lords  were  imprisoned, 
but  the  imposture  being  detected,  Young  was  fined  WOOL  and  put 
in  the  pillory,  1692,  and  afterwards  hanged  for  coining. 

Mary  Tofts  of  Godalming,  pretending  to  breed  rabbits  within  her, 
imposed  upon  many  persons  (among  others,  Mr.  St.  Andre,  surgeon 
to  the  king),  who  espoused  her  cause,  1726. 

€ock-lane  ghost  impostures  by  William  Parsons,  his  wife,  and 
daughter,  1762.     Cock-lane  ghost. 

Johanna  Southcote,  claiming  conception  of  the  Messiah,  had  many 
followers;  d.  27  Dec.  1814. 

W.  Thom.    Thomites. 

Tichborne  case.     Trials. 

Abstinence. 

il1ipre§§ioiliste§,  artists  who  aim  at  producing  rapid 
unstudied  effects  independent  of  the  canons  of  art,  as  Manet, 
Duez,  and  others  in  France.  In  England  Mr.  Whistler  ex- 
hibited such  pictures  in  1877,  including  moonlight  scenes, 
■etc.,  painted  in  two  days,  showing  great  sense  of  color.  For 
Mr.  Ruskin's  criticisms,  Trials,  1878. 

impressment  of  seamen,  affirmed  by  sir  M. 

Tester  to  be  an  ancient  practice.  The  stat.  2  Rich.  II.  speaks 
©f  impressment  as  well  known,  1378.  The  first  commission  for 
it  was  issued  29  Edw.  III.  1355.  Pressing  for  sea  or  land  ser- 
vice declared  illegal  by  Parliament,  Dec.  1641,  but  practised 


INC 

till  recently.  Impressment  was  not  resorted  to  in  the  Anglo- 
Russian  war,  1854-55.  Impressment  by  the  British  govern- 
ment of  seamen,  citizens  of  the  colonies,  was  a  cause  of  irri- 
tation in  America  before  the  Revolution.  In  1707  Parliament 
prohibited  impressment  in  colonial  ports.  —  Hildreth,  \o\.  n. 
p.  58.  But  notwithstanding  this  a  riot  in  Boston,  1747,  grew 
out  of  the  impressment  of  citizens.  Massachusetts.  In 
1775  Great  Britain  authorized  impressment  for  the  navy  of 
all  crews  of  captured  colonial  vessels.  As  Great  Britain  claimed 
the  right  of  pressing  into  her  service  any  British-born  seaman 
not  within  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  some  foreign  state, 
after  the  Revolution  native-born  seamen  of  the  United  States 
were  often  taken  by  force  from  their  own  ships  to  serve  in 
the  British  navy.  The  procedure  was  arbitrar}',  and  careful 
discrimination  was  not  made  between  British  subjects  and 
citizens  of  the  U.  S.  This  was  the  main  cause  of  the  war  of 
1812.  The  Jay  treaty  of  1794  was  unpopular,  because  the 
wrongs  of  our  seamen  were  not  noticed,  A  vigorous  attempt 
was  made  by  the  U.  S.  in  1796  to  stop  the  impressment  of 
U.  S.  seamen  by  diplomacy.  —  Hildreth,  vol.  iv.  p.  629.  After 
certain  U.  S.  seamen  were  taken  from  the  U.  S.  sloop-of-war 
Baltimore,  18  Nov.  1798,  by  a  British  war  vessel,  the  U.  S. 
government  directed  its  commanders  to  resist  such  impress- 
ments if  possible,  and  otherwise  to  surrender  their  ships. 
Renewed  outrages  1804.  Renewed  attempt.to  treat  on  this 
subject  1806.  Affair  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Leopard,  1807 ; 
12  June,  1812.  United  States.  Impressment  was  earnestly 
debated  in  Congress  1811,  when  3500  impressed  U.  S.  seamen 
were  asserted  to  be  in  the  British  navy.  The  British  gov- 
ernment admitted  the  number  to  be  1600.  2500  impressed 
seamen  were  committed  to  Dartmoor  and  other  prisons  in 
England  during  the  war  of  1812  for  refusing  to  serve  against 
the  U.  S.,  of  which  they  claimed  to  be  citizens.  Yet  the 
general  desire  for  peace  was  so  strong  in  the  U.  S.  that  the 
subject  was  ignored  in  the  treatv  of  peace  with  Great  Britain, 
1814. 

imprisonment  for  debt.     Arrests,  Debtors, 
Fekrars's  arrest. 
Ineas.     Peru. 

ineendiaries.  The  punishment  for  arson  was  death 
by  Saxon  laws  and  Gothic  constitutions.  Under  Edward  I. 
of  England,  incendiaries  were  burned.  This  crime  was  made 
high-treason  by  statute  8  Hen.  VI.  1429  ;  and  was  denied  ben- 
efit of  clergy,  2*1  Hen.  VIII.  1528.  In  Great  Britain  the  pun- 
ishment of  death  was  remitted,  except  in  special  cases,  in 
1827.     Arson. 

ineest.  Marriage  with  a  very  near  relation,  almost  uni- 
versally forbidden  elsewhere,  was  permitted  in  most  Oriental 
countries  and  Greece.  For  recent  cases,  Portugal,  1760, 1777, 
1826,  and  Italy,  1888.  The  table  of  kindred  in  the  "  Book 
of  Common  Prayer"  was  set  forth  in  1563.  For  the  Hebrew 
law,  see  Leviticus,  chap,  xviii.  (1490  B.C.). 

inell.  It  was  defined  in  1824,  by  act  of  Parliament, 
39.13929  inches  being  the  length  of  a  seconds  pendulum  in 
the  latitude  of  London,  vibrating  in  vacuo  at  the  sea-level,  at 
the  temperature  of  62°  Fahrenheit.  Candles,  Standard  and 
Metric  system. 

Inehcape  bell.  Bell  Rock  light-house. 
ineome-tax  in  the  United  Kingdom.  In  1512  Parlia- 
ment granted  a  subsidy  of  two  fifteenths  from  the  commons 
and  two  tenths  from  the  clergy,  to  begin  war  with  France.  In 
Dec.  1798,  Mr.  Pitt  carried,  amid  great  opposition,  resolutions 
for  increased  taxes  "  as  an  aid  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war" 
with  France. 

Graduated  duties  on  income  imposed,  beginning  with  &01.  per  an- 
num, by  the  act  passed  9  Jan.  1799. 
^' Property  tax"  passed,  levying  5  per  cent,  on  incomes  above  150i. 

and  lower  rates  on  smaller  incomes,  11  Aug.  1803. 
Gross  annual  value  of  property  and  profits  assessed  to  the  income- 
tax  in  the  United  Kingdom  in  1871  was  465,478,688?. ;  in  1890  it 
was  669,358,613?.,  of  which  England  returned  572,128,525?. ;  Scot- 
land, 60,030,510?. ;  Ireland,  37,199,578?. 

revenue  from  incomes  since  1882. 

Year.  Tax  per  £..  Amount  in  £. 

1882 5c? 9,945.000 

1883 &kd 11,900,000 

1884 5d 10,718,000 

1885 6d 12,000,000 


INC 


368 


IND 


Ymt.  Tax  p«r  £.  Amount  In  £. 

1886 Sd 15,160,000 

1887 8<t  16,900,000 

1888 7d 14,440,000 

1889 &d 12,700,000 

1890 6d 12,770.000 

1891 6d 13,250,000 

Since  1877  only  incomes  of  and  above  1501.  are  charged,  with  an 
abatement  of  1202.  on  those  under  4002. 

Income-tax  in  the  United  States.  The  first  income- 
tax  was  enacted  by  Congress  1  July,  1862,  to  take  effect  1863. 
It  taxed  all  incomes  over  $600  and  under  $10,000  3  per  cent., 
and  over  $10,000  5  per  cent.  By  the  act  of  3  Mch.  1865,  the 
rate  was  increased  to  5  and  to  10  per  cent,  on  the  excess  over 
$5000,  the  exemption  of  $600  remaining  the  same.  On  2 
Mch.  1867,  the  exemption  was  increased  to  $1000,  and  the  rate 
fixed  at  5  per  cent,  on  all  excess  above  $1000 ;  the  tax  to  be 
levied  only  until  1870.  After  a  contest  in  Congress  the  tax 
was  renewed  for  one  year  only  by  act  of  14  July,  1870,  at  the 
reduced  rate  of  2J  per  cent,  on  the  excess  of  income  above 
$2000.  A  bill  to  repeal  it  passed  the  Senate  26  Jan.  1871,  by 
26  to  25.  The  House  refused  to  take  up  the  Senate  bill  9  Feb. 
1871,  by  a  vote  of  104  to  105,  but  on  3  Mch.  1871,  concurred  in 
the  report  of  a  committee  which  endorsed  the  Senate  bill  and 
repealed  the  tax.  The  last  tax  levied  under  the  law  was  in 
1871.  Tariff  ;  United  States,  1894.  Income-taxes  as- 
sessed and  due  in  1871  and  for  preceding  years,  however,  con- 
tinued to  be  collected  1872-74  as  seen  by  the  subjoined  table; 

AMOUNT  OF   REVENUE  FROM   INCOME-TAX  EACH  YEAR. 

1863 $2,741,857 

1864 : 20,294,733 

1865 32,050,017 

1866 72,982,160 

1867 66,014,429 

1868 41,455,599 

1869 34,791.857 

1870 37,775,872 

1871 19,162,652 

1872 14,436,861 

1873 5,062,312 

1874 140,391 

Total $346,908,740 

indemnity  bill  relieves  a  minister  of  the  crown  or  a 
government  from  responsibility  for  measures  adopted  in  urgent 
cases,  without  the  sanction  of  Parliament.  One  was  passed  in 
England  19  Apr.  1801 ;  another,  to  indemnify  ministers  for  acts 
during  the  suspension  of  the  Habeas-Corpus  act,  was  carried  in 
the  commons  (principal  divisions,  190  to  64);  and  in  the  lords 
(93  to  27),  10  Mch.  1818.  In  1848  and  1857  bills  of  indemnity 
were  passed  for  the  suspension  of  the  Bank  Charter  act  by  the 
ministry.  Oblivion.  An  indemnity  bill  is  passed  at  the 
end  of  every  session  of  Parliament  for  persons  who  transgress 
through  ignorance  of  the  law.     The  practice  began  in  1715.  . 

Independence,  Declaration  of.  Decla- 
ration OF. 

Indep6ndent§  or  Congreg^ationalisti  hold 
each  church  or  congregation  an  independent  community. 
They  ascribe  no  supreme  authority  to  synods  or  councils,  but 
respect  them  as  advisory  bodies.  A  church  may  reprove  an- 
other, but  cannot  excommunicate.  Robert  Browne  preached 
these  doctrines  about  1585,  but,  after  32  imprisonments,  he 
eventually  conformed  to  the  Established  church.  A  church 
was  formed  in  London  in  1593,  when  there  were  20,000  In- 
dependents. They  were  driven  by  persecution  to  Holland, 
where  they  formed  several  churches;  that  at  Leyden  was 
under  Mr.  Robinson,  by  some  called  the  founder  of  Inde- 
pendency. In  1616  Henry  Jacobs  returned  to  England  and 
founded  a  meeting-house.  Cromwell,  himself  an  Indepen- 
dent, obtained  them  toleration,  in  opposition  to  the  Presbyte- 
rians. The  Independents  published  an  epitome  of  their  faith, 
drawn  up  at  the  Savoy  in  1658 ;  and  the  Congregational  Union 
of  England  and  Wales,  formed  in  1831,  published  their  "  decla- 
ration of  faith,  order,  and  discipline  "  in  1833.  In  1851  they 
had  3244  chapels  for  1,067,760  persons  in  England  and  Wales. 
Worship.  The  first  Independents  in  Scotland  were  the 
Glasites.  The  first  Independent  church  in  America  was 
founded  by  followers  of  John  Robinson,  at  Plymouth,  New 
England,  in  1620.     Congregationalists. 

Index  lIxpurgrato'riu§,  a  catalogue  of  books  pro- 
scribed by  the  church  of  Rome,  first  made  by  inquisitors,  and 


approved  by  the  Council  of  Trent,  1559.  The  index  by  which- 
reading  the  Scriptures  was  forbidden  (with  certain  exceptions), 
to  the  laity  was  confirmed  by  a  bull  of  pope  Clement  VIII.  in 
1595.  Many  works  of  great  authors  of  Fran'ce,  Spain,  Germany, 
and  England  were  thus  prohibited.  On  25  June,  1864,  Hugo's. 
"  Les  Miserables  "  and  other  books  were  added,  and  many  since. 
Index  Society,  established  by  the  librarians  of  va- 
rious London  scientific  and  literary  institutions  and  societies, 
and  literary  men,  to  form  a  library  of  indexes,  and  to  make  in- 
dexes to  rare  serial  works,  important  books,  etc.,  17  Dec.  1877.. 
Poole's  "  Index  to  Periodical  Literature,"  first  pub.  1848. 

India  or  IIindo§tan,  the  most  southern  portion 
of  Asia.  Its  histories  claim  an  antiquity  far  greater  than  the 
reach  of  common  chronologies.  A  race  of  kings  is  mentioned 
as  reigning  2300  b,c.,  and  Buddhism  is  said  to  have  been  in- 
troduced 956  B.C.  Several  ancient  nations,  particularly  the 
Tyrians  and  Egyptians,  carried  on  commerce  with  India.  It 
was  partly  conquered  by  Darius  Hystaspis,  who  formed  aa 
Indian  satrapy,  in  612  b.c.,  and  by  Alexander,  327  B.C.,  and 
afterwards  intercourse  with  the  Roman  empire  extended. 
The  authentic  history  of  Hindostan  commences  with  the  con- 
quest of  Mahmud  Ghuzni,  1004  a.d. — Rennell.  British  India 
comprises  all  the  territory  ruled  by  the  governor  -  general,, 
whether  in  the  Indian  peninsula  or  beyond  it.  The  present, 
form  of  government  Was  established  2  Aug.  1858,  all  the  for- 
mer authority  of  the  East  India  company  being  vested  in  the 
queen.  The  executive  authority  is  a  governor-general  appoint- 
ed by  the  British  crown.  India  extends  from  8°  to  34°  N.  lat. 
and  from  70°  to  90°  E.  Ion.,  and  contains  about  1,587,104  .sq. 
miles,  with  a  population  of  286,696,960  in  1891.  Of  this  pop- 
ulation 220,529,100  belong  to  the  British  territory,  while  the 
native  or  feudatory  states  number  66,167,860.  There  are  27 
cities  in  India,  each  with  100,000  inhabitants  or  more,  and  76 
with  over  50,000.  Calcutta  is  the  largest  with  840,000; 
Bombay  second  with  805,000.  The  revenue  in  1890  was 
85,085,203^.;  expenditures,  82,473,170/.  The  army  consists 
of  European  and  native  soldiers;  the  Europeans  number 
73,405 ;  the  natives,  144,839 ;  total,  218,244.  Miles  of  railway 
1890-91,  16,996.  Bengal,  Bombay,  Calcutta,  Madras,  and 
OuDE  for  further  details.     Ganges  canal.  g  ^ 

Religion  of  Brahma  introduced .about  2000' 

Buddhisna  introduced about    956 

Invasion  of  Alexander 327 

Irruptions  of  Mahometans,  under  Mahmud  Ghuzni,  1001-24.  a.d. 

He  captured  Somnath 1024 

House  of  Ghuzni  extinct,   1186  ;   slave-kings  of  Delhi   rule, 
1206-88  ;  Kilghis  and  house  of  Toghlak,  1288-1412  ;  Syuds, 

1412-50  ;  house  of  Lodi 1450-1526 

Patan,  or  Afghan  empire,  founded 1205 

Invasion  of  Moguls  under  Genghis  Khan,  1219  ;  he  d 1227 

Mogul  Tartars,  under  Timour  (Tamerlane),  invade  Hindostan, 
take  Delhi  ;  defeat  Indian  army,  1397  ;  conquer  Hindostan, 

and  butcher  100,000  people 1398-99^ 

Passage  to  India  discovered  by  Vasco  de  Gama 149T 

First  European  settlement  (Portuguese)  by  him  at  Cochin  (south 

coast) 1502. 

Albuquerque  governor-general,  1508  ;  d.  at  Goa 1514 

Conquest  of  India  completed  by  sultan  Baber,  founder  of  the 

Mogul  empire 1519-26 

Reign  of  his  son  Humayun 1531-56 

Reign  of  Akbar,  greatest  sovereign  of  Hindostan .1556-1605- 

Portuguese  introduce  tobacco 1600. 

Dutch  first  visit  India,  1601  ;  establish  a  United  East  company,  1602. 

Tranquebar  granted  to  the  Danes 161^ 

Reign  of  Jehanghir 1605-27 

Reign  of  Shah  Jehad  ;  golden  age  of  the  Moguls 1627-5* 

Auruugzebe  dethrones  his  father  and  murders  his  brothers, 

1658  ;  reigns 1658-1707 

French  East  India  company  established 1664 

Rise  of  Mahratta  power  under  Sevajee,  1659  ;  he  assumes  roy- 
alty, 1674  ;  d 1680' 

Aurungzebe  conquers  Golconda.  etc 1687 

His  prosperity  wanes,  1702  ;  d. 22  Feb.  1707 

Bahadoor  Shah  succeeds,  1707  ;  d 1712 

Jehander  Shah,  1713  ;  dethroned  and  killed 171» 

Accession  of  Mahomed  Shah 1719' 

Independence  of  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan 1723- 

Rise  of  Mahratta  families,  Holkar  and  Sindiah 1730 

Invasion  of  Persian  Nadir  Shah  or  Kouli  Khan  ;  at  Delhi  he 
orders  a  massacre,  and  150,000  persons  perish  ;  carries  away 

treasure  amoiyiting  to  125,000,000^ 1739- 

Mahomed  Shah  d 1748. 

[The  Mogul  empire  was  now  nominal,  petty  princes  being 
independent.  In  1761,  Shah  Alum  II.,  attacking  the  Eng- 
lish, was  defeated  at  Patna,  15  Jan.  In  1764,  after  the  battle 
of  Buxar,  he  was  protected  by  the  English  at  Allahabad.  Af- 
ter the  victory  at  Delhi,  in  1803.  gen.  Lake  restored  the  aged 
monarch  to  a  nominal  sovereignty,  which  his  son,  Akbar 


IND 

Shah,  inherited.  Hed.  1837.  His  son,  the  last  king  of  Delhi, 
who  received  a  pension  of  about  125,000/.  per  annum,  joined 
the  mutiny  in  1857  ;  was  tried  in  1858,  and  transported  to 
Rangoon  ;  d.  there,  11  Nov.  1862.] 

BRITISH   POWER  IN  INDIA. 

Attempts  to  reach  India  by  northeast  and  northwest 1528 

Sir  Francis  Drake's  expedition 1579 

Levant  company's  land  expedition 1580 

First  commercial  adventure  from  England 1591 

London  Company  of  Merchants  chartered  (India  company) 1600 

Factories  established  at  Surat,  etc 1612 

Sir  Thos.  Roe,  first  English  ambassador 1615 

Madras  founded,  1640  ;  made  a  presidency 1652 

Bombay  ceded  to  England  as  part  of  dowry  of  Catherine,  queen 

of  Charles  II 1662 

French  company  established 1664 

They  settle  at  Pondicherry 1668 

Calcutta  purchased '. 1698 

War  between  the  English  and  French  in  India 1746-49 

English  besiege  Pondicherry,  seat  of  the  French  government, 

without  success 1748 

Clive  takes  Arcot '. 1751 

Peace  made 1754 

Severndroog  and  other  strongholds  of  the  pirate  Angria  taken, 

11  Feb.  1756 
Capture  of  Calcutta  by  Surajah  Dowla  ;  suffocation  of  English 

in  the  Black  hole 20  June,     " 

Clive  retakes  Calcutta,  2  Jan. ;  defeats  the  Soubah  at  Plassey, 

23  June,  1757 

Fort  William,  the  strongest  fort  in  India,  built " 

French  successful  under  Lally 1758 

But  lose  nearly  all  their  power. 1759 

French  under  Lally  defeated  by  sir  Eyre  Coote  near  Wande- 

wash 2  July,  1760 

Hyder  Ali  usurps  the  sovereignty  of  Mysore 1763-64 

Conquest  of  Patna 6  Nov.  1763 

Battle  of  BuxAR 23  Oct.  1764 

Nabob  becomes  subject  to  the  English 1765 

Lord  Clive  obtains  the  Dewanny  by  imperial  grant,  making 

the  company  receivers  of  revenue  in  Bengal,  Bahar,  and 

Orissa,  with  virtual  sovereignty 12  Aug.      " 

Treaty  with  Nizam  Ali  ;  the  English  obtain  the  northern  Cir- 

cars 12  Nov.  1766 

Hyder  Ali  ravages  the  Carnatic Jan.  1769 

Frightful  famine  in  Bengal 1770 

Warren  Hastings  governor  of  Bengal 13  Apr.  1772 

India  bill  :  supreme  court  established 1773 

Treaty  with  Bhootan , 1774 

Death  of  Clive " 

Warren  Hastings  accused  of  taking  a  bribe  from  a  concubine 

of  Meer  Jaffler  (Hastings) 30  May,  1775 

Nuncomar,  a  Brahmin,  accuses  Hastings  of  receiving  bribes, 

11  Mch.  1776 

Is  hanged  for  forgery 5  Aug.     " 

Pondicherry  taken 11  Oct.  1778 

Fortress  of  Gwalior  taken  by  Popham 4  Aug.     " 

Hyder  Ali  overruns  the  Carnatic,  and  defeats  the  British,  10 

Sept. ;  takes  Arcot 31  Oct.  1780 

Hyder  Ali  defeated  by  sir  Eyre  Coote 1  July,  1781 

Further  charges  against  Warren  Hastings  (Chunar).  .  .19  Sept.     " 

Bussy  lands  with  a  French  detachment Mch.  1782 

War  with  Hyder  Ali  aided  by  the  French " 

Hyder  Ali  overthrown  by  Coote 2  June,     " 

Death  of  Hyder  ;  his  son,  Tippoo  Sahib,  succeeds Dec.     " 

Tippoo,  after  seizing  Cuddalore,  takes  Bednore Apr.  1783 

Pondicherry  restored  to  French,  Trincomalee  to  Dutch " 

Fox's  India  bill  thrown  out " 

Pitt's  India  bill 1784 

Ignoble  peace  with  Tippoo 11  Mch.     " 

Charges  against  Warren  Hastings 1786 

His  trial  begun 13  Feb.  1788 

War  with  Tippoo  renewed 1790 

Bangalore  taken  (Bangalore) 21  Mch.  1791 

Cornwallis  defeats  Tippoo  at  Arikera 15  May,     " 

Fortress  of  Severndroog  taken 21  Dec.     " 

Definitive  treaty  with  Tippoo  ;  his  2  sons  hostages 19  Mch.  1792 

Civil  and  criminal  courts  erected 1793 

Pondicherry  again  taken ^ " 

Tippoo's  sons  restored 29  Mch.  1794 

First  dispute  with  Burmese  ;  adjusted  by  gen.  Erskine 1795 

Warren  Hastings  acquitted > 23  Apr.     " 

Government  of  lord  Mornington,  afterwards  marquess  Welles- 
ley  17  May,  1798 

Seringapatam  stormed  by  gen.  Baird  ;  Tippoo  Sahib  killed,  4 

May  ;  Mysore  divided. 22  June,  1799 

Victories  of  the  British  ;  the  Carnatic  conquered 1800 

Nabob  of  Furruckabad  cedes  his  territories  to  the  English  for 

a  pension 4  June,  1802 

Important  treaty  of  Bassein  (with  Mahrattas) 31  Dec.     " 

Mahrattawar.    Victoriesofsir  Arthur  Wellesley  and  gen.  Lake,  1803 

Wellesley's  great  victory  at  Assaye 23  Sept.     " 

I'ondicherry  (restored  1801)  retaken Dec.     " 

War  with  Holkar 1804-5 

Capture  of  Bhurtpore 2  Apr.  1805 

Marquess  Cornwallis  succeeds  Wellesley  ;  d 5  Oct.     " 

Mahratta  chief,  Scindiah,  defeated  by  British  ;  treaty  of  peace, 

23  Nov.     » 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Holkar 24  Dec.     " 

Sepoy  mutiny  at  Vellore  ;  800  executed July,  1806 

Cumoona  surrenders 21  Nov.  1807 


369 


IND 


Mutiny  at  Seringapatam  quelled 23  Aug.  1809 

Act  opening  the  trade  to  India July,  1813 

War  with  Nepaul 1814-15 

Holkar  defeated  by  sir  T.  Hislop 21  Dec.  1817 

Pindaree  war.     English  successful 1817-18 

Peace  with  Holkar 6  Jan.  1818 

Burmese  war.     British  take  Rangoon 5  May,  1824 

Peace  with  the  Burmese 24  Feb.  1826 

[They  pay  1,000, 000^.  and  cede  a  great  extent  of  territory.] 

Abolition  of  Suttees  (the  burning  of  widows) 7  Dec.  1829 

Act  opening  the  trade  to  India,  and  tea-trade,  etc.,  to  China,  a 

new  era  in  British  commerce 28  Aug.  1835 

Coorg  annexed  ;  rajah  deposed lO  Apr.  1834 

Natives  admitted  to  magistracy 1  May,     " 

Slavery  abolished i  Aug.  1838 

Afghan  war.     Proclamation  against  Dost  Mahomed 1  Oct.     •' 

British  occupy  Candahar 21  Apr.  1839 

Victory  at  GnizNEEofsir  John  (afterwards  lord)  Keane..23  July,     " 

Wade  forces  the  Khyber  pass 26  July,     " 

English  defeat  Dost  Mahomed 18  Oct.  1849 

At  the  funeral  of  Kurroch  Singh,  king  of  Lahore,  his  succes- 
sor is  killed  by  accident;  Dost  Mahomed,  next  heir,  surren- 
ders to  England 5  Nov.     " 

Rising  against  British  at  Cabul  ;  sir  Alex.  Burnes  and  others 

murdered 2  Nov.  1841 

Sir  Wm.  Macnaghton  assassinated 28  Dec.     " 

Jellalabad  held  by  sir  R.  Sale 1841-42 

British  under  convention  evacuate  Cabul,  placing  lady  Sale,  etc., 
as  hostages  with  Akbar  Khan  ;  a  massacre  ensues  of  about 

16,000  persons 6-13  Jan.  1842 

British  evacuate  Ghiznee 1  Mch.     " 

Sortie  from  Jellalabad;  gen.  Pollock  forces  the  Khyber  pass, 

5  Apr.     " 

Ghiznee  retaken  by  gen.  Nott 6  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Pollock  enters  Cabul 16  Sept.     "^ 

Lady  Sale  and  other  i)risoners  rescued  by  Sir  R.  Shakspeare  ; 

arrive  at  gen.  Pollock's  camp 21  Sept.     " 

Cabul  evacuated  after  destroying  fortifications 12  Oct.     " 

Scinde  war.   Ameers  defeated  by  sir  Charles  Napier  at  Meanee, 

17  Feb.  1845 
Scinde  annexed  to  British  empire  ;  sir  Charles  Napier  gov- 
ernor  June,     " 

Gwalior  war.     Battles  of  Maharajpoor  and  Punniar  ;  the  fort 

of  Gwalior,  "  Gibraltar  of  the  East,"  taken 29  Dec.     " 

Danish  possessions  in  India  purchased 1845 

Sikh  war.    Sikhs  cross  the  Sutlej  river  and  attack  the  British 

at  Ferozepore 14  Dec.     '• 

Sir  H.  Hardinge,  by  a  rapid  march,  reaches  Moodkee  ;  Sikhs 
(20,000)  attack  ;  after  a  hard  contest  they  retire,  abandoning 

their  guns  (Moodkee) 18  Dec.     " 

Sir  Hugh  Goughseizescitadel  of  Lahore  and  ends  the  war,  20  Feb.  1846 

Treaty  of  Lahore  signed 9  Mch.     " 

Shere  Singh,  intrenched  on  right  bank  of  the  Chenab,  with 
40,000  men  and  28  guns;  gen.  Thackwell  crossing  with  8  in- 
fantry regiments,  cavalry,  and  cannon,  1  Dec,  attacks  his 

left  flank  at  Sadoolapore 3  Dec.  1848 

Lord  Gough  attacks  enemy's  advanced  position  ;  victory  of 

Chillianwallah 13  Jan.  1849 

Sir  Charles  Napier  commander-in-chief 7  Mch.     " 

Puujaub  annexed  to  British  dominions;  Dhuleep  Singh  obtains 

a  pension  of  40,000/ 29  Mch.      " 

Sir  Charles  Napier  resigns  his  command 2  July,  1850^ 

Burmese  war.  Death  of  Bajee  Rao,  ex-peishwa  of  the  Mah- 
rattas (his  nephew  Nana  Sahib's  claim  for  continuance  of 

the  pension  of  80,000/.  refused) 28  Jan.  1851 

A  British  naval  force  reaching  Rangoon,  in  the  Burman  empire, 
commodore  Lambert  allows  the  viceroy  35  days  to  obtain  in- 
structions from  Ava 29  Oct.     " 

Viceroy  of  Rangoon  interdicts  communication  between  the 
shore  and  the  British  ships-of-war,  and  erects  batteries  to 

prevent  their  departure 4  Jan.  1852 

[Commodore  Lambert  blockades  the  Irawaddy;  the  Fox, 
Hermes,  etc.,  attacked  by  batteries,  destroy  the  fortifications, 
killing  nearly  300  men.] 
Pegu  annexed  to  Indian  empire  by  proclamation  of  the  gov- 
ernor-general  20  Dec.     " 

First  Indian  railway  opened  (Bombay  to  Tannah) 16  Apr.  185S 

End  of  war June,     " 

Opening  of  the  Calcutta  railway 3  Feb.  1856 

Treaty  of  friendship  with  Dost  Mahomed  of  Cabul 30  Mch.     " 

MUTINY  OF   THE   NATIVE   ARMY. 

For  the  improved  (Enfield)  musket  In  the  Indian  army,  car- 
tridges greased  with  the  fiit  of  pigs  were  brought  from'  Eng- 
land. These  were  offensive  to  native  soldiers  on  religious 
grounds,  and  were  recalled  by  orders  in  Jan.  1857.  A  muti- 
nous spirit  appeared  in  the  Bengal  native  army.  In  Mch. 
several  regiments  were  disbanded,  and  by  June  the  army  had 
lost  by  disbandment  and  desertion  about  30,000  men.  On 
5  Apr.  a  sepoy,  and  on  20  Apr.  a  jemadar,  or  native  lieuten- 
ant, were  executed.  At  the  end  of  May,  34  regiments  were 
lost.  In  April,  85  of  the  3d  Bengal  native  cavalry  at  Meerut 
refused  to  use  their  cartridges.  On  9  May  they  were  com- 
mitted to  jail.  On  Sunday,  the  10th,  a  mutiny  in  the  native 
troops  broke  out;  they  fired  on  officers,  killing  col.  Finnis 
and  others,  released  their  comrades,  massacred  many  Euro- 
peans, and  fired  public  buildings.  The  European  troops  ral- 
lied and  drove  them  from  their  cantonments.  The  muti- 
neers then  fied  to  Delhi. 

Mutinies  in  Bengal  army:  at  Barrackpore,  etc.,  regiments  dis- 
banded  Mch.  1857 


1858 


1859 


IND 

Mutiny  at  Meerut  (near  Delhi)  10  May.  The  mutineers  seize 
Delhi,  commit  outrages,  and  proclaim  the  king  of  Delhi  em- 
peror   .11-12  May,  etc. 

Mutiny  at  Luckuow 30  May, 

Neill  suppresses  the  mutiny  at  Benares,  3  June,  and  recovers 
Allahabad 4  June, 

Mutiny  spreads  through  Bengal ;  fearftil  atrocities 

[At  the  end  of  Juuo  native  troops  were  in  open  mutiny  at 
ileerut,  Delhi,  Ferozepore,  Allyghur,  Roorkee,  Murdauu, 
Luckuow,  Catoni)ore,  Nusseerabad,  Neemuch,  Hansi,  Ifissai; 
Jahnsi,  Mehidpore,  JuUundur,  Azimghur,  Futtehghur,  Jaun- 
pore,  Bareilly,  Shahjehaupore,  Allahabad.  At  the  stations 
in  italics,  European  women  and  children  were  massacred.] 

Residency  at  Luckuow  besieged  by  rebels 1  July, 

Sir  H.  Lawrence  dies  of  wounds  at  Lucknow ^  July, 

Cawupore  surrenders  to  Nana  Sahib,  who  kills  garrison,  etc., 
2«  June;  he  is  defeated  by  gen.  Havelock,  16  July,  who  re- 
captures Cawnpore 17  July, 

Mutinies  suppressed  at  Hyderabad,  18  July;  at  lAhore.20  July, 

Assault  of  Delhi,  14  Sept. ;  taken,  20  Sept. ;  king  captured,  21 
Se|)t. ;  his  son  and  grandson  slain  by  col.  Hodson. .  .22  Sept. 

Sir  James  Outram  joins  Havelock  and  serves  under  him .  16  Sept. 

Havelock,  relieving  besieged  residency  at  Lucknow,  retires, 
leaving  Outram  in  command ;  Neill  killed 25,  26  Sept. 

Col.  Greathed  defeats  rebels  at  Bolundshohur,  27  Sept. ;  de- 
stroys fort  at  Molaghur,  29  Sept. ;  takes  Allyghur,  5  Oct. ;  de- 
feats rebels  at  Agra 10  Oct. 

SirColin  Campbell  (afterwards  lord  Clyde)  commander-in-chief, 
11  July;  arrives  at  Cawnpore 3  Nov. 

Joined  by  Havelock,  he  attacks  rebels  and  rescues  besieged 
in  residency 18-25  Nov. 

Havelock  dies  of  dysentery  at  Alumbagh 24  Nov. 

[Born  5  Apr.  1795 ;  educated  at  Charterhouse,  London, 
where  he  was  called  "^Old  Phlos"  ;  went  to  India,  1823; 
served  in  the  Burmese  war,  1824,  and  in  the  Sikh  war,  1845. 
He  was  a  Baptist.] 

Sir  Colin  Campbell  arrives  at  Cawnpore,  which  he  retakes,  28 
Nov.,  and  defeats  the  Gwalior  rebels 6  Dec. 

Lucknow  strongly  fortified  by  the  rebels Jan. 

Sir  Colin  Campbell  marches  to  Lucknow,  11  Feb. ;  siege  com- 
mences, 8  Mch. ;  taken  by  successive  assaults;  the  enemy 
retreat;  Hodson  killed 14-19  Mch. 

Government  of  the  East  India  company  ceases 1  Sept. 

<lueen  Victoria  proclaimed  in  India  ;  lord  Canning  to  be  first 
viceroy 1  Nov. 

Punjaub  made  a  distinct  presidency 1  Jan. 

Thanksgiving  in  England  for  pacification  of  India 1  May,     " 

Sir  Hugh  Rose  takes  command  of  Indian  army,  amalgamated 
with  the  British July,  1800 

Nana  Sahib,  supposed  to  have  died  of  jungle  fever  in  Aug.  1858, 
is  said  to  be  living  in  Thibet Dec.     " 

Famine  in  N.W.  provinces  through  failure  of  crops  ;  govern- 
ment and  others  strive  to  relieve  the  sufferers.. .  .Jan. -June,  1861 

British  subscriptions  for  relief  of  famine  open  at  Mansion 
house,  London,  with  4000Z.,  28  Mch. ;  52,000i.  subscribed  20 
Apr. ;  closes  with  114,807; Nov.     " 

Order  of  " Star  OP  India"  instituted 25  June,     " 

Law  of  property  in  India  altered  ;  sale  ot  waste  lands  author- 
ized  Oct.     " 

Lord  Elgin,  governor-general,  installed  at  Calcutta 12  Mch.  1862 

Hindu  religion  deprived  of  government  support Dec.  1863 

Death  of  the  viceroy,  lord  Elgin 20  Nov.     " 

Sir  John  Lawrence,  his  successor,  assumes  oflQce 12  Jan.  1864 

Hindus  excited  by  government  suppressing  funeral  rites  on 
sanitary  grounds Mch.     " 

Gold  currency  (a  sovereign  =  10  rupees)  ordered  introduced  at 
Christmas July,     " 

Cyclone,  great  loss  of  life,  property,  and  ships  at  Calcutta  and 
elsewhere '. 5  Oct.     " 

Opening  of  Indo-European  telegraph  ;  a  telegram  from  Kurra- 
chee  received 1  Mch.  1865 

Settlement  of  dispute  on  marriage  of  Hindu  converts Apr.  1866 

Rise  of  the  religious  reformers  termed  Brahmo  Samaj Aug.  1869 

Act  for  better  governing  India  and  defining  governor-general's 
powers  passed 11  Aug.     " 

Viceroy  arrives  at  Rangoon,  28  Jan. ;  returning,  visiting  con- 
vict establishment  in  Andaman  islands,  is  assassinated  at 
Port  Blair  by  Shere  Ali,  a  convict,  while  about  to  embark  in 
the  Glasgow 8  Feb.  1872 

Shere  Ali  hanged,  without  naming  associates 12  Mch.     " 

Annual  pension  from  Indian  government  to  lady  Mayo,  lOOOi. ; 
grant  of  20, OOO;.  for  children Mch.     " 

Christian  marriage  bill  passed July,     " 

Begum  of  Bhopal  made  knight  of  the  Star  of  India  at  Bombay, 

16  Nov.     " 

Lord  Lytton,  viceroy,  takes  oath  at  Calcutta 12  Apr.  1876 

Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  empress  of  India  in  London..!  May,     " 

Viceregal  proclamation  of  the  queen's  title,  "Empress  of 
India  "  (to  be  proclaimed  at  Delhi,  1  Jan.  1877) 19  Aug.     " 

<Jueen  Victoria  proclaimed  empress  of  India  at  Delhi,  by  the 
viceroy  ;  also  at  Calcutta,  Madras,  and  Bombay 1  Jan.  1877 

Creation  of  the  "Order  of  the  Empire  of  India"  announced,!  Jan.     " 
"  Imperial  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India  "  for  ladies,  instituted, 

31  Dec.     " 

War  with  Afghanistan Sept.  1878 

England  holds  passes  to  India  by  land Feb.  1879 

Sirhind  canal  (502  miles,  for  irrigation)  opened  by  the  viceroy, 

24  Nov.  1882 
Budget-revenue,  70, 690, 681?. ;  expenditure,  71,077,127Z. ..  .1884-85 

Sir  Donald  Stewart,  with  50,000  men,  ordered  to  advance  to 
Quettah Mch.  1885 


370 


IND 


Meeting  of  the  ameer  of  Afghanistan  and  the  viceroy  at  Rawul 
Pindi  conference  and  durbar 2-12  Apr.  1885 

Nawab  of  Moorshedabad  and  other  princes  oHer  their  jewels,  etc., 
for  money  to  aid  the  British  in  India  against  Russia,  Apr.-May,     " 

Thorough  defence  of  India  determined  on  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment, declared 12  May,     " 

Proposed  loan  of  10,000,  OOOi.  21  May,etseq. ;  act  passed. 22  July,     " 

Sir  Frederick  Roberts  appointed  commander-in-chief;  an- 
nounced  30  July,     " 

Upper  Burmah  annexed  by  proclamation  of  the  viceroy,  lord 
Duflferin 1  Jan.  1886 

Grand  military  review  at  Delhi  held  by  the  viceroy  (35,000 
troops,  709  officers,  etc. ) 19  Jan.     " 

National  Indian  congress  at  Calcutta,  400  delegates  (Hindus)  to 
promote  native  advancement,  28  Dec.  1880;  and  again  early,  1887 

Queen's  jubilee  celebrated  ;  honors  distributed  ;  25,000  prison- 
ers of  good  character  released 16  Feb.  et  seq.     " 

Thirteen  thousand  three  hundred  and  ninety  miles  of  rail- 
way in  India;  reported " 

Nizam  of  Hyderabad  offers  lord  Dufl'erin,  viceroy,  20  lakhs  of 
rupees  for  3  years,  total  600,000/.,  to  defend  the  northwest, 
Sept. ;  acknowledged  with  thanks;  announced 10  Oct.     " 

Rajah  of  Kaparthala  offers  his  army  and  5  lakhs  of  rupees  for 
the  defence  of  India;  announced 31  Oct.     " 

Four  lakhs  offered  by  rajah  of  Nabha Nov.     " 

Similar  offers  by  other  princes "        " 

Lady  Duflerin's  jubilee  fund  subscribed  for  medical  aid  to 
women  amounts  to  478,405  rupees  in  India, and  1770/.  in  Eng- 
land, 15  Oct. ;  amount  received  50,000/ 25  Oct.     " 

Quettah  with  districts  of  Pishin,  Thai  Chotiali,  and  Sibi  in 
Bkloochistan  annexed  and  placed  under  a  chief  commis- 
sioner; announced Nov.     " 

India  4  per  cent,  stock  converted  into  31^  per  cent,  by  act,  23  May,     " 

Maharajah  of  Darbhanga  in  Bengal  establishes  a  medical  hos- 
pital for  women  in  aid  of  lady  Dufferin's  fund autumn,     " 

Lord  Dufl'erin  at  a  durbar  at  Patiala  announces  that  govern- 
ment declines  money  from  the  princes;  but  recommends  to 
improve  their  armies  and  fit  them  with  the  British  for  de- 
fence of  India 18  Nov.  1888 

Installation  of  the  marquess  of  Lansdowne  as  viceroy;  depart- 
ure of  lord  DufTerin 10  Dec.     ' ' 

Fortress  of  Quettah,  a  bulwark  of  India,  finished Jan.  1889 

Sukkur  bridge  opened 27  Mch.     " 

Arthur  Travers  Crawford,  commissioner  for  34  years  in  Bombay, 
after  a  long  investigation,  was  acquitted  of  serious  charges 
of  financial  misconduct,  but  was  for  indiscreet  borrowing 
dismissed  the  service.  After  correspondence  sentence  con- 
firmed by  lord  Cross,  secretary  for  India 29  Mch.     " 

Tantia  Bheel,  robber  chief  of  the  central  provinces,  a  kind  of 
Robin  Hood,  in  the  Holkar  territory,  began  his  career  about 
1874;  robbed  the  rich  and  helped  the  poor;  lately  suffered 
much,  captured  about  18  Aug.,  convicted  of  murder  (in  1879) 
about  20  Oct.,  executed  at  Jubbulpore 4  Dec.     " 

Increased  agitation  in  India  and  England  against  Hindu  child 
marriages Aug.  1890 

Insurrection  in  Cambay  with  bloodshed,  the  nawab  appeals  to 
the  British  for  help;  they  restore  order;  reported. .  .23  Sept.     " 

Sixth  national  congress  of  mixed  character,  no  government 
officials  present,  26-30  Dec.  1890;  sir  A.  Scoble  introduces  a 
bill  into  the  legislative  council  to  raise  the  age  of  consent  to 
marriage  by  girls  from  10  to  12 9  Jan.  1891 

After  much  public  discussion,  the  "age  of  consent  to  marriage 
bill  "  is  passed  by  the  legislative  council 19  Mch.     " 

Sir  D.  Barbour's  financial  statement  ;  reported  surplus  20 
Mch.;  he  recommends  a  commission  to  consider  the  cur- 
rency and  the  introduction  of  a  gold  standard,  etc Mch.     " 

Deficiency  of  rain  causes  famine,  especially  in  Madras,  Rajpu- 
tana,  the  Punjaub,  anjd  the  south middle  of  July,     " 

Gen.  sir  Frederick  Sleigh  Roberts  created  a  peer  as  baron 
Roberts  of  Candahar Feb.  1892 

Famine  relief  works;  persons  employed :  Madras.  48,000;  Bom- 
bay, 2000;  Bengal,  17,000;  Burmah,  28,000;  Mysore,  13,000; 
Rajputana,  33,000;  reported 2  Apr.     " 

Indian  Currency  Association  formed  to  promote  the  abolition 
of  silver  as  the  sole  standard  in  India May, 

Value  of  the  rupee  reduced  to  Is.  3d. ;  great  anxiety Aug. 

GOVERNORS-GENERAL  OF   INDIA,  ETC. 

Warren  Hastings  assumes  the  government 13  Apr.  1772 

Sir  John  Macpherson 1  Feb.  1785 

Lord  Cornwallis 12  Sept.  1786 

Sir  John  Shore  (afterwards  lord  Teignmouth) 28  Oct.  1793 

[Lord  (afterwards  marquess)  Cornwallis  again  ;  he  relin- 
quished the  appointment.] 

Sir  Alured  Clarke 6  Apr.  1798 

Lord  Mornington  (afterwards  marquess  AVellesley) 17  May,     " 

Marquess  Cornwallis  again 30  July,  1805 

Sir  George  Hilaro  Barlow 10  Oct.     " 

Lord  Minto 31  July,  1807 

Earl  of  Moira  (afterwards  marquess  of  Hastings) 4  Oct.  1813 

Hon.  John  Adam 13  Jan.  1823 

George  Canning  ;  relinquished  the  appointment " 

William,  lord  (afterwards  earl)  Amherst 1  Aug.     " 

Hon.  W.  Butterworth  Bayley 13  Mch.  1828 

Lord  William  Cavendish  Bentinck 4  July,     " 

[First  governor-general  of  India,  under  the  act  3  and  4  Will. 
IV.  c.  85,  Aug.  28,  1833.] 
Sir  Charles  Thebphilus  Metcalfe  (afterwards  lord  Metcalfe), 

20  Mch.  1835 

William,  lord  Heytesbury  ;  did  not  proceed " 

George,  lord  Auckland  (afterwards  earl  of  Auckland).. ,  .4  Mch.  1836 


I 


J 


IND 

Edward,  lord  EUenborough 28  Feb.  1842 

William  Wilberforce  Bird 15  June,  1844 

Sir  Henry  (afterwards  viscount)  Hardinge 23  July,     " 

James  AndVew,  earl  (afterwards  marquess)  of  Dalhousie..  12  Jan.  1848 

Charles  John,  viscount  Canning,  appointed July,  1855 

Proclaimed  the  first  viceroy  throughout  India 1  Nov.  1858 

James,  earl  of  Elgin,  appointed  Aug.  1861  ;  d 20  Nov.  1863 

Sir  John  Lawrence  appointed Dec.     " 

Richard,  earl  of  Mayo,  appointed Oct.  1868 

[Assassinated  8  Feb.  1872.] 

Thomas  George  Baring,  lord  Northbrook Feb.  1872 

Edward  Robert  Bulwer  Lytton,  lord  Lytton,  took  oath  at  Cal- 
cutta  12  Apr.  1876 

George  Frederick  Samuel  Robinson,  marquess  of  Ripon.  .May,  1880 
Frederick  Temple  Hamilton  Blackwood,  earl  of  Duflferin..Sept.  1884 
Henry  Charles  Keith  Petty  Fitzmaurice,  marquess  of  Lans- 

downe Dec.  1888 

India,  Empress  of,  queen  Victoria  so  proclaimed  in  Lon- 
don, 1  May,  1876 ;  in  India,  1  Jan.  1877.  Order  of  the  Indian 
Empire  instituted,  1  Jan.  1878. 

India  Company,  Eait.  The  first  commercial  in- 
tercourse of  the  English  with  India  was  a  private  adventure  of 
3  ships  fitted  out  in  1591.  Only  1  reached  India ;  and,  after  a 
voyage  of  3  years,  the  commander, capt.  Lancaster,  was  brought 
home  in  another  ship,  the  sailors  having  seized  his  own ;  but 
his  information  gave  rise  to  a  mercantile  voyage,  and  a  com- 
pany, whose  first  charter,  in  Dec.l600,was  renewed  in  1609,  '57, 
'61, '93,  and  1744.  Its  stock  in  1600  consisted  of  72,000/.,  when 
it  fitted  out  4  ships.  Meeting  with  success,  it  continued  to 
trade,  and  India  stock  sold  at  500/.  for  a  share  of  100/.  in  1683. 
A  new  company  (the  "English")  was  chartered  in  1698,  and 
*  the  old  (the  "  London")  suspended  trading  for  3  years;  the 

2  were  united 1702 

New  East  India  Company  established 1708 

Privileges  of  the  company  continued  till  1783 1744 

Aifairs  of  company  brought  before  Parliament;  a  committee 

exposed  intrigues  and  crimes Aug.  1772 

Two  acts  (one  authorized  a  loan  of  1,000, 000?.  to  the  company; 
the  other  celebrated  as  the  India  bill)  reformed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  company.  A  governor-general  was  to  reside  in 
Bengal,  the  other  presidencies  to  be  subordinate;  a  supreme 
court  of  judicature  was  instituted  at  Calcutta;  the  salary  of 
the  governor  was  fixed  at  25,000L  per  year;  that  of  the  coun- 
cil at  10,000i.  each;  and  of  the  chief  judge  at  8000Z. ;  the 
affairs  of  the  company  were  controlled ;  all  the  departments 
reorganized ;  all  territorial  correspondence  to  be  laid  before 

the  British  ministry June,  1773 

Mr.  Pitt's  act  appointing  the  Board  of  Control 18  May,  1784 

Company's  charter  was  renewed  for  20  years 1793 

Trade  with  India  opened 1813 

Trade  to  China  opened ;  charter  renewed  till  1854 1833 

Government  of  India  continued  in  the  company  till  Parliament 

otherwise  provided 1853 

After  the  mutiny  of  1857,  and  the  disappearance  of  the  com- 
pany's army,  the  government  was  transferred  to  the  crown, 
the  Board  of  Control  abolished,  and  a  Council  of  State  for  In- 
dia instituted  by  21  and  22  Vict.  c.  106,  approved 2  Aug.  1858 

Company's  political  power  ceased  1  Sept. ;  Victoria  proclaimed 

queen  of  Great  Britain  and  colonies,  etc 1  Nov.     " 

East  India  House  built,  1726;  enlarged  and  a  new  front  erected, 

1799 ;  sold  with  furniture.  1861 ;  razed  Sept.  and  Oct 1862 

Company  to  be  dissolved  1  June,  1874,  and  dividends  redeemed, 
by  the  "  East  India  Stock  Dividend  Redemption  act,"  passed, 

15  May,  1873 

India-rubber.     Caoutchouc. 

Indian  civilization  in  the  United  States.  Not 
including  the  5  civilized  tribes  of  the  Indian  territory  and  the 
New  York  Indians,  there  are,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
secretary  of  the  interior,  1888-89, 27,394  Indians  engaged  more 
or  less  in  civilized  pursuits:  17,203  occupy  houses;  26,223 
speak  English  ;  62,625  wear  civilized  dress;  251,858  acres  cul- 
tivated; 242,647  rods  offence  built;  267,400  feet  of  lumber 
sawed ;  93,082  cords  wood  cut ;  83,426  lbs.  butter  made ;  727,859 
bu.  wheat  raised ;  600,203  bii.  oats,  barley,  and  rye  ;  1,306,961 
bu.  of  corn  ;  129,171  tons  of  hay.  They  possess  417,328  horses, 
ponies, and  mules ;  128,766  cattle;  40,343  swine  ;  and  860,336 
sheep.     Indian  education,  Indian  Tekritory. 

Indian  education  in  the  United  States.  Efforts 
were  early  made  for  the  education  of  the  American  Indians. 
John  Eliot  in  Massachusetts  translated  the  Bible  into  the  Ind- 
ian tongue,  1660-1675;  and  a  chief  purpose  of  William  and 
Mary  college  in  Virginia  (1693)  was  to  educate  the  red  men. 
The  policy  of  the  U.  S.  government  is  to  induce  the  Indians  to 
abandon  tribal  relations  and  accept  citizenship.  Under  pres. 
Hayes  much  was  done  for  the  education  of  Indian  children,  and 
the  work  is  still  pursued,  with  a  view  to  the  gradual  civiliza- 
tion of  the  wild  tribes.  Indian  Territory.  The  following  is 
a  brief  summary  of  the  Indian  schools  (government)  in  1891 : 


371 


IND 


Government  training  and  boarding  schools,  average  attend- 1  ^  -qq 

ance,  1891 {  '''^'*" 

Government  day  schools,  average  attendance,  1891 1,661 

Contract  schools  (mostly  sectarian,  aided  by  government) : 

Boarding  schools,  average  attendance,  1891 4,667 

Day  schools,  average  attendance,  1891 502 

Total 13,568 

Cost  to  the  government  of  the  Indian  contract  schools  was  as  fol- 
lows: 1886,  $228,259;  1887,  $363,214;  1888,  $376,264;  1889,530,905; 
1890,  $562,640;  1891,  $570,218;  1892,  $604,240. 

LIST  OF  ESTABLISHED  GOVERNMENT  TRAINING-SCHOOLS  FOR 
INDIANS  IN   THE   U.  S. 


Name. 

Location. 

Average 
attendance. 

Cost. 

Carlisle  School 

Carlisle  Pa      .   .    • . 

754 

164 

164 

98 

199 

487 

188 

35 

45 

84 

49 

79 

$106,393 
31,338 
24,220 
14,420 
41,897 
82,632 
29,245 

10,065 
13,129 
5,851 
15,546 

Harrison  Institute 

Chemawa  Or  .   . 

Haworth        " 
Howard          " 
Grant            •' 

Chillocco,  Ind.  Ter 

Fort  Stevenson,  N.  Dak. 

Haskell          "       ... 
Fisk              "       ... 
Teller              "        ... 
Dawes            " 
Stewart          " 

Lawrence.  Kan 

Albuquerque,  N.  Mex. . 
Grand  Junction,  Col. . . 

Santa  F6,  N.  Mex 

Carson  Nev 

Pierre             " 

Pierre  S  Dak 

Fort  Mohave" 
Kamona    Indian) 
School  for  Girls  f  •• 

Fort  Mohave,  Ariz 

Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex 

Indian  history.     The  following  are  the  principal 
events  in  the  history  of  the  Indians  in  the  U.  S.     For  further 
information  consult  the  state  records  severally  as  well  as  the 
topics  noted  and  article  Indians. 
Indians  carried  from  South  Carolina  for  slaves  by  Spaniards 

(South  Carolina) 1520 

De  Soto's  expedition  through  country  of  southern  Indians,  1539-42 
Capt.  John  Smith,  captured  by  Indians  of  Virginia,  is  con- 
demned to  death,  but  is  saved  by  Pocahontas,  daughter  of 

Powhatan  (Virginia) 1607 

Pocahontas  marries  John  Rolfe,  visits  England,  and  dies  there 

(Virginia) 1616-17 

Samoset  welcomes  the  English  (Massachusetts) 1620 

Indian  massacre  of  whites  in  Virginia 1622 

Pequot  war,  and  destruction  of  that  nation  by  the  English 

(Connecticut,  Massachusetts) 1637 

Dutch  massacre  Indians  at  Hackensack  (New  York) 1643 

Duringthiswar  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  is  murdered  (New  York)     " 

Powhatan  confederacy  destroyed  (Virginia) 1644 

Wyandots  or  Hurons  driven  from  the  St.  Lawrence  valley  by 

.  Iroquois 1659 

Eliot  translates  the  Bible  into  the  Indian  tongue 1661 

War  with  king  Philip  of  the  Wampanoags 1675-76 

First  blow  struck  by  Indians  at  Swanzey  (Massachusetts), 

July,  1675 
Indians  defeat  whites  at  Bloody  Brook,  near  Deerfleld  (Massa- 
chusetts)  18  Sept.     " 

"Great  Swamp  Fight;"  defeat  of  the  Narragansetts  (Massa- 
chusetts)   19  Dec.     " 

Canonchet,  chief  of  Narragansetts,  killed  by  English Apr.  1676 

English  beaten  at  Turner's  Fulls  (Massachusetts) 18  May,     " 

Hatfield  attack;  Indians  repulsed  (Massachusetts).  .  .30  May,     " 

Hadley  surprised  (Massachusetts) 12  June,     " 

King  Philip  killed  at  Mount  Hope  (Massachusetts).  ...  17  Aug.     " 
Total  destruction  of  the  Wampanoags  and  Narragansetts. .  ..1676-77 
[Iroquois  or  Five  Nations  generally  hostile  to  the  French 
(New  York),  1609-10.] 

English  treaty  with  Iroquois  at  Albany July,  1684 

War  with  eastern  Indians;  Dover,  N.  H.,  surprised,  and  maj. 

Waldron  killed  (New  Hampshire) 27  Jan.  1689 

Iroquois  capture  Montreal 25  Aug.     " 

Schenectady  burned  (New  York) 1690 

French  and  Indians  burn  Salmon  Falls,  Me 18  Mch.     " 

French  and  Indians  burn  Falmouth,  Me May,     " 

Haverhill,  Mass.,  surprised;  Hannah  Dustin's  escape  (Massa- 
chusetts)    1697 

Appalachian  Indians  of  Georgia  suffer  in  a  war  with  South  Caro- 
lina   1703 

"Queen  Anne's  war;"  Indians  burn  Deerfleld,  Mass Mch.  1704 

Haverhill,  Mass.,  surprised  and  burned 1708 

Massacre   of  whites   in  North  Carolina  by  Tuscaroras  and 

Corees 2  Oct.  1711 

Tuscaroras,  driven  from  North  Carolina,  join  the  Iroquois  in 

New  York 1713 

Creeks,  Yemassees,  Appalachians,  with  the  Cherokees,  Cataw- 
bas,  and  Congarees,  unite  against  whites  in  South  Carolina; 

Indians  defeated 1715 

"  Lovewell's  war,"  with  eastern  Indians  of  Maine 1722-26 

Chickasaws  successfully  resist  encroachments  of  French ^  1740 

Eastern  Indians  join  French  in  war  of 1745-48 

Treaty  with  them  (Maine) 7  Oct.  1748 

Delawares  retire  from  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  rivers 

towards  the  Ohio = 1752 

Indians  of  entire  central  frontier  join  French  in  war 1754-63 

Assist  the  French  to  defeat  Braddock  (Pennsylvania).  .9  July,  1755 
Indians  surprised  and  defeated  at  Kittanning,  on  the  Alleghany 
river,  by  col.  John  Armstrong  (Pennsylvania) 7  Sept.  1756 


IND 


372 


IND 


Indians  massacre  the  surrendered  garrison  of  fort  William 

Henry  (Fokts,  Nkw  York) 9  Aug.  1767 

Christian  Indians  of  Pennsylvania  retire  to  the  Muskingum, 

Ohio 1759-60 

Cherokees  attack  the  Carolinas  firontier 1760 

Subdued 1761 

PoNTiAC  CONSPIRACY  and  wnr 1763-64 

[The  principal  tribes  engaged  in  this  were  the  Oitnwas, 

Hiamis,  Wyandots,  Chippewas,  Pottawatomies,  Shawnces, 

Foxes,  and  Wiunebagoes;  the  Senecas  of  the  Six  Nations 

also  joined.] 
Fort  Pitt  (formerly  Duquesne)  besieged  by  Indians,  June-July,  1763 
Relieved  by  col.  Bouquet ;  battle  of  Bushy  Run  (Pennsylvania), 

6  Aug.     " 
Massacre  of  Christian  Indians  at  Conestoga  (Pennsylvania), 

27  Dec.  . " 

Col.  Bouquet's  expedition  into  Indian  country  of  Ohio 1764 

Pontiac  besieges  Detroit  (Michigan)  from May,  1763-May,     " 

Gov.  Dunmores'  war  ;   battle  of  Point  Pleasant  on  the  Ohio 

(Virginia) 10  Oct  1774 

Iroquois  join  British  during  the  Revolution 1775-83 

Indians  join  Burgoyne;  death  of  Jane  McCrea  (New  York), 

27  July,  1777 

Cherokees  again  subdued " 

Massacre  at  Wyoming 3-5  July,  1778 

Massacre  at  Cherry  Valley 10  Nov.     " 

Gen.  Sullivan's  expedition  against  the  Six  Nations  (New  York), 

Aug.  1779 
Massacre  of  Christian  Indians  at  Gnadenhiitten  on  the  Tusca- 

roras  river  (Ohio) 8  Mch.  1782 

Defeat  of  col.  Crawford  (Ohio) 5-6  June,     " 

Boone  and  Kentuckians  defeated  by  Indians  at  Blue  Licks, 

19  Aug.     " 
Six  Nations  cede  all  claims  west  of  Pennsylvania  to  U.  S.  by 

treaty  at  fort  Schuyler 4  Oct.  1784 

Shawnees  limited  by  treaty  to  lands  between  the  Miami  and 

the  Wabash 31  Jan.  1786 

Cherokees,  Choctaws,  and  Chickasaws  by  treaty  to  retain  most 

of  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi 3  Jan.     " 

Treaty  with  Creek  Indians  (Georgia) 1790 

Partial  defeat  of  gen.  Harmar  near  the  Miami  villages  (Ohio), 

22  Oct.     " 

Defeat  of  gen.  St.  Clair  (Ohio) 4  Nov.  1791 

Indians  defeated  by  gen.  Wayne  (Ohio) 20  Aug.  1794 

Wayne's  treaty  with  Indians  of  the  Northwest  territory  at 

Greenville,  0 3  Aug.  1795 

[Tribes  represented :  Chippewas,  Delawares,  Eel  River,  Kas- 

kaskias,  Kickapoos,  Miamis,  Ottawas,  Piankeshaws,  Potta- 
watomies, Shawnees,  Weas,  and  Wyandots.] 

Harrison  defeats  Indians  at  Tippecanoe 7  Nov.  1811 

Massacre  of  whites  at  fort  Mimms,  Ala.  (Alabama) 30  Aug.  1813 

Death  of  Tecumseh  at  battle  of  the  Thames 5  Oct.     ' ' 

Creek  war  (Alabama) 1813-14 

Treaty  with  Creeks 1814 

Treaty  with  Indians  at  Detroit 1  Sept.  1815 

War  with  Seminoles  (Battles,  Florida) 1817-18 

Indians  of  Ohio  cede  all  their  remaining  land 1818 

Indians  cede  lands  south  of  Grand  river,  Michigan,  to  U.  S 1821 

Sequoyah,  a  Cherokee,  invents  the  Cherokee  alphabet 1821-22 

Treaty  with  Creek  Indians  at  Indian  Spring 1825 

Choctaws  cede  their  lands  to  U.  S 1820-30 

Measures  for  removing  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi  adopt- 
ed    1832 

Black  Hawk  war  ;  battle  of  Bad  Axe 1  Aug.     " 

Commissioner  of  Indian  affairs  appointed " 

Chickasaws  cede  their  lands  to  U.  S.,  and  agree  to  remove 

west  of  the  Mississippi  (Alabama) " 

Creeks  cede  their  lands  to  U.  S .•     '• 

Black  Hawk  is  taken  through  the  principal  eastern  cities 1833 

Treaty  with  Seminole  Indians  at  Payne's  Landing 9  May,     " 

Indian  territory  established  (Indian  territory) 1834 

Seminole  war  (Florida) 1835-42 

Cherokees  cede  all  their  lauds  to  state  of  Alabama 1835 

Sioux  (Winnebagoes)  cede  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  U.  S.,  1837 
Osceola,  the  Seminole  chief,  captured  (Florida,  United  States), 

22  Oct.     " 

War  between  Sioux  and  Chippewas " 

Cherokees,  1560  in  number,  leave  Georgia  for  lands  west  of 

the  Mississippi 3  June,  1838 

Sioux  cede  all  lands  in  Iowa  and  in  Minnesota  east  of  the  Red 

river,  etc.,  to  U.  S 23  July,  1851 

War  with  Indians  of  Rogue  river,  Oregon 1853 

Massacre  of  whites  in  the  Rogue  River  valley 1855 

Chief  John  surrenders  (Oregon) June,  1856 

Most  of  the  Seminole  Indians  of  Florida  emigrate  to  Indian 

Territory 1858 

Sioux  in'Minnesota,  led  by  Little  Crow,  massacre  500  persons, 

including  women  and  children 17  Aug.  et  seq.  1862 

[Gen.  Sibley,  and  afterwards  gen.  Pope,  beat  the  Indians 

and  rescued  many  captives;  38  Indians  executed  as  assassins. 

Minnesota.] 

Little  Crow  killed  by  a  settler 1863 

Fight  with  Cheyennes  in  Colorado 11  Apr.  1864 

Col.  Chivington's  Sand  Creek  massacre  of  500  Indians  who  had 

asked  protection  and  submitted  to  military  authority,  near 

fort  Lyon,  Colorado 27  Nov.      " 

A  fierce  war  ensues 1865-66 

Fifty  U.  S.  soldiers  massacred  at  fort  Phil.  Kearney.. .  .21  Dec.  1866 
Indians  plunder  along  line  of  Union  Pacific  railroad  and  impede 

construction summer,  1867 

Severe  fight  near  fort  Phil.  Kearney 2  Aug.     " 


And  at  Plum  Creek,  near  Omaha 16  Aug. 

Congress  by  law  forbids  treaties  with  Indians 29  Mch. 

Repealed June, 

Ijvw  authorizing  peace  commission 20  July, 

Commission  organized 6  Aug. 

Secured  a  general  suspension  of  hostilities autumn. 

Treaty  with  the  Sioux 2  Mch. 

Indians  troublesome  in  Colorado  and  Kansas summer. 

Severe  fighting,  17  Sept,  18  Oct,  27  Nov.,  25  Dec,  conquering 
the  Indians 

Board  of  Indian  Commissioners  established 

Modoc  war  began autumn, 

Canby  massacre  (gen.  Canby  and  commissioner  Thomas,  who 
with  Mr.  Meacham  had  met  capt  Jack  and  other  Modocs  to 
negotiate,  were  treacherously  killed,  Meacham  wounded), 

11  Apr. 

Capt  Jack  and  his  fellows  captured about  1  June, 

Capt  Jack  and  2  others  hanged  (California) 3  Oct 

Sioux  war  began winter. 

Gen.  Custer  with  his  command,  5  companies  of  the  7th  caval- 
ry (276  men),  killed  by  Sioux  under  Sitting  Bull  on  the  Lit- 
tle Big  Horn  river,  Montana 26  June, 

War  with  the  Nez  Percys  under  chief  Joseph  and  White  Bird 
began 14  June, 

Joseph's  retreat 17  JuIy-30  Sept 

Joseph  captured,  with  500  followers 1  Oct 

Standing  Bear,  a  Ponca  chief,  and  25  followers,  arrested  in 
Dakota  for  abandoning  reservation  and  returning  to  their 
former  home  ;  taken  from  military  authorities  by  habeas 
corpus,  the  first  ever  issued  for  an  Indian 8-18  Apr. 

Indians,  legal  status  as  persons  and  right  of  habeas  corpus  af- 
firmed in  the  U.  S.  district  court  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  by  judge 
Dundy,  12  May,  1879.  Standing  Bear  and  followers  released 
by  secretary  of  war,  under  this  decision 12  May, 

Ute  outbreak  in  Colorado;  maj.  Thornburgh's  command  am- 
bushed, and  agent  Meeker  killed  at  the  agency  (Colorado), 

29  Sept 

Apache  outbreak.  New  Mexico Sept. -Oct 

Apaches  under  Victoria  chased  into  Mexico;  Victoria  killed 
and  most  of  his  band  killed  or  captured spring. 

Fifteen  hundred  of  Sitting  Bull's  Indians  return  to  U.  S.  from 
British  America  and  surrender Nov. 

Indian  Rights  association  organized Dec. 

Courts  established  on  reservations  by  Interior  department; 
judges  to  be  Indians;  to  take  cognizance  of  theft,  polygamy, 
barbarous  dances,  etc.,  under  rules  given  by  the  department, 

Choctaws  adopt  freedmen  (negroes)  into  their  tribe 

Indians  allowed  to  avail  themselves  of  the  homestead  laws  with- 
out fees  or  commissions;  lands  to  be  inalienable  for  25  years. 

Lands  allotted  in  severalty  to  the  Omahas  in  Nebraska 

U.  S.  laws  touching  murder,  manslaughter,  rape,  assault  with 
intent  to  kill,  arson,  burglary,  and  larceny  made  applicable 
to  Indians 

Lands  allotted  in  severalty  to  the  Santees  in  Nebraska 

Instruction  on  effects  of  alcohol,  etc.,  in  the  human  system 
made  obligatory  in  Indian  schools 

Land  allotted  to  most  of  the  hitherto  wild  Crows  in  Montana. . 
[A  baud  of  Apaches  under  Geronimo  and  Natchez  left  their 
reservation  in  Arizona,  spring  of  1882,  and  maintained  irregu- 
lar warfare  for  3  years.  Gen.  Crook  captured  the  band  1  Sept 
1885,  but  they  escaped  a  few  days  later;  Crook  was  trans- 
ferred and  gen  Miles  succeeded  him.  Pursuit  was  resumed, 
and  capt.  Crawford  was  killed  by  Mexican  troops  through 
alleged  mistake,  21  Jan.  1886;  the  Indians  continued  dep- 
redations until  Sept.  1886,  when  they  surrendered  under 
pledges  which  prevented  a  trial  for  murder;  they  were  soon 
after  removed  to  Florida,  where  the  leaders  are  kept.] 

Creeks  cede  half  their  domain  in  Oklahoma  to  the  U.  S.  for 
$2,280,857 1  Mch. 

Sioux  dissatisfied  in  South  Dakota,  stated  to  be  suffering  from 
reduced  government  rations;  incited  by  fanatical  medicine 
men,  who  predict  a  conquering  Messiah,  they  begin  ghost 
war-dances;  attack  outlying  white  settlers  and  friendly  Ind- 
ians, causing  great  alarm ;  troops  and  supplies  of  food  sent 
to  the  Dakota  frontier;  the  Sioux  are  soon  joined  by  other 
tribes,  Nov. ;  col.  Wm.  F.  Cody  ("  Buffalo  Bill")  sent  to  the 
front 23  Nov. 

Gen.  Miles  commanding  in  Dakota,  aided  by  gen.  Brook,  with 
troops  ordered  for  active  service 25  Nov. 

Old  Sioux  chief  Sitting  Bull  captured  14  Dec,  and  in  an 
attempt  to  rescue  him,  his  son  Crow  Foot  and  himself  are 
killed  with  others,  and  his  camp  seized 15  Dec, 

Gen.  Miles's  headquarters  at  Rapid  City 18  Dec. 

Red  Cloud,  at  a  great  council,  recommends  surrender  and 
warns  resistors 19  Dec. 

Battle  of  Wounded  Knee  Creek.— To  revenge  Sitting  Bull's 
death,  remains  of  his  band  join  Big  Foot's  band  on  Chey- 
enne river  ;  start  for  Bad  Lands,  and,  joined  by  other  Ind- 
ians, making  about  160  warriors,  are  met  and  captured 
by  the  7th  cavalry  under  lieut  Hawthorne,  and  artillery  un- 
der maj.  Whiteside,  28  Dec. ;  in  the  evening  maj.  Forsyth 
with  other  troops  arrives.  While  pretending  to  surrender 
their  arms,  at  the  command  of  maj.  Whiteside,  the  Indians 
suddenly  attack  the  dismounted  troopers,  and  a  murderous 
hand-to-hand  fight  ensues;  the  Indians  are  joined  by  others, 
and  additional  troops  arrive;  the  Indians  flee  to  the  ravines, 
are  pursued  by  the  artillery  ;  in  confused  fight  Big  Foot 
and  his  band  are  nearly  exterminated,  together  with  many 
women  and  children  (about  200).  Capt  Wallace,  lieuts. 
Casey  and  Mann,  and  several  non-commissioned  officers  and 
privates  killed 29  Dec 


1867 


1872 

187S 
1876 

1877 


^1 

880  IB 


1880 
1882 

1883 
1S84 

1885 
1886 


i 


"  1 


;i 


IND 


373 


IND 


Vigorous  attack  on  Pine  Ridge  agency  repulsed,  29  Dec.  et  seq. ; 
sharp  skirmish,  Indians  dispersed  by  maj.  Forsyth,  29,  30  Dec.  1890 

Large  body  of  Indians  near  Pine  Ridge  agency  surrounded  by 
the  2d  infantry  under  gen.  Brook 2  Jan.  et  seq.  1891 

Gen.  Miles  receives  the  submission  of  the  rebel  chiefs  of  the 
Brules;  provisions  sent  to  the  Indians 14  Jan.     " 

About  4000  Indians,  nearly  surrounded  by  the  troops,  come  in 
and  surrender  their  arras 15  Jan.  et  seq.     " 

<Jen.  Miles,  in  an  address,  commends  his  troops  and  declares 
the  war  at  an  end 19  Jan.     " 

He  takes  40  Indians  and  also  some  friendly  chiefs  to  Washing- 
ton, Feb. ;  they  have  a  conference  with  Mr.  Noble,  secretary 
of  the  interior,  7  Feb.,  and  pres.  Harrison 12  Feb.     " 

Delegates  return  to  Pine  Ridge  from  Washington  dissatisfied 
with  reception;  their  loyal  chief,  "American  Horse,"  com- 
plains of  the  injustice  and  harshness  of  the  government  and 
officials,  but  commends  gen.  Miles 23  Feb.     " 

Indian  re§ervations.    Reservations. 
Indian  Territory,  a  division  of  the  United  States 
definitely  set  apart  for  tlie  Indians,  80  June,  1834,  lat.  33° 
35'  to  37==  N.,  Ion.  94°  20'  to  103°  W.     Oklahoma  and  Kansas 
are  on  the  north,  Missouri  and  Kansas  to  the  east,  and  Texas 
on  the  south  and  west.     Area,  31,400  sq.  miles.     Pop.  1890, 
about  75,000.     Its  area  has  been  further  reduced  by  the  loss 
of  the  "  Cherokee  Strip,"  added  to  Oklahoma. 
Cherokees  get  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi  by  treaty. .  .6  May,  1828 
Grant  (5,000,000  acres  in  the  north  and  northwest)  further  con- 
firmed by  treaty 4  Feb.  1833 

Their  final  removal  effected  by  treaty 29  Dec.  1835 

Chodaws  receive  lands  (6,668,000  acres  in  the  southwest)  by 

treaty 27  Sept.  1830 

Their  removal  was  gradual,  mostly  in 1838 

Creeks  are  granted  land  in  the  territory  by  treaty 24  Mch.  1832 

Grant  defined,  3,215,495  acres  in  the  eastern  part  by  a  further 

treaty 14  Feb.  1833 

Their  removal  was  gradual,  mostly  in 1838 

^eminoles  are  allotted  lands  here  by  treaty 28  Mch.  1833 

It  was  not  until  after  the  Seminole  war  that  they  were  re- 
moved to  the  territory,  the  last  leaving  Florida 1858 

[They  have  some  200,000  acres,  central.] 

Chickasaws  receive  land  in  the  territory  by  treaty 24  May,  1834 

[Removal  effected  gradually,  mostly  in  1838.  They  occupy 
about  4,377,000  acres  in  the  south.] 
Besides  these  5  civilized  tribes.  Congress  has  from  time  to  time 
located  other  tribes  and  fragments  of  tribes  in  this  territory. 
Indians.  Large  sections  of  the  territory  being  unoccupied, 
the  Creek,  Seminole,  and  other  tribes  cede  lands  to  the  U.  S. 
which  are  incorporated  into  Oklahoma. 

EDUCATION. 

Cherokees  spend  $80,000  yearly  in  education.  They  have  2  high- 
schools,  110  common  and  15  denominational  schools;  also  2  sem- 
inaries, one  for  girls  and  one  for  boys,  at  Tahlequah,  where  the 
higher  branches  are  taught.  Teachers  mostly  Indians.  One 
newspaper,  the  Advocate,  published  partly  in  Cherokee. 

Chickasaws  have  14  common  schools  and  3  academies. 

Creeks  spend  $80,000  in  education,  sending  some  young  people  to 
schools  in  the  states,  although  they  support  4  boarding-schools, 
40  public  schools,  and  several  denominational  schools.  Indian 
university  near  Muscogee  was  founded  by  the  Baptist  Indians  in 
1880;  there  are  also  a  Methodist  and  a  Presbyterian  school. 

Chodaws. — Their  school  property  is  valued  at  $200,000;  yearly  edu- 
cational expenses,  $83,000,  4  boarding  schools,  170  common,  and 
several  denominational  schools.    A  newspaper  published  at  Ataka. 

Seminoles  have  5  free  schools,  3  mission  schools,  and  one  of  the 
finest  school  buildings  in  the  territory. 

Indiana,  one  of  the  north  central  states  of  the  United 
States,  extends  from  the  Ohio  river,  which  separates  the  state 
from  Kentuck}'^  on  the  south, 
to  lake  Michigan  and  the  state 
of  Michigan,  which  bound  it 
on  the  north.  Ohio  lies  to 
the  east  and  Illinois  bounds 
it  on  the  west.  It  is  limited 
in  lat.  by  37°  47'  to  41°  46' 
N.,  and  in  Ion.  bv  84°  49'  to 
88°  2'  W.  Area,  36,350  sq. 
miles  in  92  coimties.  Pop. 
1890,  2,192,404;  capital,  In- 
dianapolis. 

Robert  Cavalier  de  la  Salle 

and  Henri  Tonti  with  a 

party  of  33,  ascend  the  St.  Joseph  river  to  the  site  of  South 

Bend,  thence  by  portage  to  the  Kankakee  and  down  the  Illi- 

iKMS  river. .'. Dec.  1679 

J -a  .Salle,  returning  from  Montreal  with  supplies  for  Tonti  at 
iort  Crevecoeur,  makes  the  portage  from  the  St.  Joseph  to 

the  Kankakee Xov.  1680 

Mention  made  of  one  Sieur  Dubinson  as  commandant  at  a  post 

■     near  the  site  of  Lafayette,  called  Ouiatenon 1719 

hieur  de  Vincennes  mentioned  as  commandant  at  the  poste  de 

Ouabache  (Eng.  Wabash),  now  Vincennes 1727 

[Supposed  to  have  been  settled  1702.] 


Mission  established  at  post  Vincennes  by  Sebastian  L.  Meurin,  1749 

Garrison  at  Ouiatenon,  under  lieut.  Jenkins,  surrenders  to  Ind- 
ians, who  distribute  the  English  prisoners  among  neighboring 
French  traders 1763 

On  a  proclamation  by  the  British  commandant,  Edward  Ab- 
bott, many  inhabitants  of  post  Vincennes  swear  allegiance 
to  Great  Britain May,  1777 

Inhabitants  of  Vincennes  throw  off"  allegiance  to  Great  Britain 
and  declare  themselves  citizens  of  the  U.  S.,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  col.  Clark 18  July,  1778 

Capt.  Helm  placed  in  charge  of  post  Vincennes  by  col.  Clark, 
and  his  garrison  of  1  man  surrenders,  "  with  the  honors  of 
war,"  to  British  force  under  gov.  Henry  Hamilton. .  .15  Dec.     " 

Gov.  Hamilton  surrenders  Vincennes  to  the  Americans  under 
col.  Clark 24  Feb.  1779 

Court  of  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  organized  at  Vincennes, 

June,     " 

An  expedition  against  Detroit  organized  by  La  Balme,  a  French- 
man of  Kaskaskia,  who  plunders  British  traders  at  site  of 
fort  Wayne,  is  dispersed  by  an  attack  of  Miami  Indians, 

Sept.  1780 

One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Indiana  oppo- 
site the  falls  of  the  Ohio  presented  to  col.  George  R.  Clark  and 
his  regiment  by  Virginia  legislature. .  .3  Oct.  1779  and  5  Oct.     " 

Spaniards  under  capt.  Eugenio  Puerre  march  across  Indiana 
from  St.  Louis,  and  capture  fort  St.  Joseph 1781 

Indiana  included  in  the  Virginia  act  of  cession,  20  Dec.  1783; 
deed  conveying  to  the  U.  S.  the  territory  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  executed 1  Mch.  1784 

Gen.  Clark  makes  an  unauthorized  seizure  of  Spanish  property 
at  fort  Vincennes,  which  he  garrisons 1786 

By  resolution  of  Congress,  the  secretary  of  war  is  directed  to 
order  the  commanding  officer  on  the  Ohio  to  dispossess  "a 
body  of  men  who  had,  in  a  lawless  and  unauthorized  man- 
ner, taken  possession  of  post  Vincennes  " 24  Apr.  1787 

Indiana  part  of  Northwest  territory,  created  by  law 13  July,     " 

Maj. -gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair  elected  by  Congress  governor  of  the 
territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio 5  Oct.     " 

By  act  of  Congress,  400  acres  are  granted  to  each  person  who, 
in  1783,  was  head  of  a  family  at  Vincennes 3  Mch.  1791 

Brig. -gen.  Scott,  with  800  men,  rent  against  Wea  Indian  towns 
on  the  Wabash,  destroys  Ouiatenon 1  June,     " 

Second  expedition  against  the  Indian  villages  on  the  Wabash 
under  brig. -gen.  James  Wilkinson,  who  leaves  fort  Washing- 
ton 1  Aug.  1791,  destroys  the  Eel  river  Indian  village  near 
Logansport,  and  over  400  acres  of  corn,  and  reaches  the  rap- 
ids of  the  Ohio 21  Aug.     " 

Treaty  of  peace  and  friendship  with  the  Indians  at  Vincennes, 
by  brig. -gen.  Rufus  Putnam 27  Sept.  1792 

Fort  Wayne,  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  Miami  village  and  an 
English  fort  erected  1764,  built  and  garrisoned 22  Oct.  1794 

Northwestern  territory  divided:  that  part  west  of  a  line  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  river  to  fort  Recovery,  and 
thence  north  to  be  called  Indiana  territory,  and  Vincennes 
the  seat  of  government,  by  act  ai)i)roved 7  May,  1800 

William  Henry  Harrison,  appointed  governor  of  Indiana  terri- 
tory, 13  May,  1800,  arrives  at  Vincennes 10  Jan.  1801 

General  court  of  the  territory  first  held, Vincennes 3  Mch.     " 

Town  of  Jeffersonville  laid  out  on  plan  proposed  by  pres. 
Thomas  Jeff'erson 1802 

Memorial  to  Congress  by  a  convention  called  at  Vincennes,  20 
Dec.  1802,  by  gov.  Harrison,  22  Nov.,  asks  repeal  of  the  VI.  th 
Article  of  the  Organic  act,  which  prohibits  slavery " 

Congress  establishes  land  offices  at  Kaskaskia,  Vincennes,  and 
Detroit 15  Mch.  1804 

Western  Sun,  edited  by  Elihu  Stout,  first  published  at  Vin- 
cennes as  the  Indiana  Gazette 4  July,     " 

By  treaty  at  Vincennes,  the  Delaware  Indians  cede  to  the 
U.  S.  land  between  the  Wabash  and  Ohio  rivers,  and  south 
of  the  road  from  Vincennes  to  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  18  Aug., 
and  the  Piankeshaw  Indians  relinquish  their  claim  to  this 
territory 27  Aug.     " 

First  general  assembly  of  Indiana  territory  meets  at  Vin- 
cennes  29  July,  1805 

Delaware,  Pottawatomie,  Miami,  Eel  River,  and  Wea  Indians 
cede  to  the  U.  S.  land  in  eastern  Indiana,  by  treaty  at  Grouse- 
land  near  Vincennes 21  Aug.     " 

Laws  of  Indiana  published  at  Vincennes  by  Messrs.  Stout  &: 
Smoot 1807 

Property  qualification  of  50  acres,  or  a  town  lot  valued  at  $100, 
required  of  electors  in  territory  by  act  of  Congress.  ..26  Feb.  1808 

Illinois  territory  set  off  from  Indiana,  comprising  all  west  of 
the  Wabash  river  and  a  line  drawn  north  from  post  Vin- 
cennes  3  Feb.  1809 

By  treaty  at  fort  Wayne,  30  Sept.  1809,  the  Delaware,  Potta- 
watomie, Miami,  and  Eel  River  tribes,  cede  to  the  U.  S. 
about  2,900,000  acres  south  of  the  Wabash ;  treaty  confirmed 
by  the  AVeas,  who  meet  gov.  Harrison  in  council  at  Vin- 
cennes  2C  Oct. 

"  An  act  for  the  introduction  of  negroes  and  mulattoes  into  the 
territory  oflndiana,"  approved  17  Sept.  1807;  repealed,  4  Dec.  1810 

Property  qualification  for  voters  aljolished  by  Congress,  3  Mch.  1811 

Fort  Harrison,  on  the  Wabash,  near  the  site  of  Ter re  Haute, 
completed 28  Oct. 

Battle  of  Tippecanoe ;  a  sudden  attack  before  sunrise  of  Ind- 
ians under  the  Prophet,  a  brother  of  Tecuniseh,  on  gen. 
Harrison's  camp  at  Burnet's  creek,  about  7  miles  northeast 
from  Lafayette  in  Tippecanoe  county.  Loss  to  the  Amer- 
icans, 37  killed,  151  wounded.     Indians  defeated 7  Nov.     " 

Prophetstown,  deserted  by  the  Prophet,  is  destroyed  together 
with  a  quantity  of  corn 8  Nov.  1811 


IND  374 

One  maniwiM.  women  and  cliildren  massacred  at  the  Pigeon 
Roost  settlement.  Scott  county,  by  Sbawnee  Indians,  3  Sept.  1812 

Nigbt  attack  of  Indians  on  fort  Harrison  successrully  resisted 
by  the  garrison  under  capt  Zachary  Taylor 4-5  Sept.     " 

Fort  Wavnk  invested  by  the  Indians  about  1  Sept.,  and  the 
garrison  relieved  by  2U00  Kentucky  troops  and  700  citizens 
of  Ohio  under  gen.  Harrison 12  Sept.     *' 

Deserted  Indian  villages  in  the  vicinity  of  fort  Wayne  de- 
stroyed by  detachments  of  troops 13-19  Sept.     " 

Expedition  "under  lieut.-col.  John  R.  Campbell  leaves  Dayton, 
0.,  14  Dec.  1812;  burns  the  Indian  villages  on  the  Mississi- 
newa  river Dec.     " 

Scat  of  government  fixed  at  Corydou,  Harrison  county,  by  act 
approved 11  Mch.  1813 

Books,  papers,  and  records  destroyed  by  the  burning  of  the 
office  of  the  recorder  of  Knox  county Jan.  1814 

One  thousand  Miamis.  reduced  to  destitution,  assemble  at  fort 
Wayne  to  obtain  food Jan.     " 

Settlement  of  Harmony,  on  the  Wabash,  50  miles  from  its 
mouth,  formed  by  a  German  community  under  Frederick 
Riipp,  from  Pennsylvania  (Hakmonists,  New  Harmony) " 

Farmers  and  Mechanics'  bank  of  Indiana  at  Madison,  incorpo- 
rated by  legislature 6  Sept.     " 

Bank  of  V'incennes  incorporated 10  Sept.     " 

Congress  passes  an  enabling  act  for  Indiana;  the  northern 
boundary  a  Ihie  drawn  east  and  west  10  miles  north  of  the 
southern  extremity  of  lake  Michigan 19  Apr.  1816 

Ordinance  accepting  the  enabling  act  passed  by  a  convention 
which  met  at  Corydon,  10  June '. 29  June,     " 

State  constitution  adopted  by  convention "  " 

Jonathan  Jennings  inaugurated  first  governor  at  Corydon, 

7  Nov.     " 

Indiana  admitted  into  the  Union  by  act  approved 11  Dec.     " 

Act  to  appoint  superintendents  of  school  sections  authorized 
to  lease  school  lands,  every  lessee  required  to  set  out  100 
apple  and  100  peach  trees  within  4  years 14  Dec.     " 

Bank  of  Vincennes  adoiited  as  state  bank  of  Indiana,  empow- 
ered to  adopt  the  Farmers  and  Mechanics'  bank  of  Indiana 
as  one  of  its  branches 1  Jan.  1817 

Thomas  Lincoln,  the  father  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  with  his  fam- 
ily, moves  from  Kentucky  to  what  is  now  Spencer  county. .     " 

By  treaty  at  St.  Mary's,  0.,  the  Delaware  Indians  cede  to  the 
U.  S.  all  claims  to  land  in  Indiana 3  Oct.  1818 

Site  for  capital  of  Indiana  located  by  a  committee,  which  met 
at  the  house  of  William  Conner,  on  the  west  fork  of  the 
White  river,  22  May,  1820,  accepted  and  confirmed  by  the 
legislature,  and  the  capital  named  Indianapolis 6  Jan.  1821 

First  general  school  law  of  Indiana  in  revised  statutes  of  1824, 
drawn  by  committee  appointed  by  legislature 9  Jan.     " 

Proceedings  against  the  state  bank  for  fraudulent  manage- 
ment, which  results  in  forfeiting  its  franchise,  begun,  31  Dec.     " 

Southern  state  prison  at  Jeffersonville  established 1822 

Indiana  university  at  Bloomington,  chartered  1820.  opened 1824 

Mr.  Rapp  and  associates  sell  their  property  at  Harmony  to 
Robert  Dale  Owen,  of  Scotland,  a  philanthropist,  who  at- 
tempts to  establish  a  community,  naming  the  place  New 
Harmony 1825 

State  road  from  lake  Michigan  to  Madison  on  the  Ohio,  be- 
gun    1830 

Thomas  Lincoln,  with  his  family,  removes  to  Macon  county, 
111 " 

Indiana  Historical  Society  incorporated 1831 

Hanover  college,  at  Hanover,  opened  in  1828,  chartered 1832 

AVabash  and  Erie  canal  in  Indiana,  begun 22  Feb.     " 

Wabash  college,  at  Crawfordsville,  opened  1833,  chartered 1834 

Internal  Improvement  law,  a  state  loan  of  $10,000,000  to  be 
expended  by  a  Board  of  Internal  Improvement Jan.  1836 

Madison  and  Lafayette  railroad  commenced "> 

Indiana  Asbury  university  (since  1884  De  Pauw),  at  Green- 
castle,  chartered  and  opened 1837 

Indiana  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Indianapolis, 
opened 1844 

University  of  Notre  Dame  (R.  C),  at  Notre  Dame,  chartered 
1844,  and  opened.. 1845 

State  failing  to  pay  its  interest  on  the  public  debt  for  several 
years,  compromises  with  creditors,  who  release  one  half  of 
the  indebtedness 1846 

Earlham  college  at  Richmond  opened 1847 

Fort  Wayne  college  for  women,  at  Fort  Wayne,  chartered  and 
opened " 

Indiana  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind,  at  Indianap- 
olis, opened 1  Oct.     " 

Central  Insane  hospital  at  Indianapolis  opened Dec.  1848 

Constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Indianap- 
olis, 7  Oct.  18.50,  adopted 10  Feb.  1851 

New  constitution,  ratified  by  vote,  109,319  to  26,755,  goes  into 
operation 1  Nov.     " 

Butler  university,  at  Irvington,  chartered  in  1850,  opened 1855 

Lieut. -gov.  A.  A.  Hammond  succeeds  gov.  W^illard,  who  died  at 
St.  Paul,  Minn 3  Oct.  1860 

Gov.  Lane  elected  U.  S.  senator;  lieut.-gov.  Morton  succeeds, 

Jan.  1861 

Caleb  B.  Smith  appointed  secretary  of  the  interior 5  Mch.     " 

Six  regiments  raised  and  mustered  in  within  a  week  after  the 
call  of  the  president  for  troops,  made 15  Apr.     " 

John  P.  Usher  appointed  secretary  of  tJie  interior 8  Jan.  1863 

Second  Kentucky  cavalry,  confederate,  capt.  Hines,  cross  the    • 
Ohio  at  Flint  Rock,  plunder  Leavenworth,  Corydon,  and 
Paoli,  and  retreat  across  the  river. 16  June,     " 

Confederates  under  Morgan  cross  the  Ohio  at  Brandenburg, 
Ky.,  8  July,  pursued  by  federals  under  gen.  Hobson.     They 


IND 


move  eastward,  covering  700  miles  in  20  days  (Moroan's 

RAID) July,  1863 

Hugh  McCulloch  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury... 7  Mch.  1865 

Law  making  colored  people  competent  witnesses '• 

Indianapolis  normal  school  opened 18C6 

Convention  of  colored  citizens  of  Indiana  at  Indianapolis  to 

devise  means  to  obtain  full  citizenship 6  Nov.     " 

National  convention  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  held 

at  Indianapolis 20  Nov.     " 

Gov.  Morion  resigns,  being  elected  U.  S.  senator,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  lieut.gov.  Conrad  Baker Jan. 

Legislature  ratifies  the XIV. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution, 

29  Jan. 
Cornerstone  of  the  Soldiers'  Home  at  Knightstown  laid, 

4  July, 
Indiana  Reform  School  for  Boys,  at  Plainfield,  opened. .  .1  Jan. 
Robbers  of  an  express-car  on  the  Jeffersonville  railroad,  22 
May,  1868,  are  arrested,  and  on  their  way  to  Jackson  (or 
trial  the  train  is  stopped  by  a  so-called  vigilance  committee 
of  Seymour,  a  confession  extorted  from  the  prisoners,  who 
are  hung.  20  July.     4  other  prisoners,  lodged  in  jail  at  New 

Albany,  are  hung  by  70  masked  men 12  Dec.     " 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV.  th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution, 

13-14  May,  1869 

State  Woman's  Suffrage  convention  at  Indianapolis 8  June,     " 

State  Normal  school  at  Terre  Haute  opened 1870 

Seizing  and  hanging  of  certain  negroes  suspected  of  the  murder 
of  a  family  in  Clark  county,  by  a  mob  of  disguised  persons, 
calls  forth  a  proclamation  from  gov.  Baker,  expressing  his 

determination  to  suppress  mob  violence 23  Nov.  1871 

Indiana  State  Grange  organized 1872 

Portion   of  the  Northern  state  prison  at  Michigan  City,  in 

erection  from  1863  to  1870,  is  destroyed  by  fire 13  July,     " 

Amendment  to  the  constitution,  providing  that  "no  law  or 
resolution  shall  ever  be  passed  that  shall  recognize  any  lia- 
bility of  this  state  to  pay  or  redeem  any  certificate  of  stock" 
issued  in  1846  for  the  completion  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie 

canal,  ratified 18  Feb.  1873 

Second  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Congress  of  Agriculture 

at  Indianapolis;  200  delegates  from  25  states 28  May,     '* 

Reform  School  for  Girls  and  Woman's  prison,  at  Indianapolis, 

opened Sept.     " 

Jeffersonville  depot  of  the  quartermasters'  department  of  the 

U.  S.  completed 1874 

Purdue  university,  the  land  grant  college  of  Indiana,  at  Lafay- 
ette, chartered  1862,  opened " 

Commission  appointed  by  the  legislatures  of  Indiana  and  Ken- 
tucky, governed  by  the  U.  S.  survey  of  1806,  determine  that 

Green  island,  near  Evausville,  belongs  to  Kentucky July,  1875 

James  N.  Tyner  postmaster- general 12  July,  1876 

Richard  W.  Thompson  secretary  of  the  navy 12  Mch.  1877 

Office  of  mine  inspector  created  by  act  of  legislature 1879 

Indiana  School  for  Feeble-minded  Youth,  at  Richmond,  opened,     " 
Corner-stone  of  new  state-house  at  Indianapolis  laid.  ..28  Sept.  1880 
Nine  amendments  to  the  state  constitution  adopted  by  the 
people.     The  2d  and  4th  making  the  constitution  conform 
to  that  of  the  U.  S.  as  to  the  rights  of  colored  citizens, 

14  Mch,  1881 
National  convention  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  held 

at  Indianapolis 15  June,     " 

Walter  Q.  Gresbam  postmaster-general 3  Apr.  1883 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  at  Terre  Haute,  chartered  in  1874, 

is  opened " 

Walter  Q.  Gresham  secretary  of  the  treasury 24  Sept.  1884 

Hugh  McCulloch  secretary  of  the  treasury 28  Oct.     " 

First  Natural  Gas  company  in  Indiana  chartered 5  Mch.  1886 

Evansville  School  for  the  Deaf  opened " 

Indiana  Normal  college  at  Covington  opened " 

School  for  Feeble  minded  Youth  established  at  Fort  Wayne 

by  law 1887 

Legislature  appropriates  *200,000  for  a  soldiers  and  sailors' 

monument  in  Clyde  park,  Indianapolis " 

State  Normal  school  at  Terre  Haute  burned 9  Apr.  1888 

Northern  Insane  hospital  at  Logansport  opened " 

Australian  ballot  system  substantially  adopted  by  law 188^ 

Offices  of  state  geologist,  mine  inspector,  and  state  inspector 
of  oils  abolished,  and  a  department  of  geology  and  natural 

resources  created " 

Secret  organization  of  so-called  White  Caps  in  southern  Illinois 
is  investigated  by  the  government  of  the  state  in  1888,  and 

a  law  passed  to  suppress  riotous  conspiracy " 

Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at  Evansville,  completed " 

Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at  Richmond,  completed " 

William  H.  Miller  appointed  attorney-general 5  Mch.     " 

Marion  branch  of  the  National  Soldiers'  Home  opened 1890 

Monument  to  vice-pres.  Hendricks  unveiled  at  Indianapolis, 

1  July,     " 
Supreme  council  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  convenes  at  In- 
dianapolis  17  Nov.  1891 

Gov.  Hovey  dies  at  Indianapolis,  23  Nov. ;  lieut.-gov.  Chase 

acting Nov.     " 

State  female  reformatory  destroyed  by  fire 1  Mch.  1892 

John  W.  Foster,  secretary  of  state 29  June,     " 

Burial  of  the  wife  of  pres.  Harrison  at  Indianapolis 28  Oct.     " 

Popular  welcome  at  Indianapolis  to  ex-pres.  Harrison  on  his 
arrival  at  the  close  of  his  administration 6  Mch.  1893 

GOVERNORS — TERRITORIAL. 

William  Henry  Harrison appointed^ 13  May,  1800 

John  Gibson acting 1812 

Thomas  Posey appointed 3  Mch.  1813 


IND 


375 


IND 


Jonathan  Jennings. 
William  Hendricks.. 

James  B.  Kay 

Noah  Noble 

David  Wallace 

Samuel  Bigger 

James  Whitcomb... 
Joseph  A.  Wright... 
AshbelP.  Willard.., 


GOVERNORS— STATE. 

assumes  office 7  Nov.  1816 

"  "     4  Dec.  1822 

"  "     12  Feb.  1825 

"  "     7  Dec.  1831 

"  "     6  Dec.  1837 

"  "     9  Dec.  1840 

"  "     6  Dec.  1843 

"  "     6  Dec.  1849 

"  "     12  Jan.  1857 


Abraham  A.  Hammond assumes  oflace Oct.  1860 

Henry  S.  Lane elected  U.  S.  senator Jan.  1861 

Oliver  P.  Morton assumes  office "       " 

Conrad  Baker "  "     "     1867 

Thomas  A.  Hendricks "  "     "     1875 

James  D.  Williams "  "     "     1877 

Albert  G.  Porter "  "     "     1881 

Isaac  P.  Gray "  "     "     1885 

Alvin  P.  Hovey (d.  in  office)  "     1889 

Ira  J.  Chase,  lieut.-gov acting Nov.  1891 

Claude  Matthews assumes  office Jan.  189» 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM   THE   STATE   OF   INDIANA. 


James  Noble 

Waller  Taylor 

William  Hendricks... 

Robert  Hanna 

John  Tipton 

Oliver  H.  Smith 

Alberts.  White 

Edward  A.  Hannegan. 

Jesse  D.  Bright 


James  Whitcomb 

Charles  W.  Cathcart... 

John  Petit 

Graham  N.  Fitch 

Henry  S.  Lane 

Joseph  A.  Wright 

David  Turpie 

Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 

Oliver  P.  Morton 

Daniel  D.  Pratt 

Joseph  E.  McDonald. . 
Daniel  W.  Voorhees. . . 
Benjamin  Harrison... 
David  Turpie 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


14th  to  22d 
14th  "  19th 
19th  "  24th 

22d 
22d  to  25th 
25th  "  27th 
26th  "  28th 
28th  "  30th 

29th  "  37th 

31st  "  32d 

32d 
32d  to  33d 
34th  "  36th 
37th  "  39th 

37th 

37th 

38th  to  40th 

40th  "  45th 

41st  "  43d 

44th  "  46th 

45th  "  

47th  "  49th 

50th  "  


1816  to  1831 
1816  "  1825 
1825  "  1837 

1831  "  1832 

1832  "  1837 
1837  "  1843 
1839  "  1844 
1843  "  1849 

1845  "  1861 

1849  "  1852 

1852  "  1853 

1853  "  1856 
1857  "  1860 
1861  "  1867 
1861  "  1862 

1863 

1863  to  1867 

1867  "  1877 
1869  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 

1877  "  

1881  "  1888 


Seated  12  Dec.  1816. 
Seated  12  Dec.  1816. 


Died  26  Feb.  1831. 


Appointed  in  place  of  Noble,  183L 
Elected  in  place  of  Noble. 


(  Seated  27  Dec.  1845.  President  pro  tern.  5  Dec.  1854, 11  June,  1856^ 
\  and  again  12  June,  1860.  Expelled  from  the  Senate,  5  Feb.  1861, 
(     as  a  secessionist. 

Died  4  Oct.  1852. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Whitcomb. 

Elected  in  place  of  Whitcomb. 

Seated  9  Feb.  1857. 


Appointed  in  place  of  Bright.     Seated  3  Mch.  1861. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bright.     Seated  22  Jan.  1863. 
(Nominated  for  vice-president  by  the  Democratic  party,  1876,  and 
(    again  in  1884. 

Died  1  Nov.  1877. 


Term  expires  1897. 

Elected  president  of  the  U.  S.,  1889-93. 

Term  expires  1899. 


In<lian§,  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  America.  So 
called  by  Columbus,  who  supposed  he  had  discovered  the  east- 
ern shores  of  India,  The  following  remarks  and  tables  refer 
to  Indians  within  the  present  area  of  the  United  States.  In 
manners,  customs,  and  general  features  the  difference  between 
the  IndiansoftheGulf  states  and  thoseof  the  shoresof  the  north- 
ern lakes  is  scarcely  perceptible ;  it  is  only  by  languages  that 
they  can  be  grouped  into  great  families.  East  of  the  Mississippi 
there  were  not  more  than  8  radically  distinct  languages,  4  of 
which  are  still  in  existence,  while  the  others  have  disappeared. 

NAMKS  AND  LOCATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  TRIBES  OF  THE 
8  GREAT  FAMILIES  IN  THE  PRESENT  AREA  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI,  AT  THE  TIME 
OF  THE   FIRST   SETTLEMENTS. 


I.  Algonquin  tribes  : 

Micmacs 

Etchemins  or  Canoemen. 
Abenakis 


Pokanokets    or    Wampa- 


Pequots. . . 
Mohegans. 


Delawares  or  Lenni  Lenape. 

Nanticokes 

Powhatan  Confederacy 

Corees 

Shawnees 


Miamis 

Illinois 

Kickapoos 

Pottawatomies 

Ottawas 

Sacs  and  Foxes 

Menomonees 

Chippewas  or  Ojibways 

.  Wyandot  or  Huron-Iroquois 
tribes  : 
Eries  (Huron  or  Wyandot) 

Iroquois) j 

Andastes  (Huron  or  Wy-> 

andot-Iroquois j 

Wyandots  (Huron  or  Wy- ) 

andot-Iroquois) j 

Senecas  (Iroquois  proper). . . 

Cayugas         "  "    

Onondagas     "  "       ... 

Oneidas  "  "      

Mohawks       •'  "      ... 


Location. 


East  of  the  state  of  M^ine. 

Maine. 

New  Hampshire  and  Maine. 

;E.  Massachusetts    and    Rhode 

[     Island . 

(■Central      Massachusetts      and 

I     Rhode  Island. 

(W.   Massachusetts     and     Con- 

\    necticut. 

(New  Jersey,  the  valley,  of  the 

[    Delaware  and  Schuylkill. 

Eastern  shores  of  Chesapeake  bay. 

E.  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

E.  North  Carolina. 

South    of    the    Ohio,  W.  Ken- 
tucky, and  Tennessee. 

S.    Michigan,   N.    Indiana,    and 
N.W.  Ohio. 

S.  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

N.  and  central  Illinois. 

N.  Illinois. 

Michigan. 

N.  Wisconsin. 

Southern  shore  of  lake  Superior. 


Southern  shore  of  lake  Erie. 

Head- waters  of  the  Ohio. 

(Territory  north  of  lakes  Erie  and 
(     Ontario. 

W.  New  York.    Long  House. 

Central  New  York. 


fi.  New  York. 


NAMES   AND    LOCATION    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL    TRIBES   OF   THE 
8   GREAT  FAMILIES,  ETC. — (Continued.) 


Tuscaroras  (Iroquois  proper) 

Chowans  (Huron  or  Wyan- ) 
dot-Iroquois) ) 

Meherrins  (Huron  or  Wy-\ 
andot-Iroquois) j 

Nottaways  (Huron  or  Wy-» 

andot-Iroquois) | 

III.  Catawbas 


IV.  Cherokees. 


V.  Uchees 

VI.  Natchez 

VII.  Mobilian  or  Muskhogees : 

Chickasaws 

Choctaws 

Creeks  or  Muskhogees 

Seminoles  

VIII.  Winnebagoes. 


S.  W.  Virginia  and  North  Carol  ina. 
Join  the  Iroquois  of  New  York.. 
1713.  ' 

S.  Virginia. 


W.  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Mountainous  regions  of  Ten- 
nessee, Georgia,  North  and 
South  Carolina. 

About  Augusta,  Ga.     ' 

N.W.  Mississippi. 

W.  Tennessee  and  N.  Mississippi. 

E.  Mississippi  and  W.  Alabama. 

Alabama  and  Georgia. 

Florida. 

About  Green  Bay,  Wis. 


PRINCIPAL   TRIBES   WEST 

OF   THE    MISSISSIPPI   IN    1800-30. 

Name. 

Location. 

Dakotas  (Sioux) 

Arapahoes 

Wisconsin,  west  to  Rocky  nits. 
Wyoming,  head-waters  of  Platte. 
Wyoming  and  Nebraska. 

Dakota. 

Nebraska. 

Assiniboins 

Montana  and  Dakota 

Minnetaries  (Gros  Ventres)  . . 
Missouris 

Montana. 
Lower  Missouri 

lowas 

Iowa 

Osacres 

Kansas  west 

Crows 

Dakota 

Kaws      

Kansas 

Pawnees    

Kansas  and  Nebraska 

Caddos 

Shoshones  or  Snakes 

Kiowas 

Kansas  to  Oregon. 

Utes 

Navajos  and  Mosquis 

Arizona. 

Bannocks                      .     ... 

Idaho  and  Oregon. 
Nevada  and  Oregon. 

Modocs 

Nez  Perces                

Flatheads      

California.  Oregon,  and  Nevada. 
Oregon  and  N.  California. 

Klamaths 

IND 


376 


IND 


SITUATION,  NUMBERS,  AND  TRIBES  OF  INDIANS  WITHIN  THE  UNITED 

STATES  IN  1893.                          ^ 

State. 

Tribe. 

Number.                          ^ 

Maine                                                        .... 

( Penobscot 

385                                               * 

Massachusetts , . . . . 

\  PassamuquoUdy 

525 
145 

24 

New  York  rescrviuious  : 

955 

1,574                                          ^ 
661                                   m 

455                                          m 

St  Regis                                         

St  Regis 

1,053                                               1 

469                                              ' 

Onondagas 

Oneida 

Oneidas           .          

237                                               J 

North  Carolina.  Tennes-see,  and  Georgia. . . . 
Florida                  

2,885  mostly  in  North  Carolina.^ 
269 

71 

6,991  not  on  reservation. 
1,404        "              " 

132        "             " 

(Munsees,  Oneidas   (from    New  York),  Chippewas, ) 
\     Menomones,  and  Stockbridge  (from   Massaohu-  [ 
(     setts) ) 

7,915  on  reservation. 

Iowa                               

981  off           " 
397 

(   6,263  on  reservation. 
\      802  off 

(   3,751  on            " 
\      113  off 

1,016  on            " 

Nebraska.                                         

Winnebagoes,  Poncas,  Omahas,  and  Pawnees 

Kansas 

1  Munsees,  Miamis,  Kansas  or  Kaws,  Kickapoos,  Pot- ) 

{     tawatomies,  and  Chippewas ) 

j  Sioux,  Poncas,  Arickarees,  Gros  Ventres,  and  Man- 1 

North  and  South  Dakota 

26,880  on            " 
917  off            " 

( Blackfeet,   Blood,   Peigan,  Assiniboins,  Gros    Ven- 
\     tres,  Crows,  Flatheads,  Shoshones,  Bannocks,  and 

10,336  on            " 

237  off           " 

Shoshones  and  Arapahoes 

1,806  on 
(   3,640  on            " 

Idaho          

Utes 

(      269  off            " 
f      985  on            " 
\        49  off 
f   1,552  on 
\  3,404  off           " 
(   7,938  on            " 
\   2,899  off 
j   3,708  on            " 
\      574  off            " 
(    5,020  on            " 
no.  263  off           " 
i   1,854  on            " 
\      635  off            " 
8,278  citizens. 

Nevada                                        

Utes  Shoshones,  and  Bannocks 

Coeur  d' Aline,  Spokane,  Yakama,  and  others 

Klamaths,  Walla- Wallas,  Shoshones,  and  others 

Yumas  Klamaths  and  others 

Oregon                      

^alifnrnia                                       

Utah                                               

Utes           

(  Pueblos 

1  Navajos,  Apaches,  and  Utes 

20,521  on  reservation. 
(15,414  on 
\  1,326  off 

5,689  on           " 

52,065 

14,224 
8,708  on  reservations. 

288                                            '    ^ 

Oklahoma. 

( Pottawatomies,  Sacs  and    Foxes,  Osages,  Kansas,  ) 

Indian  Territory 

f                                                   f  Cherokees.... 25.357  ' 
1  Chickasaws...  4,625 

The  five  civilized  tribes ^  Choctaws 10,253  ■ 

1  Creeks -9,291 

1  Serainoles. . . .  2,539 

Cheyennes,     Arapahoes.     Apaches,     Kiowas,     Co- 
manches,Wichitas,  Delawares,  Caddos,  Sliawnees, 
Miamis,  Modocs.  Ottawas,  Peorias,  Quapaws,  Sen- 
ecas.  Cayugas,  Wyandots j 

Total 

249  273                                                  3 

indiction,  a  cycle  of  tributes  of  corn  demanded  every 
15  years,  not  known  before  Constantine.  The  first  examples 
in  the  Theodosian  code  are  of  the  reign  of  Constantius,  who 
died  361. — In  memory  of  Constantine's  victory  over  Mezentius, 
•8  CaL  Oct.  312,  the  council  of  Nice  ordained  that  years  should 
be  no  longer  reckoned  by  Olympiads,  but  by  the  indiction, 
dating  from  1  Jan.  313.  It  was  first  used  bv  the  Latin  church 
in  342. 

in'CligO,  a  dj'e  from  the  woad  plant,  hatis  tinctoria,  used 
by  the  Egyptians  and  other  ancient  nations;  the  processes 
.are  described  by  Pliny.  After  the  passage  of  the  Cape  of 
■Good  Hope,  in  1497,  it  was  gradually  superseded  by  Eastern 
indigo,  from  the  indigofera.  Indigo  is  named  in  English 
statutes  in  1581.  Its  cultivation  began  in  South  Carolina  in 
1743. 
After  long  experiments,  especially  by  prof.  A.  Baeyer,  the  dye 

has  been  prepared  artificially  from  coal-tar 1869-80 

Prof.  H.  E.  Rcscoe,  at  the  Royal  institution,  London,  demon- 
strates identity  of  artificial  and  natural  indigo 27  May,  1881 

indirect  claims.     Alabama  claims. 

iu'cliuill,  a  metal  discovered  in   arsenical  pyrites  of 


Freiburg,  by  F.  Reich  and  T.  Richter  in  1863 ;  named  fro| 
giving  an  indigo-blue  ray  in  its  spectrum. 

induction  of  electric  currents,  discovered  by  Faraday, 
announced  in  his  "Experimental  Researches,"  in  1831-32. 
Ruhrakorff's  magneto-electric  induction  coil  constructed  in 
185D.     Electricity. 

inductive  philosophy,  based  on  observations 
and  experiments,  really  common-sense,  is  expounded  by 
Bacon  in  •'  Novum  Organum,"  pub.  1620,  Book  II.  The  terra 
philosophy,  which  is  more  correctly  applied  to  the  investiga- 
tion of  mental  and  spiritual  truth,  has  been  loosely  bestowed 
on  this  method.  The  senses  are  never  philosophic.  Philos- 
ophy. 

indulg^ence§,  in  the  early  church,  were  the  modera- 
tion of  ecclesiastical  punishment.  Papal  grants  of  abso- 
lute pardon  of  sin,  commenced  by  Leo  III.  about  800,  were 
granted  in  the  11th  century  by  Gregory  VII.,  and  by  Ur- 
ban II.  and  by  others  in  the  12th  century,  as  rewanis  to 
the  crusaders.  Clement  V.  was  the  first  pope  wlio  made 
public  sale  of  indulgences,  1313.     In  1517  Leo  X.  published 


IND 

general  indulgences,  and  resistance  to  them  led  to  the  Ref- 
ormation. 

industrial  exhibitions.    Exhibitions,  Fairs. 

infallibility    of  the   pope,  in   regard   to 

faith  and  morals,  was  decreed  by  the  Vatican  council, 
and  promulgated  18  July,  1870.  Extensive  opposition 
to  the  doctrine  in  Germany  led  to  the  constitution  of  the 
church  named  "  Old  Catholics."  Mr.  Gladstone's  pam- 
phlets, "The  Vatican  Decrees  in  their  Bearing  on  Civil 
Allegiance,"  pub.  Nov.  1874,  and  "Vaticanism,"  Feb. 
1875. 
infant  schools.     Kindergartens. 

infantry,  foot  -  soldiers ;  their  organization  much 
improved  during  the  wars  of  Charles  V.  and  Francis 
I.,  in  the  16th  century.  The  British  army  comprises 
109  regiments,  now  merged  into  line  battalions  with  a 
rifle  brigade.  For  the  United  Kingdom  1891,  69,274 
men.  For  the  United  States,  25  regiments,  13,002  men. 
Army. 

infirmaries.  Ancient  Rome  had  no  houses  for  the 
cure  of  the  sick ;  diseased  persons  were  carried  to  the  temple 
of  iEsculapius  for  cure.  Institutions  for  the  accommodation 
of  travellers,  the  indigent,  and  sick  were  founded  by  the 
emperor  Julian  about  362 ;  and  infirmaries  or  hospitals 
were  frequently  added  to  cathedrals  and  monasteries. 
The  emperor  Louis  II.  caused  infirmaries  on  mountains 
to  be  visited,  855.  In  Jerusalem  knights  and  brothers  at- 
tended the  sick.  There  were  hospitals  for  the  sick  at  Con- 
stantinople in  the  11th  century.  Physicians  and  surgeons 
in  infirmaries  are  first  mentioned  1437. — Beckmann.     Hos- 


influenza,  a  name  given  in  Italy  about  1741  to  an 
epidemic  febrile  catarrh  with  variations,  probably  known  to 
the  ancients. 

It  prevailed  in  Europe  in  1510,  and  has  since  frequently  appeared, 
generally  commencing  in  Russia  and  thence  spreading  over  the 
continent.  It  appeared  in  Britain  in  1762  and  frequently  since, 
especially  in  1830-31,  1833,  1836-37,  and  1847.  It  appeared  at 
Paris  in  1866-67,  and  at  Berlin,  1874-75.  In  Oct.  1889,  it  was  se- 
vere at  St.  Petersburg,  and  thence  spread  over  Europe,  reaching 
Great  Britain,  Canada,  and  the  U.  S.,  Jan.  1890,  causing  indirectly 
the  death  of  several  eminent  persons.  In  the  spring  the  diseaeie 
was  severe  in  India  and  Australia.  In  1891  the  disease  was  severe 
in  the  west  of  the  U.  S.  and  in  London  and  other  parts  of  England, 
and  also  on  the  continent.  The  disease  reappeared  in  Jan.  1892, 
in  much  the  same  localities.  In  London  the  general  mortality 
was  much  increased,  all  classes  being  attacked.  The  death  of  the 
duke  of  Clarence  and  Avondale,  14  Jan.  1892,  was  attributed  to 
pneumonia  following  influenza.     Report  of  the  epidemic  of  1889- 

1890,  by  dr.  Parsons,  issued  by  British  government,  about  3  July, 

1891.  Special  government  inquiry  into  the  disease  ordered   in 
England,  early  Feb.  1892. 

infuso'ria.     Animalcules. 

ink.  The  ancient  black  inks  were  made  of  soot  and 
ivory-black  (Vitruvius  and  Pliny  mention  lamp-black);  but 
they  had  ink  of  various  colors,  as  red,  gold,  silver,  and  purple. 
'  Red  ink  was  made  of  vermilion  and  gum.  Indian-ink  was 
brought  from  China,  and  must  have  been  in  use  by  the  people 
of  the  east  from  the  earliest  ages.  Invisible  or  sympathetic 
inks  were  early  known.  Ovid  (2  a.d.)  teaches  young  wom- 
en to  write  with  new  milk.  Receipts  for  invisible  ink  were 
given  by  Peter  Borel  in  1653,  and  by  Le  Mort  in  1669.— ^ecJfc- 
TKiann. 

Ink'ernian,  a  village  and  seaport  in   the   Crimea. 
The   Russian   army   (about  40,000)   reinforced   and  encour- 
aged by  the  presence  of  grand-dukes  Michael  and  Nicholas, 
attacked  the  British  (8000)  near  the  old  fort  of  Inkerman, 
\  before  daybreak,  5  Nov.  1854.      They  were  kept  at  bay  6 
hours  till  the  arrival  of  6000  French,  and  then  repulsed, 
leaving  9000  killed  and  wounded.     The  allies  lost  462  killed, 
^  1952    wounded,  and    191    missing.      Sir    George    Cathcart, 
and  gens.  Strangways,  Goldie,  and  Torrens,  were  among  the 
I  slain. 

Pj      Innocents'  Day,  28  Dec.  in  the  Western  church ; 
'  29  Dec.  in  the  Greek  or  Eastern  church. 


377 


INQ 


inns   or  houses  for  the   lodgement   and   entertain- 
ment of  travellers,  at  Rome,  were  regulated  by  laws.     Ed- 


ward III.  enacted  that  thev  should  be  subjected  to  inquiry^ 
1353. 

"  Now  spurs  the  lated  traveller  apace 
To  gain  the  timely  inn." 

— Shakespeare,  "Macbeth,"  act  iii.  sc.  ill. 
"  One  autumn  night,  in  Sudbury  town. 
Across  the  meadows  bare  and  brown 
The  windows  of  the  wayside  inn 
Gleamed  red  with  fire-light  through  the  leaves 
Of  woodbine  hanging  from  the  eaves, 
Their  crimson  curtains  rent  and  thin." 

—Longfellow,  "  Wayside  Inn,"  Prelude. 
Taverns. 

inns  of  court,  London,  were  established  at  different 
periods,  in  some  degree  as  colleges  for  teaching  the  law.  An- 
nual revenue  in  1872  said  to  be  about  25,000^. 

^'Shallow.  ...  He  is  at  Oxford  still,  is  he  not?" 

^^ Silence.  Indeed,  sir,  to  my  cost." 

"  Shallow.  He  must  then  to  the  inns  of  court  shortly:  I  was  once- 
of  Clement's  inn,"  etc. 

— Shakespeare,  "  2  Henry  IV.,"  act  iii.  sc.  ii. 

Temple  founded;  church  built  by  Knights  Templars 1185- 

Lincoln's  inn,  4  Edw.  II 1310  or  1312: 

Clifford's  inn,  20  Edw.  Ill 1345- 

Gray's  inn,  32  Edw.  Ill 1357 

Staples'  inn,  4  Hen.  V 1415- 

Lyon's  inn 1420' 

Sergeants'  inn.  Fleet  street 1429 

Barnard's  inn,  an  inn  of  chancery 1445- 

Clement's  inn,  18  Edw.  IV '. 1478. 

New  inn,  1  Hen.  VII 1485- 

Thavies's  inn.  10  Hen.  VIII 151» 

Inner  and  Middle  Temple  made  inns  of  law  about  1340;  Outer 

about  (Stow) 1560 

Furnival's  inn,  5  Eliz 1563 

Sergeants'  inn,  Chancery  lane  (sold  for  57,000/.,  23  Feb.  1877).  1666 

inoculation.  The  communication  of  a  disease  to  a 
person  by  inserting  contagious  matter  in  his  skin  or  flesh.  In- 
oculation with  the  small-pox  was  introduced  into  England 
from  Turkey  by  lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu.  In  1718  she 
had  her  son  inoculated  at  Adrianople  with  success.  She  was- 
allowed  to  have  it  first  tried  in  England  on  7  condemned  crim- 
inals, 1721 ;  and  in  1722  2  of  the  royal  family  were  inoculated. 
The  practice  was  preached  against  by  many  of  the  bishops- 
and  clergy  until  1760.  Dr.  Mead  inoculated  successfully  up- 
to  1754;  and  dr.  Dimsdale  of  London  inoculated  Catherine  II., 
empress  of  Russia,  in  1768.  Of  5964  inoculated  in  1797-99 
only  3  died.  An  inoculation  hospital  was  established  in  1746^ 
Vaccine  inoculation,  called  Vaccination,  was  introduced  by 
dr.  Jenner,  21  Jan.  1799 ;  he  discovered  its  virtue  in  1796,. 
and  experimented  on  it  for  3  years.  Inoculation  in  Great 
Britain  was  forbidden  by  law  in  1840.  First  introduced  into 
America  in  Boston,  Mass.,  about  1721  through  the  influence 
of  dr.  Cotton  Mather.  First  inoculation  in  the  family  of  dr. 
Zabdiel  Boylston.  It  was  denounced  by  the  clergy  and  by~ 
many  physicians.     Medical  science,  Small-pox. 

inquests.    Coroneks. 

Inquisition,  or  holy  office.  Before  Constantino 
(306)  heresy  and  spiritual  offences  were  punished  by  excom- 
munication only;  but  soon  after  his  death  capital  punish- 
ments were  added,  and  inquisitors  were  appointed  b}'^  Theodo- 
sius,  382.  Priscillian  was  put  to  death  in  384.  Justinian 
decreed  the  doctrine  of  the  4  holy  synods  as  to  the  Script- 
ures and  their  canons  to  be  observed  as  laws,  529  ;  hence  the- 
penal  code  against  heretics.  About  800  the  power  of  West- 
ern bishops  was  enlarged,  and  courts  were  established  to  try 
and  punish  spiritual  offenders,  even  with  death ;  the  punish- 
ment being  termed  in  Spain  auto-da-fe,  "  an  act  of  faith."  In 
the  12th  century  many  heresies  arose;  and  during  crusades 
against  the  Albigenses,  Gregory  IX.  in  1233  established  rules 
for  inquisitorial  missions  sent  out  by  Innocent  III.,  1210-15, 
and  committed  them  to  the  Dominicans.  Pietro  da  Verona 
(Peter  Martyr)  the  first  inquisitor  who  burned  heretics,  as- 
sassinated by  an  accused  gonfalonier,  6  Apr.  1252,  was  canon- 
ized. 

Pierre  de  Castelnan  sent  against  the  Albigenses,  1210;  St.  Dom- 
inic, first  inquisitor-general 1215- 

Inquisition  constituted  by  Gregory  IX.,  1233;  in  Aragon,  1233; 

Venice,  1249;  France,  12.55;  Castile 1290 

Inquisition  revived  by  a  bull .1  Nov.  1478^ 

Holy  office  reinstituted  in  Spain  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella; 

Torquemada  inquisitor-general 1480 

Nearly  3000  persons  burned  in  Andalusia,  and  17,000  suffer 
other  penalties 1481 


INS 


878 


INS 


1 


"  Instructions  "  of  new  tribunal  promulgated 29  Nov.  1484 

New  articles  added 1488  and  1498 

Established  in  Portugal 1520 

Resisted  in  Naples;  jwrmitted  elsewhere  in  Italy  under  re- 
strictions by  the  temporal  power 1546-47 

New  ordinances  in  81  articles  compiled  by  inquisitor-general 

Valdez 1561 

Suppressed  in  France  by  edict  of  Nantes 1598 

Carnesecchi  executed  at  Rome,  1667 ;  Galileo  called  to  Rome  and 
admonished  not  thenceforward  to  "hold,  teach,  or  defend " 
the  doctrine  condemned  by  the  church,  "  that  the  sun  is  the 
centre  of  the  solar  system,  and  that  the  earth  has  a  diurnal 
motion  of  rotation,"  1610:  compelled  to  abjure  these  views 
and  read  his  recantation  or  them  in  the  church  of  Santa  Maria, 

Rome 22  June,  1633 

Louis  XIV.  revokes  edict  of  Nantes,  but  refuses  to  introduce 

the  Inquisition 1685 

Twenty  persons  perish  at  an  auto-da-fe  at  (Joa 1717 

Gabriel  Mulagrida,  a  Jesuit,  burned  at  Lisbon 1761 

A  woman  accused  of  contract  with  the  devil  burned  at  Se- 
ville  7  Nov.  1781 

Tribunal  abolished  in  Tuscany  and  Lombardy 1787 

Suppressed  in  Spain  by  Napoleon,  4  Dec.  1808,  and  by  the 

Cortes 12  Feb.  1813 

Restored  by  Ferdinand  VII 21  July,  1814 

Finally  abolished  by  Cortes 1820 

[Llorente  reckons  about  32,000  persons  put  to  death  in 
Spain  by  the  Inquisition  in  236  years  ;  291,000  otherwise 
punished.] 

In§anity  (defined  by  sir  "William  Hamilton  as  "  the  pa- 
rah'sis  of  the  regulating  or  legislating  faculties  of  the  mind  "), 
in  1000  male  patients,  has  been  traced  to— 


Drunkenness 110 

Consequences  of  disease. . . .  100 

Epilepsy 78 

Ambition 73 

Excessive  labor. 73 

Born  idiots 71 

Misfortunes 69 

Old  age 69 

Chagrin 54 

Love 47 


Accidents 39 

Religious  enthusiasm ...  29 

Unnatural  practices 27 

Political  events 26 

Poisonous  effluvia 17 

Ill-usage 12 

Crimes,  remorse,  and  despair  9 

Malformation  of  the  skull ...  4 

Unknown  causes 88 

Pretended  insanity 5 


•"The  king  shall  have  the  custody  of  the  lands  of  natural 

fools,"  etc.,  17  Edw.  II 1324 

Marriages  with  lunatics  declared  void,  15  Geo.  II.  c.  30 1742 

Act  regarding  criminal  lunatics  passed Aug.  1840 

Numerous  laws  respecting  lunatics  consolidated  and  amended 

by  16and  17  Vict.,  cc.  70,  96,  97 1853 

A  new  lunacy  act  for  Scotland  passed 1858 

Law  for  commissions  of  lunacy  amended  (after  the  Wyndham 
case.    Trials,  1862) 1862 

TREATMENT   OF    THE   INSANE   IN   GREAT    BRITAIN. 

Earliest  notice  of  lunatics  having  been  received  at  Bethlem. . .  1403 

Forty-four  lunatics  were  maintained  at  Bethlem 1644 

Till  about  1800  lunatics  were  treated  with  cruelty.     See  Con- 
oUy  "On  the  Treatment  of  the  Insane,"  1856. 

Insane  at  Bethlem  made  a  show  for  Id.  or  2d.  till 1770 

Enlightened  treatment  introduced  by  William  Tuke  at  Society 
of  Friends'  "Retreat,"  at  York,  and  by  Pinel,  at  the  Bic6tre, 

Paris,  with  success 1792 

Esquirol  succeeds  Pinel,  and  recommends  instruction  in  man- 
agement of  mental  disorders 1810 

Exposure  of  cruelties  in  the  Bethlem  hospital 1815 

■Gradual  improvements,  and  total  abolition  of  mechanical  re- 
straints at  Lincoln,  1837,  and  at  Hanwell  Asylum  (under  dr. 

John  Conolly)  and  other  places 1839 

Psychological  Journal  issued  by  dr.  Forbes  Winslow 1848 

Journal  of  Mental  Science,  by  dr.  J.  C.  Bucknill 1852 

Hospitals. 

PERSONS    OF    UNSOUND    MIND,  LUNATICS,   IDIOTS,   ETC.,   IN 

ENGLAND  AND  WALES. 

1  Jan.  Registered. 

1860 38, 058 

1870 54,713 

1R7«  I  ^*'®  lunatics 31,024 

( Female  lunatics 37,514 

1880 71,191 

Until  1840  the  insane  poor  in  the  United  States  were  cared 
for  almost  exclusively  by  the  township  and  county  authorities. 
It  was  estimated  that  in  1833  there  were  2500  lunatics  in  jails 
«nd  other  prisons,  besides  hundreds  in  the  county  poor-houses 
and  private  families.  One  of  the  very  earliest  asylums  for 
the  insane  was  that  opened  in  1797  at  Bloomingdale  in  the 
suburbs  of  New  York  city,  by  the  New  York  Hospital  So- 
ciety. To  the  labors  of  Miss  Dorothea  L.  Dix  (b.  Worcester, 
Mass.,  about  1802;  d.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  1887),  is  largely  due  the 
establishment  of  state  asylums.  Miss  Dix  devoted  herself  after 
1837  to  the  investigation  of  the  subject,  and  vi-sited  every  state 
•east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  appealing  to  the  state  legislatures 
to  provide  for  the  care  of  the  insane.  In  Apr.  1854,  a  bill  ap- 
propriating 10,000,000  acres  of  public  lands  to  the  several 
states  for  the  relief  of  the  pauper  insane,  passed  by  Congress 


under  her  appeals,  was  vetoed  by  pres.  Pierce.  Vetoes 
Her  efforts,  however,  led  to  the  establishment  of  state  in- 
sane asylums,  and  it  is  now  recognized  as  the  duty  of  each 
state  to  care  for  its  insane.  New  York  state  has  15  corporate 
institutions  of  this  class.  The  following  statistics  show  th 
number  of  insane,  etc.,  in  the  U.  S.  Until  1850  there  ar 
no  reliable  statistics : 


1850. 
1860. 
1870. 
1880. 


Population  of  U.  S. 


21,191,876 
31,443,321 
38,568,371 
50,155,783 
62,622,250 


15,610 
24,642 
37,432 
91,997 
106,252 


To  each   million  of 
Inhabitanls. 


()73 
783 
971 
1834 
1097 


tn§ectS.  About  400,000  species  known,  1881.  An  ex- 
hibition,  illustrating  their  structure,  food,  and  habits,  opened 
in  Tuileries  gardens  at  Paris,  7  Sept.  1874 ;  in  England,  at 
the  Westminster  aquarium,  9  Mch.  1878,  and  in  the  Zoologi 
cal  gardens.  Regent's  park,  1881.     Entomology. 

insolvency.  The  first  insolvent  act  was  passed  in 
1649,  of  limited  operation ;  acts  more  extensive  were  passed 
later,  particularly  in  the  reign  of  George  HI.  The  benefit  of 
the  Great  Insolvent  act  was  taken  in  England  by  50,733  in- 
solvents from  its  passage  in  1814  to  Mch.  1827.  Since  then 
these  acts  have  been  several  times  amended.  Persons  not 
traders,  or  traders  whose  debts  are  less  than  300/.,  might  pe- 
tition the  court  of  bankruptcy,  and  propose  compositions, 
and  have  pro  tern,  protection  from  process  against  their 
persons  and  property,  by  1  Vict.  c.  116  (1842).  In  1861, 
by  a  new  bankruptcy  act,  the  business  of  the  insolvent 
debtors'  court  was  transferred  to  the  court  of  bankruptcy 
and  a  number  of  imprisoned  debtors  were  released  ii 
Nov.  1861 — In  Mav,  1837,  a  commercial  crisis  occurred  ii 
the  United  States.  Failures  to  the  amount  of  more  thai 
$100,000,000  occurred.  Banks  generally  suspended  specie 
payment.  A  general  bankrupt  law  was  passed  by  Con- 
gress, 9  Aug.  1841.  Another  crisis  occurred  in  1857.  The 
banks  throughout  the  U.  S.  suspended  specie  payment,  but 
soon  resumed.  During  the  civil  war  of  1861-65  the  banks 
suspended  specie  payment,  but  resumed  1  Jan.  1879.     Crisis. 

Institute  of  France.  On  25  Oct.  1795,  all  royal 
academies  —  viz.,  the  French  Academy,  the  Academy  of 
Inscriptions  and  Belles-lettres,  that  of  mathematical  and 
physical  sciences,  of  fine  arts,  and  of  moral  and  political 
sciences — were  combined  in  one  "Institut  National,"  after- 
wards Royal,  Imperial,  and  now  National.  Academiks, 
Immortals,  Paris. 

insurance.  The  object  of  insurance  is  to  indemnify 
the  insured  to  the  extent  of  the  agreement  for  losses  which 
may  be  incurred  from  causes  beyond  his  control.  Its  chief 
branches  are  accident,  fire,  life,  and  marine,  and  of  late  hail, 
wind  or  tornado  insurance.  Suetonius  conjectures  that  Clau- 
dius, the  Roman  emperor,  was  the  first  contriver  of  the  insur- 
ance of  ships,  43  a.d. 

Insurance  in  use  in  Italy,  1194,  and  in  England 1560 

Insurance  policies  first  used  in  Florence 1523 

First  law  of  insurance  in  Britain  enacted 1601 

Insurance  against  fire,  in  London,  began  the  year  after  the  great 

fire  of  London 1667 

Office  for  insuring  buildings  opened,  chiefly  on  the  plan  of 

dr.  Barton,  one  of  the  first  great  builders  of  London "  s 

First  regular  office  in  London,  the  Hand-in-Hand 169fe 

Sun  fire-oflace  established 171§ 

Union  second  fire  office  in  England 171* 

First  marine  insurance  the  Royal  Exchange  and  the  London      j^ 

Insurance 17JK 

First  fire-office  in  Scotland "ai 

In  Germany,  1750;  in  France,  1816;  and  in  Russia 182T' 

Insurance,  fire,  marine,  etc.,  in  the  United  States.     Fir* 
insurance  in  the  Colonies  was  at  Boston  by  the  Sun  (Eng-il 
lish),  1728.     Some  insurance  done  in  Philadelphia  in  1752,|| 
First  fire-insurance  policy  issued  in  the  United  States  at»l 
Hartford,  Conn.,  1794,  under  the  unofficial  title  of  "  Hart- 
ford Fire-insurance  Co."     16  years  after,  in  1810,  the  Hart- 
ford   Fire-insurance    Co.  was    organized.      From    1801-10 
there    were    60    charters    issued;    1811-20,  43;    1821-30, 
149;  1831-40,  467;  1841-50,  401;   1851-60,  896;  1861-70, 
1041. 


I 


1 


INS 


379 


INS 


INCREASE  OF  FIRE,  MARINE,  AND  TORNADO  INSURANCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  SHOWN  BY  A  COMPARISON  OF  THE 

YEAR  1880  WITH  1889. 


Average 

Number 
of  com- 
panies. 

Risks  written  and 
renewed. 

Premiums  and 
assessments  re- 
ceived in  cash. 

Losses  paid  in 

amount  of 
losses  paid  to 
each  dollar 
of  premium 
received. 

Kind  of  insurance. 

(1880.. 
•  |l889.. 

47 

$40,219,820 

$486,703 

$312,181 

0.6414 

41  Fire,  2  0.  Marine.  4  I.  Marine. 

Alabama 

81 

68,429,106 

966,425 

312,651 

0.3235 

73     " 

3           "          5           " 

}l880.. 
■  tl889.. 

26 

10,191,665 

204,546 

51,788 

0.2532 

23     " 

2  I.  Marine,  1  Tornado. 

Arkansas 

71 

30,495,143 

636,690 

296,740 

0.4661 

67     " 

2          "         2   " 

( 1880. . 

130 

309,266,249 

4,396,883 

1,555,279 

0.3537 

96     " 

32  0.  Marine,  2  I.  Marine. 

California 

172 

516,282,586 

7,919,878 

3,908,600 

0.4935 

124     " 

46          -         2         " 

(1880.. 
•  U889.. 

44 

17,330,798 

282,481 

104,151 

0.3687 

,     43     " 

1  Tornado. 

Colorado 

130 

75,629,774 

1,321.096 

554,624 

0.4198 

129     " 

1       " 

(1880.. 
•     1839.. 

135 

166,795,209 

1,494,121 

673,969 

0.4511 

134     " 

1  0.  Marine. 

Connecticut. . . 

144 

244,732,602 

2,257,657 

990,547 

0.4467 

139     " 

3          '•         2  1.  Marine. 

North  and  South  (1880.. 

39 

6,113,903 

111,074 

29,773 

0.2680 

38     " 

1  Tornado. 

Dakotas  

11889.. 

80 

40,137,434 

846,640 

488,192 

0.5766 

76     " 

4       " 

(  1880.. 
|l889.. 

61 

29,614,399 

145,122 

95,755 

0.6598 

58     " 

1  0.  Marine,  2  I.  Murine. 

Delaware 

77 

46,043,696 

234,647 

140.860 

0.6003 

76     " 

1  Tornado. 

District   of  Co 

-(1880.. 
{1889.. 

65 

45,583,365 

230.032 

80;312 

0.3491 

64     " 

1  0.  Marine. 

lumbia 

126 

85,911,541 

434,520 

83,060 

0.1912 

124     " 

1           "         1  Tornado. 

(1880.. 
il889.. 

20 

6.846,921 

99,013 

149,286 

1.5077 

19     " 

1  I.  Marine. 

Florida 

41 

22^861,420 

410,817 

286,657  ' 

0.6978 

40     " 

1 

(1880.. 
11889.. 

46 

89,176,709 

904,605 

39.3,319 

0.4348 

45     '• 

1  0.  Marine. 

•Georgia 

72 

140,826,192 

1,706,650 

1,372,703 

0.8043 

67     " 

4          "         1  Tornado. 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

9 

219,627 

5,001 

186 

0.0372 

9     " 

Idaho 

43 

2,522,173 

72.009 

117,770 

1.6355 

43     " 

Illinois 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

344 

607,698,550 

6,302,741 

2,203,691 

0.3496 

320     " 

1  0.  Marine,  22  I.  Marine,  1  Tor. 

436 

905,469,110 

9,850,539 

4,758,078 

0.4830 

406     " 

4          "         20    .      "         6   " 

Indiana 

( 1880. . 
•  11889.. 

147 

137,939,059 

1,605,479 

804,644 

0.5012 

142     " 

1          "           4          " 

178 

222,378,423 

2,774,638 

1,555,981 

0.5608 

168     " 

1          "           3          "         6  Tor. 

Iowa 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

181 

141,496,566 

1,885,903 

772,303 

0.4095 

176     " 

4  I.  Marine,    1  Tornado. 

-268 

240.521,193 

3,589,398 

1,613,872 

0.4496 

257     " 

1  0.  Marine,   2  I.  Marine,  8  Tor. 

Kansas 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

61 

44,677,100 

671,024 

261,798 

0.3901 

59     " 

1  I.  Marine,    1  Tornado. 

119 

140,955,028 

1,983,611 

1,108,685 

0.5589 

112     " 

1         "          6       " 

Kentucky 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

120 

111,701,347 

1,328,570 

621,082 

0.4675 

111     " 

9 

144 

183,239,656 

2,377,975 

1,912,759 

0.8044 

135     " 

5          '•           4  Tornado. 

Louisiana 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

68 

335.674,073 

3.171,888 

1,171,703 

0.3694 

42     " 

12  0.  Marine,  14  I.  Marine. 

122 

320,034,632 

2,803,374 

1,063,003 

0.3792 

92     " 

15         "        14         "        ITor. 

Maine 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

135 

85,861,024 

1,190,582 

732,139 

0.6149 

126     " 

9          " 

147 

115,045,506 

1,724,124 

900,637 

0.5224 

139     " 

8 

Maryland 

1880.. 
•     1889.. 

159 

296,360,062 

1,833,139 

986,652 

0.5382 

149     " 

9          "           11.  Marine. 

180 

260,502,950 

1,964,843 

1,006,026 

0.5120 

164     " 

14          "           1          "         ITor. 

Massachusetts. 

1880. . 
•     1889.. 

222 

883,893,466 

9,089,434 

5,450,067 

0.5996 

196     " 

24          "           2 

245 

1,125,781,420 

11,411,928 

10,417,399 

0.9129 

221     " 

23          u           1          « 

Michigan 

1880.. 
•     1889.. 

194 

202,614,931 

2,292,695 

1,019,564 

0.4447 

175     " 

1           "          18 

238 

291,94.5,425 

4,325,422 

2,042,667 

0.4722 

221     " 

2         "        12         "        3  Tor. 

Minnesota 

(1880.. 
•  tl8B9.  , 

135 

110,552,224 

1,303,925 

1,340,304 

1.0279 

128     " 

1          "           5          u         1    u 

281 

245,578,295 

3,471,266 

1,722,863 

0.4962 

261     " 

1          "         15          "         4    " 

Mississippi 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

9 

13,016,985 

249,615 

89,940 

0.3603 

9     " 

37 

38,801,862 

684,569 

356.348 

0.5205 

33     " 

2  0.  Marine,    1 1.  Marine,  1  Tor. 

Missouri 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

187 

296,389,697 

3,053,891 

1,702,529 

0.5575 

163     " 

1         "         22         "        1  " 

235 

396,644.927 

4,793,341 

3,014,298 

0.6289 

215     " 

2          "         12          •'        6   " 

Montana 

]l880.. 
•  "11889.. 

13 

1,626;682 

29,918 

7,506 

0.2509 

13     " 

66 

19,982,848 

489,720 

294,478 

0.6013 

66     " 

Nebraska 

( 1880. . 
■  11889.. 

66 

25,830,246 

430,709 

336,082 

0.9803 

65     " 

1  Tornado. 

148 

113,426,886 

1,779,019 

832,535 

0.4680 

140     " 

1 1.  Marine,    7  Tornado. 

Nevada 

)l880.. 
•  11889.. 

17 

2,988,281 

82,512 

83,776 

1.0153 

17     " 

46 

4,976,720 

134,306 

105,409 

0.7848 

46     " 

New  Hampshire  ^  '^^^^-  • 

95 

50,099,635 

570,736 

369,947 

0.6478 

95     '• 

^11889.. 

88 

86,488,988 

927,970 

308,770 

0.3327 

88     " 

New  Jersey  ... 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

153 

236,546,019 

1,829,559 

840,744 

0.4595 

150     " 

1  0.  Marine,   2  I.  Marine. 

165 

374,083,724 

2,943,481 

1,402,425 

0.4765 

163     " 

1         '•          1         " 

New  York 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

304 

3,895,710,856 

24,404,773 

14,565,103 

0.5968 

251     " 

24          "         29 

351 

4,893,753,969 

28,316,202 

18,991,389 

0.6707 

305     " 

23          "         22          "         ITor. 

North  Carolina 

(1880.. 
■  11889.. 

28 

23,517,021 

287,115 

135,750 

0.4728 

26     " 

2 

xivitu  \ja.i\jiiua, 

78 

66,625,893 

676,917 

290,185 

0.4287 

75     " 

2          "           1  Tornado. 

Ohio 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

251 

425,786,647 

4,390,834 

2,681,770 

0.6101 

221     " 

2          "         28  I.  Marine. 

307 

608,574,153 

6,925,840 

3,891,877 

0.5619 

279     " 

2          "         21          "         5  Tor. 

Oregon 

(1880.. 

17 

12,424,593 

193,643 

78,921 

0.4076 

16     " 

1          " 

•  11889.. 

52 

40,768,484 

784,983 

199,208 

0.2538 

52     " 

3 

Pennsylvania  . 

(1880.. 
•  tl889.. 

402 

679.624,970 

6,730,439 

4,236,876 

0.6295 

380     " 

4          "         18 1.  Marine. 

418 

1,010,130,180 

10,300,732 

5,696,752 

0.5483 

399     " 

8         "          7          "        4  Tor. 

Khode  Island.. 

(1880.. 
■  tl889.. 

146 

146,832,438 

1,343,748 

330,504 

0.2460 

140     " 

5          "           1          " 

140 

300,189,064 

2,741.440 

765,047 

0.2791 

134     " 

4          "           2          " 

South  Carolina 

( 1880. . 
•  11889.. 

44 

41,034,380 

400,380 

202,081 

0.5047 

41     " 

3 

95 

59,425,875 

711,604 

2.54,221 

0.3574 

86     " 

7          "          11.  Marine,  1  Tor. 

Tennessee 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

74 

54,803,187 

702,283 

308,340 

0.4391 

67     " 

1          "           6          " 

119 

123,247,138 

1,712,659 

808,113 

0.4718 

106     " 

3         "          7         "         3  Tor. 

Texas 

( 1880. . 

59 

84,779,854 

1,156,274 

476,831 

0.4124 

53     " 

4          "           2          " 

•  11889.. 

97 

171,370,363 

2,664,295 

1,028,012 

0.3858 

88     " 

6         "          1         "        2  Tor. 

Vermont 

)l880.. 
•  11889.. 

51 
67 

28,972,180 
42,797,923 

442,613 
615,837 

274,075 
476,224 

0.6192 
0.7733 

51     " 
67     " 

Virginia. 

(1880.. 
•  11889.. 

47 

84 

56,645,602 
121,656,891 

547,538 
1,446,472 

367,346 
965,395 

0.6709 
0.6674 

42     " 
76     " 

4  0.  Marine,    1 1.  Marine. 

6         "          1         "        ITor. 

Washington  . 

(1880.. 
•  1l8S9.. 

17 

2,002,693 

42,814 

28.570 

0.6673 

16     " 

1 

87 

32,724,810 

1,012,011 

3,639,186 

3.5985 

86     " 

1         " 

West  Virginia 

(1880.. 

37 

10,723,794 

128,724 

52,675 

0.4092 

35     " 

2  I.  Marine. 

•  11889.. 

73 

28,956,437 

351,075 

148,302 

0.4224 

70     " 

2  0.  Marine,    1  I.  Marine. 

Wisconsin 

(1880.. 

271 

179,560,399 

1,879,986 

1,224,414 

0.6513 

263     " 

1         "          6         •'        ITor. 

•  11889.. 

351 

249,296,261 

3,571,047 

2,020,418 

0.5658 

337     " 

1          "           8          "         5   " 

Wyoming 

(1880.. 

18 

3,979,200 

58,420 

10.986 

0.1881 

18     " 

•  tl889.. 

53 

5,653,524 

105,901 

34.008 

0.3211 

53     " 

From  1  Jan.  1880  to  31  Dec.  1889,  property  of  the  citizens  j  $120,000,000,000,  for  premiunas  of  f  1,156,675,391,  and  losses 
^f  the  United  States  was  insured  against  fire  and  accident  on  were  paid  of  $647,726,051,  being  56  per  cent,  of  the  prenaiums. 
3cean,  lake,  and  river,  and  by  tornado,  to  the  amount  of  over  1  — Census  Insurance  Report,  1890. 


INS  8 

Life  insurance  was  not  known  before  the  16th  century. 
The  first  life  insurance  company,  "  The  Amicable,"  was  estab- 
Ibhed  in  London,  England,  1706,  and  insured  at  uniform  rates 
persons  between  12  and  -15  years  of  age.  In  1734  it  guaran- 
teed a  dividend  for  each  deceased  member  not  less  than  100/. 
This  was  the  first  insurance  for  a  definite  sum  at  death,  when- 
ever that  might  occur.  In  1762  the  Equitable  Assurance 
Society  of  London  began  to  rate  members  according  to  age. 
At  the  close  of  the  18th  century  there  were  8  companies  trans- 
acting in  a  more  or  less  complete  form  the  business  of  life  in- 
surance in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Annuities.  The 
Presbyterian  Annuity  and  Life  Insurance  Company  of 
Philadelphia,  the  first  life  insurance  company  in  the  United 
States,  received  its  charter  from  Thomas  Penn  in  1759. 
The  Penn  Company  for  Insurance  on  Lives  was  chartered 
1812.  Massachusetts  Hospital  Life  Insurance  Company,  Bos- 
ton, 1818. 

LIST,    WITH    DATE    OF    CHARTER    OF    THE    EARLIER     "OUT- 
LINE "   INSURANCE  COMPANIES   IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Berkshire 1851 

Massachusetts  M u tiial " 

Northwestern 1858 

Equitable 1859 

Home 1860 

Germania " 

John  Hancock 1862 

Continental 1864 

Brooklyn " 

Connecticut  General 1865 

Hartford  Life 1867 

Metropolitan " 


New   York    liife-insurance 
and  Trust  Co 1830 

Baltimore  Life " 

New  England  Mutual 1835 

Girard  Life  Assurance,  An- 
nuity, and  Trust  Co 1836 

Mutual  Life  of  New  York. .  1842 

New  York  Life 1845 

Connecticut  Mutual 1846 

Penn  Mutual 1847 

JEtn&  Life 1850 

Manhattan " 

Pheuix  Mutual 1851 

Introduction  of  the  Tontine  system  of  insurance  has  added  largely 
to  the  business  of  some  of  the  companies. 

Assessment  system  of  life  insurance  is  based  on  the  plan  of  collecting 
assessments  on  living  members  to  pay  death  losses  as  they  occur. 
In  this  plan  the  assessments  during  early  years  are  less  than  the 
premiums  of  regular  companies;  but  they  increase  rapidly,  and 
often  become  impossible  to  collect  in  later  years.  Since  its  ap- 
pearance (about  1865)  as  an  insurance  business  aside  from  fraternal 
organizations,  this  system  has  rapidly  extended. 

Total  amount  of  insurance  in  force  in  the  U.  S.  1  Jan. 
1893,  was  in  the  "regular  "  or  "  old- line  "  companies,  $4,895,724,691 

Assessment  companies 6,974,520,000 

Total $11,870,244,691 

First  accident  insurance  company  established  in  the  U.  S.  was 

the  Traveller's,  of  Hartford,  Conn 1863 

First  steam-boiler  insurance  company,  Hartford,  Conn. ;  char- 
tered    1866 

Plate-glass  first  insured 1870 

Most  of  the  states  have  established  departments  or  bureaus  of  in- 
surance, for  the  supervision  of  the  companies  aud  the  enforcement 
of  the  laws  requiring  their  solvency  to  be  maintained.  The  main- 
tenance of  these  departments,  and  all  expenses  of  supervision  are 
charged  to  the  companies,  and  sometimes  amount  to  a  serious 
burden,  increasing  the  cost  of  insurance  to  the  people.  The  belief 
of  most  insurance  experts  and  of  political  economists  is  that  the 
effort  to  regulate  the  business  by  law  has  been  carried  much  too 
far,  and  has  done  at  least  as  much  harm  as  good. 


in§urrection8. 

BELLIONS,  RiOTS,  CtC. 


Conspiracies,    Massacres,    Re- 


decreed  in  Europe  till  Gregory  VII.  (1073),  but  often  after- 
wards. When  a  prince  was  excommunicated,  subjects  con- 
tinuing allegiance  were  excommunicated  also,  and  the  clergy 
were  forbidden  to  perform  any  divine  service  or  clerical  duties, 
save  baptism  of  infants  and  confession  of  dying  penitents. 
In  1170,  pope  Alexander  III.  put  England  under  interdict 
for  the  complicity  of  Henry  II.  in  murder  of  Becket ;  and 
when  king  John  was  excommunicated  in  1208,  the  kingdom 
lay  under  a  papal  interdict  for  6  years.  England  was  put 
under  an  interdict  on  Henry  VIII.  shaking  off  the  pope's 
supremacy,  1535;  and  pope  Sixtus  V.  proclaimed  a  crusade 
against  queen  Elizabeth  of  England  in  1588.  Excommuni- 
cation. 

interest.  Usury.  The  word  interest  was  first  used  in 
an  act  of  Parliament  of  21  James  I.  1623,  for  a  lawful  in- 
crease as  compensation  for  the  use  of  money  lent.  The  rate 
fixed  by  the  act  was  8^.  for  the  use  of  100^.  for  a  year,  in  place 
of  usury  at  10/.  before  taken.  The  Commonwealth  lowered 
the  rate  to  6/.  in  1651 ;  confirmed  in  1660 ;  and  by  an  act  of 
13  queen  Anne,  1713,  it  was  reduced  to  bl.  The  restraint 
being  found  prejudicial  to  commerce,  it  was  totally  removed 
by  17  and  18  Vict.  c.  90  (1854). 


INU 


interest  in  the  united  states. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho  

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky  

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 


Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina. . 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode  Island  . . . 
South  Carolina.. 
South  Dakota. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia. . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Legal 
rate. 


I'er  cent. 
8 
7 


10 


Rate  al- 
lowed by 
contract. 


Per  cent. 

8 
Anv  rate 

io 
Any  rate 

6 

6 

10 

Any  rate 

8 
18 

7 


12 
6 

8 
Any  rate 

6 
Any  rate 
10 
10 
10 
10 
Any  rate 

10 

Any  rate 

6 

6 

12 
6 


12 

10 

6 

Any  rate 

10 

12 

6 

12 

Any  rate 

6 

6 

Any  rate 

6 

10 

Any  rate 


Penalty  for  usury. 


Forfeiture 

Of  all  interest. 

None. 

Of  principal  and  interest. 

None. 


Of  contract. 

Of  all  interest. 

None. 

Of  all  interest. 

Of  3  times  excess  of  interest. 

Of  all  interest. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

Of  interest  and  costs. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

Of  interest. 

u 

None. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

None. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

Of  contract. 

Of  interest. 

None. 

Of  interest  and  costs. 

None. 

Of  3  times  the  excess. 

Of  interest  and  costs. 

None. 

Of  principal  and  interest. 

Of  twice  interest. 

Of  contract. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

Of  interest. 

Of  principal  and  interest. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

None. 

Of  interest. 

Of  contract. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

Of  interest. 

None. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

None. 

Of  excess  of  interest. 

Of  entire  interest. 

None. 


The  effect  of  stringent  usury  laws,  wherever  tried,  has  been  ta 
make  loans  more  difficult  aud  more  costly  to  the  borrower. 
This  is  beginning  to  be  understood  by  legislators,  and  many 
states,  beginning  with  Massachusetts,  have  made  contracts  for 
loans  as  free  as  any  others.  The  average  rate  of  interest  re- 
ceived by  20  leading  American  life  insurance  companies  fron 
1870  to  1879  inclusive  was  5.9  per  cent. ;  from  1880  to  188 
inclusive  it  was  4.8  per  cent.,  showing  a  gradual  decline  in 
terest  earnings. 

Interim  of  Aug'§burgr,  a  decree  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  in  1548  to  reconcile  Catholics  and  Protestant 
which  entirely  failed.     It  was  revoked  in  1552.     The  te 
interim  has  been  applied  to  other  decrees  and  treaties. 

internal  revenue.    Revenue. 
international  la\¥.    Neutral  powers. 

Association  for  the  Reform  and  Codification  of  the  Law  of  Nations 

first  met  at  Brussels,  10  Oct.  1873;  Geneva,  2-5  Sept.  1874;  the 

Hague,  Sept.  1875;  Bremen,  1876;  Antwerp,  30  Aug. -3  Sept.  1877; 

Frankfort,  about  20  Aug.  1878;  London,  11  Aug.  1879;  Berne,  24  _! 

Aug.  1880;  Cologne,  16-19  Aug.  1881;  Turin,  11  Sept.  1882;  Mila 

11  Sept.  1883. 
Institute  of  International  Law  was  organized  at  Ghent  by  dr.  Liebw' 

and  JI.  Moynier,  in  1873.    It  has  since  met  at  Geneva;  the  Hague; 

Zurich,  1877;  Paris;  Brussels,  Sept.  1879 ;  Oxford,  6-10  Sept.  1880; 

Turin,  1882;  Munich,  4  Sept.  1883. 

interoeeanie  eanal  between  the  Atlantic  audi 
Pacific.     Nicaragua,  Panama. 

Interstate      Commeree      Commission* 

United  States,  1887. 

inundations.     Among  the  most  remarkable  were: 
Inundation  of  the  sea  in  Lincolnshire  over  many  thousand  A.D.  , 

acres  (Camden) 2lff  j 

Another  in  Cheshire;  3000  persons  and  countless  cattle  per-       -' 

ished 851 

At  Glasgow;  more  than  400  families  drowned  (Fordun) 7W 

On  the  English  coasts;  number  of  seaport  towns  destroyed.. . .  1014 


in» 

5eror  I 
ants,  i 
fceJl 


S  24     I 
ebor  I 


INV 


381 


ION 


Earl  Godwin's  lands,  exceeding  4000  acres,  overflowed  by  the 
sea;  an  immense  sand-bank  formed  on  the  coast  of  Kent, 
now  known  as  the  Godwin  sands  {Camden) 1100 

Flanders  inundated  by  the  sea,  and  the  town  and  harbor  of 
Ostend  immersed 1108 

More  than  300  houses  overwhelmed  at  Winchelsea  by  the  sea. .  1280 

At  the  Texel,  which  first  raised  the  commerce  of  Amsterdam. .  1400 

Sea  at  Dort;  drowned  72  villages  and  100,000  people. .  .17  Apr.  1421 

Severn  overflowed  10  days,  carried  away  families  in  their  beds, 
and  covered  hills;  the  flood  was  called  the  Great  Waters  for 
100  years  after,  1  Richard  III.  (Holinshed) 1483 

General  inundation  by  failure  of  dikes  in  Holland;  400,000  said 
to  be  drowned 1530 

At  Catalonia;  50,000  persons  perished 1617 

Part  of  Zealand  overflowed;  1300  inhabitants  drowned;  vast 
damage  at  Hamburg 1717 

In  Yorkshire,  a  dreadful  inundation,  called  Ripon  Flood 1771 

In  Navarre ;  2000  persons  lost  by  torrents  from  the  mountains, 

Sept.  1787 

Inundation  of  the  Liffey;  immense  damage  in  Dublin,  12  Nov. 
1787 ;  again 2,  3  Dec.  1802 

Lorca,  a  city  of  Murcia,  in  Spain,  destroyed  by  a  bursting  res- 
ervoir; inundated  more  than  20  leagues,  and  killed  1000  per- 
sons, besides  cattle 14  Apr.     " 

At  Pesth,  near  Presburg,  the  Danube  destroyed  24  villages  and 
their  inhabitants Apr.  1811 

Inundations  in  Hungary,  Austria,  and  Poland,  summer  of. 1813 

Danube  overwhelmed  a  Turkish  corps  of  2000  men  on  a  small 
island  near  Widdin 14  Sept.     " 

In  Silesia  6000  inhabitants- perished ;  the  ruin  of  Macdonald's 
French  army  accelerated  by  the  floods ;  in  Poland  4000  lives 
supposed  to  have  been  lost " 

In  Germany,  Vistula  overflowed;  many  villages  laid  under  wa- 
ter, with  great  loss  of  life  and  property 21  Mch.  1816 

In  England,  5000  acres  deluged  in  the  Fen  countries June,  1819 

At  Dantzic  the  Vistula  breaking  dikes;  10,000  head  of  cattle 
and  4000  houses  destroyed;  numerous  lives  lost 9  Apr.  1829 

"Moray  floods,"  in  Scotland,  caused  by  rainfall;  the  Spey  and 
Findhorn  rose  in  places  50  ft.  above  ordinary  level,  with  great 
destruction  of  property  and  life;  whole  families,  taking  ref- 
uge on  elevated  places,  were  with  difiQculty  rescued*  (sir  T. 
Dick  Lauder) 3,  4,  27  Aug.     " 

At  Vienna  the  dwellings  of  50,000  under  water Feb.  1830 

Ten  thousand  houses  swept  away,  and  about  1000  persons  per- 
ished, at  Canton,  in  China,  in  an  inundation  from  incessant 
rains.     Similar  calamity  in  other  parts  of  China Oct.  1833 

Awful  inundation  in  France;  the  SaOne  and  Rhone  broke  their 
banks,  and  covered  60,000  acres;  Lyons  inundated;  in  Avig- 
non 100  houses  swept  away,  218  at  La  Guilloti^re;  and  up- 
wards of  300  at  Vaise,  Marseilles,  and  Nimes;  the  SaOme 
higher  than  for  238  years 31  Oct.-4  Nov.  1840 

Inundation  in  the  centre,  west,  and  southwest  of  France ;  nu- 
merous bridges,  with  the  Orleans  and  Vierzon  viaduct  (cost 
6,000,000  francs)  swept  away.  The  damage  exceeded 
100,000,000  francs.   The  Loire  rose  20  ft.  in  one  night,  22  Oct.  1846 

Great  inundation  at  New  Orleans,  La. ;  1600  houses  flooded, 

12  May,  1849 

Bursting  of  the  Bradfield  reservoir  (Sheffield)  ;  about  250 
persons  drowned 11  Mch.  1864 

Floods  in  north  of  England,  in  Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  and 
Derbyshire;  farms  destroyed,  mines  flooded,  mills  thrown 
down,  railways  stopped;  much  suff'ering  at  Leeds  (about  20 
drowned),  Manchester,  Preston,  Wakefield,  etc 16,  17  Nov.  1866 

Inundations  from  mountains  in  N.  Italy;  Po  and  other  rivers 
overflow;  thousands  of  people  unhoused;  Mantua.  Ferrara, 
etc.,  suffer latter  part  of  Oct.  1872 

Mill  River  valley,  near  Northampton,  Mass.,  several  villages  de- 
stroyed by  bursting  reservoir;  above  144  perished. .  .16  May,  1874 

Eureka,  Nevada;  through  rain  and  a  waterspout;  between  20 
and  30  persons  perish 24  July,     " 

Pittsburg  and  Alleghany,  W.  Pennsylvania;  storm  of  rain;  riv- 
ers overflow;  about  220  persons  drowned 26  July,     " 

Toulouse  partly  destroyed  by  the  Garonne ;  about  1000  lives  lost 
and  much  property  (St.  Cyprien  quarter  a  sepulchre). .  .June,  1875 

Szegedin,  Hungary;  through  storms,  dams  of  the  Theiss  gave 
way ;  town  nearly  destroyed ;  of  6566  houses,  only  331  stood ; 
about  77  persons  drowned;  thousands  homeless..  12, 13  Mch.  1879 

Inundations  in  Murcia,  Spain,  through  heavy  rains;  provinces 
.      of  Andalusia,  Alicante,  Almaria,  and  Malaga;  about  1000  lives 

j     lost,  and  much  property ;  about  2000  houses 16,  17  Oct.     ' ' 

i  Floods  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Missouri.  .12  June,  et  seq.  1881 
;  Oliio  and  Mississippi  valleys  flooded;  lives  lost  and  much  prop- 
erty, Feb.  1882.    Governor  of  Mississippi  appeals  for  aid, 

22  Feb.  1882 

lu  I'ennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Kentucky;  very  severe  at  Cincin- 
nati   Feb.  1883 

Ohio  river;  about  15  deaths  and  5000  homeless.  ..about  7  Feb.  1884 

Floods  in  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  New  England;  great 
loss  of  property 5  Jan.  1886 

Storm  and  flood  in  Texas;  houses  in  Galveston  washed  away; 
38  lives  lost  and  more  than  $5,000,000  damage 20  Aug.     " 

Johnstown  flood.  Pa.  (Johnstown) 1  June,"  1889 

Ilivalide§%  Hotel  des,  founded  in  1671  by  Louis 
XIV. ;  the  body  of  Napoleon  I.  deposited  there  15  Dec.  1840. 

invasions.     Expeditions. 
■^  inventions.     Agriculture,  Cotton,  Electricity. 
also  names  of  machines  and  implements,  subjects  of  in- 


oee  aisu 


I  Inverness',  N.W.  Scotland,  a  city  of  the  Picts  up  to 
I  843 ;  taken  by  Edward  I. ;  retaken  by  Bruce,  1313 ;  burned 
I  by  the  lord  of  the  Isles,  1411 ;  taken  by  Cromwell,  1649 ;  and 
j  by  prince  Charles  Edward  in  1746.  The  last  totally  defeated 
at  CuUoden,  about  5  miles  from  Inverness,  16  Apr.  1746. 

investiture  of  eeelesiasties  was  a  cause  of  dis- 
cord between  the  pope  and  temporal  sovereigns  in  the  middle 
ages ;  and  led  to  war  between  Gregory  VII.  and  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.,  1075-85.  The  pope  endeavored  to  deprive  the 
sovereign  of  nomination  of  bishops  and  abbots,  and  of  invest- 
ing them  with  cross  and  ring.  Henry  V.  gave  up  the  right, 
by  treaty,  Feb.  1111 ;  but  other  sovereigns  refused  to  con- 
cede it. 

Invincible  Armada,  or  Spanish  Armada.  Ar- 
mada. 

invocation  of  the  Virgin  and  saints  to  intercede  with 
God ;  a  practice  of  the  Catholic  church  traced  to  the  time  of 
Gregory  the  Great,  593.  The  Eastern  church  began  (in  the 
5th  century)  calling  upon  the  dead,  and  demanding  their  suf- 
frage in  divine  offices. 

i'odilie  (from  the  Gr.  IwSrjg,  violet-like),  discovered  by 
M.  de  Courtois,  a  manufacturer  of  saltpetre  at  Paris  in  1812, 
and  investigated  by  M.  Clement,  1813 ;  when  heated  it  rises 
as  a  dense  violet-colored  vapor,  easily  evaporates,  and  melts 
at  220  degrees ;  it  changes  vegetable  blues  to'  yellow,  and  a 
seven-thousandth  part  gives  water  a  deep  yellow  color,  and 
starch  a  purple. 

lo'na,  I^COlmkill,  or  Hii,  one  of  the  Hebrides. 
About  565  St.  Columba  founded  a  monastery  here,  which 
flourished  till  the  8th  and  9th  centuries,  when  it  was  frequent- 
ly ravaged  by  the  Norsemen.  Other  religious  bodies  were 
afterwards  formed  here,  and  the  isle  was  long  esteemed  sa- 
cred. 

lo'nia,  Asia  Minor.  About  1040  b.c.  the  Tones,  a  Pelas- 
gic  race,  emigrated  from  Greece,  and  settled  here  and  on  the 
Adjoining  islands.  They  built  Ephesus  and  12  other  cities, 
among  them  Chios,  Teos,  Smyrna,  Samos,  and  Miletus.  They 
were  conquered  by  the  great  Cyrus  about  548  b.c.  ;  revolted 
504,  but  were  again  subdued.  After  the  victories  of  Cimon, 
Ionia  was  independent  till  387  b.c.,  when  it  was  again  subject- 
ed to  Persia.  It  formed  part  of  the  dominions  of  Alexander 
and  his  successors;  was  annexed  to  the  Roman  empire,  133 
B.C.,  and  conquered  by  the  Turks.  Ionia  was  renowned  for 
historians,  poets,  and  philosophers.  The  poets  Homer  and 
Anacreon  were  lonians,  as  well  as  Parrhasius  the  painter  and 
the  philosophers  Thales  and  Anaxagoras. 

Ionian  islands,  on  west  coast  of  Greece :  Corfu  (the 
capital),  Cephalonia,  Zante,  Ithaca,  Santa  Maura,  Cerigo,  and 
Paxo.  They  were  colonized  by  lones,  and  partook  of  the  fort- 
unes-of  the  Greeks ;  were  subject  to  Naples  in  the  13th  century, 
and  in  the  14th  to  Venice. 

Islands  ceded  to  France  by  treaty  of  Campo  Formio 17  Oct.  1797 

Formed  into  the  republic  of  the  7  islands  under  Russia  and 

Turkey 21  Mch.  1800 

Restored  to  France  by  treaty  of  Tilsit 7  Julv,  1807 

Taken  by  the  English 3-12  Oct.  1809 

Formed  an  independent  state  under  protection  of  Great  Britain 

(sir  Thomas  Maitland  lord  high  commissioner) 5  Nov.  1815 

Constitution  ratified 11  July,  1817 

University  established  at  Corfu 1823 

Constitution  liberalized  under  lord  Seaton 1848-49 

In  consequence  of  complaints,  W.  E.  Gladstone  went  out  on  a 

commission  of  inquiry,  etc Nov.  1858 

Sir  H.  Storks,  lord  high  commissioner Feb.  1859 

Parliament  vote  annexation  to  Greece Mch.  1861,  and  Apr.  1862 

Islands  annexed  to  Greece,  28  May;  British  troops  retired,  2 

June;  king  George  I.  arrived  at  Corfu  (Greece) 6  June,  1864 

lon'ic  order  of  architecture,  an  improvement  on  the 
Doric,  invented  by  lonians  about  1350  B.C. —  Vitruvius.  Its 
distinguishing  characters  are  slenderness  and  flutings  of  its 
columns,  and  volutes  of  rams'  horns  that  adorn  the  capital. 
Architecture. 

Ionic  sect  of  philosophers,  founded  by  Thales  of  Mile- 
tus about  600  B.C.,  distinguished  for  abstruse  speculations 
under  his  successors  and  pupils,  Anaximander,  Anaximenes, 
Anaxagoras,  and  Archelaus,  the  master  of  Socrates.  They 
held  the  world  a  living  being,  and  water  the  origin  of  all 
things.     Philosophy. 


low 


882 


lOW 


loiva,  a  state  of  the  north  central  United  States,  sepa- 
rated on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  riv«r  from  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois.     Minnesota  bounds  it 
on  the  north,  South  Dakota 
and  Nebraska  on  the  west — 
the  Missouri  river  forming  the 
boundary  line  of  the  latter 
state  —  and  Missouri  on  the 
south.     It  is  limited  in  lat. 
by  40°  36'  to  43°  30'  N.,  and 
in  Ion.  by  89°  5'  to  96°  31'  W. 
Area,  56,025  sq.  miles  in  99 
counties.     Pop.   1890,  1,911,- 
896.     Capital,  Des  Moines. 
Father  Marquette  and  Louis 
Joliet  descend  the  Wis- 
consin river,  reaching  its  mouth  17  June,  1673;  100  miles  be- 
low, on  tho  western  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  they  discover  an 
Indian  trail,  which  they  follow  to  an  Indian  village,  where 

Marquette  "  publishes  to  tliem  the  one  triji|  God  " June,  1673 

Father  Louis  Hennepin,  M.  Diigay,  and  6  other  Frenchmen 
ascend  the  Mississippi  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  to  the 

falls  of  St.  Anthony,  leaving  fort  Crevecoeur,  111 28  Feb.  1680 

Wife  of  PeosU,  a  Fox  warrior,  discovers  lead  in  Iowa,  on  the 

west  bank  of  the  Mississippi 1780 

At  a  council  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  Julien  Dubuque,  a  French- 
Canadian  trader,  obtains  from  Indians  permission  to  work 
lead  mines  at  the  place  now  bearing  his  name,  and  a  grant 

of  140,000  acres  of  land 1788 

Land  grant  to  Julien  Dubuque  by  Indians  is  confirmed  by  baron 

Carondelet,  and  a  king's  title  issued 1796 

I>ands  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  including  a  large  part 
of  Iowa,  ceded  to  U.  S.  by  Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  by  treaty  at 

St.  Louis 3  Nov.  1804 

Territory  of  Louisiana,  including  Iowa,  framed  by  law  of  3  Mch.  1805 
Iowa  included  in  territory  of  Missouri,  erected  by  act,  4  June,  1812 
Fort  Madison,  built  in  1808  on  the  site  selected  by  lieut.  Pike 
in  1805,  is  abandoned  by  the  garrison  and  burned  to  prevent 

its  falling  into  the  hands  of  Indians  and  British 1813 

Sioux  annihilate  Sac  and  Fox  tribes  near  Dubuque;  whites 
occupy  deserted  villages,  but  are  driven  out  by  U.  S.  troops 
under  lieut.  Jefferson  Davis,  by  order  of  col.  Zachary  Taylor,  1830 
David  Tothers  makes  the  first  settlement  in  Des  Moines  county, 

3  miles  southwest  from  the  site  of  Burlington 1832 

Treaty  at  Rock  Island ;  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  cede  to  the  U.  S. 
Iowa  and  a  part  of  Wisconsin,  known  as  the  Black  Hawk 

purchase,  reserving  40  miles  square  to  Keokuk 21  Sept.     " 

Zachariah  Hawkins,  Benjamin  Jennings,  and  others  settle  a 

colony  at  fort  Madison " 

First  permanent  settlement  in  Scott  county  by  Antoine  le 

Claire 1833 

Dubuque  founded " 

Iowa  included  in  territory  of  Michigan,  erected  by  act  ap- 
proved  28  June,  1834 

Aaron  Street  founds  Salem,  first  Quaker  settlement  in  Iowa. , .     " 
Iowa  included  in  territory  of  Wisconsin,  erected  by  act  ap- 
proved  20  Apr.  1836 

Treaty  at  East  Davenport  between  gov.  Dodge,  U.  S.  commis- 
sioner, and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes;   Indians  sell  to  U.  S.  the 

Keokuk  reserve,  256,000  acres,  at  75  cents  per  acre Sept.     " 

Burlington,  settled  in  1833,  is  incorporated 1837 

Treaty  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  extends  the  western  bound- 
ary  of  the  Blac-k  Hawk  purchase  in  lat.  45°  40'  to  include  the 

principal  sources  of  the  Iowa  river 21  Oct.     " 

Territory  of  Iowa  erected,  including  all  Wisconsin,  west  of  the 

Mississippi 12  June,  1838 

Penitentiary  located  at  fort  Madison " 

Territorial  government  inaugurated  at  Burlington 4  July,     " 

Black  Hawk,  who  had  settled  on  the  Des  Moines  river,  d.,  3  Oct.     " 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Iowa  City 1839 

Boundary  disputes  between  Missouri  and  Iowa  cause  fighting 
on  the  border;  1  lowan  is  killed  in  resisting  the  Missouri 

sheriffs  collection  of  taxes " 

Constitution  adopted  by  a  convention  which  meets  at  Iowa 

City,  7  Oct.  1844 1  Nov.  1844 

Enabling  act  for  Iowa  approved 3  Mch.  1845 

Boundary  defined  in  the  Enabling  act  rejected  by  the  people; 

7235  for,  and  7656  against " 

Mormons  remove  from  Nauvoo,  111. , and  settle  at  Council  Bluffs,  1846 
Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  which  meets  at  Iowa 
City,  4  May,  1846,  completing  its  labors,  19  May,  1846,  is  rati- 
fied by  a  vote  of  the  people,  9492  to  9036 3  Aug.     " 

Act  of  Congress,  fixing  boundaries  for  Iowa,  referring  the  Mis- 
souri boundary  to  the  Supreme  court 4  Aug.     " 

Iowa  admitted  into  the  Union  by  act  approved 28  Dec.     " 

Iowa  college  at  Grinnell,  chartered  in  1847,  is  opened 1848 

Iowa  College  for  the  Blind  at  Vinton  opened 1852 

Antoine  le  Claire  breaks  ground  at  Davenport  for  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri  railroad,  now  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island, 

and  Pacific 1  Sept.  1853 

Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Mount  Pleasant  established 1855 

Iowa  Wesleyan  university  at  Mount  Pleasant  chartered  and 

opened « 

Corner-stone  of  the  first  railroad  bridge  over  the  Mississippi 
river,  between  Rock  Island  and  Davenport,  laid  1  Sept.  1854; 
and  first  locomotive,  the  "Des  Moines,"  to  cross  the 
Mississippi  passes  over 21  Apr.  1866 


Massacre  of  white  settlers  at  Spirit  Lake  by  a  predatory  band 

of  Indians  under  tho  Sioux  chief  Ink-pa-duta ...Mch    185T 

Cornell  college  at  Mount  Vernon  chartered  and  opened " 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Iowa  city,  19  Jan.  1857, 
completes  its  labors.  6  Mch.  1857;  constitution  ratified  by 

the  people,  40,311  to  38,681 3  Aug. 

State  cjipital  removed  to  Des  Moines 

Iowa  Institution  for  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Council  Blufl's  opened,  1851 
State  university  of  Iowa  at  Iowa  City,  chartered  1847,  opened, 

Silas  Totten.  pres 18 

Legislature  votes  a  war  loan  of  $600,000 June,  1861 

Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  and  Homo  for  Indigent  Children  at 

Davenport  opened 186; 

Upper  Iowa  university  at  Fayette,  oi)ened  1857;  chartered. ...     " 
James  Harlan  appointed  secretary  of  the  interior.  ^ . .  .15  May,  1865 
Legislature  ratifies  Xlll.th  Amendment  to  Constitution. .  .Jan.  1866 
Legislature  ratifies  XIV.  th  Amendment  to  Constitution.  .3  Apr.  186ft 
An  amendment  to  the  state  constitution,  striking  out  the  word 
"white"  from  the  qualifications  of  electors,  is  adopted  by  a 

vote  of  the  people.  105,384  to  81,119 

State  Board  of  Immigration  created  by  act  of  legislature 

Iowa  Agricultural  college  at  Ames,  chartered  1857,  opened 

William  W.  Belknap  appointed  secretary  of  war 25  Oct. 

Legislature  ratifies  XV. th  Amendment  to  Constitution.  .3  Feb.  1870 

Cornerstone  of  new  capitol  laid 22  Nov.  1871 

Law  passed  restricting  sale  of  liquors  and  limiting  licensees' 

profit  to  33  percent 1872 

State  penitentiary  at  Anamosa  created  by  act  of 

Act  passed  abolishing  penalty  of  death  (see  below,  1878) 

Maj.  Samuel  E.  Rankin,  late  treasurer  of  the  state  and  agri- 
cultural college,  proves  a  defaulter  for  $38,301.46 

State  convention  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry  at  Des  Moines.  .Jan.  187» 

Hospital  for  Insane  at  Independence  opened 1  May, 

Iowa  Industrial  School  for  Girls  at  Mitchellville,  and  for  boys 

at  Eldora,  established. 1874 

Gov.  Kirkwood,  elected  U.  S.  senator,  resigns,  and  is  succeeded 

by  Joshua  G.  Newbold Jan.  187& 

Iowa  Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children  at  Glenwood 

opened 

Iowa  state  normal  school  at  Cedar  Falls  opened 

Geo.  W.  McCrary  appointed  secretary  of  war 12  Mch.  187T 

Canal  around  Des  Moines  rapids  at  Keokuk,  7^^  miles  long, 

and  costing  $4,500,000,  is  formally  opened Aug. 

Bill  abolishing  capital  punishment  repealed,  and  the  jury  em- 
powered to  hang  convicted  murderers,  or  imprison  for  life. .  187S 

State  Board  of  Health  organized 188{^ 

Dexter  Normal  college  at  Dexter  opened " 

Western  Normal  college  at  Shenandoah,  Iowa,  opened 1881 

Drake  university  at  Des  Moines  opened  and  chartered " 

West  Des  Moines  Training-school  at  Des  Moines  opened 1882; 

Prohibitory  liquor  law  goes  into  effect 4  July,  1884 

State  capitol  dedicated ;  cost  $3,000,000 " 

Frank  Hatton  appointed  postmaster-  general 14  Oct.     " 

Woodbine  Normal  school  at  Woodbine  opened " 

Storm  Lake  Normal  and  Business  school  at  Storm  Lake  opened,     " 

Soldiers'  Home  at  Marshalltown  opened 30  Nov.     " 

Eastern  Iowa  School  for  the  Deaf  at  Dubuque  opened " 

Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Clarinda  opened 15  Dec.  18891 

Sioux  city  Training-school  for  teachers  opened " 

Lower  house  of  legislature  assembles,  13  Jan.  1890,  having  2 
factions,  the  Republicans  with  50  votes,  and  the  combined 
Democratic,  Union  labor,  and  Independent,  with  50  votes; 
no  organization  until  27  Jan. ;  by  compromise,  a  Democratic 
temporary  speaker  and  a  Republican  clerk  are  elected;  per- 
manent organization  with  a  Democratic  speaker  and  Repub- 
lican clerk;  minor  oflQces  divided 19  Feb.  1890 

Horace  Boies,  Democrat,  inaugurated  as  governor 27  Feb.     " 

Legal  rate  of  interest  reduced  from  10  to  8  per  cent.,  and  the 

first  Monday  in  Sept.  (Labor  Day)  made  a  public  holiday " 

Beer  sent  in  sealed  kegs  from  Peoria,  111.,  to  Keokuk,  la.,  and 
there  sold  in  "original  packages"  by  agents,  being  seized 
under  the  prohibitory  laws  of  the  state,  the  Supreme  court 
decides  such  seizure  was  in  violation  of  the  clause  of  the  Con- 
stitution giving  to  the  U.  S.  the  exclusive  right  to  regulate 

inter-state  commerce 28  Apr.     "^ 

Wilson  "Original  Package  bill,"  as  amended,  making  all  in- 
toxicating liquors  imported  into  a  state  subject  to  its  laws, 

passes  Congress  and  is  approved 8  Aug.     " 

Legislature  passes  an  Australian  Ballot  Reform  act 1892 


II 


Robert  Lucas... 
John  Chambers. 
James  Clark 


GOVERNORS — TERRITORIAL. 

office July, 


1841 

184& 


STATE. 

Ansel  Briggs assumes 

Stephen  Hempstead "  '• 

James  W.  Grimes "  " 

Ralph  P.  Lowe "  " 

Samuel  J.  Kirkwood "  " 

William  M.  Stone "  "     . 

Samuel  Merrill "  " 

C.  C.  Carpenter "  "     . 

Samuel  J.  Kirkwood "  «'     , 

Joshua  G.  Newbold acting 

John  H.  Gear assumes  oflBce. 

Buren  R.  Sherman "  "     . 

William  Larrabee "  "     . 

Horace  Boies "  "    . 

Frank  D.  Jackson "  "    • 


184ft 

.Dec.  1850 
.   "      1854 

"  1858 
.Jan.  1860 
.  "  1864 
,  "  1868 
.   "     1872 

"      1876 


1878 
1882 


1894 


IPS 


383 


IRE 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  IOWA. 


Name. 

Augustus  C.  Dodge.. 

George  W.  .Jones 

James  Harlan 

James  W.Grimes... 
Samuel.;.  Kirkwood 

James  Harlan , 

James  B.  Howell . . . , 
George  G.Wright..., 
William  B.  Allison. . 
SamuelJ.  Kirkwood, 
James  W.  McDill..., 
James  F.Wilson 


I    No.  of  Congress. 


Remarks. 


30th  to  33d 
30th  "  36th 
34th  "  38th 
36th  "  40th 

39th 
40th  to  43d 

41st 
42d  to  44th 

43d      

45th  to  46th 

47  th 
48th    


Seated  26  Dec.  1848. 

Seated  26  Dec.  1848. 

Resigned  186.5.    Appointed  secretary  of  interior. 

Resigned  1869. 

Elected  in  place  of  Harlan,  1865. 

Elected  in  place  of  Grimes. 

Term  expires  1897. 


Term  expires  1895. 


Ip§US,  Phrygia,  Battle  of,  Aug.  301  B.C.,  when  Seleucus 
was  confirmed  in  his  kingdom  of  Syria  by  the  defeat  and 
death  of  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia.  The  latter  led  into  the  field 
an  army  of  about  70,000  foot  and  10,000  horse,  with  75  ele- 
phants. The  former  had  64,000  foot,  besides  10,500  horse,  400 
elephants,  and  120  armed  chariots. — Plutarch. 

Ipswich,  a  town  of  Suffolk,  the  Saxon  Gippeswic,  was 
ravaged  by  the  Danes,  991  and  1000.     Wolsey  was  born  here, 
1471 ;  and  founded  a  school  in  1525. 
Ipsw^ich,  Mass.     Agawam. 

Ireland,  anciently  named  Eri  or  Erin,  lerne  and  Hi- 
bernia,  said  to  have  been  first  colonized  by  Phoenicians.  Some 
assert  that  Partholani  landed  in  Ireland  about  2048  b.c.  ;  that 
the  descent  of  the  Damnonii  was  made  about  1463  b.c.  ;  fol- 
lowed by  the  descent  of  Heber  and  Heremon,  Milesian 
princes,  from  Galicia,  in  Spain,  who  conquered  Ireland,  and 
!  gave  to  its  throne  a  race  of  171  kings.  Scoti.  Area, 
!  32,531  sq.  miles,  or  20,819,982  acres  in  32  counties;  pop.  1891, 
i  4,706,162. 

i  Arrival  of  St.  Patrick about    432 

!  Christianity  established about    448 

;  Danes  and  Normans,  called  Easterlings,  or  Ostmen,  invade  Ire- 

•     land 795 

I  They  build  Dublin  and  other  cities about    800 

f  Brian  Boroimhe  defeats  the  Danes  at  Clontarf;  and  is  killed, 
i  23  Apr.  1014 

!  [In  the  12th  century  Ireland  had  5  kingdoms,  viz. :  Ul- 
1  ster,  Leinster,  Meath,  Connaught,  and  Munster,  besides 
'  petty  principalities,  whose  sovereigns  were  at  continual 
i    war.] 

i  Adrian  IV.  permitted  Henry  II.  to  invade  Ireland,  he  to  compel 
!    every  Irish  family  to  pay  a  carolus  to  the  holy  see,  and  hold 

;    it  as  a  flef  of  the  church 1155 

;Dermot  MacMurrough,  king  of  Leinster,  driven  from  his  throne 

;    for  oppression 1166 

*Flees  to  England;  takes  oath  of  fidelity  to  Henry  II.,  who 

!    promises  to  restore  him 1168 

(Invasion  of  the  English  under  Fitz-Stephen 1169 

;Landing  of  Strongbow  at  Waterford " 

iDermot  d 1171 

;Henry  II.  lands  near  Waterford,  and  receives  submission  of 
'    the'  princes;  settles  the  government,  and  makes  his  son 

John  lord  of  Ireland May,  1177 

;Many  English  settlers  adopt  Irish  names  and  manners. .  .about  1200 

jtreland  reduced  to  temporary  obedience  by  king  John 1210 

Invasion  of  Edward  Bruce,  1315;  crowned  king 1316 

Defeated  and  slain  at  Foughart,  near  Dundalk 1318 

Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  3d  son  of  Edward  III.,  marries  Eliza- 

i  beth  de  Burgh,  heiress  of  Ulster 1361 

|5tatute  of  Kilkenny  passed  by  him 1367 

jiichard  II.  lands  at  Waterford  with  nobles,  4000  men-at-arms, 
j  and  30,000  archers;  gains  affection  of  the  people  by  munif- 

1   icence,  and  confers  knighthood  on  chiefs 1394 

lichard  again  lands  in  Ireland 1399 

jJanguinary  Head  act  paased  at  Trim  by  the  earl  of  Desmond, 
I  deputy;  act  ordained  "That  it  shall  be  lawful  to  all  manner 
I  of  men  that  find  any  theeves  robbing  by  day  or  night,  or  go- 
;  ing  or  coming  to  rob  or  steal,  or  any  persons  going  or  com- 
ing, having  no  faithful  man  of  good  name  and  fame  in  their 
company,  in  English  apparell,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  to  take 
and  kill  those,  and  to  cut  off  their  heads,  without  any  im- 
peachment of  our  sovereign  lord  the  king.    And  of  any  head 
so  cut  off  in  the  county  of  Meath,  that  the  cutter  and  his 
;  ayders  there  to  him  cause  the  said  head  so  cut  off  to  be 
brought  to  the  portreffe  to  put  it  upon  a  stake  or  spear,  upon 
the  castle  of  Trim ;  and  that  the  said  portreffe  shall  testify 
the  bringing  of  the  same  to  him.     And  that  it  shall  be  law- 
,  ful  for  the  said  bringer  of  the  said  head  to  distrain  and 
j  levy  by  his  own  hand  (as  his  reward)  of  every  man  having 
j  one  ploughland  in  the  barony,  two  pence;  and  of  every 
i  man  having  half  a  ploughland,  one  peny;  and  of  every 
man  having  one  house  and  goods,  value  forty  shillings,  one 
I  peny;  and  of  every  other  cottier  having  house  and  smoak, 
I  one  half  peny,"  etc.     Much  slaughter  is  said  to  have  en- 

1  sued ; 1465 

ipparel  and  Surname  act  (the  Irish  to  dress  like  the  English, 
and  to  adopt  surnames) " 


"Poynings's  law,"  subjecting  Irish  parliament  to  the  English 

council 1494. 

Great  rebellion  of  the  Fitzgeralds  subdued 1534 

Henry  VIII.  assumes  title  of  king,  instead  of  lord,  of  Ire- 
land     1542; 

Reformed  religion  embraced  by  English  settlers  in  the  reign 

of  Edward  VI 1547 

Ireland  finally  divided  into  shires 1569' 

Printing  in  Irish  characters  introduced  by  N.  Walsh,  chancel- 
lor of  St.  Patrick's 1571 

Seven  hundred  Italians,  headed  by  Fitzmaurice,  land  in  Kerry; 

treacherously  butchered  by  earl  of  Ormond 1580 

O'Neill  revolts,  1597;  defeats  English  at  Blackwater  . .  .14  Aug.  1598 
He  invites  the  Spaniards,  and  settles  them  in  Kinsale;  defeat- 
ed by  lord  deputy  Mountjoy 1601-2. 

Through  rebellions  and  forfeitures  511,465  acres  of  lapd  in  Ul- 
ster became  vested  in  the  crown;  and  James  I.,  after  remov- 
ing the  Irish  from  hills  and  fastnesses,  divides  the  land 

among  English  and  Scottish  Protestant  settlers 1609-12, 

Ulster  civil  war:  More  and  Maguire's  rebellion;  the  Catholics 
said  to  conspire  to  expel  the  English,  and  massacre  Protes- 
tant settlers  in  Ulster,  commenced  on  St.  Ignatius's  day  (some 

doubt  the  massacre) 23  Oct.  1641 

O'Neill  defeats  English  under  Monroe  at  Benburb 5  June,  1646, 

Massacre  and  capture  of  Drogheda  by  Cromwell 11  Sept.  1649 

Cromwell  and  Ireton  reduce  Ireland 1649-56 

Landing  of  James  II 12  Mch.  1689 

Three  thousand  Protestants  attainted July,     " 

William  III.  lands  at  Carrickfergus 14  June,  1690i 

Battle  of  the  Boyne ;  James  defeated 1  July,     " 

Treaty  of  Limerick 3  Oct.  1691 

Linen  manufacture  encouraged 1696 

Popery  act  passed 1704 

Excitement  against  Wood's  half-penob 1724 

Thurot's  invasion;  a  small  French  naval  force  plunders  Car- 
rickfergus   Feb.  1760 

Indulgences  granted  Catholics  by  the  relief  bill 1778 

Ireland  admitted  to  a  free  trade 1779 

Released  from  submission  to  an  English  cr-nncil;  Poynings's 

law  repealed 1782 

Genevese  refugees  received  in  Ireland,  aiid  asylum  given  them 

in  Waterford ' 1783 

Order  of  St.  Patrick  established . .  .*. ., '« 

Society  of  United  Irishmen  foun<l«)d .' 1791 

Orange  clubs,  etc.,  formed .' ng^ 

Irish  rebellion  commenced.  4  May,  1798;  cost  150.000  Iribh 

lives,  20,000  English ;  gradually  suppressed ......  1799' 

Legislative  Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 1  Jan.  IbOl 

Emmett's  insurrection 23  July,  180a 

Robert  Emmett  executed  for  high-treason  at  Dublin. .  .20  Sept.     " 

Roman  Catholic  Emancipation  act  passed 13  Apr.  1829 

"  Young  Ireland  "  party  formed 1840 

Population  by  census,  8,196,597 1841 

Potato  crop  fails  in  Ireland;  relief  by  Parliament 1846 

O'Connell's  last  speech  in  the  commons. 8  Feb.  1847 

Parliament  grants  10,000, OOOi.  to  relieve  the  people " 

Death  of  O'Connell  at  Genoa,  on  his  way  to  Rome,  in  his  73d 

year;  he  bequeathed  his  heart  to  Rome 15  May,     " 

Habeas  Corpus  act  suspended 26  July,  1848 

O'Brien's  rebellion  suppressed 29  July,     " 

Census  taken ;  population,  6,574,278 30  Mch.  1851 

Great  emigration  to  America spring,  1860 

Census  taken;  population,  5,798,967 8  Apr.  1861 

Appearance  of  the  Fenians Jan.  1864 

Death  of  Smith  O'Brien,  descendant  of  king  Brian  Boroimhe, 

16  June,     " 
Fenian  trials  begun  at  Dublin,  27  Nov. ;  Thomas  Clarke  Luby 
sentenced  for  treason-felony  to  20  years'  penal  servitude, 

1  Dec.  1865 
O'Leary  and  others  convicted,  Dec. ;  O'Donovan  Rossa  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life 13  Dec.     " 

Habeas  Corpus  act  suspended;  many  Fenians  flee 17  Feb.  1866 

Declaration  of  Roman  Catholic  clergy  professing  loyalty,  but 

claiming  self-government  for  Ireland 23  Dec.  1867 

George  Francis  Train  on  arrival  from  the  U.  S.,  arrested  as  a 

Fenian ;  soon  discharged  (claimed  10.000^.) 18  Jan.  1868 

Habeas  Corpus  act  suspended  till  1  Mch.  1869  (83  persons  de- 
tained on  suspicion) Feb.     " 

George  Francis  Train  arrested  for  debt 3  Mch. 

Four  nights'  debate  on  Ireland  in  commons  ended  (Gladstone  de- 
clared for  disestablishment  of  Irish  Protestant  church),  16  Mch.     " 

Irish  Reform  bill  introduced  into  the  commons 19  Mch.     " 

Debate  on  committee  on  disestablishment  (carried,  328-272), 
30  Mch.  to  early  morning  of 4  Apr.     ** 


IRE  884 

Mr.  Gladstone's  first  resolution  passed  in  commons  (by 
330-265)  early  on  1  May;  second  and  third  resolutions, 

7  May,  1868 

Irish  archbisho^w  and  bishops  address  queen  at  Windsor  on 
behalf  of  Irish  church  estiiblishment 14  May,     " 

Irish  church  commission  recommend  consolidation  of  dio- 
ceses and  other  reforms  (first  report) 27  July,     " 

Earl  Spencer  lord  lieutenant Dec.     " 

Irish  Church  bill  introduced  in  commons,  1  Mch. ;  after  much 
opposition  passed 26  July,  1869 

Irish  mixed  schools  denounced  by  abp.  Cullen;  support  for 
a  Catholic  university  demanded  in  a  circular  dated..  18  Aug.     " 

Irish  Land  bill  read  a  second  time  in  commons  (112-lli, 
1  A.M.,  12  Mch. ;  secomi  time  in  the  lords 17  June,  1870 

Jteported  growth  of  a  .''Nationality"  party  among  the  Protes- 
tants  July,     " 

Irish  Land  act  passed. . .: 1  Aug.     " 

■"  Home  Government  Association,"  to  include  all  parties,  meet 
at  Dublin 1  Sept.     " 

John  Martin,  a  nationalist,  elected  M.P.  for  Moath 5  Jan.  1871 

•Census  taken;  population,  5,402,759 3  Apr.     " 

Isaac  Butt,  leader  of  home-rule  movement,  elected  M.P.  for 
Limerick 20  Sept.     " 

Koman  Catholic  bishop  of  Derry,  the  O'Donoghue,  and  others, 
declare  against  the  movement,  Jan. ;  members  in  its  favor 
elected  for  Galway  and  Kerry Feb.  1872 

Air.  Gladstone  brings  into  the  commons  the  Irish  University 
bill  (rejected  and  withdrawn) 13  Feb.  1874 

Home-rule  and  amnesty  associations  active Oct.     " 

Motions  for  Home-rulk  defeated 20  Mch.  and  3  July,     " 

Centenary  of  the  birth  of  Daniel  O'Connell  celebrated  at  Dub- 
lin, many  foreign  Roman  Catholic  dignitaries  present;  much 
dissension  at  the  banquet  between  the  clerical  and  home-rule 
parties 6  Aug.  1875 

Mr.  McSwiney,  lord  mayor  of  Dublin,  advocates  a  party 
for  "faith  and  fatherland,"  opposed  to  home-rule, 

Aug. -Sept.     •' 

Catholic  synod  at  Maynooth;  mixed  education  censured, 

Sept.     " 

An  Irish  University  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Butt  (withdrawn), 

16  May,  1876 

Bill  to  abolish  the  Queen's  university,  and  to  establish  a  new 
university  (for  Roman  Catholics),  introduced  by  lord  chan- 
cellor Cairns,  30  June;  carried  in  commons  (257-90),  25  July; 
passed 15  Aug.  1879 

Irish  national  convention  at  Dublin  proposed  by  Mr.  Parnell 
(HoMK-RULE) 11  Sept.    " 

Progresses  of  Mr.  Parnell;  anti-rent  agitation autumn,     " 

Appeal  for  Irish  National  Land  League  by  Mr.  Parnell;  sub- 
scriptions to  buy  land  for  tenants 9  Oct.     " 

Exciting  speeches  of  Mr.  Parnell  at  Navau 11, 13  Oct.     " 

Mr.  Parnell  arrives  at  New  York  to  agitate  for  help  to  relieve 
Ireland  politically  and  pecuniarily 2  Jan.  1880 

•Contributions  to  famine  funds  arrive  from  Canada,  Australia, 
India,  U.  S.,  etc Jan. -Feb.     " 

Charter  for  new  Irish  university  signed  by  queen  Victoria, 

19  Apr.     «' 

Relief  for  Irish  distress  brought  in  the  Constellation  from  U.  S. ; 
arrives  at  Cork 20  Apr.     " 

Tiolent  speech  of  Mr.  Dillon,  M.P  ,  at  ivildare,  in  favor  of  the 
Land  League,  15  Aug. ;  tomied  "wicked  and  cowardly  "  by 
W.  E.  Fo-ster,  who  justifies  the  terms  in  Parliament, 

23  Aug.     " 

Mr.  Parnell  proposes  that  tenant  become  owner  of  land  after 
paying  35  years'  just  rent Sept.     " 

Progress  of  agitation;  exciting  speeches  of  Messrs.  Parnell, 
Redpath,  Dillon,  and  others Sept. -Oct.     " 

Timothy  M.  Healy,  Mr.  Parnell's  secretary,  and  Mr.  Walsh 
arrested  for  intimidating  Mr.  Manning  (on  16  Oct.), 

26,  27  Oct.     " 

Parnell  and  others  arrested  for  conspiracy  and  intimidation  to 
prevent  tenants  paying  rent,  etc.  (19  counts);  notices  served, 

3  Nov.  et  seq.     " 

Mr.  Boycott  of  Lough  Mask  farm,  near  Ballinrobe,  Mayo,  be- 
sieged; his  laborers  threatened;  his  tradesmen  refuse  to 
supply  him;  his  crops  gathered  by  immigrant  laborers,  pro- 
tected by  military,  etc 11, 12  Nov.     ' ' 

W.  Hence  Jones  of  Ballinascorthy  "  boycotted  " Dec.     " 

yarnell  and  others  tried  for  conspiracy  (Trials) 28  Dec.     " 

Jury  disagree ;  discharged 25  Jan.  1881 

About  25.000  soldiers  in  Ireland Jan.     " 

Report  of  agricultural  commission  (for  Ireland)  issued;  great 
distress,  1877-79 ;  good  harvest,  1880;  recommends  emigra- 
tion in  some  districts Jan.     ' ' 

Bill  for  protection  of  life  and  property  brought  in  by  Mr.  Forster, 
24  Jan. ;  long  debates;  much  obstruction  (Parliament); 
passed  commons  (281-36),  25,  26  Feb. ;  passed  lords,  1-3  Mch. ; 
royal  assent 3  Mch.     " 

Many  agitators  arrested ;  23  in  Kilmainham  jail 10  Mch.     " 

Peace  Preservation  bill  (Arms bill);  introduced  1  Mch. ;  passed 
commons,  11, 12  Mch. ;  passed  lords,  18  Mch. ;  royal  assent, 

21  Mch.     " 
"Clan-na-Gael"  secret  society  to  replace  Fenians  said  to  be 

formed Mch.     " 

Irish  Land  bill  ("  legalized  confiscation" — Beaconsfield)  intro- 
duced in  the  commons  by  Mr.  Gladstone 7  Apr.      " 

Land  bill  in  House  of  Lords;  read  second  time,  2,  3  Aug. ;  third 
time  (with  amendments),  8  Aug. ;  commons  reject  some 
amendments,  12  Aug. ;  lords  resist,  13  Aug. ;  commons  mod- 
ify amendments,  15  Aug. ;  lords  yield,  16  Aug. ;  royal  assent, 

22  Aug.     " 


IRE 


1 

pt.  188] 


Delegates  from  Land  League  meet;  denounce  Land  act  as 
sham;  Mr.  Parnell  present 17-19  Sept 

Mr.  Parnell  arrested  for  inciting  to  intimidation  and  non-pay. 
raentofrent;  put  into  Kilmainham  jail,  Dublin 13  Oct. 

This  arrest  "legal,  merited,  and  expedient"  (Times)... 15  Oct. 

.More  troops  sent  to  Ireland  from  Chatham,  etc. ;  manifesto  of 
Land  League,  denouncing  government  and  ordering  non- 
payment of  rent 18  Oct. 

Lord  lieutenant  proclaims  suppression  of  Land  League  as  illegal 
and  criminal,  20  Oct. ;  leaders  declare  for  passive  resistance; 
abp.  McCabe's  pastoral  against  Land  League  manifesto  read 
in  Roman  Catholic  churches  in  Dublin 30  Oct. 

Home-rule  meeting  at  Dublin 8  Nov. 

Death  of  dr.  McHale,  archbishop  of  Tuam,  "Lion  of  the  fold 
of  Judah  " 8  Nov. 

Above  40,000  applications  to  the  land  courts 12  Nov. 

Committee  to  inquire  into  working  of  Land  act  voted  by 
lords  (96-53, 17  Feb.),  earl  Cairns,  chairman 23  Feb.  1881 

Mr.  Gladstone's  resolution  against  the  lords'  committee,  27 
Feb. ;  carried  (303-235) 9,  10  Mch. 

Lords'  committee  sit Mch. 

Mr.  Forster  confesses  failure  of  government  policy  through  in- 
fluence of  secret  societies 27  Mch. 

Mr.  Parnell  released  en  parole  for  10  days 10  Apr. 

New  government  policy;  resignation  of  W.  E.  Forster;  re- 
lease of  Mr.  Parnell  and  other  suspects;  earl  Spencer  lord 
lieutenant  about  2  May,  1882;  release  of  Michael  Davitt, 

5  May, 

Earl  Spencer  enters  Dublin;  lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  new 
chief  secretary,  and  T.  H.  Burke,  permanent  undersecretary, 
assassinated  by  stabbing,  by  4  men,  about  7  p.m.,  in  Phoenix 
park,  Dublin,  6  May;  manifesto  expressing  abhorrence  of 
the  deed  signed  by  C.  S.  Parnell,  J.  Dillon,  and  M.  Davitt, 

7  May, 

Government  offers  10,000Z.  reward  for  the  murderers;  G.  O. 
Trevelyan  appointed  chief  secretary 9  May, 

Bill  for  prevention  of  crime  in  Ireland,  introduced  by  sir  W. 
V.  Harcourt  (new  tribunal  of  3  judges  without  jury,  for 
special  occasions;  powers  of  police  increased;  Alien  act  re- 
vived; supervision  of  newspapers  and  of  assemblies,  etc.),  11 
May,  1882;  second  reading  (383-45) 19,  20  May, 

Alleged  agreement  of  government  with  Parnell  party,  early 
May,  1882,  sarcastically  termed  treaty  of  Kilmainham;  Ar- 
rears of  Rent  bill,  second  reading  (269-157) 23,  24  May, 

Walter  Bourke  and  corporal  Wallace,  his  escort,  shot  dead  by 
5  men  near  Gort,  Galway 8  June, 

John  Henry  Blake,  agent  to  marquis  of  Clanricarde,  and  his 
steward,  Mr.  Kane,  shot  dead  near  Loughrea 29  June, 

Discussion  in  commons  on  Prevention  of  Crime  bill;  23  Irish 
members  suspended 30  June-1  July, 

Mr.  Parnell  and  home -rulers  withdraw,  July,  1882;  22  ar- 
rests at  Loughrea,  4  July;  government  defeated  in  amend- 
ment checking  domiciliary  visits  of  suspected  persons  at 
night  (207-194);  Prevention  of  Crime  bill  read  third  time, 
7,  8  July;  passed  by  the  lords,  11  July;  royal  assent, 

12  July, 

Seventeen  counties  proclaimed about  13  July, 

Arrears  bill  passed  in  commons  (285-177),  21  July;  by  lords, 
with  amendments  (169-98),  31  July;  which  are  "modified  or 
negatived  by  the  commons,  8,  9  Aug. ;  revision  accepted  by 
the  lords,  10  Aug. ;  royal  assent 18  Aug. 

John  Joyce,  wife,  son,  and  daughter  shot  dead  by  band  of  men, 
near  Maamtrasma,  in  Clonder  district,  Galway,  for  informing 
police 17,  18  Aug. 

Expiration  of  Coercion  act;  suspects  released 30  Sept. 

Land  League  fund  in  North  America  closed 6  Oct 

Nationalistconference  at  Dublin  forms  newlrish  National  League 
(ultra)  for  self  government  and  land-law  reform 17  Oct 

Conviction  of  murderers  of  Joyce  family;  Patrick  Joyce,  15 
Nov. ;  Patrick  Casey,  17  Nov. ;  Myles  Joyce,  18  Nov.  (all  ex- 
ecuted, 15  Dec);  Michael  Casey,  Thomas  Joyce,  John  Casey, 
and  Martin  Joyce  confess;  sentence  commuted;  Thomas 
Casey  and  Philbyn,  informers 21  Nov. 

Assault  on  detectives  in  Dublin;  Cox  killed;  his  murderer, 
Bowling,  severely  wounded 25  Nov. 

Mr.  Field,  a  juryman,  stabbed,  27  Nov. ;  reward  of  500?.  for 
assassin ;  Dublin  under  martial  law 28  Nov. 

Emigration  from  Ireland;  89,566  in 

Pope's  letter  to  archbishop  McCabe,  exhorting  clergy  against 
secret  societies,  etc about  20  Jan. 

Eight  men  charged  with  complicity  in  murder  of  lord  Frederick 
CavendLsh  and  Mr.  Burke 3  Feb. 

Irish  National  League,  first  meeting 7  Feb. 

Revelations  of  James  Carey,  implicating  the  Land  I>eague 
(Thomas  Brennan,  secretary,  and  P.  J.  Sheridan);  statement 
respecting  Irish  Invincibles;  Mrs.  F.  Byrne  charged  with 
transmitting  arms,  etc.,  17  Feb. ;  discharged 20  Feb. 

Accused  prisoners  committed  for  trial " 

W.  E.  Forster's  defence  in  the  commons,  and  charges  against 
Mr.  Parnell;  Mr.  O'Kelly  suspended  for  a  week  for  giving 
him  the  lie 22,  23  Feb. 

Mr.  Parnell's  unsatisfactory  reply " 

Phoenix  park  murders:  Robert  Farrell,  James  Carey,  and 
others,  informers;  trial  of  Joseph  Brady,  convicted,  11-13 
Apr. ;  Timothy  Kelly,  third  trial,  7-9  May;  Thomas  Caflfrey 
pleads  guilty,  2  May;  Patrick  Delany  and  Daniel  Curley, 
16-18  Apr. ;  Michael  Fagan 25-27  Apr. 

Irish  convention  at  Philadelphia;  Parnell's  policy  adopted; 
dynamiters  defeated 2.5-27  Apr. 

Circular  from  the  pope,  enjoining  the  bishops  to  abstain  from 
favoring  disafi"ection  to  the  government,  not  to  subscribe  to 


^^B 


IRE  385 

testimonials,  etc.  (archbishop  Croke,  of  Cashel,  had  given 

50/.  to  the  Parnell  testimouial,  etc.) 11  May,  1883 

fE.Keciited:   Joseph  Brady  (actual  murderer),  14  May;   Daniel 
Curley,  18  May;  Michael  Fagan,  28  May;  Thomas  Caffrey, 

2  Juno;  Timothy  Kelly 9  June,     " 

J^ames  Carey,  informer,  shot  dead  by  Patrick  O'Donnell,  on 
board  the  Melrose  Castle,  near  Port  Elizabeth,  South  Africa, 

29  July,     " 
Thirty-eight  thousand  pounds  presented  to  Mr.  Parnell  ("as  a 
national  tribute"  from  the  Irish  people)  at  a  banquet  at  the 

Rotunda,  Dublin 11  Dec.     " 

Parnellite  Land  Law  Amendment  bill  rejected  by  commons  (aS 

tending  to  confiscation),  by  235-72 5  Mch.  1884 

"Wm.  O'Brien  arrested  at  Manchester 29  Jan.  1889 

[Taken  to  Ireland  and  confined  in  Clonmel  jail,  30  Jan. ; 
refusing  to  wear  the  prison  garb,  is  roughly  treated.] 
•Gladstone  and  Parnell  speak  on  the  Morley  amendment  to 
the  reply  to  the  queen's  speech  (amendment  defeated), 

1  Mch.     " 
Pigott,  forger  of  the  Parnell  letter,  commits  suicide  at  Madrid, 

1  Mch.     " 
Sir  Charles  Russell  defends  the  Parnellites  before  the  com- 
mission, tracing  the  history  of  agitation  for  home-rule, 

18  Mch.     " 
Freedom  of  city  of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  Parnell  by  a  vote 

of  14-13 23  Apr.     " 

Wm.  O'Brien  again  arrested  with  John  Dillon  for  advising 

tenants  not  to  pay  rent ; 17  Sept.  1890 

They  escape,  reach  France  10  Oct.,  sail  for  U.  S 25  Oct.     " 

Trial  of  the  O'Shea  divorce  case  begun  in  London;  neither 

Mrs.  O'Shea  nor  Parnell  offers  any  defence 15  Nov.     " 

■O'Shea  secures  his  divorce 17  Nov.     " 

•John  Dillon  and  O'Brien  convicted  and  sentenced  to  6  months 

in  jail 19  Nov.     " 

Parnell  notifies  his  colleagues  that  he  will  not  resign  leader- 
ship while  supported  by  the  Irish  people 20  Nov      " 

I   1'arnell  elected  unanimously  to  the  leadership  of  the  Irish  Na- 

I       tionalist  members  of  Parliament 25  Nov.     " 

j   Parnell  issues  a  manifesto  to  the  Irish  people,  stating  reasons 

for  continuing  in  the  leadership  of  the  Irish  party. .  .28  Nov.     " 
!  ■Gladstone  denies  the  statement  made    concerning    him   by 

i       Parnell 29  Nov.     " 

i  'Catholic  hierarchy  declare  against  Parnell ,  .3  Dec.     " 

Justin  McCarthy  and  44  others  withdraw  from  the  meeting  of 
Nationalist  members  of  Parliament  and  organize  as  a  separate 

body 6  Dec.     " 

Archbishop  and  bishops'  letter  denouncing  Parnell  read  in  the 

Catholic  churches  in  Ireland 7  Dec.      " 

Parnell  leaves  London  for  Ireland,  7  Dec. ;  enthusiastically  re- 
ceived at  Dublin,  9  Dec. ;  seizes  the  ofQce  of  United  Ireland 

\      and  ejects  the  acting  editor , 10  Dec.     " 

;  Anti- Parnellites  issue  a  manifesto "  •« 

i  Parnell  begins  a  sturaping-tour  of  Ireland  at  Cork 11  Dec.     '* 

i  Parnell  at  Kilkenny 13  Dec.     " 

I  McCarthy  leaves  London  for  Ireland 15  Dec.     " 

I'arnell  temporarily  blinded  at  Castle-Comers  by  lime  thrown 

in  his  eyes 16  Dec.      " 

Sir  John  Pope  Hennessy,  the  McCarthyite  candidate,  elected 
at  the  Kilkenny  elections  by  1171  votes  over  Vincent  Scully, 

the  Parnellite 22  Dec.     " 

Parnell  and  O'Brien  hold  a  secret  conference  at  Boulogne, 

30  Dec.     " 

And  another 6  Jan.  1891 

1  McCarthy  and  O'Brien  hold  a  conference  at  Boulogne. . .  10  Jan.     " 
j-Glailstone  denies  the  statement  of  Parnell  that  he  knew  the 

substance  of  Parnell's  manifesto 13  Jan.     " 

I  Dillon  and  O'Brien  land  at  Folkestone  and  deliver  themselves 

t     up  to  the  English  police 12  Feb.     " 

jThey  are  taken  to  Ireland  and  placed  in  Clonmel  jail. .  .13  Feb.     " 
Seven  Parnellites  sail  from  Queenstown  for  the  U.  S.  to  raise 

I     funds 8  Mch.     " 

iNational  federal  convention  meets  at  Dublin,  Justin  McCarthy 

!    presiding 10  Mch.     " 

(Gladstone  declares  in  a  speech  at  Hastings  that  the  Liberal 

i    party  will  never  support  Parnell 17  Mch.     " 

jMcCarthyites  win  the  North  Sligo  elections,  780  majority, 

2  Apr      " 

iParnell  secretly  married 25  June,     " 

a^rnell  addresses  the  League  convention  at  Dublin 23  July,     " 

[Wm.  O'Brien  and  John  Dillon  released  from  jail 30  July,     " 

[Parnell  d.  at  his  home  at  Brighton,  Engl 7  Oct.     " 

Parnell  buried  at  Dublin 11  Oct.     " 

Parnellite  members  issue  a  manifesto  declaring  their  hostility 

to  the  McCarthyites 12  Oct.     " 

Mr.  Flavin,  McCarthyite  candidate,  elected   M.P.   to  succeed 

Parnell  by  a  plurality  of  1512 6  Nov.     " 

Irish  Education  bill  introduced  (opposed  by  the  Roman  Catho- 

'■    lie  clergy) 22  Feb.  1892 

Ulster  convention  at  Belfast  against  home-rule 17  June,     " 

,3ill  passed 27  June,     " 

^England,  Parnell. 


KINGS  OF   IRELAND. 
979  or  980.  Maol  Ceachlin  II.  (Malachi)  deposed. 
001orl002.  Brian    Baromy  or   Boroimhe;   slain   after   defeating 

Danes  at  Clontarf,  23  Apr.  1014. 
.014.  Maol  Ceachlin  II.  restored;  d.  1022  or  1023. 
[Disputed  succession.] 
.,  Donough,  or  Denis,  O'Brian,  son. 
072.  Tirloch,  or  Turlough,  nephew;  d.  1086. 
086-1132.  Kingdom  divided;  fierce  contests  for  it. 
13 


IRO 

1132.  Tordel  Vach;  killed  in  battle. 
1166.  Roderic,  or  Roger,  O'Connor. 
1172.  Henry  II.  king  of  England. 

[English  monarchs  were  styled  "  Lords  of  Ireland  "  until 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  who  first  styled  himself  king.] 

Ireland  forgeries.  In  1786  W.  H.  Ireland  made 
public  Shakespeare  manuscripts  which  he  had  forged,  and  de- 
ceived many  critics.  The  play  "  Vortigern  "  was  performed . 
at  Drury-lane  theatre  on  2  Apr.  1796.  He  shortly  after  ac- 
knoAvledged  the  forgery,  and  published  his  "  Confessions  "  in 
1805.     He  died  in  1835.     Shakkspeare  and  his  plays. 

irid'ium  and  osmium.  In  1804  Tennant  discov- 
ered these  metals  (the  heaviest  known)  in  the  ore  of  plati- 
num, in  which,  in  1844,  Glaus  discovered  a  third,  ruthenium. 
Elements. 

iron  found  on  Mount  Ida  by  the  Dactyles,  the  forest 
having  been  burned  by  lightning,  1432  ulc—Arundelian 
Marbles  [1407,  Hales;  1283,  Clinton].  The  Greeks  claimed 
the  discovery  of  iron,  and  referred  glass  to  the  Phoenicians. 
Iron  was  wrought  by  Tubal-Cain  (Gen.  iv.  22).  Swedish  iron 
is  very  celebrated,  and  Dannemora  is  the  greatest  mine  of 
Sweden.  Steel. 
Belgium  an  early  seat  of  the  iron  manufacture;  coal  said  to  have 

been  employed  at  Marche-les-dames,  1340. 
British  iron  cast  by  Ralph  Page  and  Peter  Baude  in^ussex,  1543.— 

Rymer^s  Foedera. 
Iron-mills  used  for  slitting  iron  into  bars  for  smiths  by  Godfrey 

Bochs,  1590. 
Tinning  of  iron  introduced  from  Bohemia,  1681.     Till  about  1730 

iron  ores  were  smelted  with  wood  charcoal,  which  did  not  wholly 

give  way  to  coal  and  coke  till  1788. 
Operation  termed  puddling,  and  other  improvements  in  the  manu- 
facture, invented  by  Henry  Cort,  about  1781,  who  did  not  reap  the 

due  reward  of  his  ingenuity.     He  d.  in  1800. 
Henry  Bessemer  patented  his  method  of  manufacturing  iron  and 

steel,  17  Oct.,  5  Dec.  18.55;  12  Feb.  1856. 
Wm.  Robinson  announced  a  method  of  making  wrought  iron  from 

cast  iron  by  magnetism,  July,  1867. 
John  Heaton's  process  for  making  steel  announced  about  Nov.  1867; 

discussed  Oct.  1868. 

IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

The  first  recorded  discovery  of  iron  in  the  U.  S.  was  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 1585;  and  the  first  attempt  to  manufacture  it  was  in  Virginia, 
1619.  The  works  were  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  1622.  The  next 
attempt  was  -it  '  ■  r^  Mass.,  where  a  blastfurnace  was  started, 
1643,  which  i  .  -"sow"  iron,  1645;  and  a  forge  was 

built,  1648.  enenilly  used  in  New  England  in  colo- 

nial dtty&     i ,  ,  "it  of  iron  ("bar'")  to  England  was  in 

1717;  the  fir!5t  piLC  .h  on,  i7'.iA     Up  to  1720,  Massachusetts  was  the 
chief  seat  of  the  iron  industry  In  the  colonies.     In  l?.^,  Pennsyl- 

.  vauia  became  tbe  leading  iron-producing  state,  and  maintained 

'  the  supremacy  until  after  1880. 

Great  Britain  imposes  »  duty  of  10».  per  ton  on  all  iron  im- 
ported into  ihe  American  colonies i679 

Board  of  Trade  (Great  Britain)  report  to  Parliament  thht'  -on 
works  had  bet-n  for  many  years  established  in  Massacliu  .  1 1? 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  Vork,  Pennsylvania,  i^ry 
land,  Virginia,  and  the  Carolinas,  and  from  the  p.'o^reKs  ttiey 
bad  made  it  was  expedient  to  encourage  the  manufacture  in 
the  colonies 1732 

Act  of  Parliament  permitting  pig-iron  and  bar-iron  to  be  im- 
ported into  London  from  the  American  colonies  free  of  duty, 
but  prohibiting  them  from  erecting  any  rolling  or  slitting 
mill,  or  forge,  to  work  with  a  tilt-hammer,  and  from  manu- 
facturing steel  for  exportation 1750 

[Duty  on  bar-iron  at  this  time  was  21.  Is.  &d.  per  ton,  and 
on  pig-iron  3s.  9d.  per  ton.] 

Furnace,  on  the  Sterling  estate.  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  which  pro- 
duced annually  1500  tons  of  pig-iron,  worked  into  bar-iron, 

was  built 1751 

[Great  iron  chain  which  crossed  the  Hudson  river  during 
the  Revolution  to  prevent  the  British  from  ascending  it 
was  made  here.     Chain.] 

Mt.  Etna  furnace,  near  Hagerstown,  Md.,  was  among  the  first 
to  cast  cannon. 

Largest  amount  of  iron  exported  by  the  American  colonies  to 
Great  Britain,  between  1761  and  1776,  was  in  1771,  when  2222 
tons  of  bar  and  5302  tons  of  pig-iron  were  exported.  The 
manufacturing  of  iron  fell  off  rapidly  after  the  Revolution, 
and  between  1789-90  tbe  U.  S.  only  exported  200  tons  of  bar 
and  3500  tons  of  pig-iron. 

Report  of  the  Secretarv  of  the  Treasury,  1810,  shows  from 
$15,000,000  to  $20,000,000  invested  in  the  business.  There 
being  153  furnaces,  making 53,908 tonsof  pig-iron;  330  forges, 
making  24,541  tons  bar  iron;  316  trip-hammers  and  34  roll- 
ing and  slitting  mills  using  6500  tons;  and  410  nail  factories 
producing  16,000,000  lbs.  of  nails.  Iron  was  then  made  ex- 
clusively with  charcoal  from  the  smelting  to  the  finished 
bar. 

Hot  blast  introduced 1832-38 

Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.,  the  first  successful  furnace  in  smelting 
iron  ore  with  anthracite  coal  in  the  U.  S. ;  built  and  in 
operation 1838 


mo  < 

RANK  OF  THE   PRINCIPAL  STATES  IN 


'«6  IRR 

MINING   IRON   ORE   FROM   1850  TO   1889. 


3 


Over  1,000,000  tons. 

Over  500,000  ftnd  less  thau  1,000,000  ions. 

Over  100,000  and  less  than  500,000  tons. . . 


Over  60,000  and  less  than  100,000  tons. . 


1,  Pa. 


2,0. 


3,  Md. 

4,  Tenn. 

5,  Ky. 

6,  Va. 

7,  N.  J. 


1,  Pa. 


2,0. 

3,  N.  Y. 

4,  N.  J. 

5,  Mich. 


6,Ky. 
7.  Md. 


1,  Pa. 


2,  Mich. 

3,0. 

4,  N.  Y. 

5,  Mich. 

6,  Ky. 

7,  Mo. 


3,  N.  J. 
J,  Tenn. 


1,  Pa. 

2,  Mich. 

3,  N.  Y. 

4,  N.  J. 


5,0. 

6,  Mo. 

7,  Ala. 

8,  Va. 

9,  Md. 


10,  Tenn. 

11,  Ga. 

12,  Ky. 

13,  Mass. 

14,  W.  Va. 


1889. 


1,  Mich. 

2,  Ala. 

3,  Pa. 

4,  N.  Y. 

5,  Minn. 

6,  Wis. 

7,  W.Va.&Va. 

8,  Tenn. 

9,  N.  J. 
10,  Mo. 
11,0. 

12,  Ga.  &  N.  C. 

13,  Col. 


14,  Ky. 


Other  states  and  territories. 

Total 

Valued  at.. 


Tons  of  3S40  lbs.  mined  in  1889. 


5,856,169  from  73  mines- 
1,570,319      "      45      " 
1,560,234      "     189       " 
1,247,537      "      35      " 


864,508 
837,399 

511,255 
473,294 
415.510 
265,718 
254,294 
258,145 
109,136 


217,036 


14,518,041  tons. 
$33,351,978. 


■ 

who  touches  it ").  The  crown  was  removed  from  Monza  t<> 
Mantua  by  the  Austrians  on  23  Apr.  1859.  After  the  peac^ 
of  Vienna,  in  1866,  it  was  given  up  to  gen.  Menabrea  on  11 
Oct.,  and  presented  to  king  Victor  Emmanuel  at  Turin  on  4 
Nov.  It  is  now  kept  in  the  cathedral  at  Monza.— The  order 
of  the  "  Iron  Crown  of  Italy,"  instituted  by  Napoleon,  26  May, 
1805,  was  abolished  in  1814,  but  revived  by  the  emperor  of 
Austria,  12  Feb.  1816.  The  order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy  was- 
instituted  by  king  Victor  Emmanuel,  20  Feb.  1868. 

iron  niaik,  the  man  with  the.  A  mysterious  prisone 
in  France,  wearing  a  mask  and  closely  confined  under  M.  de 
St.-Mars,  at  Pignerol  (1679),  Exilles  (1681),  Sainte-Margue-| 
rite  (1687),  and  at  the  Bastile  (1698),  where  he  died,  19  Nov. 
1703.  He  was  of  noble  mien,  and  was  treated  with  respect; 
but  his  keepers  had  orders  to  despatch  him  if  he  uncovered^ 
M.  de  St.-Mars  himself  always  placed  the  dishes  on  his  table^ 
and  stood  in  his  presence.  The  following  conjectures  have 
been  made  as  to  his  identity :  An  Armenian  patriarch  forci- 
bly carried  from  Constantinople  (who  died  10  years  before  the 
mask) ;  the  due  de  Vermandois,  son  of  Louis  XIV.,  reported 
to  have  perished  in  the  camp  before  Dixmude;  the  due  de 
Beaufort,  reported  beheaded  before  Candia ;  James,  duke  of 
Monmouth,  executed  on  Tower  hill ;  a  son  of  Anne  of  Austria^ 
queen  of  Louis  XIII.,  either  by  cardinal  Mazarin  or  by  the  duke 
of  Buckingham  ;  the  twin  brother  of  Loui^  XIV.  (a  conjecture 
of  Voltaire  and  others)  ;  Foucquet,  an  eminent  statesman  in  the 
time  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  a  count  Matthioli,  secretary  of  state 
to  Charles  III.,  duke  of  Mantua.  M.  Delort  and  the  right  hoii. 
Agar  Ellis  (afterwards  lord  Dover)  tried  to  prove  Matthioli  to 
have  been  the  person ;  and  later  investigations  makes  tliis  more 
probable.  Recently  a  general  de  Burlonde  has  been  cited  as 
wearer  of  the  mask,  for  raising  the  siege  of  Conti  (an  improbable 
story).  The  mask  was  of  velvet,  strengthened  with  whalebone. 

Iroquois.     Indians. 

irrig'ation,  practised  in  the  east  and  in  Egypt  from 
remote  ages.  It  was  strenuously  advocated  for  India  by  sir 
A.  Cotton  and  others  at  the  Social  Science  congress  at  Man- 
chester, Oct.  1866.  Of  late  irrigation  has  been  widely  practised 
in  the  western  United  States,  where  large  tracts  of  fertile  land 
cannot  be  cultivated  unless  irrigated ;  and  a  great  deal  of  land 
that  was  worthless  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  water  has  been 
brought  under  cultivation,  especially  in  California,  Colorado, 
Utah,  Wyoming,  Nevada,  Idaho,  Montana,  and  the  territories 
of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


This  table  shows  the  changes  in  the  principal  iron  producing  states. 
In  1860  Michigan  stood  5th  in  order;  2d  in  1880;  and  Ist.in  1889. 
Alabama  first  appears  in  1880,  when  she  ranked  7th;  2d  in  1889. 
Pennsylvania  ranked  1st  until  1889,  when  it  took  3d  place,  etc. 
The  principal  varieties  of  ore  mined  are:  Red  hematite  (Gr.  aiij.a- 
TiVrj? ;  sc.  MOoi,  stone),  red  iron  ore,  anhydrous  sesquioxide  of  iron ; 
brown  hematite  (hydrated  sesquioxide  of  iron);  magnetite,  ores  in 
which  the  magnetic  oxide  of  iron  (Fes  O4)  is  predominant;  car- 
bonite  (protoxide  of  iron).  Red  hematite,  the  most  valuable  of 
the  different  varieties,  is  mined  extensively  in  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin, Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  Missouri;  the  brown  hematite  in 
Virginia  and  W.  Virginia,  and  quite  largely  in  Pennsylvania  ; 
magnetite  in  New  York, Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey;  carbonite 
in  Kentucky  and  Ohio,  although  all  the  iron  -  producing  states 
mine  red  and  brown  hematite.  Total  number  of  persons  employed 
in  iron  mining  in  1889  was,  above  ground,  18,000,  below,  19,709. 

AMOUNT   OF  IRON  ORE  MINED   BY  THE  PRINCIPAL  NATIONS, 
1889. 


Great  Britain 14,546,105  tons. 

Germany 11,001,042    " 

Spain 5,067,144    " 

France 2,500,000    " 

Austro-Hungary.. 2,300,000     " 
1,400,000     " 


Sweden 985,904  tons. 

Algeria 475,000    " 

Cuba 256,278     " 

Belgium 220,000    " 

Italy 173.489    " 

Canada 75,162    " 


[This  amount  has  not  materially  changed  up  to  1894.] 

Amount  of  pig-iron  produced  in  the  U.  S.  iu  1870  was  2,052,821  tons; 
in  1880,  3,781,021  tons;  in  1890,  9,579,779  tons,  or  about  35  per 
cent,  of  the  production  of  the  world,  valued  at  over  $134,000,000. 
In  the  production  or  pig-iron  for  the  year  1890  the  principal  states 
rank  as  follows  : 


1.  pcunsvlvania. ..4,712,511  tons, 

•.i.  Ohio 1,302,299  " 

3.  Alabama 890,432  » 

4.  Illinois 674,506  " 

5.  New  York 359,040  " 

6.  Virginia 302,447  " 

7.  Tennessee 290, 747  " 


8.  Michigan 224,908  tons. 

9.  Wisconsin 210,037  " 

10.  New  Jersey 145,040  ' ' 

11.  West  Virginia..  .108,764  " 

12.  Missouri 99,131  " 

13.  Maryland 96,246  " 

14.  Kentucky 44, 199  " 

Iron  Cro§§,  an  order  of  merit  established  by  Fred- 
erick William  III.  of  Prussia,  10  Mch.  1813,  for  patriotic 
bravery  in  war  against  France ;  revived  by  William  I.  in  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  and  awarded  by  him  to  his  son  for  vic- 
toTx  at  Wissembourg,  4  Aug.  1870.  About  40,000  persons  were 
decorated  in  1870-71. 

iron  crown  (of  Italy),  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  set 
in  a  thin  ring  of  iron,  said  to  have  been  forged  from  a  nail  of 
Christ's  cross,  by  order  of  Theudelinde  for  her  husband,  Agilulf, 
king  of  the  Longobards,  591,  and  deposited  in  the  church  at 
Monza.  Charlemagne  was  crowned  with  it,  and  later  all  em- 
perors who  were  kings  of  Lombardy ;  Napoleon  I.  at  Milan,  on 
26  May,  1805,  put  it  on  his  head,  saying,  "  Dieu  me  Va  donnee; 
gare  a  qui  y  touchera  "  ("  God  has  given  it  to  me ;  woe  to  him 


NUMBER    OF   ACRES    IRRIGATED    DEVOTED    TO 

CROPS    (NOT   PASTURAGE),  AND    COST 

,  ETC. 

Areas. 

Idaho. 

Utah. 

Wyoming. 

Montana. 

Nevada. 

Ariiona. 

New  Mexico. 

Total  irrigated  acreage  in  crops,  1890 

217,005 

4,323 

50 

270 

26 

39 

263,473 

9,724 

27 

312 

10 
25 

229,676 

1,917 

119 

494 

65 
50 

350,582 

3,706 

95 

307 

50 
56 

224,403 

1,167 

192 

513 

79 

58 

65,821 

1,075 

61 

287 

34 
43 

91,745 
3  086 

Number  of  irrigators 

Average  size  of  farms  irrigated  in  crop  acres 

30 

Average  size  of  crop  areas  of  160  acres  and  upwards  in  ) 
acres ( 

312 

Per  cent,  of  acreage  of  irrigated  crop  areas  of  160  acres  1 

21 

Average  size  of  irrigated  crop  areas  under  160  acres 

24 

IRV 


387 


ITA 


NUMBER  OF   ACRES  IRRIGATED   DEVOTED 

TO  CROPS   (NOT  PASTURAGE) 

,  AND   COST,  ETC- 

{Continued.) 

Areas. 

Idaho. 

Utah. 

Wyoming. 

Montana. 

Nevada. 

Arizona. 

New  Mexico. 

Average  first  cost  of  water  per  acre  cultivated  by  irrigation. 
"        annual  cost      "          "               "                   " 
"        first  cost  of  preparation  per  acre  for  cultivation. . . 
"        value  of  irrigated  lands  per  acre  including  build- ) 

$4.74 
.80 
9.31 

46.50 

12.93 
.25of  1^ 

$10.55 

.91 

14.85 

84.25 

18.08 
.5ofl^ 

$3.62 
.44 
8.23 

31.40 

8.25 
.4ofl^ 

$4.63 

.95 

8.29 

49.50 

12.96 
.4ofl<g 

$7.58 

.84 

10.57 

41.00 

12.92 
.3ofl^ 

$7.07 
1.55 
8.60 

48.68 

13.92 
.lofl^ 

$5.58 
1.54 
11.71 

50.98 

"        annual  value  of  products  per  acre  of  irrigated) 

12.80 

Per  cent,  of  irrigated  crop  lands  to  total  area  of  state 

.lofl^ 

Irvillgite§5  followers  of  Edward  Irving,  who  was  born 
15  Aug.  1792,  and  became  assistant  to  dr.  Chalnoers,  at  Glas- 
gow, in  1819.     In  1823  he  attracted  crowds  of  distinguished 
persons  to  his  sermons  at  the  Scotch  church,  Hatton  garden, 
London.     A  new  church  was  built  for  him  in  Regent  square 
in  1827.     Soon  after  he  propounded  new  doctrines  on  the  hu- 
man nature  of  Christ;  and  the  "Utterances  of  Unknown 
Tongues,"  which  began  in  his  congregation  with  a  Miss  Hall 
and  IMr.  Taplin,  16  Oct.  1831,  were  countenanced  by  him  as  of 
divine  inspiration.     He  was  expelled  from  the  Scotch  church 
15  Mch.  1833.     His  church,  "  reconstituted  with  the  threefold 
cord  of  a  sevenfold  ministry,"  was  removed  to  Newman  street. 
Irving  was  in  his  early  manhood  an  ardent  admirer  of  Jane 
Welsh,  afterwards  the'wife  of  Carlyle.     He  died  8  Dec.  1834. 
The  church  established  by  him  is  now  called  the  "  Holy  Cath- 
'   olic  Apostolic  Church."    It  uses  a  liturgy  (framed  in  1842  and 
;  enlarged  1863),  and  its  officers  are  named  apostles,  angels, 
!   prophets,  etc.     In  1852  lighted  candles  were  placed  on  the 
1   magnificent  altar,  and  burning  of  incense  during  prayers  was 
I  prescribed.     The  Gothic  church,  in  Gordon  square,  London, 
I  was  solemnly  opened,  1  Jan.  1854.     It  is  said  that  all  who 
!  join  the  church  offer  it  a  tenth  of  their  income.     They  had 
I  30  chapels  in  England  in  1851. 

I     I§aii'clula,  Isandla'na,  or  I§andliva'na, 

1  termed  the  "English  Cremera."     Zululand,  22  Jan.  1879. 

liauria,  a  province  in  Asia  Minor,  conquered  by  the 
1  Romans  78  b.c.  ;  by  the  Saracens  650  a.d.;  retaken  by  the 
!  emperor  Leo  III.,  who  founded  the  Isaurian  dynasty,  718, 
I  which  ended  with  Constantine  VI.  in  797.  Isauria  was  incor- 
i  porated  with  Turkey  1387. 

I      lilam  or  Eslam,  submission  to  God,  the  name  given 
to  Mahometanism. 

\  liland  ]Vo,  10  (Kentucky).  An  island  in  the  Missis- 
i  sippi  a  few  miles  above  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  was  strongly  forti- 
j  fied  by  the  confederates  in  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  It 
j  surrendered  to  gen.  Pope  and  commodore  Foote  7  Apr.  1862, 
i  with  about  7000  prisoners  and  over  100  pieces  of  artillery'. 

I  i§lail<l§,  imaginary.  Besides  the  Hesperides,  there 
I  were  many  islands  scattered  over  the  Atlantic  by  the  fancies 
\  of  navigators  and  cosmographers.  Such  islands  are  described 
;  in  the  Arabic  geography  of  Edrisi,  1153-54  a.d.  To  these  may 
J  be  added  the  island  of  St.  Brandon,  supposed  to  have  been 
jdiscovered  in  the  6th  century.  Also  Antilia  and  the  Islands 
of  the  Seven  Cities,  as  well  as  Mayda  and  the  isle  Verda  ;  but 
inone  more  famous  or  longer-lived  than  the  isle  of  Brazil.  It 
Ifirst  appeared  on  a  Venetian  map  of  Andrea  di  Bianco,  1436, 
las  the  I.  de  Brazi,  near  the  present  Azores.  This,  with  Antilia, 
;St.  Brandon,  and  others,  was  conspicuous  on  maps  in  the  time  of 
iColumbus.  Antilia  still  lives  by  name  in  the  Greater  and  Less- 
|er  Antilles,  as  applied  to  the  West  Indies;  and  the  isle  of  Brazil 
.  !is  remembered  in  the  name  ofthe  largest  state  of  South  America. 

m  .  Isle  of  France.  Mauritius. 
™  Ismail,  Bessarabia.  After  a  long  siege  by  the  Russians, 
who  lost  20,000  men,  the  town  was  taken  by  storm,  22  Dec. 
1790 ;  when  Suwarrow,  the  most  merciless  warrior  of  modern 
times,  put  the  brave  Turkish  garrison  (30,000  men)  to  the 
sword,  delivered  Ismail  to  pillage,  and  ordered  the  massacre  of 
JOOO  women.  It  was  again  captured  by  the  Russians  26  Sept. 
1809,  and  retained  till  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  1856,  when  it  was 
:;eded  to  Moldavia. 
Ispahan'  was  made  the  capital  of  Persia  by  Abbas  the 
reat,  in  1590.     It  lost  its  supremacy  in  1796,  when  Teheran 

me  the  capital. 
Israel,  kingdom  of.     Jews. — Handel's  oratorio  "  Israel 
Egypt "  first  performed  4  Apr.  1739. 


ISSIIS,  Asia  Minor,  the  site  of  Alexander's  second  great 
battle  with  Darius,  whose  queen  and  family  were  captured, 
Oct.  333  B.C.  The  Persian  army,  according  to  Justin,  con- 
sisted of  400,000  foot  and  100,000  horse;  61,000  of  the  former 
and  10,000  of  the  latter  were  left  dead  on  the  field,  and  40,000 
were  taken  prisoners.  Here  the  emperor  Septiraius  defeated 
his  rival  Niger,  194  a.d. 

IsthmJan  games  received  their  name  from  the  isth- 
mus of  Corinth,  where  they  were  observed ;  instituted  by  Sisy- 
phus about  1406  b.c.,  in  honor  of  Melicertes,  a  sea-god. — Leng- 
let.  Reinstituted  in  honor  of  Neptune  by  Theseus  about  1239 
B.C. ;  and  their  celebration  was  held  so  sacred  that  even  a 
public  calamity  did  not  prevent  it.  The  games  were  re- 
vived by  Julius  Caesar,  60  b.c.  ;  and  by  the  emperor  Julian, 
362  A.D. 

Istria,  a  peninsula  in  the  Adriatic  sea,  was  finally  sub- 
dued by  the  Romans,  177  b.c.  After  various  changes  it  came 
under  the  rule  of  Venice  in  1378,  and  was  annexed  1420.  It  was 
obtained  by  Austria,  1796 ;  by  France,  1806 ;  by  Austria,  1814. 

Italian  lang'Uag^e,  based  on  Latin,  is  said  by  Dante 
to  be  formed  of  a  selection  of  the  best  forms  from  the  different 
dialects.  Elegant  poetry  was  written  by  Guido  Cavalcanti, 
who  died  1301 ;  and  good  prose  by  Malespini,  about  1250. 

Italian  literature  and  authors.  Litera- 
ture. 

Italian  Republic  was  the  name  given  to  the  remod- 
elled Cisalpine  republic.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  president,  Jan» 
1802. 

Italy  (either  from  Italus,  an  early  king,  or  italus,  a  bull 
calf),  a  kingdom  in  S.  Europe,  consisting  of  a  peninsula  and 
numerous  islands,  was  called  the  garden  of  Europe.  The 
Pelasgians,  Umbrians,  Oscans,  and  Etruscans  combined  are 
regarded  as  the  progenitors  of  the  Latins  ;  a  predominant  ele- 
ment in  the  nations  still  known  as  the  Latin  races  in  southern 
Europe.  The  history  of  Italy  is  soon  absorbed  into  that  of 
Rome,  founded  753  b.c.  Previous  to  the  15th  century  it  was 
desolated  by  intestine  wars  and  the  interference  of  the  German 
emperors.  Guelphs.  Since  then  Spain,  France,  and  Germany 
struggled  for  the  possession  of  the  country,  which  has  been 
divided  among  them  several  times.  Spain  predominated  in 
Italy  during  the  16th  and  17th  centuries ;  yielded  to  the  house 
of  Hapsburg  at  the  beginning  of  the  18th.  The  victories  of 
Bonaparte  in  1797-98  changed  the  government  of  Italy ;  but 
the  Austrian  rule  was  re-established  at  the  peace  in  1814.  In 
1848  the  Milanese  and  Venetians  revolted  and  joined  Pied- 
mont, but  were  subdued  by  marshal  Radetzky.  The  hostile 
feeling  between  Austria  and  Piedmont  gradually  increased  till 
war  broke  out  in  April,  1859.  The  Austrians  were  defeated, 
and  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  comprising  Piedmont,  Sardinia, 
Lombardy,  Tuscany,  Modena,  Parma,  the  Romagna,  Naples, 
and  Sicily,  was  re-established  17  Mch.  1861,  by  the  Italian 
parliament  (443  deputies  from  59  provinces).  On  29  Oct. 
1861,  the  internal  government  was  reorganized ;  the  59  prov- 
inces were  placed  under  prefects,  subject  to  4  directors-general. 
In  1861  the  population  was  21,728,529.  War  with  Austria  was 
declared  18  June,  1866;  and  on  3  Oct.  peace  was  signed  at 
Vienna,  and  Venetia  was  ceded  to  Italy,  on  the  payment  of 
40,000,000  florins.  The  kingdom  of  Italy  was  completed  by 
the  occupation  of  Rome  as  the  capital,  1870.  Estimated  pop- 
ulation of  the  kingdom,  1862,  25,003,635  (Rome  was  added  in 
1870) ;  1878,  28,209,620;  1890,  30,158,408.  Area.  114,410  sq. 
miles.  For  other  details,  aside  from  this  record,  Rome  and 
the  various  Italian  cities.  b.c. 

Italy  (Saturnia),  fabled  rule  of  Saturn,  the  golden  age. 2450 

Arrival  of  CEnotrus  from  Arcadia,  1710;  andof  Evander;  reign 

of  r>atinus about  1240 

-^neas  the  Trojan  said  to  land  in  Italy,  defeat  and  kill  Turnus; 


ITA  »8 

marry  Lavlnia,  daughter  of  king  Latinus;  and  found  Lavinl-  I 

um  in  S.  luly 1182  et  seq.  | 

Greek  colonies  (Magna  GRiSciA)  founded 974-443  i 

Komulus  builds  Rome 753 

[For  subsequent  history,  Rouk.]  a.d.   { 

Odoacer,  leader  of  Heruli,  establishes  the  kingdom  of  Italy. . . .    476  I 

Ostrogoths  invade  Italy,  489,  and  retain  it  till 491  I 

They  are  expelled  by  the  imperial  gens.  Narses  and  Belisarius  \ 

(Ikon  Crown,  Kings  of  Italy) 552 

Narses,  governor  of  Italy,  invites  Lombards  from  Germany, 

5()8 ;  who  overrun  Italy 696  | 

Invasion  and  defeat  of  Constans  II 662  I 

Venice  tirst  governed  by  a  doge 697  j 

I'epin  gives  li^ivenna  to  the  pope 754  ] 

Charleinugne  invades  ltaly,774 ;  overcomes  Lombards ;  crowned 

emperor  of  the  West  at  Rome  by  pope  Leo  III 25  Dec.    800  i 

Saracens  invade  Italy  and  settle  at  Bari 842  1 

Invasion  of  Otho  I.  951 ;  crowned  emperor 2  Feb.    962 

Genoa  becomes  iinportjint 1000 

Saracens  expelled  by  the  Normans 1016-17 

Normans  acquire  Naples  from  the  pope 1051 

Tope  Gregory  VII.,  Hildebrund,  pretends  to  universal  sover- 
eignty, assisted  by  Matilda,  countess  of  Tuscany,  mistress  of 

greater  part  of  lUily 1073-85 

Disputes  between  popes  and  emperors  as  to  ecclesiastical  inves- 
titures begin  to  agitate  Italy  and  Germany about  1073 

Rise  of  Lombard  cities about  1120 

Who  war  with  each  other 1144 

Venetians  obtain  many  victories  over  Eastern  emperors 1125 

Wars  of  GuBLPHS  and  Ghibkllinks  begin about  1161 

Frederick  I.  (Barbarossa)  interferes;  his  wars 1154-75 

I<ombard  league  formed 1167 

His  defeat  at  Legnano 29  May,  1176 

Peace  of  Constance 1183 

Civil  wars  again 1199  et  seq. 

Rise  of  the  Medici  at  Florence about  1251 

Wars  of  Frederick  II,  and  the  Lombard  league 1236-50 

His  natural  son,  Manfred,  king  of  Sicily,  defeated  and  killed  at 

Benevento  by  Charles  of  Anjou 26  Feb.  1266 

Who  defeats  Conradin  at  Tagliacozzo 23  Aug.  1268 

Visconti  rule  at  Milan.   1277 

Sicilian  Vespers;  massacre  of  French,  who  are  expelled  from 

Sicily 30  Mch.  1282 

Clement  V.  (pope,  1305)  fixes  his  residence  at  Avignon  in  France,  1309 
Louis  Gonzaga  master  of  Mantua,  with  title  of  imperial  vicar,  1328 

First  doge  of  Genoa  appointed 1339 

Lucca  independent 1370 

Rome  again  the  seat  of  the  pope 1377 

Charles  VIII.  of  France  invades  Italy,  1494,  and  conquers  Na- 
ples, 1495 ;  loses  it 1496 

Louis  XII.  joins  Venice  and  conquers  Milan  (soon  lost) 1499 

League  of  Cambray  (1508)  against  Venice,  which  is  despoiled  of 

Italian  possessions 1509 

Leo  X.,  pope,  patron  of  literature  and  art 1513-22 

Wars  of  Charles  V.  and  Francis  1 1515-21 

Francis  defeated  and  prisoner  at  Pavia 24  Feb.  1525 

Parma  and  Placentia  made  a  duchy  for  his  family  by  pope 

Paul  III.  (Alexander  Farnese). 1545 

Peace  of  Cateau-Cambresis 1559 

War  of  the  Mantuan  succession 1627-31 

Catinat  and  the  French  defeat  dnke  of  Savoy  at  Marsaglia, 

4  Oct.  1693 

War  of  Spanish  succession  commences  in  Italy 1701 

Battle  of  Turin 7  Sept.  1706 

Division  of  Italy  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht 11  Apr.  1713 

Duke  of  Savoy  becomes  king  of  Sardinia 1720 

Successful  French  campaign  in  Italy 1745 

Milan,  etc.,  obtained  by  house  of  Hapsburg,  1706;  confirmed 

by  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 

Italy  overrun  by  French May-Dec.  1796 

Venetian  states  divided  by  France  and  Austria  by  treaty  of 

Campo  Formio;  Cisalpine  republic  founded 17  Oct.  1797  j 

Pius  VL  deposed  by  Bonaparte Feb.  1798 

Russians,  under  Suwarrow,  defeat  French  at  Trebia,  etc 1799 

Bonaparte  crosses  Alps,  16-20  May ;  defeats  Austrians  at  Ma- 
rengo  14  June,  1800 

Cisalpine,  Italy,  becomes  the  Italian  republic  (Bonaparte  presi- 
dent)   Jan.  1802 

Napoleon  crowned  king  of  Italy 26  May,  1805 

Eugene  Beauharnais  viceroy  of  Italy " 

Austria  loses  Italian  possessions  by  treaty  of  Presburg;  ratified, 

1  Jan.  1806 
Kingdom  ceases  at  fall  of  Napoleon,  1814;  Lombardo- Venetian 

kingdom  established  for  Austria 7  Apr.  1815 

Formation  of  Young  Italy  party  by  Mazzini;  insurrections.  .1831-33 

Italian  Association  for  Science  first  met  (at  Pisa) 1837 

Insurrection  in  Lombardy  and  Venice,  Mch. ;   supported  by 

king  of  Sardinia  and  pope. Apr.  1848 

King,  defeated  at  Novara,  abdicates,  23  Mch. ;  and  Lombardy 

reverts  to  Austria  (Austria,  Sardinia) May,  1849 

"Napoleon  III.  et  I'ltalie"  pub Feb.  1859 

Austrian  ultimatum,  rejected  by  Sardinia 26  Apr.     " 

Austrians  cross  the  Ticino,  27  Apr. ;  French  enter  Genoa, 

3  May,      » 
Peaceful  revolution  at  Florence,  27  Apr. ;  Parma,  3  May;  Mo- 

dena 15  June,     " 

Austrians  defeated  at  Montebello,  io  May ;  Palestro,  30,  31  May; 

Magenta,  4  June ;  Marignano,  8  June ;  Solferino 24  June,     " 

Provisional  governments  at  Florence,  27  Apr.;   Parma,  May; 

and  Modena  (sovereigns  retire) 15  June,     " 

Insurrection  in  papal  states  Bologna,  Ferrara,  etc.  .13-15  June,     " 


ITA 

icre  of  insurgents  at  Perugia  by  Swiss  troops 20  June, 

Allies  cross  the  Mincio 1  July, 

Armistice  between  Austria  and  France. 8  July, 

Preliminaries  of  peace  at  Villafranca;  Lombardy  surrenderod 

to  Sardinia 11  July, 

Italy  dismayed  at  peace;  agitation  at  Milan,  Florence,  Modena, 

Parma,  etc. ;  count  Cavour  resigns  as  minister July, 

Pope  appeals  to  Europe  against  king  of  Sardinia 12  July, 

Tuscany,  Modena,  Parma,  and  Komagna  form  a  defensive  alli- 
ance and  ask  annexation   to  Piedmont,  20  Aug.-lO  Sept.; 

trade  made  free  between  them  and  Piedmont 10  Oct. 

Treaty  of  Zurich  (Italian  confederacy,  etc.),  signed 10  Nov. 

Garibaldi  retires  from  Sardinian  service 18  Nov. 

New  Sardinian  constitution  proclaimed 7  Dec. 

Pope  condemns  i)amphlet  "  Le  Pape  et  le  Congr^s  " 31  Dec. 

Napoleon  III.  recommends  pope  to  give  up  legations. . .        " 

Pope  refuses  and  denounces  emperor 8  Jan.  : 

Count  Cavour  charged  to  form  a  ministry 16  Jan. 

Annexation  to  Sardinia  voted  (by  universal  suftrage)  in  Parma, 
Modena,  and  the  Romagna,  13  Mch. ;  Tuscany,  16  Mch. ;  ac- 
cepted by  the  king 18-22  Mch. 

Treaty  ceding  Savoy  and  Nice  to  France  signed,  24  Mch. ;  ap- 
proved by  Sardinian  parliament 29  May, 

French  troops  retire  from  Italy May, 

Vain  insurrections  in  Sicily 4  Apr.,  2  May, 

Garibaldi  lands  at  Marsala  in  Sicily,  11  May;  assumes  office  of 
dictator,  14  May;  defeats  Neapolitans  at  Calatiflmi,  15  May; 
and  at  Melazzo,  20  July;  by  convention  Neapolitans  agree 

to  evacuate  Sicily 30  July, 

Garibaldi  lands  at  Reggio  in  Calabria,  18  Aug. ;  enters  Naples; 

Francis  IL  retires 7  Sept. 

Insurrection  in  Papal  States,  8  Sept. ;  Sardinians  enter,  11  Sept. ; 
defeat  papal  troops  at  Castel  Fidardo,  18  Sept. ;  take  Ancona, 

17-29  Sept. 

Victor  Emmanuel  takes  command  of  army 4  Oct. 

Sardinians  enter  kingdom  of  Naples,  15  Oct. ;  defeat  Neapoli- 
tans at  Isernia 17  Oct. 

Garibaldi  defeats  Neapolitans  at  the  Volturno 1  Oct. 

By  universal  suffrage  (plebiscitum),  Sicily  and  Naples  vote  for 

annexation  to  Sardinia 21  Oct. 

Capua  bombarded;  Neapolitans  retire,  2  Nov. ;  and  are  defeated 

at  the  Garigliano 3  Nov. 

Victor  Emmanuel  enters  Naples  as  king,  7  Nov. ;  Garibaldi  re- 
signs dictatorship ;  retires  to  Caprera 9  Nov. 

Victor  Emmanuel  receives  homage  from  Neapolitan  clergy,  etc. ; 
gives  money  to  encourage  education;  appoints  a  ministry, 

including  Poerio,  etc Nov. 

Siege  of  Gaeta  commences;  attack  by  sea  prevented  by  the 

presence  of  the  French  fleet 3  Nov.  et  seq.     " 

Treaty  of  Zurich  signed 10  Nov.     " 

Decree  in  honor  of  Garibaldi's  army 16  Nov.     " 

Reactionary  movements  suppressed Nov. -Dec.     " 

Prince  of  Carignan-Savoy  appointed  lieutenant  of  Naples.  .Jan.  1861 
French  fleet  retires  from  Gaeta,  19  Jan. ;  after  bombardment 

it  surrenders;  Francis  II.  retires  to  Rome 13  Feb.     " 

Monastic  establishments  in  Naples  abolished,  with  compensa- 
tion to  the  inmates;  schools  established P'eb.     " 

First  Italian  parliament  meets,  18  Feb. ;  decrees  Victor  Em- 
manuel king 26  Feb.  and  14  Mch.     " 

Italy  recognized  by  Great  Britain 31  Mch.     " 

Order  for  the  levy  of  70,000  soldiers Apr.     " 

Cavour  forms  a  new  ministry,  with  members  from  all  parts  of 

Italy Apr.     " 

Pope  protests  against  the  kingdom 15  Apr.     " 

Death  of  count  Cavour,  aged  52 6  June,     " 

Kingdom  recognized  by  France 24  June,     " 

Kingdom  recognized  by  Portugal  and  Belgium,  1  Oct. ;  divided 

into  59  prefectures,  etc .13  Oct.     " 

Kingdom  recognized  by  Prussia 1  Mch.  1862 

Kingdom  recognized  by  Russia 3  July,     " 

Garibaldi  enters  Sicily;  at  Marsala  calls  for  volunteers,  giving 

the  watchword,  "Rome  or  death!" 19  July,     " 

King  issues  a  proclamation  against  his  proceedings  as  tending 

to  rebellion 3  Aug.     " 

Garibaldi  at  Catania;  organizes  provisional  government,  19  Aug.     " 
Sicily  proclaimed  in  a  state  of  siege,  21  Aug. ;  put  under  gen. 

Cialdini 22  Aug.     " 

Garibaldi  issues  his  last  proclamation;  embarks  at  Catania; 
lands  at  Melito,  in  Calabria,  and  marches  towards  Reggio, 
25  Aug. ;  La  Marmora  proclaims  a  state  of  siege,  26  Aug. ; 
Garibaldi  and  followers  meet  royalists  under  Pallavicini,  at 
Aspromonte;  after  a  short  skirmish,  he  is  wounded  and  taken, 

29  Aug. ;  removed  to  Varignano,  near  Spezzia 1  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Durando  in  diplomatic  circular  condemns  Garibaldi's  pro- 
ceedings, asserting  the  necessity  of  the  Italian  government 

possessing  Rome 10  Sept.     " 

Amnesty  to  Garibaldi  and  followers 5  Oct.     " 

Father  Passaglia  and  10,000  (out  of  80,000)  Italian  priests  sign 

declaration  against  pope's  temporal  authority Nov.     '' 

Garibaldi  removed  to  Pisa,  9  Nov. ;  ball  extracted  from  his  foot, 

23  Nov.     " 
Grand  Cavour  canal  for  irrigation  of  Piedmont  opened.  .1  June,  1863 
Army  of  Piedmont  (50,000)  consolidated  by  La  Marmora  and  ex- 
panded into  the  "army  of  Italy  "  (250,000) Oct.     " 

Franco  Italian  convention  (French  troops  to  quit  Rome  in  2 

years  [from  6  Feb.  1865],  Florence  to  be  capital) 15  Sept.  1864 

King  and  court  proceed  to  Florence,  13  May;  he  opens  the  fes- 
tival, the  600th  anniversary  of  Dante's  birth 14  May,  1865  i 

Kingdom  recognized  by  Spain June,     "    ; 

French  troops  leaving  Italy;  general  election;  moderate  party 
predominate Nov.     " 


ITA 

Alliance  with  Prussia 12  May, 

War  declared  against  Austria 18  June, 

Army,  headed  by  the  king,  crosses  the  Mincio,  23  June;  de- 
feated at  Custozza 24  June, 

Venetia  ceded  to  France  by  emperor  of  Austria 3  July, 

Fruitless  conflicts  ;  volunteers  under  Garibaldi  defeated  at 
Monte  Suello i  July, 

Bill  for  suppression  of  monasteries  and  confiscation  of  property 
passed 7  July, 

Cialdini  crosses  the  Po,  and  enters  Venetia 8  July, 

Naval  battle  near  Lissa;  Italians  defeated  by  Austrians  {Re 
d'Halia  and  Palestro  blown  up) 20  July, 

Italians  beaten  at  Versa;  the  last  conflict 26  July, 

Armistice  for  4  weeks  signed 12  Aug. 

Peace  with  Austria  signed  at  Vienna,  3  Oct. ;  ratified. .  .12  Oct. 

Austrians  retire  from  Peschiera,  9  Oct. ;  Mantua,  10  Oct. ;  Ve- 
rona, 16  Oct. ;  Venice 17  Oct. 

Plebiscitum  in  Venetia;  for  annexation  with  Italy,  641,758; 
against,  69 21  Oct. 

Result  reported;  the  Iron  crown  presented  to  the  king  at  Turin, 

4  Nov. 

Parliament  opened  by  king,  who  declares  that  "Italy  is  now 
restored  to  herself" 15  Dec. 

Government  proposal  to  invest  property  of  religious  bodies  for 
support  of  clergy  (Free  Church  and  Ecclesiastical  Liquida- 
tion bill)  brought  forward Jan. 

Church  Property  bill  passed Aug. 

Garibaldi,  about  to  enter  the  Roman  territory  with  volunteers, 
captured  by  Italian  government  at  Sinalunga  {or  Asinalunga) 
and  sent  to  Alessandria 23  Sept. 

Sent  to  Caprera,  27  Sept. ;  escapes  to  Leghorn  and  is  sent  back, 

2  Oct. 

Bands  of  Garibaldians  invade  Roman  territories Sept. -Oct. 

Garibaldi  escapes  from  Caprera 15  Oct. 

Embarkation  of  French  troops  at  Toulon  suspended  by  resig- 
nation of  Rattazzi  and  ministry 20  Oct. 

Garibaldi  at  Florence  proclaims  expedition  against  Rome, 

22  Oct. 

Garibaldians  defeated  at  Viterbo 25  Oct. 

Enter  Roman  territories,  defeat  papal  troops,  and  take  Monte 
Rotondo 26.  27  Oct. 

Menabrea's  ministry  formed;  proclamation  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel against  the  Garibaldian  invasion 27  Oct. 

French  army  arrives  at  Civit^  Vecchia,  28  Oct. ;  2  brigades 
enter  Rome 30  Oct. 

Royal  Italian  troops  enter  papal  territory ;  Menabrea's  justi- 
ficatory circular;  suppression  of  insurrectional  committees 
in  Italy 30  Oct. 

Garibaldi  defeated  at  Mentana,  3  Nov.;  retreats  into,  Italy 
with  his  son ;  captured  and  sent  to  Varignano,  gulf  of  Spezzia, 

4  Nov. 

Garibaldi  sent  to  Caprera 25  Nov. 

Meeting  of  parliament;  judicious  firmness;  amnesty  for  Gari- 
baldians proclaimed 5  Dec. 

New  order  of  knighthood,  the  "Crown  of  Italy,"  constituted, 

20  Feb. 

Victor  Emmanuel  Ferdinand,  son  of  prince  Humbert,  bom  at 
Naples 11  Nov. 

(Ecumenical  council  at  Rome  (Codncils  op  the  church,  Rome) 
opened 8  Dec. 

Neutrality  in  Franco-Prussian  war  announced,  18  July;  addi- 
tional armaments  ordered 4  Aug. 

Fruitless  mission  of  prince  Napoleon  to  obtain  help  for  France, 

21-25  Aug. 

Circular  note  from  government  recounting  failure  to  concili- 
ate the  pope  since  1860,  proposes  favorable  terms. .  .29  Aug. 

French  vessel  Orenoque  placed  at  Civiti  Vecchia  on  behalf  of 
the  pope Aug. 

Letter  from  king  to  pope,  announcing  occupation  of  Rome  nec- 
essary to  order 8  Sept. 

Italian  troops  enter  papal  territories  (Rome);  occupy  Viterbo 
and  other  places 12  Sept. 

Gen.  Bixio  marches  towards  Rome 18, 19  Sept. 

After  short  resistance,  Italians  under  gen.  Cadorna  enter  Rome, 

20  Sept. 

Plebiscite  in  papal  territories :  for  union  with  kingdom  of 
Italy  (out  of  167.548  voters),  133,681 ;  against,  1507. . .  .2  Oct. 

King  receives  the  result  of  the  plebiscite 8  Oct. 

Rome  incorporated  with  Italy  by  royal  decree,  gen.  La  Mar- 
mora governor 9  Oct. 

Diplomatic  circular  announcing  occupation  of  Rome  as  capital 

^  of  Italy 18  Oct. 

Roman  provinces  united  in  one.  with  5  sub-prefectures,  19  Oct. 

Amadeus,  duke  of  Aosta,  the  king's  second  son,  elected  king 
by  the  Spanish  Cortes 16  Nov. 

Parliament  meets;  king  declares  Rome  capital  of  Italy,  5  Dec. 

Bills  introduced  for  transfer  of  capital  and  preservation  of 
pope's  rights about  10  Dec. 

Cenis  tunnel  completed 25  Dec. 

King  and  ministers  remove  to  Rome,  1,  2  July;  proclaimed 
the  capital 3  Juiy^ 

Law  for  expulsion  of  Jesuits  passed 25  June, 

Accoltellatori  (secret  assassinating  societies)  reported  in  Ra- 
venna and  other  places. , Sept. -Oct. 

About  80  secret  extortioners  (camorra)  in  Naples  seized  and 
transported Sept. -Oct. 

Jesuits  ordered  to  quit  their  establishments 15  Oct. 

Wibaldi  declines  money  (3500Z.)  voted  to  him 31  Dec. 

He  enters  Rome  amid  excitement,  takes  seat  in  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  and  takes  oath  to  the  king 24  Jan. 

Devotes  sum  voted  to  improvement  of  thfe  Tiber,  etc. . .  12  Feb 


1867 


1870 


1871 
1873 


1874 


9  ITA 

Elections  of  parish  priests  declared  valid  in  opposition  to  bish- 
ops  July-Aug.  1875 

Discovery  near  Verona  of  above  50,000  coins  of  Gallienus  and 

others,  chiefly  bronze Jan.  1877 

Bill  for  repressing  clerical  abuses  adopted  by  deputies;  pope 
expresses  displeasure  in  circular  to  foreign  powers,  21  Mch. ; 

bill  rejected  by  senate 7  May,     " 

AntoneUi  case.— Countess  Loreta  Lambertini  claims  property 
of  her  alleged  father,  cardinal  Antonelli  ;   resisted  by  his 

brothers,  30  June;  trial;  case  not  proved 6  Dec.     " 

Father  Curci  (Jesuits)  publishes  "Dissidio  Moderno  fra  la 

Chiesa  e  I'ltalia,"  against  pope's  temporal  power Dec.     " 

Death  of  La  Marmora  (aged  74),  5  Jan. ;  death  of  king  Victor 
Emmanuel  II.  9  Jan. ;  his  funeral;  procession  2  miles  long; 

buried  in  the  Pantheon,  Rome 17  Jan.  1878 

Death  of  pope  Pius  IX.,  7  Feb. ;  election  of  Leo  XIII. .  .20  Feb.     " 
Antonelli  case. — Countess  permitted  to  appear  in  court;  case 

deferred Feb.     '* 

Popular  discontent  at  Berlin  treaty;  desire  for  acquiring  Trent 
and  Trieste;  cry  of  "Italia  irredenta!"  meetings  at  Rome, 

etc about  21  July,     " 

David  Lazzaretti,  "the  saint,"  a  peasant,  aged  48,  founder  of 
a  religious  socialistic  sect  in  1868,  with  12  apostles,  etc.,  and 
creed  somewhat  Protestant;  proposed  to  erect 7  hermitages; 
marched  towards  Arcidosso,  in  Tuscany,  with  between  2000 
and  3000  followers;  David,  clad  in  a  half- regal,  half- pon- 
tifical costume,  proclaiming  the  Christian  republic,  resisted 
police,  who,  when    fired    on,  fired  and  killed  David   and 

another;  his  followers  carry  off  David's  body 18  Aug.     " 

Attempted  assassination  of  king  at  Naples  by  Giovanni  Passa- 
nante,  an  internationalist,  aged  29;  king  and  Cairoli,  min- 
ister, slightly  wounded '. .  .17  Nov.     " 

Passanante  condemned  to  death  at  Naples,  7  Mch. ;  to  perpet- 
ual imprisonment  (by  the  king) 29  Mch.  1879 

Antonelli  case. — Countess  Lambertini's  appeal  rejected,  3  July,     " 

Aurora,  a  papal  daily  newspaper,  appears  at  Rome 1  Jan.  1880 

Garibaldi  and  his  son  Menotti  resign  as  deputies  on  account  of 
imprisonment  of  his  son-in-law,  gen.  Canzio,  for  republican 
manifestations,  27  Sept. ;  Garibaldi  goes  to  Genoa,  Oct. ;  Can- 
zio released 10  Oct.     " 

St.  Gothard  railway  opened.  Lucerne  to  Milan 20,  21  May,  1882 

Death  of  Garibaldi  at  Caprera  deeply  lamented 2  June,     " 

Buried  there  in  presence  of  thousands 8  June,     " 

Four  hundredth  anniversary  of  Raphael's  birth  celebrated  at 

Rome 28  Mch.  1883 

Army,  2,113,969  men 1  Jan.  1885 

Navy  consists  of  112  vessels  afloat  or  building "        " 

Expedition  to  Assab  to  avenge  the  massacre  of  Giuletti  and 

Bianchi " 

Ironclad  Castel  Fidardo  arrives  at  Beilul 25  Jan.     " 

Ministry  determine  to  assist  Great  Britain  in  the  Soudan,  6  Feb.     " 

Italian  flag  hoisted  at  Massowah  (Soudan) "        " 

Additional  expeditions  sent  to  the  Red  sea Feb.     " 

Sig.  Crispi,  premier Aug.  1887 

Duke  Tirlonia,  syndic  of  Rome,  dismissed  for  congratulating 

the  pope  on  his  jubilee 2  Jan.  1888 

Abolition  of  capital  punishment  passed  by  the  chambers,  June,     " 

War  with  Abyssinia  (Massowah) 1887-88 

Duke  of  Aosta,  ex-king  of  Spain,  marries  his  niece,  princess 
Laetitia,  daughter  of  his  sister  Clotilde  and  prince  Napoleon 

Jerome 11  Sept.  1888 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Abyssinia 2  Oct.  1889 

Italian  protectorate  over  Abyssinia  announced 14  Oct.     " 

Maj.  Gaetani  Casati  returns  from  African  explorations,  received 

at  Rome  (Africa) 14  July,  1890 

Great  ironclad  Sardegna  launched  at  Spezia  (Navy).  .  .20  Sept.     " 
Treaty  for  delimitation  of  British  and  Italian  sphere  of  influ- 
ence in  E.  Africa  signed  at  Rome 15  Apr.  1891 

Sig.  Crispi  retires  from  public  office 15  Feb.  1892 

Difficulty  with  U.  S.  relative  to  massacre  of  Italians  at  New 

Orleans,  La.,  settled  (Maffia) 14  Apr.  1893 

United  States. 

KINGS  OF    ITALY. 

476.  Odoacer,  king  of  the  Heruli,  invades  Italy,  and  becomes  king; 

conquered  and  slain  by 
493.  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  an  able  prince.      He  put 

to  death  the  philosophers  BoSthius  and  Symmachus,  falsely 

accused,  about  525. 
526.  Athalaric,  his  grandson,  dies  of  the  plague. 
534.  Theodatus  elected ;  assassinated. 
536.  Vitiges  elected. 

540.  Theodebald  (Hildibald)  elected;  assassinated. 

541.  Totila,  or  Badiula,  a  great  prince;  killed  in  battle  against  im- 

perial army  under  Narses. 

552.  Theias  falls  in  battle. 

Italy  subject  to  the  Eastern  empire  till 

568.  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lombards,  with  a  huge  mixed  array,  con- 
quers Italy;  poisoned  by  his  wife  Rosamond  for  compelling 
her  to  drink  wine  out  of  a  cup  formed  of  her  father's  skull. 

573.  Cleoph;  assassinated. 

575.  Autharis;  poisoned. 

591,  Agilulph. 

615.  Adaloald;  poisoned. 

625.  Arioald.  ,     ,         ^      ,, 

636.  Rotharis;  married  Arioald's  widow;  published  a  code  of  laws. 

652.  Rodoald  (son) ;  assassinated. 

653.  Aribert  I.  (uncle). 

66L  Bertharit  and  Godebert  (sons);  dethroned  by 
662.  Grimoald,  duke  of  Benevento. 
671.  Bertharit  re-established. 


ITH  W 

686.  Cunibert  (son). 

700.  liUitbert;  dethroned  by 

701.  Ragimbert. 

"     Arlbert  II.  (son). 
712.  Ansprand  elected. 

"     Luitprand  (son),  a  great  prince,  and  a  favorite  of  the  church. 
744.  Hildebrand  (nephew) ;  deposed. 

"     Rachis,  duke  of  Friuli,  elected;  became  a  monk. 
749.  Astolph  (brother). 

766.  Desiderius  (Hidier),  quarrelled  with  pope  Adrian,  who  invited 
Charlemagne  into  Italy,  who  deposed  Desiderius,  and  ended 
the  Lombard  kingdom. 
781.  Pepin,  or  Carloman  (son  of  Charlemagne). 
812.  Bernard. 
820.  Lothaire  (son  of  Louis  le  D6bonnaire). 

EMPERORS. 

876.  Charles  the  Bald. 

877.  Carloman. 

879.  Charles  the  Fat. 

888.  Berenger  I. 

889.  "  and  Guy. 
894.         "           and  Lambert. 

92L         "  and  Rudolph  of  Burgundy. 

926.  Hugh  of  Provence. 
945.  Lothaire  IL 

950.  Berenger  II.  and  Adalbert  his  son ;  deposed  in  961  by  emperor 
Otho  the  Great,  who  added  Italy  to  German  empire. 

MODERN   KINGS  OF   ITALY. 

1805.  Napoleon  I.  proclaimed  king  of  Italy,  18  Mch. ;  crowned  at 

Milan, 26  May;  abdicated  1814. 
1861.  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  (of  Sardinia),  b.  14  Mch.  1820;  declared 

king  of  Italy  by  parliament,  17  Mch.  1861 ;  d.  9  Jan.  1878. 
1878.  Humbert  (son),  b.  14  Mch.  1844;  married  his  cousin,  Marghe- 

rita  (b.  20  Nov.  1851),  22  Apr.  1868.  —^ 

Heir:  Victor  Emmanuel  (son),  prince  of  Naples,  b.  11  Nov. 

1869. 

Itb'aca,  a  small  island  in  the  Ionian  sea,  kingdom  of 
Ulysses.  -Ionian  islands.  It  was  explored  by  dr.  Schlie- 
mann,  in  1878,  few  discoveries  being  made.    Area,  44  sq.  miles. 

itineraries.     The  Roman  Itinerarium  was  a  table  of 


JAM 


I 


stages  between  important  places.  The  "  Itineraria  Antonini, 
of  the  whole  Roman  empire,  usually  ascribed  to  the  empero 
Aurelius  Antoninus  and  his  successors,  138-180  a.d.,  wa 
probably  based  upon  the  survey  made  by  Julius  Caesar,  44  b.< 
The  "  Itinerarium  Hierosolyraitanum  "  was  drawn  up  for  pili 
grims  about  333  a.d. 

lu'li^U,  a  post-village  of  N.E.  Mississippi.  Near  her 
Rosecrans  attacked  the  confederates  under  Price,  19  Sept.  186S 
losing  782  men,  killed  and  wounded.  The  confederates  abou 
a  like  number.  The  general  movement  was  under  directio 
of  gen.  Grant,  but  the  failure  of  subordinates  to  co-operate  al 
lowed  Price  to  retreat  without  severe  loss. 

ivory  is  essentially  equivalent  to  dentine,  the  principi 
constituent  of  teeth.  By  usage,  however,  its  application  i 
restricted  to  the  tusks  of  the  elephant,  the  hippopotamus,  th 
walrus,  the  narwhal,  the  sperm-whale,  and  of  the  raammot 
embedded  in  the  ice  along  the  northern  coast  of  Siberia.  It  wi 
brought  to  Solomon  from  Tarshish,  about  992  b.c.  (1  Kings  3 
22).  The  colossal  statues  of  Jupiter,  Minerva,  etc.,  by  Phidia 
were  formed  of  ivory  and  gold,  444  b.c.  Sculpture.  Ivoi 
tusk,  7  ft.  long, sent  by  the  Zulu  king  Cetywayo  to  lord  Chelmi 
ford  as  a  token  of  peace,  summer,  1879.  A  pair  of  African  el( 
phant's  tusks  at  the  London  exhibition  of  1851  measured  8  ft. 
in.  in  length,  22  in.  in  circumference,  and  weighed  325  pounc^ 

ivory,  vegetable,  the  ripened  seed  of  the  plant  known 
botanists  as  Phytelephas  macrocarpa.    It  is  a  native  of  SoufJ 
America.     The  hard  ripened  seed  is  valuable  as  a  substitut* 
for  animal  ivory. 

Ivry,  a  town  near  Evreux,  N.W.  France.  Here  Henry  IV. 
totally  defeated  the  due  de  Mayenne  and  the  League  army,  14 
Mch.  1590.  Macaulay  makes  thisvictoryof  the  Huguenots  over 
the  French  Catholics  the  subject  of  a  poem,  "  Battle  of  Ivry." 


j,  the  latest  addition  to  the  English  alphabet,  was  distin- 
guished from  i  by  the  Dutch  scholarsof  the  16th century,  and  in- 
troduced into  the  alphabet  by  Giles  Beys,  printer,  of  Paris,  1550. 
— Dufresnoy.  It  was  not,  however,  until  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century  that  it  came  into  general  use  in  English  books.  The  dot 
remains  as  a  witness  that  the  letter  was  developed  out  of  the  i. 

Jac'obin§,  original  name  of  the  Dominicans. — The 
Jacobin  club  (first  called  "  Club  Breton  ")  of  about  40  mem- 
bers met  in  the  hall  of  the  Jacobin  friars  at  Paris,  in  Oct.  1789, 
to  discuss  political  and  other  questions.  It  became  the  most 
violent  of  the  revolutionary  societies,  including  among  its 
members  Marat  and  Robespierre.  French  revolution. 
Similar  societies  were  instituted  in  all  the  principal  towns  of 
the  kingdom.     The  club  was  closed  11  Nov.  1794. 

Jac'obites,  a  Christian  sect,  so  called  from  Jacobus 
Baradaeus,  a  Syrian,  about  541.  Eutychians.— The  partisans 
of  James  II.  (Lat.  Jacobus  II.)  were  so  named  after  his  ex- 
pulsion from  England  in  1688. 

JacR§OIl,    Andrew,     Administration      of.       United 

States,  1829.-37. 

Jackson  in  New  Orleans.  Gen.  Jackson  had  pro- 
claimed martial  law  in  New  Orleans,  Dec.  1814,  while  it  was 
threatened  by  British  troops,  and  continued  it  after  their  de- 
feat and  departure  with  no  apparent  necessity.  A  complaint 
appearing  in  a  New  Orleans  newspaper,  Jackson  compelled 
the  publisher  to  disclose  the  author,  committed  him  to  prison, 
and  proposed  to  tr\'  him  by  military  court.  Judge  Hall,  of 
the  U.  S.  district  court,  issued  a  habeas  corpus.  Jackson  ar- 
rested the  judge  and  sent  him  from  the  city.  Judge  Hall,  on 
his  return,  summoned  Jackson  to  show  cause  why  attachment 
should  not  issue  against  him  for  contempt.  The  general  an- 
swered to  the  summons  30  Mch.  1815.  The  hearing  finished, 
the  judge  held  Jackson  guilty  of  contempt,  and  fined  him 
$1000.  This  was  immediately  paid  by  the  general.  The  people 
of  New  Orleans  proposed  to  reimburse  Jackson,  but  he  refused 
the  money ;  it  was,  however,  afterwards  refunded  by  Congress. 


Jaco'bUS,  a  gold  coin,  named  from  king  James  I.  of 
England,  in  whose  reign  it  was  struck,  1603-25. 

Jacquerie  (z^a^-re'),  bands  of  revolted  peasants  (head- 
ed by  one  Caillot,  called  Jacques  Bonhomme),  who  ravaged 
France  during  the  captivity  of  king  John  in  1358,  and  were 
quelled  with  much  bloodshed.  Similar  insurrections  occurred 
in  Germany.  One  was  termed  the  Bundschuh,  from  a  large 
shoe  worn  by  peasants,  in  1502;  and  another  termed  the  Bund 
(or  league)  of  the  Poor  Conrad,  1514  and  1524,  which  cost 
about  100,000  lives,  and  led  to  the  insurrection  of  Anabaptists. 

Jaffa,  a  seaport  of  Syria;  in  Scripture,  Joppa,  whence 
Jonah  embarked  (about  862  b.c.),  and  where  Peter  raised 
Tabitha  from  the  dead  (38  a.d.)  ;  in  mythology,  the  place 
whence  Perseus  delivered  Andromeda.  Jaffa  was  taken  by 
caliph  Omar  in  636;  by  crusaders,  1099;  by  Saladin,  1193; 
by  Louis  IX.,  1252;  and  by  Bonaparte,  7  Mch.  1799;  the 
French  were  driven  out  by  British  in  June,  1799.  Here,  ac- 
cording to  sir  Robert  Wilson,  were  massacred  3800  prisoners 
by  Bonaparte ;  but  this  is  doubted.  Jaffa  suflFered  by  earth- 
quake in  Jan.  1837,  when,  it  is  said,  13,000  persons  were  killed, 

Jag'Cllons,  a  dynasty  which  at  times  reigned  over  Lith- 
uania, Poland,  Hungary,  and  Bohemia,  beginning  with  Jagellon, 
duke  of  Lithuania  (husband  of  Hedwig,  daughter  of  Louis  of 
Hungary,  1384),  who  became  king  of  Poland  as  Ladislas  III.  or 
V.  in  1399,  and  ending  with  Sigismund  II.,  who  died  in  1572. 

Jains,  a  religious  sect  in  India  whose  tenets  are  somewhat; 
analogous  to  the  Buddhists  (inasmuch  as  they  deny  the  divine 
origin  of  the  Veda),  and  to  the  Brahmins  in  recognizing  the 
institution  of  caste.  Their  creed  is  highly  fantastical.  They 
numbered  450,000  in  1881. 

Jamaica  {ja-ma'-ha),  one  of  the  largest  of  the  West 
India  islands,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  90  miles  south  of 
Cuba,  discovered  by  Columbus,  3  May,  1494,  and  named  in 
1514  Isle  de  San  Jago.  It  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards 
by  the  English  under  adm.  Penn,  with  land  forces  under  Veu- 
ables,  3  May,  1655,  and  settled  soon  after.     Area,  4200  sq.  miles; 


JAM 

pop.  in  1861, 13,816  whites,  81,074  mulattoes,  346,374  blacks; 

in  1871,  506,154:  whites,  13,101;  raulattoes,  100,346;  blacks, 

392,707;  1881,585,582;  1891,639,491. 

An  earthquake  here 2  June,  1692 

Maroons  (runaway  slaves)  permitted  to  settle  in  the  north  of 
the  island 1738 

Desolating  hurricanes 17'22,  1734.  and  1751 

In  June  1795,  the  maroons  rose  against  the  English,  and  were 
not  quelled  till Mch.  1796 

Many  transported  to  Sierra  Leone. 1800 

Slave-trade  abolished 1  May,  1807 

Hurricane,  the  whole  island  deluged,  hundreds  of  houses 
washed  away,  vessels  wrecked,  1000  persons  drowned. .  .Oct.  1815 

Insurrection  of  slaves;  numerous  plantations  burned;  the 
governor,  lord  Belmore,  declares  martial  law 22  Dec.  1831 

Emancipation  of  slaves 1  Aug.  1834 

About  50,000  die  of  cholera 1850 

Edward  John  Eyre  appointed  governor July,  1864 

Negro  insurrection  begins  at  Morant  bay  in  resisting  capture 
of  a  negro  criminal,  7  Oct. ;  the  court  house  fired  on;  baron 
Ketelholdt,  rev.  V.  Herschell,  and  others  murdered;  many 
wounded .' 11  Oct.  1865 

Rebellion  spreads;  ;nany  atrocities;  it  is  suppressed  by  the 
governor,  military,  and  naval  officers,  volunteers,  maroons, 
and  loyal  negroes 13-24  Oct.     " 

George  William  Gordon,  colored  member  of  legislature,  con- 
victed of  encouraging  rebellion,  21  Oct.,  executed 23  Oct.     " 

Paul  Bogle  executed 24  Oct.     '' 

Numerous  executions Oct.  and  Nov.     " 

Sir  Henry  Storks  summoned  from  Malta  to  England,  and  sent 
to  Jamaica,  with  Russell  Gurney  and  John  B.  Maule  as  com- 
missioners, to  inquire  into  disturbances,  and  the  measures 
for  suppressing  them 11  Dec.  et  seq.     " 

€ov.  Eyre  temporarily  suspended;  sir  Henry  Storks  arrives 
in  Jamaica 6  Jan.  1866 

Legislative  assembly  of  Jamaica  dissolves  and  abrogates  con- 
stitution (which  had  existed  200  years) 17  Jan.     " 

Sixteen  hundred  pounds  sterling  subscribed  at  Jamaica  for  de- 
fence of  gov.  Eyre Feb.     " 

Commission  opened  23  Jan. ;  closed 21  Mch.     " 

They  take  evidence  of  widespread  discontent  during  1865; 
report  that  439  persons  had  suffered  by  martial  law;  about 
1000  dwellings  had  been  burned;  about  600  (many  women) 
had  been  flogged;  they  considered  the  punishments  exces- 
sive, the  executions  unnecessarily  frequent,  the  burning  of 
houses  wanton ;  they  saw  no  proof  of  Gordon's  complicity 
in  the  outbreak,  or  in  an  organized  conspiracy 9  Apr.     " 

*' Jamaica  committee,"  J.  S.  Mill,  chairman,  propose  prosecu- 
tion of  gov.  Eyre 27  July,     " 

He  arrives  at  Southampton,  12  Aug.  ;  welcomed  by  a  banquet, 

21  Aug.     " 

Committee  for  his  defence  formed Sept.     " 

Gov.  sir  J.  P.  Grant  promulgates  the  new  constitution;  legis- 
lative council  (governor  and  6  members)  opened 16  Oct.     " 

Warrants  issued  against  gov.  Eyre,  col.  Nelson,  and  lieut.  Brand, 
Feb.;  the  grand  jury  discharges  the  bills  against  Eyre,  29 
Mch.,  and  the  others 11  Apr.  186T 

Bill  of  indictment  for  misdemeanor  against  gov.  Eyre  brought 
in,  15  May ;  discharged  by  grand-jury 2  June,  1868 

Chief  justice  Cockburn  disclaimed  agreement  with  part  of  jus- 
tice Blackburn's  charge;  an  almost  unexampled  case,  8  June,     " 

Trial  of  Phillips  v.  Eyre  (for  beating  and  imprisonment  during 
rebellion  of  1866);  Eyre  pleaded  act  of  indemnity;  verdict 
for  defendant 29  Jan.  1869 

Legal  expenses  of  Mr.  Eyre  ordered  to  be  paid,  after  discussion 
in  the  commons 8  July,  1872 

Jame§'s  palace,  St.,  etc.,  London,  was  built  by- 
Henry  VIII.  on  the  site  of  a  hospital  of  the  same  name, 
1530-36.     It  has  been  the  official  town  residence  of  the  Eng- 
lish court  since  the  fire  at  Whitehall  in  1698. 
Park  a  marsh  till  Henry  VIII.  enclosed  and  laid  it  out  in  walks.  1530 
Much  improved  by  Charles  IL,  who  employed  Le  NOtre  to  plant 
Hme-trees.  and  to  lay  out  "the  mall,"  for  a  game  with  a  ball 
called  a  mall 1668 

Janie§t0^wn.  Virginia,  1607,  etc. 
jan'izary  (Turk.  Uni  tcheri,  new  soldiers),  an  order  of 
infantry  in  the  Turkish  army;  originally,  young  prisoners 
trained  to  arms ;  first  organized  by  Orcan,  about  1330,  and  re- 
modelled by  his  son  Amurath  I.,  1360 ;  their  numbers  increased 
•by  the  succeeding  sultans ;  later  they  degenerated  from  strict 
<iiscipline,  and  several  times  deposed  and  killed  sultans.  Dur- 
ing an  insurrection,  14, 15  June,  1826,  when  nearly  3000  of  them 

I  'Were  killed,  the  Ottoman  army  was  reorganized  by  Mahmud  II., 

;  «nd  a  firman  was  issued  on  17  June  abolishing  the  janizary. 

!       Jail'§eili§t§,  followers  of  Cornelius  Jansen,  bishop  of 
Tpres,  who  died  in  1638.    His  "  Augustinus,"  pub.  1640,  raain- 

I  "taining  the  doctrine  of  free  grace,  kindled  a  fierce  controver- 

I  y,  and  was  condemned  by  a  bull  of  pope  Urban  VIII.  in  1642. 

I  ^^^<^"gh  the  Jesuits,  Jansenism  was  condemned  bv  Innocent 
X  in  1653,  and  by  Clfement  XI.  in  1713,  by  the  bull  Unigen- 

\  atus.     This  bull  the  French  church  rejected.     Jansenism  still 
•exists  at  Utrecht  and  Haarlem. 


391  JAP 

Jan'liary,  named  from  Janus,  an  early  Roman  divini- 
ty, was  added  to  the  Roman  calendar  by  Numa,  713  b.c.  He 
placed  it  about  the  winter  solstice,  and  made  it  the  first  month, 
because  Janus  presided  over  the  beginning  of  all  business.  In 
1751  the  legal  year  in  England  was  ordered  to  begin  on  1  Jan. 
instead  of  25  March. 

Janu§,  Temple  of,  at  Rome,  was  erected  by  Romulus, 
and  kept  open  in  time  of  war,  and  closed  in  time  of  peace. 
During  700  years  and  over  it  was  shut  only  under  Numa,  714 
B.C. ;  at  the  close  of  the  first  Punic  war,  235  B.c. ;  and  under 
Augustus,  29,  25,  and  5  b.c. 

Japan,  an  insular  Asiatic  empire,  composed  of  Niphon, 
area  87,485  sq.  miles  ;  Yezo,  36,299  sq.  miles ;  Kinshin,  16,840 
sq.  miles ;  Shikoku,  7031  sq.  miles,  and  many  smaller  islands. 
The  Japanese  claim  that  their  empire  was  founded  660  b.c., 
and  under  a  dynasty  which  still  reigns.  It  was  visited  by 
Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian  traveller,  in  the  13th  century,  and 
by  Mendez  Pinto,  a  Portuguese,  about  1535  or  1542,  whose 
countrymen  soon  after  obtained  permission  to  found  a  settle- 
ment. The  Jesuit  missionaries  followed,  and  made  converts, 
who  sent  a  deputation  to  pope  Gregory  XIII.  in  1585;  but  a 
fierce  persecution  of  Christians  began  1590,  aggravated,  it  is 
said,  by  the  indiscreet  zeal  and  arrogance  of  Jesuits ;  thousands 
of  converts  suffered  death,  and  Portuguese  were  utterly  ex- 
pelled, 1637-42.  Dutch  trade  with  Japan  cotfimenced  about 
1600  under  restrictions,  and  has  since  been  frequently  suspend- 
ed ;  other  nations,  except  Chinese,  being  excluded  until  1883. 
The  learned  Engelbert  Kaempfer  visited  Japan  in  1690,  and 
published  an  account  of  it  with  plates.  Government  greatly 
changed  in  1870-71,  and  a  new  constitution  promulgated  in 
1889.  Area,  155,520  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890,  40,072,020. 
American  expedition  under  com.  Perry  reaches  Jeddo.  and  is 
favorably  received,  but  remains  only  a  few  days  (United 

States) 8  July,  1853 

Treaty  of  commercial  alliance  concluded  between  the  2  coun- 
tries (United  States) 31  Mch.  1854 

Similar  treaty  with  Great  Britain 14  Oct.     " 

With  Russia 26  Jan.  1855 

Nagasaki  and  Hakodadi  opened.to  European  commerce 1856 

Commercial  treaty  with  Russia *. 19  Aug.  1858 

Lord  Elgin  visits  Japan,  with  a  present  of  a  steamer  for  the 
emperor,  and  is  honorably  received,  July ;  obtains  treaty  of 

Jeddo,  opening  Japan  to  British  commerce . 26  Aug.     " 

Secular  emperor  d.  (aged  36) 16  Sept.     " 

Japanese  embassy  visits  Washington,  New  York,  etc., 

14  May-30  June,  1860 
Embassy  received  at  Paris,  13  Apr. ;  London,  June;  in- Holland, 

Prussia,  etc July-Sept.  1862 

Batteries  and  vessels  of  the  prince  of  Nagato  fire  on  an  English 
and  a  French  vessel  at  the  entrance  of  the  strait  of  Simo- 

nosaki 15, 19  Nov.     " 

Japanese  minister  announces  closing  of  the  ports  opened  by 

treaties 24  June,  1863 

Some  English,  French,  and  American  vessels  bombard  his  forts 

and  his  vessels 15-19  July,     ** 

Reparation  demanded;  $500,000  paid  by  the  government;  the 
prince  of  Satsuma  resists  payment  of  $125,000,  his  portion; 
adm.  Kuper  enters  the  bay  of  Kagosima,  and  is  fired  upon; 
he  bombards  the  town  and  burns  the  prince's  steamers,  15  Aug.     " 

Prince  of  Satsuma  pays  the  $125,000 11  Dec.     " 

Sir  Rutherford  Alcock's  "Japan  "  pub " 

Japanese  government  refuses  to  abide  by  treaties;  a  combined 
fleet  enters  strait  of  Simonosaki,  4  Sept.,  and  destroys  Japa- 
nese baitteries 5,6  Sept.  1864 

Treaties  with  England,  France,  etc.,  ratified 25  Nov.  1865 

Two  more  ports  opened Jan.  1866 

Jeddo  and  other  ports  opened  to  trade  by  government.  .25  Apr.  1867 

Osaka  and  Niogo  opened  to  European  commerce 1  Jan.  186§ 

Insurrection  of  the  Daimios;  rivalry  between  mikado  and  ty- 
coon, Dec. ;  foreigners  neutral 27  Jan.-Feb.     " 

Japanese  outrages  on   French  sailors;    culprits  executed,  16 

Mch. ;  further  outrages  punished 23  Mch.     " 

Mikado's  troops  defeat  the  tycoon's,  who  flies,  26-30  Jan. ;  the 

mikado's  defeated  near  Jeddo 10-17  May,     " 

After  long  war  and  varying  success  the  rebellion  ends;  the  mi- 
kado re-established July,     " 

Feudal  system  suppressed;  internal  improvements  and  assim- 
ilation to  European  civilization;  proposed  railways,  tele- 
graphs, etc 1870-71 

Embassy  of  distinguished  Japanese  arrives  at  Washington,  4 

Mch.;  in  London 17  Aug.  1872 

First  railway  (Yokohama  to  Shinagawa)  opened,  12  June,  to 

Jeddo;  opened  by  the  mikado Oct.     " 

English  proposed  as  the  national  tongue Dec.     " 

Successful  expedition  against  Formosa;  Japanese  withdraw, 

Nov.  1874 
Mikado  decrees  a  new  constitution;  2  chambers,  etc. .  .14  Apr.  1875 
Mikado  opens  parliament  of  officials,  nominated  by  himself,  in 

Jeddo 20  June,     " 

Foo-Soo,  iron-clad  manof-war,  launched  at  Poplar,  London; 
Chinese  ambassador  present 14  Apr.  1877 


JAR  « 

Insurrection  of  tho  Daimios  suppressed 13  Oct.  1871 

Ex-pres.  Grant  arrives  at  Nagasaki 21  June,  1879 

Entertainments  prepared  in  his  honor  were  memorable  in  the 

history  of  tho  nation.     He  sails  from  Yoitohama 3  Sept.     '' 

Scientific  works  in  Knglish  pub.  by  Tokio  university 1879-80 

Sir  Edward  J.  Reed's  "Japan,"  and  Miss  Isabella  Bird's  "Un- 
beaten Tracks  in  Japan,"  pub 1880 

Japan  to  be  thrown  open  to  foreign  trade,  with  mixed  tribu- 
nals, announced Nov.  1883 

Death  of  the  last  tycoon Apr.  1884 

New  order  of  hereditary  nobility  instituted Sept.     " 

National  religion  disestablished;  freedom  given  to  other  re- 
ligions  11  Aug.     " 

Gradual  adoption  ofalphabetical  in  place  of  ideographic  writing 

by  agency  of  the  Romaji-  Rai,  or  Roman  Alphabet  Association,  188^ 
Japanese  dictionary  printed  in  Roman  characters  completed. .     " 
Decree  giving  enlarged  power  to  the  prime-minister  solely  re- 
sponsible to  the  mikado I  Dec.     " 

Count  Ito,  the  prime-minister,  energetically  introduces  west- 
ern dress  and  habits spring.  1887 

Japanese  commission  to  examine  the  fine  arts  in  Europe  and 
U.  S. ;  reports  in  favor  of  Japan;  "pure  art  is  asleep  in  Ja- 
pan, but  dead  in  Europe" 1886-87 

Japanese  fine  art  exhibitions  opened  in  London 1887-88 

Completion  of  the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Japanese  cele- 
brated  3  Feb.  1888 

New  constitution  promulgated  by  the  mikado  at  Tokio;  the 
houses  of  lords  and  commons  established;  religious  liberty 
and  general  freedom  granted ;  successiou  to  the  throne  fixed 
upon  the  male  descendants;  if  wanting,  the  throne  devolves 

upon  the  nearest  prince  and  his  descendants 11  Feb.  1889 

Government  desires  new  commercial  treaties  with  the  European 
powers;  they  hesitate;  one  with  U.  S.  promptly  signed,  Veh. ; 
with  Russia,  8  Aug. ;  with  Italy,  with  Germany,  with  France.      " 
Japanese  commission  of  inquiry  respecting  parliamentary  pro- 
cedure in  Europe  arrives  in  London  early  in Oct.     " 

Nine  non-treaty  ports  opened  to  commerce,  early  in "       " 

N.  Japan,  destructive  gales,  11  Sept. ;  total  loss,  12  prefectures 
devastated ;  2419  persons  killed,  above  90,000  destitute,  50,000 
houses  swept  away ;  150,000  acres  of  crops  destroyed,  6000 

bridges  destroyed,  reported about  18  Nov.     " 

Volcanic  eruption  of  the  Zoo,  Bingo  district,  Fukuyama  buried, 

inhabitants  escape 16  Jan.  1890 

National  Industrial  and  Fine  Arts  exhibition  opened  at  Tokio 

by  the  mikado 27  Mch.     " 

New  civil  code  promulgated 21  Apr.     " 

Mikado  institutes  a  new  order  of  knighthood,  "the  Golden 
Falcon."  to  commemorate  the  2555th  anniversary  of  the 
coronation  of  Jimmfi  Tenno,  the^ semi-mythical  first  sover- 
eign of  Japan,  reported 1 12  May,     " 

First  Japanese  Parliament  opened  by  the  emperor  with  great 

rejoicing 29  Nov.     '* 

Czarewitch  travels  in  Japan;  wounded  by  a  fanatic  at  Otsa,  11 

May;  visited  by  the  mikado 13  May,  1891 

"Very  destructive  earthquake  on  the  Niphon  islands;  about  84,- 
000  houses  and  railways,  bridges,  etc.  destroyed;  about  10.- 
000  persons  killed  and  300,000  homeless;  minor  shocks  fol- 
low; estimated  loss  $10,000,000 28  Oct.     " 

Parliament,  opposing  the  government,  dissolved 25  Dec.     " 

Japanese  Parliament  opened  by  the  mikado 6  May.  1892 

Japanese  guards  at  Seoul,  capital  of  Korea,  fired  on  by  troops 
in  the  interest  of  China.  The  Japanese,  after  a  short  con- 
flict, occupy  the  palace  and  overthrow  the  Chinese  faction 

in  the  Korean  government 23  July,  1894 

Japanese  warship  Naniwa  sinks  the  Chinese  war-steamer  Kow- 

Shing,  transporting  troops  to  Korea,  in  the  Yellow  sea, 25  July,     " 
Chinese  forces  driven  out  of  Asan,  Korea,  by  the  Japanese, 

29  July,     " 

War  formally  declared  against  China 3  Aug.     " 

[The  immediate  cause  of  this  war  was  the  question  of  the 

right  of  both  parties  to  keep  an  armed  force  on  Korean  soil 

and  the  opposition  of  the  Chinese  faction  to  the  introduction 

of  reforms  in  the  Korean  government  advocated  by  Japan.] 

New  treaty  ratified  between  Japan  and  Great  Britain.  .25  Aug.     " 

Short  and  decisive  campaign  of  the  Japanese  army  resulting 

in  the  overthrow  of  the  Chinese  at  Ping- Yang 15-16  Sept.     " 

Japanese  fleet,  under  adm.  Ito,  attack  the  Chinese  fleet  in  the 

bay  of  Korea  and  totally  defeat  it 17  Sept.     " 

[These  2  battles  practically  close  the  Korean  campaign, 
leaving  the  Japanese  in  possession  of  the  peninsula.] 
Japanese  army  invade  China,  crossing  the  Yalu  river. .  .25  Oct.     " 
Japanese,  under  field-marshal  count  Oyama,  land  at  Talien-Wan 

bay  purposing  to  attack  Port  Arthur 27  Oct.     " 

They  capture  Port  Arthur 21  Nov.    "" 

New  treaty  with  the  U.  S 22  Nov.     " 

Successful  advance  of  the  Japanese  in  Machuria Nov. -Dec.     " 

Japanese,  with  land  and  naval  forces,  capture  Wei-Hai-Wei, 

30  Jan.  1895 

Japanese  capture  the  city  of  Niu-Chang 4  Mch.     " 

"        invade  the  island  of  Formosa Mch.     " 

[The  continuous  success  of  the  Japanese  compel  China  to 
make  overtures  for  peace  in  January,  and  a  truce  is  de- 
clared in  March  between  the  governments  for  the  purpose 
of  negotiating  such  a  treaty.] 

REIGNING   EMPKROR   OR   MIKADO. 

Mutsu  Hito,  b.  3  Nov.  1852;  succeeded  his  father,  Komei  Tenno,  13 
Feb.  1867;  married  to  princess  Haruko,  9  Feb.  1869. 

Heir:  prince  Yoshi  Hito,  b.  31  Aug.  1877;  proclaimed  crown-prince 
(Kotaishi),  3  Nov.  1878. 

Jarnac,  a  town  of  W.  France.      On  13  Mch.  1569,  the 


JEP 


1 

ed  the-l 


duke  of  An  jou,  afterwards  Henry  III.  of  France,  here  defeated  th^- 
II  ugucnots  under  Louis,  prince  of  Cond6,  who  was  killed  in  coldi 
blood  by  Montesquieu.    The  victor  (17  years  of  age),  on  account 
of  his  success  here  and  at  Moncontour,  was  chosen  kingof  Poland..! 
A  J^arwacs<roA;e,  a  term  of  opprobrium,  from  seigneur  de  Jarnac, 
who,  in  a  duel  or  judicial  combat  for  a  great  insult,  disabled 
I^  Chatiiigneraye  by  a  wound  in  the  thigh,  of  which  he 
shortly  after  died 154T 

Ja§inlne  orJe§sainine  (Jasminum  officinale),  n&tiyQ- 
of  Persia,  etc.,  was  brought  to  England  from  Circassia  before- 
1548.  The  Catalonian  jasmine  came  from  India  in  1629,  anci 
the  yellow  Indian  jasmine  in  1656.     Flowers  ani>  Pi,ants. 

Java,  an  island  in  the  Malay  archipelago,  next  to  BorneO" 
and  Sumatra  the  largest  in  the  Sunda  group,  is  said  to  have- 
been  reached  by  the  Portuguese  in  1511,  and  by  the  Dutcb 
in  1595.  The  latter,  who  now  possess  it,  built  Batavia,  the- 
capital,  about  1619.  Batavia.  The  massacre  of  20,000  un 
armed  natives  by  Dutch,  sparing  neither  women  nor  chil 
dren,  to  possess  their  effects,  took  place  in.  1740.  The  island* 
capitulated  to  the  British,  18  Sept.  1811.  The  sultan  was  de- 
throned by  the  English,  and  the  hereditary  prince  raised  to* 
the  throne,  in  Jime,  1813.  •  Java  was  restored  to  Holland  in 
1814.  The  English  promoted  free  labor  instead  of  forced; 
but  the  Dutch  reverted  to  the  old  system,  and  in  1830  abol~ 
ished  free  labor,  introducing  the  "  culture  system,"  by  which 
the  government  controls  the  cultivation  of  the  land  and.  buys- 
the  produce  at  its  own  price.  In  Aug.  1860,  the  Swiss  soldier* 
here,  aided  by  the  natives,  mutinied,  but  were  soon  reduced, 
and  many  suffered  death.  The  diminished  prosperity  of  Java 
led  to  warm  discussions  in  the  Dutch  chamber  in  1866.  Area, 
50,848  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1890,  23,064,086. 

Java  has  46  volcanoes;  has  been  devastated  by  eruptions  and  earth- 
quakes, 5  .Jan.  1699,  21  Oct.  1876,  and  10  June,  1877. 
Java  and  neighboring  isles  desolated  by  violent  eruptions  fron> 
about  two  thirds  of  the  46  volcanoes,  beginning  with  Krakatoa. 
Disturbance  began  with  rumbling  noises,  25  Aug.  1883;  violent 
eruption  of  Krakatoa,  26  Aug. ;  great  submarine  disturbance  and  a. 
tidal  wave  which  destroyed  Anjer  and  other  places,  27  Aug. ;  the- 
lighthouses  in  the  strait  of  Sunda  were  swallowed  up,  25-28  Aug. ; 
atmospheric,  electrical,  and  oceanic  disturbances  for  thousands  of 
miles.     Sun,  1883. 

Jeannette,  Voyage  of  the.  Northeast  and  North- 
west PASSAGES. 

Jeddo  or  Yeddo.     Tokio. 
Jeffer§oii 

States,  1801-9. 

Jefrer§on's  letter  to  Philip  Mazzei,  dated  24  Apr. 
1796.  Mazzei  published  an  Italian  translation  of  it  in  Flor- 
ence, 1  Jan.  1797.  It  was  retranslated  into  French  and  pub- 
lished in  the  Moniteur,25  Jan.,  and  found  its  way  through  tlie- 
English  press  into  the  American  newspapers  about  the  be- 
ginning of  May.  In  this  letter  he  opposed  the  Jay  treaty,, 
and  commented  freely  against  Washington  and  his  adminis-^ 
tration  as  Anglican,  monarchical,  and  aristocratic,  etc.  Thi.s. 
letter  destroyed  Washington's  faith  in  Jeffenson. 

"  Je  maintiendrai  " — "  I  will  maintain,"  the  motto- 
of  the  house  of  Nassau.  When  William  III.  came  to  tlie- 
throne  of  England,  he  retained  it,  adding  "  the  liberties  of 
England  and  the  Protestant  religion,"  also  ordering  that  the' 
old  motto  of  the  royal  arms, "  Dieu  et  mon  droit"  should  be  re- 
tained on  the  great  seal,  1689. 

Jemmapes  (jem-map'),  a  town  of  N.W.  Belgium,  site 
of  the  first  pitched  battle  gained  by  French  republicans  (undef 
Dumouriez),  in  which  40,000  French  troops  drove  out  19,000- 
Austrians,  intrenched  in  woods  and  mountains,  defended  by 
redoubts  and  many  cannon,  6  Nov.  1792.  The  number  killed 
on  each  side  was  reckoned  at  5000. 

Jena  {ya!-ne)  and  Auer§tadt  {oiu'-er-stat),  town* 
of  central  Germany,  where  2  battles  were  fought,  14  Oct.  1806, 
between  French  commanded  at  Jena  by  Napoleon,  and  at  Auer- 
stadt  b}"-  Davoust,  and  Prussians  under  prince  Hohenlohe  at 
the  former  place,  and  the  king  of  Prussia  at  the  latter.  The 
Prussians  were  defeated,  losing  nearly  20,000  killed  and  wound- 
ed, and  nearly  as  many  prisoners,  and  200  field-pieces;  the' 
French  lost  14,000  men.  Napoleon  advanced  to  Berlin,  and", 
issued  the  Berlin  Decree. 

'^  Jeplltliall,"  Handel's  last  oratorio;  composed  2£ 
Jan.-50  Aug.  1751 ;  first  performed  26  Feb.  1752.     Judges. 


JER  S 

Jersey,  the  chief  island  of  the  Channel  archipelago 
(which  includes  Guernsey,  Sark,  Alderney,  etc.),  belonging  to 
Great  Britain,  held  by  the  Romans  in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries 
after  Christ — Jersey  being  termed  Caesarea.  The  isles  were 
captured  by  Rollo,  became  an  appanage  of  the  duchy  of  Nor- 
mandy, and  were  united  to  the  crown  of  England  by  his  de- 
scendant, William  the  Conqueror.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
Channel  islands  preferred  to  remain  subjects  of  king  John  at 
the  conquest  of  Normandy  by  Philip  Augustus,  and,  while  re- 
taining the  laws,  customs,  and  (until  lately)  the  language  of 
their  continental  ancestors,  have  remained  firm  in  their  alle- 
giance to  England.  Almost  every  war  with  France  has  been 
characterized  by  an  attack  on  Jersey ;  the  most  formidable,  un- 
der the  baron  de  RuUecour,  was  defeated  by  the  English  garrison 
and  Jersey  militia,  under  maj.  Pierson,  6  Jan. 1781.  J.  Bertrand 
Payne,  in  his  "  Armorial  of  Jersey"  and  his  "  Gossiping  Guide," 
has  treated  the  general  and  famil}'  history  of  the  island.  Area, 
28,717  acres;  pop.  1881  62,445-,  1891,54,518.     Cattle. 

Jeru'§ale]ii,  called  also  Salem,  19 13  b.c.  (Gen.  xiv. 
18).  Its  king  Adonizedek  (also  one  of  the  kings  of  the  Amor- 
ites)  was  slain  by  Joshua,  1451  b.c.  It  was  taken  by  David, 
then  in  possession  of  the  Jebusites,  1048  b.c,  who  dwelt  in  the 
fort,  calling  it  the  city  of  David.  Holy  places,  Jews. 
Pop.  1891,  about  28,000.' 
First  temple  founded  by  Solomon,  1012  b.c.  ;  and  solemnly  ^■'^• 

dedicated  on  Friday  (Jews) 30  Oct.  1004 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Chosroes  the  Persian,  614  a.d.  ;  retaken 
by  the  emperor  Heraclius,  628;  by  Saracens,  637;  and  by 
crusaders,  when  70,000  infidels  were  put  to  the  sword;  a  new  -*^-^- 

kingdom  founded 15  July,  1099 

"Assize  of  Jerusalem,"  a  code  of  laws,  established  by  Godfrey 

of  Bouillon,  king 1100 

King  Guy  defeated  at  Tiberias;  Jerusalem  taken  by  Saladin, 

2  Oct.  1187 

By  the  Turks,  who  drive  away  the  Saracens 1217  and  1239 

Surrendered  to  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  by  treaty 1228 

Surrendered  to  the  crusaders 1243 

1      Taken  by  Carismians 1244 

Taken  from  the  Christians 1291 

Taken  by  the  Turks 1516 

Held  by  the  French  under  Bonaparte Feb.  1799 

Convention  to  preserve  the  holy  sepulchre  signed  on  behalf  of 

Russia,  France,  and  Turkey 5  Sept.  1862 

British  survey  of  Jerusalem  and  neighborhood  began Sept.  1864 

Visited  by  crown  prince  of  Prussia,  4  Nov. ;  by  emperor  of  Aus- 
tria  9  Nov.  1869 

A  railway  from  Jerusalem  to  Jaffa  built  by  a  French  company ; 
opened 13  Sept.  1892 

CHRISTIAN   KINGS. 

Godfrey  of  Bouillon  (styled  himself  "  baron  of  the  holy  sepul- 
chre ") 1099 

Baldwin  1 1100 

Baldwin  II 1118 

Fulk  of  Anjou 1131 

Baldwin  III 1144 

Amaurl  (or  Almeric) 1162 

Baldwin  IV 1173 

Sibyl,  then  his  son  Baldwin  V 1185 

I     Guy  de  Lusignan 1186 

I     Henry  of  Champagne 1192 

Amauri  de  Lusignan 1197 

Jean  de  Brienne 1210 

Emperor  Frederick  II 1229-39 

Protestant  Bishopric  of  Jerusalem,  erected  under  the  protec- 
tion of  Great  Britain  and  Prussia: 

S.  M.  S.  Alexander  consecrated  bishop 7  Nov.  1841 

Samuel  Gobat,  bishop,  1846 ;  d 11  May,  1879 

Joseph  Barclay,  LL.  D.,  consecrated 25  July,     " 

"  Jerusalem  Delivered,"  the  great  Italian  epic 
by  Tasso,  was  pub.  in  1580.     Literature. 

je§ter,  or  the  "King's  fool,"  is  described  as  "a  witty  and 
jocose  person  kept  by  princes  to  inform  them  of  their  faults, 
and  of  those  of  others,  under  the  disguise  of  a  waggish  story." 
Several  of  the  English  kings,  particularly  the  Tudors,  kept  jest- 
ers.    Rahere,  the  founder  of  St.  Bartholomew's  priory.  West 
Smithfield,  London,  1133,  is  said  to  have  been  a  court  jester  and 
minstrel.    There  was  a  jester  at  court  in  the  reigns  of  James  I. 
and  Charles  I.,  but  probably  no  licensed  jester  afterwards. 
"  '  What  art  thou  V    And  the  voice  about  his  feet 
Sent  up  an  answer,  sobbing,  '  I  am  thy  fool, 
And  I  shall  never  make  thee  smile  again.'  " 

— Tennyson,  "The  Last  Tournament. " 
"  Viola.  Art  not  thou  the  lady  Olivia's  fool  ? 
Ckwn.  No,  indeed,  sir  .  .  .  she  will  keep  no  fool,  sir,  till  she  be 

married."     —Shakespeare,  "Twelfth  Night," act  iii.  sc.  i, 
"This  same  skull,  sir,  was  Yorick's  skull,  the  king's  jester." 
— Shakespeare,  "Hamlet,"  act  v.  sc.  i. 
18* 


*  JEW 

Jesuits,  the  Society  or  Company  of  Jesus,  founded  by 
Ignatius  Loyola,  a  page  to  Ferdinand  V.  of  Spain,  later  an 
officer  in  his  army,  and  canonized  after  death.  Being  wound- 
ed in  both  legs  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna,  in  1521,  he  aban- 
doned the  army,  and  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession. 
He  dedicated  his  life  to  the  blessed  Virgin  as  her  knight; 
made  a  pilgrimage  to  Holy  Land,  and  on  his  return  founded 
his  society  at  Paris,  16  Aug.  1534.  He  presented  his  institutes 
in  1539  to  pope  Paul  III.,  who  made  objections;  but  Ignatius 
adding  to  the  vows  of  chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience  a  fourth 
of  implicit  submission  to  the  holy  see,  the  institution  was  con- 
firmed by  a  bull,  27  Sept.  1540.  The  number  of  members  was 
not  to  exceed  60,  but  that  restriction  was  taken  off  by  another 
bull,  14  Mch.  1543 ;  and  popes  Julius  III.,  Pius  V.,  and  Greg- 
ory XIII.  granted  many  privileges.  Loyola  died  31  July, 
1556.  Francis  Xavier  and  other  missionaries,  the  first  brethren, 
carried  the  order  everywhere ;  but  it  met  with  great  opposition 
in  Europe,  particularly  in  Paris.  The  order  still  exists  in 
many  European  states  contrary  to  the  laws.  French  in 
America,  Jansenists,  Paraguay. 

Society  condemned  by  the  Sorbonne,  Paris,  1554;  expelled 
from  France,  1594;  readmitted,  1604;  but  after  several  de- 
crees suppressed  in  France  and  its  property  confiscated 1764 

Ordered  by  Parliament  expelled  from  England  1579, 1581,  1586, 

1602;  and  by  the  Catholic  Relief  act 1829 

Expelled  from   Venice,  1607;   Holland,  1708;   Poriugal,  1759; 

Spain 1767 

Abolished  by  Clement  XIV 21  July,  1773 

Restored  by  Pius  VI 7  Aug.  1814 

Father  Pierre  J.  Beckx  elected  general 1853 

Expelled  from  Belgium,  1818;  Russia.  1820;  Spain,  1820, 1835; 
France,  1831,  1845;   Portugal,  1834;   Sardinia,  Austria,  and 

other  states,  1848;  Italy I860 

Chief  of  the  order  appeals  to  the  king  of  Sardinia  for  redress 

of  grievances 24  Oct.     " 

Report :  total  number  of  Jesuits,  8167 ;  in  France,  2422 1866 

Order  actively  advocating  papal  supremacy,  a  bill  for  its  expul- 
sion from  Germany  passed  by  parliament  at  Berlin  (131-93), 

19  June;  promulgated 5  July,  1872 

Proposed  removal  of  headquarters  from  Rome  to  Malta Oct.  1873 

Expulsion  of  Jesuits  from  Italy,  decreed  25  June;  carried  into 

execution 20  Oct.-2  Nov.     " 

Father  Curci,  orthodox  and  eloquent,  resigned  (virtually  ex- 
pelled) for  advising  pope  to  yield  temporal  power,  Oct.  1877; 
publishes   "II  Moderno  Dissidio  fra  la  Chiesa  e  I'ltalia," 

Dec.  1877;  reconciled  to  the  new  pope,  Leo  XIII 1878 

Twenty-seven  Jesuits'  colleges  in  France;  848  teachers 1879 

Order  in  France  dissolved  by  decree 30  Mch.  1880 

Decree  for  expulsion  of  Jesuits  and  other  orders  from  France, 
30  Mch. ;  carried  out 30  June,     ' ' 

Jesuit's  bark.     Chinchona  or  Cinchona. 

Jesus  Christ,  the  Saviour  of  the  world,  whose  birth 
is  celebrated  25  Dec.  in  each  year.  The  date  of  his  birth  is 
uncertain,  but  was  probably  4  years  before  the  common  era. 
Nativity.  The  following  dates  are  given  by  ecclesiastical 
writers:  ^^ 

Christ's  baptism  by  John  and  first  ministry 27 

Last  passover,  institution  of  the  eucharist 2  Apr.      33 

Crucified  on  3  Apr.  at  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon;  arose.. 5  Apr.      " 

Ascended  to  heaven  from  mount  Olivet 14  May,      " 

Holy  Spirit  descended  on  his  disciples  on  Sunday,  the  day  of 

Pentecost 24  May,      " 

Divinity  of  Christ,  denied  by  the  Arians,  was  affirmed  by  the 

council  of  Nice 325 

Jeu  de  Paume  ("the  tennis-court").  Louis  XVI. 
having  closed  the  hall  of  the  assembly  at  Versailles,  the 
Third  Estate  {Tiers  Etat)  met  in  this  place,  and  swore  not  to 
dissolve  till  a  constitution  was  established,  20  June,  1789.  (It 
is  the  subject  of  a  painting  by  David.) 

Jew,  The  \¥anderinj^,  a  legendary  character 
condemned  to  wander  from  place  to  place  until  the  Day  of 
Judgment.  According  to  Matthew  Paris  and  Roger  Wendover 
("  Chronicles  of  St.  Albans,"  13th  century)  he  was  Cartaphilus, 
door-keeper  of  the  Judgment  hall  of  Pilate ;  others  say  Ahas- 
uerus,  a  cobbler ;  others,  Judas,  etc.  In  Germany  the  tradi- 
tion of  the  wandering  Jew  became  connected  with  John  Belta- 
doeus,  a  real  personage.  The  story  of  this  Jew  was  published 
in  1602  and  frequently  since.  The  wandering  Jew  is  the  sub- 
ject of  Southey's  "  Curse  of  Kehama,"  Croly's  "  Salathiel,"  and 
Sue's  "  Le  Juif  Errant,"  though  in  violation  of  the  entire 
legend.  The  legend  derives  a  pathetic  poetical  suggestiveness 
and  meaning  from  the  wanderings  through  the  world  of  the 
scattered  Jewish  race,  of  which  its  hero  is  the  representative. 

Jewelry  was  received  by  Rebekah  as  a  marriage  gift, 
1857  B.c.  (Gen.  xxiv.  53).     Pliny  the  elder  says  he  saw  Lollia 


JEW 


»»4 


JEW 


Paulina  (wife  of  Caius  Caesar,  and  afterwards  Caligula)  wear- 
ing ornaments  valued  at  322,916/.  Jewela  were  worn  in  France 
by  Agnes  Sorel  in  1434,  and  encouraged  in  England  about 
1685.  The  standard  of  gold  for  jewelry,  except  wedding-rings, 
was  lowered  by  Parliament  in  1854. 

Jewish  disabilities.    Jkws,  1269-1867. 

Je'%visll  era  and  eaieildar.  The  Jews  usually 
dated  from  the  era  of  the  Seleucidae  until  the  15th  century, 
when  a  new  mode  was  adopted,  reckoning  from  the  Creation, 
8760  years  and  3  months  before  the  commencement  of  our  era. 
To  reduce  Jewish  time  to  ours,  subtract  3761  years.  The 
Jewish  year  consists  of  either  12  or  13  months,  of  29  or  30 
days.  The  civil  year  commences  with  the  month  Tisri,  im- 
mediately  after  the  new  moon  following  the  autumnal  equinox ; 
the  ecclesiastical  year  begins  with  Nisan.  The  year  1892  A.u. 
compares  with  the  Jewish  year  5652-53  a.m.  as  follows : 


Tebet began    1  Jan.  1892 

Sebat >•  30  Jan.  " 

Adar "  29  Feb.  " 

Nisau "  29  Mch.  " 

Yiar "  28  Apr.  " 

Sivan "  27  May,  " 

Tamuz "  26  June, 


Ab began  25  July,  1892 

Elul "      24  Aug.  " 

Tisri,  1st  day  of  the  year 

5653 began  22  Sept.  ' ' 

Hesvan "      22  Oct.  " 

Kislev "      20  Nov.  " 

Tebet "     20  Dec.  " 


Year  5652  commenced 3  Oct.  1891 

All  Jewish  Sabbaths,  festivals,  and  feasts  commeuce  at  sunset. 

Jews,  successively  called  Hebrews,  Israelites,  and  Jews, 
the  descendants  of  Abraham,  with  whom  God  made  a  covenant, 
1898  RC.  (Gen.  xvii.).  Computed  number  of  Jews  in  the  world, 
1893.  between  7,000,000  and  8,000,000,  mostly  in  Europe,  in  east- 
ern Russia  and  Austro-Hungary.     Jerusalem,  J UD.^A.     b  c. 

Call  of  Abram 1921 

Isaac  born  to  Abraham 1896 

Birth  of  Esau  and  Jacob 1837 

Death  of  Abraham 1822 

Joseph  sold  into  Egypt 1729 

Jacob  and  all  his  family  go  into  Egypt 1706 

Male  children  of  the  Israelites  thrown  into  the  Nile;  Moses  b..  1571 
Passover  instituted;  Israelites  go  out  of  Egypt,  and  cross  the 

Red  sea 1491 

liaw  promulgated  from  mount  Sinai " 

Tabernacle  set  up 1490 

Moses  dies,  aged  120  years 1451 

Joshua  leads  Israelites  into  Canaan " 

Joshua  dies,  aged  110  years 1443 

First  bondage  (Othniel,  judge,  1405) 1413 

Second  bondage  (Ehud,  1325) 1343 

Third  bondage  (Deborah  and  Barak,  1285) 1305 

Fourth  bondage  (Gideon,  1245) 1252 

Fifth  bondage  (Jephthah,  1187) 1206 

Sixth  bondage 1157 

Samson  slays  the  Philistines 1136 

Samuel  governs  as  judge about  1120 

Samson  pulls  down  the  temple  of  Dagon 1117 

Saul  made  king 1095 

David  slays  Goliath about  1063 

Death  of  Saul ;  David  made  king, 1055 

David  captures  Jerusalem,  and  makes  it  his  capital 1048 

Absalom's  rebellion 1023 

Solomon  king,  1015;  founds  the  Temple,  1012;  dedicated 1004 

Death  of  Solomon;  kingdom  divided. 975 

KINGDOM  OF  ISRAEL  (254  years). 

Jeroboam  establishes  idolatry 975 

Bethel  taken  from  Jeroboam ;  500,000  Israelites  slain 957 

Israel  atllicted  with  the  famine  predicted  by  Elijah 906 

Syrians  besiege  Samaria 901 

Elijah  translated  to  heaven 896 

Miracles  of  Klisha  the  prophet 895 

Assyrian  invasion  under  Phul 771 

Pekah  besieges  Jerusalem 741 

Samaria  taken  by  king  of  Assyria;  10  tribes  are  carried  into 

captivity;  kingdom  of  Israel  ends 721 

KINGDOM  OF  JUDAH  (387  years). 
Shishak.  king  of  Egypt,  takes  Jerusalem,  and  pillages  the 

temple 971 

Abijah  defeats  king  of  Israel;  50,000  men  slain 957 

Asa  defeats  Ethiopians;  abolishes  idolatry 941 

Jehoshaphat  orders  the  law  to  be  taught,  912;   defeats  Am- 
monites, etc 896 

Usurpation  and  death  of  Athaliah 884 

Hazael  desolates  Judah 857 

Pekah,  king  of  Israel,  lays  siege  to  Jerusalem;  120,000  men  of 

Judah  slain  in  one  day 741 

Hezekiah  abolishes  idolatry 726 

Sennacherib  invades  Judea;  the  destroying  angel  enters  the 

Assyrian  camp  and  in  one  night  destroys  185,000 710 

Holofernes  said  to  have  been  killed  at  the  siege  of  Bethulia  by 

Judith 656 

In  repairing  the  temple,  Hilkiah  discovers  the  book  of  the  law, 

and  Josiah  keeps  a  solemn  passover 624 

Nebuchadnezzar  subjugates  Judea 605 

He  takes  Jerusalem  after  a  long  siege 588 

Jerusalem  fired,  temple  burned,  the  walls  razed 587 


KINGS  OF  JUDAH. 

Rehoboam , 


B.C. 

975. 
958. 
955. 
953. 
930. 
929. 
925. 
918. 
914. 
897. 
896. 
889. 
885. 
884. 
878. 
857. 
839. 
825. 

810. 

784. 
773. 

772. 

761. 
759. 


758.  Jotham. 

742. 
730. 
726. 


Uzziah  or  Azariah. 


610. 


KINGS.  B.C.  PROPHBTSJI 

Saul  began  to  reign 1095  Samuel. 

David,  king  of  Judah,  1055 ;  of  all  Israel 1048  Nathan. 

Solomon,  king  of  all  Israel 1015 

KINGS  OF   ISRAEL. 

.Jeroboam  I Ahijah. 

Abijah 

Asa Nadab  (954) Azariah. 

"    Baasha  (954) Hanani. 

"    Elah(954) Jehu. 

«'    Zimri " 

"    Omri " 

«'    Ahab Elijah. 

Jehoshaphat "    " 

Abaziah Elisha. 

Jehoram,  or  Joram Jahaziel. 

Jehoram  "  " 

Ahaziah "  " 

Athaliah Jehu. 

Joash,  or  Jehoahaz " 

"  "       Jehoahaz. 

Amaziah Jehoash  (841). 

"        Jeroboam  II Jonah. 

a  (Hosea. 

|Amo& 

[Anarchy.] 

Zechariah JoeL 

(Shallum. 
\  Menahem. 
Pekahiah. 
Pekah. 
((  (Isaiah  am 

\Micah 

Ahaz " 

"    Hoshea. 

Hezekiah [Captivity,  721] Nahum. 

Manasseh. 

Amon Jeremiah. 

Josiah Zephaniah 

( Jehoahaz         ) 

I     (Shallum).    [ Habakkukl 

(Jehoiakim.     ) 

,„„   (•^^Ir^^Hl?     j Daniel. 

599.  I     (Coniah).     j 

( Zedekiah Ezekiel. 

BABYLONISH  CAPTIVITY.  j,  p 

Daniel  taken  to  Babylon 607 

Daniel  prophesies  at  Babylon 603 

Shadrach,  Meshach,  and  Abed-nego,  refusing  to  worship  the 
golden  image,  are  cast  into  a  fiery  furnace,  but  are  delivered 

by  the  angel 587 

Obadiah  prophesies " 

Daniel  declares  the  meaning  of  the  handwriting  against  Bel- 
shazzar;  cast  into  the  lion's  den;  prophesies  return  from 
captivity,  and  coming  of  the  Messiah 538 

RETURN   FROM  CAPTIVITY. 

Cyrus,  sovereign  of  Asia,  decrees  the  return  of  the  Jews  and 

rebuilding  of  the  temple 536 

Haggai  and  Zechariah  prophets 520 

Second  temple  finished 10  Mch.  516 

Jews  delivered  from  Haman  by  Esther 510 

Ezra,  the  priest,  arrives  in  Jerusalem  to  reform  abuses 458 

Here  begin  the  70  weeks  of  years  predicted  by  Daniel,  being 

490  years  before  the  crucifixion  of  the  Redeemer 457 

Walls  of  Jerusalem  built 445 

Malachi  the  prophet 415 

[The  Scripture  history  of  the  Jews  ends,  according  to 
Eusebius,  in  442  b.c.  ;  afterwards  Josephus  and  Roman  his- 
torians give  the  best  account  of  the  Jews.] 
Alexander  the  Great  marches  to  besiege  Jerusalem,  but,  it  is 
said,  on  seeing  Jaddiis,  the  high-priest,  in  his  robes,  declares 
he  had  seen  such  a  figure  in  Macedonia,  inviting  him  to  Asia, 
and  promising  to  deliver  the  Persian  empire  into  his  hands; 

he  enters  the  temple,  and  sacrifices  to  the  God  of  the  Jews. .  332 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Ptolemy  Soter 320 

Ptolemy  Philadelphus  said  to  employ  72  Jews  to  translate  the 

Scriptures about  285 

Sadducee  sect  formed 250 

Jews  massacred  at  Alexandria 216 

Antiochus  takes  Jerusalem,  pillages  temple,  and  slays  40,000 

inhabitants 170 

Government  of  Maccabees  begins 166 

Treaty  with  Romans;  first  on  record  with  Jews 161 

Judas  Hyrcanus  Aristobulus  assumes  title  of  "king  of  the 

Jews  " 107 

Alexander  Jannseus  suppresses  a  rebellion  of  Pharisees  cruelly,  86 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Roman  legions  under  Pompey 63 

Temple  plundered  by  Crassus 64 

Antipater  made  intendant  of  Judea  by  Julius  Caesar 49 

Herod,  son  of  Antipater,  marries  Mariamne,  granddaughter 

of  the  high  priest 42 

Invasion  of  Parthians *0 

Herod  supported  by  the  senate ;  they  decree  him  king " 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Herod  and  the  Roman  Sosius 37 

Herod  kills  Mariamne,  29 ;  rebuilds  temple 29-18 

Jesus  Christ  b ^ 

A.D. 

Pontius  Pilate  made  procurator  of  Judea. 26 


JEW 


395 


JEW 


John  the  Baptist  begins  to  preach 26 

Christ's  ministry  and  miracles,  27-33;  his  crucifixion  and  res- 
urrection           33 

Jews  persecuted  for  refusing  to  worship  Caligula 38 

Receive  the  right  of  Roman  citizenship 41 

Claudius  banishes  Jews  from  Rome 50 

Invasion  of  Vespasian 68 

Jews  settle  at  Merida,  Spain 69 

Titus  takes  Jerusalem;  city  and  temple  sacked  and  burned, 

and  1,100,000  Jews  perish 8  Sept.      70 

Joseplius  b.  37  a.d.  ;  died  about  100. 

Targiim  of  Oukelos  written about    100 

Hadrian  rebuilds  Jerusalem  (calling  it  iElia  Capitolina),  and 

erects  a  temple  to  Jupiter 130 

Rebellion  of  Bar-chochebas;  takes  Jerusalem,  132;  killed  in 

war  with  Julius  Severus,  135 ;  desolation  of  Judea 135-36 

More  than  580,000  Jews  are  slain  by  Romans " 

Jews  favored  by  Antoninus  Pius;  college  of  Jamnia  opened. . .     138 

Mishna  (Talmud)  written  by  rabbi  Judah,  the  prince 141 

Jews  favored  by  Severus,  196;  by  Constantine,  310;  by  Julian, 

363;  persecuted  by  Constans 353 

Jews  massacred  at  Alexandria 415 

Babylonian  Talmud  completed 504 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Omar;  ceases  to  be  the  city  of  the  Jews. .     655 

Jews  first  mentioned  in  English  chronicles 740 

Sect  of  Karaitks  formed  by  Anan about    754 

Jewish  college  founded  at  Cordova 948 

Talmud  translated  into  Arabic 1006 

Jews  said  to  be  banished  from  England  by  Canute 1020 

Polygamy  in  Christian  countries  prohibited  by  the  Jewish 

synod  at  Worms 1030 

Jews  return  to  England 1066 

[Chiefly  settled  in  London  and  Lincoln.] 
Jews  massacred  in  London,  on  coronation  day  of  Richard  I.,  at 

the  instigation  of  priests 1189 

Five  hundred  Jews,  besieged  in  York  castle  by  the  mob,  cut 

.  each  other's  throats  to  avoid  their  fury 1190 

Jews  of  both  sexes  imprisoned;  eyes  or  teeth  plucked  out,  and 

numbers  butchered,  by  king  John 1204 

Rabbi  Moses  Maimonides  d " 

Seven  hundred  Jews  slain  in  London,  a  Jew  having  forced  a 
Christian  to  pay  him  more  than  2s.  per  week  as  interest  on 

a  loan  of  20s.  {Stow) 1262 

Statute  that  no  Jew  should  enjoy  a  freehold 1269 

Every  Jew  lending  money  on  interest  compelled  to  wear  a 
plate  on  his  breast,  signifying  that  he  was  a  usurer,  or  to 

quit  the  realm  (Stow) 1274 

Two  hundred  and  sixty-seven  Jews  hanged  and  quartered,  ac- 
cused of  clipping  coin 1278 

All  Jews  (16,511)  banished  from  England  (Rapin) 1290 

Pillaged  and  persecuted  in  France  during  14th  and  15th  centuries. 
A  fatal  distemper  raging  in  Europe;  many  are  slain  for  poi- 
soning springs  (Lenglet) 1348 

Jews  banished  from  Spain.  Portugal,  and  France;  they  consider 

it  as  great  a  calamity  as  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem 1492-94 

Edicts  against  Jews  rescinded  by  pope  Sixtus  V 1585 

Jews  favored  in  Holland 1603 

After  banishment  from  England  370  years,  permitted  to  return 

by  Cromwell 1650 

Who  grants  a  pension  to  Manasseh  ben-Israel 1655 

First  Portuguese  synagogue.  King  street,  Duke's  place,  erected  1656 
Statute  to  compel  them  to  maintain  their  Protestant  children 

enacted «, 1702 

Jews  acquire  right  to  possess  land  in  England 1723 

Bill  to  naturalize  professors  of  Jewish  religion  in  Ireland 

(where  200  Jews  resided)  refused  royal  assent 1746 

Statute  to  naturalize  them  in  England  passed 1753 

Repealed  on  the  petition  of  all  the  cities 1754 

Jews  of  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Avignon  declared  citizens  of  France,  1790 
Sitting  of  the  great  Sanhedrim  of  Paris  convened  by  the  em- 
peror Napoleon 18  Sept.  1806 

Jews'  hospital,  London,  founded " 

London  Society  for  Promoting  Christianity  among  the  Jews 

established 1808 

Jews'  free  school,  Spitalfields,  Loudon,  established 1817 

Alexander  of  Russia  grants  land  on  the  sea  of  Azof  to  converted 

Jews 1  Sept.  1820 

Rothschild  brothers  made  barons  of  the  Austrian  empire 1822 

Jews'  Orphan  Asylum  founded 1831 

David  Salomons  elected  sheriff  of  London  (first  Jew) ;  Enabling 

act  passed  for  him 24  June,  1835 

Bill  for  Jewish  emancipation  in  England  lost  on  second  reading 

in  the  commons  (228-165) 17  May,  1836 

Moses  Montefiore  elected  sherifl"  of  London;  first  Jew  knighted 

by  the  queen 9  Nov.  1837 

Ul<ase  of  emperor  of  Russia  permitting  the  title  of  citizen  of 

the  first  class  to  be  held  by  any  Jew  worthy  of  it 1839 

On  disappearance  of  a  Greek  priest,  persecution  of  the  Jews 

began  at  Damascus 1  Feb.  1840 

Jewish  mission  to  the  east  under  sir  Moses  Montefiore " 

Congregation  of  British  Jews  formed  (see  below) 1840-41 

Act  to  relieve  Jews  elected  to  municipal  offices  from  oaths,  etc., 

9  Vict 1846 

Baron  Lionel  de  Rothschild  returned  to  Parliament  for  the  city 
of  London  by  a  majority  of  6619;   his  opponent,  lord  John 

Manners,  polling  only  3104 3  July,  1849 

Alderman  .Salomons  elected  for  Greenwich 28  June,  1851 

,    Neither  permitted  to  siU " 

Jews' Oaths  of  Abjuration  bill  passed  commons 3  July,     " 

Baron  Rothschild  again  returned  for  r,ondon  at  general  elec- 
tions, July,  1852;  Mch.  1857;  July,  1857;  and July,  1865 


Violent  outbreak  against  Jews  in  Stockholm 3  Sept.  1852 

Jewish  Oath  bill  passed  in  commons,  15  Apr. ;  thrown  out  in 

the  lords 29  Apr.  1853 

Alderman  Salomons,  first  Jewish  lord  mayor  of  London. 9  Nov.  1855 
Jewish  Oath  bill  several  times  passed  in  the  commons  and 

thrown  out  in  the  lords 1854-57 

Edgar  Mortara,  a  Jewish  child,  forcibly  taken  from  parents  by 
order  of  archbishop  of  Bologna,  on  plea  of  baptism  when  an 

infant  by  a  Roman  Catholic  maid  servant 24  June,  1858 

Act  passed  enabling  Jews  to  sit  in  Parliament  by  resolution  of 

the  house , July,     " 

Baron  Rothschild  takes  seat  as  M.P.  for  London 26  July,     " 

To  commemorate  this  event  he  endowed  a  scholarship  in  the 

City  of  London  school " 

French  government  having  in  vain  urged  Mortara's  restoration 
to  parents,  sir  Moses  Montefiore  proceeds  to  Rome  (but  obtains 

no  redress) 22  Dec.     " 

Alderman  Salomons  elected  M.P.  for  Greenwich  (d.  18  July, 

1873) ;  baron  Meyer  de  Rothschild  for  Hythe 15  Feb.  1859 

Protest  on  seizure  of  the  boy  Mortara,  signed  at  London  by 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  bishops,  noblemen,  and  gentle- 
men, sent  to  French  ambassador,  Oct. ;   presented  to  lord 

John  Russell Nov.     " 

Laws  oppressing  Jews  in  Austria  annulled 6,  10  Jan.  1860 

Act  passed  permitting  Jewish  M.P.'s  to  omit  from  the  oath  the 

words  "  on  the  faith  of  a  Christian  " 6  Aug.     " 

Additional  political  privileges  granted  Jews  in  Russia,  26  Jan. ; 

in  Poland June,  1862 

Jews  persecuted  at  Rome Dec.  1864 

Alderman  Benjamin  Samuel  Phillips  2d  Jewish  lord  mayor, 

9  Nov.  1865 

Persecution  of  Jews  at  Bucharest  reported July,  1866 

A  synagogue  at  Berlin,  said  to  be  the  largest  and  most  beauti- 
ful in  the  world,  consecrated 5  Sept.     " 

Jewish  Emancipation  bill,  Hungary,  approved 29  Dec   1867 

Benjamin  Disraeli,  of  Jewish  extraction,  premier  of  England, 

29  Feb.  1868 
Jews'  synagogue  at  Barnsbury,  London,  N.,  founded  by  baron 

F.  Rothschild,  24  Dec.  1867 ;  consecrated 29  Mch.     " 

Jews  permitted  to  return  to  Spain Oct.     *' 

Jewish  congress  at  Pesth  opened  by  minister  of  public  worship 

EOtvOs 14  Dec.      " 

It  closes  presenting  new  statutes  to  ministers 25  Feb.  1869 

Jewish   reform   convention  at  Philadelphia ;   alterations  in 

rituals,  etc. ,  resolved  on Oct.     " 

Alfred  Davis,  a  Jew,  promoter  of  education,  Jewish  and  Chris- 
tian, d 7  Jan.  1870 

New  Central  synagogue  in  Great  Portland  St.,  London,  W., 

founded  by  baron  Rothschild,  18  .Mch.  1869 7  Apr.     " 

"  Hebrew  Literature  .Society  "  established  in  London. 29  June,     " 
Anglo-Jewish  Association  for  moral,  social,  and   intellectual 
progress  of  Jews  (a  branch  of  the  Universal  Israelitish  Alli- 
ance, whose  seat  is  Paris)  founded 2  July,     " 

Emperor  of  Brazil  attended   worship   at   the  West    Central 

London  synagogue 8  July,     " 

Jews  permitted  to  work  on  Sundays  by  a  Workshops  act " 

Society  formed  at  Birmingham  to  resist  proselytism " 

Congregation  of  British  Jews,  formed  in  1840  and  1841  by 
families  of  Spanish  and  German  Jews,  for  uniting  2  sections 
of  the  community,  opposing  Talmudism,  and  simplifying 
rituals,  recognizing  the  Mosaic  Scriptures  as  sole  standard 
for  faith  and  practice,  and  rejecting  the  oral  or  Talmudic 
law,  as  not  binding  on  Reformed  Jews.  Their  West  London 
synagogue  in  Burton  st.  opened  1  Jan.  1842;  removed  to 
Margaret  St.,  Regent  St.,  1849;  superseded  by  a  synagogue, 

Berkeley  St.,  consecrated  (KaraItks) 22  Sept.     " 

A  Jew  made  M.A.  at  Oxford  (after  abolition  of  tests),  22  June,  1871 
Sir  George  Jessel,  a  Jew,  solicitor  general,  Nov.  1871 ;  master 

of  the  rolls 29  Aug.  1873 

Estimated  number  of  Jews  in  Great  Britain,  51,520;  in  London, 

39,833 1876 

New  synagogue  founded  at  Bayswater 7  June,  1877 

Movement  against  Jews  in  Berlin,  etc.  (Judenhasse  and  Juden- 
hetze);  opposed  by  Mommsen,  Virchow,  the  crown-prince, 
etc. ;  debate  in  chambers ;  no  vote,  22  Nov.    Many  Jews  leave 

Berlin Dec.  1880 

Anti-Semitic  league  formed;  petition  to  Bismarck,  signed  by 

255,000 ; 13  Apr.  1881 

About  60,000  Russian  Jews  request  permission  to  return  to 

Spain ;  granted June,     " 

Persecution  in  Prussia,  the  emperor  interferes  to  stop  it.  .Aug.     " 
Renewal  of  persecution  in  Russia,  Apr.  1882,  June,  Nov.-Dec. 
1884  ;   denounced  as  barbarous  at  a  meeting  at  Mansion 

house,  London 1  Feb.  1882 

Many  Jews  go  to  America Feb.     " 

Jews  attacked  at  Presburg,  Hungary;  martial  law  proclaimed, 

29  Sept.     " 

Trial  of  Jews  (Hungary) 1883 

Attacks  on  Jews  at  St.  Petersburg,  Pesth,  Zala  Egerszeg,  etc., 

July,  Aug.     " 

Death  of  Charlotte,  baroness  de  Rothschild 13  Mch.  1884 

Jews  persecuted  in  Russia Aug.  et  seq.     " 

Commission  to  consider  the  condition  and  rights  of  Jews,  Oct.     " 
Jews  enjoy  full  citizenship  in  Europe  (except  Portugal,  Rou- 

mania,  Russia,  and  Spain) ;  also  in  the  United  States " 

Sir  Moses  Montefiore  completes  his  100th  year;  celebrated  by 
Jews  all  over  the  world  as  a  benefactor  (27  Oct.  Jewish  cal- 
endar), 25-26  Oct.  1884;  d 28  July,  1885 

Estimated  number  of  Jews  in  the  world,  6,377,602 " 

Exhibition  of  Anglo-Jewish  antiquities  at  the  Royal  Albert  hall 
opened 4  Apr.  1887 


JEW  2 

Expulsion  of  Jews  from  Odessa  and  Finland  decreed Apr.  1888 

Sir  Nathaniel  de  Rothschild,  son  of  Lionel,  created  a  peer ;  takes 
his  seat,  9  July,  1885;  made  lord-lieut.  of  Buckinghamshire, 

May,  1889 

Henry  Aaron  Isaacs,  3d  Jewish  lord  mayor  of  London Nov.     " 

Enforcement  of  the  severe  edict  of  May,  1882,  against  the  Jews 

in  Russia;  many  Jews  expelled  from  Russia Dec.  1890 

At  a  great  meeting  in  the  Guildhall,  London,  an  appeal  to  the 
czar  to  mitigate  the  laws  a^jainst  the  Jews  agreed  to,  10  Dec.     " 

Expulsion  of  Jews  from  S.  Russia  ordered about  2i)  May,  1891 

Relaxation  of  the  persecution:  enforcement  of  the  decree  of 

expulsion  froui  St.  Potersburg  adjourned about  18  July,     " 

Three  thousand  acres  of  land  at  Huiberton,  Cumberland  county, 
N.  J.,  purchased  by  Leon  Lait,  a  Russian,  for  a  Hebrew  col- 
ony   about  20  July,     " 

Jewish  Colonization  Association  founded about  11  Sept.     " 

JTew'S-liarp  (probably  jaws'  harp),  an  ancient  instru- 
ment. Charles  Eulenstein  produced  remarkable  effects  with 
Jew's-harps  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London,  15  Feb.  1828, 

Jeyne§.    Jains. 

Jihad  (f/ee-had'),  or  religious  warfare  against  unbelievers, 
although  inculcated  in  the  Mahometan  law,  was  prohibited  by 
the  Sheeahs,  and  rarely  permitted  by  the  Sonnites ;  not  with 
any  nation  in  treaty  relations.  The  jihad  was  preached  by 
fanatics  in  India  in  1871,  and  prohibited  by  government. 
A  jihad  against  the  Russians  announced  by  the  sheikh-ul-Islam, 

at  Constantinople about  28  May,  1877 

A  jihad  against  the  British  in  Afghanistan,  proposed  by  Shere 

Ali Oct.  1878 

A  jihad  against  the  British  proclaimed  by  Arabi  Pacha,  24  July,  1882 

«f  ing^O  party,  a  name  given  in  Great  Britain  in  1878 
to  persons  who  favored  war  with  Russia  "in  pursuance  of  a 
vigorous  foreign  policy."     A  popular  song  said — 
"  We  don't  want  to  fight,  but,  by  jingo,  if  we  do. 

We've  got  the  ships,  we've  got  the  men,  and  we've  got  the  money 
too." 
"  By  jingo  "  occurs  in  Jarvis's  "  Don  Quixote,"  and  in  the 
"  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 

Joan  of  Arc,  Maid  of  Orleans,  born  at  Domremy, 
imagined  that  she  had  a  divine  commission  to  expel  the  Eng- 
lish, who,  under  the  earl  of  Salisbury,  were  besieging  Orleans. 
Charles  VII.  intrusted  her  with  some  French  troops,  she  raised 
the  siege,  and  entered  Orleans  with  supplies,  29  Apr.  1429; 
and  the  English,  who  were  before  the  place  from  12  Oct.  pre- 
ceding, abandoned  the  enterprise  8  May  following.  She  took 
several  towns  from  the  English,  whom  she  defeated  in  a  battle 
near  Patay,  18  June,  1429.  She  was  wounded  several  times, 
but  never  shed  blood  with  her  own  hand.  She  was  taken  at 
the  siege  of  Compiegne,  25  May,  1430 ;  and,  after  trial,  burned 
for  a  witch  at  Rouen,  30  May,  1431.  A  statue  of  her,  the 
work  of  the  princess  Marie  of  France,  was  inaugurated  at  Or- 
leans. 13  Sept.  1851,  and  the  435th  anniversary  of  the  deliver- 
ance of  the  city  celebrated  on  14  May,  1865.  Patay.  The 
anniversary  of  her  death  celebrated  30  Ma}',  1878.  Her  statue 
unveiled  at  Beaurevoir  9  Aug.,  and  at  Domremy  26  Aug.  1891. 

John  Bull,  a  nickname  of  England,»nd  of  Englishmen, 
is  said  to  be  deriv^ed  from  dr.  Arbuthnot's  satire  "  John  Bull," 
pub.  1712. — Brewer. — ".John  Bull," a  comedy,  by  George  Col- 
man  the  younger,  was  performed  1805. — The  John  Bull,  a  Tory 
newspaper,  supported  by  Theodore  Hook,  was  first  pub.  1820. 

John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe,  names  used  in 
legal  fictions,  especially  as  standing  pledges  for  the  prosecution 
of  suits.  In  early  times  real  and  substantial  persons  were 
required  to  pledge  themselves  to  answer  to  the  crown  for  an 
amercement,  or  fine,  set  upon  the  plaintiff,  for  raising  a  false 
accusation,  if  he  brought  action  without  cause,  or  failed  in  it ; 
and  in  1285,  13  Edw.  I.,  sheriffs  and  bailiffs  were,  before  de- 
liverance of  a  distress,  to  receive  pledges  for  pursuing  a  suit, 
and  for  the  return  of  the  property,  if  awarded.  But  this  be- 
coming a  matter  of  form,  the  fictitious  names  of  Doe  and  Roe 
were  used,  until  the  form  was  abolished  by  the  Common-law 
Procedure  act,  1852. 

John  O'Oroat'S  hOU§e,  an  ancient  house,  stood 
on  Duncansby  Head,  the  most  northerly  point  of  Scotland,  de- 
riving its  name  from  John  of  Groat,  or  Groot,  and  his  brothers, 
from  Holland,  said  to  have  settled  here  about  1489. 
House  was  of  an  octagon  shape,  toeing  1  room,  with  8  windows  and 
8  doors,  to  admit  8  members  of  the  family,  the  heads  of  different 
branches  of  it,  to  prevent  quarrels  for  precedence  at  table.     Each 
came  in  at  his  own  door,  and  at  an  octagon  table,  of  course,  there 
was  no  chief  place  or  head.     Bicycle  records. 


Malta. 

a  Lutheran  order  of  high 


"  JOU 

John,  St.,  Knight§  of. 

Knights  of  St.  John  (Johanniterritter), 
rank,  founded  by  Frederick  William  III.  of  Prussia,  23  May,  18f2, 
and  reorganized  15  Oct.  1852.  These  knights  co  operated  with  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Malta  and  other  bodies  in  ministering  to  the 
wounded  during  the  Franco  Prussian  war,  in  1870-71;  the  chief  office 
beingat  the  ancient  gate  of  the  priory  of  St.  John.  Clorkonwoll,  Lon. 
don,  E.  C. ;  the  duke  of  Manchester  being  a  prior  of  the  order. 

John's,  St.,  nilfht,  or  Midsummer-eve,  23  June; 
bonfires  are  still  made  in  Ireland,  and  in  some  parts  of  JOng- 
land,  and  thought  to  be  the  relic  of  a  pagan  custom — resem- 
bling the  Phoenician  worship  of  Baal. 

John's  Oate,  St.  (St.  John's  square,  Clerkenwell,  Lon- 
don), a  fine  vestige  of  monastic  building,  once  the  gate  of  the  pri- 
ory of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  (suppressed  in  1540).  was  the  place 
where  the  6Vn/^emrtM'sil/a^ozi?2ewasfirstpubli8hed,6Mch.  1731. 
The  house  was  often  visited  by  dr.  Johnson,  Garrick,  and  tlieir 
friends.  The  gate  was  purchased  for  the  Order  of  the  Knights 
of  St.  John  by  sir  Edmund  A.  H.Lechmere,Bt.,  secretary  of  the 
English  league.     The  first  meeting  held  here  24  June,  1874. 

Joiinson,  Andrew,  administration  of.  United  Statbs^ 
1865-66. 

Jolin§on'S  club.  Literary  clubs. 
Johnstoivn  flood,  the  most  disastrous  to  life  that 
ever  occurred  in  the  United  States,  was  at  Johnstown,  Pa., 
a  city  of  about  28,000  inhabitants,  on  the  Pennsylvania  rail- 
road, about  39  miles  from  Altoona  and  78  from  Pittsburg,  and 
on  the  Conemaugh  river  or  creek.  About  18  miles  above 
Johnstown  was  Conemaugh  lake,  formerly  a  reservoir,  owned 
by  the  South  Fork  Fishing  and  Hunting  Club,  with  a  level 
about  275  feet  higher  than  the  town,  and  about  2 J  miles  long 
by  \\  miles  wide.  The  river  had  been  rising  for  several  days, 
under  incessant  rains,  until  the  lake  poured  over  the  dam  in  un- 
usual volume.  Warning  had  been  given  to  people  below  that 
the  dam  might  break  at  any  moment,  but  little  heed  was  given 
to  it.  The  break  occurred  at  3  p.m.  31  May,  1889,  and  the 
distance  of  18  miles  to  Johnstown  was  traversed  by  the  ad- 
vancing column  of  water  in  7  minutes.  It  met  no  obstacle 
until  it  reached  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  bridge  immediately 
below  the  city,  which  dammed  the  waters  back  and  greatly  in- 
creased the  lo.ss  of  life,  while  it  collected  a  huge  mass  of  debris 
which  soon  after  took  fire  and  added  to  the  destruction.  Aid 
was  sent  to  the  sufferers  by  all  the  states,  and  many  cities  and 
countries  of  Europe  contributed.  The  following  is  a  brief  state- 
ment of  the  contributions  received  and  turned  over  to  the  Flood 
Relief  Commission  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Pennsylvania: 

By  gov.  Beaver $1,236,146.45 

Philadelphia  Relief  Committee 600,000.00 

Pittsburg  "  "  t  560,000.00 

New  York         "  "  516,199.85 

Total $2,912,346.30 

Expended  in  the  valley $2,592,936.68 

"         outside 246,475.26 

"         general  and  office. .  5,728.89       2,845,140.83 

On  hand....  $67,205.47 
Total  number  of  lives  lost  2142;  of  these  1115  were  found  and  iden- 
tified, 636  found  and  not  identified,  319  missing,  99  whole  families 
were  lost,  124  women  made  widows,  965  children  orphans  or  half- 
orphans.  The  sum  of  $183,281  was  distributed  among  the  wid- 
ows, giving  each  about  $1500,  and  $108,500  was  set  apart  for  the 
children.  Each  orphan  will  receive  about  $.50  annually  until  th» 
age  of  16.     Loss  of  property  by  the  flood  estimated  at  $9,674,106. 

Jonathan,  Brotlier.     Brother  Jonathan. 

Jonc§boro%  Ga.,  Battle  of.  Hardee  (confederate)  at- 
tacked Howard  31  Aug.  1864;  was  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  2500 
men.  The  confederates  retreated  to  Lovejoy's  Station  during 
the  night.     Atlanta  campaign. 

Jo§hua,  successor  of  Moses,  led  the  Israelites  into  Ca- 
naan, 1451  B.C.  jEves. — Handel's  14th  oratorio,  "Joshua," 
was  finished  19  Aug.  1747;  produced  9  Mch.  1748.  It  con- 
tained "  See  the  Conquering  Hero  Comes,"  afterwards  trans- 
ferred to  "  Judas  Maccabaeus." 

Journali  of  Cong^ress,  United  States,  have  been 
kept  and  published  from  the  first  meeting  of  the  Continental 
Congress  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  1774.     Annals. 

Journals  of  the  House  of  €onimoii§, 

commenced  in  1547,  first  ordered  printed  in  1752,  6000/.  being 
voted  to  Mr.  Hardinge  for  the  work.  The  journal.sof  the  House 
of  Peers  (commencing  1509)  were  ordered  printed  in  1767. 


JUA 

Ju'an  Fernan'dfez,  an  island  in  the  Pacific,  named 
from  its  discoverer  in  1567.  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  left  on  shore  here  by  his  captain  in  Nov.  1704,  lived 
Alone  till  discovered  by  capt.  Rogers  in  1709.  He  died  lieu- 
tenant of  the  British  ship  Weymouth,  1723.  A  monument  to 
his  memory  was  erected  on  the  island  in  1868,  then  colonized 
by  Germans.  On  his  narrative  De  Foe  founded  the  "  Adven- 
tures of  Robinson  Crusoe,"  first  pub.  in  1719. 

Juan,  Sail,  a  small  island  near  Vancouver's  island. 
The  possession  of  this  island,  commanding  the  strait  between 
British  Columbia  and  the  United  States,  was  disputed,  under 
conflicting  interpretations  of  the  treaty  of  Washington  re- 
specting the  boundaries,  12  June,  1846.  United  States, 
July  and  Oct.  1859.  The  matter  (by  treaty  of  Washington, 
8  May,  1871)  was  referred  for  arbitration  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany,  who  decided  in  favor  of  the  U.  S.,  Oct.  1872.  The 
isle  was  evacuated  by  the  British  22  Nov.  following. 

Jubilees.  The  Jews  were  commanded  to  celebrate  a 
jubilee  every  50  years,  1491  b.c.  (Lev.  xxv.  8).  Among  the 
Christians  a  jubilee  every  century  was  instituted  by  pope 
Boniface  VIII.  in  the  year  1300.  Clement  VI.  ordered  it  cel- 
ebrated every  50  years ;  Urban  VI.  every  33d  year ;  Sixtus  V. 
every  25th  year. 
Shakespeare's  jubilee,  projected  by  David  Garrick,  celebrated  at 

Shakespeare's  birthplace,  Stratfordon-Avon 6,  7,  8  Sept.  1769 

National  jubilee  in  England;  George  III.  entering  the  50th  year 

of  his  reign 25  Oct.  1809 

Jubilee  of  the  general  peace,  and  of  the  centenary  of  accession 

of  Brunswick  family 1  Aug.  1814 

Fiftieth  anniversary  of  signing  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence celebrated  as  a  jubilee 4  July,  1826 

[Thomas  Jefferson,  who  wrote  the  document,  and  John 
Adams,  its  earnest  supporter,  both  signers,  and  both  after- 
wards presidents  of  the  U.  S.,  d.  on  that  day.] 

Shakespeare  festival  at  Stratford 23  Apr.  1836 

"  "  "         1865 

Scott  centenary  celebrated  (he  was  b.  15  Aug.  1771) 9  Aug.  1871 

Iniernational  musical  jubilee  at  Boston,  Mass.  (Music), 

17  June-4  July,  1872 

Centennial  celebration 1876 

Four  hundredth  anniversary  of  discovery  of  America 1892-93 

Juclsea,  the  southern  division  of  Palestine,  received 
this  name  after  the  Jewish  captivity.  On  returning  (536  b.c.) 
the  tribe  of  Judah  settled  first  at  Jerusalem,  but  gradually 
spread  over  the  countrj'.  The  following  table  shows  the 
divisions  of  the  country  from  the  first : 

Canaanitish  (1451  b.c).  Israelitish  (1451-63  b.c). 

Q. ,  f  tribe  of  Asher  . . . 

S'<1«°'^"^^ 1      "         Naphtali. 

Canaanites (       "        Zebulon.. 

(       "         Issachar. 

Hivites half  tribe  of  Manasseh 

Perizzites tribe  of  Ephraim 


Roman  (63  B.C.). 

Upper  Galilee. 
Lower  Galilee. 
Samaria. 


Jebusites. . 
Amorites) 
Hittites. .  I 

Philistines. 


Benjamin  ] 

Judah  . . 

Simeon 

Dan 

Reuben , 


Gad. 


Judaea. 


Moabites 

Ammonites) 

Gileadites.. )  

Bashanites half-tribe  of  Manasseh 

Judall.     Jews. 

*'Juda§  Maccabae'US,"  Handel's  12th  oratorio, 
composed  9  July-11  Aug.  1746 ;  produced  1  Apr.  1747.  Mac- 
cabees. 

Ju<lenha§§e   and  Judenlietze    ("  hatred  of 

Jews"),  a  term  applied  to  the  movement  against  them  in 
Germany  in  1880,  through  jealousy  of  their  prosperity  and 
alleged  obtrusiveness.     Jews. 

jud;^e  advocate-general  and  Judge  mar- 
tial of  all  the  force§,  an  ancient  office  in  England, 
held  by  patent  from  the  crown.  He  is  the  legal  adviser  of  the 
commander-in-chief  in  military'  cases,  and  by  his  authority  all 
general  courts- martial  are  held.  The  office  of  judge  advocate- 
general  in  the  English  army  was  constituted  soon  after  the 
Restoration. — In  the  United  States,  Congress  enacted  that 
the  president  shall  appoint  a  judge  advocate-general  with  the 
rank  and  pay  of  a  colonel  of  cavalry,  approved  17  July,  1862. 
Bureau  of  military  justice  established  by  Congress  20  June, 
1864,  under  control  of  the  judge  advocate-general,  with  the 
rank  of  brigadier  -  general,  with  1  assistant  judge  advocate- 
general,  with  the  rank  of  colonel  of  cavalry.     Joseph  Holt  of 


397  jxjp 

Kentucky,  first  judge  advocate  -  general  as  colonel,  1862 ;  as 
brigadier-general,  1864.     Army. 

judges  appointed  by  God,  when  the  Israelites  were  in 
bondage,  ruled  from  1402  b.c.  till  the  election  of  Saul  as  king, 
1095.  They  were  Othniel,  Ehud,  Deborah  and  Barak,  Gideon, 
Abimelech,  Tola,  Jair,  Jephthah,  Ibzan,  Elon,  Abdon,  Samson, 
Eli,  Samuel. 

judges  of  the  United  states  Supreme 
court.     Justices. 

Juggernaut,  or  "Lord  of  the  World,"  one  of  the  in- 
carnations of  Vishnu  as  Krishna,  an  idol  in  the  temple  at 
Puri  in  Oressa,  India,  formed  of  an  irregular  pyramidal  black 
stone,  with  2  rich  diamonds  for  eyes;  the  nose  and  mouth 
painted  vermilion.  The  pilgrims  that  formerly  visited  the 
temple  and  god  were  reckoned  at  1,200,000  annually,  and  it 
was  customary  for  many  of  the  fanatics  to  throw  themselves 
before  the  car  bearing  the  idol  to  be  crushed  by  its  wheels. 
The  temple  of  Juggernaut  was  built  1198  a.d.  at  ^  cost  esti- 
mated at  $2,500,000.  The  state  allowance  to  the  temple  was 
suspended  by  the  Indian  government  in  June,  1851.  The  festi- 
val was  kept  June,  1872.  12  persons  were  said  to  be  killed  by 
accident,  Aug.  1873.     The  festival  of  1878  reported  a  failure. 

Jugurtlline  war.  Jugurtha  murdered  his  cousin, 
Hiempsal,  king  of  Nuraidia,  and  usurped  his  throne,  118  b.c. 
He  gave  Adherbal  a  share  in  the  government,  but  killed  him 
in  112.  He  then  provoked  the  Romans  to  war.  CseciUus 
Metellus  was  first  sent  against  him,  and  defeated  him  in  2 
battles;  and  Marius  brought  him  in  chains  to  Rome  to  adorn 
his  triumph,  106  b.c.,  where  he  was  put  to  death  in  104. 
This  war  has  been  immortalized  by  the  pen  of  Sallust. 

Julian  Period  (by  Joseph  Scaliger,  about  1583),  a 
term  of  years  produced  by  the  multiplication  of  the  lunar  cycle 
19,  solar  cycle  28,  and  Roman  indiction  15.  It  consists  of  7980 
years,  and  began  4713  years  before  our  era.  Therefore  the  Ju- 
lian period  for  1894  a.d.  will  be  4713  +  1894=6607  years,  and 
the  Julian  period  for  1894  b.c.  will  be  4714  —  1894=2820  years. 
By  subtracting  4713  from  the  Julian  period,  our  era  is  found  ; 
if  before  Christ,  subtract  the  Julian  period  from  4714.  It  has 
been  employed  in  computing  time  to  avoid  the  ambiguity  at- 
tendant on  reckoning  any  period  antecedent  to  our  era,  an  ad- 
vantage in  common  with  the  mundane  eras  used  at  different 
times.     For  Julian  era,  Calendar,  Year. 

July,  the  7th,  originally  5th,  Roman  month,  named  by 
Marc  Antony  from  Julius  Caesar,  the  dictator  of  Rome,  who 
was  born  in  it. 

June,  the  6th  month,  owes  its  name  to  Junius,  which 
some  derive  from  Juno,  and  others  from  Juniores,  this  being 
the  month  for  the  young,  as  May  was  for  aged  persons.  Ovid, 
in  his  "Fasti,"  introduces  Juno  as  claimiug  this  month. 

Junius's  letters  began  in  the  London  Public  Ad- 
vertiser, 21  Jan.  1769. 

They  have  been  ascribed  to  Mr.  Burke.  William  Gerard  Hamilton, 
commonly  called  Single  speech  Hamilton,  John  Wilkes,  Mr.  Dun- 
ning (afterwards  lord  Ashburton),  sergeant  Adair,  the  rev.  J.  Ro- 
senhagen,  John  Roberts,  Charles  Lloj  d,  Samuel  Dyer,  gen.  Lee, 
the  duke  of  Portland,  Hugh  Boyd,  and  lord  George  Sackville;  but 
sir  I'hilip  Francis  is  generally  admitted  to  have  been  the  author. 
Junius  said,  "I  am  the  depository  of  my  own  secret,  and  it  .shall 
perish  with  me."  The  work  of  Mr.  Chabot  and  hon.  E.  T.  B. 
Twisleton  is  considered  decisive  of  sir  Philip  Francis  being  Ju- 
nius, May,  1871.  "Junius  is  as  much  unknown  as  ever."— Lon- 
don Athenaeum,  8  Sept.  1888.  Sale  of  MSS.  papers  of  sir  Philip 
Francis,  inconclusive  respecting  Junius,  reported  June,  1892. 

Juno,  the  planet  discovered  by  M.  Harding,  of  Lilienthal, 
near  Bremen,  1  Sept.  1804.  It  is  254,000,000  miles  from  the 
sun,  and  its  period  is  4  years  and  128  days,  moving  nearly 
42,000  miles  an  hour.  Its  diameter  is  estimated  at  1424  Eng- 
lish miles. — The  Roman  name  of  the  queen  of  heaven,  wife 
of  Jupiter,  identical  with  the  Greek  goddess  Hera. 

Junonia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Juno  (the  (ireek  Hera, 
or  Here)  at  Rome,  and  instituted  431  n.c. 

Junta.  The  Spanish  provincial  juntas,  or  councils,  de- 
clared against  the  French  in  1808,  and  incited  insurrection. 

Jupiter,  known  as  a  pla^et  to  the  Chaldeans,  3000  b.c., 
and  noted  in  a  chart  of  the  heavens  made  about  600  b.c., 
now  in  the  national  library  at  Paris.  Its  diameter  is  85,000 
miles,  and  it  revolves  on  its  axis  once  in  9  hours,  55  minutes, 


JUR  8 

26  seconds.  It  makes  one  revolution  around  the  sun  in  12  of 
our  years,  travelling  in  its  orbit  at  the  rate  of  29,000  miles  an 
hour.  Its  year  is  made  up  of  10,478  of  its  days;  as  compared 
with  the  earth  it  is  1233  times  larger,  but  its  weight  is  only  301 
times  greater,  its  mean  density  being  less  than  a  quarter  of 
the  earth's,  the  strata  forming  its  surface  being  at  most  of  the 
density  of  water.  Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  475,692,000 
miles.  It  is  accompanied  by  6  satellites,  4  discovered  by 
Galileo,  8  Jan.  1610,  which  are  respectively  2352,  2099,  3436, 
and  2929  miles  in  diameter.  The  5th,  the  nearest  of  the  five  to 
the  planet,  was  discovered  from  the  Lick  observatory,  9  Sept. 
1892. — The  supreme  Roman  deity,  the  Greek  Zeug.  The  most 
famous  temple  erected  to  this  god  was  at  Oly  mpia,  in  Elis,  where 
every  4th  year  the  Olympic  games  were  celebrated  in  his  honor. 
He  had  also  a  splendid  fane  in  the  island  of  ^Egina,  and  one  in 
Libya,  said  to  have  been  erected  to  him  by  Bacchus  out  of 
gratitude  for  water  found  there.  Cambyses  sent  a  force  to 
bring  away  the  immense  treasures  kept  there,  but  they  per- 
ished in  the  desert,  525  b.c.  Mythology.  It  was  visited  by 
Alexander  332  b.c.  to  consult  the  oracle  as  to  his  divinity. 

Juries.  Trial  by  jury  was  introduced  into  England  dur- 
ing the  Saxon  heptarchy,  6  Welsh  and  6  Anglo-Saxon  freemen 
being  appointed  to  try  causes  between  Englishmen  and  Welsh- 
men of  property,  and  made  responsible  with  their  whole  estates, 
real  and  personal,  for  false  verdicts. — Larnbard.    By  most  au- 


JUS 


1 


thorities  the  institution  is  ascribed  to  Alfred  about  886.  In 
Magna  Charta, juries  are  insisted  on  as  a  bulwark  of  the  people's 
liberty.  An  act  for  trial  by  jury  in  civil  cases  in  Scotland  was 
passed  in  1815.  The  constitution  of  1791  established  trial  by 
jury  in  France.  An  imperial  decree  abolished  trial  by  jury 
throughout  the  Austrian  empire,  15  Jan.  1852.  Trial  by  jury 
began  in  Russia,  8  Aug.  1866;  in  Spain  1889.  In  Scotland,  Guern- 
sey, Jersey,  and  France, juries  decide  by  a  majority;  in  France, 
since  1831,  a  majority  of  two  thirds  is  required.  Under  the  orig- 
inal Constitution  of  the  United  States  provision  is  made  for  the 
trial  of  criminal  cases  by  jury,  but  not  of  civil  cases.  This  caused 
dissatisfaction,  people  claiming  that  the  omission  was  intended 
to  abolish  trial  by  jury  in  civil  cases,  hence  the  Vll.th  Amend- 
mentwas  adopted  at  an  early  daj'  (Constitution  of  thk  U.S., 
Amendments  to),  securing  the  rights  of  trial  by  jury  in  suits  at 
common-law  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed  $20. 
Grandjuries  (of  not  less  than  12  or  more  than  23  persons)  decide 
whether  sufficient  evidence  is  adduced  to  put  the  accused  on  trial. 
jll§tice§,  chief  and  associate,  of  the  Supreme  court  of 
the  United  States.  Ever  since  the  organization  of  this  court, 
1789,  there  has  been  1  chief  justice.  But  the  number  of  as- 
sociate justices  has  varied  by  act  of  Congress.  At  first  the 
number  was  5 ;  3  Mch.  1837  it  was  increased  to  8 ;  3  Mch. 
1863  to  9 ;  10  Apr.  1869  reduced  to  8  again.  This  court  holds 
one  terra  a  year  in  the  city  of  Washington. 


LIST   OF   THE    JUSTICES    SINCE    THE    ADOPTION 

(Chief-justiceg  In   italiet,  associate  in 


OF   THE    CONSTITUTION, 
roman. ) 


Appointed  from 


Term  of  service. 


Remarks. 


John  Jay  

John  SuUedge 

Caleb  Cashing 

James  Wilson 

John  Blair 

Robert  H.  Harrison 

James  Iredell 

Thomas  Johnson 

William  Patterson 

Samuel  Chase 

Oliver  Ellsworth 

Bushrod  Washington. . 

Alfred  Moore 

John  Marshall 

William  Johnson 

Brockholst  Livingston. 

Thomas  Todd 

Joseph  Story 

Gabriel  Duval 

Smith  Thompson 

Robert  Trimble 

John  McLean 

Henry  Baldwin 

Jas.  M.  Wayne 

Roger  B.  Taney. 

Philip  P.  Barbour. ... 

John  Catron 

John  McKinley 

Peter  V.  Daniel 

Samuel  Nelson 

Levi  Woodbury 

Robert  C.  Grier 

Benjamin  R.  Curtis. . . 

John  A.  Campbell 

Nathan  Clifford 

Noah  H.  Swayne 

Samuel  F.  Miller 

David  Davis 

Stephen  J.  Field 

Salmon  P.  Chase , 

William  Strong 

Joseph  P.  Bradley 

Ward  Hunt 

Morrison  R.  Waite 

John  M.  Harlan 

William  B.  Woods 

Stanley  Matthews , 

Horace  Gray , 

Samuel  Blatchford 

Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar 

Melville  W.  Fuller 

David  J.  Brewer , 

Henry  B.  Brown 

George  Shiras,  jr , 

Howell  E.  Jackson 

Edward  D.  White 


New  York 

South  Carolina. 

Massachusetts  . 

Pennsylvania.  . 

Virginia 

Maryland 

North  Carolina. 

Maryland 

New  Jersey 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

Virginia 

North  Carolina. 

Virginia 

South  Carolina. 

New  York 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts  . 

Maryland 

New  York 

Kentucky  

Ohio 

Pennsylvania. . . 

Georgia 

Maryland 

Virginia 


Alabama 

Virginia 

New  York 

New  Hampshire. 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts  . . 

Alabama 

Maine 

Ohio 

Iowa 

Illinois 

California 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

Ohio 

Kentucky 

Georgia 

Ohio 

Massachusetts  .. 

New  York 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Kansas 

Michigan 

Pennsylvania 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 


1789  to  1795 
1789  "  1791 

1795 

1T89  to  1810 

1789  "  1798 

1789  "  1796 

1789  "  1790 

1790  "  1799 

1791  "  1793 
1793  "  1806 
1796  "  1811 
1796  "  1801 

1798  "  1829 

1799  "  1804 
1801  "  1835 
1804  "  18.34 

1806  "  1823 

1807  "  1826 
1811  "  1845 
1811  "  1836 
1823  "  1845 
1826  "  1828 

1829  "  1861 

1830  "  1846 

1835  "  1867 

1836  "  1864 

1836  "  1841 

1837  "  1865 
1837  "  1852 
1841  "  1860 
1845  "  1872 

1845  "  1851 

1846  "  1869 
1851  "  1857 
1853  "  1861 
1858  "  1881 

1861  "  1881 

1862  "  1890 
1862  "  1877 

1863 
1864  to  1873 
1870  "  1880 
1870  "  1892 
1872  "  1882 
1874  "  1888 

1877 

1880  to  1887 

1881  "  1889 
1881 

1882  to  1893 


1892 
1893 

1894 


Resigned. 

Resigned  as  associate  judge 
I  Appointed  chief-justice;  served  one 
(     term ;  not  confirmed  by  Senate. 
(Appointed  chief -justice    1790,  but 
(     declined;  died  in  office. 

Died  in  office. 

Resigned. 

Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 

Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 


Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 


Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 


Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 

Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 
Resigned. 
Died  in  office. 


Justinian  code  compiled  by  a  commission  foremperor 
Justinian  I.  Feb.  528,  including  what  may  be  termed  the  statute 


law  (2000  volumes  reduced  to  50),  was  promulgated  Apr.  529. 
To  this  Justinian  added  the  Digest  or  Pandects,  the  Institutes, 


JUT 

and  Novels,  promulgated  16  Nov.  534.  These  compilations  are 
called,  collectively,  the  Body  of  Civil  Law  {Corpus  Juris  Civilis'). 
Jute,  the  fibres  of  2  plants,  the  chonch  and  isbund  (Cor- 
chorus  olitorius  and  Corchorus  capsularis),  since  1830  culti- 
vated in  Bengal  for  making  gunny-cloth,  etc.  Jute  has  been 
manufactured  at  Dundee  as  a  substitute  for  flax,  tow,  etc.,  and 
in  July,  1862,  assertions  were  made  that  it  could  be  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  cotton.     It  is  now  successfully  cultivated 


399 


KAN 


in  the  southern  United  States, 
will  be  diminished. 


that  the  large  importation 


Jutland,  a  low,  flat  peninsula  of  Denmark,  the  home 
of  the  Jutes  who  settled  in  the  southern  counties  of  Great 
Britain.  South  Jutland,  or  Schleswig,  was  taken  by  the  al- 
lies in  1813,  and  restored  in  1814;  again  taken  from  Denmark 
by  the  allies  in  1864.  and  in  1866  merged  into  the  Prussian 
province  Schleswig-Holstein. 


K 


Kainardji,  a  village  of  Bulgaria.  Here  a  treaty  was 
signed,  July,  1774,  between  the  Turks  and  Russians,  opening 
the  Black  sea  and  giving  Crimea  to  Russia. 

I  Kafira'ria,  or  land  of  the  Kafirs,  an  extensive  country 
I  in  S.  Africa,  extending  from  the  north  of  Cape  Colony  to  the 
j  Orange  river.  Now  included  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal. 
i  This  name,  signifying  unbeliever  or  infidel,  was  given  by  the 
;  Arabs.     Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Zulu  land,  etc. 

I  Kalafat%  a  town  on  the  Danube,  opposite  the  fortress 
1  of  Widdin,  was  fortified  by  the  Turks  under  Omar  Pacha  when 
'  they  crossed  the  river,  28  Oct.  1853.  In  Dec,  prince  Gort- 
schakoff,  with  the  Russian  armj',  determined  to  storm  the  in- 
,  trenchments.  The  conflict  lasted  from  31  Dec.  to  9  Jan.  1854, 
iwhen  the  Russians  were  compelled  to  retire.  One  of  these 
}  conflicts  occurred  at  Citate,  6  Jan.  Kalafat  was  invested  28 
jJan. ;  gen.  Schilders  attacked  it  on  19  Apr.  without  success, 
i  and  the  blockade  was  raised  21  Apr. 

i  Kalakll,  ancient  capital  of  middle  Assyria;  where 
1  Layard  and  others  made  many  discoveries. 

!  kalerdO§COpe,  an  optical  instrument,  with  a  com- 
ibination  of  mirrors,  symmetrically  reflecting  transparent  sub- 
stances placed  between,  was  devised  by  dr.  (afterwards  sir 
;  David)  Brewster  of  Edinburgh  in  1814  and  perfected  in  1817. 
'  Debusscope. 

Kalisz,  a  city  of  Russian  Poland.  Here  the  Russians 
'defeated  the  Swedes,  19  Nov.  1706;  and  here  the  Saxons  un- 
der the  French  gen.  Reynier  were  beaten  by  the  Russians  un- 
ider  Winzingerode,  13  Feb.  1813. 

I    Kalniuck§.    Tartary. 

(  KamtiChat'ka,  a  peninsula,  east  coast  of  Asia,  dis- 
icovered  by  Morosco,  a  Cossack  chief,  1690 ;  taken  possession  of. 
'by  Russia  in  1697 ;  and  proved  to  be  a  peninsula  by  Behring 
in  1728.  In  1855  the  country  was  incorporated  with  the  mar- 
itime province.  It  is  over  800  miles  long  and  about  300  miles 
Iwide  at  its  widest  part,  and  contains  some  237,266  sq.  miles. 

i    Kane'§     arctic   expedition§.       Franklin, 

ISEARCH  FOR  ;   UNITED  STATES,  1850,  '51,  '53,  '55. 

\  kang^aroOS,  marsupial  animals  indigenous  to  Australia 
|(first  seen  by  capt.  Cook,  22  June,  1770),  bred  at  San  Donato, 
the  estate  of  prince  Demidoff,  in  1853,  and  since. 

Kansas,  Alaska  excluded,  is  geographically  the  central 
itate  of  the  United  States,  lying  between  Ion.  94°  38'  and  102° 
W.,  and  lat.  37°  and  40°  N.  It 
is  bounded  by  Nebraska  on  the 
north, Missouri  on  the  east,  In- 
dian Territory  on  the  south, 
and  Colorado  on  the  west. 
Area,  81,700  sq.  miles,  in  107 
counties;  pop.  1890, 1,427,096. 
Capital,  Tope k a. 
French  explore  the  Missouri 
river  as  far  as  the  mouth 

of  the  Kansas  river 1705 

M.  Dutisne,  a  young  French 
officer  sent  out  by  Bien- 
ville, governor  of  f.ouisi- 
ana,  reaches  the  Pawnee 
country  In  Kansas,  and  Erecting  a  cross  of  wood,  takes  formal 

^  possession  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  France 27  Sept.  1719 

'Paniards  from  Santa  F6  seeking  to  found  a  colony  on  the  Mis- 
souri, are  destroyed  by  the  Missouri  Indians  near  the  pres- 


ent site  of  fort  Leavenworth,  only  one  settler,  a  Spanish 
priest,  escaping  and  returning  to  Santa  F6 1720 

Included  in  the  Louisiana  territory  purchased  of  France  (An- 
nexations, United  States) 1803 

Congress  divides  Louisiana  into  2  unequal  parts,  the  one,  north 
of  330  N.  lat.,  calle'd  the  district  of  Louisiana,  under  the  gov- 
ernor of  Indiana  territory 26  Mch.  1804 

Lewis  and  Clarke  leave  St.  Louis  for  the  Pacific,  under  govern- 
ment authority,  and  find  remains  of  an  old  French  fort  near 
the  present  site  of  Atchison May,     " 

District  of  Louisiana  made  the  territory  of  Louisiana. .  .3  Mch.  1805 

Territory  of  Louisiana  admitted  to  the  second  grade  of  gov- 
ernment as  Missouri  territory .".4:  June,  1812 

First  steamboat,  a  stern  wheeler,  called  the  Western  Engineer, 
passes  up  the  Missouri  river,  carrying  maj.  S.  H.  Long  on  an 
expedition  up  the  Yellowstone 1819 

Section  8  of  act  for  admission  of  Missouri  into  the  Union  pro- 
vides that  in  all  Louisiana,  north  of  lat.  36°  30'.  and  not  in- 
cluded in  the  state,  slavery  "  shall  be  and  is  hereby  forever 
prohibited,"  but  runaway  slaves  may  be  lawfully  reclaimed. 
Act  pa-ssed  (United  States) 6  Mch.  1820 

Major  Sibley,  appointed  under  act  of  Congress,  surveys  a  wagon- 
road  from  Missouri  through  Kansas  to  Santa  V6 1825 

By  treaty  with  Osage  Indians  the  tribe  locate  on  a  tract  of 
7,564,000  acres  in  S.  Kansas,  watered  by  the  Arkansas,  Ver- 
digris, and  Neosho  rivers 30  Dec.     " 

Fort  Leavenworth,  called  a  cantonment  until  1832,  established 
and  U.  S.  troops  stationed  there 1&27 

Treaty  with  the  Delaware  Indians,  locates  them  in  the  fork  of 
the  Kansas  and  Missouri  rivers 24  Sept.  1829 

Baptist  Shawnee  mission  established  4  miles  west  of  the  Mis- 
souri line  under  rev.  Isaac  McCoy;  also  appointed  agent  for 
the  government 1831 

Indian  tribes  located  in  Kansas,  including  the  Sbawnees,  Ot- 
tawas,  and  Wyandoltes  of  Ohio,  the  Kickapoos,  Kaskaskias, 
Peorias,  Piankesbaws,  and  Weas 1831-32 

First  stock  of  goods  landed  below  Kansas  City,  at  Francis 
Chouteau's  log  warehouse 1834 

First  printing-press  brought  to  Kansas  by  rev.  Joseph  Meeker, 
set  up  at  the  Baptist  mission  farm,  5  miles  northeast  of  Ot- 
tawa       " 

Congress  makes  all  U.  S.  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  not 
in  the  states  of  Missouri  and  Louisiana  or  territory  of  Ar- 
kansas "Indian  country" 30  June,     •' 

Col.  Henry  Dodge,  U.S.A.,  makes  an  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
mountains,  leaving  fort  Leavenworth  29  May,  and  returning 
along  the  line  where  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
railroad  now  runs 1835 

Fort  Scott  established  on  the  Marminton  river 30  May,  1842 

Lieut.  John  C.  Fremont,  in  his  expedition  west  from  St.  Louis, 
reaches  site  of  Lawrence,  12  June;  Topeka,  14  June;  and 
thence  travels  northwest  to  the  Blue  and  Platte  rivers " 

Fremont  passes  up  the  Kansas  river  on  a  second  expedition. .  1843 

First  emigrant  train  for  California  passes  through  Kansas,  50 
wagons  and  100  men 1844 

Kansas  Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  2,000,000  acres  in  Kansas, 

14  Jan.  1846 

Gen.  S.  W.  Kearny  marches  from  fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa 
F6 " 

Mormons  cross  the  plains  for  Utah,  starting  from  near  the  site 
of  Atchison " 

Catholic  Osage  mission  established  in  Neosho  county. .  .1  May,  1847 

Military  road  built  by  the  government  from  fort  Leavenworth 
to  fort  Kearny 1850 

Willard  P.  Hall  of  Missouri  introduces  a  bill  to  organize  the 
territory  of  Platte  (Kansas  and  Nebraska) 13  Dec.  1852 

Fort  Riley,  near  junction  of  Republican  and  Kansas  rivers, 
established 17  May,  1853 

Massachusetts  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  soon  after  incorporated 
as  the  New  England  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  organized  in 
Boston Mch.  1854 

Delawares,  Shawnees,  lowas,  and  Kickapoos  cede  lands  in 
Kansas  to  the  U.  S May,     " 

Act  of  Congress  passed  organizing  the  territory  of  Kansas,  to 
be  admitted  as  a  state  with  or  without  slavery 30  May,     " 

Thirty-two  persons  associate  in  AVeston,  Mo.,  to  lay  out  Leav- 
enworth, the  first  city  in  the  territory 13  J  une,     ' 

Emigrants  under  Charles  H.  Branscomb  of  Massachusetts,  sent 
out  by  Emigrant  Aid  Society  to  Kansas  as  an  anti-slavery 
colony,  settle  at  Lawrence  and  form  a  "squatter  government." 
hon.  John  A.  Wakefield  chief-justice 30  July,     " 


KAN  400 

First  newspaper  in  Kansas,  the  LeavenworVi  Herald,  pro-sla- 
very, printed  under  an  elm-tree  on  the  levee  at  Leavenworth, 

15  Sept.  1864 

Aluhison  laid  out  by  an  association  from  Platte  county,  Mo., 
and  first  sale  of  lots  takes  place 21  Sept.     " 

Rev.  S.  Y.  Lum,  Congregational  missionary,  preaches  at  I^w- 
renco  on  the  1st,  and  organizes  a  church 15  Oct.     " 

Andrew  H.  Reeder  of  Pennsylvania  appointed  governor,  arrives 
in  the  territory 7  Oct.     " 

Secret  societies,  called  Blue  Lodges,  begin  in  Weston,  Mo.,  for 
extending  slavery  into  Kansas Oct.     '• 

Election  as  territorial  delegate  to  Congress  of  J.  W.  Whitfield, 
pro  slavery,  by  illegal  votes 29  Nov.     " 

Topeka  founded 5  r)ec.     " 

A  Free  state  meeting  at  Lawrence 23  Dec.     " 

Wyandotte  Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  lands  purchased  by  them 
from  the  Delawares  in  Kansas  in  1843 31  Jan.  1856 

About  1000  Mis.sourians  enter  Lawrence  with  arms,  and  vote 
for  members  of  legislature 30  Mch.     " 

Four  sons  of  John  Brown,  abolitionist,  settle  on  the  Pottawa- 
tomie river,  8  miles  from  Ossawatomie " 

William  Phillips  of  Leavenworth,  protesting  against  election 
frauds,  taken  to  Weston, Mo.,  tarred  and  feathered  and  ridden 
on  a  rail.     The  outrage  approved  by  the  proslayery  party, 

17  May,      " 

At  a  Free-state  convention  at  Lawrence  it  was  ^^  Resolved,  That 
in  reply  to  the  threats  of  war  so  frequently  made  in  our 
neighljoring  slate,  our  answer  is,  '  Wo  are  ready  '  " .  .8  June,     " 

Convention  of  national  Democracy  at  Lawrence 27  June,     '• 

State  legislature  meets  at  Pawnee,  and  at  once  drives  out  the 
Free-state  members 2  July,     " 

Legislature  overriding  gov.  Reeder's  veto,  removes  the  seat  or 
government  to  the  Shawnee  .Manual  Labor  school 6  July,     " 

Gov.  Reeder,  charged  with  irregularities  in  purchase  of  Indian 
lands  by  W.L.Marcy,  secretary  of  state,  11  June,  is  removed, 
and  John  L.  Dawson  appointed, who  declines  to  serve,  leaving 
Daniel  Woodson  as  acting  governor 31  July,     " 

Legislature  selects  Lecompton  as  permanent  capital 8  Aug.     " 

Delegates  elected  by  a  Free-state  convention  at  Lawrence,  14 
Aug.,  which  repudiated  the  acts  of  the  state  legislature,  as- 
semble at  Big  Springs.  They  appoint  delegates  to  a  conven- 
tion at  Topeka,  19  Sept.,  to  draw  up  a  state  constitution  and 
seek  admission  to  the  Union 5  Sept.      " 

Wilson  Shannon  of  Ohio,  commissioned  governor  of  Kansas, 
arrives  and  takes  oath  of  office 7  Sept.     " 

Convention  at  Topeka  to  form  Free-state  constitution. .  19  Sept.     " 

Gen.  J.  W.  Whitfield,  pro-slavery,  elected  to  Congress. .  .1  Oct.     " 

Pro  slavery  party  meet  at  Leavenworth,  ask  the  "lovers  of 
law  and  order"  to  obey  the  laws  of  the  first  legislature,  and 
declare  it  treason  to  oppose  them 3  Oct.     " 

Free  state  party  elect  A.  H.  Reeder  delegate  to  Congress,  9  Oct.     " 

Free  state  convention  meet  at  Topeka,  23  Oct. ;  complete  their 
work 11  Nov.     " 

Charles  W.  Dow  is  killed  by  Franklin  N.  Coleman,  a  pro-slavery 
man,  near  liawrence,  on  the  21st.  Free-state  men  meet  at 
the  scene  on  the  'i2d,  and  sheriff  Samuel  J.  Jones  arrests 
Jacob  Branson,  with  whom  Dow  had  lived,  for  taking  part. 
At  Blanton,  Branson  is  released  by  Free-state  men.  A  meet- 
ing is  held  at  Lawrence,  and  Branson  addresses  the  people. 
Fearing  a  mob  from  Missouri,  citizens  are  armed Nov.     " 

Gov.  Shannon  orders  maj. -gen.  William  P.Richardson  of  the 
territorial  militia  to  collect  as  large  a  force  as  possible  and 
report  to  sheriff  Jones 27  Nov.     " 

About  800  Free  state  men  enlist,  among  them  John  Brown  and 
4  sons,  and  about  1500  .Missourians  gather  at  Franklin,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Wakarusa 29  Nov.     ' ' 

Gov.  Shannon  makes  a  treaty  with  the  Free-state  men,  and  or- 
ders the  militia  and  sherifl'  to  di.sband  their  forces 8  Dec.     " 

Vote  upon  Topeka  Free  state  constitution  results  in  1731  for 
and  46  against.  The  pro-slavery  men  carry  off  the  ballot- 
box  at  Leavenworth 15  Dec.     " 

OlHce  of  the  Territonal  Register  at  Leavenworth  entered  by  a 
mob,  press  and  type  thrown  into  the  ri  ver 15  Dec.     " 

Convention  at  Lawrence  nominates  state  officers  under  the 
Topeka  constitution.  The  conservative  Free-state  men  bolt 
and  nominate  a  "  Free  state,  Anti -abolition  "  ticket,  22  Dec.     " 

Dr.  Charles  Robinson  elected  governor  under  the  Topeka  con- 
stitution   15  Jan.  1856 

Pres.  Pierce  in  a  special  message  recognizes  "bogus"  legis- 
lature and  calls  Topeka  government  revolutionary.  ..24  Jan.      " 

Whitfield  takes  his  seat  in  Congress,  and  Reeder  announces 
that  he  will  contest  it 4  Feb.     " 

U.  S.  forces  in  Kansas,  by  order  of  secretary  of  war,  are  put 
under  requisition  of  the  governor 15  Feb.     " 

Free  state  legislature  meets  at  Topeka;  gov.  Robinson  delivers 
his  message,  and  A.  H.  Reeder  and  J.  H.  Lane  are  elected 
senators 5  Mch.     ' ' 

Topeka  constitution  presented  in  U.  S.  Senate  by  Lewis  Cass, 
24  Mch. ;  in  the  House  by  Daniel  Mace  of  Indiana 7  Apr.     " 

Maj.  Buford  arrives  in  Kansas  with  a  large  body  of  pro  slavery 
men  from  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  South  Carolina Apr.     " 

Sheriff  Jones  attempts  to  arrest  S  N.  Wood  in  Lawrence, 
charged  with  aiding  in  the  rescue  of  Branson  in  Nov.  previ- 
ous, but  is  prevented,  shot  at,  and  wounded.  Col.  Sumner, 
U.S.A.,  arrives  at  Lawrence  with  his  command. .  .19-25  Apr.     " 

Rev.  Pardee  Butler  for  anti-slavery  preaching  is  sent  from 
Atchison  adrift  down  the  Missouri  on  a  raft,  and  on  return- 
ing is  stripped,  tarred,  and  covered  with  cotton 30  Apr.     " 

Grand  jury  of  Douglas  county  indict  Robinson,  Reeder,  and 
others  for  high  treason  in  organizing  a  Free  state  govern- 
ment  5  May,     " 


KAN 


Gov.  Reeder  escapes  arrest,  going  to  Kansas  City  in  disguise, 
and  thence  down  the  Missouri  to  St.  Charles,  and  makes  his 
way  to  Illinois 9  May, 

Gov.  Robinson  is  sent  east,  but  is  arrested  at  Lexington,  Mo., 
brought  back,  and  imprisoned  at  Lecompton  on  charge 
high-treason 10  Mayj 

Marshal  Donaldson  calls  upon  all  law-abiding  citizens  to  ai 
him  in  serving  writs  at  Lawrence;  about  1000  men  respont 
and  gov.  Shannon  refuses  to  interpose  between  the  peopl 
and  the  sheriff  and  marshal 11  MafJ 

Marshal  Donaldson  makes  2  arrests  in  Lawrence  without  oi 
position.     The  Emigrant  Aid  Society  hotel  and  the  Hen 
of  Freedom  printing  office  are  destroyed  by  sheriff  Jonee,^ 
and  2  pro-slavery  men  are  accidentally  killed 21  May, 

Capt.  Pate,  setting  out  to  destroy  "Old  Brown,"  captures  2  of 
John  Brown's  sons,  and  driving  them  before  his  forces,  en- 
camps with  50  men  on  a  stream  called  Black  Jack.  (John 
Brown,  jr.,  from  inhuman  treatment,  becomes  insane.)  Here 
they  are  overtaken  by  John  Brown  and  capt.  Shore,  who  with 
28  men  give  battle  and  compel  Pate  to  surrender 2  June, 

Gov.  Shannon  issues  a  proclamation  commanding  all  military 
companies,  not  authorized  by  law,  to  disperse 4  June, 

Ossawatomie  sacked  by  Pate  and  others fi  June, 

Civil  war  rages  in  the  settled  portion  of  Kansas,  and  the  Mis- 
souri river  is  dosed  to  Free-state  immigrants June, 

House  of  Representatives  passes  a  bill  to  admit  Kansas  with 
the  Topeka  constitution,  but  it  fails  to  become  a  law. 3  July, 

Kansas  Free-state  legislature  meeting  at  Topeka,  dispersed  by 
col.  Sumner  and  U.  S.  troops  under  orders  from  acting-gov. 
Woodson,  in  gov.  Shannon's  absence,  and  pres.  Pierce,  4  July, 

A  substitute  for  House  bill  admitting  Kansas  passes  Senate, 
but  House  refuses  to  recede,  and  bill  fails 8  July, 

Relief  furnished  the  people  of  Kansas  by  the  northern  states, 
the  Grand  Kansas  Aid  Society,  organized  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
raising  $120,000  for  this  purpose 

House  of  Representatives  excludes  both  Whitfield  and  Reeder 
as  delegates 1  Aug, 

Free-state  men  seize  the  fort  near  Ossawatomie,  driving  out  the 
Georgia  forces 5  Aug. 

Free-state  men  capture  Franklin,  attack  col.  Tituss  camp  near 
Lecompton,  and  take  the  party  prisoners 12  Aug. 

"  Lane's  Northern  Army  "  advanced  into  Kansas  via  Iowa  and 
Nebraska  as  follows:  1  Aug.  there  were  congregated  near 
Nebraska  City  500  emigrants  and  60  wagons.  Gen.  James  H. 
Lane  and  6  others  one  week  in  advance  of  the  emigrants 
enter  Kansas.  300  of  the  first  emigrant  train  stop  3  miles 
south  of  the  boundary  of  Kansas  and  found  Plymouth;  75 
proceed  15  miles  farther,  and  locate  at  Lexington ;  and  30 
more  proceed  30  miles  to  what  is  now  Holton,  the  remainder 
reaching  Topeka 13  Aug. 

Gov.  Shannon  makes  a  second  treaty  of  peace,  and  Free  state 
prisoners  are  exchanged. 17  Aug. 

John  W.Geary  of  Pennsylvania  appointed  governor;  gov.  Shan- 
non is  removed  and  resigns  on  the  same  day 21  Aug. 

Daniel  Woodson,  acting-governor,  proclaims  the  territory  in  a 
state  of  open  insurrection  and  rebellion 25  Aug. 

David  Atchison  chosen  commander  of  the  pro  slavery  "  Army 
of  Law  and  Order  in  Kansas  territory  " 25  Aug. 

Four  hundred  Missourians  under  J.  W.  Reed  and  rev.  Martin 
White  attack  and  take  Ossawatomie,  John  Brown's  son  Fred- 
erick losing  his  life 29  Aug. 

Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  Kansas  organized Sept. 

Gov.  Robinson  released  on  bail 10  Sept. 

Gov.  Geary  assumes  office  at  Lecompton,  delivers  an  inaugural 
address,  and  issues  a  proclamation  disbanding  armed  forces 
in  the  territory  and  directing  enrolment  of  militia. . .  11  Sept. 

Gen.  Lane's  men,  under  capts.  Harvey  and  Whipple,  meet  pro- 
slavery  men  under  Lowe  and  Robertson  at  Hickory  Point, 
Jefferson  county;  after  6  hours'  fighting  Lane's  men  surren- 
der, and  are  taken  to  the  U.  S.  camp  at  Lecompton.  .13  Sept. 

Gov.  Geary  visits  pro-slavery  camp  at  junction  of  Wakarusa 
and  Kansas  rivers,  and  orders  the  men  to  disband. .  .15  Sept. 

Election  by  pro-slavery  men  for  delegate  to  Congress,  a  legis- 
lature, and  a  call  for  a  constitutional  convention.  Free- 
state  men  refuse  to  vote 6  Oct. 

About  20  of  r^ane's  soldiers  captured  at  Hickory  Point  are  con- 
victed and  sentenced  to  5  years  in  the  penitentiary.  .13  Sept. 

Gov.  Geary  announces  that  "Peace  prevails  throughout  the 
territory  of  Kansas  " 11  Nov. 

Col.  William  Phillips  publishes  his  book,  "The  Conquest  of 
Kansas  by  Missouri  and  Her  Allies  " 

Free  state  legislature  meets  at  Topeka,  gov.  Robinson  absent; 
judge  Cato  grants  a  writ,  and  7  members  of  the  legislature 
are  arrested  by  the  U.  S.  marshal 7  Jan. 

Territorial  legislature  and  a  convention  of  Kansas  National 
Democratic  party  meet  at  Lecompton 12  Jan. 

Cities  of  Topeka.  Atchison,  and  Manhattan  incorporated,  14  Feb. 

Gov.  Geary,  resigned,  leaves  Kansas  secretly .10  Mch. 

Free-state  convention  at  Topeka  resolves  not  to  vote  for  dele- 
gates to  the  Lecompton  constitutional  convention.  ..10  Mch. 

Frederic  P.  Stanton,  acting-governor,  issues  an  address,  17  Apr. 

Robert  J.  Walker,  appointed  governor,  arrives  at  Lecompton 
and  reads  his  inaugural  address 27  May, 

Gov.  Robinson's  message  to  Topeka  legislature 11  June, 

For  the  first  time,  the  Free-state  men  elect  city  officers  in 
Leavenworth 29  June, 

Gov.  Walker,  with  several  companies  of  dragoons,  encamps 
before  Lawrence,  intending  to  prevent  action  under  the  in- 
dependent municipal  charter,  but  soon  withdraws.  .16  July, 

Under  the  Topeka  constitution,  Marcus  J.  Parrott  chosen  to  Con- 
gress; vote  on  the  constitution,  72.57  for,  34  against. .  .9  Aug. 


1851 


i 


KAN 


401 


KAN 


At  a  convention  at  Grasshopper  falls,  the  Free -state  men 

agree  to  take  imrt  in  territorial  election  5  Oct 26  Aug.  1857 

At  the  Oct.  election  the  Free-state  party  is  successful — 5  Oct.     " 
Baker  university  established  at  Palmyra,  now  Baldwin  City, 

Oct.     " 
Convention  of  delegates  at  Lecompton  form  a  constitution,  and 
by  ordinance  assert  the  state's  right  to  tax  lands  of  the  U.  S. 

within  it 7  Nov.     " 

Free-state  convention  at  Lawrence  rejects  the  Lecompton  con- 
stitution, and  asks  for  a  vote  of  the  people  to  decide  between 

it  and  the  Topeka  constitution 2  Dec.     " 

Pres.  Buchanan,  by  message,  urges  admission  of  Kansas  under 

Lecompton  constitution 7  Dec.     " 

J.  "W.  Denver,  acting-governor  in  place  of  Robert  J.  Walker, 

resigned 15  Dec.     " 

.State  oflSccrs  elected  under  Lecompton  constitution.. .  .21  Dec.     " 
Free-state  convention  at  Lawrence  on  23  Dec,  and  a  Demo- 
cratic convention  at  Leavenworth,  both  in  opposition  to  the 

Lecompton  constitution 24  Dec.     " 

Result  of  a  people's  vote  on  the  Lecompton  constitution  was: 
against,  10,226;  for,  with  slavery,  138;  for,  without  slavery, 

23;  election  held 4  Jan.  1858 

Last  meeting  of  the  Topeka  legislature ;  no  quorum 4  Mch.     " 

Free  state  constitutional  convention  at  Mineola,  23  Mch.,  ad- 
journed to  Leavenworth  25  Mch.,  frames  "The  Leaven- 
worth Constitution  " 3  Apr.     " 

Compromise  bill  known  as  the  "English  Swindle"  and  "Le- 
compton Junior  "  passed,  admitting  Kansas  under  Lecompton 

constitution  amended,  approved. . . . '. 4  May,     " 

Gov.  Denver  takes  oath  of  office 12  May,     " 

Leavenworth  constitution  adopted  by  the  people 18  May,     " 

Attack  on  Free-state  men  by  a  party  of  25  under  Charles  A. 
Hamilton,  at  Marais  du  Cygnes;  5  killed  and  5  severely 

wounded 19  May,     " 

Twenty  men  leave  Lawrence  for  Pike's  Peak.     One  of  the  first 

expeditions  to  the  gold  regions 21  May,     " 

First  public  school  in  Leavenworth  opens 5  July,     " 

i   People's  vote  on  the  Lecompton  constitution  as  modified;  for, 

!       1788;  against,  11.300 2  Aug.     " 

Gov.  Denver  resigns;  sec.  Hugh  S.  Walsh  acting-governor, 

9  Oct.     " 
Capt.  Montgomery,  with  68  men,  enters  fort  Scott  and  re- 
leases Benjamin  Rice,  a  Free-state  prisoner 16  Dec.     " 

Samuel  Medary,  governor,  arrives  at  Lecompton 17  Dec.     " 

John  Brown  and  his  men  go  into  Missouri,  liberate  14  slaves, 

I      and  bring  them  to  Kansas 20  Dec.     " 

i  Democratic  convention  at  Tecumseh 11  May,  1859 

'  Republican  pnrty  organized  in  Kansas;  convention  at  Ossa- 

;      watomie  addressed  by  Horace  Greeley 18  May,     " 

!■  Beginning  of  a  drought  which  lasted  until  Nov.  1860,  and 

1      caused  the  "  Kansas  famine  " June,     " 

!  Convention  at  Wyandotte  adopts  a  constitution 29  July,     " 

j  Vote  for  Wyandotte  constitution,  10,421;  against,  5530.  .4  Oct.     " 

j  Abraham  Lincoln  speaks  at  Elwood 1  Dec.     " 

j  At  election  under  Wyandotte  constitution,  Charles  Robinson, 

.      Republican,  is  chosen  governor 6  Dec.     " 

;  Legislature  adjourns  from  Lecompton  to  Lawrence 21  Jan.  1860 

i  Track-laying  of  first  railroad  in  Kansas  begun  on  the  Elwood 

I     and  Marysville  railroad 20  Mch.     " 

I  House  of  tlepresentatives  votes  to  admit   Kansas  under  the 

'     Wyandotte  constitution 11  Apr.     " 

i  Last  territorial  legislature  meets  at  Lecompton  and  adjourns 

I     to  Lawrence 7  Jan.  1861 

I  George  M.  Bebee,  a  Democrat  appointed  to  succeed  gov.  Medary, 

1     who  resigns 10  Jan.     " 

i  Act  to  admit  Kansas  under  Wyandotte  constitution  passes 

i     Senate,  21  Jan. ;  House,  28  Jan, ;  approved 29  Jan.     " 

I  Gov.  Robinson  assumes  office 9  Feb.     " 

'  Meeting  of  first  legislature 26  Mch.     " 

1  Steamboat  New  Sam  Gaty  arrives  at  Leavenworth  from  St. 
}     Louis,  under  Confederate  flag.     The  captain  is  compelled  by 

i     the  people  to  substitute  the  stars  and  stripes 18  Apr.     " 

( First  Confederate  flag  captured  by  Kansas  troops  at  latan, 

;     Mo.,  brought  into  Leavenworth 3  June,     " 

i  First  overland  coach  arrives,  17  days  from  San  Francisco, 

18  July,     " 


Battle  with  Confederates  at  Dry  Wood 2  Sept.     " 

First  annual  meeting  of  State  Temperance  Society  at  Topeka, 

9  Oct.     " 
Vote  for  state  capital  stood:   Topeka,  7996;  Lawrence,  5291; 

scattering,  1184 5  Nov.     ' ' 

•State  Agricultural  Society  formed 5  Mch.  1862 

Confederate  guerilla  chief  Quantrell  makes  a  raid  into  Johnson 

county,  burning  Shawneetown 18  Oct.     " 

i Legislature  locates  state  university  at  Lawrence 20  Feb.  1863 

jEstablishes  a  state  normal  school  at  Emporia 3  Mch.     " 

;State  insane  asylum  at  Ossawatomie  established " 

State  Agricultural  college,  in  Riley  county  (late  the  Blue  Mount 

'    Central  college  established  1858)  founded 27  July,     " 

iQuantrell  with  300  men  dashes  into  the  streets  of  Lawrence 

\    at  daylight  and  kills  about  200  men 21  Aug.     " 

jConfederate  gen.  Sterling  Price  advances  with  troops  towards 

;    Kansas  and  enters  Linn  county 23  Oct.  1864 

'Battles  near  Mound  City,  Little  Osage,  and  Charlotte. .  .25  Oct.     " 
Kansas  furnishes  for  the  war  a  total  of  23,000  men,  a  larger 

;    proportion  of  the  population  than  any  other  state 1861-65 

jtnstitution  for  deaf  and  dumb  established  at  Olathe 1865 

;;!olored  men  in  convention  at  Topeka  memorialize  the  legisla- 
i    ture  to  strike  the  word  "  white  "  from  the  Constitution.  Jan.  1866 
legislature  authorizes  sale  of  500,000  acres  of  state  land  for  the 

benefit  of  railroads Jan.     " 


Treaty  made  with  many  Indian  tribes  for  removal  to  Indian 
territory 23  Feb.  1867 

Gens.  Hancock  and  Custer  march  against  Indians  in  western 
Kansas 30  Apr.     " 

Lucy  Stone,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  and 
George  Francis  Train,  with  the  Hutchinson  family  of  singers, 
advocate  woman  suH'rage «' 

Vote  upon  amending  Constitution:  For  striking  out  the  word 
"white,"  10,483;  against,  19,421.  For  striking  out  "male," 
9070 ;  against,  19,857 5  Nov.      " 

Indian  raids  in  Solomon  valley  and  along  the  Republican  and 
Saline  rivers Aug.  1868 

Col.  George  A.  Forsyth  engages  in  an  8  days'  fight  with  Indians 
on  the  north  fork  of  the  Republican  river 17  Sept.     " 

Woman  suff"rage  convention  at  Topeka 4  Feb.  1869 

Indian  raids  on  the  Republican  river 21  May,     •' 

State  convention  of  colored  people  at  Topeka  ask  the  legislature 
to  memorialize  Congress  for  negro  sufl'rage 20  June,     " 

Legislature  adjourns  after  ratifying  the  XV. th  Amendment  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S 3  Mch.  1870 

Congress  provides  for  removal  of  Osage  Indians  and  the  sale  of 
their  lands 15  July,     " 

Liberal  Republican  convention  at  Topeka;  organized  to  "re- 
buke the  corruptions  and  usurpations  which  have  character- 
ized our  state  and  national  politics  " 10  Apr.  1872 

Act  of  Congress  for  removal  of  the  Kansas  Indians 8  May,     " 

Session  of  farmers'  state  convention  at  Topeka;  constitution 
of  the  Farmers'  Co  operative  association  formed 26  Mch.  1873 

State  temperance  convention  at  Leavenworth  nominates  W. 
K.  Marshall  of  Lawrence  for  governor;  received  at  the  No- 
vember election  about  3  per  cent,  of  the  votes 10  Sept.  1874 

Mennonites  buy  100,000  acres  of  railroad  lands  in  the^outhern- 
central  part  of  the  state 14  Oct.      " 

Continued  and  severe  drought throughout  1873-74 

Legislature  provides  for  issuing  $95,000  state  bonds  to  supply 
destitute  citizens  with  grain  and  seed  for  the  spring  planting,  1875 

Legislature  abolishes  all  distinction  of  color  in  the  laws, 

4  Mch.  1876 

Discovery  of  lead  deposits  in  Cherokee  county;  Galena  and 
Empire  City  spring  into  existence 1877 

Monument  to  John  Brown  dedicated  at  Ossawatomie. .  .30  Oct.     " 

First  refugees  to  Kansas;  van-guard  of  a  great  migration  of 
colored  people  from  slave  states  on  the  Mississippi  arrive  at 
Wyandotte Apr.  1879 

Kansas  Pacific  railroad  seizes  the  telegraph  along  its  line;  a 
step  in  the  American  Union  and  Western  Union  telegraph 
war Feb.  1880 

Four  drive-well  defence  associations  formed  in  southern  Kan- 
sas to  contest  the  Green  drive-well  patent  of  1868 " 

Greenback  Labor  party  in  convention  at  Topeka  nominates  H. 
B.  Vrooman  for  governor 4  Aug.     " 

State  election;  vote  upon  adding  to  the  constitution,  "The 
manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  shall  be  for- 
ever prohibited  in  the  state,  except  for  medical,  scientific, 
and  mechanical  purposes."  92,302  votes  for,  84,304  against, 
and  the  decision  was  left  to  the  Supreme  court Nov.     " 

Immigration  of  colored  people  continues  through  the  year;  at 
its  close  there  were  40,0u0  colored  immigrants  in  Kansas " 

Supreme  court  decides  the  prohibitory  amendment  valid,  legis- 
lature attempts  to  strengthen  it  by  another Feb.  1881 

Gov.  St.  John  in  his  message  pronounces  the  prohibition 
amendment  "premature  and  indeed  unfortunate."  and  sug- 
gests submitting  to  the  people  a  proposition  to  repeal  it 1882 

George  W.  Glick,  Democrat,  elected  governor;  remaining  state 
officers  and  congressmen  being  Republican Nov.     " 

Law  creating  a  railroad  commission  and  regulating  passenger 
and  freight  charges 1883 

Prohibition  party  organized  in  state  convention  at  Lawrence, 

2  Sept.  1884 

State  Reformatory  located  at  Hutchinson 1885 

Kansas  national  guard  fully  organized  under  militia  law  of 
1885 1886 


Liquor  law  to  suppress  the  so-called  "  drug  store  saloons  " 

Soldiers'  Orphans'  home  opened  at  Atchison 1  July, 

Legislature  grants  women  in  cities  votes  for  school  officers  or 
for  issuing  bonds  for  school  purposes 

Convention  of  600  delegates  at  Abilene  to  begin  a  capitol-re- 
moval  movement 

Governor  stations  2d  regiment  in  Stevens  county  to  preserve 
peace,  sheriff  John  Cross  having  been  murdered  by  an  armed 
faction;  result  of  a  county  seat  contest July, 

National  Farmers'  congress  and  Farmers'  Trust  association  at 
Topeka;  delegates  from  all  sections  of  the  Union 4  Nov. 

Convention  of  delegates  from  15  states  and  territories  at  Topeka 
to  devise  means  for  securing  a  deep  harbor  on  the  coast  of 
Texas 1  Oct. 

Legislature  appropriates  $13,000  for  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  a  silk  station  and  to  promote  the  culture  of 
silk  in  the  state 

State  Re-submission  Republican  league  in  convention  at 
Wichita  demand  a  re-submission  of  the  prohibitory  amend- 
ment  15  Jan. 

State  convention  of  over  3000  delegates  at  Topeka  to  protest 
against  the  "  Missouri  whiskey  invasion"  and  the  "  original- 
package  shops  " 23  June, 

Wilson  bill,  overruling  the  "original-package  decision,"  passes 
Congress,  receives  the  jjresident's  signature,  and  the  "  origi- 
nal package  shops  "  are  closed 8  Aug. 

People's  party,  an  outgrowth  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and 
State  Grange,  convenes  at  Topeka  and  nominates  John  F. 
Willits  for  governor 13  Aug. 


1887 


KAR 

At  8tat«  election  the  vote  for  governor  stood:  Humphrey, 

Republican,  115,025;  Willits,  106,972 Nov. 

W.  A.  Peffor  (Alliance)  elected  U.  S.  senator 28  Jan. 

William  Ferrel,  meteorologist,  b.  1817,  d.  at  Maywood, 

18  Sept. 
U.  S.  senator  Plumb  dies  at  Washington,  D.  C,  of  apoplexy. 

Bishop  W.  Perkins,  appointed  U.  S.  senator  by  the  governor  in 
place  of  Plumb,  qualifies. 5  Jan. 

Bob  and  Emmet  Dalton,  Joseph  Evans,  and  "Texas  Jack  "  shot 
and  killed  by  a  sheriflPs  posse  while  attempting  to  rob  the 
First  National  and  Coydou's  banks  in  Coffeyville;  4  citizens 
are  killed  in  the  affray morning  of  5  Oct. 

L.  D.  Lewelling  elected  governor  by  the  Populists  and  Demo- 
crats   Nov. 

Republicans  and  Populists  each  claim  the  speakership  in  the 

House 10  Jan. 

[Separate  organizations  effected.] 

Republicans  take  forcible  possession  of  Representatives  hall, 

Topeka. 15  Feb. 

[Militia  called  out  by  the  governor.] 

A  peace  agreement  signed 17  Feb. 

Supreme  court  of  Kansas  decides  that  the  Republican  house 
was  the  legally  constituted  body 25  Feb. 


402 


1890 
1891 


KEM 


GOVKRNORS  OF  THE  TERUITORY. 


Name. 

Term. 

Remarks. 

Andrew  H.  Reeder,  Pa. 
Wilson  Shannon,  0.... 
John  W.  Geary,  Pa.... 
Robert  J.  Walker,  Miss. 
J.  W.  Denver 

1864  to  1856 

1865  "  1866 
1856  "  1857 
1867  "  1858 

1858 

1858  to  1861 

1861 

Removed.                      » 
Resigns.                  ^^ 

Samuel  Medary 

George  M,  Bebee 

m 

Charles  Robinson 

Thomas  Carney 

S.  J.  Crawford ... 

James  M.  Harvey 

Thomas  A.  Osborn 

George  T.  Anthony 

John  P.  St.  John 

George  W.  Glick 

John  A.  Martin 

Lyman  U.  Humphreys. 

L.  D.  Lewelling 

E.  N.Morrill 


STATE. 

1861  to  1862 

1862  "  1864 
1864  "  1868 
1868  "  1872 
1873  "  1875 
1876  "  1878 
1879  "  1883 
1883  "  1885 
1885  "  1887 
1887  "  1893 
1893  "  1895 
1895  "  1897 


Afterwards  U.  S.  senat 

(Nominated  by  the  Pr 
■i     hibition  party  for  Ihi 
{    presidency,  1884. 


UNITED   STATES    SENATORS    FROM    THE    STATE    OF    KANSAS. 


James  H.  Lane 

Samuel  C.  Pomeroy. 

Edmund  G.  Ross 

Alexander  Caldwell. 

Robert  Crozier 

James  M.  Harvey.. . 

John  J.  Tngalls 

Preston  B.  Plumb. . . 
William  A.  Peffer. . . 
Bishop  W.  Perkins. . 
John  Martin ,. 


No.  of  CongreM. 


37th  to  39th 
37th  "  43d 
39th  "  41st 

42d 

43d 
43d  to44tb 
43d  "  51st 
45th  "  52d 

52d 

52d 

53d 


Date. 


1861  to  1866 
1861  "  1873 
1866  "  1871 
1871  "  1873 

1873  "  1874 

1874  "  1877 
1873  "  1891 
1877  "  1891 

1891 
1892  to  1893 


Committed  suicide  11  July,  1866. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Lane. 
Resigned  1873. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Caldwell. 
Elected  in  place  of  Caldwell. 

Died  20  Dec.  1891. 

Term  expires  1897.  ^ 

Appointed  in  place  of  Plumb.  % 

Elected  in  place  of  Plumb.    Term  expires  1898s 


Karaites  or  Readers,  the  Protestants  of  Juda- 
ism, a  remnant  of  Sadducees,  formed  into  a  sect  by  Anan-ben- 
David  in  the  8th  century.  They  accept  the  Scriptures  alone, 
rejecting  the  Talmud  and  rabbinical  traditions.  They  still 
exist  in  Turkey,  Poland,  Crimea,  and  other  parts  of  the  East. 
The  name  is  of  uncertain  origin. 

K.ar§,  a  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  captured  by  the  Russians 
under  Paskevitch,15  July,  1828,  after  3  days'  conflict.  In  1855  it 
was  defended  by  gen.  Fenwick  Williams,  with  15,000  men,  and 
with  3  months'  provisions  and  3  days'  ammunition,  against  the 
Russian  gen.  MouravieflF,  with  40,000  infantry  and  10,000  cavalry, 
from  18  June  to  28  Nov.  1855.  The  garrison  suffered  much  from 
cholera  and  want  of  food.  The  Russians  made  an  assault  29  Sept., 
but  were  repulsed,  losing  above  6000  men, and  the  garrison  were 
overcome  by  famine  alone. — Sandwith.  Kars  was  restored  to 
Turkey,  Aug.  1856;  and  the  general  was  made  a  baronet,  as  sir 
"William  Fenwick  Williams  of  Kars,  and  granted  a  pension. 

Russians  besieging  Kars  compelled  to  retire  by  Mukhtar  Pacha, 

about  13  .1  uly,  1877 
Under  grand-duke  Michael  and  Loris  Melikoff, defeated  2,4  Oct. ; 

defeat  Turks  at  Aladja  Dagh 14, 15  Oct.     " 

Kars  taken,  after  12  hours'  fighting,  by  surprise  or  treachery, 

17,  18  Nov     " 
[Killed  and  wounded :  Russian,  about  2500;  Turkish,  5000, 
with  loss  of  10,000  prisoners,  100  guns,  etc.] 
Kars  ceded  to  Russia  by  the  Berlin  treaty 13  July,  1878 

Ka§llg[a'ria,  a  province  of  central  Asia ;  subdued  by 
China ;  annexed  by  Keen  Lung,  1760 ;  insurrections  subdued, 
1826  et  seq.  Mahomed  Yakoob  Beg,  during  an  insurrection  of 
the  Tungani,  made  himself  ruler  of  Kashgaria,  1866,  and  sent 
envoys  to  London,  etc.,  1867.  He  was  at  length  attacked  by 
the  Chinese,  totally  defeated,  and  said  to  have  been  assassinat- 
ed, 1  May,  1877.  The  capital,  Kashgar,  was  taken ;  the  coun- 
try regained  by  China,  Nov. ;  and  the  war  closed,  Dec.  1877. 

Kashmir  {cash-meer'),  Vale  of.  This  beautiful  vale  is 
an  expansion  of  the  valley  of  the  upper  Jhelum  river,  and  is  a 
plain  about  75  miles  long  by  20  wide,  where  roses  are  culti- 
vated. This  valley  is  but  a  small  part  of  the  dominions  of  the 
maharajahs  of  Kashmir,  and  is  in  the  Punjab  province  of  India. 
It  was  subdued  by  the  Mahometans  under  Akbar  in  1586  ;  by 
the  Afghans,  1752;  by  the  Sikh  monarch  of  the  Punjab  in 
1819.  Ceded  to  the  British  by  the  treaty  of  Lahore,  9  Mch. 
1846,  who  gave  it  to  the  maharajah  Ghulab  Singh. — The  true 
Kashmir  shawls  were  first  taken  to  England  in  1666. 

Katzbacll,  Prussia.  Near  this  river  the  Prussian 
gen.  Blucher  defeated  the  French  under  MacDonald  and  Ney, 
26  Aug.  1813.  He  received  the  title  of  prince  of  Wahlstatt,  a 
neighboring  village. 


Kearsarge  (heer'-sarj)  and  Alabama.  Alaba- 
ma. (The  Kkarsarge  was  totally  wrecked  on  Roncador  reef  in 
the  Caribbean  sea,  2  Feb.  1894 ;  officers  and  crew  saved). 

Keble  college,  Oxford,  Engl.,  founded  in  memory  of 
the  rev.  John  Keble,  author  of  the  "  Christian  Year,"  b.  25  Apr. 
1792 ;  d.  29  Mch.  1866.  The  first  stone  was  laid  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  25  Apr.  1868;  the  building  was  dedi- 
cated 23  June,  1870 ;  the  chapel,  the  gift  of  William  Gibbs, 
was  dedicated  and  the  library  opened  25  Apr.  1876.    Oxford, 

Keely  motor.     About  1872,  John  W.  Keely,  of  Phil- 
adelphia.  Pa.,  began  his  experiments  in  that  city  to  develop  to 
practical  results  a  machine  worked  by  a  power  without  0081,., 
i.  e.,  running  itself.     Nothing  definite,  however,  has  ever  beena 
given  out  concerning  this   motor  except  the  name,  Pneu 
matic- Pulsating- Vacuo-Engine,  although  it  is  supposed  th« 
he  is  still  (1894)  at  work  upon  it.     The  criticisms  regardii 
it  from  scientific  men  are  in  every  case  adverse  to  his  ide 
which  includes  that  of  perpetual  motion,  or  an  energy  withii 
the  machine  itself,  causing  its  motion.     Thus  far,  however^ 
the  energy  that  permeates  nature  has  refused  to  yield  itsell 
to  him  or  any  one  else  without  compensation. 

keeper,  lord,  of  the  great  seal  of  England  differed^ 
only  from  the  lord  chancellor  in  that  the  latter  had  letters-"! 
patent,  whereas  the  lord  keeper  had  none.  Richard,  a  chap- 1 
lain,  was  the  first  keeper  under  Ranulph,  in  1116.  The  %\ 
offices  were  made  one  by  5  Eliz.  Xh'ol.—Cowell.  Chancellor 
— The  office  of  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  Scotland  was 
established  in  1708,  after  the  union. 

Keg^S,  Battle  of  the.  In  Jan.  1778,  while  the  British 
occupied  Philadelpliia,  the  Americans  sent  kegs  down  the 
Delaware  from  Bordentown  filled  with  powder  and  furnished 
with  machinery  (the  invention  of  a  Mr.  Bushnell)  which, 
coming  in  contact  with  any  object,  would  explode ;  the  inten- 
tion being  to  destroy  the  British  shipping  at  Philadelphia. 
The  vessels  that  very  day  had  been  placed  in  dock  for  the 
winter,  and  thus  escaped  injury.  Some  of  the  kegs  exploding 
near  the  city  gave  the  alarm,  whereupon  the  British  opened 
fire  upon  every  floating  thing  seen  on  the  river  for  the  rest  of 
the  day.  This  firing^  called  the  "  Battle  of  the  Kegs,"  fur- 
nished Francis  Hopkinson  a  subject  for  a  facetious  poem  of  22 
stanzas.     The  following  is  one  of  them  : 

"  The  cannons  roar  from  shore  to  shore, 
The  small-arms  loud  did  rattle. 
Since  wars  began  I'm  sure  no  man 
E'er  saw  so  strange  a  battle." 

Kem,  ancient  name  of  Egypt,  signifying  Black  or  Black 
Land,  from  the  color  of  the  earth. 


KEN 


403 


KEN 


Kene§air  mountain,  Ga.,  Battle  of.     Here,  on 

27  June,  1864,  Sherman  assaulted  the  Confederate  works,  and 
was  repulsed  with  an  aggregate  loss  of  3000  men,  including 
among  the  killed  gens.  Charles  G.  Harker  and  Dan.  McCook. 
Confederate  loss  about  450.     Atlanta  campaign. 

KenilWOrth    ca§tle,  Warwickshire,   Engl.,  built 
about  1120,  by  Geoffrey  de  Clinton,  whose  grandson  sold  it  to 
Henry  III.,  was  enlarged  and  fortified  by  Simon  de  Montfort, 
to  whom  Henry  gave  it  as  a  marriage  portion  with  his  sister 
Eleanor.     Queen  Elizabeth  conferred  it  on  her  favorite  Dud- 
ley, earl  of  Leicester.     His  entertainment  of  the  queen  com- 
menced 19  July,  1575,  and  cost  the  earl  daily  1000/. 
After  the  battle  of  Evesham  and  defeat  and  death  of  Simon  de 
Montfort  by  prince  Edward  (afterwards  Edward  I.  1265,  Montfort's 
younger  son,  Simon,  shut  himself  up  in  Kenilvvorth  castle,  which 
sustained  a  siege  for  6  months  by  the  royal  forces  of  Henry  III., 
to  whom  it  at  length  surrendered.     Upon  this  occasion  was  issued 
'       the  "Dictum  de  Kenilworth,"  or  "ban  of  Kenilworth,"  enacting 
that  all  who  had  borne  arms  against  the  king  should  pay  him  the 
I       value  of  their  lands  for  from  7  years  to  6  months. — The  name  and 
scene  of  one  of  Scott's  novels.     Litkraturb. 

Kent.  Britain,  Holy  Maid.  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux, 
I  brother  of  William  the  Conqueror,  was  made  earl  of  Kent, 
t  1067;  and  Henry  Grej'  was  made  duke  of  Kent  in  1710;  he 
!  died  without  male  heirs  in  1740.  Edward,  son  of  George  HI., 
I  created  duke  of  Kent  in  1799,  was  father  of  queen  Victoria, 
I  and  d.  23  Jan.  1820.     England. 

Kentucky,  a  once  noted  hunting-ground  of  the  Amer- 
i  ican  Indians,  which,  owing  to  frequent  desperate  encounters 
between  them  and  the  earh^ 
white  settlers,  was  named  the 
*'  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground." 
It  is  the  15th  state  in  order  of 
admission  into  the  United 
States,  and  lies  south  of  the 
Ohio  river,  which  separates  it 
from  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illi- 
nois, and  east  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, which  divides  it  from  Mis- 
souri. Lat.  36°  30'  N.  marks 
almost  the  entire  division  line 
between  it  and  Tennessee  on 
the  south,  while  39°  6'  limits 
it  on  the  north.  On  the  east  the  Cumberland  mountains  and  the 
Big  Sandy  river,  which  flows  into  the  Ohio,  separate  it  from 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia.  It  is  300  miles  in  length  from  east 
to  west,  between  82°  3'  and  89°  26'  W.  long.,  wedge-shaped, 
and  averages  150  miles  in  breadth.  Area,  40,400  sq.  miles  in 
119  counties ;  pop.  1890,  1,858,635.  Capital,  Frankfort. 
De  Soto  and  his  followers  ascend  the  west  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, opposite  the  lower  portion  of  the  state,  during 1543 

Kentucky  included  in  the  charter  of  Virginia 1584 

Col.  Wood,  seeking  trade  with  the  Indians,  explores  Kentucky 

as  far  as  the  Mississippi 1654 

Capt.  Bolt,  from  Virginia,  travels  in  Kentucky 1670 

Jacques  Marquette,  a  .Jesuit  missionary,  Louis  Joliet,  and  5  other 

Frenchmen,  spend  several  days  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  July,  1673 
Chevalier  Robert  de  la  Salle  and  his  lieutenant,  chevalier  Henri 
de  Tonti,  with  others,  pass  from  the  Ulinois  river  down  the 
Mississip))!,  stop  a  few  days  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and 

claim  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  for  France Feb.  1682 

A  vast  tract,  including  Kentucky,  deeded  to  the  British  by  the 

Iroquois,  by  treaty  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  concluded  (New  York),  1684 
M.  Longueil,  from  Canada,  descends  the  Ohio,  and  discovers 
Big  Bone  Lick  on  a  small  creek  which  flows  into  the  Ohio 

about  20  miles  above  the  falls 1739 

Dr.  Walker  of  Virginia  discovers  the  Kentucky  river  (which 

he  calls  the  Louisa),  the  Big  Sandy,  and  others 

Christopher  Gist.exploring  for  the  Ohio  Land  company,  reaches 
the  Shawnee  town,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio,  just  below  the 

mouth  of  Scioto  creek 29  Jan. 

James  McBride,  with  others  in  a  canoe,  passes  down  the  Ohio 

to  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  river 

Capt  Harry  Gordon,  chief-engineer  in  the  western  department 
in  North  America,  encamps  "opposite  to  the  Great  Lick  "  in 

Lewis  county,  Ky 16  July, 

John  Findlay  and  a  few  wandering  white  men  from  North 

Carolina  visit  Kentucky 

By  treaty  at  fort  Stanwix,  now  Rome,  N.  Y.,  the  Six  Nations 
and  the  Delawares,  Shawnees,  and  Mingoes  of  Ohio  grant  to 
the  king  of  England  territory  south  of  the  Ohio  river  in- 
cluding most  of  Kentucky 5  Nov.  1768 

Daniel  Boone  reaches  the  Jled  river  with  5  hunters  from  North  - 

Carolina 7  June,  1769 

Jut  of  40  hunters  from  S.W.  Virginia,  9,  under  col.  James 
Knox,  known  as  the  Long  Hunters  (for  the  length  of  the 
hunting  period),  reach  the  Green  and  Cumberland  rivers. . .  1770 


1747 

1751 
1754 

1766 
1767 


Capt.  Thomas  Bullit,  a  surveyor,  lays  out  the  town  of  Louisville,  1773 
Big  Bone  Lick,  near  Burlington,  visited  by  James  Douglas  of 

Va.,  who  finds  on  the  ground  bones  of  the  mastodon " 

First  log  cabin  in  Kentucky  built  by  James  Harrod  at  Harrods- 


burg. 


1774 


Treaty  with  Cherokees  at  Wataga,  col.  Richard  Henderson,  Na- 
thaniel Hart,  and  others  acquire,  for  10,000^.,  the  territory 
between  the  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Cumberland  rivers,  17  Mch.  1775 

Fort  begun  on  south  side  of  Kentucky  river  called  Boones- 
borough,  and  settlements  started  at  Boiling  Springs  and  St. 
Asaph's  or  fort  Logan,  in  Lincoln  county Apr.     " 

Under  a  call  of  col.  Henderson,  though  his  purchase  was  not 
recognized  by  Virginia,  the  people  in  convention  at  Boones- 
borough  adopt  a  proprietary  government  for  their  new  state 
of  Transylvania  and  pass  laws 23  May,     " 

Simon  Kenton  and  Thomas  Williams  land  at  the  mouth  of 
Limestone  creek,  now  Maysville,  and  plant  a  corn  crop,  May,     " 

Daniel  Boone  and  others  bring  wives  and  children  into  Ken- 
tucky  Sept.     " 

Representatives  of  Transylvania  at  Oxford,  Greenville  county, 
N.C., elect  James  Hogg  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress, 
but  Virginia  prevents  seating  him Sept.     " 

Kentucky  county  formed  by  Virginia  out  of  Fincastle  countv, 

6  Dec.  1776 

First  siege  of  Harrodsburg  by  47  Indians  under  Blackfish,  7  Mch.  1777 

Indian  attack  on  Boonesborough,Apr.  15,  fails;  a  second  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  by  200 4  July,     " 

Daniel  Boone,  captured  by  the  Indians,  with  27  others,  while 
making  salt  at  the  Blue  Licks,  7  Feb.  1778,  is  carried  to  Chil- 
licothe,  O. ;  learning  of  a  proposed  attack  of  the  Indians  on 
Boonesborough,  he  escapes,  and  travelling  160  miles  in  10 
days,  reaches  Boonesborough .^.  20  June,  1778 

Duquesne,  with  11  French  and  400  Indians,  besieges  Boones- 
borough for  13  days,  till  by  treaty  siege  is  raised 7  Sept.     " 

Col.  George  Rogers  Clarke,  moving  against  British  posts  on  the 
Wabash  and  Mississippi,  leaves  several  families  at  the  falls  of 
the  Ohio,  who  settle  Louisville Oct.     " 

Col.  Robert  Patterson  begins  a  fort  where  Lexington  now  stands, 
and  lays  out  the  town 17  Apr.  1779 

Legislature  of  Virginia  passes  land  law  for  Kentucky.  P^ach 
possessor  of  a  warrant  locating  it  at  his  will  and  surveying 
it.  Many  surveys  overlapped;  lawsuits  followed,  with  con- 
fusion of  titles,  and  many  settlers  lost  their  land " 

Governor  of  Virginia  appoints  William  Fleming,  Edmund  Lyne, 
James  Barbour,  and  Stephen  Trigg,  commissioners  for  Ken- 
tucky. At  their  first  court  at  St.  Asaph's,  the  first  claim  con- 
sidered was  that  of  Isaac  Shelby's  to  settlement  and  pre-emp- 
tion "for  raising  a  crop  of  corn  in  the  county  in  1776,"  13  Oct.     " 

In  retaliation  for  col.  Clarke's  successes  in  Illinois,  col.  l?yrd 
of  the  British  army  is  sent  against  Ruddle's  and  Mailin's 
stations  in  Kentucky,  captures  them,  and  retreats  with  i)lun- 
der  and  prisoners  to  Detroit .22  June,  1780 

County  of  Kentucky  divided  into  Jefferson,  Fayette,  and  Lin- 
coln counties 1  Nov.     " 

Fort  Jefferson,  built  on  the  Mississippi  river,  5  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  Besieged  by  Chickasaw  Indians,  re- 
inforced by  gen.  Clarke  from  Kaskaskia,  and  soon  after  aban- 
doned as  too  remote  to  hold " 

Capt.  Estill,  in  pursuit  of  Indians  who  had  invested  Estill's 
station,  overtakes  them  near  mount  Sterling,  and  in  the 
fight  loses  his  life 22  Mch.  1782 

Battle  of  Blue  Licks 19  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Clarke, with  1050  men,  ends  Indian  invasions  in  Kentucky, 

Nov.     " 

A  district  court  opened  at  Harrodsburg 1783 

Col.  James  Wilkinson  opens  a  store  in  Lexington Feb.  1784 

Convention  at  Danville,  concerning  proposed  separation  of 
Kentucky  from  Virginia 27  Dec.     " 

Second  convention  at  Danville  addresses  assembly  of  Virginia 
and  people  of  Kentucky  in  favor  of  separation 23  May,  1785 

First  act  of  Virginia  favoring  the  separation  of  Kentucky  on 
conditions Jan.  1786 

Second  act  of  Virginia  postpones  separation  until  1  Jan.  1789,  Oct.     " 

Gen.  James  Wilkinson  descends  the  Mississip|)i  to  New  Orleans 
with  a  small  cargo  of  tobacco  and  other  products June,  1787 

First  newspaper  published  in  Kentucky,  and  the  1st  west  of 
the  AUeghanies,  the  Kentucky  Gazette,  issued  by  John  and 
Fielding  Bradford  at  Lexington Aug.     " 

Fifth  convention  at  Danville,  unanimously  decides  on  separa- 
tion on  the  terms  offered  by  Virginia .«. 17  Sept.     " 

Eleven  of  the  14  Kentucky  delegates  in  the  Virginia  convention 
vote  against  adopting  the  constitution  of  the  U.  S. .  .28  June,  1788' 

Intrigues  of  the  Spanish  government  in  Kentucky,  in  which 
gen.  WMlkinson,  John  Brown  (one  of  the  Virginia  delegates 
to  Congress),  Benjamin  Sebastian,  and  judge  Innes  are  im- 
plicated. Spain  seeks  to  separate  the  western  states  from 
the  eastern,  and  Mr.  Brown  states  that  the  Spanish  minister, 
don  Gardoqui,  had  authority  to  enter  into  an  arrangement 
for  the  exportation  of  their  produce  to  New  Orleans  on  terms 
of  mutual  advantage,  "if  the  people  of  Kentucky  would 
erect  themselves  into  an  independent  state  " " 

Fourth  act  of  separation  passed  by  Virginia,  complying  with 
the  wishes  of  Kentucky 18  Dec.  1789 

Ninth  convention  of  Kentucky  accepts  the  terms  of  Virginia, 
and  fixes  1  June,  1792,  for  independeuce 26  July,  1790 

Local  board  of  war  for  district  of  Kentucky,  established  by 
Congress  for  prosecution  of  war  and  defence  against  the 
Indians Jan.  1791 

Congress  authorizes  Kentucky  to  frame  a  constitution.  .4  Feb.     " 

First  paper  mill  in  Kentucky  built  at  Georgetown  by  Craig, 
Parkers  &  Co 1''92 


1799 


1800 
1801 


1802 
1805 


KEN  ^04 

State  convention  at  Danville  frames  a  constitution 8  Apr.  1792 

Gen.  Isaac  Shelby  elected  first  governor May,     " 

Kentucky  admiited  into  the  Union 1  June,     " 

].egislature  assembles  at  Lexington,  4  June,  and  Frankfort  is 

selected  as  the  capital 6  June,     " 

Gen.  Anthony  Wayne's  call  for  volunteers  from  Kentucky  be- 
ing unsuccessful,  gov.  Shelby  orders  a  draft 28  Sept.  1793 

Lexington  Democratic  society  resolves  "  that  the  rights  of  the 
people  of  the  U.  S.  on  waters  of  M  i.ssissippi  ought  to  be  peremp- 
torily demanded  of  Spain  by  the  government  of  the  U.S.,"  Oct     " 

Legislature  meets  for  the  1st  time  at  Frankfort 1  Nov.      " 

Four  Fremhmen  sent  by  minister  Genet  to  Kentucky  to  insti- 
gate &n  expedition  against  the  Spanish  in  Louisiana.  .1  Nov.     " 
C  tizens  of  Kentucky  meet  at  Lexington  and  pass  resolutions 

in  reference  to  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi 24  May,  1794 

Tiiomas  Powers  sent  by  Carondelet,  Spanish  governor  of  Louis- 
iana, to  treat  with  the  people  of  Kentucky  for  the  navigation 

of  the  Mississippi July,  1795 

Daniel  Boone  moves  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi  river " 

Lexington  public  library  established  (400  vols. ) " 

First  charter  of  Newport  adopted 14  Dec.     " 

Thomas  Powers  again  sent  by  Carondelet  to  Kentucky  with  the 
outline  of  a  provisional  treaty  and  a  letter  to  judge  Sebastian 
to  concert  a  separation  of  Kentucky  from  the  Union,  12  July,  1797 
Henry  Clay  removes  from  Virginia  and  opens  a  law  office  in 

I^exington Nov.     " 

Endowment  bjf-*he  legislature  of  5  educational  academies  in 

Kentucky,  each  with  6000  acres  of  land 10  Feb.  1798 

John  Fitch,  inven  tor  of  steamboat,  d.  at  Bardstown,  aged  55,  June,     ' ' 
"  Kentucky  resolutions  of  1798,"  suggesting  nullification  of  the 
alien  and  sedition  laws,  introduced  by  John  Breckinridge; 

pass  both  houses  of  the  legislature 16  Nov.     " 

Transylvania  university  established  at  Lexington  by  union  of 
Transylvania  seminary  (founded  1780)  and  Kentucky  acad- 
emy (founded  1796) 22  Dec. 

Constitutional  convention  in  Frankfort 17  Aug. 

At  Harpe's  Head,  3  milesfrom  Dixon,  Webster  county,  highway- 
man MicajahHarpe,  a/tas  Big  Harpe,  killed  and  head  impaled. 
Boundary-line  between  Kentucky  and  Virginia  defined. 14  Oct. 
"Great  revival"  of  religion  begins  in  Kentucky;  first  great 

camp-meeting  held  at  Caspar  river July, 

Farmer''s  Library,  first  newspaper  in  Louisville 7  Jan. 

Kentucky  River  company  chartered  to  clear  the  river  of  ob- 
structions  19  Dec. 

Kentucky  Insurance  company  chartered  at  Lexington   with 

banking  powers 16  Dec. 

John  Breckinridge  of  Fayette  county  appointed  attorney-gen., 

Aaron  Burr  visits  Lexington " 

Trappist  monks  arrive  in  Kentucky " 

Western  World,  a  new  weekly  of  Frankfort,  describes  intrigues 
with  Spain,  implicating  Wilkinson,  Brown,  Innes,  etc.,  4  July,  1806 

Aaron  Burr  again  visits  Kentucky " 

Aaron  Burr  appears  in  court  at  Frankfort  under  process  served 
by  col.  Joseph  Hamilton  Daviess,  U.  S.  attorney,  to  answer 
high  misdemeanor  in  organizing  within  the  U.  S.  a  military 

expedition  against  Mexico.     Burr  is  acquitted 2  Dec.      " 

[A  few  days  later  his  acquittal  was  celebrated  by  a  ball  at 
Frankfort.] 

Jeflerson  Davis  born  in  Christian  county 3  June,  1808 

Abraham  Lincoln  born  in  Hardin  (now  Larue)  county.  .12  Feb.  1809 
Dr.  Ephraim  McDowell,  the  "father  of  ovariotomy,"  success- 
fully performs  the  first  in  the  world,  at  Danville " 

Mammoth  cave  discovered " 

Cumberland  Presbyterian  church  organized 10  Feb.  1810 

Lottery  authorized  to  raise  $10,000  for  the  improvement  of  the 

navigation  of  the  Kentucky  river 10  Jan.  1811 

Henry  Clay,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. .  .4  Nov.     " 
Col.  Owen  and  Joseph  H.  Daviess  of  Kentucky  killed  in  action 

at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe 7  Nov.     " 

Six  prominent  citizens  of  Frankfort  authorized  to  raise  $4000 
by  lottery  to  complete  an  uusectarian  house  of  worship  on 

the  public  square 4  Feb.  1812 

Appropriation  made  by  the  legislature  of  $12.50  for  digging 

stumps  out  of  the  state-house  yard 8  Feb.      " 

Brig. -gen.  Green  Clay,  with  3000  Kentuckians,  reaches  Fort 
Meigs  to  reinforce  gen.  Harrison,  and  with  part  of  his  force 
cuts  his  way  through  the  enemy's  lines  into  the  fort,  5  May,  1813 
Two  mummies  found  in  Gothic  avenue  of  the  Mammoth  cave,     " 
Col.  Richard  M.  Johnson,  authorized  by  Congress,  raises  a  reg- 
iment of  1000  voliMteers  in  Kentucky " 

Battle  of  the  Thames  ;   gov.  Shelby  with  4000  Kentuckians, 

col.  Johnson,  and  others  participate 5  Oct.     " 

State-house  at  Frankfort  burned 25  Nov.     " 

At  the  request  of  president  Madison,  the  legislature  sets  apart 

rooms  in  the  penitentiary  for  British  i)risoners 8  Dec.     " 

Congress  grants  Daniel  Boone  1000  acres  in  upper  La. .  .10  Feb.  1814 

Several  mummies  discovered  in  a  nitre  cave  near  Glasgow " 

Treaty  of  Ghent  signed;  Clay  one  of  the  commissioners. 6  Aug.     " 
Two  thousand  five  hundred  Kentucky  militia,  under  maj.-gen. 

John  Thomas,  reach  New  Orleans 4  Jan.  1815 

Town  of  Covington  chartered  by  legislature 7  Feb.     " 

Lexington  and  Maysville,  and  Lexington  and  Louisville  Turn- 
pike Road  companies  chartered 4  Feb.  1817 

Corner-stone  of  the  lunatic  asylum  at  Lexington  laid.  It 
bears  a  brass  plate  inscribed,  "The  first  erected  west  of  the 

Appalachian  mountains  " 30  June,     " 

President  James  Monroe  visits  Louisville  on  his  tour  of  in- 
spection of  arsenals,  naval  depots,  and  fortifications " 

Forty-six  independent  banks  chartered  in  the  state,  aggregate 

capital  $8,720,000,  most  of  which  fail  during  the  year,  26  Jan.  1818 
E.x-gov.  Isaac  Shelby,  commissioner  with  gen.  Andrew  Jackson, 


KEN 


I 


obtains  by  treaty  with  the  Indians  cession  of  the  "Jackson 

Purchase  "  south  and  west  of  the  Tennessee  river 19  Oct.  1811 

Centre  college  at  Danville  incorporated 19  Jan.  1811 

President  Madison,  gen.  Jackson,  and  others  entertained  at 

Louisville  by  the  Freemasons 24  June,  1821 

Legislature  by  resolutions  requests  president  to  negotiate  with 

Great  Britain  for  restoring  fugitive  slaves  in  Canada Nov.  18!ll 

Owing  to  pressure  of  debt  among  the  people  the  legislature 

extends  the  right  of  replevin  from  3  to  12  months 11  Feb. 

Bank  of  the  Commonwealth  at  Franklin  chartered,  with  branch- 
es in  each  judicial  district  and  a  capital  of  $2,000,000  (not 
required  to  redeem  its  notes,  they  are  made  receivable  in 
public  debts  and  taxes,  and  state  lands  were  pledged  for  their 

redemption) 29  Nov. 

Two  political  parties  arise:  Relief  party,  composed  of  debtors 
and  majority  of  voters,  and  Anti-relief,  of  merchants,  farmers, 

etc.,  and  legality  of  the  Replevin  act  is  questioned 182 

Augusta  college  (Methodist)  founded 182 

Petition  of  Cleves  Syinmes  of  Newport  presented  in  the  U.  S. 
Senate  for  aid  in  a  voyage  to  the  inside  of  the  earth  through 

the  poles,  which  he  claims  are  open 19  Nov. 

Supreme  court  hold  the  Replevin  act  unconstitutional 18Q 

Institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  established  at  Danville 

Gen.  Joseph  Desha  elected  governor  by  Relief  party 7  Aug.  182 

Capitol  at  Frankfort  destroyed  by  fire 4  Nov. 

Henry  Clay  candidate  for  the  presidency.    (United  States).  . . 

Legislature  repeals  court  of  appeals  act  and  organizes  a  new 

court.    Anti-relief  party  becomes  Old  Court  party,  and  Relief 

party  merged  into  New  Court  party 24  Dec. 

Henry  Clay  appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of  state 7  ,Mch.  183 

Gen.  Lafayette  visits  Louisville 8  May, 

Old  Court  have  a  majority  in  the  legislature,  but  senate  re- 
mains New  Court 

Legislature  restores  the  Old  Court 30  Dec. 

Thomas  Metcalf,  National  Republican,  elected  governor,  4  Aug.  185 
Natural  gas-well  discovered  on  Green  river  by  Samuel  White. . 

William  T.  Barry  of  Lexington  postmaster-general  of  U.  S 

American  oil-well  near  Burksville  on  the  Cumberland  river 
discovered  in  boring  for  salt,  spouted  50  feet  The  oil,  im- 
agined to  have  healing  qualities,  was  bottled  and  sold  through 

the  U.  S.  and  l'".urope  for  medicme 18J 

Pres.  Jackson  vetoes  a  bill  directing  the  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury to  subscribe  for  1.500  shares  of  the  Maysville,  Washington 

and  Lexington  Turnpike  Road  company 27  May, 

First  rail  Lexington  and  Ohio  railroad  laid  at  Lexington. 22  Oct. 
Henry  Clay  candidate  for  the  presidency.     (Uniteo  States)... 

Maysville  incorporated  as  a  city 31  Jan. 

Kentucky  Colonization  society  sends  102  freed  negroes  to  Li- 
beria  Mch. 

Lieut. -gov.  James  T.  Morehead  succeeds  gov.  Breathitt,  who  d. 

21  Feb.  1834 
Kentucky  educational  convention  with  delegates  from  .58  coun- 
ties meets  at  Frankfort,  9  .Jan.  1834.     Kentucky  Common 

School  society  organized  at  Frankfort 28  Jan.     " 

Covington  incorporated  as  a  city 24  Feb.     " 

Amos  Kendall  of  Frankfort  postmaster-general  of  U.  S 1835 

James  Clark,  Whig,  elected  governor 3  Aug.  1836 

Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Kentucky  elected  vice-president " 

State  Agricultural  society  organized 3  Feb.  1838 

Felix  Grundy  of  Nelson  county  attorney  general  of  U.  S " 

Gov.  Clark  d.,  lieut.  -gov.  C.  A.  Wickliffe  takes  oath  of  offlce,5  Sept.  1839 
Threehundred  and  fifty  men  from  Bourbon  and  Harrison  execute 
"Lynch  law"  at  Williamstown,  Grant  county,  on  Smith  May- 
the  and  Lyman  Crouch,  who  had  cut  the  throat  of  Wm.  Utter- 
backof  Bourbon  county.  He  recovered,  but  lost  speech,  10. Tuly,  1841 
Charles  A.  Wickliffe  of  Bardstown  postmaster -general;  John 
White,  Speaker  of  the  H.R.,  and. John  J.  Crittenden,  attorney- 
general  of  the  U.  S. — all  from  Kentucky 

Legislature  passes  anti-state-repudiation  resolutions 14  .Jan.  1842 

Kentucky  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind  established 

at  Louisville 5  Feb. 

Louisville  Courier  established 13  Feb.  1844 

George  M.  Bibb  of  Louisville  secretary  of  U.  S.  treasury .  15  June 
Raw  silk  produced  in  Somerset,  1842,  and  a  manufactory  es- 
tablished at  Newport  and  silk  spun  and  woven Oct. 

Henry  Clay  candidate  for  the  presidency.     (Alabama  letter. 

United  States) 

Miss  Delia  A.  Webster,  for  abducting  slaves  to  Ohio,  is  sentenced 
to  2  years  in  penitentiary,  23  Dec.  1844.  By  i)etition  of  jury 
and  others  she  is  pardoned  by  gov.  Owsley,  and  leaves  for  her 

home  in  Vermont 25  Feb.  1845 

Gov.  Bartley  of  Ohio  refuses  a  requisition  from  gov.  Owsley  for 

one  Kissam,  charged  with  kidnapping  slaves 14  Mch.     " 

Gov.  Whitcomb  of  Indiana  issues  a  warrant  to  an  officer  from 
Kentucky  for  the  arrest  of  a  free  mulatto  on  charge  of  steal- 
ing several  slaves  from  Harrodsburg 25  Apr.     " 

Methodist  Episcopal  church,  South,  organized  Louisville.. May,     " 
Office  of  the  True  American,  published  at  Lexington  by  Cassius 
M.  Clay,  for  its  abolition  utterances  entered  by  60  citizens, 

and  Clay's  effects  shipped  to  Cincinnati 18  Aug.     " 

Kentucky  Military  Institute  at  Farmdale,  Franklin  county, 

founded "   ; 

Reinterment  of  Daniel  Boone  and  wife  in  the  state  cemetery 

at  Frankfort 13  Sept.     " 

Colony  for  "Kentucky  in  Liberia"  leave  Louisville  under  the   • 

auspices  of  the  Kentucky  Colonization  society 7  Jan.  184i5 

Burial  of  those  Kentuckians  who  fell  in  the  Mexican  war  in 

the  state  cemetery  at  Frankfort 20  July,  1847 

[It  was  at  this  burial  that  the  poem,  "Bivouac  of  the 
Dead,"  by  Theodore  O'Harra  (1820-67),  written  to  commein- 
orate  the  event,  was  read.     While  the  whole  poem  is  excel- 


Their  silent  tents  are  spread, 
And  glory  guards  with  solemn  round 
The  bivouac  of  the  dead."] 


1847 

1848 
1849 


1850 


1851 
1852 
1853 


KEN  ^5 

lent,  the  first  stanza  may  be  reckoned  as  one  ol  the  gems  of 
English  literature: 
«'  The  muffled  drum's  sad  roll  has  beat  ]  On^Fame;s  eternal  camping-ground 

The  soldier's  last  tattoo, 
No  more  on  life's  parade  shall  meet 

That  brave  and  fallen  few  ; 

Lines  of  telegraph  erected  from  Maysville  to  Nashville  and 
Cincinnati •  •  •  • 

Bones  of  Kentuckians  massacred  by  Indians  at  the  river  Rai- 
sin, 18  Jan.  1813,  found  while  grading  a  street  in  Monroe, 
Mich.,  are  reinterred  in  the  state  cemetery 30  Sept. 

Emancipation  meetings  ;  the  gradual  emancipation  of  the 
slaves  discussed  at  Maysville  and  Louisville 12,  13  Feb. 

Convention  to  remodel  the  constitution  meets  at  Frankfort.  1  Oct. 

Legislature  requests  the  governor  to  place  a  block  of  Kentucky 
marble  in  the  Washington  monument  at  Washington,  in- 
scribed, "Under  the  auspices  of  Heaven  and  the  precepts 
of  Washington,  Kentucky  will  be  the  last  to  give  up  the 
Union  " 24  Jan. 

New  constitution  adopted 7  May 

John  J.  Crittenden  of  Kentucky  appointed  attorney-general  of 
the  U.  S. ;  and  John  L.  Helm  becomes  governor 31  July, 

Battle  monument  erected  in  state  cemetery,  Frankfort.  25  June, 

Lynn  Boyd  of  Kentucky  Speaker  of  the  H.  R 1  Dec. 

Death  at  Washington,  D.  C,  of  Henry  Clay 29  June, 

U.  S.  Military  Asylum  located  at  Harrodsburg  Springs.  .8  May, 

James  Guthrie  of  Louisville  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Christian  county  secretary  of  war " 

Miss  Delia  A.  Webster  again  appearing  in  Kentucky  and  assist- 
ing rev.  Norris  Day  in  transporting  slaves  to  Ohio,  is  first  re- 
quested and  then  compelled  to  leave  the  state 12  Mch.  1854 

A  jury  having  acquitted  Matt.  F.Ward  of  the  murder  of  William 
H.  G.  Butler  in  Louisville  (Trials),  an  indignation  meeting 
is  held  in  Louisville.  A  mob  burns  in  efflgy  John  J.  Crit- 
tenden, of  counsel  for  Ward  and  others,  and  is  with  difllculty 
subdued 29  Apr.     " 

Lunatic  asylum  at  Hopkinsville  opened 18  Sept.     " 

State  Temperance  convention  at  Louisville  nominates  George 
W.  Williams  for  governor 14  Dec.     " 

"Know-nothing"  convention  at  Louisville  nominates  judge 
William  V.  Loring,  Whig,  for  governor 22  Feb.  1855 

Riot  on  election  day,  "  Bloody  Monday,"  between  Know-noth- 
ings and  foreigners 6  Aug.     " 

Charles  S.  Morehead,  American  or  Know-nothing  candidate, 
elected  governor 6  Aug.     " 

John  C.  Breckinridge  elected  vice-president  of  the  U.  S 1856 

General  assembly  of  Old  School  Presbyterian  church  at  Lex- 
ington      21  May,  1857 

Corner  sione  of  Henry  Clay  monument  laid  in  the  cemetery  at 
Lexingion  with  masonic  ceremonies 4  July,     " 

U.  S.  Agricultural  exhibition  opens  at  Louisville 31  Aug.     " 

Kentucky  university  at  Lexington  organized 1858 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  in  conference  at  Hopkins- 
ville, votes  to  expunge  the  general  rule  forbidding  "  the  buy- 
ing and  selling  of  men,  women,  and  children,  with  an  in- 
tent to  enslave  them  " 18  Oct.     " 

Death  at  Shippingport  of  James  D.  Porter,  the  Kentucky  giant, 
height  7  feet,  9  inches 24  Apr.  1859 

Joseph  Holt  of  Louisville  appointed  postmaster-general " 

Destruction  by  a  mob  of  the  True  South,  an  abolition  paper 
pub.  at  Newport 28-29  Oct.     " 

Legislature  adopts  the  boundary-line  between  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee  surveyed  by  Cox  and  Briggs,  commissioners  ap- 
pointed in  1859 28  Feb.  1860 

Gov.  Magoffin,  by  circular,  submits  to  the  governors  of  slave 
states  (5  propositions,  among  them:  "To  amend  the  U.  S. 
Constitution  to  forbid  nullifying  the  fugitive-slave  law.  That 
all  territories  north  of  37°  shall  come  in  as  free  states,  all 
south  as  slave  states.  To  guarantee  free  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi  forever  to  all  states.  To  give  the  South  protec- 
tion in  the  U.  S.  Senate  from  unconstitutional  or  oppressive 
legislation  upon  slavery 9  Dec.     " 

Col.  W.  S.  Featherstone  as  commissioner  from  Mississippi 
visits  Frankfort  to  urge  Kentucky  to  co-operate  in  "efficient 
measures  for  the  common  defence  and  safety  " 25  Dec.      " 

Joseph  Holt  of  Kentucky  secretary  of  war 31  Dec.     " 

Montgomery  Blair  of  Frankfort  postmaster- general 7  Mch.  1861 

Gov.  Magoffin  answers  a  war-department  call  for  troops:  "I  say 
emphatically,  Keutuci<y  will  furnish  no  troops  for  the  wicked 

purpose  of  subduing  her  sister  southern  states  " 15  Apr.     " 

Union  meeting  at  Louisville  declared  that  Kentucky  would  not 
take  sides,  but  maintain  a  neutral  position  and  remain  loyal 

until  the  government  became  the  aggressor 18  Apr.     " 

Capt.  Joseph  Desha  with  a  company  of  over  100  leaves  Harri- 
son county  to  join  the  confederates,  with  other  companies 

from  other  counties Apr.     " 

At  an  election  of  delegates  to  the  Border  State  convention  the 

vote  was  overwhelmingly  in  favor  of  the  Union 4  May,     " 

Three  union  men  and  3  Breckinridge  men  as  arbitrators  agree 

f      that  Kentucky  should  not  take  part,  but  maintain  armed 


KEN 


„      itrality 11  May, 

House  of  Representatives  resolves  on  state  neutrality. 16  May, 

Gov.  Magoffin  proclaims  armed  neutrality  of  state 20  May, 

Border  State  convention  at  Frankfort,  with  representatives 
from  Kentucky  and  Missouri  and  one  from  Tennessee  ad- 
dresses Kentucky  to  remain  neutral,  and  the  U.  S.  to  satisfy 
^  the  slave  states  of  the  safety  of  slave  property,  27  May-:^  June, 
S.  B.  Buckner  as  commander  of  the  state  guards  and  adjutant- 
general  orders  6  companies  of  state  guards  to  Columbus,  to 

preserve  the  neutrality  of  that  district 24  June, 

Brig -gen.  William  Nelson  establishes  camp  Dick  Robinson  in 


Garrard  county,  where  companies  of  federal  soldiers  of  Ken- 
tucky are  formed  into  regiments Aug.  1861 

Confederate  troops  from  Tennessee  occupy  Columbus. .  .4  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Grant  with  2  regiments  and  2  gunboats  takes  possession 
of  Paducah  and  proclaims  that  he  comes  solely  to  defend  the 
state  from  aggression 6  Sept.      " 

Legislature  by  resolution  orders  Confederate  troops  to  leave  the; 
state,  refusing  to  order  both  parties  to  leave 11  Sept.     " 

Legislature  by  resolution  instructs  the  governor  to  call  out  the 
state  troops  to  drive  out  the  southern  invaders,  and  resolves, 
"  that  Kentucky  expects  the  confederates  or  Tennessee  troops 
to  be  withdrawn  from  her  soil  unconditionally" 12  Sept.     " 

S.  B.  Buckner  issues  from  Russellville  an  address  to  the  peo- 
ple, calling  on  them  to  take  up  arms  against  the  usurpation 
of  Abraham  Lincoln 12  Sept.     " 

Resolution  passed  over  the  governor's  veto  requesting  gen. 
Robert  Anderson,  commander  at  fort  Sumter,  to  take  charge 
of  the  state  troops,  which  he  did.  .^. Sept.     " 

S.  B.  Buckner  occupies  Bowling  Green  with  a  Confederate  force, 

18  Sept.     " 

Sixth  regiment,  Indiana  volunteers,  reaches  Louisville,  20  Sept.     " 

House  passes  a  bill  calling  out  40,000  volunteers  for  1  to  3  years 
to  repel  the  invasion  of  Confederate  forces 24  Sept.     " 

Battle  at  camp  Wildcat,  the  junction  of  3  roads  leading  to 
Mount  Vernon,  London,  and  Richmond.  Kentucky  infantry 
under  col.  Theodore  T.  Garrard  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
confederates  under  brig. -gen.  Felix  K.  ZoUicofifer 4  Oct.     " 

Sovereignty  convention  in  session  at  Russellville  for  3  days. 
Over  200,  representing  65  counties,  adopt  an  ordinance  of  se- 
cession, choose  col.  George  W.  Johnson  provisional  governor, 
with  Bowling  Green  the  new  seat  of  government 18  Nov.     " 

Confederate  congress  admits  Kentucky  as  a  state 9  Dec.     " 

Self-styled  legislative  council  of  Kentucky  assembfes  within 
the  Confederate  lines  and  elects  10  delegates  to  the  Confeder- 
ate congress  at  Richmond 14  Dec.     '* 

At  Middle  creek,  Floyd  county,  col.  James  A.  Garfield  routs  the 
confederates  under  col.  Humphrey  Marshall 10  Jan.  1862 

Battle  of  Mill  Springs,  Pulaski  county;  maj.-gen.  George  B. 
Crittenden  and  brig. -gen.  Zollicoffer  attack  the  approaching 
federals  under  maj.  gen.  George  H.  Thomas;  gen.  ZollicoflCer 
is  killed  and  the  confederates  routed 19-20  Jan.     " 

Gen.  Buckner  evacuates  Bowling  Green 14  Feb.     " 

Confederates  evacuate  Columbus,  27  Feb. ;  federals  take  pos- 
session   3  Mch.     " 

Brig.  gen.  John  H.  Morgan,  with  his  Confederate  cavalry  or 
rangers  (900  men),  begins  his  first  Kentucky  raid  in  Monroe 

county 8  July,     " 

[In  this  raid  he  captured  17  towns.] 

Prison  for  "  rebel  females"  prepared  at  Newport,  where  they 
will  be  required  to  sew  for  the  federal  soldiers 28  July,     " 

Gov.  Magoffin  resigns;  J.  F.  Robinson,  sjieaker  of  state  senate, 
succeeds  him 16  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Bragg  begins  his  march  into  Kentucky  from  Tennessee 
(Bragg's  Kentucky  Campaign) 24  Aug.     " 

Battle  near  Richmond,  Madison  county;  confederates  victo- 
rious  29-30  Aug.      " 

Col.  Morgan's  Confederate  cavalry  reach  Lexington  after  5 
weeks,  passing  through  the  state  on  their  second  raid.  4  Sept.     " 

Munfordsville  surrendered  to  the  advancing  army  under  gen. 
Bragg,  17  Sept. ;  again  occupied  by  the  federals 21  Sept.     " 

Confederate  state  government  organized  at  Frankfort,  with 
Richard  Hawes  of  Bourbon  as  governor,  and  4  hours  later 
leaves  Frankfort,  never  to  return 4  Oct.     " 

Battle  of  Perryville  fought  on  Chaplin  hills  in  Boyle  county 
(Bragg's  Kentucky  campaign) 8  Oct.     " 

Nine  Confederate  soldiers  captured  and  hung  in  Rockcastle 
county  in  retaliation  for  the  hanging  in  Bell  county,  by  some 
Confederate  soldiers,  of  capt.  H.  King  and  15  others  as  bush- 
whackers  6  Nov.     " 

Col.  Cluke's  Confederate  cavalry  take  Mount  Sterling.. 21  Mch.  1863 

Battle  of  Button  hill. Pulaski  county ;  confederates  retreat  after 
6  hours'  engagement 30  Mch.     " 

Desperate  engagement  at  Tebb's  bend  of  Green  river,  Taylor 
county.  200  of  25th  Michigan  infantry,  under  col.  Moore,  in 
a  strong  natural  fortification  are  attacked  by  600  of  Mor-  ; 
gan's  men.  When  summoned  to  surrender,  col.  Moore  de- 
clined "because  the  4th  of  July  was  not  an  appropriate  day 
to  surrender,"  and  the  confederates  retreated  after  several 
ineffectual  attempts  to  storm  the  intrenchments 4  July,     " 

Gen.  Burnside  declares  martial  law  in  Kentucky 31  July,     " 

Capt.  Edward  Cahill  having  been  sent  into  Kentucky  in  Dec. 
1863  to  recruit  free  colored  men  for  the  Union  army,  the 
legislature  by  resolution  protests,  and  requests  the  president 
to  remove  all  camps  for  negro  soldiers,  by  which  "our  slaves 
are  enticed  to  leave  the  service  of  their  owners  " 18  Feb.  1864 

Meeting  at  Louisville  of  a  Border  State  "  Freedom  "  convention. 
100  delegates  from  4  states— Kentucky,  Missouri,  Tennessee, 
and  Arkansas 22-23  Feb.      " 

Brig. -gen.  John  H.  Morgan  enters  the  state  from  Virginia  with 
2400  men  on  his  "June  raid"  (Morgan's  raid) 2  June,     " 

Parts  of  Morgan's  forces  demand  the  surrender  of  Lexington, 
which  is  refused,  9  June,  and  invest  Frankfort,  which  is  suc- 
cessfully defended H  Jin^-     " 

Gen.  Burbridge  overtakes  Morgan's  forces  at  Cynthiana  and 
defeats  them  after  an  hour's  desperate  battle 12  June,      " 

President  Lincoln  suspends  writ  oUiaheas  corpus  in  Kentucky, 
and  proclaims  martial  law  in  the  state .5  July,     " 

Many  citizens  arrested  by  gen.  Burbridge,  under  gen.  Sherman, 
as  "Sons  of  Liberty,"  "American  Knights,"  etc " 

A  number  of  citizens  of  Paducah,  Columbus,  and  vicinity  ban- 
ished to  Canada Aug.     " 


KEN 

Commiesion  sent  by  gen.  Burbridgo,  to  investigate  the  condact 
of  gen.  Eleazer  A.  Paine,  who  hud  produced  a  51  days'  reign 
of  terror  at  Paducah.     Paine  Hoes  to  Illinois Sept. 

James  Speed  of  Louisville  attorney-general  U.  S Nov. 

Law  consolidating  Transylvania  and  Kentucky  universities,  Feb. 

John  C.  Breckinridge  appointed  secretary  of  war,  C.S.  A 

Gen.  Palmer  relieves  gcii.  Burbridge  from  command  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Kentucky 10  Feb. 

Agricultural  college  established 22  Feb. 

By  proclamation  of  the  governor,  business  is  suspended  on  the 
occasion  of  the  funeral  of  Lincoln 19  Apr. 

Old  command  of  gen.  Morgan  surrenders  to  brig. -gen.  E.H.  Hob- 
son  at  Mount  Sterling 1  May, 

Pres.  Johnson  modilles  pros.  Lincoln's  proclamation  of  5  July, 
1H«)4,  "in  so  far  that  martial  law  shall  no  longer  be  in  force 
in  Kentucky  " 12  Oct. 

Mining  begun  in  Fayette  county,  7  miles  from  Lexington,  for 
lead  ore 25  Nov. 

State  Farmers'  convention  held  at  Frankfort.  40  counties  rep- 
resented  11  Jan. 

"Ashland."  the  home  of  Henry  Clay,  near  Lexington,  pur- 
chased for  the  new  Agricultural  college  of  Kentucky,  15  Jan. 

Jesse  Root  Grant,  father  of  gen.  Grant,  appointed  postmaster  at 
Covington 25  Feb. 

"  Skaag's  men,"  a  band  of  over  100  armed  and  mounted  out- 
laws, terrorize  the  colored  population  of  Marion  county 

Legislature  rejects  XIV.  th  .Amendment  to  Constitution..  10  Jan. 

Amnesty  bill  passed;  no  officer,  soldier,  or  sailor  of  the  U.  S.  or 
so-called  Confederate  States  shall  be  held  responsible,  crim- 
inally or  civilly,  in  courts  of  the  state  for  any  act  done  dur- 
ing the  late  rebellion,  under  military  authority 28  Feb. 

John  I.K  Helm,  elected  governor  5  Aug.,  inaugurated  while  dan- 
gerously ill  at  his  home  in  Elizabethtown,  6  Sept ;  d.  8  Sept., 
lieut.-gov.  John  W.  Stevenson  succeeds 8  Sept. 

Gov.  Stevenson  authorizes  3  companies  of  volunteers  against  a 
band  of  "  Regulators,"  and  lynchers  in  Marion,  Boyle,  and 
acyoining  counties 11  Oct. 

Jolin  W.  Stevenson  elected  governor 3  Aug. 

Legislature  rejects  XV. th  Amendment  to  Constitution..  13  Mch. 

A  band  of  so-called  "Ku-klux"  attack  Frank  Bowen  near 
Nicholasville,  who  in  self  defence  kills  one 16  Mch. 

State  Temperance  convention  at  Covington 4  May, 

Seven  hundred  colored  delegates  hold  a  State  Educational  con- 
vention near  Louisville 14  July, 

Great  Commercial  convention  at  Louisville,  ex-president  Mil- 
lard  Fillmore  presides;  520  delegates  from  29  states,  13  Oct. 

Affray  at  Somerset,  Pulaski  county,  from  the  whipping  of  one 
Cooper  by  Regulators;  40  men  engaged,  3  killed 20  Nov. 

Legislature  establishes  an  insurance  bureau 20  May, 

An  assault  on  a  U.  S.  mail-agent  (a  negro,  William  H.  Gibson), 
on  the  Lexington  and  Louisville  railroad-train  at  North  Ben- 
son depot,  2G  Jan.  1871,  occasions  sending  troops  into  Ken- 
tucky and  stopping  the  mail-route  for  a  month Mch. 

Gov.  Stevenson  resigns,  Preston  H.  Leslie,  president  of  the  Sen- 
ate, acting  lieutenant-governor,  is  inaugurated 13  Feb. 

Over  100  armed  men  enter  Frankfort  at  dawn  and  free  a  white 
man  charged  with  murdering  a  negro,  though  the  jail  was 
guarded  by  4  militia  men 25  Feb. 

Preston  H.  Leslie  elected  governor 7  Aug. 

National  convention  in  Louisville  of  "  Straight-out  Demo- 
crats," who  repudiate  the  action  of  the  Baltimore  conven- 
tion nominating  Horace  Greeley  for  president,  and  nominate 
Charles  O'Conor  of  New  York  for  president,  and  John  Quincy 
Adams  for  vice-president  (Political  parties) 3-5  Sept. 

National  Industrial  Exposition  opens  at  Louisville 3  Sept. 

State  House  of  Reform  for  Juvenile  Delinquents  opened  by 
proclamation  of  the  governor,  at  Anchorage,  12  miles  east 
of  Louisville 25  Sept. 

Colored  Liberal  Republican  National  convention  at  Louisville; 
delegates  from  23  states;  Greeley  supported 25  Sept. 

State  Educational  convention  of  colored  men  in  session  at 
Louisville • 18-19  Feb. 

Kentucky  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals, 
incorporated  at  Louisville 22  Mch. 

Gov.  Leslie  advertises  in  New  York  city  and  Louisville,  that 
Kentucky  is  anxious  to  call  in  all  her  bonds,  and  is  prepared 
to  pay  the  principal  and  interest  upon  presentation..  10  Sept. 

Ku-klux  outrages  in  Shelby  and  Franklin  counties Oct. 

General  law  regulating  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors 

Under  authority  of  the  legislatures  of  Kentucky  and  Indiana, 
the  boundary  above  Evansville,  Ind.,  deciding  jurisdiction 
over  Green  island,  is  defined.  This  section  had  become  the 
refuge  of  thieves,  because  of  uncertain  jurisdiction  The 
commissioners,  governed  by  the  U.  S.  survey  of  1806,  awarded 
Green  island  to  Kentucky,  the  boundary  running  near  the 
present  bed  of  the  Ohio  river,  on  the  Indiana  side 

Legislature  establishes  a  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Horticulture, 
and  Statistics,  and  reduces  legal  interest  from  10  to  8  jg 

Gen.  Green  Clay  Smith  of  Kentucky  nominated  for  president 
by  the  Prohibition  party 

Acts  passed  legislature  making  6%  the  legal  rate  of  interest  in 
tlie  state,  and  creating  State  Board  of  Health 

Act  of  legislature  appropriating  $10,000  for  a  monument  to  the 
memory  of  John  C.  Breckinridge,  who  d.  17  May,  1875 

Bill  to  re  establish  the  whipping-post  passes  House,  63  to  21; 
lost  in  Senate  by  casting  vote  of  lieutenant  governor 

Troopssentby  governor  to  Jackson,  Breathitt  county,  to  quell  an 
old  feud  revived  by  a  mob  attacking  sheriff  bringing  a  prison- 
er charged  with  murder  to  court,  under  25  guards — 29  Nov. 

Legislature  incorporates  the  Kentucky  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanics 


406 


KEN 


1864 
1865 


1867 


1870 


1871 


1872 


1873 


1875 
1876 


1878 


1880 


1881 
1882 


1887 


Legislature  transfers  to  the  U.  S.  the  6  locks  and  dams  coij- 
structed  by  the  state  in  the  Kentucky  river 

"Regulators,"  a  vigilance  association  of  large  extent,  disbands, 
200  men  giving  themselves  up  to  the  civil  authorities  in 
Louisville,  and  furnishing  names  of  800  others 

State  Prohibition  party  organized  at  Louisville 14  Oct. 

Legislature  establishes  a  Board  of  Railroad  Commissioners,  and 
prohibits  extortion  and  discrimination  in  transportation  of 
freight  and  i)assengers 

McCoy  of  Pike  county,  Ky.,  kills  Hatfield  of  Logan  county, 
W.  Va.,  in  an  election  dispute.  4  McCoys  arrested  for  this 
act  are  captured  by  a  Hatlleld  mob,  carried  into  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  then  secretly  taken  back  to  Kentucky  and  shot. . . 

One  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Blue  Licks  cele- 
brated on  the  battle-field 19  Aug. 

Convention  of  friends  of  popular  education  in  Kentucky  meets 
at  Frankfort  to  organize  against  illiteracy ."  .5  Apr. 

Southern  exposition  opens  at  Louisville 1  Aug. 

National  convention  of  colored  men  at  Louisville  discusses  and 
acts  upon  civil  and  political  rights 24  Sept. 

State  colored  normal  school  at  Frankfort  opened Apr. 

Disturbance  in  Rowan  county  arising  from  an  old  feud " 

Gov.  Buckner  announces  suspension  of  state  treasurer  Tate 
(state  treasurer  for  20  years)  for  defalcations  which  proved 
to  amount  to  $229,009.21,  and  act  passed  creating  office  of  ' 
state  inspector  and  examiner Mch.  1888 

State  troops  stationed  at  Pikeville  to  prevent  the  rescue  of  3 
Hatfields  who  were  captured  by  the  sheriff  of  Pike  county, 
in  Logan  county,  W.  Va.,  and  lodged  in  Pike  county  jail, 
and  6  other  Hatfields  who  were  captured  after  burning  the 
house  of  the  elder  McCoy,  and  killing  his  wife,  daughter,  and 
son " 

Detachment  of  70  troops  sent  to  Perry  county  to  protect  the 
circuit  court  in   the  '•  French-Eversole"  feud Nov.     " 

Stephen  G.  Sharp  elected  state  treasurer  in  place  of  defaulter 
Tate 5  Aug.  1889 

Perry  and  Knott  counties  "absolutely  dominated  and  terrorized 
by  savage  and  lawless  bands,"  and  the  circuit  court  is  sus- 
pended. The  governor  refuses  to  cause  expense  to  the  state 
by  calling  out  troops " 

State  troops  aid  in  defeat  of  the  Howard  faction  in  the  so- 
called  Howard-Turner  feud  in  Harlan  county 21  Oct. 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Frankfort 8  Sept. 

Tornado,  leaving  a  path  400  yards  wide  and  3  miles  long,  passes 
through  Louisville  (Storms).  In  Louisville  120  persons  are 
killed ;  loss  to  the  city,  $2,500,000 27  Mch. 

Sen.  James  B.  Beck  drops  dead  in  a  railway  station  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C 3  May, 

U.  S.  Supreme  court  decides  in  favor  of  the  claim  of  Kentucky 
to  the  ownership  of  Green  island  in  the  Ohio  river.  .19  May, 

John  G.  Carlisle  elected  U.  S.  senator  qualifies 26  May, 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  the  capitol 8  Sept. 

Hatfield- McCoy  feud  ended  by  a  marriage 21  Mch. 

Constitutional  convention  adjourns  to  2  Sept 11  Apr. 

New  constitution  ratified,  213,950  for,  74,446  against. .  .3  Aug. 

Constitutional  convention  reassembles  2  Sept.,  and  after  amend- 
ing the  constitution  adopted  by  the  people,  signs  and  pub- 
lishes the  result 28  Sept. 

Governor  signs  the  Anti-lottery  bill,  which  makes  the  dealing 
in  lottery  tickets  a  felony 15  Mch. 

One  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  admission  of  Kentucky 
into  the  Union  celebrated  at  Lexington 1  June, 

Rush  Morgan,  the  noted  desperado  who  had  killed  17  men,  is 
shot  and  killed  near  Hubbard  Springs 31  Jan. 

John  G.  Carlisle  resigns  U.  S.  senatorship  to  become  secretary  of 
the  treasury Feb. 

GOVERNORS   OF    THE    STATE. 


1890 


I 


1891 


1893 


Name. 

Term. 

Remarks. 

Isaac  Shelby 

1792  to  1 79fi 

James  Garrard 

1796  ' 

'  1804 

Christopher  Greenup 

1804  ' 

'  1808 

$. 

Charles  Scott 

1808  ' 

'  1812 

■\ 

Isaac  Shelby 

1812  ' 

«  ISIfi 

J 

George  Madison 

1816 

Dies  in  ofHce. 

J 

Gabriel  Slaughter 

1816  to  1820 

Acting. 

1 

1820  ' 
1824  ' 

'  1824 
'  1828 

•M 

Joseph  Desha 

M. 

Thomas  Metcalfe 

1828  ' 

'  1832 

m 

John  Breathitt 

1832  ' 

'  1834 

Dies  in  office. 

tI 

J.  T.  Morehead 

1834  ' 

'  1836 

Acting. 
Dies  in  office. 
Acting. 

1 

James  Clark             .... 

1836  ' 

1837  ' 

'  1837 
'  1840 

1 

C.  A.  Wickiiffe 

1 

Robert  P.  Letcher 

1840  ' 

'  1844 

' 

William  Owsley 

1844  ' 

'  1848 

John  J.  Crittenden 

1848  ' 

'  1850 

Appointed  att'y-gen. 

U.& 

John  L.  Helm 

1850  ' 

'  1851 

Acting. 

Lazarus  W.  Powell 

1851  ' 

'  1855 

Charles  S.  Morehead 

1855  ' 

'  1859 

79 

Beriah  Magoffin 

1859  ' 

'  1861 

i-^M 

J   F   Robinson     . 

1861 
1863  ' 

'  1863 
'  1867 

. 

^1 

Thomas  E.  Bramlette 

^ 

John  L  Helm      .... 

1867 
1868  to  1871 

Dies  in  office. 

'  fl 

John  W.  Stevenson 

j 

Preston  H.  Leslie 

1871  ' 

'  1875 

_J 

James  B.  McCreary 

1875  ' 

'  1879 

^M 

Luke  P.  Blackburn 

1879  ' 

'  1883 

Jh 

J.  Proctor  Knott 

1883 

'  1887 

aP 

Simon  B.  Buckner 

1887  ' 

'  1891 

|w 

J.  Y.  Brown 

1891  ' 

'  1895 

w 

KER 


407 


KIL 


UNITED    STATES    SENATORS    FROM    THE    STATE    OF    KENTUCKY. 


Name. 


John  Brown 

Jolin  Edwards 

Humphrey  Marshall. . . 

John  Breckinridge 

John  Adair 

Henry  Clay 

John  B.  Thurston 

John  Pope 

Henry  Clay 

George  M.  Bibb 

George  Walker 

William  T.  Barry 

Jesse  Bledsoe 

Isham  Talbot 

Martin  D.  Hardin 

John  .1.  Crittenden 

Richard  M.  Johnson. . . 

William  Logan 

John  Rowan 

■George  M.  Bibb 

Henry  Clay 

John  J.  Crittenden 

James  T.  Morehead 

Thomas  Metcalfe 

Josei)h  R.  Underwood. . , 

Henry  Clay 

David  Meriwether 

Archibald  Dixon 

John  B.  Thompson 

John  J.  Crittenden 

liazarus  W.  Powell 

John  C.  Breckinridge. . . 

Garrett  Davis 

James  Guthrie 

Thomas  C.  McCreery... 

Willis  B.  Machen 

John  W.  Stevenson 

Thomas  C.  McCreery. . . 

James  B.  Beck 

John  S.  Williams 

Joseph  C.  S.  Blackburn. 

John  G.  Carlisle 

William  Lindsey 


No.  of  Congress. 


2d   to    9th 

2d     "    4th 

4th  "    7th 

7th  "    9th 

9th 

9th 

9th  to  11th 

10th  "  13th 

11th 
12th  to  13th 

13th 
13th  to  14th 
13th  "  14th 
14th  "  19th 

14th 

15th 
16th  to  21st 

16th 

19th 
21st  to  24th 
22d  "  27th 
24th  "  30th 

27th 

30th 
30th  to  32d 
31st  "  32d 

32d 
32d  to  33d 

33d 
34th  to  37th 
36th  "  39th 

37th 
37th  to  42d 
39th  "  40th 

40th 

42d 
42d  to  45th 
43d  "  46th 
45th  "  51st 
46th  "  49th 

49th   

51st  to  52d 
.   53d    


Date. 


1792  to  1805 
1792  "  1795 
1795  "  1801 
1801  "  1805 

1805  "  1806 

1806  "  1807 

1806  "  1809 

1807  "  1813 

1810  "  1811 

1811  "  1814 
1814 

1815  to  1816 
1813  "  1815 

1815  "  1825 

1816  "  1817 

1817  "  1819 
1819  "  1829 
1819  "  1820 

1825 
1829  to  1835 
1831  "  1842 
1836  "  1848 

1842 

1848  to  1849 
1847  "  1852 

1849  "  1852 
1852 

1852  to  1855 

1853 
1855  to  1861 
1859  "  1865 

1861 
1861  to  1872 
1865  "  1868 
1868  "  1871 

1872  "  1873 
1871  "  1877 

1873  "  1879 
1877  "  1890 
1879  "  1885 
1885       


President  pro  tern.  17  Oct.  1803. 


Resigned.     Advocated  the  resolutions  of  1798. 

Elected  in  place  of  Breckinridge.    Resigned  If 

Elected  in  place  of  Adair  1806. 

Resigned  1809. 

President  pro  tern.  23  Feb.  1811. 

Elected  in  place  of  Thurston. 

Resigned  1814. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Bibb. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bibb.     Resigned  1816. 

Resigned  1815. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bledsoe  1815. 


Resigned  1819. 
Resigned  1820. 


Resigned  1842. 
Resigned  1848. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Crittenden. 

Died  29  June,  1852. 
Appointed  in  place  of  Clay. 
Elected  in  place  of  Clay. 

Stanch  supporter  of  the  Union  during  the  civil  war. 

Expelled  1861. 
Died  1872. 


Elected  in  place  of  Guthrie. 
Appointed  in  place  of  Davis. 


Elected  in  place  of  Machen. 
Died  3  May,  1890. 


Term  expires  1897. 

Elected  in  place  of  Beck.     Resigned  1893  to  enter  the  cabinet. 

Elected  in  place  of  Carlisle.     Term  expires  1895. 


Kern§tOU^Il  or  Wiliche§ter.     Kernstown  is  a 

little  village  about  3  miles  south  of  Winchester,  Va.,  where 

gen.  Shields  defeated  Stonewall  Jackson,  23  Mch.  1862.     The 

confederate  forces  consisted  of  Ashby's  cavalry,  about  300,  and 

4200  infantry,  with  27  pieces  of  artillery;  while  Shields  had 

!  about  6000  infantry,  750  cavalry,  and  24  guns.     The  federal 

j   loss  was  568,  of  which  103  were  killed;  the  confederate  Io§s 

[   was  691.     Unitkd  States. 

I  Ket's  rebellion,  a  revolt  in  July,  1549,  instigated 
;  by  William  Ket,  a  tanner,  of  Wyraondham,  Norfolk,  Engl.  He 
j  demanded  abolition  of  enclosures,  and  the  dismissal  of  evil 
j  counsellors.  The  insurgents,  20,000  men,  were  quickly  defeated 
i  by  the  earl  of  Warwick.  More  than  2000  fell ;  Ket  and  others 
j   were  tried  26  Nov.,  and  hanged  soon  after. 

t  Kettle  creek,  Ga.,  Battle  at,  fought  14  Feb.  1779. 
I   Patriots  under  Pickens  routed  Tories  under  Boyd. 

j       Keystone  state.     Pennsylvania. 

i  Kbartuni'  or  Khartoum',  a  city  of  Soudan,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  White  and  Blue  Nile.  Pop.  1882,  about 
70,000.     Soudan. 

kliedtve'  or  kedervi',  king  or  lord,  a  title  of  the 
viceroy  of  Egypt,  instead  of  vali  or  viceroy,  14  May,  1867. 

Klier'son,  a  Russian  city  on  the  Dnieper,  founded  1778. 
Potemkin,  favorite  of  Catherine,  who  died  at  Jassy  in  1791,  is 
buried  here,  and  John  Howard,  the  English  philanthropist, 
who  died  here,  20  Jan.  1790,  is  buried  about  3  miles  from  the 
town,  where  an  obelisk  was  erected  to  his  memorv  by  czar 
Alexander  I.     Pop.  62,000. 

Khi'va, formerly  CaraSHlia,  an  Uzbeck  state  in  Tur- 
kestan, Asia,  founded  on  the  ruins  of  Tamerlane's  empire,  dates 
from  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century ;  governed  by  a  khan, 
Muhammed  Rachira.  An  expedition  sent  against  it  by  the 
emperor  Nicholas  of  Russia  in  1839  perished  through  the 
rigor  of  the  climate  in  1840.  Russian  influence  is  extending. 
Area,  22,320  sq.  miles.  Pop.:  Uzbecks  (Turk  Tarters), 
Tadjiks,  Persians,  Nt)raads,  and  Turcomans  estimated  at 
700,000. 

To  redress  outrages,  a  Russian  expedition  sent  to  Khiva.  .Feb.  1873 
Ailer  defeats,  the  town  surrendered  unconditionally.  .10  June,     " 


Khan  fled,  but  returned  as  vassal  of  the  czar 5  July,  1873 

Insurrection  against  Russians  repressed  and  punished Aug.     " 

Part  of  Khiva  annexed 15  Oct.     " 

Country  disturbed  by  revolts 1873-74 

KllOkand',  a  khanate  in  central  Asia,  subject  to  China 
about  1760 ;  rebelled  and  became  tributary  only,  1812.     A  re- 
bellion in  Sept.  was  suppressed  Oct.  1874. 
War  with  Russia;  gen.  Kaufmann  defeats  about  30,000  men,  4 
Sept.;  entered  Khokand  without  resistance;  khanate  virt- 
ually subdued 16  Sept.  1875 

He  defeats  5000  more 21  Sept.     " 

People  expel  the  new  khan 21  Oct.     " 

Part  of  Khokand  annexed  by  Russia Oct.     " 

Massacre  of  Russian  garrison  by  the  people  announced,  28  Nov.     " 

Rebels  defeated  at  Assake  (chiefs  submit) 30  Jan.  1876 

Khokand  formally  annexed  as  Ferghana 29  Feb.     " 

Khyber  pass,  the  principal  northern  entrance  into 
Afghanistan  from  India,  10  miles  west  of  Peshawur,  extends 
about  33  miles  towards  Jellalabad ;  lying  between  lofty  slate 
cliffs,  varying  from  600  to  1000  ft.  in  height ;  held  by  Afree- 
dees  and  other  warlike  tribes,  to  whom  Dost  Mahomed  for- 
merly paid  subsidies,  which  were  discontinued  by  his  son 
Shere  Ali,  ameer  of  Afghanistan. 

Pass  forced  by  col.  Wade,  26  July;  and  gen.  sir  John  Keane  re- 
tired through  it  after  a  victorious  campaign 1839 

Forced  by  gen.  (afterwards  sir  George)  Pollock,  on  his  way  to 

chastise  Cabul  for  massacres  the  previous  winter.  .5-14  Apr.  1842 
At  Ali  Musjid,  a  fort  in  the  pass,  further  advance  of  sir  Neville 
Chamberlain  on  a  mission  from  the  viceroy  to  the  ameer  was 

forbidden,  with  threats  of  violence 22  Sept.  1878 

Pass  held  by  the  British till  Mch.  1881 

Afghanistan. 

Kiekapoos.     Indians. 

Kidd,  The  Pirate.    Massachusetts;  New  York,  1701. 

Kilkenny,  S.E.  Ireland,  an  English  settlement  about 
1170.  The  castle  was  built  1195  by  Wra.  Marshall,  earl  of 
Pembroke.  At  the  parliament  held  here  by  Lionel,  duke  of 
Clarence,  1367,  the  statute  of  Kilkenny  was  passed.  It  en- 
acted among  other  things,  "that  the  alliance  of  the  English 
by  marriage  with  any  Irish,  the  nurture  of  infantes,  and  gos- 
sipred  with  the  Irish,  be  deemed  high-treason."  And  again, 
"  if  anie  man  of  English  race  use  an  Irish  name,  Irish  apparell, 
or  anie  other  guize  or  fashion  of  the  Irish,  his  lands  shall  be 
seized,  and  his  body  imprisoned,  till  he  shall  conform  to  Eng- 


KIL 


408 


KIN 


1 


lish  modes  and  customs."  Said  never  to  have  been  enforced. 
After  a  siege,  the  town  surrendered  to  Cromwell,  28  Mch.  1650, 
on  honorable  terms. 

Killa'la,  Sligo,  Ireland  an  early  see.  The  author  of  the 
tripartite  life  of  St.  Patrick  says  that "  in  434  he  came  to  a  pleas- 
ant place  where  the  river  Muadas  (Moy)  empties  itself  into 
the  ocean;  and  on  the  south  banks  of  the  said  river  he  built 
a  noble  church  called  Kil-Aladh,  of  which  he  made  one  of  his 
disciples,  Muredach,  the  first  bishop."  The  see  of  Achonry 
was  united  to  KiUala  in  the  17th  century ;  and  both  to  Tuam 
in  1839.     Bishops. 

Killiecrankie,  a  defile  in  Perthshire,  Scotland.  Here 
the  forces  of  William  III.,  commanded  by  gen.  Mackay,  were 
defeated  by  the  adherents  of  James  II.  under  Graham  of  Clav- 
erhouse,  viscount  Dundee,  who  fell  in  the  moment  of  victory, 
17  or  27  July,  1G89. 

K.ilpatrick'§  raid.     United  States,  1864. 

kinder-garteil  (children's  garden),  a  system  of  edu- 
cation devised  by  Friedrich  Wilhelm  August  Froebel  (1782- 
1852),  but  carried  out  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ronge,  in  Germany, 
in  1849,  and  in  England  in  1851.  The  system,  founded  mainly 
on  self-tuition,  and  enlivened  by  toys,  games,  and  singing,  is 
set  forth  in  Ronge's  "  Kinder-garten,"  pub.  1858 ;  and  has  been 
partly  adopted  in  English  schools.  The  Froebel  society  es- 
tablished 1874.  In  the  United  States  up  to  1870  only  5  kin- 
der-garten schools  were  established  and  these  little  known. 
The  National  Educational  Association  in  1872,  meeting  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  appointed  a  committee  to  examine  the  kinder- 
garten system.  This  committee  reported  a  year  later,  recom- 
mending it.  In  the  meantime,  public  attention  was  enlisted 
through  the  efforts  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Palmer  Peabody,  and 
before  1873  experimental  kinder-gartens  were  established  in 
Boston,  Cleveland,  and  St.  Louis.  Now  most  of  the  cities  have 
the  system  in  their  public  schools,  and  it  is  fast  extending 
through  the  United  States. 

Kindred,  Table  of,  in  the  "Book  of  Common  Prayer," 
was  set  forth  in  1563  (see  Lev.  xviii.,  1490  b.c.). 

kine]Iiatic§  (Gr.  Kirew,  I  move),  the  science  of  mo- 
tion. Reuleaux's  '*  Kinematics  of  Machiner}'^,"  translated  by 
A.  B.  W.  Kennedy ;  pub.  June,  1876.  "  Kinematism  "  is  the 
treatment  of  disease  by  muscular  movement.  Prof.  Rankine's 
"  Machinery  and  Millwork  "  first  appeared  1809 ;  new  ed.  1876. 
Motion. 

king^  (Ger.  Konig;  Lat.  rex;  Scythian,  reis ;  Sp.  rey ;  It. 
re  ;  Fr.  roy ;  Heb.  rosch,  chief  or  head).  Nimrod  was  the  first 
founder  of  a  kingdom,  2245  B.c. — Du/resnoy.  Mizraim  built 
cities  in  Egypt,  and  was  the  first  who  assumed  the  title  of 
king  in  that  division  of  the  earth,  2188  b.c.  The  "  manner  of 
the  king"  is  set  forth  in  1  Sam.  viii.,  1112  B.c.  Saul  was  the 
first  king  of  Israel,  1095  b.c.  Most  of  the  Grecian  states,  as 
well  as  Rome,  were  originally  governed  by  kings. 

King  of  England.— The  style  was  used  by  Egbert.  828;  but 
the  title  Rex  gentis  Anglorum,  king 'of  the  English  nation, 
existed  during  the  heptarchy.     Britain. 

Plural  phraseology,  we,  tis,  our,  was  first  adopted  among  Eng- 
lish kings  by  John 1199 

Title  "king  of  France"  assumed,  and  the  French  arms  quar- 
tered, by  Edward  III.,  in  right  of  his  mother 1340 

Pope  lieo  X.  conferred  the  title  "Defender  of  the  Faith"  on 
Henry  VIII 11  Oct.  1521 

Henry  VIII.  changed  "  lord  "  of  Ireland  into  "  king  " 1542 

Style  •  =  Great  Britain"  adopted  at  the  union  of  England  and 
Scotland,  6  Anne 1707 

That  of  the  "United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland" 
at  the  union,  when  the  royal  style  and  title  was  appointed  to 
run  thus:  '^  Georgius  Tertius,  Dei  Gratia,  Briiaimiarum 
Rex,  Fidei  Z)e/ewsor"—"  George  the  Third,  by  the  grace  of 
God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
king,  Defender  of  the  Faith  "  (France  being  omitted).  .1  Jan.  1801 

Hanover  omitted  in  the  queen's  style 21  June,  1837 

Queen  Victoria  was  proclaimed  in  India,  as  "Victoria,  by  the 
grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  and  the  colonies  and  dependencies  thereof  in  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Africa,  America,  and  Australia,  queen,"  etc.  1  Nov.  1868 

National  Assembly  decreed  that  the  title  of  Louis  XVI.  "  king 
of  France. "  be  changed  to  "  king  of  the  French  " 16  Oct.  1789 

Royal  title  in  France  abolished 1792 

Louis  XVIII.  styled  "by  the  grace  of  God  king  of  France  and 
Navarre  " 1814 

Louis  Philippe  I.  invited  to  be  "king  of  the  French  ". .  .9  Aug.  1830 

Emperors  of  Germany,  that  their  eldest  sons  might  be  their 
successors,  in  their  own  lifetime  politically  obtained  them 


the  title  of  "king  of  the  Romans."  The  first  emperor  so 
elected  was  Henry  IV 1055 

Richard,  brother  of  Henry  III.  of  England,  was  induced  to  go 
to  Germany,  where  he  disbursed  vast  sums  under  the  prom- 
ise of  being  next  emperor;  he  was  elected  "king  of  the 
Romans  "  (but  failed  in  succeeding  to  the  imperial  crown). .  125ft 

Style  "king  of  Rome"  was  revived  by  Napoleon  I.  for  his 
son,  b 20  Mch.  1811 

Title  "king  of  Italy"  conferred  on  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  of 
Sardinia  by  Italian  parliament 17  Mch.  1861 

King  Pllilip'§  war.  Philip,  son  of  Massasoit, 
sachem  of  the  Wampanoags  and  friend  of  the  early 
settlers  at  Plymouth,  New  England,  was  induced  by  real 
and  imaginary  wrongs  to  attempt  to  exterminate  the 
European  settlers.  His  home  was  at  Mount  Hope,  R.  I. 
He  struck  his  first  blow  at  Swansea  on  4  July,  1675.  The 
white  settlers  sprang  to  arms.  Philip  summoned  other  New 
England  tribes,  and  until  the  summer  of  1676  alarm  and- 
bloodshed  filled  the  more  remote  New  England  settlements. 
The  Indians  were  finally  subdued ;  Philip  was  chased  from  one 
hiding-place  to  another,  and  finally,  in  1676,  was  shot  in  a 
swamp  by  a  faithless  Indian.  His  head  was  carried  in  triumph 
to  Pl}'mouth,  and  his  little  son,  the  last  survivor  of  his  family, 
was  sold. for  a  slave  in  Bermuda.  Indian  history,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

king-of-arms.  Three  for  England— Garter,  Claren- 
cieux,  and  Norroy;  Lyon  king-at-arms  for  Scotland;  and  Ul- 
ster for  Ireland.  These  offices  are  very  ancient.  Claren- 
cieux  is  named  from  Lionel,  third  son  of  Edward  III.,  founder 
of  the  order  of  the  Gartee.  Lionel  having  by  his  wife  the 
honor  of  Clare,  was  made  duke  of  Clarence ;  the  dukedom  after- 
wards escheating  to  Edward  IV.,  he  revived  the  oflfice  of  Clar- 
ence king-at-arms.  The  oflice  of  Bath  king-of-arms,  created 
in  1725,  was  changed  to  Gloucester  king-of-arms,  14  June,  1726. 
Ulster  was  substituted,  it  is  said,  in  lieu  of  Ireland  king-of- 
arms,  by  Edward  VL,  1553,  who  named  it  as  a  new  institution. 

King's  Bench  or  Queen's  Bench,  Court  of, 

in  England,  obtained  its  name  from  the  king  sometimes  sit- 
ting here  on  a  high  bench,  and  the  judges,  to  whom  judicature 
belonged  in  his  absence,  on  a  low  bench  at  his  feet.  This 
court  in  ancient  times  was  called  Cvria  Domini  Regis.  The 
court  of  Queen's  Bench  satfor  the  last  time  July,  1875.  Supreme 
Court.  Chief-justice  Cockburn  received  the  freedom  of  Lon- 
don, 9  Mch.  1876;  said  to  be  the  first  case  of  the  kind.  The' 
Queen's  Bench  division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  till  1881 
consisted  of  the  chief-justice  of  England  and  4  judges.  The 
chief-justice  of  the  Queen's  Bench  division  is  now  chief-justice 
of  England;  the  Exchequer  and  Common-pleas  division  were 
abolished  in  1881. 

chief-justices   in  ENGLAND  FROM   HENRY  VIII. 


1P09.  John  Fineux. 
1526.  John  Fitz-James. 
1539.  Sir  Edward  .Montagu. 
1546.  Sir  Richard  Lyster. 

1552.  Sir  Roger  Cholmely. 

1553.  Sir  Thomas  Bromley. 

1554.  Sir  William  Portman. 
1556.  Sir  Edward  Saunders. 
1559.  Sir  Robert  Catlyn. 
1573.  Sir  Christopher  Wray. 
1591.  Sir  John  Popham. 
1607.  Sir  Thomas  Fleming. 
1613.  Sir  Edward  Coke. 
1616.  Sir  Henry  Montagu. 
1620.  Sir  James  Ley. 

1624.  Sir  Ranulph  Crewe. 
1626.  Sir  Nicholas  Hyde. 
1631.  Sir  Thomas  Richardson. 
1635.  Sir  John  Brampston. 
1643.  Sir  Robert  Heath. 
1648.  Henry  Rolle. 
1655.  John  Glyn. 

1659.  Sir  Richard  Newdigate. 
"      Robert  Nicholas. 

1660.  Sir  Robert  Foster. 
1663.  Sir  Robert  Hyde. 
1665.  Sir  John  Kelyng. 
1671.  Sir  Matthew  Hale. 
1676.  Sir  Richard  Raynesford. 
1678.  Sir  William  Scroggs. 
1681.  Sir  Francis  Pemberton. 
1683.  Sir  Edmund  Saunders. 

"      Sir  George  Jefferies,  after- 


wards lord  Jefferies  and' 
lord  chancellor. 

1685.  Sir  Edward  Herbert. 

1687.  Sir  Robert  AVright. 

1689.  Sir  John  Holt. 

1709.  Sir  Thomas  Parker,  after- 
wards lord  Parker,  eart 
of  Macclesfield,  and  lord 
chancellor. 

1718.  Sir  John  Pratt. 

1725.  Sir  Robert  Raymond,  after- 
wards lord  Raymond. 

1733.  Sir  Philip  Yorke,  after- 
wards lord  Hardwicke 
and  lord  chancellor. 

1737.  Sir  William  Lee. 

1754.  Sir  Dudley  Ryder. 

1756.  Wm.  Murray,  lord,  after- 
wards earl  of  Mansfield. 

1788.  Lloyd, lord  Kenyon,9  June. 

1802.  Sir  Edward  Law,  12  Apr.; 
aft.  lord  Elienborough. 

1818.  Sir  Charles  Abbott.  4  Nov. ; 
aft.  lord  Tenterden. 

1832.  Sir  Thomas  Denman,  7 
Nov. ;  afterwards  lord 
Denman;  resigned. 

1850.  John,  lord  Campbell,  Mch. ; 
aft.  lord  chancellor. 

1859.  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn, 
June  (d.  20  Nov.  1880). 

1880.  John  Duke,  lord  Coleridge, 
26  Nov. 


King'§  Bench  prison,  Southwark,  Engl.,  near  the 
site  of  one  of  the  oldest  prisons  of  London,  long  used  to  con- 
fine debtors.     Here,  it  is  fabled  that  prince  Henry  (afterwards 


KIN 


409 


KNI 


Henry  V.)  was  committed  by  justice  Gascoigne.  The  prison 
was  burned  ilown  by  the  London  rioters,  7  June,  1780.  Gor- 
don's "  NO-POPEKY  "  RIOTS.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1781,  and  con- 
tained about  230  rooms.  Formerh',  debtors  were  allowed  to 
purchase  liberties,  to  have  houses  or  lodgings  without  the 
walls,  or  to  purchase  day-rules,  to  go  out  under  certain  regu- 
lations. The  rules  included  St.  George's  Fields,  etc.  A  con- 
sequence of  the  bankruptcy  act,  1861,  was  the  release  of  many 
insolvent  debtors;  and  an  act  was  passed  in  1862  "for  discon- 
tinuing the  queen's  prison  and  removal  of  the  prisoners  to 
Whitecross  street  prison."  The  buildings,  used  as  a  military 
prison,  were  pulled  down  and  the  site  sold,  1879-80. 

King's  bridg'e,  spanning  Spuyten  Duyvil  creek,  New 
York  city,  first  erected  in  1691,  and  called  "  the  king's  bridge." 
An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  by  Washington  to  cut  off. 
a  force  of  the  British  here  on  the  night  of  2  July»  1781.  New 
York,  United  States. 

King^'§  college,  now  Columbia.  New  York, 
1754,  etc. 

King's  Daugllters,  a  religious  order  of  service 
starting  in  New  York  city,  18  Jan.  1886.  It  is  Christian,  but 
unsectarian,  and  deals  with  every  topic  by  which  women  may 
be  made  helpful  to  humanity.  It  is  loosely  organized,  but 
welcomes  as  members  all  women  and  girls  who  will  make  small 
regular  contributions  to  Christian  work.  Its  ranks  are  filled 
chiefly  by  correspondency  and  its  numbers  fluctuate  widely, 
but  no  statistics  that  can  be  trusted  are  published.  Extends 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

king's  evil,  scrofula,  formerly  supposed  to  be  cured 
by  the  king's  touch;  first  by  Edward  the  Confessor,  in  1058. 
In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  92,107  persons  were  touched;  and, 
according  to  Wiseman,  the  king's  physician,  they  were  nearly 
all  cured !  Queen  Anne  officially  aimounced  in  the  London 
Gazefte,  12  Mch.  1712,  her  intention  to  touch  publicly.  Sam- 
uel Johnson  is  said  to  have  been  touched  by  her  for  this  dis- 
ease in  his  third  year,  but  in  vain.  The  custom  was  dropped 
by  George  I.,  1714. 

King's  Mountain,  S.  C,  Battle  of.  Major  Patrick 
Ferguson  was  sent  by  Cornwallis  to  embody  the  loyal  militia 
west  of  the  Broad  river,  in  South  Carolina.  With  1500  of 
them,  on  his  way  to  join  the  main  army,  on  7  Oct.  1780,  while 
encamped  upon  aspurof  King's  mountain,  about  1|  miles  south 
of  the  North  Carolina  line,  he  was  attacked  by  1800  continental 
militia  under  several  colonels,  and  totally  defeated.  Shelby, 
Cleveland,  and  Campbell  were  the  chief  leaders  of  the  conti- 
nentals. Ferguson  was  killed,  and  a  small  monument  marks 
his  grave.  300  of  his  men  were  killed  or  wounded,  and  about 
800  made  prisoners,  with  1500  stand  of  arms.  The  Americans 
lost  only  20  men. 

king's  speech.  The  first  from  the  throne  said  to 
!  have  been  by  Henry  I.,  1107. 

j      Kingston,  the  shire  town  of  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  was 

I  settled  by  the  Dutch  and  Huguenots.  It  is  memorable  in  the 
United  States  as  the  place  where  the  first  constitution  of  New 

1  York  was  framed,  in  1777,  and  the  first  legislature  was  con- 
vened under  it;  also  as  having  been  destroyed  by  a  British 
marauding  expedition  up  the  Hudson  in  the  autumn  of  the 

;  same  year.     New  York. 

I  Kingston  trial.  The  duchess  of  Kingston  was  ar- 
jraigned  before  the  lords  in  Westminster  hall  for  bigamy,  hav- 
'  ing  married  first  capt.  Hervey,  afterwards  earl  of  Bristol,  and 
inext,  during  his  lifetime,  Evelyn  Pierrepont,  duke  of  King- 
ston, 15-22  Apr.  1776.  She  was  found  guilty,  but,  on  plead- 
ing the  privilege  of  peerage,  the  punishment  of  burning  in  the 
hand  was  remitted,  and  she  was  discharged  on  paying  the  fees. 

!  kissing  the  hands  of  great  men  was  a  Grecian  custom. 
■Kissing  was  a  mode  of  salutation  among  the  Jews,  1  Sam.  x. 
1,  etc.  The  "  kiss  of  charity,"  or  "  holy  kiss,"  commanded  in 
the  Scriptures  (Rom.  xvi.  16,  etc.),  was  observed  by  the  early 
Christians,  and  is  still  practised  by  the  Greek  church  and  some 
others.  Kissing  the  pope's  foot  (or  the  cross  on  his  slipper) 
.began  with  Adrian  I.  or  Leo  IH.  about  800  a.d. 

Kitchen  Cabinet.     Cabinet,  kitchen. 
Kit-kat  club,  of  above  30  noblemen  and  gentlemen. 


instituted  in  England  in  1703,  to  promote  the  Protestant  suc- 
cession. The  duke  of  Marlborough,  sir  Richard  Walpole,  Ad- 
dison, Steele,  and  dr.  Garth  were  members.  It  took  its  name 
from  dining  at  the  house  of  Christopher  Kat,  a  pastry-cook  ii* 
King  street,  Westminster. 

Kittan'ning,  Pa.,  Battle  of.     Pennsylvania,  1756. 

"  Klad'deradatSChV'  t^e  German  "Punch,"  first 
pub.  in  Berlin,  by  Albert  Hoffmann,  the  proprietor,  origi- 
nally a  bookseller's  assistant.  He  amassed  a  fortune;  and  died 
10  Aug.  1880,  aged  62. 

kneeling.  The  knee  was  ordered  bent  at  the  name 
of  Jesus  (see  Phil.  ii.  10)  about  the  year  1275  by  the  pope» 
The  ceremony  of  a  vassal  kneeling  to  his  lord  is  said  to  have 
begun  in  the  8th  century. 

knights  and  knighthood.  The  word  knight  ia 
derived  from  the  Saxon  cniht,  a  servant  (i.  e.  servant  to  the 
king,  etc.).  The  institution  of  Roman  knights  {equites  or 
horsemen,  from  eguus,  a  horse)  is  ascribed  to  Romulus,  about 
750  B.C.,  when  the  curiae  elected  300.  Knighthood  was  con- 
ferred in  England  by  the  priest  at  the  altar,  after  confession 
and  consecration  of  the  sword,  during  the  Saxon  heptarchy. 
The  first  knight  made  by  the  sovereign  with  the  sword  of 
state  was  Athelstane,  by  Alfred,  900  a.d.  —  Spelman.  The 
custom  of  ecclesiastics  conferring  knighthood  v^as  suppressed 
in  a  synod  held  at  Westminster  in  1100. — Ashmole^s  Institutes, 
All  persons  having  10^.  yearly  income  were  obliged  to  be 
knighted,  or  pay  a  fine,  38  Hen.  III.  1254. — Salmon.  On  the 
decline  of  the  empire  of  Charlemagne,  all  Europe  being  re- 
duced to  anarchy,  the  proprietor  of  every  manor  became  a 
petty  sovereign;  his  mansion  fortifijed  by  a  moat,  and  defend- 
ed by  a  guard,  and  called  a  castle.  Excursions  were  made  by 
one  petty  lord  against  another,  and  women  and  treasure  were 
carried  off  by  the  conqueror.  At  length  the  owners  of  rich 
fiefs  associated  to  repress  marauders,  make  property  secure, 
and  protect  ladies,  binding  themselves  to  these  duties  by 
solemn  vow^  and  a  religious  ceremony.  Cervantes'  "  Don 
Quixote,"  a  satire  on  knighterrantry,  was  pub.  1605.  Ban- 
neret, Chivalry,  Holy  Sepulchre,  Round-Table,  Tour- 
naments. 

principal  military,  religious,  and  honorary  orders  of 
knighthood. 

Albert,  Saxony 1850 

Albert  the  Bear,  Anhalt 183(5 

Alcantara,  instituted about  1156 

Alexander  Nevskoi,  St. ,  Russia 1722 

Amaranta,  Sweden  (female) 1645 

Andrew,  St. ,  Russia 169& 

Andrew,  St.,  Scotland  (Thistle) 787.  1540,  1687 

Angelic  Knights,  Greece .337,  1191 

Anne,  St.,  Holstein,  now  Russia 1735 

Annonciada,  Savoy about  1360 

Annunciada,  Mantua 161& 

Anthony,  St. ,  Bavaria 1382 

Anthony,  St.,  Hainault " 

Avis,  Portugal about  1162 

Bath,  England,  1399 ;  revived  (Bath) 1725 

Bear,  Switzerland 1213 

Bee,  France  (female) 1703 

Bento  d'Avis,  St.,  Portugal 1162 

Black  Eagle,  Prussia 1701 

Blaise,  St.,  Armenia 12th  century 

Blood  of  Christ,  Mantua 1608 

Bridget,  St.,  Sweden , 1366 

Broomflowers,  France 1234 

Brotherly  (or  Neighborly)  Love,  Austria  (female) 1708 

Calatrava,  Castile,  instituted  by  Sancho  III 1158 

Catherine,  St.,  Palestine 1063 

Catherine,  St..  Russia  (female) 171* 

Charles.  St. ,  Wurtemberg 1759 

Charles  III.  (or  the  Immaculate  Conception),  Spain 1771 

Charles  XIII. ,  Sweden 1811 

Chase,  Wilrtemberg 1702 

Christ,  Livonia 1203 

Christ,  Portugal  and  Rome 1317 

Christian  Charity,  France 1558- 

Cincinnati,  America 1783 

Compostello.     St.  James. 

Conception  of  the  Virgin 1618. 

Concord,  Prussia • 1660 

Constantine,  St. ,  Constantinople,  about  313;  by  emperor  Isaac, 

1190;  Parma,  1699;  since  removed  to  Naples. 

Crescent,  Naples,  1268 ;  revived 1464^ 

Crescent,  Turkey > 1801 

Cross  of  Christ 121T 

Cross  of  the  South,  Brazil 1822 

Crown,  Prussia 1861 

Crown,  Wurtemberg 1818. 


KNI 


410 


KNI 


1877 


I 


€rown  of  India  (female) 31  Dec. 

Crown  of  Italy 1868 

Crown  of  Oaks,  Netherlands. 1841 

Crown  Royal,  France  (Frlesland) 802 

Danebrog,  Denmark,  instituted  by  Waldemar  II.,  1219;  revived 

by  Christian  V 1671 

Death's  Head  (female),  by  the  widow  Louisa  Elizabeth  of  Saxn- 

Masburg 1709 

Denis,  St.,  France 1267 

Dog  and  Cock.  France 500 

Dove  of  Castile 1379 

Dragon,  Hungary 1439 

Dragon  Overthrown,  German 1418 

Ear  of  Corn  and  Krmino,  Hrittany '. about  1442 

Elephant,  Denmark  (about  1190),  by  Christian  1 1462 

Elizabeth,  St.,  Portugal  and  Brazil  (female) 1801 

Elizabeth  Theresa,  Austria  (female) 1750 

Empire  of  India 1877 

Esprit,  St.,  France 1579 

Ferdinand,  St.,  Naples 1800 

Ferdinand,  St.,  Spain 1811 

Fidelity.  Baden 1715 

Fidelity.  Denmark 1732 

Fools,  Cleves 1380 

Francis  I.,  Two  Sicilies 1829 

Francis  Joseph,  Austria 1849 

Frederick,  Wurtemberg 1830 

Friesland  (or  Crown  Royal),  France 802 

Garter,  England 1349 

Generosity,  Brandenburg 1685 

Genet,  France 726 

George,  St.,  and  the  Reunion,  Naples 1800  and  1819 

George,  St.,  Angelic  Knights 1191 

George,  St,  Austria 1470-94 

George,  St.;  Defender  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  Bavaria.  1279 

George,  St.,  England  (Garter) 1349 

George,  St.,  Genoa. 1472 

George,  St.,  Hanover 1839 

George,  St.,  Ionian  isles 1818 

George,  St.,  Rome 1492 

George,  St. ,  Russia 1769 

George,  St.,  Spain 1317 

George,  St.,  Venice 1200 

Gerion,  St.,  Germany 1190 

Glaive,  Sweden 1522 

Glory,  Turkey 1831 

Golden  Angel  (afterwards  St.  George) about    312 

Golden  Fleece,  instituted  at  Bruges  by  Philip  the  Good,  Austria 

and  Spain 10  Jan.  1429 

Golden  Lion,  Hesse-Cassel 1770 

Golden  Lion,  Nassau  and  Holland 1858 

Golden  Shield  and  Thistle,  France 1370 

Golden  Spur,  by  Pius  IV 1559 

Golden  Stole,  Venice before    737 

Gregory,  St.,  Rome 1831 

Guelphic,  Hanover 1815 

Henry,  St.,  Saxony 1736 

Henry  the  Lion,  Brunswick 1834 

Hermengilde,  St. ,  Spain 1814 

Hohenzollern,  Prussia 1851 

Holy  Ghost,  France 1579 

Holy  Sepulchre 1099,  1496 

Holy  Vial  (St.  Remi),  France 499 

Hospitallers,  1099 ;  of  Rhodes,  1308 ;  of  Malta 1512 

Hubert,  St. ,  Germany  (by  the  duke  of  Juliers  andCleves),  Bavaria.  1444 

Imtiaz,  Turkey Nov.  1879 

Iron  Cross,  Pru.ssia 1813 

Iron  Crown,  Lombardy,  1805 ;  revived 1816 

Iron  Helmet,  Hesse  Cassel 1814 

Isabella,  St. ,  Spain,  1804 ;  Portugal  (female) 1801 

Isabella  the  Catholic,  Spain 1815 

James,  St.,  Holland 1290 

James,  St.,  Portugal 1310 

James,  St.,  of  the  Sword,  Santiago,  1175;  Spain  and  Portugal.  1177 

Januarius,  St. ,  Naples 1738 

Jerusalem  (Malta) 1048 

Jesus  Christ,  Rome,  instituted  by  John  XXIL,  1320;  reformed 

as  Jesus  and  Mary  by  Paul  V 1615 

Joachim,  St.,  Germany 1755 

John  of  Aeon,  St after  1377 

John  of  Jerusalem,  St.  (Hospitallers),  Rome 1048 

John,  St.,  Prussia 1812 

Joseph,  St. ,  Tuscany 1807 

Julian  of  Alcantara,  St 1156 

Katharine,  St.,  England  (female  nurses) 1879 

Knot,  Naples 1352 

La  Calza,  Venice ihout    737 

Lamb  of  God,  Sweden 1564 

Lazarus,  St.,  France,  before  1154;  united  with  that  of  St.  Mau- 
rice, Savoy 1572 

Legion  of  Honor,  France 1802 

Leopold,  Austria 1808 

Leopold,  Belgium 1862 

Lily  of  Aragon 1410 

Lily  of  Navarre about  1043 

Lion,  Holland 1815 

Lion  (Sun) 1808 

Lion  of  Zahringen.  Baden 1812 

Tiioness,  Naples about  1399 

Loretto,  Lady  of. 1.587 

Louis,  Bavaria 1827 


Louis,  Hesse-Darmstadt 1807 

Louis,  St. ,  France 1()93 

Louisa,  Prussia  (female) 1814 

Malta  (Hospitallers). 

Maria  de  Merced,  St. ,  Spain 1218 

Maria  Louisa,  Spain  (female) 1792 

Maria  Theresa,  Austria 1767 

Mark,  St. ,  Venice,  about  828;  renewed 1562 

Martyrs,  Palestine 1014 

Maurice,  St.,  Savoy 1434 

Maximilian  Joseph,  Bavaria 1806 

Medjidid,  Turkey 1852 

Merit,  Bavaria 1808,  1866 

Merit,  Belgium 1867 

Merit,  Hesse-Cassel 1769 

Merit,  Military,  Baden 1807 

Merit,  Oldenburg 1838 

Merit,  Prussia 1740 

Merit,  Saxony 1816 

Merit,  WQrtemberg 1859 

Mexican  Eagle 1866 

Michael,  St.,  Bavaria 1693 

Michael,  St.,  France 1469 

Michael,  St.,  Germany 1618 

Michael  and  George,  Sts. ,  1818 ;  reorganized Mch.  186i> 

Montjoie,  Jerusalem before  1180 

Neighborly  Love,  Austria  (female) 1708 

Nicholas,  St.  (Argonauts  of),  Naples 1383 

Noble  Passion,  Saxony 1704 

Oak  of  Navarre,  Spain 723 

Olaf,  St.,  Sweden 184T 

Osmani^,  Turkey 1861^ 

Our  Lady  of  Montesa 1316 

Our  Lady  of  the  Conception  of  Villa  Vigosa 1818i 

Our  I,ady  of  the  Lily,  Navarre » 1043; 

Palatine  Lion 1761 

Palm  and  Alligator,  Africa,  granted  to  gov.  Campbell  in 1837] 

Passion  of  Jesus  Christ,  France 1~" 

Patrick,  St.,  Ireland 17i 

Paul,  St.,  Rome 1 

Pedro  I.,  Brazil 182i 

Peter,  Frederick  Lewis,  Oldenburg. 1( 

Peter,  St.,  Rome 1 

Philip,  Hesse- Darmstadt 184ftf; 

Pius,  founded  by  Pius  IV 1550' 

Pius  IX.,  Rome 184t 

Polar  Star,  Sweden ;  revived 1748 

Porcupine,  France 1393 

Reale,  Naples , about  1399 

Red  Eagle,  Prussia,  1705. 1712, 1734;  revived 1792 

Redeemer  (or  Saviour),  Greece 1833 

Remi,  St.  (or  Holy  Vial) about    499 

Rosary,  Spain 1212 

Rose,  Brazil 1829 

Round  Table,  England,  by  Alfred  (Garter) 516  or    528 

Rue  Crown,  Saxony 1807 

Rupert,  St.,  Germany 1701 

Saviour,  Aragon 1118:', 

Saviour,  or  Redeemer,  Greece 1      ' 

Saviour  of  the  World,  Sweden 156: 

Savoy,  Italy 181 

Scale.  Castile about  13' 

Scarf,  Castile,  1330 ;  revived 17( 

Sepulchre,  Holy,  Palestine H 

Seraphim,  Sweden 1260  or  1 

Ship  and  Crescent,  France 121 

Slaves  of  Virtue,  Germany  (female) 1 

Stanislas,  St.,  Poland 171 

Star,  France 1 

Star,  Sicilv 1 

Star  of  India,  British 1 

Star  of  the  Cross,  Austria  (female) 1 

Star  of  the  North,  Sweden 17 

Stephen,  St.,  Hungary 17 

Stephen,  St.,  Tuscany 156:_ 

Sun  and  Lion,  Persia 1808^ 

Swan,  Flanders about    5( 

Swan,  Prussia  (female) 1440,  1843 

Sword  (or  Silence),  Cyprus 1196 

Sword,  Sweden,  1525 ;  revived 1748 

Templars HW; 

Teste  Morte  (Death's  Head),  WQrtemberg  (female) 166511 

Teutonic,  Austria,  about  1190;  abolished  1809;  1.'522;  roorgan- 

ized 1840,  1866 

Thistle  of  Bourbon 1370 

Thistle,  Scotland,  809 ;  revived 1540,  1687 

Thomas  of  Aeon,  St after  137J 

Toison  d'Or  (Golden  Fleece) 10| 

Tower  and  Sword,  Portugal,  1459 ;  revived iSg 

Tiisin,  or  Hungarian  Knights about  16<S 

Two  Sicilies 1808 

Vasa,  Sweden 1^72 

Vigilance,  or  White  Falcon,  Saxe- Weimar 1732 

Virgin  Mary,  Italy 1233 

Virgin  of  Mount  Carmel,  France 16W 

Wends,  Mecklenburg 186* 

White  Cross,  Tuscany 18» 

White  Falcon.  Saxe- Weimar I'Sa 

Wilhelm,  Holland IS" 

Wing  of  St.  Michael.  Portugal HJ* 

Wladimir,  St.,  Russia •• 1782 


KNI 


411 


Female  Knights.  It  is  said  that  the  first  were  the  women  who  pre- 
served Tortosa  from  the  Moors  in  1149  by  their  stout  resistance. 
Large  immunities  were  granted  to  them  and  their  descendants. 
Several  female  orders  appear  in  the  previous  list.  Ladies  have 
been  admitted  to  several  male  orders. 

Knights  of  Glyn  and  Kerry,  in  Ireland.  The  heads  of  2  branches 
of  the  family  of  Fitzgerald,  who  still  enjoy  the  distinctions  be- 
stowed on  their  ancestors  by  sovereigns  in  the  13th  century. 
The  19th  knight  of  Kerry  d.  6  Aug.  1880. 

Knights  of  the  Shire,  or  of  Parliament.  Summoned  by  the  king's 
writ  and  chosen  by  the  freeholders;  first  summoned  by  Simon  de 
Montfort  in  1258,  and  in  a  more  formal  manner,  20  Jan.  1265.  There 
are  writs  extant  as  far  back  as  11  Edward  L,  1283.  The  knights 
are  still  girded  with  a  sword  when  elected,  as  the  writ  prescribes. 

K.Ilig[llt§  of  Labor,  one  of  the  largest  labor  organ- 
izations in  the  United  States.  A  secret  order  was  established 
in  1869  by  Uriah  S.  Stevens,  a  clothing  cutter  at  Philadelphia, 
for  the  protection  of  working-people  and  for  the  development 
of  educated  labor.  Some  time  after  a  ritual  was  adopted  and 
the  society  called  the  "  Knights  of  Labor."  In  1878  a  general 
assembly  of  the  national  association  was  formed,  with  a  su- 
preme office  of  general  master- workman.  T.  V.  Powderly 
of  Scranton,  Pa.,  had  filled  that  office  since  its  formation  until 
Nov.  1893,  when  James  R.  Sovereign  was  elected.  Its  mem- 
bership reported  at  its  annual  convention  at  Toledo,  O.,  Nov. 
1891,  was  200,000,  but  no  exact  figures  were  given  ;  reported 
1893  at  64,000.     Its  name  was  concealed  until  1881. 

Knights  of  the  Oolden  Circle,  a  (supposed) 

organization  in  the  southern  United  States  for  establishing  a 
government  recognizing  slavery.  This  Golden  Circle  included 
territory  reaching  north  to  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  and  south 
to  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  embracing  the  West  Indies,  Mexico, 
etc.,  with  a  radius  of  about  16°.  It  was  first  known  as  the 
order  of  the  Lonk  Star,  and  w^as  active  in  Texas  and  through- 
out the  south.  To  this  was  due  the  filibustering  movement 
in  Central  America  and  Cuba,  1850-57.  Filibusters.  The 
name  was  subsequently  changed  to  "Knights  of  the  Golden 
Circle."  When  secession  began  its  members  were  active 
throughout  the  south  and  in  some  of  the  northern  states,  no- 
tably Ohio  and  Indiana.  The  organization  was  a  dangerous 
element  at  the  north  throughout  the  civil  war. 

lillive§.  In  England,  Hallarashire  (the  country  around 
Sheffield)  has  been  renowned  for  cutlery  for  5  centuries. 
Chaucer  speaks  of  the  "  Sheffield  thwytel."  Stow  says  that 
Richard  Mathews,  on  the  Fleet  bridge,  was  the  first  English- 
man who  made  Jine  knives,  etc.,  and  that  he  obtained  a  pro- 
hibition of  foreign  ones,  1563.  Clasp  or  spring  knives  became 
common  about  1650,  coming  originally  from  Flanders. — Knife- 
cleaning  machines  were  patented  by  Mr.  George  Kent  in  1844  and 
1852 ;  others  have  been  invented  by  Masters,  Price,  etc.  Forks. 

Know-nothing's,  a  society  which  arose  in  1853  in 
the  United  States.  They  controlled  several  newspapers  and 
had  much  political  influence.  Their  principles  were  embodied 
in  the  following  propositions  (at  New  York,  1855) : 

1.  Americans  shall  rule  America. 

2.  The  union  of  these  states. 

3.  No  North,  no  South,  no  East,  no  West. 

4.  The  United  States  of  America— as  they  are— one  and  inseparable. 
6.  No  sectarian  interferences  in  our  legislation  or  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  American  law. 

6.  Hostility  to  the  assumption  of  the  pope,  through  the  bishops, 

etc.,  in  a  republic  sanctified  by  Protestant  blood. 

7.  Thorough  reform  in  the  naturalization  laws. 

8.  Free  and  liberal  educational  institutions  for  all  sects  and  classes, 

with  the  Bible,  God's  holy  word,  as  a  universal  textbook. 
Known  in  politics  as  the  "  American  party."    United  States, 
1856 ;  Political  parties. 

KnoXYlile,  Tenn.,  Siege  of.  Gen,  Burnside,  with  the 
army  of  the  Ohio,  occupied  Knoxville  3  Sept.  1863.  The 
Confederate  gen.  Buckner,  upon  his  advance,  evacuated  E. 
Tennessee  and  joined  Bragg  at  Chattanooga.  Early  in  No- 
vember, gen.  Longstreet,  with  16,000  men,  advanced  against 
Knoxville.  On  the  14th  he  crossed  the  Tennessee.  Burn- 
side  repulsed  him  on  the  16th  at  Campbell's  station,  gaining 
time  to  concentrate  his  army  in  Knoxville.  Longstreet  ad- 
vanced, laid  siege  to  the  town,  and  assaulted  it  twice  (18  and 
29  Nov.),  but  was  repulsed.  Meantime  Grant  had  defeated 
Bragg  at  Chattanooga,  and  Sherman,  with  25,000  men,  was  on 
t  the  way  to  relieve  Knoxville.  Longstreet,compelled  to  raise  the 
i  siege,  retired  up  the  Holston  river,  but  did  not  entirely  aban- 
don E.  Tennessee  until  the  next  spring,  when  he  again  joined 
Lee  in  Virginia.    Chattanooga  campaign,  Fort  Sanders. 


Koh-i-noor,  or 

mond.     Diamonds. 


KRA 

Mountain  of  Light,' 


the  India  dia- 


KoniggrittZ  (ko' -neg-rSts),  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia. 
Near  here  was  fought  the  decisive  battle  between  the  Austrians 
under  marshal  Benedek,  and  the  Prussians  under  king  William 
I.,  3  July,  1866.  Prince  Frederick  Charles  halted  at  Kamnitz 
on  Monday,  2  July,  his  troops  marched  at  midnight,  and  the 
first  shot  was  fired  about  7.30  a.m.  3  July.  The  attack  began  at 
Sadowa  (after  which  the  battle  is  also  named)  about  10  o'clock, 
the  result  appearing  uncertain,  till  the  army  of  the  crown- 
prince  of  Prussia  arrived  about  12.30.  When  Chlum,  which 
had  been  taken  and  lost  7  times  by  the  Prussians,  was  taken 
for  the  8th  time,  the  fate  of  the  day  was  decided ;  and  the  re- 
treat of  the  Austrians,  at  first  orderly,  became  a  disastrous  flight. 
About  400,000  men  were  engaged,  one  of  the  greatest  battles 
of  history.  The  Austrians  are  said  to  have  lost  174  guns,  about 
40,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  20,000  prisoners.  The  Prussians 
lost  about  10,000  men.  The  victory  made  Prussia  supreme 
in  Germany,  united  North  Germany,  enabled  Italy  to  obtain 
Venetia,  and  led  to  the  legislative  independence  of  Hungary. 

Konig§berg,  capital  of  E.  Prussia,  founded  by  the 
Teutonic  knights  in  1255,  became  the  residence  of  the  grand- 
master in  1457.  It  joined  the  Hanseatic  league  in  1365.  It 
was  ceded  to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg  in  J657,  and  here 
Frederick  III.  was  crowned  first  king  of  Prussia  in  1701.  It 
was  held  by  the  Russians  1758-64,  and  by  the  French  in  1807. 
Here  William  I.  and  his  queen  were  crowned,  18  Oct.  1861. 

Konig§tein  tun,  Nassau,  Germany,  was  built  by 
Frederick  Augustus,  king  of  Poland,  in  1725,'  to  hold  233,66*7 
gallons  of  wine;  and  on  the  top,  which  was  railed  in,  was  ac- 
commodation for  20  persons  to  regale  themselves.  The  tun 
of  St.  Bernard's  was  said  to  hold  800  tons.     Heidelberg. 

Koran'  or  Aleoran'  {Al  Kuran,  properly  Quran), 
the  sacred  book  of  the  Mahometans,  written  about  610,  by 
Mahomet  (as  revealed  to  him  by  the  angel  Gabriel  in  23 
years),  was  published  by  Abu-Bekr  about  635.  It  sought  to 
unite  the  professors  of  idolatr}'  and  the  Jews  and  Christians 
in  the  worship  of  one  God  (whose  unity  was  the  chief  point 
inculcated),  under  certain  laws  and  ceremonies,  exacting  obe- 
dience to  Mahomet  as  prophet.  The  leading  article  of  faith 
combines  an  eternal  truth  and  a  necessary  fiction— that  there 
is  only  one  God,  and  that  Mahomet  is  his  apo&iXe— Gibbon. 
The  Koran  was  translated  into  Latin  in  1143;  into  French, 
1647 ;  into  English  by  Sale,  1734 ;  and  into  other  European 
languages,  1763  et  seq.  It  is  a  rhapsody  of  6000  verses,  in 
114  sections.     Mahomet anism,  etc. 

Korei§h,  an  Arab  tribe  which  had  charge  of  the  Caaba,  ox 
sacred  stone  of  Mecca,  and  strenuously  opposed  the  pretensions 
of  Mahomet.  It  was  defeated  by  him  and  his  adherents,  623-30. 

Ko§Zta  affair.  Martin  Koszta,  a  Hungarian  refu- 
gee, when  in  the  United  States  in  1850,  declared  his  intention 
to  become  a  citizen.  In  1853  he  visited  Smyrna,  and  on  21 
June  was  seized  by  a  boat's  crew  of  the  Austrian  brig  Huzzar. 
By  direction  of  the  American  minister  at  Constantinople,  capt. 
Ingraham,  of  the  American  sloop  St.  Louis,  demanded  his  re- 
lease; but,  having  heard  that  the  prisoner  was  to  be  clandes- 
tinely transported  to  Trieste,  he  demanded  his  surrender  by 
a  certain  time,  and  prepared  to  attack  the  Austrian  vessel  on 
2  July ;  Koszta  was  then  given  up.  On  1  Aug.,  the  Austrian 
government  protested  against  these  proceedings  in  a  circular 
addressed  to  the  European  courts,  but  eventually  a  compro- 
mise was  effected,  and  Koszta  returned  to  the  U.  S.  United 
States,  1854. 

kraal  {krdl),  a  Dutch  name  for  a  collection  of  huts  with- 
in a  stockade  in  S.  Africa.     Zululand. 

kraicen,  a  fabulous  Scandinavian  sea-monster  of  im- 
mense size. 

"  Below  the  thunders  of  the  upper  deep- 
Far,  far  beneath,  in  the  abysmal  sea, 
His  ancient,  dreamless,  uninvaded  sleep 
The  kraken  sleepeth.  .  .  . 
There  hath  he  lain  for  ages  and  will  lie 

Until  the  latter  fire  shall  heat  the  deep; 

Then  once  by  men  and  angels  to  be  seen. 

In  roaring  he  shall  rise  and  on  the  surface  die  " 

— Tennyson,  "The  Kraken."  ' 


KRE 


m 


LAD 


Kremlin,  a  p^ilace  at  Moscow,  built  by  Demetri,  grand- 
duke  of  Russia,  about  1376.  It  was  burned  down  in  Sept.  1812, 
during  the  city's  occupancy  by  the  French  army,  and  rebuilt 
in  1816;  partly  burned  about  23  July,  1879.     Moscow. 

Kriipp's  cast-steel  factory,  Essen,  Rhenish  Prussia,  es- 
tablished 1810.  About  10,500  men  employed,  exclusive  of 
about  5000  miners  and  others  (1876). 

Ku-klux-klan,  a  secret  society  in  the  southern 
United  States,  opposed  to  negro  suffrage.  Early  in  1868,  this 
society  issued  lists  of  proscribed  persons,  who  must  quit  the 
country  or  be  liable  to  assassination.  Gen.  Grant  endeavored 
to  suppress  this  society  in  April.  Its  repression  by  the  mili- 
tia in  Arkansas  was  ordered,  Nov.  1868,  and  it  became  the  sub- 


ject of  legislation  at  Washington,  June,  1871,  under  which 
many  persons  were  tried  and  convicted  for  outrage  and  mur- 
der. The  Ku-kliix  outrages  were  generally  committed  at 
night,  by  masked  men,  with  disguised  horses.  The  vigorous 
prosecution  of  Ku-klux  offenders  destroyed  the  organization. 

KunobitZ'a,  in  the  Balkan.  Here  John  Hunniades^ 
the  Hungarian,  defeated  the  Turks,  24  Dec.  1443. 

Kurdlitan'  (the  ancient  Assyria),  a  country  of  W.Asia, 
subject  partly  to  Turkey  and  Persia.  In  Oct.  1880  the  Kurds, 
savage  tribes,  nominal  Mahometans,  ravaged  Persia,  and  were 
subdued  after  fierce  conflicts  with  their  chief,  Obeid-ullah,  a 
Turkish  sheik,  Nov.,  Dec.  1880.  In  June,  1881,  he  was  said  to 
have  surrendered. 


Li,  In  Greek  the  form  of  this  letter  was  generally  A ;  but 
in  the  western  Greek  L,  which  appears  in  old  Roman  inscrip- 
tions, passing  by  degrees  into  the  right  angle  of  our  alphabet. 
— Encycl.  Brit.  9  th  ed. 

Labor,  American  Federation  of,  formed 

at  Columbus,  O.,  in  Dec.  1886,  one  of  the  largest  labor  or- 
ganizations in  the  world,  uniting  the  trades  and  occupations 
in  the  United  States.  The  total  membership  in  1890-91  was 
nearly  700,000.  The  trades  represented  by  the  largest  mem- 
bership are :  (1)  the  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners 
of  America,  65,000  to  70,000  ;  (2)  Association  of  Iron  and  Steel 
Workers,  60,000 ;  (3)  Iron-moulders'  Union  of  America,  41,000 
to  45,000  ;  (4)  Bricklayers  and  Stone-masons'  Union,  35,000  to 
40,000;  (5)  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  P]ngineers,  30,000  to 
35,000;  (6)  International  Typographical  Union,  30,000 ;  (7) 
Cigar-makers'  International  Union,  30,000;  (8)  Brotherhood 
of  Locomotive  Firemen,  25,000 ;  (9)  Coal  Miners,  20,000;  (10) 
Granite  Cutters,  20,000 ;  (11)  Tailors,  17,000 ;  (12)  Bakers, 
17,000,  etc.     KxiGHTS  of  Labor,  Strikes. 

LABOR  MOVEMENT  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

First  trades-union  in  the  U.  S. ,  the  tailors' 1806 

Hatters  organize  a  union 1819 

Shipwrights  and  calkers  organize  a  charitable  association. .  .1825-30 
Agitation  for  less  hours  of  labor,  better  wages,  and  protection 

of  operatives  in  factories 1825 

Appearance  in  local  politics  of  the  Workingmen's  party 1828 

Ebenezer  Ford  elected  on  this  ticket  to  the  legislature  of  New 

York 1829 

Printers'  first  local  union 1831 

New  England  Association  of  Farmers,  Mechanics,  and  Working- 
men  formed " 

Shipwrights  and  calkers  of  New  England  begin  the  10-hour 

movement 1832 

Convention  of  mechanics  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  protested  against 

convict  labor 1834 

Pres.  Van  Buren  establishes  10-hour  system  in  navy-yards 1840 

"New  England  Workingmen's  Association  "  organized  in  Bos- 
ton   1845 

New  Hampshire  makes  10  hours  a  legal  day's  work 1847 

National  and  international  trades-unions  organized  from  Maine 

to  California 1850-60 

International  Typographical  Union  established 1852 

Machinists  and  Blacksmiths'  Union  established 1859 

Iron- moulders' Association  establisheti.   " 

Cigar-makers'  International  Union  established 1864 

Great  revival  in  the  labor  movement '. 1866 

An  8-hour  bill  introduced  in  Congress  for  the  benefit  of  govern- 
ment employes,  1866 ;  becomes  a  law 1868 

"  Knights  of  Labor"  organize  in  Philadelphia 1869 

Congress  creates  a  national  bureau  of  labor 1884 

Erected  into  a  department  of  labor 1888 

Labor  day,  1st  Monday  in  Sept.,  made  a  national  legal  holi- 
day   1894 

Lab'rador,  the  most  eastern  portion  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, extending  from  the  entrance  of  Hudson's  strait  to  the  strait 
of  Belle  Isle,  a  distance  of  740  miles  on  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  1497;  visited  by  Cortereal 
in  1500;  made  a  Moravian  missionary  station  in  1771.  Since 
1809  it  has  belonged  to  Newfoundland. 

labur'num  (jCytisuslahumum),  called  also  the  golden 
chain,  was  brought  to  England  from  Hungary,  Austria,  etc., 
about  1576.—^  she. 

lab'yrinttas.    A  structure  with  intricate  passages  ren- 


dering it  difficult  to  find  an  exit.  4  are  mentioned;  the  first, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Daedalus,  in  Crete,  to  secure  the 
Minotaur,  about  1210  b.c.  ;  the  second,  of  Arsinoe,  in  Egypt, 
near  the  lake  of  Moeris,  by  Psammeticus,  king  of  that  place, 
about  683  b.c.;  the  third,  at  Lemnos,  remarkable  for  sumptuous 
pillars,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  stalactite  grotto ;  and  the 
fourth,  at  Clusium,  in  Italy,  erected  by  Porsenna,  king  of  Etru- 
ria,  about  520  b.c. — Pliny.  The  labyrinth  of  Woodstock  is 
connected  with  the  story  of  fair  Rosamond.  The  maze  at 
Hampton  court  was  formed  in  the  16th  century. 

laee.  A  fabric  of  fine  thread  of  cotton,  linen,  or  silk, 
until  recently  made  by  hand,  but  now  largely  b}'  machin- 
ery. It  was  made  of  very  delicate  texture  in  France  and 
Flanders  in  1320.  Its  importation  into  England  was  prohib- 
ited in  1483 ;  but  it  was  used  in  the  court  costume  of  Eliza- 
beth's reign.  Dresden,  Valenciennes,  Mechlin,  and  Brussels 
are  famous  for  fine  lace.  An  ounce  of  Flanders  thread  has 
often  sold  for  4/.  in  London ;  and  its  value,  when  manufactured, 
has  been  increased  to  40/.,  10  times  the  price  of  standard  gold. 
A  framework  knitter  of  Nottingham,  named  Hammond,  is  said 
to  have  invented  a  mode  of  applying  his  stocking-frame  to 
manufacture  lace  while  studying  the  lace  on  his  wife's  cap, 
about  1768. — MacCulloch.  So  many  improvements  have  been 
made  in  this  manufacture,  particularly  by  Heathcote  (1809, 
1817,  etc.),  Morley,  and  Leaver  (1811,  etc.),  that  a  piece  of  lace 
which  about  1809  cost  17/.  may  now  be  had  for  7s.  (1853). — 
Ure.  The  process  of  "  gassing,"  which  makes  cotton  lace  said 
to  equal  fine  linen  lace,  was  invented  by  Samuel  Hall  of  Bas- 
ford,  near  Nottingham,  Engl.  He  died  in  Nov.  1862.  Se- 
guin's  "  La  Dentelle  ;  Histoire,"  etc.,  pub.  1874. 

Laeedse'mon  or  Laeo'nia  {TzaJconia).  Sparta. 

La  Colle  {la  koW)  lVItll§,  Attack  on, in  Lower  Canada, 
not  far  from  Rouse's  Point,  by  3000  Americans  of  gen.  Wilkin- 
son's division,  on  30  Mch.  1814.  The  mill  was  fortified  and 
garrisoned  by  200  British  soldiers  under  maj.  Hancock.  The 
Americans  lost  16  killed  and  122  wounded,  the  British  loss  was 
10  killed  and  46  wounded.     United  States. 

Liaeonia.     New  Hampshire,  1622. 

laerosse.  The  national  game  of  the  dominion  of 
Canada,  made  popular  after  1860.  First  association  in  the 
United  States,  1879.     Michigan,  1763. 

Iaeteal§  (absorbent  vessels  connected  with  digestion) 
were  discovered  in  a  dog  by  Jasper  Asellius  of  Cremona,  1622, 
and  their  termination  in  the  thoracic  duct  by  Pecquet,  1651. 
Lymphatics. 

Ladoee'a,  in  Arcadia.  Here  Cleomenes  III.,  king  of 
Sparta,  defeated  the  Achasan  league,  226  b.c. 

Ladrone'  i§le$,  N.  Pacific,  belonging  to  Spain,  dis- 
covered by  Magellan  in  1520.  He  first  touched  at  the  island 
of  Guam.  Natives  having  stolen  from  him,  he  named  the  isl- 
ands the  Ladrones,  or  Thieves.  In  the  17th  century  they  were 
named  Marianha  islands  from  the  queen  of  Spain. 

lady.  Masters  and  mistresses  of  manor-houses,  in  for- 
mer times,  who  served  out  bread  to  the  poor  weekly,  were 


LAF 


413 


LAM 


called  lafords  and  lefdays ;  signifying  bread -givers  (from 
hlaf,  a  loaf)  ;  hence  lords  and  ladies.  Wedgewood  derives  the 
words  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  laford,  lord,  and  hlafdig,  lady. 
—Lady-day  (25  Mch.),  a  festival  instituted  in  England  about 
550,  according  to  some,  and  not  before  the  7th  century  accord- 
ing to  others.  Annunciation.  The  year,  which  previously 
began  on  this  day,  was  ordered  to  begin  on  1  Jan.  in  France 
in  1564;  and  in  Scotland,  by  proclamation,  on  17  Dec.  1599; 
but  not  in  England  till  3  Sept.  1752,  when  the  style  was  altered. 

Lafayette  in  the  United  States.  United  States, 
1824-25. 

Laffeldt,  a  village  of  Holland.  Here  marshal  Saxe 
defeated  the  English,  Dutch,  and  Austrians,  2  July,  1747. 

Lafflte  {la-fit'),  Jean,  the  "Pirate  of  the  Gulf,"  born  in 
France  about  1780,  coming  to  the  United  States,  became  a  leader 
of  pirates  and  smugglers  at  Barataria  bay.  The  British  in 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  during  the  fall  of  1814  urged  him  to  join 
them  with  his  forces,  but  instead  he  joined  Jackson,  and  did 
valiant  service  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  His  subsequent 
career  is  obscure. 

La'gro§  toay,  Portugal.  Here  was  fought  a  battle  be- 
tween adm.  Boscawen  and  the  French  adm.  de  la  Clue  (who 
lo?t  both  legs  and  died  next  day),  17, 18  Aug.  1759.  The  Cen- 
taur and  Modeste  were  taken,  the  Redoutable  and  Ocean  ran 
on  shore  and  were  burned ;  the  scattered  remains  of  the  French 
fleet  got  into  Cadiz. 

i  L.a  Hog-ue  (Id  hog),  N.W.  France,  Battle  of,  19  May, 
il692,  when  the  English  and  Dutch  fleets  under  adms.  Russell 
land  Rooke  defeated  the  French  fleet  of  adm.  Tourville.  The 
•English  burned  13  ships  and  destroyed  8  more,  preventing  a 
idescent  upon  England. 

I  I^aliore',  capital  city  of  the  Punjab,  N.W.  India,  was 
'taken  by  Baber  about  1520,  and  was  long  the  capital  of  the 
iMongol  empire.  It  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Sikhs  in  1798. 
jit  was  occupied  by  sir  Hugh  Gough,  22  Feb.  1846,  who  in  Mch. 
iconcluded  a  treaty  of  peace.     Pop.  1891, 176,720.    Durbar. 

1  lake  Cliamplain,  N.  Y.,  a  narrow  body  of  water 
il20  miles  long,  lying  between  New  York  and  Vermont. 
I  Area,  488  sq.  miles.  Crown  Point  and  Fort  Ticonderoga; 
{Naval  battles;  Nevv^  York,  1609,  etc. ;  Plattsburg. 

I  lake  cl'Wellillg§,  dwellinj^s  built  on  piles  or  other 
jmpport  over  the  water  of  a  lake.  Name  first  applied  to  dwell- 
ings discovered  at  the  bottom  of  lakes  in  Switzerland,  and 
j.vhich  contain  relics  of  the  stone,  iron,  and  brass  ages.  He- 
i'odotus  (about  450  b.c.)  described  the  Paeonians  as  living  on 
olatforms  in  lake  Prasias.  In  1855  dr.  Keller  discovered  re- 
jnains  of  habitations  which  had  been  supported  on  piles  in 
jeveral  Swiss  lakes  ages  ago.  His  book  was  published 
n  England  in  1866.  The  artificial  fortified  islands  termed 
i'cranognes"  in  some  Irish  lakes  are  attributed  to  the  9th 
j.nd  10th  centuries.  They  have  often  been  places  of  refuge. 
j  lake  £rie  bounds  part  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Ind  Ohio  on  the  north,  and  extends  in  a  southwesterly  di- 
jection  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to  Toledo,  O.,  250  miles;  breadth, 
jo  miles;  average  depth,  204  ft.  Area,  10,000  sq.  miles. 
jUvAL  battles.  New  York,  1679;  Ohio,  1813;  United 

i'TATES. 

i  lake  Oeorge,  and  Battle  of.  First  so  called  by  the 
English  in  1755 ;  previously  named  by  the  French  St.  Sacre- 
lent,  for  the  purity  of  its  water.  Extends  northeast  and 
)uthwest,  mostly  between  Washington  and  Warren  counties, 
'ew  York.  It  is  33  miles  in  length,  and  from  1  to  4  miles 
i<le.  At  the  upper  end,  during  colonial  days,  stood  Fort 
/^illiam  Henry,  and  at  the  lower  end  Fort  Ticonderoga. 
ear  the  upper  end  was  fought  the  battle  of  Lake  George,  8 
ipt.  1755,  in  which  gen.  William  Johnson,  with  a  force  va- 
(usly  estimated  from  3000  to  5000  troops,  mostly  from  Mas- 
ihusetts,^ Connecticut,  and  New  Hampshire,  and  a  few  Mo- 
iwk  Indians  under  their  chief  Hendricks,  defeated  a  mixed 
ipany  of  French  regulars,  Canadians,  and  Indians  under 
►n  Dieskau,  numbering  probably  2500.  On  the  morning 
the  principal  engagement  Dieskau  had  ambuscaded  and 
feated  an  advanced  detachment  from  Johnson's  force  of  1000 
I,  with  the  Indians  under  Hendricks,  who  was  killed,  as 


was  col.  Ephraim  Williams,  the  commander.  The  French 
followed  closely  and  reached  the  temporary  defences  of  the 
main  body  as  soon  as  the  fugitives.  After  fighting  for  several 
hours,  and  losing  heavily,  the  French  retired,  leaving  Dieskau, 
wounded,  a  prisoner.  New  York.  For  this  victory,  John- 
son, who,  slightly  wounded,  retired  early  in  the  fight,  re- 
ceived 5000?.  and  a  baronetcy  from  the  British  government. 
The  honor  of  the  victory  is  usually  awarded  to  gen.  Phineas 
Lyman  of  Connecticut,  who  took  command  when  Johnson  was 
disabled.  Among  those  engaged  were  Israel  Putnam,  John 
Stark,  and  Seth  Pomeroy.  It  is  said  of  col.  Ephraim  Will- 
iams, killed  in  the  first  engagement,  that  "while  passing 
through  Albany  he  made  his  will,  leaving  certain  property  to 
found  a  free  school  for  western  Massachusetts,  since  grown  into 
Williams  college."— /M(ire<A's  "  Hist.  U.  S."  vol.  ii.  p.  463. 

lake,  Great  ISalt,  Utah  territory.  Area,  1875  sq. 
miles. 

lake  Huron  lies  between  Michigan  and  Canada; 
length,  270  miles;  breadth,  105  miles;  but  from  Bay  City, 
at  the  extremity  of  Saginaw  bay,  across  the  lake  and  Geor- 
gian bay  it  is  ov^er  200  miles.  Maximum  depth,  1800  ft.  ; 
average  depth  between  300  to  500  ft.  Area,  23,000  sq. 
miles. 

lake  miellig^an,  separating  Wisconsin  .from  Michi- 
gan, is  the  third  in  size  of  the  great  lakes,  being  345  miles 
long,  84  miles  wide.  Area,  22,400  sq.  miles.  Its  maximum 
depth  1000  ft. 

lake  Ontario,  the  most  easterly  of  the  5  great  lakes, 
extends  from  Hamilton,  Ont.,  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  190 
miles ;  breadth  52  miles,  and  average  depth  412  feet.  Naval 
battles  ;  New  York  ;  United  States,  1812-14. 

Lake  poets,  a  term  applied  to  Wordsworth  (1770- 
1850),  Coleridge  (1772-1834),  and  Southey  (1774-1843),  who 
lived  among  the  lakes  of  Wetsmoreland,  Engl. 

lake  Regillui,  Italy,  where,  tradition  states,  the 
Romans  defeated  the  Latin  auxiliaries  of  the  expelled  Tar- 
quins,  about  499  b.c. 

lake  Superior,  the  largest  of  the  5  great  lakes. 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin  lie  on  its  south  side,  Minnesota 
and  Canada  on  its  north.  Its  length  is  390  miles,  breadth 
160  miles,  and  average  depth  900  feet.  Area,  32,000  sq. 
miles. 

Lamaism,  the  religion  of  Mongolia  and  Thibet  (dating 
about  1357),  is  a  corrupt  form  of  Buddhism. 

Lamian  war,  323  b.c,  of  Athens  and  her  allies  (ex- 
cited by  Demosthenes),  with  Antipater,  governor  of  Mace- 
don.  Antipater  fled  to  Lamia,  in  Thessaly,and  was  there  be- 
sieged. He  escaped  and  defeated  his  adversaries  at  Cranon, 
322  B.C. 

L<aninia§-Clay,  l  Aug.,  one  of  the  English  4  cross 
quarter-days  of  the  year.  Whitsuntide  was  the  1st,  Lammas 
the  2d,  Martinmas  the  3d,  and  Candlemas  the  last.  This  di- 
vision of  the  year  was  once  as  common  as  that  by  Lady-day, 
Midsummer,  Michaelmas,  and  Christmas.  Rents  are  some- 
times payable  on  these  quarter  days  in  England,  and  very  gen- 
erally in  Scotland.  Lammas  probably  comes  from  the  Saxon 
hlammcesse,  loaf  mass,  becaiise  formerly  upon  that  day  bread 
made  of  new  wheat  was  offered.  Anciently,  tenants  that  held 
lands  of  the  cathedral  church  of  York  were  by  tenure  to  bring 
a  lamb  alive  into  church  at  high-mass. 

"It  was  upon  a  Lammas-night 
When  corn-rigs  are  bonnie." — Burns. 
"Even  or  odd,  of  all  days  in  the  year, 
Come  Lammas-eve  at  night  shall  she  be  fourteen." 

— Shakespeare,  "Romeo  and  Juliet,"  act  i.  so.  iii. 

lamps.  The  earthen  lamp  of  Epictetus  the  philosopher 
sold  after  his  death  for  3000  drachmas.  Lamps  with  horn 
sides  said  to  be  the  invention  of  Alfred.  London  streets  were 
first  lighted  with  oil-lamps  in  1681,  and  with  gas-lamps  in 
1814.  A  lamp  "constructed  to  produce  neither  smoke  nor 
smell,  and  to  give  considerably  more  light  than  any  lamp 
hitherto  known,"  was  patented  by  Aim6  Argand  in  1784, 
and  was  brought  into  general  use  in  England  early  in  the 
present  century.      On  his  principle  are  founded  the  lamp 


LAN 


414 


LAN 


invented  by  Carcel  about  1803,  and  since  1825  the  moder- 
ator lamps  of  Levavasaeur,  Hadrot,  and  Neuburger.  Safety- 
lamp. 

Lancaiterian  iChoolS,  on  a  system  of  education 
by  mutual  instruction,  devised  by  Joseph  Lancaster  about 
1796,  were  not  much  patronized  till  about  1808.  The  system 
led  to  the  formation  of  the  British  and  Foreign  School  Society 
in  1805,  whose  schools  are  unsectarian  and  use  only  the  Bible 
in  religious  instruction.  Lancaster  was  accidentally  killed  at 
New  York  in  1838. 

Lancastrians.    Roses. 

land.  The  first  division  of  land  was  for  tribal  occupancy 
(Gen.  X.  25-32).  "  The  traditions  of  Roman  law  furnish  the 
information  that  wealth  consisted  at  first  in  cattle  and  the 
produce  of  the  soil,  and  it  was  not  until  later  that  land  came 
to  be  distributed  among  the  burghess  as  their  own  special 
property." — Mommsen, "  Hist,  of  Rome."  The  earliest  measure 
of  land  personally  owned  by  a  Roman  as  "  land  of  one's  own  " 
Qieredium)  consisted  of  2  jugera,  \\  acres,  and  should  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  hide,  \'2\  acres,  which  while  used  was  not 
owned.  Agrakian  law,  Licinian  law.  During  the  mediaeval 
period  most  of  the  land  of  Europe  was  subject  to  the  conditions 
of  Feudalism.  Feudal  laws.  Great  changes  have  marked 
the  last  hundred  years,  the  tendency  being  to  division  and  in- 
dividual ownership.  In  France  before  the  revolution  land  was 
owned  by  comparatively  few;  now  there  are  over  2,000,000 
owning  i2  acres  and  over,  1,000,000  owning  between  12  and 
25  acres,  while  there  are  only  150,000  that  possess  100  acres 
and  over.  Of  the  whole  population  more  than  1,800,000  cul- 
tivate their  own  land,  850,000  are  tenants,  and  only  55,000  cul- 
tivate by  a  steward  or  deputy.  The  land  in  Belgium,  Switz- 
erland, Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden,  and  a  large  part  of  Italy 
is  now  divided  into  small  farms,  and  this  is  becoming  the  con- 
dition of  Germany.  In  Great  Britain  the  opposite  appears ; 
the  land,  estimated  in  1890  at  77,695,246  acres,  is  in  fewer 
hands  than  that  of  any  other  country  in  Europe.  There  are 
1,173,794  owners,  of  whom  852,408  own  less  than  an  acre ; 
262,830  average  about  70  acres,  51,000,  380  acres;  6200,  3150 
acres,  and  1200,  16,200  acres.  As  the  population  is  37,740,383, 
there  are  36,566,489  without  land.  Of  tenant  farmers  in  Great 
Britain  there  are  561,000,  and  in  Ireland  600,000 ;  about 
400,000  in  Great  Britain  and  500,000  in  Ireland  hold  less  than 
15  acres.  All  the  land  in  the  United  States  was  originally 
claimed  by  the  several  rulers  of  Europe,  by  right  of  discovery, 
the  Atlantic  coast  mostly  by  the  British.  Extensive  grants 
were  made  by  kings  of  England  to  individuals  and  companies, 
regardless  of  the  rights  of  aborigines.  While  the  Dutch  held 
New  York,  grants  were  made  several  hundred  square  miles 
in  extent  to  citizens  of  Holland,  with  feudal  privileges,  espe- 
cially to  the  Van  Rensselaers  and  afterwards  to  Robert  Living- 
ston (1686),  from  the  English  government.  Anti-rentism. 
In  Virginia  free  settlers  who  emigrated  at  their  own  expense 
were  allowed  as  much  land  as  they  could  cultivate,  free  from 
taxes  for  10  years.  As  early  as  1615,  50  acres  was  granted  in 
fee  to  every  freeman  in  that  province.  In  New  England,  not- 
ably in  Massachusetts,  grants  were  at  first  made  only  to  com- 
panies formed  for  settling  plantations,  but  even  here  as  early 
as  1623  every  person  obtained  a  little  land  in  fee.  In  1777 
North  Carolina  opened  a  land  office  for  the  sale  of  land  lately 
ceded  by  the  Cherokees,  and  any  man  could  enter  650  acres  for 
himself,  and  100  acres  for  his  wife  and  each  child,  the  whole 
to  be  paid  for  at  2^.  10s.  per  each  100  acres  besides  fees  and 
cost  of  survey.  Congress  has  enacted  many  laws  for  the  dis- 
posal of  national  public  lands.  Of  these  there  are  2  classes, 
one  at  $1.25  per  acre  as  the  minimum  price,  and  the  other  at 
$2.50 ;  the  latter  intluding  the  alternate  sections  reserved  by 
the  U.  S.  in  land-grants  to  railroads,  etc.  Title  to  these  lands 
may  be  acquired  by  private  entry  or  located  under  Homestead 
Pre-emption  or  Timber-culture  laws.  The  Homestead  law 
gives  160  acres  of  the  $1.25  land  or  80  acres  of  the  $2.50  to 
any  citizen  who  shall  actually  settle  on  and  cultivate  the 
land,  title  perfect  after  5  years  of  occupancy  on  payment 
only  of  fees  and  commissions.  Under  the  Timber-culture 
act,  1873-78,  a  settler  who  had  cultivated  for  2  years  as 
much  as  5  acres  in  trees  was  entitled  to  80  acres,  or  if 
10  acres,  to  160  acres;  but  this  act  was  repealed  3  Mch. 
1891.     TJnder  act,  20  Aug.  1890,  no  person  can  acquire  more 


than  320  acres  of  public  land.     The  estimated  number 
acres  of  vacant  land   in   the  U.  S.,  1893,  was  571,013,59 
acres,  not  including  Alaska,  military,  Indian,  or  timber  resei 
vations. 

Landen  or  ]Veer''\vlndcn,  a  town  of  Belgiun 
Near  here  the  French  under  marshal  Luxembourg  defeate 
the  allies,  commanded  by  William  III.  of  England,  chiefl 
through  the  cowardice  of  the  Dutch,  29  July,  1693.  The  duk 
of  Berwick,  illegitimate  son  of  James  II.,  fighting  with  th 
French,  was  taken. 

landgrave  (from  land,  and  fp'of,  a  count),  a  Germa 
title,  first  given  in  1130  to  Louis  III.  of  Thuringia.  It  b< 
came  the  title  of  the  house  of  Hesse  about  1263. 

LandsllUt  (lands' -hoot),  a  town  of  Silesia,  where  th 
Prussians  were  defeated  by  the  Austrians  under  marshj 
Laudohn,  23  June,  1760. 

landslips  are  due  to  decay  of  rocks  or  excessive  sai 

uration  of  soil  by  rain. 

Rossberg  mountain  behind  the  Rigi  slipped  down,  burying 
villages  and  hamlets  with  above  800  inhabitants 1 

Lyme  Regis,  Dorset,  a  strip  of  chalk  cliff  X  "li'c  'o^g,  between 
100  and  150  feet  high,  undermined  by  rain,  slid  forward  on 
the  beach,  carrying  fields,  houses,  and  trees 24-27  Dec.  1 

Naini  or  Nynee  Tal,  a  sanitary  hill-station  in  the  Himalayas, 
India,  was  destroyed  by  the  descent  of  the  mountain;  about 
30  British  (including  major  Martin  Morphy,  col.  Fred.  Sher- 
wood Taylor,  and  capts.  F.  T.  Goodeve,  H.  S.  F.  Haynes.  and 
A.  Balderston)  and  200  natives  perished 18  Sept.  1880 

Near  Northwich,  Cheshire,  salt-works  stopped. .  .6  Dec.  et  seq.     " 

landwehr  (Idnt'var,  Ger.  for  land-defence),  the  militia 
of  Germany,  especially  of  Prussia,  which  was  effective  in  the 
wars  with  Austria  in  1866,  and  with  France  in  1870.  No 
rank  is  exempt  from  this  service,  and  many  persons  in  foreign 
countries  returned  to  serve  in  1870. 

Langside,  near  Glasgow,  S.  Scotland,  where  the  fore 
of  the  regent  of  Scotland,  the  earl  of  Murray,  defeated  tl 
army  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  13  May,  1568.     Mary  fled 
England  and  crossed  the  Solway  Frith,  landing  at  Working 
ton,  in  Cumberland,  16  May.     Soon  after  she  was  impris- 
oned by  Elizabeth. 

lang'uag'e  was  regarded  as  a  human  invention  by  Hor- 
ace, Lucretius,  Cicero,  and  most  of  the  Greek  and  Roma& 
writers ;  as  a  gift  of  heaven  by  the  Jews  and  Christians,  and 
many  modern  philosophers.  Some  suppose  Hebrew  to  have 
been  spoken  by  Adam ;  others  say  that  the  Hebrew,  Chaldee, 
and  Arabic  are  only  dialects  of  the  original  tongue.  "And; 
the  whole  earth  was  of  one  language  and  of  one  speech  "  (Gen.: 
xi.  1).  Eminent  linguists :  Anas  Montanus,  editor  of  the  Ant- 
werp Polyglot  Bible  (1527-98) ;  sir  William  Jones  (1746-94); 
cardinal  Giuseppe  Mezzofanti  (1774-1849)  is  said  to  havoi 
known  1 14  languages  or  dialects,  and  50  well ;  and  Niebuhrf 
(1776-1831)  knew  20  languages  in  1807,  and  more  afterward8[ 
Hans  Conon  von  der  Gabelentz  knew  many  languages  ct 
cally ;  he  died  3  Sept.  1874,  aged  nearly  67. 
Elihu  Burritt,  "the  learned  blacksmith  "  (1810-79),  noted  as  havii 

learned  the  principal  ancient  and  modern  languages  while  worki^ 

as  blacksmith. 
Original  European  languages  were  13,  viz. :  Greek,  Latin,  Germa 

Slavonian,  spoken  in  the  east;  Welsh;  Biscayan,  spoken  in  Spai^ 

Irish;  Albanian,  in  the  mountains  of  Epirus;  Tartarian;  old  III 

rian;  Jazygian,  remaining  yet  in  Liburnia;  Chaucin,  in  the  nor 

of  Hungary;  and  Finnic,  in  east  Friesland. 
From  Latin  sprang  Italian,  French,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese. 
Turkish  is  a  mixed  dialect  of  Tartarian. 
From  Teutonic  sprang  the  present  German,  Danish,  Swedish,  Ne 

wegian,  English,  Scotch,  etc. 
There  are  3424  known  languages,  or  rather  dialects,  in  the  wc 

Of  these,  937  are  Asiatic;  687  European;  276  African; 

American  languages  and  dialects. — Adelung. 
In  1861  and  1862  prof.  Max  Muller  lectured  on  the  "  Science 

Language"  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London.     He  divided 

guages  into  3  families  : 

I.  Aryan  (in  Sanskrit,  noble). 
Southern  dim sion.— India,  (Prakrit  and  Pali;  Sanskrit;  dialectt 

India;  Gypsy). 
Iranic  (Parsi;  Armenian,  etc.). 
Northern  division.— Celtic  (Cymric:  Cornish,  Welsh,  Manx,  Gaelic 

Breton,  etc.). 
Italic    (Oscan;    Latin;    Umbrian  — Italian,    Spanish,    PortuguM«J 

French,  etc.). 
Illyric  (Albanian). 
Hellenic  (Greek  and  its  dialects). 
Wendic  (Lettic:  Old  Prussian;  Slavonic  dialects— Bohem'\&n,  Kaa 

sian,  Polish,  Lithuanian,  etc.). 


LAN 


415 


LAT 


Teutonic  (/fi^fe-German:  Modern  German ;  Zoiw-Gerraan:  Gothic, 
Anglo-Saxon,  Dutch,  Frisian,  English ;  Scandinavian;  Old  Norse, 
Danish,  Swedish,  Norwegian,  Icelandic). 

II.  Semitic. 

Southern— Arahlc  (including  Ethiopic  and  Amharic);  Middle~B.e- 
braic  (Hebrew,  Samaritan,  PhcEnician  inscriptions);  Northern— 
Aramaic  (Chaldee,  Syriac,  Cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Babylon  and 
Nineveh). 

III.  Turanian  (from  Tura,  swiftness). 

Northern   dwmow. —Tungusic    (Chinese,   etc.),   Mongolic,   Turkic, 

Samoyedic,  and  Finnic. 
'\  Southern    division.— Taic     (Siamese,   etc.),    (Himalayas),   Malayic 
!     (Polynesia,  etc.),   Gangetic,   Lonitic     (Burmese,    etc.),    Munda, 

Tamulic. 
I  GROWTH  OP   THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN   LANGUAGES. 

(Estimated  by  Mulhall,  1891.) 


Language. 


English  — 

French 

German 

Italian 

Spanish 

Portuguese  . 


In  1801  spoken  by 

In  1890  spoken  by 

20,520,000 

111,100,000 

31,450,000 

51,200,000 

30,320,000 

75,200,000 

15,070,000 

33,400,000 

26,190,000 

42.800,000 

7,480,000 

13,000,000 

30.770.000 

75,000.000 

i 

I  Lang[Ue  d'Oc  (lang-dok').  .  Troubadours. 
i  Lailg^lieclOC  {lang-dok'},  a  province  of  S.  France, 
[formed  part  of  the  Roman  Gallia  Narbonensis;  was  nanned 
I  Gothia,  as  having  been  held  by  the  Visigoths  409,  who  were 
j  expelled  by  the  Saracens ;  in  turn  driven  out  by  Charles  Mar- 
itel  in  the  8th  century.  In  the  dark  ages  the  country  was 
I  named  Septimania  (probably  from  containing  7  important 
i towns) ;  afterwards  Languedoc  (from  its  dialect),  about  1270, 
iwheii  annexed  to  the  monarchy.  It  suffered  during  the  per- 
jsecutions  of  Albigenses  and  Huguenots. 

L<ail§d01VIl,  an  elevated  tract  of  land  near  Bath,  Som- 
ersetshire, Engl.  The  parliamentary  army  under  sir  William 
Waller  was  here  defeated,  5  July,  1643. 

lantcrn§  of  scraped  horn  were  invented  in  England,  it 
is  said,  by  Alfred ;  and  it  is  supposed  that  horn  was  used  for 
window  lights  also,  as  glass  was  not  generally  known,  872- 
%\.—Stoio.  London  was  lighted  by  suspended  lanterns  with 
glass  sides,  1415. 

lan'ttianuin,  a  rare  metal  discovered  in  the  oxide  of 
cerium  by  Mosander  in  1839. 

Laoc  OOIl,  an  exquisite  work  of  Grecian  art,  in  mar- 
ble, modelled  by  Agesander,  Athenodorus,  and  Polydorus,  all 
of  Rhodes,  and  other  eminent  statuaries  (about  70  a.d.)  ;  it 
represents  the  death  of  the  Trojan  hero  Laocoon,  priest  of 
Neptune,  and  his  2  sons,  as  described  by  Virgil. — A'Jneid, 
ii.  200.  It  was  discovered  in  1506  in  the  Sette  Salle  near 
Rome,  and  purchased  by  pope  Julius  II.  It  is  now  in  the  Vat- 
ican. 

Ijaodice'a.     Seven  churches. 

lap'aro-elytrot'omy,  an  operation,  marking  an 
important  advance  in  surgery,  was  devised  and  performed  by 
dr.  T.  G.  Thomas  of  New  York,  in  1870.  Dr.  A.  T.  C.  Skene 
of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  first  successfully  repeated  the  operation, 
Oct.  1875.' 

Lapland  or  Sameland,  an  extensive  territory  in 
N.  Europe,  nominally  subject  to  Norway  in  the  13th  century, 
and  now  to  Sweden  and  Russia.  Total  area  153,200  sq.  miles; 
!pop.  30,000.  Several  Laplanders  were  exhibited  at  the  West- 
iminster  aquarium,  Nov.  1877,  and  at  the  World's  Fair  in 
Chicago,  1893. 

Larenta'lia  were  festivals  celebrated  at  Rome  in 
honor  of  Acca  Larentia,  said  to  have  been  either  the 
inurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  or  a  rich  dissolute  woman 
who  bequeathed  her  property  to  the  Roman  people.  The 
festival  commenced  about  621  b.c.,  and  was  held  on  30  Apr. 
and  23  Dec.     Feasts  and  festivals. 

I^a  Rotllil^re,  France.  Here  the  French,  commanded 
by  Napoleon,  defeated  the  Prussian  and  Russian  armies,  with 
great  loss,  after  a  desperate  engagement,  1  Feb.  1814.  This 
was  one  of  Napoleon's  last  victories. 

laryn'gOSCOpe,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  concave 
mirror,  by  which  light  is  thrown  upon  a  small  plane  mirror 
placed  in  the  back  part  of  the  mouth  for  examining  the  vocal 


cords  of  the  larynx,  etc.  It  was  invented  by  Manuel  Garcia^ 
and  reported  to  the  Royal  Society,  London,  24  May,  1855.  One 
constructed  by  dr.  Turck  was  greatly  modified  in  1857  by  dr. 
Czermak,  who  exhibited  it  in  London  in  1862.  A  similar  ap- 
paratus is  said  to  have  been  constructed  by  John  Aver}',  a 
surgeon  in  London,  in  1846. 

L<a  ^alle,  born  in  France  1643,  died  in  Texas  1687, 
Indiana  ;  Illinois  ;  Louisiana  ;  Michigan  ;  Mississippi  ;, 
New  York  ,  Ohio  ;  Texas,  1669-82. 

Lat'eran,  a  church  at  Rome,  dedicated  to  St.  John,. 
"  the  mother  of  all  churches,"  originally  a  palace  of  the 
Laterani,  a  Roman  famih',  was  given  to  the  bishops  of  Rome 
by  Constantine,  and  inhabited  by  them  till  their  removal 
to  the  Vatican  in  1377.     1 1  councils  have  been  held  there. 

Latham  house,  Lancashire,  Engl.,  was  heroically- 
defended  for  3  months  against  parliamentarians  by  Charlotte, 
countess  of  Derby.  She  was  relieved  by  prince  Rupert,  27 
May,  1644.  The  house  was,  however,  surrendered  4  Dec.  1645,. 
and  dismantled. 

lathe,  a  machine  for  working  wood,  metal,  etc.,  by 
causing  the  substance  to  turn  before  a  tool  held  at  rest.  The 
invention  is  ascribed  to  Talus,  a  grandson  of  Daedalus,  about 
1240  B.C.  Pliny  ascribes  it  to  Theodore  of  Samos,  about  600  b.c» 
Great  improvements  have  been  made  in  recent  times. 

Latin  authors.     Literature. 

Latin  kingdom,  empire,  etc.  Eastern 
empire,  1204 ;  Jerusalem  ;  Latium. 

Latin  language  (founded  on  the  Oscan,  Etruscan,, 
and  Greek),  one  of  the  original  languages  of  Europe,  and  from 
which  sprang  the  Italian,  French,  and  Spanish.  Latium.  A 
large  part  of  the  English  language  is  derived  from  the  Latin. 
It  ceased  to  be  spoken  in  Italy  about  581 ;  and  was  first  taught 
in  England  by  Adelmus,  brother  of  Ina,  in  the  7th  century. 
In  law  deeds  in  England  Latin  gave  way  to  the  common 
tongue  about  1000 ;  was  revived  in  the  reign  of  Henry  It. ;. 
and  again  replaced  by  English  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  It 
was  finally  discontinued  in  religious  worship  in  1558,  and  in 
conveyancing  and  in  courts  of  law  in  1731  (by  4  Geo.  II.  c.  25). 
A  corrupt  Latin  is  still  spoken  in  Roumelia.  The  use  of  Latin 
in  diplomacy  died  out  towards  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 
The  foreign  pronunciation  of  Latin  (a,  ah  ;  e,  a ;  i,  e,  etc.)  wa» 
adopted  in  English  universities  and  many  schools  about  1875- 
1876. 

Latin  union,  that  of  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  and 
Switzerland,  to  maintain  the  use  of  the  same  coinage,  from 
1865  to  1880. 

latitude.  First  determined  by  Hipparchus  of  Nice, 
about  162  B.C.  It  is  the  distance  from  the  equator,  meas- 
ured in  degrees  north  or  south  on  a  meridian.  Maupertuis,  in 
1737,  in  latitude  66.20,  measured  a  degree  of  latitude,  and  made 
it  69.493  miles.  Swanberg,  in  1803,  made  it  69.292.  At  the 
equator,  in  1744,  4  astronomers  made  it  68.732  ;  and  Lambton, 
in  latitude  12,  made  it  68.743.  Mudge,  in  England,  made 
it  69.148.  Cassini,  in  France,  in  1718  and  1740,  made  it 
69.12 ;  and  Biot,  68.769 ;  while  a  recent  measurement  in 
Spain  makes  it  but  68.63 — less  than  at  the  equator,  which 
measurement,  if  correct,  proves  the  earth  to  be  a  prolate 
spheroid  (which  was  the  opinion  of  Cassini,  Bernoulli,  Eu- 
ler,  and  others),  instead  of  an  oblate  spheroid.  "Delicate 
operations  in  measurement  have  now  been  extended  not 
only  in  Europe  but  in  India,  Cape  Colony,  United  States, 
Peru,  and  Asiatic  Russia.  As  a  general  result  from  these 
measurements  it  is  found  that  a  degree  measures  68.7  Eng- 
lish miles  at  the  equator,  and  69.4  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  poles." — Keith  Johnston,  F,R.G.S.  Globe,  Longi- 
tude.   Maps. 

LatitUdinarians,  a  name  given  to  theologians 
who  endeavored  to  reconcile  the  church  and  nonconformists 
in  the  17th  century  — such  as  Hales,  Chillingworth,  Tillot- 
son,  and  Burnet;  and  since  often  applied  to  those  who  wel- 
come to  church  fellowship  all  worthy  people  regardless  of 
creed. 

Latium,  now  Campania,  Italy;  the  country  of 
Latinus,  king  of  Janiculum,  1240  b.c.     Laurentum  was  the 


LAT 


416 


LEA 


capital  in  the  reign  of  Latinus,  Lavinium  in  bhat  of  iEneas, 
and  Alba  in  that  of  Ascanius.     Italy,  Romk.  ^^ 

lAtins  ally  with  Rome about  620 

Join  I'orsenua  to  restore  Tarquin  II 508 

Defeated  by  Romans  near  lake  Regillus 498  or  496 

League  with  the  Romans,  463;  desert  them  in  trouble,  388; 

union  restored 359 

Pefoated,  340, 339,  subdued  and  united  with  Rome 338 

Obtain  Roman  citizenship 90 

Latter-day  Saint§.    Mormons. 

laurel  was  sacred  to  Apollo,  god  of  poetry;  and  from 
earliest  times  poets  and  generals  of  conquering  armies  were 
crowned  with  laurel.  Petrarch  was  crowned  with  laurel,  8 
Apr.  1341. — The  Prunus  laurocerasus  was  taken  to  Britain 
from  the  Levant  before  1629;  the  Portugal  laurel,  Pi-unus 
lusitanica,  before  1648 ;  the  royal  bay,  Laurus  indica,  from 
Madeira,  16G5;  the  Alexandrian  laurel,  Ruscus  racemosus,  from 
Spain,  before  1713;  the  glaucous  laurel,  Laurus  aggregata, 
from  China,  1806  or  1821.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

Lau§anne  Qo-zann'),  capital  of  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland.  Here  Gibbon  completed  his  "  Decline  and  Fall," 
27  June,  1787.  The  International  Workmen's  Congress  met 
here  Sept.  1867. 

Lavalette's  e§cape.  Count  Lavalette,  for  joining 
Napoleon  on  his  return  in  1816,  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
escaped  from  prison  in  his  wife's  clothes,  20  Dec.  1815.  Sir 
Robert  Wilson,  Michael  Bruce,  and  capt.  J.  H.  Hutchinson, 
ai«ling  the  escape,  were  sentenced  to  8  months'  imprisonment 
in  Paris,  24  Apr.  1816.  Lavalette  was  permitted  to  return  to 
France  in  1820,  and  died  in  retirement  in  1830. 

La  Vendee  (id  von-da').  a  maritime  department  in 
W.  France.  The  French  royalists  of  La  Vendee  took  arms  in 
Mch.  1793,  and  were  successful  in  some  hard-fought  battles 
with  republicans,  between  12  July,  1793,  and  1  Jan.  1794,  when 
>  they  were  routed.  Their  leader,  Henri  comte  de  la  Roche- 
jaquelein,  was  killed,  4  Mch.  1794.  A  short  peace  was  made 
at  La  Jaunay,  17  Feb.  1795.  The  war  was  terminated  by 
gen.  Hoche  in  1796,  and  a  treaty  signed  at  Lu9on,  17  Jan. 
1800.     Chouans,  Georges'  conspiracy. 

lavender,  Lavandula  spica,  taken  to  England  from  the 
south  of  Europe  before  1568.    . 

law.    Canons,  Civil  law^.  Codes,  Common-law,  Crime, 
•Courts  of  the  United  States,  Digest,  Supreme  Court. 
The  Jewish  law  was  promulgated  by  Moses,  1491  b.c. 
Laws  of  Phoroneus  of  Argos  (1807  b.c),  the  first  Attic  laws,  were 

reduced  to  a  system  by  Draco,  for  the  Athenians,  623  B.C.;  this 

code  was  superseded  by  Solon's,  594  b.c. 
Spartan  laws  of  Lycurgus,  made  about  844  b.c  ;  remained  in  force 

about  TOO  years,  and  moulded  Spartan  character. 
Roman  laws  of  Servius  Tullius,  566  b.c,  amended  by  the  Twelve 

Tables,  published  in  449  b.c.,  remained  in  force  till  Justinian, 

nearly  1000. years. 

BRITISH   LAWS.  ^  P 

Earliest  British  laws  translated  into  the  Saxon , 590 

Saxon  laws  of  Ina  published about    690 

Alfred's  code,  the  foundation  of  the  common-law,  is  said  to 

have  been  arranged about    886 

Edward  the  Confessor  collected  the  laws 1050-65 

Stephen's  charter  of  general  liberties 1136 

Henry  II.  's  confirmation  of  it 1154  and  1175 

Maritime  laws  of  Richard  I.  (Olerox) 1195 

Magna  Charta,  by  king  John,  1215;  confirmed  by  Henry  III., 

1216  et  seq. ;  Magna  Charta. 
Cord  Mansfield,  lord  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench,  declared 

"that  no  fiction  of  law  shall  ever  so  far  prevail  against  the 

real  truth  of  the  fact  as  to  prevent  the  execution  of  justice," 

21  May,  1784 
Many  legal  technicalities  were  got  rid  6f  by  14  and  15  Vict.  c.  100. 

Act  to  improve  the  administration  of  criminal  justice  passed, 

LAWYERS.  7  Aug.   1851 

Pleaders,  or  barristers,  said  to  have  been  first  appointed  by  Ed- 
ward 1 1291 

"No  man  of  the  law  "  to  sit  in  parliament,  by  stat.  of  46  Edw. 
III.  and  6  Hen.  IV 1372 

This  prohibition  declared  to  be  invalid  by  Coke  and  unconsti- 
tutional by  Blackstone;  discussed  July,  1871;  the  statutes 
repealed 1871 

Sergeants,  the  highest  members  of  the  bar,  alone  could  plead 
in  the  court  of  common  pleas.  The  first  king's  counsel  not 
a  sergeant  was  sir  Francis  Bacon 1604 

Intkrnational  law.  * 

la\l''n-tennis.       Introduced  into  England  by  major 


Wingfield  under  the  name  of  "  Sphairistik6,"  and  played  in  i 

court  shaped  like  an  hour-glass  (1874).     The  first  important 

"  tournament "  of  the  game  in  America  took  place  at  Nahant^ 

Mass.,  in  1875. 

Code  of  laws  governing  lawn-tennis  in  England  issued 187; 

United  States  Lawn-tennis  Association  organized Jan. 

I.,awn-tennis  Association  organized  in  England 26  Jan. 

First  professional  lawn-tennis  match  in  the  United  States  at 
Newport,  between  Thomas  Pettitt,  American  champion,  and 
George  Kerr  (English) ;  Pettitt  defeated 29  Aug.  188( 

Ijair'§  bubble.  John  Law  of  Edinburgh  (b.  1681) 
was  made  comptroller-general  of  finances  of  France,  on  the 
strength  of  a  scheme  for  a  bank,  and  an  East  India  and  a 
Mississippi  company,  whose  profits  should  pay  the  national 
debt.  Mississippi.  He  first  offered  his  plan  to  Victor  Ama 
deus,  king  of  Sardinia,  who  told  him  he  was  not  powerful 
enough  to  ruin  himself.  The  French  ministry  accepted  it 
and  in  1716  Law  opened  a  bank  in  his  own  name,  under  protec- 
tion of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  regent  of  France,  and  the  deluded 
rich  subscribed  for  shares  in  both  bank  and  companies.  In 
1718  Law's  was  declared  a  royal  bank,  and  the  shares  rose  t« 
upwards  of  twenty-fold  the  original  value;  so  that  in  171S 
they  were  nominally  worth  more  than  eighty  times  all  th( 
current  specie  in  France.  In  1720  this  fabric  of  false  credit  fell 
spreading  ruin.  Law  died  in  poverty  at  Venice  in  1729.  Th( 
South-sea  bubble  in  England  occurred  in  1720.  Arkansas 
Louisiana,  South  sea. 

"  Layamon's  Brut,"  or  "  Chronicle  of  Britain,"  j 
poetical  semi-Saxon  paraphrase  of  the  Brut  of  Wace,  madi 
about  1200-5,  was  published  with  a  literal  translation  by  sfl 
Frederick  Madden  in  1847.     Literature. 

Layer's  eonspiraey.  Christopher  Layer,  a  ba(| 
rister,  conspired  with  others  to  seize  George  I.,  the  prince 
Wales,  lord  Cadogan,  and  the  principal  officers  of  state ;  t^ 
seize  the  Tower,  to  plunder  the  Bank,  and  bring  in  the  Pre 
tender.  Layer  was  hanged,  17  May,  1723,  being  convicted  of" 
enlisting  soldiers  for  the  Pretender.  Bishop  Atterbury  was 
accused  of  complicity  and  attainted,  but  permitted  to  quit  the 
country. 

lazzaro'ni  (from  lazzaro,  Spanish  for  a  pauper  or 
leper),  a  term  applied  by  Spanish  viceroys  to  degraded  beings 
in  Naples,  half-clothed  and  houseless.  No  man  was  born  a 
lazzaro ;  and  he  who  turned  to  a  trade  ceased  to  be  one.  The 
viceroy  permitted  lazzaroni  to  elect  a  chief,  with  whom  he 
conferred  respecting  imposts  on  goods  brought  to  market.  In 
1647,  Masaniello  held  the  office,  and  led  an  insurrection. 
Naples.  In  1793,  Ferdinand  IV.  enrolled  thousands  of  laz- 
zaroni as  pikemen  (spontoneers),  who  generally  favored  the 
court  party;  on  15  May,  1848,  they  were  permitted,  on  the 
king's*  behalf,  to  ravage  the  ill-fated  city. — Colletta. 

lead  is  found  in  various  countries,  chiefly  Great  Britain, 
Spain,  and  the  United  States;  is  abundant  in  various  parts  of 
Britain,  and  in  some  places  richl}'  mixed  with  silver  ore.  The 
famous  Clydesdale  mines  were  discovered  in  1513.  Pattinson's 
valuable  method  for  extracting  silver  was  made  known  in 
1829.  The  lead-mines  of  Cumberland  and  Derbyshire  yield 
about  15,000  tons  per  annum.  British  mines  yield  on  an 
average  of  60,000  tons  yearly.  The  lead  deposits  of  the  U.  S. 
are  found  chiefly  in  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada mountains.     Elements. 

Leaden  water-pipes  were  brought  into  use 1234 

Lead  discovered  in  the  Mississippi  valley  by  Le  Sueur 1700-1| 

First  mining  in  America  by  Julien  Dubuque,  near  the  site  of 

Dubuque,  la 1788 

Mining  leases  issued  by  government  under  act  of  1807 18M 

Mining  became  general , 1826-21 

Mineral  lands  thrown  open  to  purchase 184f 

Production  of  lead  in  the  U.  S.  1829,  5000  tons  ;  1839,  10,000 

tons;  1847,  25,000  tons;.  1870,  52,293  tons;  1890, 161,754  tons. 

lead,  black.     Carbon,  Graphite. 

leagues.  4  kings  combined  to  make  war  against  5| 
about  1913  B.C.  (Gen.  xiv.).  The  kings  of  Canaan  com-* 
bined  against  inv^asion  of  the  Israelites,  1451  b.c.  The  more 
eminent  Greek  leagues  were  the  ./Etolian,  powerful  about 
320  B.C.,  which  lasted  till  189  b.g.,  and  the  Achaean,  revived 
280  B.C.,  broken  by  the  conquest  of  Greece  by  Romans, 
146  B.C.  The  fall  of  these  leagues  was  hastened  by  dissen- 
sion. 


LEA 


417 


LEG 


Hanseatic  league 1140 

Lombard  leagues  against  the  emperors  (Lombards).  .  ..1176  and  1226 

■Caddee  league about  1400  et  seq. 

Xeague  of  the  Public  Good  formed  Dec.  1464,  by  the  dukes  of 
Calabria,  Brittany,  and  Bourbon,  and  other  princes  against 
Louis  XL  of  France,  under  pretext  of  reforming  abuses;  an 
indecisive  battle  fought  at  Montlhe'ry,  16  July;  and  a  treaty 

signed 25  Oct.  1465 

League  of  Cambray  against  Venice 1508 

Holy  league  (the  pope, Venice,  etc.),  against  Louis  XII 1510 

League  of  Smalcald 1530 

League  of  the  Beggars  (Gueux)  ;  the  Protestants  so  called 
(though  Roman  Catholics  joined  the  league),  to  oppose  the 

institution  of  the  Inquisition  in  Flanders 1566 

Holy  league,  to  prevent  accession  of  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
then  of  Reformed  religion,  formed  at  Peronne,  lasted  till 

Henry  embraced  Romanism 1576-93 

League  of  Wurtzburg,  by  Catholics;  of  Halle,  by  Protestants. .  1610 

League  against  emperor  of  Germany 1626 

Solemn  league  and  covenant  in  Scotland,  against  the  episcopal 

government  of  the  church  (Covenanters) 1638 

League  of  Augsburg  against  France 1686 

Union  league,  United  States,  to  assist  the  national  cause  in  the 

war  of  the  Rebellion 1863 

League  of  St.  Sebastian,  to  promote  restoration  of  temporal 
dominions  to  the  pope  about  1870;  held  9th  annual  meeting 

in  London 20  Jan.  1879 

League  in  aid  of  Christians  in  Turkey  formed;  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury chairman ; 27  July,  1876 

National  Irish  Land  league  ostensibly  formed  to  buy  farms  for 

the  tenants;  supported  by  Mr.  Parnell  and  others,  1879;  by 

j      enforcing  stringent  rules  against  landlords  and  loyal  tenants 

created  a  reign  of  terror ;  led  to  legislation  (Ireland) 1880-81 

National  Land  league  of  Great  Britain  formed;   Justin  Mc- 
\      Carthy  president 26  Mch.  1881 

i  leap-year  or  bissextile,  devised  by  astronomers  of 
';  Julius  Caesar,  45  b.c.  Assuming  the  solar  year,  or  the  period 
I  from  one  vernal  equinox  to  another,  to  be  365  days  6  hours, 
i  the  6  hours  were  set  aside  for  4  years,  forming  a  day,  and  the 
J4th  year  was  made  to  consist  of  366  days.  The  added  day 
iwas  called  intercalary,  and  was  placed  before  24  Feb.,  the 
;6th  of  the  calends,  which  was  reckoned  twice,  hence  called 
[bissextile,  or  twice  sixth.  This  added  daj'  with  us  is  29  Feb. 
j  This  Julian  year  is  really  nearly  3  minutes  longer  than  the 
jtrue  astronomical  year:  to  obviate  this,  1700  and  1800  were 
not,  and  1900  will  not  be,  leap-years,  but  2000  will  be  one. 
jCalkndak,  Year. 

I    learning'  and  the  arts  flourished  among  the 

(Greeks,  especially  under  Pisistratus,  537  B.C.,  and  under  Peri- 
icles,  444  B.C. ;  and  with  the  Romans  under  Augustus.  The 
•Greek  refugees  caused  their  revival  in  Italy,  particularly  after 
the  Turks  took  Constantinople  in  1453,  and  the  invention  of 
iprinting  shortly  before — the  period  of  the  Renaissance.  Leo 
JX.  and  his  family  (the  Medici)  promoted  learning  in  Italy  in 
fthe  16th  century,  when  literature  revived  in  France,  Germany, 
iind  England.     Literature. 

t  lease  (from  Fr.  laisser,  to  let),  a  form  of  conveyance  in- 
rented  bv  sergeant  Moore,  soon  after  the  statute  of  uses,  27 
penry  VIII.  1535. 

leather  was  early  known  in  Egypt  and  Greece,  and 
hongs  of  manufactured  hides  were  used  for  ropes,  harness, 
tc,  by  ancient  nations.  The  Gordian  knot  was  made  of  leath- 
r  thongs,  330  b.c.  A  leather  cannon  was  proved  at  Edin- 
burgh, fired  3  times,  and  found  to  answer,  23  Oct.  1778. — 
^hillips  A  plan  for  making  artificial  leather  of  cuttings,  etc., 
/as  made  known  in  I860.— Leai^er  cloth  (invented  by  Messrs. 
R.  &  C.  P.  Crockett  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  patented  in 
;849)  is  unbleached  cotton  coated  with  a  mixture  of  boiled 
nseed-oil  and  turpentine,  and  colored. 

Lebanon  ( "  white  mountain  ").    The  mountain  range 
etween  Syria  and  N.  Palestine,  assigned  to  Israel  but  never 
onquered,  and  long  attached  to  Syria.    In  ancient  ti  mes  j  ustly 
jelebrated  for  its  forests  of  cedar.     Special  ordinance  for  the 
reservation  of  the  ancient  cedar  forest,  Sept.  1881.     Moun- 
ains  and  cedars  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Bible,  especially 
Kings,  V.  6-15.     The  governor- general  since  1861  has  been 
ppointed  by  Turkey,  subject  to  the  assent  of  the  great  powers. 
-rea,  2200  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890,  245,000. 
"0,  art  thou  sighing  for  Lebanon 
In  the  long  breeze  that  streams  to  thy  delicious  East 
Sighing  for  Lebanon,  ' 

Dark  cedar,  tho'  thy  limbs  have  here  increased. 
Upon  a  pastoral  slope  as  fair. "—Tennyson,  "Maud." 

!Lech,  a  river  of  S.  Germany,  near  which,  at  a  village 
14 


r 


named  Rain,  the  cruel  imperialist  gen.  Tilly  was  defeated  by 
the  Swedes,  under  Gustavus  Adolphus,  5  Apr.  1632,  and  died 
of  his  wounds. 

Leeompton  constitution.  Kansas,  1857-58 ; 
United  States,  1858. 

lectures.  Those  on  physic  were  instituted  by  dr. 
Thomas  Linacre,  of  the  College  of  Phvsicians  (founded  by 
Henry  VIII.),  about  1502.  Clinical  lectures  at  the  bedside  of 
patients  in  hospitals  are  said  to  have  been  given  (by  dr.  John 
Rutherford)  in  Edinburgh  about  1748 ;  in  Dublin  about  1785 ; 
in  London  (by  sir  B.  C.  Brodie)  1813-17.  G.  Macilwain,  about 
1824,  gave  surgical  clinical  lectures  in  connection  with  a  dis- 
pensary. Bampton  lectures,  Boyle  lectures,  Hibbert 
FUND,  Royal  Institution.  The  political  lectures  of  Thel- 
wall,  commenced  in  Jan.  1795,  were  interdicted  by  act  of  Par- 
liament. In  the  autumn  of  1857  and  since,  many  distinguished 
noblemen  and  gentlemen  lectured  at  mechanics'  institutes.  An 
act  passed  in  1835  prohibited  publication  of  lectures  without 
consent  of  lecturers.  Public  lectures  began  to  be  popular  in 
the  United  States  about  1855.  In  1860  more  than  200  pro- 
fessional lecturers  were  enrolled.  Since  1875  their  popularity 
has  gradually  decreased. 

Leeds,  Yorkshire,  the  Saxon  Loidis,  once  a  Roman  sta- 
tion, received  a  charter  in  1627.  Pop.  1861,  207,165;  1871, 
259,212;   1881,309,119;   1891,367,506. 

Leeds  bridge  built 132T 

Shenfleld's  grammar  school  founded 1552 

leek,  the  Welsh  emblem,  by  command  of  Dewi,or  David, 
afterwards  archbishop  of  St.  David's  in  519,  who  on  the  day 
that  king  Arthur  routed  the  Saxons,  is  said  to  have  ordered 
the  soldiers  to  place  a  leek  in  their  caps. 
Pistol.  "Tell  him,  I'll  knock  his  leek  about  his  pate. 
Upon  Saint  Davy's  day." 

— Shakespeare,  "Henry  V.,"  act  iv.  sc.  i. 

Leeward  isles,  West  Indies:  Antigua,  Barbuda, 
Montserrat,  St.  Christopher's,  Nevis,  Anguilla,  Virgin  ides, 
and  Dominica.  Area  of  the  whole  group,  701  sq.  miles;  the 
largest,  Dominica,  291  sq.  miles;  and  the  smallest, Montserrat, 
32  sq.  miles.     Pop.  1891,  129,760. 

legal  holidays.     There  is  no  regular  national  holi- 
day in  the  United  States.     Congress  has  at  various  times  ap- 
pointed special  holidays.     Thanksgiving  day,  designated  by 
the  president  by  proclamation,  is  a  holiday  in  those  states 
that  so  provide  by  la.v.     THp  following  are  the  principal  days 
observed  in  most  of  the  states  as  a  houuay  . 
New-year's  day,  Jan.  1.     Washington's  Birth  day,  22  Feb.     Decora- 
tion day,  30  May  in  most  states.      Independence  day,  4  July. 
General  election  day,  1st  Tuesday  after  1st   Monday  in  •  Nov. 
Thanksgiving  day,  last  Thursday  in  Nov.     Christ  aas  day,  25  Dec. 
Labor  day,  1st  Monday  in  Sept.,  made  national  legal  holiday  1891. 
Arbor  day  is  a  legal  holiday  in  some  states,  although  the  month 
and  date  of  its  observance  vary.    Arbor  day.     Every  Saturday 
after  12  o'clock  noon  is  a  legal  holiday  in  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland.     Good  Friday  is  observed  in  Ala- 
bama, Florida,  Louisiana,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  Minnesota,  and 
Tennessee. 

leg'ates  (Jegatus).  Roman  ambassadors;  also  governors 
of  provinces  into  which  Augustus  divided  the  empire,  27  b.c.  ; 
also  ambassadors  from  the  pope. 

legations  were  the  20  administrative  divisions  in 
the  States  of  the  Church,  governed  by  legates.  They  re- 
belled in  1859-60,  and  are  now  included  in  the  kingdom  of 
Italy.     Rome. 

legion,  legio,  a  corps  of  soldiers  in  the  Roman  armies, 
first  formed  by  Romulus,  when  it  consisted  of  3000  foot  and 
300  horse,  about  720  b.c.  When  Hannibal  was  in  Italy,  216 
B.C.,  the  legion  consisted  of  5200  soldiers ;  and  under  Marius, 
i.n  88  B.C.,  of  6200,  besides  700  horse.  Thei;^  were  10,  and  some- 
tini-.^s  as  many  as  18,  legions  kept  at  Rome.  Auguaius  had  a 
standing  army  of  45  legions,  together  with  25,000  horse  and 
37,000  iij/ht-armed  troops,  about  5  b.c.  ;  and  the  peace  estab- 
lishment t.f  Adrian  was  30  legions.  A  legion  contained  10  co- 
horts, and  oach  cohort  6  centuries,  with  a  vexillum,  or  stand- 
ard, guarded,  by  10  men.  The  peace  of  Britain  was  protected 
by  3  legions.  \  Thundering  legion. 

Legion  ^  of  Honor,  a  French  order  embracing  the 
army,  civil  officers,  and  other  individuals  distinguished  for 

\ 


LEG 


418 


LEV 


services  to  the  state;  instituted  by  Napoleon,  when  first  con- 
sul, 19  May,  1802;  confirmed  by  Louis  XVIII.  in  1816,  and  the 
constitution  mollified  in  1816  and  1851.  The  honor  of  mem- 
bership was  conferred  on  many  British  subjects  who  distin- 
guished themselves  in  the  Russian  war,  1854-56,  and  in  the 
Paris  exhibitions  of  1855  and  1867.  The  palace  and  offices 
were  burned  by  the  communists,  23  May,  1871.— In  the  Unit- 
ed States,  a  fraternal  organization,  founded  1878 ;  number  of 
members,  1891,  63,751. 

Liegitillli§t§,  a  term  (since  1814)  applied  to  those  who 
support  the  claims  of  the  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbon  family 
to  the  throne  of  France.  Its  last  representative  was  Henry, 
due  de  Bordeaux,  comte  de  Chambord,  born  29  Sept.  1820;  died 
24  Aug.  1883.  They  held  a  congress  at  Lucerne  on  24-29  June, 
1862,  and  agreed  to  continue  a  pacific  policy.  The  party  was 
acUve  in  Feb.  1871-75.  Their  efforts  to  recover  power  proved 
ineffectual     France. 

Ijeill'iiiter,  a  kingdom  in  1167,  now  one  of  4  provinces 
of  Ireland,  divided  into  4  archbishoprics  by  pope  Eugenius 
III.,  represented  by  cardinal  Paparo,  at  a  national  synod  held 
at  Kells,  9  Mch.  1151-52.  The  abduction  of  Devorgilla,  wife 
of  O'Ruarc,  a  lord  of  Connaught,  by  Derraot,  king  of  Leinster, 
in  1152,  is  asserted  to  have  led  to  the  landing  of  the  English 
and  the  subsequent  conquest.  The  province  of  Leinster  gave 
the  title  of  duke  to  Schomberg's  son  in  1690.  The  title  be- 
came extinct  in  1719,  and  was  conferred  on  the  family  of 
Fitzgerald  in  1766. 

LieipsiC  {Up' -sic),  Saxony,  an  ancient  city,  famous  for  its 
university  (founded  1409)  and  its  fair  (1458).  At  Breitenfeld, 
near  here',  Gustavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  defeated  the  im- 
perialists under  Tilly,  7  Sept.  1631 ;  and  the  imperialists  were 
again  defeated  hereby  the  Swedes,  under  Torstensen,  23  Oct. 
1642.  Here  took  place,  on  16, 18, 19  Oct.  1813,  « the  battle  of 
the  nations,"  between  the  French  army  and  its  allies,  com- 
manded by  Napoleon  (160,000),  and  the  Austrian,  Russian, 
and  Prussian  armies  (240,000  strong).  The  French  were 
beaten,  17  Saxon  battalions,  their  allies,  turning  upon  them 
in  the  heat  of  the  engagement.  80,000  men  perished  on 
the  field,  of  whom  more  than  40,000  were  French,  who  also 
lost  65  pieces  of  artillery  and  many  standards.  The  vic- 
tory was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Leipsic,  of  the  rear- 
■  he  French  army,  and  of  the  king  of  Saxony  and 
The  50th  anniversary  was  celebrated  18  Oct. 
Leipsic  book  fair  bc~j:n  1545.  The  new  supreme 
Germany  opened  here  1  Sept.  1879.    Pop.  1891, 

Leisier's  insurrection.  New  York,  1689,  '91, 
'99. 

Leleg^es,  a  Pelasgic  tribe  which  inhabited  Laconia  about 
1490  B.C.,  and  after  many  contests  merged  into  the  Hellenes. 
"  It  is  the  almost  universal  opinion  that  the  whole  of  the 
iEgean  coast  lands  were  occupied  by  homogeneous  tribes  of 
Aryan  stock ;  on  this  view  then  the  Leleges,  i.  e.,  as  Strabo 
already  maintained,  the  mixed  people,  represent  one  of  the  first 
stages  of  these  original  tribes  in  the  path  of  civilization." — 
Eneycl.  Brit.  9th  ed. 

leinures  (Um'-u-rez).  The  ancients  supposed  that  the 
soul,  after  death,  wandered  over  the  world  and  disturbed  the 
peace  of  the  living.  The  happy  spirits  were  called  lares 
familiares ;  and  the  unhappy,  lemures.  The  Roman  festival 
Lemuralia,  kept  on  9, 11, 13  May,  is  said  to  have  been  insti- 
tuted by  Romulus  about  747  b.c.,  to  propitiate  the  spirit  of 
the  slaughtered  Remus. 

lieuox  Library.     Libraries  ;  Nev^^  York,  1870. 

jLent  (from  the  Sax.  lencten,  spring),  the  40  days'  fa '■^"' 
observed  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  from  Ash-Wednp  ^day 
to  Easter-day,  said  to  have  been  instituted  by  pop'-  Teles- 
phorus,  130.  In  early  times  Lent  commenced  on  Sunday, 
now  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent,  and  the  4  days  begii  '"i"g  "^^^^^ 
Ash- Wednesday  were  added  by  pope  Felix  III*  i"  487,  to 
make  the  fasting  days  40.  Lent  was  first  obser  •'^'^l  i"  Eng- 
land by  command  of  Ercombert,  king  of  Kent,  ,^^  640  or  641. 
—Baker's  Chron.  Flesh  was  prohibited  dur^g  Lent,  but 
Henry  VIII.  permitted  the  use  of  white  meats  ^7  »  proclama- 


1 


tion  in  1543,  which  continued  in  force  until,  by  proclamatioa 
of  James  I.  in  1619  and  1625,  and  by  Charles  I.  in  1627  and 
1631,  flesh  was  again  wholly  forbidden.  Ash-Wednesday^ 
Quadragesima. 

leonines,  hexameter  and  pentameter  verses,  rhyming 
at  the  middle  and  the  end,  said  to  have  been  first  made  bj 
Leoninus,  a  canon,  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century,  oi 
by  pope  Leo  II.  about  682. 

LepantO  (near  Corinth),  Battle  of,  7  Oct.  1571,  whei 
the  combined  fleets  of  Spain,  Venice,  Genoa,  Malta,  and  Piui 
v.,  commanded  by  don  John  of  Austria,  natural  son  of  thi 
emperor  Charles  V.,  defeated  the  maritime  force  of  thi 
Turks,  and  checked  their  progress.  The  Turks  lost  mos 
of  their  fleet,  35,000  men  slain  or  captured,  while  15,001 
Christian  galley-slaves  were  released  by  the  victors,  ^ank 
calls  it  a  decisive  battle  between  the  Turks  and  Chris 
tians. 

leprosy,  a  skin  disease  described  in  Lev.  xiii.  (149 
B.C.),  which  prevailed  in  ancient  times  throughout  Asia, 
is  almost  unknown  in  modern  Europe.  It  chiefly  affecte 
the  lower  classes,  yet  occasionally  proved  fatal  to  the  high 
est  personages.  Robert  Bruce  of  Scotland  died  of  lepros; 
in  1329.  A  hospital  for  lepers  was  founded  at  Granada  b; 
queen  Isabella  of  Castile  about  1504,  and  a  large  number  o 
leper-houses  were  founded  in  Britain.  Lepers  are  still  nu 
merous  in  the  Sandwich  islands.  Father  Damien,  who  vo] 
untarily  took  up  his  residence  with  the  lepers  of  these  isl 
ands,  died  of  the  disease  after  several  years'  association  wit 
them,  9  May,  1889.  The  disease  is  ascribed  to  a  peculial 
bacillus,  and  in  1893  Pasteur  and  other  biologists  undertook  J 
scientific  investigation  of  its  treatment. 

Ler'ida,  the  ancient  Ilerda. 

letters.     Alphabet,  Epistles,  Literature,  Marqu% 
Privateers. 

"L<etters  of  a  Pennsylvania  Farmer,'* 

written  by  John  Dickinson  of  Philadelphia,  and  published 
during  the  summer  of  1767.  They  were  powerful  in  strength- 
ening the  opposition  to  the  oppressive  measures  of  the  British 
government.  They  were  republished  in  England,  and  pub- 
lished in  French  at  Paris. 

lettres  de  cacliet  {let'r  de  ^a-s^a')>  sealed  letters  is- 
sued by  kings  of  France  since  about  1670,  ordering  persons 
thrown  into  prison  or  exiled.  Under  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis  XV. 
they  became  a  monstrous  evil,  persons  being  imprisoned  for  life 
or  for  a  long  period  on  frivolous  pretexts.  During  the  conten- 
tion of  the  Mirabeau  family,  59  lettres  de  cachet  were  issued! 
on  the  demand  of  one  or  other  of  the  family.  Dickens'  "  Tale,} 
of  Two  Cities "  depicts  their  evils.  The  National  Assemblj 
decreed  their  abolition,  1  Nov.  1789. 

lettuce,  introduced  into  England  from  Flanders  abouti 
1520. 

L«euctra,  a  small  town  in  Bceotia,  N.  Greece,  where| 
Thebans  under  Epaminondas  defeated  the  superior  force  of  | 
Cleombrotus,  king  of  Sparta,  8  July,  371  b.c.  4000  Spartans^i 
with  their  king,  were  slain.  The  Spman.«'  c""" '"^aliy  lostj 
their  preponderance  in  Greece. 

Levant',  from  th-  French  verb  lever,  to  "rise"=t| 
East,  a  term  appli'^--*  to  Greece,  Turkey,  Asia  Minor,  etc. 

levee)*' 9  barriers  built  along  rivers  and  sea -coasts 
keep  i^^  water  from  overflow.  Extensive  levees  line  til 
Hoa'^g-Ho  or  great  Yellow  river  of  China,  the  Ganges 
T  idia,  the  Euphrates,  the  Danube,  the  Po,  Thames,  and  tl 
sea -coasts  of  Holland.  In  the  United  States,  along  tl 
banks  of  the  Red,  Arkansas,  Yazoo  rivers,  and  many  of 
bayous,  but  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  MississiPtj 

RIVER. 

L<evellers,  a  fanatical  party  in  Germany  in  the  16tlr" 
century,  headed  by  Munzer  and  Storck,  who  taught  that  dis- 
tinctions of  rank  violate  the  rights  of  mankind.     At  the  hea 
of  40,000  men,  Munzer  commanded  the  sovereign  princes 
Germany  and  the  magistrates  of  cities  to  resign,  an;' 
followers  ravaged   the   country.     The   landgrave  of 


I 


LEV 


419 


LIB 


at  length  defeated  him  at  Frankenhausen,  15  May,  1525; 
7000  fanatics  fell  in  the  battle,  and  the  rest  fled;  their 
leader  was  taken  and  beheaded  at  Miilhausen.  Anabap- 
tists. The  English  "  Levellers,"  powerful  in  Parliament  in 
1647,  were  put  down  by  Cromwell  in  1649,  and  their  leader 
Lilburn  imprisoned.  At  the  period  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion some  Levellers  appeared  in  England.  A  "Loyal  As- 
sociation "  was  formed  against  them  by  John  Reeves,  Nov. 
1792. 

levels.     The  great  level  of  the  Fens,  England,  is  a  low- 
lying  district  of  about  2000  sq.  miles  in  Lincolnshire,  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, Cambridgeshire,  and  Norfolk,  said  to  have  been 
overflowed  by  the  sea  during  an  earthquake,  368.     It  was 
long  afterwards  an  inland  sea  in  winter  and  a  noxious  swamp 
in  summer,  and  was  gradually  drained  by  Romans,  Saxons, 
and  especially  by  monks  during  the  reigns  of  Plantagenet 
•  kings.    One  of  the  first  works  on  a  large  scale  was  carried  out 
''  by  Morton,  bishop  of  Ely,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.     A 
j  General  Drainage  act  was  passed,  by  advice  of  lord  Burghley, 
\  in  1601 ;  but  little  work  was  done  till  James  L,  in  1621,  in- 
i  vited  the  great  Dutch  engineer,  Cornelius  Vermuyden,  to  as- 
[  sist  in  the  general  drainage  of  the  country.    After  completing 
I  several  great  works,  Vermuyden  agreed  (1629)  to  drain  the 
t  "  Great  Level."     He  was  at  first  prevented  from  proceeding 
by  a  popular  outcry  against  foreigners ;  but  eventually,  aided 
I  by  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  in  spite  of  great  opposition  of  the 
i  people,  for  whose  benefit  he  was  laboring,  he  declared  his 
;  work  complete  in  1652,     He  also  reclaimed  much  valuable 
land  at  Axholme,  in  Lincolnshire,  1626-30,  and  many  Dutch 
and  French  Protestants  settled  here  about  1634,  and  a  few  of 
their  descendants  still  remain.    There  are  the  Middle,  Bedford, 
South,  and  North  levels. 
Drainage  of  the  Great  level  employed  the  talents  of  Rennie 

(about  1807),  Telford  (1822),  and  other  eminent  engineers. 
!  Middle  Level  commission  cut  through  certain  barrier  banks, 

!     and  replaced  them  by  other  works 1844 

[Reported  unsound  in  Mch.,  and  the  outfall  sluice  at  St.  Ger- 

mains,  near  King's  Lynn,  gave  way 4  May,  1862 

I  High  tides  ensuing;  about  6000  acres  of  fertile  land  were  in- 
\     undated,  causing  a  loss  of  about  2.5,000i.     After  unwearied, 
and  for  a  while  unsuccessful,  efforts,  a  new  coflfer-dam  con- 
structed under  Mr.  Hawkshaw,  was  reported  sound July,    " 

I  Lewes,  Sussex,  Engl.,  where  Henry  HL,  king  of  Eng- 
|land,  was  defeated  by  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester,  and  the 
r  barons,  14  May,  12Qi.—Blaauw.  The  king,  his  brother  Rich- 
;  ard,  king  of  the  Romans,  and  his  son  Edward,  afterwards  Ed- 
iward  I.,  were  taken  prisoners.  One  division  of  Montfort's 
j  army,  a  body  of  Londoners,  gave  way  to  the  furious  attack  of 

prince  Edward,  who,  pursuing  the  fugitives  too  far,  lost  the 

battle. — Evesham. 

!  Lewis  and  Clark's  expedition.  Missouri, 
1806;  Okegon,  1805;  United  States,  1804. 

lexicon.     Dictionary. 

t  Lexington,  Mass.,  Battle  of,  fought  19  Apr.  1775,  the 
I  beginning  of  th6  American  Revolution.  The  British,  800 
r  strong,  marched  to  Lexington  and  Concord  during  the  night 
I  of  18  Apr.,  to  destroy  stores  of  the  patriots,  70  of  whom  they 
I  met  at  Lexington,  fired  upon,  and  dispersed.  The  patriots 
i  round  about  speedily  gathered  under  arms,  and  successfully 
I  opposed  the  British  at  Concord,  compelling  their  retreat  and 
i  severely  harassing  them  on  the  march.  British  loss,  273; 
'American,  103.     Massachusetts. 

I  Lexington,  Mo.  Here  col.  James  A.  Mulligan  with 
2780  men  was  besieged  by  the  confederates  under  gen.  Price, 
with  25,000  men  and  13  guns,  from  11-20  Sept.  1861,  when  he 
surrendered  after  a  loss  of  40  killed  and  120  wounded. 

Leyden  {ll''den),  a  town  of  Holland  (^Lugdunum  Bata- 
ivorum),  important  in  the  13th  century.  It  endured  2  sieges 
[by  the  armies  of  Spain  between  31  Oct.  1573  and  21  Mch. 
1574,  and  25  May  and  3  Oct.  1574,  when  it  was  relieved,  dur- 
ing which  6000  inhabitants  died  of  famine  and  pestilence.  In 
(commemoration  the  university  was  founded,  1575.  In  1699 
jtwo  thirds  of  the  population  perished  by  fever,  aggravated, 
r  was  said,  by  improper  treatment  by  prof,  de  la  Boe.     The 

'versity  was  almost  destroyed  by  a  vessel  laden  with  10,000 

ds  of  gunpowder  blowing  up,  and  demolishing  much  of 

•n,  and  killing  numbers  of  people,  12  Jan.  1807.— The 


Leyden  Jar  was  invented  about  1745  by  Kleist,  Muschenbroek, 
and  others.     Electricity. 

Libby  prison,  an  old  tobacco  warehouse  on  Main 
street,  Richmond,  Va.,  used  by  the  confederates  throughout 
the  civil  war  as  a  place  of  confinement  for  federal  prisoners. 
Taken  down  in  1888  and  carried  to  Chicago  and  re-erected  as 
a  museum  of  war-relics, 

libel.  By  the  Roman  laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables,  libels 
injuring  reputation  were  capital  offences.  In  the  British  law, 
whatever  renders  a  man  ridiculous,  or  lowers  him  in  the  opin- 
ion and  esteem  of  the  world,  is  deemed  a  libel.  "  The  greater 
the  truth  the  greater  the  libel,"  sometimes  cited  as  a  maxim, 
is  not  law. 

Dispersing  slanderous  libels  made  felony 1545 

William  Prynne,  a  Puritan  lawyer,  fined  5000Z.,  pilloried,  his 
ears  cut  off,  and  imprisoned,  for  writing  "Histriomastix," 
a  condemnation  of  the  stage,  as  a  libel  on  the  queen,  who 
favored  them,  1633 ;  he  was  tried  and  further  punished  for 
his  satirical  writings 1637 

Liberal  Republican  party.  Political  par- 
ties. 

Liberals,  a  name  given,  since  1828,  to  the  advanced 
Whigs  and  reformers  in  England,  who  held  office  under  earl 
Grey,  viscount  Melbourne,  earl  Russell,  viscount  Palmerston, 
and  W.  E.  Gladstone. 

Liberia,  a  republic  of  negroes  on  the  coast  of  Upper 
Guinea,  W.  Africa,  founded  in  1822  by  the  American  Colo- 
nization Society,  which  was  organized  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1816, 
and  formally  constituted  1  Jan.  1817,  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
with  Madison,  Clay,  Randolph,  and  Bushrod  Washington  as 
leaders.  The  independence  of  Liberia  was  proclaimed  24  Aug. 
1847 ;  recognized  by  Europe  in  1848 ;  by  the  United  States 
in  1861.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for  2 
years,  and  the  legislative  power  in  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives.  Area,  14,360  sq.  miles;  pop.  1,068,000,  of 
whom  18,000  are  Americo-Liberians,  and  the  others  native. 
Capital,  Monrovia.     Slavery. 

libertines  (signifying  freedmen  and  their  sons)  were 
a  sect  headed  by  Quintin  and  Corin,  about  1525,  who  held  mon- 
strous opinions. 

Liberty  Enlightening^  the  H^orld.    Bar. 

THOLDl'S    STATUK. 

libraries.  Accadian  or  Chaldean  libraries  are  said  to 
have  been  formed  1700  b.c.  The  remains  of  those  formed  by 
Assyrian  monarchs  (744  et  seq.)  at  Nineveh,  etc.,  consisting 
of  tablets  of  baked  clay,  were  discovered  by  Botta,  Layard, 
and  others,  1843  et  seq.,  now  mostly  in  the  British  museum. 
Nineveh.  Diodorus  Siculus  describes  a  library  in  the  tomb 
of  Osymandyas,  king  of  Egypt,  14  century  b.c.  The  first 
public  library  described  in  history  was  founded  at  Athens  by 
Pisistratus,  about  540  b.c.  The  second  of  note,  founded  by 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  284  b.c.,  was  partly  destroyed  when 
Julius  Caesar  set  fire  to  Alexandria,  47  b.c.  400,000  valuable 
books  in  MS.  are  said  to  have  been  destroyed  by  this  catas- 
trophe.— Blair.  g  c. 

First  private  library  was  Aristotle's  (Strdbo) 334 

First  library  at  Rome  brought  from  Macedonia 167 

According  to  Plutarch,  the  library  at  Pergamos  contained 
200,000  books.  It  fell  to  the  Romans  at  the  death  of  At- 
tains IIL,  who  bequeathed  his  kingdom  to  the  Roman  peo- 
ple; said  to  have  been  added  to  the  splendid,  library  in  Alex- 
andria   133 

Library  of  Apellicon  sent  to  Rome  from  Athens  by  Scylla. 86 

A.D. 

Ulpian  library  of  Trajan  established  in  the  Forum  of  Trajan ...     98 
Library  discovered  at  Herculaneum  containing  1756  MSS.  on 

shelves  running  round  the  room  to  the  height  of  6  feet. 

Library  founded  at  Constantinople  by  Constantine about  365 

Library  of  Pamphilus  at  Csesarea  increased  by  Eusebius,  the 

historian  of  the'church,  to  30,000  volumes. 
With  the  fall  of  the  Western  empire,  476,  the  ancient  history 

of  libraries  may  be  said  to  end. 
An  Alexandrian  library  said  to  have  been  burned  by  the  caliph 

Omar  I.  ( ALEXANDRra) 640 

With  regard  to  the  libraries  of  ancient  times,  the  tendency 
is  to  exaggerate  the  number  and  value  of  the  books,  etc.  A 
collection  of  books  forming  a  library  in  the  modern  sense  re- 
quires an  advanced  and  elaborate  civilization,  so  that  stories 
of  large  and  valuable  collections  of  books,  manuscript,  and 
tablets  in  antiquity  are  not  credible. 


LIB  420  LIB 

EUROPEAN  LIBRARIES  OF  100,000  VOLUMES  AND  UPWARDS. 


Num. 


Au8tria-Hungary : 

Buda-Pest. 

[Matthias  CorviDus,  king  of 
Hungary,  collected  a  library 
of  nearly  50,000  volumes  at 
Buda,  1458-90.  Destroyed  by 
the  Turks,  1527.] 


Buda-Pest  university. 
Cracow  university 


1802 


(1635> 

1X780/ 

1364 

1776 


1818 


U95 


1777 


450,000 
(6461  incu- 
nabula. ) 
300,000 


3,000 


20.000 


Few. 


Gratz  university. 

Martinsberg 

Prague 

[Exact  sciences,  Bohemian,  and 
several  others.] 
Vienna,  Imperial  library 

[Most  important  collection  in 
Eufope.] 
Vienna  university 

[Much    used.     Established    by 
Maria  Theresa.] 

[Besides  the  libraries  mentioned  above,  there  are  many  others 
in  Austria  ranging  from  a  few  thousand  volumes  to  80,000  and 
90,000— more  than  100  in  Vienna  alone.  Many  smaller  libraries 
of  Austria,  rich  in  incunabula,  date  from  the  6th  to  the  12th  cen- 
turies—Salzburg, 6th  century,  Admont,  11th,  GOttweth,  11th,  St. 
Florian,  11th,  Benedictine  (Vienna),  12th.] 
Denmark  : 
Copenhagen.  Royal  library.. 

[Open  to  the  public,  1793.] 


Namb«r  of  volumM. 


400,000 


200.000 


210,000 
125,000 
100,000 
130,000 


18,000 


1,000 

5,000 
2,000 


University. 
France : 


Aix 


Besanpon 

Bordeaux 

Caen 

[Succeeded  the  University  li- 
brary, founded  1431.] 

Douai 

Grenoble 

Lyons 

Marseilles 

Nantes 

Paris,  Arsenal 

Institute 

Mazarine.    [Public  since  1688.]. . . 

Nationale 

[The  most  extensive  in  the 
world,  with  450,000  volumes 
of  French  history,  and  more 
than  2,400,000  engravings. 
The  annual  grant  for  binding 
and  purchases  is  |40,000.] 

Ste.  Genevieve 

University  (Sorbonne) 

Rouen 

Troyes.     [Jansenist  collection.].. 

[Besides  collections  of  learned  societies  and  educational  institu- 
tions, etc.,  outside  Paris,  over  220  French  provincial  towns  pos- 
sess public  libraries  of  from  3000  to  90,000  volumes,  most  of  them 
founded  near  the  first  of  this  century.] 
Germany : 
Augsburg  (mostly  history) . . , 

Bamberg 

Berlin , 

"     university 

Bonn 

Bremen 


1670 


[1482) 
[1728/ 

fl786> 

11810/ 

1694 

1800 

1809 


I       500,000 
I     (Incunabula 
and  block  books 
J     important.) 


20,000 


275,000 


200,000 


1789 
1772 
1530 
1796 
1588 
1796 
1759 
1643 
1595 


1624 


1792 
1691 


150,000 
200,000 
100,000 


110,000 
190,000 
130,000 
100,000 
200,000 
210,000 
120,000 
175,000 
2,500,000 


130,000 
135,000 
122,500 
100,000 


1,200 
2,000 


Breslau , 

Carlsruhe 

Cassel  

Darmstadt , 

Dresden 

Erlangen 

Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

Freiburg 

Giessen 

Gotha 

GOttingen 

Greifswald 

Halle 

Hamburg 

Hanover 

Heidelberg 

Jena 

Kiel 

KOnigsberg 

Leipsic 

Mainz  (over  4000  incunabula). 

Marburg 

Meiningen 


1537 
1611 
1661 
1831 
1818 
1660 
(1811 
11865 


1580 
1817 
1590 
1743 
1484 
1460 
1612 
1647 
1737 
1456 
1699 
1610 
1649 
1386 
1502 
1665 
1534 
1409 
1477 
1568 
1680 


150,000 
140,000 
800,000 
250,000 
300,000 
125,000 
350,000 
210,000 
140,000 
170,000 
550,000 
350,000 
150,000 
160,000 
300,000 
165,000 
250,000 
425,000 
125,000 
225,000 
350,000 
175,000 
300,000 
190,000 
180,000 
190,000 
550,000 
160,000 
150,000 
165,000 


1,500 
Few. 


1,300 
8,000 
2,000 
1,600 
Few. 
8,500 

6,000 
80,000 


2,500 
1,000 
2,500 
3,000 


16,000 


4,000 
2,500 


3,000 
6,500 
2,000 


6,000 
5,000 


5,500 
4,000 
5,000 

2,000 

4,500 
1,200 


Name. 


Founded. 


1500 
1472 
1588 
1852 
1792 
1419 
1871 
1765 
1547 
17th  cen. 
1589 
1582 


1475 
1602 
1680 
1580 
1473 
1870 
1852 
1753 
1824 
1828 
1852 
1602 
1612 


Number  of  volu 


Printed. 


1,000,000 
330,000 
125,000 
100,000 
100,000 
150,000 
525,000 
430,000 
240,000 
200,000 
325,000 
300,000 


110,000 

220,000 
200,000 
275,000 
150,000 
130,000 
115,000 
120,000 
1,600,000  ^ 
100,000 
110,000 
160,000 
450,000 
100,000 


M88. 


Germany  (oontlBued)  .* 

Munich 

"      university 

Miinster 

Nuremberg ^... 

Oldenburg 

Rostock 

Strasburg 

Stuttgart  (Bible  coll.  7200).. . 

TQbingen 

Weimar 

WolfenbUttel 

Wiirzburg 

[There  are  at  least  1600  libraries  in  the  German  empire,  dis 
tributed  among  600  towns.] 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland : 
Birmingham  (free) 

[partly  burned,  1879.] 

Cambridge  university 

Dublin  (Trinity  college) 

Edinburgh. 

"        university 

Glasgow  university 

Leeds 

liiverpool 

British  museum,  London 

Corporation  library,  London 

University  college,  London 

Manchester 

Bodleian,  Oxford 

St.  Andrews  university  (Scotland) 

[Besides  these  there  are  400  libraries,  ranging  from  1000  t 
80,000  vols.] 

Holland : 


26,000 
1,H00 


4.000 
3,500 
2,000 
10,000 
2,000 


5,723 

3,000 
2,000 

52,000, 

and 
162,000 
charter! 

31,000 


Amsterdam , 
The  Hague.. 

Ley den 

Utrecht 

Italy : 
Bologna . . . . 


Ferrara 

Florence 

"      National. 

Genoa 

Milan 

"     National... 
Modena 


Naples 


Padua. . . 
Palermo. 


National. 


Parma . 
Pavia . 


Rome,  Vatican 

[MSS.  and  rarities  ;  private  li- 
brary of  pope.] 

Rome 

Turin 

"    National 

Venice 

Verona 

Vicenza 

[Many  libraries  of  Italy  contain 
4th  century.] 

Norway  : 

Christiania 

Portugal : 

liisbon 

Oporto 

Russia  : 

Dorpat 

Helsingford 

Kief 


15th  cen. 
1798 
1575 
1582 

/1712 

11801 
1753 
1752 
1714 
1773 
1609 
1770 
1598 
1673 
1804 
1812 
1629 
1775 
1804 
1779 
1772 
1742 

5th  cen. 


120,000 
210,000 
170,000 
160,000 

170,000 
130,000 
110,000 
140,000 
425,000 
120,000 
170,000 
165,000 
100,000 
160,000 
280,000 
150,000 
160,000 
145,000 
120,000 
225,000 
190,000 
125,000 
225,000 


1 1876  370,000  5,000 

11700  135,000  2,500 

1723  240,000  3,400 

1720  180,000 

1362  270,000  10,000 

1792  125,000 

1706  110,000  2,000 
valuable  MSS.  dating  from  the 


Few. 
4,000 
5,000 
1,000 

6,000 


3,800 
16,000 
1,400 
8,100 
4,000 
3,000 
3,000 
8,000 

3,000 
3,000 
12,000 
4,500 


26,000 


Moscow. 

St.  Petersburg. 


Imperial. 
Public. . . 


1796 
1833 


1801 


fl861 
\1755 
1726 
1714 
1824 

(1711 


Spain  : 
Madrid. 


Sweden : 

Lund f  1688 

Stockholm 1585 

Upsala I  1620 

Switzerland :  • 

Basel  university 1460 

Geneva 16th  cen 

Lucerne 1832 

Zurich 1629 


210,000 
100,000 

146,000 

140,000 
115,000 
310, 'V, 
170,;- 

155,'.''^ 
1,000," 
440,  ■ 
410,<«.H. 
100,'' 


120,* 
110.( 

100.' 
105.1 


1,200 
10,fi 


.m 


Arkansas . 
California. 


Connecticut 

District  of  Columbia. 


Illinois . 


Indiana. . . 
Kentucky. 

Maryland. 


Massachusetts  . 


Michigan 


Minnesota . 
Mississippi. 
Missouri... 


New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 


Ohio 


Pennsylvania , 


[Rhode  Island 
Virginia . 


LIB  421  LIT 

UNITED  STATES  LIBRARIES  OF  50,000  VOLUMES  AND  UPWARDS. 


Location. 


Little  Rock.  .. 
Sacramento... 
San  Francisco. 


Hartford. 


New  Haven, 
Georgetown. 
Washington 


Chicago. 


Indianapolis . 
Frankfort. . . . 

Louisville 

Annapolis 

Baltimore 


Woodstock. 
Amherst. . . 


Cambridge. . . 
New  Bedford . 


Springfield. 
Worcester . 


Ann  Arbor.. 

Detroit 

Lansing 

Minneapolis. 

Jackson  

St.  Louis  . . . 


Hanover 

Princeton. . . 

Albany  

Binghamton 

Brooklyn 

Buffalo , 


Ithaca 

New  York  city. 


Cincinnati 


Cleveland 

Columbus. . . . 
Harrisburg. . . 
Philadelphia 


South  Bethlehem 
Providence 


Richmond  . 
Madison  . . . 
Milwaukee. 


Name  of  Library. 


State 


Free  Public 

Mechanics'  Institute 

Mercantile  Library  Association 

Sutro 

Case  Memorial 

Hartford  Theological 

Yale  College 

Riggs  Memorial 

Library  of  Congress 

Department  of  State 

House  of  Representatives 

Scientiflc  Library  of  Patent  office 

Surgeon  General,  Medical 

United  States  Senate 

Public 

University  of  Chicago 

Newberry 

Public 

State 

Polytechnic  Society 

State  

Johns  Hopkins  University 

Peabody  Institute 

Woodstock  College 

Amherst  College 

Public 

Harvard  University 

Free  Public 

Essex  Institute 

City  Library  Association 

American  Antiquarian  Society 

Free  Public 

University  of  Michigan  General 

Public 

State 

Public 

State  

Mercantile  Library  Association 

Public 

Dartmouth  College 

Theological  Seminary 

State  

Central  High-school 

Brooklyn 

Buffalo 

Grosvenor  Public 

Cornell  University 

Apprentice 

Astor 

Columbia  College , 

Lenox , 

Mercantile  Library  Association , 

Free  Circulating 

New  York  Historical  Society 

"  Society 

Union  Theological  Seminary 

Public 

Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  Ass'n 

Public 

State  


Philosophical  Library  Company. 
Mercantile  Library  Association  . . 

University  of  Pennsylvania 

Lehigh  University 

Providence  Athenaeum 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society. 

Brown  University 

State  

State  Historical  Society 

Public 


1846 
1852 
1879 
1855 
1853 


1834 
1701 
1889 
1800 
1789 
1789 
1836 
1865 
1870 
1872 
1890 
1887 
1873 
1821 
1870 
1826 
1876 
1857 
1869 
1821 
1852 
1638 
1852 
1848 
1857 
1812 
1859 
1841 
1865 
1828 
1889 
1836 
1846 
1865 
1779 
1812 
1818 

i857 
1836 
1859 
1868 
1820 
1849 
1754 
1870 
1820 
1880 
1804 
1754 
1836 
1867 
1835 
1868 
1817 
1790 
1731 
1821 
1749 
1877 
1836 
1878 
1767 
1823 
1851 
1878 


No.  of 
Tolumes. 


51,000 
85,000 
70,000 
58,000 
62,000 

200,000 
55,000 
55,000 

185,000 
61,000 

660,000 
50,000 

125.000 
50^000 

104,500 
75,500 

175,874 

380,000 
79,000 
50,000 
80,000 
50,000 

100,000 
65,000 

110,000 
75,000 
66,000 

557,000 

292,000 
60,000 
60,000 
80,000 
95,000 
86,000 
78,000 

109,000 
55,000 
50,000 
60,000 
78,500 
80,000 
75,000 
54,000 

157,000 
64,241 

113,251 
67,000 
50,000 

111,000 
90,000 

239,000 

135,000 
65,000 

240,000 
58,000 
75,000 
90,000 
68,000 

157,000 
60,000 
67,000 
64,000 
60,000 

166,000 

166,000 

100,000 
67,000 
52,000 
59,000 
71,000 
50,000 
72,000 
61.000 


No.  of 
pamphlets. 


100,000 

18,800 

210,000 


25,293 


278,000 


8,000 
25,000 
12,000 


40,000 
18,000 


30,000 

10,000 

100,000 


21,000 
20,000 


75,000 
6.000 


Number  of  libraries  in  the  United  States  in  1891  were  3804 
of  1000  volumes  and  upwards.  Number  of  bound  volumes  in 
these  libraries  26,826,537;  nunober  of  panophlets  4,340,817. 
Average  size  of  libraries  8194  volumes. 


LIBRARIES   OF  CANADA. 


I Quebec. 
I  Toronto. 

jOttowa! 


Name  of  Library. 


Laval  University 

Legislative  Library  of  Ontario. . 

Public 

Library  of  Parliament 


When 
founded. 


100,000 
70,000 
68,000 

150,000 


I  Library  A§SOCiation  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
Ifounded  at  a  conference  of  librarians  at  the  London  institu- 
;tion,  2  Oct.  1877,  meets  annually. 

.  Iwibrary  Association  of  the  United  States,  organ- 
ized 1876,  meets  annually. 

I    JLibya,  in  a  general  sense  the  ancient  name  for  Africa: 


in  a  restricted  sense  the  territory  immediately  west  of  Egypt. 
The  Persians  under  Cambyses,  about  525  B.C.,  unsuccessfully 
attempted  its  conquest.     Africa. 

Liicllfleld,  Staffordshire,  Engl.  The  see  of  Mercia  (at 
Lichfield)  was  founded  about  656;  removed  to  Chester,  1075; 
to  Coventry,  1102.  In  1121  Robert  Peche  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry.  Here  Samuel  Johnson  was 
born,  1709. 

Lichfield  cathedral  was  first  built  about  656;  the  present  structure 
was  founded  by  Roger  de  Clinton,  the  37th  bishop,  in  1148.  Wal- 
ter de  Langton  (bishop  in  1296)  built  the  chapel  of  St.  Mary,  now 
taken  into  the  choir,  and  under  bishop  Heyworth  (1420)  the  ca- 
thedral was  completed.  It  was  despoiled  at  the  Reformation,  and  .■ 
scandalously  injured  in  the  Parliamentary  war  (monuments,  fine 
sculptures,  and  beautiful  windows  being  demolished).  It  was  re- 
paired at  the  Restoration,  1660;  in  1788;  and  by  Gilbert  G.  Scott, 
1860-63. 
In  Lichfield  castle,  king  Richard  II.  kept  his  Christmas  festival,  1397, 
when  200  tuns  of  wine  and  2000  oxen  were  consumed.  A  charter 
was  granted  to  Lichfield  as  a  city,  by  Edward  VI.,  1549. 


LIO 


422 


LIF 


lilclll'iail  la-WS.  In  375  b.c.,  C.  Licinius  Stolo  and 
L.  Sextius,  tribunes  of  the  people,  promulgated  various  roga- 
tiones,  or  laws,  to  weaken  the  patricians  and  benefit  the  plebs  : 
one  relieved  plebeians  from  debts;  another  enacted  that  no 
person  should  possess  more  than  500  jugera  of  public  land,  or 
more  than  100  head  of  large  cattle  or  600  of  small,  in  the 
Roman  states;  a  third,  that  one  consul  should  be  a  plebeian. 
After  much  opposition  these  were  carried,  and  L.  Sextius  be- 
came the  first  plebeian  consul,  365.  Another  Licinian  law,  56 
B.C.,  imposed  a  severe  penalty  on  party  clubs,  or  societies  for 
election  purposes;  and  another,  about  103  b.c.  (proposed  by 
P.  Licinius  Crassus),  limited  table  expenses. 

lile'beiiau,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  Here,  in  the  first 
action  of  the  Seven  Weeks'  war,  26  June,  1866,  the  Austrians 
were  repulsed  by  the  Prussians  under  gen.  von  Horn. 

Eilcge  (le-aizh'),  Belgium,  a  bishopric,  under  the  German 
empire,  from  the  8th  century  till  1795.  Liege  frequently  revolt- 
ed against  its  prince-bishops.  In  a  severe  contest,  the  citizens 
were  beaten  at  Brusthera,  28  Oct.  1467,  and  Liege  taken  by 
Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  who  treated  them  cruelly. 
In  1482  Liege  fell  into  the  power  of  De  la  Marck,  the  Boar  of 
Ardennes,  who  killed  the  bishop,  Louis  of  Bourbon,  and  was 
himself  defeated  and  killed.  Vivid  description  of  this  event  in 
Scott's  "  Quentin  Uurward."  Lifege  was  taken  by  the  duke  of 
Marlborough,  23  Oct.  1702 ;  and  by  the  French  and  others  at 
various  times,  till  in  1796  it  was  annexed  to  France,  in  1814 
to  the  Netherlands,  and  in  1830  to  Belgium.  Iron-works  es- 
tablished at  Liege  in  the  16th  century  have  been  greatly  en- 
larged by  the  Cockerills  in  the  19th. 

lieutenants,  lords,  for  counties,  were  instituted  in 
England,  3  Edw.  VI.  1549,  and  in  Ireland  in  1831.  Their 
military  jurisdiction  abolished  by  Army  Regulation  act,  1871. 
life-boat,  a  boat  built  very  strong  and  buoyant  for  the 
purpose  of  saving  the  lives  of  crews  and  passengers  of  vessels 
wrecked  near  the  shore. 

Patent  granted  to  Lionel  Lukin  for  a  life-boat 1785 

Reward,  offered  by  a  committee  in  South  Shields  for  a  life- 
boat, 1788 ;  obtained  by  Henry  Greathead,  of  that  town  (he 
received  1200i.  from  Parliament),  1789 ;  it  first  put  to  sea, 

30  Jan.  1790 
Another  life-boat  was  invented  by  William  Wouldhave.     His 
name  was  inscribed  on  a  memorial  erected  in  honor  of  Henry 
Greathead  on  the  pier  at  South  Shields,  uncovered.  .25  June,  1890 

Thirty-one  life-boats  built,  and  300  lives  saved  up  to 1804 

Duke  of  Northumberland  offered  a  reward  of  105i.  for  a  life- 
boat, 1850;  obtained  by  James  Beeching  of  Yarmouth 1851 

Tubular  life-boat  of  H.  Richardson,  the  Challenger,  patented 
in  Jan. ;  a  cruise  was  made  by  him  from  Liverpool  to  Lon- 
don in  it 1852 

National  Life-boat  Institution,  founded  in  1824;  its  journal  first 
published  in  1852.  In  1856  it  received  a  bequest  of  I0,000i. 
from  Hamilton  Fitzgerald,  and  of  39,000i.  from  William  Birks 
Rhodes,  "the  Hounslow  miser,"  in  1878. 
American  life  -  raft,  composed  of  cylinders  lashed  together, 
sailed  from  New  York,  4  June,  1867,  navigated  by  3  men, 
capt.  John  Mikes  and  messrs.  Miller  and  MuUane,  and  arrived 
at  Southampton  25  July  following. 
Life-preserver,  the  apparatus  of  capt.  Manby  (brought  into  use 
in  Feb.  1808),  effects  a  communication  with  the  distressed 
vessel  by  a  rope,  thrown  by  a  shot  from  a  mortar,  with  a  line 
attached  to  it.  For  the  night,  a  night-ball  is  provided  with 
a  hollow  case  of  thick  pasteboard,  and  a  fuse  and  quick 
match,  and  charged  with  50  balls  and  a  suflaciency  of  pow- 
der to  inflame  them.  The  fuse  is  so  graduated  that  the  shell 
shall  explode  at  the  height  of  300  yards.  The  balls  spread 
a  brilliant  light  for  nearly  a  minute,  and  give  a  clear  view  of 
every  surrounding  object.  In  20  years,  58  vessels  and  410  of 
their  crews  and  passengers  had  been  saved.  Capt.  Manby  d. 
18  Nov.  1854,  aged  89. 
Boat-lowering  apparatus,  in  consequence  of  many  being  lost 
when  boats  were  lowered  from  the  Amazon  in  1852,  invented 
by  Charles  Clifford  of  London  in  1856,  has  been  much  ap- 
proved of,  and  has  been  generally  adopted  in  the  English  navy. 
Capt.  Kynaston's  hooks  were  approved  by  adm.  sir  Baldwin 

Walker  in  1862,  and  by  a  committee  on  the  subject  in 1872 

Exhibition  of  life-boats,  life-rafts,  etc.,  at  the  London  Tavern 

opened 15  Apr.  1873 

Capt.  Boyton's  life-preserving  dress  (of  india-rubber ),  with 
means  for  signalling  at  sea,  tried  by  him  on  the  Thames  suc- 
cessfully, 23  Jan.  and  6  Mch. ;  at  Cowes,  before  queen  Victoria 
(while  in  the  water  he  fired  rockets,  caught  fish,  etc.),  5  Apr. ; 
nearly,  crossed  the  Channel  from  Dover  (paddled  2  miles  an 

%     hour) ;  stopped  by  the  French  pilot Apr.  1875 

Capt.  Boyton  crossed  the  Channel  from  Grisnez  to  the  South 

Foreland  in  23i^  hours 28-29  May,     " 

Christie's  life-saving  raft  tried  on  the  Thames;  could  not  be 

sunk 17  Mch.     " 

Edmund  Thompson's  life-raft,  partially  successful  off  Poplar, 

22  Apr.     " 


1 


Rev.  E.  L.  Berthon's  collapsible  life-boat  taken  out  by  the 
Essequibn,  and  i)roved  to  bo  successful Sept.  11 

Storm  King  patent  life-boat,  30  feet  long,  with  its  inventor, 
capt.  Joergensen  and  a  man  named  Nelsen,  left  London  12 
Sept.  1889;  encountered  heavy  gules;  arrived  at  Cape  Town, 

2  Mch. 

Duke  of  Northumberland,  a  new  fast  steel  steam  life-boat,  with 
15  water-tight  compartments,  designed  by  Messrs.  R.  and  H. 
Green,  to  be  stationed  at  Harwich,  brought  into  service 

life-g'Uard,  Washington's.  A  corps,  varying  at  dil 
ferent  times  from  60  to  250  men,  was  formed  in  the  spring 
1776.  The  men,  not  less  than  5  feet  9  inches  nor  more  th 
5  feet  10  inches  in  height,  were  selected  from  the  Continenti 
army  for  moral  and  personal  perfections,  to  protect  the  persoi 
baggage,  and  papers  of  the  commander-in-chief.  The  lai 
survivor,  Uzal  Knapp,  of  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  died  in  Jai 
1856,  and  was  buried  at  the  foot  of  the  flag-staff  in  front  o 
Washington's  head-quarters  at  Newburg,  on  the  Hudson.  A 
the  dedication  of  a  freestone  monument  over  his  remains,  1 
June,  I860,  there  was  a  large  civic  and  military  procession, 

life-insurance.     Insurance. 

life-saving  service  in  the  United  Statei 

The  first  organized  efibrt  in  the  U.  S.  was  made  by  the  Mai 
sachusetts  Humane  Society  in  1789;  but  its  history  may 
said  to  have  begun  in  1846-47,  when  disasters  on  the  Net 
Jersey  coast  forced  the  federal  government  to  consider  tht 
subject.  In  1849,  8  stations  were  equipped  between  Montaiik 
point  and  Coney  island,  but  no  great  progress  was  made  until 
the  present  effective  system  was  adopted,  1871.  The  servicfli, 
attached  to  the  U.  S.  Treasury  department,  is  divided  into 
districts,  viz. : 

1st  district,  coasts  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire 12  statioi 

2d         ' '        coast  of  Massachusetts "23 

3d         "        coasts  of  Rhode  Island  and  Long  island.  39 

coast  of  New  Jersey  (the  most  danger-  J 
4th       "         \     ous  of  all),  called  "  the  grave-yard  {    41 


5th 

6th 

7th 

8th 

9th 

10th 
11th 
12th 


of  the 
( coasts  of  Delaware,  Maryland,  and 

\     Virginia 

(coasts    of   S.    Virginia    and    North 

(     Carolina 

(coasts  of  South   Carolina,  Georgia, 

\    and  E.  Florida 

Gulf  coast 

(Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  falls  of 

\    the  Ohio  at  Louisville,  Ky 

Lakes  Huron  and  Superior 15 

Lake  Michigan 24 

Pacific  coast 13 

Total 243 


Owing  to  the   extent  of  uninhabited  coast,  the  service 
obliged  to  erect  houses  of  refuge  at  different  points,  provi- 
sioned, etc.,  so  as  to  afford  shelter  and  food  to  the  shipwrecked 
crews  frequently  for  several  days.     From  1871  to  30  June, 

1891,  there  have  been  5783  disasters,  endangering  property  to 
the  value  of  $96,247,559,  of  which  $71,540,912  was  saved. 
Of  49,530  lives  imperilled,  but  592  were  lost.  The  cost  of 
the  service  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  1891,  was  $940,201. 
The  total  number  of  disasters  for  the  year  ending  30  June, 

1892,  was  507,  endangering  property  to  the  amount  of  $8,352,- 
335;  amount  of  property  saved  $7,174,475;  number  of  per- 
sons on  board  vessels,  2923 ;  lives  lost,  27.  The  cost  of  the 
service  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  1892,  was  $1,009,234. 
The  total  number  of  disasters  for  the  year  ending  30  June, 

1893,  was  427 ;  value  of  property  involved,  $8,098,075 ;  prop- 
erty saved,  $6,442,505;    number  of  persons  involved,  3566; 
persons  lost,  23;  cost  of  service,  $1,231,893.     The 'chief  ap- 
pliances employed  in  saving  life  are  the  life-saviug  gu'i  ■•.:. 
projectile,  the.  line-carrying  rocket,  the  oil-distributing  rcx  .. 
the  breeches-buoy,  an  apparatus  for  conveying  a  person    ' 
line  from  ship  to  shore,  and  the  life  and  surf-boat.     I  .    ' 
authority  of  the  act  of  20  June,  1874,  18  June,  1878,  ;  1 1  '•■ 
May,  1882,  life-saving  medals  of  honor  have  been  awr    1 
by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  for  rescuing  a  person  n^ 
drowning.     Total  number  awarded  to  30  June,  1892,  was  [ 
gold  and  209  silver  medals.     Among  the  recipients  we 
women,  viz. : 

Name.  -  Residence.  Award.  Date. 

Edith  Morgan Hamlin,  Mich Silver. . .  9  Nov. 

Ida  I,ew,..W,lBOn....  { ■^tflS^i! R'"i!' }  «■>"' '""'^.^ 

Edith  Clarke Oakland,  Cal Silver. .  .26  May,  ' 

Marie  D.Pa,'sons....{^'f3^£«5«^^^^^^^^  "    ...7  Feb. 


LIG 


423 


LIG 


St^me.                                Resideuce.                  Award.  Date. 

Mary  Whiteley Charleston,  S.  C Silver .  .17  Nov.  1888 

Mabel  Mason {"tStViifrir !  }     "    -''  ''^'-  1«« 


Mrs.  Edward  White.. Copalis,  Wash. 
Bertie  0.  Burr Lincoln,  Neb. . 


...Gold....  18  Apr.  1892 
...    "   14  June,    " 

li^ht.     And  God  said,  Let  there  be  light:  and  there  was 
light  (Gen.  i.  3).    One  of  the  phenomena  attendant  upon  heat, 
and  may  be  said  to  be  its  visible  manifestation.     It  especially 
affects  the  eye,  as  sound  does  the  ear,  and  together  with  the 
eye  renders  the  outward  world  visible.     Two  theories  have 
been  advanced  regarding  the  propagation  of  light— the  older 
the  corpuscular  theory,  and  the  later  the  undulatory.     The 
advocates  of  the  former  were  Newton,  Laplace,  Biot,and  others, 
while  more  recent  scientists  support  the  jindulatory  theory ; 
but  neither  of  these  theories  explains  satisfactorily  all  the  phe- 
nomena, neither  do  they  attempt  to  explain  what  is  trans- 
ferred or  moved.     The  apparently  incomparable  velocity  of 
light  is  said  to  have  been  computed  with  more  or  less  accu- 
racy by  4  distinct  methods— (1)  Romer's  method,  1676;  (2) 
Bradley's,  1728;  (3)  Fizeau's,  1849;  (4)  Foucault's,  1850— at 
i  from  186,000  to  187,000  miles  a  second.    Optics,  Stars,  Sun. 
light-house,  a  structure  built  on  the  coast  or  shore  of 
'  navigable  waters,  and  furnished  for  the  purpose  of  indicating 
[  a  point  of  danger  or  to  serve  as  a  guide,  also  called  pharos 
I  (hence  phare,  Fr. ;  faro,  It.),  from  one  erected  at  Pharos,  near 
I  Alexandria,  Egypt,  550  feet  high,  said  to  have  been  visible  42 
I  miles,  about  285  b.c.     There  was  one  at  Messina,  at  Rhodes, 
'.  etc.    Colossus.     These  were  lighted  by  fires.     A  coal-fire 
I  light  was  exhibited  at  Tynemouth  castle,  Northumberland, 
I  about  1638.     The  tower  of  Cordonan  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gi- 
1  ronde,  France,  begun  1584.     The  first  true  light-house  erected 
i  in  England  was  the  Eddystone,  finished  1859.     Lights  were 
(  exhibited  in  various  places  in  England  by  the  corporation  of 
I  the  Trinity-house  early  in  the  16th  century. 

BRITISH   light-houses. 

Besides  the  Eddystone  light-house  and  that  at  Bell  Rock  (Inch 
I  cape),  the  Skerryvore  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland  (1844:),  158  ft, 
t  high,  cost  83,126i.  The  Bishop  Rock  off  Scilly  islands  (1853),  145 
j  ft.  high,  cost  36,559?.  Wolf  Rock,  Land's  End  (1870),  Small's 
!  Rocks,  entrance  English  channel,  Harvis's  Rock  (1862),  Island  of 
i      Alderney,  and  others  are  important. 

(  The  usual  source  of  light  in  British  light-houses  is  oil;  but  in  harbor 
lights  gas  has  been  successfully  used.    Glass  reflectors  were  used 
in  1780,  copper  ones  in  1807.     A  common  coal  Are  light  was  dis- 
continued at  St.  Bees  only  in  1822.     Fresnel's  dioptric  system, 
devised  about  1819,  was  first  adopted  in  England  by  messrs.  Wil- 
kins,  at  the  direction  of  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity-house, 
1  July,  1836. 
A  magneto-electric  machine  devised  by  prof.  Holmes,  producing  a 
I     more  brilliant  artificial  light  than  any  then  known,  was  first 
I     employed  at  the  South  Foreland  light-house,  near  Dover,  8  Dec. 
I     1858;  and  at  Dengeness  (or  Dungeness)  in  1862.     It  was  shown 
i     with  a  similar  one  constructed  by  M.  Serin,  at  the  International 
!     Exhibition,  London,  1862. 
'.  H.  Wilde's  apparatus,  producing  a  powerful  magneto-electric  light, 

on  trial  in  northern  light-houses,  Oct.  1866. 
1  Lime-light  employed  at  the  South  Foreland  light-house  in  1861. 
I  Gas-light  tried  successfully  at  Howth  Bailey  light-house,  Dublin 
i     bay,  July,  1869. 

i  Mr.  Wigham's  triform  light;  glass  belt  round  the  gas-light,  prisms 
j  below  the  belt,  and  prisms  forming  a  cupola;  tried  near  Dublin; 
j     approved  by  dr.  Tyndall,  July,  1873. 

'  C.  William  Siemens's  magneto-electric  light  used  at  the  Lizards,  29 
Mch.  1878. 

LIGHT-HOUSES   IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Since  1789  all  light-houses  on  the  U.  S.  coast  have  been  maintained 
at  the  expense  of  the  nation  (no  light-dues  being  charged  upon 
commerce).  The  cost  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  1879,  was 
$1,708,700,  and  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  1894,  $2,948,000. 

Many  light  -  houses  in  the  U.  S.  are  unsurpassed,  and  are  of  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  construction.  The  most  noted  is  on  Mi- 
not's  Ledge,  in  Massachusetts  bay,  first  erected  in  1847.  It  was 
supported  on  iron  piles  12  inches  in  diameter,  firmly  braced 
and  tied  with  wrought- iron  bands.  It  was  finished  in  1849, 
but  in  a  terrible  storm,  Apr.  1851,  the  iron  supports  were 
twisted  like  straws,  and  the  whole  structure  was  swept  away. 
In  1852  Congress  appropriated  money  to  rebuild  the  light.  The 
design  was  a  granite  tower  in  the  shape  of  the  frustum  of  a 
cone;  the  base  is  30  ft.  in  diameter,  and  the  whole  height  88 
•  It.  The  lower  40  ft.  are  solid.  The  difficulty  of  the  work  was 
such  that,  though  every  moment  when  the  tide  left  the  rock 
uncovered  was  taken  advantage  of,  it  was  a  year  before  the 
first  layer  of  stones  for  the  foundation  was  securely  laid.  It 
■was  first  lighted  in  1860.     Cost  $300,000. 

Spectacle  Reef  light-house,  north  end  of  lake  Huron,  of  the  same 
type  as  Minot's  Ledge,  built  1871-74,  93  ft.  high;  cost  $375,000. 
lillamook  Rock  light-house,  20  miles  south  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  river,  Oregon,  1880-81;  cost  $123,492.  Northwest  Seal 
Kock  light-house,  California,  commenced  1882.     Petit  Manon,  ofi 


3d 


4th 
5th 

6th 

7th 
8th 

9th 


10th 

11th 
12th 

13th 


14th 


15th 
16th 


the  coast  of  Maine,  125  ft.  above  sea  level.  "  Mt.  Desert  Reck," 
coast  of  Maine.  Matinicus  Rock,  coast  of  Maine,  1827;  rebuilt 
1846.  Halfway  Rock,  coast  of  Maine,  1871.  Boon  island,  coast 
of  Maine,  1812.  Cape  Ann,  on  Thatheus  island,  1790  ;  rebuilt 
1861.  Boston  Lights,  on  Little  Brewster  island,  Boston  harbor, 
the  first  on  the  coast;  built  1715-16,  rebuilt  1859;  its  first  light- 
keeper,  George  Worthylake,  was  drowned  with  his  wife  and 
daughter,  3  Nov.  1718;  Benjamin  Franklin,  then  a  boy,  sold  a 
ballad  on  the  occasion  in  the  streets  of  Boston.  Fourteen  Foot 
Bank  light-house,  Delaware  bay,  1887;  cost  $123,811. 

First  coast-light  in  the  U.  S 1673 

First  light-house  built  on  Little  Brewster  island,  Boston  harbor, 

1715-16 

U.  S.  accepted  cession  of  all  light-houses 7  Aug.  1789 

Control  vested  in  commissioner  of  the  revenue 8  May,  1792 

Restored  to  secretary  of  treasury 6  Apr.  1802 

Vested  again  in  the  commissioner 24  July,  1813 

Vested  in  the  5th  auditor  of  the  treasury i  July,  1820 

Messrs.  Blunt  of  New  York  brought  charges  against  light- 
house management 30  Nov.  1837 

Naval  commission  on  light-houses  appointed " 

Congressional  investigation  of  light-house  management  result- 
ing in  improvements 1838-43 

Navy  commission  sent  to  inspect  European  systems 1845 

Fresnel  system  authorized 3  Mch.  1851 

First  Light-house  Board  appointed 21  May,     " 

Fresnel  system  generally  introduced 1852 

Permanent  Light-house  Board  authorized 31  Aug.     " 

Board  organized 8  Oct.     " 

The  U.  S.  maintains  lights  upon  9959  nautical  miles  of  coast  and 
river  navigation,  divided  into  16  districts,  as  follows : 

1st  district,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  coasts,  bays,  inlets,  and  rivers. 
2d       "        from  Hampton  Harbor,  N.  H.,  to  Warren "Pt.,  R.  I. 

Long  Island,  Atlantic,  and  sound  coasts,  with  New  Jersey 

above  the  Highlands.    Also  lakes  Champlain  and  Mem- 

phremagog,  with  bays  and  rivers. 

{New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Maryland  coasts,  bays,  and 
rivers. 
( Virginia  coast,  including  the  Chesapeake  bay.  North 
(     Carolina  coast  and  sounds. 

I  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida  coasts  to  Jupiter's 
(     Inlet,  Fla.,  with  bays  and  rivers. 
Florida  coast,  from  Jupiter's  Inlet  to  Perdido  bay,  Fla. 

{Gulf  coast  from  Perdido  bay  to  the  Rio  Grande,  with 
lakes,  rivers,  and  bays  below  New  Orleans. 
(  Lake  Michigan,  Green  bay,  strait  of  Mackinack,  and  trib- 
[     utary  waters. 

( U.  S.  shore  and  waters  of  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  with 
J     the  rivers  Niagara,  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  lower  part 
(     of  the  Detroit  river. 
Upper  Detroit  river  to  the  head  of  lake  Superior. 
800  miles  Pacific  coast,  California. 

{Coast  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  with  Puget  sound,  Co- 
lumbia river,  and  Alaskan  waters. 
The  Ohio  river  from  Pittsburg  to  the  Mississippi,  the 
Tennessee,  Cumberland,  and  Great  Kanawha,  in  all 
1295  miles. 

{The  Mississippi  from  the  head  of  navigation  to  Cairo, 
111.,  with  all  navigable  tributaries,  in  all  1582  miles. 
{The  Mississippi,  from  Cairo,  to  New  Orleans,  with  navi- 
gable tributaries,  in  all  1009  miles. 
The  following  aids  to  navigation,  operated  by  the  Light -house 
Board,  were  in  use  1  July,  1893: 

Electric  lights 4 

First-order  lights 56 

Second-order  lights 20 

Third-order  lights 52 

Fourth-order  lights 265 

Fifth-order  lights 148 

Sixth  order  lights 116 

Lens  lanterns 124 

Range  lenses 16 

Reflectors 45 

Tubular  lanterns 1845 

Light-ships 33 

Electric  buoys 20 

Gas  buoys 2 

Total  lighted  aids 2746 

Fog-signals  by  steam  or  hot  air 114 

' '  clockwork 189 

Day  beacons 419 

Whistling  buoys 64 

Bell-buoys 90 

Other  buoys 4315 

Total  unlighted  aids 5191 

Total  number  of  aids 7937 

lig^hting^  cities.     Electricity. 

London  first  lighted  at  night  by  lanterns •  1415 

Glass  lamps  in  streets 1694-1736 

City  generally  lighted  by  gas 1814 

Paris  first  lighted  by  gas '•  •  •  1819 

New  York  generally  lighted  by  gas 1825 

Philadelphia  generally  lighted  by  gas " 

lightning-conductors  were  first  used  to  protect 
buildings  by  Franklin  soon  after  1752,  when  he  drew  electricity 
from  a  cloud.  Prof.  Kichman  of  St.  Petersburg  was  killed  while 


LIQ 


424 


repeating  the  experiment,  Aug.  1763.  First  conductor  in  Eng- 
land set  up  at  Payne's  Hill,  by  dr.  Watson.  In  17(56  one  was 
placed  on  the  tower  of  St.  Mark's,  at  Venice,  which  has  since 
escaped  injury,  although  often  struck  by  lightning  previously. 

Liig^ny  (fcen-yee'),  a  town  near  Fleurus,  Belgium,  where 
Kapoleon  defeated  the  Prussians  under  Blucher,  16  June,  1815. 
Watkrloo. 

Iji^ll'rlail§,  a  Celtic  tribe,  N.  Italy,  invaded  Roman 
territory,  and  were  defeated  238  B.C.,  and  subjugated  172  B.C. 
The  Ligurian  republic,  founded  in  May,  1797,  upon  the  ruins 
of  the  republic  at  Genoa,  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1805, 
and  then  merged  into  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 

lllBC-tree  {Syringa).  The  Persian  lilac  from  Persia 
was  cultivated  in  England  about  1638 ;  the  common  lilac  by 
John  Gerard  about  1597. 

liille.     Lisle. 

Lilybae'llIIl,  a  maritime  fortress  of  Sicily,  besieged  by 
Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  276  b.c.;  relieved  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians, 275  B.C.  Its  capture  by  the  Romans,  241  b.c.,  after  a 
siege  of  9  years,  ended  the  second  Punic  war. 

Lima  ilee'ma),  Peru,  South  America.  In  1534,  Pizarro, 
marching  through  Peru,  observing  the  beauty  of  the  valley 
of  Rimac,  founded  this  city,  calling  it  Ciudad  de  los  Reyes,  or 
city  of  the  kings,  1535.  Here  he  was  assassinated,  26  June, 
1541.  Awful  earthquakes  occurred  here,  1586, 1630, 1687,  and 
28  Oct.  1746.     Peru. 

lime  or  linden  tree  (the  American  basswood),  prob- 
ably introduced  into  England  in  the  16th  century.  The  limes 
in  St.  James's  park,  London,  are  said  to  have  been  planted  at 
the  suggestion  of  Evelyn,  who  recommended  multiplying  odo- 
riferous trees,  in  his  "  Fumifugium  "  ( 1661 ).  A  lime  -  tree 
planted  in  Switzerland  in  1410  had  in  1720  a  trunk  36  feet  in 
circumference.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

lime-light,  produced  by  burning  hydrogen  or  carbu- 
retted  hydrogen  with  oxygen  on  a  surface  of  lime,  evolving 
little  heat  and  not  vitiating  the  air.  It  is  also  called  Drura- 
mond  light,  after  lieut.  Thomas  Drummond,  who  successfully 
produced  it  in  1826,  and  employed  it  on  the  British  Ordnance 
survey.  It  is  said  to  have  been  seen  112  miles.  It  was  tried 
at  the  South  Foreland  light-house  in  1861.  Lieut.  Drummond 
was  born  1797,  died  15  Apr.  1840.  To  him  is  attributed  the 
maxim  that  "property  has  its  duties  as  well  as  its  rights." 

limitation§,  Statute  of,  in  the  United  States.    The  fol- 
lowing are  the  periods  fixed  by  statute  in  the  several  states,  after 
which,  in  all  ordinary  cases,  the  lapse  of  time,  when  pleaded 
against  a  claim,  raises  a  conclusive  presumption  of  payment : 
periods  of  limitation. 


Judgments. 

Notes  and  Contracts. 

Open  Accounts. 

state.      1 

Time. 

state.       1 

Time. 

State.       1 

Time. 

Ala 1 

Fla 

Ky 

0 J 

15  years. 

Wyo 

Col ^ 

.8  years. 

Ill 

111 

Conn 

la 

Ind 

Ind 

Me 

la 

1 10  years. 

Me 

Mass 

Mo 

Mass 

N.  H 

}  20  years. 

W.  Va . . . 

Mich 

N.J 

Mont : 

.8  years. 

Minn  .... 

N.Y 

Ala 

N.  H 

N.  Dak. . . . 

Col 

N.  J 

R.  I 

Conn 

N.  Y 

■6  years. 

Wis 

Del 

N.  Dak. . . 

Conn 

.17  years. 

Ga 

0 

Ky 

.15  years. 

Me 

Ore 

D.  C ) 

Md ] 

Mass  .... 

Pa 

Mich  .... 

R.  I 

Ark ■ 

Minn.... 

S.C 

Del 

Miss 

S.  Dak... 

Ind 

Nev 

Tenn 

La 

N.  H 

Vt 

Mich 

N.  J 

j-  0  years. 

AVis 

Minn 

N.  Mex  . . 

Ill ' 

Mo 

N.  Y 

la 

Mont 

N.C 

■  10  years. 

N.  Dak  . . 
Or 

Ky 

Mo 

y  5  years. 

Or 

Pa 

Mont .... 

S.  C 

R.  I 

AV.  Va. . . . 

S.  Dak.... 

S.  C 

Ga 

Tenn 

S.  Dak... 

Id 

Tex 

Tenn  .... 

Neb 

^4  years. 

Va 

Vt 

Nev 

W.  Va  . . . . 

Wash.... 

N.  Mex. . . 

Vt 

.8  years. 

Wis J 

Ala 

.3  years. 

LIN 
PERIODS  OF  LIMITATION. — (Cmlinued.) 


Judgment*. 


Time. 


Notes  and  Contracts. 


8Ute.        I      Time. 


6  years. 


Ga \ 

Mi.ss I  7  years. 

N.  Mex  . . .  ) 
Col..  . 
Id ... . 
Nev  . . 
AVash. 
Ariz.. 
Cal . . . 
Kan.. 

a.''::::;::  \^y^^^^- 

v&.'... 

U.  T . . 
Wyo.. 


Ark. . 
Ariz. 
Fla.. 
Id.  .. 
Kan. 
La.-. . 
Neb. 
Va. . . 
Wyo. 
Cal . . 
'I'ex  . 
U.  T . 
D.  C. 
Md.. 
N.C. 


5  years. 


4  years. 


3  years. 


Open  Account*. 


State. 


Time. 


Ark. 
Ariz 
Del. 
D.C 

Md 

Miss — 
N.  C. . . , 
AVash... 

Cal 

Fla 

Tex 

U.  T  . . . 
Va 


>  2  years. 


Liineoln,  the  Roman  Lindum  Colonia,  a  city  and  coinitj 
of  England,  at  the  Conquest  was  rich  and  populous.  It  wa 
taken  several  times  by  Saxons  and  Danes.  The  castle  wa 
built  by  William  I.  in  1086.  Without  Newport  gate  upoJ 
Lincoln  plain  the  partisans  of  the  empress  Maud,  under  th< 
earl  of  Gloucester,  defeated  and  captured  king  Stephen,  2  Feb 
1141.  Discontented  barons  in  the  last  year  of  king  John  iu' 
vited  Louis,  dauphin  of  France,  and  acknowledged  him  as  kiiij 
of  England  here;  but  the  nobility,  summoned  by  the  earl  ol 
Pembroke  to  Gloucester  to  crown  Henry  III,,  marched  againsi 
them,  and  defeated  them  in  a  sanguinary  fight  (called  th( 
Fair  of  Lincoln),  20  May,  1217 ;  and  Louis  withdrew. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  administration  of.  Unitei 
States,  1861-65. 

Lincoln,  Bishopric  of.  Sidnacester,  or  Lindisse  anc 
Dorchester,  distinct  sees  in  Mercia,  were  united  about  1078^ 
and  the  see  was  removed  to  Lincoln  by  bishop  Remigius  d© 
Feschamp,  who  built  a  cathedral  (1086),  afterwards  destroyed 
by  fire,  but  rebuilt  b}'  bishop  Alexander  (1127)  and  bishojy 
Hugh  of  Burgundy.  The  great  bell  of  the  cathedral,  called 
Great  Tom  of  Lincoln,  weighs  4  tons,  8  pounds. 

Lincoln  tower,  Westminster  Bridge  road,  Engl., 
was  erected  by  the  united  subscriptions  of  Britons  and  Ameri- 
cans, as  a  memorial  of  the  abolition  of  slaverj',  and  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  president.  The  foundation  was  laid  by  gen» 
Schenck,  then  American  minister,  9  July,  1874 ;  and  the 
head-stone  was  placed  by  Newman  Hall,  minister  of  Surrej 
chapel,  28  Sept.  1875.  The  tower,  220  feet  high,  cost  aboul 
7000^.  The  church,  named  Christ  church  (to  replace  Surrej 
chapel),  and  schools  adjoining  (costing  about  60,000/.),  wer< 
dedicated  4  July  et  seq.  1876.  The  rev.  Rowland  Hill's  bodj 
was  removed  hither  from  Surrey  chapel,  14  Apr.  1881. 

LincOln'§  inn,  London,  derives  its  name  from  Henrj 
de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  built  a  mansion  here  in  th< 
reign  of  Edward  L,  on  the  site  of  the  bishop  of  Chichester'j 
palace.  It  became  an  inn  of  court,  1310.  The  gardens  oi^ 
Lincoln's-inn  fields,  laid  out  by  Inigo  Jones  about  1620,  were 
erroneously  said  to  occupy  the  same  space  as  the  largest  pyra- 
mid of  Egypt,  which  is  764  feet  square ;  Lincoln's-inn  square 
being  821  ft.  by  625  ft.  6  in.  William,  lord  Russell,  was  be- 
headed in  Lincoln's-inn  fields,  21  July,  1683.  The  square 
(formed  in  1618)  was  enclosed  with  iron  railings  about  1737. 
The  new  hall  and  other  buildings  were  opened  30  Oct.  1845^ 
and  the  square  planted.  The  theatre  in  Lincoln's-inn  fields 
was  built  in  1695 ;  rebuilt  in  1714 ;  made  a  barrack  in  1756,. 
and  pulled  down  in  1848. 

L<incoln'§  monument  at  Oak  Ridge,  Springfield^ 
111.,  is  a  Quincy  granite  structure,  119  X  72  feet.  At  the  height 
of  15  ft.  10  in.  is  the  main  platform,  the  apparent  base  of  the 
shaft,  and  pedestals  for  the  support  of  the  statuary  ;  from  the 
centre  rises  the  shaft,  12  ft.  square  at  the  base  and  8  ft.  at 
the  top.  The  total  height  is  120  ft.  Above  the  groups  of 
statuary  stands  a  bronze  statue  of  Lincoln.  Larkin  G.  Mead 
was  the  sculptor.  The  monument  was  dedicated  15  Oct. 
1874 ;  cost,  $264,000. 

L<indi§farne  or  Holy  i§lancl,  on  the  coast  of 

Northumberland,  became  a  bishop's  see,  635.  The  Dane* 
under  Regnar  Lodbrok  ravaged  it  793,  and  destroyed  the 
monastery  875.  The  see  was  then  removed  to  Chester-le- 
sfcreet,  and  to  Durham  in  995  (or  990), 


1^: 


LIN 


425 


LIT 


linen.     Pharaoh   arrayed    Joseph   in  vestures   of  fine 

ainen,  1716  B.C.  (Gen.  xli.  42). 

First  manufactured  in  England  by  Flemish  weavers,  under 
protection  of  Henry  III 1253 

■Company  of  linen- weavers  established  in  London 1368 

Art  of  staining  linen  known about  1579 

Hemp,  flax,  linen,  thread,  and  yarn,  from  Ireland,  permitted 
to  be  exported  duty  free 1696 

Scots  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  other  Presbyterians  who 
fled  from  persecution  in  succeeding  reigns,  settled  in  north- 
east Ireland,  and  established  the  linen  manufacture;  encour- 
aged by  lord  deputy  Wentworth  in  1634;  by  William  III 1698 

Board  of  trustees  to  superintend  Scotch  linen  manufacture  es- 
tablished   1727 

Irish  linen  board  established  in  1711 ;  Linen  hall,  Dublin,  opened 
1728;  board  abolished 1828 

Dutv  on  linen  taken  off I860 

DunYermline  in  Fifeshire,  Dundee  in  Angusshire,  and  Barnsley  in 
Yorkshire  are  chief  seats  of  linen  manufacture. 

Linlith'g^OW  bridge  and  toivn,  about  17  miles 
from  Edinburgh,  near  which  the  earl  of  Angus,  with  James  V. 
in  his  power,  defeated  the  earl  of  Lennox,  who,  after  promise 
of  quarter,  was  killed  by  sir  James  Hamilton,  1526.  Mary 
■queen  of  Scots  was  born  in  the  palace  of  Linlithgow,  8  Dec. 
1542;  James  V.,  her  father,  dying  of  a  broken  heart,  14  Dec. 
Linnae'an  Sy§tem  of  botany,  arranged  by  Linne,  or 
Linnaeus,  a  Swede,  1725-30,  He  classed  the  plants  according 
to  the  number  and  arrangement  of  the  sexual  parts,  the  flower 
and  fruit  marking  his  various  genera.  Linnaeus  lived  from 
1707  to  1778.  His  library  and  herbarium  were  purchased  by  sir 
James  E.  (then  dr.)  Smith,  and  given  to  the  Linnaean  Society 
in  London,  instituted  in  1788,  and  incorporated  26  Mch.  1802. 
The  system  is  now  mostly  superseded  by  the  natural  system. 

lion.  True  lions  belong  to  the  Old  World  exclusively. 
They  existed  in  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Palestine,  but  have  long 
•disappeared  from  those  countries ;  their  present  country  being 
Africa.  A  lion  named  Pompey  died  in  the  Tower  of  London 
in  1760,  after  70  years'  confinement. 
■Gordon  Gumming,  the  lion  slayer,  published  his   "Sporting 

Adventures  in  South  Africa" 1850 

Van  Amburgh  was  successful  in  taming  lions;  but  many  have 
lost  their  lives  in  attempting  it.  The  Lion-queen  was  killed 
at  Chatham,  1850;  and  Massarti  (John  McCarthy)  was  killed 

by  a  lion. 3  Jan.  1872 

Lion  sermon  preached  annually  on  16  Oct.  at  St.  Katherine  Cree 
church,  London,  in  memory  of  the  escape  of  sir  John  Gayer 
from  a  lion  in  Arabia 16  Oct.  1630 

lion  and  unieorn,  the  former  English,  the  latter 
iScottish,  became  the  supporters  of  the  royal  arms  on  the  ac- 


cession of  James  I.  in  1603,  The  lions  in  Trafalgar  square, 
designed  by  sir  Edwin  Landseer,  were  uncovered  31  Jan. 
1867. 

liquefaction.    Gas. 

Liis'bon  (anciently  Olisippo  and  Felicitas  Julia)  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  about  716,  and  became  important  under  the 
Moorish  kings,  from  whom  Alfonso  I.  of  Portugal  took  it  1147. 
It  was  made  capital  of  Portugal  by  Emanuel,  1506.  Lisbon 
has  suffered  much  by  earthquakes,  and  was  almost  destroyed 
1  Nov.  1755.  Earthquake.  The  court  fled  to  Brazil,  10 
Nov.  1807 ;  and  on  30  Nov.  the  French,  under  Junot,  entered 
Lisbon,  and  held  it  until  at  the  battle  of  Vimeira,  when  they 
were  defeated  bv  British,  under  sir  Arthur  Welleslev,  21  Aug. 
1808.     Pop.  1878,  246,343. 

L<i§le  (leel),  now  Lille,  a  town  of  N.  France,  with  a 
strong  citadel  by  Vauban,  was  besieged  by  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough and  allies;  and,  though  deemed  impregnable,  taken 
after  3  months'  siege  in  1708.  It  was  restored  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht  in  1713,  in  consideration  of  the  demolition  of  the  forti- 
fications of  Dunkirk.     Pop.  1891,201,211.     Fortifications. 

Iji§§a,  an  island  and  town  in  the  Adriatic.     Near  here 
the  Italian  fleet,  under  Persano,  was  defeated  with  severe  loss 
by  the  Austrian  fleet,  under  Tegethoff,  20  July,  1866. 
Italians  had  23  vessels,  11  of  them  iron-clads;  Austrians  23, 

only  7  iron-clads. 
Admiral  Persano  tried  for  misconduct  and  dismissed  the  service 

(Italy) 15  Apr.  1867 

litanies  (Gr.  Xiravda,  supplication)  first  used  in  pro- 
cessions, it  is  said,  about  469 ;  others  say  about  400.  Litanies 
to  the  Virgin  Mary  were  first  introduced  by  pope  Gregory  I. 
about  595.  The  first  English  litany  was  commanded  to  be 
used  in  Reformed  churches  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1544. 

Literary  Club  (at  first  called  <'The  Club"  and 
"  Johnson's  Club  "),  founded  by  dr.  Johnson  and  sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  in  1764.  Boswell,  Burke,  and  Goldsmith  were 
among  the  first  members.  The  club's  opinion  of  a  new  work 
was  speedily  known  all  over  London,  and  had  great  influence. 
The  club  still  exists.  Hallam  and  Macaulay  were  members ; 
dr.  Milman,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  was  in  the  chair  at  the  cente- 
nary dinner  on  7  June,  1864. 

literature  comprehends  oratory,  poetry,  history,  fic- 
tion, etc.  The  following  names  and  works  are  the  best  known 
in  literature : 


GRECIAN  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS  (ANCIENT). 


Principal  works. 


Poetry. 


i  Homer 

\  Hesiod 

i  iEsop , 

]  Anacreon 

I  -Sschylus 

i  Herodotus 

'■  Pindar 

I  Aristophanes 


b. 
.0.  962 


d. 

927(?) 
850 
572 


Euripides 


525  —  456 

443 

522  —  439 

427 


480  —  406 


History. 


Iliad,  Odyssey. 

Works  and  Days,  Theogony. 

Lyric.     (Prometheus  Bound, 
Dramas -<  Seven  Against  Thebes, 

(Agamemnon,  etc. 
Odes.       (The  Clouds, 
Comedy -|  The  Birds, 

(The  Frogs,  etc. 

Hecuba, 


Sophocles. . . 
Thucydides. 
Xenophon.., 
Plato 


Isocrates 
Aristotle  . 


495 
470 
443 


436 
384 


405 
404 
359 


338 
322 


!    Demosthenes 


Menander 

Tlieophrastus , 

Theocritus 

Epicurus i 

Archimedes  of  Syracuse 

Polybius 

Diodorus -r> 

Strabo '.... 

Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 

Plutarch 

14* 


382  —  322 

389  —  314 

342  —  292 

382  —  287 

272 

342  —  270 

287  —  212 

207  —  122 

50.-A.D.  13 

54-  "     10 

"     30 

49  —  120 


(History  of  the  war  between  Peloponnesus 
\    and  Athens. 
Anabasis.  fGorgias, 

[  Phoedon,  etc. 
Orations — Areopagiticus,  and  many  others. 
Ph  i  losoph  i  c — Organon. 
Orations  /Philippics, 
uFduoub  ^Concerning  the  Crown,  etc. 
Orations. 


Dramas,  tragedy 


Dramas,  tragedy 


Orestes, 

Medea, 

Iphigenia  at  Aulis,  etc. 

Electra, 

CEdipus, 

Antigone, 

Philoctetes,  etc. 


Philosophic. 


Philosophic. 

Philosophic  and  scientific. 

General  history — Second  Punic  War. 

History. 

Geography. 

HistoKy  and  criticism. 

Biography— Parallel  Lives. 


Comedy. 
Idyls. 


LIT 


LIT 


GRECIAN  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS  (ANCIENT).— (Conrtnttcd.) 


Authon. 

Principal  Worlt..                                                                                "J 

Name. 

Time. 

ProM. 

Poetry.                                      | 

b.           d. 
A.D.                    118 
147 
148 
194 
190(?) 

"      120  —  200 
240 
273 

"     331  —  363 

Stoic  philosophy. 

History. 

History. 

Feast  of  the  Learned,  a  fragment. 

On  hunting,  on  fishing.                      ^^H 

1 

Annian      

ArriaD      

AthensBus    

Oppjan        

LuciaD 

History. 
Criticisms,  etc. 
Satires,  letters,  etc. 

Herodian 

Fathers  of  thb  church,  Philosophy.                                                                                                                                                      1 

LATIN  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS  (ANCIENT),                                                                       | 

Authon. 

Principal  Works.                                                                               'H 

Name. 

Time. 

Proee. 

Poetry.                                       ^| 

b.            d. 
B.C.    254  —  184 
''      239  —  169 
"      193  —  159 
"      232  —  147 
"      149  —  103 
"        96  —    52 
"      100  —    44 

"      107  —    43 

"        82—40 
"        86—34 

:: 

"       51  _    16 
"       70  —    19 

18 
"       65—8 
A.D.   17 
"        59  —    IT 
"        43  —    18 
"        19  —    31 
"          5—65 
A.D.     34  —    62 
"        38  —    65 
"        23  —    79 
"        42  -  118 
"                     88 
"        61  —  115 
"        61  —    96 
"        55  —  117(?) 
"        25  —  100 
"        40  —  104 
"        72  —  140(?) 
"        40  —  120(?) 
"      100  —  169(?) 
"      110  —  174(?) 

390 
"      365  —  408 
«'                   415 
"      470  —  525 

Dramas,  comedy.                                      fl 
Satires,  etc.                                                ■ 
Dramas,  comedy.                                      fl 

Satires,  etc.                                               fl 
Philosophic.                                              fl 

Lyric  poems.                                           m 

Elegiac  poetry.                                          m- 
Georgics,  ^neid.                                         », 
Elegiac  verse.                                             m , 
Odes,  epodes,  satires,  epistlea                 a  ' 

Metamorphoses,  Art  of  Love,  etc.          91 

Satires.                                                    fll 
Pharsalia.                                               ^^^^^bI 

Argon  autics.                                             IHi 
Thebaid.                                               SI 

Poems.                                                      ^^■1 
Epigrammatic  poet                               J^ll 

Satire.                                                   jHI 

Poems.                                                 ^ll 

On  agriculture— Orations,  etc. 

Lucilius 

Commentaries. 
(Orations, 
\Concerning  Old  Age,  and  other  essays. 

Cicero      

Saiiust .. 

Conspiracy  of  Catiline,  Jugurthan  War. 
Lives  of  eminent  men. 
On  architecture. 

Vitruvius        

Tibullus 

Horace 

Celsus 

Medical  works. 
History  of  Rome. 

Livy     

Ovid     

Paterculus           

History. 
Moralistic  essays. 

Seneca 

Persius                    . 

Pliny  the  Elder 

Natural  history. 
Rhetorics  and  critics. 

Quintilian    

Pliny  the  Younger 

Letters. 

Annals  of  Rome,  etc. 

i^ilins  Tt9.1io.ns 

Martial 

Suetonius 

Lives  of  the  Twelve  Caesars. 

Aulus  Gellius 

Attic  Nights. 
History. 

Apuleius        

Amraianus  Marcellinus 

General  topics. 
Philosophic. 

Fathers  of  the  church. 


ENGLISH   LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS. 


Unknown . 


Caedmon 

Aldhelm •. . 

Bede,  Venerable 

Alcuin 

Cynewulf 

John   Scotus,   called   (from  hisl 

native  land,  Ireland)  Erigena.  j 

Alfred  the  Great 

Phegemund,  archbishop  of  Can) 

terbury,  commenced  them. . . ) 
Alfric,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
William  of  Malmesbury 

Henry  of  Huntingdon 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 

Alfred  of  Rievaux.. 

Richard  Wace 

Walter  Mapes  of  Oxford 

Layamon 

Orm 


Unknown . 


Roger  Bacon . . 
Matthew  Paris. 


Unknown . 


7th  century, 
656-709 
672-735 
735-804 
780 

d.  877 

849-901 


d.  1006 
1095-1142 

d.  ab't  1154 

d.  1154 

1109-66 

1112-84 
1150-96 
ll.'>0-1210 
1187-1237 


1214-94 
d.  1273 


Principal  works. 


Church  Hist,  of  Engl,  in  Latin. 
Various  prose  works. 


(Philosophic  works  (worthy  of  at- 
[     tention  now).     Philosophy. 
Translations  for  the  people. 

Saxon  Chronicles 


Homilies,  Latin  grammar. 

Hist,  of  Kings  of  Engl.  (449-1120) 
(Hist,  of  Kings  of  Engl.  (55  B.C.- 
\     1154  A.D.).     • 

Legendary  Hist,  of  British  Kings 
(Account  of  the  feattle  of  the 
)     Standard,  1138. 


Arthur's  Legends. 


(Ancren  Riwle  (the  Rule  of  Fe- 
(     male  Anchorites,  i.  e.,nMns).. 

Opus  Majus  (Philosophy) 

Historia  .Major. 
jHavelok  the  Dane,  the  (Jest  of 
?     King  Horn,  Bevis   of  Hamp- 
(     ton,  and  Guy  of  Warwick .... 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


Song  of  the  Traveller 

The  Fight  at  Fumesburg 

Beowulf 

Paraphrase  of  the  Scriptures, 
Translates  Psalms  into  verse. 


Two  short  poems. 


(Brut    of   d'Angleterre    and    Ro- 
(     mance  of  Rollo. 

Brut  or  Chronicles  of  Britain 

Ormulum,  paraphrase  of  Scripture 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


(From  the  5tb 
to  the  8tb 
[    century. 

7th  century. 

8th  century. 

731 


fFrom  55  B.C. 
\  continued 
(   until  1154  AJX 


1205 
1215 

1220 

1267 

1280 


i 


LIT 


427 
ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS— (Conttnwed.) 


LIT 


Unknown. 


Michael  of  Kildare(?).. 
Robert  of  Gloucester. . . 

Robert  Manning 

Duns  Scotus 

Richard  Rolle 

Lawrence  Minot 

Sir  John  de  Mandeville. 

William  Langlande 

John  Barbour 

JohnWycliffe 


Geoffrey  Chaucer 

"...  The  Morning  Star  of  song  who  made 
His  music  heard  below  ; 
Dan  Chaucer,  the  first  warbler,  whose 
sweet  breath 
Preluded  those  melodious  bursts,  that 
fill 
The  spacious  times  of  ffreat  Elizabeth 
With  sounds  that  echo  still." 

— Tennyson. 

John  Gower, 


John  Lydgate 

James  I.  of  Scotland 

Sir  Thomas  Malory 

Blind  Harry,  or  "The  Minstrel ' 

Sir  John  Fortescue 

William  Caxton 


The  Pastons 

Stephen  Hawes... 

Robert  Henrysou . 


Unknown 

William  Dunbar., 


Gawyn  Douglas. 


John  Skelton . 


i    Unknown 

Sir  Thomas  More,. 
William  Tyndale. . . 

Sir  David  Lindsay. 


Nicholas  Udall 

Hugh  Latimer 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt 

I    Roger  Ascham , 

■    Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey. 

1    Miles  Coverdale 

i    John  Foxe 

;   John  Jewel 

I    Ralph  Holinshed 

i   John  Still,  bishop  of  Bath 

1    William  Byrd 

i    Lord  Berners 

I    Thomas  Wilson 

j    Sir  Walter  Raleigh 

'  Thomas  Sackville 


!   Edmund  Spenser. . 

i  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

i  Richard  Hooker. . . 

j  John  Lyly 

!  Thomas  Lodge 

Francis  Bacon 


Samuel  Dan 'el. . . 

Michael  Drayton. 
I  Sir  John  Davies. 

George  Peele 


Robert  Greene 

Christopher  Marlowe. 

William  Shakespeare. 

Thomas  Nash 

George  Chapman 

Thomas  Middleton... 


1255-1307 

1273-1340 

1265-1308 

d.  1349 

I306I7I 
1332-1400 
1316-96 
1324-84 


1328-1400 


1325-1408 


1374-1460 
1394-1437 


1395-1483 
1412-92 


1483-1512 
d.  1500 

1460^1515 
1474-1522 

1460-1529 

1450-75 

1480-1535 
1484-1536 


1491-1555 
1503-42 
1515-68 
1516-47 

1517-87 
1522-71 

d.  1580 
1543-1607 
1543-1623 

'd.'i581 
1552-1618 


1552-99 

1554-86 
1553-1600 
1554-1606 
1556-1625 

1561-1626 


1563-1631 
1570-1626 

1552-98 

1560-92 

1564-93   ' 

1564-1616 

1567-1600 

1557-1634 
1570-1627 


Principal  works. 


Martyrdom  of  Thomas  k  Becket. 


Philosophic  works. 


Travels 

Translation  of  the  Bible. 


History  of  King  Arthur. 


On  Monarchy. 

Game  and  Play  of  Chesse. 


Fasten  Letters,  correspondence. 


Utopia,  Life  of  Edward  V. 
Translation  of  the  Bible. . . 


Sermons. 

Toxophilus,  The  Schoolmaster. 


Translation  of  the  Bible. 

Book  of  Martyrs. 

Apology. 

Chronicles 


Translates  Chronicles  of  Froissart 

Rhetoric  and  Logic , 

History  of  the  World 


Arcadia 

Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity. 
Euphues 


(Novum  Organum  (Philosophy). 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


(Willie  Grice,  The  Owl  and  the) 
[    Nightingale j 

"Summer  is  y  comen  in  " 

Land  of  Cockayne  (Kitchen). 

Rhyming  Chronicle  of  England. . . 

Metrical  Chronicles  of  England. . . 

Pricke  of  Conscience. 

War  Poems  of  Edward  III.'s  time 


Piers  the  Plowman 

Bruce 

f  Canterbury  Tales  (25) 

Romaunt  of  the  Rose 

I  The  Flower  and  the  Leaf 

J  Court  of  Love.  w>. 

Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale. . 

Legend  of  Good  Women. 

Troilus  and  Creseide. 

Assembly  of  Fowles,  etc. 


r  Speculum  Meditantis. 

I  Vox  Clamantis. 

( Confessio  Amantis 

Fall  of  Princes,  from  Boccaccio. 

The  King's  Quair. 


William  Wallace.. 


( Temple  of  Glass 

( Pastime  of  Pleasure. 

( Testament  of  Faire  Creside. 

( Robin  and  Makyne. 

The  Nut  Brown  Maid 

Dance  of  the  Seven  Deadly  Sins. 

(  Palace  of  Honor 

'  ^neid,  first  translated  into  Eng-) 

(     lish  verse j 

( Booke  of  Colin  Clout. 
( Why  Come  Ye  not  to  Court, 
f  Sir  Patrick  Spens, 
Battle  of  Otterburne, 
Chevy  Cliase, 
[  Death  of  Douglas,  etc. 


Ballads - 


I  The  Dream , 

( The  Complaint 

(  Ralph  Royster  Doyster,  earliest) 
(     comedy  in  English j 

SonnetsandJyrics.flrst  in  England 


Sonnets  and  lyrics. 


Gammer  Gurton's  Needle. 
My  Mind  to  Me  a  Kingdom  is. 


f  Gorboduc,  first  English  tragedy. 
(Mirror  for  Magistrates. 

(  Faerie  Queene 

(  The  Shepard  Calendar 

Astrophel  and  Stella,  sonnets. 


Rosalind,  Euphues'  Golden  Legacy 


(Sonnets 

1  Complaint  of  Rosamond 

jPolyolbion,     The    Baron's  Wars 
(     Court  of  Fairy,  etc. 

Nosce  Teipsum 

I  Arraignment  of  Paris 

^Love    of   King  David    and    Fair 
(    Bethsabe. 

jLooking-Glass    for    London    and 
(     England. 
/Tamburlaine,    Faustus,    Jew    of 
1     Malta,  Edward  TI. 
(Thirty  seven  plays,  etc.     Shake 

(       SPEARE  AND  HIS  PLAYS. 

(Summer's  Last  Will  and  Testa- 
I     ment. 

(Ovid's  Banquet  of  Sense 

(Translation  of  Homer. 
The  Witch  and  other  plays. 


First  appeared 
published. 


1280 

13th  century. 


1297 
1303 


1352 

1356 

1362-78-80 

1375-77 

1384-98 

[  Authorship 
I     doubtful. 


1483.  Caxtons, 


1470 

1470 

ri474.  First 

English 

[    printed  book. 

1422-1505 

1500 


1501 
1513 


1525-30 

1528 

1536 

1551 

1557 

1544-70 

1557 

1520-30 

1563 


1578 


1553 
1614 
1562 

1590-96 
1579 

1594-1600 

1579-80 

1590 

1597-1624 

1620 

1592 

1594 


1599 
1584 


1595 


LIT 


LIT 


ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS.— (Con<inu«d.) 


Author*. 
Name. 

John  Donne 

Ben  Jonson 

Joseph  Hall 

Thomas  Dekker. 

John  Fletcher 

Robert  Burton 

Philip  Massinger. 

John  Selden 

John  Marston 

William  Drummond 

John  Ford 

Sir  Henry  Wotton. 

Francis  Beaumont 

Thomas  Hey  wood 

John  Webster 

George  Withers. 

Thomas  Carew. 

Thomas  Hobbes 

Robert  Herrick 

Henry  King,  bishop  of  Chichester. 

Francis  Quarles 

George  Herbert 

Izaak  Walton 

James  Shirley 

William  Chillingworth 

Sir  Thomas  Browne 

Sir  William  Davenant 

Edmund  Waller 

Thomas  Fuller. 

John  Milton 

Lord  Clarendon 

Sir  John  Suckling 

Jeremy  Taylor 

Sir  John  Denham 

Sir  Richard  Lovelace 

Abraham  Cowley 

George  Fox 

Samuel  Butler 

Richard  Baxter 

Ralph  Cudworth 

Andrew  Marvell 

John  Evelyn 

John  Bunyan 

Sir  William  Temple 

John  Tillotson 

Isaac  Barrow 

John  Dryden 

Samuel  Pepys 

John  Locke 

Sir  Isaac  Newton 

Gilbert  Burnet 

Sir  George  Etherege 

William  Wycherly 

Jeremy  Collier 

Thomas  Otway 

Sir  John  Vaubrugh. 

William  Congreve 

Nicholas  Rowe 

George  Farquhar 

Daniel  Defoe 


Principal  worki. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


1673-1631 


1674-1637 


1674-1656 
1676-1641 
1576-1625 

1676-1640 

1584-1640 

1584-1654 

d.  1634 

1584-1649 

1686-1639 

156S-1639 

1586-1616 
d.1648 


1588-1667 

1589-1639 

1588-1679 

1591-1674 

1591-1669 

1592-1644 

1593-1633 
1593-1683 

1594-1666 

1602-44 

1605-82 

1605-68 
1605-«7 


1608-74 


1608-74 

1609-41 
1613-67 
1615-68 
1618-58 

1618-67 
1624-90 
1612-80 

1615-91 

1617-88 

1620-78 
1620-1706 


Biathanatos. 


1630-94 
1630-77 
1631-1700 


1632-1703 

1632-1704 

1642-1727 

1643-1715 

1635-94 

1640-1715 
1650-1726 
1651-85 

1666-1726 

1670-1729 
1673-1718 
1678-1708 
1661-1731 


Epistles,  Contemplation . 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy. 


An  Anatomy  of  the  World . 

f  Volpone  the  Fox 

I  Every  Man  iu  his  Humor. . 
■{  The  Silent  Woman 

The  Alchemist 

[  Sad  Shepherd,  etc. 

Satires 


I  The    Faithful   Shepherdess, 
I     Woman-hater. 


Table-Talk,  Titles  of  Honor. 


( Leviathan,  Philosophic  (Philos- 
l     OPHY) 


The  Complete  Angler. 


fThe  Religion  of  Protestants,  a  Safe 
(     Way  to  Salvation. 

(Religio  Medici 

I  Hydriotaphia 


( Church  History  of  England. 
I  Worthies  of  England 


Areopagitica 

History  of  the  Rebellion 

Holy  Living  and  Holy  Dying. 


Journal. 


[Saint's  Everlasting  Rest 

[  A  Call  to  the  Unconverted 

[The  True  Intellectual  System  of) 
[     the  Universe j 


Diary. 

I  Pilgrim's  Progress. 
[Holy  War. 


Sermons. 
Sermons. 


Diary 

f Essay  on  the  Human  Under- 
[    standing  (Philosophy) 

Principia,  etc 

History  of  the  Reformation 

History  of  My  Own  Times. 


Robinson  Crusoe. 


(The  Virgin  Martyr , 

\New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts , 


Satire  (1593),  The  .Malcontent.. 

The  Flowers  of  Zion 

The  Lover's  Melancholy 

"   Broken  Heart 

Perkin  Warbeck 

Farewell  to   the  Vanities  of  the 
World. 

The  Maid's  Tragedy .. 

Philaster ',.. 

Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle... 

A  Woman  Killed  by  Kindnesa  .. 

(The  White  Devil 

■I  Duchess  of  Malfl 

(The  Devil's  Law-case,  etc. ...... 

Faire  Virtue,  etc 

("He  that  loves  a  rosy  cheek." 
-^"Sweetly  breathing  vernal  air, 
j    etc. 


f  Hesperides  and  numerous  other) 
\    poems.  / 

Exequy  on  his  wife. 

/A  Feast  for  Worms , 

(Vanity  of  the  World,  eta 

The  Temple  and  other  poems. . . . , 


1609 
1610 


1597 


1621 
1622 
1623 
1614 
1604 


1634 


1609 
1610 


1617 
1612 


1613 


1651 
1648 


1620 


(The  Traitor 

(The  Lady  of  Pleasure. 


Gondibert 

Go  Lovely  Rose,  To  Chloris,  etc. 


r  Comus  (1634),  Lycidas 

I  Paradise  Lost 

^  Paradise  Regained. 

Samson  Agonistes 

[  L' Allegro  and  II  Penseroso,  etc. 


( The  Bride. 

(  Tell  Me,  ye  Juster  Duties. 

Cooper  Hill 

To  Althea  from  Prison 

(Pindaric  Odes , 

(The  Chronicle. 

Hudibras 


1631 

1653-5& 

1635 


1643 
1658 
1651 

1656 
1662 
1637 
1658-65 

1671 


1643 
1649 
1656 


Death  of  the  White  Fawn. 


f  Duke  of  Guise , 

I  Absalom  and  Achitophel , 

■{  Hind  and  Panther 

Virgil  translated,  St.  Cecilia's  Day 
[     Alexander's  Feast. 


Man  of  Mode 

( Country  Wife 

\  Plain  Dealer. 
JThe  Orphan. 

( Venice  Preserved 

JThe  Confederacy. 

(The  Provoked  Wife 

( Love  for  Love 

(The  Mourning  Bride 

.lane  Shore,  The  Fair  Penitent. 

{The  Recruiting  Officer. 
The  Beaux'  Stratagem 


1649 
1659 

1678 


1678 

1662 
1681 
1687 


1679 


1676 
1672 


1682 


1707 
1719 


LIT  429 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AVTRORS.— {Continued.) 


LIT 


Time. 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


Daniel  Defoe 

Richard  Bentley. 
Matthew  Prior. . . 

Jonathan  Swift.. 


Bernard  Mandeville. 
Sir  Richard  Steele.. 


Joseph  Addison. 


Bishop  Berkeley. 

Edward  Young.. 
Allen  Ramsay... 


Samuel  Richardson, 


John  Gay. 


Alexander  Pope 

Lady  Mary  Montagu . . . 
Joseph  Butler  (bishop). 

Henry  Carey 

James  Thomson 

William  Hamilton 


Henry  Fielding. 


Samuel  Johnson. 


Thomas  Reid 

David  Hume 

Baurence  Sterne. 

Thomas  Gray 

Gilbert  White.... 


Tobias  George  Smollett. , 


William  Collins.... 

Mark  Akenside 

William  Robertson. 
Adam  Smith 


Oliver  Goldsmith. 


Sir  William  Blackstone. 
Jane  Elliot 


Bishop  Percy . . . 
Edmund  Burke. 


William  Cowper., 


James  Beattie 

Edward  Gibbon 

James  Macpherson 

Augustus  Montague  Toplady. 

James  Boswell 

Arthur  Young 

William  Paley 


Hannah  More. 


Mrs.  Anna  Letitia  Barbauld 


1661-1731 
1662-1742 
1664-1721 

1667-1745 

1670-1733 
1671-1729 

1672-1719 


1684-1765 
1686-1758 


1689-1761 


1688-1732 


1688-1744 

1690-1762 

1692-1752 

1700-43 

1700-48 

1704-.54 

1707-54 


1709-1784 

1710-96 
1711-76 

1713-68 

1716-71 
1720-93 

1721-71 

1721-66 
1721-70 
1721-93 
1723-90 

1728-74 

1723-80 
1727-1805 

1728-1811 
1730-97 

1731-1800 

1735-1803 

1737-94 

1738-9G 

1740-78 
1740-95 
1741-1820 

1743-1805 
1745-1833 
1743-1825 


Journal  of  the  Plague 

f  Dissertations  (2)  upon  the  Epis- 
I     ties  of  Phalaris. 


Tale  of  a  Tub , 

Gulliver's  Travels 

Journal  to  Stella. 

Fable  of  the  Bees,  Philosophic 

Essays;  establishes  The  Tatter... 

iTatler 

Essays  for  the  \  Spectator 

(  Gtiardian 

Metaphysical  and  scientific.    I 

LOSOPHT. 


Cato 

Minor  poems. 


Pamela 

Clarissa  Harlowe 

Sir  Charles  Grandison. 


Night  Thoughts 

The  Gentle  Shepherd. 


Letters. 

Analogy  between  Natural  and) 
Revealed  Religion ) 


r  The  Shepherd's  Week 

-I  The  Beggar's  Opera. 

1^  Fables,  Songs. 

I  Essay  on  Criticism 

I  Rape  of  the  Lock 

January  and  May,  and  transl.  1 
Homer j 

Dunciad 

Essay  on  Man,  etc 


Sally  in  our  Alley,  etc. 

(The  Seasons 

(Castle  of  Indolence 

Braes  of  Yarrow. 


1722 
1697-99 


1704 
1726 


1709 
1713 


1742-46 

1725 

1741 

1749 

1753 

1714 

1726 

1711 
1712 


1728 
1733 
1736 


1726-30 
1748 


'  Joseph  Andrews 

History  of  Jonathan  Wild. 
Tom  Jones. » 


'Essays  for  the  Idler  and  Rambler. 


Dictionary  of  English  Language. 

Rasselas 

Lives  of  the  Poets 

i  Inquiry  into  the  Human  Mind,  1 

[     etc.  (Philosophy) J 

[Philosophic.     Philosophy. 

[  History  of  England 

[  Tristram  Shandy 

[  Sentimental  Journey. 


The  Natural  History  of  Selborne. 

Roderick  Random 

Peregrine  Pickle 

Ferdinand  Count  Fathom 

Humphrey  Clinker,  etc. 


History  of  Scotland 

"        "  Reign  of  Charles  V. . . 

"        "  Discovery  of  America. 
Wealth  of  Nations 


Vicar  of  Wakefield. 


[  Essays. 

j  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of) 

X    England J 


Essays    on    the    Sublime    and) 

Beautiful j 

Reflections  on  the  French  Rev- 1 
[     olution I 


(Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman; 
(    Empire 


Biography  of  Samuel  Johnson. 

Travels  in  France 

(Evidences  of  Christianity 

(Natural  Theology 


1  Ccelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife. 
[  Moral  Sketches 

Hymns  in  Prose 


Amelia. 

Vanity  of  Human  Wishes. 


Elegy  in  a  Country  Church-yard. , 

Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of) 

Eton  College,  etc ) 


The  Passions 

How  Sleep  the  Brave 

Ode  to  Evening,  etc. 
Pleasures  of  the  Imagination. 


The  Traveller 

The  Hermit 

Good-natured  Man 

Deserted  Village 

She  Stoops  to  Conquer. 


The   Flowers    of  the    Forest    (a 

lament  for  Flodden). 
[  Ballads. 
[Reliques  of  Ancient  Engl.  Poetry. 


fTheTask 

j  John  Gilpin 

■I  The  Castaway. 

On  Receiving  My  Mother's  Pict- 
[     ure,  etc. 

The  Minstrel 


Fingal 

Temora 

Rock  of  Ages,"  etc. 


Percy 

Sacred  Dramas. 


(Miscellaneous  Poems. 
(The  Death  of  the  Righteous. 


1742 
1743 
1749 


1749 
1755 
1759 
1781 

1764 


1754-02 

1761 

1750 

1747 

1748 
1751 
1753 
1747 


1744 
1759 
1769 
1777 
1776 
1764 
1766 
1768 
1770 
1773 

1765 


1765 
1756 


1790 
1785 


1771 
1776-88 


1776 

1792 
1794 
1802 

1777 
1786 
1809 
1818 


LIT 


480 
ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS.— ( Continued. 


LIT 


Principal  worlci. 


Poetrv  and  dramas. 


Firtt  appeared  or 
published. 


William  Coxe 

Jeremy  Bentham 

Thomas  Chatterton 

Richafd  BriDsley  Sheridan. 

Frances  Bumey 

Dugald  Stewart 

George  Grabbe 

William  Godwin 

William  Blake 

William  Beckford 

Robert  Burns. 


Joanna  Baillie 

William  Cobbett 

Samuel  Rogers 

Ann  Radcliflfe 

Isaac  Disraeli 

Maria  Edgeworth 

William  Wordsworth 

James  Hogg  (Ettrick  Shepherd). 
James  Montgomery 


1747-1828 

1748-1832 
1762-70 

1761-1816 

1762-1840 

1753-1828 

1764-1832 

1766-1836 

1767-1827 
1769-1844 

1759-96 


1762-1851 
1762-1835 

1763-1855 

1764-1823 

1766-1848 


1767-1849 

1770-1850 

1770-1835 
1771-1854 


Sir  Walter  Scott, 


John  Lingard 

Sidney  Smith 

David  Ricardo 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge, 

Robert  Southey 

Charles  Lamb 

Walter  Savage  Landor  . . 

Jane  Austen 

Jane  Porter 


1771-1832 


1771-1859 
1771-1845 
1772-1823 

1772-1834 


1774-1843 


1775-1834 
1775-1864 


1775-1817 
1776-1850 


(  History  of  the  House  of  Austria. . . 
I  Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain) 

(     of  the  House  of  Bourbon / 

Philosophic,  utilitarian. 


(Speeches,    Sueridan's    Bkqdh) 
I     Spbkch J 


Evelina 

(Metaphysician:  Elements  of  the  i 
Philosophy  of    the    Human  V 
Mind ) 
Philosophical  Essays 


Poems  (antique). 

!The  Rivals,  School  for  Scan 
dal,  Duenna  (opera).  Critic, 
Songs. 


(The  Village 

'  Tales  in  Verse 

(Tales  of  the  Hall. 


(Caleb  Williams. 
(St.  Leon 


Vathek. 


English  Grammar  and  Essays. 


(Romance    of   the   Forest,    Mys 
\    teries  of  Udolpho. 

}  Curiosities  of  Literature 

( Amenities  of  Literature 

f  Castle  Rackrent 

J  Popular  Tales 

]  Fashionable  Tales 

I  Helen,  etc. 


J  Songs  of  Innocence 

I  Songs  of  Experience 

C  Tarn  O'Shanter,  Jolly  Beggars. 

The  Twa  Dogs 

j  Halloween,     Cotter's      Saturday 

]      Night,  Epistle   to  Davie,  High 

land    Mary,  Afton    Water,  To 

[     Mary  in  Heaven,  etc. 

I  Plays  on  the  Passions 

( Poems 

( Pleasures  of  Memory 

{ Human  Life 

(Italy 


( The  Shepherd's  Calendar  . 
(  Winter  Evening  Tales 


Waverley 

(Chaps,  i.-vii.  were  written  and 

the  whole  work  announced  for 

publication  as  early  as  1805.) 

Guy  Mannering 

Antiquary,   Black   Dwarf,    Old) 

Mortality ) 

Rob  Roy,  Heart  of  Midlothian 

Bride  of  Lammermoor  and  Leg-) 

end  of  Montrose j 

Ivanhoe,  Monastery,  and  Abbot . . 

Kenilworth 

Pirate,  Fortunes  of  Nigel 

Peveril   of  the  Peak,  Quentin) 

Durward j 

St.  Ronan's  Well,  Redgauntlet 

The  Betrothed,  Talisman 

Woodstock 

Two  Drovers,  Highland  Widow,  1 

Surgeon's  Daughter ) 

Fair  Maid  of  Perth 

Anne  of  Geierstein. 

Count  Robert   of  Paris,  Castle) 

Dangerous ) 

History  of  England 

Sermons  and  Essays. 

Principles  of  Political  Economy. . 

Essays,  lectures,  etc 


Lives  of  Nelson,  Wesley,  etc., 


Essays  of  Elia,  etc 

Imaginary  Conversations. 

f  Sense  and  Sensibility 

Pride  and  Prejudice 

Mansfield  Park 

Emma 


(Thaddeus  of  Warsaw. 
(Scottish  Chiefs 


f  Lyrical  Ballads 

I  The  Excursion 

I  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone 

I  Peter  Bell  and  The  Waggoner 

( The  Prelude,  etc 

The  Queen's  Wake 

Kilmeny. 
( The  Pelican  Island 

"There  is  a  calm  for  those  who 


j     weep." 

[  "  Make  way  for  liberty,"  etc. 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel 

Marmion 

Lady  of  the  Lake 

Rokeby  

Bridal  of  Triermain,  etc 


rChristabel 

I  Ancient  Mariner 

(  Youth  and  Age,  etc 

f  Joan  of  Arc 

Tlialaba 

-I  Madoc 

Curse  of  Kehama 

Roderick,  Last  of  the  Goths. 


1807 
1813 


1778 

1792 

1810 
1783 
1812 
1819 
1794 
1799 
1789 
1794 

1786 


1798-18 

1841 

1792 

1819 

1822 

1791 
1841 
1800 
1804 
1812 
1798 
1814 
1815 
1819 
1850 
1813 

1827 


1805 


1810 
1813 


1814 


1815 

1816 

1818 

1819 

1820 
1821 
1822 

1823 

1824 
1825 
1826 

1827 


1829 
1831 
1819-30 

1817 

1797 

1798 

1827 

1795 

1801 

1805 

1810 

1814 

1823 

1824-29 

1811 

1813 

1814 

1816 

1803 


1 


LIT  431 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AVTRORS.— (Continued.) 


LIT 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


Thomas  Campbell. 


Henry  Hallam. 


William  Hazlitt. 


1777-1844 


1777-1859 


1778-1830 


Thomas  Moore. 


Horace  Smith 

George  Croly 

Thomas  De  Quincey, 


James  Henry  Leigh  Hunt 

James  Sheridan  Knowles 

Sir  William  Napier 

John  Wilson  (Christopher  North). 

Henry  Klrke  White 


George  Gordon,  Lord  Byron. 


1779-1852 


1779-1849 
1780-1860 


1785-1859 

1784-1859 

1784-1862 
1785-1860 

1785-1854 

1785-1806 


1788-1824 


Sir  William  Hamilton 

Richard  Harris  Barham  (Thomas 

Ingoldsby) 

Mary  Russell  Mitford 

Rev.  Charles  Wolfe 

Michael  Scott 


I  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley. 


! Henry  Hart  Milman  (dean), 
€harles  Knight 


1788-1856 

1788-1845 
1789-1855 
1791-1823 
1789-1835 


1792-1822 


1791-1868 
1791-1873 


Europe  During  the  Middle  Ages. . 
Constitutional  History  of  Engl. . . 
Introduction  to  the  Literature) 

of  Europe ) 

Character  of  Shakespeare's  Plays. 

English  Poets 

Table  Talk 

Plain  Speaker 

Life  of  Napoleon,  etc 


Pleasures  of  Hope , 

Gertrude  of  Wyoming 

(■  Battle  of  the  Baltic,  Ho- 
henlinden.  Ye  Mariners 
of  England,  Lord  Ullin's 
Daughter,  Exile  of  Erin, 
Soldier's  Dream,  Lo 
chiel's  Warning,  etc. 


Lyrics  ■( 


Irish  Melodies 

The  Minstrel  Boy,  Those  Even 
i  ng  Bells,  Love's  Young  Dream 
"Believe  me,  if  all  those  en- 
dearing young  charms,' 
"Come,  rest  in  this  bosom,' 
"  Go  where  glory  waits  thee," 
"The  harp  that  once  through 
Tara's  halls,"  "Oft  in  the 
stilly  night,"  The  Origin  of 
the  Harp,  "  'Tis  the  last  rose 
of  summer,"  The  Meeting  of 
the  Waters,  "She  is  far  from 
the  land,"  "I  saw  from  the 
beach,"  etc. 

Lalla  Rookh 


1799 


1818 
1827 

1839 

1817 
1818 
1821 
1826 
1830 
1813 


Life  of  Byron.. 
Salathie),  etc. . 


Address  to  a  Mummy. 
Catiline 


Confessions  of  an  English  Opium ) 
Eater ) 

Flight  of  a  Tartar  Tribe,  House- 
hold Wreck,  Klosterheim. 

Three  Memorable  Murders. 

Historical  Essays,  Narratives,  etc. 


Men,  Women,  and  Books. 
Essays,  etc. 


Story  of  Rimini 

Abou  ben-Adhem  and  other  poems. 


1827 

1821 

1st  edition  of 
works,  1856-60 


1816 


Hist,  of  the  War  in  the  Peninsula 
Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scottish ) 

Life ] 

Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay 

The    Forresters,  Noctes   Ambro- 


Virginius 

William  Tell 

The  Hunchback,  etc. 


Isle  of  Palms 

City  of  the  Plague. 
Miscellaneous. 


Philosophy  of  the  Unconditioned ) 

(Philosophy) ) 

Edition  of  Reid's  Works 


Clifton  Grove 

"  I  am  pleased  and  yet  I'm  sad,' 
To  an  Early  Primrose,  etc. 

Hours  of  Idleness 

Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage , 

Giaour,  Bride  of  Abydos 

Corsair,  Lara 

Siege  of  Corinth,  Parisina , 

Prisoner  of  Chillon , 

Mazeppa ., 

Don  Juan , 

Manfred 

Marino  Faliero 

Sardanapalus 

Two  Foscari -. 

Werner 

Cain 

The  Deformed  Transformed,  etc. 


Discussions  in  Philosophy,  Lit-) 


erature,  and  Education,  etc. 


Our  Village. 


The  Ingoldsby  Legends... 

(Rienzi 

Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore. 


f  Tom  Cringle's  Log 

[The  Cruise  of  the  Midge. 


['Queen  Mab , 

Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude. 

Revolt  of  Islam 

Witch  of  Atlas. 

Prometheus  Unbound 

1  The  Cenci 

Adonais 

Rosalind  and  Helen. 
I  Ode  to  a  Skylark. 
[  The  Sensitive  Plant,  etc. 

The  Italian  Wife 


History  of  Latin  Christianity. 
Edits  Gibbon's  works. 
History  of  England 


1847 

1820 

1825 

1832 

1828-40 

1812 

1816 


1803 


1807 

1812-17 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1817 

1819 

1818-24 

1817 


1818-21 

1829 

1846 

1852-53 

1837-45 

1824-32 

1828 

1817 

1830 

1834 

1813 

1816 

1817 

1819 


1816 
1855 


1862 


LIT  ^2 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AVTEORS. -(Continued.) 


LIT 


1 


Principal  works. 


Pro»e. 


Poetry  and  dramai. 


Firit  appeared  or 
pulilished. 


Patrick  Fraaer  TyUer. 


Capt.  Frederick  Marryat.. 


Sir  Archibald  Alison. 


Felicia  Hemao& , 


George  Grote... 
Thomas  Arnold. 


Thomas  Carlyle. 


John  Keats. . 


Agnes  Strickland... 
William  Motherwell. 

Anna  Jameson 


Samuel  Lover., 
Robert  Pollok., 

Thomas  Hood., 


Thomas  B.  Macaulay. 


George  Payne  Raynsford  James  , 


Hugh  Miller. 


Harriet  Martineau 

Francis  Mahoney  (Father  Prout). 


Sir  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton*. 


1791-1849 


1792-1848 


1792-1867 


1794-1871 
1795-1842 


1795-1881 


1796-1821 


1796-1874 
1797-1835 

1797-1860 


1797-1868 
1799-1827 

1798-1845 


1800-59 


1802-56 

1802-76 
1804-66 


1805-73 


Benjamin  Disraeli  (lord  Beacons- 
field) 


John  Stuart  Mill. 


Charles  Lever., 


1806-72 


History  of  Scotland. 

Peter  Simple,  Jacob  Faithful,The  1 
Pacha  of  Many  Tales,  Japhet 
in  Search  of  a  Father,  Mid-  1 
shipman  Easy,  Pirate  and  { 
Three  Cutters,  Snarly -yow, 
or  the  Dog- Fiend,  King's  Own.  J 

The  Phantom  Ship •. . . 

Poor  Jack 

Masterman  Ready,  and  others. . . 

History  of  Europe 


Lyrics 


Treasures  of  the  Deep,  The 
Better  Land,  Homes  of 
England,  Landing  of  the 
Pilgrims,  Casabianca,The 
Voice  of  Spring, The  Trav- 
eller at  the  Source  of  the 
Nile,  etc. 


1830-39 


1839 

1840 

1841 
( 1839-42 
\ 1852-57 


History  of  Greece 

(History  of  Rome,  Sermons  and 


f  Sartor  Resartus 

French  Revolution 

II  Heroes  and  Hero  Worship. 
Cromwell 
Frederick  the  Great 
Essays,  etc. 


Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England  . , 
Minstrelsy,  ancient  and  modern. , 
(Characteristics  of  Shakespeare's) 

\    Women,  etc ) 

( Rory  O'More 

( Handy  Andy,  etc 


Endy  raion 

Hyperion,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes, 
Lamia,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale, 
etc 


Poems. 


Songs  and  Ballads. 


Essays. . 


Course  of  Time 

Plea  of  the  Midsummer  Fairies, 
Hero  and  Leander,  Miss  Kilman- 
segg,  Bridge  of  Sighs,  Song  of 
the  Shirt,  Eugene  Aram,  Tale 
of  a  Trumpet,  etc. 


History  of  England. , 


liays  of  Ancient  Rome. 


Richelieu 

Philip  Augustus 

Agincourt 

Agnes  Sorel 

Lord  Montagu's  Page,  etc 

Old  Red  Sandstone 

Footprints  of  the  Creator 

My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters. . 
Illustrations  of  Political  Economy. 
Society  in  America,  Deerbrook. 

The  Hour  and  the  Man 

History  of  Thirty  Years'  Peace. . . 


Battle  of  Ivry,  etc. 


Bells  of  Shandon,  etc. 


Samuel  Warren 1807-77 


Pelham 

PaulCIiflford 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii 

Rienzi. 

Ernest  Maltravers 

Lady  of  Lyons,  Richelieu,  Money. 

Zanoni  

Last  of  the  Barons 


The  New  Timon. 


Ca.\ioUiS 

My  Novel 

What  Will  He  Do  With  It? 

A  Strange  Story 

^  The  Parisians 

'  Vivian  Grey 

Contarini  Fleming 

Henrietta  Temple 

Coningsby 

Sybil 

Tancred  

Lothair 

Endymion 

System  of  Logic 

Political  Economy 

Utilitarianism,  etc 

Harry  Lorrequer 

Charles  O'Malley,  Jack  Hinton. 

Tom  Burke  of  Ours 

The  O'Donoghue,  Knight  of 
Gwynne,  That  Boy  of  Norcott's, 
Davenport  Dunn. 

liOrd  Kilgobbin 

A  Day's  Ride,  etc 

[Diary  of  a  Physician 
Ten  Thousand  a  Year 


1834 
1837 
1840 
1845 
1865 
1818 

1820 

1840-48i 
1827 

1832 

1837 
1839 
1842 

1827 


182.'5-44 

1842 

1849-55. 

1829 
1831 
1844 
1853 
1858 
1841 
1850 
1854 
1831 

1844 

1849 

1828 

1830 

1834 

18.3.'-. 

18;J7 

1838-40 

1842 

1843 

1846 

1848 

1853 

1858 

1862 

1873 

1827 

183a 

1836 

1844 

1845 

1847 

1871 

1880 

1843 

1848 

1861 

1837 

1844 


1872 


1830-31 
1839-41 


LIT 


433 


LIT 


ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS. 

—{Continued.) 

Authors. 

Principal  works. 

First  appeared  or 

Name. 

Time. 

Prose. 

Poetry  nnd  dramas. 

published. 

riinrlpc!  Dflrwin         

1809-82 
1809-61 

1809-92 

1809- 
1811-90 

1811-63 
1810-89 

1812-70 

1812-89 

1813-75 
1814-54 

/The  Origin  of  Species 

1859 

f  Aurora  Leigh 

1871 
1866 

Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning 

Alfred  Tennyson 

Lady  Geraldine's  Courtship,  Rime 
-       of  the  Duchess  May,  The  Cry  oi 
the  Children,  Casa  Guidi  Win- 
dows,  etc. 

The  Deserted  House,  Recollec- 
tions of  the  Arabian  Nights, 
Isabel,  Mariana,  Sea  Fairies, 
and  other  poems 

Dream    of   Fair  Women.   The 
Lotos  -  Eaters,    The    Miller's 
Daughter,  Death  of  the  Old 
Year,    Lady  Clara  Vere    de  • 
Vere,    May    Queen,    CEnone, 
Lady  of  Shalott,  and  other 
poems 

Morte    d' Arthur,   Dora,  Edwin" 
Morris, The  Talking  Oak,Ulys- 
ses,  Locksley  Hall,  The  Two 
Voices, AVill  Waterproof's  Lyr-  ■ 
ical  Monologue,  St.  Agnes,  Lord 
ol  Burleigh,  Vision  of  Sin,  and 
other  poems 

- 

1830 
1832 

1842 

Mary  Cowden- Clarke 

A  OrtnnnrdnnrA  nf  ShntpcnAnrp 

1847 

Ode  on  Death  of  Wellington 

Maud  and  other  poems 

'  1852 
1855 

Idyls  of  the  King 

1859  72 

The  Coming  of  Arthur,  Gareth 
and  Lynette,  Geraint  and  Enid, 
Merlin  and    Vivien,     Lancelot 
and    Elaine,    The    Holy  Grail, 
Pelleas  and  Ettarre,  The  I>asl 
Tournament,    Guinevere,    The 
Passing  of  Arthur. 
Queen  Mary  (drama) 

1875 

Harold  (drama) 

1877 

Becket(  drama)  .         

1884 

Demeter,  and  other  poems,  etc. . . 

1890 
1845 

Alexander  William  Kinglake 

1  William  Makepeace  Thackeray. . . 
Martin  Farquhar  Tupper 

fEOthen 

1844 

1863-87 

1846-4S 

The  History  of  Pendennis 

1850 

The  History  of  Henry  Esmond,  Esq. 
The  English  Humorists 

1852 

1851 

1  The  Newcomes            . 

1855 

1848 

1858 

1860 

The  Adventures  of  Philip 

1862 

Denis  Duval  etc 

1864 

Ballads. 

Proverbial  Philosophy 

1839-44 

<3harles  Dickens 

f  Sketches  by  Boz 

1835 

Pickwick 

1837 

Oliver  Twist 

1838 

Nicholas  Nickleby 

1839 

1840 

u 

1842 

1843 

1844 

-  The  Chimes      

(i 

1 
Robert  Browning 

1845 

Dombey  and  Son 

1848 

David  Copperfieldd 

1850 

Bleak  House 

1853 

Little  Dorrit 

1857 

A  Tale  of  Two  Cities 

1859 

The  Uncommercial  Traveller 

1860 

Great  Expectations 

1861 

Our  Mutual  Friend 

1865 

The  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood 

1870 

f  Paracelsus               .  . 

1835 

1841 

1842 

Return  of  the  Druses 

1843 

^^ur  Helps 

A  Blot  in  the  'Scutcheon 

Bells  and  Pomegranates          .... 

1846 

The  Ring  and  the  Book            .... 

1868-6^ 

Fifinp   ptc                      

1872 

1847 

1868 

"     Columbus 

1869 

^H^Reade 

"     Pizarro 

"     Cortez 

1871 

f  Peg  WofHngton 

1852 

It  is  Never  Too  Late  to  Mend 

1856 

White  Lies 



1857 

The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth 

Very  Hard  Cash 



1861 
1863 

LIT  434 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS.— (Continued.) 


LIT 


1 


Name. 


Principal  worki. 


ProM. 


Poetry  and  drama*. 


published. 


Cbarlos  Reade 

George  Rawliuson. 


Anthony  Trollope. 


Samuel  Smiles. 

George  Henry  Lewes. . . 

James  Anthony  Froude 


Charles  Kingsley. 


1814-84 
1816- 


1815-82 


181(i- 
1817-78 

1818-94 


1819-75 


JohaRuskin. 


1819- 


Harbert  Spencer. 


George    Eliot    (Marian    Evans) 
Lewes) j 


John  Tyndall 

Henry  Thomas  Buckle 

Matthew  Arnold — poet,  critic 
essayist 

Frederick  Max  Muller. , 

Edward  A.  Freeman , 

Thomas  Hughes 

Wm.  Wilkie  Collins 


Charlotte  BrontS  (Currer  Bell). 


Emily  Bronte  (Ellis  Bell). 
Anna  BrontC  (Acton  Bel!) 


George  Macdonald.. 


1820-93 
1821-62 


1822-88 


1823-92 


1824-89 


1816-55 


1818-48 
1820-49 


1824- 


(  Griffith  Gaunt 
Put  Yourself  in  His  Place 
A  Terrible  Temptation,  etc 

Five  Great  Monarchies,  etc 

'  The  Warden 

Barchester  Towers 

The  Bertrams 

Castle  Richmond 

Orley  Farm 

The  Small  House  at  Allington. . . 

Can  You  Forgive  Her? 

The  Claverings 

Phineas  Finn 

He  Knew  He  Was  Right 

The    American    Senator,    and) 

many  others ) 

["Life  of  George  Stephenson 

■[Self- Help,  etc 

;  History  of  Philosophy 

Problems  of  Life  and  Mind 

History  of  England  from  the  Fall  1 

of  Wolsey  to  the  Armada j 

Caesar,  a  Sketch 

Thomas  Carlyle,  etc 

Alton  Locke 

Yeast 

Hypatia 

Westward  Ho ! 

1  Two  Years  Ago 


Hereward  the  Wake 

At  Last.    Sermons,  etc. 

Modern  Painters 

Stones  of  Venice 

King  of  the  Golden  River. 

Unto  this  Last 

Ethics  of  the  Dust 

Sesame  and  Lilies 

Crown  of  Wild  Olives 

Queen  of  the  Air 

Munera  Pulveris 

Fiction  Fair  and  Foul,  etc. 
A  System  of  Philosophy. 

Programme  issued 

First  Principles 

Principles  of  Biology 

"  Psychology . 

"  Sociology.... 

Morality..,. 


Andromeda,  and  other  poems. 


18()() 

1870 

1871 

18()2-67 

1855 

1857 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1864 

1866 

1867 


1877 

1857 
1859 
1845-67 
1874-78 

1856-70 

1879 
1882-84 


1855 
1857 
1858 
1866 

1843-60 
1850-63 
1851 


.  Essays,  etc. 

I  Adam  Bede 

Mill  on  the  Floss. 

Silas  Marner 

Romola 

Felix  Holt 


Middlemarch 


Daniel  Deronda 

Impressions  of  Theophrastus  Such 
fHeat  a  Mode  of  Motion,  and  other 
t    scientific  papers. 

History  of  Civilization  in  England, 


Spanish  Gypsy. . 
Legend  of  Jubal, 


Essays  in  Criticism 

Culture  and  Anarchy 

Literature  and  Dogma 

God  and  the  Bible,  etc 

Essays  on  Comparative  Mythology 

Science  of  Language 

j  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop.. 

I  Sacred  Books  of  the  East 

f  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest. 

J  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe 

]  Reign  of  William  Rufus 

i  Historical  Geog.  of  Europe,  etc... 

(Tom  Brown's  School  Days 

<  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford 

( Essays,  etc. 

f  Queen  of  Hearts 

Woman  in  White 

-{  No  Name 

The  Moonstone 

I  The  New  Magdalen,  etc 

(Jane  Eyre 
Shirley 
Villette 
Professor  (the  first  written) 

Wuthering  Heights 

Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall 

f  Phantastes 

I  David  Elginbrod 

J  Alec  Forbes  of  How  Glen 

I  Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood. . 

Robert  Falconer , 

Wilflred  Cumbermede 


Alaric  at  Rome 

Empedocles  on  Etna 


1865 
1866 


1872 
1881 


1862 

1863 

1870-72 

1877 

1879 

1859 
1860 
1861 
1863 
1866 
1868 
1872 
1874 
1876 
1880 


1857-61 

1840 

1863 

1865 

1869 

1873 

1876 

1858 

1861-64 

1868-75 

1875-85 

1867-79 

1877 

1882 

1881 

1857 

1861 


1868 
1873 
1847 
1849 
1853 
1855 
1847 
1848 


1871 


M 


LIT  435 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AJJTRORS.— {Continued.) 


LIT 


Authors. 
Name. 

George  Macdonald 

Thomas  Heury  Huxley 

Richard  D.  Blackmore 

Dinah  Maria  Mulock  (Mrs.  Craik) 

Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti 

Samuel  R.  Gardiner 

I 

[Justin  llcCarthy 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramai. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


1824- 
1825- 

1825- 

1826-87 

1828-82 

1829- 


Jean  Ingelow. 


Edward     Robert,  lord    Lytton) 
(Owen  Meredith) / 

Edmund  H.  Yates 

Edwin  Arnold 

lohn  Robert  Seeley 


iVilliam  Morris. 


Philip  G.  Hamerton. 
lieorge  du  Maurier. . 
ohn  Richard  Green 


1831-91 

1831-94 

1832- 

1834- 

1834- 

1834-94 

1834- 

1837-83 


/harles  Algernon  Swinburne. 


'ames  Bryce , 


•T'alter  Besant. 


iohu  Morley. 


lUiam  E.  H.  Lecky. 


1838- 


1838- 


lomas  Hardy 


illiam  Black. 


1841- 


Sir  Gibbie,  etc 

Man's  Place  in  Nature 

Protoplasm  the  Basis  of  Life . 

Lay  Sermons,  etc 

Lorna  Doone 

A  Maid  of  Sker 

Alice  Lorraine 

Springhaven,  etc 

John  Halifax,  Gentleman 

A  Life  for  a  Life 

A  Noble  Life,  etc. 


The  Thirty  Years'  War 

History  of  England  from  James) 

I.  to  the  Civil  War,  etc j 

My  Enemy's  Daughter 

A  Fair  Saxon 

Dear  Lady  Disdain 

A  History  of  Our  Own  Time,  etc... 


Off  the  Skelligs. . 
Fated  to  be  Free 


Biography  of  his  father,  Bulwer 
Lytton 


Running  the  Gauntlet , 

Kissing  the  Rod 

Black  Sheep,  etc 


EcceHomo 

Life  and  Times  of  Stein. 
Natural  Religion 


(Trilby 

History  of  the  English  People. 
The  Making  of  England,  etc. . . 


Etchings  and  Etchers.. 
Intellectual  Life,  etc... 
Peter  Ibbetson 


The  Early  Italian  Poets 

The  Blessed  Damozel,  The  White 
Ship,  The  King's  Tragedy, 
Rose  Mary,  Troy  Town,  Sister 
Helen. 

The  House  of  Life 


1879 
1863 
1869 
1870 
1866 
1872 
1876 
1887 
1856 
1860 
1861 


1870-81 
1874 


(High  Tide  on  the  Coast  of  Lincoln 
<  shire,  Divided,  Songs  of  Seven 
(    Songsof  the  Night  Watches. 

Story  of  Doom,  and  other  poems., 

Winstanley,  etc. 


Lucile 

Glenaveril. 


Light  of  Asia. 

Potiphar's  Wife,  and  other  poems. 


Life  and  Death  of  Jason 

Earthly  Paradise 

Story  of    Sigurd    the  Volsung) 
and  the  Fall  of  the  Nibelung.. ) 


William  Blake 


The  American  Commonwealth. . . 

Ready  Money  Mortiboy  (with) 
Jas.  Rice) j 

My  Little  Girl 

The  Golden  Butterfly,  etc 

■{  All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men. . 

Dorothy  Foster 

The  World  Went  Very  Well  Then. 

Fifty  Years  Ago 

For  Faith  and  Freedom,  etc 

'Critical  Miscellanies 

Voltaire 

Rousseau , 

Burke 

Cobden 

^  Edits  English  Men  of  Letters. 
'  History  of  the  Rise  and  Influence ) 
of  Rationalism  in  Europe ) 

History  of  European  Morals  from ) 
^      Augustus  to  Charlemagne ) 

History  of  England  in  the  18th  ) 

[     Century | 

f  Under  the  Greenwood  Tree 

iA  Pair  of  Blue  Eyes 
Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd 
The  Return  of  the  Native 
The  Mayor  of  Casterbridge 
Tess  of  the  D'Urbervilles,  etc 

f  In  Silk  Attire 

iA  Daughter  of  Heth 
Strange  Adventures  of  a  Phaeton. 
A  Princess  of  Thule 
That  Beautiful  Wretch 


Atalanta  in  Calydon 

Laus  Veneris,  and  other  poems ) 
and  ballads ) 


Bothwell,  a  Tragedy 

Song  of  the  Spring-tide 

Mary  Stuart 

I  Tristram  at  Lyoness,  and  other) 
[     poems j 

Marino  Faliero 

Locrine 


1873 
1875 


1872 
1879 


1865 
1866 
1867 

1892 
1866 
1879 
1882 
1867 
1868-70 

1878 

1868 
1873 
1892 
1894 

187.'5-80 

1881 

1865 


1867 
1874 
1880 
1881 

1882 
1885 


1871 

1873 
1876 
1882 
1884 
1887 


1871 

(C 

1873 
1879 
1881 


1875 


1872 
1873 
1874 
1878 
1886 
1892 
1869 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1881 


LIT  436 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS.— (Con«nued.) 


LIT 


1 


William  Black. 


Robert  William  Buchanan. 


Robert  Louis  Balfour  Stevenson. 


Henry  Rider  Haggard. 


Rudyard  Kipling , 


1841- 


1841- 


1860- 


1856- 


1865- 


Principal  worki. 


The  Strange  Adventures   of  a) 

House-boat / 

In  Far  Lochaber,  etc 


Alone  in  London 

The  Heir  of  Linne 

The  New  Arabian  Nights 

The  Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  | 

and  Mr.  Hyde J 

Kidnapped  

The  Merry  Men 

The  Black  Arrow  

Master  of  Ballantrae,  etc 

Dawn 

The  Witch's  Head 

King  Solomon's  Mines 

She 

^Maiwa's  Revenge,  etc 

Plain  Tales  from  the  Hills 

Soldiers  Three 

Story  of  Gadsby 

The    Phantom  Rickshaw,   and) 

Other  Eerie  Tales,  etc 


Po«try  and  dramw. 


London  Poems , 

Balder  the  Beautiful 

Ballads  of  Life,  Love,  and  Humor. 


Ballads  and  Barrack-room  Ballads 


First  ap 
publ: 


1866 

1877 
1882 
1885 
1887 
1882 

1886 

1887 
1888 
1889 

1884 

1885 
1887 
1888 

1889 

a 

1892 


ENGLISH   (AMERICAN)   LITERATURE   AND  AUTHORS. 


Jonathan  Edwards 

Benj'imin  Franklin 

Thomas  Hutchinson 

Francis  Hopkinson 

Hugh  Henry  Brackenridge 

John  Trumbull 

PhillisVVheatley(negress),b.  Africa, 

Joel  Barlow 

Noah  Webster. ...  

Susanna Rowson (b.  Portsmouth,) 
Engl. ;  d.  Boston,  Mass. ) j 

Alexander  Wilson  (b.  Scotland ;\ 
d.  Phila.) ( 

Joseph  Hopkinson 

Charles  Brockden  Brown 

Robert  Treat  Paine 

Clement  Clarke  Moore,  LL.D 

James  Kirke  Paulding 

Francis  Scott  Key 

Washington  Allston 

John  James  Audubon 

Thomas  Hart  Benton 


Washington     Irving     (GeoflVey) 
Crayon) / 


1703-58 


1706-90 

1711-80 
1738-91 

1748-1816 

1750-1831 
1753  (?)-94 

1755-1812 


1758-1843 

1762-1824 
1766-1813 
1770-1842 

1771-1810 

1773-1811 
1779-1863 

1779-1860 

1779-1843 
1779-1843 

1780-1851 
1782-1858 


1783-1859 


Principal  works. 


Prone. 


( Freedom  of  the  Will 

I  Original  Sin 

( Sermons,  etc. 

( Poor  Richard's  Almanac 

I  Autobiography,  essays,  scientific 
{     papers,  etc. 

I  History  of  the  Province  of  Mas-  \ 
I     sachusetts ( 


-| Modem  Chivalry;  or.  The  Ad-> 
(    ventures  of  Capt.  Farrago,  etc.  / 


( American  Spelling  Book 

J  Dictionary  of  Engl.  Language,) 

]     1st  ed / 

[  Same,  2d  ed. ,  etc 

Charlotte  Temple,  etc 

(  American  Ornithology 

J     (Continued   and  finished  by ) 
(        Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte) .  j 


Wieland . 


Arthur  Mervyn. 
Edgar  Huntley. 
Clara  Howard. . 
Jane  Talbot 


Salmagundi  

The  New  Pilgrim's  Progress. . 

The  Dutchman's  Fireside 

Westward  Ho ! 

Life  of  Washington 

The  Old  Continentals,  etc 


J  Monaldi 

( Lectures  on  Art,  and  Poems 

(The  Birds  of  America  (87  parts,  \ 

]     448plates) j" 

( The  Quadrupeds  of  North  America. 

Thirty  Years'  View 

Knickerbocker's  Hist.  New  York. 

Sketch  Book 

Bracebridge  Hall 

Tales  of  a  Traveller 

Life  of  Columbus 

Conquest  of  Granada 

Alhambra 

Tour  on  the  Prairie 

Astoria '. 

Adventures  of  Capt.  Bonneville.. 

Mahomet  and  His  Successors 

Oliver  Goldsmith 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


Battle  of  the  Kegs 

Rising  Glory  of  America. 


McFingal 

Poems. 
( The  Vision  of  Columbus. 
{ Hasty  Pudding. 
( The  Columbiad 


Hail,  Columbia  ! . 


The  Invention  of  Letters. 
The  Ruling  Passion. 

Adams  and  Liberty 

The  Steeds  of  Apollo 

The  Visit  of  St.  Nicholas. 


The  Backwoodsman 

Star-spangled  Banner  . 
Sylphs  of  the  Season 


First  appeared 
published 


1754 
1757 


1764-67 

1778 

1774 

1796 
1775-82 

1787 

1807   ^ 
1783 


1840 

Eng.  179 )  (?) 

1808-16 


1825-33 


1799 
1800 

1801 
1804 
1795 

1798 
1809 

1807 
1828 
1831 
1832 
1835 
1846 
1818 
1814 
1813 
1841 
1850 

1828 


1856 
1809 
1819 
1822 
1824 
1828 
1829 
1832 


1837 

1849-50 

1849 


LIT 


437 


LIT 


ENGLISH  (AMERICAN)  LITERATURE  AND  AUTEORS.— (Continued.) 


Principal  works. 


Prose. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


Washington     Irving     (Geoffrey  1 

Cra3-on) j 

Joseph  Emerson  Worcester. 


Samuel  Woodworth. 


John  Pierpont 

Richard  Henry  Dana. . 


James  Fenimore  Cooper.. 


Catharine  Maria  Sedgwick. 

James  A.  Hillhouse 

Fitz-Greene  Halleck 


Lydia  Huntley  Sigourney. 


Charles  Sprague 

George  Ticknor 

John  Howard  Payne. 


Samuel  Griswold  Goodrich  (Peter) 
Parley) j 


I  Henry  Charles  Carey. 


William  CuUen  Bryant. 


i Joseph  Rodman  Drake, 
i  James  Gates  Percival. . 


I  John  P.  Kennedy 

(John  Gorham  Palfrey. 
William  H.  Prescott... 


Theophilus  Parsons. 


Thomas  C.  Haliburton. 
George  Bancroft 


George  P.  Morris.. 


Horace  Bushnell. 


Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 


1783-1859 
1784-1865 

1785-1842 

1785-1866 
1787-1879 

1789-1851 


1789-1841 
1790-1867 

1791-1865 

1791-1875 
1791-1871 

1792-1852 
1793-1863 
1793-1879 


1794-1878 

1795-1820 
1795-1856 

1795-1870 
1796-1881 
1796-1859 

1797-1882 

1797-1865 
1800-91 

1802-64 

1802-76 
1803-82 


I  Wolfert's  Roost 

1.  Life  of  Washington 

Dictionary  of  the  Engl.  Language. 

The  Champions  of  Freedom 

Edits  the  Parthenon 


/The  Idle  Man 

The  Spy. . !!...;.!.!..!.!!.!!!!. 

The  Pioneers,  The  Pilot 

Last  of  the  Mohicans,  The  Prairie 

The  Pathfinder 

j  The  Deerslayer 

I  Red  Rover,  Water  Witch,  Two  Ad- 
[  mirals,  Wing-and-Wing,  Bravo. 
f  New  England  Tales 

Redwood 

j  Hope  Leslie 

1  The  Linwoods 


(The  Forest  Rose  (opera),  The  Old 

\    Oaken  Bucket. 

rAirs  from  Palestine,  and  other) 

J     poems j 

]  The    Pilgrim     Fathers,    Passing 
t.    Away. 


The  Buccaneers,  and  other  poems. 


The  Poor  Rich   Man  and  the) 
[     Rich  Poor  Man,  etc j 


History  of  Spanish  Literature. 


( Percy's  Masque 

IHadad 

f  Twilight 

I  Fanny. 

J  Joseph  Rodman  Drake 

]  Alnwick  Castle,  Burns,  Marco) 

Bozzaris,  Red  Jacket j 

[  Young  America , 

( Moral  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse., 

I  Poems 

(  Pocahontas,  and  other  poems 

(  Ode  on  Shakespeare,  Winged  Wor 
(     shippers.  The  Family  Meeting. 


(36  tales 

}  History,  geography,  school-books, 
(    biography,  and  miscellanies. 
(  Principles  of  Political  Economy. . 

iThe  Credit  System 

(Principles  of  Social  Science,  etc. . 


Home,  Sweet  Home 

[Song  in  Clari,  or  the  Maid  of 
Milan.] 


r  Swallow  Barn 

Horse-shoe  Robinson 

\  Rob  of  the  Bowl 

j  Quod  Libet 

[  Memoirs  of  Wirt,  etc 

History  of  New  England,  5  vols. 
(  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 

The  Conquest  of  Mexico 

■I  The  Conquest  of  Peru 

I  Philip  II.  of  Spain 

t  Robertson's  Charles  V. ,  etc 

(Law  of  Business  for  Business) 
Men j 
Deus  Homo 
Infinite  and  Finite. 


Thanatopsis 

To  a  Waterfowl 

A  Poorest  Hymn,  June,  Death  of 

the  Flowers, The  Evening  Wind, 

■{      An  Evening  Reverie,  Planting 

of  the  Apple -Tree,  Robert   of 

Lincoln,  etc. 

Translations  of  the  Iliad  and ) 

Odyssey,  etc ) 

/Culprit  Fay,  The  American  Flag, 
(    etc. 

(  Prometheus,  and  other  poems 

J  The  Dream  of  Day,  and  other) 
(     poems j 


Religion    and    Philosophy    o 


Swedenborg. 

Sam  Slick. 

( History  of  the  United  States  to 

{     1789 


"} 


Lyrics 


(Nature  and  the  Supernatural. 
1  Moral  Use  of  Dark  Things. 

f  Essays,  1st  series 

■i       "        2d      "     

Miscellanies,  Nature,  etc 


'Woodman,  spare  that 
tree,"  My  Mother's  Bi 
ble,  "  I'm  with  you  once 
again,  my  friends,"Near 
the  Lake,  Long  Time 
Ago,  "We  were  boys  to 
gether,"  "  When  other 
friends  are  round  thee," 
etc. 


1855 
1855-59 


1816 
1827 


1816 


1821 
1827 
1821 
1823 
1827 
1840 
1841 


1822 
1824 
1828 
1835 

1836 
1820 
1825 
1818 
1819 
1820 

1827 

1864 
1815 
1827 
1841 


1849 
1813 


1827-57 


1837-40 

1838 

1858-59 

1817 

1818 


1870-71 


1843 

1832 
1835 


1840 

1849 

1859-90 

1838 

1843 

1847 

1855-58 

1856 

1857 

1867 
1872 

1876 


1841 
1844 
1849 


LIT 


LIT 


ENGLISH  (AMERICAN)  LITERATURE  AND  AVTEORS. -{Continued.) 


Ralph  Waldo  Emerson. 


Jacob  Abbott. , 


Nathaniel  Hawthorne. 


John  S.  C.  Abbott. 


William  Gilmore  Simms.. 


Henry  W.  Longfellow. 


Richard  Hildreth. 


Nathaniel  P.  Willis.. 


John  Greenleaf  Whittier. 


1803-82 


1803-79 


1804-64 


1805-77 


1806-70 


1807-82 


1807-65 


1807-67 


1807-92 


Principal  works. 


Representative  Men 

English  Traits 

Conduct  of  Life 

Society  and  Solitude,  etc. 


Juveniles:  Rollo  Books,  etc 

f  Twice  Told  Tales 

Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse 

The  Scarlet  Letter 

The  House  of  the  Seven  Gables. . 

The  Blithedale  Romance 

The  Wonder  Book 

Tanglewood  Tales 

The  Marble  Faun 

Our  Old  Home,  etc 

Life  of  Napoleon 

'  French  Revolution,  Civil  War  in 
America,  etc 


Guy  Rivers.. 
The  Partisan. 


Mellichampe . 


Border  Beagles 

The  Scout 

Confession 

Beauchampe 

Count  Julian 

Southward  Ho! 

Wigwam  and  Cabin. 

The  Huguenots 

Katherine  Walton.. 

The  Forayers 

Eutaw 

Charlemont,  etc 


Outre  Mer. 
Hyperion.. 


Kavanagh. 


History  of  the  United  States  to  1821 

Pencillings  by  the  Way 

Dashes  at  Life  with  a  Free  Pencil 

People  I  Have  Met 

Life  Here  and  There 

Famous  Persons  and  Places. . . 
Paul  Fane,  etc 


Poetry  und  drama*. 


'May  Day,  The  Humblebee,  The  Tit 
mouse,  The  Snowstorm,  Brah 
ma,  Wood -notes,  Monadnock 
Two  Rivers,  Threnody,  etc. 


Poems  and  Early  Lays , 

I  Vision    of   Cortez,  and    other ) 
[     poems j 


Southern  Passages  and  Pictures. 


Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  South. 


Voices  of  the  Night 

^Skeleton  in  Armor,  Wreck 
J     the  Hesperus,  Village  Black 
(    smith.  Excelsior 

Spanish  Student 

Evangeline 


of) 


Golden  Legend 

Hiawatha 

Courtship  of  Miles  Standish 

/Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn,  Birds) 
(    of  Passage / 

New  England  Tragedies 

(Hanging  of  the  Crane,  Morituri) 
(     Salutamus '. / 

Keremos,  and  other  poems,  etc. . . 


Parrhasius,  "The  shadows  lay 
along  Broadway,"  Absalom, 
Jephthah's  Daughter,  The  Lep- 
er, etc. 

Mogg  Megone 

Voices  of  Freedom 

Songs  of  Labor,  and  other  poems.. 
Ship  -  builders.     Shoe  -  makers, 
Drovers,  Fishermen,  Huskers, 
Lumber-men. 

Old  Portraits 

Barclay  of  Ury,  Demon  of  the 
Study,  etc. 

Chapel  of  the  Hermits,  etc 

The  Panorama 

Burns,  Tauler,  The  Barefoot 
Boy,  etc. 

Ballads 

Mary  Garvin,  Maud  Muller,  The 
Ranger. 

Home  Ballads 

The  Witch's  Daughter,  Garri- 
son of  Cape  Ann,  Skipper  Ire- 
son's  Ride,  Telling  the  Bees, 
Swan  Song  of  Parson  Avery, 
etc. 

In  War  Time 

At  Port  Royal,  Barbara  Friet- 
chie,  etc. 


First  appeared  or  ] 
publUhed. 


LIT 


439 


LIT 


ENGLISH   (AMERICAN)   LITERATURE  AND  AVTEORS.— (Continued.) 


Principal  worka. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


John  Greenleaf  Whittier. 


Samuel  Francis  Smith.. . . 
Lucretia  Maria  Davidson, 


1808- 
1808-25 


Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 


Edgar  Allan  Poe. 


1809-49 


Henry  James. 


eorge  Washington  Greene. 
Alfred  B.  Street 


;(ohn  William  Draper. 


jfaraes  McCosh. 


larriet  Beecher  Stowe. 


eorge  Ticknor  Curtis 


1811-83 
1811-81 

1811-82 


1811-94 


1812- 


1812-94 


enson  J.  Lossing. 


'lin  Romeyn  Brodhead. 

)hn  Lothrop  Motley 

ichard  Henry  Dana,  jr. 
;>hn  G.  Saxe 


1814-73 

1814-77 
1815-82 

1816-87 


Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table. 
Professor  at  the  Breakfast  Table. 


I Snow-Bound 

I  Tent  on  the  Beach 

j  Among  the  Hills 

[  Hazel  Blossoms,  etc 

I  "My  country,  'tis  of  Thee,"  "The 

(     morning  light  is  breaking." 

Amir  Khan,  and  other  poems 

Earlier  Poems 

Old    Ironsides,  The   Last  Leaf, 
To  an  Insect,  My  Aunt,  etc. 

{A    Rhymed  Lesson,  and  other ) 
poems I 

Agnes,  and  other  poems 

The  Chambered  Nautilus ) 

Prologue y 

The  One-Hoss  Shay,  etc j 


Elsie  Venner 

Soundings  from  the  Atlantic, 

The  Guardian  Angel 

Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table  .. 


Under  the  Violets. 
De  Sauty 


One  Hundred  Days  in  Europe. 
Over  the  Tea  Cups 


Bill  and  Joe,  The  Old  Man's") 
Dream,  Mare  Rubrum,  The 
Boys,  Dorothy  Q.,  etc J 


Manuscript  Found  in  a  Bottle. . 
A.  Gordon  Pym 

Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Ara- 


Al  Aaraaf,  Tamerlane,  and  other) 
poems j 


Gold  Bug 

^  Murders  of  the  Rue  Morgue 

Fall  of  the  House  of  Usher,  etc. 


1865 
1867 


1829 
1830-36 


1837-48 
1849-56 

1858 


1861 
1863 
1867 
1872 

1851-7T 

,1887 


1843 
1844 


The  Raven. 


Literati  of  New  York. 


Eureka,  etc 

The  Nature  of  Evil 

Christianity  the  Logic  of  Creation 

Substance  and  Shadow 

^  The  Secret  of  Swedenborg 

Society  the  Redeemed  Form  of  Man 
I  Personal  Reminiscences  of  Car-) 

L   lyie ; 

i  Life  of  Nathaniel  Greene 

(  Short  History  of  Rhode  Island 


( Ulalume,  The  Bells,  The  Haunted 
(     Palace,  etc. 


f  History  of  the  Intellectual  DeO 
velopment  of  Europe / 
History  of   the   Civil  War    in  ) 
America j 

Method  of  Divine  Government. . . 

Intuitions  of  the  Mind 

The  Supernatural  in  Relation  to  J 

the  Natural j 

Typical  Forms  and  Special  Ends  ) 

in  Creation | 

Scottish  Philosophy,  etc 

Uncle  Tom's  Cabin 

Dred 

The  Ministers  Wooing 

Agnes  of  Sorrento 

Pearl  of  Orr's  Island 

Old  Town  Folks 

True    Story    of   Lady    Byron's  1 
Life,  etc ) 

I  j  History  of  the  Constitution  of  1 
\    the  United  States f 
Pictorial  Field-book  of  the  Rev-  j 
olution I 
Pictorial  History  of  the  Civil  War 
Pictorial  Field-book  of  the  War  of 
J      1812 


J  Frontenac , 

(The  Grey  Forest  Eagle,  etc. 


Our  Country. 


Harper's  Cyclopaedia  of  United  ) 

I      States  History ) 

I  History  of  American  Industries.. 

[  Empire  State,  etc 

(History   of  the  State   of  New) 

\     York,  1609-91 | 

fThe  Dutch  Republic 

J  The  United  Netherlands 

1  Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Bar- ) 
t     neveld | 

Two  Years  Before  the  Mast 


New  Rape  of  the  Lock. 


The  Times 

The  Money  King. 
Masquerade,  etc.. 


1845 
1846 


1848 
1855 
1857 
1863 
1869 
1879 

1881 

1867-71 

1877 

1849 

1863 

1867-70 
1850 


1869 

1874 
1852 
1856 
1859 
1862 


1855-58 

1852 

1866-69 

1868 

1873 

1876 

1878 
1887 

1853-71 

1856 


1874 

1839 
1848 
1849 
1852 
1859 


LIT                                            440                                           LIT 
ENGLISH   (AMERICAN)   LITERATURE   AND  AUTHORS.— {Continued.) 

i 

Authon.                                      1 

Principal  worlu. 

''T^^:t' 

Nain«. 

Tim.. 

ProM. 

Poetry  and  dramas. 

:8nmuel  Austin  AUibone 

181&-89 
1817-62 

1817-81 
1817- 

1819-81 
1819- 

1819-91 

1819-86 
1819-92 
1822-85 

1822- 
1822- 

1822-91 
1822- 

1822-72 

1823-93 

1823- 

1824- 

1824- 
1824-90 

A  Critical  Dictionary  of  English ) 

Literature  and  Authors j 

A  Week  on  the  Concord  River.   . . 

1869-91 

1849 
1854 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1849 

1872  11 
1876            II 

1875  11 

1888           fll 

1855  11 

1857  91 

1858  ll 

1860  Mi 
1866           fll 

1867  ai 

1873  mi 

1874  91 

1854  Bl 

1856  ■1 

1861  91 

1866  91 
1844          91 
1848         .  91 

1864  ll 

1867  91 

1868  91 

1870  91 

1871  91 
1888          9| 

1848  9| 

1849  91 
1866         91 

1869  99 
1887         99 

1855  H 

1865  99 

1880  99 

1882         II 

1884  99 

1885  99 

1872  II 

1876  II 

1879     Mm 

1857    ai 
1860   n 

1864  II 

1865  a| 

1874      Mm 

1881  SH 

1850  flH 

1851  «■ 

1863  ■■ 

1864  ■■ 

1865  ■■ 

1866  919 

1848  919 

1856    fln 

1856  MM 

1862  all 

1864  H 

1849  III 
1851       9|9 

1865  all 

1869       III 

1874      n 

1877  !■ 
1884            IB 

1863  ;■ 

1869  ■ 

1870      -m 

1879           hI 
1860            i| 
1863           ']■ 
1865            ;■ 

1868  n 

1870  H 

1848      «  ■ 
1847            fH 

1850  1 

Walden 

Henry  D  Thore&u 

■{  Excursions 

The  Maine  Woods 

Cape  Cod,  etc 

-T)i.m(>s  Thnmas  Fields 

Yesterdaj's  with  Authors 

John  Bigelow 

Edits  the  Writings  of  Franklin) 

(10  vols.),  etc / 

f  History  Western  Massacliusetts.. 

The  Bay  Path 

Timothy  Titcomb's  Letters 

Bitter  Sweet 

Josiah  Gilbert  Holland  (Timothy  \ 
Titcomb) ;  J 

■I  Miss  Gilbert's  Career 

Life  of  Lincoln 

Kathrina 

Mistress  of  the  Manse 



Social  and  Philosophic  Papers, etc. 

Words  for  the  Hour 

Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic 

Later  Lyrics 

Poems 

Indian  Summer  Reveries 

/Vision  of  Sir  Launfal  and  Big-> 
t    low  Papers / 

James  Russell  Lowell 

Fireside  Travels 

Biglow  Papers,  2d  series 

Under  the  Willows 

Among  My  Books 

My  Study  Windows 

Heart's  Ease  and  Rue,  etc 

Edwin  Percy  Whipple 

Characteristic  Men 

Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth. 
American  Literature 

Walt  Whitman 

Recollections  of  Eminent  Men. 

(Leaves  of  Grass 

( Drum  Taps 

1  Every  Day  English 

1  The  Fate  of  Mansfield  Humphreys 

William  Taylor  Adams  (Oliver) 
Optic) ) 

Juveniles :  Boat  Club  Series,  Wood- 
ville  Series,  Army  and  Navy  Se- 
ries, Riverdale    Series,  Young 
America  Abroad,  etc. 

His  Level  Best 

Edward  Everett  Hale 

My  Double. 

Life  and  Times  of  Aaron  Burr 

Life  of  Andrew  Jackson 

"      Benjamin  Franklin 

"     John  Jacob  Astor 

"     Voltaire,  etc 

Dream  Life 

Donald  6.  MitcheU  (Ik  Marvel). . . 

My  Farm  at  Edge  wood 

1  Wet  Days  at  Edge  wood. . 

1  Seven  Stories   .... 

1  Doctor  Johns  etc 

f  Lays  and  Ballads 

The  New  Pastoral       .... 

The  House  by  the  Sea 

f  Oregon  Trail 

The  Wagoner   of  the  Allegha) 

nies 1 

Sheridan's  Ride,  etc 

Conspiracy  of  Pontiac 

Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  ) 
World                                        I 

f'rancis  Parkman 

-Discovery  of  the  Great  West 

Old  Regime 

Count  Frontenac  and  New  France 
Montcalm  and  Wolf,  etc 

r  Out  Door  Papers 

Malbone,  an  Old  Port  Romance. . . 

Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson. . . 

Short  Studies  of  American  Au- ) 

Mother  Goose  for  Grown  Folks. . . 

1  Faith  Gartney's  Girlhood 

Adeline  D.  Whitney 

i  The  Gayworthys 

1  Patience  Strong's  Outings 

John  Foster  Kirk  (b.  Frederic-) 
ton,N.B.) ; 

[  We  Girls,  etc 

History  of  Charles  the  Bold. ..... 

Ceorge  H.  Boker 

■<  Lessons  of  Life,  and  other  poems. 
(Anne  Boleyn,  a  Tragedy 

LIT 


441 


LIT 


ENGLISH   (AMERICAN)  LITERATURE  AND  ATJTEORS.— (Continued.) 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


George  H.  Boker. 


John  Dawson  Gilraary  Shea. 
George  William  Curtis 


Bayard  Taylor. 


Henry  Charles  Lea... 
William  Allen  Butler. 


Richard  Henry  Stoddard. 

Coates  Kinney 

Stephen  Collins  Foster. . . 


(Rose  Terry  Cooke. 
(Lew.  Wallace 


1824-90 

1824-92 
1824-92 


1825-78 


1825- 
1825- 

1825- 

1826- 

1826-64 

1827-92 

1827- 


, Charles  Dudley  Warner. 


Paul  Hamilton  Hayne 

JohnEsten  Cooke 


Mary  Virginia  Terhune  (Marion) 
Harland) f 


Justin  Winsor. 


jLouisaMay  Alcott. 


I  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman. 


jElisha  Mulford 

[David  R.   Locke  (Petroleum  V  ) 

*     Nasby) } 

i Frank  R.  Stockton '.'.'.'..'.'.'.,. 


1830- 


1831- 


1832-88 


1833- 
1833-88 
I     1834- 


The  Catholic  Church  in  America. 

Nile  Notes  of  a  Howadji 

Potiphar  Papers 

Prue  and  I 

Trumps 

Life  of  Wm.  C.  Bryant,  etc 

Views  Afoot 


fOn  Board  the  Cumber- 
Poems  I      land,   Dirge  of  a  Sol- 
of  the  -l     dier,  Battle  of  Lookout 
War  Mountain,   The   Black 

1^    Regiment,  etc. 

Street  Lyrics 

The   Ivory  Carver,  The  Podesta's 
,     Daughter,  Song  of  Earth,  etc. 


Eldorado  

Central  Africa 

Land  of  the  Saracen . 


/Rhymes  of  Travel,  Ballads, 
\    other  poems 


Poems  of  the  Orient. 


Northern  Travel 

Greece  and  Russia. 

Hannah  Thurston 

John  Godfrey's  Fortunes 

Story  of  Kennet 

Jo.seph  and  His  Friend,  etc 

Superstition  and  Force 

Historical  Sketch  of  Sacerdotal 
Celibacy  in  the  Christian 
Church 

History  of  the  Inquisition 


1850 
1853 
1856- 
1861 

1879- 
1846 

1848 

1850 
1854^ 

185& 
1857 
185^ 
1863 
1864 
1866 
1870 
1866 

'l867 


Loves  and  Heroines  of  the  Poets. 


Nothing  to  Wear,  Two  Millions. 

Footprints 

:  Castle    by  the  Sea,  and    other ) 
poems j 


The  Fair  God 

Ben-Hur 

The  Prince  of  India 

My  Summer  in  a  Garden 

Backlog  Studies 

My  Winter  on  the  Nile 

Washington  Irving 

Their  Pilgrimage,  etc 

Studies  in  the  South  and  West. 
A  Little  Journey  in  the  World  . 

Southern  California 

As  We  Were  Saying 

As  We  Go 


The  King's  Bell 

( The  Book  of  the  East,  and  other) 

[     poems j 

Rain  on  the  Roof 

Old  Uncle  Ned,  Oh  Su 
sannah !  Nelly  was  a 
Lady, Old  Folks  at  Home 
(for  which  he  received 
$15,000),  Come  where 
my  love  lies  dreaming, 
Old  Dog  Tray,  etc. 
The  Two  Villages,  Ellery  Vane,  etc. 


1857 
1849 

1852 


1862 
1871 


Last  of  the  Foresters 

Life  of  "  Stonewall "  Jackson. . . 

Wearing  the  Grey 

Hammer  and  Rapier 

Virginia— American    Common- 
wealth, etc 

'  Alone J 

The  Hidden  Path 

Moss  Side 

Helen  Gardner's  Wedding  Day.. 

Ruby's  Husband 

Common  Sense  in  the  House- i 
hold,  etc 

Reader's  Hand  Book  of  the  Rev- ; 
olution 

Edits   Narrative    and    Critical 

History  of  America,  etc 

'  Little  Women 

An  Old  Fashioned  Girl 

Little  Men 

Aunt  Jo's  Scrap  Bag,  etc 


(Sonnets  and  Other  Poems. 
(Legends  and  Lyrics,  etc 


The  Diamond  Wedding 

f  Alice  of  Monmouth,  and  other) 
(    poems / 

Pan  in  Wall  Street. 


Victorian  Poets 

Poets  of  America,  etc. . . 

JThe  Nation 

\Republicof  God 

Nasby  Papers 

( Rudder  Grange 

\TheLady  or  the  Tiger?. 


187» 
1880 
1893 
1870 
1872. 
1876 
1881 
1886 
1889- 

1891 

1893 
1857 
1872. 
1856 
186a 
1867 
1870' 

188a 

1854 
1855 
1857 
1867 
1868 

1871 


1884-89- 

1868 
1870 
1871 
1871-7* 


1864 

1875 

1885 

1870 

1881 

1860-82: 

1879 

1884 


LIT 


442 


LIT 


ENGLISH  (AMERICAN)  LITERATURE  AND  ATJTRORS.— (Continued.) 


Principal  worlu. 


Po«try  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
publfslied. 


Frank  R.  Stockton. 


Moses  Coit  Tyler. 

Samuel  L.  Clemens  (Mark  Twain). 


Harriet  E.  P.  Spofford. . 
Lyman  Abbott 


Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich. 


1834- 


1835- 


1835- 
1835- 


1836- 


William  Dean  Ho  wells. 


1837- 


Edward  Eggleston.. 


John  Burroughs. 


Mary  Mapes  Dodge. 
Henry  Adams 


1837- 


1837- 


1838- 


Edward  Payson  Roe, 


Albion  Winegar  Tourgee 


1838- 


Mary  Abigail  Dodge  (Gail  Ham- 
ilton)  


Francis  Bret  Harte. 


James  Schouler. 


Cincinnatus  Hiner  Miller  (Joa- 
quin Miller) 


1839- 


1839- 
1841- 


The  Casting  Away  of  Mrs.  Leeks) 

and  Mrs.  Aleshine | 

The  Ij&te  Mr.  Null 

The  Hundredth  Man 

I  The  Squirrel  Inn 

( The  Merry  Chanter,  etc , 

History  of  American  Literature. , 

'  Innocents  Abroad , 

Roughing  It , 

The  Gilded  Age , 

Tom  Sawyer 

Prince  and  Pauper , 

Life  on  the  Mississippi , 

Huckleberry  Finn,  etc , 

[Sir  Rohan's  Ghost 

[The  Amber  Gods,  etc 

Various  works  explanatory  of  the 

Scriptures  and  its  teachings,  etc. 

Life  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher 


Out  of  His  Head 

The  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy. 
Marjorie  Daw 


Prudence  Palfrey 

The  Queen  of  Sheba  ... 
The  Stillwater  Tragedy , 


'  Venetian  Life , 

Italian  Journey 

Their  Wedding  Journey. . . . , 
A  Chance  Acquaintance. . . . , 
The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook., 
The  Undiscovered  Country., 

A  Modern  Instance 

The  Minister's  Charge 

The  Rise  of  Silas  Lapham. . . 

Modern  Italian  Poets 

A  Hazard  of  New  Fortunes. . 
The  World  of  Chance 

^^The  Quality  of  Mercy 

Mr.  Blake's  Walking  Stick., 
The  Hoosier  School-master. , 

The  End  of  the  World 

The  Circuit  Rider 

Roxy. 


The  Graysons 

The  Faith  Doctor. 

Wakerobin 

Winter  Sunshine 

Birds  and  Poets 

Locusts  and  Wild  Honey. 

[Pepacton,  etc 

f  Irvington  Stories 

Hans  Drinker 

Theophilus,  etc 


Ballad  of  Babie  Bell. 


Cloth  of  Gold,  and  other  poems. . 


Mercedes,  and  Later  Lyrics 

(The  Sister's  Tragedy,  and  other) 
\    poems I 


Life  of  Gallatin 

Life  of  John  Randolph 

History  of  the  United  States.. . 

Barriers  Burned  Away 

What  Can  She  Do? 

Opening  of  a  Chestnut  Burr. . . . 
ManualoftheCultureof  Small  Fruit 
A  Knight   of  the    Nineteenth) 

Century ) 

His  Sombre  Rivals 

An  Original  Belle. 

Miss  Low,  etc 

A  Royal  Gentleman 

A  Fool's  Errand 

Bricks  Without  Straw 

Hot  Plough-shares,  essays,  etc.. . . 
Country   Living   and    Country) 

Thinking f 

Gala  Days 

Stumbling  Blocks 

Red-Letter  Days. 

Divine  Guidance,  etc. 


The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp 

Tales  of  the  Argonauts 

Gabriel  Conroy 

Two    Men  of  Sandy  Bar,  and) 

other  stories / 

A  Crusade  of  the  Excelsior 

Col.  Starbottle's  Client,  etc 

History  of  the  United  States 


[The  Danites,  etc. 


Along  the  Way. 


(The  Heathen  Chinee,  and  other  1 
(    poems j 


Songs  of  the  Sierras. . 
Songs  of  the  Sun  land. 

Songs  of  Italy 

Shadows  of  Shasta  . . . 


1887 
1891 
1892 
1878 
1869 
1872 
1873 
1876 
1882 
1883 
1885 


1856 
1864 


1873 
1874 


1891 

1866 
1867 
1871 
1874 
1879 
1880 
1882 
1887 
1885 
1887 


1892 
1870 

1872 
i( 

1874 
1878 
1887 
1891 
1871 
1876 
1877 
1879 
1881 
1864 
1876 

1879 

1882 
1891 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1876 

1877 


1886 


1874 
1879 


1863 
1870 


1881 
1870 


1875 
1876 

1877 

1887 

1892 

1880-92 

1871 

1873 

1878 

1881 


LIT 


443 


LIT 


ENGLISH  (AMERICAN)  LITERATURE  AND  AVTEORS.— (Continued.) 


Sidney  Lanier. 


3enry  James. 


Fohn  Fiske. 


Fohn  Habberton. 


Jeorge  W.  Cable. 


Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  Ward. 


WillCarleton. 


'Francis  Marion  Crawford , 


;Julian  Hawthorne. 


Arthur  S.  Hardy 

William  Henry  Bishop . 


Hjalmar  Hjorth  Boyesen. 
Joel  Chandler  Harris 


Edgar  Fawcett 


iConatance  Fenimore  Woolson. 


Sarah  Ome  Jewett. , 


Frances  Hodgson  Burnett. 


1842- 


1843- 


1844- 


1844- 


1845- 


1845- 


1846- 


1847- 


1848- 


1849- 


1849- 


Principal  works. 


Tobacco  and  Alcohol 

Myths  and  Myth- makers 

The  Unseen  World 

The  Idea  of  God  as  Affected  by) 

Modern  Knowledge j 

Critical    Period    of     American^ 

History,  etc / 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


The  Boys'  Froissart 

Science  of  English  Verse 

'  Helen's  Babies 

The  Barton  Experiment 

Jericho  Road 

Brueton's  Bayou 

A  Lucky  Lover 

A  Passionate  Pilgrim 

Roderick  Hudson 

The  American 

Daisy  Miller 

Portrait  of  a  Lady 

The  Bostonians 

The  Princess  Casamassima. , 

The  Tragic  Muse,  etc 

Old  Creole  Days 

The  Grandissimes 

Doctor  Sevier 

The  Silent  South 

Bonaventure,  etc 

Gates  Ajar 

Hedged  In 

The  Silent  Partner 

The  Story  of  Avis 

My  Cousin  and  I 

Doctor  Zay 

Beyond  the  Gates,  etc 


Tiger  Lilies. 
Poems , 


The  Witch  of  Prague 

Khaled 

Don  Orsino 

The  Wreckers. 

Bressant 

Idolatry 

Garth 

Archibald  Malmaison 

Beatrix  Randolph 

Miss  Cadogna,  etc 

But  Yet  a  Woman 

The  Wind  of  Destiny 

Passe  Rose,  etc 

'  Detmold 

The  House  of  a  Merchant  Prince. 

Choy  Susan 

The  Golden  Justice,  etc 

A  Gentleman  of  Leisure 

Olivia  Delaplaine 

An  Ambitious  Woman 

The  House  at  High  Bridge 


Mr.  Isaacs 

Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish. 
Saracinesca 


Women  Must  Weep 

An  Heir  to  Millions,  etc. 

Gunnar 

Falcouberg 

Queen  Titania 


A  Daughter  of  the  Philistines,  etc. 
'  Uncle  Remus 

Mingo 

Free  Joe 

^  Balaam  and  His  Master 

'  Castle  Nowhere 

Hodman  the  Keeper 

Anne 

For  the  Major 

East  Angels 

Jupiter  Lights 

^  Horace  Chase 

' Deephaven  

Old  Friends  and  New 

Country  By-ways 

The  Mate  of  the  Daylight 

A  Country  Doctor 

The  King  of  Folly  Island 

A  Native  of  Winby,  etc 

That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's 

Pretty  Polly  Pemberton 


Farm  Ballads . . 

Farm  Legends  . 

Farm  Festivals. 

City: 

City 

City  Festivals. 


Romance  and  Revery 

Songs  of  Doubt  and  Dreams. 


Idyls  of  Norway,  and  other  poems. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


1872 
1876 


1867 
1876 
1878 
1880 
1876 


1892 
1875 

1877 
1878 
1881 
1886 


1879 
1880 
1882 
1885 
•1888 
1868 
1870 

1877 
1879 
1882 
1883 
1873 
1875 
1881 


1892 
1882 
1886 
1887 
1890 
1891 

1892 

1873 
1874 
1877 
1879 
1883 
1885 
1883 
1886 
1889 
1879 
1883 
1884 
1886 
1884 
1886 
(I 

1887 
1888 
1891 
1892 

1874 
1879 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1880 
1884 
1888 
1891 
1875 
1880 
1882 
1883 


1894 
1877 
1879 
1881 
1883 
1884 


1877 
1878 


LIT 


444 


LIT 


ENGLISH   (AMERICAN)  LITERATURE   AND  AUTHORS.— (Con<tn«ed.) 


Principal  works. 


ProM. 


Poetry  and 


First  Rpneared  or 
published. 


Frances  Hodgson  Burnett . 


Henry  Cabot  Lodge. 
Edward  Bellamy  . . . 


Mary  Noailles  Murfree  (Charles ) 
Egbert  Craddock) ) 


George  Parsons  Lathrop.. 

John  Bach  McMaster. 

Thomas  Nelson  Page 

Am61ie  Rives  Chanler — 


1860- 
1850- 

1850- 

1851- 
1862- 
1853- 
1863- 


Haworth 

Louisiana. 

A  Fair  Barbarian 

Through  One  Administration 

Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,  etc 

Short  History  of  the  English) 
Colonies  in  America / 

Life  of  Hamilton 

Life  of  Webster,  etc 

Looking  Backward 

In  the  Tennessee  Mountains. 

Where  the  Battle  was  Fought 

Down  the  Ravine 

The  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky ) 
Mountain ) 

The  Despot  of  Broomsedge  Cove. . 

In    the    "  Stranger    People's  "  1 

I.     Country,  etc | 

( An  Echo  of  Passion,  etc 


f History  of  the  People  of  the) 
J  United  States  from  the  Revo-  ! 
1     lution  to  the  Civil  War.  Vols,  f 

[     L,  II..  in.  pub J 

JMarse  Chan 

(Collected  Stories  (In  Virginia),  etc 

{A  Brother  to  Dragons 
The  Quick  or  the  Dead  ? 
Virginia  of  Virginia 
Barbara  Dering,  etc 


1879 
1880 
1881 
1883 
1886 

1881 

1882 
1883 
1888 
1884 

1885 

1888 
1891 
1882 


1883-92 

1884 
1887 
1888 


1892 


FRENCH   LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS. 


Name. 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


Unknown 

Pierre  Ab61ard 

Unknown 

Robert  Wace 

Unknown 

Geoffrey  de  Villehardouin. , 

Jean  Sire  de  Joinville , 

Jean  Froissart 

Enguerraud  de  Monstrelet , 
Philippe  de  Comines , 

Franpois  Rabelais 

Clement  Marot 

Theodore  Beza 

Pierre  de  Ronsard 


Michel  E.  de  Montaigne 

Theodore  Agrippe  d'Aubign^. 

Franf  ois  de  Malherbe 

Jacques  Auguste  de  Thou 

Ren6  Descartes 


Pierre  Corneille. 
Paul  Scarron... 


Franpois  de  la  Rochefoucauld. . . 


Jean  de  la  Fontaine 

Jean  Baptiste  Poquelin  (MoliSre). 

Blaise  Pascal 

Mme.  de  Sevignd 

Jacques  B^nigne  Bossuet 

Louis  Bourdaloue 

Esprit  FMchier 

Nicolas  Boileau  Despreaux 

Nicolas  Malebranche 

Jean  Racine 


Claude  Fleury 

Pierre  Bayle 

Fraiipois  de  la  Mothe  F6n61on. 

Rene  A.  de  Vertot 

Charles  Rollin 

Jean  Baptiste  Massillon 


Alain  Ren6  le  Sage. 


Franpois  Xavier,  Bon  de  Saint-) 

Hilaire ) 

Charles  de  Montesquieu 

Franpois  Marie  Arouet  (Voltaire). 
Georges  Louis  L.  Comte  de  Buffon. 
Jean  Jacques  Rousseau 

Denis  Diderot 


Claude  A.  Helvetius 

lEtienne  Bonnet  de  Condillac 

Jean  le  Rond  d' Alembert 

Jean  Franpois  ilarmontel 

Pierre  A.  Caron  de  Beaumarchais. 
Jacques  Henri  B.  de  Saint-Pierre. 


1079-1U2 

iiii^? 

116fiui213? 
1224-1319? 
1337-1410 
1390-1453 
1445-1509 

1495-1563 

1495-1544 
1519-1605 
1524-85 

1533-92 
1550-1630 
1555-1628 
1553-1617 

1596-1650 

1606-84 

1610-60 

1613-80 

1621-95 
1622-73 

1623-62 

1626-96 

1627-1704 

1632-1704 

1632-1710 

1636-1711 

1638-1715 


Chanson  de  Roland. 


1640-1723 
1647-1706 
1651-1715 
1655-1735 
1661-1741 
1663-1742 

1668-1747 

1678-1761 

1689-1755 
1694-1778 
1707-78 
1712-78 

1713-84 

1715-71 
1715-80 
1717-83 
1723-99 
1732-99 
1737-1814 


Epistles.    Philosophy. 


Roman  d'Alexandre. 

Roman  de  Brut 

Roman  de  la  Rose . . , 


Historical. 
Chronicles. 

Chronicles 

Chronicles. 

Historical.    The  Memo  rs.. 

Philosophic  and  satirical.. . 
Theological. 


Essays 

Historical. 


Poems 

1  Poems—"  Prince  of  Poets  " 
I     his  time  and  country 


History  of  his  own  times. 
Philosophic  (Philosophy)  . 


Comic.    Plays,  etc  , 
f  Maxims.. , 

j  Memoirs 


Philosophic  and  mathematical. 

Letters. 

Sermons,  etc. 

Jesuit  preacher. 

Pulpit  orator. 


Ph  i  losoph  i  c.     Philosophy.  , 


Ecclesiastical  history 

Philosophic. 

T^l^maque,  etc 

Historical. 

Historical 

Pulpit  orations. 

(Gil  Bias 

■ihe  Diable  Boiteaux  (The  Devill 
(    on  Two  Sticks),  etc | 

General  literature. 

Philosophic  and  jud  cial 

Historical 

Natural  history 

Philosophic  and  general 

(■philosophic,  the  principal  ency-1 
\    clopaedists J 

Philosophic 

Metaphysical.    Philosophy 

Mathematical. 

Memoirs,  etc. 


Dramas— The 
others 


many  I 


Fables  (241  in  number),  Contes. 
Dramas  (comedies) 


Satirical  poetry,  criticisms. 


Dramas. 


Paul  and  Virginia. 


Poems,  dramas. 


dramas— Le  Barbier  de) 
Seville,  Le  Mariage  de  Figaro.) 


J  Comic 


11th  century. 
12th  century. 


listed,  no  date; 
[     2d,  1505. 

1524 

1 1st  com  pi.  ( 
[      1567. 
1514  et  seq. 

1550      " 
1580-88 

1600  et  seq. 

1604-'i0 
( Col.  works 
[     1697. 

1636  et  seq. 

1645      " 

1665 

f  Complete  ed. 
(      18(58-71. 

1666-78 

1653  et  seq. 
( 1st  compl.  ed. 
I     1779. 


1674  et  seq. 
1st  col.  ed. 
1675-76. 
1691 

1st  at  Hague, 
'  1699;  2d  at 
'  Paris,  1717. 
1730-38 

1707 
1715 


1721  et  seq. 
1718   " 
1749-1804 
1760-62  et  se 

1751-72 

1758 

Col.  ed.  1798 


1781 


d 


LIT  445 

FRENCH  LITERATURE  AND  AVTRORS.— (Continued.) 

Principal  works. 


LIT 


facques  Delille 

^ntoine  L.  Lavoisier 

\lme.  de  Genlis 

Gabriel  Honore,  Corate  Mirabeau. . 

]onstantin  F.  C.  de  Volney 

Claude  Joseph  Rouget  de  I'lsle 

tfme.  de  Stael 

Foseph  Franjois  Michaud 

Franfois  A.  Chateaubriand 

Georges  liCopold  Baron  de  Cuvier. 

Pranpois  C.  M.  Fourier 

Fean  Baptiste  Biot 

f'ierre  Jean  de  Beranger 

augues  F.  R.,  Abb6  de  Lamennais. 
(finable  G.  P.  Barante 


fraiif ois  P.  G.  Guizot 

ilphonse  M.  L.  de  Lamartine. 

fibel  Franpois  Villemain 

(Vugustin  E.  Scribe 

f\.Dtoiue  E.  Genoude 

i^ictor  Cousin 


Jean  F.  C.  Delavigne 

[Iliarles  Paul  de  Kock 

Jacques  N.  August! n  Thierry. 
Franf  ois  A.  M.  Mignet 


Louis  Adolphe  Thiers. 


Am^d^e  S.  D.  Thierry 

Eippolyte  N.  J.  Auger 

Jules  Michelet 

Joseph  Xavier  Boniface  (Saintine). 
\uguste  Comte 


onore  de  Balzac. 


jUfred  Victor  Vigny. 
^^re'd^ric  Bastiat 


ictor  Hugo . 


t 

lllexandre  Dumas 

j'rosper  Merim6e 

|Mgar  Quinet 

|]ug6ne  Sue 

•iharles  Augustin  Sainte-Beuve.. 

ules  Janin 

Ime.  Dudevant  (Georges  Sand). . 
j-lexis  Charles  H.  de  Tocqueville. 

j  Ifred  de  Musset 

;harles  Forbes  R.  Montalembert. 

,011  Louis  Henri  Martin 

!heophile  Gautier 

;eonard  S.  J.  Sandeau 


ictor  Duruy. 


ctave  Feuillet 

ouis  Blanc 

jlieBertrand  Berthet.... 

[uil  H.  C.  Feval 

Kiillaume  Louis  Figuier , 
astav  Flaubert 

mileErckmann 


•seph  Ernest  Renan 

exandre  Dumas, ^Zs 

Alexandre  Chatrian 

fiarles  Loyson,  P6re  Hyacinthe. 

ippolyte  A.  Taine 

Imond  Franpois  V.  About 

les  Verne 


"IpheBelot 

■torien  Sardou 

■il  B.  duChaillu 

nest  Daudet 

'house  Daudet ..'. 

lilo  Zola 

:  ingois  Rdouard  J.  Coppee. '. . 

lis  M.  J.  Viaud  (Pierre  Loti). 

I  Qri  Ren6  A.  G.  Maupassant. . 


Time. 


1738-1813 

1743-94 

1746-1830 

1749-91 

1757-1820 

1760-1836 

1766-1817 

1767-1839 

1768-1848 

1769-1832 
1772-1837 
1774-1862 
1780-1857 
1782-1854 
1782-1866 

1787-1874 

1790-1869 
1790-1870 
1791-1861 
1792-1849 

1792-1867 

1793-1843 
1794-1871 
1795-1856 
1796-1884 

1797-1877 


1797-1873 

1797- 

1798-1874 

1798-1865 

1798-1857 

1799-1850 

1799-1864 
1801-60 


1802-85 


1803-70 
1803-75 

1804-57 

1804-69 
1804-74 
1804-76 
1805-59 
1810-57 
1810-70 
1810-83 
1811-72 
1811-83 

1811-94 

1821-90 
1813-82 
1815- 

1817-87 

1819- 

1821-80 

1822- 

1823-92 

1824- 

1826-90 

1827- 

1828-93 

1828-85 

1828- 

1829-90 

1831- 

1835- 

1837- 

1840- 

1840- 

1842- 

1850- 

1850-93 


Scientific. 
Novels. 
Orations,  etc. 
Ruins,  etc 


Delphine,  Corinne,  De  1' Allemagne. 

History  of  the  Crusades,  etc 

[Genius  of  Christianity,  Atala,  1 
[     Rene,  etc j 

Natural  history 

Fourierism. 

Philosophic  and  mathematical 


Religious  and  political. 
History  and  general  literature. . . 
Hist,  of  Civilization  in  Europe, 
Popular  Hist,  of  France,  etc.. 
Historical,  etc. 
Historical  and  educational 


Historical. 

f  Philosophic  and  metaphysical.  \ 
(     Philosophy ) 


Novels. 

His.  Norman  Conquest  of  Engl,  etc. 

Historical. 

(  French  Revolution 

I  History  of  the  Empire,  etc.,  fln- ) 
(     ished j 

Historical. 

Novels. 

History  of  France,  etc 

Picciola,  etc. 

Positive  Philosophy.    Philosophy. 
(Novels  —  Comedies   of  Human 
I     Life  (central  figure  in  French 
(     literature) 

Cinq-mars 

Political  economy 


I  Notre  Dame , 

1  Les  Miserables 

[  Toilers  of  the  Sea,  etc 

(Novels  — Monte  Christo,  Three) 
{     Musketeers,  etc / 

Novels  and  histories , 

Historical,  etc. 

(Mysteries  of  Paris,  Wandering) 
(    Jew,  etc ) 

Criticisms,  etc 

Novels , 

IndiaBa,Valentine,  Consuelo,  etc. , 

Democracy  in  America 

Novels 

Political  orations. 

History  of  France 

Novels  and  criticisms 

Novels. 

Histoire  des  Romains 

Histoire  des  Temps  Modernes, ) 
1453-1789 ) 

Novels 

Political. 

Novels, 

( Novels— The  Mysteries  of  Lon-) 
\     don,  etc ) 

Scientific. 

Novels. 
I  Novels  (in  connection  vrith  Cha- ) 

I     trian) ) 

( Vie  de  Jesus,  etc , 

( Hist.  Origin  of  Christianity , 

Novels. 

fNovels(in  connection  with  Erck-1 
(    mann) j 

Pulpit  orations. 

Historical  and  critical 

Novels. 
(Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  Un 


<     der  the  Sea,  Around  the  World 

(     in  Eighty  Days,  etc 

Novels 


Travels . 
Novels. 


Novels. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


Poems 1769  et  seq. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


Marseillaise. 


Lyric  poems. 


Dramas. 


Poems. . 
Dramas. 


Poems 

Poems,  dramas. 


Poems,  dramas. 


Dramas. . 


Dramas. 


Poems 

Poems,  dramas. . 


1791 

1792 

1802-8 

1811 

1801  et  seq. 

1817-30 

1805  et  seq. 
1820-21  et  seq. 

1824-61 
1830  et  seq. 


1826  et  seq. 
1811      " 


1834-59 
1815-43 

1825 

1823-27 
1862 


1830-67 

1830-42  et  seq. 

1825  et  seq. 

1822   " 

1845-50 

1828  et  seq. 

1831 

1862 

1866 

1844  et  seq. 

1825   " 


1842   " 

1828  " 

1829  " 
1831-52  et  seq. 
1835 

1829  et  seq. 

1838-79 
1835  et  seq. 

1844 
1868 
1840  et  seq. 


1859 


1859  " 

1854  " 

1860  " 

1855  " 
18i54  " 
1861-81 

1858  et  seq. 
1863   " 
1869   " 
1879  et  seq. 
1880 


LIT  446 

GERMAN  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS. 


LIT 


Anthon. 

Nune. 

Ulfllas , 

Uoknown , 

Unknown 

Conrad , 

Heinrich  von  Veldeke 

Wolfram  von  Eschenbach , 

Unknown 

Unknown , 

Unknown 

Hartmann  von  Aue , 

Meister  Eckhart 

Sebastian  Brandt 

Martin  Luther 

Ulrich  von  Hutten , 

Hans  Sachs 

Johann  Fischart 

Johann  Arndt 

Jacob  Boehme , 

Martin  Opitz , 

Paul  Gerhardt 

Paul  Fleming 

Gottfried  Wilhelm  Leibnitz. 

Christian  Thomasius 

Johann  C.  von  Wolff". 

Johann  C.  Gottsched 

Albrecht  Haller 

Christian  F.  Gellert 

Johann  J.  Winckelraann 

Johann  W.  L.  Gleim 

Hieronymus  K.   F.  baron  von) 

Munchhausen j 

Friedrich  T.  Klopstock 

Immanuel  Kant 

C.G.  Heyne , 

G.  E.  Lessing 

Ch.  M.  Wieland 

J.  G.  von  Herder , 

G.  A.  Burger , 

Johann  Wolfgang  Goethe , 

Johann  H.  Voss , 

J.  C.  Friedrich  von  Schiller , 

August  von  Kotzebue 

Johann  Gottlieb  Fichte , 

Christian  A.  Vulpius , 

Jean  Paul  F.  Richter 

Wilhelm  von  Humboldt , 

A.  Wilhelm  von  Schlegel , 

F.  D.  E.  Schleiermacher , 

Alexander  von  Humboldt , 

Ernst  M.  Arndt , 

Georg  W.  F.  Hegel , 

Friedrich  von  Schlegel , 

Friedrich  von  Hardenberg  (No-\ 

valis) j 

Ludwig  Tieck 

Friedrich  W.  J.  von  Schelling. , . . , 

Berthold  G.  Niebuhr , 

F.  C.  Schlosser , 

Ernst  T.  W.  Hoffmann , 

Heinrich  von  Kleist 

F.  H.  Karl  de  la  Motte  Fouqu6. . . , 
Carl  Ritter , 

Johann  Rudolph  Wyss  (Swiss). , . , 

F.  C.  Dahlmann , 

Jakob  L.  Grimm 

Wilhelm  K.  Grimm 

Andreas  Justinus  Kemer 

Ludwig  Uhland 

Arthur  Schopenhauer 


Principal  work*. 


Poetry  and  DramM. 


First  appeared  i 
published. 


Gothic  Bible. 


1170-1235 
d.  1329 


1483-1546 

1488-1523 

1494-1578 

1545-90 

1555-1621 

1575-1624 

1597-1639 

1606-75 
1609-40 

1646-1716 

1655-1728 

1679-1754 

1700-66 

1708-77 

1715-69 

1717-68 

1719-1803 

1720-97 

1724-1803 

1724-1804 

1729-1812 
1729-81 

1733-1813 
1744-1803 
1748-94 

1749-1832 

1751-1826 

1759-1805 

1761-1819 
1762-1814 
1762-1827 

1763-1825 

1767-1835 
1767-1845 

1768-1834 

1769-1859 
1769-1860 
1770-1831 

1772-1829 

1772-1801 

1773-1853 

1775-1854 

1776-1831 

177&-1861 

1776-1822 

1776-1811 
1777-1843 
1779-1859 

1781-1830 

1785-1860 
1785-1863 
1786-1859 

1786-1862 
1787-1862 

1788-1860 


Prose. 

Limburg  Chronicle. 

Alsace  Chronicle ... 


Hildebrandslied 

Ludwigslied 

Rolandslied 

Eneit 

Parzival 

Nibelungenlied 

Gudrun 

Heldcnbuch 

Der  arme  Heinrich.  This  poem 
furnished  the  subject  for  Long- 
fellow's "Golden  Legend"  and 
Rossetti's  "Henry  the  Leper." 


Das  Narrenschiflf. 


German  Bible. 


Satirical  verse. 
Poems. 
Satires 


Four  books  on  True  Christianity 
Mysticism 


Poems 

Poems.    Hymns . 


(Philosophic  and  mathematical  ) 
(     Philosophy J 

Edits  the  first  German  periodical. 

Philosophic. 

Critical,  etc. 

ScientiflQ. 

Moralistic 

History  of  Ancient  Art 


Poems 

War  Songs  of  a  Grenadier. 


Fiction:  stories.     Originally 48., 


Dramas— Messiah. 


(Philosophic.     Philosophy. 
(The  Critic  of  Pure  Reason., 

Critical  and  archaeological. 

Laocoon,  etc 

Agathon , 

Philosophic , 


[Minna  von  Barnhelm,   Emilia) 
[     Galotti,  Nathan  the  Wise j 

Oberon. 

Voices  of  the  People. 

Leonore,  etc 


Werther,  GOtz  von  Berlichingen, 
Elective  AflQnities,  Wilhelm 
Meister,  etc 

Critical 


Thirty  Years'  War. 


Faust,  Iphigenia,Tasso,  Egmont, ) 
Lyrics,  etc J 

Poems — Louise;  translates  Iliad. 

The  Robbers, Wallenstein,  Maria ) 
Stuart,  The  Maid  of  Orleans,  [ 
William  Tell,  etc ) 

Lyric— Song  of  the  Bell. 

Dramas. 


Philosophic.     Philosophy 

Rinaldo  Rinaldini 

(The  Year  of  Wild  Oats,  Titan,  etc. 
f  Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces. . 
( The  Campaner  Thai 

Philologic  and  critical. 

Dramatic  Art  and  Literature.  . . . 


Philosophy 

Scientific,  travels — Cosmos. . 


Poems. 


Philosophic.     Philosophy 

^History  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
I    Literature ; 

Fiction  (mystical) 

Novels 


Poems. 
Poems. , 


Philosophic.     Philosophy 

Historical— History  of  Rome. . 
( Historical— Univ.  History,  History 
\     of  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
(Imaginary   Tales,  The   Golden^ 
•<     Pot,   Devil's    Enchantments,  | 
(    Midnight  Stories,  etc ) 

Novels , 

Undine,  Sintram,  etc , 

(Geography  (the  greatest  geogra- ) 
(    pher  of  modern  times) j 

Swiss  Family  Robinson , 

Historical 

Philologic 

Philologic 


Poems. 


( Philosophic— The  World  as  Will) 
(     and  Idea,  etc.    Philosophy.  .  j 


Poems,  lyrics,  and  ballads. . 
Lyrics. 


About  360  A. 
( Early  9th  c« 
I     tury.  , 

9th  century.  ^ 
12th  century] 
1175-90  (?)  J 
12th  century] 


1336-98 


1494 
1522-34 


1570-80 


1612-24  et 

1624 
j  1st  compl.  I 
\     1666-67 
( Most    brillU 
I     Ger.  poet] 
(     17th  cent! 
]lst    ed., 
\    compL.n 

1681 


(Complete* 
\    1769-74. 

1748 

1785 

(1781 
\     Col.  ed. 
(     1838. 
1754  et  se<y  j 


1778-89 
1774  et  g 


( 1st  coL  ed.j 
\     1812-1 


1790-18001 

1799 

1802-5 

1796 

1797 

[  1st  col.  ( 
!  1846. 
I  Col.  worl 

1     If 
1845-68 

Col.  works" 

1832. 
1815  et  seq. 


1794 
;  1st  col.  wo 
I  1856-6L 
'  1812  et  seq. 


( Selected  ed. 
\     1827-28. 

1814-15 

1817  et  seq. 

1813 
1840-75 
1811  et  seq. 

(Collected  ed 

\    1826-69. 

(1836 

}     CompL  eo. 

(     1874. 


LIT 


447 


GERMAN  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS.— (Continued.) 


LIT 


Time. 


G.  W.  F.  Freytag 

Johann  A.  W.  Neander. . 

Fried  rich  Ruckert 

Karl  Theodor  KOrner. . . 

Wilhelm  Muller 

Leopold  Ranke 

Heinrich  Heine 

Johann  J.  J.  Dollinger.. . 

Johann  P.  Lange 

Justus  baron  von  Liebig. 
G.  G.  Gervinus. 


Heinrich  Laube 

Johann  G.  Droysen 

Benhold  Auerbach. 

Louise  Muhlbach  (Mrs.  Theodor) 

Mundt) i 

Ernst  Curtius 

Edouard  Zelief 

Gustav  Freytag. 

Friedrich  Gerstacker. 

Rudolf  H.  Lotze 

Karl  Vogt 

Theodor  Mommsen 

Ludwig  Hausser 

Albrecht  Schwegler 


1788-1861 
1789-1850 
1789-1866 
1791-1813 
1794-1827 
1795-1886 
1797-1856 
1799-1890 
1802-1884 
1803-73 

1805-71 

1806-1884 
1808-1884 

1812-1882 

1814^73 

1814-86 

1814- 

1816- 

1816-72 

1817-81 

1817- 

1817- 

1818-67 

1819-57 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


Oriental  scholar 

Ecclesiastical  history. 
Oriental  scholar 


Heinrich  Schliemann 1822-92 


1829- 


Friedrich  Spielhagen 

Paul  Johann  L.  Heyse 

Geheimrath  F.  Dahn I  1834- 

Georg  M.  Ebers. I  1837- 

Edouard  Hartmaun !  1842- 

Karl  E.  Franzos '  1848- 


Novels 

Historical. 


Theological,  historical. 

Theological— Commentariea 

Scientific,  chemist. 
(Historical  and  critical — Shake-) 
)     speare,  etc ) 

Novels 

Historical 

<  Village  Tales 

"tOn  the  Heights,  etc 

Novels. 

( Archaeologist ic  and  historical—) 
(    History  of  Greece,  j 

Theologic  and  philosophic 

Novels 

Novels 

Philosophic. 

Scientific. 

Historical— History  of  Rome 

Historical. 

Historical — Rome. 

iArchaeologistic  —  Ilios,    the    City 
and  Country  of  the  Trojans,  My- 
cenae, etc. 
I  Problematical  Characters,  Ham-) 

(     mer  and  Anvil,  etc j 

Novels. 

Historical. 

Orientalistic  and  novels 

Philosoph  ic.     Philosophy 

Novels,  travels 


Poems., 
Poems. 
Poems. 


Poems. 


Poems. 


1830-37 
1826-45 
1816-38 
1812-13 


Poems,  dramas. . 


1849  et  seq. 

1843 
1865 

(Engl.  ed. 

\     1868-74. 
1839  et  seq. 
1845      " 
1844      " 

(Engl.  ed. 
'.    1862-63. 

1861  et  seq. 
1850      " 


1876 


ITALIAN   LITERATURE   AND   AUTHORS. 

an  established  historical  fact  that  there  existed  no  writing  in  Italian  before  the  13tb  century. — JhfycA?. -Wi«i  Brit»nnie;  toI.  xiii.,  p.  499,  9th  ed. 


jAlighieri  Dante 

Francesco  Petrarch. 


Biovanni  Boccaccio. 


Luigi  Pulci 

Ifiocolo  Machiavelli , 


.udovico  Ariosto 

-'rancesco  Guicciardini 

"rancesco  Berni 

leiro  Aretino 

'orquato  Tasso 

al;leo  Galilei 

A.  D.  Metastasio. 

Toldoni 

;  pe  Parini 

noTiraboschi 

.idro  Volta 

jAlfieri 

ncenzo  Monti 

arlo  G.  Bona 


ean  Charles  L.  Sismondi. 

jcolo  Ugo  Foscolo 

iovanni  B.  Niccolini 

'-^'^indro  Manzoni 

Balbo 


mo  Leopardi 

lizoGioberti 

Cantu 

-io  C.  N.  Gallenga.. 

[iolo  E.  Giudici 

pggiero  Bonghi 


1265-1321 
1304-74 

1313-75 

1431-87 

1469-1527 

1474-1533 

148-2-1540 

1490-1536 

1492-1559 

1544-95 

1564-1642 

1698-1782 

1707-95 

17-29-99 

1731-94 

1745-1827 

1749-1803 

1754-1828 

1766-1837 

1773-1842 

1777-1827 
1782-1861 
1784-1873 
1789-1853 

1798-1837 

1801-52 

1804-81 

1810- 

1812-72 

1828- 


Principal  work*. 


Decameron . 


i'xiistorical— Political, The  Prince, 
etc.,  Machiavkllias  Pkinci- 
PLBS 


Historical,  political 


Satirical. 


Scientific 


Historical— Italian  Literature. 

Scientific. 


Historical— Story  of  Italy,  etc 

(Historical- Literature  of  South-) 
(    em  Europe,  etc j 

Miscellaneous 


Novels — I  Promessi  Sposi,  etc. . . 
Historical  and  political 


Polemical 

History — Historical  novels 

Historical 

Historical — Italian  Literature. 
Critical,  etc 


^oetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  < 
published. 


r)iv:aa  Commedia. 
Poems... 


Poems— Morgante  Maggiore. 


( 1st  col.  ed. 
)      168L 
1353 

(At  Venice 
^     1481.    . 

16i3^ 


Orlando  Furioso '  {^^\^^^^  ^^ 

Poems,  burlesque 


(Rinaldo,  Aminta,  Jerusalem  De-1 
I    livered. j 

Musical  dramas 

Dramas,  comedy. 

Poems 


Poems,  dramas. 
Poems. 


Poems. . . 
Drama& 
Dramas. . 


Poems. 


1541 

1573  et  seq. 

1722      " 

1801-4 
1766-82 

1780  et  seq. 

1789-1832 
1807  et  seq. 
1797      " 

1819      " 

1829-43 
( 1st  compl  e 
»     1845. 

1838 

1834  et  seq. 

1840      " 


■^ 


SCANDINAVIAN   pANISH)   LITERATURE   AND   AUTHORS. 


Authors. 

Principal  works. 

First  app«ired  or 

-Vame. 

Time. 

Prose. 

Poetry  and  dramas. 

published. 

..•vLiOwn 

\ci244 

The  Eddas 

filth,  12th  cen- 
\    turies. 

Jririk  Harpestrings 

Medical. 

Art  nf  F'niftii  n.t  Palmar 

iknown 

1397 

-nown 

Danish  ballads        • 

1300-1500 

monk  of  the  monastery) 
^'^rOl?) ^.| 

•kkel.    priest   of  SL    Alban'sl 

-hurch.  Odense i" 

ristian  Pedersen 

(History  of  Denmark. 

1495 

(     (First  Danish  book  printed. ) 
/Rose  Garden  of  Maiden  Mary,) 
\    The  Creation,  Human  Life. . .  J 

1514 



(Karl    Magnus.    Ogier   the   Dane, 
'"fclislates  the  Bible. 

LIT 


448 


LIT 


SCANDINAVIAN  (DANISH)  LITERATURE  AND  AUTHORS.— (Confmued.) 


Principnl  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared 
published. 


A.  G.  Vedel... 
Arlld  Hoitfeld. 


Hieronyraus  Rauch 

Joost  van  den  Vondel 

Anders  Arreboe 

Thomas  Kingo 

Ludwig  Holberg 

C.  B.  TuUiu 

Johan  Herman  Wessel 

Johan  Ewald 

Niels  Treschow 

<3hristian  H.  Pram 

Jens  Immanuel  Baggesen 

Adolph  Scback-Staflfeldt 

Adam  Gotllob  OehlenschlSger. 

:8teen  Steensen  Bilcher 

Christian  Molbech 

■Nikolai  F.  S.  Grundtvig 

Rasmus  C.  Rask 

Rernhard  S.  Ingemann 

Johan  Ludvig  Heiberg 

Niels  M.  Petersen 

Henrik  Hertz 

Hans  Christian  Andersen 

Frederik  P.  Muller 

£Oren  A.  Kierkegaard 


1642-1616 


d.  1607 
1687-1679 
1687-1637 
1634-1703 
1684-1764 
1728-66 
1742-86 
1743-81 
1761-1833 
1766-1821 
1764-1826 
1769-1826 
1779-1850 
1782-1848 
1783-1857 

1783-1872 

1787-1832 

1789-1862 

1791-1«60 

1791-1862 

1798-1870 

1805-75 

1809-76 

1813-55 


Saxon  Grammar 

(Chronicles  of  the  Kingdom  of) 
\    Denmark ) 


Collects  the  Danish  ballads  . 


Historical. 


First  original  Danish  dramas. 

Poems. 

Father  of  Danish  poetry. 

Poems. 

Poems,  dramas  (comedy) 

Poems. 
Poems. 
Poems 


Philosophic. 
Tales 


Poems— Staerkodder,  etc 

Poems,  comic  and  otherwise 

Lyric  poems. 

Poems,  dramas — Harkon  Jarl,  etc. 

Poems. 


Historical,  critical,  etc. 


Poems. 


Linguistical. 
Novels 


Historical,  etc. 

Fairy  Tales,  Only  a  Player,  etc. 

Philosophic 


Poems 

Dramas,  poems. 


Poems,  dramas. . 
Poems,  dramas. 


1591 
1595 


1719  et  seq. 


1766-80 


1824-29 
1786  et  seq. 


1811      " 
Col.  poems, 

1869. 
1811  et  seq. 

1813-45 


SCANDINAVIAN   (SWEDISH)   LITERATURE  AND   AUTHORS. 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


First  appeared  orj 
published. 


*5tx 


Snorri  Sturluson  (b.  Iceland). 

Clas  Arrhenius 

Gustaf  Adlerfeld 

Eric  Benzel 

Emmanuel  Swedenborg 

Olof  Dalin 

Jacob  Henrik  Mork 

Karl  Mickel  Bellman 

Gudmund  G.  Adlerbeth , 

Thomas  Thori  Id 

Anna  Maria  Lengren , 

Frauz  M  ichael  B'ranzen , 

Johan  Olof  Wallin , 

Esaias  Tegner , 


Erik  Gustcf  Geijer  (yi-er) . 

Julia  Christina  Nyberg 

Wilhslm  F.  Palmblad 

Petar  Daniel  A.  Atterbom. 

Karl  Johan  Dahlgren 

Adolf  Iwar  Arwidsson 

Erik  Johan  Stagnelius 

Karl  Jonas  L.  Almquist . . . 

Anders  Fryxell 

Bernhard  von  Beskow 

Karl  August  Nicander 

Fredrika  Bremer 


Gustaf  Henrik  Mellin , 

Karl  Wilhelm  Bottiger 

Henrik  Arnold  Wergeland 

BjOrnstjerne  BjOrnson  (be-yom-\  \ 
son) i  ' 


1178? 

1627-95 

1675-1709 

1675-1748 

1688-1779 

1708-68 

1714-68 

1740-95 

1751-1818 

1754-1808 

1764-1817 

1772-1847 

1779-1839 

1782-1846 

1783-1847 

1785-1865? 

1788-1852 

1790-1855 

1791-1844 

1791-1858 

1793-1828 

1793-1866 

1793- 

1796-1868 

1799-1837 

1801-65 

1803-76 
1807-78 
1808-45 


Historical. 
Historical. 
Moralistic. 
Philosophic.    Philosophy. 

History  of  Sweden 

Novels. 


{Collects  the  Sagas  (The  Heim 
skringla),  and  is  supposed  to 
have  written  the  first  part  of 
the  Snorri-edda. 


Poems. 


Hi'ftorical. 


History. 


Lyrics 

Poems. 
Poems. 
Poems. 
F^oenis. 
Hynins. 

(the  neatest  of  Swedish ) 
i*«<.8) / 


PoeDt*.. 


Novels  and  biography. 
Seers  and  Poets  of  Sweden. 


Pub.  early  Swedish  ballads,  poems. 


Thorn-Rose,  etc. 
Historical. 


Poems 

Poems 

Poems 

Poems  (the  Swedish  "Wordsworth). 
Poems 


Dramas  and  poems. 
Poems. 


\  Novels — The  President's  Daugh- 

[     ter,  The  Neighbors,  etc 

Historical  novels. 


Novels  and  essays. 


Poems. 
Poems. 

Dramas. 


1749-63 
1733  et  seq. 


1760-80 


1820  et  seq. 

1825 
1821 

1818 
1825 
1820 


1829 
1818 


1854 


SPANISH  LITERATURE   AND  AUTHORS. 


•Gonzalo  de  Berceo. 
Unknown 


Cnknown , 


Don  Juan  Manuel 

Juan  Ruiz  de  Hita 

Pedro  Lopez  de  Ayala. 


Vasco  de  Labeira  (?) 


1282-1349 

1300-60 

1332-1407 


1390-1440? 


Principal  works. 


Poetry  and  dramas. 


Religious  poems. 

Early  ballads 

'  Poems  of  the  Cid. 

[It  was  in  the  reign  of  Sancho 
the  Great  that  D.  Rodrigo  Lay 
nez  was  born  (1026  ?),  to  whom 
the  Spaniards  gave  the  abbrevi 
ated  title  of  Ruy  Diaz,  while  the 
Moors  called  him  es  sayd  or  ' '  my 
lord,"  whence  the  name  Cid  had 
its  origin. — Sismandi,  "Litera- 
ture of  Europe,  "vol.  ii.  p.  96.] 
Poems. 
Poems. 
f  Amadis  de  Gaula. 
i         [Original  now  lost.    Supposed 
;      inithor  a  Portuguese  attached  to 
liie  court  of  John  I.  of  Portugal. 
f'ir?t  printed  in  Spanish,  1519. 
—Ticknor,"  Rist.  of  Spanish  Lit- 
erature," vol.  i.  p.  221.]  I 


publi 


1200 


LIT  449 

SPANISH   LITERATURE  AND   AUTEORS.— (Continued.) 


LIT 


Authors. 
Name. 

odrigo  Yanez 

.  Ifiigo  Lopez  de  Mendoza,  mar-> 

quis  of  Santillana j 

nan  de  Mena 

nan  de  la  Euzina 

as  Casas 

il  Vicente  (rortuguese) 

Lian  Boscan 

bristobal  de  Castillejo 

arcilasso  de  la  Vega 

iego  de  Mendoza 

)rge  de  Montemayor  (Portuguese), 

uiz  de  Camoens  (Portuguese) 

lonzo  de  Ercilla  y  Zunega 

ernando  Herrera 

aan  de  Mariana 


iguel  de  Cervantes  Saavedra. 


icente  Espinel 

uis  de  Gongora  y  Argote 

ope  de  Vega 

uillen  de  Castro 

iego  Arduarte 

rancesco  Gomez  de  Quevedo  y ) 

Villegas j 

abriel  Tellez  (Tirso  de  Molina,  ) 

,  Ecclesiastic) ) 

l^dro  Calderon  de  la  Barca 

ieronimo  de  Contreras 

lan  Ruiz  de  Alarfon  y  Mendo-) 

za  (b.  Mexico) ) 

itevan  Manuel  de  Villegas 

'itonio  de  Solis 

Ugustin  Moreto  y  Cabana 

I'VJov  y  Montenegro 

pn  Ignacio  Luzan 

I  an  de  Yriarte 

[imas  Jos6  Gonzalas  Carvahal . . . 


ro  F.  Moratin. 


;  an  Bautista  Arriaza , 

lUuiel  Breton  de  los  Herreros. . , 
celia  BOhl  von  Faber  (Fernan) 

[Caballero) / 

•m  Patricio  de  la  Escosura 

tn  Jose  de  Espronceda 

>n  Mariano  Larra 

s6  Zorilla  y  Moral 

itonio  Canovas  del  Castille 

ifiez  de  Arce ' 


1398-1458 

1411-56 

1468-1534 

1474-1566 

1485-1557 

1493-1543 

1494-1556 

1503-36 

1503-75 

1520-62 

1524-79 

1533-95 

1534-97 

1536-1623 


1547-1616 


1551-1634 

1561-1627 

1562-1635 

1569-1631 
1570-1637 

1580-1647 
1585-1648 

1600-81 
1600  ?-48 


1610-86 


1676-1764 

1702-54 
1750-98 
1753-1834 

1760-1828 

1770-1837 
1796-1873 

1797-1877 

1807-78 

1808-42 

1809-37 

1818- 

1830- 

1834?- 


Principal  works. 


Historical. 

Historical 

Novels. 

Historical. 

Don  Quixote,  etc 

Esquire     Marcos     of    Olregon) 
(Spanish  Gil  Bias) ) 

Historical. 

Historical 

Essays  and  criticisms  (the  Span 
ish  Addison). 

Proverbs. 

Novels. 

Novels 

Novels. 
Historical. 


Poetry  and  drHiiias. 


Rhymed  Chronicles  of  Alfonso  XI. 

Sonnets. 

Poems. 
Poems. 

Dramas. 

Poems 

Poems. 
Poems. 
Poems 

LusiAD,  epic. 

La  Arancana 

Lyric  poems 

'  [To  Don  Quixote,  Cervantes  owes 
his  immortality.  No  work  of 
any  language  ever  exhibited 
a  more  exquisite  or  a  more 
sprightly  satire  or  a  happier 
vein  of  invention  worked  with 
more  striking  success. — Sis- 
^     wiondi,"  Literature  of  Europe."] 

Poems 

Poems. 

(Dramas.— Founder  of  the  Span- 
(     ish  theatre. 

Dramas 

Dramas  and  poems. 

Dramas. 

The  greatest  of  Spanish  dramatists. 
Poems. 


Lyrics. 
Dramas 
Dramas 


Poems. 

Poems. 

Dramas  and  poems  (the  Spanish  1 

Molidre) J 

Poems. 


Poems  and  dramas . 
Poems 


(Dramas    and    poems    (celebrated 
(     and  popular). 

/Poems,   dramas    (the    Spanish") 
(    Tennyson) / 


First  appeared  or 
published. 


1543 

1520  et 1 


1569 

1582 


1621 


( 1st  col. 
1     1685. 


1684  et  se<j. 
1654 


1790  et  seq. 


1630  et  seq. 
1 1st  col.  ed. 
\     1840. 


.literature,  Forgeries  of. 

,orks  of  Berosus,  Mantheo,  etc.— By  Annius  of  Viterbo  (b.  1432; 
|1.  1502),  contained  in  his  "  Antiquitatem  Variorum  Volumina 
ISVII.  cum  Commentariis." 

inala  of  Tacitus.— By  Bracciolini  (Poggio)  (1381-1459).  An  at- 
jempt  has  been  made  to  prove  that  B.  forged  them,  but  without 
imccess.  "There  cannot  be  much  doubt  that  the  'Annals'  are 
!;enuine."— ^nc2/d.  Brit.  9th  ed.  article  "Tacitus." 

istle  of  Barnabas.— Th\s  epistle  is  unanimously  ascribed  to 
iiarnabas,  the  companion  of  St.  Paul,  by  early  Church  writers. 

'The  internal  evidence  is  conclusive  against  its  genuineness."— 
i^ncycl.  Brit.  9th  ed.  vol.  ii.  p.  197.  Probably  written  about  128 
';>  D.  5  parts  were  extant  only  in  the  Latin  translation  until 
j.ischendorf  discovered  the  entire  Greek  of  the  1st  part  in  "  Codex 
!^inaitic^s." 

liex  Sinaiticus. — Their  genuineness  impugned  by  Simonides 
1863).  He  asserted  it  to  be  a  MS.  made  by  himself  4  years  pre 
iously  at  Mount  Athos.  His  statement  has,  however,  been  proved 
aise.    Manuscript. 

-mentines.  —'Sot  written  by  Clemens  Romanus,  to  whom  they 
jiave  been  ascribed. 

\is«£s  of  St.  Ignatius  (martyred  107  a.  d.).— Not  settled  as  to  the 
juthenticity  of  all  of  them.     Controversy  arose  through  his  de- 
iJnce  and  maintenance  of  the  hierarchical  system  of  the  Church. 
VM  Decretals  (Isadorian  Decretals).— These  decretals,  collection 
ir-9*""'ns,  etc.  (820-36  a.d.),  attributed  to  St.  Isadore  of  Saville 
P70-636).     "Said  to  have  been  forged  for  the  maintenance  of 
apal  supremacy,  and  for  800  years  formed   the  fundamental 
asis  of  the  Canon  law,  the  discipline  of  the  Church,  and  even 
.8  ia.\th.''— Disraeli,  "Curiosities  of  Literature." 
'sties  of  Phalaris  of  Agrigentum  (Sicily,  570  B.C.).— 148  in  num- 
er.    Greek  text  first  printed  in  Venice,  1498.     First  printed  in 
•nglish,  Oxford,  1695.     Edited  by  Charles  Boyle.     Richard  Bent- 
sy  proves  them  forgeries.     Literature. 
15 


Phoenician  5'<one.— Inscription  dated  85th  Olympiad,  believed  gen- 
uine for  some  time. 

Is'iac  Tabte. —Supposed  Egyptian  table,  of  brass,  covered  with  em- 
blems, etc. ;  first  known  in  1527.    Now  in  Turin. 

Early  English  MSS.  of  Rowley,  etc.— The  work  of  Thomas  Chatter- 
ton.     Literature. 

Ossian,  etc.— The  work  of  James  Macpherson,  at  first  believed  gen- 
uine, but  now  no  unbiased  critic  or  scholar  can  be  found  to  assert 
that  the  Ossianic  poems  as  we  have  them  are  genuine.  Mac- 
pherson never  showed  an  original  MS.     liiTERATURE. 

Shakespeare.— One  or  two  plays  by  William  Ireland  (1777-1835). 
Ireland's  Forgeries. 

MS.  Emendations  of  a  Folio  Shakespeare  {2d  edition).— In  the  pos- 
session of  J.  P.  Collier.  Emendations  supposed  to  have  been 
made  about  the  time  of  printing,  proved  forgeries,  but  by  whom 
made  never  made  known.     Shakespeare  and  his  Plays. 

An  Historical  and  Geographical  Description  of  the  Island  of  For- 
mosa :  the  Religion,  Customs,  and  Manners  of  its  People.  By  a 
Native  of  said  Island.— Entirely  made  up  by  George  Psalmanazar 
(1679-1763).  Psalmanazar  claimed  to  be  a  native  of  the  island, 
pretended  to  speak  and  write  the  language,  etc.— all  invented  by 
himself 

Ancient  Classics  of  Various  Times,  both  Greek  and  Latin.— Const&n- 
tine  L.  Philip  Simonides  (1824-67),  one  of  the  ablest  literary  im- 
posters  ever  known,  succeeded  in  selling  several  of  his  MSS.  in 
England,  Germany,  Greece,  and  Egypt.  With  some  valuable  MSS. 
he  introduced  forgeries.     Codex  Sinaitictis,  supra. 

Mormon  Bible.— Written  bv  Solomon  Spaulding  (1812)  as  "The 
Manuscript  Found."  Produced  by  Joseph  Smith  as  the  Mormon 
Bible.     New  York,  Ohio. 

SheUey's  Lexers.- Published  by  Moxon,  1852.  25  in  number,  and 
considered  genuine  for  some  time;  discovered  to  be  forgeries  by 
mere  accident.  The  perpetrator  of  the  fraud  not  positively  dis- 
covered. 


LIT 


450 


LOB 


Amnent  Ballads  of  Scotland.  — By  Robert  Surteo  (1779-1834).  Im- 
posed ou  sir  Walter  Scott  and  several  others. 

Squire's  iett^rs.— Sent  to  Thomas  Carlyle  (1847)  fVom  an  unknown 
source,  correspondence  pertaining  to  the  time  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, and  purporting  to  have  been  written  by  Samuel  Squire. 

Various  Ancinit  Works,  Modem  Letters  of  Important  Personages, 
etc.  —  Ofll'red  for  sale  by  M.  Chasles,  member  of  the  French 
Acjidemy— all  forgeries. 

lithium, .a  metal,  the  lightest  substance  in  nature  except 
gases  (specific  gravity  0.59),  is  obtained  from  the  alkali  lithia  ; 
discovered  by  M.  Arfwedson,  a  Swede,  in  1817.     Elements. 

litlioft*aeteiir  or  stonc-brealier,  an  explo- 
sive material,  a  modification  of  dynamite  (composed  chiefly 
of  gun-cotton,  nitroglycerine,  and  constituents  of  gunpowder), 
invented  by  prof.  Engels  of  Cologne,  and  made  by  Krebs  in 
1869.  It  was  occasionally  used  by  the  Germans  in  the  war 
of  1870-71,  and  was  tried  and  well  reported  of  for  power  and 
safety  at  Nant  Mawy  quarries,  near  Shrewsbury,  Engl.,  9,  10 
May,  1871,  and  again  on  20  Feb.  1872,  before  a  British  gov- 
ernment commission  on  explosives. 

littaogp'rapliy,  drawing  on  stone.  An  invention  as- 
cribed to  Alois  Sennefelder,  about  1796 ;  and  soon  afterwards 
announced  in  Germany  as  polyautography.  It  became  known 
in  England  in  1801,  but  its  general  introduction  is  referred  to 
Mr.  Ackermann  of  London,  about  1817.  Sennefelder  died  in 
1841.  Improvements  have  been  made  by  Engelmann  and 
others.     Printing  in  colors. 

lithot'omy.  The  surgical  operation  of  cutting  for  the 
stone,  it  is  said,  was  performed  by  Ammonius,  about  240  b.c. 
The  "  small  apparatus,"  so  called  because  few  instruments 
were  needed  in  the  operation,  was  used  by  Celsus,  about 
17  A.D.  The  "high  apparatus"  was  used  (on  a  criminal  at 
Paris)  by  Colot,  1475 ;  by  Franco,  on  a  child,  about  1566 ; 
and  in  England,  by  dr.  Douglass,  about  1519.  The  "lateral 
operation,"  invented  by  Franco,  performed  in  Paris  by  Frere 
Jacques,  in  1697,  has  been  greatly  improved.  The  *'  great 
apparatus,"  invented  by  John  de  Romanis,  was  described  bj' 
his  pupil  Marianus  Sanctus,  1524.     Surgery. 

Ilthofrity,  stone-crushing.     The  apparatus  produced 
by  M.  Leroy  d'Etiolles  in  1822  has  since  been  improved. 
Prizes  of  6000  and  10,000  francs  were  awarded  M.  Jean  Civiale  for 

his  method,  1827  and  1829. 

Ijfthlia'nia,  formerly  a  grand-duchy,  northeast  of 
Prussia.  The  natives  (Slavonic)  long  maintained  indepen- 
dence against  Russians  and  Poles.  In  1386  their  grand-duke, 
JagelloH,  became  king  of  Poland,  and  was  baptized.  Lithua- 
nia was  incorporated  with  Poland  1501,  when  another  duke, 
Casimir,  became  king.  The  countries  were  formally  united 
in  1569.  Most  of  Lithuania  now  belongs  to  Russia,  the  re- 
mainder to  Prussia. 

lit'lirgie§   (Gr.  \uTOvpyia,  public   service   at  private 
cost).     The  Greek  and  Roman  church  liturgies  are  ancient, 
having  been  committed  to  writing  about  the  4th  and  5th  cen- 
turies.    The  Roman  church   recognizes  4 :    the  Roman    or 
Georgian,  the  Ambrosian,  the  Galilean,  and  the  Spanish  or 
Mosarabic.     The  Greek  church  has  2  principal  liturgies,  St. 
Chrysostom's  and  St.  Basil's,  and  several  smaller  ones.     Parts 
of  these  are  attributed  to  the  Apostles,  to  St.  Ignatius  (250), 
to  St.  Ambrose  (d.  397),  and  to  St.  Jerome  (d.  420). 
English  liturgy  was  first  composed,  and  was  approved  and  con- 
firmed by  Parliament  in  1547-48.     The  oflQces  for  morning 
and  evening  prayer  then  took  nearly  their  present  form. 
At  the  solicitation  of  Calvin  and  others,  the  liturgy  was  re- 
viewed and  altered 1551 

It  was  first  read  in  Ireland,  in  English,  in  1550;  in  Scotland,  ex- 
citing a  tumult,  in  1637,  and  was  withdrawn 1638 

Liturgy  revised  by  Whitehead,  formerly  chaplain  to  Anne 
Boleyn,  and  by  bishops  Parker,  Grindall,  Cox,  and  Pilkington, 
dean  May,  and  secretary  Smith. 
John  Knox  is  said  to  have  used  a  liturgy  for  several  years. 
Rev.  Robert  Lee  of  Edinburgh,  introduced  a  form  of  prayer 
in  public  worship;  discontinued  it  by  order.  May,  1859;  soon 
after  resumed  it,  and  controversy  ended  at  his  death.  14  Mch.  1868 
Common  prayer.  Book  of. 

Liverpool,  a  borough  of  W.  Lancashire,  is  supposed 
to  be  noticed  in  Domesday-book  under  the  name  Esmedune 
or  Smedune.  In  other  ancient  records  it  is  called  Litherpul 
and  Lyrpul  (probably,  in  the  ancient  dialect,  the  lower  pool, 
though  some  explain  it  as  a  pool  frequented  by  an  aquatic 
fowl,  called  the  "  liver,"  or  from  a  sea-weed  of  that  name ; 


and  others  fn>m  a  family  of  the  name  of  Lever,  whose  autiquit 
is  not  sufficiently  established).  Soon  after  the  Conqnes 
William'granted  the  country  between  the  rivers  Mersey  ani 
Ribble  to  Roger  of  Poitiers,  who,  according  to  Camden,  built' 
a  castle  here  about  1089.  It  afterwards  was  held  by  the  oarls 
of  Chester  and  dukes  of  Lancaster.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentar 
borough  in  1851,  375,995;  1861,  443,938  ;  1871,  493,405;  188| 
552,508  ;  1891,  517,951 ;  decrease  6.3  per  cent. 

Liverpool  made  a  free  borough  by  Henry  III 12 

Made  an  independent  port 133 

Liverpool  "  a  paved  town  "  (Leland). .: 15 

"The  people  of  her  majesty's  decayed  town  of  Liverpool  "  pe- 
tition Elizabeth  for  relief  from  a  subsidy 161 

Town  rated  for  ship-money  in  only  26?.  by  Charles  I Ifi 

Besieged  and  taken  by  i)rince  Rupert 26  June,  164# 

Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  opened 15  Sept.  1889 

[First  grand  work  of  the  kind,  about  31  miles  long.  At  its 
opening  the  duke  of  Wellington  and  other  illustrious  persons 
were  present;  Mr.  Huskisson,  who  alighted  during  a  stoppage 
of  the  engines,  was  knocked  down  by  one  of  them,  which 
went  over  his  thigh  and  caused  his  death,  15  Sept.  1830.] 
Liverpool  and  Birmingham  (Grand  Junction)  railway  opened, 

4  July,  18 
Railway  to  London  (now  the  Northwestern)  opened.. .  .17  Sept.  18 
Steamer  Liverpool,  461  horse-power,  sails  for  New  York,  28  Oct. 

Tunnel  under  Mersey  to  Birkenhead  begun Apr.  18 

Mersey  "tunnel  opened 13  Feb.  18 

Liiviiigiton  Manor,  N.  Y.    Anti-rentism;  Nb 
York,  1686. 

Lilving'Stone,  David.  Africa. 
IjiVO'nia,  a  Russian  province  on  the  Baltic  sea,  fir 
visited  by  Bremen  merchants  about  1158.  After  belongin 
successively  to  Denmark,  Sweden,  Poland,  and  Russia,  it  wi 
ceded  to  Peter  the  Great  in  1721.  Area,  18,158  sq.  milej 
pop.  1889,  1,229,468. 

loadstone.     Magnetism. 
IjOa'no,  a  village   of  Piedmont,  N.  Italy.     Here  tl 
Austrians  and  Sardinians  were  defeated  by  the  French,  und( 
Massena,  23,  24  Nov.  1795. 

loans  for  the  public  service  were  raised  by  Wolsey  in 
1522  and  1525.  In  1559  Elizabeth  borrowed  200,000/.  of  the 
city  of  Antwerp,  to  enable  her  to  reform  the  coin,  and  sir 
Thomas  Gresham  and  the  city  of  London  joined  in  the  secu- 
rity.— Rapin.  The  amounts  of  some  public  loans  of  England 
I  and  France  at  memorable  periods  were : 

!  Seven  Years'  war 1755  to  1763. . . .     52,100,000/. 

i  American  war 1776  "  1784. . . .     75,500,000/. 

i  French  revolutionary  war 1793  "  1802....  168,500,000/. 

I  War  with  Bonaparte 1803  "  1814. . . .  206,300,000/. 

'  Two  loans,  1813 21,000,000Z.  and    22,000,000/. 

■  War  with  Russia 1855  to  1856. . . .     16,000,000/. 

For  deficiency  in  revenue 1856 10,000,000/. 

I  [Last  2  taken  by  the  Rothschilds  alone.] 

I  By  East  India  company 1858....      8.000,000/. 

A  subscription  loan  (18,000, OOOZ.)  for  the  war  with  France  filled  in 
London  in  15  hours  and  20  minutes  (Loyalty  loans),  5  Dec.  1790. 
French  loan,  on  9  July,  1855,  for  war  with  Russia.  French  legislature 
authorized  a  loan  of  750,000,000  francs  (30,000,000Z. ).  On  the  30tli 
the  total  subscribed  in  France  amounted  to  3,652,591,985  francs 
(about  146,103,679^.),  nearly  5  times  the  amount  required;  2,533,- 
888,4.50  francs  were  from  Paris;  from  the  departments,  1,118,703,- 
535  francs.  The  number  of  subscribers  was  316,864,  and  231,920,- 
155  francs  were  in  subscriptions  of  50  francs  and  under.  About 
600,000,000  francs  came  from  foreign  countries.  The  Englisli 
subscription  of  150,000,000  francs  was  returned.  France  raised  a 
loan  of  20,000,OOOZ.  for  the  Italian  war  from  its  own  people  without 
difficulty.  May,  1859. 
Turkish  loan  in  1854  at  l^  per  cent.,  recommended  by  lord  Palm 
erston;  a  loan  of  5,000,000/.,  at  4  per  cent.,  secured  by  England 
and  France,  taken  by  Rothschild,  Aug.  1855,  and  rose  to  a  small 
premium. 
French  loan  for  17,600,000Z.  announced  29  Jan.  1868. 
French  loan  for  2,000,000,000  francs  (80,000,000/.);  nearly  twice 
the  amount  subscribed  in  France,  28  June,  1871;  another  (of 
120,000,000?.  at  63^  per  cent.),  for  payment  of  indemnity  and 
evacuation  of  provinces  held  by  Germans;  announced  26  July, 
1872;  above  twice  the  amount  subscribed.  France. 
Foreign  Loans  committee  appointed  to  inquire  concerning  loans 
to  Honduras,  Costa  Rica,  and  Paraguay,  report  on  the  exaggerated 
statements  respecting  revenues  and  resources  of  the  states  in  pros- 
pectuses, efforts  of  contractors  to  make  fictitious  markets,  pro 
ceedings  on  the  stock-exchange  to  maintain  prestige,  secrecy 
practised;  "  the  best  security  against  the  recurrence  of  such  e\'i  s 
will  be  found,  not  so  much  in  legislative  enactments  as  inenligni 
enment  of  the  public  as  to  their  real  nature  and  origin,  thus  ren- 
dering it  more  difficult  for  unscrupulous  persons  to  carry  out 
schemes  .  .  .  which  have  ended  in  so  much  discredit  and  disas 
ter,"July,,  1875. 

lobby,  a  general   name  for  persons  not  members  of  a 
legislative  body,  who  try  to  influence  its  action  by  appeals  to 


LOG 


members.  "  Lobbying  "  is  practised  in  many  forms,  and  often 
means  no  more  than  legitimate  arguments  addressed  to  repre- 
sentatives or  committees;  but  in  common  use  the  word  often 
suggests  improper  influences  or  even  bribery.  Professional 
lobbyists  are  in  general  disrepute.  An  attempt  has  recently 
been  made  in  Massachusetts  to  remedy  some  of  the  evils  of 
lobbying  by  the  recognition  of  legislative  counsel,  and  the 
regulation  of  their  business  by  law. 

local  option,  the  relegation  of  the  control  of  traffic 
in  intoxicating  drinks  to  the  popular  vote  of  each  county  or 
municipality.  This  principle  has  been  tried  in  New  York 
and  several  other  states  with  varying  success. 

LiOClllev'en  ca§tle,  Kinross,  Scotland,  built  on  an 
isle  in  loch  Leven,  it  is  said  by  the  Picts,  was  the  royal  resi- 
dence of  Alexander  III.  and  his  queen  till  taken  to  Stirling. 
It  was  besieged  by  the  English  iu  1301,  and  in  1334.  Patrick 
(Jraham,  first  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  imprisoned  for  at- 
tempting to  reform  the  church,  died  here  about  1478.  The 
earl  of  Northumberland  was  confined  in  it,  1569  ;  queen  Mary 
in  1567,  and  she  escaped  from  it  Sunday,  2  May,  1568. 

l0Ck§,  early  used  by  the  Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans, 
and  the  Chinese.  Denon  has  engraved  an  Egyptian  lock  of 
wood.  Du  Cange  mentions  locks  and  padlocks  as  early  as  1381. 
Barron's  locks  (on  the  many-tumbler  principle)  were  patented  in 
'    1778;  Bramah's  in  1788;  and  Chubb's  "  detector  "  locks  in  1818. 

LiOCO-fOCO,  a  transient  local  (New  York)  term  applied 
'to  the  Democratic  party.  Originated  in  New  York  city,  Oct. 
}1835,  on  account  of  the  use  of  matches  (loco-foco)  by  one  of 
,the  Democratic  factions  (Anti-monopolists)  to  relight  the 
jlights  extinguished  at  an  evening  meeting  by  the  other  fac- 
{tion  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  up  the  meeting.  At  once 
■the  Whig  newspapers  dubbed  the  Anti  -  monopolists,  Loco- 
Ifocos,  and  it  soon  became  one  of  the  names  applied  to  the 
;Democracy  generally  by  the  New  York  Whigs.  Lucifer 
IMatchp:s. 

!  locoinotive§.  Nkw  Yokk,  1830;  Pennsylvania, 
;1829;  United  States,  1829-31. 

'  JLocri,  a  people  of  N.  Greece,  resisted  Philip  of  Macedon, 
jwere  aided  by  Athenians  and  Thebans,  and  defeated  by  him 
'at  Chaeronea,  7  Aug.  338  b.c. 

1  l0CUSt§,  one  of  the  plagues  of  Egypt,  1491  b.c.  (Exod. 
ix.).  Owing  to  the  putrefaction  of  swarms  in  Egypt  and 
Libya,  800,000  persons  are  said  to  have  perished,  128  b.c. 
iPalestine  was  infested  with  swarms  that  darkened  the  air ; 
imd,  after  devouring  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  died,  and  their 
itench  caused  a  pestilential  fever,  406  a.d.  A  similar  catas- 
trophe occurred  in  France  in  873.  A  swarm  of  locusts  settled 
upon  the  ground  about  London,  and  consumed  the  vegetables; 
l^reat  numbers  fell  in  the  streets;  they  resembled  grasshoppers, 
[mt  were  3  times  the  size,  and  their  colors  more  variegated,  4 
iA-ug.  1748.  They  infested  Germany  in  1749,  Poland  in  1750, 
'md  Warsaw  in  June,  1816.  They  are  said  to  have  been  seen 
in  London  in  1857.  Russia  was  infested  by  them  in  July, 
|1860;  Algeria,  severely,  in  1866  and  in  1874;  Sardinia,  in 
11868 ;  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Minnesota,  1873-74.  Nebras- 
jiA,  1874-75. 

Lo'di,  a  city  of  N.  Italy.  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  command- 
ng  the  French,  defeated  the  Austrians,  under  Beaulieu,  after 
;i  bloody  fight  at  the  bridge  of  Lodi,  10  May,  1796.  The  re- 
)ublican  flag  floated  in  Milan  a  few  days  after. 
i  log^,  an  apparatus  for  measuring  the  speed  of  a  ship,  con- 
isting  of  a  log-chip,  reel,  and  line,  used  in  navigation  about 
570;  first  mentioned  by  Bourne  in  1577.  The  line  was  di- 
>ided  by  knots  into  lengths  of  50  feet,  and  the  ship's  speed 
;vas  measured  by  a  sand-glass,  which  bore  the  same  propor- 
■ion  to  an  hour  that  50  feet  bears  to  a  nautical  mile.  It  has 
)een  superseded  by  a  patent  log,  which  has  come  into  general 
ise  within  the  last  20  years.  The  record  of  the  speed  of  a 
;  hip,  its  location  (latitude  and  longitude),  etc.,  is  termed  the 
og-book. 

log'aritlinis,  the  indexes  of  the  power  of  an  assumed 
•ase,  tabulated  to  facilitate  arithmetical  operations,  were  in- 
•ented  by  baron  Napier  of  Merchiston,  who  published  his 
vork  in  1614.  The  device  was  improved  by  Henry  Briggs 
t  Oxford,  who  published  tables,  1616-18.    A  method  of  com- 


451  LOM 

putation  by  marked  pieces  of  ivory  discovered  about  the  same 
time ;  they  are  called  "  Napier's  bones." 

log-cabin.  The  political  canvas  for  president  in  1840 
is  known  as  the  log-cabin  campaign.  Gen.  Wm.  Henry  Har- 
rison, the  Whig  candidate,  was  represented  as  a  plain  farmer, 
who  in  early  life  had  lived  in  a  log-cabin  in  Ohio;  and  such 
cabins,  in  every  form,  were  adopted  as  the  party  symbol. 

log^ic,  "  the  science  of  reasoning."     Eminent  works  on 
it  are  by  Aristotle,  Descartes;    Bacon,  "Novum  Organon;" 
Locke,  "  On  the  Understanding ;"  and  modern  treatises  by 
abp.  Whately,  sir  William  Hamilton,  and  John  Stuart  Mill. 
Earl  Stanhope's  Demonstrator,  or  Logical  Machine,  invented  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  18th  century,  was  described  by  rev.  Robert  Har- 
ley  to  the  British  Association,  19  Aug.  1878. 
In  his  "Principles  of  Science,"  1874,  William  Stanley  Jevons  de- 
scribes his  "Logical  Abecediirium  "  and  "Logical  Slate." 
G.  Boole  on  "  Laws  of  Thought,"  1852. 
J.  Venn's  "Symbolic  Logic,"  July,  1881.   Metaphysics,  Philosophy. 

lOg'Og^rapll,  apparatus  invented  by  W.  H.  Barlow, 
about  1874,  to  record  graphically  the  vibratory  motions  of 
air-waves  of  speech. 

lOg^'Ograpil'lC  printings,  in  which  each  common 
word  was  cast  in  one  piece,  was  patented  by  Henry  Johnson 
and  Mr.  Walter  of  the  London  Times  in  1783.  Anderson's 
"  Historv  of  Commerce,"  vol.  iv.,  was  printed  by  these  types 
in  1789.' 

log^-rolling',  a  common  term  in  the  United  States  for 
legislative  combinations.  The  early  settlers  helped  one  an- 
other in  clearing  their  land,  by  combining  to  roll  the  logs 
away.  When  the  supporters  of  2  or  more  measures,  in  a  leg- 
islature or  in  congress,  joined  forces,  and  each  set  supported 
the  measure  of  the  other  in  exchange  for  similar  aid,  the 
union  was  called  log-rolling.  It  is  to  prevent  this  that  the 
constitutions  of  many  states  forbid  any  enactment  which  con- 
tains more  than  a  single  measure. 

loi  de§  §USpect§  (loa  des  sus-pekts'),  enacted  by  the 
French  convention,  17  Sept.  1793,  during  the  Reign  of  Ter- 
ror, filled  the  prisons  of  Paris.  The  Public  Safety  bill,  of  a 
similar  character,  was  passed  18  Feb.  1858,  after  Orsini's  at- 
tempt on  the  life  of  Napoleon  III. 

LoUardS  (by  some  derived  from  the  German  lollen,  to 
sing  in  a  low  tone),  the  name  given  to  the  first  reformers  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  religion  in  England,  followers  of  Wycliffe. 
The  sect  is  also  said  to  have  been  founded  in  1315  by  Walter 
Lollard,  who  was  burned  for  heresy  at  Cologne  in  1322.  The 
Lollards  are  said  to  have  devoted  themselves  to  acts  of  mercy. 
The  first  Lollard  martyr  in  England  was  William  Sawtree, 
parish  priest  of  St.  Osith,  London,  12  Feb.  1401,  when  the- 
Lollards  were  proscribed  by  Parliament,  and  numbers  burned 
alive.  Sir  John  Cobham,  lord  Oldcastle,  a  follower  of  Wycliffe, 
was  accused  of  treason  and  condemned,  Sept.  1413.  He  es- 
caped to  Wales,  was  captured,  brought  to  London,  and  burned, 
25  Dec.  1418.  Lollards'  Tower,  part  of  the  bishop's  prison, 
was  near  St.  Paul's,  not  Lambeth  palace. — D?:  Maitlund. 

LiOm'bard  merchanti,  in  England,  were  under- 
stood to  be  natives  of  the  4  republics  :  Genoa,  Lucca,  Florence, 
or  "Venice. — AMderson.  Lombard  usurers  were  sent  to  Eng- 
land by  pope  Gregory  IX.  to  lend  money  to  convents,  commu- 
nities, and  persons  who  were  not  able  to  pay  down  the  tenths 
collected  throughout  the  kingdom  with  great  rigor  that  j'ear, 
13  Hen.  III.  1299.  They  had  offices  in  the  street  named  after 
them  to  this  day.  Their  usurious  transactions  caused  their 
expulsion  from  the  kingdom  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Lom'bardy,  a  province  of  N.  Italy,  derived  its  name 
from  the  Langobardi,  a  German  tribe  from  Brandenburg,  said 
(doubtfully)  to  have  been  invited  into  Italy  by  Justinian  to 
serve  against  the  Goths.  Their  chief,  Alboin,  established  a 
kingdom  which  lasted  from  568  to  774.  The  last  king,  Desi- 
derius,  was  dethroned  by  Charlemagne.  (For  Lombard  kings, 
Italy.)  About  the  end  of  the  9th  century  the  chief  towns  of 
Lombardy  fortified  themselves,  and  became  republics.  The  first 
Lombard  league,  consisting  of  Milan,  Venice,  Pavia,  Modena, 
etc.,  was  formed  to  restrain  the  German  emperors,  in  1167.  On 
29  May,  1176,  they  defeated  Frederick  Barbarossa  at  Legnano, 
and  compelled  him  to  sign  the  peace  of  Constance  in  1183. 
In  1226  another  league  was  formed  against  Frederick   II., 


LON 


452 


LON 


which  was  also  successful.  After  this  petty  tyrants  rose  in 
most  of  the  cities,  and  foreign  influence  followed.  The  Guelph 
and  Ghibelline  factions  distracted  Lombardy,  and  from  the 
15th  century  it  was  contended  for  by  German  and  French 
sovereigns.  Austria  obtained  it  in  1748,  and  held  it  till  1797, 
when  it  was  cotuiuered  by  the  French,  who  incorporated  it 
with  the  Cisalpine  republic,  and  in  1805  with  the  kingdom  of 
Italy.  When  the  French  empire  fell,  in  1815,  the  Lombardo- 
Venetian  kingdom  was  established  by  the  allied  sovereigns 
and  given  to  Austria,  who  had  lost  her  Flemish  possessions. 
Lombardy  and  Venice  revolted,  and  joined  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia in  Mch.  1848 ;  but  did  not  support  him  well,  and  were 
again  subjected  to  Austria  after  his  defeat  at  Novara,  23  Mch. 
1849.  An  amnesty  for  political  offences  was  granted  in  1856. 
Great  jealousy  of  Sardinia  was  shown  by  Austria  after  1849. 
In  1857  diplomatic  relations  were  suspended;  and  in  Apr. 
1859  war  broke  out,  the  Austrians  crossing  the  Ticino  and 
entering  Piedmont.  The  French  emperor  declared  war  against 
Austria,  and  sent  troops  into  Italy.  The  Austrians  were  de- 
feated at  Montebello,  20  May;  Palestro,  30, 31  May;  Magenta, 
4  June;  and  Solferino,  24  June.  By  the  peace  of  Villafranca 
(11  July)  most  of  Lombardy  was  ceded  to  Louis  Napoleon, 
who  transferred  it  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  now  forms  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  to  which  Venetia  was  also  surren- 
dered by  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  3  Oct.  1867. 

Lona'tO,  a  town  near  the  city  of  Brescia,  N.  Italy.  Here 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  defeated  Wurmser  and  the  Austrians,  3 
Aug.  1796. 

London,  the  capital  city  of  England,  and  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  British  empire.  The  fables  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  say  that  London  was  founded  by  Brute,  a  descend- 
ant of  the  Trcjjan  ^neas,  and  called  New  Troy,  or  Troy  novant, 
until  the  time  of  Lud,  who  surrounded  it  with  walls,  and  gave 
it  the  name  of  Caer  Lud,  or  Lud's  town,  etc. — Leigh.  Lud 
was  said  to  be  a  British  king,  buried  where  Ludgate  formerly 
stood;  but  all  this  is  fabulous;  the  name  London  is  from  I Ji/n- 
din,  the  "  town  on  the  lake."  Some  assert  that  a  city  existed 
on  the  spot  1107  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  and  354  years 
before  the  foundation  of  Rome;  that  it  was  the  capital  of  the 
Trinobantes,  54  B.C.,  and  long  previously.  In  61  a.d.  it  was 
known  to  the  Romans  as  Lundinium,  or  Colonia  Augusta, 
chief  residence  of  the  merchants.  The  original  walls  of  Lon- 
don said  to  have  been  the  work  of  Theodosius,  Roman  gov- 
ernor of  Britain,  379 ;  but  they  are  supposed  to  have  been 
built  about  306.  There  were  originally  4  principal  gates,  but 
the  number  increased ;  and  among  others  were  the  Praetorian 
way,  Newgate,  Dowgate,  Cripplegate,  Aldgate,  Aldersgate, 
Ludgate,  Bridegate,  Moorgate,  Bishopsgate,  and  the  Postern 
on  Tower  hill.  8  gates  were  removed  in  1760-61,  and  the 
last  of  the  city  boundaries,  Temple  Bar  (rebuilt  1670-72),  was 
removed  early  in  Jan.  1878.  London  became  the  capital  of 
the  Saxon  kingdom  of  Essex,  and  was  called  Lundenceaster. 
In  1860  London  and  the  suburbs  were  estimated  to  cover  121 
sq.  miles  (11  miles  each  way,  being  3  times  as  large  as  in 
1800)  ;  in  1880,  122  sq.  miles.  The  metropolitan  police  dis- 
trict, 1891,  extends  over  a  radius  of  15  miles  from  Charing 
Cross,  exclusive  of  the  city  of  London,  688.31  sq.  miles.  To- 
tal mileage  of  streets  patrolled,  8360.  The  population  of  the 
metropolitan  districts  in  1851  was  2,362,236;  in  1861,  2,808,- 
862;  in  1871,3,264,530;  in  1881  (3  Apr.),  3,814,571 ;  county 
of  London,  1891,  4,231,431;  metropolitan  and  city  police  dis- 
tricts, 1891,  5,633,332.  The  population  of  the  "  city"  iu  1801, 
156,859;  in  1811, 120,909;  in  1821,  125,434;  in  1831,  125,574; 
in  1841, 125,008;  in  1851,  122,440;  in  1861,  112,063;  in  1871, 
74,897;  in  1881,  .50,526;  in  1891,  37,694.  Day  census,  25-30 
Apr.  1881,  260,670 ;  1891,  301,384.  The  London  county  coun- 
cil was  constituted  in  common  with  county  councils  all  over 
England  and  Wales  under  the  Local  Government  act  of  1888. 
It  comprises  a  chairman,  19  aldermen,  and  118  councillors. 
The  term  of  office  for  an  alderman  is  6  years,  but  10  or  9 
retire  every  alternate  3  years.  Councillors  are  elected  for  3 
years  directly  by  the  rate  payers,  and  the  councillors  elect  the 
aldermen.  The  positions  of  the  aldermen  and  councillors  are 
the  same,  except  as  to  the  term  of  office.  The  first  meeting 
of  the  London  county  council  was  held  21  Mch.  1889. 
Boadic6a,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  reduces  London  to  ashes,  and  puts 

70,000  Romans  and  strangers  to  the  sword 61 


She  is  defeated  by  Suetonius,  80,000  Britons  are  massacred,  and 

she  takes  poison 6: 

Bishopric  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Theauus 17| 

liOudou  rebuilt  and  walled  in  by  the  Komans 

Eight  hundred  vessels  said  to  be  employed  in  the  port  of  l.on 

don  for  llio  export  of  corn 351 

St.  Paul's  cliun-h  founded  by  Ethelbert aljoul 

Bishopric  revived  by  St.  Mellitus (K 

London  pillaged  by  Danes KW 

Alfred  repairs  and  strengthens  London 

Easterlings  settle  in  London before    <) 

Tower  built  by  William  1 1U7( 

First  charter  granted  to  the  city  by  the  same  king. 107J 

[It  is  still  preserved  in  the  city  archives.  It  is  written  in 
beautiful  Saxon  characters,  on  a  slip  of  i)archment  (>  inches 
long  and  1  broad,  and  is  in  English  as  follows:  "  William  the 
king  greeteth  William  the  bishop,  and  Godfrey  the  portreve, 
and  all  the  burgesses  within  Loudon,  friendly.  And  I  acquaint 
you  that  I  will  that  ye  be  all  there  law-worthy  as  ye  were  in 
king  Edward's  days.  And  I  will  that  every  child  be  his 
father's  heir,  after  his  father's  days.  And  I  will  not  suffer 
that  any  man  do  you  any  wrong.    God  preserve  you."] 

Charter  granted  by  Henry  1 110 

St.  Bartholomew's  priory  founded  by  Rahere about 

London  bridge  built,  1014 ;  burned 118 

Charter  granted  by  Henry  II IIJ 

Old  London  bridge  begun 117 

Henry  Fitz- Alwyn,  the  first  mayor  (served  24  years) 118 

Massacre  of  Jews 

First  stone  bridge  finished 12C 

Charter  of  king  John;  mayor  and  common  council  to  be  elected 

annually 121 

[Stowe  incorrectly  states  this  charter  to  have  been  given 
in  1209,  but  it  bears  date  19  May  in  the  16th  year  of  John's 
reign,  which  began  in  1199.  It  was  acted  on,  many  mayors 
holding  ofHce  for  several  years  (see  below,  Whittington, 
1409).] 
Modern  times,  alderman  Wood,  1815-16;  sir  John  Key,  1830-31; 
alderman  Cubitt,  1861-62.  The  title  of  lord-mayor  first  be- 
stowed by  Edward  III 135 

Foreign  merchants  invited,  settle  here 1199-122 

Charter  of  Henry  III 

Aldermen  appointed about  124 

Watch  in  London,  38  Hen.  Ill 125 

Privileges  granted  to  Hanse  merchants 12S 

Tax  called  murage,  to  repair  walls  and  ditches about "" 

Water  brought  from  Tyburn  to  West  Cheap 128j^ 

Expulsion  of  Jews  by  Edward  I.  (16,511) 1290 

Livery  companies  incorporated 1327 

Charter  granted  by  Edward  III 1328 

Terrible  pestilence,  50,000  (?)  citizens  perish 134S 

[It  broke  out  in  India,  and  spreading  westward  through 
every  country,  reached  England.  In  London  the  couimon 
cemeteries  were  not  sufflcient,  and  land  without  the  walls 
was  assigned  for  burial.  In  the  present  precincts  of  the 
Charterhouse  upwards  of  50,(J00  bodies  were  deposited.  The 
plague  did  not  disappear  till  1357. — Leigh.] 

London  sends  4  members  to  Parliament 1355 

William  of  Walworth  lord  mayor 1380 

Wat  Tyler's  rebellion  (Tyler) 1381 

Aldermen  elected  for  life 1394 

Great  plague;  30,000  (?)  died 1406 

Whittington  thrice  lord  mavor  (in  reality  4  times. — W/iitaker), 

1397, 1398, 1406, 1409 

Jack  Cade's  rebellion  (Cade's  insurrection) 1450 

First  civic  procession  on  the  water;  sir  John  Norman  lord 

mayor 1^53 

Falconbridge  attempts  the  city 1471 

Printing-press  set  up  by  Caxton " 

Sweating  sickness  rages 1485 

Fleet  ditch  navigable 1502 

St.  Paul's  school  founded  by  dean  Colet 1509 

Fatal  sweat.  Sudor  Anglicus 1517 

Evil  May-day  (so  called  from  the  riot  of  the  populace  in  op- 
position to  foreigners,  especially  to  the  French.  The  leader 
and  15  others  were  hanged, the  others  pardoned  by  king  Henry 

VIII. ) 1  May,     " 

Streets  first  paved  ( Viner^s  Stat. ) 1533 

"Bills  of  mortality  "  ordered  to  be  kept 1538 

■Dissolution  of  religious  houses 1539 

St.  Bartholomew's  monastery  changed  to  a  hospital " 

Forty  taverns  and  public  houses  allowed  in  the  city,  and  3  in 

Westminster,  act  7  Edw.  VI 1553 

Christ's  hospital  founded  by  king  Edward  VI '| 

Russian  Trading  company  established 

Coaches  introduced about  1563 

Royal  Exchange  built  (Exchange) 1566 

New  buildings  in  London  forbidden  "where  no  former  hath 

been  known  to  have  been,"  to  prevent  increase  of  size 1580 

[This  decree  was  dated  Nonesuch,  7  July,  1580,  forbidding 
new  buildings  where  none  had  existed  in  the  memory  of 
man.  The  extension  of  the  metropolis  was  deemed  to  en- 
courage the  plague,  create  trouble  in  governing  multitudes, 
a  dearth  of  victuals,  multiplying  of  beggars,  and  inability  to 
relieve  them ;  an  increase  of  artisans  more  than  could  live 
together;  impoverishing  other  cities  for  lack  of  inhabitants. 
The  decree  asserted  that  lack  of  air,  lack  of  room  to  walk 
and  shoot,  etc. ,  arose  out  of  too  crowded  a  city.  A  procla- 
mation to  the  same  effect  was  also  issued  by  James  l.j 

Levant  company  established •  •  ■!;  q^ 

Thames  water  brought  into  the  city  by  leaden  pipes 15»0-»4 


LON 


453 


LON 


Norden's  map  of  Loudon  pub 1593 

Stow  publishes  his  survey 1598 

Nearly  all  Loudon  yet  built  of  wood lOOO 

East  India  company  incorporated " 

An  ci)idemic,  the  Plague  ;  30,578  persons  said  to  have  died. . .  1603 

Gunpowder  plot 1605 

Thomas  Sutton  founds  Charterhouse  school,  etc 1611 

New  river  water  brought  to  London 1613 

Virginia  company  established 1616 

Principal  streets  paved ■• .     " 

Hackney-coaches  first  plied 1625 

Building  of  the  western  parishes,  St.Giles's,  etc begun  1640 

City  held  for  the  Parliament 1642 

London  fortified 1643 

Jews  allowed  to  return  to  London  by  Cromwell 1650 

Banking  begun  by  Francis  Child about  1660 

Royal  Society  of  London  chartered 1662 

Devastation  of  the  Plague  ;  68,596  persons  said  to  have  died. .  1665 

Oxford,  afterwards  London  Gazette,  pub 7  Nov.     " 

Great  fire  of  Loudon  (Fires) 2-6  Sept.  1666 

Act  for  a  "new  model  of  building"  in  the  city " 

Hudson's  Bay  company  chartered. 1670 

Mo.NUMEXT  erected  by  Wren 1671-77 

St.  Paul's  founded 21  June,  1675 

Oates's  pretended  popish  plot 1678 

London  directory  pub 1679 

Charier  granted  by  Charles  II 1680 

Penny  post  established 1683 

Settlement  of  French  Protestants ; 1685 

Charter  declared  forfeited,  1682;  but  restored 1689 

Bank  of  England  established 1694 

St.  Paul's  opened 2  Dec.  1697 

Sacheverell's  sermon  and  mob  (Riots) 1709 

South  Sea  bubble  begun,  1710;  exploded  (South  Sea  Compaxv),  1720 

Chelsea  water-works  formed 1722 

Bank  of  England  built 1732-34 

j  Glass  lamps  in  the  street between  1694  and  1736 

I  Fleet  ditch  covered,  and  Fleet  market  opened 1737 

j  liOndon  hospital  instituted 1740 

New  Mansion-house  founded,  1739;  completed 1753 

British  museum  established " 

Society  of  Arts  established " 

New  road,  1755-56 ;  City  road  projected about  1760 

Eight  gates  removed 1760-61 

I  Shop  signs  removed 1762 

I  Blackfriars  bridge  opened 19  Nov.  1769 

i  Lord  mayor  (Brass  Crosby)  committed  to  the  Tower  by  the 

1     House  of  Convmons  for  breach  of  privilege 27  Mch.  1771 

iLord  George  Gordon's  No  popery  mob  (Gordon's  riots). .June,  1780 

I  Building  of  Camden  Town  begun 1791 

;  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain  founded 1799 

jLondon  docks  opened 20  Jan.     " 

j  London  Institution  founded 1805 

illuminating  gas  first  e.xhibited  in  Pall  Mall 1807 

; Mint  finished 1811 

iRegent  street  begun 1813 

'City  generally  lighted  with  gas 1814 

i Waterloo  bridge  opened 18  June,  1817 

iSouthwark  bridge  opened 24  Mch.  1819 

(Bank  of  England  completed  by  sir  John  Soane 1821 

ICabs  introduced 1823 

ILondon  Mechanics'  Institution  founded " 

iLondon  university  chartered 11  Feb.  1826 

iNew  post-office  completed 1829 

lOmnibuses  introduced " 

New  metropolitan  police  began 29  Sept.     " 

jNew  London  bridge  opened 1  Aug.  1831 

(Houses  of  Parliament  burned 16  Oct.  1834 

'City  of  London  school  founded " 

[First  railway  in  the  city  (see  below,  Oct.  6, 1864)  opened  to  Bir- 

i   mingham,  17  Sept. ;  to  Greenwich 28  Dec.  1838 

[Penny  postage  begun 10  Jan.  1840 

Railway  to  Southampton  opened 11  May,     " 

'Wood  pavement  tried;  fails 1841 

■London  library  established " 

Railway  to  Bristol  opened 30  June,     " 

;^lackwall  railway  o[)ened 2  Aug.     " 

■iailway  to  Brighton  opened 21  Sept.     " 

jrhames  tunnel  opened 25  Mch.  1843 

r'LKET  PRISON  takcu  down 1845 

Penny  steamboats  begun " 

pwopenny  omnibuses  begun 1846 

"hartisl  demonstration  (Chartists) 10  Apr.  1848 

'oal  exchange  opened 30  Oct.  1849 

lailway  opened  to  Warrington ;  branch  of  Great  Northern,  Aug.  1850 

Jreat  exhibition  opened,  1  May ;  closed 11  Oct.  1851 

)uke  of  Wellington  d.  14  Sept. ;  funeral  at  St.  Paul's..  18  Nov.  1852 

letropolitan  Local  Management  act  passed 14  Aug.  1855 

letropolitan  Board  of  Works,  first  meeting 22  Dec.     " 

{oyal  British  Bank  stops  payment 4  Sept.  1856 

Ictropolis  divided  into  10  postal  districts 1  Jan.  1858 

omplaiuts  of  the  state  of  the  Thames;  act  for  its  purification 

passed 2  Aug.     " 

|lciropolitan  railway  (underground)  begun  spring  of 1860 

jieorge  Peabody.  American  merchant,  gives  150,000/  to  ameli- 

1  orate  condition  of  poor  of  London 12  Mch.  1862 

international  Exhibition  opens 1  May,     " 

'letropolitan  railway  opened 10  Jan.  1863 

,'neumatic  Despatch  company  begins  to  convey  post-office 

,^ags 21  Feb.     " 

liarmg  Cross  railway  opened 11  Jan.  1864 


First  block  of  Peabody's  dwellings  in  Si)italflelds  opened,  29  Feb.  1864 
First  railway-train  enters  the  city  of  London  near  Blackfriars 

bridge 6  Oct.     ' ' 

Black  Friday;  commercial  panic;  failure  of  Overend,  Gurney 

&  Co.  (limited).  10  May  (Black  Friday)  11  May,  1866 

Estimated  population  of  the  "city  "  by  day,  283,520;  by  night, 

about  100,000 .Dec.     " 

Metropolitan  Poor  act  passed 29  Mch.  1867 

Midland  counties  railway  station  opened 1  Oct.  1868 

Meeting  to  relieve  sufferers  by  South  American  earthquake 

(11.000/.  collected) 13  oct.     " 

Peabody  gives  another  100,000/.  for  London  poor 5  Dec.     " 

London   Association   for  Prevention   of  Poverty  and  Crime 

founded 17  Dec.     " 

Tolls  on  commercial  roads,  London,  E.,  ceased 5  Aug.  1871 

National  thanksgiving  for  recovery  of  priuce  of  Wales;  queen 

and  prince  go  to  St.  Paul's 27  Feb.  1872 

Forgery  on  Bank  of  England  of  80,000/.  detected Mch.  1873 

First  Hospital  Sunday 15  June      " 

First  Hospital  Saturday 17  Oct.'  1874 

Freedom  of  city  given  to  chief  justice  Cockburn  (said  to  be  the 

first  case  of  the  kind) 9  Mch.  1876 

Public  meeting  at  Mansion-house  respecting  atrocities  in  BuL 

garia  (Turkey) 18  Sept.     " 

Great  Eastern  street  (Shoreditch  to  Old  street)  opened.  .12  Oct.     " 

Temple  Bar  removed 2-14  Jan.  1878 

Great  Eastern  street  completed  and  opened Aug.     " 

Waterloo  bridge  opened  toll-free 5  Oct.     " 

City  and  Guilds   of  London   Institute   for  Advancement  of 

Technical  Education  organized 11  Nov.     " 

City  Church  and  Churchyard  Protection  Society  formed..  Feb.  1879 
New  street,  Shoreditch  to  Bethnal  green  opened  (it  completes 

direct  road  from  Oxford  street  to  Old  ford) '.29  Mch.     " 

Temple  Bar  memorial  uncovered  (Temple) 8  Nov.  1880 

City  of  London  college,  near  Moorgate  street;  foundation  laid, 

31  Mch.  1882 
Attention  to  dwellings  of  "Outcast  London  "  called  by  G.  R. 

Sims's  "  How  the  Poor  Live,"  etc autumn,  1883 

Meeting  at  Mansion-house  to  raise  50,000/.  to  aid  the  Beau- 
mont legacy  for  an  institution  for  instruction  and  recrea- 

tion  of  people  of  East  end 14  Dec.     " 

Remains  of  Roman  architecture,  etc.,  discovered  by  excava- 
tions in  Bevis  Marks,  E.C Aug.  1884 

Common  council  authorize  low-level  bridge  between  the  Tower 

and  Horsely-down,  with  lifting  sections  for  passage  of  ships, 

cost  about  750,000/ 24  Oct.     " 

Tower  Bridge  act  passed 14  Aug.  1885 

Foundation-stone  of  Tower  bridge  laid  by  prince  of  Wales, 

24  June,  1886 

New  City  of  London  court  opened  by  the  lord  mayor 6  Dec.  1888 

Ball  at  the  Mansion-house  to  celebiate  the  700th  anniversary 

of  the  mayoralty 29  Oct.  1889 

Freedom  of  the  city  given  to  Henry  M.  Stanley .13  May,  1890 

Excavations  for  the  post  office;  discoveries  of  Roman  remains, 

the  town  ditch,  etc Sept.     *' 

City  and  South  London  Electric  railway  opened  by  prince  of 

Wales 4  Nov.     " 

Corporation  medal  commemorating  foundation  of  mayoralty 

in  1189  finished  by  Messrs.  Kirkwood  of  Edinburgh Nov.     " 

Serious   difficulty  of   Messrs.  Baring   (liabilities   21,000,000/.) 

promptly  assisted  by   Bank  of  England  and  by  Bank  of 

France;  panic  averted 8-15  Nov.     " 

Telephone  system,  London  and  Paris,  inaugurated 18  .Mch.  1891 

Stuart  Knill,  Roman  Catholic,  elected  lord  mayor  of  London, 

29  Sept.  1892 

LoiKlon,  Bishopric  of,  is  said  to  have  been  founded  in 
the  reign  of  Lucius,  about  179,  Theanus  first  archbishop. 
Augustin  made  Canterbury  the  metropolitan  see  of  England. 
Mellitus  was  bishop  in  604.  The  see  has  given  to  the  church 
of  Rome  5  saints,  and  to  the  British  realm  16  lord  chancellors 
and  lord  treasurers. 

London  bridge.  One  is  said  to  have  existed  978. 
A  bridge  built  of  wood,  1014,  was  partly  burned  in  1136.  The 
late  old  bridge  was  commenced  about  1176  by  Peter  of  Cole- 
church,  and  completed  in  1209,  with  houses  on  each  side, 
connected  together  by  arches  of  timber  which  crossed  the 
street.  At  its  gate-houses  were  exhibited  the  heads  of  trai- 
tors, etc.,  notably  the  head  of  sir  William  Wallace,  1305; 
Simon  Frisel,  1306;  4  traitor  knights,  1397;  lord  Bardolf, 
1408;  BolingbrokCj  1440;  Jack  Cade,  1451 ;  Fisher,  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1535  ;  sir  Thomas  More,  1535,  and  many  others. 
Fire  at  the  South wark  end  brought  crowds  on  the  bridge; 
houses  at  the  north  end  caught  fire  and  prevented  escape, 

and  3000  persons  were  killed,  burned,  or  drowned July,  1212 

Bridge  restored  in  1300,  again  destroyed  by  flre  in  1471;  13 

Feb.  1632,  and Sept.  1725 

All  houses  pulled  down 1766 

Water- works  begun,  1582 ;  destroyed  by  flre 1774 

Toll  discontinued 27  Mch.  1782 

In  1822  the  corporation  advertised  for  designs  for  a  new 
bridge;  that  by  John  Rennie  was  approved,  and  the  work 
executed  by  his  sons  John  and  George.  The  first  pile  was 
driven  200  feet  west  of  the  old  bridge,  15  Mch.  1824;  first 

stone  laid  by  lord  mayor,  alderman  Garratt 15  June,  1825 

Bridge  opened  by  William  IV.  and  his  queen 1  Aug.  1831 


LON  464 

London  company.     Virginia,  160G,  1609, 1612. 

London  stone.  A  stone  said  to  have  been  placed 
by  the  Romans  in  Cannon  street,  then  the  centre  of  the  city, 
16  B.O.  London  stone  was  known  before  William  I.  It  was 
removed  from  the  opjwsite  side  of  the  way  in  1742,  and  again 
to  its  present  position  in  the  wall  of  St.  Swithin's  church, 
1798.  Against  this  stone  Jack  Cade  struck  his  sword,  ex- 
claiming, "  Now  is  Mortimer  lord  of  this  city !"  1450. 

Londonderry  or  Derry,  N.  Ireland,  mentioned 
546.  An  abbey  here  was  burned  by  the  Danes  in  783.  A 
charter  was  granted  to  the  London  companies  in  1615.  The 
town  was  surprised,  and  sir  George  Powlett,  the  governor,  and 
the  entire  garrison  were  put  to  the  sword  by  rebels,  in  1606. 
It  was  besieged  by  O'Neill  in  1641.  A  grant  was  made  of 
Derry,  with  210,000  acres  of  land,  to  various  companies  in 
London,  in  1619,  when  it  took  its  present  name.  The  siege 
of  Derry  by  James  II.'s  army  commenced  20  Apr.  1689.  The 
garrison  and  inhabitants  were  driven  to  the  extremity  of  fam- 
ine; but,  under  rev.  George  Walker,  they  defended  it  until  the 
siege  was  raised  by  gen.  Kirke,  on  30  July.  James's  army, 
under  the  French  general  Kosen,  retired  with  the  loss  of  about 
9000  men.     Pop.  1891, 32,893. 

Lone  §tar,  a  secret  society  formed  in  1848,  in  Ala- 
bama and  other  southern  states,  for  the  "  extension  of  the 
institutions,  power,  influence,  and  commerce  of  the  United 
States  over  the  whole  of  the  western  hemisphere,  and  the 
islands  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans."  The  first  acqui- 
sitions to  be  made  by  the  order  were  Cuba  and  the  Sandwich 
islands.     Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle. 

Long  House,  a  name  given  to  the  confederate  Five 
Nations  extending  from  Albany,  N.  Y.,  to  lake  Erie.  The 
Mohawks,  the  most  eastern  tribe,  were  called  the  "  eastern 
door,"  and  the  Senecas,  the  most  western,  the  "  western  door." 
The  Great  Council  House  (the  Long  House  proper)  and  fire 
was  in  the  territory  of  the  Onondagas,  where  the  whole  con- 
federacy would  convene  on  business  of  importance. 

Long  Island,  Battle  of,  27  Aug.  1776,  between  the 
British  troops  under  sir  William  Howe,  and  the  Americans, 
who  suffered  defeat,  after  a  well-fought  action,  losing  500  men 
killed  and  wounded  and  1000  prisoners.  Under  a  fog  Wash- 
ington crossed  the  East  river  before  the  British  could  take 
advantage  of  their  victory.     New  York. 

Long  Parliament  met  3  Nov.  1640;  was  forcibly 
dissolved  by  Cromwell  20  Apr.  1653. 

longevity.  Methuselah  died  aged  969,  3349  b.c.  (Gen. 
V.  27).  Golour  M'Crain,  of  the  isle  of  Jura,  one  of  the  Hebri- 
des, is  mythically  said  to  have  kept  180  Christmases  in  his 
own  house,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I, — Greig.  "  In 
1014  died  Johannes  de  Temporibus,  who  lived  361  years  (!)." 
— Slow.  Thomas  Parr,  a  laboring  man  of  Shropshire,  was 
brought  to  London  by  the  earl  of  Arundel  in  1635,  and  said 
to  be  in  his  153d  year  and  in  perfect  health ;  he  died  15  Nov. 
in  the  same  year.  Henry  Jenkins,  of  Yorkshire,  died  in  1670, 
and  was  buried  in  Bolton  churchyard,  6  Dec,  aged  169  years  (?). 
The  researches  of  sir  G.  Cornewall  Lewis,  prof.  Owen,  Wm.  J. 
Thorns  (in  his  "  Human  Longevity,"  May,  1873),  and  others, 
have  disproved  many  alleged  cases  of  longevity ;  and  few  state- 
ments of  lives  extending  beyond  a  century  can  be  relied  on. 
There  were  no  records  of  baptism  till  the  16th  century. 


Died  ALLEGED    INSTANCES.  Aged 

1656.  James  Bowles,  Killingworth 152 

1691.  Lady  Eccleston,  Ireland. 143 

1759.  James  Sheil,  Irish  yeoman 136 

1766.  Col.  Thomas  Winslow,  Ireland 146 

1772.  Mrs.  Clum,  Lichfield 138 

1774.  William  Beeby,  Dungarvon  (an  ensign  who  served  at  the 

battles  of  the  Bovne  and  A  ughrim) 130 

1780.  Robert  MacBride,  Herries 130 

'•  William  Ellis,  Liverpool 130 

1785.  Cardinal  de  Solis 110 

1797.  Charles  Macklin,  actor,  London 107 

1806.  Mr.  Creeke,  of  Thurlow 125 

"  Catherine  Lopez,  of  Jamaica 134 

1813.  Mrs.  Meighan,  Donoughmore 130 

1814.  Mary  Innes,  isle  of  Skye 127 

1816.  Jane  Lewson,  Coldbath  fields,  Clerkenwell 116 

1840.  Martha  Rorke,  of  Dromore,  county  of  Kildare,  27  Aug 133 

1853.  Mary  Power  (aunt  of  rev.  Lalor  Sheil),  Ursuline  convent, 

Cork,  20  Mch 116 


LON 

1858.  James  Nolan.  Knockardrane,  Carlow ' 

1874.  Anthony  Boresford  (b.  8   Feb.  1772),  d.  at  Alstonflold,  3 
Mch.  (authentic) ., 

1875.  Count  .Jean  Fred.  Waldcck,  painter;  b.  at  Prague,  16  Mch. 
1766;  d.  at  Paris,  29  Apr 

"     Jacob  Wm.  Liining,  at  Morden  college \{ 

1876.  Madame  Hulsenslein,  said  to  have  been  maid  oflwnor  to 
the  empre.ss  Maria  Theresa ij 

"      Elizabeth  Abbott,  Ipswich,  said  to  be l| 

1877.  Pleasance,  widow  of  sir  James  E.  Smith,  botanist  (b.  11 
May,  1773;  d.  3Feb.) ic 

"     Eunice  Bagster,  wife  of  Samuel,  Bible  bookseller,  London, 

22  Aug 1^ 

1878.  Thomas  Budgen,  SpitalHelds,  London,  4  Aug 

1879.  Jane  Hooper,  St.  Pancras,  London id 

"  Rev.  Canon  Beadon,  Stoneham l| 

"  Margaret  Crook,  Durham 

1880.  Sarah  Way,  Bristol 104  and  9  montl] 

"  Johannette  Polack  (b.  at  Genth),  Wiesbaden,  101  and  5  montl 

1881.  Martha  Gardner,  Liverpool,  10  Mch 104  and  5  month 

"  Fanny  Bailey,  Worthing,  6  Apr 103  and  6  month 

1885.  Sir  Moses  Mouteflore  (b.  26  Oct.  1784) 100  and  9  moutl 

EXAMPLES   FURNISHED    BY    DR.  J.  WEBSTER,  F.R.8. 

Died  Buried  at 

1652.  Dr.  W.  Meade,  Ware,  Herts,  Engl 14 

1711.  Mrs.  Scrimshaw,  Rosemary  lane,  London 

1739.  Margaret  Patten,  Christchurch,  Westminster,  London.... 

1741.  John  Rovin,  Temesvar,  Hungary 

1757.  Alexander  M'Cullough,  Aberdeen,  Scotland 

1759.  Donald  Cameron,  Rannach,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland. 

1763.  Mrs.  Taylor,  Piccadilly,  London 

1766.  John  Mount,  Langham,  Dumfries,  Scotland 

"  John  Hill,  Leadhills,  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland 

1771.  Mr.  Whalley,  Rotherhithe,  London 

1775.  Widow  Jones,  Campbell 

1780.  Mr.  Evans,  Spitalflelds,  London 

1784.  Mary  Cameron,  Braemar,  Aberdeen,  Scotland 

1791.  Archbd.  Cameron,  Keith,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland... 

1851.  Jean  Golembeski,  Hotel  des  Invalides,  Paris 

longevity  in  the  United  States.     The  census  repo^ 
show  the  number  of  inhabitants  100  years  of  age  and  over] 

follows  :  Male.  Female. 


1850, pop.  23,191,876 {Ked:;;; i". i:;;; !  S 


Total. 


1860,  pop.  31,443,321. 


(White 385 

j  Colored 799 

(Indians 49 


430 
1048 

1478= 
542 
1141 

37 


.2556 


1870,  pop.  38,558,371. 


1880,  pop.  50,155,783. 


Total 1233  1720=2953; 

Native  white 259  383 

Foreign  born  white. .  135      187 

Colored 885  1652 

Indians 7        14 

Total 1286  2236=3622 

(Native  white 237  355 

\  Foreign  born  white. .     156  207 

(Colored 1016  2045 

Total 1409    2607=4016 

[Note.— The  Census  Bureau  not  being  ready  to  furnish  the  sta- 
tistics on  longevity  for  1890  at  the  time  of  going  to  press,  an  ap- 
proximate estimate  is  given  of  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  100 
years  of  age  and  over  for  1890  as  between  4500  and  4600.] 

Joseph  Crele,  said  to  have  been  born  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  in  1725, 
died  in  Caledonia,  Wis.,  27  Jan.  1866,  the  oldest  man  known  to 
have  lived  in  America.  The  record  of  his  baptism  is  shown  in 
the  French  Catholic  church  at  Detroit.  He  married  his  first  wife 
in  1756,  and  was  married  twice  afterwards.  By  his  third  wife  he 
had  a  daughter  born  when  he  was  69  years  of  age. 

RECENT   CASES.  Aged 

Gabriel,  the  famous  mission  Indian,  Salinas,  Cal 151  (?) 

Mrs.  Eva  B.  Hart,  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y 113 

Nancy  Britt  Kennedy,  Augusta,  Me.,  reported 118 

"      Archibald  Andrews,  Hillsboro,  N.C.,  oldest  man   in  the 

state 107 

"      Mary  O'Connor,  Elizabeth,  N.  J lOi 

"      Mrs.  Phoebe  Campbell,  Dexter,  Me 102 

"      Col.  Whitney,  Franklin  Grove,  III.  (one  of  the  oldest  mem- 
bers of  the  Masons  in  the  world) lOf, 

"      Nathan  L.  Fisk,  St.  Croix  Falls,  Wis.  (school-mate  of  pres.      i 

Pierce) 10( 

"      Elizabeth  M.  Proctor,  Salem,  Mass 10< 

1892.  John  Reese,  Bolivar,  Pa.  (the  oldest  iron-worker  in  the 

U.S.)..... iw 

"      Keziah  Randall,  Mattaponsett,  Mass 10." 

"      Mrs.  Sarah  Shepard,  Brazil,  Ind 10' 

longitude  (Lat.  hngitmlino,  from  longus,  long,  distant 
on  the  surface  of  the  earth  measured  east  or  west  from  a  certaii 
meridian).  To  the  ancient  Greeks,  confined  between  the  coI( 
north  and  the  heat  of  the  tropical  south,  the  habitable  earti 
seemed  to  extend  limitlessly  east  and  west.  Hence  they  consid 
ered  the  earth  as  a  plain  extending  in  length  east  and  west,  ani 


Died 
1890. 


1891. 


LON 


455 


LOT 


in  breadth  north  and  south  ;  and  the  conception  remains  to  us  in 
the  terms  longitude  and  latitude.  Longitude  first  determined 
by  Hipparchus,  at  Nice,  who  fixed  the  first  degree  in  the  Ca- 
naries, 162  B.C.  The  lines  of  longitude  are  termed  meridians, 
because  every  point  along  each  of  them  has  its  midday  meridies 
at  the  same  moment.  These  imaginary  lines,  by  crossing  the 
equator  and  passing  through  both  poles,  divide  the  earth  into 
an  eastern  and  a  western  hemisphere,  and  the  distances  be- 
tween them  are  measured  by  degrees,  each  ^\^  part  of  the 
circumference.  A  degree  of  longitude  at  the  equator  is  69 
statute  miles,  and  narrows  at  the  poles  to  0.  Each  degree 
represents  4  minutes  of  time,  so  that  difference  in  longitude  is 
easily  determined  from  difference  in  time.  Globe,  Harki- 
son's  timepiece,  Latitude,  Maps. 

Long^obar'cli.    Lombardy. 

L<OIlg;wood,  in  St.  Helena  (S.  Atlantic  ocean),  the  res- 
idence of  the  emperor  Napoleon  from  10  Dec.  1815,  till  his 
death,  5  May,  1821. 

Lookout  Mountaill,  Battle  of.      Chattanooga 

CAMPAIGN. 

loom,  a  machine  for  weaving  yarn  or  thread  into  fabric, 
,was  used  by  the  early  Egyptians  and  Greeks.  Penelope,  the 
wife  of  Ulysses,  replies  to  her  suitors : 

I  "  Young  i)riuces  who  are  come  to  woo  me  since  Ulysses  is  no  more 
[  .  .  urge  me  not,  I  pray,  to  marriage  till  I  finish  in  the  loom  .  .  . 
\i  funeral  vesture  for  the  hero  chief  LaGrtes. " — Odyssey. 
iFhe  weaver's,  otherwise  called  the  Dutch,  loom  was  brought 
{into  use  in  London  from  Holland,  about  1676.  The  first  pat- 
ient fur  a  power-loom  was  taken  out  in  England  by  the  rev. 
■Edmund  Cartwright,  in  1785.  Later,  Jacquard  of  Lyons, 
•Prance,  Roberts  of  Manchester,  Engl.,  greatly  improved  the 
oom,  while  E.  B.  Bigelow  invented  and  introduced  at  Lowell, 
Mass.,  the  carpet  power-loom ;  and  William  and  George  Crorap- 
lon,  father  and  son,  at  Worcester, Mass.,  invented  and  improved 
i  patented  1837)  the  loom  now  bearing  their  name  for  weaving 
fancy  woollens  (making  the  first  fancy  cassimeres  ever  made 
)y  machinery) ;  and  later  Lj'all  of  New  York  invented  the 
;)ositive-motion  loom,  one  of  the  greatest  inventions  for  weav- 
ing yet  produced. 

!  Lopez  (lo'.pSs)  expeclUion§.  Filibusters. 
:  Lord  (Lady).  When  printed  in  the  English  Bible  in 
Imall  capitals,  Lord  stands  for  Jehovah,  the  self-existing 
;lod,  the  name  first  revealed  to  Moses,  1491  b.c.  (Exod.  vi.  3). 
iVhen  Lord  is  in  ordinary  type,  it  represents  Adonai,  lord  or 
in  aster. 

Lord's  Day  act,  29  Charles  n.  c.  7.     Sabbath. 
\  Lord's  supper,  instituted   by  Jesus  Christ  (Matt. 
i.xvi.  17),  33.     Sacrament,  Transubstantiation. 

t  lords.  The  nobility  of  England  date  their  creation  from 
j066,  when  William  Fitz-Osborn  is  said  to  have  been  made 
larl  of  Hereford  by  William  L ;  and  afterwards  Walter  d'Ev- 
feux,  earl  of  Salisbury ;  Copsi,  earl  of  Northumberland;  Hen-i 
ff  de  Ferrers,  earl  of  Derby ;  and  Gerodus  (a  Fleming),  earl 
f  Chester.  22  other  peers  were  made  in  this  sovereign's 
Jign.  The  first  peer  created  by  patent  was  lord  Beauchamp 
r  Holt  castle,  by  Richard  H.,  in  1387.  In  Scotland,  Gilchrist 
I  as  created  earl  of  Angus  by  Malcolm  HL,  1037.  In  ft-eland, 
|r  John  de  Courcy  was  created  baron  of  Kinsale,  etc.,  in  1181 ; 
he  first  peer  after  that  kingdom  was  acquired  by  Henry  II. 
jeers  of  England  are  free  from  arrests  for  debt,  as  being  the 
ling's  hereditary  counsellors;  therefore  a  peer  cannot  be  out- 
wed  in  a  civil  action,  and  no  attachment  lies  against  his 
Brson ;  but  execution  may  be  taken  upon  his  lands  and 
pods.  For  the  same  reason  he  is  free  from  attendance  at 
)urts  leet  or  sheriffs'  turns;  or,  in  case  of  riot,  from  attend- 
g  the  posse  comitatus.  He  can  act  as  justice  of  the  peace 
any  part  of  the  kingdom.     Baron,  Earl,  etc. 

Lords,  House  of.  The  peers  of  England  were  summoned 
i  consulendum,  to  consult,  in  early  reigns,  and  by  writ,  6  and 

John,  1205 ;  but  the  earliest  writ  extant  is  49  Hen.  IIL 
!65.  The  commons  did  not  form  a  part  of  the  great  council 
I  the  nation  until  some  ages  after  the  Conquest.  Parlia- 
ENT.  The  House  of  Lords  includes  the  spiritual  as  well  as 
jmporal  peers  of  (ireat  Britain.     The  bishops  are  supposed 

hold  ancient  baronies  under  the  king,  in  right  whereof  they 


have  seats  in  this  house.  Some  temporal  lords  sit  by  descent, 
some  by  creation  ;  others  by  election,  since  the  union  with 
Scotland  in  1707,  and  with  Ireland,  1801.  Scotland  elects  16 
representative  peers  for  each  Parliament,  and  Ireland  28  tem- 
poral peers  for  life.  The  number  of  names  on  the  "  roll "  was 
401  in  1830,  457  in  1840,  448  in  1850,  458  in  1860,  503  in 
1877,  and  559  in  1891.  About  two  thirds  of  these  hereditary 
peerages  were  created  in  the  present  century.  The  4  oldest 
existing  peerages  in  the  House  of  Lords,  excluding  royal  and 
ecclesiastical,  date  from  the  13th  century,  5  from  the  14th,  10 
from  the  15th.  There  are  also  6  Peeresses  in  their  own 
right  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  3  Scotch  peeresses,  and  20 
Scotch  and  64  Irish  peers  who  are  not  peers  of  Parliament. 
For  dates  of  dignities  see  Duke,  Earl,  Marquis. 
King,  barons,  and  clergy  enact  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon.  1164 

Obtain  Magna  Charta 1215 

Held  the  government 1264-65 

House  of  Lords  abolished  by  commons 6  Feb.  1649 

"        "  met  again.., 25  Apr.     " 

With  commons  make  William  and  Mary  king  and  queen 1689 

Reject  the  Reform  bill,  7  Oct.  1831 ;  pass  it 4  June,  1832 

Parliament  house  destroyed  by  fire 16  Oct.  1834 

Take  possession  of  new  house 15  Apr.  1847 

Oppose  successfully  creation  of  life  peerages 7  Feb.  1856 

Voting  by  proxy  abolished  by  standing  order 31  Mch.  1868 

New  regulations  respecting  committees 2  Apr.     " 

Six  new  peers  gazetted 17  Apr.     " 

Bankrupt  peers  not  to  sit  or  vote,  decided  10  Feb. ;  settled  by 

act I3  July,  1871 

That  peers  cannot  vote  for  M.P.'s  affirmed  by  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  on  appeal. 15  Nov.  1872 

Two  peers  for  life  may  be  created  by  her  majesty  as  lords  oi 
appeal  in  ordinary,  to  aid  the  House  of  Lords;  as  a  court  of 
ultimate  appeal  (Supreme  Court). 

Lords  Blackburn  and  Gordon  created  peers  for  life 5  Oct.  1876 

Entitled  to  sit  and  vote  in  Parliament  while  appeal  judges; 

first  sitting 21  Nov.     " 

Lord  Rayleigh  (said  to  be)  the  first  peer  elected  a  professor  of 
physics  (at  Cambridge) 12  Dec.  18T9 

LorettO,  a  city  near  Ancona,  Italy.  Here  is  the  Casa 
Santa,  or  Holy  House,  said  to  have  been  the  Virgin  Mary's 
home  at  Nazareth,  carried  by  angels  into  Dalmatia  from  Gali- 
lee in  1291,  and  brought  here  a  few  years  after.  The  Lady 
of  Loretto,  gaudily  dressed,  stands  upon  an  altar  holding  the 
infant  Jesus  in  her  arms,  surrounded  by  gold  lamps.  Loretto 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1797 ;  the  holy  image,  carried 
to  France,  was  brought  back  with  pomp,  5  Jan.  1803. 

L'Orieilt,  a  seaport  town  of  W.  France.  Lord  Bridport, 
off  this  port,  defeated  the  French  fleet,  23  June,  1795.  The 
loss  of  the  French  was  severe;  that  of  the  British  inconsider- 
able.—The  French  flag-ship  L'Orient  blew  up  during  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Nile,  1  Aug.  1798.  Admiral  Brueys  and  about  900 
men  perished.  Mrs.  Hemans  has  commemorated  this  event 
in  her  poem  "  Casablanca." 

Lorraine  (Lat.  Lotharingia),  formerly  'a  French, 
now  partly  a  German,  province,  became  a  kingdom  under 
Lothaire  (son  of  the  emperor  Lothaire  I.)  about  855;  and  was 
divided  at  his  death,  in  869,  part  of  it  being  made  a  duchy. 
From  the  first  hereditary  duke,  Gerard,  nominated  by  the  em- 
peror Henry  III.  in  1048,  descended  the  house  of  Lorraine,  rep- 
resented now  by  the  emperor  of  Austria,  whose  ancestor,  the 
empress  Maria  Theresa,  married  in  1736  Francis,  formerly  duke 
of  Lorraine,  then  of  Tuscany.  Lorraine,  given  to  the  dethroned 
king  of  Poland,  Stanislaus  I.,  for  life,  was  at  his  death,  in  1766, 
united  to  France.  Nancy.  Lorraine  was  the  seat  of  war  in 
Aug.  1870,  and  about  the  5th  part,  including  Metz  and  Thion- 
ville,  was  annexed  to  Germany  at  the  peace,  26  Feb.  1871. 

lots.  Casting  lots,  as  an  appeal  to  God,  was  sacred 
among  the  Jews,  Prov.  xvi.  33.  It  was  employed  in  the  di- 
vision of  the  land  of  Canaan,  about  1444  B.C.,  by  Joshua  (xiv.) ; 
in  casting  Jonah  into  the  sea  (Jonah  i.  7) ;  and  in  the  election 
of  Matthias  the  apostle,  33  a.d.  (Acts  i.).  Lots  for  life  or  death 
have  been  frequently  cast.     For  an  instance,  Wales,  1649. 

lotteries  originated  in  ancient  Rome  and  gradually 
extended  throughout  Italy.  The  great  cities  of  the  Italian 
republics,  Venice,  Genoa,'  Pisa,  Florence,  etc.,  applied  the 
lotterv  principle  to  encourage  the  sale  of  merchandise  early  in 
the  16th  century.  From  Italy  they  were  introduced  into 
France  and  Germany.  Were  universal  throughout  the  United 
States  in  its  early  history.  They  are  now  prohibited  in  most 
states  and  territories  by  the  constitution  and  laws. 


LOT 


456 


LOU 


Legalized  In  France  to  help  defray  tlie  expenses  of  the  govern - 

meut  early  in 1539 

First  rueulioued  in  Rnglisb  history  took  )>lace,  day  and  night, 
at  the  western  door  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral;  it  contained 
40,000  "lots"  at  10«.  each  lot;  profits  were  for  repairing 
the  harbors;  the  prizes  were  pieces  of  plate, 

11  Jan. -6  May,  1569 

In  great  favor  in  France  during  reign  of  Louis  XllI 1610  et  seq. 

l,ottery,  granted  by  James  1.  of  Kugland  in  favor  of  the  colo- 
ny of  Virginia  (prizes,  pieces  of  plate),  drawn  near  St.  Paul's. 

29  June-20  July,  1612 

First  lottery  in  F.ngland  for  sums  of  money  took  place 1630 

Lotteries  established   in   Kugland   (for  more  than  130  years 

yielded  a  large  annual  revenue  to  the  crown 1693 

Lotteries  sanctioned  by  edicts,  Louis  XIV.  of  France 1700 

[This  greatly  increased  private  lotteries.] 

Ix>tteries  prohibited  by  poi>e  Benedict  Xlll 1724-30 

Lotteries  sanctioned  by  pope  Clement  XII 1730-40 

Lottery  for  the  British  museum 1753 

Cox's  museum,  London,  conUining  many  rare  specimens  of 

art,  disposed  of  by  lottery 1773 

An  act  passed  for  the  sale  of  the  buildings  of  the  Adelphi, 

London,  by  lottery 16  June,     " 

[During  this  period  lotteries  became.very popular  in  France, 
and  gradually  assumed  an  important  place  in  the  govern- 
ment finance;  although  protested  against,  they  had  the  sup- 
port of  Mazarin  and  Pontchartrain,  and  thus  raised  the  ex- 
penses of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  During  this 
period  there  were  lotteries  for  the  benefit  of  religious  com- 
munities and  charity.] 
To  replace  all  private  lotteries  in  France,  the  Royal  lottery 
(Loterie  Royale)  was  established  by  the  famous  decree  of 

30  June,  1776 

French  convention  abolished  lotteries 12  Nov.  1793 

Restored  them  in  part 18  Apr.  1794 

Restored  them  fully 1  Oct.  1797 

Lottery  for  the  Pigott  diamond  permitted  in  England,  2 
Jan.  1801;  it  sold  at  Christie's  auction  for  9500  guineas, 

10  May,  1802 

For  the  collection  of  pictures  of  alderman  Boydell,  by  act 1804-5 

Lotteries  abolished,  6  Geo.  IV.  c.  60,  Oct. ;  last  drawn. .  .18  Oct.  1826 
Act  passed  declaring  that  the  then  pending  Glasgow  lottery 

should  be  the  last 1834 

Act  passed  imposing  a  penalty  of  50Z.  for  advertising  lotteries 

in  the  newspapers 1836 

Lotteries  partly  suppressed  in  France,  1832;  wholly  so " 

Lotteries  for  the  assistance  of  charity  and  the  fine  arts,  how- 
ever, can  be  held  in  France  under  the  law  of. 29  May,  1844 

Mr.    Dethierss  twelfth-cake  lottery,  Argyll-rooms,   Hanover 

square,  London,  suppressed 27  Dec.  1860 

Twelve  million  national  lottery  tickets  of  one  franc  each,  sold 
at  Paris  to  pay  for  prizes  to  exhibitors,  and  expenses  of 
working-men  visitors,  1878;  1st  prize  worth  5000Z.,  2d,  4000^., 
3d  and  4th  20001. ;  total  230,000  rewards;  drawing  began, 

26  Jan.  1879 
M.  de  Lesseps  proposes  a  lottery  loan  for  the  purpose  of  raising 

funds  for  the  Panama  canal Jan.  1888 

Paniima  Lottery  Loan  bill  passed  the  French  deputies,  28  Apr., 

the  .senate,  5  June;  retarded  and  stopped July  et  seq.     " 

Louisiana  State  lottery  was  chartered  in  1868  and  established  in 
New  Orleans,  to  run  25  years  from  1  Jan.  1869,  and  to  pay  $40,000 
a  year  to  charity.  The  ex  confederate  gens.  Beauregard  and 
Early  were  paid  $10,000  a  year  for  the  use  of  their  names.  After 
a  protracted  struggle  against  the  moral  sentiment  of  the  country 
and  the  post-office,  which  refused  in  1885  to  deliver  its  mails,  etc., 
it  was  finally  driven  from  the  city  and  state.  Its  prosperity  was 
at  its  height  from  1876-82.  It  is  supposed  to  have  collected  from 
the  people  $300,000,000. 

IOtll§,  a  prickly  shrub  or  tree  from  15  to  20  feet  high 
(the  jujube-tree),  bearing  a  fruit  of  a  sweet  taste,  mentioned 
by  Herodotus.  Extravagant  tales  were  current  among  the 
Greeks  of  the  marvellous  power  of  the  lotus;  thus  Ulysses 
narrates : 

"  Whoever  tasted  once  of  that  sweet  food 
Wished  not  to  see  his  native  country  more. 
Nor  give  his  friends  the  knowledge  of  his  fate." 

—Homer,  "Odyssey,"  ix.  116-18  (Bryant's  transl). 
And  Tennyson : 

"  The  mild  eyed,  melancholy  lotus-eaters  came. 
Branches  they  bore  of  that  enchanted  stem. 
Laden  with  flower  and  fruit,  whereof  they  gave 
To  each,  but  whoso  did  receive  of  them, 
And  taste,  to  him  the  gushing  of  the  wave 
Far  far  away  did  seem  to  mourn  and  rave 
On  alien  shores." — "The  Lotos- Eaters." 

This  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Egyptian  plant  that 

grows  in  the  Nile. 

LiOUisburg,  a  French  fortress  on  the  island  of  cape 
Breton,  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  built  by  the  French,  1713;  capt- 
ured by  the  colonists,  1745-58.  French  in  America,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

lOUii-d'or,  a  French  gold  coin  of  24  francs,  first  struck 
by  Louis  XIII.  in  1640;  it  was  not  legal,  1795-1814;  super- 
seded by  the  napoleon,  1810. 


IjOUisiaiia,  the  central  gulf  state  of  the  United  State 
has  for  its  southern  boundary  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  sout 
of  31°  N.  it  extends  from  t\M 
Sabine  river  on  the  west  to  th 
Pearl  river  on  the  east,  abo 
250  miles.     North  of  31°  }■ 
lat.  its  eastern  boundary  is  th 
Mississippi  river,  which  scp 
arates  it  from  Mississippi,  an 
the  Sabine  river  and  Tex 
form    its   western    boundarj^ 
That  portion  of  the  state  ly 
ing  east  of  the  Mississippi  rive 
is  bounded  on  the  north  b 
the  state  of  Mississippi,  am 
that  west  of  the  Mississipp 
river  by  Arkansas.     Its  lat.  is  28°  56'  to  33°  N.,  and  Ion.  89 
to  94°  W.     Area,  45,420  sq.  miles,  in  99  parishes;  pop.  189<! 
1,118,587.     Capital,  Baton  Rouge.     It  differs  from  the  othe 
states  in  that  its  jurisprudence  is  based  on  the  Roman  or  civi 
law  instead  of  the  common  law  of  England,  and  the  countie 
are  called  parishes. 

Robert  Cavalier  de  la  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi  to  its 
mouth,  names  the  country  Louisiana,  and  takes  possession 

in  the  name  of  the  king  of  France 9  Apr.  168 

Pierre  Le  Moyne  d'Iberville  enters  the  Mississippi 2  Mch.  169t 

D'Iberville,  having  settled  Biloxi,  sails  for  France,  leaving  his 

lieutenant,  Sauvolle  de  la  Villantry,  in  command 3  May,     " 

Jean  Baptist  Le  Moyne  Bienville  (b.  Montreal,  23  Feb.  1680), 
brother  of  D'lberville,^  returning  from  an  expedition  north  of 
lake  Pontchartrain,  finds  an  English  ship  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  which  sails  away  after  being  notified  by  Bien- 
ville that  France  had  taken  possession 16  Sept. 

Sauvolle  appointed  governor  of  Louisiana 7  Dec. 

D'Iberville  returns  from  France  in  company  with  Bienville, 
and  establishes  a  fort  on  the  Mississippi,  where  they  are 

visited  by  the  Chevalier  de  Tonti 17  Jan.  17 

Sauvolle  dying,  Bienville  succeeds  him 2'2  Aug.  17 

De  Muys,  appointed  governor-general  of  Louisiana,  dies  on  his 

way  from  France,  and  Bienville  continues  in  command 17( 

King  grants  to  sieur  Antony  Crozat  exclusive  trading  rights  in 

Louisiana  for  10  years 14  Sept.  IT 

Lamothe  Cadillac  arrives  from  France  as  governor,  and  ap- 
points Bienville  lieutenant 17  May,  1711 

Bienville  makes  peace  with  the  Choctaw  Indians 1715 

Gov.  Cadillac,  in  search  of  silver,  goes  to  the  Illinois  country 

and  incurs  the  enmity  of  the  Natchez  Indians " 

Bienville  ascends  the  Mississippi  to  subject  the  Natchez,  and 

establishes  fort  Rosalie  in  their  country Apr.  1716 

M.  de  I'Epinay  arrives  as  governor  from  France 9  Mch.  1717 

Crozat  surrenders  his  trading  privilege  to  the  king 23  Aug.     " 

Company  of  the  W^est  chartered  to  foster  and  preserve  the  col- 
ony  6  Sept.     " 

Three  French  vessels  arrive  with  69  colonists  and  troops  and 

Bienville's  commission  as  governor  of  Louisiana 9  Feb.  1718 

Fort  Naquitoches  on  the  Red  river  established  by  M.  Bienville,     " 

New  Orleans  founded  by  Bienville " 

Eighty  girls  from  a  house  of  correction  in  Paris  arrive  in 

charge  of  3  Ursuline  nuns Feb.  1721 

Balize  or  buoy  established  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 1722 

Company  of  Germans,  settlers  on  John  Law's  grant  (Law's 
bubble)  on  the  Arkansas  river,  descend  the  river  to  near 

New  Orleans  and  locate  there " 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  New  Orleans 1723 

Black  code  for  punishing  slaves  promulgated  by  Bienville 1724 

Bienville  recalled  to  France;  Perier  becomes  commander-gen- 
eral  9  Aug.  1726 

Some  Jesuits  and  Ursuline  nuns  arrive  at  New  Orleans,  and 

a  nunnery  is  erected 1727 

Arrival  of  a  cargo  of  girls  sent  from  France  by  the  company, 

each  provided  with  a  small  casket  of  wearing  apparel 1728 

[Known  as  '-Filles  a  la  Cassette"  or  casket  girls.] 
Chevalier  Lonbois,  with  allied  French  and  Choctaws,  advances 
against  Natchez  Indians,  who  had  massacred  the  garrison  of 
fort  Rosalie  and  occupied  it;  the  Indians  desert  the  fort  and 

200  prisoners  in  it : Jan.  1730 

M.  Perier  makes  another  expedition  against  the  Natchez  and 

secures  their  chief  Great  Sun  and  others 24  Jan.  1731 

[Great  Sun  died  a  prisoner,  the  others  were  sold  as  slaves 
to  St.  Domingo.] 
Company  of  the  West  surrenders  its  charter  to  the  king,  23  Jan.     " 
Superior  Council  of  Louisiana  reorganized  by  letters  patent; 

Perier  continued  in  office 7  May,  1732 

Settlement  at  Baton  Rouge 1733 

Bienville  reappointed  governor " 

Bienville  repulsed  in  an  expedition  against  the  Chickasaw  Ind- 
ians  26  May,  1736 

Second  expedition  of  Bienville  against  the  Chickasaws,  who 

sue  for  peace 1740 

Marquis  de  Vaudreuil  appointed  governor;  Bienville  returns 

to  France. 10  May,  1743 

Marquis  de  Vaudreuil  marches  against  the  Chickasaws;  unable 
to  take  their  towns,  he  garrisons  the  fort  on  the  Tombigbeo 
erected  by  Bienville,  and  returns  to  New  Orleans 1753 


i 


LOU 


457 


LOU 


Louis  Billouart,  Chevalier  de  Kerlerec,  succeeds  Vaudreuil, 

who  was  appointed  governor  of  Canada 9  Feb.  1754 

First  arrival  of  Acadians  at  New  Orleans;  they  are  sent  to  At- 

takapas  and  Opelousas  (Acadia) 1756 

M.  Dubreuil  erects  a  sugar  mill  in  New  Orleans  (cane-growing 

having  been  started  by  the  Jesuits  in  1751) 1758 

Garrison  effort  Du  Quesue  flee  towards  New  Orleans,  evacuat- 
ing and  setting  fire  to  the  fort 24  Nov.      " 

Frame  cedes  Louisiana  to  Spain,  and  to  England  all  east  of  the 
Mississippi  river  except  the  island  of  New  Orleans,  and  makes 

the  Mississippi  free  to  both  nations 3  Nov.  1762 

Kerlerec  succeeded  by  D'Abadie  as  director- general,  who  ar- 
rives at  New  Orleans 29  June,  1763 

Delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  parish  at  New  Orleans  elect 
Jean  Milhet  to  petition  the  king  that  the  province  be  not 

severed  from  France " 

English  troops  occupy  Baton  Rouge Feb.  1764 

Nyon  de  Villiers,  who  was  iu  command,  abandons  the  Illinois 

district  and  reaches  New  Orleans 2  July,     " 

D'Abadie  dies  and  is  succeeded  by  Aubrey 4  Feb.  1765 

Large  colony  of  Acadians  from  Maine  arrive Feb.  1766 

Antonio  d'Ulloa  lands  at  New  Orleans  with  civil  officers  and 

soldiers  to  take  possession  of  the  province 5  Mch.     " 

Decree  dictated  by  Ulloa  and  proclaimed  by  Aubrey,  that  all 

captains  of  vessels  from  France  or  St.  Domingo  report  to 

Ulloa  on  arrival  with  bills  of  lading  and  passports,  and  that 

I      the  agents  for  sale  of  cargo  submit  to  competent  examiners 

i      the  prices  they  propose  to  sell  at,  subject  to  reduction  by 

the  examiners  if  too  high 6  Sept.     " 

'  An  address  to  the  superior  council  signed  by  nearly  600  men 
i  claims  freedom  of  commerce  with  the  ports  of  France  and 
j      America,  and  demands  the  expulsion  of  Ulloa;  it  was  adopt- 

!      ed  by  the  council' ,  .25  Oct.  1768 

i  Ulloa,  enjoined  to  leave  the  city,  flees  to  Havana.  The  French 
flag  is  displayed,  Aubrey  and  Foucault(a  leader  in  the  revo- 
lution) are  summoned  to  govern  the  colony  as  before,  and 

the  people  institute  a  republic 29  Oct.     " 

Don  Alexander  O'Reilly,  captain  general,  lands  at  the  Balize, 
and  demands  the  government  in  the  name  of  Spain, 

28  July,  1769 
O'Reilly,  with  24  Spanish  vessels,  appears  before  New  Orleans, 
lands  2600  Spanish  troops,  and  assumes  possession  of  Lou- 
isiana   18  Aug.      " 

Nine  leaders  of  the  revolution  arrested  and  brought  before  gen. 
O'Reilly;  commissary  Foucault  sent  to  France  and  thrown 

into  the  Bastile 21  Aug.     " 

I  Six  leaders  of  the  revolution  are  imprisoned,  and  6  sentenced 

I     to  be  hung  are  shot,  no  hangman  being  found 25  Oct.     " 

j  O'Reilly  abolishes  by  proclamation  the  superior  council,  and 

substitutes  a  cabildo  of  6  perpetual  regidors,  2  ordinary  al- 

;     caldes,  and  an  attorney-general  syndic  over  which  the  gov- 

!     ernor  presides 25  Nov.     " 

j  Black  Code  re-enacted  by  proclamation  of  O'Reilly 1770 

O'Reilly  delivers  up  the  government  to  don  Luis  de  Unzaga, 

29  Oct.     " 
Unzaga  appointed  captain-general  of  Caraccas,  don  Bernardo 

de  Galvez  assumes  the  government 1  Feb.  1777 

Galvez  by  proclamation  grants  privilege  of  trading  with  any_ 

\    part  of  the  U.  S 20  Apr.  1778 

jSettlement  called  New  Iberia  on  the  Bayou  Teche  by  about 

j    500  immigrants  from  Canary  islands Jan.  1779 

IGalvez  captures  Baton  Rouge  from  the  British. . . .- 21  Sept.     " 

iGalvez  moves  against  fort  Charlotte  on  the  Mobile  river  and 

1    captures  it 14  Mch.  1780 

jJohn  James  Audubon  born  at  New  Orleans 4  May,     " 

^Galvez  invests  Fensacola,  which  capitulates 9  May,  1781 

Father  Cirilo,  a  Spanish  Capuchin,  made  bishop  of  Louisi- 
ana       " 

•Treaty  of  peace  at  Paris  between  Great  Britain,  Spain,  and  the 

,    U.  S 3  Sept.  1783 

[Galvez  succeeds  his  father  in  the  vice-royalty  of  Mexico  in  17«5; 
f    don  Estevan  Miro  acts  in  his  place  and  receives  his  com- 

I    mission  as  governor 2  June,  1786 

!Gen.  James  Wilkinson  reaches  New  Orleans  in  June  with  a 
\  small  cargo  of  tobacco  and  other  goods.  Perhaps  to  advance 
i  mercantile  schemes  he  has  interviews  with  gov.  Miro  and 
;  professes  accord  with  him  in  seeking  a  rupture  between  the 
I   western  and  eastern  U.  S.,  and  increase  of  Spanish  power  in 

j^  America.    He  returns  to  Philadelphia Sept.  1787 

(Settlers  from  western  North  Carolina  arrive,  after  failure  to 

.   erect  the  state  of  Frankland Mch.  1789 

l?rench   refugees   fVom    San    Domingo   reach    New   Orleans, 
and  a  few  of  them  open  the  first  regular  theatre  in  the 

L^  city 1791 

Jon  Franfois  Louis  Hector,  baron  de  Carondelet,  succeeds 

Miro  as  governor  and  intendant  of  Louisiana Jan.  1792 

;)on  Louis  de  Penalvert  appointed  bishop  of  Louisiana  and 

Florida I794 

'ublicatiou  of  the  first  newspaper  in  Louisiana,  Le  Moniteur 

de  la  Louisiane " 

fenet,  the  French  ambassador  to  the  U.  S.,  plans  an  expedition 
i  against  the  Spanish  dominions,  and  a  society  of  French  Ja- 
'  cobins  in  Philadelphia  addresses  an  inflammatory  circular  to 

I  the  French  in  Louisiana " 

j' Canal  Carondelet,"  from  New  Orleans  to  lake  Pontchartrain, 
i  projected,  begun,  and  abandoned  by  gov.  Perier  in  1727;  re- 

!  commenced  and  completed 1795 

itienne  de  Bor^  succeeds  in  producing  sugar  from  cane,  be- 

gmning  a  new  industry " 

iJ  treaty  Spain  grants  the  U.  S.  "the  right  to  deposit  their 
merchandise  and  effects  at  New  Orleans  for  the  space  of  3 
15* 


years,  and  at  the  end  of  that  time  to  continue,  or  an  equiva- 
lent establishment  to  be  assigned  at  some  other  point  on  the 

Mississippi  river  " 27  Oct.  1795 

Spanish  commissioner  don  Manuel  Gayoso  de  Lemos.  and 
U.  S.  commissioner  Andrew  Ellicot,  meet  at  Natchez  to  define 
the  boundary  between  Spanish  and  U.  S.  possessions, 

24  Feb.  1797 
Carondelet  refuses  to  surrender  the  posts  on  the  Mississippi, 

hoping  for  a  separation  of  the  western  U.  S.  from  the  east- 
ern       " 

Carondelet  appointed  governor  of  the  Mexican  provinces;  don 
Manuel  Gayoso  de  Lemos  succeeds  in  Louisiana 1  Aug.     " 

Don  Juan  Ventura  Morales,  Spanish  intendant,  refuses  a  place 
of  deposit  to  U.  S.  citizens  in  New  Orleans 1799 

On  the  death  of  Gayoso  the  marquis  de  Casa-Calvo  succeeds 
as  governor,  and  don  Ramon  de  Lopez  y  Angullo  as  inten- 
dant of  Louisiana 18  July,     " 

By  a  secret  treaty  at  St.  Hdefonso  the  king  of  Spain  retrocedes 
Louisiana  to  France 1  Oct.  1800 

Treaty  at  Madrid  confirms  treaty  of  St.  Hdefonso 21  Mch.  1801 

Right  of  deposit  restored  to  the  people  of  the  U.  S " 

I}on  Juan  Manuel  de  Salcedo  arrives  as  governor  of  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida,  Morales  succeeds  Lopez  as  intendant, 

15  June,     " 

By  proclamation  of  Morales,  citizens  of  U.  S.  are  refused  de- 
posit in  New  Orleans,  and  importation  in  American  bottoms 
is  prohibited Oct.  1802 

Morales,  fearing  famine  in  the  province,  disregards  his  regula- 
tion and  annuls  the  prohibition 1803 

Laussat,  the  prefect  appointed  by  Napoleon,  arrives  at  New 
Orleans 26  Mch.     " 

By  treaty  at  Paris,  Napoleon  cedes  Louisiana  to  the  U.  S.  for 
60,000,000  francs •  .30  Apr.     " 

Casa  Calvo  and  Salcedo,  Spanish  commissioners,  present  the 
keys  of  New  Orleans  to  citizen  Laussat,  who  takes  possession 
of  Louisiana  in  the  name  of  France 30  Nov.     " 

Gen.  James  Wilkinson  encamps  on  the  Mississippi  near 
New  Orleans,  and  the  Spanish  troops  sail  for  Havana, 

18  Dec.     " 

Citizen  Laussat  as  commissioner  for  France  delivers  New  Or- 
leans to  gen.  Wilkinson  and  W.  C.  C.  Claiborne  as  commis- 
sioners for  the  U.  S.,  leaving  left  bank  of  lakes  Borgne  and 
Pontchartrain  to  the  Spanish 20  Dec.     " 

Congress  divides  Louisiana  into  a  southern  territory  of  Or- 
leans, and  a  northern  district  of  Louisiana 26  Mch.  1804 

Territorial  government  in  Orleans  begins;  William  C.  C.  Clai- 
borne governor 1  Oct.     " 

Vessel  bringing  nearly  200  French  prisoners  of  the  British 
government,  who  had  captured  the  ship,  gov.  Claiborne  re- 
fuses to  allow  it  to  ascend  the  river;  the  French  desert  the 
ship,  which  is  seized  by  the  U.  S.  marshal  at  request  of  Brit- 
ish claimants 3  Nov.     " 

New  Orleans  chartered  as  a  city " 

Territorial  government  giving  the  people  no  power,  the  "mer- 
chants, planters,  and  other  inhabitants  of  Louisiana"  peti- 
tion Congress,  declaring  its  organization  oppressive  and  de- 
grading   4  Jan.  1805 

Congress  provides  for  a  government  of  the  territory  of  Orleans 
in  all  respects  like  that  of  Mississippi  territory,  except  as  to 
the  descent  and  distribution  of  estates  and  the  prohibition 
of  slavery 2  Mch.     " 

Col.  Aaron  Burr  arrives  in  New  Orleans,  to  remain  10  or  12 
days 26  June,     " 

Gov.  Claiborne  orders  the  marquis  of  Casa-Calvo  and  the  in- 
tendant Morales  out  of  the  country,  and  a  source  of  great 
anxiety  is  removed July,  1806 

Territorial  legislature  meets 24  Mch.     " 

Gen.  Wilkinson,  at  St.  Louis,  receiving  a  confidential  letter 
from  Aaron  Burr,  denounces  him  in  a  message  to  Washing- 
ton; 27  Nov.  1806,  pres.  Jefterson  by  proclamation  makes 
known  the  traitorous  enterprise;  29  Oct.,  Wilkinson  by 
message  to  the  Si)anish  commander-in  chief  proposes  the 
withdrawal  of  troops  of  both  governments  from  advanced 
positions  to  Nacogdoches  and  Natchitoches  respectively,* 
which  was  agreed  to;  gen.  Wilkinson  reaches  New  Orleans, 

25  Nov.     " 
Arrest  in  New  Orleans  ot  several  men  charged  with  abetting 

Burr's  treason Dec.     " 

Digest  of  civil  law  adopted,  legislature  adjourned 31  Mch.  1808 

Gen.  Wilkinson,  ordered  to  New  Orleans  with  troops,  arrives 
19  Apr.     He  is  afterwards  relieved  by  Wade  Hampton 1809 

Citizens  of  Baton  Rouge  territory  attack  the  reduced  garrison 
of  the  fort  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  in  the  skirmish  the  Spanish 
governor  Grandpr€  is  shot,  and  the  garrison  capitulates, 

Sept.  1810 

Convention  of  the  people  of  Baton  Rouge  territory  at  St.  Fran- 
cisville  frame  a  constitution,  elect  a  governor,  and  establish 
the  independent  territory  of  West  Florida 29  Sept.     " 

Under  proclamation  of  the  president,  gov.  Claiborne  takes  pos- 
session of  West  Florida,  and  annexes  it  to  the  territory  of 
Orleans 7  Dec.     ' ' 

An  insurrection  of  slaves  in.  the  parish  of  St.  John  is  sup- 
pressed after  60  or  more  are  killed.  The  heads  of  16  who 
were  captured  and  executed,  were  set  on  poles  along  the 
river  as  a  warning Jan.  1811 

Act  to  enable  the  peo|ile  of  Orleans  to  form  a  state  government 
signed  by  pres.  Madison 20  Feb.     '' 

Exclusive  grant  by  legislature  to  Livingston  and  Fulton  to 
build  steamboats  for  18  years  from  1  Jan.  1812 " 

Arrival  from  Pittsburg  of  first  steam- vessel  on  the  Mississippi, 

10  Jan.  1812 


1812 


1813 
1814 


' LOU  *^ 

Constitutional  couvcntion  nl  New  Orleans  adjourns 22  Jan 

Congress  admits  Louisiana  as  a  state 8  Apr. 

Congress  extends  the  limits  of  Louisiana  to  include  all  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  Pearl  rivers  south  of  ai"  N.  lat., 

14  Apr. 
Gen.  Wilkinson  resumes  command  in  Louisiana  and  arrives  at 

New  Orleans 8  June, 

First  ses-sion  of  state  legislature  at  New  Orleans June, 

W.  r.  C.  Claiborne  elected  governor 19  Aug. 

Gen.  Wilkinson  superseded  by  gen.  Flournoy June, 

Col.  Nichols  (British)  by  proclamation  incites  people  of  Lou- 
isiana and  Kentucky  to  revolt 29  Aug. 

Citizens  of  New  Orleans  and  vicinity  meet,  pass  resolutions  of 

loyalty,  and  address  the  people 15  Sept.     " 

Barataria  island  occupied  by  pirates  under  Jean  lAlltte;  the 
British  under  sir  William  H.  Percy  invite  them  to  hostil- 
ity against  the  U.  S. :  Lalitte  refuses  (Barataria  bay), 

30  Aug.     «* 
Flotilla  sails  from  New  Orleans  against  the  pirates,  who  pre- 
pare to  resist,  but  abandon  9  ships  to  the  Americans, 

18  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Jackson  arrives  at  New  Orleans 2  Dec.     " 

British  threaten  New  Orleans  and  capture  gunboats  under 

lieut.  Thos.  A.  C.  Jones  (Bokonk  i,akk) 14  Dec.     " 

Battle  at  Villerd's  plautiition,  12  miles  from  New  Orleans;  the 

English  advance  repulsed  by  gen.  Jackson 23  Dec.     " 

Battle  at  Chalmette's  plantation ;  British  repulsed 28  Dec.     " 

Battle  at  Rodriguez  canal 1  Jan.  1815 

Battle  of  New  Orleans  (Uxitkd  States) 8  Jan.     " 

Unsuccessful  attack  on  fort  St.  Philip  by  the  British, 

9-18  Jan.     " 
British  general  Lambert  abandons  expedition  against  New  Or- 
leans  19  Jan.     " 

Gen.  Jackson  orders  all  French  subjects  having  certiflcates  of 
discharge  to  return  to  the  interior,  28  Feb.  Has  Louallier 
arrested  as  a  spy;  Hall,  as  abetting  a  mutiny  in  granting 
a  habeas  corpus  for  Louallier;  arrests  Hollander;  releases 
all  three,  and  for  high-handed  methods  is  tried  and  fined 

$1000  (Jackson  in  New  Orleans) " 

Frederic  Tudor  ships  ice  to  New  Orleans  from  Boston 1820 

Thomas  B.  Robertson  elected  governor " 

Gov.  Robertson  resigning  to  become  judge  of  U.  S.  District 
Court,  pres.  Thibodeaux  of  the  senate  acts  as  governor  until 

inauguration  of  gov.  -elect  Henry  Johnson Dec.  1824 

Centenary  college  organized  at  Jackson,  32  miles  north  of 

Baton  Rouge 1825 

Visit  of  Lafayette;  the  legislature  appropriates  $15,000  for  his 

entertainment " 

Legislature  grants  $10,000  to  Thomas  Jefferson  Randolph  for 
the  family  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  as  a  mark  of  gratitude  from 

Louisiana 16  Mch.  1827 

Seat  of  government  removed  from  New  Orleans  to  Donaldson- 

ville 1829 

Provision  for  running  boundary-line  between  Louisiana  and 

Arkansas  territory  under  act  of  Congress 1830 

New  Orleans  again  made  the  seat  of  government 8  Jan.  1831 

Pontchartrain  railroad,  4^  miles  long,  opened  for  traffic. .Apr.     " 

Locomotive  introduced  on  the  Pontchartrain  railroad 1832 

Branch  mint  at  New  Orleans  receives  first  bullion 8  Mch.  1838 

During  this  and  the  2  previous  years  Louisiana  furnished 

1179  volunteers  in  the  Florida  war " 

New  constitution  adopted  in  convention 14  May,  1845 

State  insane  asylum  established  at  Jackson 1847 

Legislature  meets  in  pew  state-house  at  Baton  Rouge.. 21  Jan.  1850 

Death  at  Washington,  D.  C,  of  pres.  Zachary  Taylor 9  July,     " 

Steamer  Pampero,  with  500  men  under  Lopez,  for  expedition 

against  Cuba,  leaves  New  Orleans  (Filibusters) 3  Aug.  1851 

Riot  because  of  Cuban  expedition  in  New  Orleans;   office  of 

Spanish  paper  La  Patria  destroyed 21  Aug.     " 

State  institution  for  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  founded  at  Baton 

Rouge 1852 

Convention  to  revise  constitution  meets  at  Baton  Rouge, 

5  July,     " 

University  of  Louisiana  chartered 1853 

Commercial  convention  of  southern  and  southwestern  states 

meets  at  New  Orleans 8  Jan.  1855 

William  Walker,  with  his  expedition,  leaves  New  Orleans,  os- 
tensibly for  Mobile,  but  really  for  Nicaragua,  eluding  the  U.  S. 

authorities  (Filibusters) 11  Nov.  1857 

Walker  surrenders  to  com.  Hiram  Paulding;  indignation  meet- 
ings at  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  and  other  southern  cities, 

8  Dec.     " 
Political  disturbance  in  New  Orleans;  500  men  as  a  vigilance 
committee  seize  the  court-house  and  state  arsenal;  Know- 
nothing  party  occupy  Lafayette  square 4-5  June,  1858 

Legislature  in  extra  session  provides  for  a  state  convention 
and  votes  $500,000  to  organize  military  companies;  Wirt 
Adams,  commissioner  from  Mississippi,  asks  the  legislature 

to  join  in  secession Dec.  1860 

Immense  popular  meeting  in  New  Orleans  on  announcement 

of  the  secession  of  South  Carolina 21  Dec.     " 

Mass  meeting  held  at  New  Orleans  to  ratify  "  Southern  Rights  " 

nominations  for  the  convention 25  Dec.     " 

Seizure  by  confederates  of  forts  St.  Philip,  Jackson,  and  Liv- 
ingston, arsenal  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  U.  S.  revenue  cutter 

Lewis  Cass 10-13  Jan.  1861 

Ordinance  of  secession  adopted  in  convention:  yeas,  113;  nays, 

17 26  Jan.      " 

Mint  and  custom-house  in  New  Orleans  seized  by  confederates 

(Coin  anu  Coinage) 31  Jan.     " 

Convention  to  join  Southern  Confederacy;  state  flag  adopted,  a 


LOU 

red  ground,  crossed  by  bars  of  blue  and  white  and  bearing  a 
single  star  of  pale  yellow 4  Feb.  18 

Louisiana  ratifies  the  ("onfederate  constitution 22  Mch. 

Louisiana  raises  3000  Confederate  troops,  and  at  call  of  gov. 
Moore,  3000  additional 24  Apr. 

First  gun  cast  for  Confederate  navy  at  Phoenix  iron  works  at 
Gretna,  near  New  Orleans \ 4  May, 

Port  of  New  Orleans  blockaded  by  U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Brooklyn; 
Ship  island  occupied  by  Union  troops 

Banks  of  New  Orleans  suspend  specie  payments 18  Sept. 

Confederate  martial  law  instituted  in  Now  Orleans 11  Oct. 

Federal  steamship  Richmond,  under  John  Pope,  while  coaling 
near  New  Orleans,  is  struck  by  a  Confederate  ram 12  Oct. 

State  casts  its  electoral  vote  for  Jeft'erson  Davis  as  president  of 
the  Confederate  states 19  Feb. 

Adm.  Farragut  passes  forts  Jackson  and  Philip  with  his  fleet 
morning 24  Apr. 

Surrender  of  New  Orleans  to  adm.  Farragut 25  Apr. 

Capture  of  forts  Jackson  and  Philip  by  the  federals 28  Apr. 

Confederate  capital  transferred  to  Opelousas Apr. 

Maj.-gen.  Benjamin  F.  Butler  takes  possession  of  New  Orleans, 

1  May, 

Baton  Rouge  occupied  by  federals 27  May, 

William  B.  Mumford,  for  taking  down  the  U.  S.  flag  from  the 
U.  S.  mint  after  the  surrender  of  the  city  to  adm.  Farragut, 
hanged  at  New  Orleans  by  order  of  gen.  Butler 7  June, 

Federal  troops  in  Baton  Rouge,  besieged  by  confederates, 
5  Aug.,  evacuate  by  order  from  gen.  Butler 16  Aug. 

Brig. -gen.  Geo.  F.  Shepley  military  governor  of  Louisiana, 

21  Aug. 

Gen.  Grover  occupies  Baton  Rouge 16  Dec. 

Maj.-gen.  N.  P.  Banks  relieves  gen.  Butler " 

Election  held  by  order  of  pres.  Lincoln;  Messrs.  Hahn  and 
Flanders  chosen  to  Congress ;  they  take  seats  9  Feb.  1863,  and 
occupy  them  until 3  Mch. 

Henry  W.  Allen  chosen  governor  by  confederates;  seat  of  gov- 
ernment at  Shreveport 

Michael  Hahn  chosen  governor  at  Federal  election  in  New  Or- 
leans and  vicinity 22  Feb.  18j 

Gov.  Hahn  appointed  military  governor  by  the  president, 

15  Mch. 

Convention  at  New  Orleans  to  revise  the  constitution. .  .6  Apr. 

Bureau  of  free  labor,  predecessor  of  the  Freedmen's  bureau, 
opened  at  New  Orleans 

Gov.  Hahn  resigning,  is  succeeded  by  lieut. -gov.  J.  M.  Welles, 

4  Mch. 

Confederate  gov.  Allen  resigns 2  June, 

Gov.  Wells  re-elected 6  Nov. 

[This  government,  though  never  recognized  by  Congress, 
continued  until  Mch.  1867.] 

Constitution  of  1864  left  the  negroes  still  disfranchised;  a  con- 
vention, chiefly  of  blacks  who  wished  to  frame  a  new  consti- 
tution, meets  in  New  Orleans  and  results  in  a  riot;  several 
hundred  negroes  killed 30  July,  ISA 

Congress  passes  the  Military  Reconstruction  act 2  Mch.  188 

Gen.  Sheridan  appointed  commander  of  the  5th  military  dis- 
trict, Louisiana  and  Texas 19  Mch. 

Gen.  Sheridan  removes  gov.  Wells  "  for  making  himself  an 
impediment  to  the  faithful  execution  of  the  Reconstruction 
act,"  and  substitutes  Thomas  J.  Durant,  who  declines,  and 
Benjamin  F.  Flanders  is  appointed 8  .June, 

Sheridan  relieved  and  gen.  Hancock  appointed 17  Aug. 

Constitutional  convention  at  New  Orleans  adopts  a  constitution 
prohibiting  slavery,  declaring  the  ordinance  of  secession 
null,  and  wholly  disfranchising  ex- confederates 22  Nov. 

Gen.  Hancock  relieved  by  gen.  Buchanan  as  commander  of  the        ,, 
5th  military  district 18  Mch.  186#| 

State  election;  new  constitution  ratified,  and  Henry  C.  War- 
mouth  elected  governor 18  Apr. 

Congress  readmits  the  southern  states 25  June, 

XIV.  th  Amendment  adopted  by  the  legislature July, 

Numerous  political  and  color  riots  occur  in  New  Orleans,  Ope- 
lousas, and  other  portions  of  the  state  during  the  year 

Passage  of  "Social  Equality  "  bill,  giving  all  persons,  without 
regard  to  color  or  previous  condition,  equal  privileges  in  pub- 
lic conveyances  or  places  of  public  resort 4  Jan. 

XV. th  Amendment  ratified  by  Senate,  27  Feb.,  and  by  House, 

IMch. 

"Crescent  City  Live-Stock  and  Slaughter-house  company,"  a 
monopoly  in  New  Orleans  which  excited  opoosition,  and 
was  finally  declared  unconstitutional  and  restrained  by  per- 
petual injunction,  was  created  by  the  legislature  and  went 
into  operation 1  June, 

Legislature  grants  to  the  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  and  Chattanooga 
Railway  company  $3,000,000  in  8%  state  bonds,  payable  in  4 
instalments 21  Feb. 

Legislature  unites  Jefferson  City  and  Algiers  with  New  Orleans 
under  one  charter 

George  M.  Wickliffe,  state  auditor,  impeached  and  convicted 
of  extortion  and  fraud 3  Mch. 

A  political  contest  between  two  factions  of  the  Republican 
party.  The  State  Central  committee— S.  B.  Packard,  U.  S. 
marshal  at  the  head — call  a  convention  to  choose  a  state 
committee.  The  opposition,  under  lieut. -gov.  Oscar  J.  Dunn 
(colored),  meet  in  the  custom-house.  Gov.  Warmouth  and 
P.  B.  S.  Pinchback  (colored)  are  refused  admission,  and  the 
Warmouthites  meet  in  Turner's  hall 8  Aug.  18711 

On  the  death  of  lieut. -gov.  Dunn,  the  election  of  P.  B.  S.  Pinch- 
back  by  the  Senate  in  extra  session  is  claimed  as  unconsti- 
tutional by  the  opposition,  led  by  George  W.  Carter,  speaker 
of  the  House,  and  known  as  "Carterites" 22  Nov. 


LOU  459 

Warraouth  legislature  meets  at  Mechanics'  Institute;  the  Car- 
terites  over  the  "Gem  Saloon," on  Royal  street,  6  Jan.  Col. 
Carter,  by  proclamation,  proposes  to  seize  the  Mechanics' 
Institute  building,  and  appears  before  it  with  several  thou- 
sand men,  but  is  prevented  by  gen.  Emory 22  Jan.  1872 

In  extra  session  the  House,  in  the  al)sence  of  col.  Carter,  de- 
clares the  speaker's  chair  vacant,  chooses  O.  H.  Brewster 

speaker,  and  approves  the  course  of  gov.  Warmouth " 

Act  passed  funding  the  indebtedness  of  the  state 30  Apr.     " 

Conventions  of  the  two  wings  of  the  Republican  party  at  Baton  ■ 
Rouge,  headed  respectively  by  Packard  and  Pinchback.  The 
Packard  convention  nominates  William  Pitt  Kellogg  for  gov- 
ernor  19  June,     " 

Adjourned  meeting  of  the  Pinchback  convention  nominates 

P.  B.  S.  Pinchback  for  governor 9  Aug.     " 

Fusion  of  the  two  wings  of  the  Republican  party  by  the  State 
Central   committee    nominates   Kellogg  for   governor  and 

Pinchback  for  congressman-at- large " 

Judge  Durell,  in  December,  declares  Kellogg  elected  governor 

at  election  held i  Nov.     " 

"  Fusion  legislature"  in  the  city-hall.  New  Orleans,  impeaches 

and  suspends  gov.  Warmouth 11  Dec.     '* 

Inauguration  of  Kellogg  as  governor,  also  of  John  McEnery, 

nominee  of  the  Democratic  reformers  and  liberals. .  .14  Jan.  1873 
Members  of  McKnery  legislature  seized  and  marched  to  the 

guard-house  by  armed  police 6  Mch.     " 

Puople  submit  to  the  Kellogg  government  "  at  the  point  of  the 
bayonet,"  as  many  express  it.     People's  convention  at  New 

Orleans 24  Nov.     " 

"Crescent  City  White  League  "  formed, "  to  assist  in  restoring 
an  honest  and  intelligent  government  to  the  state  of  Louis- 
iana " 1874 

Six  Republican  officials,  arrested  near  Coushatta,  in  Red  River 

parish,  while  being  taken  to  Shreveport,  are  shot — 30  Aug.  " 
People  send  a  committee  to  demand  the  abdication  of  Kellogg, 
and  the  .McEnery  faction,  10,000  strong,  led  by  D.  B.  Penn, 
i  lieutenant-governor,  appear  before  the  state-house;  a  con- 
j  flict  takes  place  between  the  insurgents  and  police,  the  state- 
1    house  is  captured,  and  members  of  the  McEnery  legislature 

installed 14  Sept.     " 

McEnery  and  Penn  surrender  the  state  buildings  without  re- 

1   sistauce  to  gen.  Brooke 17  Sept.     " 

iSen.  Brooke  appointed  military  governor,  and  gov.  Kellogg  re- 

{   sumes  his  duties 19  Sept.     " 

(Legislature  meets  and  U.  S.  troops  are  called  in  to  quell  disturb- 

I   ance;  great  excitement  throughout  the  U.  S 8  Jan.  1875 

plaims  of  the  several  candidates  are  subihitted  to  a  congres- 
1  sional  committee  or  board  of  arbitration,  in  which  William 
i  A.  Wheeler  is  prominent,  and  the  so  called  "Wheeler  Adjust- 

!   nient"  is  agreed  to 14  Apr.     " 

Lmmigration  convention  held  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
i  New  Orleans,  comprising  delegates  from  the  southern  and 

•   western  states 1-2  Mch.  1876 

At  election  held  this  day  both  Republican  and  Democratic  par- 
ties claim  the  victory 6  Nov.     " 

13.  B.  Packard,  Republican,  inaugurated  governor  at  the  state- 
I  house.  New  Orleans.  Francis  T.  Nicholls,  Democrat,  inaug- 
i  urated   at  St.  Patrick's  hall,  New  Orleans,  and  both  legis- 

j  latures  meet 8  Jan.  1877 

i/ourts,  police-stations,  and  arsenal  at  New  Orleans  are  peace- 
ably surrendered  to  the  Nicholls  authorities 9  Jan.     " 

}*ackard  failing  to  receive  aid  from  the  U.  S.  government,  and 
!  a  commission  appointed  by  pres.  Hayes  to  investigate  the 
I  political  situation  in  Louisiana  reporting  public  sentiment 
I  in  favor  of  the  Nicholls  government,  the  Packard  legislature 

I  is  dispersed 21  Apr.     " 

pcholls  government  occupies  state-house 24  Apr.     " 

legislature,  by  concurrent  resolution,  directs  senators  and  con- 

!  gressmen  to  use  every  effort  to  secure  the  passage  of  the 

Bland  Silver  bill  and  of  the  bill  to  repeal  the  so-called  Re- 

1  sumption  act  introduced  in  the  Senate 19  Jan.  1878 

I'olitical  disturbance  in  Tensas  and  Concordia  parishes,  re- 
i  suiting  in  killing  a  man  named  Peck,  and  the  wounding 
f  by  his  companions  of  3  colored  men ;  investigated  by  Con- 

!  gress " 

iy  act  of  Congress,  3  Mch.  1875,  a  contract  was  made  with  capt. 
!  James  Buchanan  Eads  for  the  construction  of  jetty -work  at 
!  the  mouth  of  the  South  pass  in  the  Mississippi  river,  to  se- 
j  cure  and  maintain  a  navigable  channel  200  feet  wide  and  20 
I  feet  deep.  Capt.  Eads's  work  has  already  resulted  in  a  clear 
;  channel  of  the  required  width,  and  deeper  than  the  20  feet 

j  specified  (Mississippi  rivkr) " 

onstitutional  convention  at  New  Orleans  frames  a  constitution. 
i  Capital  changed  from  New  Orleans  to  Baton  Rouge . .  21  Apr.  1879 
ouis  A.  Wiltz,  Democrat,  elected  governor,  and  the  new  con- 
stitution ratified  by  the  people 8  Dec.     " 

Debt  Ordinance,"  fixing  the  interest  on  consolidated  state 
bonds  at  2>^  per  cent,  for  5  years,  3  per  cent,  for  15  years, 
:  and  4  per  cent,  thereafter,  and  limit  of  state  tax  fixed  at 

6  mills,  ratified  by  the  people  at  the  election 8  Dec.     " 

ureau  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration  created 14  Jan.  1880 

Board  of  Liquidation"  appointed  in  New  Orleans,  to  retire 
•all  the  valid  debt  of  the  city,  a  total  of  $17,736,508.96,  ex- 
changing it  for  4  per  cent,  bonds  payable  in  50  years " 

niversity  for  the  higher  education  of  colored  boys  opened " 

■atli  of  gov.  Wiltz,  lieut.-gov;  McEnery  succeeds 17  Oct.  1881 

111  begun  against  Louisiana  by  New  York  and  New  Hamp- 
•  shire  on  coupons  on  Louisiana  state  bonds  transferred  to 

■these  states  by  the  holders  thereof " 

vo  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  the  mouths 

of  the  Mississippi  by  La  SaUe 10  Apr.  1882 


LOU 

Chief-justice  Waite  renders  his  decision  in  the  New  York  and 
New  Hampshire  suits  against  Louisiana,  that  "  one  state  can- 
not create  a  controversy  with  another  state  within  the  mean- 
ing of  that  term  as  used  in  the  judicial  clauses  of  the  Consti- 
tution, by  assuming  the  prosecution  of  debts  owing  by  other 
states  to  its  citizens" 5  Mch.  1883 

Levee  convention  held  at  Baton  Rouge,  recommending  placing 
the  entire  convict  force  at  work  on  the  levees 19  June,     " 

World's  Industrial  and  Cotton  Centennial  Exposition  held  at 
New  Orleans 1885 

First  Prohibition  convention  ever  held  in  Louisiana  meets  at 
Shreveport 19  Aug.     " 

North,  Central,  and  South  American  Exposition  opens, 

10  Nov.     " 

Legislature  grants  relief  to  wounded  and  disabled  Confederate 
soldiers  of  the  state,  and  to  the  widows  of  Confederate  sol- 
diers killed  or  wounded  in  the  war 1886 

Charter  of  the  Louisiana  State  lottery  expiring  in  1894,  the 
anti-lottery  people,  in  convention  at  New  Orleans,  found  an 
anti -lottery  league  to  oppose  its  renewal 28  Feb.  1890 

Louisiana  Lottery  company  offers  the  state  $1,000,000  per 
year,  double  its  former  offer,  for  the  privilege  of  maintain- 
ing a  lottery 13  May,     '« 

House  of  Delegates  passes  a  bill  amending  the  state  constitu- 
tion, by  granting  a  re  charter  to  the  Louisiana  State  Lottery 
company  for  25  years  for  $1,000,000  per  annum 25  June,    •' 

State  legislature  settles  the  lottery  question  conditionally  by  ac- 
cepting $1,250,000  per  year  for  the  lottery  privilege.  .1  July,     " 

Gov.  Nicholls  vetoes  the  lottery  bill 7  July,     " 

Anti-lottery  league  meets  in  New  Orleans— 500  delegates, 

7  Aug.     " 

Chief  of  police  David  C.  Hennessy  of  New  Orleans  is  waylaid 
and  killed  by  Italian  "Maffia,"  to  whose  band  he  had  traced 
a  number  of  crimes night  of  15  Oct.     " 

Killing  in  the  parish  prison  at  New  Orleans  of  11  Italians 
(Massacres,  United  States) 14  Mch.  1891 

Officers  of  the  Louisiana  lottery  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  in 
Sioux  Falls,  N.  D.,  under  U.  S.  laws 23  Oct.     " 

John  A.  Morris,  in  a  letter,  withdraws  his  proposition  for  the 
renewal  of  the  charter  of  the  Louisiana  lottery" 4  Feb.  1892 

Convention  of  United  Confederate  Veterans  meets  in  New 
Orleans 8  Apr.     " 

Proposed  constitutional  amendment  to  continue  the  Louisiana 
State  lottery  for  25  years  from  1  Jan.  1894,  is  rejected  by 
vote  at  state  election  (Lotteries) 19  Apr.     " 

Monument  erected  to  David  C.  Hennessy  (assassinated  by  Mafla 
in  1890)  by  the  people  of  New  Orleans,  is  unveiled  at  Metarie 
cemetery 30  May,     " 

Nicaragua  Canal  convention  opens  in  New  Orleans;  delegates 
from  every  state  and  territory 30  Nov.     " 

U.  S.  senator  Randall  L.  Gibson  d.  at  Hot  Springs,  Ark., 

15  Dec.     «' 

Donaldson  Caffrey  appointed  by  gov.  Foster  U.  S.  senator  to 
fill  unexpired  term 31  Dec.     •' 

6en.  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard  d.  in  New  Orleans,  aged  75  years, 

20  Feb.  1893 

Destructive  cyclone  along  the  gulf  of  Mexico;  over  2000  lives 
lost 2  Oct.     " 

U.  S.  senator  Edward  D.  White  appointed  associate  justice  of 
the  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S 19  Feb.  1894 

Newton  C.  Blanchard,  member  of  Congress,  appointed  senator 
by  gov.  Foster  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  White 7  Mch.     " 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNOR. 


Wm.  C.  C.  Claiborne. . .   1804  to  1812 


STATE  GOVERNORS. 


Wm.  C.  C.  Claiborne... 

James  Viller6 

Thos.  B.  Robertson 

H.  S.  Thibodeaux 

Henry  Johnson 

Pierre  Derbigny 

A.  Beauvais 

Jacques  Dupr6 

Andr6  B.  Roman 

Edward  D.  White 

Andr6  B.  Roman 

Alexander  Mouton 

Isaac  Johnson 

Joseph  Walker 

Paul  0.  Hebert 

Robert  C.  Wickliffe 

Thos.  0.  Moore 

Michael  Hahn 

Henry  F.  Allen 

James  M.  Wells 

B.  F.  Flanders 

Henry  C.  Warmouth. . . 

Wm.  Pitt  Kellogg 

John  McEnery 

Francis  T.  Nicholls 

Louis  Alfred  Wiltz 

Samuel  D.  McEnery. . . 

Francis  T.  Nicholls 

Murphy  J.  Foster 


1812  to  1816  1 

1816 

'  1820 

1820 

"  1824 

1824 

1824  to  1828 

1828 

'  1829 

1829 

'  1830 

1830 

"  1831 

1831 

"  1834 

1834 

"  1838 

1838 

"  1841 

1841 

"  1845 

1845 

"  1850 

1850 

"  1854 

1854 

"  1858 

1858 

"  1860 

1860 

"  1863 

1864 

1864 

1864  to  1867 

1867 

'  1868 

1868 

'  1872 

1872 

'  1877 

1872 

"  1877 

1877 

"  1880 

1880 

"  1881 

1881 

"  1888 

1888 

"  1892 

1892 

"  1896 

Resigns. 
Acting. 

Dies  in  office. 
Acting. 


Confederate  governor. 
[Governor  of  New  Orleans 
[     and  vicinity  (Federal). 
( Governor    of    Confederate 
[     portion. 

Not  recognized  by  Congress. 
;  Military  governor  appointed 
[     by  gen.  Sheridan. 

De  facto. 

Democratic  claimant. 
See  this  record,  1877. 
Dies  in  office. 
Acting.    Elected  1884. 


LOU 


460 


LUD 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 


Nun*. 

No.  of  ConxreM. 

Dkt«. 

Remark..                                                       ^ 

12th 

12th  to  14th 

12th 
13th  to  15th 
15th  "  18th 
16th  "  18th 
18th  "  20th 
18th  "  23d 
2l8t  "22d 

22d 
23d  to  24th 
24th  "  27  th 
24th  "  26th 

27th 
27th  to  29th 

28th 
28th  to  30th 

29th 
30th  to  32d 
3l8t  "32d 
33d    "36th 
33d    "  36th 
36th  "  40th 

40th 
40th  to  42d 
42d    "45th 
45th  "  4fith 
45th  "  48th 
4fith  "48th 
48th  "  52d 
49th  "  51st 
52d  "  53d 

52d     

53d     

1812 

1813  to  1817 

1812 
1813  to  1819 

1818  "  1824 

1819  "  1823 
1824  "  1829 
1824  "  1833 
1829  "  1831 

1832 
1834  to  1837 
1837  "  1842 
1836  "  1841 

1842  "  1843 
1841  "  1846 

1843  "  1844 

1844  "  1849 
1847 

1847  to  1853 
1849  "  1853 
1853  "  1861 
1853  "  1861 
1861  "  1868 

1868 
1868  to  1872 
1871  "  1877 
1877  "  1879 
1877  "  1883 
1879  "  1885 
1883  "  1892 
1885  "  1891 
1891  "1894 

1893 

1894 

(Appointed  in  idace  of  John  Noel  Destrahan,  who  resigned  in  181 
(     never  having  t^iken  his  seat. 
Elected  in  place  of  Destrahan. 

James  Brown 

Hfiury  JohusoD 

Resigned. 

Resigned,  being  appointed  minister  to  France. 

Jaui6s  Browu 

Domiuiuuo  Bouligny 

Died,  1833. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Livingston. 

Elected  in  place  of  Johnston.    Resigned  1837. 

Alexander  Porter 

Alexander  Mouton 

Elected  in  place  of  Porter.     Resigned  1842.                                ~ 

Robert  C  Nicholas     

Charles  M  Conrad                 

Elected  in  place  of  Mouton. 
Died  1846. 

Died  1844. 

Pierre  Soul^  {soo-ld') 

Elected  in  place  of  Barrow. 

Solomon  W  Downs. 

Pierre  Soul6               

Resigned,  being  appointed  minister  to  Spain  by  pres.  PiercQu 

Judah  P  Benjamin       

Retired  from  the  senate.                                                             i 

John  Slidell 

Vacant. 

Seated  17  July.                                                                               - 

William  Pitt  Kellogg. 

Seated  17  July.     Resigned  for  governorship.                             ] 

J  Rodman  West  

The  only  senator  from  Louisiana  from  1872  to  1877. 

James  B  Eustis 

William  Pitt  Kellogg  

«' 

Beniamin  F  Jones.     

, 

'Rnn<i»ll  I.  flihson     

Died  1892. 

Tnmfx:  R    Kiistis                       

Edward  D.  White 

Appointed  judge  of  the  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.                  ; 

Appointed  in  place  of  White.                                                       ' 

liOUVre  (loovr),  in  Paris,  is  said  to  have  been  a  royal 
residence  in  the  reign  of  Dagobert,  628.  It  was  a  prison-tower 
constructed  by  Philip  Augustus  in  1204.  It  afterwards  became 
a  library,  and  Charles  VI.  made  it  his  palace  (about  1364). 
The  new  buildings,  begun  by  Francis  I.  in  1528,  were  enlarged 
and  adorned  by  successive  kings,  particularly  Louis  XIV. 
Napoleon  I.  turned  it  into  a  museum,  the  finest  collection  of 
paintings,  statues,  and  treasures  of  art  known  in  the  world. 
The  chief  of  those  brought  from  Itah'  have  since  been  re- 
stored. The  magnificent  buildings  of  the  new  Louvre,  begun 
by  Napoleon  I.  and  completed  by  Napoleon  III.,  were  inaug- 
urated by  the  latter,  14  Aug.  1857.  The  library  was  de- 
stroved  and  other  buildings  injured  bv  the  communists,  May, 
187i. 

LoiV  Countries,  the  Pays  Bas,  now  Holland  and 
Belgium. 

IjOyal  Leg^ion,  military  order  of,  organized  15  Apr. 
1865,  by  officers  and  ex-officers  of  the  army,  navy,  and  marine 
corps  of  the  United  States  who  took  part  in  the  civil  war  of 
1861-65.  Membership  descends  to  the  eldest  direct  male  lin- 
eal descendant.  Men  can  become  members  who  in  civil  life, 
during  the  war,  rendered  active  and  eminent  service  to  the 
Union ;  the  ratio  not  to  exceed  1  to  33  of  the  first  class. 
There  are  20  comraanderies,  each  representing  a  state,  and  one 
the  District  of  Columbia.  Total  membership,  Oct.  31,  1891, 
9640. 

IjUbeck,  a  city  in  N.  Germany,  one  of  four  republics  of 
the  German  confederation,  was  founded  in  the  12th  century, 
and  was  the  originator  of  the  Hanseatic  league  about  1240, 
which  lasted  till  1630.  Lubeck  was  declared  a  free  imperial 
city  about  1226;  but  was  frequently  attacked  by  the  Danes. 
The  French  took  it  by  assault,  6  Nov.  1806,  and  Napoleon  in- 
corporated it  with  his  empire  in  1810.  On  his  fall  in  1814  it 
became  once  more  a  free  imperial  city.  It  joined  the  North 
German  Confederation,  18  Aug.  1866.  Pop.  1871.  52,158  ;  1875, 
56,912 ;  1880,  63,571 ;  1890,  76,485.     Hanse  towns. 

Luca'nians,  a  warlike  people  of  S.  Italy,  defeated 
Alexander  of  Epirus  at  Pandosia,  332  b.c.  ;  were  subdued  by 
the  Romans,  272 ;  revolted  after  the  battle  of  Cannae,  216;  were 
reduced  by  Scipio,  201;  again  revolted,  90;  admitted  as  Roman 
citizens,  88. 

Lucca,  central  Italy,  a  Roman  colony,  177  b.c.,  a  Lom- 
bard duchy,  1327  a.d.  ;  a  free  city  about  1370 ;  was  active  in 
civil  wars  of  Italian  republics.  It  was  united  with  Tuscany, 
and  given  as  a  principality  to  Eliza  Bonaparte  by  her  brother 


Napoleon  I.,  1805.     Lucca,  as  a  duchy,  was  given  to  Mai 
Louisa,  widow  of  Louis,  king  of  Etruria,  in  1814.     It  was 
changed  by  her  son  Charles  Louis  for  Parma  and  Placentia 
1847 ;  annexed  to  Tuscanv,  and  with  it  to  the  kingdom  of  Ital 
in  1860. 

I^UCerne,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  became  independen 
in  1332,  and  joined  the  confederation.  The  city  is  said  to  d« 
rive  its  name  from  a  light  (lucernfi)  set  up  to  guide  travellert 
It  dates  from  the  8th  century,  and  was  subject  to  the  abbot 
of  Murbach,  who  surrendered  it  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg.  I 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  Mch.  1798,  and  was  for  a  shoP 
time  capital  of  the  Helvetic  republic;  which,  as  the  focus 
insurrection  against  the  French,  was  suppressed  Oct.  1802.  k 
a  Catholic  canton,  Lucerne  was  active  on  behalf  of  educatioi 
by  the  Jesuits,  1844.     Switzerland. 

Lu'cia,  St.,  one  of  the  British  West  India  islands, 
settled  by  the  English,  1639;  expelled  by  the  natives;  settled 
by  French  in  1650 ;  taken  by  the  British  several  times  in  sub- 
sequent wars.  Insurrection  of  the  French  negroes,  Apr.  1796*' 
St.  Lucia  was  restored  to  France  at  the  peace  of  1802 ;  but  waf 
seized  by  England,  1803,  and  confirmed  to  her  in  1814.  Areaj 
245  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1871,  31,811—710  whites ;  1876, 34,848H 
910  whites;  1891,41,713.  ] 

lu'cifer-niatche§  came  into  use  about  1834,  Friot 
tion  matches  were  invented  by  Walker  of  Stockton-on-Tees, 
Engl.,  1829.  In  Mch.  1842,  Reuben  Partridge  patented  ma- 
chinery for  manufacturing  splints.  In  1845,  Schrotter  of 
Vienna  produced  his  amorphous  phosphorus  (by  heating  ordi- 
nary phosphorus  in  a  gas  which  it  cannot  absorb),  by  the  use 
of  which  lucifers  are  rendered  less  dangerous,  and  the  manu- 
facture less  unhealthy.  <t»wT06jOoc  (Gr.)  and  Lucifer  (Lat.) 
both  signify  light-bearer.  In  the  United  States  termed  for  a 
while  Loco-Fooo,  probably  from  the  Latin  loco-foci,  instead 
of  fire ;  but  Bartlett  says  from  a  self-lighting  cigar,  an  inven- 
tion of  John  Marck,  in^New  York,  1834.  Matches  first  began 
to  be  used  in  the  U.  S.  in  1831-32,  when  they  were  sold  in 
boxes  containing  25  for  25  cents.  The  first  patent  issued  in 
the  U.  S.  for  their  manufacture  was  to  Alonzo  D.  Phillips  of 
Springfield,  Mass.,  1836.  It  is  estimated  that  over  6,000,000 
gross  of  14,400  matches  each  are  used  yearly  in  the  U.  S. 

IjUCknoW,  capital  of  Oude  since  1675.  Pop.  1891? 
273,090.     India,  1857 ;  Oude. 

Luddites.  Large  parties  of  men,  so  called  from  Ned 
Lud,  an  idiot,  who  once  broke  some  frames  in  a  passion,  com- 
menced depredations  at  Nottingham,  breaking  frames  and 


4> 


LUN 


461 


LYD 


aachinery,  Nov.  1811.  Skirmish  with  the  militarj'  there,  29 
an.  1812.  Serious  riots  occurred  again  in  1814,  and  bodies 
f  unemployed  artisans  committed  excesses  in  1816  et  seq. 
leveral  Luddites  were  tried  and  executed,  1813  and  1818. 
)erby. 

lunatiCi.     Insanity. 

Liiindy's  L<ane  or  Bridgeirater,  Battle  of. 
few  York,  1814. 

Lu'lieville,  France,  Peace  of,  between  the  French  re- 
ublic  and  the  emperor  of  Germany,  confirmed  cessions  made 
y  the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  stipulated  that  the  Rhine,  as 
ir  as  the  Dutch  territories,  should  form  the  boundary  of 
'ranee,  and  recognized  the  Batavian,  Helvetic,  Ligurian,  and 
!isalpine  republics,  9  Feb.  1801. 

liUperca'lia,  a  yearly  festival  observed  at  Rome  on- 
5  Feb.  in  honor  of  Pan,  destroyer  of  wolves  (lupi),  instituted 
V  the  Romans,  in  memory  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  accord- 
ig  to  Plutarch ;  but,  according  to  Livy,  brought  by  Evander 
ito  Italy.  These  feasts  are  said  to  have  been  abolished 
1  496,  by  pope  Gelasius,  on  account  of  great  disorders. 
'easts. 

*'  Lilliiad,"  the  great  epic  poem  of  the  Portuguese, 
-^ritten  in  honor  of  their  discoveries  in  India,  by  Luis  de 
lamoens,  and  published  by  him  at  Lisbon,  1572.  The  Eng- 
sh  translations  are  by  sir  Richard  Fanshawe,  1655 ;  by  Will- 
im  Julius  Mickle,  1775,  and  others ;  the  latest  and  best  by  J. 
.  Aubertin,  1878. 

lUStnini,  an  expiatory  sacrifice  made  for  the  Roman 
leople,  at  the  end  of  every  5  years,  after  the  census,  472  B.C. 
very  5th  year  was  called  a  lustrum ;  and  10,  15,  or  20  years 
ere  commonly  expressed  by  2,  3,  or  4  lustra.  The  number 
'Roman  citizens  was,  in  293  B.C.,  272,308;  179  B.C.,  273,294; 
|)  B.C.,  450,000;  28  B.C.,  4,164,060;  48  A.D.,  5,984,072.  The 
ist  lustrum  took  place  74  a.d. 

lute,  an  ancient  instrument  of  Oriental  origin  (Arab. 
"ud) ;  said  to  have  been  brought  to  Mecca  in  the  6th  century 
JB.,  and  thence  to  Europe.  J.  S.  Bach  and  others  composed 
'r  the  western  lute  in  the  18th  century. 

I  LiUtlieran§,  followers  of  Martin  Luther,  who  was  born 
!  Eisleben,  10  Nov.  1483;  studied  at  Erfurt,  1501 ;  was  pro- 
issor  of  philosophy  at  Wittenberg,  1508 ;  resisted  the  sale  of 
dulgences,  1517  ;  defended  himself  at  Augsburg,  1518 ;  at 
I'orms,  1520  ;  was  excommunicated,  16  June,  1520 ;  began 
(8  German  Bible,  1521;  married  Katherine  de  Bora,  1525; 
(iblished  his  German  Bible  complete,  1534;  died  18  Feb. 
[46.  The  majority  of  the  people  of  the  north  of  Germany, 
russia,  Denmark,  and  Sweden  are  Lutherans.  The  doctrines 
-9  mainly  embodied  in  Luther's  catechisms,  in  the  Augsburg 
bnfession  (Augsburg),  and  in  the  Formula  Concordice  of 
je  Lutherans,  pub.  in  1580.  Their  first  university  was 
landed  at  Marburg  in  1527,  by  Philip,  landgrave  of 
Jisse.  The  Luther  memorial  at  Worms  was  unveiled  in  the 
lesence  of  the  king  of  Prussia  and  other  sovereigns,  25 
'ne,  1868.  By  the  census  of  1890  the. number  of  Lutheran 
iurches  or  organizations  in  the  United   States  was  8427 ; 

lue  of  church  property  $34,218,234,  with  1,199,514  com- 

micants. 

iLutzen  or  I^utzengeil,  a  town  of  N.  Germany. 
jire  Gustavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  defeated  the  impe-. 
jlists  under  Wallenstein,  16  Nov.  1632,  but  was  killed ;  and 
[re  the  French  army,  commanded  by  Napoleon,  defeated 
Y  armies  of  Russia  and  Prussia,  under  gen.  Wittgenstein, 
■jMay,  1813.  The  battles  of  Bautzen  and  Wurschen  im- 
»^:diately  followed  (19-21  May),  both  hi  favor  of  Napo- 
?n.  The  allies  were  compelled  to  pass  the  Oder,  and  an 
jnistice  was  agreed  to,  afterwards  prolonged :  but,  un- 
wmately  for  the  French  emperor,  this  did  not  produce 
^ice. 

iLuxembOUrg',  Palace  of,  Paris,  built  1615  for  Marie 
^Medicis.  Part  is  now  occupied  by  a  collection  of  paintings 
^contemporary  artists,  any  of  which,  10  years  after  the  death 
4t)ie  painter,  may  be  bfought  to  the  Louvre.  Works  of 
%ign  artists  are  admitted  upon  equal  terms  with  the  French 
6ool,  subject  to  2  conditions,  (1)  merit,  (2)  artist  willing  to 


sell  at  price  offered  by  the  state.  The  Luxembourg  gallery 
receives  additions  yearly  from  work  of  young  painters.  The 
picture  that  gains  the  Prix  du  Salon  at  the  annual  exhibition 
in  the  Palais  de  ITndustrie  is  usually  bouglit  by  the  state. 
Changes  are  constantly  taking  place  in  the  collection  as  pict- 
ures are  removed  to  the  Louvre.  It  was  made  a  national  gal- 
lery in  1802. 

IjUXeillburg°,  grand-duchy  of,  borders  on  the  extreme 
southeast  corner  of  Belgium.  Luxemburg,  the  capital,  once 
considered  the  strongest  fortified  city  in  the  world,  has  been 
many  times  besieged  and  taken  :  by  the  French  in  984, 1443, 
1479,  1542-43 ;  by  the  Spaniards  in  1544 ;  by  the  French  in 
1684;  restored  to  Spain  in  1697;  taken  by  the  French  in  1701 ; 
given  to  the  Dutch  as  a  barrier  town,  but  ceded  to  the  em- 
peror at  the  peace  in  1713.  It  withstood  several  sieges  in  the 
last  century.  It  surrendered  to  the  French  after  a  siege,  from 
Nov.  1794  to  July,  1795 ;  and  was  retaken  by  the  allies,  May, 
1814.  Fortifications  transformed  to  civil  purposes,  1874.  By 
the  treaty  of  London,  1867,  the  grand-duchy  was  declared  a 
neutral  and  independent  state,  with  the  crown  hereditary  in 
the  Nassau  family.  The  present  reigning  grand-duke  since 
the  death  of  the  king  of  the  Netherlands,  William  III.,  who 
was  also  grand-duke  of  Luxemburg,  is  Adolf,  duke  of  Nassau. 
Area,  998  sq.  miles;  pop.  1867,  199,958;  1875,  205,158;  1890, 
211,088  ;  pop.  of  the  city,  18,187. 

LiUXOr  or  £I-Uksur,  Egypt.     Thebes. 

luxuries.  "  Give  me  the  luxuries  of  life,  and  I  cau 
dispense  with  the  necessaries,"  a  famous  paradox  ascribed  by 
dr.  Holmes,  in  the  "  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table,"  to  the 
historian  Motley.  But  Plutarch  quotes  from  Scopas  of  Thes- 
saly  the  similar  saying, "  We  who  are  rich  find  happiness  in 
superfluities,  not  in  necessaries,"  and  the  remark  has  been  re- 
peated in  many  forms. 

Ijyce'Uin  (originally  a  temple  of  Apollo  Lyceus,  or  a 
portico,  or  gallery,  built  by  Lyceus,  son  of  Apollo)  was  a 
spot  near  the  Ilissus,  in  Attica,  where  Aristotle  taught  phi- 
losophy; and  as  he  generally  taught  as  he  walked,  his  pupils 
were  called  peripatetics,  "  walkers-about,"  342  b.c. — Stanley. 
Theatres. 

Ly'cia,  a  country  of  Asia  Minor,  subject  successively  to 
Croesus  (about  560  B.C.),  to  the  Persians  (546  b.c.),  to  Alex- 
ander the  Great  (333  b.c.),  and  to  his  successors  the  Seleucidae. 
The  Romans  gave  Lycia  to  the  Rhodians  (188  b.c.).  It  be- 
came nominally  free  under  the  Romans,  and  was  annexed  to 
the  empire  by  Claudius.  The  marbles  brought  from  Lycia 
by  sir  Charles  Fellows  were  deposited  in  the  British  museum, 
1840-46. 

Ljyd'ia  or  lHaBO'nia,  an  ancient  kingdom  in  Asia 
Minor,  under  a  long  dynasty  of  kings,  the  last  being  Croesus, 
"  the  richest  of  mankind."  The  coinage  of  gold  and  silver 
money,  and  other  useful  inventions,  are  ascribed  to  the  Lydi- 
ans.  .^sop,  the  Phrygian  fabulist,  Alcman,  the  first  Greek 
poet,  Thales  of  Miletus,  Anaximenes,  Xenophanes,  Anacreon 
of  Teos,  Heraclitus  of  Ephesus,  etc.,  flourished  in  Lydia.  The 
early  history  is  mythical.  ^q 

Agron,  a  descendant  of  Hercules,  reigns  in  Lydia.— T/erod..  about  1223 

Kingdom  proper  begins  under  Ardys  I. — Blair 797 

Alyattes  I.  reigns 761 

My rsus  commences  his  rule 747 

Reign  of  Candaules  (or  Myrsilus) 735 

Gyges,  first  of  the  Mermnadae,  kills  Caudaules,  marries  his 
queen,  usurps  the  throne,  and  makes  great  conquests, 

about    731 
Ardys  II.  reigns,  678;   the  Cimbri  besiege  Sardis,  capital  of 

Lydia 635 

Milesian  war,  commenced  under  Gyges,  is  continued  by  Sady- 

attes,  who  reigns 628 

Reign  of  Alyattes  II 617 

Battle  upon  the  river  Halys,  between  Lydians  and  Medes, 
interrupted  by  an  almost  total  eclipse  of  tlie  sun,  pre- 
dicted manv  years  before  by  Thales  of  Miletus. — Blair, 

28  May,    585 

Crcesus,  son  of  Alyattes,  succeeds,  conquers  Asia  Minor 560-60 

Croesus,  dreading  Cyrus,  whose  conquests  had  reached  the 
borders  of  Lydia,  crosses  the  Halys  to  attack  the  Medes, 

with  4-20,000  men  and  60,000  horse 548 

He  is  defeated,  pursued,  and  besieged  in  his  capital  by  Gyrus, 
who  orders  him  burned  alive;  the  pile  is  already  on  fire, 
when  Crcesus  calls  aloud  Solon  !  and  Cyrus  hearing  him, 
spares  his  life.  Lydia  made  a  province  of  the  Persian 
empire 546 


LYG 


462 


MAC 


1 


Sardia  burned  by  loniana 499 

Lydia  conquered  by  Alexander 832 

Becomes  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus. 283 

A.D. 

Conquered  by  Turks 1326 

Lijeo'nla,     Maink,  State  of,  1630-40. 

I3  illg^-ill  llO§pital»i.  The  first,  established  in  Dub- 
lin by  dr.  Bartholomew  Mosse,  a  physician,  amid  strong  oppo- 
sition, was  opened  Mch.  1745.     Hospitals. 

lympliat'iCi,  absorbent  vessels  connected  with  diges- 
tion, discovered  about  1660  by  Rudbek  in  Sweden,  Bartholin 
in  Denmark,  and  Jolyffe  in  England.  Asellius  discovered  the 
lacteals  in  1622.  In  1654  Glisson  ascribed  to  these  vessels 
the  function  of  absorption  ;  and  their  properties  were  studied 
by  William  and  John  Hunter,  Monro,  Hewson,  and  other 
great  anatomists. 

lynch  la^V,  punishment  inflicted  by  private  individ- 
uals, without  legal  authority,  said  to  derive  its  name  from 
Charles  Lynch,  a  planter  of  Virginia  (1726-96),.  who  under- 
took, with  Robert  Adams  and  Thomas  Calloway,  to  protect 
society  by  punishing  outlaws  and  traitors  through  the  process 
of  an  informal  or  self-constituted  court.  Its  sentences,  how- 
ever, never  went  beyond  flogging  and  banishment.     Charles 


LjMich's  brother  John  was  the  founder  of  Lynchburg, 
Summary  punishment  is  often  inflicte<l  by  mobs  in  certi 
southern  and  western  states.  195  cases  of  lynching  report 
in  1891.     Crime. 

Ijyon§,  S.  France,  the  Roman  Lugdunum,  founded  by 
Plancus,  43  b.c.  The  city  was  reduced  to  ashes  in  a  night 
lightning,  59  A.i>.,  and  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of  Nero.  It  wa 
free  city  till  its  union  with  France  in  1307.  Pop.  1891, 416,0 
Battle  near  Lyons;  Clodius  Albinus  defeated  and  slain  by  Sep- 

timius  Severus 19  Feb. 

Two  general  councils  held  here  (13th  and  14th) 1245, 

Silk  manufacture  commenced 

Lyons  taken  by  republicans  after  70  days'  siege,  9  Oct. ;  awful 

pillage  and  slaughter  follow ;  convention  decreed  demolition 

of  city 12  Oct. 

Capitulated  to  Austrians Mch. 

Railway  to  Paris  opened 7  Apr. 

lyre.  Its  invention  is  ascribed  to  the  Grecian  Hei 
(the  Roman  Mercury),  who,  according  to  Homer,  gave  it 
Apollo,  the  first  that  played  it  with  method,  and  accorapan 
it  with  poetry.  The  invention  of  the  primitive  lyre,  wit 
strings,  is  ascribed  to  the  first  Egyptian  Hermes.  Terpan 
added  several  strings  to  the  lyre,  making  7,  673  b.c.  Ph: 
of  Mitylene  added  2  more,  making  9,  438  b.c. 


M 


M,  the  13th  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  the  12th  of  the 
Latin  and  Greek.  As  an  initial,  M  is  used  for  master,  merid- 
iem, medicine,  mundi,  member— as  M.A.,  Magister  Artium 
(master  of  arts);  A.M.,  Anti  Meridiem  (before  noon);  P.M., 
Post  Meridiem  (after  noon);  A.M.,  Anno  Mundi  (year  of  the 
world)  ;  M.D.,  Medidnas  Doctor ;  M.C.,  member  of  Con- 
gress; M.P.,  member  of  Parliament.  Also,  as  a  symbol  of 
numbers,  M.  indicates  1000,  M.  1,000,000. 

macadam 'izing^,  a  system  of  road-making  which 
John  Loudon  Macadam  (b.  Scotland,  1756 ;  d.  1836)  devised, 
and  described  in  an  essay  in  1819,  having  practised  it  in  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland.  He  used  stones  broken  to  6  ounces'  weight, 
recommending  clean  flints  and  granite  clippings.  He  received 
10,000/.  from  Parliament ;  and  in  1827  was  appointed  surveyor- 
general  of  the  metropolitan  roads.     Roads. 

nfcAlliiter,  Fort.     Fort  McAllistkr. 

maca'O,  a  seaport  town  of  Quang-tong,  S.  China,  was 
ceded  by  China  to  Portugal  as  a  commercial  station  in  1586 
(in  return  for  assistance  against  pirates),  subject  to  an  annual 
tribute,  remitted  in  1863.  Here  Caraoens  composed  part  of 
the  "  LusiAD." 

"  macaro'ni."  A  name  given  to  a  poem  by  The- 
ophilus  Folengo,  1509,  and  still  applied  to  trifling  performances, 
as  buffoonery,  puns,  anagrams,  "  wit  without  wisdom,  and  hu- 
mor without  sense."  The  name  was  taken  from  a  preparation 
of  wheat,  native  to  Italy,  where  it  is  an  article  of  food  of  na- 
tional importance.  These  poems,  in  Italy  and  France,  gave 
rise  to  Macaroni  academies,  and  in  England  to  Macaroni 
clubs  (about  1772),  when  everything  ridiculous  in  dress  and 
manners  was  called  "  Macaroni." 

]?Iae'cabee§,  a  name  of  the  Asmonaeans,  whose  career 
began  during  the  persecution  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  167  b.c. 
Mattathias,  a  priest,  resisted  the  tyrant ;  and  his  son,  Judas 
Maccabaeus,  defeated  the  Sj'rians  in  3  battles,  166,  165  b.c.  ; 
but  fell  in  an  ambush,  161  B.C.  His  brother  Jonathan  made 
,a  league  with  the  Romans  and  Lacedaemonians,  and  after  an 
'able  administration  was  treacherously  killed  at  Ptolemais  by 
Tryphon,  143  b.c.  His  brother  and  successor,  Simon,  was 
murdered,  135  b.c.  John  HjTcanus,  son  of  Simon,  succeeded. 
His  son  Judas,  called  also  Aristobulus,  took  the  title  of  king, 
107  B.C.  The  history  of  the  Maccabees  fills  5  books  of  that 
name,  2  of  which  are  included  in  our  Apocrypha.  4  are  ac- 
counted canonical  by  the  Roman  Catholic  church ;  none  by 
Protestant  communions. 

McCrea,  Jane,  Murder  of.     New  York,  1777. 

McDoirell,  Va.     Here  on  8  May,  1862,  Stonewall 


Jackson  attacked  gen.  Schenck.     The  federals  retreated 
ing  the  night,  loss  256  ;  confederates,  461. 

mace,  a  weapon  anciently  used  by  cavalry  of  most  1 
tions,  originally  a  spiked  club,  usually  of  metal,  hung  at  thoi 
saddle-bow. — The  mace,  an  ensign  of  authority,  borne  befor<! 
officers  of  state,  having  an  open  crown  at  the  top,  commonly 
of  silver  gilt.  The  lord  chancellor  and  speaker  of  the  Housi 
of  Commons  have  maces  borne  before  them.  Edward  III. 
granted  to  London  the  privilege  of  having  gold  or  silver  maces 
carried  before  the  lord  mayor,  sheriffs,  aldermen,  and  corpora- 
tion, 1354.  It  was  with  the  mace  usually  carried  before  thi; 
lord  mayor  on  state  occasions  that  Walworth,  lord  mayor  ol 
London,  is  said  to  have  knocked  the  rebel  Wat  Tyler  off  his 
horse,  for  rudely  approaching  Richard  II.,  a  courtier  after- 
wards despatching  him  with  his  dagger,  15  June,  1381.  When 
Cromwell  came  to  disperse  Parliament,  he  ordered  a  soldier  to 
"  take  away  that  bawble,"  the  mace,  which  was  done,  and  the 
doors  of  the  house  locked,  20  Apr.  1653. 

Hac'edon  or  Hacedo'iiia,  N.  Greece.  The  first 
kingdom  founded  by  Caranus,  about  814  b.c.,  was  successively 
under  the  protection  of  Athens,  of  Thebes,  and  of  Sparta,  until 
the  reign  of  Philip,  father  of  Alexander  the  Great,  who  l)y 
political  wisdom  and  warlike  exploits  made  it  powerful,  ami 
paved  the  way  for  his  son's  greatness. 
Reigns  of  Caranus,  814  B.C.,  or  796,  or  748;  Perdiccas  I.,  729; 
Argseus  L,  684;  Philip  L,  640  or  609.  B.c 

^ropus  conquers  lUyrians 60S 

Reign  of  Amyntas,  540 ;  of  Alexander  1 50C 

Macedon  conquered  by  Persians,  513;  delivered  by  victory  of 

Plataja 47£ 

Reign  of  Perdiccas  II *54 

Potidaea,  revolting,  433 ;  retaken  by  Athenians 42£ 

Archelaus,  natural  sou  of  Perdiccas,  murders  the  legitimate 

.    heirs,  seizes  the  throne,  and  improves  the  country.  413; 

murdered  by  a  favorite  to  whom  he  promised  his  daughter 

in  marriage 3K 

Pausanias  reigns 39* 

Reign  of  Amyntas  II. ,  after  killing  Pausanias 391 

Illyrians  enter  Macedonia,  expel  Amyntas,  and  make  Argseus,        : 

brother  of  Pausanias,  king 39.; 

Amyntas  again  recovers  his  kingdom 39^ 

Reign  of  Alexander  n.,  369;  assassinated 36^ 

Reign  of  Perdiccas  III.,  36^;  killed  in  battle 36( 

Reign  of  Philip  II.,  and  institution  of  the  Macedonian  pha- 
lanx      35.; 

He  defeats  the  Athenians  and  Illyrians 360,  SSj 

He  takes  Amphipolis  (Archery) 36.; 

He  conquers  Thrace,  Illyria,  and  Thessalv 366-3|; 

Birth  of  Alexander  III.,  the  Great *« 

Close  of  the  first  sacred  war 3^'; 

Illyricum  overrun  by  the  army  of  Philip ^: 

Thrace  made  tributary  to  Macedon ^■'\ 

Aristotle  appointed  tutor  to  Alexander ,^ 

War  against  the  Athenians ■** 


MAC  463 

Philip  besieged  Byzantium  unsuccessfully 340 

Battle  of  Chseronea;  Philip  victor 3b8 

Philip  iissassinated  by  Fausauias  at  JEgse  during  games  at  his 

daughter's  nuptials;  Alexander  III.,  the  Great,  succeeds 336 

Greeks  appoint  him  general  against  the  Persians 335 

rhebans  revolt;  he  destroys  Thebes;   house  of  Pindar  alone 

left " 

He  enters  Asia,  and  first  defeats  Darius  at  the  Granicus,  2'2  May,  334 
5ardis  surrenders,  Halicarnassus    taken,  and    cities    in   Asia 

Minor " 

yiemnon  ravages  the  Cyclades;    Darius  takes  the  field  with 

460,000  infantry  and  100,000  cavalry 333 

3arius  defeated  at  Issds Nov.  " 

yexander,  on  his  way  to  Egypt,  lays  siege  to  Tyre,  which  is 

destroyed  after  7  months 332 

Damascus  taken;  Gaza  surrenders " 

Uexander  enters  Jerusalem;   Egypt  conquered;   Alexandria 

founded " 

'ersians  defeated  at  Arbela 1  Oct.  331 

Uexander  master  of  Asia ;  enters  Babylon " 

!its  on  the  throne  of  Darius  at  Susa 330 

'arthia.  Media,  etc.,  overrun  by  him 329 

'halestris,  queen  of  the  Amazons,  visits  him " 

le  puts  his  friend  Parmenio  to  death  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy 

supposed  to  be  false " 

lis  expedition  to  India;  Porus.  the  king,  defeated  and  taken; 

the  country  to  the  Ganges  overrun 327 

lallisthenes  tortured  for  refusing  divine  homage  to  Alexan- 
der   328 

'oyage   of  his   admiral    Nearchus   from  the  Indus  to  the 

Euphrates 328-325 

|leturus  to  Babylon,  324 ;  d 323 

hilip  III.  (Aridseus)  king 

lexander's  conquests  divided  among  his  generals,  323;  his  re- 
mains taken  to  Alexandria,  and  buried  by  Ptolemy 322 

reeks  defeated  by  Antipater   and    the    Macedonians,  near 

[  Ckanxon " 

assander  reigns,  316;  rebuilds  Thebes 315 

eleucus  recovers  Babylon 312 

assander  kills  Roxanaand  her  son  (last  of  Alexander's  family), 

and  usurps  the  throne 311 

attle  of  Ipsus;  Antigonus  killed 301 

ew  division  of  the  empire " 

eath  of  Cassander 298 

eign  of  his  sons  Alexander  V.  and  Antipater " 

emetrius  I.,  Poliorcetes,  son  of  Antigonus,  murders  Alexan- 

!  der,  and  seizes  the  crown  of  Macedon 294 

(chsean  league  formed  against  Macedon 281-24:3 

jovernments  of  Pyrrhus,  287;  Lysimachus,  286;  Ptolemy  Ce- 

;  raunus 281 

truption  of  the  Gauls ;  Ptolemy  killed 279 

|)sthenes  governs 278 

jeign  of  Antigonus  Gonatas,  son  of  Demetrius 277 

f  rrhus  invades  Macedon,  defeats  Antigonus,  and  is  proclaimed 

iking , 274 

irrrhus  slain ;  Antigonus  restored 272 

ptigonus  takes  Athens 268 

auls  again  invade  Macedon " 

fevolt  of  the  Parthians 250 

pign  of  Demetrius  II 239 

lilip,  his  son,  232 ;  set  aside  by  Antigonus  Doson 229 

[lilip  v.,  220;  allies  with  Hannibal,  211;  wars  unsuccessfully 

i.against  the  Rhodians 202 

Iiilip  defeated  by  Romans  at  Cynoscephalae 197 

jiign  of  Perseus,  his  son,  17H;  war  with  Rome 171 

lirseus  defeated  at  Pydna;  Macedon  a  Roman  province 168 

ferseus  and  his  sons  walk  in  chains  before  the  chariot  of 

.Smilius  in  his  triumph  over  Macedon 167 

jsurrection  of  Andriscus,  calling  himself  Philip,  son  of  Per- 
seus, quelled 148 

i  A.D. 

licedonia  plundered  by  Theodoric  the  Ostrogoth •    482 

I'Uquered  by  the  Bulgarians 978 

"Covered  by  emperor  Basil 1001 

:>rmed  into  the  Latin  kingdom  of  Thessalonica,  by  Boniface 

|of  Montferrat 1204 

iter  various  changes,  conquered  bv  Amurath  II.,  and  annexed 

|to  Turkey 1430 

[IVIacedo'llians,  a  religious  sect,  followers  of  Mace- 
nius,  made  bishop  of  Constantinople  about  341.  His  ap- 
lintment  was  opposed  and  led  to  much  bloodshed.  He  was 
:  pelled  by  decree  of  a  council  held  860.  He  held  that  the 
oly  Ghost  was  not  a  distinct  person  of  the  Trinity,  but  a 
yine  spirit  or  energy  diffused  through  the  universe.— £"06?^^. 
iso  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Macedonia. 

"McFingal,"  the  title  of  a  political  satire  by  John 
umbuU.     Literature,  American. 

jMcHenry,  Fort.     Fort  McHenry. 

rMacliiaveliaii  principles,  taught  by  Niccoio 

ichiavelli  of  Florence  (b.  1493,  d.  1527),  in  his  "  Practice 
^Politics"  and  "The  Prince."  By  some  they  are  styled 
|he  most  pernicious  maxims  of  government,  founded  on  the 
'est  policy;"  by  others  as  "sound  doctrines,  notwithstand- 
'?  the  prejudice  erroneously  raised  against  them."     The  au- 


MAD 


thor  said  that  if  he  taught  princes  to  be  tyrants,  he  also 
taught  the  people  to  destroy  tyrants.  "  The  Prince  "  ap- 
peared at  Rome  in  1532,  and  was  translated  into  English  in 
1761. 

Iflacieowice  {mats-ya-o-veet'sa),  a  town  near  Warsaw, 
Poland.  Here  the  Poles  were  defeated  by  the  Russians,  and 
their  general,  Kosciusko,  taken  prisoner,  10  Oct.  1794,  after  a 
murderous  action.  He  endeavored  to  prevent  the  junction  of 
the  Russian  and  Austrian  armies.  The  statement  that  he  said 
"  Finis  Poloniae  ! "  is  contradicted. 

Hack'inaw,  Fort.     Fort  Mackinaw. 

Hadagas'car,  southeast  coast  of  Africa.  The  third 
largest  island  in  the  world,  not  including  Australia.  Distance 
from  Africa,  230  miles;  length,  975  miles;  breadth, 358  miles; 
area,  228,500  sq.  miles;  pop.  estimated,  3,500,000  (no  census 
ever  taken).  Said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Lorenzo  Al- 
meida, 1506. 
Portuguese  settlement,  1548;   destroyed  by  the  French  one, 

1642,  on  arrival  of  a  French  governor .'  1669 

French  attempt  to  settle  at  Antongel  bay ]  1774 

Count  Benyowski  supreme,  Oct.  1775;  killed  in  an  encounter 

with  French 23  May,  1786 

Their  establishment  at  fort  Dauphin  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 

English  with  Bourbon  and  Mauritius 1810-11 

Settlements  ceded  to  king  Radama,  on  his  giving  up  the  slave- 
trade ^ 1818 

Radama  I.  king,  1810,  who  favored  Europeans  and  encouraged 

Christianity ;  d i828 

A  reactionary  policy  under  his  energetic  queen,  Ranavalona, 

1828;  English  missionaries  who  came  in  1820  expelled 1835 

Amicable  intercourse  ceases;  native  Christians  persecuted, 

1846etseq. 

French  defeated  in  an  attack  on  the  island 19  Oct.  1855 

Queen  dies;  her  son  Radama  II.,  a  Christian,  succeeds. 23  Aug.  1861 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  and  France  signed 12  Sept.  1862 

Revolution;  king  and  ministers  assassinated;  queen  Rasoherina 

proclaimed  sovereign May   1863 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain;    Christians  to  be  tolerated,  etc' 

27  June.  1865;  ratified 5  July'  1866 

Queen  died  in  Mch. ;  her  cousin,  Ranavalona  II.  succeeded  as 

queen,  1  Apr.  1868;  baptized Feb.  1869 

African  slavery  prohibited,  1873 ;  solemnly June,  1877 

Queen  Ranavalona  II.  d 13  July,  1883 

Succeeded  by  her  niece  Ranavalona  III July      " 

Treaty  with  France 12  Dec!  1885 

Protectorate  of  France  recognized  by  Great  Britain  by  Anglo- 
French  agreement  of .5  Aug.  1890 

[Native  government  retains  independence  in  domestic  leg- 
islation.] 

madder,  the  root  of  the  Ruhia  tinctoria,  highly  valued 
for  dyeing  properties.     Alizaiiine. 

'  madei'ra,  an  island,  northwest  coast  of  Africa,  discov- 
ered, it  is  said,  in  1344,  by  Macham,  an  Englishman,  who  fled 
from  France  for  an  illicit  amour.  He  was  driven  here  by  a 
storm,  and  his  mistress,  a  French  lady,  dying,  he  made  a 
canoe,  and  carried  news  of  his  discovery  to  Pedro,  king  of 
Aragon :  hence  the  report  that  the  island  was  discovered  by  a 
Portuguese,  1345.  It  is  asserted  that  Portuguese  did  not  visit 
this  island  until  1419  or  1420,  nor  colonize  it  until  1431.  It 
was  taken  by  British  in  July,  1801 ;  and  again  by  adm.  Hood 
and  gen.  Beresford,  24  Dec.  1807,  and  retained  in  trust  for  the 
royal  family  of  Portugal,  who  had  emigrated  to  the  Brazils. 
It  was  restored  to  the  Portuguese  in  1814.  After  1852  the 
renowned  vintages  were  almost  ruined  by  the  vine  disease 
(oidium),  but  of  late  years  the  vineyartis  have  recovered  much 
of  their  former  prosperity.  Area,  605  sq,  miles.  Pop.  1872, 
120,315;  1881,  132,223. 

madison,  James,  Administration  of.  United  States, 
1809-17. 

]fladra§',  province  and  city  of  S.E.  Hindostan,  called  by 
natives  Chennapatam,  colonized  by  the  P^nglish,  1640.  Area 
of  province,  140,762  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1891,  35,591,440;  citj^, 
449,950. 

Fort  St.  George  built,  1641 ;  made  a  presidency 1653 

Bengal  placed  under  Madras 1658 

Calcutta,  hitherto  subordinate  to  Madras,  made  a  presidency..  1701 

Madras  taken  by  the  French -. 14  Sept.  1746 

Restored  to  the  English 1749 

Vainly  besieged  by  the  French  under  Lally 12  Dec.  1758 

Lord  Pigot,  governor,  imprisoned  by  his  own  council,  24  Aug. 
1776;  dies  in  confinement.  17  Apr.  1777;  his  enemies  con- 
victed and  fined  lOOOZ.  each 11  Feb.  1780 

Sir  Eyre  Coote  arrives 5  Nov.     " 

He  defeats  Hyder 1  July,  1781 

Lord  Cornwallis  arrives  here 12  Dec.  1790 


MAD 


Madras  system  of  education  introduced  (Monitorial) 1795 

Gen.  Harris,  with  Madras  array,  enters  Mysore,  5  Mch. ;  reaches 

Soringapatam,  5  Apr,  which  is  stormed  by  British  under 

m^jorgen.  Baird.  and  Tippoo  Sahib  killed 4  May,  1799 

Appointment  of  sir  Thomas  Strange,  Qrst  judge  of  Madras  under 

the  charter. 20  Dec.  1800 

Madras  army,  under  gen.  Arthur  Wellesley  (afterwards  duke 

of  Wellington),  marches  for  Poonah  (India) Mch.  1803 

madrid',  capital  of  Spain,  mentioned  in  history  as  Ma- 
jerit,  a  Moorish  castle.  Pop.  1857,  271,254;  1870,  332,024; 
1877,  397,690;  1887,  472,228.     Spain. 

Sacked  by  the  Moors 1190 

Fortified  bv  Henry  111 about  1400 

Humiliating  treatv  of  .Madrid  between  Charles  V.  and  Francis 

I.,  his  prisoner." 14  Jan.  1526 

Made  the  seat  of  the  Spanish  court  by  Philip  II 1560 

niad'rigal,  an  unaccompanied  song  for  3  or  more 
voices;  fine  examples  are  by  English  composers.  Madrigals, 
invented  in  the  Netherlands,  were  adopted  in  Italy,  where 
fine  specimens  were  produced.  Many  were  published  by  Mor- 
ley,  1594;  Weelkes,  1597;  VVilbye,  1598;  and  Bennet,  1599. 
The  Madrigal  Society  in  London  began  in  1741.  English 
Glee  and  Madrigal  Union  founded  in  1851.  Rirabault's  "  Bib- 
liotheca  Madrigalium"  pub.1847.  The  madrigal,  "Summer  is  i 
cumen  in,"  is  attributed  to  the  13th  or  14th  century.     Music. 

maeii'adcs.    Okgiks. 

Maestricllt  {mds'-trikt'),  Holland,  the  ancient  Trajec- 
tum  ad  Mosavi,  the  capital  of  Limburg.  It  revolted  from 
Spain,  and  was  taken  by  the  prince  of  Parma  in  1579,  a  mas- 
sacre following.  In  1632  the  prince  of  Orange  reduced  it  after 
a  memorable  siege,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  the  Dutch  in  1648  ; 
Louis  XIV.  took  it  in  1673 ;  William,  prince  of  Orange,  in- 
vested it  in  vain  in  1676 ;  but  in  1678  it  was  restored  to  the 
DutL'h.  In  1748  it  was  besieged  by  French,  who  obtained 
possession  of  the  city  on  condition  of  its  being  restored  at  the 
peace  then  negotiating.  In  Feb.  1793,  Maestricht  was  unsuc- 
cessfully attacked  by  the  French,  but  they  became  masters  of  it 
Nov.  1794.  In  1814,  it  was  made  part  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  now  belongs  to  Holland.     Pop.  1890, 32,225. 

mafH'a,  a  secret  terrorist  murderous  society  in  Sicily, 
more  powerful  than  the  Camorra  (Italy,  1874),  comprising 
persons  of  all  classes ;  became  prominent  in  1860.  Efforts  for 
its  suppression  were  made  by  the  government  in  1874-75. 
Massacres,  1890-91;  United  States. 

magazine  rifle.    Fire-arms. 

inagazilie§  and  revieiW§.  The  earliest  were  lit- 
erary miscellanies  periodically  published,  but  now  there  are 
special  ones  in  every  department  of  knowledge.  The  fol- 
lowing table  of  the  principal  magazines  and  reviews  in  the 
United  States  since  1741  gives  the  dates  of  first  and  last  pub- 
lication, if  known ;  those  still  in  existence  are  marked  with  an 
obelisk  (f). 

AMERICAN   magazines  AND   REVIEWS. 


464  MAG 

AMERICiVN   MAGAZINES   ANI>   REVIEWS.— (ConrtnMed.) 


Magazii 


General  Mag.  and  Hist.  Chron- 
icle (A.  S.  Bradford,  pub.), 

Phila 

[First  pub.  in  the  colonies.] 

Boston  Weekly 

Amer.  Mag.  and  Hist.  Chron- ) 
icle  (Daniel  Fowle  &  G.  Rog-  J 
ers,  pub. ),  Boston ) 

N.  Y.  Independent  Reflector.. . . 

New  Engl.  Mag.  of  Knowledge  J 
and  Pleasure,  Boston j 

North  A  merican 

Royal  American,  Boston 

[First  illustrated.] 

Pennsylvania  (Thomas  Paine,) 
ed),  Phila f 

The  Columbian,  Phila 

Amer.  Museum  (Gary's).  Phila., 

The  Massachusetts,  Boston 

The  New  York  Mag.  and  Lit.  ) 
Repository j 

The  Ladies',  Phila 

Farmers'  Museum 

The  United  States 

Theological  Magazine 

The  American  Universal 

The  Philadelphia 


Amer.  Monthly  Review 
[First  in  the  U.S.] 


Commence- 

meiit  and 

continuance. 


1741  [6noB. 
pub.] 


1743-46 

1752-54 

1758 

1758-66 

1774 

[6  months.] 

1775-76 

1786-89 
1787-97 
1789-96 

1790-97 

1793 

1793-99 

1796 

1796-98 

1797 

1798 

1799 


Magaxinet. 


The  Portfolio  (Joseph  Dennie, ) 

1st  ed.),  Phila ) 

[Principal  magazine  during 
these  years.  ] 

The  Literary  (Charles  Brock-) 
den  Brown,  ed.),  Phila ) 

The  Monthly  Anthology,  Boston 

The  Monthly  Register  (S.  C. " 
Carpenter,  1st  ed.),  Charles- 
ton, S.  C 

[First  magazine  south.] 

The  Panoplist,  Boston 

The  Churchman  (John  H.  Ho-] 
hurt,  ed.) J 

The  Rambler,  New  York 

Literary  Miscellany,  New  York 


Niles's  Register,  Baltimore  . . 
Analectic    (Washington   Irv- 
ing, 1st  ed.),  Phila 


The  Portico,  Baltimore 

The  Methodist  (see  quarterly,  \ 

1841) I 

The  Amer.  Jour,  of  Science ) 

(Silliman's),  New  York ) 

The  Lady's  Companion 

The  Casket,  Phila.  (see  Gra-) 

ham's,  1841) / 

The  Atlantic 

[Afterwards  the  N.  Y.  Rev.] 


Biblical  Repertory  (see  Prince- 
ton Review,  1871) 

The  Boston  Monthly 

The  Parthenon  (Sam'I  Wood-1 
worth,  ed.) J 


Reviews. 


Amer.  Review  (Robt.) 

Walsh,  ed.) ) 

[Quarterly ;  first  in 
the  U.  S.] 


North  American  (Will) 
iam  Tudor,  1st  ed.)..) 


Ballou's,  Boston. 


Illinois  Monthly  (James  Hall, ) 

1st  ed.),  Vandalia J 

[First  magazine  in  the  west.] 
Godey's  Lady's  Book,  Phila.. . . 
New  England  (Jos.  T.  Buck-) 

ingham,  ed.),  Boston ) 

Western  Monthly  (Jas.  Hall, ) 

ed.),  Cincinnati,  O ) 

[Successor  to  the  Illinois 

Monthly.] 
Knickerbocker  (Chas.  F.  Hoflf- ) 

man,  1st  ed.),  New  York. . .  | 
[This  was  the  first  definite 

American  magazine.] 
American    Monthly    (H.  W. ) 

Herbert,  1st  ed.).  New  York  ] 
Southern  Literary  Messenger, ) 

Richmond ] 

Southern    Literary    Journal,  ) 

Charleston,  S.  C j 

Gentleman's  Magazine  (W.  E.  ) 

Burton,  ed),  Phila j 


Hesperian,  Columbus,  0. 


Merchants  (Freeman  Hunt,) 
1st  ed.),  New  York f 

The  Dial  (Sarah  Margaret  Ful- 1 

ler,  1st  ed.),  Boston ) 

[Quarterly.] 

Arcturus,  New  York 

Graham's,     Phila.    (succeeds) 

the  Casket) ) 

[For  a  time  the  most  popu- 
lar magazine  in  the  U.  S.,  with 
a  circulation  of  35,000  copies.] 

Ladies'  Repository  (L.  L. Ham- ) 
line,  1st  ed.),  Cincinnati,  0.  ) 
[Continued  as  The  National 
Repository,] 


The  N.  Y.  Rev  (Will-) 
iam  C.  Bryant,  ed.)} 
[Succeeds  The  At- 
lantic] 

Franklin  Institute ) 
Journal,  Phila ( 


Amer.Quar.  Rev., Phila. 


Sou  them ,  Charleston , 
S.C 


Democratic    Review,  \ 
Wash.  andN.  Y....  ) 
[During  this  period 
it  appeared  under  sev- 
eral names.] 


Boston  Quarterly  (see  1 
Brownson's,  1844)..  ) 


Methodist  Quarterly) 
(see  Methodist  Re-  [ 
view,  1885) ) 


ft 


MAG 

AMERICAN  MAGAZINES  AND   REVIEWS. — (Continued.) 


465 


Ma^^tusines. 


Magnolia,  Charleston,  S.  C 

Ladies'   Garland   and   Dollar] 

Magazine,  Phila J 

The  Pioneer  (Jas.  R.  Lowell,  | 

ed.),  Boston ) 


Littell's  Living  Age,  Boston. 

[Weekly.] 
Eclectic,  New  York 


Bankers',  New  York., 


Literary  "World,  New  York. . . 

New  England  Historical  and 

Genealogical    Register, 


The  Union,  Phila 

Sartains,  Phila 

[Formerly  the  Union.] 

International,  New  York 

;  Harper's  Monthly,  New  York. 

'        [First  of  the  illus.  mags.] 

Putnam's  xMonthly,  New  York 

Atlantic    Monthly    (Phillips, 

I     Sampson  &  Co. ,  1st  pub. ;  J. 

R.  Lowell,  1st  ed.),  Boston. 

Hist.  Mag.  (Dawson's),  Boston, 

and  Morrisania,  N.  Y 


Commence- 
ment and 
continuance. 


New  Englander,  New) 
Haven ) 


Brownson'sQuarterly  ^ 
Rev.  (see  Boston  [ 
Quarterly,  183«) . . .  ) 

Whig  Rev.,  New  York. 


De    Bow's    Review,) 

New  Orleans J 

Massachusetts  Quar.. . 


Catholic  World,  New  York. 
The  Galaxy,  New  York 


American  Naturalist,  Phila . 
Lippincott's,  Phila 


Overland    Monthly    (Francis) 

Bret   Harte,  1st   ed.),  SanV 

I     Francisco ) 

S  Lake  Side  Monthly,  Chicago. , . 
(Eclectic  English   Mag.   (Van) 

j     Nostrand's),  New  York j 

iOld  and  New,  Boston 

I  Literary  World,  Boston 


IScribner's  Monthly  (J.  G.  HolO 
land,  1st  ed. ),  New  York. . .  f 
[See    Century,    1881,    and 
Scribner's  Magazine,  1887.] 


[Pop.  Science  Monthly,  N.  Y. 
iSt.  Nicholas,  New  York 


I  Wide  Awake,  Boston 

i Library  Journal,  New  York. 


iMag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  New  York. 
I  Magazine  of  Art,  New  York 


'|The  Dial,  Chicago 

The  Chautauquan,  Meadville,  ] 


The  Century,  New  York 

[Succeeds    the    Scribner's 
Monthly.] 

The  Critic,  New  York 

Outing,  New  York 

Continental,  Baltimore 

Science,  New  York 


New  England,  Boston 

iJosmopolitan,  New  York. 


|?cribner's,  New  York , 

[See    Scribner's    Monthly, 
j    1870.] 

itfunsey's.  New  York 

The  Arena,  Boston 


P< 


tenon's,  Philadelphia. 


National  Quar. ,  N.  Y. . . 
Boston 


Baptist  Quar. ,  Phila, 


Princeton  Review 

[See  Biblical   Rep 
ertory,  1825.] 


International  Rev.,  N.Y 


Amer.  Catholic  Quar- 
terly, Phila 


Baptist  Review,  Cin- 
cinnati and  N.  Y.. 


Andover  Rev 

MethodistReview(see ) 
Methodist  Quarter-  S 
ly,  1841) ) 


The  Forum,  New  York 


Review  of  Reviews, ) 

New  York j 

Educational  Rev.,  N.  Y 
The  World,  Boston  . . . , 


1842 
1842 

1843  [3  nos. 

iisued.] 
1843 1 
1844 1 

1844 1 

1844-75 

1845-52 
1846 1 


1847-50 
1847-53 

1847 1 

1847 
1849-53 

1850-52 
1850 1 

1853-57 
1868-70 


1857 1 


1857-75 

1860-80 
1861-66 
1865 1 
1866-78 
1867-77 
1867 1 
1868 1 
1868-75 

[Ist  series.] 
1883 1 

[2d  series.] 
1869-74 
1869-86 

1870-75 
1870  t 

1870-81 

[Ist  series.] 


1871-88 

1872 1 
1873 1 
1874-83 
1876-93 
1876 1 
1876 1 
1877-93 
1878 

1879 1 
1880 1 
1880 1 
1881 1 


1881 1 
1882 1 
1883 1 
1883 1 
1884 1 


1885 1 

1886 1 
1886 1 
1886 1 
1887 1 


1889 1 
1889 1 

1890 1 

1891 1 
1892 1 
1892 1 
[New  series.] 


MAG 


ENGLISH   MAGAZINES   AND   REVIEWS. 


Magazines, 


Gentleman's,  London 

[First  mag.  pub.  in  Engl. 

London 

Scot's,  Edinburgh 


Royal 

Lady's 

Methodist  (Wesleyan),  London. 

European 

Monthly 


Entertaining  Magazine 

New  Monthly,  London 

Blackwood's,  Edinburgh,  re- 
printed in  the  U.  S 


Fraser's,  London 

Metropolitan,  London 

Penny,  London 

Tait's,  Edinburgh 


Cornhill,  Lond(5n 

Macmillan's,  London. 


Good  Words,  London. 
The  Argosy,  London, , 


Belgravia,  London. 
St.  Paul,  London  , . 


Cassell's  Mag.  of  Art,  London  , 

Antiquary,  London , 

Longman's,  London 


English  Illustrated,  London. 

Murray's,  London 

Strand,  London 


Monthly  Review,  Lond. 
Critical,  London 


Edinburgh,  reprinted) 
in  the  U.  S ] 

Eclectic,  London 

Quarterly,  Lond.,  re-) 
printed  in  the  U.  S. ) 


Westm  i  nster,  London , ) 

reprinted  in  U.  S..  j 

Athenaeum,  London  . . . 


Dublin ., 

North  British,  Edinb.. 
British  Quar,  London. 
Saturday 

National,  London 


Contemporary,  Lond., ) 
reprinted  in  U.  S..  I 


The  Spectator  (a  re- 
view from) 


Fortnightly,  London,! 
reprinted  in  U.  S..  j 


Academy,  London 

Nineteenth  Century,) 
reprinted  in  U.  S..  j 


Scottish,  reprinted  inl 
U.S I 


Commence- 
ment and 
continuance. 


1731 1 

1732 

1739-1826 

1749-1845 

1759-1817 

1759 

1772 

1778 1 

1782 

1796 

1802 1 
1805-68 
1809 1 
1812 
1814-83 

1817 1 

1824 1 

1828 1 

1830-82 

1831 

1832-46 

1832-61 

1836 1 

1844-71 

1845-86 

1855 1 

(1855-64 

(1883 t 
1859 1 
1859 1 

1860 1 
1860 1 
1861 1 
1865 1 
1865 1 

1866 1 
1867-74 
1869 1 
1877 1 

1878 1 
1880 1 
1882 1 

1882 1 

1883 1 
1887 1 
1891 1 


]flag['dala.     Abyssinia. 

Mag^dalens  and  lHag^dalenettes,  communities 

of  nuns,  chiefly  penitent  courtesans.  The  order  of  penitents 
of  St.  Magdalen  was  founded  1272,  at  JMarseilles.  The  con- 
vent of  Naples  was  endowed  by  queen  Sancha,  1324.  That 
at  IVIetz  was  instituted  in  1452.*  At  Paris,  1492.  The  Mag- 
dalen at  Rome  was  endowed  by  pope  Leo  X.,  in  1515,  and 
favored  by  Clement  VIII.  in  1594.  The  Magdalen  Hospital, 
London,  was  founded  in  1758,  under  direction  of  dr.  Dodd. 
The  asylum  in  Dublin  was  opened  in  June,  1766. 

]IIag['d[e1>1irg,  a  city  of  Prussia.     The  archbishopric 
was  founded  about  967.     The  cit}-  suflFered  much  by  the  re- 
ligious wars  in  Germany.     It  was  besieged  and   taken  by 
elector  Maurice,  Nov.  1550,  and  Nov.   1551 ;   blockaded  for 
7  months  by  imperialists,  under  Wallenstein,  1629;  and  bar- 
barously sacked  by  Tilly,  10  May,  1631.     It  was  given  to 
Brandenburg,  1648 ;  taken  by  the  'French,  8  Nov.  1806 ;  an- 
nexed to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia,  9  July,  1807 ;  restored 
to  Prussia,  May,  1813.     Pop.  1890,  202,234. 
In  Magdeburg  experiment,  a  hollow  sphere,  composed  of  2  hemi- 
spheres, fitting  air-tight,  is  exhausted  by  the  air-pump.     The 
hemispheres  are  held  together  by  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  require  great  force  to  separate  them.    The  apparatus  was 
suggested  by  Otto  von  Guericke,  inventor  of  the  air-pump.     He 
died  in  1686.— Grande. 

mag'ellan,  Strait  of  (connecting  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  oceans),  and  separating  Patagonia  from  Terra  del 
Fuego.     America. 

Ulag'eil'ta,  a  small  town  in  Lombardy,  near  which  the 
French  and  Sardinians  defeated  the  Austrians,  4  June,  1859. 


MAG 


46G 


MAH 


Napoleon  III.  commanded,  and  he  and  the  king  of  Sardinia 
were  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight.  It  is  said  that  56,000  French 
and  Sardinians  and  75,000  Austriana  were  engaged;  the  for- 
mer losing  4000  killed  and  wounded,  and  the  Austrians  10,000, 
besides  7000  prisoners.  The  French  generals  Espinasse  aii<i 
Clerc  were  killed.  The  arrival  of  gen.  MacMahon  during  a 
deadly  struggle  between  the  Austrians  and  the  French  greatly 
contributed  to  the  victory.  The  contest  near  the  bridge  of 
Buflfalora  was  very  severe.  The  Austrians  fought  well,  but 
were  badly  commanded.  The  emperor  and  king  entered 
Milan  on  8  June  following;  MacMahon  and  Regnault  d'An- 
gely  were  created  marshals  of  France.  A  monument  erected 
here  in  memory  of  the  slain  was  solemnly  inaugurated  4  June, 
1872. — The  red  dye,  rosaniline,  obtained  by  cliemistsfrom  gas- 
tar,  is  termed  magenta.     Anilink. 

nia'g^i,  or  \iror§hlpper8  of  lire.  The  Persians 
adored  the  invisible  and  incomprehensible  God  as  the  princi- 
ple of  all  good,  and  paid  homage  to  fire  as  the  emblem  of  his 
power  and  purity.  They  built  no  altars  nor  temples ;  their 
sacred  tires  blazed  in  the  open  air,  and  their  offerings  were 
made  on  the  earth.  The  magi,  their  priests,  are  said  to  have 
had  skill  in  astronomy,  etc. ;  hence  all  learned  men  were  called 
magi,  and  even  confounded  with  magicians.  Zoroaster,  king 
of  Bactria,  reformer  of  the  sect  of  the  Magi,  flourished  about 
550  B.C.  This  religion  was  superseded  in  Persia  by  Mahora- 
etanism,  652  a.d.,  and  the  Parsees  at  Bombay  are  descendants 
of  Guebres,  or  fire-worshippers. 

magcic.  Alchemy,  Witchcraft,  etc.  See  Godwin's 
"  Lives  of  the  Necromancers,"  1834,  and  Ennemoser's  "  His- 
tory of  Magic,"  translated  by  W.  Howitt,  1854.  *  Automaton 

FIGURES. 

magpie  lantern.  An  optical  instrument  for  project- 
ing on  a  white  background  magnified  representations  of  trans- 
parent pictures,  painted  or  photographed  on  glass.  Its  inven- 
tion is  ascribed  to  Roger  Bacon,  about  1260,  but  more  correctly 
to  Athanasius  Kircher,  who  died  1680. 

Magna  Cliarta  (indg'na  kdr'ta).  Its  fundamental 
parts  were  derived  from  Saxon  charters,  continued  by  Henry  I. 
and  his  successors.  On  20  Nov.  1214,  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury and  the  barons  met  at  St.  Edmondsbury.  On  6  Jan. 
1215  they  presented  demands  to  king  John,  who  deferred  his 
answer.  On  19  May  they  were  censured  by  the  pope.  On 
24  May  they  marched  to  London,  and  the  king  had  to  yield. 
The  charter  was  settled  by  John  at  Runnymede,  near  Wind- 
sor, 15  June,  1215,  and  often  confirmed  by  Henry  III.  and  his 
successors.  The  last  grand  charter  was  granted  in  1224  by  Ed- 
ward I.  Forests.  The  original  MS.  charter  is  lost.  The  finest 
MS.  copy,  which  is  at  Lincoln,  was  reproduced  by  photographs 
in  the  "  National  MSS.,"  pub.  by  British  government,  1865. 

Mag;na  Oraecia,  the  independent  states  founded  by 
Greek  colonists  in  South  Italy,  Sicily,  etc.  Cumae,  in  Cam- 
pania, is  said  to  have  been  founded  in  1034  b.c.,  Pandosia  and 
Metapontum  in  774  b.c.  These  states  ruined  themselves  by 
supporting  Hannibal,  216  b.c.  g  f, 

Syracuse  founded about  734 

Leontinum  and  Catana 730 

Sybaris 721 

Crotona 710 

Tarentum , 708 

Locri  Epizephyrii 673 

I 


vipara. 


627 


Agrigentum 582 

Tburium 432 

[See  under  separate  articles.] 

Mag^ne'sia,  Asia  Minor.  Here  Antiochus  the  Great, 
king  of  Syria,  was  defeated  by  the  Scipios,  190  b.c. — Magnesia 
alba,  a  white  alkaline  earth,  used  in  medicine  from  about  1700, 
whose  properties  were  explained  by  dr.  Black  in  1765. 

magne'sium,  a  metal  first  obtained  from  magnesia  by 
sir  Humphry  Davy  in  1808,  and  since  in  larger  quantities  by 
Bussy,  Deville,  and  especially  by  E.  Sonstadt,  in  1862-64. 
Its  light  when  burned  is  very  brilliant,  and  is  so  rich  in  chem- 
ical rays  that  it  may  be  used  in  photography.  Lamps  for 
burning  magnesium  wire  were  employed  in  tunnelling  Mount 
Cenis.  By  its  light  photographs  of  the  interior  of  the  Pyra- 
mids were  taken  in  1865.  Larkin's  magnesium  lamp  (burn- 
ing the  metal  in  powder)  was  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion on  1  June,  1866,  and  before  the  British  Association  at 


Nottingham  in  Aug.  1866.     An  improved  magnesium 
lamp  is  now  used  in  the  United  States  Geodetic  survey 
has  been  seen  and  observed  over  lines  90  miles  in  length 
night. 

mag'netism.  Magnes,  a  shepherd,  is  said  to  ha 
been  detained  on  Mount  Ida  by  nails  in  his  boots.  The  i 
tractive  power  of  the  loadstone  or  magnet  is  referred  to  1 
Homer,  Aristotle,  and  Pliny;  it  was  also  known  to  the  Chin< 
antl  Arabians.  The  Greeks  are  said  to  have  obtained  the  loa 
stone  from  Magnesia,  in  Asia,  1000  b.c.  Roger  Bacon  is 
have  been  acquainted  with  its  property  of  pointing  to  the  noj 
(1294).  The  science  of  magnetism  made  no  real  progress  I 
the  invention  of  the  mariner's  compass. — Encyc.  Brit.  9  ed.  v 
XV.  p.  219.  Georg  Hartman  of  Nuremberg,  first  observed  I 
dip  of  the  needle  about  1644.  Compass,  Electricity. 
Robert  Norman,  of  London,  independently  also,  discovered  the 

dip  of  the  needle about  II 

Gilbert's  treatise  "  De  Magnete  "  pub i 

Halley's  theory  of  magnetic  variations  pub % 

Marcel  observed  that  a  suspended  bar  of  iron  becomes  tempo-   ' 

rarily  magnetic  by  position .,  f 

Artificial  magnets  made  by  dr.  Gowan  Knight i' 

Variation  of  the  compass  was  discovered  by  Bond  about  1668; 
the  diurnal  variation  by  Graham,  1722;  on  which  latter  Can- 
ton made  4000  observations  previous  to r 

Coulomb  constructed  a  torsion  balance  to  investigate  attrac- 
tion and   repulsion,  1786;   similar  researches  by   Michell, 

Euler,  Lambert,  Robison,  and  others 1750 

Deflection  of  the  magnetic  needle  by  the  voltaic  current  dis- 
covered by  CErsted 

Mr.  Abraham  invents  a  magnetic  guard  to  protect  grinders  of 

cutlery 

Magnetic  effects  of  violet  rays  of  light  exhibited  by  Morichini, 
1814;  polarity  of  a  sewing-needle  so  magnetized  shown  by 

Mrs.  Somerville 

Mr.  Christie  proves  that  heat  diminishes  magnetic  force,  about 

Sir  W.  Snow  Harris  invents  various  forms  of  the  compas-s 

Magnetic  north  pole  discovered  by  commander  (afterwards 
sir)  James  Clark  Ross  (during  sir  John  Ross's  second  voy- 
age)  1  June,    <fl 

Its  position  (vertical  dip)  was  observed  by  him  to  be  70°  5'  N. 
lat.  and  96°  43'  W.  Ion.  In  the  southern  hemisphere  the 
magnetic  pole  was  nearly  attained  by  the  same  navigator  in 

his  voyage  of. 1839-43 

[Its  position  is  probably  73°  31' S.  lat.  andl47°30' W.  Ion.] 
Electricity  produced  by  rotation  of  a  magnet  by  Faraday,  1831; 
his  researches  on  the  action  of  the  magnet  on  light,  on  mag- 
netic properties  of  flame,  air,  and  gases  (pub.  1845),  on  dia- 
magnetism  (1845),  on  magno-crystallic  action  (1848),  on  at- 
mospheric magnetism  (1850),  on  magnetic  force 1851-52 

Magnetic  observations  instituted  in  British  colonies  under  col. 

Edward  Sabine 1840etseq. 

Prof.  Tyndall  proves  dia-magnetic  polarity 1856 

Archibald  Smith  described  investigations  on  deviation  of  the 

compass  in  iron  ships  at  the  Royal  Institution 9  Feb.  1866 

William  Robin.son  patented  a  magnetic   method  of  making 

wrought  iron  from  cast  iron ;  announced July,  1867 

Wilde's  magneto-electric  machine  exhibited  (Electricity) " 

Since  1800  knowledge  of  magnetism  has  been  advanced  by  Arago, 
AmpSre,  Hansteen,  Henry,  Gauss,  Weber,  PoggendorfT,  Sabine, 
Lament,  Du  Moncel,  Archibald  Smith,  etc.  (Animal  magnetism). 
In  the  Royal  institution,  London,  is  a  magnet  made  by  Logeman, 
of  Haarlem,  on  the  principles  of  dr.  Elias,  which  weighs  100  lbs., 
and  can  sustain  430  lbs.  Hacker,  of  Nuremberg,  made  one  weigh- 
ing 36  grains,  and  sustaining  146  times  its  own  weight.  This  was 
exhibited  in  1851,  also  at  the  Royal  institution. 

magneto  -  eleetrieity,  a  discovery  of  Faraday; 
recently  applied  to  telegraphic  and  to  light-house  purposes. 
The  South  Foreland  light-house,  near  Dover,  was  illuminated 
by  the  magneto-electric  light  in  the  winter  of  1858-59  and 
1859-60  (the  light  removed  to  Dungeness  in  1861) ;  the  Liz- 
ards, by  dr.  C.  William  Siemens's  magneto-electric  light,  1878, 
Electricity,  Faradization. 

mag^no'lia,  a  genus  of  American  and  Asiatic  trees  with 
aromatic  bark  and  large  sweet-scented  white  or  reddish  flow- 
ers, named  after  Pierre  Magnol,  a  French  botanist  of  the  17th 
century.  Magnolia  glauca,  North  America.  The  laurel- 
leaved  magnolia  {Magnolia  grandijlora),  North  America. 
The  dwarf  magnolia  {Magnolia  pumila),  China,  and  (also 
China)  the  brown  -  stalked,  the  purple,  and  the  slender. 
Flowers  and  Plants. 

magua'g^a,  Mich.,  Battle  of.  Here  on  9  Aug.  1812, 
lieut.-col.  Miller  defeated  the  British  and  Indians.  American 
loss,  18  killed,  57  wounded.     Michigan,  United  States. 

Iflag'yari.     Hungary. 

ITIalldl  {md'dS),  \.  e.  "he  who  is  guided  aright."  The 
Mahometan  "Messiah,"  who  is  one  day  to  arise  and  fill  the 
oppressed  world  v/ith  righteousness,  etc.   The  sheik  Mahomed 


MAH 


467 


MAI 


Ahmed  of  Dongola  declared  himself"  Mahdi "  in  Soudan,  1881. 
Soudan. 

mahOg'any,  the  only  species  of  the  genus  Swietenia 
of  the  order  Meliacece  is  said  to  have  been  taken  to  England 
by  Raleigh  in  1595,  but  not  to  have  come  into  general  use  till 
1720.     It  is  indigenous  to  Central  America. 

mallOinetail  year.  The  year  consists  of  12  lunar 
months,  commencing  with  the  approximate  new  moon,  with- 
out any  intercalation  to  keep  them  in  the  same  seasons  with 
respect  to  the  sun,  so  that  the  months  retrograde  thro\igh  the 
year  in  about  32^  years.     Eras. 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  MONTHS  OF  THE  MAHOMETAN  YEAR, 
THEIR  LENGTH,  TIME  OF  THE  BEGINNING  OF  EACH  MONTH 
IN  THE  DATE  OF  OUR  ERA,  AND  THE  RETROGRESSION  OF 
THE  1ST  OF  THE  MAHOMETAN  YEAR   UP  TO  1900. 


Mahometan  year  1311. 

Name  of  month. 

Length. 

Dale  of  beginning 
our  era. 

Muharran. ,  ^ 

Saphar 

Rabia  I 

Rabia  II 

Jornada  I . , . . 
Jornada  II... 

Rajab 

Shaaban 

Ramadin 

Shawall 

Dulkaada.... 
Dulheggia 

30  days 

29  " 

30  " 

29  " 

30  " 

29  " 

30  " 

29  " 

30  " 

29  " 

30  " 
29     " 

15  July,  1893. 

2d      "     

14  Aug.      " 

3(1      "          

12  Sept.     " 

4th     "       

12  Oct.       " 

10  Nov.      " 

6th     "          

10  Dec.       " 

7th     •'                 

8  Jan.    1894. 

8th     "              

7  Feb.       " 

9th     "                         ... 

8  Mch.      " 

10th     "      

7  Apr.       " 

11th     " 

6  May,     " 

12th     "     

5  June,     " 

RETRO 

1312.  1st  month  Muharrai 

1313.  " 

1314.  " 

1315.  "        "               " 

1316.  "        " 

1317.  "        "               " 
il318.     "         " 

SRESSION  OF 

DATE. 

begir 

IS    5  July,  1894 
24  June,  1895 

12  June,  1896 

2  June,  1897 

22  May,  1898 

12  May,  1899 

1  May,  1900 

[In  1344  Mahometan  year,  or  1926  of  our  era,  the  1st  of  the  year  will 
j     be  12  July,  having  passed  through  the  entire  year. 

I    Mahoiii'etani§in,  or  Holiam'meclaniiin, 

!  embodied  in  the  Koran,  includes*  the  unity  of  God,  the  im- 
j mortality  of  the  soul,  predestination,  R  luyi  judgment,  and  a 
i  sensual  paradise.  Mahomet  asserted  that  the  Koran  was  re- 
jvealed  to  him  by  the  angel  (Jrabriel  during  23  years.  He  en- 
joined on  his  disciples  circumcision,-prayej;)aims,irequent  ablu- 
Ition,  and  fasting,  and  pLiuutiLod  pul^^JxniV  and  concubinage. 

:  Mahomet,  or  Mohammed,  born  at  Mecca 569  or    570 

Announced  himself  as  a^w^phet about    611 

;Fled  from  his  enemies  to  Medina  (his  flight  is-  called  the  He- 

1    gira) 15  July,     622 

JOvercomes  his  enemies  (the  Koreisb,  Jews,  etc.)  in  battle 623-25 

iDefeats  the  Christians  at  MuLsr.  ...T.'. 629 

ils  acknowledged  as  a  sovereign 630 

■  Dies,  it  is  said,  of  slow  poison,  administered  by  a  Jewess  to 

,    test  his  divine  character 8  June,     632 

i Mahometans  are  divided  into  sfects,  the  2  chief  being  the 
t  Sonnites,  or  ortho(fcS  (who  recogmze  as  caliph  Abubeker, 
I  father-in-law  of  Mahomet^ki  preffi-ence  to  Omar  and  Ali), 
:  and  the  Shiiies'  (iieciaTies),  or  Fatimites,  the  followers  of 
I  Ali,  who  married  Fatima,  the  prophet's  daughter. 
iThe  former  (alsd  called  Sunnites)  recognize  the  "Sunna"  (tra- 
\  ditions)  sayings  of  Mahomet  (supplementary  to  the  Koran), 
>'  which  the  Shiites  reject.  Husan  and  other  sons  of  Ali  were 
1  murdered  680  a.d.,  and  a  miracle-play  and  a  festival  in  their 
i    honor  are  still  observed. 

I  Ottoman  empire  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  Sonnites,  the  sultan 
!  being  considered  to  represent  the  caliphs;  Persia  has  been 
i  for  centuries  the  stronghold  of  the  Shiites. 
[Mahometans  conquered  Arabia,  north  Africa,  and  part  of  Asia, 
!  in  the  7lh  century;  in  the  8th  they  invaded  Europe,  con- 
i  quering  Spain,  where  they  founded  the  caliphate  of  Cor- 
dova, which  lasted  from  756  to  1031,  when  it  was  broken  up 
into  smaller  governments,  the  last  of  which,  the  kingdom  of 
I    Granada,  endured  till  subjugated  by  Ferdinand  in  1492;  Ma- 

i     hometans  finally  expellg^  from  Spain 1609 

.Their  progress  inFrafl^Twas  stopped  by  their  defeat  at  Tours 

by  Charles  Martel  (Battles) 732 

After  a  long  contest  the  Turks  under  Mahomet  II.  took  Con- 
stantinople; he  made  ii  his  capital  and  the  chief  seat  of  his 

religion t 1453 

Though  declininl,  Mahometanism  is  supposed  to  have  100,- 

000,000  votaries. 
^oomroodeen  Tyabje^,  a  Mahometan,  admitted  as  an  attorney 

bin  England,  taking  tihe  oaths  upon  the  Koran Nov.  1^8 
udroodeen  Tyabjee,  a*  Mahometan,  admitted  to  practice  law, 

30  Apr.  1867 

lUahrat'tas,  a  people  of  nindostan,  who  originally 
dwelt  northwest  of  the  Deccan,  which  they  overran  about 
1676.    They  endeavored  to  overcome  the  Mogul,  but  were  re- 


strained by  the  Afghans.  They  entered  into  alliance  with  the 
East  India  company  in  1767,  made  war  against  it  in  1774,  again 
made  peace  in  1782,  and  were  finally  subdued  in  1818.  Their 
prince,  Sindiah,  is  now  a  pensioner  of  the  British  government. 
maid.  Holy  Maid  (Elizabeth  Barton) ;  Joan  of  Arc 
(Maid  of  Orleans). 

maids  of  honor.  Anne,  daughter  of  Francis  II., 
duke  of  Brittany,  and  queen  successively  of  Charles  VIII.  and 
Louis  XII.  of  France  (1483-98),  had  young  and  beautiful  ladies 
about  her  person,  called  maids  of  honor.  The  queen  of  Ed- 
ward I.  of  England  (1272-1307)  is  said  to  have  had  4  maids  of 
honor ;  queen  Victoria  has  8. 

mail-COaclie§.  Stage-coaches. 
main  plot,  a  name  given  to  a  conspiracy  to  make 
Arabella  Stuart  sovereign  of  England  in  place  of  James  I.  in 
1603.  Lord  Cobham,  sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  lord  Gray  were 
condemned  to  death  for  implication  in  it,  but  reprieved ;  oth- 
ers were  executed.     Raleigh  was  executed  29  Oct.  1618. 

Haine,  a  province  of  N.W.  France,  seized  by  William  I. 
of  England  in  1069.    It  acknowledged  prince  Arthur,  1199;  was 
taken  from  John  of  England  by  Philip  of  France,  1204;  was  re- 
covered by  Edward  IH.in  1357;  but  given  up,  1360.    Aftervari- 
ous  changes  it  was  finally  united  to  France  by  Louis  XI.  in  1481. 
Maine.    The  extreme  eastern  point  of  the  United  States 
is  West  Quoddy  Head,  which  is  also  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  state  of  Maine.      INIaine 
is  the  largest  of  the  eastern 
states,  and,  including  islands, 
it  has  a  south  shore  line  of 
2400  miles  on  the  Atlantic.    It 
is  limited  in  latitude  by  43° 
4'  and  47<^  31'  N.,  and  in  lon- 
gitude by  66°  and  71°  W.    Its 
extreme  breadth  is  210  miles, 
narrowing   in   the    north    to 
about  half  that  distance.   New 
Brunswick  and  the  St.  Croix 
river   form   the   eastern   and 
northern  boundary;  the  Cana- 
dian province  of  Quebec  lies  to  the  northwest,  and  New  Hamp- 
shire to  the  west  below  lat.  45°  20'.     Area,  33,040  sq.  miles  in 
16  counties ;  pop.  1890,  661,086.     Capital,  Augusta,  since  1832. 
First  Englishman  known  to  have  conducted  an  expedition  to 
the  shores  of  Maine,  then  "Norumbega,"  was  John  Walker, 
in  the  service  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  who  reached  the  Pe- 
nobscot river 1580 

["Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America."] 

Speedwell  and  Discoverer,  from  Bristol,  Engl.,  commanded  by 

Martin  Pring,  enter  Penobscot  bay  and  the  mouth  of  a  river, 

probably  the  Saco 7  June,  1603 

Henry  IV.  of  France  grants  to  Pierre  de  Cast  Sieur  de  Monts 

all  the  territory  between  40°  and  46°  N.  lat.,  and  appoints 

him  governor  of  the  country,  which  is  called  Acadia,  8  Nov.     " 

De  Monts,  accompanied  by  M.  de  Poutrincourt,  and  Samuel 

Champlain,  visits  his  patent,  and  discovers  Passamaquoddy 

bay  and  the  Schoodic  or  St.  Croix  river May,  1604 

Later  in  the  season  De  Monts  erects  a  fort  on  St.  Croix  island 

and  spends  the  winter  there '" 

De  Monts  enters  Penobscot  bay,  erects  a  cross  at  Kennebec, 
and  takes  possession  in  the  name  of  the  king.  He  also  vis- 
its Casco  bay,  Saco  river,  and  cape  Cod May,  1605 

George  Weymouth,  sent  out  by  the  earl  of  Southampton,  an- 
chors at  Monhegan  island,  17  May,  1605;  St.  George's  island, 
19  May,  and  Penobscot  bay,  12  June.    After  pleasant  inter- 
course with  natives,  he  seizes  and  carries  away  5  of  them. . .      " 
Colonies  of  Virginia  and  Plymouth  incorporated  with  a  grant 
of  land  between  34°  and  45°,  including  all  islands  within  100 
miles  of  the  coast,  and  permission  given  the  Plymouth  col- 
ony to  begin  a  plantation  anywhere  above  lat.  38"^. .  .10  Apr.  1606 
Lord  John  Popham,  chief-justice  of  England,  and  sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  fit  out  2  ships  and  100  emigrants,  under  George  Pop- 
ham  and  Raleigh  Gilbert,  which  land  at  Stage  island,  11  Aug.  1607 
Finding  Stage  island  too  small,  they  establish  a  colony  and 

"  Popham's  fort "  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Sagadahoc  river.     " 
Discouraged  by  the  death  of  George  Poi>ham,  and  the  burning 

of  their  storehouse,  they  return  to  England  in  the  spring  of  1608 
Two  French  Jesuits,  Biard  and  Masse,  with  several  families, 

settle  on  Mount  Desert  island 1609 

Twenty-five  French  colonists  land  on  Mount  Desert  island  and 

found  a  settlement  called  St.  Saviour Mch.  1613 

[They  were  soon  expelled  by  the  English  from  Virginia 
under  capt.  Argal  as  trespassers  on  English  territory.] 
Capt.  John  Smith  arrives  at  Monhegan  from  England.  Build- 
ing 7  boats,  he  explores  the  coast  from  Penobscot  to  cape 
Cod,  and  makes  a  map  of  it,  to  which  prince  Charles  assigned 
the  name  of  New  England Apr.  1614 


V 


MAI 


468 


MAI 


War,  famine,  and  iwstilence  depopulate  the  Indian  torritoriea 
in  Maine  during  the  years 1G15-18 

Plymouth  company  receives  a  new  patent  to  lands  between 
40°  and  48°,  and  in  length  "  by  the  same  breadth  through- 
out tlie  mainland  from  sea  to  sea  " 3  Nov.  1620 

Gorges  and  capt.  John  Mason  procure  of  the  Plymouth  council 
a  patent  of  all  the  country  between  the  Merrimac  and  Saga- 
dahoc, firom  the  Atlantic  to  the  rivers  Canada  and  Iroquois, 
whicii  they  called  "  The  Province  of  Lacouia  " 10  Aug.  1622 

Perinanenl  settlement  made  at  Mouhegan " 

Permanent  settlement  at  Saco 1G23 

Gorges  procures  a  patent  from  Plymouth  council  to  24,000 
acres  on  each  side  of  the  Agameuticus  (York)  river,  and 
plants  a  colony 1624 

New  Plymouth  colony  erects  a  trading  house  at  Penobscot; 
the  first  English  establishment  of  the  kind  in  these  waters. .  1626 

Abraham  Shurte  commissioned  by  Giles  Klbridge  and  Robert 
Aldsworth  to  purchase  Mouhegan  island;  buys  it  for  601. 
It  is  added  to  the  Peniaquid  plantation,  over  which  Shurte 
acted  as  agent  and  chief  magistrate  for  30  years " 

Eight  patents  granted  by  Plymouth  council,  covering  the  sea- 
boiird  from  the  Piscataqua  to  the  Penobscot, except  the  "ter- 
ritory of  Sagadahoc''  below  the  Damariscotta.  Among  these 
w^erethe  "Kennebec,"  " Lygonia"  or  Plough  patent.wilh set- 
tlement on  Casco  bay,  the  "  Waldo  patent,"  and  "Pemaquid," 

1630-31 

A  French  vessel  visits  the  New  Plymouth"lrading  house  at 
Penobscot,  and  carries  off  booty  valued  at  500L,  and  within  3 
years  the  English  abandon  it  to  the  French June,  1632 

Crew  of  16  Indian  traders,  under  Dixy  Bull,  turn  pirates,  at- 
tack the  fort  at  Pemaquid,  and  menace  the  coast  until  the 
next  summer,  when  they  are  beaten  off " 

Trading-house  established  by  the  English  at  Machias,  which 
next  year  was  seized  by  Claude  de  la  Tour,  the  French  com- 
mander at  Port  Royal 1G33 

Plymouth  council  surrender  their  charter,  and  sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  appointed  governor-general  over  the  whole  of  New 
England 25  Apr.  1635 

M.d'AulneydeCharnisy,  from  the  Acadian  country,  takes  posses- 
sion of  the  trading-house  at  Biguyduce  (Penobscot)  for  France,     " 

Gorges,  empowered  by  the  Plymouth  council,  22  Apr.  1635, 
sends  over  his  son  William  as  governor  of  the  territory  be- 
tween Piscataqua  and  Sagadahoc,  called  New  Somersetshire, 
who  organizes  the  first  government  and  opens  the  first  court 
witliin  the  present  state  of  Maine 28  Mch.  1636 

Gorges  obtains  from  Charles  I.  a  provincial  charter  to  land 
between  Piscataqua  and  Sagadahoc  and  Kennebec  rivers,  ex- 
tending 120  miles  north  and  south,  which  was  incorporated 
and  named  "The  Province  and  County  of  Maine  "..  .3  Apr.  1639 

Thomas  Purchase,  first  settler  at  Pejepscot,  on  the  Androscog- 
gin, assigns  to  gov.  Winthrop  of  Massachusetts  "all  the  tract 
at  Pejepscot,  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  4  miles  square  tow- 
ards the  sea" 22  Aug.     " 

Thomas  Gorges  appointed  deputy-governor  of  the  province  of 
Maine 10  Mch.  1640 

First  general  court  under  the  charter  opened  at  Saco. 25  June,     " 

Gorges  founds  in  Agamenticus  a  city  of  21  square  miles,  which 
he  calls  Gorgeana 1  Mch.  1642 

Alexander  Rigby  purchases  the  abandoned  "Plough  patent  or 
Lygonia,"  and  commissions  George  Cleaves  deputy  presi- 
dent, who  opens  a  court  at  Saco  styled  "The  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  Province  of  Lygonia,"  which  extended  from  cape 
Porpoise  to  Casco Apr.  1643 

Richard  Vines  elected  deputy -governor  of  the  province  of 
Maine 2.644 

Commissioners  appointed  for  the  purpose  decide  that  the 
province  of  Lygonia  does  not  belong  to  the  province  of 
Maine,  as  the  latter  contended,  and  the  Kennebec  river  is 
assigned  as  the  boundary  between  the  2  provinces Mch.  1646 

Court  of  province  of  Maine  convenes  at  Wells,  at  mouth  of  the 
Kennebunk  river,  and  Edward  Godfrey  elected  governor  of 
the  province «< 

Massachusetts,  in  1651,  laying  claim  by  her  charter  to  all  lands 
south  of  a  line  drawn  eastward  from  a  point  3  miles  north 
of  the  source  of  the  river  Merrimac,  found  this  point  by  sur- 
vey to  lie  in  lat.  43°  43' 12",  with  its  eastern  point  on  Upper 
Clapboard  island,  in  Casco  bay,  and  confirms  it  by  assump- 
tion of  jurisdiction 23  Oct.  1652 

Isle  of  Shoals,  and  all  territory  north  of  Piscataqua  belonging  to 
Massachusetts,  erected  into  county  of  Yorkshire " 

Kittery,  incorporated  in  1647,  and  Agamenticus  made  into  the 
town  of  York " 

General  Court  of  Elections  at  Boston  admits  for  the  first  time 
2  representatives  from  Maine:  John  Wincoln  of  Kittery  and 
Edward  Rishworth  of  York May,  1653 

"Wells,  Saco,  and  Cape  Porpoise  declared  towns '     '♦ 

English  under  major  Sedgwick  subdue  Penobscot  and  Port 
Royal,  1654,  and  the  whole  Acadian  province  is  confirmed  to 
the  English,  who  hold  it  for  13  years 1655 

Towns  of  Scarborough  and  Falmouth  erected  (see  1786) „  1658 

Quakers  hold  their  first  meeting  in  Maine,  at  Newichawannock 
or  Piscataqua Dec.  1662 

Ferdinando  Gorges,  grandson  of  the  original  proprietor,  obtains 
from  the  king  an  order  to  the  governor  and  council  of  Mas- 
sachusetts to  restore  his  province  in  Maine 11  Jan.  1664 

A  part  of  the  grant  of  the  king  of  England  to  the  duke  of  York 
includes  the  territory  between  the  St.  Croix  and  Pemaquid 
and  northward,  variously  called  the  "Sagadahoc  Territory," 
"New  Castle,"  and  the  "County  of  Cornwall" 12  Mch.     " 

King's  commissioners  establish  a  form  of  provisional  govern- 
ment in  the  province  of  Maine 23  June   1665 


1 

ato     ^ 


By  the  treaty  of  Breda  the  English  surrender  Nova  Scotia  to 
France,  which  also  claims  the  province  east  of  the  Penob 
scot 31  July,  16( 

Four  commissioners  from  Massachusetts  hold  a  convention  in 
York,  commanding  the  people  of  the  province  of  Maine  in 
his  majesty's  name  to  yield  again  all  obedience  to  the  colo- 
ny, ioing  this  at  the  request  of  prominent  citizens  in  the 
province July,  16| 

New  survey  of  the  Massachusetts  boundary  to  the  north  hav- 
ing been  made  by  George  Mounljoy,  and  the  line  fixed  at  lat. 
43°  49' 12",  its  eastern  terminus  on  White  Head  island  in 
Penobscot  bay,  Massachusetts  appoints  4  commissioners,  who 
open  a  court  at  Pemaquid  and  proceed  to  organize  the  addi- 
tional territory May,  16^ 

Duke  of  York  takes  a  new  patent  from  the  king,  and  commis- 
sions sir  Edmund  Andros  governor  of  both  New  York  and 
Sagadahoc 22  June, 

Indian  depredations  and  massacres  in  Kino  Philip's  war  begin, 
12Sept. ;  attackSaco,  18  Sept.,  and  burn  Scarborough,  20  Sept.  16^ 

King  by  council  confirms  the  decision  of  a  commission  which 
had  been  appointed  and  reported  that  "the  right  of  soil  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine  probably  belonged  not  to  Massa- 
chusetts colony,  but  to  the  terre-tenants" ig^ 

For  the  second  time  (the  first  in  1674)  the  Dutch  capture  the 
P'rench  fortification  at  Penobscot,  but  are  soon  driven  out  by 
the  English «i 

Indians  attack  Casco,  burn  Arrowsick  and  Pemaquid,  and  at- 
tack Jewel's  island Aug.-Sept.     " 

Indians  destroy  the  settlement  at  cape  Neddock  ;  40  persons 
slain  or  captured 25  Sept.     " 

One  hundred  and  twenty  Indians  capture  the  fort  and  part  of 
its  garrison,  at  Black  Point. 14  Aug.     *' 

Massachusetts  employs  John  Usher,  a  Boston  trader  then  in 
England,  to  negotiate  the  purchase  of  the  province  of  Maine, 
who  concluded  a  bargain,  took  an  assignment,  and  gave 
Gorges  12501. ;  original  indenture  bears  date 6  May,     '" 

Indian  hostilities  continue  throughout  1677;  affair  at  .Mare 
Point,18  Feb. ;  Pemaquid,  26  Feb.  Indians  attack  Wells  sev- 
eral times;  again  attack  Black  Point,  16-18  May,  and  ambush 
aparty  of  90  men  near  that  point,  killing  60 29  June,  161 

Sir  Edmund  Andros,  fearing  French  aggression  in  the  duke's 
Sagadahoc  province,  sends  a  force  from  New  York  to  Pema- 
quid to  establish  a  fort  and  custom-house June,     •' 

Peace  made  with  the  Indians  upon  the  Androscoggin  and  Ken- 
nebec, at  Casco,  by  a  commission  from  the  government  of 
Massachusetts '. 12  Apr.  16fl 

Thomas  Danforth  chosen  president  of  Maine  by  the  governor 
and  board  of  colony  assistants  of  Massachusetts 1680 

Baptists  make  their  first  appearance  in  Maine  in  1681;  William 
Screven,  their  leader,  organizes  a  church,  but  the  members 
are  obliged  to  remove  to  South  Carolina  to  avoid  persecu- 
tion   1683 

Charter  of  Massachusetts  colony  adjudged  forfeited,  and  liber- 
ties of  the  colonies  seized  by  the  crown ;  col.  Kirke  appointed 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Maine;  Charles  II.  dying  before  Kirke  could  embark,  James 
II.  did  not  reappoint  him 18  June,  1684 

Charter  being  vacated,  various  purchases  were  made  from  the 
Indians;  the  most  important,  known  as  the  "  Pejepscot  Pur- 
chase," was  made  by  Richard  Wharton,  and  covered  lands 
"lying  between  cape  Small -point  and  Maquoit,  thence 
northward  on  the  west  side  of  the  Androscoggin.  4  miles  in 
width  to  the  'Upper  falls,'  and  5  miles  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river  down  to  Merry-meeting  bay  " 7  July,     '• 

Treaty  made  by  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  with  4  tribes  of 
Indians 8  Sept.  1685 

Joseph  Dudley,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  graduate  of  Harvard 
in  1665,  made  by  James  II.  president  of  Maine May,  1686 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  arrives  at  Boston  to  supersede  Dudley  as 
president  of  the  colonies 20  Dec.     " 

Andros  commissioned  captain -general  and  vice-admiral  over 
the  whole  of  New  England,  New  York,  and  the  Jerseys. .  Mch.  1688 

Andros  seizes  upon  Penobscot,  and  sacks  house  and  fort  of 
baron  de  St.  Castin,  aiding  to  precipitate  an  Indian  war,  Apr.     " 

First  outbreak  of  King  William's  war  at  the  new  settlement  of 
North  Yarmouth  on  Royals  river.  Indians  surprise  and  break 
up  the  settlement,  13  Aug.  They  attack  and  burn  New  Dart- 
mouth (Newcastle),  and  destroy  the  fort  and  break  up  the 
settlement  on  the  Sheepscot  river 5-6  Sept.     " 

Gov.  Andros  using  unwise  measures  in  opposing  Indians,  arouses 
the  people,  who  restore  Danforth  to  the  office  of  provincial 
president,  appoint  a  council  for  the  safety  of  the  people,  and 
resume  the  government  according  to  charter  rights.  .18  Apr.  1689 

Garrison  at  Pemaquid  attacked  by  Indians  and  forced  to  sur- 
render  2  Aug.     " 

Maj.  Benjamin  Church,  with  600  men  raised  by  Massachusetts, 
proceeds  to  the  Kennebec,  and  ranging  along  the  coast,  in- 
timidates the  Indians;  leaving  60  soldiers  at  fort  Loyal,  he 
returns  with  the  rest  to  Massachusetts 

Newichawannock  (now  Salmon  Falls),  attacked  by  French  and 
Indians  under  sieur  Artel,  and  54  settlers  captured  and  the 
settlement  burned 18  Mch.  169C 

Five  hundred  French  and  Indians  under  Castin  attack  fort 
Loyal  at  Falmouth  ;   the  people  abandon  the  village  and 
Retire  to  the  garrison,  16  May,  which  capitulates  on  the  20th, 
when  the  French,  after  burning  the  town,  retire  to  Quebec     ^^ 
with  100  prisoners May, 

Sir  William  Phipps  leaves  Boston  with  5  vessels  for  Nova  Scotia. 
He  captures  Port  Royal,  and  takes  possession  of  the  whole    ^^ 
country  and  coast  to  Penobscot May, 

Three  hundred  men  under  maj.  Church  are  again  sent  from 


MAI  469 

Massachusetts.  2  Sept.,  to  reduce  Indians  in  the  province. 
He  attacks  them  at  Pejepscot  fort  on  the  .Androscoggin,  free- 
ing some  English  captives;  has  an  engagement  with  them  at 
Purpooduck  -21  Sept.,  and  returns  home  leaving  100  men  as 

garrison  at  Wells Sept.  1690 

Five  months"  truce  signed  at  Sagadahoc  by  commissioners 
from  Massachusetts  and  the  Indians,  who  agree  to  surrender 
all  prisoners  and  to  make  a  lasting  peace  at  Wells  the  fol- 
lowing Mav 29  Nov.     " 

Indians  failing  to  meet  pres.  Danforth  as  agreed  at  Wells  on  • 
1  Mav,  he  returns  to  York  and  sends  a  reinforcement  to 
Wells.    Shortly  after  their  arrival  they  are  attacked  by  200 

Indians,  whom"  they  repulse 9  June,  1691 

Charter  of  William  and  Mary,  or  the  Provincial  charter,  passes 
the  seals  and  receives  royal  sanction,  and  the  province  of 
Maine  is  united  with  the  royal  province  of  Massachusetts 

bay 7  Oct     " 

Two  hundred  Indians,  led  by  Canadian  French,  assault  York 
on  the  Agumenticus  river.  The  inhabitants  find  shelter  in 
the  garrisoned  houses  and  repulse  the  enemy,  who  retire 
after  burning  the  town  and  killing  or  capturing  about  half  of 

the  people 5  Feb.  1692 

Eight  represenUitives  from  Maine  appear  in  the  Massachusetts 

House  of  Representatives  at  its  first  session 8  June,     " 

[For  the  governors  of  Maine  up  to  its  separation  from 

Massachusetts  in  1820.  see  the  latter  state] 

Five  hundred  French  and  Indians  under  Burneffe  attack  Wells, 

defended  by  a  small  garrison  and  2  sloops,  which  had  just 

arrived  in  the  harbor  bringing  supplies  and  ammunition, 

repulsed  after  a  siege  of  48  hours 10  June,     " 

Fort  built  at  Pemaquid Aug.     " 

Indians  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  English. .  .11  Aug.  1693 
French  and  Indians  under  Iberville.Villebon,  and  Castin,  capt- 
ure the  fort  at  Pemaquid 15  July,  1696 

Eastern  Sagadahoc  claimed  by  the  French  as  part  of  Nova 

Scotia  under  the  treaty  of  Ryswick 11  Sept  1697 

Treaty  of  11  Aug.  1693,  signed  and  ratified  with  additional 
articles  at  Mare  Point  (now  in  Brunswick)  between  the 

whites  and  Indians 7  Jan.  1699 

Indians  under  French  leaders  attack  Wells,  Cape  Porpoise, 
Saco.  Scarborough,  Casco,  Spurwink,  and  Purpooduck ;  the 
last  2  entirely  destroyed.     Thus  opened  the  3d  Indian  war, 

known  as  Queen  Anne's  war 10  Aug.  1703 

Enemy  destroy  Black  Point,  attack  York  and  Berwick;  legis- 
latures of  .Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  ofier  '201.  for 
every  Indian  prisoner  under  10  years  of  age,  and  40/.  for 

every  one  older,  or  for  his  scalp Sept -Oct     " 

Col.  Church  leads  an  expedition  against  the  enemy  in  the  east, 
visits  Penobscot  bay,  and  proceeds  as  far  as  the  bay  of  Fundy. 
He  returns,  having  destroyed  all  the  settlements  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Port  Royal,  and  taken  106  prisoners  and  a  large  amount 

of  plunder  with  the  loss  of  only  6  men 1704 

Francis  Nicholson,  late  lieut-gov.  of  Virginia,  arrives  at  Bos- 
ton, 15  July,  with  his  fleet.  He  sails  18  Sept,  reaches  Port 
Royal  24  Sept..  lands  his  forces,  and  opens  3  batteries  1  Oct, 
and  Suberaise  the  governor  capitulates  the  next  day,  and 

Nicholson  names  the  place  Annapolis  Royal 2  Oct  1710 

By  treaty  of  Utrecht  'all  Nova  Scotia,  Annapolis  Royal,  and 
all  other  things  in  these  parts  "  belonging  to  France  are 

I     ceded  to  Great  Britain 30  Mch.  1713 

I  Berwick  incorporated  out  of  the  northern  settlements  of  Kit- 

{     tery 9  June,     " 

;  Fort  George  erected  on  the  west  side  of  the  Androscoggin,  op- 

j     posite  the  lower  falls 1715 

!  Parker's  island  and  Arrowsick  made  a  town  or  municipal  cor- 

[     poration  by  the  name  of  Georgetown 13  June,  1716 

i  Name  of  Saco  changed  to  Biddeford 18  Nov.  1718 

I  First  violence  of  the  '-Three  Years'  or  Lovewell's  war,"  the 
4th  Indian  war,  was  the  taking  of  9  families  on  Merry-meet- 
ing bay  by  60  Indians  in  canoes.  13  June  ;  they  attack  the 

j     fort  at  St  Georges  river  and  burn  Brunswick June,  July,  1722 

;  One  thousand  men  raised  by  the  General  court  to  carry  on  the 

;     Indian  war 8  Aug.     " 

;  Capt  Josiah  Winslow  and  16  men,  in  2  boats  on  the  St  George's 
;     river,  ambushed  and  surrounded  by  about  100  Indians  in 

:     30  canoes,  and  all  killed 1  May,  1724 

I  Father  Sebastian  Rasle.  a  Jesuit  long  located  at  the  Indian  vil- 
1  lage  of  Norridgewock  on  the  Kennebec,  is  suspected  by  the 
i  English  settlers  of  instigating  the  Indians  against  them  ;  a 
[  party  under  col.  Westbrook,  sent  to  seize  him  in  1721,  is  un- 
1  successful,  but  a  second  party  under  capts.  Moulton  and 
Harmon,  with  100  men  each,  succeed  in  putting  him  and 

about  30  Indian  converts  to  death 12  Aug.     " 

Capt.  John  Lovewell  with  33  men  is  surprised  by  Indians  at 
Pegwacket;  a  desperate  battle  ensues;  the  Indians  are  re- 
pulsed, but  with  a  loss  to  the  English  of  10  killed,  includ- 

ing  capt.  Lovewell.  14  wounded,  and  1  missing 8  May,  1725 

Treaty  known  as  ''Drummer's  Treaty,"  signed  by  4  Indian 

delegates  at  Boston 15  Dec.     " 

David  Dunbar,  an  Irishman,  obtains  royal  sanction  to  settle 

and  govern  the  province  of  Sagadahoc 1729 

Owing  to  the  arbitrary  acts  of  Dunbar  he  is  removed  from  his 
office,  4  Apr.  1733,  by  roval  instruction,  and  Massachusetts 

resumes  jurisdiction  of  Sagadahoc  territory 25  Aug.  1733 

Brunswick  incorporated 24  June,  1737 

King  in  council  fixes  the  line  between  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire to  ••  pass  through  the  entrance  of  Piscataqua  harbor  and 
the  middle  of  the  river  to  the  farthermost  head  of  Salmon  Falls 
river,  thence  north  2°;  west,  true  course,  120  miles,"  5  Mch.  1739 
Rev.  George  Whitefleld  visits  Maine  and  preaches  at  York, 
Wells,  and  Biddeford 1741 


MAI 


First  attack  of  Indians  (the  5th  Indian  war)  upon  St.  George 
and  Damariscotta  (Newcastle)  19  July;  the  provincial  gov- 
ernment declares  war  against  all  the  eastern  tribes,  and  of- 
fers bounties  for  Indian  captives  or  scalps .23  Aug. 

Indian  skirmishes  and  depredations  throughout  the  Sagada- 
hoc territory  during 

By  1  May,  1747,  the  whole  frontier  from  Wells  to  Topsham  is 
infested  with  Indians,  who  make  an  attack  on  Pemaquid, 
26  May,  and  unsuccessful  attacks  on  forts  Frederick  and 
St  George Sept 

Indian  hostilities  in  Maine  brought  to  an  end  by  the  treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  signed 7  Oct 

A  treaty  based  on  Drummer  treaty  of  1725  made  with  Indians 
at  Falmouth  by  commission  from  Massachusetts 16  Oct 

Indians  attack  fort  Richmond,  on  the  Kennebec,  but  hearing 
that  the  garrison  had  been  reinforced,  they  retire,  but  at- 
tack Dresden,  Swan  island,  Wiscasset,  Sheepscot,  and  George- 
town, and  withdraw  with  20  or  30  captives. 11-25  Sept 

Commissioners  meet  the  Indians  at  St.  George's  fort,  3  Aug., 
and  proclaim  a  cessation  of  hostilities 3  Sept 

Newcastle  incorporated,  the  first  of  the  towns  in  the  territory 
of  Sagadahoc 19  June, 

Fort  Halifax,  on  the  Kennebec  river  below  the  Teconnet  falls, 
fort  Western  at  Augusta,  and  fort  Shirley  or  Frankfort  in 
Dresden  all  built  during  the  year 

In  consequence  of  Frepch  and' Indian  depredations,  war  is  de- 
clared on  all  the  Indian  tril)es  east  of  Piscataqua,  and  boun- 
ties offered  for  prisoners  and  scalps 11  June, 

Acadians  or  French  Neutrals,  dwelling  principally  about  An- 
napolis, Grand  Pre.  and  vicinity  are  forcibly  removed  by 
order  of  lieut-gov.  Diwrence  and  the  provincial  council, 
and  dispersed  among  the  American  colonies  from  Maine  to 
Georgia  (Acadia) .-. .  .Sept 

Skirmishes  with  the  Indians  at  Brunswick,  New  Gloucester, 
Windham,  where  the  Indian  chief  Poland  is  killed,  and  at 
Georgetown  and  fort  Halifax 

Possession  is  taken  of  the  Penobscot  country,  and  fort  Pownal 
built  and  garrisoned  with  100  men  under  Jedediah  Preble, 

28  July, 

Nauseag,  a  precinct  of  Georgetown,  the  birthplace  of  sir 
William  Phipps,  first  royal  governor  of  the  Massachusetts 
provinces,  erected  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Woolwich, 

20  Oct 

Pownalborough,  embracing  the  present  towns  of  Dresden, Wis- 
casset, Alna.  and  Swan  island,  is  incorporated 13  Feb. 

Peace  made  with  the  remnant  of  the  Indian  tribes  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  fort  Pownal 29  Apr. 

General  court  establishes  the  counties  of  Cumberland  (that  part 
of  Maine  between  the  Saco  and  Androscoggin)  and  Lincoln 
(that  part  east  of  the  Androscoggin)., 19  June, 

Mount  Desert  island  granted  to  gov.  Barnard 

Town  of  Bristol,  embracing  the  ancient  Pemaquid,  incorpo- 
rated   18  June, 

Town  of  Hallowell.  embracing  Cushnoc  (Augusta),  and  Wins- 
low,  including  Waterville,  incorporated 26  Apr. 

Pepperellborough,  afterwards  Saco,  incorporated 9  June, 

Belfast  incorporated  ;  first  town  on  the  Penobscot 22  June, 

New  Gloucester  incorporated 8  Mch. 

County  convention,  39  delegates  from  9  towns  in  Cumberland 
county,  held  at  Falmouth,  at  which  meeting  sheriff  Will- 
iam f  yng  declared  his  avowal  to  obey  the  province  law  and 
not  that  of  parliament,  and  which  advises  '-a  firm  and  per- 
severing opposition  to  every  design,  dark  or  open,  framed  to 
abridge  our  English  liberties" 21  Sept 

Capt  Mowatt  and  2  companions  of  the  British  sloop-of-war 
Canseau  are  made  prisoners  by  50  or  60  volunteers  under 
lieut-col.  Samuel  Thompson,  while  ashore  at  Falmouth. 
The  sailing-master  of  the  Canseau  excites  the  people  by 
threatening  to  burn  the  town  if  Mowatt  is  not  restored  ;  be- 
ing released  on  parole,  Mowatt  weighs  anchor,  sails  for  Ports- 
mouth  9  May, 

An  English  schooner,  the  Margranetto,  loading  at  Machias,  is 
seized  bv  a  party  of  volunteers  under  Benjamin  Foster  and 
Jeremiah  O'Brien  ;  after  capturing  this  prize  O'Brien  sails 
into  the  bay  of  Fundy.  and  on  his  return  captures  a  schooner 
and  tender  which  were  in  search  of  the  Margranetto.  .June, 

Col.  Benedict  Arnold,  with  a  force  of  about  1100  men,  passes 
up  the  Kennebec  to  attack  Quebec Sept. 

Capt.  Mowatt  arrives  in  Falmouth  (now  Portland)  with  4  armed 
vessels.  17  Oct.,  with  orders  from  adm.  Graves  to  destroy  the 
town,  which  he  bums 18  Oct. 

Warren  incorporated;  first  town  on  St  George  river — 7  Nov. 

Fryeburg,  scene  of  Ixjvewell's  fight  in  1725,  incorporated, 

11  Jan. 

Counties  of  York,  Cumberland,  and  Lincoln,  by  vote  of  Con- 
gress, erected  into  the  "  District  of  Maine  " 

British  general  McLane  and  900  troops  take  possession  of  the 
peninsula  of  Major  Biguyduce  (now  Castine),  begin  a  fort, 
and  station  3  sloops  of- war  under  capt  Mowatt 12  Jan. 

Pittston,  the  fortieth  and  last  town  established  by  the  general 
court  under  the  royal  charter,  incorporated 4  Feb. 

Expedition  of  19  armed  vessels  and  24  transports,  under  Gurdon 
Saltonstall.  a  Connecticut  sea-captain,  and  1500  men  from 
Massachusetts  under  gen.  Lovell,  arrive  at  Penobscot,  25 
July,  for  the  purpose  of  dislodging  the  British;  they  remain 
inactive,  however,  until  the  arrival  of  5  British  ships  from 
New  York,  which  force  the  Americans  to  burn  their  vessels 
and  disperse 1^  -^"S 

Six  hundred  troops  raised  to  protect  the  Eastern  department, 
between  Piscataqua  and  St.  Croix,  and  command  given  to 
gen.  Peleg  Wadsworth,  with  headquarters  at  Thomaston 


1746 
1746 

1747 
1748 
1749 

1750 
1751 
1753 

1754 

1755 


1756 
1759 


1760 


1765 

1771 
1772 
1773 
1774 


1775 


1776 
1777 

1778 

1779 


1780 


^^ 


MAI 


470 


MAI 


Bath  incorporated,  the  first  towu  established  by  the  new  gov- 
ernment   17  Feb.  1781 

Gen.  Wadsworth  captured  at  Thomaston  and  imprisoned  at 
Castine,  18  Keb. ;  escapes 18  Juno,     " 

Land  office  is  opened  at  the  seat  of  government,  and  state  lands 
in  the  dislriut  of  Maine  are  sold  to  soldiers  and  emigrants  at 
$1  per  acre  on  the  navigable  waters;  elsewhere  given,  pro- 
vided settlers  clear  IG  acres  in  4  years 1784 

First  issue  of  the  Falmouth  Gazette  and  Weekly  Advertiser,  the 
earliest  newspaper  established  in  Maine 1  Jan.  1785 

Mount  Desert,  confiscated  from  gov.  Bernard,  is  reconfirmed 
in  part  to  his  son  John  and  to  French  claimants " 

Convention  to  consider  the  separation  of  the  district  from  Mas- 
sachusetts meets  at  Falmouth 5  Oct.     " 

Convention  appointed  at  the  Oct.  meeting  assembles  at  Fal- 
mouth and  draws  up  a  statement  of  particulars 4  Jan.  1786 

Massachusetts  lands,  1,107,;J9()  acres,  between  Penobscot  and 
St.  Croix  rivers,  disposed  of  by  lottery  ;  a  large  portion  pur- 
chased by  William  Bingham  of  Philadelphia Mch.     " 

Falmouth  divided  and  the  peninsula  with  several  opposite  isl- 
ands incorporated  and  named  Portland 4  July,     " 

Convention  of  31  delegates  meets  at  Portland  and  petitions 
the  general  court  that  the  counties  of  York,  Cumberland, 
and  Lincoln  be  erected  into  a  sei)arate  state,  and  suggests 

that  the  towns  vote  on  the  subject 6  Sept.     " 

[Convention  reas.senibling,  3  Jan.  1787,  finds  votes  cast  on 
separation  994,  645  being  yeas;  motion  to  present  the  peti- 
tion to  the  legislature  lost,  but  was  presented  the  year  follow- 
ing.] 

General  court  sets  off"  from  Lincoln  county  the  new  counties 
of  Hancock,  from  Penobscot  bay  to  the  head  of  Goulds- 
borough  river,  and  Washington,  east  of  Hancock.. .  .25  June,  1789 

Bangor  incorporated 25  Feb.  1791 

Last  meeting  of  the  Salem  presbytery,  marking  the  decline  of 
the  Presbyterian  church  founded  at  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  in 
1719,  is  held  at  Gray 14  Sept.     " 

Charter  granted  by  the  general  court  for  Bowdoin  college  in 
Brunswick 24  J  une,  1794 

Augusta  (the  ancient  Cushnoc)  incorporated  under  the  name  of 
Harrington,  20  Feb.  1796;  changed  to  Augusta 9  June,  1796 

Seven  families  from  Ireland  associate  at  Newcastle  to  form  a 
Catholic  church 1798 

At  Providence,  the  commission  appointed  to  determine  and 
settle,  according  to  the  Jay  treaty,  what  river  was  the  St. 
Croix,  made  a  report  that  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  in  Passa- 
maquoddy  bay,  in  lat.  45°  5'  5"  N.,  and  Ion.  67°  12'  30"  W. 
of  London,  and  3°  54'  15"  E.  of  Harvard  college,  and  that  the 
boundary  of  Maine  was  up  this  river  and  the  Cheputnatecook 
to  a  marked  stake  called  "'the  Monument" 25  Oct.     " 

Kennebec  county  erected  from  north  part  of  Lincoln..  .20  Feb.  1799 

Northern  parts  of  York  and  Cumberland  counties  erected  into 
the  county  of  Oxford 4  Mch.  1805 

Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  b.  in  Portland 27  Feb.  1807 

County  of  Somerset  established  from  the  northerly  part  of 
Kennebec 1  Mch.  1809 

Three  commissioners  appointed  by  governor  and  council  to  act 
on  land  titles  in  Lincoln  county 27  Feb.  1811 

Boxer,  a  British  brig  of  18  guns  and  104  men,  capt.  Blythe,  en- 
gages the  American  brig  Enterprise,  16  guns  and  102  men, 
capt.  Burrows,  off"  Portland.  In  35  minutes  the  Boxer  sur- 
renders and  is  taken  to  Portland  by  her  captor  (both  com- 
manders killed) 5  Sept.  1813 

"  I  remember  the  sea-fight  for  awny, 
How  it  thundered  o'er  the  tide ! 
And  the  dead  captains,  as  thev  lay 
In  their  graves,  o'erlooking  the  tranquil  bay 
Where  they  in  battle  died."— iong/W/oic. 

Extent  of  "Pejepscot  purchase"  is  declared  according  to  the 
resolve  of  the  general  court,  8  Mch.  1787,  that  "Twenty-mile 
falls,"  20  miles  above  Brunswick,  are  the  ''uppermost  Great 
falls"  in  the  Androscoggin  river  referred  to  in  the  deed  to 
Wharton  dated  7  July,  1684;  matter  settled 1814 

Fort  Sullivan  in  Eastport,  under  command  of  maj.  Perley  Put- 
nam, surrenders  to  a  British  force  from  Halifax 11  July,     " 

Fort  at  Castine  destroyed  by  its  garrison  on  the  approach  of  a 

British  fieet  from  Halifax 1  Sept.     " 

[Part  of  the  British  fleet  proceed  up  the  Penobscot.  At 
Hampden  lay  the  U.  S.  corvette  Adams.  Her  commander, 
capt.  Charles  Morris,  endeavors  to  defend  the  vessel,  but,  for- 
saken by  the  militia,  burns  the  ship  and  retreats  to  Bangor, 
leaving  Hampden  to  be  pillaged  by  the  British.  The  British 
capture  Bangor,  and  burn  14  vessels  at  anchor  ;  return  to 
Hampden,  and  from  there  proceed  to  Frankfort.] 

Frankfort  delaying  surrender,  the  British  denounce  vengeance 
against  the  place  and  sail  for  Castine 1-7  Sept.     " 

British  force  under  Sherwood  and  Griffiths  land  at  Buck's  har- 
bor, about  3  miles  below  Machias,  and  march  against  the 
fort,  which  the  garrison  desert  and  blow  up 12  Sept.     " 

British  maj. -gen.  Gerard  Gosselin  appointed  to  govern  the 
province  between  Brunswick  and  Penobscot " 

British  sloop  from  Halifax,  with  a  cargo  invoiced  at  $40,000,  on 
her  passage  to  Castine  is  captured  and  carried  into  Camden, 

Nov.     " 

General  court  appoints  a  day  of  thanksgiving  on  news  of  peace 
and  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  24  Dec.  1814 22  Feb.  1815 

British  troops  evacuate  Castine 25  Apr.     " 

Between  10,000  and  15,000  inhabitants  emigrate  to  Ohio 1815-16 

County  of  Penobscot  incorporated  (the  ninth  and  last  prior  to 
the  separation) 15  Sept.  1815 

Meetings  held  in  all  towns  and  plantations  of  the  district  of 
Maine,  and  a  vote  taken  on  the  question  of  separation  from 
Massachusetts  results  in  10,393  yeas  and  6501  nays.  .20  May,  1816 


First  separation  law  takes  eff^ect,  directing  voters  to  meet  in  -a 
their  towns  on  the  first  Monday  of  Sept.  to  vote  on  the  ques-  « 
tion,  and  send  delegates  to  Brunswick  the  last  Monday  of  m 
Sept.,  who,  if  a  majority  of  at  least  5  to  4  favor  separation,  * 
should  form  a  constitution 2U  June,  181ff 

Convention  of  185  delegates  convenes  at  Brunswick;  vote 
shows  11,961  yeas  to  10,347  nays  ;  the  attempt  to  seek  ad- 
mission as  a  state  failing,  tlie  convention  was  dissolved,  Sept.     " 

First  meeting  at  St.  Andrew's  of  joint  commission,  Thomas 
Barclay  for  Great  Britain,  Cornelius  V^an  Ness  for  the  U.  S., 
to  determine  the  northeastern  and  northern  boundary  of 
Maine;  no  result 23  Sept.     " 

President  Monroe  visits  Maine  on  his  tour  of  inspection  of 
forti  fications,  etc li 

U.  S.  warship  Alabama,  84  guns,  2633  tons,  commenced  and 
left  on  the  stocks  at  Kittery  unfinished. 18] 

Agricultural  Society  of  District  of  Maine  incorporated.  .16  Feb.     " 

Law  of  the  U.  S..  making  every  state  a  district  in  which  ves- 
sels must  enter  and  clear,  proving  a  stumbling-block  in  the 
matter  of  the  separation  of  Maine,  is  changed,  and  the  east- 
ern coast  divided  into  2  great  districts 2  Mch.  1819 

About  70  towns  petition  the  legislature  for  separation,  and  bill 
passed  granting  it 19  June,     " 

Under  Separation  act,  after  an  election  in  July,  and  the  proc- 
lamation of  the  governor  24  Aug.,  a  convention  of  269  dele- 
gates at  Portland,  elects  William  King  president,  and  ap- 
points a  committee  of  33  to  report  a  constitution II  Oct.     " 

Congress  admits  Maine  into  the  Union;  capital  Portland,  3  Mch.  1820' 

William  King  elected  governor  witliout  opposition Apr.     " 

Within  17  months  gov.  King,  commissioner  under  the  Spanish 
treaty,  resigns  his  office  to  Mr.  Williamson,  president  of  the 
Senate,  who  6  months  after,  being  elected  to  Congress,  sur- 
renders it  to  Mr.  Ames,  speaker  of  the  House.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  next  Senate  was  Mr.  Rose,  who  acted  as  governor 
one  day,  until  gov.  Parris  was  inducted 1820-21 

AVaterville  college  (afterwards  Colby  university)  established  at 
Waterville 1820 

Maine  Historical  Society  incorporated 5  Feb.  1822 

Last  meeting  of  commissioners  to  determine  the  northern  and 
northeastern  boundary  of  Maine  held  at  New  York.  (They 
disagree,  and  subsequently  the  matter  is  referred  to  Will- 
iam, king  of  the  Netherlands) 13  Apr.     " 

Building  of  the  state  prison  at  Thomaston  begun 1823 

Wild  lands  in  Maine  surveyed  and  divided  between  Maine  and 
Massachusetts 1826 

Boundary  north  and  east  of  Maine  referred  to  William,  king  of 
the  Netherlands,  for  settlement 12  Jan.  1829 

Corner-stone  of  the  state  capitol  at  Augusta  laid July,     *' 

Cumberland  and  Oxford  canal,  from  Portland  to  Sebago  pond, 
completed " 

Gov.  Lincoln  dying,  Nathan  Cutler,  president  of  the  senate, 
succeeds  him 8  Oct.     " 

Jonathan  G.  Hunton  inaugurated  governor 1830 

William,  king  of  the  Netherlands,  recommends  as  the  boundary 
of  Maine,  a  line  due  north  from  the  source  of  the  St.  Croix  to 
the  river  St.  John;  thence  in  the  middle  of  that  river 
through  the  St.  Francis  to  its  source,  and  thence  along  the 
highlands  southwesterly  to  "mile  tree  "  and  head  of  the 
Connecticut  river 10  Jan.  1831 

Capital  removed  from  Portland  to  Augusta:  legislature  meets, 

4  Jan.  1832 

Bangor  and  Orono  railroad,  10  miles  in  length,  completed 1836 

Rufus  Mclntire,  land  agent  for  Maine,  and  2  others,  sent  to 
drive  trespassers  from  timber  on  disputed  territory  in  north 
of  the  state,  are  taken  by  an  armed  force  as  prisoners  to 
Fredericton,  but  soon  released  by  the  governor  of  New 
Brunswick II  Feb.  1839 

Lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswi(!k  issues  a  proclamation 
regarding  as  an  invasion  of  her  majesty's  territory,  the  at- 
tempt of  a  force  of  200  armed  men  from  Maine  to  drive  off" 
persons  cutting  timber  on  disputed  territory 13  Feb 

Agreement  made  between   the   British  government  and   the 
U.  S.,  to  prevent  immediate  hostilities  between  the  troops 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick,  that  armed  men  should  be  with' 
drawn  from  the  territory,  and  the  trespassers  be  kept  ofi'by^ 
the  combined  efforts  of  both  governments 27  Feb» 

Act  of  Congress  passed  authorizing  the  president  to  resist  an;" 
attempt  of  Great  Britain  to  enforce  exclusive  jurisdictioi 
over  the  disputed  territory  in  the  north  of  Maine 3  McT 

Gen.  Winfleld  Scott,  sent  to  command  on  the  Maine  frontier) 
arranges  a  truce  and  joint  occupancy  of  the  disputed  terrl 
tory  by  both  governments  (Aroostook  disturbance),  21  Mch. 

State  asylum  for  lunatics  at  Augusta  completed 1840 

Treaty  concluded  at  Washington  between  Lord  Ashburton,  for 
Great  Britain,  and  Daniel  Webster,  secretary  of  state,  for  the, 
U.  S.,  fixing  the  boundary  of  Maine  on  the  north,  freei 
navigation  of  the  St.  John's  river,  confirming  land  in  disput- 
ed territory  to  those  in  possession,  and  allowing  Maine  and 
Massachusetts  compensation  for  territory  given  up,  to  be 
paid  by  the  U.  S 9  Aug.  1842 

Edward  Kavanagh,  acting  governor  in  the  place  of  gov.  Fair- 
field, elected  U.  S.  senator 3  Mch.  18^ 

Act  restricting  sale  of  liquors Aug.  1846 

Law  enacted  establishing  a  state  Board  of  Education 

Nathan  Clifi"ord  appointed  attorney-general 23  Dec. 

Death  at  Hallowell  of  Nathan  Read,  inventor,  the  first  man  to 
apply  for  a  patent  before  the  patent  law  was  enacted.  In 
1798  he  invented  and  patented  a  macliine  for  cutting  and 
heading  nails,  and  later  invented  a  tubular  boiler;  d.,  20  Jan.  1849 

State  insane  hospital  at  Augusta  burned.  27  inmates  and  1 
assistant  perish  in  the  flames 4  Dec.  1850 


3ft 

b.     " 


MAI  471 

"Maine  Law,"  an  act  "to  prohibit  drinking-houses  and  tip- 
pling-shops,"  passed  in  May,  approved  by  the  governor  2 

June,  and  enforced  first  at  Bangor 4  July,  1851 

Act  abolishing  the  stale  Board  of  Education,  the  governor  to 

appoint  a  school  commissioner  for  each  county 1852 

"Search  and  Seizure  act"  for  the   confiscation   of  liquors, 

passed 1853 

James  G.  Hlaine  moves  from  Philadelphia  to  Augusta,  and  be- 
comes editor  of  the  Kennebec  Journal " 

Maine  purchases  for  $362,500  the  share  of  Massachusetts  in   ■ 

wild  lands  in  the  state " 

Reform  school  for  boys  erected  at  Cape  Elizabeth,  and  first  in- 
mate received 14  Nov.     " 

Act  passed  by  legislature  appointing  a  superintendent  of  com- 
mon schools 17  Apr.  1854 

Anson  P.  Morrill,  Republican,  inaugurated  governor 1855 

Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  railroad  leased  to  the  Grand  Trunk 

railway  for  999  years " 

Samuel  Wells,  candidate  of  the  Whigs  and  Democrats,  Inau- 
gurated governor 1856 

Whole  system  of  legislation  on  liquor  repealed,  and  license 

law  drafted  by  Phineas  Barnes  of  Portland  enacted " 

Hannibal  Hamlin,  Republican,  inaugurated  governor Jan.  1857 

Joseph  H.  Williams,  governor,  to  succeed  Hannibal  Hamlin, 

who  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 26  Feb.      " 

Nathan  Clifford,  justice  of  the  Supreme  court 28  Jan.  1858 

,Maine  liquor  law  in  all  its  parts  re-enacted " 

iBill  passed  granting  the  proceeds  of  1,000,000  acres  of  land  and 
the  claims  of  Maine  on  the  government  of  the  U.  S.,  for  the 

completion  of  the  railroad  from  Portland  to  Halifax 1861 

:Haunibal  Hamlin  inaugurated  vice-president  U.  S 4  Mch.     " 

Extra  3  days'  session  of  the  legislature,  and  provision  made  for 
10  regiments  of  volunteers  for  the  Federal  army,  and  a 

coast-guard  if  necessary 22  Apr.     " 

Office  of  the  Democrat,  a  secession  newspaper  published  in 

Bangor,  entirely  destroyed  by  a  mob 12  Aug.     " 

U.  S.  secretary  of  state  Seward  permits  passage  of  British 

troops  across  the  state  from  Portland  to  Canada 1862 

Officers  and  crew  of  the  Confederate  privateer  Archer  enter  the 
harbor  of  Portland,  capture  the  revenue  cutter  Caleb  Gush- 
ing, and  put  to  sea;  being  pursued,  they  take  to  their  boats 
and  blow  up  their  prize,  and  are  themselves  captured, 

29  June,  1863 
Bates  college,  located  at  Lewiston,  founded;  noted  for  having 

an  endowed  scholarship  for  a  lady  student " 

Foreign  Emigrant  association  of  Maine  incorporated,  to  which 
I    the  state  agrees  to  give  $25  for  every  able-bodied  foreign 

1    emigrant  introduced  into  Maine  by  them 1864 

iWiUiam  Pitt  Fessenden,  secretary  of  the  treasury 1  July,     " 

lA  small  party  of  Confederate  raiders  from  St.  John's,  N.  B.,  led 
by  one  Collins  of  Mississippi,  attempt  the  robbery  of  a  bank 
in  Calais;  but,  the  authorities  being  forewarned  by  the  Amer- 

j   lean  consul  at  St.  John's,  the  attempt  fails 18  July,     " 

j3reat  fire  in  Portland,  burning  over  an  area  1%  miles  long  by 
^  of  a  mile  wide;   1500  buildings  burned;   loss  between 

!   $10,000,000  and  $15,000,000 4  July,  1866 

i       [The  most  destructive  fire  in  the  U.  S.  up  to  that  time  since 

I   the  great  fire  in  New  York,  1835.] 

[National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteers  located  atTogns  springs, 

Lnear  Augusta,  receives  its  first  instalment  of  soldiers. 
10  Nov.     " 
igislature  passes  a  stringent  prohibitory  liquor  law,  and  ap- 

\  points  a  state  constable  to  enforce  its  provisions 186T 

ijtate  agricultural  college  established  at  Orono  1868 

Constabulary  law  of  1867  repealed " 

ifames  6.  Blaine,  speaker  House  of  Representatives 1869 

jUate  temperance  convention  assembles  at  Portland  and  nomi- 

i  nates  hon.  N.  C.  Hitchborn  for  governor 29  June,     " 

IjOv.  Chamberlain  re-elected,  the  vote  standing,  Chamberlain, 
1  Republican,  51,439;  Smith, Democrat,39,033;  and  Hitchborn, 

i  4783 13  Sept.      " 

'\  bill  to  increase  the  stringency  of  the  prohibitory  liquor  laws 

i,  passes  both  houses  without  opposition 1870 

Swedish  colony  founded  in  Aroostook  county  by  51  immigrants 
brought  from  Gothenburg  by  the  board  of  commissioners  of 

immigration,  which  arrive  at  "New  Sweden " 23  July,     " 

iiquor  law  amended  so  as  to  bring  cider  and  wine  made  from 

fruits  grown  in  the  stat.e  within  the  prohibition 1872 

State  convention  for  the  formation  of  a  woman's  suffrage  asso- 
ciation assembles  at  Augusta Feb.  1873 

vet  passed  providing  for  a  state  board  of  immigration,  consist- 
ing of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  land  agent " 

Roman's  suff'rage  convention  at  Augusta  resolves:  "That  we 
pledge  ourselves  never  to  cease  the  agitation  we  have  begun 
until  all  unjust  discriminations  against  women  are  swept 

away  " 28  Jan.  1874 

industrial  school  for  girls  opened  at  Hallowell Jan.  1875 

'ompulsory  Education  act  passed  by  the  legislature " 

,)eath  penalty  in  Maine  abolished  by  law  (see  1883-87) 1876 

enator  Lot  M.  Morrill,  secretary  U.  S.  treasury June,     " 

\t  state  election,  Almon  Gage,  nominated  for  governor  of  the 
i  state  by  the  "Greenback  party,"  receives  520  votes.     Gov. 

(Connor  is  re-elected Sept.     " 

j"ifty-two  Swedes  in  "  New  Sweden  "  are  naturalized " 

i.ct  passed  relating  to  "  tramps  " 1878 

larble  statue  of  gen.  William  King,  first  governor  of  Maine, 
presented  to  the  U.  S.  government  and  placed  in  Statuary 

hall,  Washington ; Jan.     " 

tate  Greenback  convention  held  at  Lewiston,  782  delegates; 

Joseph  W.  Smith  nominated  for  governor 5  June,     " 

eptember  election:  Selden  Connor,  Republican,  56,544;  Jo- 


MAI 

seph  L.  Smith,  Greenback,  41,371;  Alonzo  Garcelon,  Demo- 
crat, 28,218;  no  choice  by  people 9  Sept.  1878 

Garcelon  chosen  governor  by  legislature 3  Jan.  1879 

A  convention  of  the  surviving  members  of  the  Senate  and 
House  of  1851,  who  voted  for  the  original  Maine  liquor  law, 
meets  at  Augusta 2  June      " 

Vote  for  governor:  Daniel  F.  Davis,  Republican,  68,766;  Garce- 
lon, Democrat,  21,688;  Smith,  National  or  Greenback,  47,590, 

T,       ,  ,.  8  Sept.     " 

Republican  press  claims  the  Senate  by  7  majoritv,  the  House 
by  28.  In  November  great  excitement  is  produced  by  the 
rumor  that  the  governor  and  council  would  endeavor  to 
count  out  the  Republican  majority  and  count  in  a  Fusion 
(Democrat  and  National)  majority.  The  sub-committee  of 
the  council  make  their  report 26  Dec.     " 

Legislature  convenes,  and  78  Fusion  members  and  2  Republi- 
cans qualify.  The  Senate  elects  James  D.  Lamson  (Fusion) 
president 7  jan.  isso 

Commanders  of  all  military  organizations  in  the  state  are  re- 
quired to  report  to  maj.  gen.  Chamberlain 12  Jan.     " 

Republicans  organize  a  legislature "  " 

Gov.  Garcelon's  office  being  vacant  after  7  Jan.,  president  of 
Senate,  Lamson,  asks  if  maj.  -gen.  Chamberlain  will  recognize 
him  as  governor.  Chamberlain  refers  the  question  to  the 
Supreme  court 12  Jan.     " 

Supreme  court  recognizes  the  Republican  legislature.  The 
Fusionists  become  demoralized,  and  Daniel  Davis  assumes 
the  office  of  governor I6  Jan.     " 

Gen.  Harris  M.  Plaisted,  Greenback,  elected  governor.  .13  Sept.     " 

Act  passed  making  women  eligible  to  the  office  of  supervisor 
of  schools  and  superintending  school  committees 

U.  S.  senator  James  G.  Blaine  appointed  secretary  of  state 

Meeting  of  the  lawyers  of  Maine  held  at  Augusta,  and-  a  state 
bar  association  formed 25  Apr. 

Act  passed,  restoring  the  death  penalty  for  murder 

Vote  on  amending  the  constitution  forever  prohibiting  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors,  70,783  for,  23,811  against Sept. 

Convention  of  the  "People's"  party,  held  at  Portland,  nomi- 
nate presidential  electors  favoring  Benjamin  F.  Butler.. Oct. 

Act  establishing  a  state  Board  of  Health 

Acts  abolishing  capital  punishment,  and  establishing  "Arbor 
day  " 

First  observance  of  Labor  day  in  the  state 5  Sept. 

Sebastian  S.  Marble,  president  of  the  Senate,  succeeds  gov. 
Bodwell,  who  d 15  Dec. 

Acts  passed  forbidding  manufacturing  "Trusts"  and  heating 
railroad  cars  by  common  stoves 

State  convention  of  Union  Labor  party  meets  at  Waterville, 
and  nominates  Isaac  R.  Clark  of  Bangor  for  governor, 

20  May, 

Gov.  Burleigh  re  elected;  Clark,  candidate  of  the  Union  Labor 
party,  receives  1296  votes Sept. 

Legislature  enacts  an  Australian  ballot  law .24  Mch. 

First  Monday  in  September  (Labor  day)  made  a  legal  holiday 
by  legislature  at  session  ending 3  Apr. 

Ex-vice-pres.  Hannibal  Hamlin,  b.  1809,  d.  at  Bangor 4  July, 

James  G.  Blaine,  secretary  of  state,  resigned  (United  States), 

4  June, 

James  6.  Blaine  d.  at  Washington,  D.  C,  aged  63  years,  27  Jan. 

GOVERNORS. 

(Prior  to  1820  Maine  was  a  part  of  Massachusetts.) 


1881 


1885 

1887 


1889 
1890 


1892 
1893 


Name. 

Term. 

Remarks. 

1820  to  1821 

1821 
1822  to  1826 
1827  "  1829 

1829 

1830  to  1831 

1831  "  1833 
1834  "  1837 

1838  "  1839 

1839  "  1840 

1840  "  1841 

1841  "  1843 

1843  "  1844 

1844  "  1847 
1847  "  1850 
1850  "  1853 
1853  "  1855 

1855  "  1856 

1856  "1857 
1857 

1857  to  1858 

1858  "  1861 

1861  "  1862 

1862  "  1864 
1864  "  1867 
1867  "  1870 
1871  "  1873 
1874  "  1875 
1876  "  1879 

1879  "  1880 

1880  "  1881 

1881  "  1882 
1883  "  1887 

1887 
1887  to  1888 
1889  "  1892 
1893  "  1895 

Resigns. 
Acting. 

William  D.  Williamson. . . 
Albion  K  Parris 

Enoch  Lincoln  

Died  in  office,  1829. 
Acting. 

Nathan  Cutler      

Jonathan  G.  Button 

Samuel  Emerson  Smith. . 
Robert  P.  Dunlap 

John  Fairfield 

Edward  Kent 

Elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senatft 

Edward  Kavanagh 

Hugh  J.  Anderson 

John  W  Dana 

Acting. 

John  Hubbard    

William  G.  Crosby 

Anson  P  Morrill      .     .   . 

Republican,  the  1st. 

Samuel  Wells        . 

Hannibal  Hamlin 

Joseph  H.  Williams 

lot  M.  Morrill 

Elected  U.  S.  senator. 
Acting. 

Israel  Washburn,  jr. 

Joshua  L.  Chamberlain. . 

Nelson  Dingley,jr 

Harris  M.  Plaisted 

Frpdpriplr  Robip          

Joseph  R.  Bodwell 

Sebastian  S.  Marble 

Edwin  C.  Burleigh 

Henry  B.  Cleaves 

Died  in  oflace,  1887. 
Re-elected  Sept.  1894, 

MAI 


472 


MAL 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  MAINE. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congr«M. 


John  Chandler 

John  Holinea 

Albion  K.  Parrls. 

John  Holmes. 

Peleg  Sprague. 

John  Ruggles. 

Ether  Shepley 

Judah  Dana 

Renel  William& 

George  Evans 

John  Fairfield 

Wyman  B.  S.  Moor 

Hannibal  Hamlin 

James  W.  Bradbury 

William  Pitt  Fessenden. 

Amos  Nourse 

Hannibal  Hamlin 

Lot  M.  Morrill 

Hannibal  Hamlin 

James  G.  Blaine 

William  P.  Frye 

Eugene  Hale.' 


16th  to  20th 
16th  "  19th 

20th 
20th  to  22d 
2l8t  "  23d 
23d  "  26lh 
23d  "  24th 

24th 
25th  to  28th 
27th  "  29th 
28th  "  30th 

30th 

30th 
30th  to  33d 
33d  "4l8t 

34th 
35th  to  36th 
36th  "  44th 
41st  "  46th 
44th  "47  th 

47th  "  

47th  "  


1820  to  1829 

1820  "  1827 

1828 

1829  to  1833 

1830  "  1835 
1835  "  1841 

1835  "  1836 

1836  "  1837 

1837  "  1843 
1841  "  1847 
1843  "  1847 

1848 
1848  to  1857 
1847  "  1853 
1854  "  1869 

1857 
1857  to  1861 
1861  "  1876 
1869  "  1881 
1876  "  1881 

1881  "  

1881  "  


Seated  13  Nov. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Parrls. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Sprague. 

Resigned. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Shepley, 

Elected  In  place  of  Shepley.     Resigned  1843. 

Elected  in  place  of  Williams.     Died  1847. 

Apj)ointed  in  place  of  Fairfield. 

Elected  in  place  of  Fairfleld.     Resigned  1857.    Elected  govemorj 

Died  1869. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Hamlin. 

Resigned.     Elected  vice-president  of  the  U.  S. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hamlin.     Resigned  1876.     Sec.  of  treasu 

Elected  in  place  of  Morrill.     Resigned  1881.    U.  S.  sec.  of  at 
Elected  in  place  of  Blaine.     Term  expires  1901. 
Term  expires  1897. 


Maine  liquor  law.  Maine,  1846,  '51,  '58,  '72,  '79, 
1884. 

maize  or  Indian  corn  (Zea  mays),  it  is  unknown 
in  the  wild  state,  but  is  probably  indigenous  to  tropical  Amer- 
ica, although  there  is  authority  for  saying  that  it  had  been  cul- 
tivated in  Asiatic  islands  under  the  equator,  and  had  found  its 
■way  into  China  before  the  discovery  of  America.  Humboldt 
refers  its  origin  to  America,  where  the  earliest  colonists  found  it 
cultivated  by  the  Indians  all  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  As  food  it 
has  become  one  of  the  most  important  grains.    Agriculture. 

majesty.  The  emperor  and  imperial  family  of  Rome 
were  thus  addressed,  also  the  popes  and  the  emperors  of  Ger- 
many. The  style  was  given  to  Louis  XI.  of  France  in  1461. 
—  Voltaire.  When  Charles  V.  was  chosen  emperor  of  Ger- 
many in  1519,  the  kings  of  Spain  took  the  style.  Francis  I. 
of  France,  at  the  interview  with  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  on 
the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  addressed  the  latter  as  your 
majesty,  1520.  James  I.  used  the  style  "  sacred,"  and  "  most 
excellent  majesty." 

majol'iea  n^are.    Pottery. 

major'ea.  Balearic  islands,  Minorca.  Majorca 
opposed  Philip  V.  of  Spain  in  1714;  but  submitted,  14  July, 
1715.  Its  first  railway,  from  Palma,  capital  of  the  Balearic 
isles,  to  Inca,  18  miles,  opened  24  Feb.  1875. 

lUalabar',  a  district  on  the  west  coastof  Hindostan.  The 
Portuguese  established  factories  here  1505,  the  English  1601. 

Malac'ea,  a  district  on  the  Malay  peninsula,  India,  was 
made  a  Portuguese  settlement  in  1511.  The  Dutch  factories 
were  established  in  1640.  The  Dutch  government  exchanged 
it  for  Bencoolen  in  Sumatra  in  1824,  when  it  was  placed  under 
the  Bengal  presidency.  It  is  now  part  of  the  Strait  set- 
tlements. 

Iflarag^a,  S.  Spain,  a  Phoenician  town,  taken  by  the  Arabs, 
714;  retaken  by  the  Spaniards,  after  a  long  siege,  1487.  Naval 
BATTLES,  1704.  An  insurrection  against  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment was  put  down  with  much  slaughter,  31  Dec.  1868. 

IVfalakhofT,  a  hill  near  Sebastopol,  with  an  old  tower, 
strongly  fortified  by  the  Russians  during  the  Crimean  war. 
The  allied  French  and  English  attacked  it  on  17,  18  June, 
1855,  and,  after  a  conflict  of  48  hours,  were  repulsed;  the  Eng- 
lish losing  175  killed  and  1126  wounded;  the  French  3338 
killed  and  wounded.  On  8  Sept.  the  French  again  attacked 
the  Malakhoff ;  at  8  o'clock  the  first  mine  was  sprung,  and  at 
noon  the  French  flag  floated  over  the  redoubt.  Sebastopol. 
In  the  Malakhoff  and  Redan  were  focnid  3000  pieces  of  cannon 
of  ever}'  calibre,  and  120,000  lbs.  of  gunpowder. 

Malay  arehipelago.  Moluccas,  Philippines, 
Straits. 

Maiden,  now  Amherstbur^,  a  port  of  entry  on 
the  Canada  shore  of  the  Detroit  river,  18  miles  below  Detroit, 
was  a  place  of  importance  during  the  war  of  1812-15.  Most 
of  the  expeditions  made  by  the  British  and  Indians  into  Mich- 
igan and  Ohio  were  from  this  point.  Here  the  British  fleet, 
defeated  by  Perry  10  Sept.  1813,  was  built. 


Maldon,  a  borough  of  Essex  county,  Engl.,  built 
B.C.,  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  Roman  colony  in  Brl| 
ain.  It  was  burned  by  queen  Boadicea,  and  rebuilt  by  tl 
Romans;  burned  by  the  Danes,  991  A.i>.,  and  rebuilt  by  i\ 
Saxons.  Maldon  was  incorporated  by  Philip  and  Mary, 
custom  of  Borough-English  prevails  here,  the  youngest 
and  not  the  eldest,  succeeding  to  the  burgage  tenure  on 
father's  death. 

MaJo,  St.,  N.W.  France.  This  port,  as  a  resort  of  pri 
vateers,  sustained  a  tremendous  bombardment  by  the  Englia 
under  adm.  Benbow  in  1693,  and  under  lord  Berkeley  in  Julj 
1695.  In  June,  1758,  the  British  landed  in  considerable  for 
in  Cancalle  baj%  and  went  up  to  the  harbor,  where  they  burne 
upwards  of  a  hundred  ships,  and  did  great  damage  to  the  towi 
making  a  number  of  prisoners.  It  is  now  defended  by  a  stron| 
castle,  and  the  harbor  is  difficult  of  access. 

Malplaquet  {mal-pla-lcd'),  a  village  of  N.  France. 
Here  the  allies  under  the  duke  of  Marlborough  and  prince 
Eugene  defeated  the  French,  commanded  by  marshal  Yillars, 
11  Sept.  1709.  Each  army  consisted  of  nearly  120,000  choice 
soldiers.  There  was  great  slaughter  on  both  sides,  the  allies 
losing  18,000  men,  a  loss  but  ill  repaid  by  the  capture  of  Mons. 

Malta,  formerly  Mel'lta,  an  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, held  successively  by  Phoenicians,  Carthaginians,  and 
Romans,  which  last  conquered  it,  259  b.c.  The  apostle  Paul 
was  wrecked  here,  62  a.d.  (Acts  xxvii.,  xxviii.).  Malta  was 
taken  by  the  Vandals,  534 ;  by  the  Arabs,  870 ;  and  by  the 
Normans  from  Sicily,  1090.  With  Sicily  it  fell  successively 
to  the  houses  of  Hohenstaufen,  of  Anjou  (1266),  and  of  Aragon 
(1260).  In  1530  Charles  V.  gave  it  to  the  Knights  Hospital- 
lers, who  defended  it  courageously  and  successfully,  in  1551 
and  1565,  against  the  Turks,  who  were  obliged  to  abandon  the 
enterprise  after  the  loss  of  30,000  men.  The  island  was  taken 
by  Bonaparte  in  the  outset  of  his  expedition  to  Egypt,  12 
June,  1798.  He  found  in  it  1200  pieces  of  cannon,  200,000 
lbs.  of  powder,  2  ships  of  the  line,  a  frigate,  4  galleys,  and 
40,000  muskets,  besides  an  immense  treasure  collected  by  su- 
perstition ;  and  4500  Turkish  prisoners,  whom  he  set  at  lib- 
erty. Malta  surrendered  to  the  British  under  Pigot,  6  Sept. 
1800.  At  the  peace  of  Amiens  it  was  stipulated  that  it  should 
be  restored  to  the  knights.  The  British,  however,  retained 
possession,  and  war  recommenced ;  but,  by  the  treaty  of  Paris, 
in  1814,  the  island  was  guaranteed  to  Great  Britain.  La  Va- 
letta,  the  capital,  was  founded  in  1557  by  the  grandmaster 
La  Valetta,  and  completed  and  occupied  by  the  knights,  18 
Aug.  1571.  The  Protestant  college  was  founded  in  1846.  A 
grand  new  naval  dry-dock  was  opened  May,  1871.  Area,  95 
sq.  miles,  and  with  Gozo,  115  sq.  miles.     Pop.  1890, 165,662. 

Malta,  Knights  of.  A  military  religious  order,  called 
also  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Knights  of  St. 
John,  and  Knights  of  Rhodes.  Some  merchants  of  Malfi, 
trading  to  the  Levant,  obtained  leave  of  the  caliph  of  Egypt 
to  build  a  house  for  pilgrims  to  Jerusalem,  whom  they  re- 
ceived with  zeal  and  charity,  1048.  They  afterwards  founded 
a  hospital  for  pilgrims,  whence  they  were  called  Hospitallers 
(Lat.  hospes,  a  guest).     The  military  order  was  founded  about 


MAL 


473 


199;  confirmed  by  the  pope,  1113.  In  1119  the  knights  de- 
ated  the  Turks  at  Antioch.  After  the  Christians  had  lost 
leir  interest  in  the  East,  and  Jerusalem  was  taken,  the  knights 
tired  to  Acre,  which  they  defended  valiantly  in  1290.  John, 
iig  of  Cyprus,  gave  them  Limisso,  where  they  stayed  till 
110,  vvlien  they  took  Rhodes,  under  their  grandmaster  De 
allaret,  and  the  next  year  defended  it  under  the  duke  of 
ivoy  against  Saracens.  The  story  that  his  successors  have 
icd  F.  E.  K.  T.  (Fortitudo  ejus  Rhodum  tenuit,  or  "His  valor 
;pt  Rhodes")  for  their  device  is  much  doubted.  From  this 
ley  were  also  called  Knights  of  Rhodes;  but  Rhodes  being 
ken  by  Solyman  in  1522,  they  retired  into  Candia,  thence 
to  Sicily.  Pope  Adrian  VI.  granted  them  the  city  of  Viter- 
)  for  their  retreat ;  and  in  1530  the  emperor  Charles  V.  gave 
lem  the  isle  of  Malta.  The  order  was  suppressed  in  Eng- 
nd  in  1540;  restored  in  1557;  and  again  suppressed  in  1559. 
;,  John's  Gate,  Clerkenwell,  preserves  its  name.  The  em- 
•ror  Paul  of  Russia  declared  himself  grandmaster  of  the  or- 
ir  in  June,  1799.  After  the  death  of  the  grandmaster, 
ommasi  di  Contara,  in  1805,  the  order  was  governed  by  a 
jutenant  and  a  college  at  Rome,  till  pope  Leo  XIII.  made 
lunt  Ceschi  ii  Santa  Cisce  (lieutenant  since  14  Feb.  1871) 
•andmaster,  28  Mch.  1879.  The  knights  sent  a  hospital  es- 
blishment  into  Bohemia  during  the  war  in  1866,  which  af- 
rded  great  relief  to  the  wounded  and  sick. 
mal'veril  llill,  Va.  A  strong  position  selected  by  gen. 
cClellan  on  the  James  river,  about  20  miles  south  of  Rich- 
ond  for  the  concentration  and  final  stand  of  the  army  of  the 
5tomac  at  the  close  of  the  Peninsular  campaign.  This  po- 
tion the  confederates  attempted  to  carry,  1  July,  1862,  but 
;3re  repulsed  with  severe  loss.  Peninsulak  campaign. 
fllaill'elOIl,  a  hill,  one  of  the  defences  of  Sebastopol, 
lis  captured  by  the  French,  7  June,  1855. 
( ]flaill'eluk.e§,  originally  Turkish  and  Circassian  slaves, 
tablished  by  the  sultan  of  Egypt  as  a  bodN'-guard  about 
i40.  They  placed  one  of  their  own  corps  on  the  throne,  May, 
50,  and  held  it  until  Egypt  became  a  Turkish  province,  in 
tl7,  when  the  beys  took  them  into  pay,  and  filled  their  ranks 
:th  renegades  from  various  countries.  On  the  conquest  of 
Ijypt  by  Bonaparte,  in  1798,  they  retreated  into  Nubia ;  but, 
fsisted  by  the  Arnauts,  reconquered  Egypt  from  the  Turks. 
I  1804  Napoleon  embodied  some  of  them  in  his  guard.  On 
jvich.  1811,  they  were  decoyed  into  the  power  of  the  Turkish 
Icha,  Mehemet  Ali,  and  slain  at  Cairo. 
iManierti'lli,  sons  of  Mamers,  or  Mars,  were  Campanian 
jdiers  of  Agathocles.  They  seized  Messina,  in  Sicily,  in  281 
';.,  and  when  closely  besieged  by  the  Carthaginians  and 
!ero  of  Syracuse,  in  264,  they  implored  the  help  of  the  Ro- 
ans, which  led  to  the  first  Punic  war. 

jlliaminotll,  an  extinct  species  of  elephant  {Elephas 
vimigenius).  An  entire  mammoth,  flesh  and  bones,  was  dis- 
j/ered  in  Siberia  in  1799,  and  manj'  tusks  and  bones  since, 
mains  of  the  animal  were  found  at  Harwich,  Engl.,  in  1803, 
Id  since  at  places  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  "  The  mam- 
j>th  belongs  exclusivel}'  to  the  post-tertiary  epoch  of  geolo- 
jits,  and  it  was  undoubtedly  contemporaneous  with  man  in 
iince  and  probably  elsewhere." — Encycl.  Brit.  9th  ed. 
ilVIaininotll  cave,  Edmondson  county,  Ky.,  discov- 
<|(1  in  1809  by  a  Mr.  Hutchins  while  in  pursuit  of  a  bear.  Its 
<|:reme  extent  is  less  than  10  miles,  and  the  combined  length 
<!sll  the  accessible  avenues  is  possibly  150  miles. 
itnan,  antiquity  of.  In  1830  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes 
Ind  some  rude  flint  implements,  which  he  believed  to  be 
<  human  manufacture,  mingled  with  bones  of  extinct  ani- 
':1s,  in  the  old  alluvium  near  Abbeville,  in  Picardy,  France, 
ijl  also,  in  1847,  near  Amiens.     Similar  flints  have  since  been 

Slid  in  Sicily  by  dr.  Falconer,  at  Brixham,  Engl.,  by  Mr.  Pen- 
ly,  and  lately  in  various  parts  of  the  world.     Hence  geolo- 
ts  infer  that  man  has  existed  on  the  earth  for  many  ages. 
ijae  burned  bricks  found  in  tlie  Nile  are  considered  to  be 
1,0,000  years  old,  and  some  bones  found  in  lacustrine  depos- 
js  in  Florida,  30,000  years  old. 
ingis  skull"  found  by  Schmerling  in  the  valley  of  the 

j'e"se about  1834 

«.sil  human  remains  found  in  extinct  volcanoes  of  St.  Denis, 

(ear  Puy  en  Velay 1844 

Pigment  of  a  human  cranium  found  in  auriferous  gravel  of 
able  mount,  Gal.,  by  C.  F.  Winslow,  while  sinking  a  shaft.. .  1857 


MAN 
found 


Human  jaw  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  drift  at  Moulin 

Quignon,  near  Abbeville xich.  1863 

Sir  Charles  Lyell's  "Antiquity  of  Man"  was  pub.  in  1863,  and 

sir  John  Lubbock's  "Prehistoric  Times " 1865 

Skeleton  of  a  man  supposed  a  contemporary  of  the  mammoth 

and  cave-bear  found  with  polished  flint  implements  by  M. 

Kivi^re  in  the  Cavillin  cavern,  near  Mentone,  France, 

26  Mch.   1872 
[Regarded  as  one  of  the  oldest  human  skeletons  yet  found. 

— Dana,  ' '  Manual  of  Geology,"  p.  575.] 
"The  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  Weapons,  and  Ornaments  of 

Great  Britain,"  by  John  Evans,  F.R.S.,  pub July,      " 

"In  our  day  quaternary  man  is  a  fact  universally  accepted^ 

but  tertiary  man  is  a  problem  under  discussion."— Firc/(ow.  1877 

Han,  Isle  of,  was  subdued  by  Edwin,  king  of  Northum- 
berland, about  620 ;  by  Magnus  of  Norway,  1098 ;  by  Scots, 
1266;  occupied  by  Edward  at  the  wish  of  inhabitants,  1290; 
recovered  by  Scots  in  1313 ;  but  taken  from  them  by  Monta- 
cute,  afterwards  earl  of  Salisbury,  to  whom  Edward  III.  gave 
the  title  of  king  of  Man  in  1343.  It  was  afterwards  sub- 
jected to  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  on  whose  attainder 
Henry  IV.  granted  it  in  fee  to  sir  John  Stanley,  1406.  It  was 
taken  from  this  family  by  Elizabeth,  but  was  restored  in  1610 
to  the  earl  of  Derby,  through  whom  it  fell  by  inheritance  to 
the  duke  of  Athol,  1735.  He  received  70,000/.  from  Parlia- 
ment for  his  rights  in  1765;  and  the  nation  was  charged  with 
132,944/.  more  for  the  purchase  of  his  remaining  interest  in 
the  revenues  of  the  island  in  Jan.  1829.  The  countess  of 
Derby  held  the  isle  against  the  parliamentary  forces  for  a 
time  in  1651.  The  bishopric  is  said  to  have  been  presided 
over  by  Amphibalus  about  360.  Some  assert  that  St.  Patrick 
was  the  founder  of  the  see,  and  that  Germanus  was  the  first 
bishop,  about  447.  It  was  united  to  Sodor  in  1113.  Area, 
220  sq.  miles,  being  33  miles  long  and  12  wide;  pop.  1891, 
55,598.     Chief  town,  Douglas;  pop.  over  16,000. 

]VIanas§as  or  Second  Bull  Run,  Battle  of. 
Pope's  Virginia  campaign. 

llana§§as  Junction,  Va.  Bull  Run,  Battle  of. 
]flanelie§ter,  Lancashire,  Engl.,  in  the  time  of  the  . 
Druids,  was  one  of  their  most  popular  stations,  and  had  the 
privilege  of  sanctuary  attached  to  its  altar,  in  the  British 
language  Meyne,  a  stone.  It  was  a  seat  of  the  Brigantes,  who 
had  a  castle,  or  stronghold,  called  Mancenion,  or  the  place  of 
tents,  near  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Medlock  and  Irwell. 
The  site  of  this,  still  called  the  "  Castle  Field,"  was,  about  79, 
selected  by  the  Romans  as  the  station  of  the  Cohors  Prima 
Frisiornm,  and  called  by  them  Mancunium ;  hence  its  Saxon 
name  Mimcenstre,  from  which  its  modern  appellation  is  de- 
rived.—Lewis.     Pop.  1891,  505,343. 

Mancenion  taken  from  the  Britons 488 

Captured  by  Edwin  of  Northumbria 620 

Inhabitants  become  Christians about    627 

Town  taken  by  the  Danes,  870 ;  retaken 923 

Charter  (Magna  Charta  of  Manchester) 14  May,  1301 

"  Manchester  cottons  "  introduced 1352 

Free  grammar-school  founded 1516 

Privilege  of  sanctuary  moved  to  Chester about  1541 

An  aulnager  (measurer)  stationed  here 1565 

Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  takes  the  town 1643 

Walls  and  fortifications  razed 1652 

Prince  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pretender,  makes  it  his 

quarters 28  Nov.  1745 

Cotton  goods  first  exported 1760 

Manchester  navigation  opened  by  Bridgewater  canal 1761 

Manufacture  of  muslin  attempted  here about  1780 

Manchester  reform  meeting  (called  "Peterloo  ")  of  from  60,000 
to  100.000  persons— men,  women,  and  children.  Mr.  Hunt, 
who  took  the  chair,  had  spoken  a  few  words,  when  the 
meeting  was  suddenly  assailed  by  cavalry,  assisted  by  a 
Cheshire  regiment  of  yeomanry,  the  outlets  being  occupied 
by  other  military  detachments.  The  unarmed  multitude 
were  driven  together;  many  were  ridden  over  or  cut  down. 
The  deaths  were  11 — men,  women,  and  children — and  the 

wounded  about  600 16  Aug.  1819 

Manchester  and  Liverpool  railway   opened  —  Mr.   Huskisson 

killed  (Liverpool) 15  Se|)t.  1830 

Manchester  made  a  parliamentary  borough  (2  members)  by 

Reform  act 7  June,  1832 

Great  free-trade  meetings  here  (Corn) 14  Nov.  1843 

Owens  college  opened 1851 

Manchester  declared  a  city 16  Apr.  1853 

Owens  college  made  the  nucleus  of  Victoria  university.  .July,  1880 

Manclie§ter  Sllip-canal,  one  of  the  important 
ship-canals  of  the  world,  from  Manchester  to  Eastham,  on  the 
Mersey,  thus  connecting  Manchester  with  the  sea. 

First  preliminary  meeting  held June,  1882 

Manchester  Ship-canal  act  passed  (with  conditions) July,  1886 


MAN 


474 


MAN 


Company  formed,  proposed  capital  8,000,000? Oct.  1886 

[To  hold  the  property  of  the  Bridgewator  Navigation  com- 
pany, and  to  occupy  75tK)  sq.  miles.) 
ConlrHcl  for  work  taken  by  Lucas  &  Aird  for  5,750,000?.. July,  1886 
First  sod  cut  by  lord  Kgerton  (chairman  of  directors),  .11  Nov.  1887 
Work  retarded  by  death  of  conlnictor,  J.  A.  Walker,  and  by 

bursting  of  Mersey  einbankinenl  at  Stratham 7  Nov.  1890 

Water  admitted  into  the  Kiisiham  section 18-19  June,  1891 

Kntire  canal  opened  for  ship  navigation 1893 

[Length  of  canal  M)^  miles  from  Manchester  to  Kasthain, 
with  3  locks;  the  largest  f>00  a.  long,  80  ft.  wide;  2d,  350  ft. 
long,  50  It.  wide;  3d,  150  ft.  long,  30  ft.  wide.  Average  depth 
of  canal,  26  ft.     Cost,  13,470, '2'21/.] 

ina'lies,  the  name  applied  by  the  ancients  to  the  soul 
when  separated  from  the  body.  The  manes  were  reck- 
oned among  infernal  deities,  and  were  generally  supposed 
to  preside  over  burial-places  and  monuments  of  the  dead. 
They  were  worshipped  by  the  Romans  and  invoked  by  au- 
gurs; Virgil  (22  b.c.)  makes  his  hero  sacrifice  to  the  manes. 
The  Romans  superscribed  their  epitaphs  with  D.  M.,  Diis 
Monibus, 

IIiail(g;ailCisiC',  Black  oxide  of  manganese,  long  used 
to  decolorize  glas.**,  and  called  Magneski  nigra,  was  formerly 
included  among  ores  of  iron.  Its  distinctive  character  was 
proved  by  researches  of  Pott  (1740),  Kaim  and  Winterl  (1770), 
and  Scheele  and  Ikrgmann  (1774) ;  it  was  first  eliminated  by 
Gahn.  Manganese  combined  with  potassium  is  called  mineral 
chameleon,  from  its  rapid  change  of  color  under  certain  circum- 
stances. Forchammer  employed  it  as  a  test  for  the  presence 
of  organic  matter  in  water;  and  dr.  Angus  Smith  successfully 
applied  this  test  to  air  in  1858.  Manganese  bronze,  a  new 
metal  produced  by  P.  M.  Parsons,  inventor  of  white  brass, 
1876. 

Mailliat'tatl,  island  of.     Nkw  York. 

Mailiolie'ans,  a  sect  founded  by  Manes,  in  Persia, 
about  2G1,  spread  into  Egypt,  Arabia,  and  Africa.  A  rich 
widow,  whose  servant  Manes  had  been,  leaving  him  much 
wealth,  he  assumed  the  title  of  apostle,  or  envoy  of  Jesus 
Christ,  and  claimed  to  be  the  paraclete,  or  comforter,  that 
Christ  had  promised  to  send.  He  maintained  2  principles: 
the  one,  good,  he  called  light;  the  other,  bad,  he  called  dark- 
nes.s.  He  rejected  the  Old  Testament,  and  composed  a  sys- 
tem of  doctrine  from  Christianity  and  dogmas  of  ancient  fire- 
worshippers.  Saiwr,  king  of  Persia,  believed  in  him  at  one 
time,  but  afterwards  banished  him.  He  was  burned  alive  by 
Bahram  or  Varanes,  king  of  Persia,  in  277.  His  followers  dis- 
persed, and  several  sects  sprang  from  them. 

Manil'la  (built  about  1573),  capital  of  the  Philif)pine 
isles,  a  great  mart  of  Spanish  commerce.  Pop.  1880,  270,000. 
Manilla  was  taken  by  the  English,  6  Oct.  1762,  when  the  arch- 
bishop engaged  to  ransom  it  for  about  a  million  sterling;  never 
wholly  paid.  Manilla  has  suffered  greatly  by  earthquakes. 
Earthquake,  1852,  '63,  '80. 

IHailiseei',  Indian  name  for  Block  island. 

V  Circled  by  waters  that  never  freeze. 
Beaten  by  billow  and  swept  by  breeze, 
Lietb  the  island  of  Manisees. 


'  No  ghost,  but  solid  turf  and  rock 

Is  the  good  island  known  as  Block,' 

The  Reader  said.   '  For  beauty  and  for  ease 

I  chose  its  Indian  name,  soft  flowing  Manisees.'  " 

—  Whittier,  "The  Palatine." 


I 


Haililoba',  one  of  the   provinces  of  the  dominiotr 
of  Canada,  admitted   into   the   coiiioderation    16  .Julv,  187( 
Area,  64,0(56  sq.  miles;   pop.  1891,  154,442.     Capital,'Wii 
peg- 

niaiiom'ctcr  (Cir.  /invot,  thin),  an  instrument 
measuring  the  rarity  of  the  atmosphere,  gases,  and  vap< 
One  is  said  to  have  been  made  by  Otto  von  (iuorickc  ab 
1660,  and  the  "statical  barometer"  of  Robert  Hoyle  wai 
simple  manometer.  Various  forms  were  devised  bv  Hnmst 
(about  1773),  by  Roy  (1777),  by  Cazalet  (1789),  and  by  Bo 
tlon  and  others.  A  manometer  was  constructed  for  investi 
tions  of  the  elasticity  U3f  steam  conducted  by  Prony,  Ai 
Dulong,  and  Girard,  1830. 

Iliaiiors  are  as  ancient  as  the  Saxon  times,  and  ; 
ply  a  territorial  district  with  its  jurisdiction,  rights,  and  j 
quisites.  They  were  formerly  called  baronies,  and 
are  lordships.  Each  lord  was  empowered  to  hold  a  c( 
called  court -baron  for  redressing  misdemeanors  and 
tling   disputes    between    tenants. — Cabinet   Lawyer,     Ai! 

RKNTISM. 

]VIan§ion  hou§e,  London,  residence  of  the  1< 
mayor. 

mansou'rah,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt.  Here  Louis 
was  defeated  by  the  Saracens  and  taken  prisoner,  5  Apr.  II 
He  gave  Damietta  and  400,000  livres  for  his  ransom. 

mailtinea  (ma7i-te-nee'a),  a  village  and  ruined  cityj 
Arcadia,  Greece.  Here  (1)  Athenians  and  Argives  were 
featedbyAgis  II.  of  Sparta,  418  b.c.  (2)Epaminondasand'J 
bans  defeated  the  forces  of  Lacedasmon,  Acbaia,  Elis,  At 
and  Arcadia,  362  b.c.  Epaniinondas  was  killed,  and  Thebes  W 
its  power  in  Greece.  The  emperor  Adrian  built  a  tcm|)le  : 
Mantinea  in  honor  of  his  favorite  Alcinolls.  The  town  w; 
also  called  Antigonia.     Other  battles  were  fought  near  it. 

Man'twa, N.Italy,  an  Etruscan  city,  near  which  Virgi 
was  born,  70  jj.c.  Mantua  was  ruled  by  the  Gonzagas,  loni; 
of  Mantua,  from  1328  to  1708,  when  it  was  seized  by  the  em- 
peror Joseph  I.  It  surrendered  to  the  French,  2  Feb.  1797,  aftei 
a  siege  of  8  months;  retaken  by  the  Austrians  and  Russians, 8< 
July,  1799,  after  a  short  siege.  After  the  battle  of  Marenp 
(14  June,  1800),  the  French  again  obtained  possession.  1 
was  included  in  the  kingdom  of  Italy  till  1814,  then  restorci 
to  the  Austrians,  who  sold  it  to  the  Italians,  11  Oct.  1866,  afto 
peace. 

manuscript,  often  written  MS,,  in  plural  MSS.,  is  de 
rived  directly  from  the  Lat.  Codices  manu  scripti.  Unii 
about  1440  every  record  was  a  written  one.  The  first  sub 
stance  used  to  write  upon  was  the  bark  or  rind  of  the  papy 
rus,  a  reed  found  in  Egypt,  which,  when  properly  prepare! 
was  a  cheap  material  for  writing.  The  Papyrus  was  pp 
pared  in  long  rolls,  and  not  in  the  form  of  our  books,  some  <> 
these  rolls  being  150  feet  long,  with  a  right  and  wrong  sid 
fo?  writing.  The  second  substance  for  writing  upon  wa 
Parchment,  and  lastly,  Pai'kr.  The  use  of  i)apynis  di" 
not  cease  in  Egypt  until  about  the  10th  century  a.d.,  am 
the  use  of  parchment  continued  until  the  advent  of  print 
ing  (about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century),  when  it  mostl; 
ceased  except  for  sumptuous  editions  and  for  legal  and  othe 
records. 


LIST  OF  A  FEW   OF  THE   MOST  FAMOUS   MSS.  PRESERVED  TO  THE   PRESENT  TIME. 


Date  of  writing. 


Inscription  of  Send. 


4000  B.O. . 


Papyrus  Prisse 

Papyrus 

Wax  tablet 

Papyrus 

The  Cottonian  Genesis.. 


2500  or  3300 1 
300  B.0 


55  A.D. 
79  A.D.  , 


The  Codex  Sinaiticua. 
Codex  Argentens 


4th  century. 

4th  century. 
4th  century. 


Egyptian  hieroglyphics  on  the  cornice  over  the  door  of  a  tomb.    Suppose 
to  have  been  written  in  the  2d  dynasty  of  Egyptian  rulers.    Now  in  tb 
Ashmolean  museum  at  Oxford. 
(18  pages  io  Egyptian  hieratic  writing— a  treatise,  "How  to  Behave  Wisely 
(     Now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

(Greek;  the  oldest  (not  an  inscription)  preserved  to  us.     Its  form  a  praycj 
(     Preserved  at  Vienna.  ^; 

(Record  of  a  payment  made  by  a  citizen  of  Pompeii,  found  at  Pompeii,  187Ii 
(     In  the  National  muiseum  at  Naples. 
Pompeian. 

Text  of  Genesis  in  Greek;  the  oldest  Septuagint  MS.  in  existence;  writte 
in  uncials,  165  quarto  leaves,  now  mostly  burned  in  the  disastrous  Are  o 
1731,  which  half  destroyed  the  Cottonian  collection. 
The  oldest  of  all  existing  New  Testament  codices  (others  call  the  Codex  Vat 
caniis  oldest).  Found  by  Tischendorf  in  the  convent  of  St.  Catherine  f 
the  foot  of  mount  Sinai,  1844-59.  Now  in  St.  Petersburg.  Disputed  as  to  a' 
thenticity.  liiTERATURK,  forgeries  op. 
Gothic  gospels,  by  Ul&las,  the  apostle  of  the  Goths,  at  Upsaln,  Sweden. 


MAO  475  MAR 

LIST  OF  A  FEW  OF  THE   MOST  FAMOUS  MMS.  PRESERVED  TO  THE  PRESENT  Tl},]E.— (Continued.) 


Kind. 


Date  of  writing. 


Remarks. 


3ook  of  Kells. 


.indisfarne  Gospel. . 

Ucuiu's  Bible 

;aedmon  (Kedmon). 
Jeowulf. 


7th  century. 

7th  century. 
9th  century. 

7th  century. 

8th  century. 


>ld  English  Chronicles 

t.  Margaret's  Gospel  Book. 


9th  and  12th  centuries. 
11th  century 


So  called  from  the  monastery  of  Kells,  where  it  was  written,  or  at  least  for 
a  long  time  preserved.     It  contains  the  4  go.spel8  in  Latin,  ornamented  with 
great  richness,  beauty,  and  freedom,  and  expressing  the  full  maturity  of  the 
Irish  style.     Now  in  the  possession  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin. 
In  the  British  museum. 
In  the  British  museum;  bought  1836. 
(Metrical  paraphrase  of  Genesis,  Exodus,  and  parts  of  Daniel;  in  the  Bodleian 
(     library. 
Earliest  English  epic;  mostly  destroyed  in  theCottonian  fire,  1731.    Beowulf. 
r  There  are  6  in  all ;  a  seventh  was  burned  at  the  fire  that  destroyed  part  of  the 
j     Cottonian  library,  1731;  3  of  these  are  in  the  British  museum,  1  at  Cam- 
(     bridge,  1  at  the  National  library,  and  1  at  the  Bodleian. 
Belonging  to  queen  Margaret  of  Scotland.     In  the  Bodleian  library. 


Bible,  Books. 

lla'oris.     New  Zkaland. 

maple-tree.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

niap§.  Anaximander,  a  pupil  of  Thales  (about  560  B.C.), 
ketched  the  first  map  (yfAoypacpiKog  Triva^),  in  form  a  disk. 
i)emocritus  of  Abdera,  about  a  hundred  years  after,  with  a 
i^der  range  of  knowledge,  drew  a  new  map,  giving  the  world 
in  oblong  form,  showing  extension  east  and  west  rather  than 
lorth  and  south.  Longitude.  The  first  application  of  as- 
ironomy  to  geography  was  made  by  Phytheas  of  Marseilles 
iabout  326  b.c),  he  having  made  the  first  observation  of  lati- 
lade,  and  that  for  Marseilles.  Dicaeaschus  of  Messana,  in 
I  icily  (310  b.c.),  made  the  first  approach  to  a  projection, 
hratosthenes  of  Cyrene  (276-196  no.)  enlarged  upon  previ- 
jus  work  by  attempting  a  geodetic  measurement  of  the  size 
f  the  earth.  Hipparchiis  of  Nicaea  (162  u.c.)  first  determined 
,ATiTUDK  and  Longitude.  Marinus  of  Tyre  (about  150  b.c.) 
as  the  first  to  make  use  of  Hipparchus's  teachings  in  repre- 
Miting  the  countries  of  the  world.  Claudius  Ptolemy  of  Pelu- 
una,  Egypt  (about  162  a.d.)  was  in  reality  the  first  scientific 
pap-maker;  notwithstanding  errors  in  locations  and  bounda- 
ies,  the  method  was  correct.  The  oldest  MS.  of  Ptolemy,  in 
he  Vatopedi  monastery  of  mount  Athos,  was  first  published  in 
iS67.  The  Romans  contributed  nothing  to  map-making.  No 
(nprovement  was  made  in  it  from  the  time  of  Ptolemj'  until 
be  13th  century,  when  the  nautical  (loxodormic  or  compass) 
jiap  appeared  in  Italy,  so  called  because  constructed  by  the 
id  of  the  Compass.  Gerhard  Kramer,  or  Kauffman,  usually 
died  Mercator  (1512-94),  has  the  honorable  name  of  reformer 
;' cartography.  There  are  extant  his  map  of  Palestine  (1537), 
jiap  of  Flanders  (1540),  in  9  sheets,  photographed  1882,  a 
ilobe(I54l)  and  the  first  critical  noap  of  Europe  (1554),  by 
[hich  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame.  In  1569  appeared 
^is  famous  map  of  the  world,  drawn,  in  the  projection,  with 
tirallel  meridians.  It  is  the  first  map  on  which  true  rhumb 
jncs  could  be  drawn  as  straight  lines.  A  series  of  important 
'.scoveries  and  inventions  in  mathematics,  physics,  and  as- 
ronomy  was  followed  by  a  like  improvement  in  cartography. 
;he  telescope  (1606) ;  the  discovery  of  Jupiter's  moons  by  Gal- 
30  (1610)  ;    Cassini's  calculation  of  their  periods  of  rotation 

666);  the  first  application  of  trigonometry  to  geodesy  by 
laellius  (1615);  Picard's  measurement  of  a  degree  between 
jaris  and  Amiens  (1669-70) ;  the  French  measurement  of  a 
i'gree  between  Dunkirk  and  Perpignan  by  Cassini  and  Lahire 

683-1718);  Hadley's  mirror -sextant  (1731);  Mayer's  im- 
iovements  on  the  lunar  tables  (1753),  and  Harrison's  chro- 
j)meter  (1761),  with  many  later  inventions  and  discoveries, 
[ive  contributed  to  the  accuracy  of  recent  surveys  and  maps. 

!  Mar'attion,  a  plain  in  Attica.  Here,  on  28  or  29  Sept. 
I*0  B.C.,  the  (ireeks,  only  11,000  strong,  under  Miltiades,  Aris- 
iies,  and  Themistocles,  defeated  a  Persian  army  of  110,000. 
jmong  the  slain  (about  6400)  was  Hippias,  instigator  of  the 
jar.  The  Persian  army  was  forced  to  retreat  to  Asia.  Bat- 
iks, Grkece. 

;  marble,  a  term  applied  to  any  limestone  sufficiently  close 
texture  to  admit  of  polishing.  Dipoenus  and  Scyllis,  statu- 
lies  of  Crete,  were  the  first  artists  who  sculptured  marble  and 
j'Hshed  their  works,  all  statues  previously  being  of  wood,  about 
•  ^.  ^^-— Pliny-  The  marble  used  by  the  Greek  sculptors 
hidias,  Praxiteles,  etc.,  was  the  famous  Pentelic  marble ;  its 
■  aracteristics  are  seen  in. the  Elgin  marbles  in  the  British  mu- 
nm.  It  was  quarried  from  mount  Pentelicus  in  Attica.  Parian 
arble,  also  much  used  by  the  ancient  Greek  sculptors  and 


architects,  was  quarried  from  mount  Marpessa,  on  the  isle  of 
Paros.  The  Venus  de  Medici  is  a  notable  example  of  it. 
Carrara  marble  is  used  by  the  best  sculptors  of  the  present 
da}'.  It  is  found  in  the  Apuan  Alps,  and  is  largely  worked  in 
the  vicinity  of  Carrara,  whence  its  name.  The  finest  work 
of  Michael  Angelo  and  Canova  was  executed  in  this  marble. 
There  are  valuable  deposits  of  marble  in  the  eastern  and  mid- 
dle states  of  the  U.  S.,  also  in  Tennessee  and  Georgia. 

lHareil,  the  first  month  of  the  year,  until  Numa  added 
Januarj'  and  February,  713  b.c.  Romulus,  who  divided  the 
year  into  months,  gave  to  this  month  the  name  of  his  sup- 
posed father.  Mars ;  though  Ovid  observes  that  the  people  of 
Italy  had  the  month  of  March  before  Romulus,  but  in  a  dif- 
ferent place  in  the  calendar.  The  year  commenced  25  Mch. 
until  1753.     Year. 

mar  ell  to  the  sea,  Sherman's.     Sherman's  great 

MARCH. 

inarelie§.  The  old  border  lands  between  England  and 
Wales,  and  England  and  Scotland.  The  lords  marchers  of  the 
Welsh  borders  had  vice-regal  authority ;  the  wardens  of  the 
Scotch  marches  were  subordinate  officers.  These  powers  were 
abolished  1536  and  1689. 

IVIareionites  (viar'-shun-ites),  followers  of  Marcion,  a 
heretic,  about  150,  who  preceded  the  Manichees,  and  taught 
similar  doctrines. — Cave. 

Ufareomail'lli,  a  people  of  S.  Germany,  expelled  the 
Boii  from  Bohemia,  and,  united  with  other  tribes,  invaded 
Italy  about  167,  but  were  repelled  by  the  emperors  Antoninus 
and  Verus.  They  were  defeated  by  the  legion  called,  from  a 
fabled  miracle,  the  Thundering  legion,  179;  and  finally  driven 
beyond  the  Danube  by  Aurelian,  271. 

iflardi-Oras  {mar-de-gra;  Fr.  Fat  Tuesday).  Shrove 
Tuesday,  the  last  day  of  the  carnival— day  before  Ash-Wednes- 
day, the  first  day  of  Lent.  It  is  celebrated  in  New  Orleans 
with  revelry  and  elaborate  display  since  1827.  In  1857  the 
"Mistick  Krewe  of  Comus"  added  new  life  to  the  carnival, 
and  in  1872  a  "King  of  the  Carnival"  was  appointed,  whose 
authority  is  observed  during  the  carnival. 

IVIaren'^O,  a  village  of  N.  Italy.  Here  the  French 
army,  under  Bonaparte,  after  crossing  the  Alps  into  Piedmont, 
attacked  the  Austrians,  14  June,  1800;  the  French  were  re- 
treating, when  the  arrival  of  gen.  Dessaix  turned  the  fortunes 
of  the  day.  By  a  treaty  between  the  Austrian  general  Melas 
and  Bonaparte,  signed  15  June,  the  latter  obtained  12  strong 
fortresses,  and  became  master  of  Italy. 

inare§elials.     Marshals. 

Harigna'no,  now  Uleleg^nano  (rnd-kn-yd'.no), 

a  town  of  N.  Italy,  10  miles  southeast  of  Milan.  3  battles 
have  been  fought  near  here.  1.  Francis  I.  of  France  defeated 
the  duke  of  Milan  and  the  Swiss,  13,  14  Sept.  1515;  above 
20,000  men  were  slain.  This  conflict  has  been  called  the 
Battle  of  the  Giants.  2.  Near  here  was  fought  the  battle  of 
Pa  VIA,  24  Feb.  1525.  3.  After  the  battle  of  Magenta,  4  June, 
1859,  the  Austrians  intrenched  themselves  at  Melegnano. 
The  emperor  sent  marshal  Baraguay  d'Hilliers  with  16,000 
men  to  dislodge  them,  which  he  did  with  a  loss  of  about  850 
killed  and  wounded,  on  8  June.  The  Austrians  are  said  to 
have  lost  1400  killed  and  wounded,  and  900  prisoners,  out  of 
18,000  engaged. 

marine  turtle,  a  torpedo  or  infernal  machine,  in- 
vented by  David  Bushnell,  to  blow  up  the  Eagle,  a  British 


MAR  4'6 

64-gun  ship  in  New  York  harbor,  Sept.  1776.  It  failed,  as 
the  operator  could  not  attach  it  to  the  bt»ttora  of  the  vessel, 
owing  to  the  thickness  of  the  copper.  An  account  of  this 
machine  is  fouiui  in  Silliniaii's  Journal  for  1820.  j 

iliurilier%  coiliputsii.     Compass,  Magnktism. 

Illtiriliem  were  first  established  in  England  as  a  nursery 
to  man  the  fleet.  An  order  in  council,  dated  16  Oct.  1664, 
authorized  12(H)  soldiers  to  be  raised  and  formed  into  one  reg- 
iment. In  lt>8-l,  the  3d  regiment  of  the  line  was  called  the 
Marine  regiment ;  but  the  system  of  having  soldiers  exclu- 
sively for  sea  service  was  not  carried  into  effect  until  1698, 
when  2  marine  regiments  were  formed.  More  regiments  were 
embodied  in  subsequent  years;  and  in  1741  the  corps  con- 
sisted of  10  regiments,  each  1000  strong.  In  1759  they  num- 
bered 18,000  men.  In  the  latter  years  of  the  French  war, 
ending  in  1815,  they  amounted  to  31,400,  but  there  were  fre- 
quently more  than  3000  supernumeraries.  The  jollies,  as  they 
are  called,  frequently  distinguished  themselves.  The  "  Royal 
Marine  Forces"  (so  named  1  May,  1802)  now  comprise  ar- 
tillery and  light  infantry. 
Marines  introduced  into  the  U.  S.  army  by  Congress,  directing 

2  battalions  to  be  organized 10  Nov.  1775 

Marine  corps,  liable  to  do  duty  either  on  board  vessels  of  war 

or  on  land,  organized  by  Congress 11  July,  1798 

U.  S.  marine  corps  consisted  of  86  officers  and  1500  enlisted 

men 1880 

Marine  barracks,  near  the  navy  yard.  Washington,  I).  C,  are 

the  headquarters  of  the  U.  S.  marine  corps. 

mark,  a  silver  coin  of  the  northern  nations ;  the  name 
mark-luhs  is  still  retained  in  Denmark.  In  England  "  mark  " 
means  13«.  4c?.,  and  the  name  is  retained  in  law  courts.     Coin 

AND  COINAGE. 

IIIark'§,  St.,  Venice.  The  church  was  erected  in  829, 
the  piazza  in  1592. 

Proposed  restorations  and  changes  in  the  fapades  and  mosaic 
pavement  created  much  excitement  in  England,  and  led  to 
remonstrances  which  irritated  the  Italian  people. Nov.,  Dec.  1879 

THar'oilites,  Christians  in  the  east,  followers  of  one 
Maron  in  the  5th  century ;  they  are  said  to  have  embraced 
errors  of  Jacobites,  Nestorians,  and  Monothelites.  About 
1180  they  numbered  40,000,  living  near  Mount  Libanus,  and 
were  of  service  to  the  Christian  kings  of  Jerusalem.  They 
were  reconciled  to  the  Church  of  Rome  soon  after.  For  mas- 
sacres of  Maronites  in  1860,  Druses. 

inaroon§,  a  name  given  in  Jamaica  to  runaway  negroes. 
When  the  island  was  conquered  from  the  Spaniards,  a  number 
of  negroes  fled  to  the  hills  and  became  very  troublesome  to  the 
colonists.  After  a  war  of  8  years,  the  maroons  capitulated  on 
being  permitted  to  retain  their  free  settlements,  about  1730. 
In  1795  they  again  took  arms,  but  were  speedily  put  down  and 
many  were  transported.— 5janc?e.  Maroon,  a  brownish  or  dull 
red  color. 

mar-prelate  tracts,  virulently  attacking  episco- 
pacy, were  mostly  written,  it  is  believed,  by  Henry  Penry, 
who  was  cruelly  executed,  29  May,  1593,  for  seditious  words 
against  the  queen  (found  on  his  person  when  seized).  The 
tracts  appeared  about  1586.  Some  had  very  singular  titles, 
such  as  "  An  Almand  for  a  Parrat,"  "  Hay  any  Worke  for 
Cooper?"  etc.     They  were  collected  and  reprinted  in  1843. 

marque,  Letters  of.     Privateer. 

Marqiie'sas  islands,  Polynesia,  south  Pacific  ocean, 
13  in  number,  were  discovered  in  1595  by  Mendana,  who 
named  them  after  the  viceroy  of  Peru,  Marquesa  de  Mendopa. 
They  were  visited  by  Cook  in  1774,  and  were  taken  possession 
of  by  the  French  admiral  Dupetit  Thouars,  1  May,  1842. 

marquesSi,  a  dignity,  called  by  the  Saxons  markinreve, 
by  the  Germans  Markgraf,  takes  its  name  from  mark  or  march, 
a  limit  or  bound  (Marches)  ;  the  office  being  to  guard  or 
govern  the  frontiers.  Marquess  is  next  in  honor  in  the  British 
nobility  to  duke.  The  first  Englishman  to  hold  the  title  was 
the  favorite  of  king  Richard  II.,  Robert  de  Vere,  earl  of  Ox- 
ford, created  marquess  of  Dublin,  and  placed  in  Parliament 
between  the  dukes  and  earls,  1385.  James  Stewart,  second 
son  of  James  III.  of  Scotland,  was  made  marquess  of  Ormond 
in  1476,  without  territories;  afterwards  earl  of  Ross. 

Marqiiette,  Jacques  (1637-75),  Explorations  of. 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Missouri,  Wisconsin,  1668-75. 


MAR 


1 


marrlafre  was  instituted  by  God  ((ien.  ii.),  and  i 
firmed  by  Christ  (Mark  x.),  who  performed  a  miracle  at 
celebration  of  one  (John  ii.).     Matrimonial  ceremonies  amofl 
the  Greeks  are  ascribed  to  Cecrops,  king  of  Athens,  1554 
Akkinity,  Age. 
Jaw  favoring  marriage  passed  at  Rome 

Priests  forbidden  to  marry  after  ordination 

Marriage  in  Lent  forbidden { 

Forbidden  to  bishops  in  (592,  to  priests  in  1015;  priests  obliged 
to  take  the  vow  of  celibacy 

Statute  prohibiting  marriages  within  prohibited  degrees,  25 
Hen.  VIII 15; 

Marriage,  as  a  sacrament,  in  churches  ordained  by  pope  hino 
cent  III.  about  1199;  affirmed  by  council  of  Trent 

Marriages  by  justices  of  the  peace  authorized  by  Parliament..  1( 

A  tax  laid  on  marriages,  viz. :  marriage  of  a  duke,  mi. ;  of  a 
common  person.  Is.  M, 1(59;. 

Irregular  marriages  i)rohibited  (Fleet  marriages) 17.';: 

Marriages  again  taxed 178^ 

New  Marriage  act,  1822 ;  partially  repealed 

Acts  prohibiting  marriages  by  Roman  Catholic  priests  in  Scot- 
land, or  other  ministers  not  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  re- 
pealed  

Present  Marriage  act  for  England,  authorizing  marriages 
without  religious  ceremony,  by  registrar's  certificate,  or  in  a 

dissenting  chapel,  passed li 

[Amended  in  1837  and  1856.] 

Marriage  Registration  act 11 

Amendment  acts  passed 1840  and  li 

Act  to  suppress  irregular  marriages  in  Scotland  (Gkktxa) 

Court  established  for  divorce  and  matrimonial  causes;  it  may 
grant  judicial  separation  for  adultery,  cruelty,  or  desertion 
without  cause  for  2  years  and  upwards  (Divorce) li 

Act  to  legitimate  children  of  certain  marriages  within  forbid- 
den degrees  (with  deceased  wife's  sister),  such  marriages  in 
future  prohibited  (Lyndhurst's  act);  (efforts  made  to  legal- 
ize marriage  with  deceased  wife's  sister  ever  since) 

Civil  marriages  made  legal  in  Austria  (Austria) 

Marriage  Law  Reform  association  (to  legalize  marriage  with  a 
deceased  wife's  sister),  15  Jan.  1851.  Bill  passed  commons, 
2  July;  rejected  by  lords,  23  July,  1858;  again  rejected, 
1862 ;  and  again  by  the  commons,  2  May,  1866,  and  30  Apr. 
1870;  rejected  by  lords  (77-73).  19  May,  1870;  passed  by 
commons,  9  Mch. ;  rejected  by  lords  (97-71),  27  Mch.  1871; 
passed  by  commons  in  1872,  1873,  and  rejected  by  lords 
(49-74),  14  Mch.  1873;  rejected  by  commons  (171-142),  17 
Feb.  1875;  by  lords  (101-81;  prince  of  Wales  and  duke  of 
Edinburgh  for  it),  6  May,  1879;  by  lords  (101-90). .  .25  June, 

These  marriages  made  legal  at  Melbourne,  Nov.  1872;  at  Syd- 
ney, 1875;  in  Canada  and  New  Zealand 

Bill  for  recognition  in  Great  Britain  of  such  colonial  marriages 
read  a  second  time  in  the  commons  (192-141),  28  Feb.  1877 
(21  majority) 27  Feb. 

Case  of  Brook  vs.  Brook  holds  such  a  marriage  celebrated  in  a 
foreign  country  not  valid 17  Apr.  II 

Decision  confirmed  on  appeal  to  House  of  Lords 18  Mch. 

Commission  appointed  to  inquire  into  marriage  laws  of  Scot- 
land, 22  Mch.  1865,  reported  in  favor  of  changes  to  insure 
uniformity,  simplicity,  and  certainty July. 

Consular  Marriage  act,  enabling  acting  British  consuls  abroad 
to  solemnize  marriages,  passed 16  July, 

Married  Women's  Property  act  passed 9  Aug, 

Marriage  law  of  Ireland  amended,  10  Aug.  1870;  again  amended, 

July, 

Matrimonial  Causes  act  passed 

An  act  to  encourage  regular  marriages  in  Scotland 8  Aug. 

Royal  Marriage  act  was  passed  in  1772,  in  consequence  of  the 
riage  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  the  king's  brother,  with 
widow  of  the  earl  Waldegrave,  and  of  the  duke  of  Cnmberl 
with  the  widow  of  col.  Horton  and  daughter  of  lord  Irnham. 
this  act,  no  descendant  of  George  II.,  unless  of  foreign  birth, 
marry  under  age  of  25,  without  consent  of  the  king;  at  and  a1 
that  age,  consent  of  Parliament  is  necessary  to  render  the  marrii 
valid.    Marriage  of  duke  of  Sussex  with  the  lady  Augusta  Mu 
solemnized  in  1793,  was  pronounced  illegal,  1794,  and  the  clail 
of  their  son,  sir  Augustus  d'Este,  declared  invalid  by  the  House 
Lords,  9  July,  1844.     He  married  lady  Cecilia  Underwood  (aftCl 
wards  duchess  of  Inverness),  1831. 

Princess  Louise  was  married  to  the  marquess  of  Lome  by  qu^ 
Victoria's  consent,  21  Mch.  1871. 

Half-marriage.  Semi-matrimonium.  Among  the  Romans  conci 
binage  was  a  legitimate  union,  not  merely  tolerated,  but  "^' 
ized.  The  concubine  had  the  name  of  semi-conjux.  Men  mig 
have  either  a  wife  or  a  concubine,  provided  they  had  not  bo1 
together.  Constantine  the  Great  checked  concubinage,  but  d 
not  abolish  it.  This  ancient  custom  of  the  Romans  was  preserve 
not  only  among  the  Lombards,  but  by  the  P'rench  when  they  he 
dominion  iu  that  country.  Cujas  assures  us  that  the  Gascons  ar 
other  people  bordering  on  the  Pyrenean  mountains  had  not 
linquished  this  custom  in  his  time,  1590.  The  women  bore  tl 
name  of  "wives  of  the  second  order.''^—Henaun.  Morgana: 

MARRIAGES. 

Double  marriages.  There  are  a  few  instances  of  a  husband  witri 
wives  in  countries  where  polygamy  was  unlawful.  The 
Ijacedsemonian  who  had  2  wives  was  Anaxandrides,  son  of  Led 
about  510  B.C.  Dionysius  of  Syracuse  married  2  wives,  vu 
Doris,  daughter  of  Xenetus,  and  Aristomache,  sister  of  Dm 
398  B.C.     It  is  said  that  the  count  Gleichen,  a  German  noblem; 


MAR 


477 


MAR 


was  permitted,  under  peculiar  circumstances,  by  Gregory  IX., 
1237  A.  D.,  to  have  2  wives.  Mokmo.ns  practised  polygamy  until 
Congress  suppressed  it. 

'orced  marriages.  Stat.  3  Henry  VII.,  1487,  made  the  principal 
and  abettors  in  marriages  with  heiresses,  etc.,  contrary  to  their 
will  equally  guilty  as  felons.  By  39  Eliz.  1596,  such  felons  were 
denied  benefit  of  clergy.  The  ofl'ence  was  made  punishable  by 
transportation,  1  Geo.  IV.  1820.  Case  of  Miss  Wharton,  heiress 
of  the  house  of  Wharton,  whom  capt.  Campbell  married  by  force, 
occurred  in  William  IIl.'s  reign.  Sir  John  Johnston  was  hanged 
for  seizing  the  young  lady,  and  the  marriage  was  annulled  by 
Parliament,  1690.  Kdward  Gibbon  Wakefield  was  tried  at  Lan- 
caster, and  found  guilty  of  the  felonious  abduction  of  Miss  Turner, 
24  Mch.  1827,  and  his  marriage  with  her  was  dissolved  by  act  of 
Parliament. 

'arriages  by  sale.     Among  the   Babylonians,  at  a  certain    time 
every  year,  the  marriageable  females  were  assembled,  and  dis- 
posed of  to  the  best  bidder.  This  custom  is  said  to  have  originated 
,with  Atossa,  daughter  of  Belochos,  about  1433  B.C. 
Ileet  marriages. 

IIiarriag°e  in  the  United  States.  Age  at  which  minors 
ay  contract  marriage  lawfully  varies  in  the  different  states, 
ales  from  14  to  18  years,  females  12  to  16  years  ;  and  the  age 
'low  which  parental  consent  is  required  varies  also,  males  from 
;  to  21  years,  and  females  15  to  21  years,  mostly  18  years,  but 
i  Florida,  Kentuck}',  Louisiana,  Pennsylvania,  and  Rhode 
liand  it  is  21  yeans.  In  all  the  states  and  territories  except 
fe  Dakotas,  Idaho,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York, 
uth  Carolina,  and  Wisconsin,  a  marriage  license  must  be 
tcured  from  some  officer  designated  by  law,  for  which  fees 
3  exacted.     The  prohibited  degrees  of  relationship  vary  also 

the  different  states,  extending  in  many  to  first  cousins.  In  j  Sachet  (sw-s^a'),  duke  of  Albuera;  b.  1770 
iiny  states  marriages  are  void  between  white  and  colored 
rsons,  but  not  in  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Louis- 
la,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New  Jersej',  New 
ixico,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 
ode  Island,  South  Dakota,  Vermont,  Wisconsin,  Wyoming. 
VOBCE,  Wives. 

illarrs    inurder§.     England,    1886;     Ratcliffe 

■CillWAY. 

;M[ar'§  ill§urrectioil.  John,  earl  of  Mar,  pro- 
ijimed  James  III.  at  Braemar,  Aberdeenshire,  6  Sept.  1715. 
;  was  defeated  at  Sheriffmuir,  13  Nov.,  and  escaped  from 
)>utrose  with  the  Pretender,  4  Feb.  1716. 
|IIIar§,  a  planet,  next  to  the  earth  in  order  of  distance  from 
ij!  sun ;  diameter,  4363  miles.  Its  mass  is  about  J^  that  of 
tt!  earth.  Turns  on  its  axis  in  24|^  hours ;  mean  distance  from 
l|;  sun,  139,311,000  miles.  Its  orbit  is  quite  eliptical;  the 
(JTerence  in  its  distance  from  the  sun  at  perihelion  and  aphe- 
Iji  being  26,000,000  miles.  Its  revolution  round  the  sun  is 
Ule  in  687  of  our  days;  its  mean  rate  of  motion  being  16  miles 
ilecond.  The  spots  on  its  surface  were  first  observed  by  Fon- 
t|a,  in  1636.  2  satellites  were  discovered  by  prof.  Asaph  Hall 
ijWashington,  D.  C,  11  Aug.  1877.  Mythology. 
'jliey  have  likewise  discovered  2  lesser  stars  or  satellites  which 
,3volve  about  Mars. "_,Swi/?,  "Gulliver's  Travels— Voyage  to 
tiaputa,"  about  1726. 

|tlar§eillai§e  {marsal-yaz')  liynill.  The  words 
f'l  music  are  ascribed  to  Rouget  de  Lil'le,  or  LTsle,  a  French 
e,uieer  officer,  who,  it  is  said,  composed  it  by  request,  1792, 
t  heer  the  conscripts  at  Strasburg.  It  was  named  from  troops 
c^Iarseilles  who  entered  Paris  in  1792  playing  the  tune.  This 
aount  is  doubted  (1879).   The  author  was  pensioned  by  Louis 


l;ilippe,  1830. 

■Uar§eilles  {marsah').  The  ancient  Massilia,  S. 
1  nee,  a  maritime  city,  founded  by  Phoc«ans  about  600  b.c.  ; 
a  illy  of  Rome,  218  b.c.    Cicero  stvled  it  the  Athens  of  Gaul, 

0  iccount  of  its  excellent  schools. '  j,  ^ 

1  en  by  Julius  Csesar  after  a  long  siege 49 

EEuric  the  Visigoth ^?6 

b  ied  by  Saracens 839 

*  seilles  a  republic '. 1214 

fe  lected  to  the  counts  of  Provence '..'.'.'.'..'.'. 1251 

L  ted  to  crown  of  France \\\\  1432 

narshals,  or  marciehals,  of  France,  were  orig- 
» ly  the  esquires  of  the  king,  who  led  the  vangfiard  to  ob- 
S'e  the  enemy  and  to  choose  places  for  encampment.  Till 
«,  ^Tl  ^^  ^''«"'=i«  !•'  i»  1515,  there  were  but  2  marshals, 

')  had  500  livres  per  annum  in  war,  but  no  stipend  in 
P:::e.  The  number  was  afterwards  increased.  The  follow- 
»  were  appointed  by  Napoleon  I.  during  the  French  wars 


of  1804-14,  all  of  whom  were  renowned  for  skill  and  cour- 

age. 

Arrighi  (ar-ree'-^ree),  duke  of  Padua;  b.  1778;  d.  21  Mch.  1853. 

Augereau  (dzh-ro'),  duke  of  Castiglione;  b.  1757;  d.  12  June  1816 

Bernadotte,  prmce  of  Ponte  Corvo,  king  of  Sweden,  1818;  b.  1764- 

d.  8  Mch.  1844.  '  ' 

Berthier  {ber-te-a').  prince  of  Neufchatel  and  Wagram  ;   b.  1753- 

killed  or  committed  suicide  at  Bamberg,  1  June  1815 
Bessi|res(6a-se-er),dukeofIstria;  b.  1768;  killed  at  Lutzen,  1  May, 

Brune,  b.  1763;  murdered  at  Avignon,  2  Aug.  1815. 

Davoust  (da-voo'),  prince  of  Eckmuhl  and  duke  of  Auerstadt-  b  1770- 
d.  1  June,  1823.  '  ' 

Grouchy  (groo-she').  b.  1766;  d.  29  May,  1847. 

Jourdan  {zhoor-don'),  peer  of  France;  b.  1762;  d.  23  Nov.  1833. 

Junot  {2/iM-rJo'),duke  of  Abrantes;  b.  1771;  suicide,  29  July  1813 

Kellermann,  duke  of  Valmy;  b.  1735;  d.  12  Sept.  1820.  ' 

Lannes  {k'in),  duke  of  Montebello,  wounded  at  Aspern;  b.  1769-  d. 
31  May,  1809.  ' 

Lefebvre  (lehfavr')^  duke  of  Dantzic;  b.  1755;  d.  14  Sept.  1820. 

Macdonald,  duke  of  Tarento;  b.  1765;  d.  24  Sept.  1840. 

Marmont  {mar-mon'),  duke  of  Ragusa;  b.  1774;  d.  2  Mch.  1852. 

Massena  (mds-sa-nd'},  prince  of  Essliug  and  duke  of  Rivoli ;  b.  1758* 
d.  4  Apr.  1817.  ' 

Moncey  (mon-sa'),  duke  of  Conegliano;  b.  1754;  d.  20  Apr.  1842. 

Mortier  (mor-tfi-a'),  duke  of  Treviso;  b.  1768;  killed  by  Fieschi,  28 
July,  1835. 

Murat  (mu-ra'\  king  of  Naples;  b.  1771;  executed  13  Oct.  1815. 

Ney,  prince  of  Moskwa;  b.  1769;  executed  7  Dec.  1815. 

Oudinot  (00-de-no),  duke  of  Reggio;  b.  1767;  d.  13  Sept.  1847. 

Perignon  (pa-ren-yon')^  marquis  de;  b.  1754;  d.  25  Dec.  1818. 

Poniatowski  {ponea-tov'-skee),  prince  Josef  Anton,  b.  1762  ;  wound- 
ed at  Leipsic  and  drowned,  19  Oct.  1813. 

Soult  (soolt),  duke  of  Dalmatia;  b.  1769;  d.  26  Nov.  1851. 

Suchet  {su-sha').  duke  of  Albuera;  b.  1770;  d.  3  Jan.  1826. 

Victor,  duke  of  Belluno;  b.  1764;  d.  1  Mch.  1841. 

]flar'§hal§ea  court,  a  court  formerly  held  before 
the  steward  and  marshal  of  the  king's  house  to  administer 
justice  between  the  king's  domestic  servants.  Its  jurisdiction 
in  the  royal  palace  was  very  ancient,  of  high  dignity,  and 
coeval  with  the  common-law.  These  courts  were  abolished  by 
Parliament,  and  discontinued  31  Dec.  1849.     Prisons. 

mar'si,  a  brave  people  of  S.  Italy,  who,  after  several 
contests,  yielded  to  Rome  about  301  b.c.  During  the  civil 
wars  they  and  their  allies  rebelled,  having  demanded  in  vain 
Roman  citizenship,  91  B.o.  After  many  successes  and  reverses, 
they  obtained  peace  and  their  rights,  87  b.c.  The  Marsi  be- 
ing /Socii  of  the  Romans,  this  was  called  the  Social  war. 

Jflarston  Moor,  near  York,  Engl.  The  Scots  and 
parliamentary  army  were  besieging  York,  when  prince  Rupert, 
joined  by  the  marquess  of  Newcastle,  determined  to  raise  the 
siege.  Both  sides  drew  up  on  Marston  Moor  on  2  July,  1644, 
the  royalists  22,000  strong,  while  the  parliamentary  forces 
numbered  15,000  foot  and  9000  horse,  and  the  contest  was 
long  undecided.  Rupert,  commanding  the  royalist  right 
wing,  was  opposed  by  Cromwell,  with  troops  disciplined  by 
himself,  "  the  Ironsides."  Cromwell  was  victorious ;  he  drove 
his  opponents  off  the  field,  followed  the  vanquished,  returned 
to  a  second  engagement  and  a  second  victorj'.  The  prince's 
artillery  was  taken,  and  the  roj'alists  never  recovered  from 
the  blow. 

martel'Io  (or  Mortel'la)  towers  were  cir- 
cular buildings  erected  in  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  on  the  southern  coast  of  England,  and  other  parts 
of  the  empire,  as  defences  against  invasion.  The  name  was 
originally  given  to  structures  erected  on  the  coast  of  Sicily 
and  Sardinia  for  protection  against  pirates;  in  the  time  of 
Charles  V.  of  Spain  they  contained  a  bell  with  a  hammer  to 
give  an  alarm  at  their  approach. 

inartial  la\ir.     Military  law. 

Martinique  (mar-ti-neek'),  French  West  Indies,  dis- 
covered in  1493  or  1502;  settled  by  France,  1635.  This  and 
the  adjacent  isles  of  St.  Lucia  and  St.  Vincent,  and  the  Grena- 
dines, were  taken  by  the  British  from  the  French  in  Feb.  1762, 
but  restored  to  France  at  the  peace  the  next  year.  They  were 
again  taken,  16  Mch.  1794;  restored  at  the  peace  of  Amiens  in 
1802 ;  again  captured  23  Feb.  1809.  A  revolution  in  this  island 
in  favor  of  Napoleon  was  finally  suppressed  by  the  British,  1 
June,  1815,  and  Martinique  reverted  to  France.  Severe  earth- 
quakes occurred  here  in  1767  and  1839.  Area,  381  sq.  miles; 
pop.  1888,  175,391. 

Mar'tinina§,  ll  Nov.,  the  feast  of  St.  Martin,  bishop 
of  Tours,  in  the  4th  century,  is  quarter-day  in  parts  of  the 


MAR  *'« 

north  of  England  and  in  Scotland.  The  high-sherifTs  of 
England  and  Wales  are  nominated  on  the  morrow  of  St.  Mar- 
tin, 12  Nov. 

martyrs.  Stephen,  the  first  Christian  martyr,  was 
stoned,  37.  The  festivals  of  the  martyrs,  of  very  ancient  date, 
took  their  rise  about  the  time  of  Tolycarp,  who  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom about  1G9.  St.  Alban  is  the  English  protomartyr,  28G. 
Diocletian  era,  Pekskcutions,  Puotkstants.  The  Mar- 
tyrs' Memorial,  Smithfield,  erected  by  the  Protestant  Alliajice, 
was  inaugurated  11  Mch.  1870.  The  Martyrs'  Memorial 
church,  St.  John's  street,  Clerkenwell,  Engl.,  was  consecrated  2 
June,  1871.  John  Foxe's  "  Book  of  Martyrs  "  was  pub.  15G3. 
Literature. 

Maryland,  one  of  the  United  States,  on  the  central 
Atlantic  coast,  lies  wholly  north  of  the  Potomac  river,  which, 
forming  the  boundary-line  that 
separates  it  from  West  Virginia 
and  Virginia,  gives  the  state  a 
peculiar  form.  The  state  varies 
in  width  from  about  5  miles 
near  the  West  Virginia  line  to 
120  along  the  Chesapeake  bay, 
which  cuts  the  state  into  2 
parts.  On  the  east  it  is  bounded 
by  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  It  is  limited  in  latitude 
by  37°  53'  to  39°  42'  N.,  the 
northern  limit  being  the  famous 
Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  mark- 
ing its  division  from  Pennsylvania.  In  longitude  it  is  lim- 
ited by  75°  2'  to  79°  30'  W.  Area,  12,210  sq.  miles  in  24  coun- 
ties; pop.  1890,  1,042,390.  Capital,  Annapolis. 
Maryland  is  included  in  the  grant  of  king  James  of  England  to 

the  South  Virginia  colony 10  Apr.  1606 

Capt.  John  Smith  leaves  Jamestown  to  explore  the  Chesapeake 
bay,  and  discovers  the  mouths  of  the  Susquehanna,  North- 
east, Elk,  and  Sassafras  rivers  at  its  head July-Aug.  1608 

Maryland  included  in  the  second  charter  to  Virginia,  which 
covered  land  from  Point  Comfort  along  the  coast  north  for 
200  miles,  and  south  the  same  distance,  and  "from  sea  to 

sea "  (Atlantic  to  the  Pacific) 23  May,  1609 

Royal  license  given  to  William  Clayborne,  one  of  the  council 
and  secretary  of  state  of  the  colony  in  Virginia,  by  king 
Charles  to  trade  in  all  seas  and  lands  in  those  parts  of 
the  English  possessions  in  America  for  which  there  is  not 
already  a  patent  granted,  and  giving  Clayborne  power  "  to 
direct  and  govern"  such  of  the  king's  subjects  "as  shall 
be  under  his  command  in  his  voyages  and  discoveries," 

16  May,  1631 
Sir  George  Calvert,  lord  Baltimore,  obtains  from  king  Charles 
the  promise  of  a  grant  of  land  now  Maryland,  but  dies  before 

charter  is  executed 15  Apr.  1632 

Cecilius  Calvert,  baron  of  Baltimore  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland, 
son  of  lord  Baltimore,  receives  from  king  Charles  a  grant 
covering  territory  hitherto  unsettled,  having  for  its  southern 
boundary  the  Potomac  from  its  source  to  its  mouth,  the 
ocean  on  the  east,  and  Delaware  bay  as  far  north  as  the  iOth 
parallel,  following  that  parallel  to  the  meridian  of  the  foun- 
tain of  the  Potomac 20  June,     " 

Virginians  objecting  to  the  grant  to  lord  Baltimore,  the  king 
refers  their  petition  to  the  privy  council,  who  decide  "That 
the  lord  Baltimore  should  be  left  to  his  patent,  and  the  other 

parties  to  the  course  of  law  " 3  July,  1633 

Colony  sent  out  from  Cowes  in  the  isle  of  Wight  by  lord  Balti- 
more, under  his  brother  Leonard  Calvert,  to  settle  in  Mary- 
land, arrives  off  Point  Comfort,  Va 24  Feb.  1634 

At  Point  Comfort  gov.  Calvert  has  an  interview  with  Clayborne, 
in  which  he  intimates  that  certain  settlements  of  the  latter 
on  the  isle  of  Kent,  in  Chesapeake  bay,  would  be  consid- 
ered as  a  part  of  the  Maryland  plantation.  After  the  gov- 
ernor had  explored  the  Potomac  as  far  as  Piscataway  creek 
he  returns  to  St.  George's  river,  and  sailing  up  about  12 
miles  to  the  Indian  town  of  Yoamaco,  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  tribe,  and  sends  for  the  colonists,  who  arrive,  take 
peaceable  possession,  and  name  the  place  St.  Mary's, 

27  Mch.     " 

Colony  export  a  cargo  of  Indian  corn  to  England 1635 

First  legislative  assembly  at  St.  Mary's 26  Feb.     " 

Clayborne,  having  threatened  the  colony  at  St.  Mary's,  grants 
a  warrant  to  Ratcliflfe  Warren  to  "  seize  and  capture  any  ves- 
sel belonging  to  the  colony."  Warren  (its  out  a  pinnace, 
with  which  he  attacks  2  armed  pinnaces  fitted  out  at  St. 
Mary's  and  under  the  command  of  Thomas  Cornwallis,  and 
engages  in  a  battle  in  the  Pocomoke  or  Wighcomoc  rivers, 
which  results  in  the  death  of  Warren  and  victory  for  the 

colony Apr.  or  May,     " 

Ix)rd  Baltimore  commissions  gov.  Calvert  to  call  an  assembly 
to  signify  to  the  colony  his  dissent  to  laws  made  by  the 
assembly  in  1635,  and  propounding  others  for  their  assent, 

15  Apr.  1637 


MAR 


^ 


Governor  commissions  George  Evelyn  as  commander  of  the  isl^g 
of  Kent  now  subjected  to  Maryland ;J0  Dec 

Assembly,  including  representatives  from  the  isle  of  Keutj 
considers  laws  ollercd  by  the  lord  proprietor.  They  reject 
them  and  frame  others,  which  when  sent  to  England  lord 
Baltimore  rejects.     Assembly  meets 25  Jan 

By  reference  from  the  king  and  proclamation  in  Virginia,  the 
claim  of  Clayborne  to  the  isle  of  Kent  and  Palmer's  island  ia 

.    rejected  in  favor  of  lord  Baltimore 4  Apr. 

Lord  Baltimore  llnally  gives  assent  to  the  right  of  the  assem- 
bly to  originate  laws Aug. 

Assembly  meets  at  St.  Mary's  and  enacts  laws  for  the  govern- 
ment  of  the  province 19  Mch. 

Order  executed  by  the  governor  and  council  to  equip  an  expe 
dition  against  the  Indians  of  the  eastern  shore  and  the  Sua 
queliannocks '28  May^ 

Nicholas  Hervey  commissioned  to  invade  the  territory  of  the 
Maquantequat  Indians 8  Jan, 

Petition  of  Clayborne  to  the  governor  and  council  to  restore 
his  property  in  the  isle  of  Kent  denied 21  Aug. 

Act  regulating  measures,  and  adopting  the  Winchester  bushel 
as  the  standard 

Gov.  Calvert,  returning  to  England,  appoints  Giles  Brent  lieu 
tenant-general,  admiral,  chief  magistrate,  and  commander  of 
Maryland  in  his  absence 11  Apr. 

Gov.   Brent   issues  a  proclamation   for  arresting  the  person 

and   seizing    the    shi|)    of   Richard    Ingle,  to   answer  the 

charge  of  treason  in  instigating  a  rebellion  against  the  gov 

ernment  in  Maryland.     Ingle  arrested,  but  makes  his  es- 

Jan, 


cape 

So-called  "Ingle's  and  Clayborne's  rebellion  "  occurs  in  Mary 
land.  Of  this  rebellion  little  is  known,  except  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  great  seal  of  the  province  at  St.  Mary's  in  Feb. 
1645,  and  the  appointment  of  Edward  Hill  as  governor  in  the 
absence  of  gov.  Calvert,  who  fled  from  the  parliamentary 
party,  probably  to  Virginia.  At  the  restoration  of  the  aU' 
thorky  of  lord  Baltimore.  1646,  the  insurrectionists  carried 
away  or  destroyed  most  of  the  records  and  public  papers  of 
the  province 1 

Gov.  Calvert  organizes  a  military  force  in  Virginia  and  pro- 
ceeds  to  St.  Mary's,  and  regains  that  part   of  his  prov 


ince. 


First  mention  made  in  the  legislative  journal  of  the  upper  and 
lower  hou.ses  of  assembly 

Recovering  the  isle  of  Kent,  gov.  Calvert  pardons  all  the  in- 
habitants, and  appoints  Robert  Vaughan  chief  captain  and 
commander  of  the  militia  and  civil  governor 18  Apr.     • 

Gov.  Calvert  nominates  Thomas  Greene  as  his  successor, 

9  June,    " 

Miss  Margaret  Brent,  administratrix  of  gov.  Calvert,  asks  from 
the  assembly  a  vote  in  the  House  for  herself,  and  another 
as  attorney  for  lord  Baltimore ;  refused Jan.  164 

New  "  great  seal  "  for  the  province  of  Maryland  sent  over  by 
lord  Baltimore 12  Aug. 

Gov.  Greene  removed  by  lord  Baltimore,  and  William  Stone  of 
Virginia,  "a  zealous  Protestant,  and  generally  knowne  to 
have  beene  always  zealously  aflected  to  the  Parliament,"  ap- 
pointed  

Tolerance  act,  the  first  securing  religious  liberty  ever  passed 
by  an  established  legislature,  provides  that  "no  person 
professing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  shall  from  hence- 
forth be  any  waies  troubled,  molested,  or  discountenanced 
for,  or  in  respect  of,  his  or  her  religion,  nor  in  the  free  exer- 
cise thereof  within  this  i)rovince  .  .  .  nor  any  way  compelled 
to  the  beleefe  or  exercise  of  any  other  religion  against  his  or 
her  consent" Apr.  I'i 

Assembly  grants  lord  Baltimore  power  to  seize  and  dispose  of 
any  lands  purchased  of  any  Indian,  unless  the  purchaser 
could  show  a  lawful  title  thereto  from  his  lordship  under  the 
great  seal ' 

Mr.  Durand,  elder  of  a  Puritan  or  Independent  church  founded 
in  Virginia  in  1642  (from  Massachusetts),  and  which  was 
broken  up  and  driven  out  by  that  government,  obtains 
permission  of  the  lord  proprietary's  government  to  settle 
with  his  people  at  Providence  or  Anne  Arundel,  now  An- 
napolis   

Commission  granted  by  lord  Baltimore  to  Robert  Brooke,  as 
commander  of  a  county  (Charles)  "around  about  and  next 
adjoining  to  the  place  which  he  should  settle,"  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Patuxent,  with  a  colony  he  was  transporting  to 
Maryland 20  Sept.    ' 

During  the  temporary  absence  of  gov.  Stone,  Thomas  Greene, 
the  deputy  governor,  proclaims  Charles  II.  king,  and  grants 
a  general  pardon 15  Nov. 

Settlement  at  Providence  organized  into  a  county  called  Anne 
Arundel 30  July,  K 

Act  passed  by  the  assembly  punishing  by  death  and  con- 
fiscation of  property  any  compliance  with  Clayborne 
in  opposition  to  lord  Baltimore's  dominion  over  the  prov- 
ince  • 

A  rumor  of  the  dissolution  or  resignation  in  England  of  lord 
Baltimore's  patent  leads  the  Puritans  of  Anne  Arundel  to  re- 
fuse to  send  any  burgesses  or  delegates  to  the  general  as- 
sembly at  St.  Mary's  when  summoned 1'  ' 

Council  of  state  in  England  appoints  3  officers  of  the  navy,  to-    , 
gether  with  Richard  Bennett  and  William  Clayborne  of  Vir- 
ginia, a  commission  to  "use  their  best  endeavors  to  reduce 
all  the  plantations  upon  the  bay  of  Chesapeake  to  their  due 
obedience  to  the  Parliament  and  Commonwealth  of  England, 

20  Sept. 

Numerous  hostilities  in  the  past  having  greatly  reduced  the 


MAR 


479 


MAR 


Indian  tribes  in  Maryland,  lord  Baltimore  grants  a  tract  of 
land  at  the  head  of  Wicomoco  river,  containing  8000  or  10,000 
acres  to  be  known  as  Calverton  manor,  to  be  reserved  for 

the  Indians • 1651 

immissioners  proceed  to  Maryland  and  engage  gov.  Stone 
and  the  rest  of  lord  Baltimore's  officers  to  "submit 
themselves  to  the  government  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Endand:"  thus  taking  the  control  from  lord  Baltimore, 

^        '  Mch.  1652  i 

/  proclamation  of  the  commissioners  gov.  Stone  is  rein- 
stated as  governor  of  Maryland,  which  he  assumes  "un- 
til the  pleasure  of  the  state  of  England  be  known," 

28  June,     " 
eaty  with  the  Snsquehannock  Indians  at  the  river  of  Severn, 
ceding  their  lands  from  the  Fatuxent  river  to  Palmer's  island 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Chesapeake  bay,  and  from  Choptank 
river  to  the  northeast  branch,  northward  of  Elke  river,  on 

the  eastern  side  of  the  bay 5  July,     " 

)rd  Baltimore  issues  instructions  to  gov.  Stone  for  strictly 
enforcing  the  submission  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Maryland  to  his  proprietary  rights 7  Feb.  1654 

)v.  Stone,  by  proclamation,  declares  that  the  province  of 
Maryland  is  under  the  government  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  lord 
protector  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England,  Scotland,  and 

Ireland,  etc 6  May,     " 

3bert  Brooke,  commander  of  Charles  county,  having  been 
discharged  by  lord  Baltimore,  gov.  Stone  erects  the  county 

into  the  comity  of  Calvert 3  July,     " 

)mmissioners  Bennett  and  Clayborne,  hearing  of  the  new  or- 
ders and  instructions  from  lord  Baltimore,  come  to  Maryland 
and  make  a  second  reducement  of  the  province,  appointing 
capt.  William  Fuller  and  others  commissioners  for  governing 

the  affairs  of  Maryland 22  July,     " 

ipt.  Fuller  and  the  other  commissioners  call  an  assembly 

at  Patuxent,  it  passes  an  "act  of  recognition  " 26  Oct.     " 

3ts  of  the  assembly;  one  concerning  religion,  declaring  that 
"none  who  profess  the  popish  religion  can  be  protected 
iin  the  province  by  the  laws  of  England  .  .  .  nor  by  the 
government  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England,  etc.,  but 
to  be  restrained  from  the  exercise  thereof"  One  making 
void  the  declaration  of  gov.  Stone  requiring  the  people  to  ac- 
knowledge lord  Baltimore  as  absolute  lord  of  the  province, 

Oct.  " 
)v.  Stone,  hearing  from  England  that  lord  Baltimore  still 
retained  his  patent,  reassumes  the  government  and  or- 
ganizes a  military  force  in  county  of  St.  Mary's  uader 
iJosias  Fendall,  who  seizes  the  provincial  records,  which 
had  been  deposited  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Richard  Preston, 
n  the  Patuxent,  during  the  revolution  in  July,  1654,  and 
Iso  arms  and  ammunition  which  had  been  stored  in  the 

(house Jan.  1655 

lith  200  men  and  12  vessels,  gov.  Stone  proceeds  by  land  and 

'water  against  the  Puritans  of  Anne  Arundel 20  Alch.     " 

iople  of  Providence  having  prepared  for  an  invasion,  a  bat- 
jlle  ensues  between  the  Puritans  and  the  "  Marylanders,"  of 
ifthich  it  is  said  "of  the  whole  company  of  the  Marylanders 
inhere  escaped  only  4  or  5  " ;  about  50  were  slain  or  wounded. 
}3f  the  Puritans,  2  were  killed  and  2  died  of  wounds, 

125  Mch.      " 
ew  days  after  the  battle,  4  of  gov.  Stone's  men  were  exe- 
cuted out  of  10  who  were  court-martialled  and  sentenced  to 
)e  shot;  the  others,  including  gov.  Stone,  escaping  sentence, 

but  held  as  prisoners  of  war Mch.     " 

mmission  received  from  lord  Baltimore  appointing  Josias 

Pendall  governor  of  Maryland 10  July,  1656 

I  the  matter  of  the  proprietary  rights  of  lord  Baltimore  in 
jJaryland,  at  this  time  under  consideration  in  England,  the 
pmmissioners  for  trade  report  to  Cromwell's  council  of  state 

javorably  to  lord  Baltimore 16  Sept.     " 

-'iias  Fendall,  arrested  and  imprisoned  by  the  Puritans,  takes 
iin  oath  that  he  will  neither  "directly  nor  indirectly  be  any 
jlisturber  to  the  government  till  there  be  a  full  determina- 
jiou  ended  in  England  of  all  the  matters  relating  to  the  gov- 
ernment,'' and  is  released 24  Sept.     " 

cd  Baltimore  creates  his  brother  Philip  Calvert  one  of  the 
•ouncillors  to  the  governor  of  Maryland  and  principal  secre- 
tary of  his  province Nov.     '♦ 

ke  Barber  appointed  deputy  governor  in  the  absence  of  gov. 

Tendall,  who  embarks  for  England 18  June,  1657 

yitan  assembly  meets  at  Patuxent 24  Sept.     " 

Ijoort  of  the  commissioners  for  trade  made  16  Sept.  1656, 
■eing  favorable  to  the  rights  of  lord  Baltimore,  the  Puri- 
|an  agents  enter  into  a  treaty  with  lord  Baltimore  to  give 
!P  their  power  in  the  province  and  give  due  obedience 
3  his  lordship's  government;  he  agreeing  especially  "that 
c  will  never  give  his  assent  to  the  repeal  of  the  law  estab- 
-lio'l  in  Maryland,  whereby  all  persons  professing  to  be- 
eve  in  Jesus  Christ  have  freedom  of  conscience  there," 

30  Nov.     " 

-t  Quaker  missionaries  appear  In  Maryland " 

'  iian  parly  in  Maryland  surrender  their  power  to  the  gov- 

,  ■"""•■ 24  Mch.  1658 

'■•ernor  of  Maryland  asserts  lord  Baltimore's  title  to  the 
utch  settlements  on  Delaware  bay,  and  demands  the  sub- 

iiission  of  the  settlement,  which  is  refused 1659 

tmiore  county  founded " 

^  'lall,  proving  inimical  to  lord  Baltimore,  is  removed,  and 
,icceedcd  by  Philip  Calvert,  who  is  sworn  in  at  the  provin- 

jal  council  held  at  Patuxent Dec.  1660 

nes  Calvert,  eldest  son  of  the  lord  proprietary,  appointed 

"'"  ; 1661-62 


1676 


1080 
1681 


At  the  request  of  the  assembly,  lord  Baltimore  coins  in  Eng- 
land (1661)  a  large  quantity  of  shillings,  sixpences,  and  pen- 
nies, which  were  put  in  circulation  in  the  province  by  act 

of  assembly  passed iqq2 

On  account  of  excessive  production,  an  act  is  passed  prohibit- 
ing the  planting  of  tobacco  for  1  year 1666 

First  Naturalization  act  passed,  admitting  certain  French  and 

Bohemians  to  citizenship " 

Boundary -line  between  Maryland  and  Virginia  from  Chesa- 
peake bay  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  established,  and  the  true 
location  of  Watkins  Point  on  the  bay,  marking  its  begin- 
ning, settled  by  a  commission;  Philip  Calvert  of  Mary- 
land and  Edmond  Scarborough  of  Virginia  appointed, 

25  June,  1668 

Act  to  encourage  importation  of  slaves 1671 

George  Fox  visits  the  Friends  in  Maryland 1672 

A  number  of  outrages  on  the  people  of  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia by  the  Indians,  5  chiefs  of  the  Susquehannocks.  capt- 
ured in  a  joint  expedition,  are  put  to  death  by  major 
Trueman,  commanding  the  Maryland  forces,  although  they 
protested  their  innocence  and  blamed  the  Senecas  for  the 
outrages.  F"or  this  act  major  Trueman  was  impeached 
by  the  House  of  Delegates,  but  escaped  punishment, 

25  Sept.  1675 
Cecilius  Calvert  dies,  and  Charles  Calvert,  third  lord  Baltimore, 

becomes  proprietary 30  Nov.     " 

Thomas  Notley  appointed  governor,  to  act  as  deputy  in  the 

name  of  his  infant  son  Cecil  Calvert 

Government  land-offlce  erected  in  the  province  by  the  lord 

proprietary 

Charles,  lord  Baltimore,  reassumes  personal  government 

William  Penn  receives  his  grant  to  territory  west  of  the  Dela- 
ware and  north  of  Maryland ^ 

Ordinance  promulgated  by  the  proprietary  limiting  suffrage  to 

freeholders  or  inhabitants  of  property Sept. 

In  the  contest  between  William  Penn  and  lord  Baltimore,  Penn 
claims  39°  as  the  "beginning  of  the  parallel  of  40°;"  and 
the  king  and  council  decide  that  the  Maryland  charter  only 
included  "lands  uncultivated  and  inhabited  by  savages," 
and  that  therefore  the  territory  along  the  Delaware  was 
not  included;  that  the  peninsula  between  the  2  bays  be 
divided  equally,  all  east  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  lati- 
tude of  cape  Henlopen  to  the  40th  degree  to  belong  to  Penn, 

Nov. 
Council  of  9  deputies,  with  William  Joseph  as  president,  ap- 
pointed by  lord  Baltimore,  govern  the  province  during  his 

absence  in  England 

Deputies  failing  to  proclaim  Wiljiam  and  Mary  rulers  in  the 
province,  a  convention  of  Protestants  (termed  Associators), 
John  Coode  at  the  head,  assembles  for  the  defence  of  the 
Protestant  religion,  and  asserting  the  rights  of  king  William 
and  queen  Mary  to  the  province  of  Maryland  and  all  Eng- 
lish dominions .Apr. 

Associators  move  upon  St.  Mary's,  and  the  council  abandons 
the  state-house  and  provincial  records  to  them.  Pres.  Jo- 
seph and  the  council  retiring  to  a  fort  upon  the  Patuxent, 
Coode  marches  upon  them  with  several  hundred  men.  to 
whom  they  surrender,  leaving  the  associators  masters  of  the 

situation 25  July, 

King  William  approves  the  motives  of  the  associators  in  tak- 
ing up  arms  against  lord  Baltimore's  government,  and  au- 
thorizes them  to  continue  in  power 1  Feb. 

Sir  Lionel  Copley  appointed  royal  governor  of  Maryland 

Immediately  after  gov.  Copley's  arrival  in  Maryland  he  sum- 
mons a  general  assembly  at  St.  Mary's,  which  passes  an  act 
of  recognition  of  William  and  Mary,  and  then  overthrows 
equal  toleration  in  the  province,  and  establishes  the  church 

of  England  as  the  state  church  of  Maryland May, 

On  the  death  of  gov.  Copley,  sir  Edmund  Andros  assumes 
the  government  until  the  arrival  of  his  successor,  Nichol- 
son  

Capital  removed  by  law  to  Providence,  now  Annapolis 

Public  post  established  from  the  Potomac  through  Annapolis 
to  Philadelphia,  route  to  be  covered  8  times  in  the  year,  and 

postman  to  receive  a  salary  of  501.  sterling 

Annapolis  incorporated  by  law,  the  government  intrusted  to  8 

freeholders,  called  "  commissioners  and  trustees  " 

State-house  destroyed  by  fire,  and  many  of  the  records  of  Anne 

Arundel  county  burned 

Royal  charter  of  incorporation  granted  Annapolis  by  gov.  Sey- 
mour  16  Aug. 

Benedict  Leonard  Calvert,  4th  lord  Baltimore,  being  a  Protest- 
ant, the  province  is  surrendered  to  him  shortly  before  his 

death,  which  occurred 16  Apr. 

John  Hart,  proprietary  governor,  representing  Charles  Calvert, 
5th  lord  Baltimore,  and  infant  heir  of  Benedict  Leonard  Cal- 


1694 


1696 
1704 
1708 

1715 


vert. 


:)vernor. 


By  resolution  the  lower  house  of  assembly  declare  that  "the 
people  of  Maryland  are  entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  immu- 
nities of  free  Englishmen,  and  are  of  necessity  inheritors  of 
the  common-law  of  England  " 

Act  passed  for  "the  encouragement  of  learning,  and  erecting 
schools  in  the  several  counties  of  the  province,"  under  which 
law  a  public  free  school  was  established  at  Battle  Creek, 
Calvert  county. 

"A  Complete  Collection  of  the  Laws  of  Maryland,"  printed  at 
Annapolis  by  William  Parks 

First  newspaper  printed  in  Maryland,  the  Maryland  Gazette, 
published  at  Annapolis  by  William  Parks 

Baltimore  laid  out  on  lands  belonging  to  Charles  Carroll,  by 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  legislature 


1723 
1727 


1732 
1737 
1740 


1744 
1745 


1746 
1748 
1751 

1753 
1754 


MAR  480 

Agreement  entered  into  that  the  boundary  between  Maryland 
and  Delaware  should  bo  that  llxed  by  the  decree  of  1685,  and 
that  between  Maryland  and  I'enusylvauia  a  line  drawn  due 
west,  15  miles  south  of  Philadelphia 

Baltimore  increased  by  the  addition  of  10  acres  of  land  east  of 
the  falls,  on  the  lands  of  Kdward  Fell 

Charles  Carroll  "of  Carrollton"  born  at  Annapolis '20  Sept. 

Legislature  appropriates  7562^  to  meet  the  expense  of  raising 
and  equipping  500  volunteers  for  the  great  expedition  against 
the  Spanish  dominions 

Treaty  concluded  with  the  Six  Nations  by  gov.  Bladen  in 
conjunction  with  the  representatives  of  Virginia  and 
Pennsylvania,  at  Lancaster,  I'a.,  whereby,  in  considera- 
tion of  the  payment  of  300/.,  the  Indians  agree  to  relin- 
quish all  claims  to  territory  within  the  boundary  of  Mary- 
land  

Town  of  Frederick  laid  out  by  Patrick  Dulany Sept. 

Assembly  votes  4500/.  to  raise  a  body  of  men  for  an  expedition 
against  Canada,  26  June,  and  an  additional  appropriation  of 
1100/ Nov. 

Nanticoke  Indians  emigrate  from  Maryland  to  Wyoming,  car- 
rying the  bones  of  their  dead  with  them May, 

Frederick  Calvert  becomes  6th  lord  Baltimore  by  the  death  of 
Charles  Calvert 24  Apr. 

Lord  Baltimore  directs  gov.  Sharpe  to  investigate  as  to  which 
branch  of  the  Potomac  is  the  source;  Virginia  claiming  the 
north  branch,  and  Maryland  the  south 

Maryland  frontier  being  subjected  to  incursions  of  the  French 
and  Indians  from  fort  Duquesne  (Pittsburg,  Pa.),  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  convenes  at  Annapolis  and  votes  6000/.  to  aid 
Virginia  in  the  reduction  of  the  fort 11  July, 

Command  of  the  forces  engaged  against  the  French  on  the 
Ohio  given  to  gov.  Sharpe  under  royal  commission " 

Fort  is  erected  at  Cumberland,  and" garrisoned  with  2  com- 
panies as  a  resting  place  for  expeditions  against  fort  Du- 
quesne        " 

Two  companies  under  capt.  Dagworthy  and  lieuts.  Bacon  and 
Forty,  march  from  Annapolis  to  the  western  frontier. " 

General  Assembly  passes  a  law  for  the  levying  of  troops, 
and  providing  a  pension  for  those  maimed  in  service, 

24  Dec.     " 

After  Braddock's  defeat,  9  July,  1755,  the  borders  of  Maryland 
and  Pennsylvania  became  one  extended  field  of  battles,  mur- 
der, desolation,  and  panic 1755 

Acadians,  consigned  to  the  province  at  their  expulsion,  arrive 
(Acadia) " 

Act  to  raise  40,000/.  for  erecting  fort  Frederick  and  other 
forts  and  block-houses  on  the, frontier,  and  for  a  joint  ex- 
pedition against  fort  Duquesne.  This  sum  was  raised 
by  bills  of  credit  and  taxation;  on  the  list  of  22  subjects 
of  taxation,  between  the  duties  on  wines  and  liquors  and 
the  billiard-table,  is  a  tax  "on  all  bachelors  of  25  years  of 
age  and  upwards  with  100/.  and  less  than  300/.  a  duty  of  5s. 
per  annum,  and  if  worth  over  300/.  20s.  per  annum," 

22  Mch.  1756 

Gov.  Sharpe  appoints  a  day  of  thanksgiving  for  the  capture 
of  fort  Duquesne,  and  the  assembly  grants  1500/.  to  the  Mary- 
land troops  who  took  part  in  the  expedition  (Pennsylvania), 

Nov.  1758 

Frederick,  lord  Baltimore,  agrees  to  the  appointment  of  the 
commission,  messrs.  Mason  and  Dixon,  who  surveyed  the 
line  known  by  their  name,  and  set  up  mile-stones  ;  agree- 
ment made  (Pennsylvania,  1682) 4  July,  1760 

Zachariah  Hood,  a  merchant  of  Annapolis,  is  appointed  stamp 
distributer  under  the  Stamp  act;  arriving  with  his  stamps, 
he  is  obliged  to  land  clandestinely  ;  his  effigy  is  whipped, 
hanged,  and  burned,  and  he  seeks  refuge  in  New  York.  The 
assembly,  prorogued  from  1763,  meets  and  protests  against 
the  Stamp  act,  and  appoints  col.  Edward  Tilghman,  William 
Murdock,  and  Thomas  Ringgold  delegates  to  the  congress  of 
deputies  from  all  the  colonies 1765 

Frederick  county  court  deciding  the  Stamp  act  unconstitu- 
tional, a  popular  demonstration  takes  place,  the  "Sons  of 
Liberty  "  carry  through  the  streets  a  coffin  inscribed,  "The 
Stamp  Act,  expired  of  a  mortal  stab  received  from  the  Genius 
of  Liberty  in  Frederick  county  court,  23  Nov.  1765,  aged  22 
days  " 30  Nov.     " 

Public  officers  in  Annapolis,  urged  by  the  people,  treat  the 
Stamp  act  as  a  nullity 3  Apr.  1766 

People  of  Maryland  enter  into  articles  for  non-importation  of 
British  superfluities  and  for  the  promotion  of  American 
manufactures 20  June,  1769 

British  bark  Good  Intent,  arriving  at  Annapolis,  a  meeting  of 
the  associators  is  held,  and  it  is  resolved  that  the  cargo  of 
English  goods  should  not  be  landed 1770 

Assembly  attempts  to  diminish  the  amount  of  fees  collectible 
by  the  public  officials  and  established  clergy,  but  is  pro- 
rogued by  the  governor,  who  issues  a  proclamation  fixing 
the  old  rates,  and  requiring  the  officers  to  receive  the  amount 
in  money  if  tendered 26  Nov.     " 

Frederick,  lord  Baltimore,  dying  without  an  heir,  bequeaths 
his  proprietary  to  Henry  Harford,  his  natural  son 1771 

People  aroused  by  the  governor's  proclamation,  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Charles  Carroll,  elect  the  popular  candidates  messrs. 
Paca  and  Hammond  to  the  House,  and  bury  the  obnoxious 
proclamation  In  effigy 14  May,  1773 

Convention  meets  at  Annapolis,  proposes  an  absolute  cessation 
of  intercourse  with  the  mother  country,  and  nominates  Sam- 
uel Chase,  Robert  Goldsborough,  William  Paca,  Matthew 
Tilghman,  and  Thomas  Johnson  delegates  to  the  first  Conti- 
nental Congress  at  Philadelphia. 22  June,  1774 


MAR  3 

Anthony  Stewart,  the  owner  of  the  brig  Peggy  Stewart,  hav- 
ing  paid  the  duty  on  a  few  packages  of  tea  included  in  the 
cargo,  the  people  are  excited  by  liis  act,  and  under  advice 
of  Charles  Carroll  of  t.'arrollton.  Stewart  burns  his  vessel, 

14  Oct. 

George  Washington,  present  in  Congress  as  a  member  from 
Virginia,  is  nominated  by  Thomas  Johnson  of  Maryland 
to  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  American  forces,  and 
unanimously  chosen. — Hildreth,  "Hist,  of  U.  S.,"  vol.  iii., 
p.  80 1,5  June, 

Convention  of  Maryland  assembles  and  adopts  the  famous 
"Association  of  the  Freemen  of  Maryland,"  which  be- 
comes the  written  constitution  of  Maryland  for  a  year, 

26  July, 

"  Maryland  Line,"  under  col.  William  Smallwood,  engage  in  the 
battles  of  Long  Island,  Harlem  Heights,  White  Plains,  the 
storming  of  fort  Washington,  battles  of  Trenton  and  Prince- 
ton ;  they  begin  the  year  1444  strong,  and  are  reduced  to  a 
mere  handful  at  the  close 

Batteries  erected  near  Baltimore  and  Annapolis,  and  public 
records  removed  to  Upi)er  Marlborough  for  safety  in 
preparation  for  an  attack  by  the  British  under  lord  Duns, 
more 

James  Wilkinson  repairs  to  the  camp  before  Boston  as  a  vol- 
unteer from  Maryland.     Army  (List  of  gen.  off.,  U.  S.) 

Convention  assembles  and  unanimously  orders  the  delegates  to 
Congress  to  unite  in  declaring  the  colonies  free  and  inde- 
pendent, reserving  to  the  state,  however,  complete  internal 
sovereignty  ;  Charles  Carroll  ol^  Carrollton,  chief  advocate  of 
this  resolution,  was  on  4  July,  1776,  chosen  a  delegate;  con- 
vention met .28  June, 

Declaration  of  Independence  publicly  read  at  Baltimore,  with 
acclamations  for  the  prosperity  of  the  U.  S 22  July, 

Convention  for  framing  a  state  constitution  assembles  at  An- 
napolis 14  Aug.,  and  completes  its  labors  (constitution  never 
submitted  to  the  people) 11  Nov. 

Continental  Congress  meets  at  Baltimore 20  Dec. 

Maryland  Line,  under  brig. -gen.  Smallwood,  engage  in  the 
battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germautown,  and  are  sta- 
tioned at  Wilmington  during  the  winter  to  protect  Dela- 
ware  

First  legislature  under  the  new  constitution  assembles  5  Feb. 
and  elects  Thomas  Johnson  governor 13  Feb.     " 

Count  Pulaski  raises  a  legion  in  Maryland  consisting  of  68  horse 

and  200  foot IT 

[To -this  legion  was  presented  a  banner  by  the  Moravian 
Nuns,  or  Sisters  of  Bethlehem,  Pa.  Longfellow  has  com- 
memorated this  event  in  his  "Hymn  of  the  Moravian 
Nuns."] 

Maryland  Line  active  in  battle  of  Monmouth 28  June,    •• 

Legislature  votes  officers  of  the  Maryland  Line  who  serve 
through  the  war,  and  their  widows,  "half  pay  during  life,  to 
commence  after  seven  years'  pay  voted  by  Congress 17' 

Maryland  Line,  under  maj.-gen.  De  Kalb,  engage  in  the  battles 
of  Camden  (where  De  Kalb  was  killed),  Cowpons,  Guilford 
Court  house,  Hobkirk's  hill,  assault  of  Ninety  six,  and  Eutaw 
springs 1780-H 

Bill  to  confiscate  British  property  passes  both  houses Oct.  17b( 

Maryland,  to  secure  rights  to  western  lands,  delays  signing  the 
articles  of  confederation  until,  with  other  states,  Virginia 
cedes  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio  to  the  U.  S.  in  Jan.  1781; 
Maryland  delegates,  John  Hanson  and  Daniel  Carroll,  sign 
the  articles 1  Mch.  178: 

Washington  college,  Chestertown,  organized 17K 

Officers  of  Maryland  Line  organize  state  "Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati "  at  Annapolis,  maj.-geu.  Smallwood  president, 

21  Nov.     ■'■ 

U.  S.  Congress  meets  at  Annapolis 26  Nov.    " 

Washington  resigns  his  commission  as  commander-in  chief, 
at  the  state  house  in  Annapolis 23  Dec.    " 

St.  John's  college,  Annapolis,  organized V'^- 

Delegates  from  Virginia,  Pennsylvania.  Delaware,  New  Jersey, 
and  New  York  assemble  at  Annapolis  to  consider  the  con- 
dition of  the  nation,  and  request  all  the  states  to  send  dele- 
gates to  a  convention  at  Philadelphia  the  following  May,  Sept.  17«' 

James  McHenry,  Daniel  of  St.  Thomas  Jenifer,  and  Daniel  Car- 
roll, delegates  from  Maryland  to  the  convention  at  Phila- 
delphia, sign  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S 17  Sept.  17« 

Maryland  adopts  the  Constitution 28  Apr.  17« 

Robert  H.  Harrison  of  Maryland  nominated  associate  justice 
of  the  Supreme  court , 26  Sept.  17H 

John  Carroll,  D.D.,  consecrated  bishop  of  Baltimore,  with  juris- 
diction over  all  the  Catholics  in  the  U.  S.,  the  first  bishop 
consecrated  in  the  U.  S.  (Church,  Roman  Catholic) I'i^'- 

The  state  by  law,  23  Dec.  1788,  cedes  to  the  U.  S.  such  district 
10  miles  square  Congress  may  select  for  the  U.  S.  capital; 
the  District  of  Columbia  selected • 

Thomas  Johnson  of  Maryland  appointed  associate  justice  of 
Supreme  court 5  Aug.  lii* 

Publication  of  the  Baltimore  American  and  Daily  Advertiser 
begun  by  Alexander  Martin 14  May,  1<» 

Act  extending  the  right  of  suffrage  and  substituting  the  ballot 
for  vivd-voce  voting  passed 28  Dec.  lou 

Legislature  presents  a  sword  and  belt  to  George  Washington 
Mann  of  Maryland,  one  of  2  soldiers  who  planted  the  Amen-       ; 
can  fiag  on  the  walls  of  Derne,  Tripoli 27  Apr.  !»" 

Medical  department  of  the  University  of  Maryland  established 
at  Baltimore •  •  •  •  •  ^°  ■ 

Several  associations  formed  in  Baltimore  to  encourage  home 
manufacture  and  sale  of  domestic  goods  during  the  embargo      i 
against  British  vessels 


<> 
^ 
M 


MAR  481 

merican  Law  Journal  and  Miscellaneous  Repertory,  edited 

by  John  E.  Hall,  and  pub.  in  Baltimore 1808 

aUimore  Medical  and  Physical  Recorder,  edited  by  dr.  Tobias 

Watkins 1809 

irst  number  of  Niles'  Register  issued  in  Baltimore  by  Heze- 

kiah  Niles 7  Sept.  1811 

abriel  Duval  of  Maryland  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 

Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S 18  Nov.     " 

rinting-offlce  of  the  Federal  Republican,  an  anti-war  paper  in 
Baltimore,  destroyed  by  a  mob  22  June,  1812.  They  attack 
the  house  of  the  editor,  A.  C.  Hanson,  which  was  garrisoned, 
break  into  the  jail,  whither  some  of  the  assailed  had  been 
taken,  and  in  the  riot  gen.  Lingan  is  killed  and  otliers  left 

for  dead  (United  Statks) 28  July,  1812 

ritish  adm.  Cockburu  with  4  ships  of  the  line  and  6  frigates 
plunders  and  burns  Freuchtown,  Havre  de  Grace,  Frederick- 
town,  and  Georgetown Mch.  1813 

attle  of  Bl.\densbl-rg,  and   capture  of  Washington  by  the 

British  (United  States) 24  Aug.  1814 

ritish  advancing  on  Baltimore  under  gen.  Ross  are  repulsed 
at  North  Point,  gen.  Ross  is  killed  (United  States), 

12  Sept.      " 

iritish  fleet  bombard  Fort  MoHenry 13  Sept.     " 

rancis  S.  Key  of  Maryland,  imprisoned  on  one  of  the  British 
vessels,  composes  the  "Star-Spangled  Banner  ".  .13  Sept.     " 

,ancasterian  school  system  introduced  in  Baltimore 1820 

.ct  passed  abolishing  the  old  division  into  hundreds,  as  fiscal, 
military,  and  election  districts,  and  making  an  election  dis- 
trict the  jurisdiction  of  the  constable.  -. 1824 

.ct  passed  for  primary  schools 28  Feb.  1826 

Ground  broken  for  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal  by  the  pres- 

ident  of  the  U.  S 4  July,  1828 

Touud  broken  by  Charles  Carroll  and  corner-stone  set  for  the 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  chartered  1827 4  July,     " 

hoenix  company  erect  their  shot  tower  234  feet  high  in  Bal- 
timore.    Completed  without  scaffolding 25  Nov.     " 

irst  public  school  in  Baltimore  under  law  of  1827  opened, 

21  Sept.  1829 
[ount  St.  Mary's"  college  at  Emmittsburg,  established  in  1809, 

is  this  year  incorporated  as  a  college 1830 

louse  of  Refuge  for  Juvenile  Delinquents  incorporated, 

I  8  Feb.  1831 

tn  death  of  gov.  Martin,  George  Howard,  first  named  of  the 

executive  council,  succeeds  to  the  office 10  July,     " 

|ation;il  anti-masonic  convention  assembles  at  Baltimore  and 

nominates  William  Wirt  for  president  of  the  U.  S 26  Sept.     " 

loger  Brooke  Taney  of  Maryland  appointed  attorney-general 

iof  the  U.  S '. 27  Dec.     " 

iney  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury 24  Sept.  1833 

;ospital  for  the  insane  at  Spring  grove,  Baltimore   county, 

!  opened 1834 

bney  appointed  chief-justice  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S., 
I  15  Mch.  1836 

i3gislature  passes  the  famous  "Internal  Improvement  bill," 
! subscribing  $3,000,000  in  state  bonds  to  the  Chesapeake  and 
iOhio  Canal  company,  $3,000,000  to  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
•railroad,  $500,000  to  the  Maryland  Crosscut  canal,  $500,000 
Ito  the  Annapolis  and  Potomac  canal,  and  $1,000,000  to  the 

jEastern  Shore  railroad— in  all  $8,000,000 3  June,     " 

jate  convention  irrespective  of  party  meets  in  Baltimore  and 

jadopts  resolutions  for  revising  the  constitution 6  June,     " 

institution  revised  :  governor  to  be  elected  by  the  people, 
jcouncil  abolished,  Senate  reorganized,  one  third  to  be  elect- 
led  by  the  people  every  2  years " 

i-nstitution  providing  "that  the  relation  of  master  and  slave 
in  this  state  shall  not  be  abolished  unless  a  bill  for  that  pur- 
pose shall  be  passed  by  a  unanimous  vote  of  both  branches 
;of  the  General  Assembly,  to  be  published  3  months  before  a 
juew  election,  and  be  unanimously  confirmed  by  the  succeed- 
ing legislature,"  ratified 1837 

invention  of  Whig  young  men,  15,000  to  20,000  delegates 
trom  every  state  in  the  Union,  meets  at  Baltimore. .  .4  May,  1840 

mocratic  National  convention  meets  at  Baltimore 5  May,     " 

lue  of  state  bonds  reaches  $16,050,000,  deficit  of  treasury 

1556,387.38 1  Dec.     '• 

•ite  tax  levied  of  20  cts.  on  every  $100,  afterwards  increased 

■0  25  cts 1  Apr.  1841 

illege  of  St.  James,  Washington  county,  organized 1842 

jryland  Historical  Society  founded Jan.  1844 

lig  National  convention  in  Baltimore,  nominates  Henry  Clay 

or  president 1  May,     " 

rse  magnetic  telegraph  from  Washington  to  Baltimore  com- 

,  'leted 20  May,     " 

-nocratic  National  convention  at  Baltimore,  nominates  for 

resident  James  K.  Polk 27-29  May,     " 

- .  waiving  the  state  liens  in  favor  of  $1,700,000  bonds  to  be 
5sued  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  company  at  par, 

i'lth  a  guarantee  that  for  5  years  after  completion  not  less 
lan  195,000  tons  would  be  transported  annually  upon  it,  and 
contract  is  made  for  the  completion  of  the  canal  to  Cum- 
.flf^d 10  Mch.  1845 

\  tea  States  Naval  Academy  established  at  Annapolis " 

^.  Charles  Turner  Torrey  dies  in  state  prison  under  sen- 

^mce  for  enticing  slaves  from  the  state 9  May,  1846 

•--e  resumes  the  payment  of  interest  on  her  debt  at  the  Ches- 

.Jeakebank,  Baltimore 1  Jan.  1848 

i-fiocrat-c  National  convention  at  Baltimore  nominates  gen. 
3W18  Cass,  U.  S.  senator  from  Michigan,  for  president, 
»,  .„      «  22  May,     " 

^  .  T,^"^'  ^  2^  '^^D-  1809,  d.  in  Washington  University 
)spital,  Baltimore  ;  buried  in  Westminster  graveyard,  7  Oct.  1849 
16 


MAR 

Election  riots  between  Democrats  and  Know-Nothings..4  Nov.  1849 

Convention  to  frame  a  new  constitution  meets  at  Annapolis, 
4  Nov.  1850,  completes  its  labors  13  May,  1851;  the  consti- 
tution ratified  by  the  people 4  June,  1851 

Democratic  National  convention  in  Baltimore,  nominates  gen. 
Franklin  Pierce  of  New  Hampshire  for  president 9  May,  1852 

AVhig  National  convention  at  Baltimore,  nominates  gen.  Win- 
field  Scott  for  president 16  June,     " 

Loyola  college  opened  at  Baltimore 15  Sept.     " 

State  Institution  for  the  Blind  organized  at  Baltimore 1853 

House  of  Refuge  for  Juvenile  Delinquents  near  Baltimore 
oi)ened 1355 

Whig  National  convention  at  Baltimore  adopts  the  nominees 
of  the  American  party,  Fillmore  and  Donelson,  for  president 
and  vice-president  (United  States) 17  Sept.  1856 

George  Peabody  gives  $300,000  to  found  Peabody  institute, 

12  Feb.  1857 

Strike  of  the  conductors  and  train  men  on  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  railroad,  militia  called  out;  amicably  settled. .  .29  Apr.     " 

Corner-stone  of  the  Peabody  institute  in  Baltimore  laid, 

16  Apr.  1859 

Constitutional  Union  convention  at  Baltimore  nominates  John 
Bell  of  Tennessee  for  president 9  May,  1860 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  by  adjournment  (from 
Charleston,  S.  C.)  in  Baltimore,  18  June,  1860.  On  the  23d  a 
large  number  of  delegates  withdraw,  and  the  remaining  dele- 
gates nominate  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  president.  The  se- 
ceders  nominate  John  C.  Breckinridge  of  Kentucky  (United 
States) 23  June,     " 

Philip  Francis  Thomas  of  Maryland  appointed  secretary  of 
treasury 12  Dec.     " 

A.  H.  Handy,  commissioner  from  Mississippi,  addresses  a  meet- 
ing in  Baltimore  on  the  subject  of  secession 19  Dec.     " 

Secession  flag  raised  and  saluted  with  artillery  on  Federal 
hill,  Baltimore,  but  on  the  third  round  the  cannon  are  seized 
and  the  flag  pulled  down 18  Apr.  1861 

Attack  on  Massachusetts  troops  in  Baltimore  by  a  mob,  several 
soldiers  and  civilians  killed  and  wounded  (Baltimore), 

19  Apr.     " 

House  of  Delegates  rejects  a  secession  ordinance  by  53  to  13, 

29  Apr.     "■ 

U.  S.  volunteers  under  gen.  Butler  take  possession  of  the  Relay 
house  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad 5  May,     " 

Gen.  Butler,  at  the  head  of  900  men,  occui)ies  Baltimore  with- 
out opposition 13  May,     " 

State  legislature  unable  to  organize,  many  members  being  ar- 
rested on  suspicion  of  treason 17  Sept.     " 

Augustus  W.  Bradford,  Union,  elected  governor 6  Nov.     "  " 

Gov.  Hicks  calls  an  extra  session  of  the  legislature  "to  con- 
sider and  determine  the  steps  necessary  to  be  taken  to  ena- 
ble the  state  of  Maryland  to  take  her  place  with  the  other 
loyal  states  in  defence  of  the  Constitution  and  Union."  The 
legislature  meets  at  Frederick .3  Dec.     " 

Confederates  invade  the  state  and  occupy  Frederick,  8  Sept. 
1862.  Gen.  Lee  issues  a  proclamation  to  the  people  of  Mary- 
land promising  protection  and  assistance  in  regaining  their 
rights.  On  10  Sept.  the  confederates  evacuate  the  city,  and 
it  is  occupied  by  the  army  of  the  Potomac 12  Sept.     " 

Battle  of  South  Mountain,  14  Sept.,  and  Antietam  (Maryland 
CAMPAIGN) 17  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck  proclaims  martial  law  in  the  west- 
shore  counties 30  June,  1863 

Gen.  Schenck  arrests  many  persons  suspected  of  treason,  and 
suspends  the  "  Maryland  club  "  and  similar  societies " 

Issue  at  the  state  election  is  emancipation,  and  the  Union  party 
divides  on  the  subject  into  the  Union  and  Unconditional 
Union  parties  ;  the  latter  carries  the  election 4  Nov.     " 

Every  Union  master  allowed  $300  for  each  of  his  slaves  en- 
listing by  act  of  Congress 24  Feb.  1864 

Gen.  Lee  detaches  a  force  for  the  invasion  of  Maryland,  which 
overpowers  the  federals  under  gen.  Lew.  Wallace  in  a  battle 
on  the  Monocacy  river 9  July,     " 

Convention  for  framing  a  new  constitution  meets  at  An- 
napolis, 27  Apr. ;  completes  its  work,  6  Sept. ;  ratified, 

12-13  Oct.      " 
[This  constitution  abolished  slaverj',  and  disfranchised  all 
who  had  aided  or  encouraged  rebellion  against  the  U.  S. 
Home  vote,  27,541  for,  29,536  against;  soldiers,  2633  for,  263 
against;  majority  for,  375.] 

Law  for  a  state  normal  school  at  Baltimore 1865 

Maryland  Agricultural  college  established  in  Prince  George's 
county " 

Legislature  passes  a  very  stringent  Sunday  law 1866 

Fair  held  in  Baltimore  for  the  relief  of  the  destitute  in  the 
southern  states  ;  net  receipts,  $164,569.97 Apr.     " 

Peabody  institute  formally  inaugurated  ;  George  Peabody 
present 24  Oct.     " 

Johns  Hopkins  university  incorporated 24  Aug.  1867 

New  constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  An- 
napolis 8  May,  1867,  which  abolishes  ofllce  of  lieutenant- 
governor,  ratified  by  the  people 18  Sept.     " 

[Vote  for,  27,152;  against,  23,036.] 

New  School  law  passed  giving  control  of  educational  matters 
in  each  county  to  a  board  of  county  commissioners,  one  for 
each  election  district,  and  state  school  tax  fixed  at  10  cents 
on  each  $100  ;  the  tax  paid  by  colored  people  to  be  set  aside 
for  maintenance  of  colored  schools 1  Apr.  1868 

Institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  established 
temporarily  in  barracks  at  Frederick " 

State  election  in  Nov.  1869,  the  whole  Democratic  ticket  elected, 
and  a  legislature  unanimously  Democratic  meets 5  Jan.  1870 


MAR  482 

Legislature  unanimously  rejects  the  XV. th  Amendment,  and 
passes  a  school  law  vesting  the  supervision  of  schools  iu  a 
state  board,  county  boards,  and  school  district  boards 1870 

Celebration  by  the  colored  i>eople  of  Baltimore  of  the  passage 
of  the  XV.  tU  Amendment 19  May,     " 

Slate  convention  of  those  favoring  the  extension  of  the  right  of 
suflVago  to  women  held  at  Baltimore 29  Feb.  1872 

Democratic  National  convention  at  Baltimore  nominate  Hor- 
ace Greeley,  by  a  vote  made  unanimous,  for  president, 

9-10  July,     " 

State  institution  for  colored  blind  and  deaf  mutes  established 
in  Baltimore " 

Public  Kducation  act  modilled:  Board  of  Kducation  to  consist 
of  the  governor,  principal  of  normal  school,  and  i  persons 
appointed  by  the  governor  fi"om  presidents  and  examiners 
of  the  several  county  boards 1874 

State  Grange  of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry  meets  in  Baltimore, 
and  makes  a  declaration  of  policy  and  principle 7  Mch.     " 

James  B.  Groome  elected  governor  by  General  Assembly,  gov. 
Whyte  being  elected  U.  S.  senator 4  Mch.  1875 

Foundation  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  hospital,  endowed  with 
$4,500,000  by  Johns  Hopkins  in  1873,  is  laid  in  Baltimore " 

Daniel  C.  Gilman  installed  president  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity   22  Feb.  1876 

Affray  in  the  streets  of  Baltimore;  the  6th  regiment  of  mili- 
tia being  ordered  out  by  gov.  Carroll  against  strikers  on 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  at  Cumberland;  the  sol- 
diers are  stoned,  and  Are  on  the  mob,  killing  9  and  wound- 
ing 20  or  30  ;  the  mob  sets  Are  to  the  railroad  station, 

20  July,  1877 

Commissioners  appointed  by  legislatures  of  1874  and  1876  for 
boundary  between  Maryland  and  Virginia  report 16  Jan.     " 

Congress  appropriates  $25,000  for  surveying  a  route  for  a 
ship  canal  between  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays  to 
shorten  the  distance  from  Baltimore  to  the  ocean  by  about 
200  miles 1878 

State  convention  of  tax-payers  held  at  Baltimore  to  redress 
grievances  and  secure  relief  from  taxation 12  Aug.  1879 

Celebration  of  the  150th  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Balti- 
more  10-15  Oct.  1880 

Henry  IJoyd,  president  of  the  Senate,  succeeds  gov.  McLane, 
who  is  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  France 27  Mch.  1885 

Public  library,  established  by  gift  of  Enoch  Pratt  in  1882,  for- 
mally opened  in  Baltimore 4  Jan.  1886 

Legislature  incorporates  American  College  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  of  the  U.  S " 

Sharp  contest  in  Chester  river  between  the  state  oyster  steamer 
McLane  and  a  fleet  of  illegal  dredgers;  2  schooners  are  run 
down  and  sunk  and  others  captured 10  Dec.  1888 

State  oyster  steamer  Helen  Baughman  fights  with  the  schooner 
Robert  McAllister,  an  unlicensed  oyster  boat 2  Jan.  1889 

Asylum  for  feeble-minded  children  opened  in  Baltimore.  .Jan.     " 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal  wrecked  by  flood  on  the  Potomac, 
which  also  swept  away  the  historic  building  known  as  John 
Brown's  Fort June,     " 

In  1888,  Virginia  leased  about  3200  acres  of  oyster  ground  on 
Hog  island  to  one  Lewis  ;  Maryland  claims  a  right  to  the 
ground,  but  the  National  Coast  Survey  rejects  her  claim  ; 
gov.  Jackson  proclaims  the  ground  open  to  both  states,  and 
the  Maryland  schooner  Lawson  anchors  on  the  Hog  island 
grounds  ;  the  Lawsrni  is  attacked,  run  down,  and  sunk  by 
the  Virginia  police-boat  Augustus,  27  Nov. ;  harmony  is  re- 
stored between  the  states,  Virginia  withdrawing  her  exclusive 
claim Dec.     " 

Australian  ballot  law  passed  by  Maryland  legislature,  and  a 
high-license  law  enacted  for  Baltimore , 1890 

Decoration  day  made  a  legal  holiday  by  act  of  legislature " 

State-treasurer  Stevenson  Archer  discovered  to  be  a  defaulter 
to  the  amount  of  $132,401.25,  27  Mch. ;  is  arrested  at  his 
home  in  Belair,  10  Apr. ;  is  tried,  pleads  guilty,  and  is  sen- 
tenced to  5  years'  imprisonment 7  July,     " 

Rev.  Robert  Laird  Collier,  Unitarian  minister,  dies  near  Salis- 
bury   27  July,     " 

Ex-gov.  Philip  Francis  Thomas  d.  at  Baltimore,  aged  80, 

2  Oct.      " 

D.  S.  senator  Ephraim  King  Wilson  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C, 

24  Feb.  1891 

Monument  erected  by  the  state  to  Leonard  Calvert,  first  gov- 
ernor of  the  colony,  at  Old  St.  Mary's 3  June,     " 

Charles  H.  Gibson  qualifies  as  U.  S.  senator  by  executive  ap- 
pointment to  fill  place  of  senator  Wilson,  deceased..  ..7  Dec.     " 

Ex-postmaster-gen.  John  A.  J.  Cresswell  d.  at  Belair. ..23  Dec.     " 

Charles  H.  Gibson  elected  by  the  legislature  as  U.  S.  senator 
to  fill  unexpired  term 21  Jan.  1892 

Ex-gov.  E.  Louis  Lowe  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  aged  70, 

23  Aug.     " 


MAR 
GOVERNORS  UNDER  THE  BALTIMOUES  (Proprietary  gover 


Leonard  Calvert. 
Thomas  Greene. . 
William  Stone... 


Josias  Fendall 

Philip  Calvert 

Charles  Calvert 

Thomas  Nolley 

Charles,  Lord  Baltimore. 


Term. 


1637  to  1647 

1647  "  1648 

1648  "  1654 
1654  "  1658 

1658  "  1660 
1660  "  1662 
1662  "1676 
1677  "  1680 
1681  "  1689 


Removed  by  Lord  Baltimo 

(Conflicting  governmei 
\  civil  war. 
Removed  by  Lord  Baltimo 
(Afterwards  the  third  k 
(  Baltimore  and  proprict 
(His  rights  abrogated 
(    William  and  Mary. 

UNDER  THE   ENGLISH   GOVERNMENT   (Royal  gOVCmors). 

John  Coode  and  the  Prot- 


estant association. . . 

Sir  Lionel  Copley 

Francis  Nicholson 

Nathaniel  Biackstone. 

Thomas  Trench 

John  Seymour 

Edward  Lloyd 

John  Hart 


1690  to  1692 


1692 

'  1693 

Died  in  office. 

1694  ' 

'  1695 

1696 

'1702 

1703 

'  1704 

Acting. 

1704 

'  1708 

1709 

'  1713 

Acting. 

1714 

'1715 

UNDER  THE  BALTIMORES   RESTORED   (Proprietary  governor 

John  Hart 

Charles  Calvert 

Benedict  L.  Calvert 

Samuel  Ogle 

Charles,  Lord  Baltimore. 

Samuel  Ogle 

Thomas  Bladen 

Samuel  Ogle 

Benjamin  Tasker 

Horatio  Sharpe 

Robert  Eden 


1715  to  1719  1 

1720 

'  1726 

1727  ' 

'  1730 

1731 

'  1732 

1732 

'  1733 

1734 

'1741 

1742  ' 

'  1745 

1746 

'1751 

1752 

1753  to  1768 

1769 

'  1774  i 

Acting. 


UNDER  THE  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS. 


Thomas  Johnson 

Thomas  Sim  Lee 

William  Paca 

William  Small  wood. 


1777  to  1779 
1780  "  1782 
1783  "  1784 
1785  "  1788 


( Distinguished     soldier 
I    the  revolution. 


John  E.  Howard.. . 

George  Plater 

Thomas  Sim  Lee. . . 

John  H.  Stone 

John  Henry 

Benjamin  Ogle 

John  F.  Mercer 

Robert  Bowie 

Robert  Wright 

Edward  Lloyd 1809 

Robert  Bowie 1811 


UNDER   THE  CONSTITUTION. 

1789  to  1790 
1791  "  1792 
1793  "  1794 
1795  "  1797 

1798 
1799  to  1801 
1802  "  1803 
1804  "  1805 
1806  "  1808 

1810 

1812 


Levin  Winder 

Charles  Ridgely 

Charles  W.  Goldsborough. 

Samuel  Sprigg 

Samuel  Stevens,  Jr 

Joseph  Kent 

Daniel  Martin 

Thomas  K.Carroll 

Daniel  Martin 

George  Howard 

James  Thomas 

Thomas  W.  Veazey 

William  Grayson 

Francis  Thomas 

Thomas  G.  Pratt 

Philip  F.  Thomas 

Enoch  L.  Lowe 

Thomas  W.  Ligon 

Thomas  H.  Hicks 

Augustus  W.  Bradford. . . 

Thomas  Swann 

Oden  Bowie 

W.  P.  Whyte 

James  B.  Groome 

John  Lee  Carroll 

William  T.  Hamilton 

Robert  M.  McLane . . 

Elihu  E.  Jackson 

Frank  Brown 


1813 
1815 
1818 
1820 
1823 
1826 


1814 
1817 
1819 
1822 
1825 
1828 


1829 

1830 

1«31 
1831  to  1832 
1833  "  1835 
1836  "  1838 
1839  "  1841 
1842  "  1844 
1845  "  1847 
1848  "  1850 
1851  "  1855 
1856  "  1857 
1858  "  1861 
1862  "  1864 
1865  "  1867 
1868  "  1871 
1872  "  1874 

1875 
1876  to  1879 
1880  "  1883 
1884  "  1887 
1888  "  1891 


Died  in  office. 


Opposes  secession. 
Republican  or  Unionist. 


Elected  U.  S.  senator. 


Term  expires 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS   FROM  THE  STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

1st  to  2d 

1789  to  1793 

1st  "  5th 

1789  "  1797 

2d  "  4th 

1793  "  1796 

4th  "  7th 

1796  "  1803 

5th  "  6th 

1798  "  1800 

6th  "  7th 

1800  "  1803 

7th  "  9th 

1801  "  1806 

8th  "  13lh 

1803  "  1815 

9th  "  12th 

1806  "  1813 

13th  "  15th 

1813  "  1819 

14th 

1816 

Remarks. 


Charles  Carroll 

John  Henry 

Richard  Potts 

John  Eager  Howard 

James  Lloyd 

William  Hindman 

Robert  Wright 

Samuel  Smith 

Philip  Reed 

Robert  Henry  Goldsborough. 
Robert  G.  Harper 


Resigned. 

Resigned.     Elected  governor. 

Elected  in  place  of  Carroll.     Resigned. 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  21  Nov.  1800. 

Elected  in  place  of  Henry.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Lloyd. 

Resigned  1806. 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  2  Dec.  1805,  '6,  '7, 

Elected  in  place  of  Wright. 

Resigned. 


MAR 


483 


MAS 


UNITED   STATES  SENATORS   FROM   THE   STATE   OF   MARYLAND.— (Con^nwed) 


No.  of  Congresa. 


Date. 


lexander  C.  Hanson 

dward  Lloyd 

/■illiam  Pinkney 

amnel  Smith 

zekiel  F.  Chambers 

oseph  Kent 

obert  Henry  Goldsborough. 

ohn  S.  Spence 

IWU&m  D.  Merrick 

ohn  L.  Kerr 

ames  A.  Pearce 

:everdy  Johnson 

(avid  Stewart 

homasG.  Pratt 

nthony  Kennedy 

homas  H.  Hicks 

ohn  A.  J.  Creswell 

:everdy  Johnson 

niliam  Pinckney  Whyte... 

eorge  Vickers 

nihara  T.  Hamilton 

eorge  R.  Dennis 

niliam  Pinckney  Whyte. . . 

ames  G.  Groome 

,rthur  P.  Gorman 

Iphraim  K.  Wilson 

harles  H.  Gibson 


24th 
2oth 
26th 
28th 
29th 


Uth  to  15th 
16th  "  19th 
16th  "  17th 

17th 
19th  to  23d 
23d  "  25th 
23d  "  24th 
26th 
28th 
27th 
37  th 
30th 
31st 
31st  to  34th 
35th  "  38th 
37th  "  38th 

39th 
39th  to  40th 

40th 
40th  to  42d 
41st  "  43d 
43d  "  45th 
44th  "  46th 
46th  "  49th 

47th 
49th  to  52d 
52d   


1817  to  1819 

1819  "  1826 

1820  "  1822 
1822 

1826  to  1834 
1833  "  1837 
1835  "  1836 
1835  "  1840 
18.38  "1845 
1841  "  1843 
1843  "  1862 
1845  "  1849 

1849 
18.50  to  1857 
1857  "  1865 
1863  "  1865 
1865  "  1867 
1865  "  1868 
1868  "  1869 

1868  "  1873 

1869  "  1875 
1873  "  1879 
1875  "  1881 
1879  "  1885 

1881   

1885  "  1891 
1891   


Died  1819. 


Elected  in  place  of  Harper. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hanson. 

Elected  in  place  of  Pinkney 

Resigned  1834. 

Died  1837. 

Died  1836. 

Elected  in  place  of  Goldborough, 

Elected  in  place  of  Kent. 

Elected  in  place  of  Spence, 

Died  1862. 

Resigned. 

Appointed  pro  tem.  in  place  of  Johnson. 

Elected  in  place  of  Johnson. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Pearce.     Died  1865. 

Resigned. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Johnson. 

Elected  in  place  of  Johnson. 


Term  expires  1899. 
Died  in  ofHce. 
Term  expires  1897. 


Died  1822. 
President  iJro  tem.  1828,  '29,  '30. 


Died  1840. 


Maryland  campaig*!!.    Immediately  after  Pope's 
efeat  at  Manassas,  30  Aug.  1862,  McClellan  was  appointed 
2  Sept.)  to  command  the  troops  for  the  defence  of  the  capital, 
'he  Confederate  army  (45,000  strong?)  crossed  the  Potomac  and 
ccupied  Frederick,  Md.,  6  Sept.,  where  Lee  issued  a  proclama- 
on  to  "  the  people  of  Maryland,"  assuring  them  that  the  Con- 
liderate  army  had  come  to  assist  them  in  regaining  rights  of 
[hich  they  had  been  so  unjustly  despoiled,  etc.   Leaving  Banks 
li  command  at  Washington,  McClellan  crossed  the  Potomac 
!ver,  and  moved  towards  the  Confederate  army  on  7  Sept.,  oc- 
bpying  Frederick  on  the  12th,  with  a  force  estimated  at  from 
|),000  to  90,000  men.    Here  he  had  the  good-fortune  to  secure  a 
|)py  of  Lee's  general  order  of  the  9th,explaining  his  movements, 
iul  pointing  out  as  one  of  the  objects  of  the  expedition  the 
lipture  of  Harper's  Ferry.    In  this  order  "  Stonewall "  Jackson, 
;'ter  passing  Middletown,  was  to  cross  the  Potomac  at  Sharps- 
'irg  and  attack  Harper's  Ferry,  while  McLaws's  and  Anderson's 
(visions  would  come  directly  to  his  aid  from  Middletown. 
\attles  of  South  Mountain. — Gen.  Lee  meanwhile  had  passed  "  South 
■Mountain,"  a  continuation  of  the  Blue  Ridge  north  of  the  Poto- 
Imac  from  Harper's  Ferry.    The  road  from  Frederick  to  Boonsboro 
■crosses  South  Mountain  at  Turner's  Gap.  while  another  road  passes 
jit  at  Crampton's  Gap,  about  6  miles  to  the  south.     Gen.  Lee  left 
jD.  H.  Hill's  division  of  5  brigades  to  hold  Turner's  Gap,  and  How- 
ell Cobb  with  3  brigades  at  Crampton's  Gap.     The  action  at  Tur- 
ner's Gap  began  at  7  a.m.,  14  Sept.     The  confederates  at  first  had 
[but  5000  or  6000  men  in  action,  but  Longstreet  continued  to  re- 
iinforce  Hill  until  they  numbered  at  least  25,000,  with  Longstreet 
in  command.     The  confederates  held  the  gap  through  the  day, 
and  withdrew  during  the  night.     The  Union  forces  lost  in  this 
engagement  1813,  and  the  confederates  about  as  many.      Gen. 
Franklin,  with  the  6th  corps,  was  attempting  to  force  his  way 
through  Crampton's  Gap,  which   he  succeeded  in  doing  before 
Qight,  and  bivouacked  within  3  or  4  miles  of  Maryland  Heights, 
overlooking  Harper's  Ferry.    The  Union  loss  at  Crampton's  Gap 
ffas  530  killed  and  wounded.     These  2  battles  of  Turner's  and 
Crampton's  Gaps,  having  been  fought  on  the  same  day  and  within 
iibout  6  miles  of  each  other,  are  called  Battles  of  South  Mountain. 
<rrender  of  Harper'' s  Ferry. — Meanwhile  Stonewall  Jackson  was 
-•apidly  concentrating  his  forces  and  surrounding  Harper's  Ferry, 
,)ccupied  by  about  14,000  troops  under  col.  D.  S.  Miles,  who  had 
jvon  no  enviable  reputation  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull's  Run.    Jack- 
jion  had  recrossed  the  Potomac  to  the  Virginia  side  at  Williams- 
)orl,and,  descending  its  right  bank,appeared  before  Harper's  Ferry 
)n  the  morning  of  the  13th.  Loudon  Heights  were  immediately  oc- 
'upied by  confederates  without  opposition, while  Maryland  Heights, 
he  key  to  the  position,  were  not  occupied  by  them  until  the  after- 
loon  of  the  Uth,  and  then  with  scarcely  any  resistance.     On  the 
ivening  of  the  14lh,  col.  Davis,  with  2000  U.  S.  cavalry,  crossing  the 
imntoon-bridge  to  the  Maryland  side,  escaped  between  the  Con- 
;ederate  forces.    Jackson  opened  his  batteries  on  the  afternoon  of 
ine  14th  on  the  cooped-up  forces  in  Harper's  Ferry;  and  on  the 
norningof  the  15th,  after  about  one  hour's  cannonading,  the  place 
turrendered,  with  12,520  men;  other  loss,  killed  and  wounded,  217 
.among  them  col.  Miles,  the  commander,  mortally  wounded),  and 
j7  pieces  of  artillery.     The  confederates  sustained  no  loss.     The 
lead  of  gen.  Franklin's  corps  of  relief  was  within  3  or  4  miles  at 
llie  time  of  surrender. 

^!»e  0/ .4 nKetam.— McClellan  was  so  close  upon  the  Confederate 
imy  that  Lee  was  obliged  to  halt  to  protect  Jackson's  command 
tt  Harper's  Ferry,  and  allow  him  to  rejoin  the  main  army.  For 
tms  purpose  he  selected  the  west  bank  of  Antietam  creek,  near 
narpsburg,  Md.  The  position  chosen  by  gen.  Lee  compensated 
omewhat  for  the  numerical  inferiority  of  his  army.     On  the 


morning  of  the  16th  the  army  of  the  Potomac  was  a,gsembled  on 
the  border  of  the  Antietam,  except  gen.  Franklin's  2  divisions, 
while  gen.  Lee  had  not  more  than  25,000  men;  but  this  was  not 
known  to  McClellan  at  the  time.  Jackson  arrived  before  noon 
of  the  16th  with  2  brigades  badly  broken  up  by  a  hard  march  from 
Harper's  Ferry;  while  McLaws's,  Anderson's,  and  D.  H.  Hill's  di- 
visions were  still  away  towards  the  Potomac.  At  2  p.m.  McClel- 
lan advanced  gen.  Hooker's  division  across  Antietam  creek,  but 
the  engagement  was  soon  ended  by  the  darkness.  At  dawn  on 
the  17th  the  battle  was  again  opened  by  Hooker;  with  varying 
fortunes  it  continued  through  the  day,  until  again  ended  by  night. 
On  the  morning  of  the  18th  McClellan  had  thoughts  of  resuming 
the  offensive,  but  some  of  his  ablest  subordinates  advised  against 
it.  During  the  day  he  was  joined  by  the  divisions  of  Couch  and 
Humphreys,  when,  feeling  assured  of  success,  he  ordered  an  at- 
tack on  the  morning  of  the  19th;  but  during  the  night  of  the 
18th  the  enemy  withdrew  across  the  Potomac  and  retired  towards 
Martinsburg.  McClellan  reoccupied  Harper's  Ferry  a  few  days 
after.  The  Union  loss  at  Antietam  was,  killed,  2108;  wounded, 
9549;  missing,  753;  total,  12,410;  whole  loss  in  the  campaign,  in- 
cluding Harper's  Ferry  and  skirmishes,  27,940;  Confederate  loss 
during  the  whole  campaign  about  15,000.     Fredericksburg. 

]fIa§ailierio.     Naples,  1647. 
Auber's  opera  "La  Muette  de  Portici,"  1828,  was  produced  in  Lon- 
don, Engl,  as  "  Masaniello,"  4  May,  1829.     Music. 

Masho'na,  Mak'ala'kalaiid,  and   Mata- 

be'le  lands,  territories  in  S.Africa,  ruled  by  Lobengula, 
who  entered  into  agreement  with  the  British  government,  11 
Feb.  1888. 

Successful  progress  of  colonization,  reported  May,  1892. 
Explorations  of  J.  Theodore  Bent;  he  discovers  at  Zimbabwe,  an 
ancient  fortress  (probably  Phoenician),  a  temple  with  ornamented 
walls,  monoliths,  specimens  of  good  pottery,  relics  of  gold-min- 
ing, etc.,  June-Aug.  1891.  Mr.  Bent  gave  an  account  of  his  ex- 
ploration at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  London, 
22  Feb.  1892. 

niask§.  Poppsea,  wife  of  Nero,  is  said  to  have  invented 
the  mask  to  guard  her  complexion  from  the  sun  ;  but  theatri- 
cal masks  were  in  use  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  Horace 
attributes  them  to  ^schylus ;  yet  Aristotle  says  the  inventor 
and  time  of  their  introduction  were  unknown.  Modern  masks, 
muflfs,  fans,  and  false  hair  for  women,  were  devised  in  Italy, 
and  brought  to  England  from  France  in  1672.— Stoic.  Iron 
Mask. 

lIa§on  and  Dixon's  line.  Pennsylvania, 
1682. 

mason  and  Slidell  affair.  Trent;  United 
States,  1861. 

masonry.     Freemasonry. 

mas'orall  (Heb.  for  tradition),  a  collection  of  conject- 
ural readings  (keris)  of  the  Hebrew  text  of  the  Old  Testament, 
with  critical,  grammatical,  and  exegetical  notes  by  various 
Jewish  doctors  (written  between  the  6th  and  10th  centuries), 
who  also  furnished  the  Masoretic  vowel-points. 
First  Rabbinical  Hebrew  Bible,  containing  the  Masorah,  Targums, 
and  comments,  was  printed  by  Bomberg  at  Venice,  1518.     The 
"  Book  of  the  Masorah,  the  H.edge  of  the  Law,"  was  first  printed 
at  Florence,  1750. 
masques,  precursors  of  the  opera,  introduced  into  Eng- 


MAS 


484 


MAS 


land  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century;  many  were  writ- 
ten by  Ben  Jonson ;  one  at  the  Middle  Temple  on  the  marriage 
of  princess  Elizabeth,  Feb.  1613.  Milton's  "  Comus  "  was  rep- 
resented at  Ludlow  castle  in  1634. 

inail§,  in  the  Roman  church,  is  the  office  of  prayer  used  in 
the  eucharist,  in  memory  of  the  passion  of  Christ,  to  which 
every  part  of  the  service  refers.  Mass  may  be  high  or  low ; 
the  former  is  sung  by  choristers,  and  celebrated  with  the  as- 
sistance of  a  deacon  and  sub-deacon ;  in  low  mass  the  prayers 
are  rehearsed  without  singing.  Mass  in  Latin  was  first  cel- 
ebrated about  394 ;  it  was  introduced  into  England  in  the  7th 
century.  Prostration  was  enjoined  at  the  elevation  of  the 
host  in  1201.  Dr.  Daniel  Rock,  in  "  The  Churcli  of  Our  Fa- 
thers" (1849),  describes  an  ancient  MS.  of  "The  Service  of 
the  Mass,  called  the  Kite  of  Salisbury,"  compiled  for  that  ca- 
thedral by  SU  Osmund  and  others  in  the  12th  century.  The 
English  communion  service  was  adopted  in  1549.  Missal, 
Ritualism. 

]fIa§sacllllSCUi  is  the  chief  political  division  of  New 
England  and  one  of  the  original  13  United  States.  It  lies  for 
the  most  part  between  40°  and 
42°  45'  N.  lat.,  and  70°  30'  and 
73°  30'  W.  Ion.  The  states  of 
Vermont  and  New  Hampshire 
lie  immediately  on  the  north ; 
on  the  east  lies  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  giving  it  a  sea  front- 
age of  about  250  miles ;  to  the 
south  lie  the  Atlantic  ocean 
and  the  states  of  Rhode  Island 
and  Connecticut.  Immedi- 
ately on  its  west  boundaries 
lie  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
and  New  Hampshire.  It  ex- 
tends east  and  west  190  miles,  and  50  miles  north  and  south, 
with  a  projection  at  the  southeast,  and  a  lesser  one  at  the 
northeast,  that  increases  the  breadth  to  about  110  miles.  Area 
8315  sq.  miles,  in  14  counties.  Pop.  1890, 2,238,943.  Capital, 
Boston. 
Capt.  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  sailing  from  Falmouth,  Engl.,  after 

a  passage  of  49  days  discovers  land  in  lal.  43°  30'  N..14  May,  1602 
He  discovers  a  ''mighty  head-land,"  which  from  the  quantity 
of  codfish  caught  in  the  vicinity  is  called  Cape  Cod  ;  the 
voyagers  land  ;  this  is  the  first  spot  upon  which  the  first 
known  English  discoverers  of  Massachusetts  set  foot.  15  May,  " 
Martin  Pring  in  the  Speedwell,  of  60  tons,  and  William  Browne 
in  the  Discoverer,  of  26  tons,  make  discoveries  along  the  New 

England  coast 1603 

Capt.  George  Weymouth  with  28  men  in  the  Archangel  ex- 
plores the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  also  the  Penob- 
scot and  Kennebec  rivers 1605 

Henry  Hudson  discovers  the  Hudson  river 1609 

Capt.  John  Smith  explores  the  coast  from  the  Penobscot  river 

to  Cape  Cod,  and  names  the  country  New  England 1614 

Capt.  John  Smith  publishes  his  'Description  of  New  England  " 

to  invite  permanent  settlements  there 1616 

A  disease  among  the  Indians  nearly  depopulates  the  New  Eng- 
land coast 1616-18 

"  Great  Patent  of  New  England  "  passes  the  seals 3  Nov.  1620 

[This  patent,  which  has  scarcely  a  parallel  in  the  history 
of  the  world,  covered  a  territory  extending  from  40°  to  48°  of 
north  latitude,  and  in  length  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  ] 
Speedwell,  of  60  tons,  is  purchased  in  Holland  to  take  part  of 
the  English  emigrants  there  to  England,  and  thence  across 

the  Atlantic «• 

[These  emigrants  belonged  to  an  English  sect  of  Separatists 
who  had  sought  an  asylum  in  Holland  to  escape  religious 
persecution  in  England.  Their  object  in  leaving  Holland  was 
to  settle  on  the  coast  of  North  America  where  they  could 
enjoy  their  religion  without  molestation.] 
Speedwell  leaves  Delft,  Holland,  for  Southampton,  Engl.  22  July,  ' ' 
Mayflower,  of  180  tons,  is  chartered  in  England  to  accompany 

the  Speedwell " 

Speedwell  is  found  to  be  unfitted  for  a  voyage  across  the  Atlan- 
tic and  is  dismissed 21  Aug.     «' 

Mayflower  sails  from  Plymouth  harbor,  having  on  board  101 

passengers 17  Sept.     " 

After  a  stormy  passage  of  63  days  sights  the  cliffs  of  Cape  Cod 

and  comes  to  anchor  in  Cape  Cod  harbor 9  Nov.     «' 

Peregrine  White  born  on  board  the  Mayflower  in  Cape  Cod 

harbor.     The  first  white  child  born  in  New  England Nov.     " 

[He  died  at  Marshfield,  near  Plymouth,  20  July,  1704.] 
Mayflower  sails  from  Cape  Cod  15  Dec.  and  anchors  at  Plymouth, 

16  Dec.     " 
[Four  had  died  at  Cape  Cod,  viz. :  Edward  Thompson,  Jas- 
per Carver,  James  Chilton,  and  Mrs.  Dorothy  Bradford,  the 
latter  being  accidentally  drowned.] 


First  death  at  Plymouth,  Richard  Rutteridge 21  Dec. 

Passengers  leave  the  ship  and  land  at  Plymouth  rock. .  " 
[This  rock  was  raised  from  its  bed  in  1774,  but  in  the 
act  of  raising  it  was  broken.  The  upper  part  was  removed 
to  the  public  square.  lu  1834,  on  4  July,  it  was  again  re- 
moved and  placed  in  front  of  Pilgrim  hall,  where  it  rested, 
bearing  ihe  names  of  the  41  signers  of  the  compact  in  the 
Mayflower,  until  188o,whcu  it  was  taken  and  reunited  to  the 
other  portion.  The  honor  of  having  first  placed  fool  on  this 
rock  has  been  claimed  for  both  John  Alden  and  Mary  Chilton. 
John  Alden  died  at  Koxbury,  12  Sept.  1<)8(J,  aged  80,  but  the 
longest  living  of  the  first  passengers  of  the  Mayflower  was 
Mary  Allerton,  daughter  of  Isaac  Allerton,  who  died  1699. 
aged  about  90. — ''Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America." 
The  company  named  their  settlement  Plymouth,  because  it 
had  been  so  called  by  ca|»t.  John  Smith,  who  had  previousl; 
surveyed  the  harbor,  and  also  after  Plymouth,  Engl  ,  whi 
citizens  had  treated  them  kindly.] 

Store   house   erected   at   Plymouth,   20  feet    square  with 
thatched  roof 24-30  Dec. 

Colony  begins  to  erect  separate  houses 9  Jan. 

Store  house  takes  fire  and  nearly  burns  down 14  Jan. 

Mrs.  Rose  Standish,  the  wife  of  Miles  Staudish,  d 29  Jan. 

Miles  Standisli  made  captain  with  military  authority.  .17  Feb. 

William  White  d 21  PY-b. 

Samoset  the  first  Indian  to  visit  the  colony,  saying, "  Welcome, 

Englishmen!" 16Mch. 

[Samoset  visits  them  again  a  few  days  afterwards,  accom- 
panied by  another  Indian  who  was  able  to  converse  with  the 
colonists.  This  Indian  had  been  kidnapped  in  1614  by  one 
Thomas  Hunt,  master  of  one  of  capt.  Smith's  vessels,  with 
some  26  others,  and  taken  to  Spain  and  sold  into  slavery. 
Liberated  by  some  benevolent  friars,  he  found  liis  way  to 
London,  and  in  1619  was  restored  to  his  own  country,  and 
now  became  an  interpreter  and  friend  of  the  English  settlera 
Known  in  early  New  England  history  as  Squanto.j 

Massasoit,  the  grand  sachem  of  the  Wampanoags,  with  about 
60  of  his  warriors,  visits  the  colony 22  Mch. 

Treaty  between  the  colony  and  Massasoit,  which  is  faithfully 
observed  for  55  years 22  Mch. 

John  Carver  unanimously  confirmed  as  governor  of  the  colony 
for  the  new  civil  year 23  .Mch. 

Mayflower  sails  for  England  on  her  return  voyage 5  Apr. 

Gov.  Carver  d " 

[His  wife  survives  him  but  6  weeks.] 

William  Bradford  elected  governor,  Isaac  Allerton,  deputy 

Forty  four  deaths  in  the  colony  in  4  months  to 1  Apr. 

Susanna,  the  widow  of  William  White,  marries  Edward  Wins- 
low,  the  first  marriage  in  the  colony 12  May, 

Twenty  acres  of  corn  and  beans  are  planted  and  6  acres  of  bar- 
ley and  pease  by  the  colony  in  the  spring  of 

[They  obtain  the  corn  or  maize  of  the  Indians,  who  teach 
them  how  to  cultivate  it,  now  first  called  Indian  corn.] 

First  duel  in  New  England  was  fought  between  Edward  Dotey 
and  Edward  Leister,  servants  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  with 
sword  and  dagger  ;  they  were  sentenced  to  have  their  head 
and  heels  tied  together,  and  thus  remain  for  24  hours  without 
food  or  drink;  after  an  hour's  endurance  they  were  relieved 
on  promises  and  pleadings 18  June, 

First  Thanksgiving  in  the  colony Sept. 

Village  of  Plymouth  contains  at  this  time  7  dwelling  houses 
and  4  other  buildings Sept. 

Capt.  Miles  Standish  with  9  Plymouth  colonists  and  3  Indian« 
explores  the  country  about  Massachusetts  bay Oct. 

Fortune,  a  vessel  of  55  tons,  bringing  36  passengers,  arrives  at 

Plymouth 11  Nov. 

[This  ship  also  brings  a  patent  granted  11  June  by  the 
president  and  council  of  New  England.  This  patent  did  not 
fix  territorial  limils,  but  allowed  100  acres  for  each  emigrant 
with  1500  acres  for  public  buildings,  and  empowered  the 
grantees  to  make  laws  and  set  up  a  government.] 

Fortune  laden  with  beaver  and  other  skins  and  lumber,  valued 
at  $2400,  the  first  remittance  from  New  Plymouth,  sails  on 
her  return  voyage 3  Dec. 

John  Alden  marries  Priscilla  Mullens  (the  Puritan  maiden), 
daughter  of  William  Mullens 

Town  surrounded  by  a  palisade  and  a  stockade  built Feb. 

Much  suffering  from  lack  of  food spring  of 

Canonicus,  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts,  sends  by  way  of  defi- 
ance a  bundle  of  arrows  tied  in  a  rattlesnake's  skin  to  Plym- 
outh ;  gov.  Bradford  sends  back  the  skin  stuffed  with  powder 
and  balls  ;  this  intimidates  the  tribe 

Colonists  plant  60  acres  of  corn 

Two  ships,  Charity  and  Swan,  with  about  60  passengers, 
sent  over  by  a  Mr.  Weston,  a  dissatisfied  member  of  the 
Plymouth  company,  to  attempt  a  settlement,  arrives. .  .July, 

They  attempt  a  settlement  at  a  place  called  Wessagusset  (now 
Weymouth)  on  Massachusetts  bay  during  the  year 

This  colony,  unable  to  support  itself,  breaks  up,  after  nearly 
involving  the  Plymouth  colony  in  a  war  with  the  Indians... 

Great  distress  at  Plymouth  for  want  of  food spring  of 

[Tradition  affirms  that  at  one  time  there  was  but  one  pint 
of  corn  left,  or  5  kernels  for  each  person.] 

Two  ships,  Anne  and  Little  James,  of  44  tons,  the  latter 
built  for  the  colony,  arrive  at  Plymouth,  bringing  60  pas- 
sengers  Aug- 

Harvest  was  abundant •  • 

Capt.  Robert  Gorges,  son  of  sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  with  Mr. 
Morrell,  an  Episcopal  minister,  and  many  others,  arrive  and 
selects  a  site  at  Wessagusset  for  settlement Sept, 

Capt.  Robert  Gorges  returns  to  England  early  in 


1622 


162i 


16^1 


•  MAS  485 

few  settlers  remain  at  Wessagusset;  some  families  come 
from  Weymouth,  Engl.,  and  the  name  is  changed  to  Wey- 
mouth     1624 

ettlement  commenced  at  Cape  Ann  with  the   intention  of 

connecting  the  settlement  with  the  fishing  interests " 

/illiam  Bradford  again  elected  governor  of  Plymouth  colony.      " 
hip  Charity,  bringing  a  supply  of  clothing  and  a  bull  and  3 
heifers,  first  neat  cattle  imported  into  New  England, 

24  Mch.      'I 
[There  come  also  a  carpenter  and  a  person  to  make  salt; 
the  carpenter  builds  2  ketches,  a  lighter,  and  6or  7  shallops.] 

uhn  Lyford  and  John  Oldham  expelled  from  the  colony " 

opulation  of  Plymouth  colony  180,  and  number  of  dwelling- 
houses  32;  a  substantial  fort,  a  vessel  of  44  tons  with 
smaller  boats;  large  tracts  of  land  under  cultivation,  and 
enclosures  for  the  cattle,  goats,  swine,  and  poultry. .  .spring,     " 

imes  I.  of  England  d 27  Mch.  1625 

(•cession  of  Charles  I.. "  " 

apt.  Wollaston  and  about  30  others  commence  a  settlement 

at  a  place  they  call  Mount  Wollaston  (now  Quincy) " 

homas  Morton  on  the  departure  of  Wollaston  takes  charge, 

and  changes  the  name  to  Ma-re  Mount 1626 

obert  Conaut  removes  from  the  settlement  at  Cape  Ann  to 

Naumkeag  (now  Salem) " 

lymouth  colony  establish  an  outpost  on  Buzzards  bay ;  friend- 
ly commerce  begins  with  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam 1627 

artnership  of  merchants  and  colonists  being  unprofitable,  and 
the  community  system  failing,  8  colonists  of  Plymouth  buy 
of  the  London  partners  their  interests  for  $9000,  in  9  annual 
instalments;  the  community  system  is  abandoned,  a  division 
made  of  movable  property,  and  20  acres  of  land  near  the  town 

is  assigned  in  fee  to  each  colonist Jan.  1628 

ev.  John  White,  a  Puritan  minister  of  Dorchester,  Engl.,  en- 
lists some  gentlemen  who  obtain  a  patent  conveying  to  them 
that  part  of  New  England  lying  between  3  miles  to  the  north 
of  the  Merrimac  river  and  3  miles  to  the  south  of  the  Charles 
river,  and  every  part  thereof  in  Massachusetts  bay;  and  in 
length  between  the  described  breadth  from  the  Atlantic  ocean 

to  the  South  sea 19  Mch.     " 

\    [This  grant  from  the  throne  does  not  pass  the  seals  until 

4  Mch.  Itj29.— "  Memorial  History  of  Boston."] 

)mpany  appoint  John  Endicott  governor  of  the  colony  "  until 

themselves  should  come  over  " 30  May,     " 

idicott,  with  wife  and  children  and  about  50  others,  embarks 

lin  ship  Abigail  from  England  for  Massachusetts 20  June,     " 

lymouth  people  admonish  Thomas  Morton  of  "  Merry  Mount " 
[twice;  the  third  time  they  send  capt.  Miles  Standish  "with 
some  aid;"'  Morton's  followers  are  disarmed  and  dispersed 
jwithout  bloodshed,  while  he  is  conducted  to  Plymouth  and 
[from  there  sent  to  England  (upon  this  incident  Hawthorne 

■writes  "  The  Maypole  at  Merry  Mount  "  ) June,     " 

I  second  and  larger  company,  numbering  60  women  and 
imaids,  26  children,  and  300  men,  among  whom  is  the  rev. 
iFrancis  Higginson,  on  several  vessels,  leave   England  for 

jSalem,  bringing  food,  arms,  tools,  and  140  cattle May,  1629 

',    [The  Mayflower  brought  Francis  Higginson,  and  was  one  of 
ithe  fleet  that  brought  Mr.  Winthrop  and  his  colonists.] 
Mph,  Richard,  and  William  Sprague  with  others  commence  a 

Settlement  at  Mishawums,  now  Charlestown 24  June,     " 

(church  established  at  Salem  with  Mr.  Skelton  as  ordained 

'pastor  and  Mr.  Higginson  as  teacher Aug.     " 

j  [This  was  the  second  church  established  in  Massachusetts 
lou  the  basis  of  Independent  Congregationalism.] 
;hn  and  Samuel  Browne,  members  of  the  colonial  council  and 
'3f  the  Massachusetts  company,  are  sent  back  to  England  by 
?ov.  Endicott  for  their  opposition  to  the  church  and  advo- 
cacy of  Episcopacy " 

;insfer  of  the  Massachusetts  colony's  government  from  Lon- 
don to  New  England Aug.     " 

Im  Winthrop  chosen  governor  and  Thomas  Dudley  lieut.- 

,'overnor  of  the  Massachusetts  colony 20  Aug.     "     \ 

v.  Winthrop,  with  Isaac  Johnson  and  his  wife,  lady  Arbella  I 

.fohnson,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Lincoln,  sail  from  England 

n  the  Arbella  for  Massachusetts 8  Apr.  : 

ssel  arrives  at  Salem 12  June, 

dy  Arbella  Johnson  d 30  Aug. 

r  husband,  Isaac  Johnson,  d 30  Sept. 

i'st  general  court  met  at  Boston 19  Oct. 

j/enteen  ships,  bringing  about  1500   emigrants    arrive    in 

Massachusetts  bay  and  at  Plymouth  during  the  year 

rst  church  at  Boston,  third  in  order  of  time  in  the  colony, 

^;athered  at  Charlestown July, 

:  [In  1636  there  were  9  churches  in  existence  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts colony,  and  in  1650,  29.] 

itertown  settled  by  sir  Richard  Saltonstall 

:Xbury  settled  by  William  Pynchon 

.wtown  (now  Cambridge)  settled  by  Mr.  Dudley,  Mr.  Brad- 

1  treet,  and  others 

^rchester  and  Boston  settled 

[The  Indian  name  of  the  peninsula  of  Boston  was  Shaw- 
nut;  the  mhabitants  of  Charlestown  called  it  Trimountaine, 
■r  Iremout,  and  the  general  court,  by  order  17  Sept.  1630, 
ave  it  the  name  of  Boston.  In  1632  the  same  legislature 
.K  .  '^  ^^  ^^  "  ^''®  fittest  place  for  public  meetings  of  any 
n  the  bay,"  and  thenceforth  it  was  the  capital  of  Massachu- 
.etts.-Qmncy,  "History  of  Boston."] 

^nn  settled 

[Thehistory  of  the  Plymouth  colony  is  the  history  of  a  people 
L^^J^^  l"»'ted  means,  and  without  any  support  from  the 
f«m  -f  government,  having  no  charter  from  the  crown, 
jew,  It  any  of  them,  had  ever  enjoyed  the  luxuries  of  life; 


MAS 

neither  had  they  ever  enjoyed  the  opportunities  for  literary 
culture.  Unaccustomed  to  the  ease  and  refinement  of 
wealth,  simple  in  their  habits,  inured  to  hardship  and  toil, 
and  moderate  in  their  desires,  they  were  eminently  fitted  to 
establish  a  permanent  colony  on  the  bleak  coast  of  New 
England.— fiarry,  "  History  of  Massachusetts."] 

[The  Massachusetts  Bay  colonists  were  Puritans  connected 
with  the  National  church,  though  not  fully  conforming  to  its 
service  and  ritual.  Their  ministers  were  men  of  standing, 
influence,  and  education;  of  the  laity,  many  were  versed  in 
public  affairs,  possessed  fortunes,  lived  in  the  enjoyment  of 
wealth,  and  moved  in  high  society;  a  few  had  titles  of  no- 
bility. Able  to  furnish  both  followers  and  funds,  they  could 
easily  equip  a  fleet,  and  send  many  hundreds  to  the  territory 
selected  for  their  residence.  More  fortunate  than  the  pil- 
grims of  Plymouth,  their  fortune  and  rank  enabled  them  to 
obtain  a  charter  from  the  crown,  which  Plymouth  never  ob- 
tained. Hence  the  history  of  the  second  colony,  though  not 
destitute  of  incidents  of  hardship  and  suffering,  is  of  a  stamp 
very  different  from  the  first.  It  attains  to  such  power  and 
strength  that  its  name  becomes  identified  with  the  name  of 
the  state. — fiarry, " History  of  Massachusetts."] 

Two  hundred  die  before  end  of Dec.  1630 

Famine,  Dec.  and  Jan.,  in  the  Massachusetts  Bay  colony 1630-31 

A  general  fast  appointed  for  6  Feb. ;  ship  Lyon  arrives,  laden 
with  provisions  and  bringing  26  passengers,  among  them 

Roger  Williams 5  Feb.  1631 

Roger  Williams  is  appointed  assistant  to  Mr.  Skelton  in  the 
ministry  at  Salem,  but  asserting  his  views  of  religious  toler- 
ation, the  independence  of  conscience,  of  the  civil  magis- 
trates, and  the  separation  of  church  and  state,  he  is  obliged 

to  withdraw  to  the  Plymouth  colony e%rly  in     " 

Second  general  court  rnakes  the  Massachusetts  colony  a  the- 
ocracy, which  lasts  for  a  half  century 18  May,     " 

[No  man  was  hereafter  to  be  admitted  a  freeman,  that  is, 
a  cit  zen  and  a  voter,  unless  he  were  a  member  of  some 
church  of  the  colony;  and  admission  to  those  churches  was 
by  no  means  an  easy  matter.  —  Hildreth,  "History  U.  S." 
vol.  i.  p.  189.] 
Rev.  John  Eliot,  afterwards  distinguished  as  "Apostle  to  the 
Indians,"  arrives  at  Massachusetts  Bay  and  becomes  first 

teacher  of  the  church  at  Roxbury 2  Nov.     " 

Gov.    Bradford  of  the  Plymouth    colony   resigning,  Edward 

Winslow  is  chosen  governor 1632 

Fort  begun  at  Boston  on  Cornhill " 

Gov.  Winthrop  of  Massachusetts  visits  Plymouth 25  Oct.     " 

Gov.  Winthrop  refuses  to  receive  presents " 

A  vessel  of  30  tons  built  at  Mystic  called  Blessing  of  the  Bay.      " 
Plymouth  colonists  send  capt.  Holmes  to  erect  a  trading-house 

on  the  Connecticut  river  at  Windsor,  above  Hartford 1633 

John  Oldham  and  3  others  travel  as  far  as  the  Dutch  trading- 
houses  on  the  Connecticut  river,  and  bring  back  flattering 

reports  of  that  country " 

Salary  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay  fixed  at  1501 "   - 

Gnffin  brings  200  passengers,  some  of  them  eminent  men,  as 
John  Haynes,  afterwards  governor  of  Massachusetts,  John 

Cotton,  Thomas  Hooker,  and  Samuel  Stone " 

Small  pox  destroys  many  of  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts " 

Ipswich  settled " 

Scituate  settle.d " 

Roger  Williams  returns  to  Salem  from  Plymouth  colony " 

Thomas  Dudley  chosen  governor  and  Robert  Ludlow  deputy 

governor  of  the  Massachusetts  colony 1634 

John  Endicott  cuts  from  the  flag  the  red  cross,  at  Salem,  as 

being  a  "relic  of  antichrist  and  a  popish  symbol  " Jan.     " 

Anne  Hutchinson  of  Alford,  Engl.,  with  her  husband,  William 

Hutchinson,  arrives  in  the  Griffin " 

News  of  the  creation  of  a  colonial  commission,  recall  of  the 
Massachusetts  charter,  and  appointment  of  a  general  gov- 
ernor by  the  English  government,  received  at  Boston,  10  Apr.     " 
Rev.  Samuel  Skelton  dies  at  Salem,  the  first  minister  w^ho  died 

in  New  England 2  Aug.     " 

Elders,  of  the  church  decide  that  if  a  governor  general  were 

sent  over  from  England  he  ought  not  to  be  accepted 1635 

Endicott  reprimanded  by  the  court  for  mutilating  the  colors  at 

Salem " 

First  appointment  of  selectmen  at  Charlestown 10  Feb.     " 

[This  name  presently  extended  throughout  New  England.] 
General  court  orders  the  fortifications  repaired,  appoints  a  mil- 
itary commission  with  extraordinary  powers  to  guard  the 

rights  and  liberties  of  Massachusetts Mch.     " 

[The  disorders  of  the  English  government,  the  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  launch  a  vessel  intended  to  bring  over  the 
governor- general,  and  the  death  of  John  Mason,  the  princi- 
pal member  and  secretary  of  the  council  of  New  England,  , 
were  the  safeguards  of  the  infant  liberties  of  New  England. 
—Palfrey,  "  History  of  New  England  Under  the  Stuarts."] 
Freemen  choose  John  Haynes  as  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
selected  by  deputies  from  the  towns,  before  the  meeting  of 
the  court,  the  first  instance  of  "  caucus  "  on  record  (HUdreth, 

"History  U.  S.,"  vol.  i.  p.  224) 6  May,     '' 

Concord  first  settled " 

Richard  Dummer  founds  Newbury " 

Roger  Williams  advocates  the  inviolable  freedom  of  faith.     He 

appears  before  the  magistrates  to  defend  it Apr.     " 

Rev.  John  Avery  drowned  while  on  his  way  to  Marblehead 

from  Newbury 14  Aug.     " 

[The  story  is  told  of  this  shipwreck  by  Anthony  Thacher, 
who  escaped  with  his  wife,  and  is  further  commemorated  in 
Whittier's  "  Swan  Song  of  Parson  Avery."] 
Roger  Williams  is  sentenced  to  depart  out  of  the  jurisdiction 


MAS 

of  the  colony  within  6  weeks,  but  owing  to  clamor  of  a 
stanch  minority  is  permitted  to  remain  until  spring. . .  .Oct. 

John  Wiuthrop,  the  younger,  Hugh  Peters,  and  Henry  Vane 
arrive  at  Boston 3  Oct. 

Capt.  Tuderhill  is  sent  to  apprehend  Roger  Williams,  as  he 
still  continued  "to  preach,"  and  carry  him  aboard  a  ship 
bound  for  England,  but  llnds  him  gone Dec. 

Roger  Williams  llnds  refuge  with  Massasoit,  the  sachem  of  the 
Wampauoags,  and  commences  a  settlement  at  Seekonk,  on 
the  east  side  of  Narragansett  bay;  but  learning  from  Mr. 
Winslow  of  riymouth  that  he  was  within  the  patent  of  that 
colony,  he  and  5  others  move  to  the  other  side  of  the  bay, 
having  obtained  a  grant  of  land  from  Canouicus,  the  head 
sachem  of  the  Narragansetts.  He  names  this  settlement 
Providence 

A  law  of  the  colony  prohibits  erecting  a  dwelling-house  more 
than  half  a  mile'from  the  meeting-house 

Religious  controversy  with  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  begins 

[The  controversy  arose  in  this  wise.  The  clergy  laid 
great  stress  upon  the  external  evidences  of  sanctitication  or 
piety;  gravity  of  deportment,  precision  of  manner,  formality 
of  s^>eech,  peculiarity  of  dress,  and  other  outward  signs  of 
holiness  were  held  in  such  high  estimate  that  all  destitute 
of  these  signs,  however  irreproachable  in  life,  were  not  con- 
sidered worthy  to  be  called  the  "children  of  God."  Mrs. 
Hutchinson  was  the  founder  of  the  party  in  opposition  to 
these  notions.  She  maintained  that  the  outward  signs  of 
discipleshlp  might  be  displayed  by  a  hypocrite,  and  hence 
♦'sanctiflcation,"  which  embraced  those  signs,  was  not  an 
infallible  evidence  of  "justification."  The  clergy  denied  the 
unition  of  the  Holy  Ghost  with  the  regenerate  in  any  sense. 
Mrs.  Hutchinson  maintained  a  personal  un'wn.— Hildreth, 
"  History  U.  S.,"  vol.  i.  pp.  248-49.  The  difference  is  not  very 
clear,  and  it  would  only  be  a  waste  of  time  to  attempt  to 
make  it  clearer.  The  points  of  the  controversy  were  not  at  all 
understood  by  many  who  took  part.  Nevertheless  a  schism 
of  the  bitterest  rent  the  New  England  church.— Hosmer, 
"Young  Sir  Henry  Vane."] 

Sir  Henry  Vane  chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts 

Rev.  Thomas  Hooker  and  friends  remove  from  Newtown  (Cam- 
bridge) to  Connecticut,  and  found  Hartford June, 

John  Oldham  killed  by  the  Indians  near  Block  island July, 

[This  event  was  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  the  Pequot 
war.  The  Pequots  were  a  tribe  of  Indians  occupying  the 
eastern  part  of  Connecticut,  and  ruled  a  part  of  Long  island.] 

Expedition  sent,  under  command  of  John  Endicott,  to  punish 
the  Indians  of  Block  island  for  the  murder  of  John  Oldham. . 

Pequot  war  begins Aug. 

General  court  of  Massachusetts  agrees  to  give  400?.  towards  a 
school  or  college 28  Oct. 

Roger  Williams  baffles  the  Pequots  by  an  alliance  with  tlie 
Narragansett  Indians,  leaving  the  Pequots  single-handed 
against  the  English,  visiting  the  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts, 
Miantonomoh,  near  Newport,  while  the  Pequot  ambassadors 
were  there  in  council Dec. 

John  Winthrop  chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts 

Capt.  John  Mason,  with  some  60  men  from  the  Connecticut 
colony,  and  capt.  John  Underbill,  with  20  men  from  the  Mas- 
sachusetts colony,  accompanied  by  200  Narragansett  warriors, 
attack  ther  Pequot  fort  on  the  Mystic,  capture  and  destroy  it 
with  all  its  occupants,  numbering  600  and  over 26  May, 

Gov.  Henry  Vane  returns  to  England 3  Aug. 

Pequot  war  ends  by  total  annihilation  of  the  tribe  (Connecti- 
cut)   Oct. 

Rev.  John  Wheelwright,  brother  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  dis- 
franchised and  banished  for  supporting  her 2  Nov. 

He  journeys  to  New  Hampshire  and  founds  Exeter 

Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  under  sentence  of  banishment,  is  com- 
mitted to  Joseph  Welde  of  Roxbury  for  safe  keeping,  until 
the  court  shall  dispose  of  her. 2  Nov. 

She  is  excommunicated,  sent  out  of  the  jurisdiction,  and  re- 
tires to  Narragansett  bay,  where  her  husband  had  gone,  Mch. 
[Remaining  here  until  the  death  of  her  husband,  J 642,  she 
removes  to  the  New  Netherland,  and  settles  in  Westchester 
county,  where  she  and  all  her  fivmily,  except  one  little  grand- 
daughter, are  killed  by  Indians,  1643,  in  a  war  with  the 
Dutch.]    New  York. 

John  Harvard,  a  graduate  of  Emmanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
Engl.,  bequeaths  his  library  and  half  of  his  estate,  which 
amoilnted  to  700Z.,  for  a  college 14  Sept. 

''Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  Company  "  organized  as  the 

"Military  Company  of  Boston  " Feb. 

[This  company,  with  various  changes  of  name  and  regula- 
tions, still  continues.     Artillkry.] 

John  Winthrop  again  chosen  governor 2  May, 

Rev.  John  Harvard  dies  at  Charlestown 14  Sept. 

Mrs.  Dorothy  Talbyre,  for  the  murder  of  her  child,  3  years  old, 
hung 

Three  thousand  emigrants  arrive  from  England  during 

Printing-press  established  at  Cambridge  by  Stephen  Daye,  Mch. 

[The  first  printing  done  was  the  "Freeman's  Oath;"  the 

second  was  an  almanac  for  New  England,  made  by  capt. 

William  Peirce;  the  third  was  the  Psalms.   Books,  Printing.] 

College  at  Cambridge  (then  Newtown)  the  place  fixed  upon  as 
the  site  of  it,  is  named  Harvard,  after  its  founder  (Harvard 
college) 13  Mch. 

Thomas  Dudley  elected  governor 

Inhabitants  from  the  town  of  Lynn  settle  on  Long  island 

First  original  publication  from  Massachusetts,  a  volume  of 
poems  by  Mrs.  Anne  Bradstreet,  wife  of  gov.  Bradstreet 

New  England  navigation  and  commerce  date  from 


486 


MAS 


^ 


1636 


1636 


1637 


1639 


1640 


Cultivation  of  hemp  and  flax  successfully  undertaken,  and  the 
manufacture  of  linen,  cotton,  and  woollen  cloths  are  begun, 
particularly  at  Rowley,  a  new  town,  where  a  colony  of  York- 
shire clothiers  settle,  with  Ezekicl  Rogers,  grandson  of  the 
famous  martyr  (John  Rogers),  for  their  minister 

Hugh  Bewitt  is  banished  from  the  Massachusetts  colony  for 
maintaining  that  he  was  free  from  "original  sin."  By  order 
of  the  court  he  was  to  be  gone  within  15  days  upon  pain  of 
death,  and  if  he  returned  he  should  bo  Imaged  {Drake,  "  His- 
tory and  Antiquities  of  Boston  ") 9  Dec. 

Trouble  of  the  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  colonies  with 
Samuel  Gorton  begins 

Gov.  Bellingham  of  Massachusetts  selects  his  bride,  and  per- 
forms the  marriage  ceremony  himself 

A  body  of  fundamental  laws,  being  compiled  from  drafts  sub- 
mitted, is  sent  to  every  town  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, to  be  first  considered  by  the  magistrates  and  el- 
ders, and  then  to  be  published  by  the  constables,  "that  if  any 
man  saw  anything  to  be  altered,  he  might  communicate  his 
thoughts  to  some  of  the  deputies."  Thus  deliberately  pre- 
pared, these  laws,  98  in  number,  were  formally  adopted  by 
the  name  of  "Fundamentals"  or  "Body  of  Liberties"  (Hit- 
dreth,  "History  U.  S.,  "vol.  i.) Dec. 

First  commencement  at  Harvard  collkge 

Elder  William  Brewster  of  Plymouth  d 18  Apr. 

[He  leaves  a  library  of  275  substantial  volumes.] 

Four  of  the  New  England  colonies,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
Plymouth,  aud  New  Haven,  unite  as  the  "United  Colonies 
Of  New  England,"  for  mutual  protection  and  assistance. 
Articles  of  union  signed  at  Boston 19  May, 

Massachusetts  divided  into  4  counties,  viz.,  Suflolk,  Middlesex, 
Essex,  and  Norfolk 

Martha's  Vineyard  settled  by  some  people  from  Watertown. . . 

James  Brittou  and  Mary  Latham  put  to  death  for  adultery 

A  thousand  acres  of  land  )ilauted  to  orchards  and  gardens, 
15,000  other  acres  under  general  tillage;  the  number  of  neat 
cattle  estimated  at  12,000,  and  sheep  at  3000.  Money  scarce, 
and  bullets  for  a  time  pass  for  farthings 

Samuel  Gorton  is  banished  for  heresy  and  disrespect  to  the 
magistrates,  aud  purchases  a  tract  of  land  called  Shawomet 
of  the  Narragansetts,  and  begins  a  settlement  there 

Gorton  and  his  companions,  summoned  to  Boston,  refusing,  a 
detachment  of  40  men  is  sent  to  arrest  them;  Gorton  and 
his  followers,  after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  defend  them- 
selves, are  taken  to  Boston  and  tried.  Gorton  and  7  others 
are  found  guilty.  They  are  sentenced  to  confinement  in  7 
diflferent  towns,  and  there  to  be  kept  at  hard  labor,  in  irons, 
under  pain  of  death  if  they  attempt  to  publish  or  maintain 
any  of  their  blasphemous  and  abominable  heresies Nov. 

They  are  ordered,  at  the  next  court,  to  depart  out  of  the  juris- 
diction within  14  days,  and  not  to  return  to  Massachusetts 
or  Shawomet  under  pain  of  death Mch. 

Rev.  John  Wheelwright's  sentence  of  banishment  revoked  upon 

his  acknowledging  his  error  and  asking  pardon Mch. 

[He  was  banished  for  his  support  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchin- 
son. Shortly  after  his  sentence  had  been  revoked  he  sailed 
for  England,  where  he  enjoyed  the  special  regard  of  Crom- 
well. After  the  Restoration  he  returned  to  New  England, 
where  he  lived  to  be  the  oldest  minister  in  New  England. 
He  d.  15  Nov.  1679,  aged  85  years.] 

Roger  Williams  proceeds  to  England  and  obtains  a  charter,  in- 
cluding the  shores  and  islands  of  Narragansett  bay  west  of 
Plymouth  and  south  of  Massachusetts  as  far  as  the  Pequot 
river  and  country,  to  be  known  as  the  Providence  plantation, 
the  inhabitants  to  rule  themselves  as  they  shall  find  most 
suitable.  He  also  brought  a  letter  of  commendation  from 
influential  members  of  Parliament,  sufficient  to  procure  him 
safe  conduct  through  Massachusetts Sept. 

Anabaptists  banished  from  Massachusetts 

Free  schools  established  at  Roxbury  and  other  towns,  to  be 
supported  by  voluntary  allowance  or  by  tax  upon  such  as 
refuse 1'^ 

Law  passed  against  slave-stealing 

Mrs.  Oliver,  for  reproaching  the  magistrates,  is  adjudged  to  be 
whipped ;  and  a  cleft  stick  placed  upon  her  tongue  for  speak-     j 
ing  ill  of  the  elders K: 

Twenty  graduates  from  Harvard  college  from  its  commence-  i 
ment  to j 

Plymouth  and  Boston  visited  by  capt.  Cromwell,  who  from  a     I 
common  sailor  had  come  to  command  3  ships,  and  amassed     | 
wealth  as  a  buccaneer  or  "fighter  of  the  Spaniard;"  he 
spends  money  freely  in  both  places | 

John  Eliot  preaches  his  first  sermon  to  the  Indians  near  New- 
town Corners,  afterwards  called  Nonantum  or  "place  of  re- 
joicing"   28  Oct.     I 

Thomas  Morton  of  "  Merry  Mount"  dies  at  Agameuticus,  Me. . .     ■ 

Law  passed  requiring  every  township  which  contained  50  ; 
householders  to  have  a  school-house  and  employ  a  teacher  ;  I 
and  each  town  containing  1000  freeholders  a  gram  mar  school,  h 

Epidemic  visits  New  England,  which  "  took  them  like  a  cold 
and  a  light  fever  with  it  ;"  it  extended  throughout  the  coun- 
try among  Indians,  Engli.sh,  French,  and  Dutch  ;  among 
those  who  died  of  it  were  Mr.  Thomas  Hooker  of  Hartford    . 
and  Mrs.  Winthrop,  wife  of  the  governor,  and  over  50  others    | 
in  Massachusetts 14  June, 

John  Eliot  preaches  to  the  Indians  in  their  own  tongue  regu- 
lady  near  Watertown  and  on  the  southern  borders  of  Dor-    I 
Chester ' , 

Samuel  Gorton,  after  the  second  banishment  from  Massachu-  ! 
setts,  1644,  proceeds  to  England  to  obtain  redress  ;  this  he  , 
partially  obtains,  and  returning  again  settles  at  Shawomet, 


MAS 

which  he  now  names  Warwick,  after  the  earl  of  Warwick, 

who  had  assisted  him 

largaret  Jones  of  Charlestovvn   indicted  for  a  witch,  found 

guilty,  and  executed 15  June, 

[This  was  the  first  trial  and  execution  for  witchcraft  in 
},hiesdchasetts.— Barry,  "History  of  Massachusetts."] 

'hades  I.  of  England  executed 30  Jan. 

ov.  John  Winthrop,  in  the  10th  term  of  his  office  as  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  dies,  aged  63,  leaving  a  fourth  wife ;  he  also 
left  a  journal  commencing  with  his  departure  from  England 

and  continued  up  to  the  lime  of  his  death 26  Mch. 

[This  journal  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  records  of  early 
New  England  history  extant.] 

ohn  Endicott  chosen  governor  to  fill  the  vacant  office. .  .May, 
Villiain  Pynchon  of  Springfield,  having  published  a  book  upon 
"Redemption  and  Justification,"  the  general  court  orders  it 
.  to  be  publicly  burned  in  the  market  place  as  containing  doc- 
trines of  a  dangerous  tendency 

homas  Dudley  chosen  governor 

ohn  Clarke,  a  minister  from  the  Baptist  church  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  and  2  others  are  arrested  at  Lynn  as  Baptists  and  sent 
\  to  Boston,  where  Clarke  is  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  '201.  or 
,  be  whipped  ;  the  fine  is  paid  and  he  is  released  with  the  in- 

:  junction  to  leave  the  colony 

^badiah  Holmes,  one  of  Clarke's  companions,  is  fined  SOL  ;  not 
i  paying  it,  he  gets  30  strokes  with  a  3-corded  whip  and  is 

i  sent  out  of  the  colony 

[ugh  Parsons  and  his  wife  Mary  tried  for  witchcraft  ;   Mrs. 

f  Parsons  dies  in  prison.  Parsons  is  acquitted 

[Drake,  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  Boston. "] 
■liver  Cromwell  invites  people  of  Massachusetts  to  Ireland.. .. 
irench  of  Canada  appeal  to  the  people  of  New  England  for  aid 

against  the  Iroquois  without  success 

tint  set  up  at  Boston  (by  the  General  court)  which  coins 

1  shillings,  sixpences,  and  a  few  smaller  coin .' 

[The  date  (1652)  was  not  changed  for  30  years.  John  Hull 
I  was  first  mint-master,  and  being  allowed  15  pence  out  of 
j  every  20  shillings  coined,  he  amassed  a  largo  fortune.] 
[res.  Dunster  of  Harvard  college  is  indicted  for  disturbing  in- 
jfant  baptism  in  the  Cambridge  church;  is  convicted,  sen- 
jtenced  to  a  public  admonition  on  lecture  day,  laid  under 
i  bonds  for  good  behavior,  and  compelled  to  resign  and  throw 

j  himself  on  the  mercies  of  the  general  court Oct. 

!  [Quincy,  "History  of  Harvard  University. "] 

jliarles  Chauncy  accepts  presidency  of  Harvard  college. .  .Nov. 
idward  Winslow,  one  of  the  Mayflower''s  first  passengers  and 
(governor  of  Plymouth,  die.s,  aged  60,  on  shipboard  near  His- 

i  paniola  and  is  buried  at  sea 8  May, 

|r.s.  Anne  Hibbins,  sister  of  gov.  Bellingham  and  widow  of  a 

;  magistrate,  is  condemned  and  executed  as  a  witch 

;(vo  women,  .Mary  Fisher  and  Ann  Austin  (Quakers),  arrive 

1  from  England  and  are  landed  at  Boston July, 

light  more  arrive  in  the  Speedwell 7  Aug. 

iiiese  were  all  imprisoned  and  banished  without  ceremony,  and 
;  the  masters  of  the  vessels  which  "brought  them  were  placed 

;  under  bonds  to  take  them  away 

t  the  next  session  of  the  general  court  a  penalty  of  100/.  was 
imposed  upon  the  master  of  any  ship  bringing  Quakers  within 
'the  jurisdiction  ;  and  all  brought  in  were  to  be  sent  to  jail, 
given  20  stripes,  and  kept  at  work  until  transported..  A  Oct. 
•very  male  Quaker  convicted  was  for  the  first  offence  to  lose 
;one  ear  and  for  the  second  the  other  ear;  every  female  was 
ilo  be  whipped,  and  for  the  third  offence  male  and  female 
;were  to  havetheirtonguesbored  with  red-hot  irons,  and,  by  a 
majority  of  a  single  vote,  and  at  the  instance  as  is  said  of. a 
I  clergyman,  John  Norton,  the  penalty  of  death  was  de- 
nounced upon  all  returning  to  the  jurisdiction  after  being 

[banished  (Barry,  "  History  of  Massachusetts  "  ) 

[John  Norton  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  Engl.  Educated 
at  Cambridge.  He  came  to  Plymouth,  Oct.  1635,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  zealous  of  the  Massachusetts  clergy.  D.  in 
Boston  1663.] 

,  [Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  the  Dutch  at  Manhattan  (but 
not  the  government  at  Providence,  R.  I.)  adopt  similar  laws.] 
;  [In  reviewing  these  early  scenes  it  is  very  apparent  that 
in  general  the  pioneer  sectaries  rather  courted  than  avoided 
persecution,  and  this  should  not  be  lost  sight  of  when  those 
branded  as  persecutors  are  held  up  to  universal  scorn.— 
\Drake,  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  Boston."] 

hath  of  Oliver  Cromwell 3  Sept. 

illiam  Robinson  andMarmaduke  Stevenson  hung  as  returned 

Q'lakers 27  Oct. 

'wn  of  Hadley  settled 

iry  Dyer  was  to  be  hung  (as  a  Quaker)  with  Robinson  and 
Mevenson,  but  through  the  pleadings  of  her  son  she  was 
reprieved  and  again  banished;  returning  again  to  Massachu- 
setts she  is  hung 1  June, 

larles  II.  restored .'.'.'.' 29  May, 

'ward  Whalley  and  William  Goffe,  the  regicides,  arrive  at 

i^oston 27  July, 

[They  remain  a  short  time,  but  a  warrant  being  issued  for 
ttieir  arrest,  seek  concealment  in  various  places,  and  are  se- 
creted in  the  house  of  the  rev.  John  Russell  at  Hadley,  from 
l<)b4  until  their  death,  that  of  Whalley  occurring  about  1676.] 

ign  Peters  executed  in  England 

!neral  court  forbids  celebration  of  Christmas  under  a  pen- 
alty of  5s _  _ 

I'lliam  Ledea  is  tried,  convicted,  and  banished  as  a  Quaker, 

,'»ut  returning,  he  is  tried  and  hanged 14  Mch. 

spresentations  of  the  Quakers  in  England  caused  Charles  II. 
10  require  the  government  to  desist  from  proceedings  against 


487 


MAS 


1648 


1649 


1651 


1652 


1654 


1655 
1656 


1658 


1661 


them;  a  .ship  wa.s  immediately  chartered, and  Samuel  Shat- 
tock,  who  had  been  banished  from  Massachusetts,  was  ap- 
pointed to  convey  the  king's  letter  to  gov.  Endicott;  soon 
after  receiving  it  gov.  Endicott  orders  the  discharge  of  all 

Quakers  in  prison y  ggpt    1661 

[There  were  28  persons  (Quakers)  in  jail  at  Boston,  one, 
Wenlock  Christison,  under  sentence  of  death.] 

Eliot  finishes  translation  of  New  Testament  into  Indian " 

Charles  II.  proclaimed  sovereign  in  Massachusetts 8  Aug      " 

Sir  Henry  Vane  executed  in  England 1662 

Children  of  respectable  people  not  "professors"  allowed  to  be 

baptized;  called  the  "Half-way  Covenant;"  adopted " 

[Strong  opposition  to  this  in  many  churches  of  Massachu- 
setts,  so  that  it  was  not  permitted  in  all  parishes.] 

Metacomet  or  Philip,  youngest  son  of  Massasoit,  sachem  of  the 
Wampanoags  and  friend  of  the  English,  becomes  sachem  of 
the  tribe  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Alexander " 

Four  ships,  Guinea,  36  guns,  Elias,  30  guns,  Martin,  16  guns, 
and  William,  and  Nicholas,  10  guns,  with  450  soldiers,  are 
sent  from  England  against  the  Dutch  at  New  Netherland. 
They  bring  4  commissioners  to  arrange  affairs  in  New  Eng- 
land, viz.  :  col.  Richard  Nicolls,  sir  Robert  Carr,  col.  Geo. 
Cartwright,  and  Samuel  Maverick;  who  reach  Boston, 

23  July,  1664 

Gov.  Endicott  d.  (aged  77) :.3  May,  1665 

Mas.sachu setts  ordered  by  the  English  government  to  send 
agents  to  England  to  answer  for  refusing  the  commissioners 
jurisdiction ;  she  replies  evasively 1666 

Baptists  form  a  church  in  Boston,  first  in  Massachusetts 1G64-68 

Church  of  Massachusetts  debates  with  Baptists  at  Boston, 

14  Apr.  1668 
[But  the  Baptists  remain  obstinate.] 

Title  of  "reverend"  first  applied  to  (he  clergy  of  New  England,  1670 

Two  young  married  Quaker  women  walk  naked  through  the 
towns  of  Newbury  and  Salem,  in  emulation  of  the  prophet 
Ezekiel.  as  a  sign  of  the  nakedness  of  the  land.. 1671 

George  Fox,  founder  and  apostle  of  the  Quakers,  comes  to 
Rhode  Island,  but  does  not  venture  into  Massachusetts 1672 

Gov.  Bellingham  d.  in  office 1673 

Population  of  Massachusetts  proper  was  over  22,000,  that  of 
the  Plymouth  colony  was  probably  not  far  from  7000,  while 
the  Indian  population  was  less  than  8000  in  both  territories 
(George  Bancroft,  "  History  of  the  United  States  ") 1075 

Three  Indians  of  the  Wampanoags  are  seized,  taken  to  Plymouth, 
tried,  and  executed  for  the  murder  of  one  Sausaman,  an 

Indian  of  the  Massachusetts  tribe June,     " 

[This  is  the  proximate  cause  of  King  Philip's  war.] 

Indians  attack  Swanzey  and  kill  several  persons 24  June,     "    . 

Wampanoags,  under  I'hilip,  attacked  by  colonists,  leave  Narra- 
gansett  bay,  unite  with  the  Nipmuks  and  attack  Brookfield; 
the  residents,  in  the  principal  building,  defend  themselves 
from  2  to  5  Aug.,  when  maj.  Willard  with  a  troop  of  horse 
routs  the  Indians • ' 

Hadley  attacked  by  Indians  on  a  fast  day  while  the  inhabitants 

are  at  church 1  Sept.      " 

[Tradition  states  that  col.  William  Goffe,  the  regicide,  ap- 
peared and  led  the  successful  defence;  he  was  then  con- 
cealed at  the  house  of  rev.  John  Russell  at  Hadley. — See 
this  story  as  told  by  Scott,  in  "  Peveril  of  the  Peak."] 

Capt.  Beers  and  his  party  ambushed  near  Northfield;  he  with 
20  of  his  men  killed 4  Sept      " 

Capt.  Lothrop  of  Beverly,  having  been  sent  with  90  picked 
men,  the  "  flower  of  Essex,"  to  bring  in  the  harvest  of  the 
settlements,  is  surprised  by  a  large  body  of  Indians  at  a  small 

stream,  now  Bloody  Brook,  and  totally  defeated 18  Sept,      " 

[This  was  the  severest  loss  the  colonists  had  sustained.] 

Deerfield  and  Northfield  abandoned  by  the  inhabitants  and 
burned  by  the  Indians Sept      " 

Commissioners  meet  and  agree  that  1000  troops  must  be  levied 
by  the  united  colonies;  Massachusetts  to  raise  527,  Plymouth 

158,  and  Connecticut  315 9  Sept,       ' 

[Gov.  Josiah  Winslow  of  Plymouth  to  command  the  whole.] 

Springfield  attacked  and  about  50  buildings  burned,  but  the 
Indians  are  driven  off. 5  Oct.     •' 

Hatfield  attacked 19  Oct.     •' 

It  was  resolved  to  regard  the  Narragansetts  as  enemies,  and  to 
make  a  winter-campaign  against  them 2  Nov.     •' 

Several  bodies  of  troops  from  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and 
Plymouth,  numbering  about  1000,  unite  about  15  miles  from 
the  Narragansett  fort 18  Dec.     " 

They  spend  the  night  in  the  open  air,  and  after  wading  through 
the  snow  from  daybreak  until  an  hour  after  noon  they  reach 
the  edge  of  the  swamp  and  immediately  commence  the  at- 
tack; the  action  was  bloody  and  long,  but  the  fort  was  car- 
ried and  the  Indians  routed  and  the  whole  place  burned; 
over  a  thousand  Indians  were  k  lied  and  captured;  the  Eng- 
lish lost  about  200  killed  and  w^ouiided  and  6  captains  killed; 

this  "  Swamp  fight  "  occurred  Sunday 19  Dec.     " 

[The  military  strength  of  the  formidable  Narragansett  trii)e 
was  irreparably  broken  in  this  conflict.— FaZ/rey,  "History 
of  New  England."] 

Indians  attack  Lancaster,  and  after  killing  all  the  men  carry 

the  women  and  children  into  captivity 5  Feb.  1676 

[The  narrative  of  one  of  the  captives,  Mrs.  Rowlandsou, 
the  wife  of  the  minister,  is  still  preserved.]  <, 

Six  hundred  additional  troops  ordered  to  be  levied 8  Feb.     " 

Medfleld  surprised  and  laid  in  ashes 21  Feb.     " 

Wevmouth.  within  18  miles  of  Boston,  attacked  and  7  buildings 

burned.. i... 24  Feb.     " 

[This  is  as  near  as  the  war  approached  Boston.] 

Groton  attacked 3,  9,  13  Mch.     " 


MAS 


"488 


MAS 


1676 


Town  of  Plymouth  assaulted  and  12  persons  killed Mch. 

Warwick  burned  and  ProvidPiHc  paiti;illy  destroyed..  17  Mch.     " 
ffhe  aged  Kogcr  Williams  i  v(  pis  a  roinuiission  as  captain 
for  the  defence  of  the  town    lie  liad   founded. — IlUdreth, 
"  History  of  the  United  States. '] 
Capt.  Pierce  of  Scituate.  with  about  60  men  and  20  Indians, 

routed  near  Seekouk;  his  entire  party  cut  off 26  Mch.     " 

Marlborough  attacked  and  partially  burned "  " 

Seekonk  laid  in  ashes 28  Mch.     " 

Canouchet,  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts,  captured 9  Apr.     " 

Sudbury  attacked  and  partially  burned;  capt.  Wadsworth  of 
Milton  and  his  party  surprised  and  totally  deleated.  .21  Apr.     " 
[This  is  known  as  the  Sudbury  light.] 

Plymouth  again  attacked 11  May,     " 

Indians  deleaied  at  Turner's  Falls,  on  the  Connecticut,  by 
capt.  Turner,  who  is  afterwards  killed  and  his  command 
partially  defeated  by  the  arrival  of  other  Indians. . .  .18  May,     ♦' 

Scituiite  threatened  and  partially  destroyed 20  May,     " 

Indians  again  attack  Hadley,  but  are  repulsed 12  June,     '• 

King  Philip's  allies  deserting  him,  ho  with  a  few  of  his 
own  tribe  moves  back  to  Mount  Hope  in  his  own  territory, 

July,     " 
Here,  surrounded  in  a  swamp  by  troops  under  capt.  Church, 

he  is  shot  by  an  Indian  while  attempting  escape 12  Aug.     " 

[His  little  son  sold  into  slavery.] 
[Indians  never  recovered  from  this  blow,  but  rapidly  dis- 
persed. Of  the  colonists,  600  were  killed,  almost  every  family 
losing  a  member;  13  towns  wholly  destroyed,  and  many  oth- 
ers sustained  much  damage,  over  600  houses  being  burned; 
expense  of  the  war  computed  at  $500,000.— 5arry,  "Hist, 
of  .Mass."] 
Edward  Uandolph  arrives  at  Boston  as  a  special  messenger 
from  the  Knglish  government  to  make  minute  inquiries  into 

the  condition  of  the  country 10  June,     " 

He  sails  for  England,  30  July,  and  presents  to  the  English  gov- 
ernment a  description  of  New  England,  headed  "An  Answer 
to  Several  Heads  of  Inquiry  concerning  the  Present  State 
of  New  England"  (see  Palfrey,  "  History  of  New  England," 

vol.  iii.  p.  296) 12  Oct.     " 

William  Stoughton  and  Peter  Bulkely  sent  to  the  king  as 

agents  by  Massachusetts  with  an  address 30  Oct.     " 

Proceedings  of  England  against  Massachusetts  charter Jan.  1677 

Massachusetts  purchases  the  claims  of  Gorges  to  Maine  for 

about  $6000 6  May,     " 

Gov.  Leverett  dies  in  office 16  Mch.  1679 

Simon  Bradstreet  made  governor,  then  76  years  of  age. .  .May,     " 
Edward  Randolph  comes  over  as  collector  of  customs  at  Bos- 
ton, arrives  at  Boston Dec.     " 

Stoughton  and  Bulkely  return  to  Boston,  unsuccessful  in  their 

efforts  to  conciliate  the  English  government Dec.     " 

Massachusetts  becomes  the  lord  proprietary  of  Maine,  and  in 
obedience  to  an  ordinance  of  the  general  court  Massachu- 
setts proceeds  to  organize  the  government  of  Maine 1680 

Edward  Randolph  sends  over  a  "  Memorial  "  to  the  king,  urg- 
ing proceedings  against  the  charter  of  Massachusetts 1683 

Charter  of  Massachusetts  Bay  vacated  in  England 18  June,  1684 

Charles  II.  dies 6  Feb.  1685 

King  .fames  II.  proclaimed  in  Boston 20  Apr.     " 

Copy  of  the  judgment  of  the  forfeiture  of  the  charter  of  Massa- 
chusetts received  at  Boston 2  July,  " 

[This  charter  had  guided  the  colony  for  55  years.] 
Plymouth  colony  divided  into  3  counties,  viz. :  Plymouth,  Bris- 
tol, and  Barnstable " 

Election  in  Massachusetts 12  May,  1686 

Provisional  government  constituted  with  Joseph  Dudley  as 

president .14  May,     ' ' 

First  Episcopal  church  organized  in  Boston " 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  arrives  at  Boston  in  the  Kingfisher,  a,  50- 
gun  ship,  bearing  a  commission  for  the  government  of  all 

New  England 20  Dec.     "  , 

Charter  government  is  publicly  displaced  by  arbitrary  com- 
mission, popular  representation   abolished,  and  the  press 

subjected  to  censorship 

Legal  consolidation  of  New  England -. 29  Dec. 

Gov.  Andros's  activity  in  oppressive  legislation Jan. 

Increase  Mather  sent  to  England  by  the  citizens  of  Massachu- 
setts to  lay  before  the  king  a  petition  of  grievances ;  em- 
barks, though  opposed  by  government 7  Apr.     " 

Extension  of  New  England  to  Delaware  bay;  Andros  made 
governor  of  all  the  territory;  seat  of  government  at  Boston, 

the  lieutenant-governor  to  reside  at  New  York Apr.     " 

News  of  the  landing  of  the  prince  of  Orange  (afterwards 
William  III.  of  England)  in  England  received  in  Boston, 

4  Apr.  1689 
People  of  Bo-ston  and  vicinity  overthrow  the  government  and 

arrest  gov.  Andros  and  his  adherents 18  Apr.      " 

Provisional  government  established  with  Simon  Bradstreet  as 

governor,  then  in  his  86th  year 20  Apr.     " 

AVilliam  and  Mary  proclaimed 29  May,     " 

War  with  the  French  and  Indians,  known  as  King  William's 

war,  commences " 

Gov.  Andros  impeached  and  sent  to  England 27  June,     " 

Edward  Randolph  a  persistent  disturber  of  the  peace  of  Mas- 
sachusetts in  the  interest  of  the  government  of  England.  .1676-89 
Fleet  fitte^  out  by  Massachusetts  against  Port  Royal  sails  from 

Boston  under  sir  William  Phipps 28  Apr.  1690 

[Phipps  was  born  at  Woolwich,  Me.,  1651.  He  was  one 
of  26  children.  Under  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Albemarle 
he  was  successful  in  recovering  300,000^.  of  wrecked  treas- 
ure, of  which  he  received  about  17,000^.  for  his  share.  He 
was  knighted  and  made  high  sheriff  of  New  England.] 


1687 


i 


Attack  on  Port  Royal  is  successful,  and  the  fleet  returns  wl 

spoils  cover  ng  cost  of  the  whole  expedition :5U  May,  f 

Expedition  against  Canada  —  New  England  and  New  York 
unite.  Gov.  Winthrop  of  Connecticut  commands  the  laud 
forces,  and  sir  William  Phipps  the  lleet.    The  expedition  is 

a  total  failure 

First  paper  money  issued  in  Massachusetts  to  pay  the  tnKi|),s 

in  the  Canada  expedition 

John  Eliot,  "  the  a|)ostlo  to  the  Indians,"  d  (aged  80) 

Second  charter  granted  Massachusetts  by  England 7  Oct.  1( 

New  charter  received i\ 

[Under  the  new  charter  Massachusetts'  jurisdiction  was 
enlarged  to  include  the  Plymouth  colony  and  Maine;  the 
crown  reserved  the  appointments  of  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  secretary;  the  right  of  suffrage,  limited  under 
the  old  charter  to  church-members,  now  admitted  all  inhab- 
itants possessing  a  freehold  of  the  annual  value  of  40s.,  or 
personal  property  to  the  amount  of  iOl.—Hildreth,  "Hist,  of 
the  U.S.,"  vol.  ii.  p.  143.] 
First  appearance  of  the  witchcraft  delusion  at  Salem,  at  the 

house  of  the  rev.  Samuel  Parris  (Witchcraft) Mch. 

Sir  William  Phipps  arrives  at  Boston  as  first  governor  of  the 

new  province 14  May, 

Post-office  established  in  Boston .'  1( 

Indians  attack  Haverhill 15  Mch.  J( 

[Mrs.  Hannah  Dustin  was  captured  with  her  nurse  and 
young  infant — her  husband  escaping  with  7  of  his  children; 
she  marched  with  the  Indians  over  150  miles,  but  with  the 
nurse  and  a  boy  captive  succeeded  in  killing  and  scalping 
all  of  the  party,  some  12  in  charge,  except  one  boy  and  an 
old  woman,  who  escaped.  They  retraced  their  steps  in 
safety.  The  general  court  granted  them  501..  and  they  re- 
ceived valuable  presents  from  others.  This  escape  was 
famed  throughout  the  country  as  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able on  record.] 

Gov.  Bradstreet  dies  at  Salem,  aged  95 27  Mch. 

Peace  of  Ryswick  proclaimed  at  Boston 10  Dec.    ' 

Capt.  Kidd  seized  in  Boston  as  a  pirate  and  sent  to  England 

(New  York) i( 

Earl  of  Bellamont  supersedes  William  Stoughton  as  governor 

of  Massachusetts,  and  arrives  at  Boston 26  May, 

[Under  the  old  charter  the  governors  had  received  scarce 
1201.  per  annum  ;  and  neither  Phi))ps  or  Stoughton  had  been 
paid  much  more,  but  in  14  months  the  general  court  voted 
gov.  Bellamont  2700/.,  1699-1700.— Hi  Wre</t,  "Hist  of  U.  S.," 
vol.  ii.  p.  201.] 

Boston  contains  1000  houses  and  7000  people 170<) 

Joseph  Dudley  appointed  governor 1702 

French  and  Indians  attack  and  burn  Deerfield 28  Feb.  1704 

[There  were  about  40  killed  and  100  taken  prisoners. 
Among  the  captives  was  the  rev.  Mr.  Williams  and  family; 
his  wife  was  soon  after  killed  by  the  Indians.  The  rest  of 
the  family  were  taken  to  Montreal,  where  they  remained 
until  Oct.  1706,  when  the  survivors  were  sent  to  Boston. 
His  daughter  Eunice,  10  years  of  age,  could  not  be  ransomed 
from  the  Indians,  and  was  left  behind;  she  afterwards  mar- 
ried an  Indian.  She  visited  her  relatives  after  the  war  but 
would  not  remain,  and  returned  to  her  Indian  home.  Elea- 
zar  Williams,  "the  'Lost  prince'  of  France,"  was  a  grand- 
son of  this  union,  if  descendant  at  all.]  Williams,  Eleazab. 
Boston  News-Letter,  the  first  newspaper  in  the  British  colonies, 

was  published  in  Boston  (John  Campbell,  editor) 24  Apr.     " 

[The  first  sheet  of  the  first  number  was  taken  from  the 
press  by  chief-justice  Sewell,  to  show  to  pres.  Williard  of  Har- 
vard college  as  a  curiosity  in  the  colony.  The  paper  lived 
72  years.     The  only  complete  file  is  with  the  N.Y.  Hist.  Soc] 

Benjamin  Franklin  b.  in  Boston 17  Jan.  170i) 

Haverhill  again  attacked  by  the  French  and  Indians. .  .29  Aug.  170s 

Port  Royal  taken  from  the  French  by  the  English 5  Oct.  1710 

[Name  changed  from  Port  Royaf  to  Annapolis,  in  honor  of 
queen  Anne.] 
.Expedition  against  Quebec  and  Canada  leaves  Boston.  .30  July,  1711 
[The  fleet,consistingof  15ships  of  war  and  40  transports,  is 
under  command  of  sir  Hovenden  Walker,  and  carries  7  regi- 
ments of  veterans  from  Marlborough's  army,  and  a  battalion 
of  marines.     8  vessels  of  this  fleet  are  wrecked  in  the  river 
St. Lawrence  on  the  night  of  22  Aug.  1711,  and  the  remainder 
return,  having  accomplished  nothing.] 
Boundary  between  Ma.ssachusetts  and  Connecticut  located. . . .  Hl-l 

Schooners  invented  and  built  at  Cape  Ann 1711 

Queen  Anne  of  England  d 1  Aug.     " 

George  I. ,  elector  of  Hanover,  succeeds  her " 

Elizabeth  Goose  marries  Thomas  Fleet  of  Boston 1715 

[The  mother  of  this  Elizabeth  Goose  is  said  to  have  been 
the  veritable  "Mother  Goose"  of  "  Mother  Goose  Melodies 
for  Children."  See  Hurd  &  Houghton's  edition  of  the  same, 
1870;  also  New  England  HistoHcal  and  Genealogical  Reg- 
ister, Apr.  1873,  pp.  144  and  311.] 

Population  of  Massachusetts  94,000  and  2000  negroes " 

Samuel  Shute  arrives  at  Boston  as  governor 4  Oct.  1715 

Great  snow-storm ;  snow  from  10  to  20  feet  deep. .  .20-24  Feb  1717 

Potatoes  first  introduced  at  Andover 1719 

Boston  Gazette,  the  second  newspaper  started  in  Boston  (Will- 
iam Brooker,  publisher) 21  Dec.     " 

Small-pox  breaks  out  in  Massachusetts Apr.  172L 

[Out  of  5889  persons  who  were  attacked  in  Boston,  844 
died. — Barry,  "  History  of  Massachusetts."] 
Great  opposition  to  inoculation.  Cotton  Mather,  one  of  the 
ministers  of  Boston,  interests  himself  in  urging  inoculation, 
recently  introduced  into  Europe.  Dr.  Boylston  consents  to 
the  experiment  upon  his  children  and  servants;  he  was  one 


JL 


MAS  ^ 

of  the  very  few  physicians  of  that  time  who  encouraged  or 

practised  it;  100  inoculated  during  the  year 1721 

New  England  Couranl  started  in  Uoston,  with  James  Frank- 
lin, brother  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  as  editor 7  Aug.     " 

Benjamin  Franklin  leaves  Boston  for  Philadelphia Oct.  1723 

George  I.  of  England  d 11  June,  1727 

George  II.  succeeds  him "  " 

William  Burnet  arrives  at  Boston  as  governor July,  1728 

Dispute  between  gov.  Burnet  and  the  House  regarding  a  fixed 

salary ;  the  House  refusing  it 1728.-29 

Gov.  Burnet  d 7  Sept.  1729 

Jonathan  Belcher,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  appointed  gov- 
ernor, and  arrives  at  Boston Aug.  1730 

Dispute  concerning  a  fixed  salary  still  continues 1730-31 

Worcester  county  formed 1731 

Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  boundary  fixed " 

England  forbids  the  colonies  to  export  hats 1732 

First  Freemason  lodge  in  America  established  in  Boston 1733 

George  Whitefleld  (Whitefieldites)  in  Massachusetts.     "The 

Great  Awakening  "  (religious) 1740 

[Palfrey,  "  History  of  New  England,"  vol.  v.  chap,  viii.] 
Gov.  Belcher  superseded  by  William  Shirley  as  governor  of 

Massachusetts 13  Aug.  1741 

[Gov.  Belcher  was  the  last  governor  of  the  two  provinces 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire.] 
Gov.  Shirley  renews  the  claim  for  a  fixed  salary,  which  is  final- 
ly decided  in  favor  of  the  House 1742 

[This  is  a  pronounced  victory  of  the  people.] 
Peter  Faneuil  builds  "Faneuil  Hall "  and  presents  it  to  the 

town  of  Boston " 

England  at  war  with  France,  commenced 31  Mch.  1744 

Expedition  against  Louisburg,  organized  by  gov.  Shirley,  un- 
der command  of  William  I'epperell 1745 

[The  fort  at  Louisburg  had  cost  France  200,000^.     It  was  a 
standing  threat  to  New  England  seamen.  ] 
Troops— of  which  Massachusetts  furnished  3250,  Connecticut 
500,  and  New  Hampshire  300— rendezvous  at  Canseau, 

1  Apr.     " 
Commodore  Warren  joins  them  at  Canseau  with  5  ships  of  war 

and  6  frigates 23  Apr.     " 

(Combined  forces  land  a  short  distance  from  the  fort. .  .29  Apr.     " 

i  Louisburg  capitulates 17  June,     " 

I        [Prizes  and  stores  obtained  by  the  English  amounted  to 
I    nearly  1.000,000/. ;  148  cannon,  6  mortars,  and  76  large  siege 
;     guns.     It  was  called  the  "Dunkirk"  of  America.] 
'William  Pepperell  made  a  baronet  and  com.  Warren  a  vice-ad- 

!    miral  for  their  services " 

[French  fieet  of  40  shijisofwar,  besides, transports  bearing  a 
I    well-appointed  army  of  veterans  for  the  purpose  of  recover- 

I    ing  Louisburg,  come  into  the  American  waters Sept.  1746 

I  [This  expedition  is  a  disastrous  failure,  through  storms, 
1  sickness,  death  of  commanders,  and  dissensions,  and  returns 
I  to  France,  having  accomplished  nothing  ] 
'Riot  in  Boston  owing  to  impressment  of  citizens  by  com. 
I  Knowles  of  the  British  navy,  then  in  Boston  harbor  with  his 
j  squadron;  the  rioters  seized  several  officers  of  his  command 
i  as  hostages  ;  gov.  Shirley  took  refuge  in  the  castle.  .17  Nov.  1747 
j  [The  officers  were  finally  released,  and  most  of  the  im- 
!  pressed  men  sent  back. — Hildretk,  "  U.  S.  History,"  vol.  ii. 
I    p.  402.] 

Louisburg  restored  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la  Chapelle, 
'  7  Oct.  1748 

jGov.  Shirley  goes  to  England  on  leave  for  1  year Sept.  1749 

iSpencer  Phipps  acting  governor  in  absence  of  Shirley " 

jMassachusetts  extricates  herself  from  the  insolvency  of  more 
I  than  50  years,  by  appropriating  to  her  debt  183,650/.,  re- 
i  ceived  from  England  for  her  outlay  in  the  expedition  against 
I  Louisburg;  this  came  over  in  solid  coin,  and  17  trucks  laden 
j  with  217  chests  full  of  Spanish  dollars,  and  10  trucks  bearing 
100  casks  of  coined  copper  were  driven  up  King  (now  State) 
;  street  (Palfrey,  "History  of  New  England,"  vol.  v.). .  .Sept.  " 
|Sir  William  Pepperell,  Thomas  Hutchinson,  James  Otis,  and  2 
i  others,  as  commissioners,  meet  delegates  from  the  eastern 
I    Indian  tribes  at  Falmouth  (now  Portland,  Me.),  and  renew 

I    the  treaty  made  a  quarter  of  a  century  before 16  Oct.     " 

iSmall-pox  again  visits  Boston 1752 

i       [Of  2100  persons  inoculated  with  it,  only  31  died;  of  the 

i    5550  taken  without  inocculation  514  died.] 

(Gov.  Shirley,  now  past  tlie  age  of  60,  returns  to  Massachusetts, 

I    bringing  with  him  a  young  French  Catholic  girl  as  his  wife..  1753 

lExpedition  against  the  French  in  Nova  Scotia  sails  from  Bos- 

I    ton  under  command  of  gen.  John  Winslow 20  May,  1755 

lAcadians  or  "French  Neutrals"  at  Grand  Pre,  on  the  north- 
I  western  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  are  stripped  of  everything,  con- 
1    veyed  on  board  the  English  vessels,  carried  away,  and  scat- 

:    tered  among  the  English  colonists  (Acadia) Sept.     " 

;bov.  Shirley,  being  recalled,  sails  for  England 25  Sept.  1756 

ilhomas  Pownall  appointed  governor 3  Aug.  1757 

pir  William  Pepperell  commissioned  lieut-gen.  of  the  Massa- 

I    chusetts  forces " 

jLouisburg  again  besieged  and  taken  by  the  English, 

n„„  r,         „  2  June-26  July,  1758 

jaov.  Pownall  succeeded  by  Francis  Bernard,  who  arrives  at 

.  •^os^O"; 3  Aug.  1760 

'^eorge  II.  of  England  d 25  Oct.     " 

^eorge  in.  succeeds  to  the  throne "         " 

lov.  Bernard  appoints  Thomas  Hutchinson  chief-justice  of 

;  Massachusetts Dec.     " 

Tames  Otis's  speech  again.<*t  tlie  "  Writs'  of  Assistance  "! ......  1761 

I      [    American  Independence  was  then  and  there  born."— 
I  Harry,  "  History  of  Massachusetts."! 
16*  •• 


y  MAS 

Dispute  between  gov.  Bernard  and  the  House  of  Representa 
tives  on  the  right  of  originating  taxes 1761 

James  Otis  publishes  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  A  Vindication  of 
the  Conduct  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Province 

of  Massachusetts  Bay  " 1762 

[In  this  he  lays  down  a  series  of  political  maxims,  a  part 
of  which  were:  1.  God  made  all  men  naturally  equal;  2.  The 
ideas  of  earthly  superiority,  pre  eminence,  and  grandeur  are 
educational,  at  least  acquired,  not  innate  ;  3.  Kings  were, 
and  plantation  governors  should  be,  made  for  the  good  of 
the  people,  and  not  the  people  for  them  ;  4.  No  government 
has  a  right  to  make  hobby-horses,  asses,  and  slaves  of  the 
subject,  nature  having  made  sufficient  of  the  two  former  for 
all  the  lawful  purposes  of  man,  but  none  of  the  last,  which 
infallibly  proves  them  unnecessary;  5.  Though  most  govern- 
ments are  dejacto  arbitrary,  and  consequently  the  curse  and 

scandal  of  human  nature,  yet  none  are  dejure  arbitrary. 

Palfrey,  "  History  of  New  England,"  vol.  v.] 

Parliament  subjects  various  articles  for  the  first  time  to  duties 
on  exportation  from,  or  Importation  into  the  colonies;  passed, 

Apr.  1764 

Citizens  of  Boston  assemble  in  town-meeting  on  hearing  of  this 
act;  instructions  to  their  representatives  in  the  general  court 
are  prepared  by  Samuel  Adams May,     " 

Gov.  Bernard  replies  to  the  Lords  of  Trade Sept.     " 

[After  speaking  of  the  trade,  manufactures,  etc.,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, he  says  :  "  It  was  an  unfortunate  error,  in  forming 
this  government,  to  leave  the  council  to  be  elected  by  the 
representatives  of  the  people.  He  would  have  the  council- 
lors appointed  by  the  king,  for  life,  and  some  title,  as  baron 
or  baronet,  annexed  to  the  office.  The  peojile  in  general,  he 
wrote,  are  as  well  inclined  to  his  majesty's  government,  and 
as  well  satisfied  with  their  subordination  to  Great  Britain,  as 
any  colony  in  America." — Palfrey,  "History  of  Nfew  Eng- 
land."] 

Duties  laid  by  Parliament  on  /oreign  molasses  imported  into 
British  colonies;  called  the  Sugar  or  Molasses  act " 

Stamp  act  passed  by  Parliament. Mch.  1765 

[This  act,  which  was  to  go  into  effect  in  the  colonies  1  Nov. 
1765.  levied  in  63  sections  on  British  subjects  in  America 
specific  sums,  for  each  of  the  common  transactions  of  busi- 
ness. Deeds,  bonds,  notes  of  hand,indentures,  insurance  pol- 
icies, leases,  contracts  of  sale,  were  not  to  be  enforced  by 
courts  unless  written  on  stamped  paper,  bought  of  the  offi- 
cers of  the  crown  Without  stamped  wills,  testamentary 
disposition  would  be  void  ;  without  stamped  receipts,  debts 
could  not  be  acquitted;  vessels  at  sea  without  clearances 
written  on  stamped  paper  were  liable  to  seizure  and  confis- 
cation if  they  fell  in  with  a  king's  ship.  Only  stamped  news- 
papers could  be  exposed  for  sale.  Without  stamped  certifi- 
cates marriages  could  not  be  lawfully  contracted.  Unstamped 
writs  and  executions  had  no  force  or  meaning.  In  short, 
the  American  citizen  must  be  daily  paying  money  into  the 
British  treasury  at  its  stamp  office,  or,  in  respect  to  much 
of  the  protection  which  society  undertakes  to  afford,  he  was 
an  outlSiVf.— Palfrey,  "History  of  New  England,"  vol.  v.  p. 
289.] 

Andrew  Oliver,  secretary  of  Massachusetts,  accepts  the  office 
of  distributer  of  stamps  for  the  province Aug.     " 

Oliver  hung  in  effigy  on  a  tree  ("Liberty  Tree")  corner  of 
Orange  and  Essex  streets,  Boston,  and  in  the  evening  his 
house  was  damaged  by  the  tjuob 14  Aug.     " 

Lieut. -gov.  Hutchinson's  house  mobbed  and  everything  de- 
stroyed in  it,  among  othej;-  things  many  MSS.  relating  to 
the  history  of  the  province,  which  he  had  been  30  years  in 
collecting,  and  which  could  not  be  replaced,  were  lost, 

26  Aug.      " 

Vessel  arrives  at  Boston  with  the  stamps 25  Sept.     " 

[These  stamps  were  deposited  at  Castle  William  and  re- 
mained there.] 

Delegates  from  9  Anglo-American  colonies  meet  at  New  York, 

7  Oct.  " 
[This  congress  was  composed  of  26  members.  From  New 
York,  4;  Rhode  Island  and  Delaware  each  2;  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  South 
Carolina,  each  3.  Thomas  Ruggles  of  Massachusetts  was  cho- 
sen president  of  the  congress.  The  manifestoes  brought 
out  at  this  congress  were:  "A  Declaration  of  the  Rights  and 
Grievances  of  the  Colonists  of  America;"  an  address  to  the 
king;  a  memorial  to  the  House  of  Lords;  and  a  petition  to 
the  House  of  Commons.     The  tone  of  all  of  these  was  loyal.] 

Stamp  act  goes  into  effect 1  Nov.      " 

[Under  this  act  the  courts  were  closed,  business  was  sus- 
pended, and  a  universal  stillness  reigned.  Its  provisions 
were  stringent,  and  as  the  people  refused  to  use  the  stamps, 
nothing  remained  but  to  abide  the  consequences.] 

Andrew  Oliver  is  compelled  to  resign  his  o.'Iice 17  Dec.     " 

Population  of  Massachusetts,  238,423 " 

Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin  meets  commons  in  committee  of  the 
whole,  to  consider  petitions  from  America 3  Feb.  1766 

Repeal  of  the  Stamp  act. 18  Mch.     " 

[Repeal  was  carried  in  the  commons  by  a  vote  of  275 
against  167,  and  in  the  House  of  Lords  105  against  71.] 

News  of  the  repeal  received  at  Boston 16  May,     " 

[The  news  was  brought  over  in  the  Harrison,  capt.  Shubael 
Coffin,  al>out  6  weeks  from  London.— Drofce,  "History  and 
Antiquities  of  Boston."] 

News  of  the  repeal  celebrated  in  Boston 19  May,     " 

General  court  of  Massachusetts  sends  a  circular  letter  to  all 
the  American  colonies.  This  letter  asks  the  colonies  to  co- 
operate in  obtaining  a  redress  of  grievances 11  Feb.  1768 


MAS  490 

Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives  consists  of  upwards 
of  100  members,  by  fur  the  most  numerous  assembly  in 
America 1768 

Seizure  of  the  sloop  Liberty,  belonging  to  John  Hancock,  on 
charge  of  smuggling,  occasions  a  great  riot 10  June,    •' 

Arrival  of  a  squadron  of  7  vessels  ft-om  Halifax,  with  the  14th, 
21>th,  and  a  part  of  tbe  59th  regiments  of  British  regulars. 
Those  troops,  under  the  command  of  gen.  Thomas  Gage,  are 
landed  in  Boston '2»  Sept.     " 

Gov.  Ueruard  retailed,  and  embarks  for  England,  regretted  by 

uoiu' 31  July,  1769 

[Hf  had  bi'oii  uovi'iiior  of  tlio  ]irovnice  for  it  years,  and 
in  tliat  tuuf  iKiii  iluui-  inoio  tliaii  iill  tlio  other  governors 
combined  lo  inllanu'  ilit>  jealousy  of  tlie  ministry,  to  irritate 
the  people  over  whom  lie  ruled,  and  to  strengthen  the 
spirit  of  discord  and  disunion Barry,  "History  of  Massa- 
chusetts. "] 

James  Otis  severely  wounded  in  an  aflVay  at  the  British  coffee- 
house on  King  st,  now  State  St.,  in  Boston 5  Sept.     " 

[These  injuries  ultimately  led  to  his  derangement.] 

Gov.  Bernard  is  succeeded  by  Thomas  Hutchinson  as  governor,     " 
[He  was  b.  at  Boston,  Sept.  1),  1711;  d.  near  l-oudon,  Engl., 
3  June,  1780.     He  was  descended  through  a  line  of  reputable 
men  from  Anne  Hutchinson.] 

ABfray  in  Richardson's  house  in  Boston;  the  boy  '* Snider"  is 
mortally  wounded  by  a  shot  from  the  house— the  first  victim 
{Barry,  "  History  of  Massachusetts  ") 22  Feb.  1770 

Affray  at  Gray's  rope  walk  in  Boston  between  citizens  and  the 
British  soldiers 2  Mch.     " 

BOSTO.\  MASS.\CRK 5  Mch.       " 

[Three  persons  killed  and  8  wounded.     This  day  is  mem- 
orable in  the  annals  of  the  whole  country.] 
Graduates  of  Harvard  college  take  degrees  in  "homespun"...     " 
David  Everett,  journalist,  b.  at  Princeton,  Mass 29  Mch.     " 

[Author  of    "  You'd  scarce  expect  one  of  my  age 

To  speak  ia  public  on  the  stage,"  etc. 
Written  while  teaching  a  grammar  school  at  Ipswich.] 

Castle  Wdliam,  in  Boston  harbor,  delivered  into  the  hands  ot 
the  king's  troops  by  {^ov.  Hutchinson 10  Sept.     " 

Population  of  the  state,  2152,680 " 

Gov.  Hutchinson's  salary,  2000^.,  paid  by  the  English  govern- 
ment.    He  thus  becomes  independent  of  the  province 1772 

Ministry  of  England  and  the  East  India  company  secure  an  act 
relieving  the  company  from  paying  duties  on  tea  sent  to 
America,  thus  encouraging  its  sale  in  the  colonies.  Aware 
of  the  danger  of  giving  success  to  this  insidious  manoeuvre 
and  of  permitting  a  precedent  of  taxation  thus  to  be  estab- 
lished, various  methods  were  adopted  by  the  colonists  to 
elude  the  stroke  (Henry  Sherman,  "Governmental  History 
of  the  U.  S.") 10  May,  1773 

Arrival  at  Boston  of  the  first  of  the  tea-ships,  with  114  chests 
of  tea 28  Nov.     " 

Two  others  arrive  early  in Dec.     " 

At  the  close  of  a  spirited  meeting  of  the  citizens  at  P'aneuil 
hall,  between  50  and  60  men,  disguised  as  Indians,  take  pos- 
session of  tlie  3  tea-ships  in  the  harbor,  and  empty  340 
chests  of  tea  into  the  bay  during  the  evening  of 10  Dec.     " 

New  York  and  Massachusetts  boundary  established " 

Passage  of  "  Boston  Port  bill  "  by  Parliament 7  Mch.  1774 

[Under  this  bill  nothing  could  be  unloaded  at  this  port  but 
stores  for  his  majesty's  use,  and  fuel  and  food  for  Boston. 
This  was  to  remain  in  force  until  the  East  India  company 
had  been  indemnified  for  the  loss  of  their  tea,  recently  de- 
stroyed, and  also  reasonable  satisfaction  made  to  the  officers 
of  his  majesty's  revenue,  and  others  who  had  suffered  by 
riots  and  insurrections. — Palfrey,  "History  of  New  Eng- 
land."] 

Failure  to  repeal  the  tax  on  tea  in  the  British  Parliament, 

Apr.     " 

Gen.  Thomas  Gage  appointed  governor 17  May,     " 

British  Parliament  passes  2  act.s,  virtually  repealing  the  char- 
ter of  Massachusetts.  One,  entitled  "An  act  for  the  better 
regulating  the  government  of  Massachusetts  Bay,"  and  the 
other,  an  act  for  the  more  impartial  administration  of  jus- 
tice in  said  province.  The  first  provided  that  the  council- 
lors, who  were  chosen  l)y  the  representatives  annually, 
should  be  appointed  by  the  king,  and  should  serve  accord- 
ing to  his  majesty's  pleasure;  that  the  judges,  sheriffs,  and 
other  civil  officers  should  be  appointed  by  the  governor;  that 
juries  should  be  summoned  by  the  sheriff,  and  that  town- 
meetings,  except  the  annual  ones  and  other  public  meetings, 
should  not  be  held  without  the  permission  of  the  governor. 
The  other  act  provided  that  offenders  against  the  laws  might 
be  carried  to  other  colonies  or  to  England  for  trial.     Both 

bills  pass  Parliament  and  are  approved. 20  May,     " 

[It  was  the  attempted  execution  of  these  laws  that  became 
the  immediate  occasion  of  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
between  the  American  colonists  and  England. — Frothingham, 
"History  of  the  Siege  of  Boston."] 

Port  b.U  goes  into  effect 1  June,     " 

[The  Port  bill,  in  closing  the  harbor  to  navigation,  struck 
a  heavy  blow  at  all  the  inhabitants  of  Boston.  Business  of 
all  kinds  came  to  a  standstill;  men  of  property  received  no 
rents,  mechanics  had  no  employment,  laboring  men  could 
earn  no  wages.  Stagnation  soon  brought  actual  want. — 
Palfrey,  "  History  of  New  England,"  vol.  v.  p.  531.] 

Gov.  Thomas  Hutchinson  embarks  for  England,  forever  leav- 
ing the  country  which  gave  him  birth 1  June,     " 

[He  passed  his  last  days  a  slighted  and  saddened  man, 
longing  for  the  native  home  which  had  closed  against  him, 
and  as  little  sustained  by  the  good-will  of  those  to  whom  he 


MAS 


1 

)rc^^ 


had  given  his  unsuccessful  service  as  by  any  consciousn 
of  upright  endeavors  in  behalf  of  a  righteous  cause 
frey,  "  History  of  New  England. "] 

4th  or  "King's"  regiment  and  the  49th  of  his  majesty's  to 

land  at  Boston u  June  17 

5th  and  38th  arrive 5  July' 

5itth  arrives 0  Aug! 

First  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Philadelphia 5  Sept. 

[Delegates  from  Massachusetts  were:  Thomas  Cushingi 
James  Bowdoin,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams,  and  Robert 
Treat  Paine.  J 

Powder  seized  by  British  troops  at  Charlestown;  about  13  tons, 

1  Sept.' 

Gov.  Gage  erects  fortifications  on  the  neck  which  commands 
the  entrance  to  Boston 5  Sept. 

A  provincial  congress  formed  in  Massachusetts,  at  Salem, 
adjourned  to  Concord,  and  chose  John  Hancock  president, 
and  Benjamin  Lincoln,  a  farmer  of  llingham  and  after- 
wards a  major-general  in  the  Revolutionarv  army,  secretary, 

lOct. 
[This  congress  constituted  a  permanent  "Committee  of 
Safety,"  with  comprehensive  military  powers  ;  it  made  a 
complete  organization  of  the  militia,  embodied  a  force  of 
miuute-raeu.  consisting' of  one  quarter  part  of  the  force  of 
the  colony,  and  appointed  to  the  chief  command  Jedediah 
Preble,  Artemas  Ward,  and  Seth  Pomeroy;  it  proceeded  to 
carry  on  the  government;  collectors  of  taxes  were  ordered 
to  pay  no  more  money  to  the  late  treasurer  of  the  province, 
but  to  hand  over  all  future  collections  to  a  treasurer  ap- 
pointed by  the  congress.] 

Popular  current  in  England  sets  strongly  against  America  .... 

Josiah  Tucker,  dean  of  Gloucester,  Engl. ,  claims,  after  present- 
ing different  methods  of  meeting  the  difficulties  between  the 
colonists  and  England,  that  there  remains  but  one  wise  sola- 
tion,  and  that  is  to  declare  the  North  American  colonies  to 
be  a  free  and  independent  people  (George  Bancroft,  "His- 
tory of  the  United  States") 

Provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts,  consisting  of  upwards 
of  300  members,  meet  at  Cambridge 1  Feb.  1775 

Gov.  Gage  sends  a  detachment  of  soldiers  to  Salem  to  seize 
some  cannon  said  to  be  deposited  th'ere ;  they  are  met  by  a 
party  of  militia,  but  no  collision  takes  place 26  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Gage  has  about  4000  British  troops  in  Boston 1  Apr.     " 

British  troops,  about  800  strong,  under  lieut.-col.  Smith,  start 
towards  Concord  about  10  o'clock  p.m 18  Apr.     " 

Paul  Revere's  ride  to  notify  the  country  of  the  march  of  the 
British  troops  towards  Concord,  night  of 18  Apr.     " 

Maj.  Pitcairn  with  the  advance  at  Lexington,  about  12  miles 
northwest  from  Boston,  is  met  by  about  60  militia  under 
capt.  Parker;  here  the  first  collision  takes  place  between 
British  troops  and  Americans,  early  in  the  morning  of, 

19  Apr.  " 
[Here  the  Americans  lose  8  killed  and  10  wounded.  The 
British  troops  proceed  to  Concord,  and  after  destroying  some 
property  begin  their  march  back  to  Boston.  Near  Lexing- 
ton they  are  reinforced  by  about  1000  men  and  2  field-pieces 
under  lord  Percy.  The  retreat  is  continued  with  constant 
fighting  until  they  reach  Charlestown  and  are  i^rotected  by 
the  fluns  of  the  ships  of  war.  The  Americans  in  this  first  bat- 
tle lost  49  killed,  30  wounded,  and  5  missing;  the  British  73 
killed,  174  wounded,  and  26  missing.  This  was  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  See  for  the  losses  in  this 
battle,  Frothingham,  "  History  of  the  Siege  of  Boston."] 

George  Washington  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
American  forces  by  the  Continental  Congress 15  June,    '* 

Gen.  Gage  (lately  reinforced)  has  at  Boston  about  10,000  men; 
gens.  Clinton,  Burgoyne,  and  Howe  are  also  there.. June,     " 

Massachusetts  council  of  war  decides  to  fortify  Bunker  hill, 

IC)  June,    " 
[This  is  undertaken  the  same  night  by  1200  men  under 
col.  William  Prescott,  Thomas  Knowlton,  and  capt.  Samuel 
Gridley,  the  chief  engineer;  Breed's  hill  is,  however,  forti- 
fied instead.] 

Observing  these  works,  gen.  Gage  attempts  to  prevent  their 
completion;  the  British  troops,  3000  strong,  under  sir  Will- 
iam Howe  and  gen.  Robert  Pigot,  attack  the  Americans  about 

3  o'clock  P.M 17  June,     " 

[Twice  repulsed,  the  third  time  they  succeed  in  driving 
the  Americans  (whose  ammunition  is  exhausted)  from  their 
position  about  5  o'clock  p.m.  The  American  troops  slowly 
retire  without  pursuit  across  Charlestown  Neck  and  occupy 
a  position  on  Prospect  hill,  which  they  proceed  to  fortify. 
The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  115  killed  (among  them  dr. 
Joseph  AVarren,  who  had  just  been  appointed  major-general), 
305  wounded,  and  30  captured;  British  loss  was  226  killed 
and  828  wounded.  Maj.  Pitcairn,  who  was  with  the  British 
troops  at  Lexington,  was  mortally  wounded -here.] 

[Result  of  this  battle  was  the  best  possible  end  of  the 
conflict.  —  Carrington,  "Battles  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion."] 

Charlestown  burned  by  the  British  the^same  day;  estimated 
loss,  11S,0001.— Frothingham,  "History  of  the  Siege  of  Bos- 
ton." ^^ 

Gen.  Washington  reaches  the  army  at  Cambridge 2  July.    ^^ 

Gen.  Gage  recalled ;  he  sails  for  Kngland 10  Oct. 

[Gen.  Howe  in  command  of  the  British  forces  in  Boston.] 

A  heavy  cannonade  is  opened  upon  Boston  from  all  the  Amer- 
ican  batteries,  evening  of 2  Mch.  177b 

Americans  occupy  Dorchester  Heights  and  throw  up  strong    ^^ 
intrenchments,  night  of. 4  Mch.    ^^ 

British  evacuate  Boston 17  Mch. 


MAS  491 

Seven  thousand  soldiers,  4000  seamen,  and  1500  families  of 

loyalists  sail  for  Halifax 17  Mch.  1776 

Americans  enter  Boston 20  Mch.     " 

Reading  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  Boston  from 

the  balcony  of  the  state-house 18  July,     " 

[At  the  same  time  the  king's  arms  are  removed.] 
Uassachusetts  quota  of  troops  to  serve  for  3  years  or  during 

the  war  is  15  battalions 10  Sept.      " 

Fourth  of  July,  the  anniversary  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, observed  in  Boston 1777 

Massachusetts  apportionment  of  the  war  debt,  $820,000. .  .Oct.     " 

[Largest  apportionment  of  any  of  the  states.] 
Gen.  fiatcs  supersedes  gen.  Heath  in  command  of  the  forces 

stationed  in  Massachusetts Nov.  1778 

State  constitution  framed  by  a  convention  met  at  Boston,  1 
Sept.  1779;  labor  completed  2  Mch.  1780;  submitted  to  the 

people  and  ratified 1780 

Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  incorporated  at  Boston,  James 

Bowdoin  president 4  May,      " 

"  Dark  day  "  Friday 19  May,     " 

[This  darkness  extended  throughout  most  of  New  England, 
partial  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey ;  the  cause  of  the  dark- 
ness not  well  known.] 

Folin  Hancock  first  governor " 

:*opulation  of  the  state,  316,900 " 

niillips  academy,  Andover,  founded,  21  Apr.  1778;  incorpo- 
rated  4  Oct.     " 

;3eflnite  treaty  of  peace  w^ith  England  signed 3  Sept.  1783 

Population  of  Massachusetts:  AVhites,  353,623;  blacks,  4377. . .  1784 
^irst  bank  under  the  state  constitution  established,  known  as 

the  Massachusetts  bank " 

friassachusetts  mint  established 1786 

i  [Discontinued  after  adoption  of  Federal  constitution.] 

•"irst  symptoms  of  "  Shays's  rebellion  "  at  a  convention  in  the 

j  county  of  Worcester 15  Aug.     " 

i  [The  dissatisfaction  of  the  people  originated  in  hardships 
;  at  the  close  of  the  war,  through  Ihe  poverty  of  the  country; 
!  they  complained  of  much  which  they  thought  should  be 
i  righted  by  the  government.  Daniel  Shays,  who  became 
j  leader  of  the  Insurgents,  had  been  a  captain  in  the  army  of 
j  the  Revolution  and  had  resigned.] 
i'his  adair  culminates  at  Springfield,  when  Shays  attempts  to 

'  capture  the  arsenal  there 25  Jan.  1787 

I  [After  this  failure  the  insurgents  rapidly  disperse.  Shays 
'.  and  the  other  ringleaders  at  a  subsequent  date  petition  for 
!  pardon,  which  the  state  grants;  Shays  dies  in  Sparta,  N.  Y., 
i  29  Sept.  1825,  aged  78;  he  received  a  pension  from  the  U.  S. 
j  government  from  1820.] 
'[assachusetts  convention  to  ratify  the  Constitution  of  the 

'  U.  S.  convenes  at  Boston 9  Jan.  1788 

'        [Gov.  Hancock  chosen  president  of  the  convention.] 
ionstitution  is  ratified  by  a  vote  of  187-168  (Constitution  of 

'  THE  United  States) 6  Feb.     " 

'  [The  small  majority  in  favor  of  ratification  is  proof  that 
i  the  Constitution  did  not  meet  the  approval  of  all. — Barry, 
j  "  History  of  Massachusetts."] 

ilave-trade  prohibited  in  Massachusetts 26  Mch.     " 

ohn  Adams  elected  vice-president  of  the  U.  S 178? 

res.  Washington  visits  Boston 24  Oct.     " 

v'illianis  college  at  Williamstown,  Berkshire  county,  found- 

t  ed 1790 

[Incorporated  22  June,  1793.     Congregational.] 

(ohn  Hancock  d.  at  Quincy,  aged  5G 8  Oct.  1793 

Kiddlesex  canal  projected " 

phn  Adams  president  of  the  U.  S 4  Mch.  1797 

Vigate  Constitution,  "  Old  Ironsides,"  built  at  Boston  (Navy).  1799 

radford  academy  (for  women),  Bradford,  opened 1803 

mdover  Theological  seminary  (Congregational)  opened 1808 

jiate  averse  to  war  with  England.  The  legislature  in  an  ad- 
dress to  the  people,  "declare  themselves  unable  to  find  any 
I  satisfactory  solution  of  it,  but  in  an  habitual  and  impolitic 

I  predilection  for  France  "  (Hildreth,  "  Hist.  U.  S. ") 2  Mch.  1809 

:  assachusetts  agrees  to  a  Remonstrance,  in  which  she  de- 
,noiinces  the  perseverance  in  the  war  after  the  repeal  of  the 

,  British  orders  as  impolitic  and  unjust 15  July,  1813 

;ritish  land  at  Wareham  and  burn  several  vessels  and  a  fac- 
,tory;  they  also  land  at  Scituate,  a  few  miles  from  Boston, 
jand  throw  the  whole  coast  into  fresh  alarm.  A  million  dol- 
lars is  appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  defence June,  1814 

bv.  Strong  calls  out  10,000  militia  to  defend  the  state " 

!  circular  letter  to  the  New  England  states  against  the  con- 

,  tinuance  of  the  war,  sent  out  by  Massachusetts '.7  Oct.     " 

iate  sends  12  delegates  to  the  Haktforu  convention.  .  15  Dec.     " 
:3ws  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  brought  to  New  York  by  the 

British  sloop-of-war  Favorite 11  Feb.  1815 

[News  conveyed  to  Boston  in  32  hours,  "  thought  to  be  a 
great  effort  of  speed."] 
rxorder,  published  by  Nathaniel  Willis  or  Sidney  Edward 

i Morse  (disputed),  No.  76  State  street,  Boston 3  Jan.  1816 

!  .        [The  first  religious  paper  published  in  the  world.] 

lame  separated  from  Massachusetts  and  erected  into  a  state. .  1820 

imstitution  of  the  state  revised " 

inherst  college,  Amherst,  dedicated 18  Sept.  1821 

[Rev.  Zephaniah  Swift  Moore,  D.D.,  first  president.] 
iissachusetts  Society  organized  to  aid  in  the  suppression  of 

the  slave-trade 1822 

iniel  Webster  represents  Boston  in  Congress 1823 

;irner-stone  of  Bunker  Hill  monument  laid 17  June,  1825 

i             [Gen.  Lafayette  present,  Daniel  Webster  orator.] 
,y/nal  of  Education,  afterwards  the  Annals,  started  in  Boston, 
ithe  first  of  its  kind  in  the  U.  S 1826 


MAS 


John  Adams  d.  at  Quincy 4  July, 

Railroad  (the  first  in  the  U.  S.)  3  miles  long,  from  the  granite 
quarries  of  Quincy  to  Neponset  river,  commenced 

Road  finished 

Abbott  academy  (for  women),  Andover.  established 

Massachusetts  obtains  from  the  U.  S.  $430,748.26,  for  services 
of  militia  during  the  war  of  1812-14 31  May, 

Lloyd  Garrison  first  published  the  Liberator  (anti-slavery), 
Boston  (Slavery  in  the  U.  S.  ) 1  Jan. 

Burning  of  the  St.  Ursula  convent  at  Mount  Benedict  by  a  mob 

on  the  night  of n  Aug. 

[This  outrage  was  committed  on  the  strength  of  a  rumor 
that  Mary  St.  John  Harrison,  an  inmate,  had  been  abducted 
or  secreted  where  she  could  not  be  found.] 

Alonzo  D.  Phillips  of  Springfield  obtains  the  first  patent  for  the 
manufacture  of  matches  in  the  U.  S 

Board  of  Education  established  and  organized 29  June, 

Mount  Holyoke  college  (for  the  education  of  women),  South 
Hadley,  opened 

Normal  school  at  Framingham  and  Westfleld  opened 

Normal  school  at  Bridgewater  opened 

Arrest  of  George  Latimer  in  Boston  as  a  slave 

[Liberated  on  payment  of  $400  by  citizens  of  Boston.] 

College  of  the  Holy  Cross  founded  at  Worcester 

Completion  and  dedication  of  Bunker  Hill  monument  with  im- 
posing ceremonies '. 17  June, 

[I'res.  Tyler  present,  Daniel  Webster  orator.] 

Samuel  Hoar,  sent  by  the  state  to  Charleston,  to  test  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  act  of  South  Carolina,  whereby  any  ne- 
gro on  any  vessel  entering  her  ports  was  to  be  lodged  in  jail. 

Mr.  Hoar  reaches  Charleston 28  Nov. 

[He  is  obliged  to  leave  the  city  by  force  a  few  days  after- 
wards.— Greeley,  "American  Conflict."] 

Gov.  Briggs  sends  to  the  legislature  Mr.  Hoar's  reportr    It  is 

referred  to  a  committee  who  report  on  it 3  Feb. 

[It  is  unanimously  adopted  and  sent  out  to  the  country. 
"This  report  sets  forth  clearly  the  whole  case  in  issue,  and 
justifies,  by  indisputable  facts  and  impregnable  arguments, 
the  course  Massachusetts  had  pursued." — Wilson,  "Rise 
and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power  in  America."] 

Capt.  Henry  Purkitt,  the  last  survivor  of  the  "  Boston  Mohawk 
Tea  Party,"  d.  (aged  91) 3  Mch. 

John  Quincy  Adams  d.  at  Washington,  aged  80 23  Feb. 

Water  introduced  in  Boston  through  new  water-works, 

25  Oct. 

Shadrach,  colored  waiter,  arrested  as  a  slave  in  Boston,  15  Feb. 
[Rescued  by  colored  persons  and  sent  to  Canada.] 

Thomas  Sims,  a  fugitive  slave,  arrested  in  Boston  and  sent 

back  into  slavery 12  Apr. 

[He  is  sold  in  New  Orleans  to  a  brick-mason  of  Vicksburg, 
from  whence  he  escapes  in  1863  to  the  besieging  army  of 
gen.  Grant,  who  sent  him  north.  —  Wilson,  "Rise  and  Fall 
of  the  Slave  Power  in  America."] 

Senatorial  contest  in  the  state  legislature  between  Charles 
Sumner  (Free-soil)  and  Robt.  C.  Winthrop.  Charles  Sumner 
elected  on  the  26th  ballot 24  Apr. 

Daniel  Webster  dies  at  Marshfield,  aged  70 24  Oct. 

Boston  Normal  school,  at  Boston,  opened 

Law  fixing  the  hours  of  labor  for  a  day,  from  1  Oct.  1853,  to  1 
Apr.  1854,  at  12  hours;  from  1  Apr.  1854,  until  1  Oct.  1854,  at 
11  hours;  and  after  1  Oct.  1854,  at  10  hours 17  May, 

New  constitution  framed  by  a  convention  met  at  Boston,  7 

May,  1853;  completed  its  work 1  Aug. 

[Submitted  to  the  people,  but  not  ratified.] 

Massachusetts  Emigrant  Aid  Society  organized  by  Eli  Thayer, 

and  incorporated 20  Apr. 

[This  in  the  interest  of  the  settlement  of  Kansas.] 

Anthony  Burns  seized  as  a  slave  at  Boston 27  May, 

[He  is  remanded  to  slavery,  and,  under  a  strong  guard  to 
prevent  his  release,  is  taken  to  the  wharf  and  shipped  south. 
He  was  subsequently  liberated  by  purchase,  and  settled  in 
Canada.     The  event  created  great  excitement.] 

A  convention  in  Worcester  declares  in  favor  of  a  new  politi- 
cal organization,  to  be  called  the  "Republican  "  party, 

20  July, 

State  convention  of  the  Republican  party,  held  at  Worcester, 
nominates  Henry  Wilson  for  governor  and  Increase  Sumner 
for  lieutenant-governor 7  Sept. 

Normal  school  at  Salem  opened 

Congress  consents  to  the  cession  by  Massachusetts  to  New 
York  of  Boston  Corner,  the  southwesterly  corner  of  Berk- 
shire county 3  Jan. 

Sumners  speech  in  the  U.  S.  Senate  on  the  admission  of  Kan- 
sas, known  as  the  "  Crime  against  Kansas  " 20  May, 

[Great  excitement  among  the  southern  members.] 

Senator  Sumner  assaulted  and  beaten  down  by  Preston  S. 

Brooks  of  South  Carolina,  in  the  Senate  chamber.. 22  May, 

[Brooks  dies  in  Washington  27  July,  1857.] 

Adjutant-general's  report  shows  the  state  to  have  147,682  men 
enrolled  in  the  militia,  and  5771  are  in  active  service 

Peraberton  mills  at  Lawrence  fall  by  reason  of  defect  in  build- 
ing, and  afterwards  take  fire;  115  of  the  operatives  perish 
and  165  more  or  less  injured 10  Jan. 

John  A.  Andrews,  "  the  war  governor,"  elected 

Annual  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Anti-slavery  Society  at 
Tremont  Temple,  Boston,  suppressed  by  the  mayor  .  .24  Jan. 

Seven  commissioners  to  the  Peace  conference  at  Washington 
appointed  by  gov.  Andrews 5  F'eb. 

Legislature  appropriates  $25,000  for  supplies  for  2000  troops, 

3  Apr. 

6th  regiment,  mustered  at  Lowell,  16  Apr.,  leaves  Boston  for 


1827 
1829 


1831 
1834 


1837 


1839 
1840 
1842 

1843 


1844 


1845 


1846 

1848 


1851 


1853 


1854 


1855 
1856 


1858 


1862 


1863 


1865 


1866 


MAS  492 

Washington,  ITtli ;  attacked  by  a  mob  in  Baf.timokk,  19  Apr. ; 
3  soldiers  are  killed,  23  wounded;  arrives  at  Washiuglou  and 
is  quartered  in  the  Senate  chamber 5  I'.M. ,  19  Apr.  1861 

Legislature  convenes  in  e.\tra  session  14  May,  and  passes  an 
act  for  the  mainteuancu  or  the  Union  and  the  Constitution, 
creating  the  "Union  Fund,"  and  authorizing  the  issue  of 
$3,000,000  in  scrip,  supplemented  afterwards  by  an  act  em- 
powering the  governor  to  issue  scrip  for  $7,000,000  to  be 
loaned  to  the  U.  S May,     " 

Massachusetts  1st,  the  first  3-year8  regiment  to  reach  Wash- 
ington, leaves  the  state 15  June,     " 

San  Jacinto ^krr'wes  at  Boston  with  Mason  and  SlidcU,  19  Nov. ; 
they  are  incarcerated  in  fort  Warren 24  Nov.     '• 

Maryland  legislature  appropriates  $7000  to  be  transmitted  to 
the  governor  of  Massachusetts  for  distribution  among  the 
families  of  those  of  the  Ma.s.sachusetts  regiment  who  were 
killed  or  wounded  in  the  Baltimore  riot Dec.     " 

New  England  Women's  Au.xiliary  Association  organized,  with 
headquarters  at  Boston Dec.     " 

Mason  and  Slidell  released  and  sail  for  England  (Trent  affair), 

1  Jan. 

In  response  to  a  proclamation  by  gov.  Andrews,  calling  for 
more  troops,  issued  Sunday,  25  May,  3100  of  the  regular 
militia  report  at  his  headquarters  on  Boston  Commons, 

26  May, 

64tb,  colored   regiment,  the   first  fornied  in  the  free  states, 

leaves  Boston  for  Fort  Koyal 28  May, 

[This  regiment,  in  the  unsuccessful  assault  on  fort  Wagner, 
18  July,  1863,  immediately  on  its  arrival  at  the  front,  was 
almost  annihilated.  Its  colonel,  Robert  G.  Shaw,  aged  26 
years,  was  killed  in  this  assault  and  buried  by  the  con- 
federates in  the  same  pit  with  the  dead  of  his  regiment.] 

Mob  of  non- Unionists,  attempting  to  force  the  doors  of  the  ar- 
mory of  the  11th  Battery,  Boston,  fired  upon  and  dispersed; 
several  killed  and  many  wounded 14  July, 

Boston  college,  Boston,  chartered  and  opened. 

Work  resumed  on  the  Hoosac  tunnel Oct. 

Edward  Everett  d.  in  Boston 16  Jan, 

Monument  erected  in  Lowell  to  the  first  martyrs  from  Massa- 
chusetts in  the  civil  war 17  June, 

Commemoration  day  at  Cambridge,  in  honor  of  the  patriot  he- 
roes of  Harvard  college 21  July, 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  at  Boston,  chartered 
1861  ;  opened 

Massachusetts  State  Primary  school  at  Palmer  opened 

Legislature  adopts  the  XIV.  th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S 20  Mch. 

State  Temperance  convention  organizes  at  Worcester.  .17  Sept. 

Clarke  institute  for  deaf  mutes  at  Northampton  opened 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  college  at  Amherst,  chartered 
1863  ;  opened Oct. 

State  legislature  adjourns  after  the  longest  session  ever  held 
in  the  state  up  to  date,  being  165  days 12  June, 

Worcester  Polytechnic  institute  at  Worcester,  char;,ered  1865  ; 
opened  

Governor  and  council  contract  with  Walter  Shanly  of  Montreal 
and  Francis  Shanly  of  Toronto  to  complete  the  Hoosac  tun- 
nel before  Mch.  1874,  for  $4,594,268 24  Dec. 

Ebenezer  R.  Hoar  appointed  U.  S.  attorney-general 5  Mch. 

Legislature  adopts  the  XV. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S 9-12  Mch. 

George  S.  Boutwell  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury,  11  Mch. 

Great  Peace  jubilee  in  Boston  (Music) 15  June, 

Legislature  establishes  a  Bureau  of  Statistics,  a  state  Board  of 
Health,  abolishes  the  district  system  of  public  schools,  and 
adjourns  after  a  session  of  171  dnys 25  June, 

Landing  at  Duxbury,  23  July,  of  the  French  Atlantic  cable 
celebrated 27  July, 

Labor  Reform  party  organized  at  Worcester 28  Sept. 

Horace  Mann  school  for  the  deaf  at  Boston  opened 

George  Peabody  buried  at  Peabody  (South  Dan  vers),  Mass., 

8  Feb. 

Wendell  Phillips  nominated  for  governor  by  the  Prohibition 
party 17  Aug. 

Wendell  Phillips  nominated  for  governor  by  the  Labor  Reform 
party 8  Sept. 

Boston  university,  Boston,  chartered  1869  ;  opened 

World's  Peace  jubilee  and  International  Musical  festival  be- 
gins in  Boston  (Music) 17  June, 

Great  fire  in  Boston;  709  brick  and  stone  and  67  wooden  build- 
ings burned,  loss,  $70,000,000;  nearly  65  acres  burned  over; 
14  lives  lost 9-10  Nov.     " 

Legislature  meets  in  extra  session  to  devise  means  of  relief  for 
Boston 19  Nov.     " 

William  A.  Richardson  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury, 

17  Mch.  1873 

Oakes  Ames,  M.C.,  father  of  the  "Credit  Mobilier,"d.  (aged  69), 

8  May,     " 

Massachusetts  Normal  Art  school  at  Boston  opened " 

Charlestown,  Brighton,  and  West  Roxbury  annexed  to  Boston 
by  vote  at  election  held 7  Oct.     " 

Hoosac  tunnel  completed 27  Nov.     " 

Prof  Louis  J.  R.  Agassiz,  scientist,  b.  1807  ;  d.  at  Cambridge, 

14  Dec.      " 

U.S.  senator  Charles  Sumner,  b.  in  Boston,  1811,  d.  at  Wash- 
ington  11  Mch.  1874 

Gov.  Washburn,  elected  U.  S.  senator  to  succeed  Sumner, 
resigns  executive  office  to  lieut.-gov.  Thomas  Talbot, 

30  Apr.     " 

Bursting  of  a  reservoir  dam  on  Mill  river,  near  Williamsburg, 
Hampshire  co.,  nearly  destroys  Williamsburg,  Leeds,  Hay- 


MAS 


1870 


1872 


J 


densville.  and  Skinncrville  ;  200  lives  and  $1,500,000  woi 

of  property  lost 16  May,  j 

State  Normal  school  at  Worcester  opened 

Prohibitory  liquor  law  repealed 5  Apr.  1 

Centennial  celebration  of  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Con- 
cord   19  Apr. 

Centennial  celebration  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill 17  June, 

Celebration  of  the  100th  anniversary  of  the  day  Washington 

assumed  command  of  the  army,  at  Cambridge 3  July, 

Smith  college  at  Northampton,  chartered  1871,  opened Sept. 

Wellesley  college,  Wellesley,  chartered  1H70,  opened 

Vicepres.  Henry  Wilson  dies  suddenly  at  Washington.  .22  Nov. 

Marcella  Street  Home  (reform  school)  at  Boston  opened H 

State  lunatic  hospital  at  Worcester,  state  prison  for  women  at 
Sherborn,  state  prison  at  Concord,  state  lunatic  hospital 
at  Danvers,  and  state   asylum    for  the  chronic  insane  at 

Worcester  opened j 

Public  address  in  Faneuil  hall,  Boston,  by  Denis  Kearney,  the 

Sandlot  orator  of  San  Francisco,  Cal 5  Aug. 

Act  abolishing  9  separate  state  boards,  and  creating  the  Board 
of  Health,  Charity,  and  Lunacy,  passed  by  legislature,  which 

adjourns :$0  Apr.  II 

French  ocean  cable  landed  at  North  Eastham,  cape  Cod,  15  Nov. 
Cape  Cod  ship  canal  from  Buzzard  bay  to  Barnstable  bay  be- 
gun  li 

Anti-screen  Liquor  Saloon  law,  enacted  1880,  goes  into  effect. . .  1 

National  Law  and  Order  league  organized  at  Bosten 22  Feb.  1 

Henry  W.  Longfellow,  b.  1807,  d.  at  Cambridge 24  Mch. 

Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  b.  1803,  d.  at  Concord 27  Apr. 

Society  for  the  Collegiate  Instruction  of  Women,"  Harvard  An- 
nex," organized  14  Jan.  1879,  incorporated 16  Aug. 

Celebration  at  Marshfleld  of  the  100th  anniversary  of  the  birth- 
day of  Daniel  Webster  (postponed  from  3  Oct.) 11  Oct 

"Toin  Thumb"  (Charles  H.  Stratton),  b.  1838,  d.  at  .Middlebor- 

ough 15  July,  Ian 

Foreign  exhibition  opens  in  Boston,  continuing  until  12  Jan. 

1884 3  Sept.     " 

Wendell  Phillips,  b.  1811,  d.  at  Boston 2  Feb.  188-j 

Charles  O'Conor,  b.  1804,  d.  at  Nantucket 12  May,    " 

Statue  of  John  Harvard  unveiled  at  Cambridge 15  Oct.    " 

William  C.  Endicott  appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of  war. .  .6  Mch.  188;" 

Elizur  Wright,  abolitionist,  b.  1804,  d.  at  Medford 22  Nov.     " 

Board  of  Health  established  separately 188< 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  sen.,  b.  1807,  d.  at  Boston 21  Nov.    " 

State  property  in  the  Hoosac  tunnel  and  Troy  and  Greenfield 

railroad  sold  to  Fitchburg  railroad  company 

First  Monday  in  Sept.  (Laljor  diiy)  made  a  legal  holiday  at 

sion  of  legislature,  which  adjourned 16  June, 

Spencer  F.  Baird,  naturalist,  b.  1823;  d.  at  Wood's  Holl, 

19  Aug 

Asa  Gray,  botanist,  b.  1810,  d.  at  Cambridge '40  Jan.  ll 

Ballot  law  modelled  on  the  Australian  system  adopted  by  leg- 
islature at  session  ending 29  May,    " 

Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan,  b.  1831,  d.  at  Nonquit 5  Aug.    " 

Maria  Mitchell,  astronomer,  b.  1818,  d.  at  Lynn 28  June,  188!» 

Maritime  exhibition  opens  at  Boston 4  Nov.    " 

Great  fire  at  Lvnn;  296  buildings  destroyed;  80  acres  burned 

over;  loss,  $.5,000,000 26  Nov.     " 

Haverhill  celebrates  its  2.50th  anniversary 2  July,  1890 

Cyclone  visits  the  suburbs  of  South  Lawrence,  the  most  severe 
ever  recorded  in  the  New  England  states;   over  $100,000 

worth  of  property  destroyed 26  July,     " 

John  Boyle  O'Reilly,  Irish  patriot,  b.  1844,  d.  at  Hull. .  .10  Aug.    " 
First  annual  convention  of  the  letter  carriers  of  the  U.  S.  held 

at  Boston;  100  delegates 13  Aug.    " 

Accident  on  the  Old  Colony  railroad  near  Quincy;  20  killed. 

31  injured 19  Aug.    " 

Benjamin  Penballow  Shillaber,  the  creator  of  "Mrs.  Parting- 
ton," b.  1814,  d.  at  Chelsea 25  Nov.     " 

Associate-justice  Charles  Devens,  ex-attorney-general  of  the 

U.  S.,  d.  in  Boston 7  Jan.  1891 

James  Russell  Lowell,  b.  1819,  d.  at  Cambridge 12  Aug.    " 

Phillips  Brooks  consecrated  bishop  of  Massachusetts  in  Trinity 

church,  Boston 14  Oct.    " 

James  Parton,  author,  b.  1822,  d.  at  Newburyport 17  Oct.    " 

First  world's  convention  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  opens  at  Boston 10  Nov.    " 

Governor's  salary  raised  from  $5000  to  $8000 24  Mch.  1892 

Also  any  town  of  12,000  inhabitants  may  become  incorporated 

as  a  city ." " 

City  of  Quincy  celebrates  its  centennial 4  July,    " 

Ex-gov.  Henry  J.  Gardner  d.  at  Milton 22  July,    " 

Lizzie  Borden  arrested  at  Fall  River  charged  with  the  murder 

(Aug.  4)  of  her  father  and  stepmother 11  Aug    " 

Celebration    of  the   250th    anniversary  of  the   founding   of 

Gloucester  opens 23  Aug. 

Poet  Whittier  dies  at  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H..  7  Sept. ;  buried  at 

Amesbury 10  Sept.    " 

Celebration  of  the  250th  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Wo-    ^ 

burn  begins 2  Oct.    ^^ 

Lizzie  Borden  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  at  Taunton — 2  Dec. 
Gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler,  b.  1818,  d.  at  Washington,  D.C.,  11  Jan., 

buried  at  Lowell 16  Jan-  ^^^'^ 

Phillips  Brooks,  P.  E.  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  d.  at  his  home,     ^ 

Boston 23  Jan.     ^ 

Great  fire  in  Boston,  loss  $5,000,000 10  Mch. 

Lizzie  Borden  arraigned  at  New  Bedford,  pleads  not  guilty  of    ^^ 

the  murder  of  her  father  and  stepmother 8  May, 

Tried  and  acquitted  20  June, 

[Defended  by  ex. -gov.  Robinson  of  Massachusetts.]  , 

Statue  of  Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison  unveiled  at  Newburyport,  4  July, 


MAS  493 

frs  Lucv  Stone,  one  of  the  earliest  champions  of  women's  : 

rights,  d.  in  Bostou 18  Oct.  1893   ' 

'rancis  Parkmau  d.  at  Jamaica  Plains,  aged  70  years. .  .8  Nov.     " 

;x-gov.  William  Gaston  d.  in  Boston,  aged  74 19  Jan.  1894 

liss  Helen  Shafer,  president  Wellesly  college,  b.  1840,  d.  20  Jan.     " 
'ire  in  Boston,  137  buildings  burned,  loss  $500,000 15  May,     " 

GOVERNORS    OF   THE   MASSACHUSETTS   COLONIES. 
Name  PLYMOUTH   COLONY,  ELKCTED.  T^^^ 

ohn  Carver 1620  to 

t^illiam  Bradford 1621  " 

:dward  Winslow 1633  " 

homas  Prince 1634  " 

niliam  Bradford 1635  " 

dward  Winslow 1636  " 

/illiam  Bradford 1637  " 

homas  Prince 1638  " 

.^lliam  Bradford 1639  " 

dward  Winslow 1644  " 

niliam  Bradford 1645  " 

homas  Prince 1657  " 

3si:ih  Winslow 1673  " 

homas  Hinkley 1681  " 

ir  Edmund  Andros,  governor-general 

homas  Hinkley 


1621 
1633 
1634 
1635 
1636 
1637 
1638 
1639 
1644 
1645 
1657 
1673 
1681 


1689  "  1692 


MAS 

„  MASSACHUSETTS    BAY  COLONY. 

Name.  Term, 

John  Endicott  (acting) 1629  to 

Mathew  Cradock  (did  not  serve) 

John  Winthrop 1630  " 

Thomas  Dudley 1634  '« 

John  Haynes 1G35  " 

Henry  Vane 1636  " 

John  AVinthrop 1637  " 

Thomas  Dudley 1640  " 

Richard  Bellingham 1641  " 

John  Winthrop i642  " 

John  Endicott i644  " 

Thomas  Dudley 1645  " 

John  Winthrop 1646  " 

John  Endicott 1649  " 

Thomas  Dudley 1650  " 

John  Endicott 1651  " 

Richard  Bellingham 1654  " 

John  Endicott 1655  " 

Richard  Bellingham 1665  " 

John  Leverett 1673  " 

Simon  Bradstreet 1679  " 

Joseph  Dudley,  president 1684  " 

Sir  Edmund  Andros,  governor  general 1686  " 

Thomas  Danforth  (acting) 1689  " 


1634 


1637 
1640 
1641 
1642 
1644 
1645 
1646 
1649 
1650 
1651 
1654 
1655 
1665 
1673 
1679 
1684 


GOVERNORS  OF   MASSACHUSETTS   APPOINTED  BY  THE   KING  UNDER  THE   SECOND  CHARTER. 


Terra  of  oflBce. 


Remarks. 


ir  William  Phipps 

'illiam  Stoughton 

chard  Coote,  earl  of  Bellamont. 

illiam  Stoughton 

If  Council 

i)soph  Dudley 

ic  Council 

)seph  Dudley 

lliam  Tailer 

imuel  Shute 

illiam  Dummer 

illiam  Burnet 

illiam  Dummer 

illiam  Tailer 

nathan  Belcher 

illiam  Shirley 

lencer  Phipps 

Silliam  Shirley 


jiencer  Phipps  , 


,ie  Council, 
iiomas  Pownall 


omas  Hutchinson. 

Francis  Bernard, 
omas  Hutchinson, 
omas  Hutchinson. 

Council 


1692  to  1694 
1694  "  1699 

1699  "  1700 

1700  "  1701 

1701  "  1702 

1702  "  1715 
Feb.  to  Mch.  1715 
Mch.  "  Nov.  " 

1715  to  1716 

1716  "  1723 
1723  "  1728 

July,  1728  "  Sept.  1729 
1729  to  June,  1730 
June  "  Aug.   " 
1730  to  1741 
1741  "  1749 
1749  "  1753 
1753  "  1756 

1756  "  1757 
Apr.  to  Aug.  1757 

1757  to  1760 

June  to  Aug.  1760 
1760  to  1769 
1769    "   1771 
1771    "   1774 
1774   "   1780 


Born  in  Maine;  summoned  to  England,  he  dies  there,  1695. 
[  Lieutenant  governor  and  acting  governor,  one  of  the  principals  in 
[     the  witchcraft  delusion. 

Goes  to  New  York  in  1700,  and  dies  there,  1701. 

Acting. 

Subservient  to  the  English  government. 


liieutenant-governor  and  acting  governor. 

Controversy  with  the  legislature  as  to  a  fixed  salary. 

Lieutenant-governor,  acting  as  governor. 

Dies  in  office  7  Sept.  1729. 

Acting. 

Acting. 

Recalled  by  the  British  court. 

Visits  England,  1749. 

Lieutenant  governor,  acting. 

Recalled. 

Acting. 

Recalled.    Enters  Parliament  and  opposes  the  ministry  on  Amer- 
ican measures. 
Lieutenant-governor,  acting  governor. 
Recalled,  and  made  a  baronet. 
Acting. 

The  last  of  the  royal  governors. 
Governing  until  the  adoption  of  the  state  constitution. 


GOVERNORS  UNDER  THE  STATE  CONSTITUTION. 


Party. 


[in  Hancock. . , 
Imes  Bowdoin. 
an  Hancock. . , 

■imuel  Adams.., 


^(Buel  Adams. . . 
brease  Sumner.. 

fSes  Gill 

'ieb  Strong 

-'nes  Sullivan. .. 

vi  Lincoln 

<Tistopher  Gore, 
•ridge  Gerry... 

'  eb  Strong 

<iUi  Brooks 

'jliiam  Eustis.,.. 
fme  Morton... 

4'i  Lincoln 


1780  to  1785 

1785  "  1787 

1787  to  Oct.  1793 

1793  to  1794 


*';nuel  T.  Armstrong. 

l[vard  Everett 

J:"cus  Morton 

J;  n  Davis [ 

V<'us  Morton 

tTge  N.  Briggs 

<;rge  S.  Boutwell.... 

J.nH.  Clifford 

Kory  Washburn. . . . 

Ij'ry  J.  Gardner 

Haniel  P.  Banks... 

'"ill  A.Andrews 

%ander  H.Bullock. 

3iam  Claflin 

3  iam  B.  Washburn. 

limas  Talbot 

"'  iam  Gaston 

Mnder  H.Rice.... 
iJmas  Talbot 


Federal. 
Dem.-Rep. 

Federal. 

Dem.-Rep. 

Federal. 

Dem.-Rep. 

Democrat. 
Whig. 


Democrat. 

Whig. 
Democrat. 

Whig. 
Dem.  and  F.  i 

Whig. 

Republican. 


Democrat. 
Republican. 


'  1794 

1797  to 

1799 

1800 

1807  to 

1808 

1809 

1810 

1812 

1816 

1823  to 

Feb.  to 

1825 


"  1797 
June,  1799 
to  1800 
"  1807 
Dec.  1808 
to  1809 
"  1810 
"  1812 
"  1816 
"  1823 
Feb.  1825 
July,  1825 

to  1834 


1834  to  Mch.  1835 

Mch.  1835  to  1836 

1836  to  1840 

1840  "  1841 

1841  "  1843 

1843  "  1844 

1844  "  1851 
1851  "  1853 

1853  "  1854 

1854  "  1855 

1855  "  1858 
1858  "  1861 
1861  "  1866 
1866  "  1869 
1869  "  1872 

1872  to  May,  1874 
Mav  to  Dec.  1874 

1875  to  1876 

1876  "  1879 
1879  "  1880 


The  first  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Shays's  rebellion  occurs  during  this  administration. 

Dies  in  office,  8  Oct.  1793. 

;  Lieutenant-governor  acting.    One  of  the  foremost  revolutionary 
I     patriots. 

Governor.     Dies  in  Boston,  2  Oct.  1803. 

Dies  in  office,  7  June,  1799. 

Lieutenant-governor  acting. 

A  strong  Federalist. 

A  brother  of  gen.  Sullivan.     Dies  in  office,  10  Dec.  1808. 

Lieutenant  governor,  acting. 

Vice-president  of  the  U.  S.  1813.    Dies  in  office,  23  Nov.  1814. 

Opposes  the  war  of  1812. 

A  revolutionary  patriot  and  thorough  soldier. 

Dies  in  office,  6  Feb.  1825. 

Lieutenant-governor,  acting. 

The  first  to  exercise  the  veto  power,  the  occasion  being  a  bill  for 

a  bridge  uniting  Boston  and  Charlestown. 
Elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate. 
Lieutenant-governor,  acting. 
Scholar  and  orator. 


Elected  by  coalition  of  Democrats  and  Freesoilera 


The  "  war  governor  "  of  Massachusetts- 


Elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate. 


MAS 


494 


MAS 


GOVERNORS  UNDER  THE  STATE  CONSTITUTION.— (Conrtnucd.) 


Nwne. 

Party. 

Term. 

Remarki.                                            ,^,^ 

Republican. 
Dem.  and  Ind. 
Republican. 

Democrat. 
Republican. 

1880  to  1883 

1883  "  1884 

1884  "  1887 
1887  "  1890 

1890  "  1891 

1891  "  1892 

1892  "  1894 

1894  "  1895 

1895  "  1896 

i 

Bei^jamin  F.  Butlor. 

William  E.  Russell 

William  E.  Riiss«'ll 

PreAT.  Greenhalge 

UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


NH.ne. 

No.ofConp-es.. 

Date. 

Remarks.                                                 '■I 

1st 
1st  to  4th 
2d    "  4th 
4th  "  6th 

4th  "5th 

6th 
6th  to  7th 
6th  "  7th 
8th  "  10th 
8th  "  11th 
10th  "  12th 
12th  "  14th 
13th  "  14th 
14th  "  15th 
15th  "  16th 
15th  "  17th 
16th  "  19th 
17th  "  19th 
19th  "  23d 

20th  "26th 

24th  "  26th 
26th  "  28th 
26th  "  28th 
29th  "  32d 
29th  "  31st 

31st 

31st 

32d   to   43d 

33d 

33d 
33d    to   42d 
43d    "  44th 

43d 
44th  to  52d 

45th  "  

53d    "  

1789  to  1791 
1789  "  1796 
1791  "  1796 
1796  "  1800 

1796  "  1798 

1799  "  1800 

1800  "  1803 
1800  "  1803 
1803  "  1808 
1803  "  1811 
1808  "  1813 
1811  "  1817 
1813  "  1816 

1816  "  1818 
1818  "  1820 

1817  "  1822 
1820  "  1827 
1822  "  1826 

1826  "  1835 

1827  "  1841 

1835  "  1840 
1841  "  1845 
1841  "  1845 
1845  "  1853 
1845  "  1850 

1850 

1851 

1851  to  1874 

1853  "  1854 

1854 
1855  to  1873 
1873  "  1877 

1874 
1875  to  1893 

1877  "  

1893  "  

Seated  14  Apr.  1789.                                                                     fli 
Resigned.                                                                                       Vl 
Resigned.                                                                                        ■1 
Elected  in  place  of  Cabot.     Resigned.                                        ■! 
1  Elected  in  place  of  Strong.     Elected  president  2)7-0  tern.  27  J«l 

Resigned.                                                                                      «l 
Elected  in  place  of  Dexter.     Resigned.                                   h| 
Elected  in  place  of  Goodhue.                                                IHI 
Resigned.                                                                                    '^Hl 
Elected  in  place  of  Foster.                                                      HI 
Elected  in  place  of  Adams.     Resigned.                                  ^  ^|| 
Elected  president  pro  tern.,  and  again  6  Dec.  1813.                 ^^|| 
Appointed  in  place  of  Lloyd.     Resigned.                                ^^hI 
Elected  in  place  of  Gore.     Resigned.                                      '^^^11 
Elected  in  place  of  Ashman.     Resigned.                              "l^M 
Resigned.                                                                                    ^hI 
Elected  in  place  of  Mellen.                                                        ''^Mm 
Elected  in  place  of  Otis.    Resigned.                                          ■■ 
Elected  in  place  of  Lloyd.                                                             SI 
(  Webster's  famous  reply  to  Hayne  of  South  Carolina,  deliveredfflP 
\  '  the  Senate  26,  27  Jan.  1830.    Resigned  to  become  secretary  of 
(     state. 
Resigned.                                                                                         -.^ 
Elected  in  place  of  Webster.                                                       MM 
Died  in  office.                                                                                 11 
Elected  in  place  of  Bates.                                                          ^il 
Resigned,  became  secretary  of  state;  d.  24  Oct.  1852.           >jfll 
Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Webster.                                 ^H 
Elected  in  place  of  Webster.                                                      '"■ 
(  Struck  down  in  the  Senate  chamber  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  22  May 
\     1856.    Owing  to  bis  injuries  he  did  not  take  his  seat  during  the 
(     35th  Congress.     Died  11  Mch.  1874.      . 
Resigned. 

Appointed  pro  tern,  iu  place  of  Everett. 
Elected  in  place  of  Everett. 
Elected  in  place  of  Wilson. 
Elected  in  place  of  Sumner. 

Term  expires  1901. 
Term  expires  1899. 

Caleb  Strong 

George  Cabot    

Benjamin  Goodhue     ....        . .   . . 

James  Lloyd  jr    

Joseph  B   Varnum 

Christopher  Gore 

Eli  P  Asbmun        

Prentiss  Mellen 

Harrison  Gray  Otis         

Elijah  H.  Mills 

Nathaniel  Silsbee 

Daniel  Webster  

John  Davis            

Rufus  Choate            . 

Isaac  C.  Bates 

Robert  C  Winthrop 

Robert  Rantoul  jr 

Charles  Sumner           .      ...        . . 

Julius  Rockwell 

Henry  Wilson 

George  S  Boutwell     

William  B.  Washburn 

Henry  L.  Dawes              .     . 

Henry  Cabot  Lodge..   

ina§§acres.  The  indiscriminate  killing  of  human 
beings  incapable  of  defence  ;  in  war,  the  unnecessary  slaugh- 
ter of  combatants  surprised  or  after  surrender.  The  following 
are  among  the  most  remarkable,  but  the  accounts  of  many  of 
them  are  exaggerated:  3  ^ 

All  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily 397 

Two  thousand  Tyrians  crucified  and  8000  put  to  the  sword  for 

not  surrendering  Tyre  to  Alexander. 331 

Two  thousand  Capuans,  friends  of  Hannibal,  by  Gracchus 211 

A  slaughter  of  the  Teutones  and  Ambrones,  near  Aix,  by  Ma- 

rius,  Roman  general,  200,000  left  dead 102 

Romans  throughout  Asia,  men,  women,  and  children,  in  one 

day,  by  order  of  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus 88 

Many  Roman  senators  by  Cinna,  Marius,  and  Sertorius 87 

Again,  under  Sulla  and  Catiline,  his  minister  of  vengeance 82 

At  Perusia,  Octavianus  Csesar  ordered  300  Roman  senators  and 

other  eminent  persons  sacrificed  to  the  manes  of  Julius  Caesar,      40 

A.D. 

At  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  1,100,000  Jews  are  said  to 

have  been  put  to  the  sword 70 

Jews,  headed  by  one  Andrae,  put  to  death  many  Greeks  and 

Romans  in  and  near  Cyrene 115 

Cassius,  a  Roman  general  under  the  emperor  M.  Aurelius,  put 

to  death  300,000  inhabitants  of  Seleucia 165 

At  Alexandria,  many  thousands  of  citizens  were  massacred  by 

order  of  the  Roman  emperor  Caracalla,  for  some  insulting 

remarks  while  on  his  visit  there 215 

Emperor  Probus  said  to  have  put  to  death  400,000  barbarian 

invaders  of  Gaul 277 

Gothic  hostages  by  Valens 378 

Thessalonica,  when  7000  persons  invited  into  the  circus  were 

put  to  the  sword  by  order  of  Theodosius 390 

Circus  factions  at  Constantinople 532 

Latins  at  Constantinople  by  order  of  Andronicus 1184 

Albigenses  and  AValdenses,  commenced  at  Toulouse 1208 

[Thousands  perished  by  the  sword  and  gibbet.] 

French  in  Sicily  (Sicilian  Vespers) 1282 

At  Paris,  of  the  Armagnacs,  at  the  instance  of  John,  duke  of 

Burgundy 1418 

Swedish  nobility,  at  a  feast,  by  order  of  Christian  II 1520 

Protestants  at  Vassy 1  Mch.  1562 


Seventy  thousand  Huguenots,  or  French  Protestants,  in  France 
(St.  Bartholomew) 24  Aug. 

Christians  in  Croatia  by  Turks,  65,0U0  slain 

Pretender  Demetrius,  and  his  Polish  adherents,  at  Moscow, 

27  May, 

Protestants  in  the  Valteline,  N.  Italy 19  July, 

Protestants  at  Thorn,  under  pretended  legal  sentence  of  the 
chancellor  of  Poland,  for  joining  in  a  tumult  occasioned  by 

a  Roman  Catholic  procession 

[All  Protestant  powers  in  Europe  interceded  in  vain.] 

At  Batavia  12,000  Chinese  were  massacred  by  the  natives,  un- 
der pretext  of  intended  insurrection Oct. 

At  the  taking  of  Ismail  by  the  Russians,  30,000  old  and  young 
were  slain  (Ismail) • .  .Dec. 

French  royalists  (France,  Septembrizers) 2  Sept. 

Poles  at  Praga 

In  St.  Domingo,  Dessalines  proclaims  death  to  the  whites,  and 
thousands  perish 29  Mch. 

Insurrection  at  Madrid,  massacre  of  French 2  May, 

Mamelukes  in  the  citadel  of  Cairo 1  Mch. 

Protestants  at  Nismes,  by  Catholics May, 

Massacre  at  Scio  (Chios) 22  Apr. 

Janissaries  at  Constantinople,  14  June,  1826;  atCabul  (Afghan- 
istan)   

Six  hundred  Kabyles  suffocated  in  a  cave  in  Algeria  (Dahra), 

18  June, 

Massacre  of  Christians  at  Aleppo 16  Oct. 

Maronites,  by  Druses,  in  Lebanon,  June,  1860;  and  of  Chris- 
tians by  Mahometans  at  Damascus  (Damascus,  Druses), 

9-11  July, 

French  missionaries  and  others  at  Tien-tsin,  22  persons  (China), 

21  June, 

Foreigners,  by  native  Gauchos,  Tandel  district,  Buenos  Ayres, 
South  America 1  '^^^^ 

About  90  French  colonists  and  others  in  New  Caledonia  by  na- 
tives, during  a  revolt June, 

Mehemet  Ali  Pacha  and  others  at  Ipek,  near  Scutari,  by  Alba- 
nians  6  Sept. 

At  Cabul  (Afghanistan),  1879,  and  Turkey 

IN   BRITISH   HISTORY. 

Three  hundred  British  nobles,  on  Salisbury  Plain,  by  Hengist, 


about    li 


MAS 


495 


MAT 


Twelve  hundred  monks  of  Bangor,  by  Ethelfrid,  king  of  Ber- 

nicia (507  or  G12 

Danes  in  southern  counties  of  England,  by  order  of  Ethelred 

II.,  night  of 13  Nov.  1002 

rAt  London  it  was  most  bloody,  the  churches  being  no 

sanctuary.     Among  the  slain  was  Gunilda,  sister  of  Swein, 

king  of  Denmark,  left  in  hostage  for  the  performance  of  a 

treaty  newly  concluded. — Baker.] 

Jews  in  England.     A  few,  pressing  into  Westminster  hall  at 

Richard  I.'s  coronation,  vyere  killed  by  the  mob;  and  on  a 

false  rumor  that  the  king  had  ordered  a  general  massacre  of 

;   them,  the  people  in  many  parts  of  England  slew  all  they 

I   met.    In  York  500,  taking  shelter  in  a  castle,  killed  them- 

'   selves  to  escape  the  multitude 1189 

iBristol  colonists  at  Cullen's  Wood,  Ireland  (Cullen's  Wood).  . .  1209 
Snglish  factory  at  Amboyna,  to  dispossess  its  members  of  the 

!    Spice  islands Feb.  1625 

'.'rotestants  in  Ireland,in  O'Neill's  rebellion, which  began  23  Oct;  1641 

[Upwards  of  30,000  British  were  killed  in  the  commence- 
!  ment  of  this  rebellion.— »S'ir  William  ["etty.  In  the  flrst  3  or 
'  4  days  of  it,  40,000  or  50,000  Protestants  were  destroyed.— 
I  Lord  Clarendon.  During  the  rebellion  154,000  Protestants 
i  were  massacred. — Sir  W.  Temple.] 

Uacdonalds  of  Glexcoe 13  Feb.  1692 

iden,  women,  and  children,  numbering  184,  chiefly  Protestants, 
I  killed  by  insurgent  Irish  at  the  barn  of  ScuUabogue,  Ire- 

1  land  {Mnsgrave) 1798 ' 

(Europeans  at  Meerut,  Delhi,  etc.,  by  mutineers  of  the  native 

Indian  army  (Ixdia) May  and  June,  1857 

Vhites  at  Kalangan.  south  coast  of  Borneo 1  May,  1859 

WhitesatMorant  bay,  Jamaica,  by  negroes  (Jamaica),  11, 12  Oct.  1865 

I.ieut.  Holcombe  and  surveying  party  (about  70)  in  Assam,  on 
Naga  hills about  24  Feb.  1875 
Ir.  Margary  and  servants  (with  col.  Browne's  expedition  into 

'  western  China)  at  Manwyne,  by  Chinese 21  Feb.     " 

I'ommodore  Goodenough,  of  the  Pearl,  and  2  seamen,  by  na- 
;  tives  of  Santa  Cruz  island,  South  Pacific  ocean;  attacked  12 

I  Aug. ;  d 20  Aug.      " 

jen.  Charles  George  (Chinese)  Gordon  and  followers  at  Khar- 
toum (Soudan) 26  Jan.  1885 

I  IN    UNITED    STATES    HISTORY. 

I'rench  Huguenots  in  Florida,  by  Spaniards  under  Menendez 

j  (Florida) 19  Sept.  1565 

;iTiites  by  Indians  in  Virginia 22  Mch.  1622 

'adians  at  Pequot  fort  by  New  England  colonists  (Connecticut), 

26  May,  1637 

bdians  by  the  Dutch  at  Pavonia  (New  York) 25  Feb.  1643 

;nne  Hutchinson's  family  and  others,  near  Westchester  (New 

;  York) " 

;.'hites  by  Indians  in  Virginia 18  Apr.  1644 

•'utch  at  Hoboken,  Pavonia,  and  Staten  Island  (New  York), 

\  15-20  Sept    1655 

Whites  in  Massachusetts,  Maine,  and  New  Hampshire,  by  Ind- 

!  ians,  1675,  '76,  '77;  by  French  and  Indians?,  1688, '90,  '92,  also 

j  in  1703-4,  and  again  in  1722-25,  1744-48,  1754-60.     Maine, 

*  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire. 

;/hites  at  Schenectady  by  French  and  Indians  (New  York), 

I  8  Feb.  1690 

arrison  at  Fort  William  Hknry  after  surrender 9  Aug.  1757 

arrison  effort  Loudon,  Tennessee,  after  surrender,  by  Chero- 

;  kees 7  Aug.  1760 

I  oravian  Indians  at  Conestoga,  Pa.,  by  the  Paxton  boys  (Pexn- 

:  sylvania) ■.  .27  Dec.  1763 

jen.  Wayne's  troop  by  British  at  Paoli 20  Sept.  1777 

.ettlers  at  Wyoming  by  Tories  and  Indians  (Pennsylvania), 

[  2-4  July,  1778 

leut.col.  Baylor's  command,  by  the  British  at  Old  Tappan 

j(Nbw  York) 27  Sept.     " 

;9ttlers  at  Cherry  Valley  by  Tories  and  Indians.  .11-12  Nov.  1778 
|oravianIndians,  by  whites  at  Gnadenhutten,0.  (Ohio),  8  Mch.  1782 
iarrison  of  fort  Dearborn,  Chicago,  by  Indians  (Fort  Dear- 

:  BORN) 15  Aug.  1812 

(tnerican  troops  at  the  river  Raisin  (Michigan) 22  Jan.  1813 

I'hites  by  Indians  at  fort  Mimms  (Alabama) 30  Aug.     " 

iraericau  prisoners  at  Dartmoor,  England,  by  guards.  .6  Apr.  1815 

'  aj.  Dade's  command  by  Seminoles  (Florida) 28  Dec.  1835 

jsxans  at  the  Alamo  by  Mexicans 6  Mch.  1836 

■migrants  to  California  by  Mormons  at  Mountain  Meadow 

I  (Utah,  1857-77) 11  Sept.  1857 

'  nite  settlers  at  Spirit  Lake,  Iowa,  by  Sioux Mch.     " 

hites  in  Minnesota  by  Sioux  under  Little  Crow  (Minnesota), 

Aug.,  Sept.  1862 
^rrison  at  Fort  Pillow,  Tenn. ,  by  confederates  under  Forrest, 
',        ^  12  Apr.  1864 

laians  by  col.  Chivington's  command  at  Sand  Creek,  Colo- 

«Ano 27  Nov.     " 

en.  Canby  and  others  by  Modoc  Indians  (California,  United 

^■^^^s) 11  Apr.  1873 

en.  buster  and  command  by  the  Indians  under  Sitting  Bull 

<^"^tana) 26  June,  1876 

egroes  at  Hamburg,  S.  C,  by  armed  citizens  (South  Caro- 

■'INA) ^   ^  g   Jyjy  (( 

bites  by  Apache  Indians  at  White  River  agency  (Colorado)' 
levenItal-^^-„«, ^-  ^       •        •       29  Sept.  1879 


ans  (Mama)  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  prison  as  sus- 
pected murderers  of  David  C.  Hennessey,  chief  of  police,  by 
;an  organized  body  of  citizens  (Louisiana, United  States), 
■  15  Mch.  1891 

Ma§'§o  wah,  a  port  on  the  Red  sea,  subject  to  Egypt. 


Certain  commercial  rights  secured  to  Abyssinia  by  treaty  with 
England  and  Egypt,  May,  1884. 

Italian  flag  hoisted  beside  the  Egyptian 6  Feb.  1885 

Abyssinians  under  Ras  Alouia  severely  defeat  the  Arabs  at 

Kufeit,  near  Amadib 23  Sept.     " 

Government  of  Massowah  assumed  by  the  Italians 2  Dec!     " 

Abyssinians  attack  Massowah  and  Italian  outposts,  but  suffer 

loss  and  retire ig  .Jan.  et  seq.  1887 

About  500  Italians  proceeding  with  supplies  to  Sahati  cut  off 
by  Abyssinians  under  Ras  Alouia  at  Dagoli,  near  Massowah, 
^^        .    .  25-26  Jan.'     " 

Negotiations  with  Ras  Alouia  with  respect  to  release  of  prisou- 

,,  ers.... 11  Mch.      " 

Skirmishes  between  Italians  and  Deber  tribe 27-28  Mch.     " 

Proclamation  issued  declaring  a  state  of  war  in  Massowah  and 

its  dependencies,  with  blockade  of  ports 2  May      '< 

Major  Savoiroux  made  a  prisoner,  still  kept  by  the  Abyssini- 
ans, April;  released Sept.     *' 

Chief  Kantibay  submits  to  Italy '.!'."."l8  Oct.*     " 

Declared  to  be  in  a  state  of  siege '.*.  ...lo  Nov.     " 

Italy  notifies  the  powers  that  it  has  annexed  Massowah.  .July.  1888 

Protectorate  proclaimed  at  Zulla :{  Aug!     " 

Severe  defeat  of  Italians  at  Sanganeiti  on  the  borders  through 

native  treachery;  4  Italian  officers  killed Aug.     " 

Keren  occupied  and  annexed  by  the  Italians 2  June,  1889 

Gen.  Baldissera  occupies  Asmara 4  Aug.     " 

About  1000  dervishes  repulsed  after  incursion   into   Italian- 
protected  country;  captives  and  booty  rescued,  reported, 

29  June,  1890 
Gen.  Gandolfi,  new  governor,  announces  end  of  military  rule 
in  the  Italian  possessions  on  the  Red  sea l  July,     " 

master  of  the  rolls,  an  equity  judge  in  England, 
so  called  because  he  has  custody  of  all  charters,  patents,  com- 
missions, deeds,  and  recognizances  entered  upon  rolls  of  parch- 
ment; his  decrees  are  appealable  to  the  court  of  chancery. 
The  repository  of  public  papers,  called  the  rolls,  was  in  Chan- 
cery lane.  The  rolls  were  formerly  kept  in  a  chapel  founded 
for  converted  Jews;  but  after  Jews  were  expelled  the  king- 
dom in  1290  they  were  placed  in  the  office  of  the  master  of  the 
rolls.  Here  were  kept  all  the  records  since  the  accession  of 
Richard  III.,  1483,  earlier  ones  being  kept  in  the  Tower  of 
London.  Records.  The  first  recorded  master  of  the  rolls 
was  either  John  de  Langton,  appointed  1286,  or  Adam  de 
Osgodeby,  appointed  1  Oct.  1295;  but  the  office  clearly  ex- 
isted long  before. — Hardy. 

masters  in  chancery,  chosen  from  the  equity  bar 
of  England,  were  first  appointed,  it  is  said,  to  give  instruction 
to  sir  Christopher  Hatton  (not  informed  in  the  duties  of  his 
office),  lord  chancellor  of  England,  in  1587.  The  office  was 
abolished  in  1852. 

mas'todon.     Mammoth. 

Mat'atoe'le  land.    Mashona. 

matches.     Lucifer-matches. 

materialism,  the  doctrine  that  the  soul  is  not  a  spir- 
itual substance  distinct  from  matter,  but  is  the  result  of  organ- 
ization in  the  body.  The  term  is  rather  loosely  applied  to 
the  systems  of  Epicurus,  about  310  b.c.;  Hobbes,  about  1642 
A.D.;  Priestley,  about  1772,  and  of  many  eminent  men  in  the 
present  day.  It  is  not  necessarily  identical  with  atheism. 
Philosophy. 

mathematics  formerly  signified  all  kinds  of  learn- 
ing; but  now  includes  the  sciences  of  numbers  and  quantity. 
Arithmetic.  Among  the  most  eminent  mathematicians 
were  Euclid,  300  h.c,  ;  Archimedes,  287  b.c.  ;  Descartes,  died 
1650  A.D. ;  Barrow,  died  1677;  Leibnitz,  died  1716;  sir  Isaac 
Newton,  died  1727;  Euler,  died  1783;  Lagrange,  died  1813; 
Laplace,  died  1827 ;  and  dr.  Peacock,  died  1858 ;  sir  (J.  B.  Airy 
(astronomer  royal),  Bartholomew  Price,  J.  J.  Sylvester,  and  I. 
Todhunter  are  eminent  matiiematicians.  Mary  Somerville, 
born  1790,  author  of  the  "Mechanism  of  the  Heavens,"  died 
1873.  The  London  Mathematical  Society  was  founded  16 
Jan.  1865 ;  prof.  Aug.  De  Morgan,  president.  Zerah  Colburn, 
a  mathematical  prodigy,  Vermont,  1804-40. 

mat'ins,  the  service  or  prayers  first  performed  in  the 
morning  or  beginning  of  the  day  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  The  French  matins  were  the  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, 24  Aug.  1572.  The  matins  of  Moscow  were  the 
massacre  of  prince  Demetrius,  and  the  Poles  his  adherents,  in 
the  morning  of  27  May,  1606. 

matter  exists  in  three  states :  gaseous,  liquid,  and  solid. 
William  Crookes  considers  that  there  is  a  fourth  state,  "  ra- 


MAT 


496 


MEC 


diant  matter,"  subtler  than  any  of  tliese,  1879-80.  Light. 
Aocordinj?  to  Swedenborp,  matter  is  the  ultimate  of  divine 
onler,  and  is  related  to  spirit  as  an  effect  to  its  cause. 

]VIat'terllorn,  a  peak  of  the  main  ridge  of  the  Alps, 
abt)ut  14,83(5  feet  high,  S.  Switzerland.  After  various  fruitless 
attempts  by  prof.  Tyndall  and  other  eminent  climbers,  in  1860, 
the  summit  was  reached  on  14  July,  1865,  by  Edward  Whyraper 
and  others.  During  their  descent,  4  of  the  party  were  killed. 
Mr.  Hadow  fell;  the  connecting-rope  broke,  and  he,  lord  Fran- 
cis Douglas,  the  rev.  Mr.  Hudson,  and  Michael  Croz,  a  guide, 
slipped,  and  fell  from  a  precipice  nearly  4000  feet  high.  Miss 
Walker,  with  her  father,  ascended  the  Matterhorn,  22  July, 
1871.  3  gentlemen  ascended  without  a  guide,.  21  July,  1876. 
Dr.  \y.  O.  Moseley,  an  American,  was  killed  here,  14  Aug.  1879. 
3  persons  attempting  the  ascent  perished,  12  vSept.  1890. 

maunicc'    Rapids  or   Fallen   Timber§, 

Battle  of.  At  the  Maumee  rapids,  in  northern  Ohio,  Wayne 
ct>mpletely  routed  2000  Indians,  on  20  Aug.  1794.  The  Amer- 
icans lost  33  killed  and  100  wounded.  This  battle  ended  the 
Indian  war  in  the  Northwest.     Ohio. 

maundy- Thursday  (derived  by  Spelman  from 
mande,  a  hand-basket,  in  which  the  king  gave  alms  to  the 
poor ;  by  others  from  dies  mandati,  the  day  on  which  Christ 
gave  his  grand  mandate,  that  we  should  love  one  another),  the 
day  before  Good  YtuXsiy.—  Wheatley.  The  custom  of  the  sov- 
ereigns of  England  or  their  almoners  to  give  alms,  food,  and 
clothing  to  as  many  poor  persons  as  they  were  years  old  on 
this  day,  was  begun  by  Edward  III.,  when  fifty  years  of  age, 
1363,  and  is  still  continued. 

IVIaurita'nia,  N.  Africa,  with  Numidia,  became  a  Ro- 
man province,  45  B.C.,  with  Sallust  for  proconsul.  Augustus 
created  (30  b.c.)  a  kingdom  of  Mauritania  and  part  of  Getulia, 
for  Jiiba  II.,  a  descendant  of  ancient  African  princes.  Sueto- 
nius Paulinus  suppressed  a  revolt  here,  42  a.d.,  when  it  was 
made  a  province,  divided  into  parts.  The  country  was  sub- 
jugated by  Vandals  and  Greeks,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Arabs,  about  667.     Moors,  Morocco. 

]flauritiu§  {maw-Hsh'e-us)  or  I§ie  of  France, 

in  the  Indian  ocean,  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese,  1505; 
but  the  Dutch  were  the  first  settlers  in  1598.  They  called  it 
after  prince  Maurice,  their  stadtholder;  but  on  acquiring  the 
Cape  of  (Jood  Hope  deserted  it;  and  it  continued  unsettled 
until  the  French  landed,  and  named  it  for  one  of  tlie  finest 
provinces  in  France,  1715.  The  island  was  taken  b}'  the 
British,  2  Dec.  1810,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris  in  1814.     Area,  705  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891,*377,986. 

inausole'um.  Artemisia  married  her  brother,  Mauso- 
lus,  king  of  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  377  B.C.  After  his  death  his 
body  was  burned,  and  she  drank  in  liquor  his  ashes,  and 
erected  to  his  memory  at  Halicarnassus  a  monument,  one  of 
the  7  wonders  of  the  world  (350  b.c.),  termed  Mausoleum. 
She  invited  all  the  literary  men  of  her  age,  and  proposed  re- 
wards for  the  best  elegiac  panegyric  upon  her  husband.  The 
prize  was  adjudged  to  Theopompus,  357  b.c.  She  died  352 
B.C.  The  statue  of  Mausolus  is  among  the  antiquities  brought 
from  Halicarnassus  by  C.  T.  Newton  in  1857,  and  placed  in  the 
British  museum.  A  mausoleum  for  the  royal  family  of  Eng- 
land was  founded  by  queen  Victoria  at  Frogmore,  15  Mch.  1862. 

mauve  {moo;  Fr.  for  malva,  mallow),  a  dye  of  a  deli- 
cate purple  color  made  by  dr.  Stenhouse  from  lichens  in  1848; 
now  made  from  Aniline. 

maverick,  a  term  used  on  the  cattle-ranges  of  the 
West  for  a  herd  of  cattle  that  bears  no  brand,  and  is  therefore 
regarded  as  ownerless.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  name  of  a 
Massachusetts  man  who  settled  in  Texas,  where  he  refused  to 
follow  the  custom  of  branding  his  calves,  because  he  trusted 
his  neighbors,  and,  besides,  was  tender  of  his  beasts. 

IVIaxim  ifUn.  An  automatic  gun,  the  invention  of 
Hiram  S.  Maxim,  of  London,  Engl.  1883.  It  consists  of  a 
single  barrel  mounted  on  a  tripod  and  fires  but  a  single  shot 
at  a  time,  but  with  such  rapidity  that  the  United  States  Ord- 
nance Department,  on  a  test  experiment  in  rapidity,  fired  2004 
shots  in  1  min.  45  sec.  At  the  same  time,  in  a  test  for  ac- 
curacy, out  of  334  shots  fired  at  a  target  12  x  26  ft.  at  a  dis- 
tance of  300  yds.,  268  hits  were  made.     The  gmi  works  itself 


after  the  first  shot  is  fired  until  the  cartridges  in  the  belt  or 
magazine  are  exhausted. 

may,  the  6th  month  of  the  j'ear,  named,  some  say,  by 
Romulus,  in  respect  to  the  senators  and  nobles  of  his  city,  who 
were  denominated  majores ;  others  supposed  it  was  so  called 
from  Maia,  the  mother  of  Mercury,  to  whom  they  offered  sac- 
rifices on  the  first  day.  The  ancient  Romans  used  to  go  in 
procession  to  the  grotto  of  Egeria  on  May-day. 

may  flower.     Massachusetts,  1620. 

mayor  of  London.  At  the  time  of  the  Norman 
conquest,  1066,  the  chief  officer  of  London  was  called  poi-tgrave, 
afterwards  softened  into  portreeve,  from  Saxon  words  signify- 
ing chief  governor  of  a  harbor.  He  was  afterwards  called 
provost;  but  in  Henry  II.'s  reign  the  Norman  title  of  W(nV( 
(soon  after  mayor)  was  brought  into  use.  At  first  the  maj'or 
was  chosen  for  life,  but  afterwards  for  irregular  periods :  now 
he  is  chosen  annually,  but  is  eligible  for  re-electii)n.  He  must 
be  an  alderman  and  ex-sheriff.  His  duties  commence  on  0 
Nov.  The  prefix  '•  lord  "  is  peculiar  to  the  chief  civic  officer 
in  London,  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  and  York.  London,  Salary. 
Lord  Mnynr^s  court  is  very  ancient. 
First  mayor  of  London,  Henry  Fitz-Alwyn,  held  office  for  24 

years,  ap|)ointed , 1189 

Prefix  of  lord  granted  by  Edward  III.,  with  the  style  of  right 

honorable 

mayors  in  the    United    States.     Boston,  Chicai 
New  York,  etc. 

mayors  of  the  palace,  high  officers  in  France 
who  had  great  influence  during  the  later  Merovingian  kings, 
i&rm&iX  faineants,  "do-nothings":  Pepin  the  Old  (or  De  Laii- 
den),622  et  seq. ;  Pepin  Heristal,  687-714;  Charles  Martd, 
despotic,  714-41 ;  Pepin  le  Bref,  74l,  who  shut  Childeric  III. 
in  a  monastery,  and  took  the  kingdom,  752. 

Hazartn'  Bible.     Books. 

mazurka  (nm-zer'Tca),  a  Polish  dance  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, introduced  into  England  about  1845.  Chopin's  music 
for  the  mazurka  is  much  admired. 

meal-tub  plot,  a  plot  against  the  duke  of  York,  after- 
wards James  II.,  contrived  by  one  Dangerfield,  who  secreted  se- 
ditious letters  in  the  lodgings  of  col.  Maunsell,  and  then  advised 
the  custom-house  officers  to  search  for  smuggled  goods,  23  Oct. 
1679.  After  Dangerfield's  apprehension,  on  suspicion  of  forg- 
ing these  letters,  papers  were  found  concealed  in  a  meal-tub  at 
the  house  of  a  woman  with  whom  he  cohabited,  which  con- 
tained the  scheme  to  be  sworn  to,  accusing  the  most  eminent 
persons  in  the  Protestant  interest,  who  Avere  against  the  duke 
of  York's  succession,  of  treason,  particularly  the  earls  of 
Shaftesbury,  Essex,  and  Halifax.  When  Dangerfield  was 
whipped  the  last  time,  as  part  of  his  punishment,  1  June,  1685, 
one  of  his  eyes  was  struck  out  by  a  barrister  named  Robert 
Francis.  This  caused  his  death,  for  which  his  assailant  was 
hanged. 

mea§ure§.  Metric  system,  Micrometer,  Weights. 
— "  Not  men,  but  measures,"  a  phrase  used  in  Parliament  by 
Brougham,  2  Nov.  1830. 

IHecCa,  a  city  in  Arabia,  the  birthplace  of  Mahomet, 
about  571,  whence  he  was  compelled  to  flee,  15  July,  622  (the 
Hegira).  On  one  of  the  neighboring  hills  is  a  cave,  where  it 
is  asserted  he  retired  to  perform  his  devotions,  and  where  the 
greatest  part  of  the  Koran  was  brought  to  him  by  the  augel 
Gabriel,  604.  Mecca,  after  being  vainly  besieged  by  Hoseiii 
for  the  caliph  Yezid,  682,  was  taken  b}'  Abdelmelek,  692.  In 
1803  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Wahabees,  a  IMahometan 
sect.  They  were  expelled  by  the  pacha  of  Egypt  in  1818, 
who  retired  in  1841.  It  is  said  that  160,000  pilgrims  visited 
Mecca  in  1858,  and  only  50,000  in  1859.  The  grand  shereef 
was  assassinated  by  a  fanatic,  21  Mch.  1880.  Pilgrimage  to 
Mecca  still  continues;  annual  average  about  90,000. 

meclianiCi.  The  simple  mechanical  powers  have 
been  ascribed  to  heathen  deities;  the  axe,  wedge,  wimble, etc., 
to  Daedalus.     Motion,  Steam-engine.  b.c. 

Aristotle  writes  on  mechanics about    32<» 

Properties  ofthe  lever,  etc.,  demonstrated  by  Archimedes,  who  d.  212 
[He  laid  the  foundations  of  nearly  all  these  inventions,  the 

further  prosecution  of  which  is  theboastof  our  age.— TFaWw 

(1695^.] 


I 


50 


MEC 

and  mill,  or  quern,  was  very  early  in  use;  the  Romans  found 
one  in  Yorkshire,  Engl. 

attlemills,  molce  jumentarice,  were  also  in  use  by  the  Romans, 
'■ater-mill  was  probably  invented  in  Asia;  the  first  that  was 

described  was  near  one  of  the  dwellings  of  Mithridates 

rater-mill  said  to  have  been  erected  on  the  river  Tiber,  at 
Rome 

AD. 

appus  wrote  on  mechanics about    350 

loating  mills  on  the  Tiber 536 

ide-mills  were,  many  of  them,  in  use  in  Venice about  1078 

Hnd-mills  were  in  very  general  use  in  the  12th  century. 

•iw-mills  are  said  to  have  been  in  use  at  Augsburg 1332 

heory  of  the  inclined  plane  investigated  by  Cardan about  1540 

Jork  on  statics,  by  Stevinus 1586 

alileo's  "  Scienza  Mecanica  " 1634 

heorv  of  falling  bodies,  Galileo 1638 

aws  of  percussion,  Huygens,  Wallis,  Wren about  1660 

heory  of  o-scillation,  Huygens 1670 

picycloidul  form  of  the  teeth  of  wheels,  Roemer 1675 

ercussiou  and  animal  mechanics,  Borelli ;  he  d 1679 

pplication  of  mechanics  to  astronomy,  parallelism  of  forces, 

laws  of  motion,  etc.,  Newton,  Hooke,  etc 1666-1700 

roblem  of  the  catenary  with  the  analysis,  dr.  Gregory 1697 

pirit  level  (and  many  "other  inventions)  by  dr.  Hooke, 

from  1660  to  1702 

'Alembert's  researches  on  dynamics about  1743 

agrange's  '■  M^canique  Analytique,"  pub 1788 

aplace's  "  Mecanique  Celeste."  pub 1799-1805 

orgnis's  "Dictionnaire  de  Mecanique  Appliquee  aux  Arts," 

10  vols 1818-23 

dward  H.  Knight's  excellent  "  Practical  Dictionary  of  Me- 
'chanics,"  pub 1877-84 

'  mechaniCSVille,  Va.,  Battle  at,  26  June,  1862.    Pen- 

ksULAR  CAMPAIGN. 

Hfech'lill  or  Haline§  (ma-ken'),  a  city  of  Belgium, 
uowned  for  lace  raaiiufacture,  was  founded  in  the  6th  centurj' ; 
jstroyed  by  the  Normans  in  884 ;  sacked  by  the  Spaniards, 
)72;  taken  by  the  prince  of  Orange,  1578,  and  by  the  English, 
)80;  and  frequently  captured  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries, 
laring  the  evil  fortunes  of  the  country.     Pop.  1891,  50,962. 


497 


MED 


Meck'lenblirg^,  N.  Germany,  formerly  a  principality 


in  Lower  Saxony,  now  independent  as  the  2  grand-duchies 
of  Mecklenburg- Schwerin  (area,  5135  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890, 
578,446)  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz  (area,  1131  sq.  miles;  pop. 
1890,  97,978).  The  house  of  Mecklenburg  claims  descent 
from  Genseric  the  Vandal,  who  ravaged  the  western  empire 
in  the  5th  century,  and  died  477.  It  is  the  only  reigning  fam- 
ily in  western  Europe  of  Slavonic  origin.  The  genealogical 
table  of  the  reigning  grand-dukes  begins  with  Niklot,  who 
died  1160,  and  comprises  25  generations.  During  the  Thirty 
Years'  war  Mecklenburg  was  conquered  by  Wallenstein,  who 
became  duke,  1628;  it  was  restored  to  its  own  duke  1630. 
After  several  changes  the  government  was  settled  in  1701  as 
it  now  exists  in  the  2  branches  of  Schwerin  and  Strelitz.  In 
1815  the  dukes  were  made  grand-dukes.  The  dukes  joined 
the  new  North  German  Confederation  by  treaty,  21  Aug. 
1866. 

Hecklenbiirg^  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendeiiee.     North  Carolina,  20  May,  1775. 

ineda1§.  Numismatics.  The  ancient  medals  resem- 
bled medallions.  Modern  medals  began  about  1453  in  Ger- 
many. The  English  House  of  Commons  resolved  to  grant  re- 
wards and  medals  to  the  fleet  whose  officers  (Blake,  Monk, 
Penn,  and  Lawson)  and  men  defeated  the  Dutch  fleet,  off"  the 
Texel,  in  1653.  Blake's  medal  of  1653  was  bought  by  William 
IV.  for  150  guineas.  An  act  of  1692  applied  the  teiTth  part  of 
the  proceeds  of  prizes  for  medals  and  other  rewards  for  officers, 
seamen,  and  marines.  After  lord  Howe's  victory,  1  June,  1794, 
it  was  thought  expedient  to  institute  a  naval  medal.  Medals 
were  struck  for  the  victory  of  Waterloo;  a  general  war-medal 
(for  the  war  1793-1814)  was  ordered  in  1847 ;  and  special  med- 
als were  given  after  the  Caffre  and  Chinese  wars.  Medals  were 
presented  by  queen  Victoria  to  persons  distinguished  in  the 
war  in  the  Crimea,  18  May,  1855.  Medals  were  given  to  arctic 
voyagers  of  1875-76,  in  1877.  A  list  of  British  military  and 
naval  medals  is  given  in  "  Whitaker's  Almanack  "  for  1888. 


MEDALS   AWARDED    BY   THE   CONGRESS   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Date  of 
Resolution. 


bh.  25,  1776 
hv.  4,  1777 
ly  26,1779 


pt.  24, 


3, 1780 


!h.    9,1781 


t.  29,  " 
t.  16,1787 
;h.  29, 1800 
;h.  3,1805 
n.  29, 1813 


1814 


fi.  U, 

^.  20, 


'j.  27,1815 
X  22,1816 


■r.^    4,1818 

]>■   13,1835 

6. 1846 

2. 1847 


.,      9, 1848 


i,  1854 


To  whom  presented. 


Gen.  George  Washington 

Brig. -gen.  Horatio  Gates 

Maj.-gen.  Anthony  Wayne 

Lieut. -col.  De  I'leury 

Maj.  John  Stewart 

Maj.  Henry  Lee 

John  Paulding 

David  Williams 

Isaac  Van  Wart 

Brig.-gen.  Daniel  Morgan 

Lieut. -col.  AVilliam  A.  Washington 

"      John  E.  Howard 

Maj.  -gen.  Nathaniel  Greene 

Capt.  John  Paul  Jones 

"     Thomas  Truxton 

Com.  Edward  Preble 

Capt.  Isaac  Hull. . . .- 

'  •     Jacob  Jones 

"     Stephen  Decatur 

"     William  Bainbridge 

Lieut.  Edward  R.  McCall 

Com.  Oliver  H.  Perry 

Capt.  Jesse  D.  Elliott 

•'     James  Lawrence 

Com.  Thomas  Macdonough 

Capt.  Robert  Henley 

Lieut.  Stephen  Cassin 

Capt.  Lewis  Warrington 

"  Johnston  Blakely  (to  the  widow). 
Maj.-gen.  .Jacob  Brown 

"        Peter  B.  Porter 

Brig.  -gen.  E.  W.  Ripley .• 

"        James  Miller 

Maj.-gen.  Winfield  Scott 

"        Edmund  P.  Gaines 

"        Alexander  Macomb 

"        Andrew  Jackson 

Capt.  Charles  Stewart 

"     James  Biddle 

Maj.-gen.  William  H.  Harrison 

Gov.  Isaac  Shelby 

Col.  George  Croghan— 22  years  after. . . 
Maj.-gen.  Zachary  Taylor 


British,  French,  and  Spanish  officers  and  crews. 

Maj.-gen.  Winfield  Scott 

"        Zachary  Taylor 

Capt.  Duncan  N.  Ingraham 


For  what  se'vice. 


Capture  of  Boston 

Defeat  of  Burgoyne 

Storming  of  Stony  Point. 


Surprise  of  Paulus  Hook 
Capture  of  Andr6 


Victory  of  the  Cowpen.s. 


Victory  at  Eutaw  Springs 

Capture  of  the  Serapis,  1779 

Action  with  the  Vengeance  (French). 

Tripoli 

Capture  of  the  Guerriere 

"         "       Frolic 

"         "      Macedonian 

"         "      Java 

"         "       Boxer 

Victory  on  lake  Erie 


Capture  of  the  Peacock 

Victory  on  lake  Cham  plain. 


Capture  of  the  Epervier. 

"  "       Reindeer. 

Victory  of  Chippewa,  etc. 


"       of  Erie 

"        "  Plattsburg 

"        "  New  Orleans 

Capture  of  the  Cyane  and  Levant. 

"  "       Penguin 

Victory  of  the  Thames 


1813. 


Defence  of  fort  Stephenson. 

Victory  on  Rio  Grande 

Capture  of  Monterey 

/Rescuing  crew  of  the  U.  S.  brig-of-war  Somers  before  i 

\     Vera  Cruz,  7  Dec.  1846 J 

'  Mexican  campaign ._.. 

Victory  of  Buena  Vista 

Release  of  Martin  Koszta. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Gold. 
Silver. 


Gold. 
Silver. 


fGold& 
[  silver. 
Gold. 


MED 


498 


MED 


MEDALS  AWARDED  BY  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.— (Continued.) 


Dote  of 

ReMlution. 

To  whom  proMuted. 

For  what  service. 

Met( 

May  11,1868 

Dec.  21,1861) 
July  16,  1862/ 

July  12,     "   ) 
Mch.    3,  1863  f 

Dec    17     " 

Dr.  Frederick  H.  Rose,  of  the  British  navy 

f  For  humanity— care  of  yellow-fever  patients  from) 
\     Jamaica  to  New  York  on  the  U.  S.  S.  Susquehanna  ( 

C  At  Gettysburg,  1  July,  1803.  the  27th  Maine  volun-  ] 
teered  to  remain  for  the  battle,  although  its  term 

[     had  expired.     All  its  members  received  medals. . 

Victories  of  fort  Donelson,  Vicksburg,  Chaltiiiiooga 

Gift  of  ship  Vanderbilt 

Gol< 

Broi 
Go1<l 

NavHl,  to  be  bestowed  upon  petty  officers,  seamen, 

and  marines  distinguished  for  gallantry  in  action, 

etc. ;  200  issued. 

(Army,  to  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates  for ) 

(     gallantry  in  action,  etc. ;  2000  issued ) 

Moj -gen  Ulysses  S  Grant 

Jan    28  1864 

Cornelius  Vanderbilt       .... 

July  26, 1866 

Mch.    2,1867 
Mch  16     " 

f  Rescuing  500  passengers  from  the  S.  S.  i^an  Fran- ) 

Cisco,  -26  July,  1K53.    Creighton,  of  the  Three  Bells.  [ 

]      Glasgow;  Low,  of  the  bark  Kelly,  of  Boston,  and  [ 

[     Stouffler,  of  the  ship  Antarctic,  Liverpool J 

• 

i 

George  Peabody 

Promotion  of  education 

|H 

Mch     1  1871 

George  F  Robinson                             

Saving  William  H.  Seward  from   assassination,  14\ 

Apr.  1865.     Besides  the  medal,  $5000 

(Saving  passengers  from  the  Metis,  of  the  N.  Y.  and 

(    Providence  line,  31  Aug.  1872 ' 

There  has  been  presented  as  awards  for  life-saving 

J     since  the  passage  of  the  resolution  167  gold  and 

209  silver  medals  up  to  1  July,  1892.    Life-saving 

^ 

Feb.  24, 1873 
June  16, 1874 
June  20     ' ' 

( Capt.  Crandall  and  others,  Long  Island  lighthouse ) 

\     keeper  and  crew i 

Centennial  medals. 

,. 

(.«. 

.    1 

J.  F.  Loubat's  work  on  "The  Medallic  History  of  the  United 
States  "  was  pub 1878 

Me'dia,  a  province  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  revolted,  711 
B.C.     Its  chronology  is  doubtful.  b  (, 

Revolt  of  the  Medes 711 

Deioces,  founder  of  Ecbatana,  reigns 709 

Phraortes,  or  Arphaxad,  reigns  (he  conquers  Persia,  Armenia, 

and  other  countries) 656 

Warlike  reign  of  Cyaxares ■ 632-594 

War  with  the  Lydians  (Halts) 603 

Astyages  reigns 594 

Astyages  deposed  by  Cyrus,  550;  w^ho  established  the  empire  of 

Persia 560 

medical  science.  The  medical  knowledge  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians  is  presented  to  us  in  the  Leipsic  Papyrus, 
written  in  the  16th  century  b.c.,  and  the  Berlin  Papyrus,  14th 
century  b.c.,  supposed  to  be  parts  of  the  "  Hermetic  Books," 
the  substance  dating  from  4000  B.C.  From  the  Bible  we  learn 
much  of  the  science  of  medicine  among  the  Jews,  1500  b.c. 
India,  in  the  11th  century  b.c.,  possessed  many  branches  of 
the  science,  though  imperfectly,  but  in  advance  of  the  Egyp- 
tians and  Jews.  The  healing  art  was  studied  among  the  Per- 
sians and  Greeks  about  500  b.c.,  and  Pythagoras  explained  the 
philosophy  of  disease  and  the  action  of  medicine  about  the 
same  time.  The  science  carried  to  Rome  from  the  schools 
of  Alexandria  about  100  b.c.  Hippocrates  "  the  Great "  of 
Cos,  who  died  at  Larissa  in  Thessaly  377  or  370  b.c.,  was  "  the 
creator  of  profane  as  distinguished  from  sacerdotal  medicine, 
of  public  in  place  of  secret  practice,"  and  the  founder  of  prog- 
nosis. There  were  female  doctors  of  the  Roman  school  of 
Salerno,  between  the  12th  and  14th  centuries  a.d.,  who 
wrote  on  all  medical  subjects,  but  particularly  on  gynecol- 
ogy. In  Mayence  a  female  physician  practised  as  early  as 
1288,  and  another  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  in  1391.  Sur- 
gery. 

l)ISCOVERI?:S   AND   GENERAL  ADVANCE  OF   THE   SCIENCE. 

Praxagoras  of  Cos  discovers  the  distinction  between  arteries   rc. 
and  veins 335 

Herophilus  of  Chalcedon,  founder  of  human  dissection,  discov- 
ers the  chyliferous  and  lymphatic  vessels 335-280 

Aulus  Cornelius  Celsus,  a  Roman  author,  compiles  8  books,  a.d. 
"De  Medlcina  " 30  b.c.  to  50 

Electricity  used  in  treatment  of  protracted  headache  by  Scribo- 
nius  Largus 43 

Rufus  of  Ephesus  discovers  the  decussation  of  the  optic  nerve 
and  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens about      50 

Marinus,  one  of  the  greatest  anatomists  of  antiquity,  discovers 
the  inferior  laryngeal  nerves  and  the  intestinal  glands, 

about    100 

Claudius  Galen  of  Pergamus,  the  greatest  of  the  eclectics,  and 
author  of  83  medical  works  still  extant,  b.  131,  d 201 

"Presbyter"  Ahrun,  Alexandria,  first  describes  the  cause, 
symptoms,  prognosis,  and  treatment  of  small-pox 600-700 

First  public  pharmacy  erected  by  Al  Mansur,  the  Arabi- 
an      745 

First  Arabian  Pharmacopoeia  pub.  by  Sabur  ebn  Sahel,  presi- 
dent of  the  school  at  Jondisabur,  who  d 864 

Avicenna,  an  Arabian,  wrote  a  system  of  medicine about    980 

" Antidotarium,"  popular  as  a  pharmacopoeia,  and  a  "Quid 
pro  Quo,"  or  list  of  equivalent  drugs,  pub.  by  Nicholas 
Praepositus,  president  of  the  school  of  Salerno about  1240-50 

College  de  St.  C5me,  an  association  of  French  surgeons  organ- 
ized by  Jean  Pitard about  1254 


Title  of  chirurgeon  or  surgeon  first  recognized  by  law  in  Eng- 

land  {Tone}-) 

Dissection  of  human  subjects  revived  by  Mondino  de  Luzzi 

(Anatomy) about 

Law  for  inspection  of  pharmacies  promulgated  in  France 

Earliest  mandate  or  warrant  for  the  attendance  of  a  physician 

at  the  English  court  is  dated 

"Barber-surgeons"  in  England  incorporated  under  the  title  of 

"  Masters  or  Governors  of  the  Mystery  or  Commonalty  of 

Barbers  of  London  " 24  Feb.  1461 ' 

Diseases  of  children  made  a  distinct  department  of  medicine 

by  Paolo  Magelardo  of  Fiume  and  Bartholomseus  Metlinger, 

1472-7J 
"  Fasciculus    Medicinae "   of  Johannes  de   Ketham  pub.  at 

Venice,  the  first  medical  work   illustrated  by  wood-cuts. 


pub. 


1491 


Dogmatic  medicine  prevailed  till  the  Reformation,  when  it  wa 
attacked  by  Paracelsus,  1493-1541,  and  Vesalius 1514-61 

First  dissection  at  Strasburg 1517 

College  of  physicians  in  London  founded  by  Thomas  Lina- 
cre 1513 

First  law  in  England  to  aid  the  study  of  practical  anatomy  au- 
thorizes dissection  of  4  executed  felons  each  year  by  Masters 
of  the  Mystery  of  Barbers  and  Surgeons , 1540 

First  English  work  on  anatomy.  '-The  Englishman's  Treas- 
ure, or  the  True  Anatomy  of  Man's  Body,"  by  Thomas  Vi- 
cary 154- 

Caius  college  in  Cambridge,  Engl,  established  by  John  Kaye, 

about 

"Treatyse  of  Anatomic,"  with  39  copper  plates,  the  fir.st  ana- 
tomical work  so  illustrated  in  England,  pub.  by  Thomas 
Gemini 

Matteo  Realdo  Colombo  of  Cremona,  first  to  demonstrate  ex- 
perimentally that  the  blood  passes  from  the  lungs  into  the 
pulmonary  veins,  d 

Eustachian  tube  discovered  by  Bartolommeo  Eustacchi,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Rome 

Ambrose  Pare,  father  of  modern  surgery,  b.  1510,  d 

First  London  Pharmacopoeia  pub 

William  Harvey»of  Folkestone,  Kent,  explains  the  circulation 

of  the  blood  in  a  book  pub 

[This  discovery  made  a  revolution  in  physiology.] 

Wilhelm  Fabriz,  first  surgeon  to  amputate  the  thigh,  d 

First  Pharmacopoeia  of  Paris  pub 

Medicinal  use  of  cinchona  or  Peruvian  bark  introduced  into 
Europe  by  Juan  del  V^ego  (Chinchona) 

Discovery  of  the  thoracic  duct  and  its  termination  in  the  sub- 
clavian vein  in  the  dog,  made  by  Jean  Pecquet  of  Dieppe  in 
1647,  and  in  man  by  Jan  van  Home,  professor  of  anatomy 
in  Leyden 

Clinical  lectures  first  held  by  Montanus,  who  died  in  Italy  in 
1552;  clinics  introduced  in  Utrecht  by  William  van  der 
Straten  in  1636,  and  complete  clinical  method  introduced  at 
Leyden  by  Sylvius 

Marcello.iMalpiglf  (1628-94)  of  Crevalcuore,  near  Bologna,  dis- 
covers the  capillary  circulation  in  the  lungs  and  mesentery 
of  frogs  (1661),  and"  the  blood  corpuscles  (1665);  also  the  pig- 
mentary layer  of  the  skin about 

First  transfusion  of  blood  in  man  performed  by  Jean  Baptisle 
Denis  in  France,  15  June,  1667,  and  by  Ed"mund  King  in 
England 23  Nov. 

College  of  Physicians  founded  at  Dublin,  Irel 

Anatomical  plates  of  veins  and  nerves,  purchased  in  Padua  by 
John  Evelyn,  presented  to  the  Royal  Society  of  Great  Britain, 
the  first  seen  in  England 31  Oct. 

Tourniquet  invented  at  the  siege  of  Be.sanpon  by  Morel 

Vienna  acquires  a  skeleton  in  1668;  Strasburg  a  male  skeleton 
in  1671  and  a  female  in 

"  New  London  Dispensatory  "  pub.  by  William  Salmon 

College  of  Physicians  founded  at  Edinburgh,  Scotl 

Frederich  Hoffman,  pioneer  of  the  study  of  mineral  waters, 
writes  a  work  on  the  mineral  springs  of  Herrnham 


1550 

15.50 


1502 
1590 
1618 

1623 

1631 

1633 


1652 


165S 


1661 


MED 


499 


MED 


1728 


1730 


'Pharmacopoeia  Bateaua"  pub.  in  London  by  J.  Skipton 1688 

inatomical  theatre  first  erected  in  Surgeon's  hall,  Edinburgh.  1697 
•ierre  Brisseau  first  demonstrates  by  dissection  that  the  lens 

is  clouded  in  cataract 1705 

Irst  university  to  create  a  chair  of  anatomy  iu  Great  Britain 
was  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  with  Robert  Elliot  as  pro- 
fessor at  151.  per  year " 

[Cambridge,  1707;    Glasgow,  1718;    Oxford,  1750;    Dublin, 
1785.] 

lieatricum  Anatomicum  founded  in  Berlin 1713 

noculation  for  small  pox,  practised  in  China  about  1000  B.C., 

'  introduced  into  London  by  lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu 1721 

1'  History  of  Physics  "  pub.  iu  London  by  John  Freind 1725-26 

•ormaliou  of  artificial  pupil  by  simple  incision  of  the  iris  in- 

I  troduced  by  William  Cheselden  in  London 

cience  of  otology  founded  by  Joseph  Guichard  Duverney,  pro- 

,  fessor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  who  d 

atlieterization  of  the  Eustachian  tube  from  the  mouth,  at- 
tempted by  postmaster  Guyot  of  Versailles  in  1724,  and  first 
I  performed"  through  the  nose  by  Archibald  CleUnd  of  Eng- 
land  ■•  1741 

[homas  Dover,  inventor  of  "  Dover's  Powder  '■"  d " 

lirst  chair  of  clinical  medicine  in  Great  Britain  established  in 

I  Edinburgh,  John  Rutherford  incumbent " 

leparation  of  surgeons  from  barbers  in  France  effected  by 

I  Franpois  Gigot  de  la  Peyronie 

I  Pharmacopoeia  Hippiatrica  "  (veterinary)  issued  by  Mr.  Bart- 

f  lett,  eminent  Anglo-French  microscopist 

leopold  Auenbrugger,  after  7  years'  test -in  Spanish  hospitals, 
publishes  his  new  method  for  diagnosis  of  diseases  of  the 

chest  by  percussion 

jlectricity  first  employed  in  treatment  of  paralysis  by  Christian 
Gottl.  Kratzenstein,  who  d.  in  1795,  and  electric  baths  intro- 
duced by  Gottl.  Fried.  ROssler 

xcision  of  the  elbow  joint  by  Wainman  of  Shripton,  Engl.,  in 

1758,  and  of  the  shoulder  joint  by  Charles  White 

[eorge  Armstrong  opens  the  first  children's  hospital  in  Europe, 
jXistence  of  septic  poisons  proved  by  injection  of  putrefying 
I  matter  into  the  veins  of  animals,  by  the  great  Albert  von 

j  Haller  of  Berne,  b.  1708,  d 

pundation  of  modern  public  hygiene  in  a  wark  of  J.  Peter 
Frank  on  '-System  of  Medical  Police,"  pub.  at  Mannheim... 
orgues  instituted  in  France  through  Jos.  Jac.  de  Gardanne 

;  (afterwards  in  Germany  through  Hufeland) 

jondon  Hospital  Medical  school  established 

phann  Ernst  Wichmann  of  Hanover  first  designates  the  itch 

imite  as  the  cause  of  contagion  in  itch 

bhn  Hunter,  celebrated  London  physician,  b.  1728,  d 

irst  resort  for  sea  bathing  established  in  Germany  at  Doberan, 
{accination  or  inoculation  with  cow-pox  performed  in  1774  by 
[farmer  Benjamin  Jesty  of  Gloucester,  and  in  1792  by  school- 
I master  Plett  at  Starkendorf  in  Holstein,  but  the  discovery  was 
(Completed  and  its  practice  advocated  by  dr.  Edward  Jenner, 
j  of  Berkeley,  Gloucester,  who  first  made  the  discovery  com- 
;  plete  by  the  inoculation  or  vaccination  of  a  boy,  James 

I  Phipps 14  May, 

'imes  Currie  first  makes  extensive  use  of  the  thermometer  in 
i  disease,  and  introduces  the  modern  method  of  employing 

I  cold  water  in  medical  practice  in  England 

jirst  aural  hospital  in  London  founded  by  sir  John  H.  Curtis. 
jr  Charles  Bell  (1774-1842)  of  England  discovers  that  the  pos- 
'terior  roots  of  the  spinal  nerves  preside  over  sensation,  and 

I  the  anterior  over  motion 

lene  Theodore  Hyacinthe  LaSnnec  of  France   invents  the 

■ Stethescope 

odern  germ  theory  first  suggested  in  France  by  the  discovery 

1  of  the  yeast  plant  by  Cagniard  Latour 

parmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain  founded 1  June, 

bloroform,  discovered  independently  by  Samuel  Guthrie  of 
jSackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.  (1831),  and  by  Eugene  Souberain  in 
I  France,  is  studied  by  Liebig,  and  named  by  Dumas.  First 
! employed  as  an  anaesthetic  by  sir  James  Young  Simpson  of 

;  Edinburgh Nov. 

'•of.  Hermann  Ludwig  Helmholtz  invents  the  opthalmoscope, 
|rlificial  ear-drums  proposed  by  Marcus  Banzer  of  Germany  in 
:  1G40,  by  Autenreith  in  1815,  and  by  Joseph  Toynbee  of  Eng- 
land  


1743 
1759 

1761 

1768 

u 
1769 

1777 

1779 

1781 
1785 

1786 
1793 
1794 


1797 
1816 


1836 
1841 


1847 
1851 


1853 
.irliest  dental  clinic  in  Germany  established  by  prof.  E.  Al- 

jbrecht  (Odontology) 1855 

puis  Pasteur  demonstrates  that  fermentation  and  putrefac- 

tion  are  caused  by  the  vital  processes  of  lower  organism 1857 

iaperfect  laryngoscope  invented  by  Benjamin  Guy  Babington 
of  Guy's  hospital  in  1829,  and  perfected  by  inventions  of 

Czermak  and  Turck about  1858 

adoscope  for  the  electrical  illumination  of  the  interior  surface 

of  the  bladder  invented  by  A.  J.  Desormeaux,  jr 1863 

iss  Garrett  (Mrs.  Anderson)  licensed  in  London  to  practise 

medicine 1865 

itiseptic  dressing  of  wounds  with  carbolic  acid  discovered  by 
Runge  in  1834;  used  by  sir  Joseph  Lister  of  Glasgow,  in 

Edmburgh 1869 

,  hool  of  Medicine  for  Women  in  London  opened Oct.  1874 

ospital  opened  in  Tien  Tsin,  China,  at  instance  of  dr.  Mac- 
kenzie of  the  London  mission,  by  viceroy  Li  Hung  Chang. . .  1880 

isteur  first  inoculates  for  Hydrophobia 7-16  July,  1885 

'.  Robert  Koch  announces,  before  the  International  Medical 
tongress  at  Berlin,  his  discovery  of  a  lymph  for  checking 
the  growth  of  tubercle  bacillus  in  consumption,  etc Aug.  1890 

IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

le  position  q^physician-general  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  was 


held  one  year  by  dr.  Lawrence  Bohun,  who  arrived  1610; 
and  afterwards  by  dr.  John  Pot,  the  first  permanent  resident 
physician  in  the  U.  S.  Dr.  Samuel  Fuller,  first  physician  of 
New  England,  arrived  in  the  Mayjlower  in  1620,  and  dr.  Jo- 
hannes la  Montagne,  first  permanent  medical  settler  in  New 
Amsterdam,  arrived  1637,  followed  the  next  year  by  drs. 
Gerrit  Schult  and  Hans  Kiersted,  while  dr.  Abraham  Staats 
settled  at  Albany  prior  to  1650.  Lambert  Wilson,  a  "chirur- 
geon  "  or  surgeon,  was  sent  to  New  England  in  1629  to  serve 
the  colony  3  years  and  "to  educate  and  instruct  in  his  art 
one  or  more  youths." 

Anatomical  lectures  were  delivered  in  Harvard  college  by  dr. 
Giles  Firman  before 1647 

Earliest  law  to  regulate  practice  of  medicine  in  the  colonies 
was  passed  in  Massachusetts  in  1649;  adopted  by  New 
York 1665 

Earliest  recorded  autopsy  and  verdict  of  a  coroner's  jury 
was  made  in  Maryland  on  a  negro  supposed  to  have  lieen 
murdered  by  his  master;  surgeons  received  fees  for  "dis- 
secting and  viewing  the  corpse,"  1  hogshead  of  tobacco, 

24  Sept.  1657 

Treatise  on  small-pox  and  measles  pub.  at  Boston  by  dr. 
Thomas  Thacher;  a  sheet  loXxlO)4  inches— the  first  med- 
ical work  pub.  in  America 1677 

First  Quarantine  act  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Penn- 
sylvania   1700 

First  general  hospital  chartered  in  the  colonies— Pennsylvania 
hospital  of  Philadelphia—  organized  1751,  opened Dec.  1756 

Medical  department.  University  of  Pennsylvania,  founded 1765 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  medical  department  of 
King's  college,  N.  Y.,  established 1767 

First  clinical  instruction  in  America  given  by  dr.  Thomas  Bond 
in  Pennsylvania  hospital , 1769 

Term  "doctor"  first  applied  to  medical  practitioners  or  "phy- 
sitians  "  in  America  {Toner) " 

Medical  department,  Harvard  university,  founded 1783 

Philadelphia  dispensary  for  the  gratuitous  treatment  of  the 
sick  poor,  first  in  the  U.  S.,  established 1786 

Earliest  example  of  a  special  American  Pharmacopoeia  is  a  32- 
page  work  of  dr.  William  Brown,  pub.  at  Philadelphia  and 
designed  especially  for  the  army 1788 

"  Doctors'  mob"  in  New  York " 

New  York  dispensary  organized  4  Jan.  1791,  incorporated 1795 

Dr.  Elisha  Perkins  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  patents  his  "metallic 
tractors,"  afterwards  known  as  "  Perkinism  " 1796 

First  original  American  medical  journal,  the  Medical  Repository, 
appears 1797 

Medical  department  of  Dartmouth  college  established 1798 

First  general  Quarantine  act  passes  Congress 23  Feb.  1799 

First  vaccination  in  U.  S.  performed  by  dr.  Benjamin  Water.- 
house,  professor  in  Harvard  college,  on  his  4  children, 

July,  1800 

First  Vaccine  institute  in  U.  S.  organized  by  dr.  James  Smith 
in  Baltimore,  Md 1802 

"  American  Dispensatory  "  pub.  by  John  Redman  Coxe 1806 

Ovariotomy  performed  incidentally  by  Robert  Houston  in 
Glasgow  (1701)  and  by  L'Aumonier.  in  Rouen  (1781),  is  per- 
formed by  dr.  Ephraim  McDowell  of  Kentucky .  1809 

U.  S.  Vaccine  agency  established  by  Congress  (discontinued  in 
1822) 1813 

Work  on  "Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica,"  the  first  in  the 
U.  S.  and  best  in  the  English  language  at  that  time,  pub.  by 
Nathaniel  Chapman 1817 

John  Syng  Dorsey  of  Philadelphia,  author  of  "  Elements  of 
Surgery"  (1814),  and  first  surgeon  to  tie  the  external  iliac 
artery  d.  (aged  35) 1818 

New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  founded 1820 

Pennsylvania  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  Philadelphia,  founded...  1822 

Benjamin  W.  Dudley,  founder  of  the  medical  department.  Uni- 
versity of  Transylvania,  Lexington,  Ky.,  trephines  the  skull 
for  epilepsy,  probably  the  first  instance  in  the  U.  S 1828 

Massachusetts  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  Boston,  founded 1829 

"  Dispensatory  of  the  United  States  of  America"  first  pub.  by 
Franklin  Bache  and  dr.  George  B.  Wood 1833 

(Esophagotomy  first  performed  by  John  Watson  of  New 
York ;  case  reported 1844 

Water-cures  introduced  into  the  U.  S.  by  dr.  R.  T.  Trail,  who 
opened  a  Hydropathic  institute  in  New  York  in  1844,  and 
dr.  Joel  Shew  at  Lebanon  Springs,  N.  Y 1845 

Left  subclavian  artery  tied  by  J.  Kearney  Rodgers 1846 

Collodion  first  applied  to  surgical  purposes  by  J.  Parker  May- 
nard  in  Boston 1847 

Elizabeth  Blackwell  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  medical  school  of 
Geneva,  N.  Y.  (the  first  woman  in  the  U.  S.) Tan.  1849 

First  excision  of  the  hip  joint  in  the  U.  S.  performed  by  Henry 
J.  Bigelow,  professor  in  Harvard  college 1852 

Dr.  Elkanah  Williams  of  Cincinnati,  earliest  specialist  in  oph- 
thalmology, begins  practice 1855 

Arteria  innominata  tied  for  the  first  time  by  dr.  Valentine 
Mott  of  New  York  (1818);  by  dr.  R.  W.  Hall  of  Baltimore 
(1830);  by  dr.  E.  S.  Cooper  of  San  Francisco  (1859);  and 
again,  being  the  first  case  in  which  the  patient's  life  was 
saved,  by  dr.  A.  W.  Smyth  of  New  Orleans 1864 

Dr.  Horace  Green,  said  to  have  been  the  first  specialist  in  dis- 
eases of  the  throat  and  lungs,  d 1866 

Centennial  international  medical  congress  held  in  Philadel- 
phia   1876 

New  York  Polyclinic  organized  1880-81,  opened 1882 

Dr.  Valentine  Mott  of  New  York  reports  4  apparently  suc- 
cessful inoculations  for  hydrophobia,  performed  by  himself, 

Oct.  1886 


MED 


500 


MED 


MEDICAL  COLLKGKS   IN  THE  U.  S.,  REGISTERING  100  STUDENTS  AND   UPWARDS   (1890). 


Location. 


Alabama. . 
Califoruia. 
Dist.  Col.. 

Georgia... 


Iowa.... 
niinos.. 


Kentucky. 


liOuisiana.; 

Masa I 

Maryland . 

Michigan.. 

Minnesota. 
Missouri.. 

Now  York. 


Ohio , 

Oregon.... 
Pa 

Tennessee, 
Vermont. . 


Modiciil  Colloge  of  Alabama 

Cooper  Mediciil  College 

National  Medical  College  (Columbian  University) 

Howard  University,  Medical  Department 

Medical  College  of  Georgia  (University  of  Georgia) 

Atlanta  .Medical  College 

Southern  Mcdiral  College 

Medical  Department,  State  University  of  Iowa 

Rush  .Medical  Collejie 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  and  Hospital 

(Jhicago  Medical  College  (Northwestern  University) 

Chicago  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Chicago 

University  of  Louisville,  Medical  Department 

Kentucky  School  of  Medicine 

Louisville  Medical  College 

Hospital  College  of  Medicine  (Central  University) , 

Medical  Department  of  Tulane  University 

Harvard  University  Medical  School 

University  of  Maryland,  School  of  Medicine 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

Deparimont  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  University  of  Michigan 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

Medical  Department  of  the  University  ofMinnesota 

Missouri  Medical  College 

St.  JiOuis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (Columbia  college) 

Albany  Medical  College , 

Medical  Department,  University  of  the  City  of  New  York 

Medical  Department,  University  of  Buffalo 

Long  Island  College  Hospital 

Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College 

New  York  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Medical  College  of  Ohio 

Western  Reserve  University,  Medical  Department 

Eclectic  .Medical  Institute , 

Starling  Medical  College , 

Homoeopathic  Hospital  College , 

Medical  Department  of  Willamette  University 

University  of  Pennsylvania,  Medical  Department , 

Jefferson  Medical  College 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  and  Hospital 

AVoman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania 

Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia , 

Medical  Department  of  Vanderbilt  University 

Medical  Department  of  University  of  Tennessee 

Memphis  Hospital  Medical  College  (Southwestern  Baptist  University). 
Medical  Department,  University  of  Vermont 


Mobile 

San  Francisco. 
Washington . . . 


Augusta. 
Atlanta . 


Iowa  City. 
Chicago... 


Louisville. 


New  Orleans 

Boston 

Baltimore... 


Ann  Arbor . . 

Detroit 

Minneapolis. 
St.  Louis 


New  York. 
Albany  . . . 
New  York. 
Buffalo.... 
Brooklyn  . 
New  York. 


Cincinnati 
Cleveland . 
Cincinnati. 
Columbus. 
Cleveland . 
Portland  . . 
Philadelphi 


Nashville 


Memphis... 
Burlington. 


1859 
1858 
-  iS'll 
18(57 
1784 
1856 
1H79 
1847 
1837 
1851 
1859 
1876 
1881 
1837 
1850 
1869 
1874 

1650 
1807 
1872 
1837 
1885 
1851 
1845 
1879 
1754 
1839 
1831 
1846 
1858 
1861 

1819 
1843 
1845 
1847 
1849 
—4853 
1753 
1826 
1848 
1850 

1873 
1794 
1878 
1791 


1824 
1867 
1829 
1856 
1879 
1870 
1841 
1855 
1859 
1876 
1882 
1837 
18.50 
1869 
1874 
1834 
1783 
1808 
1872 
1850 


1845 
1879 
1767 
1839 
1841 
1846 
1859 
1861 

1820 
1843 
1845 
1847 
1849 
1866 
1765 
1826 
1848 
1850 
1881 
1H75 
1877 


COLLEGES  OF   PHARMACY  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Ofwned. 


Illinois. 


Mass 

Maryland . 
Michigan.. 
Missouri.. 
New  York. 
Pa 


Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy 

Illinois  College  of  Pharmacy  (Northwestern  University). 

Massachusetts  College  of  Pharmacy 

Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy 

School  of  Pharmacy,  University  of  Michigan 

St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy 

College  of  Pharmacy,  city  of  New  York 

Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy 


Chicago. 


Boston 

Baltimore. . 
Ann  Arbor. 
St.  Louis.. . 
New  York. . 
Philadelphia 


1859 
1851 
1852 
1841 
1837 
1866 
1831 
1822 


1859 
1887 
1867 
1841 
1868 


1821 


MEDICAL  ASSOCIATIONS   IN   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Organized. 

American  Medical  Association 1847 

"         Pharmaceutical  Association 1852 

"         Ophthalmological  Society 1864 

"         Otological  Society...- 1868 

Association  of  American  Medical  Editors 1869 

American  Association  for  the  Cure  of  Inebriates 1870 

Association  of  Medical  Superintendents  of  American  Institu- 
tions for  the  Insane " 

American  Public  Health  Association 1872 

"         Neurological  Association 1875 

Gynecological  Society. 1876 

Association  of  Medical  Officers  of  American  Institutions  for 

Idiotic  and  Feeble-minded  Persons " 

Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges " 

American  Dermatological  Association " 

Academy  of  Medicine " 

' '         Laryngological  Association 1878 

"         Surgical  Association 1879 

National  Association  for  the  Protection  of  the  Insane  and  the 

Prevention  of  Insanity 1880 

American  Climatological  Association 1883 

PATHOLOGICAL   LABORATORIES    FOR   THE    STUDY    OF 
BACTERIOLOGY. 

Laboratory  of  the  Alumni  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 

Surgeons  of  New  York opened  1878 

Carnegie  Laboratory  of  New  York "       1885 

Loomis  Laboratory  of  New  York "       1886 

Hoagland  Laboratory  of  Brooklyn "       1888 

Laboratoryof  the  Johns  Hopkins  Universitj',  Baltimore.      "       1889 

SCHOOLS,  SYSTEMS,  AND   THEORIES   OF  MEDICINE. 

The  ancient  schools  of  philosophy  more  or  less  influenced 


the  development  of  medicine  down  to  the  time  of  Hippocrates, 
the  Great  "  creator  of  scientific  medicine  and  of  artistic  prac- 
tice." The  previous  practice  of  medicine  was  largely  sacer- 
dotal. The  principal  schools,  systems,  and  theories,  covering 
almost  the  entire  field  of  medical  treatment  from  his  day,  have 
been  as  follows : 

Born.    Died 
School,  system,  or  theory.  Founder.  B.C. 

Hippocratists Hippocrates  II.  of  Cos 460-about  370 

(Thessalus 380 

Dogmatic  school \  Draco 350 

( Polybus 4th  century. 

Herophilists Herophilus  of  Chalcedon about  335-280 

School  of  Erasistratus.. .  Erasistratus  of  lulius about  340-280 

School  of  empirics Philimus  of  Cos 280 

School  of  methodism....Asclepiades  of  Prusa 128-56 

A.D. 

Pneumatic  school Athenseus  of  Attalia about  90 

Fclectics  i  Agathinus  of  Sparta '^''""l?!! 

i^.cieciics I  Claudius  Galen  of  Pergam us.  131-201  or  210 

Paracelsists I  Theophrastus  (Panicelsus)  Bom-  )i493_i54l 

I     bast  von  Hohunheim ) 

System  of  Joh.  Bapt.  van  Helmont ^^'^^^X;:, 

latro-chemical  system.. .  Francois  de  le  Bo5 1614-16/- 

^1em"!^"!'"!'!':'.'!'.\'^.'."  !«iovanni  Alfonso  Borelli 1G08-1679 

System  of  Sydenham.. .  .Thomas  Sydenham,  England 1624-1689 

Eclectic  system Hermann  Boerhaave 1668-17d« 

System  of  George  Ernst  Stahl 1660-17-11 

^^SSm  .°".'^.^"^"I'"       JFriedrich  Hoffmann 1660-1742 

^^thXy!' °''^^"^"!'.^^^  ^  ^"'"°  «f  Scotland 1712-1790 

Old  Vienna  school.'.'.".'.'.  .Ger'  ird  van  Swieten  of  Leyden. .  1700-1772 


MED 


501 


Born.     Died. 
School,  system,  or  theory.  Founder.  A.D. 

rheory  of  Christopher  Ludwig  Hoffmann  of  Westphalia. .  .1721-1807 

Doctrine  of  iufarctus. . .  Johann  Kampf 1726-1787 

School   of  Montpellier  j.j,jjg,jjp^jijg  ^^  Bordeu 1722-1776 

njctrfne  of  vital"  force  ..John  Christian  Reil  (elaborator) ..  1759-1813 

System  of  Erastus  Darwin 1731-1802 

riieory  of  animal  mag- jp^j^^^^mo^  Mesmer 1734-1815 

Brunonian's'yst'emV.V. .  .John  Brown,  Scotland 1735-1788 

riieory  of  realism Philippe  Pinel 1745-1826 

Theory  of  excitement. .  .Johann  Andreas  Roeschlaub 1768-1835 

Theory  of  stimolo  and)^^j^^j^^^j  j^^g^j.;  ^f  ^ijian 1762-1837 

contrastimolo ) 

System  of  dr.  Rush Benjamin  Rush,  Philadelphia 1745-1813 

Homoeopathy Samuel  C.  F.  Hahnemann 1755-1843 

Theory  of  physiological  Iprancois  Joseph  Victor  Broussais. 1772-1838 

medicine )  . 

,    „■  .  ,     ,      ,    p  f  Jean  Nicolas  Corvisart-Desraa-)i„KK  ic,ni 
French  (Pans)  school  of       ^.^^^  J1755-1821 

pathological  anatomy^  Ren^fhiodoreHyaciuthe  Lasii-  h„„i  ,j.^^ 

and  diagnosis j^     ^g^ ;; jl781-182b 

...  (Hostile  to  every  eccentricity  and 

English  medical |     ^o  all  schools.  -Baas. 

Dublin  school  of  patho- 1  Robert  James  Graves 1797-1853 

logical  anatomy |  William  Stokes 1S04-1878 

School  of  natural  his- iJohann  LukasSchOnlein  of  Bam-K,jg3_jgg^ 

tory 3    berg , j 

5chool  of  natural  phi-  horenz  Oken  (Bavaria) 1779-1851 

losophy ) 

( Karl,  baron  von  Rokitansky 1804-1878 

New  Vienna  school {  Joseph  Skoda 1805-1881 

(Johannes  von  Oppolzer 1808-1871 

ystem  of  John  Gottfried  Rademacher 1772-1849 

.      .        ,.    ,  ( C.  Pfenfer  of  Bamberg 1806-1869 

lational  medical |  p^  ^  j^^  He^le 1809-1885 

lydrotherapeutics Vincenz  Priessnitz. . ; 1772-1849 

lehular  vitalism Rudolph  Virchow 1821- 

lodern  chemical  sys- 
tem  


Justus  von  Liebig 1803-1873 


;chool  of  natural  sci-1 
( 


Hugo  Wilhelm  von  Ziemssen 1829- 


Rrnst  Bouchet.  Paris 1818- 


'arasitic  or  germ  the 
ory 


ences 

leminal  vitalism. 

hagocyte  theory Klias  Metschnikoff. 

'First   complete  theory  brought 
I                                            forward  by  Karl  Hueter,  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  in  Greifswald 1873 

In  the  development  of  this  the- 
ory the  French  and  Germans 
are  the  most  prominent  work- 
ers, as  Hallier,  Fries,  Ehren- 
berg,  Pasteur,  Koch,  etc. 

VETERINARY   SCIENCE. 

'eterinary  medicine  was  practised  in  ancient  Egypt  and  India 
\  by  specialists.  The  diseases  and  anatomy  of  animals  are  de- 
!  scribed  by  early  Greek  writers  like  Simon  of  Athens  and 
!  Aristotle  (384-322  B.C.).  The  Roman,  Apsyrtus,  in  the  4th 
f  century,  described  glanders,  farcy,  the  strangles,  founder,  etc. 
jalaried  i'ferdeartze  mentioned  as  located  in  Ulm,  1388,  and  in 

!  Frankfort-on-the-Main 1491 

(homas  Fabyan  appointed  veterinary  surgeon  to  king's  horses 

!  (Henry  VIII.  of  England),  salary  12d.  per  day 4  Dec.  1510 

I'irst  general  work  on  veterinary  anatomy,   "Bellerophon," 

'  pub.  by  G.  S.  Winter  von  Adlersflugel 1668 

/ork  on  "The  Anatomy  of  the  Horse"  written  by  Andrew 

•  Snape  of  London 1686 

jirst  special  veterinary  schools  founded  at  Lyons  (1762),  and 

'  at  Alfort,  near  Charenton,  by  Claude  Bourgelat 1763 

irmy  veterinary  schools  opened  in  Vienna,  1777;   Dresden, 

;  1780,  and  Berlin 1790 

ondon  Veterinary  college  established  by  Charles  Vial  de  St.  Bel,  1791 
jdinburgh  Veterinary  college  established 1823 

oyal  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  chartered 1844 

jeterinary  Department,  Cornell  university,  established 1869 

merican  Veterinary  college.  New  York,  chartered  1857 ;  reor- 

!  ganized 1875 

i  Medici  {med-e-chee'~)  family,  the  restorers  of  litera- 
'ire  and  the  tine  arts  in  Italy,  were  chiefs,  or  sigiiori,  of  the  re- 
jublic  of  Florence  from  1434,  when  Cosmo  de'  Medici,  who  had 
|«en  banished  from  the  republic,  was  recalled  and  raadeitschief ; 
|e  ruled  for  thirty  years.  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  styled  "  the  Mag- 
iificent,"  and  the  "  Father  of  Letters,"  ruled  Florence  from  1469 
p  1492.  (iiovanni  de'  Medici  (pope  Leo  X.)  was  the  son  of 
iorenzo.— i^oscoe.  From  1569  to  1737  the  Medici  family  were 
•ereditary  grand-dukes  of  Tuscany.  Catherine  de'  Medici  be- 
rime queen  of  France  in  1547,  and  regent  in  1550.  She  plot- 
led  with  the  duke  of  Alva  to  destroy  the  Protestants  in  1565. 

I  Medina  {ma-dee'na;  Arabia  Deserta)  holds  the  tomb 
I'  Mahomet,  in  a  large  mosque,  lighted  by  rich  lamps.  Me- 
fina  was  called  City  of  the  Prophet,  because  here  Mahomet 
ias  protected  when  he  fled  from  Mecca,  16  July,  622.  Hegira. 
•  edina  was  taken  by  the  Wahabees  in  1804*;  retaken  bv  the 
iicha  of  Egypt,  1818. 


MEM 

Medina,  Bopora  country,  Africa,  a  kingdom  annexed  to 
Liberia  by  consent,  Feb.  1880.  It  is  rich  in  African  products 
and  timber,  with  gold,  iron,  and  other  minerals. 

meg'aphone,  a  form  of  Telephone,  invented  by  T. 
A.  Edison,  for  the  use  of  the  deaf;  announced  1878. 

Meg^'ara,  a  city  of  ancient  Greece,  was  subdued  by  the 
Athenians  in  the  8th  century  b.c.  Pericles  suppressed  a  re- 
volt, 445  B.C.  The  Megarians  founded  Byzantium  657  B.C., 
and  sent  a  second  colony,  628  b.c.  The  Megarian  (Eristic,  or 
disputatious)  school  of  philosophy  was  founded  by  Euclid  and 
Stilpo,  natives  of  Megara. 

megathe'rium  is  the  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  a 
large  extinct  animal  belonging  to  the  order  Edentata.  A 
nearly  complete  skeleton,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Luxan,  near  Buenos  Ayres,  and  sent  to  the  Royal  museum  at 
Madrid  in  1789,  was  for  some  time  the  only  source  of  informa- 
tion regarding  it.  In  1832  other  bones  were  discovered  near 
Rio  Salado,  and  still  another  collection  in  1837,  now  in  the 
British  museum.  From  these  prof.  Owen  published  a  com- 
plete description  of  the  skeleton  in  1861.  In  size  it  exceeded 
any  existing  land  animal  except  the  elephant,  and  was  in- 
ferior to  it  only  in  the  shortness  of  its  limbs,  as  in  length  and 
bulk  its  body  was  equal,  if  not  superior. 

Meig'§  (m^gz),  Fort.  Four  Meigs ;  Ohio;  United 
States,  1813. 

Meis'tersinger§,     Minnesingers. 

Melazzo  {me-lat'so),  a  town  of  W.  Sicily.  Here  Gari- 
baldi, on  20,  21  July,  1860,  defeated  Neapolitans  under  gen. 
Bosco,  who  lost  about  600  men.  Garibaldi's  loss  being  167. 
The  latter  entered  Messina;  and  on  30  July  a  convention  was 
signed,  providing  that  the  Neapolitan  troops  should  quit  Sicily. 
They  held  the  citadel  of  Messina  till  13  March,  1861. 

Mel'bourne,  Australia,  capital  of  Victoria.  It  was 
founded  by  J.  P.  Fawkener,  29  Aug.  1835 ;  and  laid  out  as  a 
town  by  order  of  sir  R.  Bourke,  in  April,  1837.  The  first  land 
sale  took  place  in  June,  and  speculation  continued  till  it  caused 
wide-spread  insolvency,  in  1841-42.     Victoria. 

Made  a  municipal  corporation,  1842;  a  bishopric 1847 

First  legislative  assembly  of  Victoria  meets 1852 

Gold  found  in  abundance  about  80  miles  from  Melbourne,  au- 
tumn of  1851,  and  immense  numbers  of  emigrants  flocked 

in,  causing  enormous  prices  of  provisions  and  clothing " 

Population  23,000  in  1851;  about  100,000  end  of  1852;  491,378  in  1891 

merenite,  a  new  explosive  invented  by  M.  Turpin,  a 
French  chemist;  approved  by  the  French  war  minister,  Dec. 
1886.  Several  persons  killed  by  an  explosion  of  this  material 
at  Belfort.  The  patent  was  bought  by  Messrs.  Armstrong  & 
Co.,  of  Elswick,  named  lyddite,  and  sold  by  them  to  the 
British  government ;  announced  Oct.  1888. 

melodrama,  in  which  dialogue  is  interspersed  with 
music,  began  in  Germany  in  the  18th  century,  and  was  intro- 
duced in  England  by  Thomas  Holcroft. 

Melos,  now  MilO,  one  of  the  Cyclades  in  the  ^Egean 
sea,  early  colonized  by  the  Spartans.  During  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war  the  Melians  adhered  to  Sparta,  till  the  island  was 
captured,  after  7  months'  siege,  by  the  Athenians,  who  mas- 
sacred all  the  men  and  sold  the  women  and  children  as  slaves, 
416  B.C.  A  statue  of  Venus,  found  here  in  1820,  was  placed 
in  the  Louvre,  1834.     Sculpture. 

Memno'nium  or  Ramesei'on,  Thebes,  Egypt, 

the  tomb  of  Osvmandyas,  according  to  Diodorus,  now  consid- 
ered to  be  that'of  Rarneses  III.,  1618  b.c.  Its  ruins  are  re- 
garded as  the  most  ancient  in  Thebes. 

"  And  thou  hast  walked  about  (how  strange  a  story) 
In  Thebes's  streets  three  thousand  years  ago. 
When  the  Memnonium  was  in  all  its  glory." 

—Smith,  "  Address  to  a  Mummy." 

Memplli§,  an  ancient  city  of  Egypt,  is  said  to  have 
been  built  bv  Menes,  3890  b.c.  ;  or  by  Misraim,  2188  b.c.  It 
was  restored  by  Septimius  Severus,  202  a.p.  The  invasion 
of  Cambyses,  525  b.c.,  began  the  ruin  of  Memphis,  and  the 
founding  of  Alexandria,  332,  completed  it.  In  the  7th  cen- 
tury, under  the  Saracens,  it  fell  into  decay. 

Memphis,  Tenn.,  on  the  Mississippi  river.  Pop.  1870, 
40,226 ;  1880,  33,593 ;  1890, 64,495.  Tennessee,  1808,  '19,  '49, 
1862,  '69,  etc. ;  Yellow  fever. 


MEN 


602 


MET 


mcnal  (meri'f)  StPRlt,  between  the  Welsh  coast  and 
the  isle  of  Anglesey.  The  foot-soldiers  of  Suetonius  Pauliniis, 
when  he  invaded  Anglesey,  crossed  in  Hat-bottomed  boats,  wiiile 
the  cavalry  swam  over,and  attacked  the  Druids  in  their  last  re- 
treat. Their  horrid  practice  of  sacrificing  captives,  and  their 
opposition,8o  incensed  the  Koman  general  that  he  gave  the  Brit- 
ons no  quarter,  throwing  all  that  escaped  from  that  battle  into 
fires  which  they  had  prepared  for  himself  and  his  army,61.  The 
road  from  London  to  Holyhead  has  long  been  regarded  as  the 
higliway  to  Dublin;  Mr.  Telford  was  applied  to  by  the  govern- 
ment to  perfect  this  route  by  the  London  and  Holyhead  mail- 
coach  road,  which  hedid  by  erecting  beautifulsuspension- bridges 
over  the  river  Conway  and  the  Menai  strait — commenced  in 
July,  1818;  finished  in  July,  1825;  opened  30  Jan.  1826.  The 
Britannia  tubular  bridge  over  the  Menai  was  constructed  by 
Stephenson  and  Fairbairn  in  1849-50.     Bridges,  Tubular. 

ineil'dicant  friars.  Several  religious  orders  com- 
menced  alms-begging  in  the  13th  century,  in  the  pontificate 
of  Iimocent  HI.  They  spread  over  Europe,  and  formed  com- 
munities; but  at  length,  by  a  general  council  held  by  Gregory 
X.,  at  Lyons,  in  1272,  were  reduced  to  4  orders— Dominicans, 
Franciscans,  Carmelites,  and  Augustines.  The  Capuchins  and 
others  branched  ofif.     Franciscans,  etc. 

]fIen'llon]te§,  4  sects  of  Dutch,  Flemish,  and  Ger- 
man Baptists,  derive  their  name  from  Menno  Simons  (1492- 
1559),  formerly  a  Catholic  priest,  who  became  a  teacher  and 
leader  of  the  Anabaptists  about  1537,  and  published  his  "  True 
Christian  Belief"  in  1556;  subsequently  divisions  and  changes 
ensued.  As  early  as  1683  German  Mennonites  settled  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  from  time  to  time  since.  When  in  1871 
Russia,  which  before  had  allowed  them  freedom  from  con- 
scription, imposed  it  upon  them,  they  were  given  permission 
to  leave  the  country.  A  large  number  came  to  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  1874,  settling  in  Manitoba,  and  in  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  etc.  As  a  religious  body  the  different  branches 
show  as  follows,  according  to  the  census  of  1890 :  Churches, 
550;  church  property,  $643,800 ;  communicants,  41,541. 

mensura'tioil.  The  properties  of  conic  sections  were 
discovered  by  Archimedes,  to  whom  the  leading  principles  of 
mensuration  may  be  attributed.  He  also  determined  the 
ratio  of  spheres,  spheroids,  etc.,  about  218  B.C.  Arithmetic. 
The  mensurator^  a  new  machine  for  the  solution  of  triangles, 
was  explained  by  W.  Marsham  Adams,  at  the  British  associa- 
tion meeting  at  Brighton,  Aug.  1872. 

IflCIltZ  or  Mayence  (md-ydns'),  a  city  of  Hesse,  S.W. 
Germany,  the  Roman  Mognntiacum,  built  about  13  b.c.  The 
archbishopric  was  founded  by  Boniface,  745.  Many  diets  have 
been  held  here;  and  here  John  Faust  established  a  printing- 
press,  about  1440.  A  festival  in  honor  of  John  Gutenberg  was 
celebrated  here  in  1837.  Printing.  Mentz  was  given  up  to 
the  Prussians,  26  Aug.  1866. 

Heilll,  Institutes  of,  the  ancient  code  of  India.  Sir 
Wm.  Jones,  who  translated  them  into  English  (1794),  dates 
them  between  Homer  (about  962  b.c.)  and  the  Roman  Twelve 
Tables  (about  449  b.c.). 

Merca' tor's  charts.    Maps. 
Mercer,  Fort.     Fort  Mercer. 

Mer chant  Adventurers'  company,  estab- 
lished by  the  duke  of  Brabant  in  1296,  was  extended  to  Eng- 
land in  Edward  III.'s  reign.  "A  company  of  merchant  ad- 
venturers was  incorporated  for  the  discovery  of  unknown 
lands,"  Ibbh.— Bancroft,  "  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  i.  p.  79. 

Mercia.     Britain. 

Mercury,  the  planet  nearest  the  sun,  and  the  smallest 
known  to  the  ancients.  Its  distance  varies  from  42,669,000 
miles  to  28,115,000,  diflFerence  over  16,000,000  miles.  Its  light 
and  heat  is  7  times  greater  at  its  mean  distance  from  the  sun 
than  the  earth.  It,  turns  on  its  axis  in  24  hrs.  b\  min.  Its 
year  is  87f  days;  density  as  compared  with  the  earth  as  112 
to  100 ;  diameter,  3000  miles.  The  transit  of  Mercury  over 
the  sun's  disk,  and  first  observed  by  Gassendi,  1631,'  takes 
place  at  intervals,  usually  of  13,  sometimes  of  7  years.  The 
transits  always  occur  in  May  or  Nov.,  and  may  last  8  hrs.  or 
very  much  less.     It  was  well  observed  5  Nov.  1868.     The 


snnl 


last  transit  took  place  9  May,  1891. — The  Greek  god  He 
was  the  Roman  Mercury.     Calomel,  Quicksilver. 

Mercy,  Order  of,  in  France,  was  established  with  t 
object  of  accomplishing  the  redemption  of  Christian  capti' 
among  the  Saracens,  by  John  de  Matha,  in  \\^S.—USna\ 
Another  order  was  formed  by  Pierre  Nolasque  in  Spain,  122 

merino  sheep.    Sheep. 

Mer'oe,  an  ancient  city  and  country  of  Africa,  an  isla 
formed  by  branches  of  the  Nile,  included  in  the  present  So 
dan,  lying  east  and  south  of  the  city  of  Khartoum ;  said  to  ha 
flourished  under  sacerdotal  government  in  the  Xaww  oI  Hero 
otus,  about  450  B.C.,  and  much  earlier.  "The  traditions 
the  Egyptian  priesthood  agree  that  Meroe  in  F>tiiiopia  \i 
the  foundation  of  the  most  ancient  states." — Anthon. 

Merovingians,  first  race  of  Jrench  kings,  418-71 
France,  Mayors. 

Merrimac.    Hampton  Roads;  United  States,  181 

Merry- An  drew.     A  name  said  to  have  been  fi' 

given  to  Andrew  Borde,  a  physician  in  the  reign  of  Hen 

VIII.,  and  who,  for  his  facetious  manners,  was  sometimes 

ceived  at  court,  1547. 

Merry  Mount.     Massachusetts,  1626-30. 

Merton,  Surrey,  Engl.     Af  an  abbey  here,  the  ba 
under  Henry  IIL,  23  Jan.  1236,  held  a  parliament  which  en 
ed  the  Provisions  or  Statutes  of  Merton,  the  oldest  body  of  lai 
save  Magna  Charta.    They  were  repealed  in  1863.    Basta: 

Merv  or  Meru  (the  ancient  A  ntiochia  Margiana)l 
town  of  independent  Turkestan,  central  Asia.  It  flourished 
under  the  Seljuk  Turks,  especially  under  sultan  Alp  Arslan: 
it  was  sacked  by  the  Monguls  in  1221 ;  it  became  sid)ject  t( 
Persia  in  1510 ;  to  the  emir  of  Bokhara  in  1787 ;  to  the  Turk 
omans  in  1856,  and  to  Russia  1883-84.     Russia,  Turkestan, 

mesmerism.  Frederick  Anthony  Mesmer  (1733- 
1815),  a  German  phj-sician  of  Merseburg,  taught  in  1766,  in  a 
thesis  on  planetary  influence,  that  the  heavenly  bodies  diffuse 
through  the  universe  a  subtle  fluid  which  acts  on  the  nervou- 
system.  Quitting  Vienna  for  Paris,  in  1778,  he  gained  numer- 
ous proselytes  and  much  money.  A  committee  of  physicians 
and  philosophers  investigated  his  pretensions,  among  them 
Franklin,  and  Bailly,  in  a  paper  drawn  up  in  1784,  exposed  the 
futility  of  animal  magnetism.  In  1845  baron  von  Reichenbacli 
excited  considerable  attention  by  announcing  a  so-called  new 
"imponderable,"  or  "influence,"  which  he  named  Odyl.  These 
phenomena  are  now  usually  classed  under  Hypnotism. 

Messaiians,  a  sect  professing  to  adhere  to  the  letter 
of  the  gospel,  about  310,  refused  to  work,  quoting  this  passage, 
"  Labor  not  for  the  food  that  perisheth." 

Messe'nia,  now  Maura-Matra,  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, a  kingdom  founded  by  Polycaon,  1499  b.c.  It  had  long 
sanguinary  wars  with  Sparta,  and  once  contained  a  hundred 
cities.  It  was  at  first  governed  by  kings ;  after  regaining  power 
in  the  Peloponnesus  it  formed  an  inferior  republic,  under  the  pro- 
tection first  of  the  Thebans  and  afterwards  of  the  Macedonians. 
First  Messenian  war  began  743  B.C. ;  occasioned  by  violence  to 

some  Spartan  women  in  a  temple  common  to  both  nations; 

the  king  of  Sparta  being  killed  in  their  defence.    Eventually,  ^•'^■ 

Ithome  was  taken,  and  the  Messenians  enslaved '.    724 

Second  war,  to  throw  off  the  Spartan  yoke,  commenced  about 

685,  ending  in  the  defeat  of  the  Messenians,  who  fled  to  Sicily,  6fi8 
Third  war 466-55 

Messiah,  synonymous  with  Christ  "the  anointed,'' 
foretold  by  Dan.  ix.  25,  about  638  b.c.  "  We  have  found  the 
Messiah,  which  is,  being  interpreted,  the  Christ"  (John  i.41). 
— "  The  Messiah,"  Handel's  greatest  oratorio,  composed  by 
him  in  23  days  (22  Aug.-14  Sept.  1741),  was  first  performed 
at  Dublin,  13  Apr.  1742,  in  aid  of  the  charities  of  that  city. 

Messina  (jties-see'na),  Sicilj'^,  so  named  by  the  Samians 
who  seized  this  city,  then  called  Zancle,  671  b.c.  It  was  seized 
by  the  Mamertini,  about  281  b.c.  It  belonged  for  many  ages 
to  the  Roman  empire ;  was  taken  by  the  Saracens,  about  829 
A.D. — Priestley.  Roger  the  Norman  took  it  from  them  by  sur- 
prise, about.  1072. 

metals,  a  class  of  elementary  substances,  characterized 
by  fusibility,  by  opaqueness,  by  a  peculiar  lustre  to  the  eye, 


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uid  by  certain  chemical  properties,  and  including  many  of  the 
nost  useful  fornas  of  matter  ;  as  iron,  copper,  silver,  gold,  lead, 
;in  mercury,  nickel,  aluminium,  etc.  Tubal-Cain  is  mentioned 
IS  an  "  instructor  of  everj"-  artificer  in  brass  and  iron  "  (Gen. 
LV.).  Moses  and  Homer  speak  of  the  7  metals,  and  Virgil  of 
tielting  steel.  The  Phoenicians  had  skill  in  working  metals. 
Binisen  and  Kirchhoff's  method  of  chemical  analysis  by  the 
spectrum  has  added  cagsium,  rubidium,  thallium,  indium,  gal- 
ium,  and  others  to  known  metals.  Elements,  Mines.  See 
ilso  the  several  metals. 

metamor'pllistS,  in  the  15th  century,  affirmed  that 
Christ's  natural  body,  with  which  he  ascended  into  heaven, 
kvas  wholly  deitied. 

llietapliys'ic§,  the  science  of  abstract  reasoning,  or 
:hat  which  contemplates  existence  without  relation  to  matter, 
riie  terra,  literally  deiwting  "  after  physics,"  originated  from 
;hese  words  having  been  put  at  the  head  of  certain  essaj's  of 
\ristotle  which  follow  his  treatise  on  physics. — Mackintosh. 
yiodern  metaphysics  arose  in  the  15th  century — the  period 
vhen  an  extraordinary  impulse  was  given  to  the  study  of  the 
juiman  mind  in  Europe,  commonly  called  the  "revival  of 
earning."  Literature,  Philosophy. 
I  lletau'ril§,  Battle  of.  Hasdmbal,  brother  of  Hannibal, 
laving  crossed  the  Alps,  had  reached  the  Metaurus,  in  central 
taly,  while  Hannibal  was  in  the  south.  The  Roman  consuls 
207  B.C  )  were  M.  Livius  and  Claudius  Nero.  Livius  opposed 
lie  advance  of  Hasdrubal,  and  Nero  was  appointed  to  watch 
lannibal.  The  object  of  tlie  Carthaginian  generals  was  to 
mite,  that  of  the  Romans  to  prevent  it.  Nero,  leaving  the 
ndk  of  his  army  before  Hannibal,  marched  with  10,000  of  his 
lest  troops  and  joined  Livius  with  secrecy  and  despatch, 
nknown  to  Hannibal,  within  6  days.  In  the  battle  which 
mmediately  followed  Hasdrubal  was  not  only  defeated  but 
illed.  Nero  returned  at  once  to  his  former  position  before 
lannibal,  whose  first  notification  of  the  battle  was  the  exhi- 
ition  of  the  Carthaginian  prisoners  before  his  camp,  and  the 
ead  of  his  brother  thrown  down  before  one  of  his  outposts, 
'his  has  been  called  one  of  the  7  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

lATTLES,  CarTHAGK. 

metempsyi'llO'Mim,  a  doctrine  attributed  to  Pythag- 
ras,  about  528  b  c  ,  asserts  the  transmigration  of  the  soul  from 
lie  body  to  another.  It  is  also  ascribed  to  the  Egyptians, 
{ho  would  cat  no  animal  food  lest  they  should  devour  the 
[ody  into  which  the  soul  of  a  deceased  friend  had  passed, 
jhey  thought  that  so  long  as  the  body  of  the  deceased  was 
apt  entire,  the  soul  would  not  transmigrate ;  and  therefore 
(Tibalmed  the  dead.     Buddhism. 

I  meteor'Ograpll,  an  apparatus  for  which  father  Sec- 
hi  of  Rome  received  a  prize  at  the  Paris  International  Exhi- 
ition,  July,  1867.  It  is  self-acting,  and  registers  the  changes 
r  the  atmosphere  in  a  diagram, 

i  meteorol'ogy  (Gr.  fiiTEuypoQ,  aerial),  properly,  is  the 
;ientific  study  of  atmospheric  phenomena  and  investigation 
l"  weather  and  climate.  Aristotle  composed  a  treatise  called 
prewjOoXoytKa,  in  which  he  dealt  with  all  which  was  then 
jiown  of  air,  water,  and  earthquakes  (cir.  300  B.C.).  One  of 
k  earliest  collections  of  prognostics  is  found  in  the  AiO(T?//i6ia 
1  Aratus,  a  Greek  who  flourished   in  Macedonia  and  Asia 

Iinor  about  270  b.c.  The  invention  of  the  air  thermometer 
Sanctorio  of  Padua,  1590  a.d.,  improved  by  an  Italian  artist 
1655,  who  used  alcohol,  and  by  Romer  who  used  mercury, 
d  the  barometer,  invented  by  Torricelli  in  1643,  gave  the 
ist  accurate  means  for  instrumental  observation  of  the  tem- 
jrature  and  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  The  publication  of 
jilton's  "  Meteorological  Essays  "  in  1793  was  the  first  in- 
|uice  of  the  principles  of  philosophy  being  brought  to  bear  on 
|e  explanation  of  the  complex  phenomena  of  the  atmosphere, 
ince  then  meteorology  has  gradually  grown  to  be  more  and 
>ro  nearly  an  exact  science. 

-!  attempt  to  explain  the  phenomenon  of  the  rainbow  by 
'"■reflation  of  light  upon  the  interior  of  the  drops  was 
auae  by  a  German  monk  named  Theodoric,  and  the  second 

)y  an  archbishop,  A.  de  Dominis 1611 

'ignt  of  acolumn  of  atmosphere  first  ascertained  by  the  Ital- 

an  philosopher  Torricelli,  about 1643 

Honn  Perrier,  brother-in-law  of  Pascal,  takes  Torricelli's 
■oiumn  to  summit  of  the  Pay  de  Dome,  France,  3500  feet 
iign,  and  the  mercury  sinks  from  30  to  27  inches. .  .19  Sept.  1648 


Daily  readings  of  Torricelli  column  by  Pascal  at  Paris,  Perrier 
at  Clermont,  and  Chamut  and  Descartes  at  Stockholm  at  the 
same  time;  the  pioneers  of  synchronous  observations 1649-50 

Magdeburg  hemispheres,  showing  the  equal  i)ressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere in  all  directions,  invented  by  Otto  von  Guericke 
of  Magdeburg  soon  after  his  invention  of  the  air-pump 1650 

English  philosopher,  Robert  Boyle,  one  of  the  first  council  of  the 
Royal  society,  tests  the  compressibility  of  air;  results  pub. .  16G0 

Pascal's  treatise  on  the  "Equilibrium  of  Fluids"  and  on  the 
"  Weight  of  Air  "  pub 1663 

Name  barascope,  afterwards  changed  to  barometer,  given  to 
the  Torricellian  column  by  prof  G.  Sinclair  of  Glasgow. .  .1668-70 

Contraction  of  air  under  pressure  examined  by  Edm6  Mariotte, 
a  Burgundian  priest  who  died  at  Dijon 1684 

Theorem  that  at  altitudes  in  arithmetical  progression  the  den- 
sity of  air  is  in  geometrical  progression  proved  by  Halley. . .  1685 

Identity  of  lightning  and  electricity  suspected  by  Wall 1708 

Fahrenheit  constructs  thermometers,  taking  as  fixed  points  in 
graduating  them  the  melting-point  of  ice  and  the  boiling- 
point  of  water 1714 

Theory  of  the  trade-winds  first  propounded  by  George  Hadley 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  "  (independently  discov- 
ered by  Dalton  a  half-century  later) 1735 

First  generalization  of  value  in  reference  to  the  storms  of  the 
U.  S.  made  by  Lewis  Evans,  who  remarks  on  his  map,  "All 
our  great  storms  begin  to  leeward  ;  thus,  a  N.E.  storm  shall 
be  a  day  sooner  in  Virginia  than  Boston  " 1749 

Benjamin  Franklin  by  his  kite  experiment  identifies  lightning 
with  electricity 15  June,  1752 

Lightning  rods  introduced  by  Franklin » 1755 

Experiments  by  dr.  Heberden  of  London,  show  that  rain  gauges 
on  lofty  buildings  collect  less  than  at  the  ground  (now  gen- 
erally ascribed  to  the  wind) » 1766 

Meteorological  Society  of  the  Palatinate  established. 1780 

Patrick  Wilson  of  Glasgow  publishes  his  "  Memoirs  of  Certain 
Great  Frosts  at  Glasgow  " about     " 

First  self-registering  thermometer,  which  recorded  maximum 
and  minimum  temperature,  devised  by  James  Six 1781 

First  scientific  work  on  mirage  by  prof  Busch,  who  observed 
it  on  the  Elbe  near  Hamburg  and  on  the  coasts  of  the  Baltic 
sea 1783 

Spectre  of  the  Brocken  witnessed  and  described  by  the  trav- 
eller Hane 23  May,  1797 

Expansion  of  air  by  heat  independently  examined  by  the  Eng- 
lish philosopher  Dalton  and  the  French  Gay-Lussac 1801-2 

Clouds  classified  as  the  cirrus,  cumulus,  stratus,  cirro-cumulus, 
cirro-stratus,  cumulo-stratiis,  and  cumulo-cirro-stratus,  or 
nimbus,  by  Luke  Howard 1803 

Sir  Francis  Beaufort  tabulates  his  scale  of  winds  divided  into 
12  degrees  of  force 1805 

Theory  of  dew  pub.  by  dr.  W.  C.  Wells 1814 

Humboldt  publishes  his  treatise  on  "  Isothermal  Lines  " 1817 

First  meeting  of  the  Meteorological  society  of  London.,  15  Oct.  1823 

Daniell's  "  Meteorological"  Essays  and  Observations,"  discuss- 
ing the  hygrometry  of  the  atmosphere,  solar  and  terrestrial 
radiation,  etc.,  pub " 

Work  entitled  the  "  Law  of  Storms  "  pub.  by  sir  W.  Reed 1838 

OzoxE  named  by  prof  SchOnbein  of  Basle 1840 

Lieut.  Maury,  of  the  Washington  Observatory,  makes  researches 
as  to  the  most  favorable  route  for  sailing-vessels  between  the 
U.  S.  and  Rio  Janeiro  ;  the  ship  Wright,  capt.  Jackson,  from 
Baltimore,  the  first  to  steer  by  Maury's  course,  crossed  the 
equator  in  24  days  from  Baltimore,  the  usual  time  had  been 
41  days;  the  Wright  leaves  Baltimore 9  Feb.  1848 

Hypothesis  that  the  appearance  of  meteors  or  fire-balls  is  often 
due  to  bodies  of  dusty  consistency  traversing  space,  an- 
nounced by  M.  Heiss  in  his  work  on  shooting-stars  (Meteors),  1849 

Conference  at  Brussels;  the  United  Slates,  France,  England, 
Russia,  Sweden,  Norway,  Denmark,  Holland,  Belgium,  and 
Portugal  agree  upon  a  uniform  plan  of  meteorological  obser- 
vations at  sea  (since  adopted  by  other  nations) 1853 

Meteorological  reports  collected  by  telegraph  and  reports  sent 
out  daily  by  prof  Joseph  Henry  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  1854 

Dr.  Andrews  demonstrates  by  direct  experiments,  described  in 
the  "Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,"  that 
ozone  is  oxygen  condensed  to  one  half  its  volume 1856 

Meteorological  department  of  the  Board  of  Trade  (English),  es- 
tablished 1855,  under  adm.  Fitzroy,  commences  publication 
of  reports •  •  • 1857 

Storm-warnings  first  issued  in  Holland  through  M.  Buys-Ballot,  1860 

Storm-warnings  first  sent  to  the  coast  of  England  by  the  Board 
of  Trade,  6  Feb.  1861,  and  first  pub 31  July,  1861 

Prof  Tyndall  makes  valuable  experiments  on  radiant  heat, 
showing  that  the  vapor  of  water  exerts  extraordinary  energy 
as  a  radiant  and  absorbent  of  heat 1862 

Daily  international  bulletin  of  the  Imperial  Observatory  at 
Paris,  under  direction  of  M.  le  Verrier,  first  pub Nov.     " 

Rarefaction  of  the  atmosphere  in  high  regions  investigated  by 
sir  James  Glaisher,  who  ascended  in  a  balloon  with  Mr.  Cox- 
well,  at  Wolverhampton,  Engl,  37,000  ft 5  Sept.  1863 

Storm-warnings  in  England  suspended 7  Dec.  1866 

Weather  Bureau  established  in  the  U.  S 18<0 

Kew  Meteorological  Observatory,  given  to  the  British  Asso- 
ciation Apr.  1860,  purchased  and  presented  to  the  Royal  so- 
cietv  by  J.  P.  Gassiot -  •  •  •  1871 

Dailv  weather  charts  first  issued  by  the  Meteorological  office 
ofEngland H  Mch.  1872 

International  meteorological  congress  at  Vienna 2-16  Sepl»  1873 

Glycerine  barometer  28  feet  high,  in  which  a  change  in  the 
condition  of  the  atmosphere  equal  to  1  inch  in  the  mercury 
barometer  caused  the  glycerine  to  rise  or  fall  10  inches,  con- 


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Btracted  by  Mr.  Jordan  for  the  Loan  Exhibition  of  Scientific 
Inslrumoiits  at  South  Kensington,  KngI 18  May-30  Dec.  1876 

Meteorologiral  depaitinent  of  Board  of  Trade  ^Kngl.)  placed  un- 
der a  coammiee  of  llie  Royal  society,  K.  H.  Scotl.  sec'y,  July,  1877 

International  meteorological  congress  meets  at  Rome,  14-22 
Apr.  1879,  and  at  Berne 9-12  Aug.  1880 

Plan  for  international  simultaneous  magnetic  and  meteoro- 
logical observations  in  polar  regions,  proposed  by  lieut.  Carl 
Weyi)recht,  arctic  explorer,  in  Sept.  1875,  elaborated  at  an 
international  polar  congress  at  Hamburg.  Aug.  1871),  and  at 
Berne,  July,  1880,  and  the  "I'olar  Commission"  organized 
by  10  delegates  at  St.  Petersburg Aug.  1881 

Important  observations  on  solar  radiation,  made  by  prof.  S.  P. 
Langley  on  mount  Whitney,  Cal.,  in  July,  1881,  and  results 
pub.  in"  •'  Profes.«ional  Papers,  No.  XV.  U.  S.  Signal  Service  ".  1884 

Proof  that  a  lightning  Hash  diminishes  electric  tension  in  the 
atmosphere  by  experiments  with  the  electrometer  at  the  top 
of  the  Washington  monument,  Washington,  I).  C 1886 

Artiflcial  rain  making  attempted  by  exploding  dynamite  bombs 
in  the  air,  near  Midland,  Tex.,  by  R.  G.  Dyrenforth  and  staff, 

18-26  Aug.  1891 

William  Ferrel,  meteorologist,  d.  at  May  wood,  Kan. . .  .18  Sept.     " 

aiETKOKOLOGICAL   PHENOMENA. 
Cyclones,  hurricanes,  tornadoes,  hail-storms,  blizzards,  etc.,  are 

mentioned  under  Storms,  also  Rain  and  Tkmperatire.     A  few  of 

the  phenomena  of  meteorology  are  noted  below 

Extraordinary  dry  fog,  first  remarked  at  Copenhagen,  9  May, 
1783,  extended  over  Europe  and  a  part  of  Asia 1783 

Complete  solar  halo  observed  by  Lowitz  at  St.  Petersburg, 

'29  June,  1790 

Frost  every  month  in  1816  in  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia,  and 
ice  as  thick  as  window  glass  formed  in  Pennsylvania,  New 
York,  and  throughout  New  England 5  July,  1816 

Extensive  deposit  of  red  snow  discovered  by  capt.  John  Ross, 
R.  N. ,  near  cape  York.  Greenland 1818 

Dry  fog  in  part  of  Europe,  on  the  north  coast  of  Africa,  and 
in  the  United  States Aug.  1831 

Barometer  falls  "2.59  inches  in  3  hours  in  a  hurricane  near  Cal- 
cutta. 21  May,  1833,  and  1.69  inches  in  6  hours  in  a  hurricane 
at  St.  Thomas,  W.  1 2  Aug.  1837 

Light  shower  of  rain  for  1  hour  falls  from  a  cloudless  sky 
near  Trinidad;  observed  by  sir  J.  C.  Ross 25  Dec.  1839 

Ice  forms  at  New  Orleans,  La. ;  skating  on  the  Mississippi,  Dec.  1845 

Barometer  falls  1.47  inches  in  6  hours  in  hurricane  at  Havana, 
Cuba 11  Oct.  1846 

Four  luminous  columns,  each  about  15°  long,  like  a  cross  with 
the  sun  in  the  centre,  seen  from  Paris sunset  22  Apr.  1847 

Barometer  falls  1.05  inches  in  2^  hours  in  a  hurricane  at  Chit- 
tagong,  Ind 13  May,  1849 

Snow  falls  at  I,ynchburg,  Va 11  June,  1857 

Unexampled  frost  throughout  the  northern  U.  S.  killing  most 
of  the  wheat  and  other  crops night  4  June,  1859 

Notable  halos  and  paraselense  at  8  p.m.  in  the  departments  of 
Indre-et- Loire  and  Loire-et-Cher,  France 21  Feb.  1864 

Auroras,  seen  over  a  large  portion  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
(Aurora),  15  Apr.  1869,  and 24  Oct.  1870 

Wind  storm  in  which  the  mean  hourly  velocity  for  24  hours  is 
50  miles,  at  Yankton,  Dak 13  Apr.  1873 

Mercury  falls  48°  in  1  hour  at  Denver,  Col 15  Jan.  1875 

Barometer  reaches  31.21  inches  at  Barnaul,  Siberia 9  Jan.  1877 

Golden  snow  described  in  Klein's  Wochenschrift,  as  observed 
by  prof.  Weber  in  Peckeloh,  Germany 27  Feb.     " 

Heavy  shower  lasting  5  minutes  fell  from  an  apparently  clear 
sky  at  Vevay,  Ind 30  June,     " 

Wind  186  miles  per  hour  on  mount  Washington Jan.  1878 

Wind  138  miles  per  hour  during  hurricane  at  cape  Lookout, 
N.  C 17  Aug.  1879 

Extreme  cloudiness  at  Unalaska,  Aleutian  islands,  where  cloud- 
iness frequently  ranges  from  91  to  93  per  cent,  per  month, 
and  where  there  was  but  3  per  cent,  of  clear  sky  during  Feb.  1880 

Dense  fog  in  London.  Engl.,  for  3  months;  the  death-rate  from 
bronchitis  rose  to  431  per  100  per  cent,  and  that  from  whoop- 
ing-cough to  331  per  100  per  cent Nov.  1879,  to  Feb.     " 

Barometer  on  the  ship  Chateaubriand,  during  a  typhoon  on 
the  China  sea,  sank  in  4  hours  from  29.64  to  27.04. .  .27  Sept.     " 

Remarkable  solar  halos  observed  in  the  U.  S.  in  the  Ohio,  up- 
per Mississippi,  and  lower  Missouri  valleys 29-31  Dec.     " 

Dry  fog  from  New  Hampshire  to  North  Carolina,  largely  ob- 
scuring the  sun ;  at  Salem.  Mass.,  6  Sept.,  it  was  the  darkest 
since  the  "  dark  day  "  of  19  May.  1780 1-10  Sept.  1881 

Optical  phenomenon  of  a  mock  sun,  120°  from  the  true  sun, 
seen  by  MM.  Barral  and  Bixio,  27  July,  1850;  and  by  lieut. 
A.  W.  Greely  opposite  Henrietta,  Nesmith  Glacier,  Grinnell 
Land 3  May,  1882 

Remarkal)le  red  sunsets  (Sun) Oct.  to  Dec.  1883 

Nearly  three  fourths  of  an  inch  of  snow  falls  from  a  clear  sky 
at  Bloomington.  Ill 15  Mch.  1885 

Luminous  cirrus  like  clouds  appearing  about  9.50  p.m.,  cover 
the  northwest  and  northern  sky  to  a  height  of  about  20°  in  3 
zones,  the  centre  shining  with  a  silver-like  light  equal  to  the 
full  moon  at  sunset,  observed  by  0.  Jesse  of  Stegletz,  21  June,     " 

[The  phenomenon  lasted  about  an  hour,  was  repeated  sev- 
eral times  within  a  few  weeks,  and  again  May,  1886.] 

Wind  144  miles  per  hour  at  cape  Mendocino,  Cal Jan.  1886 

Barometer  31.21  inches  at  fort  Assiniboine 6  Jan.     " 

Wind  storm  on  mount  Washington;  mean  hourly  velocity  for 
24  hours.  111  miles 27  Feb.     " 

Snow  falls  at  Lynchburg,  Va 12  June,  1887 

Green  clouds  seen  on  the  upper  Yukon  by  William  Ogilvie, 

19,  29  Feb.  1888 


Slight  snow  locally  in  Great  Britain  as  far  south  as  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  11  and  12  July;  heavy  snow  on  mount  Washington, 
N.  H.,  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  mountain. 12  July, 

metCOr^i,  luminous,  include   shooting  -  stars,  fire-ba 

and  falling-stones  or  aerolites.     They  were  described  by  H 

ley,  Wallis,  and  others  early  in  the  17th  century.     The  p< 

odicity  of  the  star-showers  about  the  lOth  of  August  (tert 

in  the  middle  ages  St.  Lawrence's  tears)  was  discovered  s« 

rately  by  Quetelet,  1836,  and  by  Herrick  in  1837.     The 

lowing  are  usual  epochs  for  their  ainiual  return:  2  Jan., 

July,  3  and  9-12  Aug.,  8-14  Nov.,  11  V)&c.—R.  P.  Greg. 

TRONOMY,  1799,  1833,  '66,  '67,  72,  '85,  '91. 

Star-shower  seen  by  Humboldt  at  Cuniana  (vSouth  America),  12] 

1799;  and  l)y  dr.  D.  Olmsted,  at  New  Haven  (Conn.),  13  Nov.  ] 

Magnificent  continuous  star-shower  of  14  Nov.  1866,  had  been] 

dieted  by  prof  Newton.    A  fine  display  occurred  on  the  night  < 

Nov.  1868,  in  the  United  States.     Others  were  observed  in  Bri 

and  Europe,  27  Nov.  1872;  and  in  S.  and  W.  Europe,  27  Nov.  \ 

Aerolites,  falling-stones,  accompanying  meteors,  are  in  many 

seums.     One  weighing  1600  pounds  is  in  the  cabinet  of  Yale 

versity.     They  contain  iron,  nickel,  and  other  minerals. 

Norman  Lockyer  announces  his  theory,  based  on  spectrum  ex 

ments,  that  all  self  luminous  bodies  in  the  celestial  spaces 

composed  of  meteorites  or  masses  of  vapor  produced  by  h 

brought  about  by  condensation  of  meteor  swarms  due  to  grav 

Royal  society,  17  Nov.  1887. 

method  (Gr.  fiiOoSog,  a  way  of  transit),  the  orgs 
tion  of  knowledge ;  the  orderly  use  of  the  intellect  in  dig 
ering   truth.     S.  T.  Coleridge's   treatise  on   the   science 
method  is  prefixed  to  the  first  volume  of  the  "  Encyclof 
Metropolitana,"  1845. 

Most  recent  work  on  this  suliject  is  prof.  Stanley  Jevons's  "j 
ciples  of  Science  :   a  Treatise  on  Logic  and  Scientific  Met' 
1874.     ''The  powers  of  mind  concerned  in  creation  of  sciec 
discrimination,  detection  of  identity,  and  retention." 

mettl'oclisill.    The  name  "  Methodist "  was  applie 
Charles  Wesley  b\'  fellow-students,  in  ridicule,  about  17 
but  the  expression  had  been  previously  used,  as  "  Anabaptisfi 
and  plain  packstaflf  Methodists  "  were  known  100  years  before. 
The  term  had  been  applied  to  non-conformists  in  the  days  of 
Annesley,  and  a  class  of  high  Calvinistic  divines  in  England 
bore  the  same  title  about  the  time  of  the  Wqij^ys.     The  fir-t 
Methodist  society  was  organized  in  London  in  1739.     Accon;- 
ing  to  its  founder,  John  Wesley,  Methodism  received  its  ear- 
liest impulse  at  Oxford,  Engl.,  Nov.  1 729,  when,  with  his  brotli<  r 
Charles,  a  Mr.  Morgan   and  Mr.  Kirkham,  he  founded  il 
"  Holy  club ;"   again  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  he  spent 
short  time  as  a  missionary  and  held  meetings  in  his  own  hou 
during  1736;  and  a  third  time  at  a  meeting  with  40  or  50  persoi 
after  his  return,  held  in  Fetter  lane,  London,  1  May,  1738,  wlu  i 
they  agreed  to  meet  in  conference  every  Wednesday  evening, 
Corner-stone  of  first  Methodist  meeting-house  laid  at  Bristol, 

Engl 12  May,  17;i'. 

Cannon  foundery  in  Moorflelds,  London,  opened  as  a  regular 

place  of  worship  by  Wesley 11  Nov.     " 

United  society,  first  organized  form  of  Methodism,  established 

in  connection  with  the  foundery " 

George  Whitefield  lays  the  corner-stone  of  the  Kingswood 

school,  1739,  which  is  opened IV  ■ 

Methodist  class-meetings  instituted  at  Bristol,  Engl li- 

Wesley  founds  the  Orphan  house  at  Newcastle,  Engl. .  .20  Dec.  ' 
First  "conference  "  of  6  Methodist  preachers  at  the  invitation 

of  Wesley  at  the  foundery  in  London 25  June,  174 

Thomas  Beard,  Methodist  evangelist,  arrested  during  the  per- 
secution of  the  Methodists  at  Newcastle,  dies  in  the  hospi- 
tal, "  the  proto-martyr  of  Methodism  " '' 

First  list  of  circuits  published  in  the  minutes  of  the  conference,  ITti 
Thomas  Williams,  a  lay  preacher  from  England,  forms  a  Meth- 
odist society  in  Dublin,  Ireland 171' 

Foundations  of  Calvinistic  Methodism  and  the  Lady  Huntingdon 

Connection  laid  by  the  preaching  of  George  Whitefield 171' 

Conference  orders  quarterly  meetings  everywhere,  and  watch- 
nights  and  love-feasts  monthly 171 

Corner-stone  of  the  City  Road  chapel,  London,  laid  by  John 

Wesley 1  -Apr.  In 

Publication  of  the  Arminian  Magazine  begun  in  England 1h 

A  "Deed  of  Declaration,"  constituting  100  preachers,  named 
by  Wesley  the  "  Conference  of  the  People  called  Methodists,"    ^ 

recorded  in  the  High  court  of  Chancery 28  Feb.  lio 

Wesleyan  Methodists  establish  a  Sunday-school  in  Bolton  Le 

Moors,  Engl Apr.  178 

Methodism  introduced  into  the  West  Indies ^ 

Charles  Wesley  d.  in  London 29  Mch.  l.» 

WMlliam  Mahy  ordained  at  Courseulles,  Normandy,  first  Meth- 

odist  ordination  on  the  continent  of  Burope ^l' 

John  Wcslev  d.  in  London 2  Mch.  hi 

New  Methodist  connection  (Kilhamites)  founded  in  England...  w 
Plan  for  home  missions  in  England  adopted  by  conference —  lo^ 
First  camp-meeting  in  England  held  in  Staffordshire  by  Lo- 


renzo Dow. 


I8c: 


MET 


505 


MET 


Primitive  Methodists  ^'  or  "  Ranters  "  organized  in  England. .  1810 

ethodism  introduced  into  Africa.. 1811 

reach.ers'  Auxiliary  fund  established;  an  outgrowth  of  the 

Preachers'  fund  begun  in  17G3 •   1813 

ritish  Wesleyan  mission  at  Ceylon  founded  by  associates  of 

dr  Coke,  who  died  on  ship-board  bound  for  India 3  May,  1814 

ible  Christian  connection  or  "  Bryanites  "  founded 1815 

ethodism  introduced  into  Australia " 

jntingent  fund  established  by  British  conference " 

'imitive  Wesleyan  Methodists  or  "Clouites''  established  in 

Ireland • 1^16 

^neral  Chapel  fund  instituted lola 

uglish  Wesleyan  Children's  fund  instituted,  to  provide  for 

preachers'  children 1819 

ethodism  introduced  into  Polynesia 1822 

ethodist  Episcopal  mission  in  1-iberia,  Africa,  established....  1833 
ritish  Wesleyan  Theological  institution  established  by  a  com- 
mittee of  20  preachers,  who  met  in  London 23  Oct.     " 

esleyan  Association  Methodists  or  "  Warrenites  "  organized 

under  dr.  Samuel  Warren  in  England 1836 

^ntenary  conference  meets  at  Liverpool,  Engl 31  July,  1839 

ethodist  Episcopal  mission  in  China  begun  by  rev.  Moses  C. 

iWhite  and  rev.  J.  D.  Collins 1847 

Hhodist  Episcopal  mission  established  in  India 1856 

;irtin's  Mission  institute  (M.E.)  founded  at  Frankfort,  Ger- 

imany 1^58 

ijv.  Francis  Burns  (colored),  a  member  of  the  Liberia  confer- 
ence, ordained  bishop  at  Perry,  N.  Y 14  Oct.     " 

iireillv  Theological  seminary  (M.E.)  at  Bareilly, India, founded,  1871 
khodist  Episcopal  mission  in  Mexico  established  by  dr.  Butler,  1872 
[lochow  Biblical  institute  (M.E.)  at  Foochow,  China,  founded,     " 
bthodist  Episcopal  mission  in  Japan  begun  by  dr.  Maclay —      " 

3xican  School  of  Theology  (M.E.)  at  Puebla,  founded 1874 

esley  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey  unveiled.. .  .29  Mch.  1876 
ity  admitted  to  representation  in  confeience  of  Wesleyan 

Methodist  ministers  at  Bristol,  Engl 25  July,  1877 

l:y  Road  chapel,  London,  nearly  destroyed  by  Are 7  Dec.  1879 

!l>an  Methodist  Episcopal  Theological  .school  at  Tokio,  Japdfa, 

jTounded " 

humenical  Methodist  conference  at  City  Road  chapel,  London 
Uoo  delegates,  ministers  and  laymen,  from  all  parts  of  the 

korld)  meets 7  Sept.  1881 

bond  (Ecumenical  Methodist  conference  in  Washington,  D.  C. , 

7  Oct.  1891 
I  METHODISM   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

i  called  second  rise  of  Methodism  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  20 

br  30  persons  meet  at  the  house  of  John  Wesley Apr.  1736 

lorgeWhitefleldarrives in  Philadelphia, Nov.l739,andpreaches 
diroughout  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  New  England..  1739-40 
rst  Methodist  society  in  America  organized  in  New  York 
tity  by  Philip  Embury,  influenced  by  Barbara  Heck,  "  mother 
of  American  Methodism,"  and  Robert  Strowbridge  preaches 

;n  Maryland 1766 

'1  John  Street  church,  New  York  city,  first  Methodist  meet- 
ing house  in  America,  dedicated 30  Oct.  1768 

jancis  Asbury,  sent  as  a  missionary  to  America  by  Mr.  Wesley, 

arrives  in  Philadelphia 27  Oct.  1771 

"St  annual  conference  of  Methodist  church  in  America  held 

'it  Philadelphia 4  July,  1773 

'omas  Coke  ordained  at  Bristol,  Engl.,  superintendent  of  the 
[VIethodist  societies  in  America,  2  Sept.,  and  Francis  Asbury 

[lesignated  as  general  superintendent 1784 

Irisimas  conference  in  the  meeting  house  in  Lovely  lane, 
iialtimore,  unanimously  agrees  to  form  an  independent 
';;hurch;  the  "Methodist  Episcopal  church"  organized  with 
'!3  preachers  and  15,000  members.  Conference  met.. 25  Dec.  " 
incis  Asbury,  formally  set  apart  by  the  imposition  of  hands 
[IS  general  superintendent  (bishop)  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church  in  America,  at  the  Baltimore  conference.  .27  Dec.  " 
inday  schools  begun  in  the  U.  S.  at  the  home  of  Thomas 

prenshaw  in  Virginia 1786 

"jueral  superintendent  of  the   Methodist  Episcopal   church 

jirst  called  "  bishop  "  in  the  minutes  of  the  conference 1787 

I'thodist  Book  Concern  organized  at  Philadelphia,  with  John 
|)ickens  as  book  steward;  the  Arminian  Magazine  begun. . .  1789 
'lo  "presiding  elder"  first  found  in  conference  minutes " 

St  general  conference  M.  E.  church  in  Baltimore 1  Nov.  1792 

<;(esbury  college,  opened  at  Abingdon,  Md.,  6   Dec.   1787, 
j'urned  7  Dec.  1795;  re  established  in  Baltimore,  and  burned,  1796 
lirni  circuit   formed  by  John   Kobler,  missionary  to  the 

:Jorthwestorn  territory 1798 

<inp-meetings  begun   in  Tennessee  by  2    brothers  M'Gee, 

'lie  a  Presbyterian,  the  other  a  Methodist 1799 

tliodism  carried  into  Illinois  by  Benjamin  Young,  a  mis- 

ionary. 


_       .  1803 

Uhodist  Book  Concern  removed  to  New  York 1804 

jst  delegated  general  conference  meets,  New  York. .  .1  May,  1812 
'iion  American  M.  E.  church  founded  by  rev.  Peter  Spencer 

jt  Wilmington,  Del June,  1813 

iihop  Asbury  dies  in  Spottsylvania,  Va 31  Mch.  1816 

^'.ican  M.  E.  church  organized  at  Philadelphia  by  Richard 

„  '  <^»'  •. Apr.     " 

i,ct  society  organized  in  New  York 1817 

■'  hodist  Magazine  established  (Magazines) 1818 

'^sionary  and  Bible  society  of  the  M.  E.  church  organized  in 

>e  city  of  New  York 5  Apr.  1819 

Vstern  Methodist  Book  Concern  at  Cincinnati  established  by 

,ie  conference 1820 

<^^islian  Advocate,  the  first  weekly  publication  under  the  paV- 

^i)nage  of  the  M.  E.  church,  issued 9  Sept.  1826 

vday-school  Union  of  the  M.  E.  church  organized  ...  .2  Apr.  1827 


1830 
1833 

1834 
1836 
1844 

1845 

1847 

1852 

1855 
1858 

1864 


Rev.  John  Lord,  of  the  New  England  conference,  introduces 
"4-days"  or  protracted  meetings Sept. 

Canada  Annual  conference  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
in  the  U.  S.  separate  by  mutual  consent 

Wesleyan  university  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  organized.  . 

Mission  to  the  Flathead  Indians  begun 

Dickinson  college  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  incorporated  1783,  transferred 
to  the  M.  E.  church  and  opened Sept. 

Methodist  Book  Concern  destroyed  by  fire !!.!!!  iis  Feb! 

Ohio  Wesleyan  university  opened  at  Delaware,  0 

Methodist  Episcopal  church,  south,  organized  at  Louisville.' Ky., 

1  May, 
[This  separate  organization  due  to  slavery.] 

Boston  University  School  ofTheology  at  Boston,  Mass.,  founded, 

Congregational  Methodist  church  organized  in  Monroe  county,' 

First  general  conference  in  New  England  at  Boston. . '. ". . .... '. '. 

Northwestern  university  at  Evanston,  111,,  opened 

National  Association  of  Local  Preachers  organized 4  Oct. 

General  Conference  of  the  M.  E.  church  organizes  an  annual 
conference  in  India,  which  meets  at  Lucknow 8  Dec. 

Board  of  Church  Extension  incorporated 13  Mch. 

Centenary  year  of  American  Methodism  celebrated.  Church 
statistics  show  7576  travelling  preachers,  8602  local  preach- 
ers, and  1,032,184  members 

Drew  Theological  seminary  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  founded 

Freedmen's  Aid  Society  of  the  M.  E.  church  organized  in  Cin- 
cinnati   " 7  Aug. 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  organized  at  Boston, 

22  Mch. 

Board  of  Education  of  the  M.  E.  church  incorporated Apr. 

Colored  M.  E.  church  in  America  organized  in  a  general  con- 
ference which  meets  at  Jackson,  Tenn 16  Dec. 

Second  Sunday  in  June  of  each  year  designated  as  Children's 
day  by  M.  E.  conference  which  meets 

Centenary  Biblical  institute  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  founded 

First  Chautauqua  assembly  at  Chautauqua  lake,  N.  Y Aug. 

Woman's  Home  Missionary  society  organized  at  Cincinnati,  O., 

6  July, 

Gammon  Theological  School  of  Clark  university,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
founded 

Methodist  Episcopal  General  Hospital  opened  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y 15  Dec. 

Epworth  League  projected  in  Cleveland,  0 May, 

STATISTICS  OF  METHODISM  PRESENTED  AT  THE  CECUMENICAL 
CONFERENCE  AT  WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  7  OCT.  1891. 


1870 
1872 
1874 


1887 


Name  of  society. 


In  America: 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Methodist  Episcopal,  South 

African  Methodist  Episcopal. . . 

African  M.  E. ,  Zion 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal. . . 

Methodist  Protestant 

United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Evangelical  Association 

American  Wesleyan 

Free  Methodist 

Primitive  Methodist 

Congregational  Methodist 

Union  American  M.  E 

African  Union  M.  Protestant. . . 

Independent  Methodist 

United  Methodist,  Free 

Methodist  Church  of  Canada. . . 

West  India  Methodist 

British  Wesleyan  Conference) 
Missions f  | 

Total  American 


1784 
1845 
1816 
1820 
1870 
1828 
1815 
1800 
1842 
1860 
1810 
1852- 
1813 


1874 


In  Europe 

In  Asia 

In  Africa 

Australasia,  Polynesia,  and  South 
Missions 


Total 77,181    45,271 


22,853 

11,767 

4,069 

3,500 

3,196 

2,003 

2,779 

2,062 

600 

»952 

77 

50 

50 

50 

35 

29 

3,092 

279 

22 


57,465 

15,584 

311 

571 

3,250 


15  058 

5^050 

4,150 

3,650 

1,800 

2,153 

2,017 

1,227 

650 

1,050 

64 

60 

112 

56 


1,819 
101 


39,042 

4,488 
588 
365 

788 


2,256,463 

1,218,561 

475,565 

425,000 

130,824 

157,604 

197,123 

160,234 

19.525 

20;998 

5,620 

5,525 

3,500 

5,990 

2,500 

3,785 

241,376 

58,575 

5,226 


5,383,994 

915,986 

35,313 

77,234 

93,140 


5,505,667 


metll'yl,  a  colorless  inodorous  gas,  a  compound  of  hy- 
drogen and  carbon,  first  obtained  free  by  Frankland  and  Kolbe 
separately,  in  1849. 

metOll'ic  cycle,  a  period  of  19  years,  or  6940  days,  at 
the  end  of  which  the  changes  of  the  moon  fall  on  the  same 
days.     Calippic  period. 

metric  system,  a  uniform  decimal  sj'stera  of  weights 
and  measures,  originated  in  France  with  a  committee  of  eminent 
scientists,  named  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences  by  order  of  the 
Constituent  Assembly,  8  Maj^  1790.  The  basis  of  the  .system 
is  the  metre,  which  is  3.37  inches  longer  than  the  American 
"  yard."  This  base,  determined  by  Delambre  and  Mechain, 
is  the  4o7oUtro()  P^***^  ^^  *^^  circumference  of  the  earth  on  the 
meridian  extending  through  France  from  Dunkirk  to  Barce- 
lona.   It  was  made  the  unit  of  length  and  the  base  of  the  sys- 


MET 


506 


MEX 


tem  by  law,  7  Apr.  1795.  A  prototype  metre  was  constructetl 
in  platinum  by  an  international  commission,  representing  the 
governments  of  France,  Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Switzer- 
land, Spain,  Savoy,  and  the  Konian,  Cisalpine,  and  Ligurian 
republics,  in  1799.  This  standard  metre  was  deposited  at  the 
Palace  of  the  Archives  in  Paris,  22  June,  1799,  and  declared 
to  be  the  definitive  base  of  the  system  forever.  The  unit  of 
weight  is  the  gramme,  the  weiglit  of  a  cubic  centimetre  of 
water  at  4^  centigrade  (the  temperature  of  greatest  density). 
The  unit  of  measure  of  surface  is  the  are,  which  is  the 
square  of  the  decametre,  or  10  metres.  The  unit  of  measure 
of  capacity  is  the  slere,  or  cubic  metre.  In  the  metric  system 
the  decimal  increase  is  indicated  by  the  prefix  deca,  ten ;  hecto, 
hundred ;  kilo,  thousand ;  myna,  ten  thousand ;  and  the  de- 
crease by  deci,  centi,  and  mitU.  The  system  is  now  in  use  in 
the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital  service,  in  the  foreign  business  of 
the  post-oflSce,  in  the  U.S. Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  to 
some  extent  in  the  mint,  U.  S.  Signal  service,  and  U.  S.  census. 
Decimal  system  of  mouey  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Congress,  with 

the  dollar  as  a  uuit «>  July,  1785 

John  Quiucy  Adams,  U.  S.  secretary  of  state,  makes  an  elaborate 

report  on  the  metric  system  to  Congress 23  Feb.  1821 

Sir  John  Wrottesley  brings  the  subject  before  British  Parlia- 
ment  25  Feb.  1824 

By  legislation  of  -t  July,  1837,  the  use  of  the  system  in  France 

is  enforced,  to  take  effect 1  Jan.  1840 

Decimal  association  formed  in  England  to  advocate  the  adop- 
tion of  the  system June,  1854 

International  Decimal  association  formed 1855 

System  enforced  in  Belgium 1856 

Canada  adopts  the  decimal  currency  used  in  U.  S 1  Jan.  1858 

System  enforced  in  Spain,  1859;  in  Italy 1863 

Metric  weight  of  5  grammes  (77.16  grains)  and  diameter  of  2 
centimetres  given  to  the  5cent  copper  nickel  piece  in  the 

U.  S.  by  act  of  Congress 16  May,  1866 

Use  in  the  U.  S.  authorized  by  act  of  Congress,  and  table  of 

equivalents  approved 28  July,     " 

System  enforced  in  Portugal,  1868;    in  the  Netherlands  and 

British  India. 1870 

Legalized  in  Germany,  1868,  and  made  compulsory 1  Jan.  1872 

International  Metric  commission  at  Paris  provides  for  dupli- 
cates of  the  standard  metre  at  Paris  for  each  nation  using 
the  system,  to  be  made  from  one  ingot,  90  per  cent,  platinum 

and  10  percent,  iridium 24  Sept     " 

Convention  establishing  an  international  bureau  of  weights 
and  measures  signed  at  Paris  by  representatives  of  Austria, 
Germany,  Russia,  Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  Turkey,  Switzer- 
land, Belgium,  Sweden,  Denmark,  United  States,  Argentine 

Republic,  Brazil,  and  Peru 20  May,  1875 

System  adopted  by  Austria. 1876 

System  legalized  in  Great  Britain,  29  July,  1864,  and  law  re- 
pealed by  Weights  and  Measures  act  of 1878 

International  Congress  on  weights  and  measures  meets  at 

Paris 4  Sept     «' 

System  adopted  in  Swe,den,  May,  1876,  to  take  efifect  in. 1889 

METRIC   SYSTEM. 

Unit  of  the  measure  of  length. 
Metre  =  39.37  inches. 

Decametre 10  metres.  I  Myriametre. .  .10,000       metres. 

Hectometre 100       "         Decimetre .1    metre. 

Kilometre 1000       "       |  Centimetre 01       " 

Millimetre 001  metre. 

Unit  of  the  measure  of  surface. 
Centare  =  1  sq.  metre  =  1650  sq.  inchea 

Arc 100  centares.  |  Hectare 10,000  centares. 

Unit  of  the  measure  of  capacity  and  solidity. 
Litre  =  cahe  of  .1  metre  (decimetre)  =  61.022  cubic  inches  or  .908  qt. 

Decalitre 10  litres.  I  Decilitre 1      litre. 

Hectolitre 100      "        Centilitre 01      " 

Kilolitre  or  stere. ...  1000      '«      |  Millilitre 001    " 

Unit  of  loeight. 
Gramme  =  cube  of  .01  metre  (centimetre)  =  .061022  cubic  inch  or 

15.432  grs. 
Decagram  me  . .         10  gram  m  es. 
Hectogramme .        100 
Kilogramme...      1000        " 
Mvriagramme. .  10,000        " 
Quintal 100.000 


.1      gramme. 

.01 

.001 


''Tonnea,',}l'0«0'00<>«™™'"^«- 
Decigramme. . 
Centigramme 
Milligramme  . 

niefronome,  to  regulate  time  in  music.  A  metro- 
nome with  double  pendulum,  invented  by  Winkel,  was  adopted 
by  Maelzel,  and  patented  by  him  in  1816. 

metropolis  of  Oreat  Britain  (Metropolitan 

districts)  includes  the  cities  of  London  and  Westminster,  and 
the  boroughs  of  South wark,  Finsbury,  Marylebone,  Tower- 
Hamlets,  Hackney,  Lambeth,  and  Chelsea.     London, 

metroporitail  (from  the  Gr.  fiiiTpoTro\iTi]c),  a  title 
given  at  the  council  of  Nice,  325,  to  bishops  who  had  jurisdic- 
tion over  others  in  a  province.     The  dignity  is  said  to  have 


arisen  in  the  2d  century,  the  dissentient  bishops  in  a  di 
referring  to  one  bishop  of  superior  intellect. 

IVIetropolitaii  ]fluseiiiii  of  Art,  New 

city.     Painting. 

metropolitan  railway,  London  (undergrou^ 
at  first  between  Paddiiigton  and  Victoria  street,  near  Iloll 
was  authorized  by  Parliament,  1853;  begun  in  the  spriii 
1860;  and  opened  for  traffic  10  Jan.  1863.     Great  difficu 
were  overcome  by  the  engineer,  John  Fowler,  and  the 
tractors.  Jay,  Smith,  and  Knight.     In  the  first  6  months  < 
1865  there  were  7,462,823  passengers.     It  has  been  contiim 
to  Moorgate  street,  and  supplemented  by  the  iMetropolitei 
Districts  railway. 

MetZ,  a  fortified  city  in  Lorraine,  now  in  the  departi 
of  the  Moselle,  N.E.  France,  was  the  Roman  Divodunu 
Meti,  capital  of  the  Mediomatrici,  a  powerful  tribe  of 
and  in  the  6th  century  of  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia  or 
It  was  made  a  free  imperial  city,  985.  Charles  Vll.of  Fn 
besieged  it  for  7  months  in  1444;  it  was  ransomed  for  lOQ 
florins,  was  captured  by  Henry  II.,  10  Apr.  1552,  and  su 
fully  defended  by  the  duke  of  Guise  against  the  emp 
Charles  V.  with  100,000  men,  31  Oct.  1552  to  15  Jan.  11 
Metz  was  ceded  to  France  by  the  peace  of  Westphalia,  24  ( 
1648,  and  was  fortified  by  Yauban  and  Belleisle.  On  28  J 
1870,  the  emperor  Napoleon  III.  took  command  at  Meti 
person.  After  the  disastrous  defeats  at  Woerth  and  Foi 
on  6  Aug.,  the  whole  French  army  (except  the  corps  of  B! 
Mahoii,  De  Failh',  and  Douay)  was  concentrated  here,  10 
Aug.,  and  hemmed  in  by  the  Germans.  Marshal  Baza 
sumed  command,  8  Aug.  The  emperor  departed  with  the 
guard,  which  crossed  the  Moselle  early  on  14  Aug. 

1.  Battle  of  Pange  or  Courcelles.  gained  by  the  first  army  under 

Von  Steinmetz,  after  several  hours'  fighting 14  Aug. 

2.  Battle  of  Vionville  or  Mars-la-Tour,  gained  by  the  "id  army 

under  prince  Frederick  Charles,  after  12  hours'  fighting, 

16  Aug. 
[Twice  as  many  Germans  were  killed  as  at  KOniggratz, 
the  killed  and  wounded  being  estimated  at  17,000.    The 
French  loss  was  equally  great.] 

Bazaine  masses  his  troops  for  a  decisive  conflict 17  Aug.    '■ 

8.  Battle  of  R^zonville  or  Graveloite.  gained  by  the  combined 
1st  and  2d  armies,  commanded  by  the  king  in  person,  after 

12  hours'  fighting 18  Aug. 

[The  most  desperate  struggle  took  place  on  the  slopes 
over  Gravelotte,  which  the  Germans  gained  by  nightfall, 
after  repeated  charges.  But  the  right  of  the  French  had 
been  outflanked;  they  fell  back  and  retired  under  cover 
of  Metz.  The  French  are  said  to  have  lost  19,000,  and  the 
Germans  25.000.] 
Bazaine  repulsed  in  a  sortie  at  Courcelles,  near  Metz  (he 

claimed  a  victory) 26  Aug. 

His  whole  army  defeated  by  gen.  ManteufTel,  of  the  army  of 
prince  Frederick  Charles,  in  a  battle  lasting  from  the  morn- 
ing of  31  Aug.  to  noon 1  Sept.    • 

Von  Steinmetz  sent  to  govern  Posen ;  prince  Frederick  Charles 

sole  commander  before  Metz 21  Sept    ■ 

Three  vigorous  but  inefl'ective  sallies. 23,  24,  27  Sept.    ' 

Great  sortie;  the  Germans  surprised;  about  40,000  French  en- 
gaged; they  are  repulsed  after  a  severe  engagement  from  3 
P.M.  till  dark;  loss  about  2000  French  and  600  Germans, 

7  Oct.    •■ 
Gen.  Boyer  arrives  at  Versailles  to  treat  for  capitulation,  14  Oct. 
Metz  surrenders  with  the  army,  including  marshals  Bazaine, 
Canrobert,  and  Le  Boeuf;  66  generals;  about  6000  officers; 
173.000  men,  including  the  imperial  guard;  400  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery; 100  mitrailleuses;  and  53  eagles  or  standards.  27  Oct. 
Capitulation  was  signed  at  Frescati  by  gens.  Jarras  (French) 

and  Stiehle  (German) 27  Oct. 

General  order  to  the  army  issued  by  marshal  Bazaine,  saying 

that  they  were  "conquered  by  famine" 27  Oct 

Germans  enter  Metz 29  Oct. 

[One  cause  of  the  fall  of  Metz  was  the  great  army;  it  might 
have  been  successfully  defended  by  20.000  men.] 
Marshal  Bazaine  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death  for  sur- 
rendering Metz  and  the  army,  6  Oct. -10  Dec. ;  punishment 
commuted  to  20  years'  imprisonment,  12  Dec. ;  he  escaped    ^ 

from  isle  Ste.  Marguerite  (France) 9  -Aug.  If ' 

Mexican  war,  a  2  years'  war  between  the  Unite 
States  and  Mexico,  caused  mainly  by  the  persistence  of  Me> 
ico  in  her  claim  to  Texas,  which  had  declared  its  indepei 
dence  and  been  annexed  to  the  U.  S.  Texas,  1844-46.  Otl)t 
causes  were  the  disagreement  as  to  the  boundary  betwee 
Texas  and  Mexico,  the  U.  S.  claiming  the  Rio  Grande,  an 
Mexico  the  Nueces  river;  also  the  violation  on  the  part  c 
Mexico  of  the  treaty  of  1831.  Gen.  Mariano  Paredes  vj 
president  of  Mexico  when  war  was  declared  by  the  U.  S..  1 
May,  1846,  and  by  Mexico,  23  May,  1846. 


MEX 

xican  general  Mcjia.  in  command  at  Matamoras,  issues  a 
liroclamaliou  of  hostility  to  the  U.  S.,  and  calls  the  people 

■  of  the  country  to  arms 18  Mch.  ] 

]m.  Zachary  Taylor,  breaking  camp  at  Corpus  Christi,  8  Mch. 
11846,  appears  on  the  Kio  Grande  opposite  Matamoras, 
i  28  Mch. 

bn.  Pedro  de  Ampudia  arrives  at  Matamoras  and  assumes 

command  of  the  Mexican  forces 11  Apr. 

npudia  superseded  by  Mariano  Arista,  general-in-chief  of  tlie 

Mexican  army  of  the  north 24  Apr. 

bops  under  capt.  Thornton,  sent  out  by  gen.  Taylor  to  recon- 

'noitre,  are  surprised  and  captured 25  Apr. 

I,>n.  Taylor  calls  on  the  governors  of  Louisiana  and  Texas  for 

Ian  auxiliary  force  of  5000  volunteers 26  Apr. 

hn.  Taylor  garrisons  fort  Brown,  opposite  Matamoras,  and 
Iforces  a  march  to  Point  Isabel,  his  depot  of  supplies,  1-2  May, 

prt  Brown  bombarded  by  Mexicans 3-9  May, 

Hsta  disputes  Taylor's  return  to  fort  Brown,  and  is  defeated 

lat  Palo  Alto,  9  miles  from  Matamoras 8  May, 

btreatiug  to  Resaca  de  la  I'alma,  4  miles  from  Matamoras, 

he  is  routed  and  driven  across  the  Rio  Grande 9  May, 

cchange  of  prisoners  negotiated  and  Thornton's  party  re- 
leased   11  May, 

es.  Polk  calls  upon  Congress  to  make  provision  for  war  with 

Mexico 11  May, 

ingress  calls  for  volunteers,  and  officially  recognizes  the  war, 

13  May, 
ylor  crosses  the  Rio  Grande,  and  occupies  Matamoras,  evac- 
uated by  Arista ' 18  May, 

eut.-col.  (Sarland,  pursuing  the  Mexicans,  disperses  the  rear 

[guard,  closing  the  campaign  of  the  Rio  Grande 19  May, 

jsxican  Congress  declares  war  against  the  U.  S 23  May, 

jsn.  S.  \V.  Kearney  directed  by  secretary  of  war  to  occupy  New 
Mexico  and  Upper  California,  and  establish  civil  govern- 
ments therein  (Califoknia,  181()-48;  New  Mexico,  1846-48), 

3  June, 
Isn.  Salas,  chief  of  liberal  party  of  Mexico,  seizes  the  citadel 
jin  the  city  of  Mexico  and  overthrows  the  governmeiit.5  Aug. 
;u.  Taylor  removes  his  headquarters  from  Matamoras  to  Ca- 

jmargo 8  Aug. 

jirrison  of  Vera  Cruz  and  San  Juan  d'Ulloa  declare  for  Santa 
(Ana.  31  July,  1846,  who  arrives  at  Vera  Cruz  from  Havana, 
[16  Aug.,  his  entrance  being  permitted  by  com.  Conner,  com- 
imandiug  the  blockading  squadron  of  the  U.  S.,  under  instruc- 

Itions  from  his  government,  13  May 16  Aug. 

bgular  troops  organized  in  2  divisions  under  gens.  Twiggs  and 
jWorth  move  against  Monterey;  Worth's  first  brigade  march- 

!es  to  establish  an  entrepot  at  Serralvo 19  Aug. 

\m.  Santa  Ana  arrives  at  the  city  of  Mexico,  declines  the 

'.presidency,  and  assumes  military  command 15  Sept. 

i  S.  army  concentrated  on  the  banks  of  the  San  Juan,  3  miles 
from  Marin,  and  the  whole  force,  425  officers  and  6220  men, 

'advances  upon  Monterey 18  Sept. 

ionterey,  defended  by  about  10,000  Mexicans  under  gen.  Am- 
jpudiii,  is  besieged  by  U»  S.  troops  and  surrenders,  the  Mexi- 

,can  forces  retiring  to  Saltillo 25-28  Sept. 

irms  of  capitulation  of  Monterey  include  an  armistice  of  8 
weelvs,  during  which  gen.  Taylor  agrees  not  to  advance  be- 
yond the  line.     Treaty  concluded 25  Sept. 

jinta  Ani  arrives  at  San  Luis  de  Potosi,  and  begins  the  or- 

iganization  of  the  Mexican  army 8  Oct. 

ijn.  Ampudia,  ordered  to  San  Luis,  evacuates  Saltillo. .  .18  Oct. 
i)m.  Conner,  by  an  expedition   from  Anton   Lizardo,  under 
jl'erry,  up  the  Tabasco  river,  captures  5  merchant  vessels, 
:  23-25  Oct. 

ar  department  disapproves  the  armistice  and  orders  its  close, 
!l3  Oct. ;  gen.  Taylor  announces  the  fact  to  Santa  Ana,  6  Nov. 
jirapico  on  the  I'anuco,  abandoned  by  Santa  Ana,  is  occupied 

by  com.  Conner 15  Nov. 

Bn.  Taylor  occupies  Saltillo 16  Nov. 

3n.  Wool's  forces  at  Monclova,  march,  24  Nov.,  to  Parras,  and 

are  merged  into  the  army  of  occupation 5  Dec. 

,Bn.  Santa  Ana  elected  president  of  Mexico 6  Dec. 

m.  John  A.  Quitman's  brigade  of  volunteers  occupy  Victoria, 
29  Dec.  1846,  where  they  are  joined  by  gen.  Taylor  with 

Twiggs's  and  Patterson's  divisions 4  Jan.  : 

exican  Congress  orders  sequestration  of  church  property  to 

Taise  funds  for  the  war 7  Jan. 

imta  Ana,  with  23,000  men  and  20  pieces  of  artillery,  moves 

;  in  the  direction  of  Saltillo 27  Jan. 

jaj.-gen.  Scott  arrives  at  Brazos  San  Jago,  1  Jan.,  and  calls  for 
:a  rendezvous  of  troops  at  the  island  of  Lobos,  60  miles  south 

of  Tampico,  for  his  expedition  against  Vera  Cruz Jan. 

3n.  Taylor  arrives  at  Saltillo,  2  Feb.  1847 ;  at  Agua  Nueva,  5 

Feb. ;  and  at  Buena  Vista 21  Feb. 

ittle  of  Buena  Vjsta,  the  Mexicans  retreat  to  Agua  Nueva 

^during  the  night  of  23  Feb 22-23  Feb. 

)1.  Doniphan  with  856  men  marches  from  the  Rio  Grande  to 
join  gen.  Wool,  supposed  to  be  marching  against  Chihuahua. 
He  reaches  El  Paso  27  Dec,  where  he  learns  of  Wool's 
change  of  plan,  routs  4000  Mexicans  at  the  pass  of  Sacra- 
mento, 28  Feb.,  and  enters  Chihuahua 1  Mch. 

;ott's  army  sails  from  Lobos  for  Vera  Cruz,  lands  3  miles  south 

of  the  city,  9  Mch.,  and  begins  the  investment 10  Mch. 

1  the  refusal  of  gen.  Morales,  commander  at  Vera  Cruz,  to 
surrender,. the  bombardment  of  the  city  and  castle  of  San 
;Juan  d'Ulloa  begins,  4  p.m.  22  Mch.,  and  continues  until  Mo- 
; rales,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  proposes  a  surrender, 

8  A.M.  26  Mch. 
exicans  evacuate  Vera  Cruz  and  the  castle  of  San  Juan 
•I  UHoa 29  Mch. 


507 


MEX 


Santa  Ana  leaves  the  capital  for  the  army  near  Vera  Cruz, 

leaving  don  Pedro  Anaya  as  "i)resident  substitute  "..2  Apr.  1847 
Gen.  Scott,  marching  inland  from  Vera  Cruz,  defeats  the  Mexi- 
cans under  Santa  Aiia  at  Cerro  Goroo,  19  Apr.,  and  Jalapa  is 

constituted  a  depot  for  supplies 20  Apr.     " 

N.  P.  Trist,  confidential  agent  of  the  U.  S.  to  Mexico,  arrives  at 

Vera  Cruz \iay      u 

Gen.  Scott  at  Jalapa,  by  proclamation  to  the  Mexican  people' 

offers  peace n  j^ay      a 

Worth's  command  occupies  Puebla,  Santa  Ana  having  retreat- 
ed the  day  before 15  May      " 

Com.  Perry  captures  Tuspan 18  May',     " 

Doniphan's  command  arrives  at  Saltillo  and  proceeds  to  the 

Rio  Grande  the  same  day 22  May      " 

Com.  Perry  occupies  Tabasco 15  June',     " 

Gen.  Manuel  Maria  Lombardini,  in  command  of  the  city  of 

Mexico,  expels  residents  of  U.  S June      " 

Troops  at  Puebla,  reinforced  by  the  garrison,  withdrawn  from' 

Jalapa,  increase  the  force  to  8000  men 8  July,     '» 

Gen.  Franklin  Pierce  with  about  2500  men  leaves  Vera  Cruz 

19  July,  and  arrives  at  Puebla 6  Aug.     " 

Scott  advances  upon  the  city  of  Mexico;  Harney's  cavalry  bri- 
gade and  Twiggs's  division  leave  Puebla,  7  Aug. ;  Quitman's 
volunteers  follow,  8  Aug. ;  AVorth's,  9  Aug. ;  Pillows's,  10  Aug. 
Gen.  Scott  establishes  headquarters  at  Ayotla,  9  miles  from 

the  Mexican  fortified  position  of  El  Peiion 10  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Scott's  headquarters  at  San  Augustin 17-18  Aug.     " 

He  defeats  Mexicans  under  gen.  Valencia  at  Contreras, 

19-20  Aug.     " 
Again  at  Churubusco;  Santa  Ana  retreats  to  the  capital,  and 

gen.  Scott  returns  to  San  Augustin 20  Aug.     " 

British  embassy  in  Mexico  meet  gen.  Scott  at  San  Augustin, 
and  represent  that  the  moment   is   favorable   for  opening 

negotiations  for  peace 20  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Scott  removes  his  headquarters  to  Tacubaya 21  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Scott  appoints  gens.  Quitman,  P.  F.  Smith,  and  Pierce  as 
commissioners  to  negotiate  an  armistice  with  gens.  Mora  y 
Villamil  and  Quijano,  22  Aug.,  and  ratifies  the  terms,  23  Aug.     '« 
Mr.  Trist  commences  unsuccessful  negotiations  for  peace, 

25  Aug.     " 
Gen.  Scott  notifies  Santa  Ana  that  the  armistice  will  end  at 

12  o'clock  the  following  day 6  Sept.     " 

U.  S.  troops  capture  the  castle  of  El  Molino  del  Rey,  1  mile  north 

of  Tacubaya 8  Sept.     " 

Castle  of  Chapultepec  taken  by  U.  S.  troops  by  storm.  .13  Sept.     " 
Mexican  army  leaves  the  capital,  taking  the  northern  road  to 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  and  U.  S.  troops  occupy  it. .  .13-14  Sept.  " 
Santa  Ana  resigns  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  and  a  new  provisional 
government,  organized  under  Senor  Pena  y  Pena.  president 
of  the  supreme  council,  is  commenced  at  Toluca. . .  .27  Sept.  " 
Populace,  reinforced  by  guerillas  under  gen.  Rea,  commence 
hostilities  against  U.  S.  garrison  at  Puebla  under  col.  Childs, 
14  Sept. ;  Santa  Ana  arrives  at  Puebla  with  a  reinforcement 
for  the  besiegers,  22  Sept. ;  and  the  siege  continues  until  the 
arrival  of  U.  S.  troops  under  gen.  Joseph  Lane  from  Vera  Cruz, 

12  Oct.     " 
By  order  of  the  new  government  Santa  Ana  gives  up  the 

command  of  his  troops  at  Huamantla 16  Oct.     '• 

U.  S.  troops  under  Lane  attack  and  disperse  the  Mexicans  un- 
der Rea  at  Atlixco,  temporary  state  capital 19  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Quitman,  appointed  by  Scott  military  governor  of  the  city 

of  Mexico,  is  succeeded  by  gen.  P.  F.  Smith Oct.     " 

Gen.  Anaya  elected  provisional  president  of  Mexico,  to  serve 

until  8  Jan.  1848 11  Nov.     " 

Gen.  Scott,  in  Order  No.  376,  announces  his  purpose  to  occupy 

the  republic  of  Mexico  until  she  sues  for  peace 15  Dec.     " 

Peiia  y  Pena  again  assumes  the  government  of  Mexico..  .8  Jan.  1848 
Mr.  Trist  concludes  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo;  Mexico 
cedes  to  the  U.  S.  the  territory  now  California,  Nevada,  Utah, 
New  Mexico,  western  Colorado,  and  Arizona  north  of  the  Gila 

river. 2  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Lane  occupies  Orizaba,  25  Jan.,  Cordova,  28  Jan.,  and  re- 
turns to  Mexico 6  Feb.     " 

Gen.  William  0.  Butler  succeeds  gen.  Scott  as  commander  of 

the  troops  in  Mexico 18  Feb.     *' 

Negotiations  for  an  armistice  begun   in  the  city  of  Mesuco 

29  Feb.,  approved  at  the  Mexican  capital.  Queretaro.  .5  Mch.     " 
Treaty  received  at  Washington  about  20  Feb.  and  ratified  by 
the  Senate:  vote,  38  to  14;  messrs.  Sevier  and  Clifford  ap- 
pointed commissioners  to  exchange  ratifications  in  the  city 

of  Mexico 10  Mch.     " 

Gen.  Butler  announces  that  the  war  is  ended 29  May,     " 

Treaty  ratified  by  the  Mexican  Senate  24  May;  ratifications 

exchanged  at  Queretaro 30  May,     " 

Under  a  salute  from  the  Mexican  batteries  the  U.  S.  flag  on 

the  palace  in  Mexico  is  replaced  by  the  Mexican 12  June,     " 

Troops  engaged  throughout  the  war,  101.282;  of  these  27,506 
were  regulars.  Losses,  1049  killed  and  3420  wounded. 
Mexico,  a  federal  republic  in  North  America,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  United  States  of  America  (California,  Ari- 
zona, New  Mexico,  and  Texas) ;  the  Pacific  ocean  forms  its 
entire  western  and  southern  boundary,  with  the  exception  of 
Yucatan,  giving  it  a  Pacific  coast  line  of  nearly  6000  miles, 
while  its  eastern  coast  is  washed  by  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  with  a  coast  line  of  1600  miles.  The  word  Mexico 
is  related  to  or  derived  from  the  Aztec  national  war-god  Mex- 
itli.  Prior  to  the  coming  of  the  Aztecs,  who  founded  the  city 
of  Mexico,  1325,  it  was  known  as  Anahuac  (signifying  '•  near 


MEX 


508 


MEX 


the  water"),  or  that  portion  of  it  now  known  as  the  valley  of 
Mexico.  Amkrica.  It  was  discovered  by  tlie  Spaniards, 
1517-18,  and  conquered  by  Ferdinand  Cortez,  1519-21.  Vis- 
ited and  largely  explored  by  Alexander  von  Humboldt,  1799- 
1804.  It  is  limited  in  latitude  between  15°  and  32°  36'  N., 
and  in  longitude  between  87°  and  117°  W. ;  and  extends  about 
2000  miles  north-northwest  and  south-southeast,  with  a  mean 
width  of  about  400  miles,  varying  from  1000  miles  on  the  26° 
N.  to  130  miles  at  the  Tehuantepec  isthmus.  Area,  767,000 
811-  miles.  Pop.  1874,  9,276,079 ;  1879, 9,686,777 ;  1890, 11,396,- 
712.     Capital,  Mexico ;  pop.  1890,  329,535. 

Montezuma  emperor 1603 

Cortez  lauds,  1519;  capluros  the  city  of  Mexico 1521 

Mexico  constituted  a  kingdom ;  Cortez  governor 1522 

Meudoza,  first  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  1530;  establishes  a  mint,  1535 
Unsuccessful  insurrections  of  Miguel  Hidalgo,  1810;  of  Morelos, 

1W15;  of  Mina 1817 

Mexico  independent  by  the  treaty  of  Aquala 23  Aug.  1821 

Augustin  Iturbide.  president  of  provisional  junto,  Feb.;  Mexico 
au  empire,  the  crown  declined  by  Spain;  Iturbide  emperor, 

May,  1822 

Compelled  to  abdicate 2fi  Mch.  1823 

Mexican  federal  republic  proclaimed 4  Oct.     " 

Iturbide  goes  to  England;  returns  and  endeavors  to  recover 

power;  shot 19  July,  1824 

Federal  constitution  established Oct.     " 

[First  president  D.  Felix  Victoria.] 

Treaty  of  commerce  with  Great  Britain Apr.  1825 

Expulsion  of  the  Spaniards  decreed .Mch.  1829 

Spanish  expedition  against  Mexico  surrendered 26  Sept.     " 

Revolution  ;  president  Guerrero  deposed 23  Pec.     " 

Santa  Ana  president,  practically  dictator 11  May,  1833 

Loses  her  territory  of  Texas 1836 

Independence  recognized  by  Brazil,  June,  1830;  by  Spain, 

28  Dec.     " 

Declaration  of  war  against  France 30  Nov.  1838 

This  war  terminated 9  Mch.  1839 

War  with  the  United  States  (Mexican  war) May,  1846 

Pres  Arista  resigns,  6  Jan. ;  and  Santa  Ana  returns,  Feb. ;  dic- 
tator  16  Dec.  1853 

He  abdicates;  Carera  elected  president Jan.  1855 

Who  also  abdicates;  succeeded  first  by  Alvarez,  and  afterwards 

by  gen.  Comonfort Dec.     " 

Property  of  clergy  sequestrated 31  Mch.  1856 

New  constitution  established 5  Feb.  1857 

Beginning  of  Reformed  church  by  Aguilar  and  others " 

Comonfort  chosen  president July,     " 

Coup-d'^tat;  constitution  annulled  by  church  party;  Comon- 
fort compelled  to  retire,  11  Jan. ;  gen.  Zuloaga  takes  the  gov- 
ernment  21-26  Jan.  1858 

Benito  Juarez  declared  president  at  Vera  Cruz 11  Feb.     '' 

Civil  war Aug.  to  Nov.     '* 

Gen.  Miguel  Miramon  nominated  president  at  Mexico  by  the 

junta 6  Jan.  1859 

Zuloaga  abdicates 2  Feb.     " 

Britain  sends  ships  ofwar  to  Mexico  to  protect  her  subjects,  Feb.     " 
Miramon  forces  lines  of  liberal  generals,  enters  capital,  assumes 

office  as  governor,  and  rules  arbitrarily 10  Apr.     " 

Juarez  confiscates  church  property 13  July,     " 

Miramon  and  clericals  defeat  liberals  under  Colima 21  Dec.     " 

Besieges  Vera  Cruz,  5  Mch. ;  bombards  it;  compelled  to  raise 

the  siege 21  Mch.  1860 

Zuloaga  deposes  Miramon,  assumes  presidency 1  May,     " 

Miramon  arrests  Zuloaga,  9  May;  diplomatic  bodies  suspend 

official  relations  with  former 10  May,     " 

Miramon  defeated  by  Degollado 10  Aug.     " 

He  governs  with  tyranny;  seizes  152,000Z.  of  English  bond- 
holders, Sept. ;  foreign  ministers  quit  the  city Oct.     " 

He  is  defeated;  compelled  to  retire;  Juarez  enters  Mexico,  11 

Jan. ;  re  elected  president 19  Jan.  1861 

Juarez  made  dictator  by  congress 30  June,     " 

Mexican  congress  suspends  payments  to  foreigners  for  2  years, 

17  July,     " 
Hence  diplomatic  relations  broken  with  England  and  France, 

27  July,     " 
England,  France,  and  Spain,  after  vainly  seeking  redress  and 
payment  of  interest  by  negotiations,  sign  a  convention  for 

joint  hostilities  against  Mexico 31  Oct.     " 

Mexican  congress  dissolves,  after  conferring  full  powers  on 

the  president 15  Dec.     " 

Spanish  troops  land  at  Vera  Cruz,  8  Dec. ;  it  surrenders.  17  Dec.     " 
British  naval  and  French  military  expedition  arrive.  .7,  8  Jan.  1862 
Mexicans  resist,  and  invest  Vera  Cruz;  taxes  raised  25  per 

cent Jan.     " 

Miramon  arrives,  but  is  sent  back  to  Spain  by  the  British  ad- 
miral   Feb.     ' ' 

Proposed  Mexican  monarchy  for  archduke  Maximilian  of  Aus- 
tria disapproved  by  Britain  and  Spain Feb.     " 

Negotiation  ensues  between  Spanish  and  Mexicans;  conven- 
tion  between  commissaries  of  allies  and  Mexican  general 

Doblado  at  Soledad 19  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Marquez  arms  against  Juarez,  and  gen.  Almonte  joins  the 
French  general  Lorencez;   Juarez  demands  a  compulsory 

loan,  and  puts  Mexico  in  a  stale  of  siege Mch.     " 

Conference  between  plenipotentiaries  of  allies  at  Orizaba;  Eng- 
lish and  Spanish  declare  for  peace;  the  French  dissent,  9 
Apr. ,  who  declare  war  against  Juarez 16  Apr.     '  • 


Spanish  and  British  retire;  French  government  reinforces  Lo- 
rencez   May, 

French,  induced  by  Manjuez,  enter  interior;  repulsed  by  Zara- 
goza  at  Fort  Guadalupe,  near  Puebla 5  May, 

Juarez  quits  the  capital 31  May, 

French  defeat  Mexicans  at  Cerro  de  Borgo,  near  Orizaba, 

13, 14  June, 

Mexican  liberals  said  to  desire  negotiation Aug. 

(ion.  Forey  and  2500  French  soldiers  land 28  Aug. 

Napoleon  III.  writes  Lorencez,  disclaims  intention  to  impose 
a  government  on  Mexico ;  announced Sept. 

Death  of  Zaragoza,  a  great  loss  to  the  Mexicans 8  Sept. 

(Jen.  Forey  deprives  Almonte  of  the  presidency  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  assumes  civil  and  military  power Oct, 

Onega  takes  command  of  the  Mexicans 19  Oct. 

Mexican  congress  meets,  protests  against  French  invasion, 

27  Oct. 

French  evacuate  Tampico 13  Jan. 

Forey  marches  towards  Mexico 24  Feb. 

Siege  of  Puebla;  bravely  defended,  29  Mch. ;  assault,  31  Mch.- 
3  Apr. ;  Ortega  surrenders  at  discretion 18  May, 

Juarez  removes  his  government  to  San  Luis  de  Potosi.31  May, 

Mexico  occupied  by  French  under  Bazaine,  5  June;  Forey's 
army  enters,  10  June ;  provisional  government 

Assembly  of  notables  at  Mexico  decide  for  a  limited  hereditary 
monarchy,  with  a  Roman  Catholic  prince  as  emperor,  and 
offer  crown  to  archduke  Maximilian  of  Austria;  regency  es- 
tablished  6-10  July, 

French  reoccupy  Tampico 11  Aug. 

Marshal  Forey  resigns  command  to  Bazaine  and  returns  to 
France 1  Oct 

Archduke  Maximilian  will  accept  crown  if  it  be  the  will  of  the 
people 3  Oct. 

Mexican  gen.  Comonfort  surprised  and  shot  by  partisans, 

12  Nov. 

Successful  advance  of  imperialists;  Juarez  abandons  San  Luis 
de  Potosi,  18  Dec. ;  imperialists  enter 24  Dec. 

Ex-president  Santa  Ana  lands  at  Vera  Cruz,  professing  ad- 
hesion to  empire,  27  Feb. ;  dismissed  by  Bazaine.. .  .12  Mch. 

Juarez  makes  Monterey  seat  of  government 3  Apr. 

Archduke  Maximilian  accepts  the  crown  from  Mexican  deputa- 
tion at  Miramar 10  Apr. 

Emperor  and  empress  land  at  Vera  Cruz,  29  May;  enter  city 
of  Mexico 12  June, 

Emperor  visits  the  interior;  grants  a  free  press Aug. 

Republicans  defeat  imperialists  at  San  Pedro 27  Dec. 

Juarez,  at  Chihuahua,  exhorts  the  Mexicans  to  maintain  inde- 
pendence  1  Jan. 

Emperor  institutes  order  of  Mexican  eagle 

Oaxaca  surrenders  to  Bazaine 9  Feb. 

Constitution  promulgated 10  Apr. 

Ortega  recruits  at  New  York  for  republican  army,  May;  dis- 
countenanced by  the  U.  S.  government June, 

Anniversary  of  Mexican  independence;  descendants  of  Iturbide 
made  princesses,  etc 16  Sept. 

Emperor  proclaims  the  war  ended,  and  martial  law  against  all 
armed  bands;  indignation  excited 2  Oct. 

Juarist  generals  taken  prisoners ;  shot 16  Oct 

U.  S.  protest  against  French  occupation. Nov.-Dea 

Presidency  of  Juarez  expires;  he  determines  to  continue  to 
act,  30  Nov. ;  he  flees  to  Texas 20  Dec. 

Bagdad,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  seized  by  American  Juarists,  4,  5 
.Jan. ;  occupied  by  U.  S.  gen.  Weitzel,  5  Jan. ;  his  conduct 
disavowed ;  Bagdad  reoccupied  by  imperialists 20  Jan.  ; 

Napoleon  III.  agrees  to  withdraw  all  his  soldiers  from  Mexico 
between  Nov.  1866  and  Nov.  1867 Apr. 

Guerilla  warfare,  with  varying  success Mch. -May, 

.Matamoras  captured  by  liberals  under  Escobedo. .  .23,  24  June, 

Empress  Charlotte  departs  for  France,  13  July;  conspiracy 
suppressed ' 15-17  July, 

Convention  between  Maximilian  and  the  French;  transfer  of 
customs  revenue  to  France 30  July, 

Juarez  and  party  take  Tampico 1  Aug. 

U.  S.  disallow  Maximilian's  blockade  of  Matamoras 17  Aug. 

Dissension  among  liberals;  3  rival  presidents— Juarez,  Ortega, 
and  Santa  Ana Sept. -Oct. 

Empress  solicits  help  from  France,  Sept. ;  she  falls  ill Oct. 

Firm  speech  of  emperor  Maximilian 19  Sept. 

Emperor  leaves  Mexico  for  Orizaba;  giving  authority  to  Ba- 
zaine   Oct 

French  evacuate  several  places •  .Nov. 

Imperial  council  at  Orizaba  determine  to  maintain  empire, 

24  Nov. 

Death  of  Augustin  Iturbide H  Hec. 

Maximilian,  with  army,  arrives  at  Queretaro 19  Feb.  . 

Departure  of  French 13  Jan.,  5  Feb.,  14  Men. 

Juarez,  Diaz,  and  Ortega  dispute  the  supremacy Apr. 

Queretaro,  after  many  conflicts,  captured  by  treachery ;  Men- 
dez  shot 15  May, 

Emperor  Maximilian,  Miramon,  and  Mejia,  after  trial,  shot, 
^  '  19  June, 

Mexico  city  taken  after  67  days'  siege;  republic  re  established, 
'  ■'  "  '  -21  June, 

Surrender  of  Vera  Cruz 25  June, 

Santa  Ana  captured;  detained  a  prisoner •  -Julyi 

Juarez  enters  Mexico ;  convokes  assembly  to  elect  president, 

14,  15  July, 
Marquez  and  others  said  to  be  organizing  against  Juarez,  Aug. 

Porfirio  Diaz  nominated  for  presidency Sept, 

Santa  Ana  sentenced  to  8  years'  banishment -Oct. 

Maximilian's  body  given  to  Austrian  adm.  Tegethoff. .  .26  Nov. 


MIA 

ican congress  opened*  Juarez  provisional  president;  foreign 

msuls  said  to  be  leaving 8  Dec. 

■ez  re  elected  president Dec. 

-ez  inaugurated about  25  Deo. 

imiliau's  body  buried  at  Vienna 18  Jan. 

ellion  against  Juarez  in  Yucatan  and  other  provinces, 

Jan. -Feb. 
atlan  blockaded  by  capt.  Bridge  of  British  ship  Chanticleer 

r  an  outrage,  20  June;  relieved  by  adm.  Hastings July, 

ty  with  U.  S Dec. 

irrection  at  I'uebia  suppressed Feb. 

Almonte  d.  at  Paris Mcb. 

ountor  between  Mexicans  and  U.  S.  troops  pursuing  Indian 
ipredators;  about  40  U.  S.  soldiers  killed;  reported.  12  Apr. 
tiou  for  president:  Diaz,  1982  votes;  Juarez,  1963;  Lerdo, 

6(5;  Juarez  retains  power '. 27  July, 

rrection  headed  by  Negrete,  Riveras,   and  others,  sup- 

essed  with  much  slaughter 12  Oct. 

•ez  re-elected  jiresident Oct. 

rgents  under  Porflrio  Diaz  twice  defeated;  announced, 

Jan. 

I  war  going  on  with  varying  success Apr. -June, 

•  to  Juarez  d.  (aged  about  68)  by  apoplexy 18  July, 

itry  tranquil;  Diaz  accepts  amnesty;  announced.  .14  Aug. 
.0  de  Tejado  (of  good  character)  elected  president,  Oct. ; 

'az  submits Nov. 

way  from  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz  completed;  runs. .  .23  Jan. 

loms  tariffs  liberalized July, 

jnate  voted  by  congress Aug. 

Ijious  orders  suppressed Dec. 

Irrection  by  Diaz,  Mch. ;  he  takes  Matamoras 1  Apr. 

ress  of  Reformed  church;  overtures  for  union  with  Epis- 

pal  church  of  U.  S about  Apr, 

rgents  defeated  at  Oaxaca,  29  May;  at  Queretaro June, 

h  of  Santa  Ana,  ex-president 20  June, 

defeats  government  troops  at  Tekoar,  12  Nov.;  enters 

xico,  assumes  power  as  provisional  president 20  Nov. 

Lerdo  de  Tejado  retires;  Iglesias  takes  arms  as  president, 

Dec. 
defeats  Iglesias,  who  retreats;  Diaz  elected  president,  18 

b. ;  proclaimed 5  May, 

rrection  of  Negrete;  Diaz  marches  against  him..  .16  June, 

Ijel  Gonzalez  elected,  11  July;  succeeds 1  Dec. 

nt  city  discovered  in  Sonora,  near  Magdalena,  a  great 
amid,  rooms  cut  in  a  stony  mountain,  implements,  etc., 

hieroglyphic  inscriptions 

ession  by  Mexico  to  James  B.  Eads  for  99  years  for  a  rail- 
ly  for  ships  across  the  isthmus;  estimated  cost,  15, 000,000^. ; 

^del  exhibited  at  Long  Acre,  London Aug. 

3ffio  Diaz  inaugurated  president 1  Dec. 

ffing  affair  (United  States) July-Aug. 

lire-elected  president 11  July, 

EMPERORS. 

Aug.  Augustin  Iturbide,  Feb.;  abdicated  23  Mch.  1823; 


509 


MIC 


1867 
1868 


1871 


1873 
1874 


1876 


1877 
1879 
1880 


1884 

1886 
1892 

shot 


for  attempting  to  recover  his  authority,  19  July,  1824. 
If  Maximilian  (brother  to  the  emperor  of  Austria),  b.  6  July, 
1832;  accepted  the  crown,  10  Apr.  1864;   married  27  July, 
1857,  to  princess  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Leopold  I.,  king  of 

i     the  Belgians;  adopted  Augustin  Iturbide  as  his  heir,  Sept. 

I     1865;  shot  (after  a  trial),  19  June,  1867. 

liainii.     Indians. 

'[icliaclma§,  29  Sept.,  feast  of  St.  Michael,  reputed 
udian  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  under  the  title  of 
k!  IMichael  and  All  Angels."     Instituted,  according  to  But- 

:r!:87. 

ti(Mistom  in  England  ol  eating  goose  at  Michaelmas  has  been 
(plained  by  saying  that  queen  Elizabeth  heard  of  the  destruction 
the  Spanish  Armada  while  eating  the  bird  at  dinner  on  29  Sept. 
1)8,  at  the  house  of  sir  Neville  Umfreyville.  The  custom  is 
iich  oyer,  and  extends  to  the  other  countries  of  Europe.— Ctoms 
t'endaria. 

;[ic1ligan,  one  of  the  north  central  states  of  the  United 
tiiis,  consists  of  2  peninsulas ;  the  upper  peninsula  lies  whol- 
ly south  of  lake  Superior 
and  north  of  Wisconsin,  lakes 
Michigan  and  Huron,  and  is 
318  miles  long  east  and  west. 
The  lower  peninsula  extends 
north  between  lake  Michigan 
on  the  west  and  lake  Huron 
and  the  Detroit  river  on  the 
east  to  the  strait  of  Mackinaw, 
a  distance  of  280  miles.  Can- 
ada lies  to  the  east,  lake  Erie 
touches  the  southeastern  cor- 
ner, while  Ohio  and  Indiana 
,  form  the  southern  boundary'. 

n  Jtitude  the  whole  state  is  limited  by  41°  42'  to  48°  22'  N., 
|n«jn  longitude  by  82°  86'  to  90°  30'  W.  Area,  58,915  sq. 
P4  in  83  counties ;  pop.  1890, 2,093,889.     Capital,  Lansing. 


Claude  Dablon  and  Jacques  Marquette  establish  a  i)ermanent 
mission  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie 

Two  Sulpician  priests  with  3  canoes  and  7  men  pass  through 
the  Detroit  river  and  lake  St.  Clair 

French  under  M.  de  St.  Lusson,  permitted  to  occupy  Sault^Ste. 
Marie  by  the  Indians,  erect  a  cross  at  that  place  bearing  the 
arms  of  France May, 

Marquette  commences  fort  Michilimackinac,  starts  a  Huron 
settlement,  and  builds  a  chapel  there 

Marquette  is  buried  near  present  site  of  Ludington. .  .'.18  May, 

Robert  La  Salle,  accompanied  by  father  Louis  Hennepin  and 
Chevalier  de  Tonti,  sails  up  lakes  Erie  and  Huron  in  the 
Griffon,  reaching  Michilimackinac  (New  York) 28  Aug. 

Antoine  de  la  Motte  Cadillac,  lord  of  Bouaget  and  Moutdesert, 
under  a  commission  from  Louis  XIV.,  leaving  Montreal  in 
June  with  100  men  and  a  Jesuit  missionary,  commences  the 
settlement  of  Detroit 24  July, 

First  grant  of  land  (32  acres)  made  at  Detroit  by  Cadillac  to 
Franfois  Fafard  Delorme 

Detroit  attacked  by  the  Fox  Indians;  after  a  3  weeks'  siege 
the  French  garrison  of  20  soldiers  under  M.  du  Buisson 
drive  the  Indians  back  with  severe  loss May, 

Pontiac,  with  Ottawa  Indians,  assists  in  the  defence  of  Detroit 
against  the  combined  northern  tribes  under  Mackinac 

Further  emigration  from  France  to  Detroit 

Maj.  Robert  Rogers  is  ordered  by  gen.  Amherst,  at  Montreal, 
to  take  possession  of  the  posts  in  Michigan  and  administer 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  French  subjects  there.  .12  Sept. 

Pontiac  makes  peace  with  maj.  Rogers,  and  attends  the  Eng- 
lish to  Detroit 7  Nov. 

Detroit  capitulates,  English  flag  raised  on  the  fort 29  Nov. 

British  seize  the  forts  at  Mackinaw  and  Green  Bay 8  Sept. 

Indian  tribes  in  the  northwest,  incited  by  Pontiac  against  ihe 
English,  capture  fort  St.  Joseph ' 25  May. 

Pontiac  plans  an  attack  on  the  fort  at  Detroit.  He  asks  for  a 
council  in  the  fort,  so  that  the  Indians  allowed  in  the  fort,  at 
a  given  signal,  might  begin  a  general  massacre;  his  plan  is 
disclosed  by  an  Indian  woman  to  the  commandant,  maj.  Glad- 
win, who  permits  the  council,  but  disposes  the  garrison  so 

as  to  intimidate  Pontiac 9  May, 

[Pontiac  immediately  after  begins  the  siege  of  Detroit.] 

Twenty  batteaux,  with  97  men  under  lient.Cuyler,  sailing  to  re- 
inforce the  garrison  at  Detroit,  are  attacked  by  the  Indians, 
taken,  compelled  to  navigate  the  boats  up  the  Detroit  to  Hog 
island,  and  there  massacred 30  May, 

By  the  strategy  of  a  game  of  "baggatiway,"  or  lacrosse, 
played  with  bat  and  ball,  Indians  obtain  entrance  to  the  fort 
at  Michilimackinac  and  massacre  the  garrison 4  June, 

British  garrison  at  Detroit,  reinforced  by  a  fleet  of  gunboats 
and  a  detachment  of  300  regular  troops  under  capt.  Dalzell, 
send  a  force  of  about  274  men  to  make  a  night  attack  on 
Pontiac,  who  was  encamped  near  Detroit.  The  Indians,  hear- 
ing of  the  intended  attack,  form  an  ambush  at  Bloody 
Bridge,  and  compel  the  British  to  retreat  after  losing  20 
killed,  among  them  Dalzell,  and  42  wounded '. .  .31  July, 

Pontine  remains  before  Detroit  until  forced  to  retire  by  the 
advance  of  col.  Bradstreet May, 

Charter  granted  in  England  to  a  company  for  working  the  cop- 
per mines  of  lake  Superior.  The  miners  blast  30  feet  into 
the  rock,  and  then  abandon  the  mine 

Parliament  includes  Michigan  with  Canada 22  Jan. 

Expedition  from  Detroit  under  gov.  Hamilton  against  gen. 
Roger  Clark  at  Vincennes,  results  in  Hamilton's  being  capt- 
ured and  sent  to  Virginia;  his  troops  allowed  to  return  to 
Detroit Mch. 

Formation  of  the  Northwest  company  for  fur  trade 

Foundation  of  P'renchtown  laid  by  a  few  Canadians  who  settle 
on  the  river  Raisin 

Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  by  treaty  at  fort  Mcintosh,  a  belt  of 
land  beginning  at  the  river  Raisin  and  extending  to  lake  St. 
Clair,  6  miles  wide,  also  a  tract  of  iand  12  miles  square  at 
Michilimackinac 

Congress  includes  Michigan  in  the  Northwestern  territory, 
formed  by  act  of 13  July, 

First  American  settlement  established  on  the  river  Raisin  at 
Freuchtown,  which  becomes  a  depot  for  trade  for  the  North- 
western Fur  company 

Jay's  treaty  with  Great  Britain  fixing  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  U.  S.,  and  calling  for  the  surrender  of  Detroit  and 
other  western  posts  held  by  the  British  before  1  June,  1796, 
concluded 19  Nov. 

Robert  Randall  of  Pennsylvania  and  Charles  Whitney  of  Ver- 
mont enter  into  an  agreement  with  7  merchants  of  Detroit 
to  endeavor  to  obtain  from  the  U.  S.  government,  by  bribing 
members  of  Congress,  a  pre-emption  right  to  nearly  20,000,000 
acres  of  land  in  Michigan,  but  are  exposed  and  receive  a 
public  reprimand 

Forts  Mackinac  (Mackinaw)  and  Detroit  evacuated  by  the  Brit- 
ish; Detroit  garrisoned  by  a  detachment  of  gen.  Wayne's 
army,  and  capt.  Porter  first  raises  the  U.  S.  flag  upon  the  soil 
of  Michigan H  June, 

Thomas  Powers,  agent  for  the  Spanish  governor  Carondelet, 
arrives  at  Detroit  to  endeavor  to  interest  gen.  Wilkinson  in 
the  Spanish  intrigues  in  the  west 24  Aug. 

Northwest  territory  assumes  the  second  grade  of  territorial 
government;  Michigan  forms  the  single  county  of  Wayne, 
and  sends  one  representative  to  the  General  Assembly  at 
Chillicothe.  His  election  was  the  first  held  in  Michigan  tin- 
der U.  S.  rule 

Act  of  Congress  approved  establishing  Indiana  territory,  in 
which  Michigan  is  partially  included 7  May, 


1670 
1671 
1675 
1679 

1701 
1707 

1712 

1746 
1749 

1760 

u 

1761 
1763 


1773 

1774 


1779 
1783 


1784 


1785 
1787 


1795 

1796 
1797 

1798 
1800 


MIO  610 

Article  VI.  of  the  constitution  of  Ohio,  confirmed  bj'  the  U.  S. 
government,  spooiflos  that  the  northern  boundary  should  bo 
"a  direct  lino  from  the  southern  extremity  of  lake  Michigan 
to  the  most  northerly  cape  of  Miami  bay''  (Ohio) 1802 

First  U.  S.  land  oflaco  opened  in  Detroit  under  act  of  Congress, 

26Mch.  1804 

Indiana  territory  divided;  all  north  of  a  lino  east  ft-om  the 
southerly  extremity  of  lake  Michigan  to  lake  Erie,  and  north 
through  the  lake  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  U.  S.  to 
bo  the  territory  of  Michigan,  by  act  of 11  Jan.  1805 

William  Hull  appointed  first  governor  of  the  territory.  .1  Mch.      " 

Town  of  Detroit  destroyed  by  fire 11  Juno,     " 

First  code  of  laws  for  the  territory  adopted ;  called  the  "  Wood- 
ward code  " May,  1806 

Congress  authorizes  the  governor  and  judges  of  Michigan  to 
lay  out  a  town,  including  old  Detroit  and  10,000  acres  adjoin- 
ing; grants  to  be  made  of  lots  to  sufferers  by  the  fire " 

Act  of  Congress  passed  granting  a  confirmation  of  claims  of 
those  who  had  been  possessors  of  land  in  Michigan  since  1796,  1807 

Michigan  Essay  or  Impartial  Observer,  the  first  paper  printed 
in  Detroit,  issued 31  Aug.  1809 

Memorial  presented  to  Congress  setting  forth  the  defenceless 
condition  of  Michigan,  and  praying  for  aid  against  the  Ind- 
ians  27  Dec.  1811 

Gov.  Hull  issues  a  proclamation  from  Sandwich,  on  the  Detroit 
river,  inviting  people  to  come  in  under  the  American  flag, 
and  promising  protection;  but  extermination  to  those  who 
joined  the  British  and  savages  against  the  U.  S 12  July,  1812 

Lieut.  Hanks,  commandant  at  fort  Mackinac,  surrenders  to 
the  British 17  July,     " 

Battles  of  Brownstown,  4  Aug. ;  and  Maguaga 9  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Hull  surrenders  Detroit  to  British  under  gen.  Brock,  16  Aug.  " 
[The  forces  for  its  defence  were  estimated  at  about  2000 
men.  These,  with  2500  stands  of  arms,  25  iron  and  8  brass 
pieces  of  ordnance,  40  barrels  of  gunpowder,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  other  military  stores,  were  delivered  up  to  the 
British  without  even  an  attempt  to  defend  them.  United 
States,  Jan.  and  Mch.  1814.] 

Sudden  attack  upon  the  U.  S.  troops,  under  gen.  Winchester,  at 
the  river  Raisin  by  the  British,  and  massacre  of  the  panic- 
stricken  U.  S.  troops  by  the  Indians 22  Jan. 

Naval  victory  over  British  fleet  of  6  vessels,  under  com.  Bar- 
clay, by  U.  S.  squadron  of  9  vessels,  under  com.  Oliver  Haz- 
ard Perry,  ofl'  Sister  islands,  lake  Erie,  near  Detroit  (Naval 
BATTLK.S) 10  Sept. 

Gen.  Harrison  takes  possession  of  Detroit 29  Sept. 

Col.  Lewis  Cass  appointed  governor  of  the  territory 29  Oct. 

Unsuccessful  attempt  of  U.  S.  troops,  under  col.  Croghan  and 
com.  Sinclair,  to  reduce  Fort  Mackinac 4  Aug. 

Special  commissioner  arrives  with  the  treaty  of  peace  lately 
concluded  at  Ghent 17  Feb. 

Detroit  incorporated  as  a  village 

President  James  Monroe  visits  Detroit 13  Aug. 

By  act  of  Congress  Michigan  territory  is  extended  westward  to 
the  Mississippi,  thus  including  the  present  state  of  Wisconsin, 

Remains  of  soldiers  massacred  at  the  Raisin  river  removed  to 
Detroit,  and  buried  with  honors  of  war 8  Aug. 

Steamboat  Walk-in  the-water  arrives  at  Detroit,  from  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  on  her  first  trip 27  Aug. 

Congress  provides  for  the  election  of  a  delegate  to  Congress  by 
citizens  of  Michigan 16  Feb. 

William  Woodbridge  elected  territorial  delegate 2  Sept.     " 

Treaty  with  Indians  at  Saginaw;  they  cede  lands,  60  miles 
wide,  west  of  Detroit,  north  to  Thunder  bay " 

Walk-in-the-water  makes  a  trip  to  the  island  of  Mackinac " 

Expedition  under  gov.  Cass  starts  out  in  bark  canoes  to  explore 
the  northwestern  lake  coast  of  Michigan 24  May,  1820 

Treaty  with  the  Indians  perfected  through  gov.  Cass;  all  coun- 
try within  the  boundaries  of  Michigan  south  of  Grand  river 
not  before  ceded  is  granted  to  the  U.  S 1821 

Congress  establishes  a  legislative  council  of  9  members,  appoint- 
ed by  the  president  out  of  18  elected  by  the  people 3  Mch.  1823 

Detroit  incorporated  as  a  city 1824 

First  legislative  council  at  the  council  house  in  Detroit,  7  June,     " 

Congress  grants  the  governor  and  council  power  to  divide  the 
territory  into  townships  and  incorporate  the  same,  and  in- 
creases the  legislative  council  to  13 1825 

Right  of  electing  members  of  the  legislative  council  granted  to 
the  electors  of  the  territory 29  Jan.  1827 

Pontiac  and  Detroit  railroad  chartered 31  July,  1830 

Gov.  Cass  resigns;  appointed  U.  S..  secretary  of  war 1  Aug.  1831 

George  B.  Porter  appointed  governor 17  Sept.     " 

Troops  raised  in  Michigan  at  the  call  of  the  U.  S.  government 
to  engage  in  the  Black  Hawk  war 22  May,  1832 

Congress  adds  to  Michigan  the  territory  between  the  Missis- 
sippi river  and  the  Missouri  and  White  Earth  rivers,  thus  in- 
cluding the  whole  of  the  present  Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  parts 
of  North  and  South  Dakota 28  June,  1834 

Gov.  Porter  dies;  Stevens  T.  Mason  acting  governor 6  July,     " 

Question  of  southern  boundary  being  agitated,  Ohio  commis- 
sioners, running  a  line  about  12  miles  southwest  of  Adrian, 
are  captured  by  Michigan  troops  after  several  shots,  26  Apr.  1835 

Michigan  having  attained  a  population  of  over  60,000,  a  con- 
stitutional convention  convenes  at  Detroit 11  May,     " 

New  constitution  ratified  by  the  people 2  Nov.     " 

Enabling  act  for  Michigan  approved 15  June,  1836 

Wisconsin  territory  formed,  comprising  all  of  Michigan  terri- 
tory west  of  lake  Michigan " 

Convention  at  Ann  Arbor  rejects  the  Enabling  act,  as  giving 
Ohio  470  sq.  miles  belonging  to  Michigan  since  1787  (Ohio), 

26  Sept.  " 


1813 


1814 
1815 
1817 
1818 


1819 


MIC 

New  convention  of  delegates  at  Ann  Arbor  accepts  the  Ena-  ~" 
bling  act U  Dec.  V 

After  protracted  discussion  Congress  admits  Michigan,  adding 
to  the  state  in  the  upper  peninsula  2500  sq.  mile.s;  act  ap- 
proved  '2()  Jan. 

Legislature  passes  an  act  to  provide  for  the  organization  and^ 
support  of  primary  schools 20  Mch. 

Board  of  7  Commissioners  of  Internal  Improvement  appointed 
by  act  of  legislature MchJ 

Meeting  of  citizens  of  Detroit  friendly  to  the  patriot  cause  is 
lield,  1  Jan.  1838.    5  Jan.  the  schooner  Ann  is  seized,  loadedl 
with  450  stands  of  arms  stolen  from  the  Detroit  jail,  and  saila 
away  with  132  men  and  provisions  for  the  patriots.    Meeting  .„ 
of  the  public  to  preserve  neutrality  is  held 8  Jan.  1?^ 

State  prison  at  Jackson  established 

William  Woodbridpo  elected  governor Nov.  ] 

Gov.  Woodbridge,  elected  U.  S.  senator,  is  succeeded  by  James 
W.  Gordon  as  acting  governor .31  May,  1m 

Gen.  Lewis  Cass  nominated  for  president  of  the  U.  S.  by  the 
National  Demi  ..ratic  convention  at  Baltimore 22  May, 

University  of  Michigan,  planned  by  the  governor  and  people  iaj 
1817,  established  by  law,  18  Mch.  18:^7,  and  located  at  Annj 
Arbor,  is  opened  for  reception  of  students 20  Sept.[ 

State  land  office  established  at  Marshall  by  law,  to  take  char 
of  and  dispose  of  500,000  acres  granted  by  Congress AprJ 

James  G.  Birney  of  Michigan  nominated  as  Liberty  candidate^ 
for  president  of  the  U.  S WS 

Copper  raining  in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan  begun luj 

Seat  of  government  permanently  located  at  Lansing  by  act  ap-, 
proved 16  Mch.| 

Michigan  and  Wisconsin  troops  enlisted  for  the  Mexican  wa 
leave  Detroit  by  boat  for  Vera  Cruz 24  Apr.l 

Capital  punishment,  except  for  treason,  abolished  in  the  stateJ 
Epaphroditus  Ransom  elected  governor. Nov. 

Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Lansing  3' 
June;  adopted  by  vote  of  the  people 5  Nov.  ]> 

Arrest  of  a  band  of  desperadoes  who  for  a  year  had  terrorized 
Jackson  county 21  Apr.  ] 

State  Teachers'  Association  organized Mch.  1 

Gov.  McClelland  made  U.  S.  secretary  of  the  interior,  lieut.- 
gov.  Andrew  Parsons  acting  governor 6  Mch.  1 

State  Normal  school  at  Ypsilanti,  established  by  act  of  28  Mch. 
1849,  is  opened  for  students Apr. 

Maine  liquor  law  passed 

State  asylum  for  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind,  established  by  act  of 
legislature  in  1848,  opens  in  rented  rooms  at  Flint Feb.  ,1;- 

Hillsdale  college  (Freewill  Baptist)  established  at  Spring  Ar- 
bor in  1844,  chartered  as  Michigan  Central  college  in  1845,  is 
removed  to  Hillsdale  and  reorganized 1 

Kalamazoo  college  (Baptist),  organized  in  1833,  is  reorganized.. 

Ship  canal  around  St.  Mary's  falls  opened 

Lands  granted  by  Congress  to  aid  in  building  a  railroad  from 
Ontonagon  to  the  Wisconsin  state  line 1 

State  Reform  school  at  Lansing  opened 2  Sept. 

State  Agricultural  college  at  Lansing,  established  by  act  of 
legislature  12  Feb.  1853,  opened  for  students May,  1  • 

State  confers  the  grant  of  Congress  made  in  1856  on  the  Onton- 
agon and  State  Line  Railroad  company 

Olivet  college  at  Olivet,  founded  in  1844,  reorganized  and  under 
Congregational  and  Presbyterian  government 1" 

State  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Kalamazoo  opened  for  recep- 
tion of  patients 

Albion  college,  at  Albion  (Methodist  Episcopal),  organized  in 
1841,  is  reorganized 1  ~ 

First  Michigan  regiment,  ready  and  equipped  4  days  after  the 
pre  dent's  call,  leaves  Detroit  under  orders  of  the  war  de- 
partment   13  May,  V 

State  receives  from  the  federal  government  a  grant  of  5,891,598 
acres  of  swamp  land  in  Michigan 1~ 

All  departments  of  Michigan  university  open  to  women 1^ 

Cons'  tution  amended;  all  distinction  of  civil  and  political 
rights  based  upon  color  abolished;  ratified  by  the  people, 

8  Nov.     • 

Two  State  Relief  committees,  with  headquarters  at  Detroit  and 
Grand  Rapids,  for  the  relief  of  sufferers  by  forest  fires  in 
northern  Michigan  disburse  $462,106.30  in  cash  and  about 
$250,000  in  clothing  and  supplies  from  almost  every  state  in 
the  Union,  Canada,  and  abroad Oct.  13 

Soldiers'  monument  at  Detroit,  erected  by  voluntary  contribu- 
tions from  citizens  of  the  state,  the  corner-stone  of  which 
was  laid  4  July,  1867,  is  unveiled 9  Apr.  18 

Board  of  Fish  Commissioners  appointed  to  organize  a  state 
fish-breeding  establishment ' 

Cornerstone  of  the  new  capitol  at  Lansing  laid 2  Oct.    ' 

State  Board  of  Health  appointed •  •  •  ^^ 

Commission  under  legislative  authority  selects  Ionia  as  the  lo- 
cation for  a  state  house  of  correction ■ 

Constitutional  commission  of  18  members  convenes  at  Lan- 
sing  and  draws  up  a  constitution 27  Aug. 

State  public  school  for  dependent  children  at  Coldwater,  or- 
ganized  1871,  is  opened  for  reception  of  children 21  May,  If 

Battle  Creek  college  chartered 

Revised  state  constitution  ratified  by  people ;  a  separate  vote  on 
woman  suffrage  stands  40,077  for  and  135,957  against,  3  Nov, 

Prohibitory  liquor  law  repealed,  and  an  annual  tax  imposed  on 
dealers  in  and  manufacturers  of  liquors ■•' 

Constitution  amended,  striking  out  art.  iv.  sec.  47,  which  pro- 
hibits any  act  authorizing  the  license  for  selling  intoxica- 
ting  liquors :•  •  ; 

State  house  of  correction  and  reformatory  at  Ionia  opened  lor 
reception  of  prisoners ^°  ^"^'  ' 


MIC 


511 


MID 


state  insane  asylum  at  Pontiac  opened July,  1878 

Jew  capitol  at  Lansing  dedicated 1  Jan.  1879 

;tate  school  for  the  blind  opened  in  a  leased  building  at  Lan- 

;  sing 29  Sept. 

^legislature,  after  heated  discussion  and  opposition,  confirms 
i  grant  of  1857  to  the  Ontonagon  and  State  Line  Railroad  com- 
i  i)any,  although  the  road  had  not  been  constructed,  and  lim- 

1  itation  of  time  had  long  expired 

lichigan  Reform  school  for  girls  at  Adrian,  opened Aug. 

'crest  flres  break  out  in  Huron  and  Sanilac  counties  and  burn 
over  some  1800  square  miles  of  territory,  rendering  2900  fam- 
ilies homeless  and  destroying  138  lives Sept. 

;ite  purchased  for  state  insane  asylum  near  Traverse  City 

osiah  W.  Begole,  union  or  fusion  candidate  of  the  Democratic 

and  Greenback  parties,  elected  governor Nov. 

ijational  Prison  Association  meets  at  Detroit. . ., 17  Oct. 

tate  asylum  for  insane  criminals  at  Ionia  conipleted " 

,tate  Soldiers'  Home  near  Grand  Rapids  dedicated 30  Dec.  1886 

lOcaloption  law  passed  by  legislature , 1887 

iCts  passed  to  incorporate  the  Women's  Christia<,f  Temperance 

unions  throughout  the  state " 

en  counties  hold  local-option  elections,  and  in  e..ch  case  they 

resulted  in  prohibition Dec.     " 

ecret  ballot  law,  on  the  Australian  ballot  system,  passed 

;dwin  B.  Winans,  Democrat,  elected  governor  by  183,725  votes; 

i  the  Prohibition  candidate  received  28,651  votes 

ilxsenator  Thomas  W.  Palmer  of  Detroit  appointed  chairman 
of  the  National  Commission  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition  27  June,     " 

uenry  B.  Brown  commissioned  associate  justice  of  the  U.  S. 

[supreme  court,  30  Dec.  1890;  is  sworn  in 5  Jan.  1891 

jrof  Alex.  WincheJl,  geologist,  b.  1824,  d.  in  Ann  Arbor.. 19  Feb.     " 
legislature  places  all  penal  and  reformatory  institutions  under 
)  a  single  board,  extends  the  Australian  ballot  system,  and  re- 
quires presidential  electors  to  be  elected  by  congressional 

I  districts,  instead  of  by  general  state  ticket " 

(Wenty-fifth  annual  reunion  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
jlic  opens  at  Detroit 4  Aug.     " 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1885 


1889 


1890 


Opening  of  the  St.  Clair  River  tunnel  celebrated  at  Port  Huron 

and  Sarnia • 19  Sept.  1891 

Ex-gov.  Henry  C.  Baldwin  d.  in  Detroit 31  Dec.  1892 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 


William  Hull 

Lewis  Cass , 

George  B.  Porter. 
Steven  T.  Mason. , 


1805  to  1813 
1814  "  1831 


1831 
1834 


1834 
1835 


I  Resigns  to  become  secretary 
(     of  war. 

Died  in  office. 

Acting. 


Steven  T.  Mason, 

WMlliam  Woodbridge. . 

James  W.  Gordon 

John  S.  Barry 

Alpheus  Felch 

William  L.  Greenley. . 
Epaphroditus  Ransom 

Jolin  S.  Barry 

Robert  McClelland. . . . 

Andrew  Parsons 

Kinsley  S.  Bingham.. 

Moses  Wisner 

Austin  Blair 

Henry  H.  Crapo 

Henry  P.  Baldwin 

John  J.  Bagley 

Charles  M.  Crosswell. . 

David  H.  Jerome 

Josiah  W.  Begole 

Russell  A.  Alger 

i  Cyrus  G.  Luce 

I  Edwin  B.  Winans 

I  John  T.  Rich 


STATE  GOVERNORS. 

1836  to  1840 
1840  "  1841 

1841 
1842  to  1846 
1846  "  1847 

1847 
1848  to  1850 
1850  "  1852 
1852  "  1853 


1853 
1855 
1859 
1861 
1865 
1869 
1873 
1877 
1881 
1883 
1885 
1887 
1891 
1893 


1855 
1859 
1861 
1865 
1869 
1873 
1877 
1881 
1883 
1885 
1887 
1891 
1893 


Elected  U.  S.  senator. 
Acting. 


Elected  U.  S.  senator. 
Acting. 


( Appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of 
I     the  interior. 
Acting. 


( Elected  by  a  fusion,  Demo- 
{     crats  and  Greelibackers. 


Re-elected  1894. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE   STATE  OF   MICHIGAN. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


jucius  Lyon 

phn  Norvell 

figustus  S.  Porter 
illiam  Woodbridge 

lewis  Cass 

homas  Fitzgerald 

ppheus  Felch 

pwis  Cass 

fiarles  E.  Stuart 

iichariah  Chandler 

liusley  S.  Biugham 

ficob  xM.  Howard 

fiomas  W.  Ferry , 

jaac  P.  Christiancy 

achariah  Chandler 

lenry  P.  Baldwin 

knar  D.  Conger 

'lomas  W.  Palmer 

Irancis  B.  Stbckbridge. 

'lines  JIcMillan 

i)bn  Patton,  jr 

iilius  C.  Burrows 


24th  to  25th 
24th  "  26th 
26th  "  28th 
27th  "  29th 
29th  "  30th 

30th 
30th  to  32d 
31st  "  34th 
33d  "  35th 
35th  "  43d 

36th 
37th  to  41st 

42d 
44th  to  46th 

46th 

46th 
47th  to  50th 
48th  "  51st 
50th  "  53d 

51st    "  

53d     "  

54th  "  


1837  to  1839 
1837  "  1841 
1839  "  1845 
1841  "  1847 
1845  "  1848 

1849 
1847  to  1853 
1851  "  1857 
1853  "  1859 
1857  "  1875 
1859  "  1861 
1862  "  1871 

1871 
1875  to  1879 

1879 
1879  to  1881 
1881  "  1887 
1883  "  1889 
1887  "  1894 

1«89  "  

1894  "  


Seated  26  Jan. 


Resigned  1848.    Nominated  for  president  by  the  Democrats. 
Appointed /)ro  tern,  in  place  of  Cass. 


Elected  president  pro  tern.  9  June,  1856. 

Died  1861. 

Elected  in  place  of  Bingham. 

President  j)ro  tern.  9  Mch.  1875. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Christiancy.     Died  1879. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Chandler. 

Elected  in  place  of  Chandler. 

Died  in  office  30  Apr.  1894. 

Term  expires  1895.     Re-elected. 

Appointed  to  succeed  Stockbridge  5  May,  1894. 


Micmacs.     Indians.  i^ 

;  inicroin'eter,  an  astronomical  instrument  to  measure 
iiall  distances  and  minute  objects  in  the  heavens,  such  as  the 
iparent  diameters  of  the  planets,  etc.,  was  invented  bv  Will- 
m  Gascoigne,  who  was  killed  at  Marston  Moor,  2  Juiy^  1644. 
was  improved  by  Muj'ghens  about  1652.  Sir  Joseph  Whit- 
mth  made  a  machine  to  measure  the  1,000,000th  of  an  inch 
|)out  1858 ;  the  measurement  of  the  30,000th  of  an  inch  is 
>w  common. 

i  llli'crophone  (Gr.  /iticpoc,  little ;  (pwvT],  sound),  a 
jime  given  by  Wheatstone,  in  1827,  to  an  instrument  for  ren- 
ifiug  weak  sounds  audible  by  solid  rods.  The  name  was 
;5o  given  to  an  arrangement  invented  (in  Dec.  1877)  by  prof. 
L  E.  Hughes  (inventor  of  a  printing  telegraph),  and  shown 
i  the  Royal  society,  9  May,  1878. 

1  electric  current  is  established  between  2  imperfect  conductors, 
in  loose  contact  (such  as  pieces  of  charcoal,  metallized  by  being 
plunged  when  heated  into  mercury),  mounted  on  a  piece  of  thin 
wood.  Minute  sounds  produced  on  the  Wood  disturb  the  electric 
conductivity  at  the  place  of  contact,  and  may  be  heard  by  tele- 
phone. The  sonorous  and  electric  waves  are  thus  rendered  syn- 
chronous and  convertible.  The  tread  of  a  fly  sounds  like  that  of 
■a  large  quadruped.     Telephone. 

nii'croscope§,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Jansen 
;  Holland  about  1590,  by  Fontana  in  Italy,  and  by  Drebbel 
,  Holland,  about  1621.  they  were  made  with  double  glasses 
;ien  the  law  of  refraction  was  discovered,  about  1624.  Solar 
icroscopes  were  invented  by  Dr.  Hooke.  In  England  the 
icroscope  was  improved  by  Benjamin  Martin  (who  invented 


and  sold  pocket  microscopes  about  1740),  by  Henry  Baker, 
F.R.S.,  about  1763,  and  still  more  since  1800  by  Wollaston, 
Ross,  Jackson,  Varley,  Powell,  and  others.  Diamond  micro- 
scopes were  made  by  Andrew  Pritchard  in  1824 ;  and  the  use 
of  "  test  objects,"  to  prove  the  instruments,  discovered  by  hira 
and  Goring  in  1824-40.  A  binocular  microscope  (i.  e.  for  two 
eyes)  was  constructed  by  prof.  Riddell  in  1851,  and  Wenham's 
improvements  were  made  known  in  1861.  Treatises  on  the 
microscope  by  J.  Quekett  (1848),  by  dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter 
(1856  et  seq.),  by  dr.  Lionel  Beale  (1858-64),  and  Griffith  and 
Henfrey's  "  Micrographic  Dictionary "  (1856  and  1875),  are 
valuable.  The  Microscopical  Society  of  London  was  estab- 
lished 20  Dec.  1839,  and  the  Quekett  Microscopical  Club,  1865. 
In  1865  H.  Sorby  exhibited  his  spectrum,  microscope,  by  which 
the  1,000,000th  of  a  grain  of  blood  was  detected. 

mi'cro  -  taiim'eter,  an  instrument  invented  by 
T.  A.  Edison,  applying  the  principle  of  the  carbon  micro- 
phone to  delicate  barometers,  thermometers,  hygrometers, 
etc.,  in  the  measurement  of  infinitesimal  pressure ;  announced 
July,  1878. 

middle  ag^e§.    Dark  ages. 

Middle  Creek,  Ky.,  battle  of,  fought  10  Jan.  1862, 
in  the  valley  of  the  Big  Sandy.  Gen.  James  A.  Garfield,  with 
about  1800  men,  defeated  gen.  Humphrey  Marshall,  command- 
ing 2500  confederates. 

Midian,  now  Arz  I?Iadiaii,  a  country  of  N.W. 
Arabia;  anciently  held  by  descendants  of  Midian,  a  son  of 


MID  612 

Abraham.     Having  enticed  tlie  Israelites  to  idolatry,  they 

were  severely  chastised,  1452  b.c.     They  invaded   Canaan 

about  1249  B.C.,  and  were  defeated  by  Gideon. 

Capt.  Richard  F.  Burton  explored  ruiiiod  cities  of  Midian  in  1877, 
and  found  remains  of  ancient  mines,  many  relics,  and  gold.  An 
expedition,  under  liis  command,  equipped  by  the  khedive  of 
Egypt,  sUrted  from  Suez,  10  Oec.  1877,  and  returned  20  Apr.  1878; 
bringing  '25  tons  of  geological  specimens,  samples  of  silver  and 
copper  ore,  coins  and  other  antiquities,  and  i)hotogruphs  of  re- 
mains of  ruined  cities,  etc. 

midland  railway  station,  St.  Pancras,  N.  Lon. 

don,  with  the  largest  known  roof  in  the  world  (245  feet  6 
inches  wide,  and  G98  feet  long),  was  opened  for  traffic  1  Oct. 
1868.     Tlie  engineer  was  H.  VV.  Barlow. 

niid%vifery.  Wonaen  were  the  only  practitioners 
among  the  Hebrews  and  Egyptians.  Hippocrates,  in  Greece, 
460  B.C.,  is  styled  father  of  midwifery  as  well  as  of  physics. 
It  advanced  under  Celsus,  who  flourished  37  a.d.,  and  of  (ia- 
len,  who  lived  131.  In  England  midwifery  became  a  science 
about  the  time  when  the  college  of  physicians  was  founded, 
10  Hen.  VII.  1518.  Dr.  Harvey  began  the  practice  about 
1603;  Astruc  affirms  that  madame  de  la  Valliere,  mistress  of 
Louis  XIV.,  in  1663,  secretly  employed  Julian  Clement,  a  sur- 
geon. 

Hilan  (mll'an)  (Lat.  Afediolanum),  capital  of  the  ancient 
Liguria,  now  Lombardy,  is  reputed  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Gauls,  about  408  b.c.  The  cathedral,  or  duomo,  was  built 
about  1385.     Pop.  1890,  414,551.  bc. 

Conquered  by  the  Roman  consul  Marcellus 222 

A.D. 

Seat  of  government  of  the  Western  empire 286 

Council  of  Milan 346 

St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of  Milan 375 

Milan  plundered  by  Attila ^ 452 

Included  in  the  Ostrogothic  kingdom,  489;   in  the  Lombard 

kingdom 569 

Becomes  an  independent  republic 1101 

Emperor  Frederic  I.  takes  Milan,  and  appoints  a  podesta 1158 

It  rebels;  is  taken  by  Frederic  and  its  fortifications  destroyed,  1162 

Rebuilt  and  fortified 1169 

Milanese  defeated  by  the  emperor  Frederic  II 1237 

Visconti  become  paramount  in  Milan 1277 

John  Galeazzo  Visconti  takes  the  title  of  duke 1395 

Francesco  Sforza,  son  in  law  of  the  last  of  the  Visconti,  sub- 
dues Milan  and  becomes  duke 1450 

Milan  conquered  by  Louis  XII.  of  France 1499 

French  expelled  by  the  Spaniards 1525 

Milan  annexed  to  the  crown  of  Spain 1540 

Milan  ceded  to  Austria 1714 

Conquered  by  the  French  and  Spaniards 1743 

Reverts  to  Austria,  Naples  and  Sicily  being  ceded  to  Spain 1748 

Seized  by  the  French 30  .June,  1796 

Retaken  by  the  Austrians 1799 

Regained  by  the  French 31  May,  1800 

Made  capital  of  Italy,  and  Napoleon  crowned  with  the  Iron 

Crown  here 26  May,  1805 

Milan  decree  of  Napoleon  against  all  continental  intercourse 

with  England 17  Dec.  1807 

Insurrection  against  the  Austrians;  flight  of  the  viceroy, 

18  Mch.  1848 

Surrenders  to  the  Austrians 5  Aug.     " 

Treaty  of  peace  between  Austria  and  Sardinia 6  Aug.  1849 

Peace  of  Villafranca;  a  large  part  of  Lombardy  transferred  to 

Sardinia 12  July,  1859 

Victor  Emmanuel  enters  Milan  as  king 8  Aug.  1860 

]flilan  decree.     United  States,  1807. 

mile'tUS,  a  Greek  city  of  Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  founded 
about  1043  b.c.  The  Milesians  defended  themselves  success- 
fully, 623-612  B.C.  During  the  war  with  Persia  it  was  taken, 
494,  but  restored,  449.  Here  Paul  delivered  his  charge  to  the 
elders  of  the  church  of  Ephesus,  60  a.d.  (Acts  xx.). 

military  or  martial  laiv  is  built  on  no  settled 

principle,  but  is  arbitrary,  and,  in  truth,  no  law;  but  some- 
times indulged,  rather  than  allowed,  as  law. — Sir  Matthew 
Hale.  It  has  been  several  times  proclaimed  in  parts  of  Great 
Britain,  and  in  1798  was  almost  general  in  Ireland,  where  it 
was  also  proclaimed  in  1803.  Habeas  Corpus,  Milligan 
CASE,  United  States. 

military   department§   of  the    United 

States.  The  U.  S.  form  8  military  departments,  viz. : 
Department  of  the  East,  hd.  qrs.  Governor's  island,  N.  Y. :  New 
England  states,  Middle  states,  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Louisiana, 
Mississippi,  Alabama,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio,  and  District 
of  Columbia. 
Department  of  the  Missouri,  hd.  qrs.  Chicago,  111. :  Michigan,  "Wis- 


MIL 


1 


Kansas,  Arkansas,  Indiatl 

Califoru  a 


consin,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri 
Oklahoma  territories. 

Department  of  California,  hd.  qrs.  San  Francisco,  Cal 
and  Nevada. 

Department  of  Dakota,  hd.  qrs.  St.  Paul,  Minn. :  Minnesota,  N( 
Dakota,  part  of  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and  part  of  WyomiUi 

Department  of  Texas,  hd.  qrs.  Snn  Antonio,  Tex.  :  Slate  of  Tej 

Department  of  the  Platte,  lid.  qrs   Omaha,  Neb. :  Iowa.  Nebrai 
part  of  Wyoming,  Utah,  i)art  of  Idaho,  and  jiart  of  South  Dak 

Department  of  Colorado,  hd.  qrs.  Denver,  Col. :  Arizona, 
Mexico,  and  Colorado. 

Department  of  the  Columbia,  hd.  qrs.  Vancouver  Barracks,  Wj 
Oregon,  Washington,  part  of  Idaho,  and  Alaska. 

Each  under  the  supervision  of  a  general  officer  of  the  arm 
military  districts.     United  States,  1813. 
military  events  in  the  United  StBt% 

Besides  special  mention,  Statk  records.  United  States 

militia,  citizens  of  a  state  enrolled  as  soldiers  for  trail- 
ing and  discipline,  but  called  into  active  service  only  in  emei- 

gencies,  thus  distinguished  from  the  regular  or  constant  sold 

Act  of  Congress  requiring  every  citizen  between  18  and  46 
years  of  age  to  be  enrolled  in  the  militia,  and  armed  and 
equipped  at  his  own  cost 8  May,  17 

Act  empowering  the  president,  in  case  of  invasion,  to  call  out 
the  militia  of  the  states 28  Feb. 

Permanent  appropriation  of  $200,000  a  year  to  provide  arms 
and  equipments  for  militia,  made  l)y  Congress 23  Apr.  : 

Board  to  consider  changes  in  the  militia  laws  is  convened  by 
secretary  of  war  Barbour,  with  Wiufield  Scott  as  president. 
It  reports  apian  "that  a  select  corps  of  militia  be  formed, 
to  consist  in  each  state  of  one  brigade  for  every  congression- 
al representative,  and  that  the  officers  assemble  in  camps  of 
instruction  ten  days  in  each  year;"  that  -'the  office  of  adju- 
tant-general of  militia  be  created,  and  that  the  U.  S.  furnish 
officers  to  instruct  the  camps  " \n-. 

Congress  enacts  that  whenever  the  president  shall  call  out  the 
militia,  he  may  fix  the  period  of  service,  not  exceeding  9 
months 17  July,  isi 

Militia  in  the  U.  S.  are  officered  and  disciplined  by  state  aiithi 
ity,  but  the  Constitution  makes  the  president  commander  : 
chief  of  the  militia  when  in  actual  service  of  the  U.  S.    In  tl 
constitutions  of  Massachusetts, Vermont,  Oregon,  and  South  Cai< 
lina,  it  is  declared  that  every  member  of  society  is  bound  to  yic! 
his  personal  service  or  an  equivalent  to  the  state,  for  the  defeii' 
of  life,  liberty,  and  property ;  but  in  most  of  the  states  the  inilii 
consists  of  all  able-bodied  male  persons  between  18  and  4.5,  and  r. 
person  conscientiously  opposed  to  bearing  arms  is  excused  from! 
service  on  paying  an  equivalent.    The  National  Guard  in  the  mili-|i 
tia  of  the  states  in  1891  included :  1 

Infantry 92,203 

Cavalry 4,554 

Artillery 5,224 

Total  enlisted 101,981 

Total  commissioned 9,311 

Number  of  men  available  for  military  duty,  not  enrolled,  9,121,253.1 
The  standing  national  force  of  England  is  traced  to  king] 
Alfred,  who  made  all  his  subjects  soldiers,  872-901. 

Commission  of  array  to  raise  a  militia 11'. 

Revived  by  Henry  II Hi' 

Again  revived W'l 

Said  to  amount  to  160,000  men 1623J 

Militia  Reserve  act  passed W^r 

141,488  in 18(1 

milky  Way  (Galaxy,  from  Gr.  yakaKTOQ,  milk)  in  tl 
heavens.  Hera  is  said  by  Greek  poets  to  have  spilled  her  milk 
in  the  heavens  after  suckling  Hermes  or  Heracles.  Deraocri- 
tus  (about  428  B.C.)  taught  that  the  Via  Lactea  consists  of 
stars,  and  Galileo  (1610-42)  proved  it  by  the  telescope,  "h: 
the  midst  of  this  gigantic  collection  of  stars  lost  in  this  vortex 
of  worlds,  our  little  solar  system  lies.  The  dimensions  of  tli' 
centre  of  this  system — the  sun  which  appears  to  us  so  grea 
but  which  in  reality  is  that  of  a  star  of  the  second  or  thin: 
magnitude — are  found  to  represent  but  an  atom  of  the  lumi- 
nous sand  of  the  Milky  Way." — Richard  A .  Proctor. 

mill-boy  of  the  Sla§]ie§,  a  term  applied  to  Henn 
Clay  (1777-1852),  born  Hanover  county,  Va.  "Mill-boy,' 
from  his  carrying  grain  to  be  ground  at  a  mill  in  that  vicin- 
ity, and  "  of  the  Slashes,"  from  his  boyhood  residence,  so  calk* 
because  the  timber  had  been  slashed  or  cut  off. 

millena'rians.  Some  suppose  that  the  world  wil 
end  with  the  7000th  year  from  the  creation  ;  and  that  during 
1000  years  (millennium)  Christ  and  the  saints  will  reign  upoi 
the  earth  (Rev.  xx.).  The  doctrine  was  inculcated  in  the  2i 
and  3d  centuries  by  Papias,  Justin  Martyr,  and  others. 

millerites,  followers  of  William  Miller  (1781-1849) 
who  labored  assiduously  in  the  northern  United  States  for  H 


MIL 

ars  (1833-43),  preaching  and  prophesying  the  end  of  the 
)rld  in  1843.  His  followers  rapidly  disappeared  after  the 
lay  of  probation  "  passed.  Adventists. 
lUilli^ail,  Case  of.  On  5  Oct.  1864,  Lambdin  P.  Mil- 
an, while  at  home  in  Indiana,  was  arrested  with  others,  for 
jasonable  designs,  by  order  of  gen.  Alvin  P.  Hovey,  com- 
inding  the  military  tlistrict  of  Indiana ;  on  21  Oct.  brought 
fore  a  military  commission  convened  at  Indianapolis  by  gen. 
)vey,  tried  on'certain  charges  and  specifications,  found  guilty, 
d  sentenced  to  be  hanged,  Friday,  19  May,  1865.  Tiie  pro- 
sdings  of  the  military  commission  closed  in  Jan.  1865.  When 
e  Circuit  court  of  the  United  States  met  at  Indianapolis  in 
11.  1865,  the  grand  jury  did  not  indict  Milligan,  who  then 
titioiied  the  court  to  be  brought  before  it  and  tried  by  jury 
released.  With  the  petition  was  filed  the  order  appointing 
e  commission,  the  charges,  finding  of  the  commission,  with 
e  order  from  the  war  department  reciting  that  the  sentence 
IS  approved  by  the  president,  and  directing  that  the  sentence 
carried  out  without  delay.  The  judges  differed  on  3  ques- 
ms :  (1)  Whether  on  the  facts  submitted  a  writ  of  habeas 
rpus  should  be  issued ;  (2)  Whether  Milligan  ought  to  be 
;charged;  (3)  Whether  the  military  commission  had  acted 
thin  its  jurisdiction ;  and  these  were  submitted  to  the  Su- 
?me  court  of  the  U.  S.  The  first  2  questions  were  answered 
I  the  affirmative,  the  third  in  the  negative,  justices  Davis, 
ier.  Nelson,  Clifford,  and  Fields  holding  that  Congress  had 
[:  the  constitutional  power  to  authorize  such  commission — 
It  the  Constitution  forbids  it,  and  is  the  supreme  law  of  the 
id,  in  war  as  in  peace.  Chief-justice  Chase,  supported  by 
•itices  Wayne,  Swayne,  and  Miller,  held  that  Congress  has 
;■  power  to  authorize  military  commissions  in  time  of  war; 
j;  all  concurred  in  the  answers  given  to  the  8  questions  sub- 
uLted,  and  Milligan  was  released.  "  This  decision  of  the 
;!irt  overthrew  the  whole  doctrine  of  military  arrest  and  trial 
;iprivate  citizens  in  peaceful  states." — Lalor^s  "  Cyclopaedia 
(Political  Science,"  vol.  ii.  p.  433.  Habeas  cokpus. 
tHilliken's  Bend,  La.,  attacked  by  confederates 
liler  gen.  H.  McCulloch ;  repulsed  6  June,  1863,  by  Union 
Ibes  (mostly  colored),  aided  by  the  gunboats  Choctaw  and 
tington.     Union  loss,  killed  and  wounded,  404. 

•Hill  Springy,  Ky.,  battle  at.  Gen.  Zollicoffer,  confed- 
*te,  was  here  defeated  by  gen.  George  H.  Thomas,  with  a 
1;  of  300  men,  19  Jan.  1862.     Gen.  Zollicoffer  was  killed. 

nillS,  anciently,  any  machine  for  grinding  cereals  for  food  ; 
rdern  meaning  includes  any  machine  or  combination  of  ma- 
claery  used  for  any  intended  purpose,  as  cotton-tnill,  woollen- 
nl,  grist-mill,  saw-mill,  cider-mill,  etc.  Moses  forbade  mill- 
«;ies  to  be  taken  in  pawn,  because  it  would  be  like  taking  a 
ii;[i's  life  to  pledge  (Deut.  xxiv.  6).  The  hand-mill  was  in 
u  among  Britons  before  the  Roman  conquest.  The  Romans 
iioduced  the  water-mill.  Cotton  -  mills  moved  by  water 
v,e  erected  by  sir  Richard  Arkwright  at  Cromford,  Derby- 
s  -e,  Engl,  who  died  1792.     Mechanics. 

flilwau'kee,  known  as  the  "Cream  city,"  the  me- 
t  lolis  of  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of  lake 
ft  higan,  was  founded  by  Solomon  Juneau,  who  arrived  there 
1  Sept.  1818.  The  place  and  name  were  known  as  early  as 
IXov.  1699,  as  John  Buisson  de  St.  Comes  mentions  being 
s(m-bound  at  Milwarck  on  that  date.  The  east  side  was  first 
Pited  and  named  Milwaukee  by  Messrs.  Juneau  and  Martin 
ii:835,  the  first  sale  of  lots  taking  place  in  August  of  that 
yjr.  In  1838  the  population  of  Milwaukee  was  700 ;  1840, 
ip,  and  by  decades  since,  1850,  20,061 ;  1860,  45,246  ;  1870, 
7140;  1880,  115,587;  1890,  204,468;  by  this  census  the  16th 
•c|  in  the  United  States  in  point  of  population.  Area  of  the 
•c|  in  1890  was  17  sq.  miles.  Lat.  43°  5'  N.,  Ion.  88°  W. 
ll.-aukee  visited  by  lieut.  James  Gorrell  of  the  80th  Royal 

iierican  regiment,  stationed  at  Mackinaw 21  Aug.  1762 

A;ander   Laframbois,  trader    from    Mackinaw,  establishes 

mselfat  Milwaukee,  remaining  6  years 1785 

J'ii  Baptiste  Mirandeau,  a  trader  from  Green  Bay,  settles  at 

e  of  Milwaukee I795 

^'  mon  Juneau,  founder  of  the  city,  arrives  as  clerk  for  his 

iier-inlaw,  Jacques  Vieux  of  Green  Bay 14  Sept.  1818 

^  '^  invoice  of  goods  landed  at  Milwaukee  from  a  lake  vessel, 

>e  Chicago  Packet,  a  schooner  of  30  tons,  capt.  Britton 1823 

'  ,1  trame  building  built  for  Solomon  Juneau 1824 

<-<,(^eorge  H.  Walker,  who  erected  the  first  dwelling-house  on 

^  °'\uth  side,  arrives 20  Mch.  1834 


Ji^uth  side, 

L 


513  MIL 

Byron  Kilbourn,  founder  of  Kilbourntown,  now  the  west  side, 

arrives Nov.  1834 

First  ferry  established  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  by  Horace 

Chase 1835 

First  Protestant  meeting  (Methodist) May,     " 

East  side  platted  and  named  Milwaukee  by  Messrs.  Juneau  and 

Martin,  and  first  recorded  sale  of  lots 4  Aug.     " 

West  side  platted  by  Kilbourn;  first  recorded  plat  dated,  9  Oct.     " 

First  election  of  town  officers 19  Sept.     " 

Post-office  established,  with  Solomon  Juneau  as  postmaster. . .      " 
First  white  child,   Milwaukee  Smith,   daughter  of  Uriel  B. 

Smith,  b lOOct!     " 

First  tavern  opened  by  J.  and  L.  Childs.  on  northeast  cor. 

Broadway  and  Wisconsin  st .'     << 

Second  tavern  opened  by  Vieux,  and  known  as  the  Cottage  inn      " 

[Destroyed  by  fire  in  1845.]  ' 

First  Episcopal  service  conducted  by  rev.  Henry  Gregory  of 

Syracuse,  N.  Y ]0  Jan.  1836 

Stage-coaches  begin  running  weekly  to  Chicago Mch.     " 

First  newspaper,  Milwaukee  A  dvertiser,  pub 14  July,     " 

First  brick  building  erected  on  Jackson  st.  by  William  Sivyer] 

May.     " 
First  vessel  built  near  the  intersection  of  North  Water  and 

Broadway,  a  schooner  of  90  tons,  the  Solomon  Junea^i " 

Steamer  Columbus,  first  of  regular  line  of  lower  lake  steamers, 

arrives Aug.     " 

First  court-house  built " 

First  school  on  the  south  side,  kept  at  the  cor.  of  Florida  and 

Greenbush  sts.  by  Eli  Bates,  jr.,  and  another  school  on  Third 

St.  kept  by  Edward  West winter  of  1836-37 

First  hotel, "the  Belle  View,  afterwards  the  Milwaukee  house, 

cor.  Broadway  and  Wisconsin  St.,  begun  by  Juneau  and 

Martin  in  1835,  and  completed , 1837 

Milwaukee  Sentinel  first  pub " 

School   held    in   the  Methodist  church,  southeast  cor.  East 

Water  and  Huron  sts " 

First  U.  S.  District  court  held " 

Village  of  Milwaukee   orgnuized;    Solomon    Juneau    elected 

president 14  Feb.     " 

Village  of  Kilbourntown  organized;  Byron  Kilbourn  president.     " 
First  celebration  of  mass  at  the  house  of  Solomon  Juneau,  Aug.     ' ' 

First  steamer,  the  Badger,  50  tons,  built " 

First  government  light  house,  on  blufi"  at  head  of  Wisconsin 

St.,  erected 1838 

Ground  broken  for  Kilbourn's  famous  Rock  River  canal,  4  July,     " 
Wisconsin  Marine  and  Fire  insurance  company  organized.  May,  1839 

St.  Peter's  church,  on  Market  st.  west  of  Jackson  St.,  built " 

Colony  of  800  German  immigrants  land  and  camp  on  the  lake 

shore  near  the  foot  of  Huron  st summer  of     " 

First  fire  engine,  "Neptune  No.  1,"  purchased " 

Kilbourntown  added  to  Milwaukee,  and  divisions  of  the  town 

designated  as  the  east  and  west  wards,  1839;   Elisha  Starr 

elected  president 18  May,     " 

First  brick  block  built,  northwest  cor.  Third  and  Chestnut  sts.  1840 

[Held  the  first  theatre  in  Milwaukee;  razed  in  1876.] 
First  brewery  built  at  foot  of  Huron  st.  by  Owens,  Pawlet  & 

Davis spring,     '' 

Old  First  Presbyterian  church,  cor.  Milwaukee  and  Mason  sts., 

begun  1839,  completed " 

First  bridge  built  across  the  river,  joining  the  east  and  west 

sides,  between  Chestnut  and  Division  sts " 

First  fire  company  organized  at  the  Milwaukee  house.  .14  Feb.     " 
First  High  school  established  in  the  old  court-house  by  Charles 

Whipple 10  May,  1841 

First  cargo  of  wheat  shipped " 

Brewery   erected  by    Herman  Reidelschoefer,  northeast  cor. 

Hanover  and  Virginia  sts " 

Ordinance  passed  against  hogs  and  cattle  running  at  large 1842 

First  theatrical  entertainment,  "  Shylock  " 27  Sept.     " 

Philetus  C.  Hale  opens  the  first  book  store,  on  East  Water  St., 

2  Nov.     " 

First  county  buildings  erected 1843 

[Razed  in  1870.] 

Harbor  improvements  begun " 

Milwaukee  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  No.  2,  the  first  in  the  town, 

instituted Mch.     " 

Milwaukee  lodge  of  Freemasons  No.  22,  organized 5  July,     " 

First  German  paper,  the    Wisconsin  Banner,  afterwards  the 

Banner  and  Volksfreund,  pub.  by  Moritz  Schoeffler..7  Sept.  1844 
First  military  organization,  the  Washington  Guards  (disbanded 

1852),  organized 8  Jan.  1845 

Fire  which  destroys  2  entire  squares 7  Apr.     " 

Young  Men's  Association  founded " 

First  daily  mail  to  Chicago 18  Nov.     " 

Milwaukee  incorporated  as  a  city ;  pop.  9660 31  Jan.  1846 

Solomon  Juneau  elected  first  mayor 7  Apr.     " 

First  meeting  of  the  common  council 10  Apr.     " 

Fire  department  organized " 

First  Baptist  church  built  at  the  southeast  cor.  Milwaukee  and 

Wisconsin  sts 1846-47 

Female  seminary  opened  by  H.  M.  I.owe  and  John  P.  Mc- 
Gregor on  southeast  cor.  Jackson  and  Oneida  sts 18  Jan.  1847 

Evening  Wisconsin  first  pub 8  June,     " 

First  steam  flouring  mill  erected  by  Goodrich  &  Easton  on 

South  Water  st. ;  begins  operation 26  Sept.     |' 

New  jail  built  by  William  Si  vyer " 

Corner-stone  of  St.  John's  cathedral  laid 5  Dec.     " 

First  telegraph  message  sent  from  Milwaukee 17  Jan.  1848 

Milwaukee  Collegiate  institute  established  by  prof.  Amasa  Buck,     " 

St.  Rosa's  Orphan  asylum  established 9  May,     " 

First  steam  grain  elevator  (Sweet's),  erected  at  Walker's  Point,     " 


MIL 


bU 


MIN 


Menomonee  Locomoiive  works,  where  the  first  locomotive 

built  ill  ihP  state  was  constructed,  established 1849 

Milwaukee  Grauunar  school  founded " 

First  I'ublic  school  buildings  erected ;  5  brick  structures " 

I>eath8  from  cholera,  104 July,  Aug.     " 

Milwaukee  orph.m  asylum.  Protestant,  on  Marshall  st.  between 

Oneida  and  Biddle,  established 4  Jan.  1860 

First  theatrical  enlcrtainiiK'iii  in  (iiTman  given 11  Feb.     " 

Failure  of  Hemenway's  bank 12  Feb.     " 

Milwaukee  Normal  institute  (ufterwnrds  the  Milwaukee  Fe- 
male college)  organized " 

Ordinance  to  legalize  the  widening  of  Spring  st  passed. 5  May,     " 

Forest  Home  cemetery  opened 3  Aug.     '' 

Over  ^X)  deaths  fW)m  cholera. July-Sept.     " 

Milwaukee  and  Mississippi  railroad  opened  to  Waukesha.  25  Feb.  1861 

City  omnibus  line  cstablishetl 20  Sept.     " 

First  railroad  passenger  depot  in  the  state  erected  at  the  foot 

of  Second  st 1852 

City  first  lighted  with  gas 23  Nov.     " 

First  e.Tpres8  comi>any  established  in  Milwaukee 1  Feb.  1853 

St.  John's  cathedral  consecrated 31  July,     " 

Fire  begins  at  cor.  Broadway  and  Huron  st.  and  destroys  66 

buildings,  entailing  a  toUil  loss  of  $400,000 24  Aug.  1854 

Cobble-stone  pavements  introduced " 

Failure  of  the  Germania  bank 11  Jan.  1855 

Light  Guards  (disbanded  in  1870),  organized 9  July,     " 

Night  watch  tlrst  esublished Sept.     " 

Board  of  Trade  organized,  Horatio  Hill  president 16  Jan.  1856 

First  shipment  of  wheat  direct  to  Liverpool,  14,000  bush,  on 
schooner  Dt-an  Rictimond,  leaves  Milwaukee  19  July,  arrives 

at  Liverpool 29  Sept.     " 

Solomon  Juneau  d.  at  Shawano 14  Nov.     " 

Public  funeral  of  Solomon  Juneau  held  at  Milwaukee.  .26  Nov.     " 
James  H.  Rogers's  mansion,  southwest  cor.  Fifteenth  st.  and 

Grand  ave.,  completed 1857 

Newhall  house  opened 25  Aug.     " 

Chamber  of  Commerce  organized  (L.  J.  Higby,  president)  in 
Apr.,  and  formally  opened  at  No.  1  Spring  st.  (now  Grand 

ave.) 22  Nov.  1858 

New  post-oflBce  building,  begun  1  May,  1866,  opened 1  Jan.  1859 

Municipal  (police)  court  established 18  Mob.     " 

Schooner  ^W.  S.  Scott  clears  for  Liverpool  direct  with  170,000  ft. 

of  hardwood  lumber  (passage,  49  days) 31  May,     " 

St.  Mary's  hospital  founded " 

Ground  broken  for  a  street  railroad  from  the  foot  of  Wisconsin 

St.  to  Albion  st. ,  28  Nov.  1859 ;  first  trip  made 30  May,  1860 

Wreck  of  the  Lady  Elgin,  capt.  John  Wilson;  sunk  after  col- 
lision with  schooner  Augtisfa,  on  her  return  from  Chicago 
with  a  party  of  about  400  excursionists;  225  citizens  of  Mil- 
waukee drowned,  besides  62  other  passengers 8  Sept.     " 

Cross  block  burned;  5  lives  lost;  city  records  burned...  30  Dec.     " 

Bank  riot 24  June,  1861 

Daily  Herald  established 21  Sept.     " 

First  steam  fire-engine  dates  from 10  Nov.     " 

Letter-carrier  system  introduced 1  Jan.  1865 

Academy  of  Music  opened. 31  Jan.     " 

George  H.  Walker  d 20  Sept.  1866 

Plankington  house  begun.  May,  1867;  hotel  opened Sept.  1868 

Old  Settlers  club  organized 5  July,  1869 

Board  of  Public  Works  created " 

Fire-alarm  telegraph  introduced " 

Stock  yards  established 1870 

Byron  Kilbourn  dies  at  Jacksonville,  Fla 16  Dec.     " 

Grand  Opera  House  opened 17  Sept.  1871 

City  water  works  established 1872-73 

Corner-stone  of  new  court-house  laid,  7  Sept.  1870;   building 

completed  at  a  cost  of  $650,000 22  Jan.  1873 

City  first  supplied  with  water  from  tunnel  under  lake.  .14  Sept.  1874 
Immanuel  Presbyterian  church  on  Astor  St.,  corner-stone  laid 

26  Aug.  1873 ;  cost  $170,000 ;  dedicated. 3  Jan.  1875 

Wisconsin  Industrial  school  for  girls  organized 11  Feb.     " 

Milwaukee  Free  Public  library  opened 8  July,  1878 

National  German- American  Teachers'  seminary  opened. ......     " 

Telephone  exchange  opened 1879 

Milwaukee  County  Pioneer  Association  organized 13  Nov.     " 

Insane  asylum  opened 26  Mch.  1880 

New  library  building  completed 1  May,     " 

New  building  for  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  dedicated.  18  Nov.     " 

Evening  schools  first  established 22  Nov.     " 

Exposition  building  corner-stone  laid,  14  May,  1881;  opened, 

6  Sept.  1881 

Electric  light  introduced  at  Schlitz's  park " 

Daily  Journal  established 16  Nov.  1882 

Newhall  house  burned ;  71  lives  lost '. 10  Jan.  1883 

Public  funerals  of  the  victims  of  the  Newhall-house  fire  held 
at  the  Exposition  building  and  at  St.  John's  cathedral.25  Jan.     " 

Milwaukee  day  school  for  the  deaf  opened " 

Milwaukee  Club  house  opened ' 31  May,  1884 

Failure  of  the  Manufacturers'  bank 15  June,     " 

St.  Paul's  church,  new  edifice  dedicated " 

State  Normal  school  opened 1885 

Old  waterpower  canal  filled  up " 

Semi-centennial  of  the  first  election  of  town  officers. .  .19  Sept.     " 
Statue  of  Washington  by  Parks,  presented  by  Miss  Elizabeth 

Plankington,  unveiled  on  Grand  ave 7  Nov.     " 

Anarchist  riot 6  May,  1886 

Demolition  of  the  old  Kilbourn  mansion,  northwest  cor.  Fourth 

St.  and  Grand  ave..  begun 10  May,     " 

New  Insurance  building  erected " 

Layton  Art  gallery  opened 5  Apr.  1888 

Ex. -gov.  Harrison  Ludiugton  d.  (aged  78) 17  June,  1891 


Firedesiroy8300 buildings;  loss, $5,000,000;  lOlivcslost,  28 Oct.  189 
Davidson  theatre  (opened  1891)  burned;   20   firemen   thrown 
into  the  fire  by  the  falling  in  of  the  roof  ;  9  lives  lost,  and 

the  rest  badly  injured 9  Apr.  189 

MAYORS. 


Solomon  Juneau 1846 

Horatio  N.  Wells 1847 

Byron  Kilbourn 1848 

Don  A.  J.  Upham 1849 

George  H.  Walkt-r 1851 

Hans  Crocker 1852 

George  H.  Wall<tT 1853 

Byron  Kilbourn IS.54 

James  B.  Cross 1855 

William  A.  Prentiss 1858 

Herman  L.  Page 1859 

William  Pitt  Lynde 1860 

James  S.  Brown 1861 

Horace  Chase 1862 

Edward  O'Neill 1863 

Abner  Kirby 1864 


John  J.  Tallmadgo i8(i 

Edward  O'Neill is& 

Joseph  Phillips i87i 

Harrison  Ludington 18T 

David  G.  Hooker 1871 

Harrison  Ludington 187] 

A.  K.  R.  Butler 187( 

John  Black i87( 

Thomas  H.  Brown 

John  M.  Stowell 

Emil  Wallber 188^ 

Thomas  H.  Brown 1888 

George  W.  Peck 1890| 

Peter  J.  Somers "  , 

John  C.  Koch 189^ 


Mindeil,  Prussia,  battle  of,  1  Aug.  1759,  between  thi 
English,  Hessians,  and  Hanoverians  (under  prince  Feniinan 
of  Brunswick),  and  the  French  (under  marshal  de  Contades), 
who  were  beaten  and  driven  to  the  ramparts  of  Minden.    Lor^ 
George  Sackville  (afterwards  lord  George  Germaine),who  com., 
manded  the  British  and  Hanoverian  horse,  for  disobedience  of, 
orders,  dismissed  by  a  court-martial  on  his  return  to  EnglandJ 
22  Apr.  1760.   He  was  afterwards  restored  to  favor,  and  became! 
secretary  of  state,  1776. 

mine  explosion  before  Petersburg,  Va.  An  attempt 
was  made  by  the  federals  to  break  through  the  Confederate 
line  before  Petersburg  in  July,  1864,  by  blowing  up  a  part  of 
their  works.  The  point  selected  was  a  fort  in  front  of  Bnni- 
side's  corps,  the  9th.  On  the  suggestion  of  lieut.-col,  Henry 
Pleasants,  48th  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  to  gen.  Potter,  and 
approved  by  gen.  Burnside,  the  work  was  commenced  under 
the  supervision  of  col.  Pleasants,  25  June.  The  main  gallery 
was  511  feet  in  length,  with  lateral  galleries  extending  under 
the  Confederate  works  37  and  38  feet  to  the  right  and  left ;  it 
was  finished  29  July,  and  8000  pounds  of  powder  placed  in  po- 
sition for  exploding.  The  mine  was  exploded  successfully  at 
4.30  A.M.,  30  July.  The  storming  column,  made  up  of  troops 
from  the  9th  corps,  was  mismanaged  and  failed,  with  a  total 
loss  in  killed  and  wounded  and  missing  of  about  4400  men. 
The  success  of  the  explosion  was  a  surprise  to  the  chief  com- 
manders of  the  army  of  the  Potomac ;  in  fact,  they  had  given  it 
no  thought  except  to  condemn  it.  The  treatment  of  the  subject 
by  the  chief  officers  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  is  shown  by  the 
following  testimony  of  col.  Pleasants  before  the  committee  on 
the  conduct  of  the  war :  "  Gen.  Burnside  told  me  that  gen. 
Meade  and  maj.  Duane,  chief-engineer  of  the  army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, said  that  the  thing  could  not  be  done,  that  it  was  all  clap- 
trap and  nonsense  ;  that  such  a  length  of  mine  had  never  been 
excavated  in  military  operations  and  could  not  be,"  etc.—"  Re- 
port of  the  Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War  on  Battle  of 
Petersburg,"  p.  2,  2d  session,  38th  Cong.,  15  Dec.  1864,  part  L 
1864-65;  also,  "Report  of  Military  Court  of  Inquiry  (on  Mine 
Explosion),"  convened  5  Aug.  1864,  in  front  of  Petersburg; 
"War  of  the  Rebellion,"  oificial  record  of  Union  and  Confed- 
erate armies,  series  I.  vol.  xl.  part  I.,  reports,  p.  42-129. 

mineralogy,  the  science  of  minerals,  is  a  branch  of 
geology.  Crystallography,  Elements,  Geology,  Minks. 
It  was  not  much  studied  by  the  ancients.  George  Agricola  in 
the  16th  century  made  the  first  attempt  to  treat  it  scientifically. 
James  D.  Dana's  "  System  of  Mineralogy,"  1st  ed.  1837;  5th  ed,,  1883 

Hinerva,  an  ancient  Italian  divinity,  the  same  in  gen- 
eral with  the  Pallas-Athene  (HaXXag  'A9r]vri)  of  the  Greeks, 
and  to  be  considered  therefore  in  common  with  her.    The 
etymology  of  the  word  is  doubtful. — Antkon,  "Class.  Diet."  ; 
Mythology. 

mines.  See  different  metals,  coal,  iron,  etc.,  throughout  ! 
the  work.  i 

Hingoes.  The  Algonquin  name  for  the  Indians  of  the  j 
Five  Nations  or  Iroquois,  especially  of  the  Mohawk  tribe.        ; 

Minie  (min-i-a')  rifle,  invented  at  Vincennes,  about  ; 
1833,  by  M.  Minie  (b.  1810).  From  a  common  soldier  he  rose  . 
to  the  rank  of  chef  (Tescadron.  His  rifle,  considered  to  surpass  j 
all  previous  to  it,  was  adopted  by  the  French,  and,  with  mod-  ■ 
ifications,  by  the  British,  1852.     Fike-arms.  ' 


MIN 

IHin'iiink,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  On  the  night  of  19  July, 
1779.  Brant,  at  the  head  of  about  100  Tories  and  Indians,  at- 
tacked and  destroyed  this  little  settlenoent.  He  was  pursued 
next  day  by  a  few  (150)  local  militia;  but  on  the  second  day 
surprised  his  pursuers,  of  whom  only  about  30  escaped. 

Hlill'nesillger§  (Ger.  Minne,  love,  and  Singer,  singer), 
Ivric  German  poets  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  who  sang 
of  love  and  war  to  entertain  knights  and  barons.  They  sang 
their  pieces  to  their  own  accompaniments  on  the  viol,  etc. 
The  Meislersingers,  their  successors,  an  incorporated  fraternity 
in  the  14th  century,  made  satirical  ballads  to  amuse  citizens  and 
lower-class  people.  Hans  Sachs,  a  shoemaker  (1494-1576),  a 
poet  of  the  Reformation,  was  for  a  time  their  dean.  His  works 
were  published  at  Nuremberg,  1560.  "  Owleglass  "  and  "  Rey- 
nard the  Fox"  are  attributed  to  the  Meistersingers. 

]flinne§0'ta,  one  of  the  northern  frontier  states  of  the 
Union,  containing  lake  Itasca,  the  source  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
is  bounded  north  by  Manitoba 
and  Ontario,  of  the  dominion 
of  Canada;  east  by  lake  Su- 
perior and  Wisconsin,  south  by 
Iowa,  and  west  by  North  Da- 
kota and  South  Dakota.  It  is 
limited  in  latitude  from  43° 
30'  to  49°  N.,  and  in  longitude 
from  89°  29'  to  97°  5'  W. 
Area,  83,365  scj.  miles,  in  80 
counties.  Pop.  1890,  1,301,- 
826.  Capital,  St.  Paul. 
Daniel  Greysplon  du  Luth, 
a  native  of  Lyons,  builds 
a  trading-post  at  the  entrance  of  Pigeon  river,  on  north  shore 

of  lake  Superior  (whence  the  name  Duluth) 1678 

Father  Louis  Hennepin  ascends  the  Mississippi  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Illinois,  passes  through  lake  Pepin,  and  reaches  the 

'      falls,  which  he  names  St.  Anthony Oct.  1680 

'  Sieur  du  Luth,  with  4  Frenchmen  and  an  Indian,  in  2  canoes, 
\     from  his  trading-post  reach  a  lake  whose  outlet  enters  the 

>     Mississippi,  and  on  the  river  he  meets  father  Hennepin " 

Nicholas  Perrot  erects  a  fort  on  lake  Pepin,  and  takes  posses- 
!     sion  of  the  Minnesota  country  in  the  name  of  the  king  of 

t     France 8  May,  1689 

I  Le  Seur  builds  a  trading-post  on  an  island  in  the  Mississippi, 

just  above  lake  Pepin 1695 

!  Sieur  le  Seur,  on  a  search  for  mines  in  Minnesota,  builds  fort 

I     L'Huillier  on  the  St.  Pierre,  now  the  Minnesota Oct.  1700 

t  Jonathan  Carver,  the  first  British  explorer  of  Minnesota,  ar- 
;  rives  at  Mackinaw  from  Massachusetts,  Aug.  1766 ;  Green  Bay, 
;  Wis.,  18  Sept. ;  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  10  Oct. ;  falls  of  St.  An- 
i    thony,  17  Nov. ;   and  ascends  the   Minnesota  river  to  the 

I    stream  which  now  bears  his  name 1766 

Xorthwestern  Fur  company  builds  a  stockade  at  Sandy  Lake.  1794 
, Heirs  of  Carver's  American  wife  dispose  of  their  interest  in  an 
alleged  grant  of  land  in  Minnesota  to  Carver  (made  by  the 
;    Naudowessies  Indians,  1  May,  1767)  to  Edward  Houghton  of 

Vermont,  in  consideration  of  50,000? " 

Indiana  territory  created,  including  part  of  present  state  of 

;    Minnesota. ..." May,  1800 

jrerritory  of  Upper  Louisiana  formed,  including  a  large  portion 

'    of  Minnesota 20  Mch.  1804 

jMinnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi  a  part  of  Michigan  territory,  1805 
iLieut.  Z.  M.  Pike,  ordered  by  gen.  Wilkinson  to  visit  Minnesota 
i   and  expel  the  British  traders,  arrives  at  the  site  of  fort  Snell- 
t   ing,  and  in  council  with  the  Dakota  Indians  obtains  a  grant 
!   of  land  for  the  use  of  the  U.  S.  9  miles  square  on  both  sides 

!   of  the  river 23  Sept.     " 

jiev.  Samuel  Peters  alleges,  in  a  petition  to  Congress,  that  he 
f  has  purchased  from  the  Carver  American  heirs  their  right 

I  to  the  grant  made  in  1767 1806 

llinnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi  included  in  Illinois  territory,  1809 
'art  of  Minnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi  becomes  a  part  of 

Michigan  territory 1819 

[{arracks  erected  at  Mendota  and  occupied  by  a  garrison  which 

I  came  from  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  by  the  Wisconsin  river " 

lorner-stone  of  fort  Snelling  laid ;  first  called  fort  St.  Anthony, 
;   I  20  Sept.  1820 

[hree  Mackinaw  boats  laden  with  seed  wheat,  oats,  and  pease, 
leave  Prairie  du  Chien,  15  Apr.  1820,  for  the  Scotch  set- 
:  tlement  at  Pembina,  where  the  crops  were  destroyed  by 
grasshoppers  the  previous  year.    Proceeding  entirely  by  wa- 
ter, except  a  portage  from  Big  Stone  lake  to  lake  Traverse, 

'^X  miles,  they  arrive  at  Pembina 3  June,     " 

'3v.  Cass  of  Michigan,  with  an  exploring  party  from  Detroit 
under  sanction  of  the  U.  S.  government,  reaching  the  Mis- 
sissippi by  Sandy  lake,  ascends  to  Cass  lake 21  July,     " 

^n.  Leavenworth  reports  to  the  commissioners  of  the  land 
office  that  the  Indians  do  not  recognize  grant  to  Carver  in 

•1767.... 1821 

■r^mill  in  Minnesota,  erected  under  the  supervision  of  the 

officers  of  fort  Snelling  on  the  site  of  Minneapolis 1822 

mmittee  on  public  lands  report  to  the  Senate  on  rev.  Samuel 


515  MIN 

Peters's  claim  to  the  Carver  grant  of  1767;  the  original  deed 
not  being  produced,  and  for  other  reasons,  it  is  resolved  that 
the  petition  be  not  granted 23  Jan.  1823 

First  steamboat  to  navigate  the  Mississippi  from  St.  Louis  to 
the  Minnesota  river,  the  Virginia^  reaches  fort  Snelling,  May,     " 

An  expedition  fitted  out  by  government,  in  charge  of  maj.  S. 
H.  Long,  discovers  that  Pembina,  the  fort  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
company  on  Red  river,  is  within  the  U.  S.  Long  erects  an 
oak  post  on  the  line,  raises  the  U.  S.  flag,  and  proclaims  the 
territory  a  i)art  of  the  U.  S 5  Aug.     " 

A  colony  of  Swiss  from  the  Red  River  settlement  establish 
themselves  near  fort  Snelling 1827 

Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  with  an  expedition  for  exploring  the 
Mississippi, Crow  Wing,  and  St.  Croix  rivers,  reaches  the  Mis- 
sissippi by  lake  Superior  and  Sandy  lake,  and  reaches  the 
source  of  the  west  fork  in  Itasca  lake 13  July,  1832 

Rev.  W.  T.  Boutwell  establishes  at  Leech  lake  the  first  mission 
among  the  Indians  in  Minnesota  west  of  the  Mississippi,  Oct.  1833 

Jean  N.  Nicollet  leaves  fort  Snelling  to  explore  the  sources  of 
the  rivulets  that  feed  Itasca  lake 26  July,  1836 

Gov.  Dodge  of  Wisconsin  territory  meets  the  Ojibways  at  fort 
Snelling,  and  they  cede  to  the  U.  S.  the  pine  forests  of  the 
valley  of  the  St.  Croix  and  its  tributaries 29  July,  1837 

Deputation  of  Dakotas  conclude  a  treaty  with  the  U.  S.  at 
Washington,  ceding  all  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi Sept.     " 

Minnesota  is  wholly  included  in  Iowa,  set  off  in  1838  from 
Wisconsin,  which  was  set  oft'  from  Michigan  in  1836 1838 

By  order  of  secretary  of  war.  troops  from  fort  Snelling  expel 
Swiss  squatters  on  the  military  reservation  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, between  St.  Paul  and  the  fort 6  May,  1840 

A  log  chapel,  erected  by  father  Lucian  Galtier  and  dedicated  to 
St.  Paul  (whence  the  name  of  the  city) .^. .  .1  Nov.  1841 

Settlement  begun  at  Stillwater  by  4  proprietors,  wfio  erect  a 
saw-mill ^ 10  Oct.  1843 

Capt.  J.  Allen,  with  a  detachment  of  dragoons,  ascends  the  Des 
Moines  river  and  crosses  to  the  St.  Peter  (Minnesota)  and 
Big  Sioux  rivers 1844 

P'irst  meeting  in  Minnesota  on  the  subject  of  claiming  territo- 
rial privileges  for  that  part  of  Wisconsin  territory  not  in- 
cluded in  state  constitution  adopted  13  Mch.  1848,  is  held  in 
Jackson's  store.  St.  Paul 12  July,  1848 

Convention  at  Stillwater  to  consider  territorial  government, 

26  Aug.     " 

H.  H.  Sibley,  of  St.  Peters,  elected  delegate  to  Congress  from 
Wisconsin  territory  not  included  in  the  state 30  Oct.     " 

Extract  from  the  diary  of  Harriet  E.  Bishop,  first  school-teach- 
er in  St.  Paul:  "J.  R.  Clewett  came  into  Mr.  Irwine's  house 
and  said.  '  My !  how  this  town  is  growing !  I  counted  the 
smoke  of  18  chimneys  this  morning'  " winter  of    " 

Congress  establishes  the  territorial  government  of  Minnesota; 
bounded  on  south  by  Iowa  and  Missouri  river,  west  by  the 
Missouri  and  White  Earth  rivers,  north  by  the  British  pos- 
sessions, and  east  by  Wisconsin,  with  St.  Paul  as  capital, 

3  Mch.  1849 

First  number  of  the  Minnesota  Pioneer  issued  by  James  M. 
Goodhue 28  Apr.     " 

Alexander  Ramsey,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  appointed  governor  of 
Minnesota  territory,  organizes  the  government  at  St.  Paul, 

1  June,     " 

Chronicle  and  Register  issued  at  St  Paul 25  Aug.     " 

First  legislature,  consisting  of  9  councillors  and  18  represen- 
tatives, meets  at  the  Central  house  in  St.  Paul 3  Sei)t.     " 

Act  passed  to  send  the  Washington  Monument  Association  a 
slab  of  red  pipe-stone  from  the  Minnesota  quarry " 

St.  Paul  incorporated  as  a  town Nov.     ' ' 

Minnesota  Historical  Society  organized  by  law 15  Nov.     " 

Miss  Frederika  Bremer  is  the  guest  of  gov.  Ramsey 1850 

Congress  appropriates  $20,000  for  a  territorial  prison ^. . .  1851 

Treaty  at  Traverse  des  Sioux,  on  Minnesota  river,  the  Sioux 
cede  all  lands  in  Iowa  and  in  Minnesota  east  of  the  Red 
River  of  the  North,  lake  Traverse,  and  the  Sioux  river, 

23  July,     " 

Dog  train  with  explorers,  under  dr.  Rae,  after  search  for  sir 
John  Franklin,  arrives  at  St.  Paul  from  the  north. .  .14  Feb.  1852 

Prohibitory  Liquor  law  passed;  ratified  by  the  people,  5  Apr., 
but  declared  void  by  Supreme  court " 

Joint  resolution  of  Congress  changing  the  name  of  the  river 
St.  Pierre,  or  St.  Peter's,  to  the  Minnesota 19  June,     " 

College  of  St.  Paul,  chartered  as  the  Baldwin  school,  dedicated, 

29  Dec.  1853 

City  ofSt.  Paul  incorporated 4  Mch.  1854 

Convention  held  at  St.  Anthony,  and  the  Republican  party  of 
Minnesota  formed 29  Mch.     " 

Hameline  university  at  Red  Wing  chartered 3  Apr.     " 

Duluth  founded 1856 

State  Reform  school  at  St.  Paul  opened " 

Bill  to  remove  the  government  to  St.  Peter's  passes  the  house; 
the  council,  Joseph  Rolette,  chairman  of  committee  on  en- 
rolled bills,  being  absent,  after  continuous  session  of  5  days 
and  nights,  is  dissolved  without  acting  on  the  bill 1857 

Inkpadootah,  a  Dakota  Indian,  at  the  head  of  a  band,  massa- 
cres a  settlement  of  whites  at  Springfield,  capturing  a  num- 
ber of  women  and  children 27  Mch.     ' ' 

Congress  grants  to  Minnesota  6  alternate  sections  of  land  per 
mile  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  railroads Mch.     " 

St.  John's  university  opened  at  Collegeville " 

Constitutional  convention  assembles  at  St.  Paul  14  July,  1857. 
Republicans  and  Democrats  organize  separately,  prepare 
drafts,  but  unite  and  submit  one  constitution  to  the  people 
(ratified  36,240  to  700),  St.  Paul  the  capital 29  Aug.     " 

State  issues  $2,275,000  in  bonds,  out  of  $5,000,000  authorized 


MIN  616 

by  an  amemlmont  to  the  constitution,  art.  ix.  sec.  10,  called 
Miuuosota  State  Kailroad  buuds,  the  credit  of  the  state  being 
pledged  for  interest  und  principal .^ Ifi  Apr.  1858 

.Minnesota  admitted  into  the  Union '..  ..11  May,     " 

Maculester  college  oiwned  at  Macalester,  Ramsey  county '' 

State  .Normal  school  at  Winona  opened 1860 

Railroads  default  in  interest  and  the  state  forecloses " 

Amendment  to  constitution,  art.  ix.  sec.  10,  amended  1858,  for- 
bidding more  bonds  to  aid  railroads,  and  to  sec.  2,  providing 
that  no  tax  or  provision  for  interest  or  principal  of  bonds 
stuill  l»e  in  force  until  rutitled  by  the  ))eople Nov.     '' 

First  regiment  of  Minnesota  volunteers  leaves  fort  Snelling 
for  Washington 22  June,  1861 

8ioux  Indians,  under  Little  Crow,  massacre  the  whites  at  Yel- 
low Medicine  agency,  18  Aug.  1862;  at  New  Ulin,  in  Brown 
county,  21  Aug. ;  attack  New  Ulm  and  are  repulsed,  23  Aug. ; 
besiege  fort  Kidgely  for  9  days;  attack  Cedar  City,  McLeod 
county,  3  Sept. ;  slate  troops"  under  col.  H.  H.  Sibley  march 
against  them,  26  Aug. ;  U.  S.  troops  under  mj^j.-gen.  Pope  are 
despatched  to  the  seat  of  war.  and  after  a  sharp  battle  at 
Wood  Lake  the  Indians  are  defeated,  and  .500  are  taken  pris- 
oners, 300  of  whom  are  sentenced  to  be  hung 22  Sept.  1862 

N  nety-one  captive  white  women  and  children  surrendered  by 
the  Indians  to  col.  Sibley  near  the  Chippewa  river.  .27  Sept.     " 

Thirty-eight  of  the  300  Indians  sentenced  are  executed.  26  Dec.     " 

Little  Crow  killed  by  a  settler  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hutch- 
inson, McLood  county summer  of  1863 

Minnesota  school  for  the  deaf  opened  at  Faribault " 

Gtonnet  seminary  opened  at  Minneapolis 1865 

Prof  Eames,  state  geologist,  reports  rich  silver-bearing  quartz 
near  Vermilion  lake,  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  state " 

State  insjine  hospital  at  St.  Peter  opened 6  Dec.  1866 

MinnesoUi  school  for  the  blind  opened  at  Faribault " 

Carletou  college  opened  at  Northfleld 1867 

City  of  .Minnea|>olis  incorporated " 

Amendment  to  art.  vii.  sec.  1  of  the  constitution,  striking  out 
the  word  '•  white,"  ratified  by  the  people Nov.  1868 

SUte  Reform  school  at  St.  Paul  opened " 

Augsburg  Theological  seminary  opened  at  Minneapolis 1869 

State  university  created  by  law,  1851 ;  Congress  grants  it  46,000 
acres  of  land,  1857,  and  same  year  the  first  building  erected 
at  St.  Anthony ;  chartered  1868,  opened " 

State  Normal  school  at  Mankato  opened " 

State  Normal  school  at  St.  Cloud  opened " 

Bill  to  remove  seat  of  government  from  St.  Paul  to  a  place  in 
Kandiyohi  county  passes  both  houses,  but  is  vetoed " 

Convention  at  St.  Paul  organizes  a  State  Temperance  Society, 

6  Oct.     " 

Construction  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  commenced  at 
the  Dalles  of  the  St.  Louis 15  Feb.  1870 

Ship  canal  across  Minnesota  point  at  Duluth,  begun " 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV.  th  Amendment,  establishes  a  Board 
of  Immigration,  and  amends  the  liquor  law  so  as  to  allow  lo- 
cal option " 

Minneapolis  and  St.  Anthony  incorporated  as  one  city 1872 

Act  passes  legislature  establishing  a  State  Board  of  Health " 

Act  passed  to  create  a  fund  for  an  inebriate  asylum  at  Rochester, 
by  tax  upon  saloon  keepers 1873 

State  treasurer  William  Seeger  impeached  by  the  House  of 
Representatives,  26  Feb.;  pleads  guilty,  22  May,  "without 
any  corrupt  or  wilful  intent,"  and  is  removed  from  office. . .     " 

Amendment  to  the  constitution  ratified  by  popular  vote,  per- 
mitting women  to  vote  for  school  officers  or  on  school  ques-  Cushman  K.  Davis, 
tions,  and  to  be  eligible  to  any  office  pertaining  to  schools,  John  S.  PiMsbury, 

2  Nov.  1875     Lucius  F.  Hubbard, 

Amendment  adopted  providing  for  biennial  instead  of  annual  Andrew  R.  McGill, 

sessions  of  the  legislature Nov.  1877     William  R.  Merriam, 

Act  pa^ed,  creating  a  public  examiner  to  superintend  the  William  R.  Merriam, 

books  and  financial  accounts  of  public  educational,  charita-  Knute  Nelson, 

ble,  penal,  and  reformatory  institutions  of  the  state 1878     Knute  Nelson, 


MIN 

Minnesota  Amber-cane  Growers'  Association  organized  at 
.Minneapolis ij 

State  insane  asylum  at  Rochester,  provided  for  by  act  of  leg- 
islature in  1878,  opened i  Jan.  Ij 

Minnesota  school  for  the  feeble-minded  opened  at  Faribault. . . 

Act  of  legislature  creating  Farmers'  Board  of  Trade,  to  as- 
sume supervision  over  the  agricultural  interests  of  the 
state;  one  member  appointed  by  the  judge  of  each  judicial 
district 

Alexander  Ramsey  appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of  war 10  Dec. 

Second  centenary  of  the  discovery  of  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony 
celebrated  at  Minneapolis 4  July, 

North  wing  of  asylum  for  the  insane  at-St.  Peter  destroyed  by 
fire;  30  lives  lost 15  Nov. 

State  capitol  destroyed  by  fire 1  Mch. 

Supreme  court  decides  that  the  amendment  to  art.  ix.  of  the 
state  constitution,  ratified  in  1860,  is  invalid,  as  impairing 
the  obligation  of  contracts;  the  legislature  provides  (or  the 
settlement  of  state  railroad  bonds  at  50  cents  on  the  dollar. . 

William  Windom  secretary  of  the  treasury 5  Mch. 

State  Normal  school  located  by  law  at  Moorhead 

State  public  school  for  dependent  children  at  Owatoiina 
founded 

State  insane  hospital  located  at  Fergus  Falls ....'. 

Acts  passed:  F'or  aState  reformatory  at  St.  Cloud;  a  municipal 
government  for  Duluth;  a  high-license  law  where  local 
option  does  not  prohibit,  and  to  abolish  the  State  Board  of 
Immigration,  created  in  1878 

Soldiers'  home  opened  at  Minnehaha  Falls Nov. 

State  Normal  school  at  Moorhead  opened 29  Aug.  188H 

William  Windom  again  secretary  of  treasury Mch   1881) 

Secret  (Australian)  ballot  law,  established  in  cities  of  over  Jl 
10,000  inhabitants,  by  act  of Il 

State  reformatory  at  St.  Cloud  opened Sept.     ^1 

Memorial  day  (30  May)  made  a  legal  holiday '• 

Nearly  100  lives  lost  by  a  tornado  on  lake  Pepin 13  July,  1890 

State  insane  hospital  at  Fergus  Falls  opened 3  July,     •' 

William  Windom,  secretary  of  treasury,  dies  suddenly  after  re-  j 
spending  to  a  toast  at  a  banquet  given  by  the  New  York  I 
Board  of  Trade  at  Delmonico's evening  of  29  Jan.  1891  j 

Gen.  H.  H.  Sibley,  first  governor  of  Minnesota,  d.  in  St.  Paul 
(aged  80) I8  Feb.     " 

Whaleback  steamer  Charles  W.  Wetmore  leaves  Duluth  with  a 
cargo  of  grain  for  Liverpool 11  June,     " 

Washburn-Crosby  Company  of  Minneapolis  sends  out  175  cars 
containing  22,000  barrels  of  flour,  consigned  to  the  Russian 
Relief  Committee  of  Philadelphia 23  Mch.  189^: 

Republican  National  convention  assembles  at  Minneapolis 
(United  Statks) 7  June,     " 

Fire  in  Minneapolis;  loss,  $2,000,000 13  Aug.  189y 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

Alexander  Ramsey  of  Pennsylvania appointed 2  Apr.  1849 

"        4  Mch.  1853 

1857 


Willis  A.  Gorman  of  Indiana. 
Samuel  Medary. 


STATE. 

Henry  H.  Sibley elected 

Alexander  Ramsey " 

Stephen  Miller " 

William  R.  Marshall,  Republican " 

Horace  Austin.  "         '< 


"   Oct. 

"  Oct. 

"  7  Nov. 

"   Nov. 

"   Nov. 

"   2  Nov. 

"   Nov. 

"   2  Nov. 

"   Nov. 

term  begins Jan. 

•  Jan. 

"    ''  Jan. 


1858 
186:; 
I86r. 
1861* 
187;^ 
187;". 
1881 


1891 

1893 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF   MINNESOTA. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


James  M.  Rice 

William  W.  Phelps... 
Morton  S.  Wilkinson. 
Alexander  Ramsey. . . 
Daniel  S.  Norton 

William  Windom 


Ozora  P.  Stearns 

Samuel  J.  R.  McMillan. 

Dwight  M.  Sabin 

Ciishman  K.  Davis 

William  D.  Washburn.. . 
Knute  Nelson 


35th  to  37th 

35th 
36th  to  38th 

38th 
39th  to  41st 

41st  "  45th 

4l8t  "  43d 
44th  "  49th 
47th  "  49th 

50th  "  

51st  "  54th 
54th  "  


1858  to  1863 

1858  "  1859 

1859  "  1865 
1863 

1865  to  1870 

1870  "  1881 

1871  "  1875 
1875  "  1887 
1881  "  1887 
1887  "  


Seated  12  May,  1858. 
Seated  22  May,  1858. 


Died  13  July,  1870. 

[Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Norton;  afterwards  elected. 
[     signed.     Secretary  of  treasury,  Garfield's  administration. 

Elected  in  place  of  Norton. 


Elected  in  place  of  Windom. 
Term  expires  1899. 


i     Elected  gov.  and  after  to  the  U.  S.  Senate. 


milior'ca,  one  of  the  Balearic  islands.  Port  Mahon 
in  Minorca  was  captured  by  lieut.-geii.  Stanhope  and  sir  John 
Leake  in  1708,  and  was  ceded  to  the  British  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht  in  1713.  It  was  retaken  by  the  Spanish  and  French 
in  July,  1756,  and  adna.  Byng  fell  a  victim  to  public  indig- 
nation for  not  relieving  it.  Byng.  It  was  restored  to  the 
British  at  the  peace  in  1763;  taken  5  Feb.  1782;  again  cap- 
tured by  the  British  under  gen.  Stuart,  without  the  loss  of  a 
man,  15  Nov.  1798  ;  given  up  at  the  peace  of  Amiens,  25  Mch. 
1802. 


lIi'not'§  Ledge  lii^ht-hou§e.     Light-house. 

mill'Otaur,  a  mythological  monster,  half  man  and  half 
bull,  offspring  of  Pasiphae,  wife  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete  (1210 
B.C.),  and  a  bull.  Daedalus  built  the  labyrinth  for  it.  Laby- 
rinths. It  fed  on  human  flesh,  which  the  Athenians  were 
obliged  to  furnish  in  the  persons  of  youths  and  maideuf. 
Theseus  slew  it  with  the  aid  of  Ariadne. 

minster  or  monasterium,  a  home  for  monks. 
Westminster,  York. 


MIN  517 

IIlillStrel§,  originally  pipers  appointed  by  lords  of  naan- 
ors  to  divert  copyholders  at  work,  owed  their  origin  to  the  Sax- 
on gleemen  or  harpers,  and  continued  till  about  1560.    John  of 
Gaunt  erected  a  court  of  minstrels  at  Tutbury  in  1380.    So  late 
as  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  they  intruded  without  ceremony 
into  companies,  even  at  noblemen's  houses;  but  in  Elizabeth's 
reign  they  were  adjudged  rogues  and  vagabonds  (1597). 
"  The  last  of  all  the  Bards  was  he 
Who  sung  of  Border  chivalry; 
A  wandering  harper,  scorned  and  poor 
He  begged  his  bread  from  door  to  door, 
And  tuned,  to  please  a  peasant's  ear. 
The  harp  a  king  had  loved  to  hear." 

—Scott,  "The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel." 

mint,  an  office  where  money  is  coined  by  public  au- 
thority, Athelstan  made  regulations  to  govern  the  mint 
about  928.  There  were  provincial  mints  under  control  of  that 
of  London.  Henry  I.  is  said  to  have  instituted  a  mint  at  Win- 
chester, 1125.  Stow  says  the  mint  was  kept  by  Italians,  the 
English  being  ignorant  of  the  art  of  coining,  7  Edw.  I.  1278. 
The  operators  were  incorporated  by  charter  of  king  Edward 
III.,  including  the  warden,  master,  comptroller,  assay-master, 
workers,  coiners,  and  subordinates.  The  first  entry  of  gold 
brought  to  the  mint  for  coinage  occurs  in  18  Edw.  III.  1343. 
Tin  was  coined  by  Charles  II.  1684 ;  and  gun-metal  and  pewter 
by  his  successor,  James,  after  his  abdication.  While  sir  Isaac 
Newton  was  warden,  1699-1727,  the  debased  coin  was  called 
in,  and  new  issued  at  the  loss  of  the  government. 

mint  of  the  United  States  was  established  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  by  act  of  Congress  in  Apr.  1792,  and  began  to  coin  money 
the  next  year,  but  it  was  not  until  Jan.  1795  that  it  was  put 
into  full  operation.  It  was  the  only  mint  until  1835,  when  other 
mints  were  established  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  Dahlonega,  Ga.,  and 
New  Orleans,  La.  In  1854  another  was  located  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  and  in  1870  at  Carson  Citj',  Nev.,  and  shortly  after 
at  Denver,  Col.,  although  no  minting  has  ever  been  done  at  the 
latter  place,  only  assaying.  The  mints  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  and 
Dahlonega,  Ga.,  were  discontinued  in  1861.     Assay,  Coin. 

min'uet,  a  French  dance,  said  to  have  been  first  danced 
by  Louis  XIV.,  1653. 

I      minus.     Plus. 

!  minute-men.  At  a  session  of  the  Provincial  Congress 
;  of  Massachusetts,  23  Nov.  1774,  it  was  voted  to  enroll  12,000 
i  minute-men— volunteers  pledged  to  be  ready  for  the  field  at 
I  a  minute's  notice. 

I  Min'yae,  a  race  celebrated  in  ancient  epic  poetry  of 
i  Greece,  but  whose  name  almost  disappears  before  history  be- 
j  gins.  The  adventurers  who  sailed  in  the  Argonautic  expedi- 
;  tion  are  called  Minyans.  lolcos  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
I  by  them.  Their  record  is  fabulous  Orchomenus. 
I  "  In  Thessaly,  beside  the  tumbling  sea, 

Once  dwelt  a  folk  men  called  the  Minyse, 

For  coming  from  Orchomenus  the  old, 

....  they  built  lolcos." 
j^  —  William  Morris, ' '  Jason. ' ' 

I    miracle  play§.    Drama. 

[    Miranda's  expedition.     United  States,  1809. 

I  mirrors.  Ancient  mirrors  were  made  of  metal ;  those 
|of  the  Jewish  women  of  brass.  Mirrors  of  silver  were  intro- 
nluced  by  Praxiteles,  328  b.c.  Mirrors  or  looking-glasses  were 
made  at  Venice,  1300  a.d.  ;  and  in  England,  at  Lambeth,  near 
London,  in  1673.  The  improvements  in  manufacturing  plate- 
'^dass  of  large  size  have  cheapened  looking-glasses  very  much. 
Various  methods  of  coating  glass  by  a  solution  of  silver,  avoid- 
ing the  use  of  mercury,  so  injurious  to  health,  have  been  made 
<nown :  by  M.  Petitjean  in  1851 ;  by  M.  Cimeg  in  1861,  and 
>y  Liebig  and  others. 

Miscliianza    entertainment.     United 

5TATES,  1778. 

Misere're  (Psalm  li.),  sung  at  Rome  in  the  "  Tenebrce," 
he  service  in  Holy  or  Passion  week,  in  a  peculiarly  effective 
nanner,  to  old  music.  One  arrangement  is  by  Costa'nzo  Festa, 
•atedl517. 

*' Missal"  or  "  Mass-book,"  the  Romanist  ritual 
lompiled  by  pope  Gelasius  I.  492-96;  revised  by  Gregory  I. 
J90-604.  Various  missals  were  in  use  till  the  Roman  missal  Was 


MIS 


adopted  by  the  council  of  Trent,  1 545-63.     The  "  Missal "  was 
superseded  in  England  by  the  "Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  1649. 

Missionary  Ridg^e,  Tenn.,  battle  of,  25  Nov.  1863. 
Chattanooga  campaign. 

Mississippi,  one  of  the  Gulf  states  of  the  United  States, 
is  bounded  north  by  Tennessee.     The  Tennessee  river  touches 
•  the  state  in  the  extreme  north- 

~  east  corner.     On  the  west  the 

Mississippi  river  separates  it 
from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana 
above  lat.  31°  N.,  which  di- 
vides the  state  from  Louisiana 
on  the  south,  110  miles  east 
from  the  Mississippi  river  to 
the  Pearl.  That  portion  of  tlie 
state  east  of  the  Pearl  river 
extends  south   to   the    Gulf 
of  Mexico,  affording  a  coast 
line  of  about  80  miles.     Ala- 
bama forms  the  entire  eastern 
boundary.     It  is  limited  in  latitude  between  30°  13'  and  35° 
N.,  and  in  longitude  between  88°  7'  and  91°  41'  W.     Area, 
46,340  sq.  miles,  in  75  counties ;  pop.  1890, 1,289,600.     Capital, 
Jackson. 

Fernando  De  Soto,  on  his  expedition,  enters  the  present  state 
of  Mississippi  near  the  junction  of  the  Tombigbee  and  Black 
Warrior  rivers;   crosses  the    Pearl  in  Leake  county,  and 

reaches  the  Indian  village  of  Chickasaw Dec.  1540 

Indians  attack  and  burn  Chickasaw,  which  Pe  Soto  had  forti- 
fied and  occupied  as  winter-quarters Feb.  1541 

De  Soto  reaches  the  Mississippi,  which  he  crosses,  probably 
within  30  miles  of  Helena,  in  boats  built  for  the  purpose, 

Apr.     " 

Mississippi  included  in  the  proprietary  charter  of  Carolina 1663 

Louis  Joliet  and  p6re  Jacques  Marquette  descend  the  Missis- 
sippi as  far  as  lat.  33° 1673 

La  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth 1682 

Lemoine  d'Iberville  plants  a  colony  on  the  bay  of  Biloxi, 

May,  1699 
Iberville,  Bienville,  and  chevalier  de  Tonti  ascend  the  Missis- 
sippi to  the  present  site  of  Natchez Feb.  1700 

Fort  Rosalie  at  Natchez  erected  by  Bienville,  governor  of  Lou- 
isiana, and  completed 3  Aug.  1716 

"Mississippi  company,"  under  sanction  of  the  regent  of 
France,  chartered  with  exclusive  privilege  of  the  commerce 
of  Louisiana  and  New  France,  with  authority  to  enforce  its 
rights,  and  obligated  to  introduce  within  25  years  6000  white 

persons  and  3000  negro  slaves Aug.  1717 

Mississippi  company  grams  laud  to  various  individuals  and 
companies  for  settlements  on  the  Yazoo,  at  Natchez,  on  the 

bay  of  St.  Louis,  and  on  Pascngoula  bay 1718 

Three  hundred  settlers  locate  at  Natchez 1720 

Three  hundred  emigrants,  destined  for  the  lands  of  Madame  de 

Chaumonot,  arrive  at  Tasciigoula 3  Jan.  1721 

Seat  of  government  of  Louisiana  removed  from  Biloxi  to  New 

Orleans 1723 

Chopart,  commander  of  fort  Kosalie,  demands  that  Great  Sun, 
head  of  the  Natchez  tribe  of  Indians,  should  vacate  White 
Apple  village,  about  6  miles  from  the  fort,  and  surrender  it 
to  the  French ;  a  conspiracy  of  Indians  and  the  massacre  of 

the  garrison  follow  on '29  Nov.  1729 

Destruction  of  the  Natchez  by  the  French  and  Choctaws, 

28  Jan. -8  Feb.  1730 
Mississippi  company  surrenders  its  charter;  the  king  proclaims 

all  Louisiana  free  to  all  his  subjects 1732 

Mississippi  included  in  the  proprietary  charter  of  Georgia " 

Unsuccessful  expedition  of  Bienville  against  the  Chickasaws 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  present  state  of  Mississippi, 

May,  1736 
Capt.  George  Johnstone  appointed  governor  of  west  Florida, 
including  portion  of  Mississii)pi  south  of  31st  parallel  acquired 

by  treaty  of  Paris 21  Nov.  1763 

A  second  decree  of  the  king  in  council  extends  the  limits  of 
west  Florida  north  to  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo,  to  include  the 

settlements  on  the  Mississippi 10  June,  1764 

Scotch  Highlanders  from  North  Carolina  and  Scotland  build 
"Scotia,"'  a  settlement  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  Homo- 

chitto,  about  30  miles  eastward  from  Natchez 1768-70 

Richard  and  Samuel  Swayze  of  New  Jersey,  the  latter  a  Con- 
gregational minister,  purchase  land  on  the  Homochitto,  in 

Adams  county,  settle  and  establish  a  church 1772-73 

James  Willing  secures  authority  from  Congress,  assembled 
at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  to  descend  the  Mississippi  and  secure 
the  neutrality  of  the  colonies  at  Natchez,  Bayou  Pierre, 

etc 1778 

Fort  Panmure,  formerly  the  French  fort  Rosalie,  garrisoned  by 
a  company  of  infantry  under  capt.  Michael  Jackson,  by  order 

of  the  governor  of  west  Florida " 

Gen.  don  Bernardo  de  Galvez.  proposing  to  expel  the  English 
from  Florida,  storms  fort  Bute.  7  Sept.  1779,  and  captures 
Baton  Rouge,  commanded  by  lieut.-col.  Dickinson,  who  sur- 
renders all  west  Florida  upon  the  Mississippi,  including  fort 
Panmure  and  the  district  of  Natchez,  to  the  Spanish,  21  Sei)t.  1779 


1782 


1785 
1788 


1795 


1796 


MIS  81* 

Fort  Paiimur©  surreiuleroti  by  the  Sjwniards  to  Insurgents, 
under  the  Britisli  tint?  after  a  siege  of  a  week 30  Apr. 

IV>n  Carlos  cJe  (JrandpiiS.  apiwinted  civil  aud  mililary  com- 
inaiuler  of  the  district  of  Natchez,  '^9  July.  1781,  takes  meas- 
ures to  punish  Insurgents  who  had  not  tied  after  the  capture 
of  IVntwicola,  and  imprisons  7,  charged  with  promoting  a 

Smeral  rebellion  against  government  in  the  "district  of 
iilchez  " 

Definitive  treaty  of  peace  establishes  the  southern  bound- 
ary of  the  U.  S.  at  the  31st  parallel  N.  lat,  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  St.  Mary's  river;  but  in  ceding  Florida  to 
S|>ikin  no  boundary  on  the  north  is  meniioued,  hence  Spain 
claims  north  to  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  river;  signed, 

3  Sept. 

County  of  Bourlwn  established  by  (loorgia  of  all  lands  east  of 
the  Mississippi  between  lat.  31°  aud  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo, 
to  whii-h  Indian  titles  had  been  extinguished 7  Feb. 

Act  erecting  Bourl)on  county  repealeil 1  Feb. 

Four  companies  chartered  bv  the  Georgia  legislature  with  con- 
trol of  more  than  3,mX),0(X)  acres  of  land  in  Mississippi  at 
the  rate  of  2)4  cents  por  acre,  to  be  paid  into  the  state 
treasury  (Yazoo  spkculations) 7  Jan. 

Treatv  at  Madrid  with  Spain  fixes  the  southern  boundary  of 
the'U  S.  at  31°  N.  lat. ;  the  western  boundary  the  middle  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  with  free  navigation 27  Oct. 

Oeonda  legislature  rescinds  grants  to  the  Mississippi  companies, 
*      ^  13  Feb. 

Spanish  commissioner  don  Manuel  Gayoso  de  I.emos  meets 
the  U.  S.  commissioner  Andrew  Kllicott  at  Natchez  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  regarding  the  boundary-line 
between  the  U.  S.  and  Spain '24  Feb.  1797 

Col.  Ellicott,  suspecting  the  fidelity  of  a  committee  of  public 
safety,  appointed  by  citizens  impatient  of  delay  in  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  the  treaty,  succeeds  in  dissolving  the 
committee  and  securing  the  election  of  a  permanent  com- 
mittee of  public  safety July,     " 

On  10  Jan.  1798,  col.  Ellicott  receives  notice  from  the  governor- 
general  of  New  Orleans  that  orders  had  been  received  from 
the  king  to  surrender  the  territory,  but  it  was  not  until  the 
Spanish  had  lost  hope  from  intrigues  in  the  west  that  on  23 
Mch.  fort  Nogales  on  Walnut  hill  was  evacuated,  and  fort 
Panmure  about  miduiglit 29-30  Mch.  1798 

Act  of  Congress  approved  creating  Mississippi  territory  with 
boundaries  as  follows:  Mississippi  river  on  the  west, 
the  31st  parallel  on  the  south,  and  a  line  drawn  due  east 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  river  to  the  Chattahoochee 
on  the  north,  including  the  present  state  of  Alabama.  .7  Apr.     " 

Georgia  constitution  of  this  year  defines  definitely  the  boun- 
daries claimed  by  the  state,  which  include  the  Mississippi 
territory,  established  by  act  of  Congress  '-for  the  amicable 
settlement  of  limits  with  the  state  of  Georgia  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  government  in  the  Mississippi  territory  " " 

Winthrop  Sargent,  former  secretary  of  the  Northwest  territory, 
appointed  first  territorial  governor  of  Mississippi,  aud  arrives 
at  Natchez 6  Aug.      " 

Gen.  Wilkinson  reaches  Natchez  and  fixes  headquarters  at 
Loftus  Heights,  afterwards  fort  Adams 2G  Aug.     " 

Act  of  Congress  supplemental  regarding  the  government  of  the 
Mississippi  territory,  and  providing  that  settlement  shall  be 
made  with  Georgia  for  claims  on  or  before  10  Mch.  1803 1800 

Seat  of  government  removed  from  Natchez  to  Washington.  6 
miles  east,  by  act  of  assembly  and  council 1  Feb,  1802 

Articles  of  agreement  and  cession  under  the  Compromise-  act, 
secures  to  the  U.  S.  all  territory  south  of  Tennessee,  north 
of  the  Spanish  line  of  demarkation  and  eastward  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Chattahoochee 24  Apr.     " 

Outrages  and  murders  by  the  bandit  Mason  and  his  gang  along 
the  great  Natchez  trace;  the  governor  offers  a  reward  for 
his  head,  which  is  brought  to  Washington  by  Little  Harpe, 
who  fled  from  Kentucky  in  1799  and  joined  Mason  in  his 
depredations.  Harpe  and  another  of  the  band  murder  Mason 
for  the  reward,  but  are  recognized,  arrested,  condemned,  and 
executed  at  Greenville " 

Weekly  newspaper,  the  Natchez  Gazette,  pub.  by  col.  Andrew 
Marschalk  at  Natchez '< 

Natchez  incorporated  as  a  city 10  Mch.  1803 

Jefferson  college  established  at  Washington  by  act  of  legisla- 
ture      " 

"Mississippi  Society  for  the  Acquirement  of  Useful  Knowl- 
edge  "  incorporated 8  Nov.     " 

Natchez  hospital  for  sick  and  distressed  boatmen  employed 
in  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  river  and  others,  incor- 
porated   1804 

Whole  of  the  territory  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  by  Georgia,  north  of 
the  Mississippi  territory  and  south  of  Tennessee,  is  annexed 
to  Mississippi  territory  by  act  of  Congress 27  Mch.      " 

Aaron  Burr,  arrested  at  Natchez,  gives  bonds  to  appear  before 
the  territorial  court  3  Feb.  The  court  refusing  release  from 
bis  recognizance,  5  Feb.,  next  morning  it  was  ascertained 
that  he  had  made  his  escape 6  Feb.  1807 

Judge  Harry  Toulmin's  digest  of  the  laws  of  Mississippi  adopt- 
ed by  the  legislature 10  Feb.     " 

Congress  to  extend  the  right  of  suff"rage  in  the  territory  per- 
mitting the  people  to  elect  delegates  to  Congress 9  Jan.  1808 

Bank  of  Mississippi  chartered 23  Dec.  1809 

Mobile  district,  lying  south  of  lat.  31°  and  between  the  Pearl 
and  Perdido  rivers,  is  added  to  Mississippi  by  act  of.  .14  May,  1812 

Expedition  under  gen.  F.  L.  Claiborne  attacks  the  holy  city  of 
the  Creek  Indians  called  Escanachaha,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Alabama  river,  which  they  burn 23  Dec.  1813 

Enabling  act  for  Mississippi  passed  by  Congress,  establishing 


MIS 


the  eastern  boundary,  "  a  line  drawn  direct  from  the  month 
of  Bear  creek  on  tile  Tennessee  river  to  the  uorthwestein 
corner  of  Washington  county  on  the  Tombigbce,  thence  due 
south  with  western  line  of  said  county  to  the  sea,"  aud  the 
territory  of  Alabama  created 1  Mch.  1817 

Convention  for  framing  a  constitution  meets  at  Washington, 
7  July,  1817,  and  completes  its  labors 15  Aug.     •» 

First  General  assembly  meets  at  Washington (5  Oct.     " 

.Mississippi  admitted  into  the  Union 10  Dec.     " 

Bank  of  Mississippi  in  Natchez  authorized  by  law  to  establish 
branches,  and  the  state  becomes  a  stockholder 4  Fob.  1818 

By  treaty  with  maj-gen.  Jackson  of  Tennessee,  and  maj.  gen. 
Thomas  Hinds  of  Mississijipi,  commissioners  of  the  U.  S  , 
the  Choctaws  relinquish  nearly  5,500,000  acres  of  land, 
which  formed  the  county  of  Hinds  ;  known  as  the  "New 
Purchase"  treaty 18  Oct.  1820 

Legislature  appoints  a  committee  to  locate  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment by  act  of  12  Feb.  1821,  and  by  a  supplemental  act  styles 
the  new  capital  Jackson 28  Nov.  1821 

Board  of  Internal  Improvement,  consisting  of  the  governor  and 
3  commissioners,  organized 1829 

Planters'  bank  chartered 10  Feb.  1830 

Treaty  of  Dancing  Rabbit  creek,  by  which  the  Choctaws  cede 
the  rest  of  their  lands  in  Mississippi  to  the  U.  S 28  Sept.     '< 

Treaty  at  I'outotoo  creek;  the  Chickasaws  cede  their  lands  in 
Mississippi  and  agree  to  remove  from  the  state 20  Oct.  1832 

Convention  for  framing  a  new  constitution  meets  at  Jackson, 
10  Sept.  183'2,  and  completes  its  labors,  2(5  Oct.  Constitution 
ratified  at  the  next  general  election. " 

Appropriation  made  for  the  erection  of  a  State-house  and  exec- 
utive mansion  at  the  capital 2()  Feb.  1833 

Act  approved  incorporating  the  Mississippi  Union  bank  and 
providing  for  $15,500,000  in  state  stock  as  capital  as  soon  as 
a  corresponding  amount  in  private  subscriptions  should 
come  in , 21  Jan. 

Supplementary  act  authorizes  to  an  immediate  iss»»e  of 
$5,000,000  of  state  stock,  which  was  sold  at  a  heavy  discount 
through  the  bank  of  the  United  States 15  Fel). 

Legislature  sanctions  the  sale  of  stock  for  the  bank 

State  penitentiary  at  Jackson  opened 15  Apr. 

Gov.  McNutt  by  message  advises  repudiating  the  Union  bank 
bonds  sold  to  the  U.  S.  bank  of  Pennsylvania,  an  institution 
not  authorized  by  its  charter  to  buy  or  sell  such  bonds 

Legislature  by  resolution  denies  that  the  state  is  under  any 
obligation,  legal  or  moral,  to  redeem  the  Union  bank  bonds.. 

State  treas.  Richard  S.  Graves  arrested  for  embezzlement  of 
state  funds  to  the  amount  of  $44,838.46.  He  escapes  from 
the  house  of  the  sheriff'  and  tlees  to  Canada 

Robert  J.  Walker  appointed  secretary  of  U.  S.  treasury.  .6  Mch. 

Law  passed  establishing  common  schools 4  Mch. 

Mississippi  regiment,  under  command  of  col.  Jefferson  Davis, 
serves  in  the  Mexican  war ; 

University  of  Mississippi  at  Oxford,  chartered  in  1844,  is 
opened 

Franklin  female  college  at  Holly  Springs,  opened  in  1848,  is 
chartered , 184» 

Mississippi  institution  for  the  education  of  the  blind,  at  Jack- 
son, opened " 

Mississippi  college  at  Clinton  chartered  and  opened 1850 

Gov.  Quitman,  arrested  by  the  U.  S.  marshal  for  violation  of 
the  neutrality  law  of  1818  in  abetting  the  expedition  against 
Cuba,  resigns  as  governor.  He  is  acquitted,  renominated, 
but  declines 1851 

Chickasaw  female  college  at  Pontotoc  chartered  and  opened. . .  1852 

Jefferson  Davis  of  Mississippi  appointed  U.  S.  secretary  of  war 
by  pres.  Pierce 5  Mch.  1853 

Mississippi  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumbat  Jackson  opened,  IS^A 

State  lunatic  asylum  at  Jackson  opened 1855 

Amendment  to  the  constitution  ratified,  appointing  the  first    • 
Monday  in  Oct.  as  day  for  general  election,  and  making  the 
term  of  office  of  the  governor  2  years 2  Feb.  1856 

Jacob  Thompson  secretary  of  the  interior 6  Mch.  1857 

Southern  convention;  delegates  from  8  states  assemble  at 
Vicksburg  and  consider  reopening  the  slave-trade 11  May,  1859 

Whitworth  female  college  at  Brookhaven  opened  and  char- 
tered       " 

By  joint  resolution  the  legislature  directs  the  governor  to  ap- 
point commissioners  to  the  several  slave  holding  states,  ask- 
ing their  co-operation  in  secession.     Legislature  adjourned, 

30 -Nov.  1860 

State  convention  meets  at  Jackson,  7  Jan.  1861,  passes  an  ordi- 
nance of  secession,  9  Jan.,  84  to  15,  and  amends  the  state  con- 
stitution by  inserting  "Confederate  States"  in  the  place  of 
United  States 15  Jan.  1861 

Confederates  occupy  the  unfinished  fort  on  Ship  island,  under 
construction  since  1855 .20  Jan.     " 

State  convention  ratifies  the  constitution  of  the  Confederate 
states 26  Mch.     " 

Town  of  Biloxi  captured  by  Federal  naval  force  under  capt. 
Melancthon  Smith 31  Dec.     " 

Confederate  government  removes  the  state  archives  from  Jack- 
son to  Columbus  for  safety 16  June,  1862 

Chief  military  operations  in  Mississippi  during  1862  were  as 
follows  :  Gen.  Beauregard  evacuates  Corinth,  and  Halleck 
takes  possession,  29  May  ;  U.  S.  gunboat  Essex  bombards 
Natchez  and  the  city  surrenders,  10  Sept. ;  Rosecrans  defeats 
confederates  under  Price  in  a  battle  at  luka,  19-20  Sept. ; 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Corinth  by  the  confederates  under 
gen.  Van  Dorn,  3-4  Oct. ;  Grenada  occupied  by  gen.  Hovey's 
expedition,  20.000  strong,  2  Dec. ;  Van  Dorn  defeats  the  Fed- 
eral cavalry  in  battle  of  Cofleeville,  5  Dec. ;  Holly  Springs 


1837 


1839 
1840 


1841 
1842 


1843 
1S45 
1846 


1848 


MIS  519 

surrendered  to  the  confederates,  20  Dec. ;  unsuccessful  at-  \ 

tack  of  federals  on  Viuksburg 27-29  Dec.  1862 

linportaiit  military  operations  during  1863:  Col.  Grierson  with 
Federal  troops  makes  a  raid  through  the  state  from  Tennes- 
see to  Louisiana,  17  Apr. -5  May;  naval  battle  of  Grand  Gulf, 
29  Apr. ;  McClernand  defeats  the  confederates  at  Port  Gib- 
son, 1  May;  Raymond  occupied  by  federals  under  gen.  Mc- 
pherson, 12  May;  McPherson  occupies  Jackson,  14  May; 
Grant  defeats  Pemberton  at  Champion  Hills,  16  May,  and 
at  Big  Black  river,  17  May;  Vicksburg  invested  by  forces 
under  gen.  Grant,  18  May;  Vicksburg  surrendered,  4  July; 
Jackson  evacuated  by  gen.  Johnston,  who  had  occupied  it 
after  the  advance  of  the  federals  on  Vicksburg,  and  the  city 

is  occupied  by  gen.  Sherman 16  July,  1863 

Sherman's  Meridian  expedition  leaves  Vicksburg 3  Feb.  1864 

Forrest,  confederate,  defeats  Sturgis  at  Guntown 10  June,     " 

Upon  the  surrender  of  gen.  Taylor  to  gen.  Canby.  gov.  Clarke 
by  proclamation  recalls  the  state  officers,  with  the  archives, 
to  Jackson,  and  convenes  the  legislature.  He  recommends 
a  convention  to  repeal  the  ordinance  of  secession  and  re- 
model constitution 6  May,  1865 

Judge  William  L.  Sharkey  appointed  provisional  governor  by 
pres.  Johnson,  the  Federal  government  not  recognizing  gov. 

Clarke  and  the  legislature 13  June,     " 

Amendments  to  the  constitution  of  1832  and  ordinances 
adopted  by  a  convention  called  by  the  provisional  governor, 
which  met  at  Jackson,  14  Aug.,  and  completed  its  labors, 

26  Aug.     " 

Law  conferring  civil  rights  upon  freedmen '' 

•Gov.  Clarke  arrested  and  imprisoned  at  fort  Pulaski " 

By  Reconstruction  act  Mississippi  is  placed  in  the  4th  military 

district  under  maj.  -gen.  Ord 2  Mch.  1867 

By  order  of  gen.  Ord,  W.  H.  McCardle,  editor  of  the  Vicksburg 
Times,  is  confined  in  a  military  prison  on  charge  of  obstruct- 
ing the  Reconstruction  acts 13  Nov.     " 

Maj.  gen.  Ord  is  directed  by  order  of  the  president  to  turn  over 

his  command  to  gen.  A.  C.  Gillem 28  Dec.     " 

Legislature  unanimously  rejects  the  XlV.th  Amendment.  .Jan.  1868 
■Convention  of  landowners  from  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Tennes- 
see, and  Louisiana,  at  Jackson,  to  organize  a   "Freehold 
Land  and  Colonization  Company"  to  encourage  emigration 

in  each  of  these  states 31  Mch.     " 

«en.  Irvin  McDowell  takes  command  of  4th  military  district, 

4  June,     " 
•Gov.  Humphreys  reluctantlj'  forced  to  vacate  the  executive 
mansion  for  maj. -gen.  Adelbert  Ames,  appointed  provisional 

governor  by  gen.  McDowell 15  June,     " 

•Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  under  the  Reconstruction 
act,  which  sits  at  Jackson,  7  Jan.  to  15  May,  1868,  is  rejected 

by  the  people  by  56,231  for  and  63,860  against 28  June,     " 

Ifational  Union  Republican  party  of  Mississippi  in  conven- 
tion at  Jackson,  nominate  Louis  Dent  for  governor,  the  ma- 
jority of  the  Democrats  concur 8  Sept.  1869 

Rust  university  at  Holly  Springs  chartered  and  opened " 

"Tougaloo  university  at  Tougaioo  established " 

At  state  election  the  constitution  of  15  May,  1868,  is  ratified 
by  105,223  for  and  954  against;  the  vote  against  disfran- 
chising Confederate  soldiers  almost  unanimous, 

30  Nov.-l  Dec.     " 

Congress  readmits  Mississippi  into  the  Union 17  Feb.  1870 

School  law  organizing  a  State  Board  of  Education  and  provid- 
ing for  a  superintendent  of  public  education " 

■State  Normal  school  at  Holly  Springs  opened " 

'Planters,  Manufacturers,  and  Mechanics'  Association  of  the 

state  of  Mississippi  "  incorporated 1871 

Alcorn  university  at  Rodney,  created  by  act  of  legislature  13 

May,  1871,  opened 7  Feb.  1872 

East  Mississippi  female  college  opened  and  chartered " 

^tarkville  female  institute,  opened  in  1869,  chartered " 

Any  rate  of  interest  agreed  upon  in  writing  made  legal;  6  per 

cent,  the  legal  rate  in  the  absence  of  any  agreement 1873 

At  a  mass-meeting  of  taxpayers  of  Warren  county  at  Vicks- 
burg., 2  Dec.  1874,  a  committee  is  sent  to  sheriff  Peter  Crosby 
and  clerk  of  the  Chancery  court  G.  W.  Davenport,  to  demand 
their  resignations,  "satisfied  that  said  officials  of  this 
county  were  stealing  and  plundering  our  substance. "  Cros- 
by resigned  and  Davenport  absconded Dec.  1874 

Political  strife  between  state  officers  and  citizen  taxpayers 
leads  to  a  conflict  of  races.  Armed  negroes  approach  Vicks- 
burg from  various  directions,  are  met  by  citizens,  and  dis- 
persed with  considerable  loss  of  life 7  Dec.     " 

Legislature,  convened  in  extra  session  by  gov.  Ames,  8  Dec. 
1874,  calls  upon  the  president  "by  military  power  to  sup- 
press domestic  violence,  to  restore  peace  and  order  in  this 
state,  and  to  guarantee  to  all  citizens  the  equal  and  impar- 
tial enjoyment  of  their  constitutional  and  legal  rights," 

17  Dec.     " 
Pres.  Grant  by  proclamation   orders   the   people  of  Warren 
county  to  refrain  from  forcible  resistance  to  the  laws,  and  to 

-submit  peaceably  to  the  authorities 21  Dec.     " 

jPeople  ratify  the  following  amendment  to  art.  xii.  sec.  5  of 
);  the  constitution  of  1868:  "Nor  shall  the  state  assume,  re- 
deem, secure,  or  pay  any  indebtedness  or  pretended  indebt- 
edness claimed  to  be  due  by  the  state  of  Mississippi  to  any 
person,  association,  or  corporation  whatsoever,  claiming  the 
same  as  owners,  holders,  or  assignees  of  any  bond  or  bonds 
now  generally  known  as.Union  bank  bonds  or  Planters'  bank 

."onds" 1875 

ontlict  between  office-holders  and  people  still  continuing, 
several  riots  occur,  notably  at  Yazoo  City,  1  Sept.,  and  Clin- 
ton, 4  Sept.     Gov.  Ames  again  appeals  to  the  president  for 


MIS 

protection,  which  is  refused,  and  at  the  state  election  the 
Republican  party  is  generally  defeated.  Senator  H.  R.  Rev- 
els, colored,  wrote  to  the  president:  "My  people  are  nat- 
urally Republicans,  but  as  they  grow  older  in  freedom  so 
do  they  in  wisdom.  A  great  portion  of  them  have  learned 
that  they  were  being  used  as  mere  tools,  and,  as  in  the 
late  election,  not  being  able  to  correct  the  existing  evil 
among  themselves,  they  determined,  by  casting  their  bal- 
lots against  these  unprincipled  adventurers,  to  overthrow 
them," Nov.  1875 

Lieut. -gov.  Alexander  K.  Davis  impeached  and  found  guilty, 
13  Mch. ;  T.  W.  Cardoza,  superintendent  of  public  education, 
resigns  21  Mch. ;  gov.  Ames,  having  been  impeached  25  Feb., 
resigns  his  office 28  Mch.  1876 

Amendment  to  the  constitution  abolishing  the  office  of  lieu- 
tenant-governor       " 

State  Board  of  Health  created  by  act  of  legislature 1877 

Acts  passed  by  legislature:  To  establish  and  maintain  in  the 
state  a  system  of  public  free  schools;  that  Alcorn  university 
be  hereafter  known  as  the  Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical college  of  the  state  of  Mississippi;  to  establish  the  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  college  of  the  state  of  Mississippi; 
making  the  legislative  sessions  biennial 1878 

Mississippi  Valley  Cotton  Planters'  Association  organized  at 
Vicksburg 1879 

Mississippi  Valley  Labor  convention  meets  at  Vicksburg  to 
consider  the  negro-exodus  question 5  May,     " 

Revised  code  of  Mississippi  laws  made  by  hon.  J.  A.  P.  Camp- 
bell, adopted  by  the  legislature 1880 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical  college  of  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
for  white  students,  opened  at  Starkville 6  Oct.     " 

Shuqualak  female  college  opened  at  Shuqualak,  1880;  char- 
tered   1883 

Southern  Christian  institute  and  industrial  school  at  Edwards 
opened " 

Law  passed  prohibiting  the  selling  or  giving  away  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors  within  5  miles  of  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi       " 

Interstate  Levee  convention  assembles  at  Vicksburg 1  Oct.  1883 

East  Mississippi  insane  asvlum,  established  at  Meridian  in 
1884,  opened ." 12  Jan.  1885 

Kavanaugh  college,  Holmesville,  opened  1884,  chartered " 

Industrial  institute  and  college  for  education  of  white  girls  of 
Mississippi,  chartered  1884,  opened  at  Columbus 22  Oct.     " 

General  Local  Option  law  passed 1886 

Extensive  negro  emigration  from  the  hill  country  of  Mississippi 
to  the  river  bottoms  along  the  Mississippi  in  the  Yazoo  sec- 
tion commences  in  Hinds  and  Rankin  counties Nov.     " 

Laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  monument  to  the  Confederate 
dead  on  the  capitol  grounds  at  Jackson 25  May,  1888 

Legislature  introduces  the  Australian  ballot  system  of  voting 
in  all  except  congressional  elections 1890 

State  treasurer  Hemingway  convicted  of  embezzling  $315,- 
612.19  by  the  Supreme  court 1  Dec.     " 

Constitutional  convention  which  meets  at  Jackson,  12  Aug. 
1890,  adjourns  1  Nov.,  having  promulgated  a  new  constitu- 
tion to  take  effect 1  Jan.  1891 

Monument  to  Confederate  dead  unveiled  at  Jackson. .  .3  June,     " 

A  fire  started  by  an  insane  inmate,  J.  D.  Brown,  consumes  the 
main  building  of  the  State  insane  asylum  at  Jackson;  the  in- 
mates, nearly  600,  are  saved  except  Brown 16  Feb.  1892 

TERKITORIAL   GOVERNORS. 

"Winthrop  Sargent appointed 10  May,  1798 

William  C.  C.  Claiborne "        10  July,  1801 

Robert  Williams "        1804 

David  Holmes appointed Mch.  1809 


STATE  GOVERNORS. 


.  Nov. 


David  Holmes term  begins 

George  Poindexter "  " 

Walter  Leake "  " 

Lieut.gov.  Gerard  C.  Brandon acting " 

David  Holmes term  begins. " 

Gerard  C.  Brandon "         " 

Abram  M.  Scott "  " 

Lieut.-gov.  Fountain  Winston acting " 

Hiram  G.  Runnels term  begins Jan. 

Charles  Lynch "  " 

Alexander  G.  McNutt,  Democrat  "  " 

Tilgham  M.  Tucker,  "  "  " 

Albert  G.  Brown,  "  "  " 

Joseph  W.  Matthews,  "  "  " 

John  A.  Quitman,  "  "  " 

John  Isaac  Guion,  president  of  the  senate,  acting 3  Feb. 

James  Whitefleld,  "  "  "  "      25  Nov. 

Henry  S.  Foote,  Union term  begins Jan. 

John  J.  McRae "  " 

William  McWillie "  16  Nov. 

John  J.  Pettus,  Democrat "  Jan. 

Jacob  Thompson "  " 

Charles  Clarke "  " 

W.  L.  Sharkey,  provisional appointed 13  June, 

Benjamin  G.  Humphreys term  begins 16  Oct. 

Gen.  Adelbert  Ames,  provisional. appointed 15  June, 

James  L.  Alcorn,  Republican term  begins Jan. 

R.  C.  Powers acting Dec. 

Adelbert  Ames,  Republican term  begins Jan. 

John  M.  Stone acting 29  Mch. 

Robert  Lowry term  begins Jan. 

John  M.  Stone "    " 


1817 
1819 
1821 
1825 

1827 
1831 


1842 
1844 
1848 
1850 
1851 

1852 
1854 
1857 


1864 
1865 


1870 

1874 
1876 
1882 
1890 


MIS 


MIS 


UNITED   STATES   SENATORS   FROM   THE   STATE    OF    MISSISSIPPI. 


Name. 


No.  of  CoDRreM. 

Dftt«. 

18th  to  16th 

1817  to  1820 

15tb 

1817 

16th  to  18th 

1820  to  1825 

19th  "  22d 

1825  "  1832 

19th  "  20th 

1826  "  1829 

2l8t 

1830 

2l8t  to  23d 

1830  to  1836 

22d  "  25th 

1832  "  1838 

24th  "  29th 

1836  "  1845 

25th 

1838 

25th 

1838 

26th  to  28th 

1839  to  1846 

29th 

1845 

29th  to  30th 

1845  to  1847 

30th  "  32d 

1847  "  1851 

30th  "  32d 

1847  "  1861 

32d 

1852 

32d  to  34th 

1852  to  1857 

32d 

1852  "  1853 

33d  to  36th 

1854  "  1861 

35th  "  36th 

1857  "  1861 

[37th, 

38th,  39th,  40th 

41st  to  43d 

1870  to  1874 

41st 

1870  "  1871 

42d  to  44th 

1871  "  1877 

43d 

1874 

44lh  to  46th 

1875  to  1881 

45th  "  48th 

1877  "  1885 

47th  " 

1881  "  

49th  "  53d 

1885  "  1894 

53d  "  

1894  "  

RemarkA. 


Walter  Leake 

Thomas  H.  Williams 

David  Holmes 

Powhatau  Ellis 

Thomas  U.  Reed .... 
Robert  H.  Adams 

George  Poiiulextor. . 

John  Black 

Robert  J.  Walker 

James  F.  Trotter 

Thomas  H.  VVillianis 

Johu  Henderson 

Joseph  \V.  Chalmers  , 

Jesse  Speight 

Jefferson  Davis 

Henry  S.  Foote 

John  I.  McRae 

Stephen  Adams 

Walter  Brooke 

Albert  G.  Brown 

JeOerson  Davis 


Adelbert  Ames 

Hiram  R.  Revels  (colored).. 

James  Lusk  Alcorn 

Henry  R.  Pease 

Blanche  K.  Bruce  (colored). 

Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar 

James  Z.  George 

Edward  C.  Walthall 

A.  J.  MclAurin 


Seated  11  Dec.  1817.    Resigned. 

Seated  11  Dec.  1817. 

Elected  in  place  of  Leake.     Resigned. 

Appo'mted  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Holmes.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Holmes.     Died  1829. 

Elected  in  place  of  Reed.    Died  1830. 
(  Elected  in  place  of  Adams.     Elected  president  pro  tern.  25  June, 
\     1834. 

Elected  in  place  of  Ellis.     Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Black.     Resigned. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Trotter. 

Elected  in  place  of  Walker. 
Died  1847. 

Elected  in  place  of  Speight.     Resigned  1851. 
Resigned  1851. 

Appointed  2)ro  tern,  in  place  of  Davis. 
Elected  in  place  of  Davis. 
Elected  in  place  of  Foote. 
Seat  declared  vacant  1861. 
Seat  declared  vacant  1861.      , 
Congresses  vacant.] 
Resigned. 


Elected  in  place  of  Ames. 

Appointed  register  of  the  treasury  under  Garfield. 

Secretary  of  the  interior  under  pres.  Cleveland. 

Term  expires  1899. 

Resigned  18  Jan.     Poor  health. 

Elected  in  place  of  Walthall. 


Ilt§§i8§ippi  river  (Ind.  Micke-sepi,  "father  of 
waters  "  ),  the  largest  river  in  North  America,  and  in  length 
of  navigable  tributaries  and  facilities  afforded  to  commerce  the 
greatest  river  in  the  world,  being  the  recipient  of  all  waters 
flowing  east  from  the  Rocky  mountains  and  west  from  the 
Alleghanies.  Lake  Itasca,  in  the  state  of  Minnesota,  lat.  47° 
15'  N.,  Ion.  95°  54'  W.,  is  considered  the  source  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  outlet  of  lake  Itasca  is  about  12  feet  wide  and 
15  to  18  inches  deep ;  after  flowing  about  1330  miles,  it  unites 
with  the  Missouri  (termed  a  tributar}',  but  properly  the  main 
stream),  which,  rising  in  the  remote  Rocky  mountains,  flows 
3000  miles  before  reaching  the  junction,  after  which  their 
united  waters  enter  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  1286  miles  below.  Its 
width  at  mean  water-mark  is  about  3500  ft.  at  St.  Louis,  4000 
ft.  at  Cairo,  and  2500  ft.  at  New  Orleans. 

PRINCIPAL  PRIMARY  AND  SECONDARY  TRIBUTARIES  OF  THE 
MISSISSIPPI,  THEIR  LENGTH,  AND  AREA  OF  TERRITORY 
DRAINED. 


Primary  tributaries. 


Missouri  (length, 
3000  miles) 


Ohio  (length  from 
Pittsburgh,  957 
miles;  from  Cou- 
dersport,  1265 
miles) 


Arkansas    (length, 
1800  miles) 


Red  (length, 
miles) 


Secondary  tributaries.      Length. 

Yellowstone 600  miles 

Platte 900  " 

Niobrara 450  " 

Kansas 250  " 

Osage 500  " 

Big  Sioux 300  " 

Tenne.ssee 1100  " 

Cumberland 600  " 

Kentucky 260  " 

Licking 100  " 

Great  Kanawha.  110  " 

Big  Sandy 120  " 

Muskingum 110  " 

Sciota 250  " 

Green 300  " 

Wabash 500  " 

Canadian 900  " 

Cimarron 600  " 

Neosho 450  " 


1200) 


Area  drained. 


518,000  sq.  miles. 


Ouachita 500 


214,000 


189,000 


97,000 


LESSER  PRIMARY   TRIBUTARIES   ABOVE  THE  MISSOURL 

Minnesota length,  450  miles  I 

St.  Croix "       200       ' 

Wisconsin 

Rock 

Iowa 

Des  Moines 

Illinois 


500 
250 


400 


169,000 


BELOW  THE  MISSOURL 

Kaskaskia length,  300  miles ' 

St.  Francis "       450 

White "      900 

Big  Black "       200 

Yazoo "       500     "      I 

With  many  bayous.  J 

Mean  annual  discharge  of  the  Mississippi  into  the  gulf  is  com- 


57,000 


puted  at  20,000,000,000,000  of  cubic  ft.,  varying  in  dry  season?  ' 
from  11,000,000,000,000  to  27,000,000,000,000  in  wet.    This  amount 
being  about  X  of  the  rainfall  on  the  area  of  its  drainage. 

Below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  the  river  traverses  to  tlie  gulf  rich 
alluvial  bottom  lands,  often  overflowed,  with  immense  damage 
to  property.  The  following  notices  mark  the  years  of  greatest 
recorded  floods:  Bienville,  the  F"rench  commander,  had  selected 
a  place  for  a  settlement  on  the  Mississippi,  but  the  high  water 
prevented,  1718.  Water  so  high  that  many  levees  were  broken 
and  great  damage  done,  from  Dec.  1735  to  June,  173G.  Severe 
again  in  1770,  '82,  '85,  '91, '96,  '99,  1809;  very  severe,  highest  4 
May,  1811,  '13,  '15,  '16,  '23,  '24,  '28,  '44;  very  disastrous  Ai)r.,  May, 
June;  1849,  '50,  '51,  '58,  the  worst  up  to  this  time;  1859-62,  the 
highest  at  Memphis  ever  known  ;  1874,  1882,  1890  one  of  the 
worst  ever  known ;  1892-93. 

Levees. — To  prevent  these  overflows  the  French  began  at  once  the 
erection  of  levees  along  the  bank  of  the  river  in  Louisiana,  and 
when  the  engineer  De  la  Tour  laid  out  New  Orleans  in  1718,  he 
directed  that  a  levee  be  built  on  its  river  front.     This  was  begun, 
in  1720,  and  finished  1727,  being  5400  ft.  long,  4  ft.  high,  and  1«  ft.    | 
wide  at  the  top.     During  the  year  1728  the  work  was  extended 
above  and  below  the  city,  the  expense  borne  by  each  planter  | 
along  his  own  front.     In  173.5  there  were  12  miles  of  levees  below  j 
the  city  and  30  above.     After  Louisiana  came  into  possession  ot  j 
the  U.  S.,  1803,  the  work  was  greatly  extended,  and  by  1828  had   ' 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  Red  river,  and  in  1844  extended  to  Na- 
poleon, Ark.     It  was  supposed  that  the  immense  swamp  and  bot- 
tom lands  along  the  river  above  Louisiana  acted  as  great  reser- 
voirs for  retaining  the  surplus  water  in  times  of  floods,  and  if  the 
water  was  prevented  from  entering  them  the  floods  would  be 
much  worse  below,  therefore  the  action  of  the  government  in  ar-  , 
ranging  for  a  general  system  of  embankment  of  the  river  above  j 
Louisiana  caused  great  alarm  in  that  state,  and  in  1850  Congress  j 
ordered  the  necessary  investigation  and  survey  of  the  river.    The  i 
work  was  placed  in  charge  of  capt.  (later  general)  A.  A.  Humphrey 
and  lieut.  Abbott,  U.  S.  A. ;  and  their  elaborate  report,  covering  10 
years'  labor  and  investigations,  was  pub.  1861.     These  investiga- 
tions established  that  no  diversion  of  tributaries  was  possible;   j 
that  no  reservoirs  artificially  constructed  could  keep  back  the  I 
spring  freshets  which  caused  the  floods;  that  the  making  of  cut-   ; 
offs,  sometimes  advocated,  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  injuri- 
ous; and  finally,  that  levees,  properly  constructed  and  judiciously 
placed,  would  afford  protection  to  the  entire  alluvial  region.     Hy 
1860  the  levees  had  reached  Cairo,  111.,  and  this  system  of  protec- 
tion was  in  good  condition  when  the  civil  war  put  a  stop  to  fur- 
ther improvement.     It  is  estimated  that  up  to  this  time  the  le- 
vees along  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  had  cost  $24,000,000. 
During  the  war  and  for  some  time  after  no  attempt  was  made 
to  extend  or  keep  in  repair  the  levees  already  built. 

After  the  great  flood  of  1874,  Congress  created  a  commission  of  .5 
engineers  to  determine  and  report  on  the  best  system  for  perma- 
nent relief  from  floods.    Their  report,  1875,  endorsed  that  of  18fil, 
and  advocated  a  general  levee  system.     Another  complaint  was 
now  heard,  and  that  was  low  water;  43  places  below  Red  river 
being  reported  at  times  less  than  10  ft.,  and  13  places  less  than  5 
ft.     The  aggregate  length  of  such  places  being  150  miles.    To  de- 
vise relief,  5  commissioners  were  appointed,  1878,  who  recommend- 
ed a  narrowing  of  the  wide  places  in  the  river  to  3500  ft.,  whereby 
a  depth  of  10  ft.  could  be  secured.     Thereupon  the  Missi.ssippi 
River  Commission  was  constituted  by  act  of  Congress,  28  June,   : 
1879,  consisting  of  7  members,  to  have  in  charge  the  improve-   , 
ment  of  the  Mississippi  river  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  the  ] 
head  of  the  passes  at  its  mouth;  to  supervise  the  deepening  of  . 
its  channel;  to  protect  its  banks;  to  improve  and  give  safety  to  ; 


MIS  0 

navigation;  to  prevent  disastrous  floods,  and  to  promote  and  facil- 
itate commerce.  The  following  is  from  the  report  of  the  commis- 
;Sion  for  1893:  "Below  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  the 
Ohio  on  the  left  bank,  as  far  as  Memphis,  no  general  system  of 
ievees  exists  or  is  required.  On  the  right  bank,  below  Cairo,  lies 
•the  St.  Francis  basin,  extending  from  cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  to 
Helena,  Ark.  This  region  is  subject  to  overflow,  but  has  never 
been  protected;  the  local  organizations  and  the  general  govern- 
ment are  about  to  inaugurate  a  system  of  levees.  On  the  left 
'bank,  a  short  distance  below  Memphis,  and  on  the  right  bank  at 
Helena,  begin  the  existing  levee  systems— that  on  the  left  bank 
extending  down  to  Vicksburg,  and  protects  the  Yazoo  basin.  It 
withstood  the  floods  of  1892-93  without  a  break.  On  the  right 
bank  the  levees  extend  from  Helena  to  the  mouth  of  the  White 
river,  intended  to  protect  the  White  river  basin;  these  are  now 
being  constructed.  Below  the  Arkansas,  on  the  right  bank,  a  line 
of  levees  extend  along  the  entire  front  of  the  Bayou  basin  to  the 
Red  river,  330  miles;  not  in  good  condition,  crevasses  of  annual 
occurrence.  On  the  right  bank,  below  the  Red  river,  the  levees 
extend  to  about  70  miles  below  New  Orleans.  On  the  left  bank, 
owing  to  the  high  bluff  making  them  unnecessary,  the  levees  only 
commence  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  also  extend  70  miles  below  New 
Orleans.  Although  the  levees  on  both  sides  of  the  river  have 
been  much  improved  recently,  no  year  passes  without  crevasses 
on  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  river;  and  much  work  is  required 
to  make  them  efHcient. " 
Outflow  of  the  Mississippi  into  the  gulf  is  through  several  chan- 
nels termed  passes;  the  principal  are  I'ass  a  I'Outre,  the  North- 
east, South,  and  Southwest.  The  bars  formed  at  the  entrance  of 
these  outlets  greatly  impeded  navigation.  After  several  appro- 
priations by  Congress,  and  repeated  trials  of  different  methods 
for  deepening  the  channel  permanently  without  success.  Congress 
created  a  special  board  in  1874,  which  after  visiting  Europe  and 
examining  similar  works  of  improvement  there,  reported  in  favor 
of  constructing  jetties,  and  selected  the  South  pass  for  trial.  A 
■contract  was  therefore  made  with  capt.  James  B.  Eads  (1820-87), 
who  favored  the  jetty  plan,  to  form  and  maintain  for  20  years,  in 
the  South  pass,  a  channel  30  ft.  deep  and  350  ft.  wide.  The  South 
pass  is  12%  miles  long,  700  ft.  mean  width,  and  34  ft.  mean  depth, 
«nd  discharges  about  10  per  cent,  of  the  outflow  of  the  entire 
river;  the  crest  of  the  bar  is  2>t^  miles  to  seaward  from  the  mouth 
•of  the  pass,  and  the  jetties  extend  2}^  miles  seaward.  The  work 
was  begun  2  June,  1875,  and  flnished  1879.  Up  to  the  present 
time  the  general  result  has  proved  entirely  satisfactory,  and  of 
great  benefit  to  the  commerce  of  the  river. 

]fli§§i»§ippi  §clieine.    Law's  bubble, 

]fIi§$OlOIl'g'lli,  a  town  in  Greece,  taken  from  the  Turks, 
1  Nov.  1821,  and  heroically  and  successfully  defended  against 
the  Turks  by  Marco  Bozzaris,  Oct.  1822-27  Jan.  1823.  It  was 
taken  22  Apr.  1826,  after  a  long  siege.  Here  lord  Byron  died, 
19  Apr.  1824.     It  was  surrendered  to  the  Greeks  in  1829. 

]M[i§SOU'ri,  one  of  the  central  United  States,  lies  west  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  Kentuc- 
ky, and  Tennessee.  Ar- 
kansas bounds  it  on  the 
south.  On  the  west,  a 
line  drawn  south  from 
Kansas  City  in  about  94° 
30' Ion.  separates  the  state 
from  the  Indian  Territory 
and  Kansas,  while  the 
Missouri  river  marks  the 
boundary  of  Kansas  con- 
tinuedandNebraska  north 
of  Kansas  City.  The  state 
of  Iowa  forms  the  north- 
ern boundary.  It  is  lim- 
ited in  latitude  from  36° 

0  40°  80'  N.,  and  in  longitude  from  89°  2'  to  96°  44'  W. 
Area,  65,370  sq.  miles  in  115  counties;  pop.  1890,  2,679,184. 
Capital,  Jefferson  City. 

'ernando  De  Soto  ascends  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
river  as  far  as  the  present  site  of  New  Madrid 1541 

-ouis  Joliet  and  p^re  Jacques  Marquette  descend  the  Missis- 
sippi  to  lat.  33° 1673 

Robert  Cavalier  de  La  Salle  descends  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.  1682 
prospecting-party  sent  out  by  French  governor  of  Louisiana 

i  ascends  the  Missouri  river  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas 1705 

j.issouri  included  in  a  grant  to  Anthony  Crozat  for  the  exclu- 

1  sive  privilege  of  the  commerce  of  Louisiana  for  15  years, 

[  made  by  Louis  XIV 14  Sept.  1712 

lissouri  included  in  a  grant  to  the  Mississippi  company  on 

[the  resignation  of  Crozat Aug.  1717 

iJad  mining  in  St.  Genevieve  county  by  sieur  Renault 1720 

Lerre  Ligueste  Lacldde,  head  of  Louisiana  Fur  company,  who 
jiln  1763  obtained  from  the  director-generul  of  Louisiana  a  mo- 
popoly  of  the  fur  trade  with  the  Indians  of  Missouri,  sends  a 
party  under  Auguste  Chouteau,  who  lays  out  St.  Louis,  15  Feb.  1764 
!•  Ange  de  Belle  Rive,  the  French  commander  of  fort  Char- 
J?'®*)  about  15  miles  above  St.  Genevieve,  surrendering 
ihe  fort  to  the  British,  removes  with.  oflScers  and  troops 
17* 


1  MIS 

to  St.  Louis  and  assumes  command  of  upper  Louisiana, 

17  July,  1765 

Spanish  troops  under  capt.  Rios  reach  St.  Louis  ;  Rios  takes 
possession  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  Spain 11  Aug.  1768 

Pontiac,  chief  of  the  Ottawas,  who  was  murdered  at  Cahokia,  is 
buried  at  St.  Louis,  where  he  was  a  guest  of  St.  Ange 1769 

Blanchette,  surnamed  "The  Hunter,"  builds  a  log  hut  on  hills 
now  occupied  by  the  city  of  St.  Charles,  and  establishes  a 
military  post  under  the  governor  of  upper  Louisiana " 

Lieut. -gov.  don  Pedro  Piernas  arrives  at  St.  Louis  to  assume 
the  Spanish  authority  over  upper  Louisiana 1770 

Francisco  Cruzat  succeeds  Piernas 1775 

Don  Ferdinaudo  Leyba  appointed  gov.  to-succeed  Cruzat 1778 

Massacre  of  whites  near  St.  Louis  by  Indians  who,  led  by  Brit- 
ish, intended  a  general  attack  on  the  settlement,  but  were 
repulsed 26  May,  1780 

Leyba  removed  and  Francisco  Cruzat  reinstated.  Under  his 
government  St.  Louis  was  regularly  fortified " 

Old  St.  Genevieve,  which  tradition  says  was  founded  by  settlers 
from  Kaskaskia  in  1735,  is  destroyed  by  a  flood,  the  inhabi- 
tants remove  from  river  bottoms  to  the"  present  site 1785 

New  Madrid,  settled  as  early  as  1780,  is  laid  out  on  an  extensive 
scale  by  col.  George  Morgan  of  New  Jersey,  who  had  received 
a  grant  of  over  12,000,000  acres  of  land  from  Spain 1788 

Cruzat  succeeded  by  don  Manuel  Perez  as  commandant  general 
of  the  post  of  St.  Louis " 

Zenon  Trudeau  succeeds  Perez 1793 

Daniel  Boone  of  Kentucky  moves  to  what  is  now  St.  Charles 
county 1795 

Trudeau  succeeded  by  Charles  Dehault  Delassus  de  Delusiere..  179i8 

Delassus  appoints  Daniel  Boone  commandant  or  syndic  of  the 
Femme  Osage  district , 1800 

Maj.  Amos  Stoddard,  agent  of  France  for  receiving  upper  Louis- 
iana from  the  Spanish,  arrives  at  St.  Louis,  and  on  9  Mch. 
Delassus  surrenders  the  territory  to  him,  and  next  day  it 
is  transferred  to  the  U.  S.,  maj.  Stoddard  in  command, 

10  Mch.  1804 

Missouri  included  in  the  district  of  Louisiana,  set  off  from  the 
territory  of  Louisiana,  and  placed  under  the  government  of 
Indiana  territory  by  act  of  Congress 26  Mch.     " 

Exploring  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  up  the  Missouri 
river  leaves  St.  Louis  (United  States) 14  May,     " 

By  act  of  Congress  the  district  of  Louisiana  is  regularly  organ- 
ized into  the  territory  of  Louisiana,  and  pres.  Jefferson  ap- 
points gen.  James  Wilkinson  as  governor 3  Mch.  1805 

Aaron  Burr  visits  gen.  Wilkinson  at  St.  Louis Sept.     " 

Lewis  and  Clarke  expedition  return  to  St.  Louis 23  Sept.  1806 

Missouri  Gazette  established  and  published  at  St.  Louis  by 
Joseph  Charless July,  1808 

Treaty  effort  Clark  by  which  the  Great  and  Little  Osage  tribes 
cede  to  the  U.  S.  33,173,383  acres  of  land  in  Missouri  and 
14.830,432  acres  in  Arkansas 10  Nov.     " 

Town  of  St.  Louis  incorporated : 9  Nov.  1809 

Town  of  New  Madrid  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 16  Dec.  1811 

Act  of  Congress  changing  the  name  of  the  territory  of  Louisi- 
ana to  the  territory  of  Missouri  approved 4  June,  1812 

Edward  Hempstead  first  delegate  to  Congress Nov.     " 

First  General  Assembly  meets  in  the  house  of  Joseph  Robi- 
doux.  between  Walnut  and  Elm  sts.,  St.  Louis 7  Dec.     " 

U.  S.  Congress  confirms  to  Daniel  Boone  1000  arpents  (833  acres) 
of  land  in  the  P^emme  Osage  district 10  Feb.  1814 

Capt.  .lames  Callaway,  with  15  men,  returning  to  the  settlement 
of  Loutre  island  with  some  horses  they  had  recovered  from 
the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  are  attacked  by  the  Indians  in  am- 
bush and  capt.  Callaway  and  3  of  his  men  are  killed.  .7  Mch.  1815 

By  act  of  Congress  tfie  election  of  the  council  in  Missouri  terri- 
tory is  by  choice  of  the  people 29  Apr.  1816 

Steamboat  General  Pike  ascends  the  Mississippi  to  St.  Louis, 

2  Aug.  1817 

Bill  authorizing  people  of  Missouri  to  frame  a  state  constitu- 
tion for  admission  into  the  Union  introduced  into  Congress 
(U.MTKD  States,  1819-1821) 13  Feb.  1819 

By  act  of  Congress,  Arkansas  territory  is  set  off  from  Missouri, 

2  Mch.     " 

Independence,  a  pioneer  steamboat,  ascends  the  Missouri  river 
and  arrives  at  Franklin,  Howard  county 28  May,     " 

Western  Engineer,  a  steamboat  constructed  by  col.  S.  H.  Long 
for  an  expedition  up  the  Missouri  to  the  Yellowstone.  leaves 
St.  Louis 21  June,     "• 

Act  approved  authorizing  the  people  of  Missouri  territory  to 
forma  state  constitution.  Sec.  8  states:  "That  in  all  the 
territory  ceded  by  France  to  the  United  States  under  the 
name  of  Louisiana  north  of  36°  30'  of  lat.  and  not  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  state  contemplated  by  this  act, 
slavery  shall  be  and  is  hereby  forever  prohibited,  but  runa- 
way slaves  may  be  lawfully  reclaimed  " 6  Mch.  1820 

A  constitutional  convention  meets  at  St.  Louis,  12  June,  com- 
pletes its  labors  19  July,  and  the  constitution  is  ratified  by 
the  people  at  the  ensuing  election " 

Art.  iii.  sec.  26  of  state  constitution  requires  the  legislature 
"to  pass  such  laws  as  may  be  necessary"  to  prevent  free 
negroes  and  mulattoes  from  coming  to  and  settling  in  the 
state " 

General  Assembly,  elected  28  Aug.,  meets  in  the  Missouri 
hotel  at  St.  Louis  and  organizes  a  state  government. 

19  Sept.     " 

Daniel  Boone  dies  at  the  residence  of  his  son,  on  Femme  Osage 
creek  in  St.  Charles  county 26  Sept.     " 

Missouri  admitted  into  the  Union  with  conditions  that  the 
legislature  should  pledge  the  faith  of  the  state  that  the  free- 
negro  clause  should  never  be  executed 2  Mch.  1821 


MIS 

Conditions  of  admission  of  Missouri  into  the  Union  being  ac- 
cepted, ures.  Monroe  approves  the  bill  (Unitbu  Status), 

10  Aug. 

Thomas  H.  Benton  enters  the  U.  S.  senate  and  serves  continu- 
ously until  1851 

SL  Louis  incorporated  a  city ;  pop.  4800 9  Dec. 

Public  reception  of  Ufayette  in  St.  Louis 29  Apr. 

Gov.  Frederick  Bates  d 1  Aug. 

Seat  of  goveruinout  removed  Trom  St.  Charles  to  Jefferson 
City,  and  legislature  holds  its  first  session  there 20  Nov. 

Joseph  Smith,  the  Mormon  leader,  having  found  a  location  for 
"Zion  "  at  Independence,  Jackson  county,  in  1831.  which  he 
names  "The  New  Jerusalem,"  arrives  from  Kirtland,  0., 
with  many  followers 

St  Louis  university  founded,  1829;  incorporated Dec. 

Mormons  in  Missouri  publish  a  paper,  the  Evening  Star,  the 
sentiments  of  which  are  obnoxious  to  the  people,  who  tar 
and  feather  the  bishop  and  2  others,  and  throw  the  presses 
into  the  river.  On  31  Oct.  an  encounter  occurs  in  which 
2  citizens  and  1  Mormon  are  killed.  On  2  Nov.  the  Mor- 
mons attack  Independence,  but  are  routed  and  forced  to 
promise  to  leave  the  county  before  1  Jan.  1834  (Mormons), 

2  Nov. 

Congress  adds  the  "Platte  Purchase,"  a  triangle  north  of  the 
Missouri  river,  west  of  the  western  boundary  of  the  state, 
and  south  of  the  northern  boundary  to  Missouri,  thus  mak- 
ing it  slave  territory 7  June, 

Depredations  and  murders  in  Carroll  county  traced  to  a  band 
of  desperadoes  composed  principally  of  a  family  named 
Hetherly,  old  Mrs.  Hetherly  being  a  sister  of  the  Kentucky 
brigands  Big  and  Little  Harpe.  The  band  broken  up  by 
the  arrest  and  imprisonment  of  some  of  its  chief  men, 

17  July, 

State  penitentiary  at  Jefferson  City,  created  by  act  of  the  leg- 
islature in  1832,  opened 

Bank  of  the  sUte  of  Missouri  established  at  St.  Louis;  capital, 
$6,000,000,  about  four-flnhs  belonging  to  the  state 

By  proclamation  of  pres.  Van  Buren,  the  law  of  7  June,  1836, 
regarding  the  Platte  purchase,  takes  effect 28  Mch. 

Col.  Richard  Gentry's  regiment  (afterwards  in  battle  at  Okee- 
chobee lake,  Fla.)  leaves  Columbia  for  the  Seminole  war, 

6  Oct. 

State  house  burned  with  public  papers  and  records 17  Nov. 

Act  of  Congress  to  ascertain  the  true  boundary-line  of  Missouri 
on  the  north,  described  in  the  act  of  admission  as  "the 
parallel  of  latitude  which  passes  through  the  rapids  of  the 
river  Des  Moines,  making  the  said  line  to  correspond  with 
the  Indian  boundary-line" 18  June, 

Numerous  conflicts  occurring  between  the  Mormons  and  people 
lead  gov.  Boggs  to  issue  a  proclamation  to  call  out  the  militia 
and  enforce  the  laws.  Skirmishes  occur  at  Crooked  River 
and  Haughn's  Mills,  near  Breckenridge,  between  the  militia 
and  Mormons  under  G.  W.  Hinkle;  in  the  latter  18  Mormons 
were  killed,  some  of  them  after  surrender.  At  Far  West, 
Caldwell  county,  Joe  Smith  surrenders  to  the  militia  and 
agrees  tbtit  the  Mormons  shall  leave  the  state Oct. 

Corner-stone  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Missouri  at  Co- 
lumbia laid 4  July, 

Suicide  of  gov.  Thomas  Reynolds 9  Feb. 

Remains  of  Daniel  Boone  and  his  wife  are  removed  from  the 
cemetery  at  Marthasville,  Mo.,  to  Frankfort,  Ky 17  July, 

Full  complement  of  troops  to  form  the  first  regiment  of  Mis- 
souri troops  for  the  Mexican  war  arrives  at  fort  Leaven- 
worth   18  June, 

State  constitution  completed,  but  rejected  by  the  people 

CoL  Doniphan,  with  924  Missouri  volunteers,  defeats  4000  Mex- 
icans under  gen.  Heredia  in  the  pass  of  Sacramento  (Mexi- 
can WAR) 28  Feb. 

First  line  of  telegraph  between  East  St.  Louis  and  the  east  com- 
pleted  20  Dec. 

Decision  of  the  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  upon  the  northern 
boundary,  is  confirmed  by  Congress,  and  the  present  bound- 
ary established  by  act 15  Feb. 

Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  on  15  Jan.  1849,  introduces  resolutions 
in  the  state  senate,  questioning  the  power  of  Congress  to 
legislate  on  slavery  in  the  territories,  and  asserting  that 
"  the  right  to  prohibit  slavery  in  any  territory  belongs  exclu- 
sively to  the  people  thereof."  Passed  by  the  senate,  26  Jan., 
and  by  the  assembly 6  Mch. 

Fire  in  St.  Louis  destroys  23  steamboats  and  their  cargoes  and 
a  large  section  of  the  city 17  May, 

U.  S.  senator  Thomas  H.  Benton,  in  the  hall  of  the  House  at 
Jefferson  City,  opposes  the  "Jackson  Resolutiens,"  as  in  the 
spirit  of  nullification  and  disunion,  and  appeals  from  the  leg- 
islature to  the  people 26  May, 

Interstate  convention  at  St.  Louis  unanimously  indorses  a 
national  Pacific  railway  across  the  continent 16  Oct. 

Ground  broken  for  the  Pacific  railroad  by  the  mayor  of  St. 
Louis 4  July, 

William  Jewell  college  at  Liberty,  chartered  in  1849,  opened. . . 

At  a  joint  convention  to  choose  a  U.  S.  senator,  Henry  S.  Geyer 
of  St.  Louis,  Whig,  defeats  Thomas  H.  Benton,  80  to  55  on 
the  40th  ballot 22  Jan. 

Missouri  school  for  the  blind  opened  at  St.  Louis 

State  insane  asylum  at  Fulton  opened 

Missouri  institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb 
at  Fulton  opened 

Westminster  college  chartered  and  opened  at  Fulton 

House  of  Refuge  at  St.  Louis  opened 

Destruction  of  the  Induxtrial  Luminary,  a  newspaper  pub- 
lished at  Parkville,  by  a  pro-slavery  faction 14  Apr. 


522 


MIS 


1821 


1822 
1825 


1826 


1833 


1837 


1838 


1840 
1844 


1845 


1846 


1849 


1850 


1851 


1852 
1853 
1854 

1855 


L861, 


College  of  the  Christian  Brothers  at  St.  Louis,  opened  1861, 
chartered 18 

Normal  school  at  St.  Louis  opened 1( 

Gov.  Trusten  Polk  resigns  to  become  U.  S.  senator Mch.     » 

Central  college  at  Fayette,  chartered  1855,  opened « 

Dred  Scott  and  family  emancipated  by  Taylor  Blow,  under 
deed  for  that  purpose  from  the  family  of  Calvin  C.  Chaffee, 
who  inherited  them  (Drkd  Scott  cask) 26  May,     » 

First  overland  mail  leaves  St.  Louis  for  San  Francisco, 

16  Sept.  18 

First  overland  mail  fi-om  California  arrives  at  St.  Louis  24 
days  \%}4  hours  from  San  Francisco 9  Oct. 

Howard  female  college  at  Fayette,  opened  in  1855,  chartered. .  18 

Washington  university  at  St.  Louis,  chartered  1853,  opened. ... 

Elizabeth  Aull  female  seminary  at  Lexington  chartered  and 
opened 

Legislature  calls  a  state  convention,  "that  the  will  of  the 
people  may  bo  ascertained  and  effectuated,"  but  providing 
that  no  ordinance  of  secession  should  be  valid  unless  ratified 
by  the  people 18  .Ian.  18 

Edward  Bates  of  Missouri  U.  S.  attorney-general 5  Mch. 

State  convention  assembles  in  the  court-house  at  Jefferson 
City;  99  delegates.  Sterling  Price  chosen  president,  28  Feb. 
They  adjourn  to  meet  at  St.  Louis  on  4  Mch.,  when  a  com- 
mittee reports  against  secession 9  Mch. 

In  reply  to  pres.  Lincoln's  call  for  troops,  gov.  Jackson  writes, 
"  Not  one  man  will  the  state  of  Missouri  furnish  to  carry  on 
such  an  unholy  crusade  " 17  Apr. 

U.  S.  arsenal  at  Liberty  seized  and  garrisoned  by  state  troops 
under  order  from  gov.  Jackson 20  Apr. 

Capt.  Lyon,  at  the  head  of  the  U.  S.  forces  in  St.  Louis,  by  a 
sudden  move  upon  camp  Jackson,  compels  an  unconditional 
surrender  of  the  state  militia  there 10  May, 

Gen.  Harney,  commandant  at  St.  Louis,  addresses  the  people 
of  Missouri  denouncing  a  military  act  of  the  legislature  as 
indirect  secession  and  unconstitutional 14  May, 

Gov.  Jackson  calls  for  50,000  militia,  "for  the  purpose  of 
repelling  invasion,  and  for  the  protection  of  the  lives,  liberty, 
and  property  of  citizens  of  the  state" 12  June, 

Gov.  Jackson,  with  the  state  troops,  proceeds  to  Booneville, 
leaving  the  capital  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  Lyon. .  .15  .lune. 

Gen.  Lyon  defeats  the  state  troops  under  col.  Marmaduke  in 
battle  at  Booneville 17  June, 

An  indecisive  battle  is  fought  at  Carthage  between  state 
troops  under  gen.  Jackson  and  federals  under  gen.  Sigel, 

5  July,     "^ 

State  convention  makes  Robert  Wilson  president  in  place 
of  Sterling  Price,  made  major-general  in  the  Confederate 
army 22  July,     *♦ 

State  convention  declares  the  office  of  governor,  of  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  of  members  of  legislature  vacant,  and  elects 
Hamilton  R.  Gamble  as  provisional  governor 31  July,     " 

Thomas  C.  Reynolds,  ex-lieutenant-governor,  proclaims  from 
New  Madrid  that  the  forces  of  gen.  Pillow  had  come  on  the 
invitation  of  gov.  Jackson,  "to  aid  in  expelling  the  enemy," 

31  July,     " 

Gov.  Gamble,  by  proclamation,  promises  protection  to  all  cit- 
izens in  arms  who  return  peaceably  to  their  homes,  in 
which  promise  the  U.  S.  war  department  concurs 3  Aug.     "^ 

Gov.  Jackson,  returning  from  Richmond,  Va.,  to  New  Madrid, 
issues  a  "Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri " 5  Aug.     " 

Federals  under  gen.  Lyon  defeat  confederates  under  gen. 
James  Rains  at  Dug  Springs,  2  Aug.,  and  are  defeated  by 
gen.  Benj.  McCulloch  at  Wilson  Creek;  gen.  Lyon  killed, 

10  Aug.     " 

Missouri  is  placed  under  martial  law  by  gen.  Fremont,  at  the 
head  of  the  western  department,  and  maj.  McKinstry,  U.S.A., 
is  created  provost-marshal -general 30  Aug.    "^ 

By  proclamation  30  Aug.,  gen.  Fremont  manumits  2  slaves 
of  Thomas  L.  Snead,  a  secessionist  of  St.  Louis 12  Sept.    "^ 

Federals  are  defeated  in  battles  at  Blue  Mills  Landing,  17  Sept., 
Lexington,  20  Sept.,  and  Papinsville 21  Sept.    " 

State  convention  at  Jefferson  City  requires  each  civil  officer 
within  60  days  to  subscribe  an  oath  to  support  the  constitu- 
tion  16  Oct.     " 

Lexington  reoccupied  by  the  federals,  16  Oct.,  who  are  also 
victorious  at  Fredericktown,  22  Oct.,  and  at  Springfield, 

26  Oct.    " 

Gov.  Jackson  issues  (26  Sept.  1861)  a  proclamation  from  Lex- 
ington, convening  the  legislature  in  extra  session  at  Masonic    ^^ 
Hall  in  Neosho,  Newton  county 21  Oct 

Gen.  Fremont  is  relieved  by  gen.  David  Hunter 2  Nov. 

Legislature  at  Neosho  passes  an  act  of  secession,  28  Oct.,  and    ^^ 
resolution  requesting  all  members  to  sign  it 2  Nov. 

Indecisive  battle  at  Belmont  between  gens.  Grant  and  Polk,  7    ^^ 
Nov. ;  Warsaw  destroyed  by  confederates 19  Nov. 

Maj. -gen.  Halleck,  who  succeeded  gen.  Hunter,  7  Nov.,  declares 
martial  law  in  St  Louis,  23  Dec. ;  and,  some  men  returning 
from  gen.  Price's  army  having  destroyed  about  100  miles  of 
the  Missouri  railroad,  he  extends  the  order  to  all  the  rail-    ^^ 
roads  in  the  state 25  Dec. 

Battles  at  Shawnee  Mound  and  Milford,  18  Dec.  1861,  and  at    ^^ 
Mount  Zion 28  Dec. 

New  Madrid  captured  by  gen.  Pope 14  -^^ch.  lot-' 

Independence  captured  by  the  confederates H  Aug.    ^^ 

Battle  at  Newtonia,  confederates  victorious 30  Sept. 

Andrew  AUsman,  an  aged  citizen  of  Palmyra,  taken  in  a  raid 
by  col.  John  C.  Porter's  band  in  Sept,  and  not  heard  oi 
afterwards;  gen.  McNeil  hangs  in  retaliation  10  of  Porter  s    ^^ 
raiders  (Allsman,  Case  of) 18  Oct 


MIS 

Confederate  gen.  John  S.  Marmaduke  repulsed  at  Springfield, 
8  Jan.,  and  at  Hartsville 11  Jan. 

Gen.  John  H.  McNeil  repulses  gen.  Marmaduke  in  a  battle  at 
Cape  Girardeau 26  Apr. 

Ordinance  adopted  by  the  state  convention,  ordaining  that 
slavery  should  cease  4  July,  1870,  subject  to  provisions  with 
regard  to  age,  etc 1  July, 

Death  of  gov.  Gamble 31  Jan. 

Robbery  and  general  massacre  of  citizens  and  Federal  sol- 
diers in  Centralia  by  guerilla  band  under  Bill  Anderson, 

27  Sept. 

Bill  Anderson  killed  in  a  fight  near  Albany,  Ray  county, 

27  Oct. 

Central  Wesleyan  college  at  Warrenton  chartered  and  opened. 

Gen.  ?rice  invades  Missouri;  defeats  Curtis  at  Little  Blue,  21 
Oct.,  but  is  repulsed  by  federals  at  Big  Blue,  Little  Osage, 
and  Newtonia Oct, 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  St.  Louis,  6  Jan.  18()5, 
adopts  an  ordinance  abolishing  slavery 11  Jan. 

State  Board  of  Immigration  organized  under  act  of  legislat- 
ure   

State  convention  vacates  on  1  May  the  offices  of  judges  of  the 
Supreme  court,  of  all  Circuit  courts,  and  others 17  Mch. 

New  constitution  completed  10  Apr.  Art.  ii.  sec.  9  provides 
that  after  60  days  "  no  person  shall  be  permitted  to  practise 
as  an  attorney,"  "nor  be  competent  as  a  bishop,  priest, 
deacon,  minister,  elder,  or  other  clergyman  "  to  teach  or 
preach  or  solemnize  marriages  unless  he  shall  have  tak- 
en, subscribed,  and  filed  an  oath  6f  loyalty.  Constitution 
ratified  by  the  people,  vote  43,670  for  and  41,808  against, 

0  June, 

Judges  of  the  higher  courts  decline  to  yield  to  the  new  judges 
appointed  by  gov.  Fletcher  under  ordinance  of  17  Mch.,  as 
not  in  the  power  of  the  convention.  By  special  order,  gen. 
Coleman  is  directed  to  use  such  force  as  may  be  necessary 
to  establish  the  new  judges  in  office,  which  he  accomplishes 

14  June, 

Lincoln  Institute  Normal  school  opened  at  Jefferson  City 

Excitement  in  Lafayette  from  political  strife  and  robbery  and 
murder  by  desperadoes  under  Archie  Clemmens,  who  is  killed 
by  troops  sent  to  quell  the  disturbance spring  of 

Legislature  makes  prize-fighting  for  money  punishable  by  im- 
prisonment from  6  to  12  months,  or  a  fine  of  $500  to  $1000, 

8  Feb. 

Monument  to  Thomas  H.  Benton,  raised  for  the  state  govern- 
ment on  Lafayette  square,  St.  Louis,  is  unveiled 27  May, 

People  reject  the  amendment  striking  out  the  word  "white" 
in  the  suffrage  clause,  by  74,053  to  55,236 

Original  seal  of  the  state  of  Missouri,  which  had  disappeared 
from  the  seat  of  government  in  1861,  is  restored  to  gov. 
McClurg  by  ex-lieut.-gov.  Thomas  C.  Reynolds 26  May, 

Legislature  ratifies  XV.th  Amendment  to  the  U.  S.  Constitution, 

10  Jan. 

State  Agricultural  college  located  at  Columbia  by  law 

A  movement  set  on  foot  in  1866  by  col.  B.  Gratz  Brown,  fur 
universal  amnesty,  universal  franchise,  and  revenue  reform, 
divides  the  Republican  party,  at  the  state  convention  at 
Jefferson  City,  31  Aug.  1870,  into  Radicals,  and  Liberals  or 
"Bolters,"  headed  by  gen.  Carl  Schurz.  The  Liberal  candi- 
date B.  Gratz  Brown  elected  governor 8  Nov. 

State  Normal  school  at  Warrensburg  opened 

State  Normal  school  at  Kirksville  opened 

Act  passes  over  gov.  Brown's  veto  directing  that  422  bonds  of 
the  state  of  Missouri,  of  $1000  each,  issued  in  1852  and  fall- 
ing due  in  1872,  "  redeemable  in  gold  or  silver  coin,"  be  re- 
deemed in  legal-tender  notes 8  Feb. 

Seventy  or  80  masked  men  stop  a  railroad  train  at  Gun  City, 
Cass  county,  and  murder  judge  J.  C.  Stephenson,  Thomas  E. 
Detro,  and  James  C.  Cline,  charged  with  complicity  in  the 
fraudulent  issue  of  railroad  bonds,  which  imposed  a  heavy 
burden  upon  the  tax-payers  in  that  county 24  Apr. 

Fulton  Synodical  female  college,  chartered  in  1870,  opened  at 
Fulton 

State  Normal  school  opened  at  Cape  Girardeau 

Drury  college  at  Springfield  chartered  and  opened 

Railroad  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at  St.  Louis,  designed  by 
James  B.  Eads  and  constructed  by  the  Illinois  and  St.  Louis 

1   Bridge  company,  formally  opened  (Bridges) 4  July, 

State  asylum  for  the  insane  established  at  St.  Joseph 

Btate  Railroad  commission  created  by  act  of  legislature. 

27  Mch. 

prdinance  passed  by  legislature  to  prevent  the  payment  of 
1918  bonds  and  coupons  of  $1000  each,  executed  by  the  Pacific 
railroad  of  Missouri  under  a  law  of  10  Dec.  1855,  which 
!  had  disappeared,  but  had  not  been  cancelled  or  destroyed, 

30  Oct. 

ifew  constitution  framed  by  a  state  convention  which  sat  at 

Jefferson  City,  5  May,  1875,  to  19  Aug.,  is  submitted  to  the 

people  and  ratified  by  a  vote  of  90,600  to  14,362 30  Oct. 

•onvention  of  869  delegates  from  31  states  and  territories  as- 
sembles at  St.  Louis  to  take  action  upon  the  construction  of 

the  Southern  Pacific  railroad .' 23-24  Nov. 

[art  Schurz  of  Missouri  secretary  of  the  interior 12  Mch. 

jtate  lunatic  asylum  at  St.  Joseph  burned;  the  218  inmates 

!  escape 25  Jan. 

fCottey  law"  passed,  to  take  effect  immediately,  providing 
Pthat  county  courts  shall  levy  only  4  taxes:  the  state  rev- 
enue tax,  the  state  interest  tax,  tax  for  current  county 
expenses,  and   school   tax,  unless   ordered   by  the  circuit 
court  for  the  county  or  by  the  judge  thereof  in  chambers, 

8  Mch. 


1870 


1871 


1873 

1874 
1875 


1877 
1879 


3  MIS 

Laws  creating  a  State  Fish  commission,  a  Bureau  of  Labor 
statistics,  and  appropriating  $3000  for  a  state  hatchery 1879 

Proposed  amendment  to  the  constitution,  art.  xiv.,  embodying 
the  "Maine  Liquor  law,"  passes  the  house,  and  is  rejected 
in  the  senate  by  12  to  10 "^ 

Convention  of  representatives  of  the  commercial  and  agricult- 
ural and  other  productive  industries  of  the  Mississippi  valley 
meets  at  St.  Louis 26  Oct.  1881 

Missouri  River  Improvement  convention  meets  at  St.  Joseph. 
4  states  and  2  territories  are  represented 29  Nov.     *' 

"Downing  High  License  law"  passed,  which  fixes  the  maxi- 
mum state  and  county  tax  on  license  for  dram  shops  at 
$1200  per  annum,  and  requiring  a  petition  signed  by 
two -thirds  of  the  tax -payers  of  cities,  towns,  and  town- 
ships before  it  is  mandatory  on  the  county  court  to  issue 
licenses 1883 

State  Board  of  Health  created  by  act  of  legislature " 

Kansas  City  ladies'  college  at  Independence  opened  in  1871, 
chartered 1884 

Some  75  of  the  "  Bald-knobber  "  organization  of  Christian 
county  are  arrested  in  Mch..  some  on  the  charge  of  murder, 
others  for  attending  unlawful  assemblies  of  "Regulators." 
All  but  the  leaders  are  tried  at  Ozark  and  fined Aug.  1887 

Reform  school  for  boys  established  by  law  at  Booneville " 

Fifty  out  of  78  elections  under  the  "Wood  Local-option  law" 
result  in  favor  of  prohibition " 

State  insane  asylum  No.  3  at  Nevada  opened 15  Oct.     " 

Gov.  Marmaduke  d 28  Dec.     " 

State  institution  for  deaf  and  dumb  at  Fulton  burned Feb.  1888 

Bald  knobber  leader  David  Walker  and  3  accomplices  tried, 
Mch.  and  Apr.  1888.  Sentenced  to  be  executed  on  18  May; 
postponed.  Their  Bald-knobber  friends,  for  revenge,  seize 
and  hang  5  of  the  witnesses 14  Nov.     " 

State  industrial  school  for  girls  opened  at  Chillicothe Jan.  1889 

Norman  J.  Coleman  appointed  secretary  of  agriculture.  .12  Feb.     " 

Australian  Ballot  Reform  act,  applicable  to  cities  and  towns  of 
5000  or  over,  passed  by  the  legislature '* 

Act  of  legislature  appointing  the  first  Friday  after  the  first 
Tuesday  of  Apr.  to  be  observed  as  Arbor  day " 

David  Walker,  William  Walker,  and  John  Matthews,  Bald- 
knobbers,  sentenced  Apr.  1888,  finally  executed  at  Ozark, 

10  May,     " 

Interstate  Wheat  Growers'  Association  of  Mississippi  valley 
meets  at  St.  Louis,  N.J.  Coleman  presiding 27  Oct.     " 

State  treasurer  E.  T.  Noland  suspended  from  office  for  defalca- 
tion to  the  amount  of  $32,745.69 4  Mch.  1890 

Woman's  temperance  crusade  in  Lathrop,  etc.,  from 

10  Feb.      " 

Gov.  Francis  deposes  state  treasurer  Noland  for  alleged  short- 
age of  about  $33,000  in  his  accounts 4  Mch.     " 

Semi-centennial  of  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  state 
university  at  Columbia  celebrated .4  July,     " 

Limited  Kansas  City  express  on  the  Mo.  Pacific  R.  R.  is  "held 
up"  by  7  highwaymen  at  Otterville,  and  express  car  robbed 
of  $90,000 17  Aug.     " 

Representatives  from  the  Union  Labor,  Prohibition,  and  Green- 
hack  parties  meet  at  St.  Louis,  3  Sept.,  and  organize  the  Na- 
tional Reform  party 5  Sept.     " 

Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  died  at  New  York  city  14  Feb. ;  is  buried 
at  St.  Louis 21  Feb.  1891 

Legal  rate  of  interest  fixed  at  8  per  cent,  by  act  of  legislature, 
which  adjourns 24  Mch.     " 

National  industrial  conference  (over  650  delegates  from  Farm- 
ers' Alliance  and  mutual  benefit  associations)  meets  at  St. 
Louis  and  decides  to  act  with  the  People's  party  in  the  presi- 
dential campaign 22  Feb.  1892 

National  Nicaragua  Canal  convention,  with  delegates  from  25 
or  more  states,  meets  in  St.  Louis 2  June,     " 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNOR. 

duties July,  1813 


William  Clark 

STATE    GOVERNORS. 

Alexander  McNair term  begins 19  Sept. 

Frederick  Bates "  Nov. 

Abraham  J.  Williams acting      1  Aug. 

Gen.  John  Miller term  begins Nov. 

Daniel  Dunklin "  " 

Lilburn  W.  Boggs "  " 

Thomas  Reynolds  (Dem.) "  " 

M.  M.  Marmaduke acting      9  Feb. 

John  C.  Edwards  (Dem.) term  begins Nov. 

Austin  A.  King  (Dem.) "  >•' 

Sterling  Price  (Dem.) "  Dec. 

Trusten  Polk  (Dem.) "  " 

Hancock  Jackson acting      Mch. 

Robert  M.  Stewart  (Dem.) term  begins Dec. 

Claiborne  F.  Jackson  (Dem.)..  "  4  Jan 

Hamilton  R.  Gamble  (provisional)  elected 31  July, 

Willard  P.  Hall acting      31  Jan. 

Thomas  C.  Fletcher  (Rep.).. .  .term  begins " 

Joseph  W.  McClurg  (Rep.)....  "  " 

R.  Gratz  Brown  (Lib.) "  " 

Silas  Woodson  (Dem.) "  " 

Charles H.  Hardin  (Dem.) "  " 

John  S.  Phelps  (Dem.) "  " 

Thomas  T.  Crittenden  (Dem.).  "  " 

John  S.  Marmaduke  (Dem.)..  "  " 

Albert  G.  Morehouse acting     28  Dec. 

David  R.  Francis  (Dem.) term  begins Jan. 

William  J.  Stone  (Dem.) " " 


1820 
1824 
1825 

1832 
1836 
1840 
1844 

1848 
1852 
1856 
1857 

.  1861 

1864 


1871 
1873 
1875 
1877 
1881 
1885 
1887 
1889 
1893 


MIS 


524 


MOD 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


N»in«. 


David  Barton 

Thomas  H.  Benton  . . . 
Alexander  Buckner. . . 

Lewis  F.Linn 

David  R.  Atchison 

Henry  S.  Geyer 

James  Stephen  Green. 

Trustcn  Polk 

Waldo  P.  Johnson.... 
John  B.  Henderson . . . 

Robert  Wilson 

B.  Grata  Brown 

Charles  D.  Drake 

Francis?.  Bluir.jr 

Carl  Schurz 

Lewis  F.  Bogy 

Francis  M.  Cockr^U. . . 
David  H.  Armstrong. . 
George  G.  Vest 


No.  of  CODKT«M. 


D«t«. 


17th  to  2l8t 
17th  "  3l8t 

22d 
23d  to  27th 
28th  "  33d 
32d  "  34th 
34th  "  36th 
36th  "  37th 

37th 
37th  to  40th 

37th 
38th  to  39th 
40th  "  41st 
4l8t  "42d 
41st  "  42d 
43d  "  46th 
44th  "  

45th 
46th  "  


1821  to  1831 
1821  "  1861 
1831  "  1833 
1833  "  1843 
1843  "  1856 
1861  "  1857 
1867  "  1861 
1857  "  18(52 

1861  "  1862 

1862  "  1869 
1862 

1863  to  1867 
1867  "  1870 
1871  "  1873 
1869  "  1875 
1873  "  1877 

1875  "  

1877  "  1879 
1879  "  


Served  30  years  as  senator. 

Died  1833. 

Elected  in  place  of  Buckner.     Died  1843. 

Elected  president  pro  (em.  8  Aug.  1846;  and  again,  20  Dec.  1852 

Elected,  defeating  Benton. 

Expelled  10  Jan.  1862. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Polk. 

Appointed  in  place  of  .Johnson. 

Elected  in  place  of  Wilson. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Drake. 

Succeeds  Henderson. 

Elected  to  succeed  Blair.     Died  1877. 

Term  expires  1899. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Bogy. 

Term  expires  1897. 


IVIIssourl  compromUe.  United  States,  1819, 
'20,  '21,  '50,  '54. 

mlth'ridatC,  a  medical  preparation  in  the  forna  of  an 
■electuary,  supposed  to  be  an  antidote  to  poison,  and  the  oldest 
■compound  known,  is  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Mithri- 
•dates,  king  of  Pontus,  about  70  b.c. 

Mithrida'ltC  war,  caused  by  the  massacre  of  80,- 
000  Romans  by  Mithridates  VI.,  king  of  Pontus,  88  b.c.,  and 
remarkable  for  its  duration,  many  sanguinar}'  battles,  and 
cruelties  of  its  commanders.  Mithridates  having  taken  the 
•consul  Aquilius,  made  him  ride  on  an  ass  through  much  of 
Asia,  crying  out,  "  I  am  Aquilius,  consul  of  the  Romans."  He 
is  said  to  have  killed  him  by  causing  melted  gold  to  be  poured 
down  his  throat,  in  derision  of  his  avarice,  85  B.C.  Mithri- 
dates was  defeated  by  Pompey,  66  b.c.  ;  and  committed  sui- 
cide, 63  B.C. 

Mitla,  ancient  ruins  found  in  the  Mexican  state  of 
Oxaca.  The  general  character  and  design  of  the  architect- 
ure and  masonry  is  similar  to  that  at  Palenque,  but  the 
•work  seems  to  indicate  a  higher  degree  of  art  and  science. 
America,  Copan. 

mitrailleuse  (me-trdl-yuz')  or  mitrailleur  {me- 

iral-t/er'),  a  machine-gun  combining  37  or  more  large-bored 
rifles  with  breech-action,  so  that  a  shower  of  bullets  may  be 
rapidly  projected  by  one  man.  It  was  invented  in  Belgium, 
adopted  by  Napoleon  III.  soon  after  the  Prusso-Austrian  war 
in  1866,  and  much  used  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  in  1870. 
When  fired  it  has  a  peculiar  dry,  shrieking,  terrible  sound. 
Modifications  of  the  mitrailleuse  have  been  made  by  Montigny 
and  others.  The  Fosbery  mitrailleuse  was  tried  and  approved 
at  Shoeburyness,  11  Aug.  1870.  It  is  mentioned  in  Grose's 
Military  Antiquities  (1801)  that  in  England,  in  1625,  a  patent 
was  granted  to  William  Drummond  for  a  machine  composed 
of  muskets  joined  together,  by  the  help  of  which  2  soldiers 
can  oppose  100,  and  named  "  thunder  carriage,"  or,  more  usu- 
ally, "  fire  carriage."  An  English  mitrailleuse,  a  modification 
of  the  American  Gatling,  containing  50  cartridges,  was  tried 
at  Woolwich,  18  Jan.  1872 ;  50  were  ordered  to  be  made  by 
Armstrong. 

mitre.  The  cleft  cap  or  mitre  was  worn  by  the  Jewish 
high-priest,  1491  B.C.  It  had  on  it  a  golden  plate  inscribed 
"Holiness  to  the  Lord"  (Exod.  xxxix.  28).  The  most  an- 
cient mitre  closely  resembling  the  present  one  is  upon  the 
seal  of  the  bishop  of  Laon,  in  the  10th  century. — Fosbroke. 
Anciently  the  cardinals  wore  mitres ;  but  the  council  of  Lyons, 
in  1245,  directed  them  to  wear  hats. 

Mityle'ne  or  L<e§bOS,  an  island  of  the  iEgean  sea. 
Near  here  the  Greeks  defeated  and  nearly  destroyed  the  Turk- 
ish fleet,  7  Oct.  1824. 

mnemon'ies  (from  Mnemosyne,  the  goddess  of  memory 
and  mother  of  the  9  muses),  artificial  memorj',  was  introduced 
by  Simonides  the  younger,  477  b.c. — A  rundelian  Marbles.  A 
tractate,  De  A  rte  Memorativa,  by  Roger  Bacon,  exists  in  MS. 
at  Oxford.  Conrad  Celtes,  a  German,  published  a  work  mak- 
ing use  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  instead  of  places,  1492. 
Petrus  de  Ravenna's  Phenix  A  rtes  Memorice,  pub.  Venice,  1491, 
vent  through  9  editions.     Lambert  Schenkel,  1593 ;  Winckel- 


mann,  17th  centurj';  and  Richard  Grey,  1730,  pub.  works 
mnemonics.  Feinaigle's  system  appeared  in  Paris  in  18C 
Kothe's  method,  founded  on  the  laws  of  association,  has  goi 
through  several  editions  in  Germany;  and  dr.  Edwards  PicJ 
work  has  a  wide  circulation.  The  fullest  history  of  mnemoi 
ics  is  that  given  by  J.  C.  von  Aretin.  1810.  In  1848,  pr< 
Fauvel-Gourand  of  Paris  visited  the  principal  American  citi< 
teaching  to  classes  of  many  hundreds  his  improved  systei 
called  "  Phreno-mnemotechny,"  which  is  still  used  by  son 
students.  "  In  certain  cases  mnemonical  devices  may  be  foui 
of  considerable  service;  but  all  systems  which  have  aimed 
completeness  have  been  found  rather  to  puzzle  than  aid  tl 
memory." — Encycl.  Brit.  9th  ed. 

Mo'abites,  descendants  of  Lot,  a  people  living  to  t 
southeast  of  Judaea.  They  were  often  at  war  with  the  Isra 
ites,  and  were  subdued  by  Ehud  about  1336,  by  David  ah 
1040,  and  by  Jehoshaphat,  895  b.c.,  but  often  harassed  tl 
Jews  in  the  decay  of  their  monarchy.  The  discovery  of  a 
stone,  1868,  now  in  the  Louvre,  with  inscription  in  Phoenician 
characters,  said  to  relate  to  Mesha,  king  of  Moab,  referred 
to  in  2  Kings  iii.,  was  announced  in  Jan.  1870,  and  impression.- 
were  exhibited  soon  after,  which  caused  much  discussion  amon;L; 
Orientalists. 

Mobile,  Ala.  The  cit}'  is  situated  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  state,  at  the  mouth  of  Mobile  river,  and  with 
a  harbor  on  the  Gulf  After  the  capture  of  Vicksburg  in 
1863  an  attack  on  this  city  was  contemplated,  but  was  given 
up,  the  president  preferring  a  Red  river  campaign.  On  5 
Aug.  1864.  adm.  Farragut  attacked  forts  Morgan  and  Gaines; 
fort  Powell  was  blown  up ;  on  the  8th  fort  Gaines  was  sur- 
rendered with  its  garrison,  and  fort  Morgan  was  occupied  on 
the  23d.  After  passing  the  forts  on  the  5th,  Farragut  capt- 
ured therara  Tennessee.  The  result  of  his  brief  naval  cam- 
paign \^s  tne  possession  of  Mobile  bay.  After  Hood's  defeat 
at  Nashville  (Dec.  1864),  military  operations  against  Mobile- 
were  commenced.  On  25  Mch.  gen.  Canby  had  the  13th  and 
16th  corps  (under  Gordon  Granger  and  A.  J.  Smith)  at  Dan- 
ley's,  on  Fish  river,  east  of  Mobile.  The  siege  of  Spanish 
fort  was  commenced  on  the  27th.  A  week  before  this  gen. 
Steele,  having  landed  at  Pensacola,  marched  northward  against 
Montgomery,  and,  returning  near  1  Apr.,  joined  the  army  be- 
sieging Mobile.  Spanish  fort  was  evacuated  by  the  confed- 1 
erates  on  8  Apr.,  and  occupied  by  the  federal  troops.  The ; 
next  day  fort  Blakely  was  assaulted  and  captured,  and  Mobile 
was  evacuated  (11,  12  Apr.).  This  was  the  last  campaign  of  ; 
the  civil  war.  Gen.  Richard  Taylor  surrendered  on  4  May. . 
The  population  of  Mobile  decreased  from  32,034  in  1870  to; 
31,205  in  1880,  31,076  in  1890.  ' 

Mock'ern,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  Here  the] 
French  army  under  Eugene  Beauharnais  was  defeated  by  the  \ 
Prussians  under  Yorck,  5  Apr.  1813;  and  here  Blucher  de-| 
feated  the  French,  16  Oct.  1813.  ; 

models.  The  first  were  figures  of  living  persons,  and; 
Dibutades,  the  Corinthian,  is  the  reputed  inventor  of  those ^ 
in  clay.  His  daughter,  being  about  to  be  separated  from  her. 
lover,  traced  his  profile  by  his  shadow  on  the  wall;  her  father 
filled  up  the  outline  with  clay,  which  he  afterwards  baked, 
and  thus  produced  a  figure  of  the  object  of  her  afifection,  giv-j 


MOD 


525 


MON 


ing  rise  to  an  art  till  then  unknown,  about  985  b.c.  Wax- 
works. 

Ttfo'dena,  formerly  Hil'tina,  capital  of  the  late 
diichv  in  central  Italy ;  was  governed  by  the  house  of  Este, 
from  1288  till  1796,  when  the  last  male  of  that  house,  the  reign- 
ing duke  Hercules  III.,  was  expelled  by  the  French.  By  the 
treaty  of  Campo  Formio  the  Modenese  possessions  were  in- 
corporated with  the  Cisalpine  republic,  1797,  and  with  the 
kingdom  of  Italy,  1805.  The  archduke  Francis  of  Este,  son 
of  the  archduke  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  of  Mary,  the  heir- 
ess of  the  last  duke,  was  restored  in  1814.  Modena,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  voting  by  universal  suffrage,  was  annexed  to 
Sardinia  on  18  Mch.  1860.  Fop.  of  the  city,  1881,  31,053 ;  of 
the  province,  1881,  279,254;   1889,  303,541. 

GRAND   DUKES. 

1814:.  Francis  IV.  An  invasion  of  his  states  by  Murat  was  defeated, 
11  Apr.  1815.  He  was  expelled  by  his  subjects  in  1831,  but 
was  restored  by  the  Austrians. 

1846.  Francis  V.  (b.  1  June,  1819)  succeeded  21  Jan.  His  subjects 
rose  against  him  soon  after  the  Italian  war  broke  out,  in 
Apr.  1859.  He  fled  to  Verona,  establishing  a  regency,  11 
June;  which  was  abolished,  13  June;  Farina  was  appointed 
dictator,  27  July;  a  constituent  assembly  was  immediately 
elected,  which  oflfered  the  duchy  to  the  king  of  Sardinia, 
15  Sept.,  who  incorporated  it  with  his  dominions,  18  Mch. 
1860.     Francis  d.  20  Nov.  1875. 

modoc  Indians,  a  small  tribe,  originally  part  of 

the  Klamath  Indians  dwelling  in   northern  California.     In 

1864  they  ceded  their  land  to  the  United  States,  and  were 

removed  to  the  Klamath  reservation  in  1871.     Not  obtaining 

subsistence,  a  part  returned  to  their  old  possessions,  and  their 

able  leader,  capt.  Jack,  defeated  troops  sent  to  expel  them, 

17  Jan.  1873.     During  negotiations  for  a  peaceful  settlement 

■   with  the  U.  S.  commissioners  (11  Apr.)  they  massacred  gen. 

!    Canby  and  commissioner  Thomas.    After  fighting  15,  16  Apr., 

>   the  Indians  retreated  to  almost  impregnable  positions  in  the 

'  lava  beds.     The  troops  were  fired  on  and  suffered  much  loss, 

I  27  Apr.     The  Indians  were  gradually  surrounded.     Jack  and 

!  about  20  warriors  held  out  desperately.     Some  surrendered, 

I  and  he  was  captured  1  June,  tried  July,  and  executed  3  Oct. 

•  1873.     The  remainder  were  placed  on  a  reservation  in  the 

(  Indian  Territory.     California,  Indians. 

!     mGe'§ia,  now  Bo§nia,  Servia,  and  Bulgaria, 

!  was  finally  subdued  by  Augustus,  29  b.c.     It  was  successfully 
invaded  by  the  Goths,  250  a.d.,  who  eventually  settled  here, 
i      Moguls.     Tartary. 
1     lUoliacZ  (mo-hach'),  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary.    Here 

,  Louis,  king  of  Hungary,  defeated  by  the  Turks  under  Solyman 
1 II.  with  the  loss  of  22,000  men,  was  suffocated  by  the  fall  of 
j  his  horse  in  a  muddy  brook,  29  Aug.  1526.  Here  also  prince 
f  Charles  of  Lorraine  defeated  the  Turks,  12  Aug.  1687. 

I    Moiiamniedanisni.    Mahometanism. 

I    moliawks.     Indians,  Long  Hbusfi. 

i     Mohe'gans.     Indians. 

I     HollOCiii,  ruffians  who  went  about  London  at  night 

(Wounding  and  disfiguring  men  and  indecently  exposing  wom- 
en. 100/.  were  offered  by  royal  proclamation  in  1712  for  ap- 
prehending any  of  them. — Northouck. 

Hoiian'na  {ffakim  ben- a  link),  *'  The  Veiled  "  prophet, 

''Hinder  of  a  sect  in  Khorassan  in  the  8th  century.     He  pre- 

eaded  to  be  an  incarnation  of  God,  and  therefore  veiled  his 

ace,  but  really  to  conceal  the  loss  of  an  eye.     He  rebelled 

igainst  the  caliph  Almahdi,  was  for  a  time  successful,  but  was 

iubdued  in  780,  when  he  and  the  remainder  of  his  followers 

ook  poison.     He  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Thomas  Moore, 

n  "  Lalla  Rookh,"  1817. 

Moldavia.     Danubian  principalitieis. 

Moli'nistS,  a  Roman  Catholic  sect,  followers  of  Louis 

wloUna,  a  Jesuit,  1535-1600.     He  maintained  the  harmony 

If  the  doctrines  of  predestination  and  free-will,  1588.      The 

lolinists  subsequently  passed  into  the  Jansenist  controversy. 

ANSENISTS. 

|i  Molly  Maguires,  Irish  Ribbonmen  who  made  forays 

I  fisguised  as  women,  named  from  Cornelius  Maguire,  baron 

I'  Inniskillen,  who  in  1641  took  part  with  sir  Phelim  O'Neil 

I  the  Irish  rebellion. — A  secret  society  in  the  mining  dis- 

icts  of  Pennsylvania,  1870-80. 


Moluc'cas,  an  archipelago  in  the  Indian  ocean  (chief 
island  Amboyna),  discovered  by  Portuguese  about  1511,  and 
held  by  them  secretly  until  the  Spaniards  arrived  and  claimed 
them.  Charles  V.  yielded  them  to  John  HI.  of  Portugal  for 
a  large  sura  of  money,  1529.  The  Dutch  conquered  them  in 
1607,  and  have  held  them  since — except  from  1810  to  1814, 
when  they  were,  subject  to  the  English. 

MolWltZ,  a  town  in  Prussian  Silesia.  Here  the  Prus- 
sians, commanded  by  Frederick  II.,  obtained  a  victory  over 
the  Austrians,  10  Apr.  1741. 

molyb'dcnuin,  a  whitish,  brittle,  almost  infusible 
metal.  Scheele,  in  1778,  discovered  molybdic  acid  in  a  min- 
eral hitherto  confounded  with  graphite.  Hjelm,  1782,  pre- 
pared the  metal  from  molybdic  acid;  and  in  1825  Berzelius 
described  its  chemical  characters. — Gmelin. 

inon'aclliim  (from  the  Gr.  novoQ,  alone).     Catholic 
writers  refer  to  the  prophet  Elijah,  and  the  Nazarites  men- 
tioned in  Numb,  vi.,  as  early  examples.     The  first  Christian 
ascetics  appear  to  be  derived  from  the  Jewish  sect  of  the 
Essenes,  whose    life   was    austere,   practising    celibacj--,  etc. 
About  the  time  of  Constantine  (306-22)  numbers  of  ascetics 
withdrew  into  the  deserts,  and  were  called  hermits,  monks, 
and  anchorets,  of  whom  Paul,  Anthony,  and  Pachomius  were 
most  celebrated.    Simeon,  the  founder  of  the  Stylitae  (or  pillar 
saints),  died  451.   He  is  said  to  have  lived  on  a  pillar  20  years. 
"Three  years  I  lived  upon  a  pillar,  high 
Six  cubits,  and  three  years  on  one  of  twelve; 
And  twice  three  years  I  crouch'd  on  one  that  rose 
Twenty  by  measure;  last  of  all,  I  grew, 
Twice  ten  long  weary,  weary  years  to  this. 
That  numbers  forty  cubits  from  the  soil." 

— Tennyson,  "St.  Simeon  Stylites." 

St.  Benedict,  the  great  reformer  of  western  monachism,  pub- 
lished his  rules  and  established  his  monastery  at  Monte  Ca- 
sino, about  529.  The  Carthusians,  Cistercians,  etc.,  are  vari- 
eties of  Benedictines.  In  964,  by  decree  of  king  Edgar,  all 
married  priests  were  ineffectually  ordered  to  be  replaced  by 
monks.  Religious  orders  expelled  from  France,  by  decree, 
29  Mch.  1880.  The  anchorites  of  the  r2th,  13th,  and  14th 
centuries  must  not  be  confounded  with  anachorets  and  an- 
chorets, or  hermits.  The  former  were  confined  to  cells ;  the 
latter  free  to  go  where  they  pleased.  Abbeys,  Benedictines. 
Hlon'aco,  the  smallest  of  the  sovereign  principalities 
of  Europe,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  9  miles  from  Nice, 
held  by  the  Genoese  family  Grimaldi  since  968.  By  treaty 
on  2  Feb.  1861,  the  prince  ceded  the  communes  of  Roque- 
brune  and  Mentone,  the  chief  part  of  his  dominions,  to  France 
for  4,000,000  francs.  The  present  prince,  Charles  III.,  born 
8  Dec.  1818,  succeeded  his  father  Florestan,  20  June,  1856. 
Heir :  Albert,  born  13  Nov.  1848.  A  commercial  convention 
between  the  prince  and  France,  signed  9  Nov.  1865,  was  re- 
garded as  looking  to  abolition  of  the  French  navigation  laws. 
Petitions  against  Monte  Carlo,  the  great  gaming  establishment, 
Dec.  1880.  It  has  its  own  coinage  and  issues  its  own  postage- 
stamps.     Area,  8  sq.  miles;  pop.  1878,  7049 ;  1890,12,000. 

monarchy.  Historians  reckon  various  grand  mon- 
archies—those of  Assyria,  Babylonia,  Chald^a,  Egypt, 
Greeck,  Media,  Parthia,  Persia,  and  Rome. 

monaiterie^^.    Abbeys. 

Moncontour',  a  town  near  Poitiers,  France.     Here 
adm.  Coligny  and  French  Protestants  were  defeated  with  great 
loss  by  the  duke  of  Anjou  (afterwards  Henry  III.),  3  Oct.  1569. 
"  Oh,  weep  for  Moncontour!     Oh,  weep  for  the  hour 
When  the  children  of  darkness  and  evil  had  power, 
When  the  horsemen  of  Valois  triumphantly  trod 
On  the  bosoms  that  bled  for  their  right  and  their  God!" 

—Macaulay,  "The  Battle  of  Moncontour." 

monetary  conferences,  international,  opened 
at  Paris,  16  Aug.  1878,  and  19  Apr.  1881 ;  Cologne,  11-13  Oct. 
1882;  Paris,  21  July,  5  Aug.  1885;  again  at  Paris,  Sept.  1889. 

money  is  mentioned  as  a  medium  of  commerce  in  Gen. 
xxiii.,  1860  B.C.,  when  Abraham  purchased  a  field  as  a  sepul- 
chre for  Sarah.  The  coinage  of  money  is  ascribed  to  Lydians. 
Moneta  was  the  name  given  to  their  silver  by  the  Romans, 
as  coined  in  the  temple  of  Juno  Moneta,  269  b.c.  Money  was 
made  of  different  metals,  and  even  of  leather  and  other  arti- 
cles, both  in  ancient  and  modern  times.    It  was  made  of  paste- 


MON 


526 


MON 


I 


mon'OChord,  a  box  of  thin  wood,  with  a  bridge,  over 
which  is  stretched  a  wire  or  cord,  said  to  have  been  invented 
by  Pythagoras,  about  600  b.c. 

IVIonongahe'la,  Battle  of.     Pennsylvania,  1755. 

monopolies  (Gr. /xovoTrwXta,  exclusive  sale ;  the  com- 
mand of  the  market  of  anything  for  sale)  were  formerly  so 
numerous  in  England  that  Parliament  petitioned  against  them, 
and  many  were  abolished,  about  1601-2.  Others  were  sup- 
pressed by  21  Jas.  I.  1624.  Sir  Giles  Mompesson  and  sir 
Francis  Mitchell  were  punished  for  abuse  of  monopolies,  1621. 
In  1630,  Charles  I.  established  monopolies  of  soap,  salt,  leath- 
er, and  other  common  things,  to  supply  a  revenue  without 
Parliament.  It  was  enacted  that  none  should  be  in  future 
created  by  royal  patent,  16  Chas  1. 1640.  Monopolies  estab- 
lished in  France  ruinous  to  that  country  prior  to  the  revolu- 
tion of  1789.  In  the  United  States  monopolies  are  formed  for 
controlling  the  market  by  means  of  enormous  capital,  suffi- 
cient to  buy  up  any  article  for  which  there  is  a  demand,  hold- 
ing it,  and  thus  making  a  price  for  it,  or  in  crowding  out  of 
business  in  various  ways  all  competitors  of  less  means,  although 
equally  capable  of  rendering  the  service  of  supplying  the  com- 
modity. Monopolies  thus  constitute  the  most  serious  evils  of 
modern  times — evils  that  in  time  will  require  to  be  abolished 
by  government. 

Monotll'elites,  heretics  who  affirmed  that  Jesus 
Christ  had  but  one  will ;  were  favored  by  the  emperor  Herac- 
lius,  630 ;  they  merged  into  the  Eutychians. 

IVIonroe,  James,  administration  of.  United  -States, 
1817-25. 

Monroe  doctrine.  United  States,  2  Dec. 
1823.  The  doctrine  has  been  repeatedly  reaffirmed  as  the 
settled  policy  of  the  people  and  government  of  the  United 
States. 


Monta'na,  a  northwestern  frontier  state  of  the  Uiute< 
States,  is  included  almost  wholly  between  lat.  45°  and  49< 
N.,  and  Ion.  104°  and  116°  W 
It  is  bounded  on  the  nortli 
by  Britisli  America,  east  bj 
North  Dakota  and  South  Da 
kota,  south  by  Wyoming,  th( 
Yellowstone  National  park 
and  Idaho,  and  west  by  Idaho 
Area,  146,080  sq.  miles  in  1( 
counties;  pop.  1890,  132,159 
Capital,  Helena. 

Sieur  de  la  Verendrye  and 
his   sons,  with   a   party 
of   explorers,  leave    the 
Lake   of  the    Woods,  29 
Apr.  1742;  they  reach  the  upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone 

rivers  and  arrive  at  the  Kooky  mountains Jan.  11'. 

Lewis  and  Clarke's  expedition  cross  Montana  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  Returning,  capt.  Lewis  descends  the  Missouri  from 
the  Great  falls,  and  capt.  Clarke  the  Yellowstone  from  Liv- 
ingstone, and  meet  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone li 

Emanuel  Lisa  builds  a  trading-post  on  the  Yellowstone 18( 

Gen.  William  H.  Ashley  of  St.  Louis  builds  a  trading -post  on 

the  Yellowstone 18! 

American  Fur  company  builds  fort  Union  on  the  Missouri,  3 

miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone 18! 

Steamboat  Assiniboine,  huWt  by  the  American  Fur  company, 
ascends  the  Missouri  to  fort  Union  in  1833;  winters  near  the 
mouth  of  Poplar  creek,  60  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Yellowstone 18 


boanl  by  the  Hollanders  so  late  as  1574.  The  czar  Nicholas 
struck  coins  in  platinum.  Coin,  Continental  money,  Cop- 
per, Gold,  Silver. 

monoyem  travelled  with  early  English  kings,  and 
coined  money  as  required.     Mint. 

mongols.     Tartary. 

Monitor  and  Merrimac.  Hampton  Roads,  Va., 
1861 ;  Naval  battles. 

monitorial  §ysteni  in  education,  in  which  pupils 
arp  employed  as  teachers,  was  used  by  dr.  Bell  in  the  orphan 
asylum  at  Madras  in  1795,  and  by  Joseph  Lancaster  in  Lon- 
don.   Education. 

mollis.       MONACHISM. 

M<»nniOUth,  Battle  of.  Sir  Henry  Clinton  left  Phil- 
adelphia for  New  York  on  18  June,  1778,  with  11,000  British 
and  an  immense  baggage  and  provision  train.  Washington 
pursued  him,  harassed  him  in  New  Jersey,  and  engaged  him 
ne'ar  Monmouth  Court-house  on  Sunday,  28  June,  1778.  The 
battle  lasted  all  day.  It  was  exceedingly  sultry,  and  more 
than  50  American  soldiers  died  of  exhaustion.  Night  closed 
the  conflict.  Towards  midnight  Clinton  silently  withdrew 
to  avoid  another  engagement  in  the  morning,  and  escaped, 
leaving  many  sick  and  wounded  behind.  The  Americans  lost 
228;  less  than  70  were  killed.  The  British  left  about  300 
dead  on  the  field.    It  was  in  this  battle  that  gen.  Charles  ^^^,y^S?'^S^j-i^-^;-^,i;,i;{^\^-yi^-^aiu;il.i^\. 

in  command  of  the  advance,  received  a  reproof  from  gen.'      Gallatin  valley 1840 

Washington,  that  finally  led  to  Lee's  dismissal. 

IIIonniOUth'§  rebellion.  James,  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth (b.  at  Rotterdam,  9  Apr.  1649),  a  natural  son  of 
Charles  II.  by  Lucy  Waters,  was  banished  England  for  his 
connection  with  the  Rye -house  plot,  in  1683.  He  invaded 
England  at  Lyme,  11  June,  1685 ;  was  proclaimed  king  at 
Taunton,  20  June;  was  defeated  at  Sedgmoor,  near  Bridge- 
water,  6  July ;  and  beheaded  on  Tower  hill,  15  July. 

MonOC'aey,  Md.,  Battle  of.  Here  on  9  July,  1864, 
gen.  Lew.  Wallace  with  a  force  of  about  5500  men  success- 
fully resisted  for  8  hours  a  Confederate  force  of  about  20,000 
under  gen.  Early,  and  prevented  his  reaching  Washington. 
Federal  loss,  98  killed,  579  wounded,  and  1282  missing. 


De  Smet  establishes  a  mission  on  the  St.  Mary's  river  in  the 
Bitter  Root  valley Sept.  1842 

De  Smet  establishes  St.  Ignatius  mission  in  the  Flathead  Lake 
valley 1845 

American  Fur  company  builds  fort  Benton 1846 

Steamboat  El  Paso  reaches  the  mouth  of  Milk  river 1850 

Francis  Finlay,  alias  "Benetsee,"  a  half-breed  Scotch  and  Ind- 
ian trader,  settled  in  what  is  now  Deer  Lodge  county  on 
Gold  creek,  discovers  gold,  and  takes  a  sample  to  Angus  Mc- 
Donald at  the  Hudson  Bay  company's  post  near  St.  Ignatius,  1852 

Gov.  Isaac  I.  Stevens  explores  a  route  for  a  Northern  Pacific 
railroad  from  St.  Paul  across  Montana  to  the  Pacific  ocean, 
under  authority  of  Congress 1853 

Sir  George  Gore  leaves  St.  Louis  with  40  men,  explores  the 
headwaters  of  Powder  river,  and  builds  a  fort  on  Tongue 

river,  8  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Yellowstone 1855 

[In  this  part  of  Montana  lies  the  peculiar  tract  termed  by 
the  French  Mauvaises  Terres  (Bad  Lands),  usually  described 
as  the  Little  Missouri  Bad  Lands,  extending  from  that  riv 
west  to  the  Little  Big  Horn,  or  from  104°  Ion.  W.  to  108°  W. 
watered  by  the  Powder,  Tongue,  and  Rosebud  rivers.  Th' 
labyrinth  of  ravines  and  singular  and  grotesque  forms,  devoid 
of  vegetation,  covers  in  the  aggregate  from  1600  to  2000  sq. 
miles.  This  singular  formation  is  caused  primarily  by  the 
subterranean  fires  of  lignite  coal  veins  or  beds,  and  seconda- 
rily, by  the  action  of  water.] 

John  Silverthorn  trades  tobacco  and  supplies  with  "  Benetsee  " 
for  gold-dust 1858 

Stern-wheel  steamboat,  the  Chippewa,  reaches  fort  Brn\6, 12 
miles  b«low  fort  Benton 17  July,  1859 

Chippewa  reaches  fort  Benton,  the  first  steamboat  to  arrive 
there,  but  is  followed  the  same  day  by  the  Key  West,  2  July,  1860 

Capt.  James  Fisk's  first  expedition,  consisting  of  100  men  and 
30  women  and  children  from  Minnesota,  arrives  at  Gold 
creek,  Deer  Lodge  county 26  Sept.  1862 

Discovery  of  gold  in  the  Alder  gulch  near  present  site  of  Vir- 
ginia City,  Madison  county,  by  a  party  of  prospectors  con- 
sisting of  AVilliam  Fairweather  and  others 22  May,  1863 

Twenty-four  outlaws,  including  the  sheriff"  and  2  deputies,  hung 
by  a  vigilance  committee,  and  8  banished.  At  their  trial 
and  by  confession  it  was  found  that  these  outlaws  had  mur- 
dered 102  people  in  Montana Dec.  1863-Feb.  1864 

Law  creating  Montana  territory  out  of  a  portion  of  Idaho  ap- 
proved by  pres.  Lincoln 26  May,    " 

Gold  discovered  in  "Last  Chance  gulch,"  in  Lewis  and  Clarke 
county,  on  present  site  of  Helena 21  July,    " 

Montana  Post,  first  newspaper  in  the  territory,  started  at  Vir- 
ginia City 

Historical  society  of  Montana  incorporated 2  Feb.  186.5 

First  National  bank  of  Helena,  the  first  in  Montana,  organized,  1866 

Helena  Herald  first  issued 

Steamer  Key  West  leaves  Sioux  City,  14  Apr.  1869,  reaches  the 
Yellowstone  6  May,  and  ascends  that  river  to  Powder  river, 
a  distance  of  245  m iles 1'°^ 

Congress  sets  apart  a  tract  near  the  headwaters  of  the  Yellow- 
stone as  a  public  park ;  a  small  portion  lies  in  Montana,  bor- 
dering on  Wyoming 1  Mch.  1B<2 

Expedition  under  Thomas  P.  Roberts  explores  the  upper  Mis-    ^^ 
souri  from  the  three  forks  down  to  fort  Benton ' 

Seat  of  government  removed  from  Virginia  City  to  Helena 18"5 

Gen.  Forsythe,  under  orders  from  gen.  Sheridan,  explores  the 
Yellowstone,  leaving  Bismarck  in  the  steamer  Josephine,    ^^ 
15  June,  ascending  to  Huntley,  418  miles June, 

Sioux  Indians  under  Sitting  Bull,  near  the  Little  Big  Horn 

"•         ■  I 


1876 
1879 


MON  ,    527 

river,  massacre  gen.  George  A.  Custer,  with  5  companies 

(276  men)  of  the  7th  cavalry,  no  man  escaping '25  June, 

Fort  Assiniboine,  near  the  Milk  river,  established 9  May, 

Uncalled  territorial  bonds,  amounting  to  $45,000,  redeemed 
and  cancelled,  thus  extinguishing  all  registered  indebtedness 

of  the  territory 1  Mch.  1883 

Henry  Villard,  president  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  com- 
pletes the  work  on  that  road,  by  driving  the  last  spike  oppo- 
site the  entrance  of  (iold  creek  into  Deer  Lodge  river,  8  Sept.     " 
Settlement  in  Deer  Lodge  and  Gallatin  counties  of  monogamic 

Mormons  ex|)elled  from  Utah  for  apostasy " 

College  of  Montana  at  Deer  Lodge,  opened  in  1883,  chartered,  1884 
Constitutional  convention  meets  14  Jan.  1884,  and  adjourns  9 
Feb. ;  its  constitution  was  ratified  by  the  people,  4  Nov.,  and 

submitted  to  Congress,  asking  admission  into  the  Union " 

First  steamboat  to  successfully  navigate   the  Missouri  river 

above  Great  falls  is  launched  at  Townsend 1886 

Territorial  legislature  passes  a  local-option  act,  and  provides 

for  the  observance  of  Arbor  day 1887 

Coal-mining  begun  in  Cascade  county 1888 

Montana  admitted  to  the  Union  by  act  of  Congress 22  Feb.  1889 

Legislature  passes  an  Australian  Ballot  act " 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Helena,4  July,  1889;  adopts 
a  constitution  and  adjourns,  17  Aug.     Constitution  ratified 

by  the  people,  24,676  for  and  2274  against 1  Oct.     " 

Proclamation  of  pres.  Harrison,  admitting  Montana  into  the 

Union  as  a  state 8  Nov.     " 

U.  S.  penitentiary  at  Deer  Lodge  becomes  the  property  of  the 

state  of  Montana  upon  its  admission " 

Owing  to  a  dispute  concerning  the  election  returns  in  Silver 
Bow  county,  a  Democratic  and  Republican  House,  each  claim- 
ing a  quorum  of  30  members,  including  those  from  the  dis- 
puted county,  convene.  Gov.  Toole,  Democrat,  sends  a  mes- 
sage to  the  Senate,  comprised  of  8  Republicans  and  8  Demo- 
crats, and  a  Republican  lieutenant-governor,  and  to  the 
Democratic  House  also.  The  Republican  Senate  elects  2  U.  S. 
senators,  and  the  House  and  Senate  in  joint  session  elect  2 

Democratic  U.  S.  senators Dec.     " 

To  block  legislation,  the  8  Democratic  senators  flee  the  state, 
6  going  to  the  Pacific  coast  and  2  to  St.  Paul,  until  the  ses- 
sion expires  by  constitutional  limitation 5  Feb.  1890 

Three  Indian  chiefs  of  the  Comanches,  Cheyennes,  and  Arapa- 
hoes,  meet  near  Crow  agency  to  behold  the  Great  Si)irit  on 

the  rocks;  beginning  of  the  Messiah  craze 3  June,     " 

Rival  houses  of  the  legislature  agree;  the  Republicans  to  have 
28  members,  the  Democrats  27  and  the  speaker,  subordinate 

offices,  and  control  of  committees 29  Jan.  1891 

Montana  university  opened  at  Helena;  first  graduation.  .June,     " 

September  1st  made  a  legal  holiday,  as  "Labor  day  "' " 

Legislature  failing  to  elect  a  U.  S.  senator,  the  governor  appoints 
Lee  Mantle, which  appointee  the  senate  refuses  to  seat,  28  Aug.  1893 
TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

I    Sydney  Edgerton term  begins 22  June,  1864 

I    Thomas  Francis  Meagher..      acting     1865 

;    Green  Clay  Smith term  begins 13  July,  1866 

,    James  M.  Ashley ••    •      9  Apr.  1869 

i    Benjamin  F.  Potts '•  13  July,  1870 

s  John  Schuyler  Crosby "  1883 

I    B.  Piatt  Carpenter "  1884 

'   Samuel  T.  Hauser "  1885 

;   Preston  H,  Leslie "         1887 

1   Benjamin  F.  White "         1889 

i  STATE   GOVERNORS. 

i  Joseph  K.  Toole term  begins 

[  John  E.  Kickards "  


MON 


8  Nov.  1889 

Ian.  1893 

UNITED    STATES    SENATORS   FROM  THE   STATE  OF   MONTANA. 


Name. 


Wilbur  F.  Sander 
Thomas  C.  Power 

Vacant 

Lee  Mantle 

Thos.  H.  Carter. . 


No.  of  Congress. 

Fifty-first"^ 

Fifty-third 
Fifty-fourth 


Date. 


1890  to  1893 
1890  "  


1895  to  ■ 
1895  "  . 


Remarks 


Seated  16  Apr.  1890 
Term  expires,  1895 


j      Mon'taili§t§,  followers  of  Montanus  of  Ardaba,  in  My- 

{M&,  about  171,  who  was  reputed  to  have  the  gift  of  prophecy, 

land  proclaimed  hintiself  the  Conaforter  promised  by  Christ. 

I  He  condemned  second   marriages,  permitted  dissolution  of 

;  marriage,  forbade  avoiding  martyrdom,  and  ordered  a  severe 

fast  of  3  lents;  he  hanged  himself  with  Maximilla,  one  of  his 

female  scholars,  before  the  close  of  the  2d  century.— Care. 

The  eloquent  father  TertuUian  joined  the  sect,  204.      The 

ibest  work  on  the  Montanistic  movement  in  the  early  church 

■18  Ritschl's  "  Der  Montanismus  und  die  christliche  Kirche  des 

2ten  Jahrhunderts,"  Tubingen,  1841. 

Mont  Blanc  (mow  bhn'),  in  the  Swiss  (Pennine)  Alps, 
the  highest  mountain  in  Europe,  is  15,781  feet  above  the  sea 
level.  The  summit  was  first  reached  by  Saussure,  aided  by 
:a  guide  named  Balma,  on  2  Aug.  1787 ;  again  by  dr.  Hamel 
(when  3  guides  perished)  in  1820,  and  by  many  before  and 
Hnce.  Accounts  of  the-  ascents  of  John  Auldjo,  Charles  Fel- 
ows  (1827),  and  prof.  Tyndall  (1857-58),  have  been  published. 
)7  ascents  reported  in  1873.  Alps. 
Mont  Ceni§  (mon  sa-ne').     Alps,  Tunnels. 


lUonteberio,  a  village  in  Piedmont,  where  Lannes  de- 
feated the  Austrians,  9  June,  1800,  and  acquired  his  title  of  duke 
of  Montebello ;  and  where,  after  a  contest  of  6  hours,  the  French 
and  Sardinians  defeated  the  Austrians,  who  lost  about  1000 
killed  and  wounded,  and  200  prisoners,  20  May,  1859.  The 
French  lost  about  670  men,  including  gen.  Beuret. 

Hon'te  Car'Io.     Monaco. 

IHon'te  Ca§i'no,  a  mountain  in  central  Italy.  Here 
Benedict  formed  his  first  monastery,  529,  and  organized  the 
order  of  the  Benedictines.  After  affording  a  refuge  for  many 
eminent  persons,  its  monastic  character  was  abolished  by  the 
Italian  government  in  1866,  care  being  taken  of  its  historical 
and  literary  monuments. 

monte  di  pieta  (mon'te  de pe'a-ta),  charitable  insti- 
tutions for  advancing  money  on  pledges,  first  established  at 
Perugia,  Florence,  Mantua,  and  other  Italian  cities,  1462  et  seq. 
The  Franciscans,  in  1493,  began  to  receive  interest,  which  was 
permitted  by  the  pope  in  1515. — iJ/on^s-t/e-/>z^/e,  established  in 
France  1777,  were  suppressed  by  the  Revolution,  but  restored 
1804;  regulated  by  law,  1851-52.     Pawnbroking. 

Montenegro  (mon-ta-na'-gro),  an  independent  prin- 
cipality in  European  Turkey,  was  conquered  by  Solyman  II. 
in  1526;  rebelled  early  in  the  18th  century,  and  established 
an  hereditary  hierarchical  government  in  the  family  of  Petro- 
vitsch  Njegosch — permitted,  but  not  recognized,  by  the  Porte. 
Its  independence  was  declared  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July, 
1878.  Area,  3630  sq.  miles ;  pop.  about  236,000.  Capital, 
Cettinje.  princes. 

1851.  Daniel,  b.  25  May,  1826;  assassinated,  13  Aug.  1860. 
1860.  Nicolas,  or  Nikita  (nephew),  b.  7  Oct.  1841;  married  princess 
Milena,  8  Nov.  1860.     Heir  :  Danilo,  b.  29  June,  1871. 

niontenot'tC,  a  village  in  Piedmont,  site  of  Bona- 
parte's first  victory  over  the  Austrians,  12  Apr.  1796. 

IVIoiltereau  {mon-te-ro'),  a  town  near  Paris.  On  the 
bridge  of  Montereau,  at  a  meeting  with  the  dauphin,  John. the 
Fearless,  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  killed  by  Tanneguy  de  Chatel 
in  1419.  This  led  to  Henrj'  V.'s  conquest  of  France,  the 
young  duke  Philip  joining  the  English.  Here  the  allied  armies 
were  defeated  by  the  French,  commanded  by  Napoleon,  with 
great  loss;  but  it  was  one  of  his  last  triumphs,  18  Feb.  1814. 

Monterey',  a  city  of  Mexico,  founded Ijy  the  Spaniards, 
1596.     Mexican  war. 

Montferrat'  (Lombardy),  house  of,  celebrated  in  the 
history  of  the  Crusades,  began  with  Alderan,  who  was  made 
marquess  of  Montferrat,  by  Otho,  about  967.  Conrad  of  Mont- 
ferrat  became  lord  of  Tyre,  and  reigned  from  1187  to  1191, 
when  he  was  assassinated.  William  IV.  died  in  a  cage  at 
Alexandria,  having  been  thus  imprisoned  19  months,  1292. 
Violante,  daughter  of  John  II.,  married  Andronicus  Palaeolo- 
gus,  emperor  of  the  east.  Their  descendants  ruled  in  Italy 
amid  perpetual  contests  till  1533,  when  John  George  Palaeolo- 
gus  died  without  issue.  His  estates  passed,  after  much  con- 
tention, to  Frederick  II.,  Gonzaga,  marquess  of  Mantua,  in 
1536,  and  next  to  the  duke  of  Savoy. 

IVIontg'Oniery.  Alabama;  Confederate  States ; 
United  States,  1861. 

]fIontg°oniery,  Fort.     Fort  Montgomery. 

month  (from  mona,  Anglo-Saxon  moon),  the  12th  part 
of  the  calendar  year.     Calendar,  French  revolutionary 
calendar,  January  and  other  months,  Jewish  Era,  Ma- 
hometan year.  Year. 
Lunar  month. — The  period  of  one  revolution  of  the  moon  around 

the  earth  (synodical);  mean  length,  29  d.  12  h.  44  min.  2.87  sec. 
Sidereal  month. — Time  of  moon's  revolution  from  a  star  to  the 

same  again,  27  d.  7  h.  43  min.  11.5  sec. 
Solar  month. — The  time  the  sun  passes  through  one  sign  of  the 

zodiac,  30  d.  10  h.  29  min.  4.1  sec. 
Information  respecting  the  months  of  the  Egyptians,  Jews,  Greeks, 

Romans.  Persians,  and  other  nations  will  be  found  in  sir  H.  Nico- 

las's  "Chronology  of  History." 

Montiel,  Spain,  battle  of,  14  Mch.  1369,  between  Peter 
the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile,  and  his  brother,  Henry  of  Trasta- 
mare,  aided  by  the  French  warrior  Bertrand  du  Guesclin. 
Peter  was  defeated,  and  afterwards  treacherously  slain. 

Montlhery  {mon-la'-ree),  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  site  of 
an  indecisive  battle  between  Louis  XI.  and  a  party  of  nobles, 
termed  "  The  League  of  the  Public  Good,"  16  July,  1465. 

IVIontmar'tre,  heights  of,  near  Paris,  taken  by  Blu- 


MON  f 

cber,  30  Mch.  1814 ;  fortified  during  the  communist  insurrection, 
Mch.  1871;  and  retaken  by  the  army  of  Versailles,  28  May. 

Montniirail  (mon-me-rdl'),  a  town  of  Marne,  France. 
Here  Napoleon  defeated  the  allies,  U  Feb.  1814. 

montrcal',  the  second  citv  in  Lower  Canada,  built  by 
the  French,  about  1642.  Pop.  1871, 107,225;  1891,  216,650. 
Canada  ;  Fkknch  in  America ;  Nkw  Yokk,  1775. 

niOlllinient  of  London,  built  by  sir  Christopher 
Wren,  1671-77,  in  commemoration  of  the  great  fire.  Its  ped- 
estal is  40  feet  high,  and  its  total  height  202  feet,  the  distance 
of  its  base  from  the  spot  where  the  fire  commenced.  It  cost 
about  14,500/.  The  staircase  is  of  345  black  marble  steps.  Of 
the  4  original  inscriptions,  2^  were  Latin,  and  the  following  in 
English — cut  in  1681,  obliterated  by  James  II.;  recut  in  the 
reign  of  William  III. ;  and  finally  erased  by  order  of  the  com- 
mon council,  26  Jan.  1831 : 

THIS  PILLAR  WAS  SET  VP  IS  PKRPKTVAL  RRMEMBRANCE  OF  THAT 
MOST  ORBADFVL  BVRN'ING  OP  THIS  PROTESTANT  CITY,  BEGVN  AND 
CARRTBD  ON  BY  Y«  TRKACHBRY  AND  MALICE  OP  Y*  POPISH  FACTION, 
IN  Y«  BEGINNING  OP  8EPTKM.  IN  Y«  YEAR  OF  OVR  LORD  1666,  IN 
ORDER  TO  T«  CARRYING  ON  THEIR  HORRID  PLOT  FOR  EXTIRPATING 
T«  PROTESTANT  RELIGION  AND  OLD  ENGLISH  LIBERTY,  AND  Y*  INTRO- 
DVCING   POPERY   AND   SLAVERY. 

This  provoked  Pope's  indignant  lines : 

"Where  London's  column,  pointing  at  the  skies, 
Like  a  tall  bully,  lifts  the  head,  and  lies." 
Several  have  lost  their  lives  by  falling  from  this  monument 
accidentally  or  voluntarily.     Lyon  Levy,  a  Jewish  diamond- 
merchant,  of  considerable  respectability,  threw  himself  from 
it,  18  Jan.  1810,  an  occurrence  noted  by  Barham  in  the  "  In- 
goldsby  Legends  "  in  "  Misadventures  at  Margate,"  viz. : 
"  And  now  I'm  here,  from  this  here  pier  it  is  my  fixed  intent 
To  jump,  as  Mister  Levi  did  from  off  the  Monument!" 

monuments.  The  principal  monuments  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  are  the  Bunker  Hill,  Washington's,  Bartholdi's 
"  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World,"  Lincoln's,  Garfield's,  and 
Grant's.  See  separate  articles,  Baltimore,  Boston,  Chicago, 
New  Yokk,  Obelisk,  Soldiers'  monuments,  Washington. 

moon,  a  satellite,  and  the  only  one  of  the  earth.  Opac- 
ity of  the  moon,  and  the  true  causes  of  lunar  eclipses,  taught 
by  Thales,  640  b.c.  Hipparchus  made  observations  on  the 
moon  at  Rhodes,  127  b.c.  Posidonius  accounted  for  the  tides 
from  the  motion  of  the  moon,  and  said  that  the  moon  borrows 
her  light  from  the  sun,  79*B.c.—Biog.  Laert.  Its  diameter  is 
about  2162  miles,  and  it  revolves  around  the  earth  in  27  d.  7  h. 
43  min.  11.461  sec.  at  a  mean  distance  of  237,300  miles,  its 
distance  varying  between  253,000  and  221,600  miles;,  eccen- 
tricity of  its  orbit,  mean,  0.05484;  apparent  diameter,  29'  21" 
and  33'  31";  its  mean  diameter,  31'  5" — nearly  the  same  as 
the  sun,  30'.  Its  surface  is  about  14,568,000  sq.  miles,  and  its 
volume  near  5,200,000,000  cubic  miles.  The  moon's  axis  is 
nearly  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit,  deviating  there- 
from by  an  angle  of  only  1^  32'  9".  There  are  therefore, 
properly  speaking,  no  seasons  on  the  moon.  That  the  same 
hemisphere  of  the  moon  is  constantly  turned  towards  the  earth 
is  due  to  its  rotation  on  its  axis  being  equal  to  the  time  of  its 
revolution  in  its  orbit.  As  the  moon  has  a  slight  oscillatory 
or  balancing  motion,  called  libration,  we  are  enabled  to  see, 
according  to  Arago,  -f-^^  of  its  surface,  while  ^-^^  remains  al- 
ways unseen.  When  viewed  with  the  naked  eye  the  moon's 
disk  shows  parts  much  darker  than  others;  for  this  conjectural 
causes  have  been  given,  one  being  the  shadows  cast  by  its  im- 
mense mountain  ranges,  over  20,000  ft.  high,  and  filled  with 
volcanoes  (supposed  extinct)  with  craters  large  and  very  deep. 
Many  of  these  have  been  named,  as  Tycho,  Kepler,  Copernicus, 
Teneriffe,  Archimedes,  Pico,  etc.  It  has  no  perceptible  atmos- 
phere ;  if  any  exists,  it  does  not  extend  a  mile  above  its  sur- 
face. It  is  probably  without  water,  and  therefore  without 
animal  or  vegetable  life.  Years  of  observations  at  various  sta- 
tions have  proved  that  the  moon  has  no  discoverable  influence 
on  the  weather.  Light  of  the  moon :  if  the  whole  sky  was 
covered  with  full  moons  it  would  not  give  daj'light.  The  heat 
of  the  moon's  rays  is  only  observable  by  most  delicate  tests, 
and  has  been  demonstrated  by  experiment  within  a  few  years ; 
but  the  sun's  heat  at  the  surface  of  the  moon,  according  to  sir 
J.  Herschel,  is  equal  to  212°  F.,  or  the  boiling-point  of  water. 
The  moon's  centre  of  gravity  does  not  coincide  with  its  cen- 
tre of  figure,  but  is  33  miles  farther  from  us  according  to 
Hansen,  whose  estimate  is  not  accepted  by  all  astronomers. 


MOR 


I 


Maps  of  the  moon  constructed  by  Hevelius,  1647  ;  Cassini 

Beer  and  Madler's  map  pub 1834 

Hansen's  "Tables  of  the  Moon,"  calculated  at  the  expense  of 
the  British  and  Danish  governments,  pub.  by  the  latter igfit 

Prof  John  Phillips  invited  the  British  Association  to  make  ar- 
rangements to  obtain  a  "systematic  representation  of  the 
physical  aspect  of  the  moon  " 1862 

British  Association  "lunar  committee  "  publish  2  sections  of  a 
map  of  the  moon,  on  a  scale  of  200  inches  to  her  diameter,  July,  186T 

Photographs  of  the  moon  tiikeu  by  Draper  at  New  York,  1840; 
by  Bond,  1850;  by  Warren  de  la  Rue,  1857;  by  Rutherford...  1871 

Earl  of  Rosse  experiments  on  lunar  radiation  of  heat 1868-73 

Prof  J.  F.  Julius  Schmidt,  of  Athens,  completed  his  map  of  the 
moon  after  34  years'  work;  diameter  2  metres 187| 

Edmund  Nelson  pub,  "  The  Moon,  and  the  Conditions  and  Con- 
figurations of  its  Surface  " July,  187fl 

Prof  Schmidt's  map  pub.  at  Berlin i 

James  Nasmyth  and  J.  Carpenter  pub.  the  result  of  many 
years'  observations,  in  "The  Moon,"  1874;  new  edition ] 

Prof.  S.  P.  Langley,  of  Washington,  I).  C,  published  the  results 
of  experiments  relative  to  the  temperature  of  the  moon,  Nov.  188' 

C.  V.  Boys,  of  South  Kensington,  announced  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution his  demonstration  of  the  heat  of  the  moon  by  a 
very  sensitive  thermopile  of  quartz  filaments,  according  to  ^ 
the  anticipations  of  prof  Piazzi  Smyth 17  April  et  seq.  189^ 

Eclipses. 

Hoore'i  Creek  Bridge,  N.  C,  battle  at,  be 

tween  Americans,  1000  strong,  and  Tory  Scotch  settlers,  iium 
bering  1500,  on  27  Feb.  1776.  The  Tories  were  beaten,  losini 
70  ;  the  Americans  none. 

Moore,  properly  the  natives  of  Mauritania,  but  Nu 
midians  and  others,  and  now  natives  of  Morocco  and  th 
neighborhood,  are  so  called.  They  often  rebelled  against  th  _ 
Roman  emperors,  and  assisted  Genseric  and  the  Vandals  in' 
invading  Africa,  429.  They  resisted  the  Arab  Mahometans, 
but  were  overcome  in  707,  and  in  1019  by  them  introduced 
into  Spain,  where  their  arms  were  long  victorious.  In  1063 
they  were  defeated  in  Sicily  by  Roger  Guiscard.  The  Moor- 
ish kingdom  of  Granada  was  set  up  in  1237,  and  lasted  till 
1492,  when  it  fell  before  Ferdinand  V.  of  Castile,  mainly  owing 
to  internal  discord.  The  expulsion  of  Moors  from  Spain  was 
decreed  by  Charles  V.,  but  not  fully  carried  out  till  1609,  when 
the  bigotry  of  Philip  III.  completed  the  work.  About  lolS 
the  Moors  established  the  piratical  states  of  Algiers  and 
Tunis.  In  the  history  of  Spain,  Arabs  and  Moors  must  not 
be  confounded.    Morocco. 

moral  philosophy,  the  science  of  ethics,  defined  as 
knowledge  of  our  dutj',  and  the  art  of  being  virtuous  and  hap- 
py. Socrates  (about  430  B.C.)  is  regarded  as  father  of  ancient,, 
and  Grotius  (about  1623)  of  modern.     Ethics,  Philosophy. 

IWorat',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  where  Charles  the  Bold 
of  Burgundy  was  defeated  by  the  Swiss,  22  June,  1476.  A 
monument,  made  of  the  bones  of  the  vanquished,  was  de- 
stroyed by  French  in  1798,  and  a  stone  column  erected^ 
400th  anniversary  kept,  1876. 

lHora'via,  an  Austrian  province,  occupied  by  Slavoni- 
ans about  548,  and  conquered  by  Avars  and  Bohemians,  who 
submitted  to  Charlemagne.  About  1000  it  was  subdued  by 
Boleslas  I.  of  Poland,  but  recovered  by  Ulrich  of  Bohemia  in 
1030.  After  various  changes,  Moravia  and  Bohemia  were 
united  with  Austria  in  1526.  Moravia  was  invaded  by  Prus- 
sians in  1866,  who  made  headquarters  at  Briinn,  the  capital, 
13  July.  The  demand  of  the  Moravians  for  home  rule  was 
resisted  Oct.  1871.    Area,  8583  sq.  miles  ;  pop.  1890,  2,276,870. 

lIoravian§  or  United  Brethren,  said  to 

have  been  part  of  the  Hussites,  who  withdrew  into  Moravia 
in  the  15th  century,  but  the  brethren  refer  their  sect  to  the 
Greek  church  of  the  9th  century.  In  1722  they  formed  a  set- 
tlement called  Herrnhut,  "  the  watch  of  the  Lord,"  on  the 
estate  of  count  Zinzendorf.  Their  church  consisted  of  50O 
persons  in  1727.  They  were  introduced  into  England  by  count 
Zinzendorf  about  1738;  he  died  at  Chelsea  in  June,  1760. 
In  1851  they  had  32  chapels  in  England.  They  are  zealou-s 
missionaries,  and  founded  settlements  in  foreign  parts  about 
1732.  London  Association  founded  in  1817.  In  1735  a  num- 
ber came  over  to  Georgia,  first  Moravian  settlement  in  the 
United  States.  In  1738  most  of  these  removed  to  Pennsylva- 
nia, owing  to  Georgia's  trouble  with  Spaniards  in  Florida,  and 
in  1741  founded  on  the  Lehigh  the  town  soon  after  named 
Bethlehem  by  count  Zinzendorf,  then  for  the  first  time  in  ! 
America.  Their  labors  among  the  Indians  extended  far  and 
wide.     The  first  Indian  congregation  gathered  by  Moravians.  ' 


i 


MOR 


529 


MOR 


was  at  Pino  Plains,  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  at  a  place  called 
She-kom-e-ko.  Many  Indian  converts  were  killed  by  the 
whites,  though  not  on  account  of  their  religion.  Ohio,  1782 ; 
Pennsylvania,  1763-64,  According  to  the  census  of  1890, 
Moravians  have  in  the  U.  S.  94  churches ;  church  property, 
$681,250 :  communicants,  over  12,000. 

More'a,  a  name  given  to  the  Peloponnesus  in  the  13th 
century.     Gkeece. 

THorey  letter.  During  the  presidential  campaign 
of  1880  a  letter  on  the  Chinese  question,  purporting  to  have 
been  written  by  the  Republican  nominee,  gen.  Garfield  to  H.  L. 
Morey  of  Lynii,  Mass.,  was  published.  It  asserted  that  indi- 
viduals as  well  as  companies  have  the  right  to  buy  labor 
where  it  is  cheapest,  etc.  This  letter  appeared  in  New  York, 
and  was  circulated  by  Democratic  journals.  Garfield  at  once  de- 
clared the  letter  a  forgery.  It  had  no  influence  in  the  election. 
Horgan,  William,  fate  of.  In  1826  William  Morgan 
and  a  David  C.  Miller  of  Batavia,  N.  Y.,  announced  an  expose 
of  Freemasonry.  Before  the  book  was  produced  Morgan  was 
arrested  for  a  trifling  debt  and  confined  in  Canandaigua  jail, 
from  whence  he  was  secretly  taken  on  the  night  of  12  Sept.  1826, 
to  fort  Niagara,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  river,  and  was 
never  heard  of  afterwards.  Probably  violence  to  a  person  so 
obscure  never  produced  so  much  excitement;  but  the  outrage 
was  cruel  and  wanton.  An  earnest  attempt  was  made  to  dis- 
cover the  perpetrators,  but  without  success.  Such  was  the 
feeling  against  the  order  of  Freemasons,  that  it  created  a  po- 
litical party  antagonistic  to  it  (Anti-masonic)  which  nomi- 
nated state  and  national  tickets,  1829-31.  See  "  Thurlow 
Weed's  Autobiography,"  pp.  210-335. 

jHorgan'S  raid  through  Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  Ohio. 
John  H.  Morgan,  confederate,  starts  from  Sparta,  Tenn.,  with 

between  3000  and  4000  cavalry  and  several  guns 27  June,  1863 

Captures  the  20th  Kentucky  at  Lebanon,  Ky 5  July,     " 

Crosses  the  Ohio  at  Brandenburg,  about  40  miles  below  Louis- 
ville, and  enters  Indiana 7  July,     " 

At  Salem,  Ind.,  defeats  "  Home  Guards  " 9  July,     " 

Cros.ses  into  Ohio  at  Harrison  and  passes  north  of  Cincinnati, 

13-14  July,     " 
Attempts  to  recross  into  Kentucky  at  Bufflngton  island,  near 
Parkersburg,  but  is  prevented  by  gun-boats  and  cavalry; 

leaves  his  guns,  wagons,  and  600  prisoners 19  July,     " 

At  Belleville,  Morgan  again  attempts  to  cross  the  river,  and 
some  300  of  his  men  succeed  by  swimming  their  horses;  but 
are  closely  pursued,  and  more  than  1000  of  his  force  sur- 
render; Morgan,  with  the  remnant,  pushes  inland  to  East- 
port;  they  are  captured  near  New  Lisbon,Columbiana  county, 

by  cavalry  under  gen.  Shackelford 26  July,     " 

Morgan  and  several  oflBcers  are  confined  in  the  penitentiary 

at  Columbus;  he  and  7  others  escape  by  digging 26  Nov.     " 

During  this  raid  there  were  4  skirmishes  in  Indiana,  12  in  Ohio, 
and  one  engagement  with  a  loss  of  19  killed  and  47  wounded  of 
the  U.  S.  troops;  there  were  called  out  on  this  occasion  49,000 
militia  in  Ohio,  at  a  cost  to  the  state  of  $212,318.  The  principal 
pursuers  were  brig. -gen.  James  M.  Shackelford,  brig. -gen.  Henry 
M.  Judah,  and  brig. -gen.  Edward  H.  Hobson.     Tennessee,  1864. 

morganat'ie  (said  to  be  derived  from  Morgeiigabe, 
the  gift  of  a  husband  of  a  limited  part  of  his  property  to  such 
a  bride  on  the  morning  after  the  marriage)  marriag^es, 
when  the  left  hand  is  given  instead  of  the  right,  between  a 
man  of  superior  and  a  woman  of  inferior  rank,  and  it  is  stipu- 
lated that  she  and  her  children  shall  not  enjoy  the  rank  or 
inherit  the  possessions  of  the  former.  The  children  are  legit- 
imate. Such  marriages  are  frequently  contracted  in  Germany 
i  by  royalty  and  the  higher  nobility.  It  has  been  asserted  that 
'  George  I.  of  England  was  thus  married  to  the  duchess  of 
Kendal ;  the  duke  of  Sussex  to  lady  Cecilia  Underwood ,  Fred- 
eric VI.  of  Denmark  to  the  countess  of  Danner,  7  Aug.  1850; 
and  several  Austrian  princes  recently. 

Morgar'ten,  Switzerland.  1300  Swiss  defeated  20,000 
Austrians  under  duke  Leopold,  15  Nov.  1315,  on  the  heights 
of  Morgarten,  overlooking  the  defile  through  which  the 
enemy  was  to  enter  their  territory  from  Zug.     Switzerland. 

nioriee-daiice,  an  ancient  dance  peculiar  to  some 
country  parts  of  England,  and,  it  is  said,  also  to  Scotland ;  per- 
formed before  James  I.  in  Herefordshire. 

Iflormons  (calling  themselves  the  Church  of  Jesus 

•  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints),  a  sect  founded  by  Joseph  Smith, 

called  the  Prophet,  who  announced  in  1823.  at  Palmyra,  N.  Y., 

that  he  had  had  a  vision  of  the  angel  Moroni.     In  1827  he 

said  that  he  found  the  Book  of  Mormon,  written  on  gold  plates 


in  Egyptian  characters.  This  book  is  said  to  have  been  writtea 
about  1812  by  a  clergyman  named  Solomon  Spaulding  (or  by- 
Martin  Harris,  who  died  Sept.  1875),  as  a  religious  romance  ia 
imitation  of  the  Scripture  style.  New  York,  1830 ;  Ohio,  181 2.. 
It  was  published  in  America  in  1830,  in  England  in  1841.  It  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Rigdon  and  Smith,  who  determined  to  palm 
it  off  as  a  new  revelation.  The  Mormons  command  payment 
of  tithes,  permit  and  enjoin  polygamy,  encourage  labor,  and 
believe  in  miracles  wrought  by  their  leaders.  Missionaries^ 
have  propagated  these  doctrines  in  Europe  with  much  success. 

Mormons  organize  a  church  at  Manchester,  N.  Y 6  Apr.  1830 

Settle  at  Kirtland,  O.,  where  they  number  1000  in 1831 

They  found  Zion,  in  Jackson  county.  Mo 1831-32 

From  1833  to  1839  the  sect  endured  persecution,  driven  from 
place  to  place,  till  the  city  Nauvoo.  111.,  on  the  Mississippi, 

was  laid  out,  1837,  and  a  temple  built 1840-41 

Joseph  Smith  and  his  brother  Hyrum,  in  prison  on  a  charge 
of  treason,  shot  by  an  infuriated  mob,  and  Brigham  Young 

chosen  seer June,  1844 

Much  harassed  by  neighbors;  departure  from  Nauvoo  deter- 
mined on 1845 

Great  Salt  lake  chosen  "for  an  everlasting  abode,"  and  taken 

possession  of  (Utah) 24  July,  184T 

morocco  or  IflaroCCO,  an  empire  in  N.  Africa,, 
formerly  Mauritania.  In  1051  it  was  subdued  for  the  Fati- 
mite  caliphs  by  the  Almoravides,  who  eventually  extended 
their  dominion  into  Spain.  These  were  succeeded  by  the 
Almohades  (1121),  the  Merinites  (1270),  and  in  1516  by  the 
Scherifs,  pretended  descendants  of  Mahomet,  the  now  reigning 
dynasty.  The  Moors  have  had  frequent  wars  with  Spanianls 
and  Portuguese,  due  to  piracy.  Area,  219,000  sq.  miles ;  pop. 
about  9,000,000. 
Invasion  of  Sebastian  of  Portugal,  who  perishes  with  his  army 

at  the  battle  of  Alcazar 4  Aug.  157S 

Tangiers  acquired  by  England,  1662 ;  given  up 1683; 

Moors  attack  the  French  in  Algeria,  instigated  by  Abd-el-Kader; 
prince  de  Joinville  bombards  Tangiers,  6  Aug.,  and  Mogador, 

16  Aug.  1844- 
Marshal  Bugeaud  defeats  Moors  at  the  river  Isly,  and  acquires 

title  of  duke. . .'. 14  Aug,     " 

Peace  between  France  and  Morocco 10  Sept.     " 

Spaniards,  who  possess  several  places  on  the  coast  of  Morocco 
(Ceuta,  Penon  de  Velez.  Melilla.  etc.),  annoyed  by  Moorish 

pirates,  declare  war. . . .' 22  Oct.  1859" 

Negotiations  fruitless;  Spaniards  increasing  demands  as  sul- 
tan yielded ;  Britain  interfered  in  vain  (Spain) 1859-60 

A  Moorish  ambassador  (the  first  since  Charles  II.)  in  London 

(gave  200<.  to  lord  mayor  for  Loudon  charities). . .  June-Aug.  1860- 
British  government  guarantee  loan  of  426,000/.  to  the  sultan  to 

meet  engagements  with  Spain 24  Oct.  1861 

Affray  between  Jloors  and  Spanish  cavalry  of  the  fortress  Me- 
lilla; several  killed,  20  July ;  peace  restored 25  July,  1890 

Spanish  garrison  at  Melilla  attacked  by  Moors  (Rifflans).3  Oct.  1893- 

Garrison  reinforced  by  troops  from  Spain 7  Oct.     " 

Continued  fighting  about  the  town Oct. -Nov.     " 

Spanish  government  rejects  the  sultan's  terms  for  peace,  24  Nov.     " 
Spanish governmentrequiresguaranteesforfuturepence ;  indem- 
nity of  25,000,000  pesetas  for  loss  of  life  and  cost  of  war.  8  Dec.     " 

Agreed  to  by  the  Moorish  government 21  Dec.     " 

New  treaty  between  Spain  and  Morocco  provides  for  a  neutral 
zone  and  the  punishment  of  the  Rifflans  who  caused  the 

trouble  at  Melilla 6  Mch.  1894 

Sultan  Muley-Hassan  d.  7  June  ;    succeeded  by  his  youngest 

son,  Abdul-Aziz " 

[Succession  will  be  contested,  it  is  said  (June,  1894),  by 
Muiey-Ismail,  brother  of  the  late  sultan.] 

SULTANS. 

Muley-Soliman 1794-1822 

Muley-Abderahman 1822-1859' 

Sidi-Muley-Mohammed 1859-1873 

Muley-Hassan 1873-1894 

Abdul-Aziz 1894- 

morphia,  an  alkaloid,  discovered  in  opium  by  Sertlirner 
in  1803. 

Horrill  tariff,  so  called  from  its  author,  Justin  S. 
Morrill,  M.  C.  from  Vermont,  who  introduced  the  bill  in  Con- 
gress.    Tariff  ;  United  States,  1860. 

mortar,  a  short  cannon  with  a  large  bore  and  short 
chamber  for  throwing  bombs;  said  to  have  been  used  at 
Naples  in  1435,  and  first  made  in  England  in  1543.  On  19 
Oct.  1857,  a  colossal  mortar,  constructed  by  Eobert  Mallet^ 
was  tried  at  Woolwich,  Engl. ;  with  a  charge  of  70  pounds  it 
threw  a  shell  weighing  2550  pounds  1^  miles  horizontally,, 
and  about  f  mile  in  height. 

lIortimer'§  Cro§S,  Herefordshire,  battle  of.  The 
earl  of  Pembroke  and  Lancastrians  were  here  defeated  by  the 
young  duke  of  York,  afterwards  Edward  IV.,  2  Feb.  1461. 
He  assumed  the  throne  in  Mch,  following. 


MOR  680 

mortmain  acts  {nu>rt  7mn'»,  dead  iiand).  Whea  the 
land  in  England  was  surveyed  by  William  I.,  1085-86,  the  whole 
was  found  to  amount  to  62,215  knights' fees,  of  which  the  church 
poaaessed  28,015,  besides  later  additions,  till  the  7th  of  Edward 
1. 1279,  when  the  statute  of  mortmain  was  passed,  from  jealousy 
of  the  growing  wealth  of  the  church.  It  forbade  gifts  of  es- 
tates to  the  church  without  the  king's  leave ;  and  this  prohi- 
bition was  extended  to  all  lay  fraternities,  or  corporations,  in 
the  15th  of  Richard  II.  1391.  The  word  *•  mortmain  "  is  applied 
to  such  tenure  of  property  as  prevents  alienation.  Several 
statutes  have  been  passed  on  the  subject;  legacies  in  mortmain 
were  especially  restricted  by  the  9  of  Geo.  II.  c.  36  (1736). 

Ill €>8alC- work  (the  Roman  opus  tessellatuni)  is  of 
Asiatic  origin,  and  is  probably  referred  to  in  Esther  i.  6,  about 
619  B.C.  It  had  attained  excellence  in  Greece  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  and  his  successors,  when  Sosos  of  Pergamos,  the 
most  renowned  mosaic  artist  of  antiquity,  flourished.  He  ac- 
quired fame  by  accurate  representation  of  an  "  unswept  floor 
after  a  feast."  The  Romans  also  excelled  in  mosaics,  as  evi- 
denced by  the  innumerable  specimens  preserved.  Byzantine 
mosaics  date  from  the  4th  century  a.d.  The  art  was  revived  in 
Italy  by  Tafi,  Gaddi,  Cimabue,  and  Giotto,  who  designed  mo- 
saics, and  introduced  a  higher  style  in  the  13th  eentury.  In 
the  16th  century  Titian  and  Veronese  designed  subjects  for  this 
art.  Practice  of  copying  paintings  in  mosaics  came  into  vogue 
in  the  I7th  century;  and  there  is  now  a  workshop  in  the  Vatican 
where  chemical  science  is  employed  in  producing  colors,  and 
20,000  different  tints  are  kept.  In  1861,  dr.  Salviati  of  Venice 
had  established  his  manufacture  of  "  enamel  mosaics ;"  and  in 
July,  1864,  he  fixed  a  large  enamel  mosaic  picture  in  one  of 
the  spandrils  under  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  London. 

IVfOiCOW  (mos'ko),  the  ancient  capital  of  Russia,  was 
founded,  it  is  said,  by  Dolgorouki,  about  1147.  The  occupation 
of  the  south  of  Russia  by  the  Mongols  in  1235  led  to  Moscow 
becoming  the  capital,  and,  beginning  with  Jaroslav  II.,  1238, 
its  princes  became  the  reigning  dynasty.  It  is  regarded  as  a 
holy  city  by  the  Russians.  Pop.  1884,  753,469. 
Cathedralofthe  Assumption  built,  1326;  of  the  Transfiguration,  1328 

Kremlin  founded 1367 

Moscow  plundered  by  Timour 1382 

By  the  Tartars 1451,  1477 

Massacre  of  Demetrius  and  his  Polish  adherents,  the  "Matins 

of  Moscow" 27  May,  1606 

Moscow  ravaged  by  Ladislas  of  Poland 1611 

University  founded. 1705 

Entered  by  Napoleon  I.  and  the  French,  14  Sept. ;  the  governor, 

Rostopchin,  is  said,  douljtfuUy,  to  have  ordered  it  set  on  fire 

(11,840  houses  burned,  besides  palaces  and  churches),  15  Sept.  1812 

French  evacuate  Moscow,  and  begin  retreat 15  Oct.     " 

[Before  the  pursuit  ceased  in  Dec,  over  300,000  of  the  French 

army  was  lost  as  prisoners,  killed,  or  died  of  cold  and  hunger.] 

MoiquitO  Coait,  Central  America,  lying  east  of  the 
state  of  Nicaragua,  with  a  coast  line  of  about  250  miles  on  the 
Caribbean  sea.  The  Indians  of  this  coast  were  long  under  pro- 
tection of  the  British,  who  held  Belize  and  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  bay  of  Honduras.  The  jealousy  of  the  United  States  was 
aroused.  In  Apr.  1850,  the  2  governments  covenanted  not  "  to 
occupy  or  fortify  or  colonize,  or  assume  or  exercise  any  dominion 
over,  any  part  of  Central  America."  In  1855  the  U.  S.  charged 
the  British  government  with  infraction  of  the  treaty ;  but  the 
latter  agreed  to  cede  the  disputed  territory  to  Honduras,  with 
aome  reservation.   The  matter  wassettled  in  1859.   Nicaragua. 

lllO§§- troopers,  desperate  plunderers,  and  lawless 
fioldiers  secreting  themselves  in  mosses  on  the  borders  of  Scot- 
land. In  spite  of  severe  laws  they  were  not  extirpated  till 
the  18th  century. 

"A  stark  moss-trooping  Scot  was  he, 
As  e'er  couch'd  border-lance  by  knee; 

Five  times  outlawed  had  he  been 

By  England's  king  and  Scotland's  queen.  "—5'cott. 

motets,  short  pieces  of  church  music,  some  of  which  are 
■dated  about  the  end  of  the  13th  century.  Good  motets  were 
written  between  1430  and  1480 ;  and  very  fine  ones  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  The  "  Motet  Society,"  for  the  publication 
of  these,  was  founded  in  1847,  by  William  Dyce. 

Mother  Ooose's  melodies.  Massachusetts, 
1715. 

motion,  an  expression  of  energy.  Heat.  On  13 
Nov.  1873,  prof.  Sylvester  described  to  the  London  Mathemat- 


MOT 


i 


leal  Society  a  machine  for  converting  spherical  into  rectilinea 
and  other  motions,  and  for  producing  perfectly  parallel  motion 
the  discovery  of  M.  Peaucellier,  a  French  engineer  officer,  aboi 
1867.     Kinematics. 

motor,  a  source  or  originator  of  mechanical  poweil 
Electkicity  ;  Keely  motor. 

motto.  A  short  sentence  or  phrase  added  to  a  devic« 
or  to  an  essay  or  discourse,  indicating  its  aim  or  describim 
some  rule  of  conduct.  ^ 

motto  of  the  united  states  and  of  the  political  diS 
VISIONS  of  the  union,  with  date  of  adoption  of  seal. 


United  States . 

Alabama 

Alaska  

Arizona 


Arkansas. 
California. 
Colorado. . 


Connecticut 

Delaware 

Dist.  of  Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 


Kansas 

Kentucky.. 
Louisiana. . 
Maine 


Maryland. 


Massachusetts.... 

13  Dec.  1780 

Michigan 

1835 

Minnesota 

1858 

Mississippi 

.... 

Missouri 

11  Jan.   1822 

Montana 

24  May,  1864 

I  Mch.  1867 

24  Feb    1866 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire. . 
New  Jersey 

11  Feb.  1785 
3  Oct.    1776 

New  Mexico 

9  Sept.  1850 

New  York 

1809 

North  Carolina. . . 

1893 

North  Dakota.... 



Ohio 

6  Apr.  1866 

Oregon 

1857 

Pennsylvania 

2  Mch.  1809 

Rhode  Island 

1664 

South  Carolina. . . 

.... 

South  Dakota.... 

Tennessee 

Texas    ...   . 

i796 

Utah 

Sept.  1866 
Oct.    1779 

Virginia 

Washington 

1853 

West  Virginia. . . . 

26  Sept.  1863 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

1868 

Adopted. 


20  June,  1782 
29  Dec.   1868 

i«63 
3  May,  1864 

1861 
Oct.    1842 


1846 
5  Dec.   1799 
5  Mch.  1866 

26  Aug.  1818 


25  Feb. 

29  Jan. 
20  Dec. 

9  Jan.' 


1861 
1792 

1820 


12  Aug.  1648 


Motto. 


(E    pluribus    unum.     (Many   i 
\     one.) 

Here  we  rest. 

None. 

Ditat  Deus.    (God  enriches. ) 
(Regnant   populi.      (The    peopl^ 
(     rule.) 

Eureka.     (I  have  found  it.) 
(Nil sine numine.   (Nothingwith^ 
(     out  God.) 

(Sustinetquitranstulit.    (HewhoJ 
\     transplanted  still  sustains.) 

Liberty  and  independence. 
(Justitia    omnibus.     (Justice    to 
\     all.) 

In  God  we  trust. 

Wisdom,  justice,  moderation. 

Salve.     (Welcome,  or  hail.) 
(State    sovereignty— National 
(     union. 

None. 

(Our  liberties  we  prize,  and  our 
(     rights  we  will  maintain. 
( Ad  astra  per  aspera.     (To  the 
(     stars  through  difflculties.) 

United  we  stand,  divided  we  fall 

Union,  justice,  and  confidence. 

Dirigo.     (I  direct.) 

Fatti  maschi  parole  femine. 
(Manly  deeds  and  womanly 
words. ) 
-;  Scuto  bofa'ae  voluntatis  tuae  coro- 
nasti  nos.  (With  the  shield 
of  Thy  good-will  Thou  hast 
covered  us.) 

Ense  petit  placidam  sub  libertate 
quietem.  (With  the  sword  she 
seeks  quiet  peace  under  lib- 
erty.) 

Si  quseris  peninsulam  amcenam 

circumspice.    (If  thou  seekest 

a  beautiful  peninsula,  behold  it 

here. ) 

j  Etoile  du  nord.    (The  star  of  the 

(     north.) 

None. 

Salus  populi  suprema  lex  esto. 
(The  welfare  of  the  people  is 
the  supreme  law.) 

Oro  y  Plata.     (Gold  and  silver.) 

Equality  before  the  law. 

All  for  our  country. 

None. 

Liberty  and  prosperity. 
(Crescit  eundo.     (It  increases  by 
\     going.) 

( Excelsior.     (Higher,  more  ele- 
(     vated. ) 

( Esse  quam  videri.    (To  be  rather 
(     than  to  seem.) 
( Liberty  and  union,  one  and  in- 
(     separable,  now  and  forever. 
(Imperiuminimperio.  (Agovern- 
(     ment  within  a  government.) 

The  Union. 

(Virtue,    liberty,   and    indepen- 
(     dence. 

Hope. 
( Dum    spiro,  spero.     (While    I 
(     breathe  1  hope.) 

Under  God  the  people  rule. 

Agriculture,  commerce. 

None. 

Freedom  and  unity. 
(Sic  semper  tyrannis.    (Thus  al- 
(     ways  to  tyrants.) 

Al-ki.     (By  and  by.) 
I  Montani  semper  liberi.     (Moun- 
(     taineers  always  freemen.) 

Forward. 
(Cedant  arma  togae.     (Let  arms 
\    yield  to  the  gown.) 


MOT 


531 


MUN 


mottoes,  Royal.  Dieu  et  mon  Droit,  first  used  by 
Richard  I.,  1198.  Ich  dien,  "  I  serve,"  adopted  by  Edward  the 
Black  Prince  at  the  battle  of  Cressy,  1346.  Honi  soit  qui  mal 
y  pense,  the  motto  of  the  Garter,  1349.  Je  maintiendrai,  "  I 
will  maintain,"  adopted  by  William  ILL,  to  which  he  added, 
in  1688,  "  the  liberties  of  England  and  the  Protestant  relig- 
ion." Semper  eadem  was  assumed  by  queen  Elizabeth,  1558, 
and  adopted  by  queen  Anne,  1702. 

mound  Builders,  a  people  who  at  an  unknown 
period  inhabited  the  country  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  only  traces  left  by  them  are  extensive  mounds, 
whence  the  name.  '  The  remains  of  these  earthworks  are  nu- 
merous north  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  especially  in  the  state  of 
Ohio,  where  there  are  supposed  to  be  more  than  10,000  mounds 
and  2000  earth-enclosures,  many  of  them  extensive.  The  most 
noted  are  found  in  Adams,  Butler,  Licking,  Montgomery, 
Pike,  Ross,  and  Washington  counties.  This  ancient  race 
seems  to  have  occupied  nearly  the  whole  basin  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  its  tributaries,  as  well  as  the  fertile  plains  along 
the  gulf.  There  is  great  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  their  origin, 
(late,  degree  of  civilization,  etc.  ;  but  decisive  evidence  on 
these  questions  is  lacking.     Serpent  mound. 

inountaitl  Heado^r.     Massacres,  Utah. 

mountains.  The  Himalaya  (abode  of  snow)  range, 
north  of  India,  are  the  loftiest  mountains  on  the  globe.  Mount 
Everest— so  named  from  sir  Geo.  Everest— is  supposed  to  be 
the  highest  point  of  the  earth's  surface,  29,002  feet;  another 
peak,  recently  measured,  reaches  28,278  ft.;  Kincliinjinga, 
28,156  ft.;  Dhawalagiri,  26,826,  and  Naudadevi,  25,700  ft. 
Many  other  points  have  been  measured  exceeding  25,000  ft., 
and  the  enumeration  of  all  known  peaks  over  20,000  ft.  would 
be  wearisome.  "  It  will  not  be  surprising  if  peaks  are  event- 
ually discovered  in  this  range  exceeding  30,000  ft.  in  height." 
— Encycl.  Brit.  9th  ed.  In  North  America  an  elevation  of 
10,000  feet  is  not  reached  east  of  104°  W.  Ion.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  10  of  the  highest  peaks  west  of  104°  of  Ion.: 
(1)  Mount  St.  Elias  (Alaska),  19,500  ft.;  (2)  mount  Cook 
(Alaska),  16,000  ft.;  (3)  mount  Crillon  (Alaska),  15,900  ft.; 
(4)  mount  Fairweather  (Alaska),  15,500  ft. ;  also  mount  Jeffer- 
son (Washington),  same  height;  (5)  mount  Whitney,  Cal., 
14,898;  (6)  mount  Harvard,  Col.,  14,452;  (7)  Fisherman's 
Peak,  Cal,  14,448;  (8)  mount  Rainier,  Washington,  14,444; 
(9)  mount  Shasta,  Cal.,  14,442;  (10)  Uncompahgre,  Col.,  14,408. 
In  all,  there  are  412  elevations  of  10,000  ft.  and  over  in  western 
North  America,  of  which  the  10  mentioned  above  are  the  high- 
est.—" United  States  Geological  Survey,"  compiled  by  Henry 
Gaunett,  1884.     Alps,  Andes,  Appalachian,  Volcanoes. 

mounts.  Bernard,  Calvary,  Etna,  Hecla,  Moun- 
tains, Olivet,  Vesuvius,  Volcanoes. 

mournings  for  the  dead.  Israelites  neither 
washed  nor  anointed  themselves  during  mourning,  which  for 
a  friend  lasted  7  days ;  on  extraordinary  occasions  a  month. 
Greeks  and  Romans  fasted.  White  was  used  in  mourning  for 
the  imperial  family  at  Constantinople,  323.  The  ordinary  color 
for  mourning  in  Europe  is  black;  in  China,  white;  in  Turkey, 
violet;  in  P^thiopia,  brown  ;  white  in  Spain  until  1498.  Anne 
of  Brittany,  queen  of  2  successive  kings  of  France,  mourned  in 
black  instead  of  white,  then  the  custom,  when  her  first  hus- 
band, Charles  VIII.,  died,  7  Apr.  WdS.—Henault. 

mousquetaires  {mous-ke-tairs')  or  musketeers, 

horse-soldiers  under  the  old  French  regime,  raised  by  Louis 
XIII.,  1622.  This  corps  was  considered  a  military  school  for 
the  French  nobility.  It  was  disbanded  in  1646,  but  was  re- 
stored in  1657.  A  second  company  was  created  in  1660,  and 
formed  cardinal  Mazarin's  guard. — Henault. 

Ifozambique  (mo-zam-beek'),  chief  of  the  Portu- 
Ruese  territories,  E.  Africa,  was  visited  b}'  Vasco  de  Gama, 
1498;  conquered  by  Portuguese  under  Tristan  da  Cunha  and 
Albuquerque,  1506;  a  settlement  was  established,  1508.  By 
a  decree  of  30  Sept.  1891,  the  colony  of  Mozambique  was 
constituted  as  the  free  state  of  E.  Africa,  and  divided  into  2 
provinces,  Mozambique  and  Zambezi.  The  area  of  this  state 
IS  300,000  sq.  miles,  and  it  extends  along  the  coast  from  cape 
\  Delgado  southward  1400  miles.  The  city  of  Mozambique  is 
on  a  small  coral  islet  close  to  the  mainland. 

Hud  campaign.     Fredericksburg,  Battle  of. 


"  mud-sills."  United  States,  1858,  speech  of  Ham- 
mond of  South  Carolina. 

llug'gleto'nians,  a  sect  so  called  from  Ludowic  Mug- 
gleton,  a  tailor,  known  about  1641,  prominent  about  1650  ;  con- 
victed of  blasphemy,  Jan.  1676,  died  1697.  He  and  John  Reeve 
affirmed  that  God  the  Father,  leaving  the  government  of  heaven 
to  Elias,  came  down  and  suffered  death  in  a  human  form.  They 
asserted  that  they  were  the  two  last  witnesses  of  God  who 
should  appear  before  the  end  of  the  world,  Rev.  xi.  3.  This 
sect  existed  1850 ;  the  last  member  died  in  1868. 

IflugWUmp  (Algonquin,  Mugquomp),  signifying,  in 
Eliot's  translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  Indian  tongue  (1661), 
chief,  leader,  or  captain.  It  was  applied  generally  to  Inde- 
pendent Republicans,  especialh'  to  those  who  opposed  Blaine  in 
the  national  canvass  of  1884  (probably  used  first  in  this  sense  in 
the  New  York  Sun,  15  June,  1884).  The  word  pleased  the  pop- 
ular fancy,  and  is  often  heard  as  a  term  of  reproach  for  those  who 
are  supposed  to  fail  in  loyalty  to  party ;  sometimes  as  an  hon- 
orable epithet  of  independent  voters.     Political  parties. 

millllberg,  a  town  on  the  Elbe,  Prussia.  Here  Charles 
v.,  emperor,  defeated  the  German  Protestants,  24  Apr.  1547, 
and  captured  John  Frederick,  elector  of  Saxony. 

Hullldorf,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  Near  this  place  Fred- 
erick, duke  of  Austria,  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by 
Louis  of  Bavaria,  28  Sept.  1322. 

mulberry -trees  (Gr.  n6pov  or  fiopea),  hence  the  bo- 
tanical name  Morus,  first  introduced  into  England  from  Italy, 
about  1548.  As  the  silk-worm  thrives  upon  the  leaves  of  the 
white  mulberry,  that  variety  is  cultivated  wherever  the  silk 
culture  is  carried  on,  notably  in  China  and  southern  Europe. 
The  fruit  (berry)  of  the  black  and  red  species,  the  latter  a  na- 
tive of  the  United  States,  is  agreeable  to  the  taste.  Shake- 
speare planted  a  mulberry-tree  with  his  own  hands  at  Stratford- 
upon-Avon  ;  and  Garrick,  Macklin,  and  others  were  entertained 
under  it  in  1742.  Shakespeare's  house  was  afterwards  sold  to 
Gastrel,  a  clergyman,  who  cut  down  the  tree  for  fuel,  1765.  A 
silversmith  purchased  it,  and  manufactured  it  into  memorials. 
Flowers  and  Plants. 

mule,  a  hybrid  animal  generated  between  a  jackass  and 
a  mare ;  if  between  a  stallion  and  a  she-ass  it  is  called  a  hinny. 
With  the  mule,  procreation  ceases. — Also,  a  spinning-machine 
invented  in  1779  by  Samuel  Crompton,  born  at  Bolton,  Lanca- 
shire, in  1753;  so  called  from  combining  the  advantages  of 
Hargreaves'  spinning-jenny  and  Arkwright's  adaptation.  It 
is  said  that  Crompton  at  the  time  knew  nothing  of  the  latter. 
He  did  not  patent  his  invention,  but  gave  it  up  in  1780.  It 
produced  yarn  treble  the  fineness  and  much  softer  than  any 
before  produced  in  England.  Parliament  voted  him  5000/.  in 
1812,  now  considered  a  most  inadequate  compensation.  Mr. 
Roberts  invented  the  self-acting  mule  in  1825. 

mummies  (from  Arab,  mum,  wax).  The  process  of 
mummification  or  embalming  the  dead  as  performed  by  the 
Egyptians,  occupying  from  70  to  72  days,  was  accompanied 
with  ritualistic  ceremonies,  fully  described  on  recently  dis- 
covered papyri,  now  known  as  the  "  Book  of  the  Dead."  It 
was  formerly  siqiposed  that  embalming  was  not  practised  in 
Egypt  before  2000  B.C.,  but  recent  explorations  set  back  the 
art  to  3800  or  even  to  4000  b.c.  The  most  ancient  mummies, 
or  at  least  desiccated  human  remains,  not  prehistoric,  which 
are  now  known  are  fragments  of  the  body  of  Menkara,  third 
king  of  Dynasty  IV.,  and  builder  of  the  smallest  of  the  3  pyr- 
amids of  Gizeh.  They  are  now  in  the  British  museum ;  as- 
signed to  about  4000  b.c.  Next  in  antiquity  comes  the 
mummy  of  king  Merenra,  of  Dynasty  VI.,  now  in  the  Bulak 
museum ;  date,  3800  b.c.  The  most  famous  and  interesting 
of  all  are  the  36  royal  mummies  of  Dynasties  XVIL,  XVIIL, 
XIX.,  and  XXL,  found  in  a  vast  tomb  of  the  high-priests  of 
Amen,  at  Dair  al  Bahari,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  opposite 
Karnak,  July,  1881,  more  than  20  of  them  kings  and  queens; 
found  with  4  royal  papyri  and  other  treasures,  in  all  above 
6000  objects.  They  are  now  in  the  Bulak  museum.  Em- 
balming among  the  Egyptians  ceased  about  700  a.d. 

mun'da,  now  Iflonda,  a  town  of  S.  Spain.     Here 

Cneius  Scipio  defeated  the  Carthaginians,  216  b.c.  ;  and  here 

I  Julius  Caisar  defeated  the  sons  of  Pompey,  17  Mch.  45  B.C.,  in 

I  a  desperate  action.     It  is  said  that  after  the  battle  Csesar  told 


MUN 


582 


MUS 


his  friends  that  he  had  often  fought  for  victory,  but  this  was 
the  first  time  he  had  fought  for  his  life. 

Mundane  eras.  That  of  Alexandria  fixed  the  cre- 
ation at  6502  «.c.  This  computation  continued  till  284  a.d., 
Alex,  era  578G ;  but  in  285  A.D.  10  years  were  subtracted,  and 
6787  became  5777.  This  coincided  with  the  Mundane  era  of 
Antioch  (which  dated  the  creation  5492  b.c.). — Nicholas. 

IHu'nich  (Ger.  Miinchen),  capital  of  Bavaria,  founded  by 
duke  Henry  of  Saxony,  962,  was  taken  by  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  of  Sweiien  in  1632,  by  the  Austrians  in  1704,  1741,  and 
1743 ;  and  by  the  French  under  Moreau,  2  July,  1800.  It 
abounds  in  schools,  institutions,  and  manufactories.  The 
university  was  founded  bv  king  Louis  in  1826.  Pop.  1871, 
169,693;  1875,  198,829;  1890,  348,317. 

murder,  the  highest  offence  against  the  law  of  God 
((Jen.  ix.  6,  2348  B.C.).  A  court  of  Ephet«  was  established 
by  Demophoon  of  Athens  for  the  trial  of  murder,  1179  b.c. 
The  Persians  did  not  punish  the  first  offence.  In  England, 
during  a  period  of  the  heptarchy,  murder  was  pmiished  by 
fines  only.  In  the  laws  of  Alfred  is  found  the  earliest  recog- 
nition of  the  criminal  consequences  of  homicide  apart  from 
the  damage  to  be  paid  to  the  relatives  of  the  deceased  or  com- 
pensation to  the  person  whose  peace  had  been  broken.  So 
late  as  Henry  VIII.'s  time  the  crime  was  compounded  for  in 
Wales.  Murderers  were  allowed  benefit  of  clergy  in  1503.  It 
was  aggravated  murder,  or  petit  treason  (a  distinction  now 
abolished),  when  a  servant  killed  his  master,  a  wife  her  hus- 
band, or  an  ecclesiastical  person  his  superior  (stat.  25  Edw.  III. 
1350).  Under  English  law  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  human 
being  is  either  murder  or  manslaughter;  murder  being  unlaw- 
ful homicide  with  malice  aforethought,  and  manslaughter  un- 
lawful homicide  without  malice  aforethought.  In  the  United 
States  the  statutes  seek  to  discriminate  between  the  graver 
and  less  serious  forms  of  the  crime  as  1st  and  2d,  etc.,  de- 
grees of  murder,  and  some  states  define  degrees  of  manslaugh- 
ter as  well.    Assassins,  Crime,  Executions,  Trials. 

Uluret  {moo-rd'),  a  town  of  S.  France.  Here  the  Albi- 
genses,  under  the  count  of  Thoulouse,  were  defeated  by  Simon  de 
Montfort,  and  their  ally  Peter  of  Aragon  killed,  12  Sept.  1213. 
Murfreesborougli  or  8tone  River,  Tenn., 
Battle  of.  During  Dec.  1862,  the  Federal  army  of  41,421  in- 
fantry, 3266  cavalry,  and  2223  artillery,  with  150  guns,  under 
maj.-gen.  Wm.  S.  Rosecrans  (Bragg's  Kentucky  campaign), 
lay  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  while  between  35,000*  and  40,000  con- 
federates, under  gen.  Braxton  Bragg,  lay  partly  at  Murfrees- 
borough,  about  30  miles  southeast  of  Nashville,  and  partly  at 
Triune,  about  15  miles  west  of  Murfreesborough.  The  fed- 
erals advanced  Friday,  26  Dec.  On  the  evening  of  30  Dec. 
both  armies  were  in  battle  order,  the  confederates  lying  across 
a  stream  called  Stone  river,  easily  fordable,  about  3  miles  from 
Murfreesborough.  Rosecrans's  plan  was  to  attack  the  Confed- 
erate right,  early  on  the  31st,  but  before  this  movement  ac- 
complished anything  Bragg  anticipated  it,  attacked  the  Fed- 
eral right  under  gen.  McCook,  and  drove  it  from  its  position 
as  early  as  10  a.m.  This  disaster  baffled  Rosecrans's  plan  and 
endangered  his  whole  army.  By  reinforcing  the  right  from 
the  left  wing  he  re-established  his  line  almost  at  a  right  angle 
with  the  left,  and  held  the  ground  till  night.  But  the  condi- 
tion of  the  federals  was  serious;  they  had  lost  much  ground 
on  the  right  and  centre,  though  the  left  had  repelled  every 
attack;  had  lost  28  guns,  3000  prisoners,  camp  provisions, 
ammunition,  etc.,  and  their  rear  was  threatened  by  the  Con- 
federate cavalry;  several  brigade  and  regimental  command- 
ers had  fallen,  and  many  regiments  were  weakened  almost  to 
dissolution.  Rosecrans,  however,  held  his  position  ready  to 
meet  the  confederates  again  the  next  day.  All  day  (1  Jan. 
1863)  both  armies  were  inactive.  On  the  2d  Rosecrans  re- 
sumed his  effort  to  turn  the  Confederate  right;  Bragg  met 
the  movement  by  pushing  forward  Breckinridge's  division, 
which  attacked  at  4  p.m.,  at  first  successfully,  compelling  the 
federals  to  fall  back  across  the  river;  but  the  success  was 
transient,  and  the  Confederate  advance  was  driven  back,  with 
a  loss  of  1500  men  and  4  pieces  of  artillery.  The  federals 
immediately  reoccupied  the  ground  and  threw  up  temporary 
breastworks.  Bragg,  unable  to  dislodge  Rosecrans,  retired 
from  his  position  3  Jan.  and  occupied  Murfreesborough,  but 
evacuated  it  on  5  Jan.,  and  fell  back  to  the  line  of  Duck  river, 


\ 


leaving  the  field  to  the  federals,  who  claimed  a  victory.  Th 
retreat  was  ordered  by  Bragg,  according  to  his  official  repor 
under  the  impression  that  Rosecrans  had  received  large  rein 
forcements.  Federal  loss  was  1533  killed,  7245  wounded,  am 
3000  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss  equal,  if  not  greater,  in  kille( 
and  wounded.  In  the  critical  condition  of  affairs  in  the  north 
em  states  at  this  time  the  moral  effect  of  this  battle  was  high! 
favorable  to  the  Union  cause.     Tullahoma  campaign. 

Mu§eat',  now  Oman,  an  Arab  state  on  the  gulf  o 
Oman,  was  conquered  by  the  Portuguese  under  Albuquerqui 
in  1507,  but  recovered  by  the  Arabs  in  1648.  Oman  is  prao 
tically  on  the  footing  of  an  independent  Indian  native  state 
and  essentially  under  British  protection.  Area,  82,000  sq 
miles;  pop.  1,500,000.  Capital,  Muscat ;  pop.  60,000. 
Ahmad  bin  Sa'id  repelled  a  Persian  invasion,  and  founded 
present  dynasty 174] 

mu§e'um  (Gr.  movafiov,  the  temple  of  the  Musei 
seat  or  haunt  of  the  Muses ;   hence  also  a  place  of  study, 
school).     The  museum,  a  spot  within  the  old  walls  of  AthenJ 
where  Musaeus,  a  Greek  poet  of  the  mythic  age,  son  of  Eu< 
molpus  and  Selene  of  Athens,  sang  and  was  buried.     Also 
part  of  the  palace  of  Alexandria,  like  the  Prytaneum  of  AthensJ 
where  eminent  learned  men  were  maintained  by  the  public. 
The  foundation  is  attributed  to  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  who 
here  placed  his  library  about  280  b.c.     British  museum. 

niu§ie  (Gr.  fiovaiKii)  to  the  Greeks  included  all  the  arts  anc 
sciences  presided  over  by  the  Muses, and  in  its  most  comprehen- 
sive sense  denoted  the  entire  mental  training  of  a  Greek  youth. 
It  is  properly  a  language  of  the  emotions  or  passions  made  mani- 
fest in  harmonious  sounds,  and  is  developed  by  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  properties  and  relations  of  sounds  and  the  principles 
of  harmony.    St.  Cecilia,  a  Christian  martyr  of  the  2d  centurj-, 
said  to  have  enticed  an  angel  from  the  celestial  regions  by  her 
melodj',  has  long  been  considered  the  patron  saint  of  music. 
"  But  bright  Cecilia  raised  the  wonder  higher; 
When  to  her  organ  vocal  brciith  was  given 
An  angel  heard  and  straight  appeared, 
Mistaking  earth  for  heaven." 

— Dryden,  "St.  Cecilia's  Day." 
Jubal  (3875  b.c..  Gen.  iv.  21)  is  called  "  the  father  of  all  such 
as  handle  the  harp  and  organ."  The  flute  and  harmony,  or 
concord  in  music,  are  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Hyagnis, 
1506  B.C. — Arund.  Marbles.  Pythagoras  (about  555  b.c.) 
maintained  that  the  motions  of  the  12  spheres  must  produce 
delightful  sounds,  inaudible  to  mortal  ears,  which  he  called 
"  the  music  of  the  spheres."  Vocal  choruses  of  men  are  first 
mentioned  556  b.c. — Dufresnoy. 

Pope  Sylvester  institutes  a  singing-school  at  Rome about    330 

St.  Ambrose,  archbishop  of  Milan,  arranges  the  4  diatonic  scales 

known  as  "authentic  modes,"  and  introduces  Chanting 350-70 

Pope  Gregory  the  Great  adds  to  the  authentic  modes  the  "four 
plagal  modes "  (the  8  together  are  known  as  the  "Gregorian 

modes")  and  adds  tones  to  the  Ambrosian  chant 690-60i 

Schools  of  church  music  established  in  France  and  Germany 

by  trained  teachers  sent  from  Rome 604-752 

Organs  introduced  into  churches  by  pope  Vitalianus 657-72 

Troubadours  appear  in  Provence,  in  south  of  France 800 

Hucbald,  a  Flemish  monk,  invents  a  system  of  scales,  and  pub- 
lishes it  in  his  "  Enchiridion  Musicse  " 930 

Guide  d'Arezzo,  called  "Inventor  Musicse,"  founds  the  sys- 
tem of  musical  notation  upon  which  our  present  method  is 

based,  and  invents  the  terms  ut^  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la 990-1050 

[Many  fallacies  are  still  entertained  as  to  the  dated  organ- 
ization of  music  in  the  church,  and  none  greater  than  its 
ascription  to  St.  Ambrose  and  pope  Gregory,  and  the  credit 
given  Guido  for  the  enunciation  of  its  rules.  From  the  end 
of  the  10th  century  music  in  England  was  in  advance  of 
other  nations,  and  remained  so  until  its  rise  in  Flanders  in 
the  loth  century,  and  even  then  the  English  kept  abreast 
of  their  contemporaries. — Encycl.  Brit,  "Music,"  9th  ed.] 
Franco  of  Cologne  invents  "rests"  in  music  and  a  system  of 

musical  measure  of  time  by  shape  of  the  notes 1220 

Adam  de  la  Halle  and  other  troubadours  flourish  in  England, 

Spain,  and  Italy,  and  minnesingers  in  Germany 1200-1300 

Introduction  of  florid  counterpoints  ascribed  to  Jean  de  Muers, 

about  1330 

Italy  becomes  the  musical  centre  of  Europe about  1400 

Guillaume    Dufay   of   the    Belgian   school,  chapel-master  at 
Rome,  harmonizes  melodies  for  4  voices,  and  perfects  the 

notes  as  now  used  (?) 1380-H30 

Organ  pedal  introduced  by  Bernhardt  at  Venice 1490 

Petrucci,  an  Italian,  invents  movable  music  types 1502 

Virginal,  a  small  keyed  instrument,  comes  into  use 1620 

Claude  Gondimel  (c.  1510-72),  a  Fleming,  opens  the  first  school 

for  musical  tuition  at  Rome about  1540 

Orlando  di  Lasso,  last  of  the  Belgian  school,  introduces  the 
chromatic  element  into  musical  composition 1520-96 


MUS 


533 


MUS 


1600 


<'  Chorale  "  introduced  by  Luther  in  Germany 1524 

Conservatory  at  Naples  founded 1535 

Christo|)her  Tye  receives  the  degree  oC  Doctor  m  Music  from 

the  University  of  Cambridge 1545 

"  Old  Hundred  "  written ;,-.V,  V  '  ^^^^ 

I'alestrina  arranges  his  celebrated  "  Missa  Papae  Marcelli  tor 
6  voices— soprano,  alto,  1st  and  2d  tenor,  1st  and  2d  bass- 
first  sung  in  the  Sixtine  chapel June,  1556 

I'alestrina  completes  the  divorce  of  secular  airs  from  church 
music,  and  his  3  masses  are  accepted  by  a  commission  of 

cardinals  appointed  by  the  Council  of  Trent 1565 

Violins  introduced  into  England •  1577 

Society  formed  in  Florence  to  revive  the  ancient  Greek  art  of 

musical  drama about  1580 

First  opera  produced  in  Florence;  entitled  "Dafne,"  libretto 

by  Giulio  Caccini,  music  by  Peri 1594 

Ludovico  Viadana,  first  composer  to  write  harmony  as  distin- 
guished from  pure  counterpoint,  and  to  use  "  figured  bass," 
^  1560-1625 

First  oratorio  of  note,  "I/Anima  e  Corpo,"  by  Emilio  del 

Cavalieri,  performed  at  Rome 

[The  oratorio  dates  its  existence  and  name  from  the  meet- 
ings held  by  San  Filippo  Neri  in  the  oratory  of  his  church  in 
Rome  for'Veligious  exercise  and  pious  edification,  1556.] 

Thorough  bass  invented  by  Peri about     " 

Renowned  collection  of  madrigals,  dedicated  to  queen  Eliz- 
abeth by  Thomas  Morley  and  others  and  known  as  "The 

Triumphs  of  Oriana,"  pub , 1601 

Monteverde  brings  out   at   the  court  of   Mantua  his  opera 

"Arianna" 1607 

Harpsichords  introduced  into  England about  1610 

Giacorao  Carissimi  invents  the  "arioso,"  which  later  on  devel- 
ops into  the  "aria" 1660 

I.ully  establishes  the  French  grand  opera 1672 

First  English  opera  produced ;  title  "Psyche,"  author  Matthew 

Lock. 1673 

jSi  as  a  name  for  the  7th  note  of  the  modern  scale,  introduced 

about  1675 
Publication  of  dr.  William  Holder's  "  Treatise  on  Harmony  ". .  1694 
Double  bass,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Salo,  in  1580,  intro- 
duced into  the  orchestra  by  Monteclair 1696 

Equal  tempered  system  of  tuning  introduced  by  Werckmeister 

and  Bach about  1700 

Handel's  first  opera,  "  Almira."  produced  at  Hamburg 1705 

Italian  opera  introduced  into  England;  "  ArsinoG  "  performed 

at  Drury  Lane 1706 

Swell  organ  first  introduced  by  Jordan 1712 

Handel's  first  oratorio,  "  Esther,"  produced  in  England 1720 

Gay's  '•  Beggar's  Opera  "  first  performed  at  Lincoln's  Inn  the- 
atre   1727 

Royal  Society  of  Musicians  (charitable  organization)  founded 

in  England .• 19  Apr.  1738 

Madrigal  society,  oldest  vocal  musical  association  in  Europe, 

founded  in  England  by  John  Immyns 1741 

Gluck's  first  opera,  "  Artaxerxes,"  produced  at  Milan " 

Emmanuel  Bach  first  introduces  a  system  of  fingering  for  the 

harpsichord  in  which  the  thumb  is  used 1753 

PiAXOFOKTK,  originating  in  ideas  of  Cristofali,  in  1711,  and 

others  coincidently,  comes  into  popular  favor 1760 

Gluck's  "Orfeo"  produced,  Vienna 1762 

Mozart's  opera,  "  Idomenco,"  produced  at  Munich 1781 

Double  bassoon  first  introduced  into  the  orchestra  at  the 

Handel  Commemoration  in  Westminster  abbey 1784 

Mozart  produces   "Figaro,"   1786;     "Don  Giovanni,"   1787; 

"  Magic  Flute  "  (ZauberflOte)  and  "  Requiem  " 1791 

Claude  J.  Rougetde  Lisle  composes  Marseillaise  hymn.  .24  Apr.  1792 
Conservatoire  de  Musique  established  in  Paris  by  the  Conven- 
tion Nationale 3  Aug.  1795 

Haydn's  "Creation"  composed  1796-98;  first  performed  at 

Covent  Garden,  London 28  Mch.  1800 

Beethoven's  "  Fidelo  "  with  the  Leonora  overture  produced  at 

Vienna 1805 

Royal  Conservatorio  of  Milan  opened 8  Sept.  1808 

Modern  metronome  invented  by  John  Maelzel 1816 

First  performance  of  Spohr's  "  Faust "  at  Prague " 

First  musical  journal  in  England,  the  Quarterly  Musical  Mag- 
azine and  Review,  pub 1818-28 

Weber's  "  Der  Freischutz  "  and  "  Preciosa"  produced 1820 

Royal  Academy  of  Music  founded  at  London 1822 

.  Donizetti's  "  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  "  produced  at  Naples  ....  1835 
Meyerbeer's  "Robert  le  Diable,"  1831,  and  "Les  Huguenots" 

produced 1836 

Publication  of  the  Musical  World  begun  in  England " 

Wagner's  "  Rienzi  "  produced  at  Dresden 1842 

Conservatory  at  Leipsic  opened 1  Apr.  1843 

Tonic  8ol-fa  system,  in  which  the  letters  d,  r,  m,f,  s,  I,  t  (for 
do,  re,  mi,  fa,  so,  la,  ti,  or  si)  are  used  instead  of  notes,  was 
invented  by  Miss  Glover  of  Norwich,  and  improved  by  rev. 

John  Curwen about  1844 

Waguer's  "  Tannhauser  "  produced  at  Dresden 1845 

Mendelssohn  produces  "  Elijah  " 1846 

Royal  Irish  Academy  of  Music  founded -1848 

Verdi  produces  "II  Trovator"  at  Rome,  and  "La  Traviata  " 

at  Venice 1853 

Conservatory  at  Stuttgart  founded 1857. 

"  Popular  Monday  concerts  "  at  St.  James  hall,  London,  founded 
by  S.  A.  Chappell,  commence  with  a  "Mendelssohn  night," 

14  Feb.  1859 
Great  Handel  musical  festival  at  Crystal  palace,  London,  on 
the  centenary  of  his  death,  commencing  (Handel's  commkm- 
ORATiONS) 20  June,     " 


First  public  appearance  of  Miss  Christine  Nilsson  in   "La 

Traviata  " 27  Oct.  1864 

College  of  organists  founded " 

Wagner's  "Tristan  und  Isolde  "  produced  at  Munich 1865 

Wagner  Society  in  London  gave  concerts  to  introduce  Wag- 
ner's "  Musik  der  Zuknuft"  (the  due  combination  of  music 

and  poetry) Feb.  1873 

Musical  Association  for  the  Investigation  and  Discussion  of 
Subjects  connected  with  the  Art  and  Science  of  Music, 
founded  by  messrs.  Spottiswoode,  Wheatstone,  Tyndall,  G. 
A.  Macfarren,  J.  HuUah,  Sedley  Taylor,  Stone,  Pole,  Chap- 
pell, Barnby,  and  others  in  England 16  Apr.  1874 

An  orchestra  supplied  with  wind  instruments  made  of  terra- 
cotta appeared  in  London " 

Bizet's  "Carmen  "  first  produced  at  Paris 3  Mch.  1875 

Tonic  Sol-fa  Association  in  England  founded  1853;  the  college 

established  1862  by  rev.  John  Curwen;  chartered " 

Wagner's  "Lohengrin  "  performed  at  Covent  Garden,  8  May; 
at  Drury  Lane,  13  June,  1875.     "  Tannhauser  "  performed  at 

Covent  Garden. 29  Apr.  1876 

Three  series  of  performances  of  Wagner's  "  Ring  des  Nibelun- 
gen,"  in  4  parts  ("  Kheingold,"  "Walkure,"  "Siegfried," 
and  "GOtterdammerung"),  at  Bayreuth,  before  the  empe- 
rors of  Germany  and  Brazil,  king  of  Bavaria,  and  other  sov- 
ereigns and  princes 13  Aug.  et  seq.     " 

Wagner  festival,  Royal  Albert  hall,  London  (Wagner  present), 

7-19  May,  1877 

Sullivan's  "Pinafore,"  London 1878 

National  training  school  for  music,  building  near  the  Albert 
hall,  London,  founded  by  the  duke  of  Edinburgh, 18  Dec.1873; 
opened  by  him  17  May,  1876;  first  public  concert.  ..23  June,  1879 

Wagner's  "  Parsifal "  produced  at  Bayreuth " 

Sullivan's  "Pirates  of  Penzance,"  LondOD '. 1880 

Sullivan's  "  Patience,"  London 1881 

First  annual  congress  of  National  Society  of  Professional  Mu- 
sicians held  in  England 1884 

Sullivan's  "Mikado  " 1885 

Janko  keyboard  for  the  piano,  first  publicly  used  by  the  inven- 
tor, Paul  von  Janko,  in  Vienna 1886 

Alfred  Cellier's  "  Nell  Gwynne,"  London,  1876;  "Dorothy"..      " 

New  Leipsic  Conservatory  of  Music  dedicated 5  Dec.  1887 

Sullivan's  "Yeoman  of  the  Guard,"  London 1888 

J.  Joachim  celebrates  the  50th  anniversary  of  his  d^but  as  a 
violinist  (made  at  Pesth,  1849)  at  Cambridge,  Engl...  14  Mch.  1889 

MUSICAL  PKOGRESS   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

First  practical  instruction-book  on  singing,  compiled  by  rev. 

John  Tufts,  pub.  in  New  England 1712 

Organ  presented  to  the  Queen's  chapel,  Boston,  by  Thomas 

Brattle,  Esq Aug.  1718 

Singing  societies  established  in  different  parts  of  New  England,  1720 
"  Beggar's  Opera,"  written  by  John  Gay  in  1727  (probably)  first 

produced  in  New  York 3  Dec.  1750 

William  Billings  of  Boston  publishes  a  collection  of  his  musical 

compositions  entitled  "The  New  England  Psalm  Singer,  or 

American  Chorister,"  in  4  and  5  parts 1770 

Stoughton.  Mass.,  Musical  Society  organized 7  Nov.  1786 

Oliver   Holden   of  Charlestown,  composer  of    "Coronation," 

publishes  "  The  American  Harmony  "  in  3  and  4  parts 1792 

Mrs.  Oldmixon,  nee  George,  makes  her  d^but  in  America  in 

"  Inkle  and  Yarico" 5  Dec.  1798 

Euterpean  M usical  Society,  New  York  city 180Q 

Massachusetts  Musical  Society,  Boston 1807 

"  Barber  of  Seville  "  sung  by  French  artists  in  New  Orleans, 

12  July,  1810 
Handel  and  Haydn  Society  organized  in  Boston,  20  Apr.  1815; 

incorporated 9  Feb.  1816 

"  Clari,  the  Maid  of  Milan,"  libretto  by  John  Howard  Payne, 

containing  the  song  "  Home,  Sweet  Home,"  first  produced 

in  New  York 12  Nov.  1823 

New  York  Sacred  Music  Society,  organized  1823,  gives  its  first 

concert 15  Mch.  1824 

New  York  Choral  Society  gives  its  first  concert  at  St.  George's 

church,  Beekman  st 20  Apr.     " 

Manuel  Garcia,  with  his  wife,  his  son  Manuel,  daughter  Marietta 

(Malibran),  appears  in  Italian  opera  in  New  York  city,  29  Nov.  1825 
Musical  conventions  in  America  originate  in  New  Hampshire, 

where  the  Central  Musical  Society  holds  its  first  convention 

at  Concord Sept  1829 

Thomas  Hastings,  invited  by  various  churches,  coming  to  New 

York,  organizes  church  choirs,  and  regulates  psalmody  on 

a  more  religious  basis 1832 

Boston  Academy  of  Music,  founded  for  instruction  in  the  Pes- 

talozzian  system,  with  liOwell  Mason  at  the  head,  opens 1833 

Harvard  Musical  Association  established 30  Aug.  1837 

Balfe's   "  Bohemian  Girl "   produced   for  the   first    time   in 

America  by  the  Seguin  Opera  company  at  the  Park  theatre, 

New  York 25  Nov.  1844 

Louis  Moreau  Gottschalk  makes  his  d^but  at  Paris,  France 1845 

Tour  of  the  Hutchinson  family,  temperance  and  anti-slavery 

singers  in  the  U.  S.  and  England 1846-58 

Concert  tour  of  Edward  Remenyi,  violin  virtuoso,  in  the  U.  S.,  1848 
Germania  orchestra  give  their  first  concert  in  America  at 

Astor  Place  Opera-house,  New  York 5  Oct.     " 

First  public  concert  of  the  Mendelssohn  Quintet  club  at  Boston, 

4  Dec.  1849 
Jenny  Lind  sings  in  concert  at  Castle  Garden,  New  Yoric,  11  Sept.  1850 
Chamber  music  introduced  in  New  York,  1849;  Theodore  Eis- 

feld  opens  his  quartet-soirees  at  Hope  chapel 18  Feb.  1851 

Henrietta  Sontag,  who  made  her  debut  in  England  as  Rosina, 

at  the  King's  theatre,  19  Apr.  1828,  appears  in  the  U.  S.,  Sept.  1852 


MUS 

Dwigbt's  Journal  of  Music  founded  in  Boston 

GoUscbalk's  first  concert  in  New  York  city 

Cecilia  Society  of  Cincinnati,  0.,  organizes  and  gives  its  first 

concert !'•>  Sept. 

Peabody  institute,  Hultiinoro,  Md. ,  founded 

Wagner's    "  TauikiAuser "    produced    for   the   first   time   in 

America,  at  the  Sudt  Theater,  New  York 27  Aug. 

Adelina  Patti  makes  her  ddbut  in  "Lucia"  at  the  Academy  of 

Music,  New  York 24  Nov. 

Clara  Ix>uise  Kellogg  makes  her  ddbut  in  "Rigoletto"  at  the 

Academy  of  Music,  New  York 

Theodore  Thomas  begins  his  symphony  soirees  In  New  York, 

Dec. 

Oberliu  Conservatory  of  Music  founded 

**  Der  NordamerikanischeSangerbiind  "  reorganized  at  Chicago, 
National  Peace  Jubilee  held  in  Boston,  Mass. ;  over  10,000  sing- 
ers and  1000  musicians;  P.  S.  Gilmore  conductor,  15-20  June. 
New  England  Conservatory  of  Music  established  at  Providence, 

R.  I.,  1859;  removed  to  Boston.  1867 ;  incorponited 

Beethoven's  Conservatory  of  Music  founded  at  St.  Louis 

Kisk  university  "Jubilee  Singers"  make  their  "campaign  for 

$20,000" Oct.  1871-May, 

World's  Peace  Jubilee  and  International  Musical  Festival  held 

in  Boston / 17  June-4  July, 

Beethoven  Quintet  Club  organized  iu  Boston 

Music  Teachers'  National  Association  organized 

New  York  College  of  Music  incorporated 

Cincinnati  College  of  .Music  incorporated 

Campanini's  first  appearance  in  the  U.  S 

American  College  of  Musicians  incorporated 

Opera  "  Erminie,"  by  Jacobowski,  first  performed  in  the  U.  S. 

in  New  York. 

Opera  "The  Lion  Tamer,"  by  Richard  Stahl,  first  sung  in  the 

U.  S.  at  the  Broadway  theatre,  New  York  city 30  Dec. 

"  Montebanks,"  by  W.  S.  Gilbert  and  Alfred  Collier,  first  sung 

in  the  U.  S.  at  Baldwin's  theatre,  San  Francisco.  Cal,  22  Sept. 
"Fencing  Master,"  by  Reginald  De  Koven  (also  composed 

"Robin  Hood"),  first  performed  in  New  York  city  at  the 

Casino 26  Sept.     " 

PRINCIPAL  MUSICAL  SOCIETIES  IN  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Organized 

Baltimore,  Md Oratorio  Society 1880 

f  Handel  and  Haydn  Society 1816 

I  Apollo  Club 1871 

Boston,  Mass {  Boylston  Club 1872 

IThe  Cecilia 1876 

(  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra 1880 

(  Brooklyn  Philharmonic  Society 1857 

i»w^i,i„„  M  V  Apollo  Club 1877 

Brooklyn,  a.  \ Amphion  Musical  Society 1879 

I  Caecilia  Ladies'  Vocal  Society 1883 


534 


MUS 


1856 
1867 


1864 
1866 
1868 


1870 
1871 


1872 


1873 
1876 
1878 


1892 


Buflalo,  N.  Y 


(Liedcrtafel 

•  (Orpheus  Singing  Society. 

Chicago,  III Apollo  Musical  Club 

Cincinnati,  0 Apollo  Club 

ny^^^i^^A  i\  (Cleveland  Vocal  Society. . 

Cleveland,  O | Bach  Society 

Milwaukee,  Wis Musik-Verein 

Minneapolis,  Minn Gounod  Club 

Newark,  N.  J 


Organized 
. . .  1848 
.  ..  ]8(;9 
...  1871 
...  1H8I 
...  1872 
...  1878 
....  1849 
,...   1883 


Schubert  Vocal  Society 1880 

Philharmonic  Society 1842 

Deutscher  Liederkranz 1847 

New  York  city ■{  Mendelssohn  Glee  Club 1865 

I  Oratorio  Society 1873 

I  Symphony  Society ]878 

PhilftdPlnhia    Pa  j  Orpheus  Club 1871 

Pbiladelpftia,  Pa....  |TheCecilian 1874 

Pittsburg,  Pa. The  Mozart  Club 1877 

Rhode  Island Rhode  Island  Choral  Association 1885 

Salem,  Mass Salem  Oratorio  Society 1867 

San  Francisco,  Cal The  Loring  Club 1876 

Springfield,  Mass Hampden  County  Musical  Association. .  1887 

St.  Louis,  Mo St.  Louis  Choral  Society 1879 

Washington,  D.  C Choral  Society 1883 

Worcester,  Mass Worcester  County  Musical  Association.  1863 

PKINCIPAL  MUSICAL  SOCIETIES   IN   ENGLAND. 

Philharmonic  Society,  organized 1813 

Sacred  Harmonic  Society,  organized 1833 

Musical  Union,  founded  by  John  Ella 1845 

Glee  Club  existed  from  1787  to 1857 

Catch  Club,  founded  1761,  centenary  kept July,  1861 

Cfficilian  Society,  founded  by  Z.  W.  Vincent  and  others  in  1786, 
disbanded " 

„      MUSICAL   FESTIVALS. 

First  at  Bologna,  1515,  at  a  meeting  of  Francis  I.  of  France  and 
Pope  Leo  X.  Several  were  held  in  Europe  in  the  18th  century; 
for  Haydn,  at  Vienna,  1808, 1811;  others  at  Erfurt,  1811;  Cologne, 
1821;  and  often  since.  First  in  England  at  St.  Paul's,  London, 
about  1655,  termed  "  Sons  of  the  Clergy."  Dr.  Bysse,  chancellor 
of  Hereford,  about  1724,  proposed  to  the  members  of  the  choirs  a 
collection  at  the  cathedral  door  after  morning  service,  when  40 
guineas  were  collected  and  appropriated  to  charitable  purposes. 
It  was  then  agreed  to  hold  festivals  at  Hereford,  Gloucester,  and 
Worcester,  in  rotation  annually.  Until  1753  the  festival  lasted 
only  2  days;  it  was  then  extended  at  Hereford  to  3  evenings; 
and  at  Gloucester,  in  1757,  to  3  mornings,  to  introduce  Hanciers 
"Messiah,"  which  was  warmly  received,  and  has  been  performed 
annually  since.  Musical  festivals  are  now  frequently  held 
in  the  different  cities  of  the  U.  S.  Handel's  commemora- 
tions. 


EMINENT    MUSICAL    COMPOSERS. 
Abbreviations:  Or.  oratorio,  Op.  opera,  Ms.  mass,  Md.  madrigal,  An.  anthem,  So.  sonata,  Sy.  symphony,  GL  glee. 


Date. 

Name. 

Compositions. 

1500-60 

Christopher  Tye     

An  *■'  I  will  exalt  Thee  " 

1514-94 

Giovanni  P  di  Palestrina     

Ms    Md    etc 

1523-85 

An.  "  I  will  call  and  cry." 

iXon  Nobis  Domine;  An.  "Bow  down  thine  ear;"  Md.  "While  the  bright  sun  ;" 

\     also,  Ms. 
Or.  L'Anima  e  del  Corpo. 
Md.  "  My  bonny  lass  she  smileth." 
Op.  Orfeo,  Arianna,  etc. 

An.  "  Hosanna  to  the  son  of  David  ;"  Md.  "  Oh  that  the  learned  poets."  ^^ 
Or.  Passion,  Resurrection,  etc. ;  also,  Op.  J^B 
Op.  Dafne,  1594;  Eurydice,  1600.  ^H 
Or.  Jonah,  Jephtha,  etc.  ^H 
Op.  Psyche.  '^1 
Op.  Tragedies  Lyriques;  also.  So.  .-^M 
An.  "0  give  thanks  ;"  Op.  Dido  and  ^neas.  King  Arthur;  also,  So.  ^H 
A  fugue  for  two  choirs;  Tu  es  Petrus;  Op.  Carlo  Re  d'Almagna;  also,  Ms.,  S^H 
Or.  Bleedingand  Dying  Jesus;  also,  Op.  ^H 
An.  "God  is  gone  up."  ^H 
Op.  Castor  and  Pollux.  ^H 
Or.  Passion  (St.  Matthew  and  St.  John)  ;  also,  Ms.,  So.  ^H 
Or.  Messiah,  Israel  in  Egypt,  Esther,  Samson,  Saul;  Op.  Almira,  Rinaldo,  j^H 
Or.  Death  of  Abel;  Op.  Olympiade;  also,  Ms.  ^^H 
Various  Ms.,  Op.,  Sy.  ^^^H 
Or.  Der  Tod  Jesu ;  also  Ms.,  Op.  j^H 
Op.  Artaxerxes;  Or.  Judith;  also,  Gl.  ^^H 
An.  "  By  the  waters  of  Babylon  ;  "  Op.  The  Chaplet;  also.  So.  ^H 
Op.  Orfeo,  Alceste,  Iphigenia.  ^^H 
Op.  Ariadne  aufNaxos;  Medea.  ^^H 
Op.  Roland,  Labuona  Figliuola,  Diden,  Cecchina.  ^H 
Op.  Liederspiele.                                                                                                     ^^H 

(Or.  Creation,  Seasons;  Sy.  London  symphonies,  Toy  symphonies,  etc.;  also  HB? 

\     So. 
An  for  seven  voices   "  Call  to  remembrance  ■"  also  Gl 

1538-1623 

1550-1600 

1563  1604 

1566-1651 

1583-1625 

Orlando  Gibbons 

1585  1672 

Heinrich  Schiitz    

c.  1594 
1604  74 

Jacopo  Peri 

Giacomo  Carissimi               , 

1620-77 

Matthew  I<ock 

1633-87 

1658-95 

1659-1725 

Alessandro  Scarlatti 

1673-1739 

Reinhard  Keiser 

1677-1727 

William  Croft 

1683-1764 
1685-1750 

Jean  Philippe  Rameau 

J.  Sebastian  Bach 

1685-1759 

George  Frederick  Handel  .  . 

1694-1746 

1699-1783 

1701-59 

C.  H.  Graun 

1710-78 

1710-79 

William  Boyce 

1714-87 

Christopher  W.  R.  Gluck 

1722-95 

1728-1800 

1728-1804 

Johann  Adam  Hiller 

1732-1801) 

Joseph  Haydn 

1738-1801 

Jonathan  Battishill 

1740-1802 

Samuel  Arnold    

An.  "  Who  is  this  that  cometh  ;"  also,  40  English  Op. 
Orchestral  music,. Ms.,  Sy. 

Op.  Zemire  et  Azor;  also,  Sy.  ^ 
Gradus  ad  Parnassum;  So.,  Sy.  .JH 
Op.  Don  Giovanni,  Figaro,  ZauberflOte;  Sy.  Jupiter  symphony;  Requiem,  S«H 
Pleyel's  hymn,  29  symphonies;  also.  So.  |H 
Op.  Les  Deux  Journges,  Requiem  in  C  minor;  also,  Ms.  \^H 
Lay  of  the  bell ;  Sy.  H 
An.  "  Come,  Holy  Ghost."  ^^M 
Or.  Mount  of  Olives;  Op.  Fidelio;  Sy.  Pastorale,  Eroica,  Choral;  also,  Ms.,  ^H 
On.  La  Vestale.                                                                                                  ^M 

1740  1806 

Luigi  Boccherini    

1741  1813 

Andre  Gr^trv     . .         ... 

1752-1832 

1756-1791 

1757  1831 

1.  Pleyel 

1760-1842 

1767  1821 

Andreas  Romberg, 

1767  1838 

Thomas  Attwood 

1770  1827 

J/Udwig  von  Beethoven 

1778-1851 

Gasparo  L.  P.  Spontini 

MUS  •''35 

EMINENT  MUSICAL  COMPOSERS.— {Continued.) 


MUT 


1784-1859 

1784-1871 
178C-1826 
1786-1855 
1791-1833 

1792-1868 

1794-1864 

1794-1870 

1797-1828 

1797-1848 

1797-1870 

1799-1868 

1802-35 

1803-69 

1804-49 

1804-85 

1808-70 

1809-47 

1809-49 

1810-56 

1810-76 

1810-84 

1811-86 

1811- 

1812-83 

1813-87 

1813-83 

1813- 

1816-75 

1817-90 

1818-93 

1819-80 

1822-82 

1825-89 

1829- 

1832- 


)  1835- 

I  1839-75 

!  1840-93 

j  1842- 

I  1842- 

I  1844-91 

i  1852- 


Name. 


Ludwig  or  Louis  Spohr 

Daniel  F.  E.  Auber 

Carl  Maria  von  Weber 

Sir  Henry  R.  Bishop 

Louis  J.  F.  Herold 

Gioacchino  Antonio  Rossini 

Jacob  Meyerbeer 

Ignatz  Moscheles 

Franz  Schubert 

Gaetano  Donizetti 

Saverio  Mercadante 

J.  E.  Hal6vy 

Vincenzo  Bellini 

Hector  Berlioz 

Johann  Strauss 

Sir  Jules  Benedict 

Michael  William  Balfe. . .  

Felix  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 

Francis  Frederic  Chopin 

Robert  Schumann 

Samuel  Sebastian  Wesley 

Sir  Michael  Costa 

Franz  Liszt 

Charles  L.  Ambroise  Thomas 

Friedrich  Freiherr  von  Flotow 

George  A.  Macfarren 

Richard  Wagner 

Giuseppe  Verdi 

Sir  William  Sterndale  Bennett 

Niels  W.  Gade 

Charles  Gounod 

Jacques  Offenbach 

Joseph  Joachim  Raff. 

Rev.  sir  F.  A.  Gore  Ouseley 

Anton  Gregor  Rubinstein 

Charles  Lecocq 

Johannes  Brahms 

Charles  C.  Saint-Saens 

Leopold  Georges  Bizet 

Peter  I.  Tschaikowsky  (tscke-kdw'-ske) 
Edmond  Andrau 

Arthur  S.  Sullivan 

Alfred  Cellier 

Charles  V.  Stanford 


Compositions. 


(Or.  Des  Heilands  letzte  Stunden  (Calvary),  Die  letzten  Diugc  (Last  Judgment); 
\     Op.  Faust,  Jessouda;  Sy.  Die  Weihe  der  TOne. 

Op.  Fra  Diavolo,  La  Muta  de  Portici  (Masaniello),  Zerline. 

Op.  Der  Freischatz,  Preciosa,  Euryanthe,  Oberon. 

Op.  Miller  and  his  Men,  Guy  Mannering;  Gl.  "  I  gave  my  harp." 

Op.  Zampa. 
(Op.  Guglielmo  Tell,  Tancredi,  Otello,  Barbiere  di  Siviglia,  Semiramide,  Mose   in 
(     Egitto,  Stabat  Mater,  etc. 

Op.  Les  Huguenots,  L'Africaine,  Robert  le  Diable,  L'Etoile  du  Nord. 

Various  Sy.,  So. 

Der  ErlenkOnig,  Serenade;  also.  Ms.,  Op.,  So.,  Sy. 

Op.  Lucrezia  Borgia,  Lucia,  La  Favorita. 

Op.  Elesa  e  Claudio,  II  Giuramente. 

Op.  La  Juive,  Les  Mousquetaires. 

Op.  Norma,  La  Sonnambula,  I  Puritani. 

Op.  La  Damnation  de  Faust,  Benvenuto  Cellini;  Sy.  Romeo  et  Juliette;  also,  Ms. 

Dance  music,  251  pieces. 
(Op.  Lily  of  Killarney,  Gipsy's  Warning,  The  Brides  of  Venice,  The  Crusaders; 
(     Or.  St.  Peter. 

Op.  Bohemian  Girl,  Talisman,  Maid  of  Artois,  Falstaff,  etc. 

(Or.  Elijah,  St.  Paul;    An.  "Judge  me,  O  God;"  Op.  Wedding  of  Camacho;  also, 
\     Songs  without  Words,  So.,  Sy. 

Nocturnes;  So.;  Waltzes. 

Op.  Genevieve.  Music  to  Faust,  Sy.  in  C,  B  flat,  etc. ;  So. 

An.  The  Wilderness. 

Or.  Eli,  Naaman;  Op.  Malvina,  Don  Carlos. 

Faust  symphony,  Tasso,  etc. 

Op.  Mignon,  Hamlet. 

Op.  Martha,  Stradella. 

Op.  Robin  Hood;  Or.  St.  John  the  Baptist,  The  Resurrection;  also*  An. 
(Op.  Tannhauser,    Lohengrin,    Niebelungen,    Tristan    und    Isolde,    Meistersanger, 
I     Rienzi,  Der  fliegende  Hollander. 

Op.  II  Trovatore,  Ernani,  Rigoletto,  La  Traviato,  A!da,  Don  Carlos. 

May  Queen,  The  Woman  of  Samaria;  also,  Or.,  An.,  So.,  Sy. 

Cantata,  Erlking's  daughter;  Sy. 

Op.  Faust,  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Op.  La  Grande  Duchesse,  Orphde  aux  Eiifers.  Barbe  bleue,  etc. 

Variations  on  an  original  theme;  Sanges  Pruhling;  Op.,  Sy. 

Or.  St.  Polycarp,  Hagar;  An.  "  It  came  even  to  pass." 

Sy.  Ocean  symphony ;  also.  Or. ,  Op. 

Op.  Girofle-Girofla,  La  Princesse  des  Canaries,  La  Fille  de  Mme.  Angot 

Deutches  requiem;  Sy.,  etc. 

Op.  Etienne  Marcel. 

Op.  Carmen. 

Sy.  Der  Sturm,  Francesca  von  Rimini;  Op.  Mazeppa. 

Op.  La  Mascotte. 

[The  Prodigal  Son;  The  Light  of  the  World;  Op.  H.M.S.  Pinafore,  Mikado,  Patience, 
[     lolanthe.  Pirates  of  Penzance,  Yeoman  of  the  Guard. 

Op.  Nell  Gwynne,  Dorothy. 

Op.  The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khoassan,  The  Canterbury  Pilgrim;  Sy.,  Or.,  So. 


Other  noted  composers  :    Barnby,  Boieldeau,  Bruch,  Buck,   David, 

De  Koven,  Franz,  Gossec,  Hattou,  Hiller,  Hofmann,  Jacobowski, 
;  Jensen,  Lachner,  Lawes,  Moszkowski,  Paisello,  Porpora,  Rhein- 
[  berger,  Scharwenka,  Tausig,  Talberg,  Tours,  Ulrich,  Volk- 
1     mann. 

!  Noted  singers :  Albani,  Alboni,  Bordogni,  Campanini,  Catalini, 
:  Cummings,  Formes,  Girsta,  Grisi,  Hauck,  Henschel,  Kellogg, 
!  Lablache,  La  Grange,  Lind,  Lucca,  Malibran,  Mallinger,  Mara, 
I  Mario,  Materna,  Maurel,  Murska,  Niemann,  Nilsson,  Novello, 
!     Parepa  Rosa,  Pasta,  Phillips,  Patti,  Reeves,  Reicherkniderman, 

Remmertz,     Ronconi,     Rubini,     Rudersdorf,     Santley,     Scaria, 

Schroeder  -  Devient,    Sontag,    Stockhausen,    Tamburini,   Tichat- 
;     scheck,  Todi,  Viardot-Garcia,  Whitney. 
I  Noted  pianists :  Bendel,  Brassin,  D'Albert,  Dreyschock,  Dulcken, 

Dussek,  Essipoff,  Goddard,  Gottschalk,  Haberbier,  Halle,  Henselt, 
j  Herz,  Hummel,  Jaell,  Joseffy,  Kalkbrenner,  Kousti,  Krebs,  Mayer, 
1  Mehlig,  Mills,  Paderewski,  Reinecke,  Ries,  Rive -King,  Salter, 
!  Schiller,  Schoberlechner,  Schulhoff,  Sherwood,  Von  Bulow, 
!  Wolfsohn. 
i  Noted    organists :    Blow,    Buxtehude.    Cooper,    Couperin,    Eddy, 

Eyken,   Faisst,  Fischer,  Frescobaldi,  Guilmant,  Haupt,  Hesse, 
,    Kittel.   Kloss,   Lefebre-Wely,   Lemmens,   Lux,  Marpurg,  Paine, 
;    Rinck,  Reinken,  Ritter,  Renter,  Todt,  Van  den  Cheyn. 
[Noted  violinists :  Camilla  Urso,  Corelli,  Eichberg,  Giardini,  Joachim, 
.    Laub,   Lauterbach,   Le    Clair,    Leonhard,    Lipinski,    Listerman, 

Luestner,  Nohr,  Neruda,  Ole  Bull,  Paganini,  Rappoldi,  Remenyi, 
;     Sarasate,  Singer,  Sivori,  Taborouski,  Tartini,  Torelli,  Viotti,  Vieux- 

temps,  Wieniawsky,  Wilhelmj. 
Other  virtuosos :  Boehm,  Drouet,  Quantz  (flute).     Carcassi  (guitar). 

Dragonetti  (double  bass).  Godefroid,  Oberthuer  (harp).  Piatti, 
,    Seligman,  Servais  (violoncello). 

I  miliic,  Cyclopaedias  and  Dictionaries  of:  Rousseau's, 
pub.  1767;  in  "  Encyclopedie  Methodique,"  1791;  Fetis, 
"  Biographic  Universelle  des  Musiciens,"  1835-44  ;  Mendell's 
■'  Conversations  -  Lexicon  ;"  "  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Mu- 
sicians," 1450-1889, 11  vols.,  edited  by  sir  George  Grove,  1878- 
1890;  "Historv  of  Music,"  by  Emil  Naumann,  edited  bv  sir 
jF.  A.  Gore  Ouseley,  1890. 

I  musical  pitch.  The  pitch  of  a  note  produced  de- 
roends  on  the  time  in  which  the  motion  or  vibration  which 
j^ves  rise  to  the  sound  takes  place.  Pitch  then  is  defined  by 
requency  of  vibration  and  was  settled  for  France  by  legislation 


in  1859,  the  noiddle  A  to  be  870  simple  or  435  double  vibrations 
in  a  second ;  but  through  error  of  measurement  the  fork  made 
gave  (A)  439  double  vibrations  (C,  522).  At  a  meeting  on  the 
subject,  held  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  on  23  Nov.  1860,  the  con- 
cert pitch  of  C  was  recommended  to  be  528  vibrations  in  a 
second ;  but  the  fork  made  by  J.  H.  Griesbach  gives  539^ 
vibrations.  Mr.  HuUah  adopted  512  vibrations.  A  lower 
pitch  was  adopted  at  concerts  in  London  in  Jan.  1869.  528 
vibrations  for  C  adopted  for  performances  at  the  international 
exhibition  of  1872,  at  a  meeting  20  Jan.  1872.  Handel's  tun- 
ing-fork, 1740,  was  495 ;  the  Philharmonic  Society's,  1813-43, 
was  515.  A.  J.  Ellis's  elaborate  "  History  of  Musical  Pitch  " 
is  pub.  in  Journal  of  the  Society  of  A  rts,  5  Mch.  1880,  and 
separately. 

niU§ket§.     Fire-arms. 

inu§lill,  a  fine  cotton  cloth,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from 
having  a  downy  nap  on  its  surface  resembling  moss  (Fr. 
moussey,  according  to  others,  because  it  was  first  brought 
from  Moussol,  in  India.  Muslins  were  first  worn  in  England  in 
1670. — Anderson.  By  means  of  the  mule,  British  much  super- 
seded India  muslins. 

milStClllg',  a  small,  hardy  wild  horse  of  the  southwest 
United  States  and  Mexico,  a  descendant  of  the  horse  intro- 
duced into  America  by  the  Spaniards;  also,  the  name  of  a 
variety  of  grape,  south. 

"  Nor  the  red  mustang 
Whose  clusters  hang 
O'er  the  waves  of  the  Colorado." 

— Longfellow,  "Catawba  Wine." 

lUuta,  a  village  near  Damascus,  Syria.  Here  Mahomet 
defeated  the  Christians  in  his  first  conflict  with  them,  629. 

mute.  A  prisoner  arraigned  for  treason  or  felony  is  said 
to  stand  mute  when  he  makes  no  answer,  or  one  foreign  to  the 
purpose.     Anciently  a  mute  was  subjected  to  torture. 


MUT 


636 


MYT 


ly  in  Yorkshire,  having  murdered 
Ills  wife  in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  being 


Walter  Calverly.  esq.,  of  Calveri 
3  of  his  children,  and  stal)b«Hl 

arraigned  for  his  crime  at  York  assizes,  stood  mute,  and  was 
pressed  to  death  in  the  castle  by  a  large  iron  weight  on  his  breast, 
6  Aug.  1605—^7010. 

Miijor  Strangeway  suffered  a  similar  death  at  Newgate,  for  the  mur- 
der of  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Fussell,  1667. 

Judgment  was  awarded  against  mutes,  as  if  they  were  convicted  or 
had  confessed,  by  12  <Jeo.  III.  1772. 

A  mail  refusing  to  plead  was  condemned  and  executed  at  the  Old 
Bailey  on  a  charge  of  murder,  1778,  and  another  on  a  charge  of 
burglary  at  Wells,  1792. 

An  act  directing  the  court  to  enter  a  plea  of  "  not  guilty  "  when  the 
prisoner  will  not  plead,  1827. 

•Case  of  Giles  Corey.     Witchcraft,  Salem,  17  Sept.  1692. 

mil'tina,  now  Hodena,  a  fortified  city  of  N.  Italy. 
Here  Marc  Antony,  after  defeating  the  consul  Pansa,  was  him- 
-self  beaten  with  great  loss  by  Hirtius,  the  other  consul,  and 
fled  to  Gaul,  27  Apr.  43  B.C. 

miltill)',  a  revolt  against  constituted  authority;  open 
j-esistance  to  officers  in  authority,  especially  in  the  army 
and  navy.  The  principal  revolt  or  mutiny  during  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  was  that  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  2000 
strong,  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  1  Jan.  1781.  The  tardiness  of 
Congress  in  supplying  the  wants  of  the  army  was  the  chief 
<;au8e.  Unable  to  control  the  troops  by  his  personal  efforts, 
Gen.  Wayne  appointed  2  officers,  cols.  Stewart  and  Butler,  to 
•conduct  them  to  Princeton,  where  they  submitted  to  Con- 
gress, in  writing,  their  demands.  Meanwhile  sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton sent  2  emissaries  among  them,  making  most  liberal  of- 
fers, if  they  would  go  over  to  the  British.  These  men  they 
at  once  delivered  up  to  the  government.  Congress  appointed 
commissioners  to  confer  with  the  troops,  and  complied  with 
most  of  their  just  demands.  Many  were,  however,  disbanded 
during  the  winter,  and  their  places  tilled  in  the  spring  with 
cecruits.  A  like  action  on  the  part  of  the  New  Jersey  Line 
followed,  24-28  Jan.  1781,  but  this  was  quickly  subdued,  and 
2  ringleaders  executed. 
Of  the  Bounty  (Bounty  mutiny),  28  Apr.  1789. 
Of  sailors  throughout  the  British  fleet  at  Portsmouth,  Apr.  1797, 

and  at  the  Nore,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  May-June,  1797 ; 

several  executed. 
Of  the  Danae,  British  frigate:  the  crew  carried  the  ship  into  Brest 

harbor,  27  Mch.  1800. 
•On  board  adm.  Mitchell's  fleet  at  Bantry  bay,  Dec.  1801,  and  Jan. 

1802.       B.\NTRY  BAY. 

At  Malta,  began  4  Apr.  1807,  and  ended  on  the  12th,  when  the  mu- 
tineers (chiefly  Greeks  and  Corsicans)  blew  themselves  up  with  a 
magazine  of  between  400  and  500  barrels  of  gunpowder. 

On  board  the  U.  S.  ship  Somers,  1842.     Somers,  United  States. 

Of  the  sepoys.    India,  1857. 

Mycale  (myc'-a-k)  (Ionia,  Asia  Minor),  Battle  of,  fought 
between  the  Greeks  (under  Leotychides,  the  king  of  Sparta,  and 
Xantippus  the  Athenian)  and  the  Persians,  under  Tigranes, 
^2  Sept.  479  B.C. ;  the  day  on  which  Mardonius  was  defeated 
and  slain  at  Plataea  by  Pausanias.  The  Persians  (about 
100,000  men)  were  completely  defeated,  thousands  slaughtered, 
and  their  camp  burned.  The  Greeks  returned  to  Samos  with 
immense  booty. 

Myce'nae,  a  division  of  the  kingdom  of  Argives,  in  the 
Peloponnesus,  about  50  stadia  from  Argos,  flourished  till  the 
invasion  of  the  Heraclidae.     Early  history  mythical.  ^  f, 

Perseus  removes  from  Argos;  founds  Mycenae...  1431, 1313,  or  1282 

Reign  of  Eurystheus 1289,  1274,  or  1258 

[Towards  the  close  of  his  reign  is  placed  the  story  of  the 
labors  of  Hercules.] 
.iEgisthus  assassinates  Atreus:  Agamemnon  king  of  Sicyon, 

Corinth,  and  perhaps  of  Argos 1201 

He  is  chosen  generalissimo  of  Greece  for  the  Trojan  war,  about  1193 
iEgisthus,  in  the  absence  of  Agamemnon,  lives  in  adultery  with 
queen  Clytemnestra.     On  the  return  of  the  king  they  assas- 
sinate him;  and  iEgisthus  mounts  the  throne 1183 

Orestes,  son  of  Agamemnon,  kills  his  mother  and  her  para- 
mour   1176 

Orestes  dies  of  the  bite  of  a  serpent 1106 

Achaians  are  expelled " 

Invasion  of  the  Heraclidae,  and  the  conquerors  divide  the  do- 
minions   1103 

Mycenae  destroyed  by  the  Argives 468 

Discoveries  at  Mycenae  by  dr.  Schliemann;  reported,  a.d. 

Mch.  1874-Sept.  1876 

A''isited  by  the  emperor  of  Brazil 15  Oct.     " 

Discovery  of  tombs  of  Agamemnon  and  others,  and  many 

treasures;  announced  by  dr.  Schliemann 28  Nov.     " 

Dr.  Schliemann  reports  discoveries  to  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
London,  22  Mch. ;  pub.  Mycenae Dec.  1877 

Ifly'lae,  a  bay  of  Sicily  where  the  Romans,  under  the  con- 
sul Duilius,  gained  their  first  naval  victory  over  the  Cartha- 


ieS 


ginians,  and  took  50  ships,  260  b.g.     Here  Agrippa  de: 
the  fleet  of  Sextus  Pompeius,  36  b.c. 

inyog^rapll'iOII,  an  apparatus  for  determining  velo< 
ity  of  the  nervous  current,  invented  by  H.  Helmholtz  in  185( 
and  since  improved  by  Dubois  Raymond  and  others 

IHys'la,  an  ancient  country  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  to  th 
north  of  Lydia  and  west  of  Bithynia.  It  was  the  prevailin 
opinion  of  antiquity  that  the  Mysians  were  not  an  indigenou 
people  of  Asia,  but  had  migrated  from  the  banks  of  the  Daa 
ube.  Herodotus  mentions  that  the  Mysians  were  a  numerou 
and  powerful  people  before  the  Trojan  war.  They  becara 
subject  to  the  raonarchs  of  Lydia,  in  the  reign  of  Alyattei 
father  of  Croesus,  and  on  the  dissolution  of  the  Lydian  empir 
they  passed  under  the  Persian  dominion  and  formed  a  part  o 
the  third  satrapy  in  the  division  formed  by  Dariu.s.  The  an 
cient  city  of  Troy  was  within  its  territory,  as  well  as  Perga 
mus  and  Abydos. 

Iflysore',  S.  India,  was  made  a  flourishing  kingdom  b9 
Hyder  Ali,  who  dethroned  the  reigning  sovereign  in  176^ 
and  by  his  son,  Tippoo  Sahib,  who   harassed   the  Englisl 
Tippoo  was  chastised  by  them' in  1792;  and  on  4  May,  179S| 
his  capital,  Seringapatam,  was  taken  by  assault,  and  himsel 
slain.     The  British  established  a  prince  of  the  old  royal  faml 
ily  as  maharajah  of  part  of  Mysore  in  1799.     Being  withou 
an  heir,  he  was  permitted  to  adopt  a  child  of  4  years  of  age, 
Aug.  1867;  who  succeeded  him  at  his  death,  27  Mch.  18( 
and  assumed  the  government  in  May,  1881.     Tippoo's  It 
surviving  son,  Gholam  Mahomet,  a  British  pensioner,  died  a 
Calcutta,  11  Aug.  1872. 

myiteries  (from  the  Gr.  ixvtTTrjpiov,  a  mystery  or  re- 
vealed secret).  "  The  Sacred  mysteries  "  is  a  term  applied  to 
the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  called  the  "  mystery  of  godli- 
ness," 1  Tim.  iii.  16,  as  opposed  to  the  "  mysterj'  of  iniquity," 
2  Thess.  ii.  7.  The  Projfmie  mysteries  were  secret  ceremonies 
performed  by  a  select  few  in  honor  of  some  deity.  From 
Egyptian  mysteries  of  Isis  and  Osiris  sprang  those  of  Diony- 
sus and  Demeter  among  the  Greeks.  The  Eleusinian  mys- 
teries were  introduced  at  Athens  by  Eumolpus,  1356  b.c. 

mystery  plays.     Drama. 

mystics,  theologians  who,  in  addition  to  the  obvious 
meaning  of  Scripture,  assert  that  other  interpretations  may  be 
discovered  by  an  emanation  of  the  Divine  Wisdom,  by  which 
the  soul  is  enlightened  and  purified ;  and  advocate  seclusion 
for  contemplation  and  asceticism. 

Mysticism  taught  at  Alexandria  by  Clemens,  Pantajnus,  Origen,  and 
others,  who  mingled  Christianity  and  Platonism,  2d  and  3d  cen- 
turies. 
Much  promoted  by  the  works  of  the  Pseudo-Dion ysius  ("The  Mys- 
tic Theology,"  etc.),  6th  century. 
Introduced  into  the  Western  empire,  9th  century. 
Eminent  mediaeval  mystics  (opposed  by  schoolmen):  Master  Eck- 
hart  (1251-1329);  John  Tauler  of  Strasburg,  where  he  acted  hero- 
ically during  the  plague  termed  the  -'black  death"  (1290-1361); 
Henry  Suso  (1300-65).    They  aimed  at  a  more  spiritual  religion 
than  Romanism ;  but  their  followers  were  charged  with  immoral- 
ity, pantheism,  communism,  and  maintaining  private  inspiration. 
Jacob  BOhme  or  Behmen,  German  mystic,  pub.  his  "Aurora"  (al- 
leged divine  revelation),  1612;  d.  18  Nov.  1624. 

[Hutchinsonians,  Quakers,  Quietists,  Swedenborgians.] 

mythol'Ogy  (Gr.  fiv9o\oyla=iJ.v9og,  fable,  and  XoyoQ, 
speech),  fables  or  legends  of  cosmogony,  of  gods  and  of  heroes 
of  pagan  peoples.  Of  the  earlier  civilized  nations,  the  Greeks 
had  by  far  the  most  extensive  and  coherent  mythology.  The 
Egyptian,  though  older,  is  obscure,  and  her  literature  not  fer- 
tile in  myths.  The  principal  Egyptian  deities  were  Osiris, 
Horns,  Typhon  (Seth  or  Set),  Isis,  and  Nephthys ;  Horus,  the 
son  of  Osiris  and  Isis,  and  Nephthys,  the  sister  of  Isis.  Osiris 
is  essentially  the  good  principle,  as  Typhon  or  Set,  his  brother, 
is  his  opponent.  Scandinavian  mythology  is  very  prolific  iu 
gods,  goddesses,  and  heroes ;  the  principal  gods  and  goddesses 
being : 

Odin  or  Woden,  the  all-father,  and  his  wife  Frigga;  Baldur  (son  or 
Odin)  and  his  wife  Nauna;  Thor  (son  of  Odin)  and  his  wile  Sit; 
Bragi  (son  of  Odin)  and  his  wife  Idun,  the  latter  the  keeper  for  the 
gods  of  the  Apples  of  Youth;  Ty  or  Tyr  (son  of  Odin);  Njord  and 
his  wife  Skadi,  the  Minerva  of  Scandinavian  mythology;  Fray  (son 
of  Njord)  and  his  sister  Freyia  ;  Hiemdall,  steward  of  the  gods; 
H5d  orllOdur;  Vidar;  Vali ;  Uller;  Loki,  foster-brother  of  Odin,  and 
cause  of  all  evil;  Hela  or  Hel,  goddess  of  the  lower  regions;  Saga, 
goddess  of  history;  Geflon  and  others,  with  the  Norns,  3  sisters, 
corresponding  to  the  Fates  of  the  Greeks.    Valhalla,  Yggdrasil. 


N 


537 


NAP 


PRINCIPAL    GODS    AND    GODDESSES    OF   THE   ROMANS   AND   GREEKS,  WITH    PARENTAGE  AND   PROVINCE. 


Roman. 


Greek. 


Parentage. 


Over  what  presidint;- 


Apollo 

Aurora 

Mollis 

Bacchus 

Bellonii 

Ceres 

Cupid 

Cybele ■ 

Diana 

Juno  (sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter), 

Jupiter 

Mars 

Mercury 

Minerva 

Neptune 


Nox  , 


Apollon 

Eos 

,^olos 

Dionysus 

Enyo 

Demeter 

Eros 

Rhea 

Artemis 

Hera 

Zeus 

Ares 

Hermes 

Pallas- Athene. 
Poseidon 


Jupiter  and  Latona 

Hyperion  and  Theia 

Hippotas  and  Melanippe. 

Jupiter  and  Semele 

Phorcys  and  Ceto 

Saturn  and  Cybele 

Venus 

Uranus  and  Terra 

Jupiter  and  Latoua 

Saturn  and  Cybele 

Saturn  and  Cybele 

Jupiter  and  Juno 

Jupiter  and  Maia 

Jupiter 

Saturn  and  Cybele 


Chaos 


Pluto . . 
Saturn . 
Venus  . 


Vulcaii . 


Plouton  or  Hades. 

Kronos  — 

Aphrodite 

Hestia 

Hephsestori 


Saturn  and  Cybele. 

Uranus  and  Terra... 

Jupiter  and  Diore. 
Saturn  and  Cybele. 
Jupiter  and  Juno. .. 


Music,  poetry,  archery,  prophecy. 

The  dawn. 

The  winds. 

The  vine. 

War. 

Agriculture. 

Love. 

Nature. 

Hunting  and  chastity. 

Marriage  and  domestic  life. 

Over  all,  supreme  god. 

War. 

Commerce  and  gain. 

Wisdom. 

The  sea. 

Night,  death,  sleep,  ridicule.    Mother  of 

Charon.  Fates,  and  the  Furies,  and 

sister  of  Erebus. 
Lower  world. 
Father  of  the  gods  and  brother  of  the 

Titans. 
Love  and  pleasure. 
Virginity. 
Fire. 


See  under  separate  articles. 


N 


1  7. 


X,  the  14th  letter  and  11th  consonant  of  the  English  al- 
phabet. Its  form  and  force  is  derived  from  the  Greek  letter 
N,  thence  from  the  Phoenician  and  Egyptian. 

]VabOlia§'§Rr,  Era  of,  named  from  a  prince  of  Baby- 
lon, in  whose  reign  astronomical  studies  were  encouraged  in 
Chaldaea.  The  years  contain  365  days  each,  without  interca- 
lation. The  first  day  of  the  era  was  Wednesday  (erroneously 
made  Thursday  in  "  L'Art  de  "Verifier  les  Dates  "),  26  Feb. 
747  B.C. — 3967  Julian  period.  To  find  the  Julian  year  on 
which  the  year  of  Nabonassar  begins,  subtract  the  year,  if  be- 
fore Christ,^  from  748 ;  if  after  Christ,  add  to  it  747. 

I  Bfag'§  Head  §tOry.  Matthew  Parker  was  conse- 
j  crated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  at  Lambeth,  17  Dec.  1559, 
'  by  bishops  Barlow,  Coverdale,  Scory,  and  Hodgkins.  For 
1  forty-five  years  after,  the  Romish  writers  asserted  that  Parker 
i  and  others  had  been  ordained  in  an  abnormal  fashion  by  Scory 
[  at  the  Nag's  Head  tavern,  Cheapside.  This  fiction  was  re- 
i  fitted  by  Burnet,  and  is  rejected  by  Roman  Catholic  authori- 
I  ties,  such  as  Lingard. 

I  JVa'llUin,  Festival  of.  Nahum,  7th  of  the  12  minor 
I  prophets,  about  713  b.c.  ;  the  festival  is  24  Dec. 

j  nails  of  the  earlier  nations  were  of  bronze.  The  nail  used 
by  Jael  in  killing  Sisera  (Judges  iv.  21)  was  a  wooden  tent-pin. 
I  Up  to  the  19th  century  nails  were  mostly  forged,  the  first  cut- 
I  nails  being  made  by  Jeremiah  Wilkinson,  in  Rhode  Island,  in 
i  1 775,  followed  by  Ezekiel  Reed,  Mass.,  1786.  The  Perkins  cut- 
,  nail  machine,  patented  1795,  made  200,000  nails  in  a  day. 

names.  Adam  and  Eve  named  their  sons  (Gen.  iv.  25, 
26).  A  Roman  citizen  had  generally  3  names;  prcenomen, 
denoting  the  individual ;  nornen,  the  gens  or  clan ;  cognomen, 
the  family  or  branch  of  the  clan  ;  sometimes  he  had  the  agno- 
mm  (e.  g.  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus).  The  popes 
;  change  names  on  assuming  the  pontificate,  "  a  custom  intro- 
Iduced  by  pope  Sergius,  whose  name  till  then  was  Swine- 
j  snout,"  Q87. —Platina.  Onuphrius  refers  it  to  John  XII.,  956 ; 
stating  that  it  was  done  in  imitation  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul, 
[Who  were  first  called  Simon  and  Saul.  In  France  the  bap- 
jtismal  name  was  sometimes  changed.  The  2  sons  of  Henry 
jll.  of  France  were  christened  Alexander  and  Hercules;  at 
iconfirmation  they  became  Henry  and  Francis.  Monks  aixl 
nuns,  entering  monasteries,  assume  new  names.  Surnames. 
Yonge's  "History  of  Christian  Names,"  pub.  1863  (new 
1884).     M.  A.  Lower's  "  Patronymica  Britannica,"  1860. 

fa'niHr,  in  Belgium,  was  made  a  countv,  932  ;  taken  by 

French,  1  July,  1692;    by  William  of  England,  4  Aug. 

ceded  to  Austria  by  peace  of  Utrecht,  1713,  and  garri- 

by  Dutch  as  a  barrier  town  of  the  United  Provinces  in 


1715.  Taken  by  the  French  in  1746,  but  restored  in  1749.  In 
1782,  the  emperor  Joseph  expelled  the  Dutch  garrison.  In  1792 
it  was  again  taken  by  the  French,  who  were  compelled  to  evac- 
uate it  in  1793;  regained  1794;  delivered  to  the  allies,  1814;. 
assigned  to  Belgium,  1831 ;  fortifications  destroyed,  1866. 

BiTancy  (ndn-se'),  N.E.  France,  an  ancient  city,  capital  of 
Lorraine  in  the  13th  century.  After  taking  Nancy,  29  Nov. 
1475,  and  losing  it,  5  Oct.  1476,  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy 
was  defeated  beneath  its  walls,  and  slain  by  the  duke  of  Lor- 
raine and  Swiss,  5  Jan.  1477.  Lokkaink.  Nancy  was  embel- 
lished by  Stanislas,  ex-king  of  Poland,  who  resided  here,  and 
died  Feb.  1766;  was  captured  by  Blucher,  Jan.  1814;  and  on 
the  retreat  of  MacMahon's  army,  expecting  the  Germans,  sur- 
rendered to  4  uhlans,  12  Aug.  1870.  It  was  restored  at  the  peace, 

Nan'kin,  said  to  have  been  made  central  capital  of 
China,  420;  was  the  court  of  the  Ming  dynasty  from  1369  till 
Yung-lo  removed  to  Pekin  in  1410.  On  4  Aug.  1842,  British 
ships  arrived  at  Nankin,  and  peace  was  made.  The  rebel 
Tae-pings  took  it  on  19,  20  Mch.  1853.  It  was  recaptured  by- 
imperialists,  19  July,  1864,  and  found  desolate. 

IVantes  (nants),  W.  France,  formerly  capital  of  the 
Namnetes.  The  edict  in  favor  of  Protestants  issued  here  by 
Henry  IV.,  13  Apr.  1598,  was  revoked  by  Louis  XIV.,  22  Oct» 
1685.  Awful  cruelties  were  committed  here  bv  the  republican 
Carrier,  Oct.-Nov.  1793.  Pop.  1891,  122,750.  Drowning, 
French  Revolution. 

IVantueket  and  Martha's  Vineyard,  island* 

off  the  south  coast  of  Massachusetts,  and  belonging  to  that 
state,  the  former  containing  60,  the  latter  120  sq.  miles.  First 
noted  by  capt.  Gosnold,  1602,  and  first  settled  by  some  people 
under  Thomas  Mayhew  from  Watertown,  Mass.,  1643.  Both 
islands  in  earlier  days  were  famous  for  their  skilled  seamen 
and  large  business  in  whale-fishery. 

naphtha,  a  clear,  combustible  rock  oil.  known  to  the 
Greeks,  called  "  oil  of  Media,"  and  thought  to  have  been  an 
ingredient  in  the  Greek  fire ;  also,  an  artificial,  volatile,  color- 
less liquid  obtained  from  petroleum. 

Bfapier's  bones.  A  set  of  small  square  rods  and 
rectangular  pieces  of  bone,  ivory,  or  other  material,  contrived 
by  Baron  John  Napier,  and  first  described  by  him  in  1617,  to 
facilitate  multiplication  and  division.  Nothing  shows  more 
clearly  the  rude  state  of  arithmetical  knowledge  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century  than  the  universal  satisfaction  with 
which  Napier's  invention  was  welcomed  by  all  classes  and  re- 
garded as  a  real  aid  to  calculation. — Encyl.  Brit.  9  ed.,  Napier. 

IVaples,  formerly  the  continental  division  and  seat  of 
government  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  began  with  a 


NAP 


588 


NAP 


Greek  colony  named  Parthenope  (about  1000  B.C.),  afterwards 
divided  into  Paheofwlis  (the  old)  and  Neapolis  (the  fieiv  city); 
the  latter  name  became  Napks.  The  colony  was  conquered 
by  Romans  in  the  Samnite  war,  326  B.C.  Naples,  after  resist- 
ing Lombards,  Franks,  and  Germans,  was  subjugated  by  Nor- 
mans under  lioger  Guiscard,  king  of  Sicily,  a.d.  1131.  Few 
countries  have  had  so  many  (wlitical  changes  and  despotic 
nilers,  or  suffered  so  much  by  convulsions  of  nature,  such  as 
earthquakes,  volcanic  eruptions,  etc.  In  1856,  the  population 
of  the  kingdom  of  Naples  was  6,886,030,  of  Sicily,  2,231,020; 
total,  9,117,050.  It  now  forms  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
Pop.  of  the  city,  1881, 463,172. 

Naples  conquered  by  Tbeodoric  the  Goth 493 

City  retaken  by  Belisariiis »36 

Taken  again  by  Totila 543 

KeUikcu  by  Narses  552 

Becomes  a  duchy  nominally  of  the  Eastern  empire 568  or  572 

Duchy  of  Naples  greatly  extended 593 

Robert  Guiscard,  the  Norman,  made  duke  of  Apulia,  founds 

the  kingdom  of  Naples 1059 

Naples  conquered,  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  founded  by 

Roger  (Juiscard  II 1131 

Imperial  house  of  Hohenstaufen  (Germany)  obtains  the  king- 
dom by  marriage  and  rules 1194-1266 

roj)e  Clement  IV.  appoints  Charles  of  Anjou  king,  who  defeats 
the  regent  Manfred  (sou  of  Frederick  II.  of  Germany)  at  Bene- 

vento(Manfred slain) 26  Feb.  1266 

Charles  defeats  Conradin  (last  of  the  Hohenstaufens  invited  to 
Naples  by  Ghibellines)  at  Tagliacozzo,  23  Aug. ;   Conradin 

beheaded 29  Oct.  1268 

Massacre  called  Sicilian  Vespkrs 30  Mch.  1282 

Andrew  of  Hungary,  husband  of  Joanna  I.,  murdered.  18  Sept.  1345 

His  brother  Louis,  king  of  Hungary,  invades  Naples 1349 

<Jueen  Joanna  put  to  death 22  May,  1382 

Alphonso  V.  of  Aragon  (called  the  Wise  and  Magnanimous),  on 

the  death  of  Joanna  II.,  seizes  Naples 1435 

Naples  conquered  by  Charles  VIII.  of  France 1494 

And  by  Louis  XII.  of  France  and  Ferdinand  of  Spain,  who  di- 
vide it 1501 

Expulsion  of  the  French 1504 

Naples  and  Sicily  united  to  Spain " 

Insurrection  of  Masaniello,  occasioned  by  extortions  of  Span- 
ish viceroys.  An  impost  was  claimed  on  a  basket  of  figs  and 
refused  by  the  owner,  whom  the  populace  joined,  headed  by 
Masaniello  (Thomas  Aniello),  a  fisherman  ;  they  obtained 
command  of  Naples;  many  nobles  were  slain  and  palaces 
burned,  and  the  viceroy  compelled  to  abolish  the  taxes  and 
to  restore  privileges  granted  by  Charles  V.  to  the  city. June,  1647 
Masaniello,  intoxicated  by  success,  slain  by  his  followers, 

16  July,  " 
Another  insurrection  suppressed  by  don  John  of  Austria.. Oct.  " 
Henry  II.,  duke  of  Guise,  landing,  is  proclaimed  king;  in  a  few 

days  taken  prisoner  by  the  Spaniards April,  1648 

Naples  conquered  by  prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  for  the  emperor.  1706 

Discovery  of  Herculankum 1711 

Spaniards  by  victory  at  Bitonto  (26  May)  having  mastered  both 
kingdoms,  Charles  (of  Bourbon),  son  of  the  king  of  Spain, 
ascends  the  throne,  with  the  ancient  title  of  king  of  the  Two 

Sicilies 1734 

Order  of  St.  Januarius  instituted 1738 

Discovery  of  Pompeii 1748-50 

Charles,  becoming  king  of  Spain,  vacates  the  throne  in  favor 

of  his  third  son,  Ferdinand,  agreeably  to  treaty 1759 

Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits 3  Nov.  1767 

Dreadful  earthquake  in  Calabria 5  Feb.  1783 

Enrolment  of  the  Lazzaroni  as  pikemen  or  spontoneers 1793 

King  flees  on  approach  of  French  republicans,  who  establish 

the  Parthenopean  republic 14  Jan.  1799 

Nelson  appears;  Naples  retaken;  the  restored  king  rules  ty- 
rannically   June,     " 

Prince  Caracciolo  tried  and  executed  by  order  of  Nelson, 

29  June,     " 

Neapolitans  occupy  Rome 30  Sept.     " 

Treaty  of  neutrality  between  France  and  Naples  ratified.. 9  Oct.  1805 
Ferdinand,  through  perfidy,  is  compelled  to  flee  to  Sicily,  23 
Jan. ;  French  enter  Naples,  Joseph  Bonaparte  made  king.  Feb.  1806 

French  defeated  at  Maida i  July,     " 

Joseph  Bonaparte,  after  beginning  many  reforms,  abdicates  for 

the  crown  of  Spain June,  1808 

Joachim  Murat  made  king  (rules  well) 15  July,     " 

His  first  quarrel  with  Napoleon 1811 

His  alliance  with  Austria Jan.  1814 

Death  of  queen  Caroline 7  Sept.     '• 

Murat  declares  war  against  Austria 15  Mch.  1815 

Defeated  at  Tolentino 3  May,     " 

He  retires  to  France,  22  May,  and  Corsica;  attempting  to  re- 
cover his  throne  lands  at  Pizzo;  seized,  tried,  and  shot, 

13  Oct.     " 
Ferdinand,  re-established,  returns  to  tyrannical  measures.  June,     " 

Establishment  of  the  society  of  the  Carbonari 1819 

Successful  insurrection  of  Carbonari  under  gen.  P€pe';  the  king 

compelled  to  swear  to  a  new  constitution 13  July,  1820 

Austrians  invade  the  kingdom  at  the  king's  instigation;  gen. 

Pepe  defeated 7  Mch.  1821 

Fall  of  constitutional  government 23  Mch.      " 

Death  of  Ferdinand  (reigned  66  years) 4  Jan.  1825 

Insurrection  of  the  Carbonari  suppressed Aug.  1828 


1844 


1848 


1859 


;  Accession  of  Ferdinand  IL,  Bomba  (faithless  and  tyrannical), 

8  Nov. 
I  Attilio  and  Emilio  Bandioro,  with  18  others,  attempting  an  in 
j      surrection  in  Calabria,  are  shot 17  Jan. 

Prospect  of  an  in.surrcction  in  Naples;  king  grants  a  new  con- 

I       stitution,  with  liberal  ministry 20  Jan. 

I  Fighting  in  Naples;  liberals  and  national  guard  almost  annihi- 
I       lated  by  royal  troops,  aided  by  lazzaroni 15  May,     " 

Martial  anarchy ;  the  chiefs  of  liberal  party  arrested Dec.  1849 

I  Settembrini,  Poerio,  Carafa.  and  others,  after  a  mock  trial,  con- 
demned and  consigned  to  dungeons  for  life June,  1850 

After  remonstrances  with  the  king  on  his  tyrannical  govern- 
ment (May),  the  English  and  French  ambassadors  arc  with- 
drawn  2K  Oct.  1856 

Attempted  assassination  of  the  king  by  Milano 8  Dec.     " 

Cagliari,  a  Sardinian  mail  steamboat,  sailed  from  Genoa  for 
Tunis,  25  June,  1857,  with  33  passengers,  who,  after  a  few 
hours'  sail,  took  forcible  possession,  and  compelled  the  2 
English  engineers  (Watt  and  Park)  to  steer  to  Ponza,  25  June,  1857 

[Here  they  landed,  released  some  prisoners,  took  them  on 
board,  and  sailed  to  Sapri,  where  they  again  landed,  and  re- 
stored the  vessel  to  its  commander  and  crew.  The  latter 
steered  for  Naples;  but  on  the  way  the  vessel  was  boarded 
by  a  Neapolitan  cruiser,  and  all  the  crew  were  landed  and 
consigned  to  dungeons,  where  they  remained  nine  months 
awaiting  trial,  under  great  privations  and  insults.  Excite- 
ment followed  in  England;  and,  after  negotiation,  the  crew 
were  released,  the  vessel  given  to  the  British  government, 
and  3000^.  paid  as  a  compensation  to  the  suflerers] 

Poerio  and  66  companions  released  and  sent  to  North  America, 
Jan. ;  on  their  way  they  seize  the  vessel,  sail  to  Cork,  7  Mch. ; 
and  proceed  to  London '.18  Mch. 

Death  of  Ferdinand  II 22  May, 

Garibaldi  lands  in  Sicily,  11  May ;  defeats  the  Neapolitan  army 
at  Calataflmi 1.5  May,  1860 

Francis  II.  proclaims  an  amnesty ;  promises  a  liberal  ministry; 
adopts  a  tricolor  flag,  etc 26  June,     " 

A  liberal  ministry  formed;  destruction  of  the  commissariat  of 
the  police  in  12  districts;  state  of  siege  proclaimed  at  Naples; 
queen-mother  flees  to  Gaeta 28  June,     " . 

Garibaldi  defeats  Neapolitans  at  Melazzo,  20  July;  enters  Mes-      "J 
sina,  21  July;  Neapolitans  agree  to  evacuate  Sicily. .30  July,     "■ 

King  of  Sardinia  in  vain  negotiates  with  Francis  II.  for  al-       I 
liance July,     "  ' 

Francis  IL  proclaims  re-establishment  of  constitution  of  1848, 
2  July;  the  army  proclaim  count  de  Trani  king 10  July,      " 

Garibaldi  lands  at  Melito,  18  Aug. ;  takes  Reggio 21  Aug.     " 

Defection  in  army  and  navy;  Francis  IL  retires  to  Gaeta,  6 
Sept. ;  Garibaldi  enters  Naples  without  troops 7  Sept.     " 

Garibaldi  assumes  dictatorship,  8  Sept.;  gives  the  Neapolitan 
fleet  to  the  Sardinian  admiral  Persano,  11  Sept. ;  expels 
Jesuits  ;  establishes  trial  by  jury;  releases  political  pris- 
oners  Sept.     " 

Repulses  Neapolitans  at  Cajazzo,  19  Sept. ;  defeats  them  at  the 
Volturno i  Oct.     " 

King  of  Sardinia  enters  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  takes  com- 
mand of  his  army,  which  combines  with  Garibaldi's..  11  Oct.     " 

Cialdini  defeats  the  Neapolitans  at  Isernia,  17  Oct. ;  at  Venafro, 

18  Oct.     " 

Plebiscite  at  Naples,  etc.,  vote  for  annexation  to  Piedmont 
(1,303,064  to  10,312) 21  Oct.     " 

Garibaldi  meets  Victor  Emmanuel,  and  salutes  him  as  king  of 
Italy 26  Oct.     " 

First  English  Protestant  church  built  on  ground  given  by  Gari- 
baldi ;  consecrated ll  Mch.  1865 

Great  eruption  of  Vesuvius  began 12  Nov.  1867 

Victor  Emmanuel,  prince  of  Naples  (son  of  prince  Humbert), 
born  at  Naples n  Nov.  1869 

Italy. 

sovereigns  of  naples  and  sicily. 

1131.  Roger  I.  (of  Sicily,  1130),  Norman.  sj 

1154.  William  I.  the  Bad;  son.  II 

1166.  William  IL  the  Good;  son.  ^M 

1189.  Tancred,  natural  son  of  Roger. 

1194.  William  III.  son,  succeeded  by  Constance,  married  to  Henry 
VI.  of  Germany. 

1197.  Frederick  II.  of  Germany  (Hohenstaufen). 

1250.  Conrad;  son. 

1254.  Conradin,  son;  but  his  uncle, 

1258.  Manfred,  natural  son  of  Frederick  II. ,  seizes  the  governi 
killed  at  Benevento  in  1266. 

1266.  Charles  of  Anjou,  brother  of  St.  Louis,  king  of  France. 
[Conradin  beheaded,  29  Oct.  1268.] 

1282.  Insurrection  in  Sicily. 

(Separation  of  the  kingdoms  in  1282.) 
NAPLES. 

1282.  Charles  L  of  Anjou. 

1285.  Charles  II. ;  son. 

1309.  Robert  the  Wise ;  brother. 

1343.  Joanna  (reigns  with  her  husband,  Andrew  of  Hungary),  1343- 
1345;  with  Louis  of  Tarento,  1349-62;  Joanna  put  to  death 
(22  May,  1382)  by  . 

1382.  Charles  III.,  grandson  of  Charles  II. ;  he  becomes  king  of 
Hungary;  assassinated  there,  1386. 
"     Louis  I.,  titular,  crowned. 

1385.  Louis  II. ,  son  of  Louis  I. 

1386.  Ladislas  of  Hungary. 

1414.  Joanna  IL,  sister,  dies  in  1435,  and  bequeaths  her  dominions 

to  Regnier  of  Anjou.     They  are  acquired  by 
1435.  Alphonso  I.,  thus  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 


NAR  539 

SICILY. 
1282.  Peter  I.  (III.  of  Aragon). 
1285.  James  I.  (II.  of  Aragon). 
1295.  Frederick  II. 
1337.  Peter  II. 
1342.  Louis. 
1355.  Frederick  III. 
1376.  Maria  and  Martin  (her  husband). 
1402.  Martin  I. 

1409.  Martin  II.  I 

1410.  Ferdinand  I. 
1416.  Alphonso  I. 

(Separation  of  Naples  and  Sicily  in  1458.) 
NAPLKS- 
1458.  Ferdinand  I. 

1494.  Alphonso  II.  abdicates. 

1495.  Ferdinand  II. 

1496.  Frederick  II. ;  expelled  by  the  French,  1501. 

SICILY. 

1458.  John  of  Aragon. 

1479.  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  of  Spain. 

CROWNS    UNITED. 

1503.  Ferdinand  III.  (king  of  Spain). 

1516.  Charles  I.  (V.  of  Germany). 

1556.  Philip  I.  (II.  of  Spain). 

1598.  Philip  II.  (III.  of  Spain). 

1621.  Philip  III.  (IV.  of  Spain). 

1665.  Charles  II.  (of  Spain). 

1700.  Philip  IV.  (V.  of  Spain),  Bourbons. 

1707.  Charles  III.  of  Austria. 

(Separation  in  1713.) 
NAPLES. 

1713.  Charles  III.  of  Austria. 

SICILY. 
1713.  Victor  Amadeus  of  Savoy  (exchanged  Sicily  for  Sardinia,  1720). 

THE   TWO   SICILIES. 

{Pa7-t  of  the  Empire  of  Germany,  1720-34.) 
1735.  Charles  IV.  (III.  of  Spain). 
1759.  Ferdinand  IV.  fled  from  Naples  to  Sicily,  1806. 
(Separation  in  1806.  y 
NAPLES. 

(1806.  .loseph  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 
'l808.  Joachim  Murat ;  shot  13  Oct.  1815. 

SICILY. 

1806-15.  Ferdinand  IV. 

THE   TWO   SICILIES. 

1815.  Ferdinand  I.,  formerly  Ferdinand  IV.,  of  Naples  and  Sicily- 

1825.  Francis  I. 

1830.  Ferdinand  II.,  Nov.  8  (termed  king  Bomba). 

1859.  Francis  II.,  22  May;  b.  16  Jan.  1836;  last  king  of  Naples;  de- 
posed; fled  6  Sept.  1860;  d.  Dec.  1894. 

1861.  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  of  Sardinia,  as  king  of  Italy,  Mch. ; 
Italy,  end. 

IVarbonne  {nar-bonn'),  a  city  of  S.E.  France,  the  Roman 
jNarbo  Martius,  founded  118  b.c,  made  capital  of  a  Visigothic 
jkingdom,  462 ;  captured  by  Saracens,  720  ;  retaken  by  Pepin 
lie  Bref,  769.  Gaston  de  Foix,  the  last  vicomte  (killed  at  Ra- 
j.enna,  11  Apr.  1512),  resigned  it  to  the  king  in  exchange  for 
luchj'  of  Nemours.     Many  councils  held  here,  589-1374. 

i  narceine  {nar -se-in)  and  narcotine,  alkaloids  ob- 
jained  from  Opium.  Narceine  was  discovered  by  Pelletier in 
fl832;  and  narcotine  by  Derosne  in  1803.  Sometimes  used  as 
:i  substitute  for  morphine. 

i  Bfarragaii§ett  Indians.    Indians,  Massachu- 

J5ETTS. 

1  Bfarva,  a  fortified  town  of  Esthonia,  Russia.  Here  Peter 
jhe  Great  of  Russia  was  defeated  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden, 
[ben  in  his  19th  year,  30  Nov.  1700.  Peter  is  said  to  have 
iiad  60,000  men,  some  Swedes  affirm  100,000,  while  the  Swedes 
i^ere  about  20,000.  Charles  attacked  the  enemy  in  his  in- 
renchments,  and  slew  18,000;  30,000  surrendered.  He  had 
everal  horses  shot  under  him.  He  said,  "  These  people  seem 
isposed  to  give  me  exercise."     Narva  was  taken  by  Peter  in 

Xaseby  (naz'bee),  a  parish  of  Northamptonshire,  Engl., 
le  site  of  a  decisive  victory  over  Charles  I.  by  the  parliament 
-my  under  Fairfax  and  Cromwell.  The  main  roj-al  army  was 
>mmanded  by  lord  Astley  ;  prince  Rupert  led  the  right  wing, 
,r  Marmaduke  Langdale  the  left, -and  the  king  himself  the  re- 
rve.  The  king  fled,  losing  his  cannon,  baggage,  and  nearly 
'00  prisoners,  14  June,  1645. 

Xashville,  capital  of  Tennessee,  pop.  1890,  76,168. 


NAT 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  Battle  of.  After  the  battle  of  Fuank- 
LiN,  gen.  Schofield  retreated  to  Nashville,  1  Dec.  1864,  closely 
followed  by  Hood,  who  established  his  lines  near  that  city, 
4  Dec.  From  this  time  till  14  Dec.  the  armies  fronted  each 
other.  Gen.  Thomas  was  delayed  in  attacking  Hood,  although 
now  superior  in  numbers;  first,  from  want  of  horses,  and  sec- 
ond, owing  to  inclement  weather,  the  ground  from  9  to  14 
Dec.  being  covered  with  ice,  rendering  it  almost  impossible 
to  move  horse  or  man.  Gen.  Grant  becoming  impatient  of 
delay,  signed  an  order  suspending  gen.  Thomas,  and  placing 
gen.  Schofield  in  command,  9  Dec,  but  fortimately  it  was  not 
sent.  On  15  Dec,  the  weather  moderating,  Thomas  advanced 
against  Hood  and  by  skilful  manoeuvres  succeeded  in  driving 
the  confederates,  before  night,  from  every  position  held  by 
them  in  the  morning,  capturing  16  guns  and  1200  prisoners. 
During  the  night  Hood  fell  back  a  short  distance  to  a  strong 
position  at  Overton's  hill  on  the  Franklin  pike.  Again  the 
manoeuvres  on  the  Confederate  left,  with  attacks  on  their  front, 
broke  their  line  at  4.30  p.m.  on  the  16th,  and  their  retreat  be- 
came a  rout.  The  pursuit  was  kept  up  as  rapidly  as  the 
weather  and  state  of  the  roads  would  permit  until  Hood 
crossed  the  Tennessee  with  the  remnant  of  his  army,  28  Dec. 
The  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  on  either  side  was  not  severe, 
but  the  Confederate  prisoners  captured  numbered  5000,  with  53 
guns.  The  confederates  in  the  campaign  from*?  Sept.  1864, 
to  20  Jan.  1865,  lost  in  prisoners  13,000  men,  besides  the  killed 
and  wounded,  and  72  guns.  The  Federal  loss  was  about  10,000 
in  all  during  the  same  time.  Gen.  Hood  was  relieved  of  com- 
mand at  his  own  request,  23  Jan.  1865,  at  Tupelo,  Miss.  Gen. 
Logan,  under  orders  from  gen.  Grant,  had  reached  Louisville, 
Ky.,  on  his  way  from  Washington  to  relieve  Thomas,  15  Dec, 
but  learning  of  the  success  of  the  Union  troops,  did  not  pro- 
ceed farther. 

ZVassau,  a  German  duchy,  made  a  county  by  the  em- 
peror Frederick  I.  about  1180,  for  Wolfram,  a  descendant  of 
Conrad  L  of  Germany;  from  whom  are  descended  the  royal 
house  of  Orange  now  reigning  in  Holland  (Holland,  Orange), 
and  the  present  duke  of  Nassau.  Wiesbaden  was  made  the 
capital  in  1839.  On  25  Apr.  1860,  the  Nassau  chamber  strongly 
opposed  the  conclusion  of  a  concordat  with  the  pope,  and  claimed 
liberty  of  faith  and  conscience.  The  duke  adopted  the  Austrian 
motion  at  the  German  diet,  14  June,  and  after  the  war  the 
duchy  was  annexed  to  Prussia  by  decree,  20  Sept.,  and  posses- 
sion taken  8  Oct.  1866.     Pop.  of  the  duchy  in  1865,  468,311. 

IVatal,  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Vasco  de  Gama  landed  here 
on  25  Dec.  1497,  and  hence  named  it  Terra  Natalis.  Area,  20,460 
sq.  miles ;  seaboard,  200  miles.  Pop.  1876,  326,957  (20,490 
whites) ;  1891,  543,913.     (For  the  war,  Zululand,  1879.) 

Dutch  attempted  to  colonize  it  about 1721 

Zulu  power  established  about 1812 

Lieut.  Farewell,  with  some  emigrants,  settled 1823 

Capt.  Allen  Gardiner's  treaty  with  the  Zulus 6  May,  1835 

Dutch  republic,  Natalia,  set  up;  put  down  by  British.  12  May,  1842 

Natal  annexed  to  the  British  possessions 8  Aug.  1843 

Made  a  bishopric  (dr.  John  Wm.  Colenso,  bishop),  1853;  and 

an  independent  colony 1856 

Attempts  to  depose  bishop  Colenso  for  unsound  doctrine  fail- 
ing, the  rev.  W.  R.  Macrorie  was  sent  out  as  bishop  of  Ma- 

ritzburg,  to  act  with  clergy  opposed  to  the  bishop Dec.  1868 

Railway  to  Orange  Free  State  opened 13  July,  1892 

IVat'cliez.     Indians;  Mississippi,  1729-30. 
Bfationai  Academy  of  Desig^n,  New  York 
city,  founded  1826.     Painting. 

IVationai  Academy  of  Science  was  incorpo- 
rated by  an  act  of  Congress,  3  Mch.  1863  ;  1st  meeting  22  Apr. 
1863,  Alexander  D.  Bach  1st  president ;  duties  consist  in  the 
investigation,  examination,  experimenting,  and  reporting  on 
any  subject  of  science  and  art.  The  actual  cost  of  investiga- 
tion, etc.,  to  be  paid  for  by  the  U.  S.  government ;  no  other 
compensation  to  be  received.  At  first  the  number  of  members 
was  limited  to  50;  since  1870  to  100;  a  limited  number  of 
foreign  members  admitted. 

]¥ational  Assembly,  French.  Upon  the  proposi- 
tion of  abb6  Sieves,  the  States-general  of  France  constituted 
themselves  a  National  Assembly,  17  June,  1789.  On  the  20th 
the  hall  of  this  new  assembly  was  shut  by  order  of  the  king ; 
upon  which  the  deputies  of  the  tiers  etat  repaired  to  the  Jeu 
de  Paume.  or  Tennis-court,  and  swore  not  to  dissolve  until 
thev  had  framed  a  constitution  for  France.     On  the  22d  thev 


NAT 


540 


NAT 


met  at  the  church  of  St.  Louis.  They  abolished  the  state 
religion,  aiuiulled  monastic  vows,  divided  France  into  departs 
ments,  soUi  national  domains,  established  a  national  bank,  is- 
sued assignats,  and  disstilved  21  Sept.  1792.  National  Con- 
vention OK  Franck.  In  18J8  the  legislature  was  again 
termed  National  Assembly.  It  met  4  May,  and  a  new  con- 
stitution was  proclaimed,  12  Nov.  A  new  constitution  was 
once  more  proclaimed  by  Louis  Napoleon  in  Jan.  1852,  after 
dissolving  the  National  Assembly,  2  Dec.  1851. 

iVational  Assembly,  German.    (inuMANY,  1848. 

iiutioiiiil  cemeteries,    Cemktkries. 

National  Couventlon  of  France,  consti- 
tuted in  the  hall  of  the  Tuileries  17  Sept.,  and  formally  opened 
21  Sept.  1792,  when  M.  Gregoire,  at  the  head  of  the  National 
Assembly,  announced  that  that  assembly  had  ceased  its  func- 
tions. It  was  then  decreed  "  That  the  citizens  named  by  the 
French  people  to  form  the  National  Convention,  being  met  to 
the  number  of  371,  after  having  verified  their  powers,  declare 
that  the  National  Convention  is  constituted."  On  the  first  day 
it  abolished  royalty  and  declared  France  a  republic.  17  Jan. 
1793,  it  pronounced  sentence  of  death  on  Louis  XVI.     5  Oct. 

1793,  it  declared  all  dates  should  be  computed  from  the  founda- 
tion of  the  republic,  22  Sept.  1792.  16  Oct.  1793,  it  sentenced 
Marie  Antoinette  to  the  guillotine.  21  Oct.  1793,  it  condemned 
to  death  21  Girondists.  5  Apr.  1794,  it  sentenced  to  death 
Danton,  Desmoulins,  and  many  others  of  the  Cordeliers.  27 
July,  1794,  it  condemned  to  death  Robespierre,  and  26  Oct. 

1794,  it  dissolved,  when  a  new  constitution  was  organized,  and 
the  Executive  Directory  was  installed  at  the  Little  Luxem- 
bourg, 1  Nov.  1795.  Directory,  French  revolution.  The 
Chartists  in  England  formed  a  national  convention  in  1839. 

national  debt  of  the  United  States.  The  following 
statement  shows  the  principal  of  the  national  debt  of  the  U.  S. 
on  1  Jan.  of  each  year  until  1843,  and  on  1  July  in  each  year 
until  1890,  and  1  June  since  : 


1  Jan. 

1791 $75,463,476.52 

1792 77.227,924.66 

1793 80,352,634.04 

1794 78,427,404.77 

1795 80,747,587.39 

1796 83,762,172.07 

1797 82,064,479.33 

1798 79,228,529.12 

1799 78,408,669.77 

1800 82,976,294.35 

1801 83,038,050.80 

1802 80,712,632.25 

1803 77,054,686.30 

1804 86,427,120.88 

1805 82,312,150.50 

1806 75,723,270.66 

1807 69,218,398.64 

1808 65,196,317.97 

1809 57,023,192.09 

1810 53,173,217.52 

1811 48,005,587.76 

1812 45,209,737.90 

1813 55,962,827.57 

1814 81,487,846.24 

1815 99,833,660.15 

1816 127,334.933.74 

1817 123,49i;965.16 

1818 103,466,633.83 

1819 95,529,648.28 

1820 91,015,566.15 

1821 89,987.427.66 

1822 93,546,676.98 

1823 90,875,877.28 

1824 90,269,777.77 

1825 83,788,432.71 

1826 81,054,059. 99 

1827 73,987,357.20 

1828 67,475,043.87 

1829 58,421,413.67 

1830 48,565,406. 50 

1831 39,123,191.68 

1832 24,322,235.18 


1833. 
1834. 
1835. 
1836. 


7,001,698.83 

4,760.082.08 

37,733.05 

37,513.05 

336,957.83 

3,308,124.07 

10,434,221.14 

3,573,343.82 

5,250,875.54 

1842 $13,594,480. 73 

1843 20,601,226.28 


1840. 
1841. 


1  July. 

1843 32,742,922.00 

1844 23,461,652.50 

1845 15,925,303.01 

1846 15;550,202.97 

1847 38,826,534.77 

1848 47,044,862.23 

1849 63,061,858.69 

1850 63,452,773.55 

1851 68,304,796.02 

1852 66,199,341.71 

1853 59,803,117.70 

1854 42,242,222.42 

1855.... 35,586,956.56 

1856 31,972,537.90 

1857 28,699,831.85 

1858 44,911,881.03 

1859 68,496,837.88 

1860. 64,842,287.88 

1861 90,580,873.72 

1862 524,176,412.13 

1863 1,119,772,138.63 

1864 1,815,784,370.57 

1865 2,680,647,869.74 

1866 2,773,236,173.69 

1867 2,678,126,103.87 

1868 2,611,687,851.19 

1869 2,588,452,213.94 

1870 2,480,672,427.81 

1871 2,353,211,332.32 

1872 2,253,251,328.78 

1873 2,234,482,993. 20 

1874 2,251,690,468.43 

1875 2,232,284,531.95 

1876 2,180;395,067.15 

1877 2,205,301,392.10 

1878 2,256,205,892.53 

1879 2,349,567,482.04 

1880 2,120,415,370.63 

1881 2,069,013,569.58 

1882 1,918,312,994.03 

1883 1,884,171,728.07 

1884 1,830,528,923.57 

1885 1,863,964,873.14 

1886 1,775,063,013.78 

1887 1,657,602,592.63 

1888 1,692,858,984.58 

1889 1,619,052.922.23 

1890 1,552,140.204.73 

1  June. 

1891 1,546,215,876.00 

1892 1,603,440,970.61 

1893 1,556,281,905.63 

1894 1,638,045,005.18 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  various  refunding  oper- 
ations of  the  national  treasury  : 

House  of  RcpreseuUitives  by  resolution,  21  Sept.  1789,  directed  Ham- 
ilton, secretary  of  tlio  treasury,  to  prepare  a  plan  for  supportiug 
the  public  credit.     He  responded  in  his  first  report,  9  Jan.  1790. 

First  Refunding  act,  embodying  Hamilton's  suggestions,  was  ap- 
proved 4  Aug.  1790.  Under  it  the  state  debts,  and  the  foreign  and 
domestic  debt  of  the  nation,  were  consolidated  and  refunded  in  3 
classes  of  bonds.  The  loans  authorized  being  insufficient  to  re- 
fund 'the  whole,  a  new  loan  was  authorized  by  act  approved  3 
Mch.  1795. 

Ne.xt  effort  to  refund  was  in  1807.  An  act  for  conversion  of  various 
outstanding  stocks  into  a  new  6- per  cent,  stock,  was  approved  i;( 
Feb.  1807.  Holders  of  old  bonds  did  not  all  respond,  and  the 
scheme  partially  failed. 

Next  effort  was  in  1812,  under  an  act  for  conversion  of  old  6-por- 
cent,  and  deferred  stocks  into  new  6per-cent.  stock,  approved  6 
July,  1812.     About  $3,000,000  was  converted. 

Next  effort,  in  1822,  when  an  act,  approved  20  Apr,  authorized  a  5- 
per-cent.  stock  in  exchange  for  outstanding  6  and  7  percent, 
stocks,  failed  almost  entirely. 

Next  effort,  in  1824,  under  act  approved  26  May,  authorizing  a  4)<^- 
per-cent.  bond,  was  in  part  successful,  but  a  new  attempt  under 
act  approved  3  Mch.  1825,  failed,  the  interest  offered  (4><^  per 
cent.)  being  too  low. 

The  debt  matured  and  was  paid  during  the  next  10  years,  being 
practically  extinguished  in  1836. 

A  new  debt  grew  up,  and  in  1861  amounted  to  $90,580,873.72.  The 
civil  war  swelled  it,  until,  on  31  Aug.  186.5,  the  interest-bearing 
bonds  amounted  to  $2,381,530,294.96,  as  follows:  , 

Four-per-cenls $618,127.98 

Five  per  cents 69,175,727.65  ! 

Six-per-cents 1,281,736,439.33  ' 

Seven  and  three  tenth  per  cents 8.30,000,000.00 

Some  of  these  were  paid,  others  converted  into  five  twenty  consols 
of  1865,  1867,  and  1868,  at  6  per  cent.  Refunding  at  lower  rates 
was  impossible  until  the  credit  of  the  government  should  be  es- 
tablished more  firmly,  the  6-per  cent,  bonds  being  then  below  par. 

Improvement  of  credit  may  be  said  to  have  been  begun  by  the  act 
of  18  Mch.  1869,  pledging  the  faith  of  the  government  for  payment 
of  the  debt  in  coin. 

First  post-bellum  refunding  act  was  approved  14  July,  1870,  and  an 
amendatory  act  20  Jan.  1871.  Our  6-per-cent.  bonds  were  still  at 
a  discount  in  1870;  but  the  improvement  was  so  rapid  that  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury  (Boutwell)  gave  notice  on  28  Feb.  1871, 
of  subscriptions  for  a  new  5-per-cent.  loan  under  the  refunding 
act.  The  books  were  opened  on  6  Mch.,  and  by  1  Aug.  the  sul> 
scriptions  received  amounted  to  $65,775,550.  Early  in  that  montli 
a  "  syndicate  "  or  association  of  bankers  was  formed,  which  took 
the  remainder  of  $200,000,000  offered,  and  the  transaction  was 
completed  before  1  Apr.  1872. 

Further  sales  of  5-per-cent.  bonds  were  made  until  the  amount  au- 
thorized by  the  act,  $500,000,000,  had  been  sold,  and  a  like  amount 
of  6-per-cent.  bonds  retired. 

On  24  Aug.  1876,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  (Morrill)  contracted 
with  bankers  for  the  sale  of  $300,000,000  4><^-percent.  bonds  for  • 
refunding.  Of  this  sum  was  sold,  before  4  Mch.  1877,  about 
$90,000,000.  and  that  amount  of  6  percent,  bonds  was  retired. 
On  6  Apr.,  his  successor,  secretary  Sherman,  announced  that  the  ; 
4X-per-cent.  loan  would  be  limited  to  $200,000,000,  and  before  1 
July,  1877,  this  amount  had  been  taken.  Of  the  proceeds. 
$15,000,000  was  applied  to  resumption  of  specie  payments,  the 
remainder  to  retirement  of  old  bonds. 

On  9  June,  1877,  the  first  contract  for  sale  of  4-per-cent.  bonds  was 
made.  For  30  days  this  loan  was  open  to  the  public,  under  agree- 
ment with  the  bankers  contracting  for  it,  and  $75,496,550  was 
taken,  of  which  $25,000,000  were  applied  to  resumption.  At  the 
end  of  1878  there  had  been  sold  for  refunding  $173,085,450  of  4-per- 
cent, bonds. 

The  fear  that  refunding  operations  would  cause  an  outflow  of  gold 
to  Europe  in  payment  of  called  bonds  led  the  secretary  to  make  a 
contract,  21  Jan.  1879,  by  which  $5,000,000  of  the  4-per-cents.  was 
to  be  taken  to  England  each  month. 

An  act  approved  25  .Fan.  1879,  authorized  exchang^of  4-per-ccnt. 
consols  of  1907  for  equal  amounts  of  6-per-cent.  five-twenty  bonds, 
upon  terms  favorable  to  the  holders.     Refunding  certificates  of 
$10  each,  designed  to  popularize  the  loan,  were  authorized  by  act  , 
approved  26  Feb.  1879.  I 

On  4  Apr.  1879,  subscriptions  to  the  4-per-cent.  loan  were  received,  I 
amounting  to  more  than  $132,000,000.     About  half  of  these  were 
rejected,  and  sales  ceased. 

On  16  Apr.  1879,  $150,000,000  of  4-per-cents,  and  $45,000,000  of  re- 
funding certificates  were  offered,  the  bonds  at  a  premium  of  one 
half  of  1  per  cent.,  and  4-per-cents.  also  in  exchange  for  ten-for 
ties.  Within  2  days  the  subscriptions  e.xceeded  the  offering  by 
nearly  $35,000,000.  A  subscription  for  $40,000,000  of  the  certifi 
cates  was  declined,  in  order  that  the  loans  might  be  distributed 
widely,  and  restrictions  were  placed  upon  the  sale  of  certificates, 
which  was  completed  in  June,  1879. 

All  interest  bearing  obligations  of  the  government,  then  subject  to 
redemption,  were  thus  refunded  without  loss  to  the  government 
or  disturbance  of  business,  saving  $19,900,846.50  in  yearly  interest. 

The  interest-bearing  debt  1  Mch.  1895,  included: 

Funded  loan  of  J891,  i)4  per  ct. ;  cont'd  at  2  per  ct.. $25,364,500 

Funded  loan  of  1907,  4  per  cent 550,623,900 

Loan  of  1904,  4  per  cent.,  act  of  14  Jan.  1875 99.280,000 

Loan  of  1925,  4  per  cent.,  act  of  14  Jan.  1875 62,400,000 

Refunding  certificates,  4  per  cent 55,310 

Total $746, 723, 710 


NAT 

national  debt  of  Great  Britain.  -The  first  mention 
of  parliamentary  security  for  a  debt  of  the  nation  occurs  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  The  present  national  debt  may  be 
said  to  have  commenced  in  the  reign  of  William  III.,  1689. 
In  1G97  it  amounted  to  about  5,000,000/.,  and  was  thought  of 
alarming  magnitude.  The  sole  cause  of  the  increase  has  been 
war.  By  act  of  31  May,  1867,  the  conversion  of  24,000,000/. 
of  the  debt  into  terminable  annuities  was  provided  for.  The 
law  is  consolidated  by  the  National  Debt  act,  passed  9  Aug. 
1870 ;  amended  by  act  passed  2  Aug.  1875.     Sinking  fund. 

Debt. 

1689.  William  III £664,263 

1702.  Anne 16,394,702 

1714.  George  1 54,145,363 

1763.  George  III.  (end  of  Seven  Years' war),  nearly 138,865,430 

1786.  After  American  war. 249,851,628 

1793.  Beginning  of  French  war 244,440,306 

1802.  Close  of  French  war 571,000,000 

1815.  At  Peace  of  Paris 861,039,049 

1830 840,184,022 

1854.  Commencement  of  Crimean  war 769,082,549 

1857.  Close  of  Crimean  war 808,108,722 

I860 802,190,300 

1870    748,286,181 

1880      737.821,259 

1890 •. 618,212, 157 

1891. . . .-. 615,612,161 

These  figures  do  not  include  the  terminable  annuities  which  in  1891 

were  estimated  at  68,458,798Z. 
Sir  Stafford  Northcotes  act  provides  the  annual  charge  of  28,000,- 

OOOZ. ;  the  surplus  to  reduce  the  debt— 1876. 
Total   charge    on    management   and   interest,  31   Mch.  1891,  was 

25,207,000?. ;  whole  debt  about  $3,350,000,000,  or  |88  per  capita. 

national  debt  of  France.  Following  shows  the 
growth  of  the  French  national  debt  from  1800  estimated  in 
dollars : 

1800.  First  Republic $143,000,000 

1815.  NapoleonI 254,500,000 

1830.  Louis  XVIII.  and  Charles  X 885,200.000 

1848.  Louis  Philippe 1,182,600,000 

1852.  Second  Republic 1, 103,200,000 

1871.  Napoleon  III 2,490,800,000 

1889.  Third  Republic 4,250,200,000 

1891.       "  "       6,400,000,000 

Or  over  $160  per  capita. 

OTHER   FOREIGN   NATIONS,  COMPILED    FROM    THE    llTH 
UNITED  STATES   CENSUS,  1890. 


I       Debt  leas  sinking 
I  fund,  1890. 


Austro-Hungary 

Brazil 

Bavaria 

Prussia 

Saxony 

Wurtemberg 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Canada 

New  South  "Wales. . . 

New  Zealand 

Queensland 

South  Australia 

Victoria 

Greece 

Italy 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Peru 

Russia 

Spain 

Turkey 

Egypt 


$2,866,339,539 
585,345,927 
335,503,105 

1,109,384,127 
143,897,747 
107,735,500 
110,817,720 
237,533,212 
233,289,245 
184,898,305 
129,204,750 
102,177,500 
179,614,005 
107,306,518 

2,324,826,329 
113,606,675 
430,589,858 
382,175,655 

8,491,018,074 

1,251,453,696 
821,000,000 
517,278.200 


Debt  per 
capita. 


$70 
42 
60 
37 
41 
52 
77 
47 
214 
298 
333 
321 
161 
49 
76 
9 
95 
145 
30 
73 
37 
75 


national  gallery,  London.    Painting. 

national  guard  of  France  was  instituted  by  the 
Committee  of  Safety  at  Paris  on  13  July,  1789  (the  day  be- 
fore destruction  of  the  Bastile),  to  maintain  order  and  defend 
the  public  liberty.  Its  first  colors  were  blue  and  red,  to  which 
white  was  added,  when  its  formation  was  approved  by  the 
king.  Its  action  was  soon  paralyzed  by  the  Revolution,  and 
it  ceased  under  the  consulate  and  empire.  It  was  revived  by 
Napoleon  in  1814,  and  maintained  by  Louis  XVIII.,  but  broken 
lip  by  Charles  X.,  after  a  tumultuous  review  in  1827.  It  was 
revived  in  1830,  and  helped  to  place  Louis  Philippe  on  the 
throne.  Its  reconstitution  and  enlargement  from  80,000  to 
100,000  men  led  to  the  frightful  conflict  of  June,  1848.  Its 
constitution  was  changed  in  Jan.  1852,  when  it  was  subjected 
entirely  to  the  control  of  the  government.  Formerly  it  had 
many  privileges,  such  as  choosing  officers,  etc.    In  consequence 


541  j^^-r 

of  the  defection  of  part  of  the  national  guard  and  the  incom- 
petency of  the  rest  during  the  outbreak  in  Paris  in  1871,  its 
gradual  abolition  was  decreed  by  the  National  Assembly  at 
Versailles  (488-154),  24  Aug.  1871.  The  peaceful  disarma- 
ment began  in  Sept.  National  guards  have  been  established 
in  Spain,  Naples,  and  other  countries  during  the  present  cen- 
tury. 

national  guard,  United  States.     Army,  Militia. 

IVational  Republican  party.  Political 
parties. 

nationalism,  the  doctrine  in  the  United  States  that 
the  general  government  should  exercise  a  larger  control  over 
affairs  of  national  importance,  as  for  instance :  (1)  control  of 
telegraphs,  telephones,  and  express  companies ;  (2)  national- 
ization of  railroads ;  (3)  ownership  of  mines,  oil  and  gas  wells ; 
(4)  control  of  heating,  lighting,  and  street-car  service  of  cities, 
all  carried  on  in  the  interest  of  the  general  public  and  not  for 
individuals  or  corporations ;  in  other  words,  for  use  and  not  for 
profit ;  (5)  children  to  be  educated  until  17  years  of  age  ;  child 
labor  prohibited,  etc.  Bellamy's  novel,  "  Looking  Backward," 
1888,  expresses  these  views. 

nativity.  The  coming  into  life  or  into  the  world.  1. 
Especially  the  birth  of  Christ,  25  Dec.  (Christmas)  ;  festival 
observed  by  all  Christian  nations.  2.  ThatT  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  8  Sept. ;  festival  not  observed  by  Protestants.  Pope 
Sergius  I.,  about  690,  established  it,  but  it  was  not  generally 
received  in  France  and  Germany  till  about  1000 ;  nor  by  east- 
ern Christians  till  the  12th  century.  3.  That  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  24  June,  midsummer-day,  said  to  have  been  instituted 
in  488. 

natural  history  was  studied  by  Solomon,  1014  b.c. 
(1  Kings  iv.  33) ;  Aristotle  (384-322  b.c.)  ;  by  Theophrastus 
(394-297  B.C.) ;  and  by  Pliny  (23-79  A.D.).  Botany,  Flow- 
ers AND  Plants,  Zoology. 

natural  philosophy.     Philosophy. 

natural  selection.    Species. 

naturalism,  a  realistic  style  in  literature,  mainly  in- 
troduced by  Balzac,  1829  et  seq. 

Edmond  and  Jules  de  Goncourt  published  "Medical  and  Phys- 
iological Novels  " 1846  et  seq. 

Emile  Zola,  in  his  '•  Rougon-Macquart "  series,  1871  et  seq., 
portrayed  deformed  and  diseased  rather  than  healthy  char- 
acters. A  dramatized  form  of  his  "Assommoir,"  entitled 
"  Drink, "  was  performed  in  London 1879 

naturalization  is  defined  to  be  the  making  a  for- 
eigner or  alien  a  citizen  of  any  nation  or  state,  granting  him 
the  rights  of  a  citizen  or  a  subject  that  by  birth  he  did  not 
have. 

First  American  naturalization  law  passed  by  the  colonial  leg- 
islature of  Maryland 1666 

Naturalization  authorized  by  law  in  Virginia,  1671;  in  I^ew 
York,  1683;  in  South  Carolina,  1693;  in  Massachusetts 1731 

General  law  in  New  York 1715 

Act  of  British  Parliament  for  colonial  naturalization 1740 

Uniform  law  passed  by  Congress  (United  States,  1802), 

26  Mch.  1790 

Supreme  court  decided  that  legislation  on  this  subject  belongs 
exclusively  to  the  nation 1817 

Conditions  and  manner  of  naturalizing  an  alien  are  prescribed  by 
sees.  2163-74  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States.  Natu- 
ralization of  Chinamen  is  prohibited  by  sec.  14,  chap.  126.  laws  of 
1882.  All  naturalized  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  receive  the  same 
protection  from  that  government  when  abroad  as  native-born 
citizens. 

In  England  the  first  act  of  naturalization  was  passed  in  1437 ; 
and  similar  enactments  were  made  in  later  reigns ;  often  special 
acts  for  individuals.  An  act  for  naturalization  of  Jews  passed 
May,  1753;  but  was  repealed  in  1754,  on  the  petition  of  all  the 
cities  in  England.  Jews.  The  act  naturalizing  prince  Al- 
bert passed,  3  Vict.  7  Feb.  1840.  A  committee  to  inquire  into 
the  naturalization  laws,  appointed  May,  1868,  earl  of  Claren- 
don chairman,  met  25  Oct.  1868;  reported  about  Feb.  1869; 
and  new  acts  were  passed  12  May,  1870,  and  25  July,  1872, 
under  which  British  subjects  may  renounce  their  allegiance. 
By  convention  signed  3  Feb.  1871,  the  nationality  of  British 
subjects  is  made  dependent  on  choice  and  not  on  birth. 

nature-printing  consists  in  pressing  objects,  such 
as  plants,  mosses,  feathers,  etc.,  into  plates  of  metal,  causing 


NAV 


542 


NAV 


them,  as  it  were,  to  engrave  themselves ;  and  afterwards  tak- 
ins?  casta  or  copies  for  printing.  Kniphoff  of  Erfurt,  between 
17-28  and  1757,  protluced  his  llerlxiHum  vivum  by  pressing 
plants  (previously  inked)  on  paper;  the  impressions  being 
afterwards  colored  by  hand.  In  1833,  Peter  Kyhl,  of  Copen- 
hagen, made  use  of  steel  rollers  and  lead  plates.  In  1842  Mr. 
Taylor  printed  lace.  In  1847  Mr.  Twining  printed  ferns, 
grasses,  and  plants ;  and  in  the  same  year  dr.  Branson  sug- 
gestetl  electrotyping  the  impressions.  In  1849,  prof.  Leydolt  of 
Vienna,  by  assistance  of  Andrew  Worring,  obtained  impres- 
sions of  agates  and  fossils.  The  first  practical  application  of 
this  process  is  in  Von  Heutler's  work  on  the  mosses  of  Ar- 
pasch,  in  Transylvania;  the  second  (first  in  England)  in 
"  The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  edited  by  dr.  Lind- 
ley,  with  illustrations  prepared  under  superintendence  of  Hen- 
ry Bradbury  in  1856-56,  who  also,  in  1859-60,  printed  "The 
British  Seaweeds,"  edited  by  W.  G.  Johnstone  and  Alex. 
Croall.  The  prt)ces8  was  applied  to  butterflies  by  Joseph 
Merrin,  of  Gloucester,  in  1864. 

navfftl  battlei.  The  first  sea-fight  on  record  is  that 
between  the  Corinthians  and  Corcyreans,  664  B.C.— Blair. 
The  following  are  among  the  most  celebrated  naval  engage- 
ments (see  separate  articles) : 
Battle  of  Salamis;  Greeks  victorious  over  the  Persians;  most 

imiwrtant  naval  battle  of  ancient  times. 20  Oct. 

Battle  of  Kurymedon ;  Cimon  the  Athenian  defeats  the  Persians 

both  by  sea  and  land  the  same  day ,     466 

Athenian  fleet  under  I'hormio  defeats  the  Peloponnesian  fleet 

near  Naupaktus 429 

Battle  of  Cyzicus;  lAcedsemonian  fleet  taken  by  Alcibiades 

the  Athenian 410 

Battle  of  Arginusae 406 

Battle  of  .(Egospoumos  (S|)arlans  victors) 405 

Persian  fleet,  under  Conon  the  Athenian,  defeats  the  Spartan 

at  Cnidos;  Pisander,  the  Spartan  admiral,  is  killed,  and  the 

maritime  power  of  Sparta  destroyed 394 

Battle  of  MylsR  (Romans  defeat  Carthaginians) 260 

Roman  fleet,  off  Trepanum.  destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians. . .     249 

Carthaginian  fleet  destroyed  by  the  consul  Lutatius 241 

Battle  of  Actium 31 

Emperor  Claudius  II.  defeats  the  Goths  and  sinks  2000  of  their  a.d 


B.C. 

480 


ships 269 

Battle  of  Lepanlo  (Turks  defeated) 7  Oct.  1571 

Bay  of  Gibraltar;  Dut<-h  and  Spaniards  (a  bloody  and  decisive 

victory  for  the  Dutch) 25  Apr.  1607 

Austrians  defeat  Italians  at  Lissa 20  July,  1866 

PRINCIPAL   NAVAL   ENGAGEMENTS   IN   BRITISH   HISTORY. 
[Hallam  affirms  that  the  naval  glory  of  England   can  be 

traced  "in  a  continuous  track  of  light"  from  the  period  of 

the  Commonwealth] 
Alfred,  with  10  galleys,  defeated  300  sail  of  Danish  pirates  on 

the  Dorset  and  Hampshire  coast. — Asserts  "Life  of  Alfred".     897 

Edward  III.  defeats  the  French  near  Sluys 24  June,  1340 

Off  V7inchelsea;  Edward  III.  defeated  the  Spanish  fleet  of  40 

large  ships,  and  captured  26 29  Aug. 

English  and  Flemings;  latter  signally  defeated 

Earl  of  Arundel  defeats  a  Flemish  fleet  of  100  sail,  and  captures 

80 24Mch. 

Near  Milford  Haven;   English  take  8  and  destroy  15  French 


ships . 


Off  Harfleur;  duke  of  Bedford  takes  or  destroys  nearly  500 
French  ships 15  Aug. 

In  the  Downs;  Spanish  and  Genoese  fleet  captured  by  earl  of 
Warwick 

Bay  of  Biscay;  English  and  French,  indecisive 10  Aug. 

Sir  Edward  Howard  attacks  French  under  Prior  John ;  repulsed 
and  killed 25  Apr. 

Spanish  Armada  destroyed 19  July, 

Dover  strait;  Dutch  adm.  Van  Tromp  defeated  by  adm.  Blake, 
28  Sept.  Dutch  surprise  the  English  in  the  Downs,  80  sail 
engaging  40  English,  take  or  destroy  several,  28  Nov. ;  Van 
Tromp  sails  the  Channel  with  a  broom  at  mast-head,  as  hav- 
ing swept  the  English  from  the  seas 29  Nov. 

English  adm.  Blake  defeats  Van  Tromp  off  Portsmouth,  taking 
and  destroying  11  men-of-war  and  30  merchantmen, 

18-20  Feb. 

Off  the  North  Foreland;  Dutch  fleet  under  Van  Tromp,  English 
under  Mlake,  Monk,  and  Deane,  nearly  100  men-of-war  each; 
6  Dutch  ships  taken,  11  sunk,  the  rest  ran  into  Calais  roads, 

2  June, 

On  the  coast  of  Holland;  Dutch  lose  30  men-of-war,  and  adm. 
Tromp  was  killed  (7th  and  last  battle) 31  July, 

Spanish  fleet  vanquished  and  burned  in  the  harbor  of  Santa 
Cruz  by  Blake 20  Apr. 

English  and  French;  130  of  the  Bordeaux  fleet  destroyed  by 
the  duke  of  York  (afterwards  James  II.) 4  Dec. 

Duke  of  York  defeats  Dutch  fleet  off  Harwich ;  Opdam,  Dutch 
admiral,  blown  up  with  all  his  crew;  18  capital  ships  taken, 
14  destroyed 3  June, 

Earl  of  Sandwich  took  12  men-of-war  and  2  India  ships. 4  Sept. 

Dutch  and  English  fleets  contend  for  4  days;  English  lose  9, 
and  the  Dutch  15  ships 1-4  June, 


1350 
1371 

1387 

1405 

1416 

1459 
1512 

1513 


1652 
1653 


1657 
1664 

1665 


1 

1661 

167 
167 

167 

169 
169 

169 

170 


1711 
17* 


Decisive  victory  at  ipouth  of  the  Thames;  Dutch  lose  24  men- 
of-war,  4  admirals  killed,  and  4000  seamen 25,  26  July, 

Dutch  adm.  l)e  Ruyter  sails  up  the  Thames  and  destroys  soine 
ships 11  June, 

Twelve  Algerino  ships-of-war  destroyed  by  sir  Edward  Si)ragg, 

10  May, 

Battle  of  Southwold  bay  (Solkbay) 28  May, 

Coast  of  Holland;  by  prince  Rupert,  28  May,  4  June,  and  11 
Aug.,  sir  E.  Spragg  killed;  D'Estr^es  and  Ruyter  defeated.. 

Off  Beachy  Head ;  English  and  Dutch  defeated  by  French  under 
Tourville 30  June, 

But  defeat  him  near  cape  La  Hogue m  May, 

Off  St.  Vincent;  English  and  Dutch  squadrons,  under  adm. 
Rooke,  defeated  by  French it;  June, 

Off  Carthagena;   adm.  Benbow  and  French  fleet  under  adm. 

Du  Casse 19  Aug. 

[French  retire.  For  their  conduct  in  this  action  the  Eng- 
lish capts.  Kirby  and  Wade  were  shot  at  Plymouth.] 

Sir  George  Rooke  defeats  the  French  fleet  off  Vigo 12  Oct. 

Spanish  fleet  of  29  sail  totally  defeated  by  sir  George  Byng,  in 
the  Faro  of  Messina 31  July, 

Off  cape  Finisterre;  the  French  fleet  of  38  sail  taken  by  adm. 
Anson 3  May, 

Off  Finisterre;  when  adm.  Hawke  took  7  men-of-war  of  the 
French 14  Oct. 

Adm.  Pocock  defeats  French  fleet  in  the  East  Indies,  in  2  ac- 
tions, 1758,  and  again 

Adm.  Boscawen  defeats  French  under  De  la  Clue,  off  cape 
Lagos 18  Aug. 

Adm.  Hawke  defeats  French  fleet  under  Conflans,  in  Qiihkho.n 
Bay,  preventing  a  projected  invasion  of  England 20  Nov. 

Near  cape  St.  Vincent ;  adm.  Kouney  defeated  Spanish  Jleet 
under  adm.  don  Langara 16  Jan. 

Rodney  defeated  French  going  to  attack  Jamaica;  took  5  ships 
of  the  line,  and  sent  the  French  admiral,  comte  de  Grasse, 
prisoner  to  England ^. 12  Apr. 

British  totally  defeated  fleets  of  Fiance  and  Spain  iu  bay  of 
Gibraltar 13  Sept. 

Dutch  fleet,  under  adm.  Lucas,  in  Saldanha  bay,  surrenders 
to  sir  George  Keith  Elphinstone 17  Aug. 

British  victory  off  Capk  St.  Vincent 14  Feb. 

Unsuccessful  attempt  on  Santa  Cruz;  Nelson  loses  his  right 
arm  (Nelson's  Victories) 24  July, 

Victory  of  Campkrdown 11  Oct. 

Of  the  Nile 1  Aug. 

Copenhagen  bombarded 2  Apr. 

Victory  off  Trafalgar 21  Oct. 

Adm.  Duckworth  passes  Dardanelles 19  Feb. 

Copenhagen  fleet  captured 8  Sept. 

Russian  fleet  in  the  Tagus  surrenders  to  British 3  Sept. 

Bay  of  Rosas,  where  lieut.  Tailour,  by  direction  of  capt.  Hallo- 
well,  takes  or  destroys  11  war  and  other  vessels  (Rosas  bay), 

1  Nov. 

Off  LissA ;  victory  gained  over  a  Franco- Venetian  squadron  by 
capt.  William  Hoste 13  Mch. 

Algiers  bombarded  by  lord  Exmouth 27  Aug. 

Navarino 20  Oct  1827 

Bombardment  and  capture  of  Acre,  by  British  squadron  under 
adm.  Stopford  with  trifling  loss;  the  Egyptians  lost  2000 
killed  and  wounded,  and  3000  prisoners  (Syria) 3  Nov.  1840 

naval  battles  of  the  United  States.  The  navy, 
during  the  Revolution,  was  of  little  account.  The  principal 
exploits  were  performed  by  privateers.  In  Dec.  1775,  a  navy 
was  established  by  Congress,  and  officers  appointed.  Esek 
Hopkins  was  made  commander-in-chief,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1776  went  southward  with  a  small  squadron.  Navy,  United 
States. 
British  armed  schooner  J»farpare<to  captured  off  Machias,  Me. 

(first  naval  engagement  of  the  Revolution) 11  May,  1775 

Hopkins  captures  several  British  vessels Mch.  and  Ajir.  1776 

Two  battles  on  lake  Champlain,  the  Americans  commanded  by 

Benedict  Arnold  (New  York) 11, 13  Oct.     " 

Paul  Jones,  in  Providence  privateer,  takes  15  prizes  in  the 

autumn  of " 

John  Manly  and  others  make  prizes  on  the  northeast  coast. . .    ^" 

Paul  Jones  attacks  Whitehaven  on  the  English  coast Apr.  1778 

With  the  Bonhomme  Richard  and  the  Pallas  he  captures  ofl" 
the  coast  of  Scotland  the  Serapis,  50  guns,  and  the  Countess 
of  Scarborough,  20  guns,  after  a  desperate  fight.  The  battle 
began  at  8  p.m.  and  continued  until  10.30  p.m.,  when  the 
Serapis  surrendered  and  the  Countess  20  minutes  after.   The 

Richard  sank  next  day !i3  Sept.  1  u9 

U.  S.  frigate  Constellation,  com.  Truxton,  36  guns,  309  men„ 
captures  the  French  frigate  L' Insurgente,  40  guns,  409  men, 
off  St.  Kitts,  after  a  contest  of  1  h.  15  min.    French  loss,  70; 

U.  S.  3  wounded 9  Feb.  1  <99 

U.  S.  frigate  Constellation,  com.  Truxton,  engages  LaVengence, 
aFrench  frigate  of  54  guns,  400  men,  off  Guadaloupe;  aftera 
sharp  running  fight  from  8  p.m.  until  1  a.m.  a  squall  sepa- 

rates  them,  and  the  French  frigate  escapes 1  Feb.  low 

Frigate  Philadelphia  taken  by  Tripolitans  (United  Staxes), 

Oct.  180* 
Philadelphia  destroyed  by  Decatur  (United  States).  .  .16  P'eb.  1804 

Tripoli  bombarded  by  com.  Preble Aufr 

U.  S.  frigate  Chesapeake  fired  upon  by  British  frigate  Leopard 

(United  States) 22  June,  1807  , 

Contest  between  U.S.  frigate  President  and  British  sloop  Little 
Belt  (United  States) 16  May,  1»" 


1796 
1797 


1798 
1801 
1805 
1807 

1808 


1809 


1811 
1816 


NAV 


543 


NAV 


r  S.  frigate  Constitution,  off  the  New  England  coast, 

"from  com.  Broke's  British  squadron 17-20  July,  1812 

I  S  frigate  Constitution,  U  guns,  4G8  men,  capt.  Isaac  Hull, 
captures  and  destroys  British  frigate  Guerriere,  38  guns, 
253  men,  capt.  Jas.  K.  Dacres,  in  30  minutes,  off  the  coast 

of  the  U.'s.     American  loss,  14;  British,  85 19  Aug.      " 

,ieut.  Jesse  D.  Elliott,  U.  S.  navy,  captures  the  brigs  Detroit 
and  Caledonia  from  under  the  guns  of  fort  Erie,  opposite 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  night  of 8-9  Oct.     " 

[Detroit,  becoming  unmanageable,  goes  ashore  on  west 
side  of  Squaw  island,  and  is  burned  by  Americans.  The 
Caledonia  afterwards  served  in  Perry's  fleet  on  lake  Erie.] 
rasp,  18  guns,  135  men,  capt.  Jacob  Jones,  captures  British 
brig  Frolic,  20  guns,  108  men,  capt.Whinyates,  off  the  south- 
ern coast  of  the  U.  S.,  and  immediately  after  is  captured  by 

British  ship-of-war  Poictie.rs,  74  guns 18  Oct.     " 

■rigate  United  States,  44  guns,  478  men,  capt.  Decatur,  capt- 
ures British  frigate  Macedonian,  40  guns,  320  men,  off  Ma- 
deira.    British  loss,  104;  American,  11.     Contest  2  hours, 

25  Oct.      " 
Constitution,  capt.  Wm.  Bainbridge,  captures  off  the  coast  of 
Brazil  British  frigate  Java,  38  guns,  446  men,  capt.  Lambert. 

British  loss,  161 ;  American  loss,  34 29  Dec.     " 

loop-of-war  Hornet,  capt.  Jas.  Lawrence,  20  guns,  135  men, 
captures  British  brig  Peacock,  20  guns,  136  men,  capt.  Peake, 
off  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  river.  Contest  15  minutes. 
British  loss  about  50  {9  of  whom  were  drowned  by  the  sink- 
ing of  the  vessel) ;  American  loss,  3 24  Feb.  1813 

;.  S.  frigate  Chesapeake,  capt.  Jas.  Lawrence,  rated  at  36  guns, 
but  carrying  about  50,  and  300  men,  captured  by  British 
frigate  Shannon,  capt.  Philip  V.  Broke,  rated  at  38  guns,  but 

mounting  54,  335  men,  off  Boston  harbor,  Mass 1  June,     " 

[Chesapeake  lost  48  killed  and  98  wounded,  among  them 
capt.  Lawrence,  mortally;  the  Shannon  26  killed  and  58 
wounded.  As  this  was  the  only  important  naval  capture 
by  the  British  during  the  war,  it  excited  great  enthusiasm 
in  England.  The  freedom  of  London  and  a  sword  were  pre- 
sented to  Broke;  he  was  knighted  by  the  prince  regent,  and 
his  native  county  Suffolk  gave  him  a  magnificent  piece  of 
plate.  Lawrence  has  been  charged  with  taking  his  crew 
into  action  while  insubordinate  and  mutinous.] 
loop-of-war  Argus,  22  guns,  capt.  Wm.  Henry  Allen,  captured 
by  British  sloop-of  war  Pelican,  21  guns,  capt.  J.  F.  Maples, 
'  in  the  British  channel.   American  loss,  23;  British,  7,14  Aug.      " 

[Capt.  Allen,  who  was  mortally  wounded,  was  buried  at 
1  Plymouth,  Engl.,  with  military  honors,  21  Aug.] 
'.S.  brig  Enterprise,  lieut.  Wm.  Burrows,  14  guns,  captures 
i  British  brig  Boxer,  14  guns,  capt.  Sam'l  Blyth,  off  the  coast 

;  of  Maine 4  Sept.     " 

[Burrows  was  mortally  wounded  and  Blyth  was  instantly 
.  killed  at  the  commencement  of  the  action.  Lieut.  Ed.  R. 
;McCall  of  South  Carolina  succeeded  Burrows  in  command.] 
)m.  Oliver  Hazard  Perry,  with  9  vessels,  viz.,  Lawrence  20 
guns,  Niagara  20,  CaledoniaS,  Scorpioni,  Ariel  A:,  Somers  2, 
Porcupine  1,  Tigress 'i,  Trippe  1,  in  all  54  guns  and  2  swivels, 
iwith  490  men,  captures  the  British  fleet  under  R.  H.  Bar- 
•clay,  6  vessels,  viz.,  Detroit  19  guns.  Queen  Charlotte  17,  Lady 
■  Provost  13,  Little  Belt  3,  Hunter  10,  Chippewa  1  and  2  swivels, 
lin  all  63  guns  and  2  swivels,  with  about  500  men,  off  Put-in 
.bay,  lake  Erie.    The  American  loss  was  27  killed,  96  wounded ; 

jBritish,  41  killed,  94  wounded 10  Sept.     " 

["  We  have  met  the  enemy  aud  they  are  ours. " — Perry  to 
[Harrison.  ] 

[wise  and  capture  of  the  Essex.  Com.  David  Porter  in  the 
\Essex,  32  guns,.but  carrying  46,  leaves  the  Delaware,  28  Oct. 
1812;  cruising  off  the  coast  of  South  America,  just  South  of 
^he  equator,  on  12  Dec.  he  captures  British  brig  Nocton, 
';ind  secures  $55,000  in  specie ;  passes  cape  Horn  on  14  Feb. 
i.813,  and  cruises  in  the  Pacific,  doing  much  damage  to  the 
British  whaling-service,  till  3  Feb.  1814,  when  he  enters  the 
larbor  of  Valparaiso.  Here  the  British  frigates  Phoebe,  capt. 
iillyar,  carrying  52  guns,  though  rated  at  36,  with  320  men, 
:.nd  the  Cherub,  capt.  Tucker,  28  guns,  108  men,  soon  appear; 
t.ttack  the  Essex,  already  crippled  by  a  squall  in  the  attempt 
0  get  to  sea,  and  capture  her  after  a  desperate  conflict.    The 

"issex  loses  124  out  of  225 ;  British,  15 28  Mch.  1814 

!  op-of-war  Peacock,  18  guns,  capt.  Warrington,  captures  the 
;5rilish  brig  Epervier,  18  guns,  capt.  Wales,  off  coast  of  Flor- 
lia.    British  loss,  22;  American,  2  wounded.     Contest,  40 

ainutes 29  Apr.     " 

[Epervier  sold  for  $55,000,  besides  $118,000  in  specie  found 
n  board.] 

Jp-of-war  Wasp,  22  guns  (2d  of  the  nanrie,  built  1814;  see 
312),  capt.  Johnston  Blakeley,  173  men,  captures  the  British 
jTig  Reindeer,  capt.  "Wm.  Manners,  118  men,  in  the  British 

i'bannel.     Contest,  28  minutes 28  June,     " 

[Wasp  captures  the  British  sloop  Avon,  18  guns,  1  Sept., 
ut  is  cut  off  from  the  prize  by  the  approach  of  other 
ritish  vessels.  On  21  Sept.,  off  the  Azores,  she  took  the 
ritish  brig  Atlanta.  On  9  Oct.  1814,  the  Wasp  was  spoken 
7  the  Swedish  bark  Adonis.  This  was  the  last  ever  heard 
'her.  United  States,  1816.] 
'■ji.  Thomas  McDonough  with  14  vessels — viz.,  Saratoga  26 
ins,  Eagle  20,  Ticonderoga  17,  FVeble  7,  and  10  gun -boats 
iinying  in  all  16  guns— 86  guns,  with  882  men— defeats  the 
Htish  fleet  under  George  Downie,  of  16  vessels — viz.,  Con- 
fence  38  guns,  Linnet  16,  Chub  11,  Finch  11,  and  12  gun- 
!>ats  carrying  20  guns— 96  guns  in  all,  with  1000  men— on 
Jjke  Cham  plain,  near  Plattsburg.  American  loss,  52  killed 
!id  58 wounded;  British  loss  over  200;  among  the  killed  was 
5wnie  (New  York) 11  Sept.     ' ' 


Privateer  General  Armstrong,  capt.  Sam'l  C.  Reid,  7  guns  and 
90  men,  destroyed  by  a  British  squadron  in  the  harbor  of 
Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores  (Portuguese),  a  neutral  port.  After 
repulsing  3  attacks,  capt.  Reid  scuttles  the  Armstrong  and 
returns  with  his  men  to  the  shore.  During  the  10  hours 
of  this  assault  the  British  lost  over  300  in  killed  and 
wounded.     The  American  loss  was  2  killed  and  7  wounded, 

26  Sept.  1814 
[One  of  the  guns  used  on  the  .General  Armstrong  in  this 
engagement — "Long  Tom  "—was  presented  to  the  U.  S.  by 
the  king  of  Portugal,  and  brought  over  Mch.  1893.] 

President,  44  guns,  capt.  Decatur,  just  out  from  New  York,  pur- 
sued and  captured  by  the  British  frigates  Endymion  40  guns, 
Pomone  38,  Tenedos  38,  and  Majestic.  A  running  fight  was 
kept  up  from  3  p.m.,  principally  with  the  Endymion.  until  11 
P.M.,  when,  surrounded  by  the  other  ships,  Decatur  surren- 
dered his  sword  to  capt.  Hayes  of  the  Majestic.  American 
loss,  24  killed,  56  wounded;  British,  11  killed,  14  wounded, 

15  Jan.  1815 

Constitution,  52  guns,  470  men,  capt.  Stewart,  off  cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, captures  the  British  frigate  Cyane,  36  guns,  185  men, 
capt.  Falcoln.  and  the  brig  Levant,  18  guns,  capt.  Douglass. 
American  loss,  15;  British,  77 20  Feb.      " 

Sloop-of- war  ^Tornet,  18  guns,  capt.  Biddle,  captures  the  British 
brig  Penguin,  18  guns,  capt.  Dickenson,  132  men,  off  Brazil, 

23  Feb.     " 
[This  was  the  last  regular  naval  battle  in  the  war  of  1812, 
although  the  U.S.  sloop  of- war  Pteacocfc  captured  the  British 
sloop  Nautilus  in  the  strait  of  Sunda,  30  June,  1815,  long 
after  peace  was  declared.] 

Com.  David  Conner,  with  the  U.S.  fleet,  bombards  Vera  Cruz, 
in  conjunction  with  the  land  forces  under  gen.  Scott. ,  .Mch.  1847 

Capt.  Duncan  N.  Ingraham  of  the  U.S.  sloop  of- war  St.  Louis 
rescues  Koszta  from  the  Austrian  brig  Hussar  (Koszta  af- 
fair; United  States,  1854) 2  July.  1853 

U.S.  frigates  Congress  and  Cumberland  destroyed  by  the  Con- 
federate iron -clad  Merrimac  (Hampton  Roads;  Virginia, 
1861-62) 8  Mch.  1862 

Battle  between  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  (Hampton  Roads). 

9  Mch.     " 

Farragut  passes  forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  below  New  Or- 
leans, 24  Apr.  1862,  and  anchors  before  the  city 25  Apr.     " 

Kearsarge  destroys  the  Alabama  (Alabama) 19  June,  1864 

Farragut  forces  his  way  into  Mobile  bay,  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ate fleet,  and  captures  the  Confederate  ram  Tennessee.  The 
Union  loss  165  killed  and  170  wounded 5  Aug.     " 

naval  reserve.     Navy,  United  States,  1891. 

IVavarino  (nd-vd-ree'-no),  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
S.W.  Greece,  settled  by  the  Arabs,  6th  centurj' ;  taken  by  the 
Turks,  1500;  by  Venetians,  1686;  by  Turks,  1718;  by  Greeks, 
1821 ;  by  Turks,  1825.  Near  here,  on  20  Oct.  1827,  the  com- 
bined fleets  of  England,  France,  and  Russia,  under  adm.  Cod- 
rington,  nearly  destroyed  the  Turkish  and  Egyptian  fleet. 
More  than  30  ships,  many  of  them  4-deckers,  were  blown  up 
or  burned,  chiefly  by  Turks,  to  prevent  capture.  This  defeat 
of  the  Turks  virtuallj'  secured  the  independence  of  Greece. 
The  destruction  of  Turkish  naval  power  was  characterized  by 
Wellington  as  an  "untoward  event." 

Wavarre  {na-var'),  now  a  province  of  Spain,  was  part  of 
the  Roman  dominions,  and  was  conquered  from  the  Saracens 
by  Charlemagne,  778.  His  descendants  appointed  governors, 
one  of  whom,  Garcias  Ximenes,  took  the  title  of  king  in  857, 
In  1076,  king  Sancho  IV.  was  poisoned,  and  Sancho  Ramorez 
of  Aragon  seized  Navarre.  In  1134,  Navarre  became  again 
independent  under  Garcias  Ramorez  IV.  In  1234,  Thibault, 
count  of  Champagne,  nephew  of  Sancho  VII.,  became  sover- 
eign ;  and  in  1284,  by  marriage  of  the  heiress  Jane  with  Philip 
IV.  le  Bel,  Navarre  fell  to  France. 

SOVEREIGNS    OF    NAVAHRE. 

1274.  Jane  I.  and  (1284)  Philip  le  Bel  of  France. 

1305.  Louis  X.,  Hutin,  of  France. 

1316.  Philip  v.,  the  Long,  of  France. 

1322.  Charles  L,  the  Fair,  IV.  of  France. 

1328.  Jane  IL  (daughter  of  Jane  I.  ),and  her  husband  Philip  d'Evreux. 

1349.  Charles  II.,  the  Bad. 

1387.  CharlesIIL,  the  Noble. 

1425.  Blanche,  his  daughter,  and  her  husband.  John  of  Aragon. 

1441.  John  II.,  alone,  became  king  of  Aragon  in  1458.  He  endeav- 
ored to  obtain  the  crown  of  Castile  also. 

1479.  Eleanor  de  Foix,  his  daughter. 
"     Francis  Phoebus  de  Foix,  her  son. 

1483.  Catharine  (his  sister)  and  her  husband  John  d'Albret.  Ferdi- 
nand of  Aragon  conquers  and  annexes  all  Navarre  south  of 
the  Pyrenees,  1512. 

NAVARRE  ON  THE  NORTH  (FRENCH)  SIDE  OF  THE  PYRENEES, 

1516.  Henry  d'Albret. 

1555.  Jane  d'Albret  and  her  husband  Anthony  de  Bourbon,  who 

d.  1562. 
1572.  Henry  III.,  who  became  in  1589  king  of  France  (as  Henry 

IV.)    This  kingdom  formally  united  to  France  in  1609. 


NAV 


644 


NAV 


liavlfratiOll  (from  Lat.  naru,  ship,  and  of/nr,  to  lead 
or  «lireci),  the  science  or  art  bj'  which  a  mariner  coiuiucts  a 
vessel  from  one  port  to  another;  it  includes  a  thonnigli  kiiowl- 
■edge  of  mathematics,  astronomy,  geography,  etc.,  and  began 
with  Egyptians  and  Phoenicians.  The  tirst  navigation  laws 
were  those  of  the  Kliodians,  916  b.c.  The  first  account  of  a 
■considerable  voyage  is  that  of  Phoenicians  round  Africa,  604 
&C.— Blair. 

Piano  charts  and  mariner's  compass  used about  1420 

Variation  of  compass  observed  by  Columbus 1492 

Thai  obliiiue  rhomb  lines  are  spiral,  discovered  by  Nonius 1537 

First  treatise  on  navigation 1545 

Log  tlrst  mentioned  by  Bourne 1577 

Mercator's  chart 1599 

Davis's  (quadrant,  or  backstaff,  for  measuring  angles about  1600 

Logarithmic  tables  applied  to  navigation  by  Gunter 1620 

.^{iddle-latitude  sailing  introduced 1623 

Mensuration  of  a  degree,  Norwood 1631 

Hedley's  quadrant 1731 

Harrison's  timekeeper  used 1764 

^'  Nautical  Almanac  "  first  published 1767 

Barlow's  theory  of  deviation  of  the  compass 1820 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Xaval  Science,  edited  by  E.  J.  Reed,  pub. 


COMPA88,  Latitcuk,  Longitcdk,  Maps,  Steam. 


April,  1872-75 


navigator§  or  naY'vie§.  Workmen  building  rail- 
ways probably  derived  this  name  (about  1830)  from  working 
upon  inland  navigation  in  Lincolnshire,  etc.  They  are  doubt- 
fully said  to  be  descendants  of  the  original  Dutch  canal  la- 
4)orers. 

IiaTy,  the  armed  vessels  and  crew  of  a  nation.  The  Phoe- 
nicians and  the  Greeks  were  the  first  to  place  much  dependence 
•on  this  method  of  warfare.  Afterwards  the  Garth  agenians,  and 
later  the  Romans,  maintained  large  navies.  Since  the  inven- 
tion of  gunpowder  and  the  steam-engine  the  construction  of 
■war-ships  has  been  a  subject  of  scientific  study.  The  position 
of  Great  Britain  has  compelled  her  to  depend  on  ships  for  de- 
fence or  invasion,  until  she  has  become  the  greatest  naval  na- 
tion in  the  world.  Other  nations  have  followed  her  example, 
■until  now  one  of  the  principal  branches  of  the  national  ex- 
penditure of  every  maritime  country  is  the  building  and  main- 
taining of  its  navy.     Naval  battlks. 

navy  of  the  United  States.  The  present  U.  S.  navy 
•dates  from  an  act  of  Congress  30  Apr.  1798,  establishing  a 
navy  department.  An  act  of  3  Mch.  1815  authorized  a 
board  of  commissioners  for  the  navy,  but  an  act  of  31  Aug. 
1842  abolished  it;  reorganized  the  navy  department  with  5 
bureaus,  increased  to  8  by  act  of  6  July,  1862 :  1.  Yards  and 
■docks;  2.  Navigation;  3.  Ordnance;  4.  Provision  and  cloth- 
ing ;  5.  Medicine  and  surgery ;  6.  Construction  and  repair ;  7. 
Equipment  and  recruiting ;  8.  Steam  engineering. 

Law  passed  establishing  a  marine  committee,  consisting  of 
John  Adams,  John  lijingdon,  and  Silas  Dean 13  Oct.  1775 

Act  of  Congress  for  building  13  frigates:  5  of  32  guns,  5  of  28 
guns,  and  3  of  24  guns 13  Dec.     " 

•Congress  appoints  Esek  Hopkins,  commander-in-chief  of  the 
American  fleet,  consisting  of  the  Alfred,  30  guns;  Columbus, 
28  guns;  Andrea  Dona,  16  guns;  Sebastian  Cabot,  14  guns; 
Providence,  12  guns 22  Dec.     " 

Board  of  Admiralty  established  by  resolution  of  Congress, 

28  Oct.  1779 

Secretary  of  marine  created  by  resolution  of  Congress. . .  7  Feb.  1781 

Pirst  line-of-battle  ship,  America,  built  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
under  act  of  9  Nov.  1776,  completed " 

SHIPS   IN  THE  UNITED   STATES   NAVAL  SERVICE  DURING 
THE  REVOLUTION,  WITH   THE  FATE  OF  EACH. 


Name. 

No.  of 
guns. 

Fate. 

Alliance 

32 

32 

20 

30 

16 

40 

24 

32 

28 

28 

14 

18 

32 

24 

14 

10) 

28  1 

Sold  after  the  war 

America      

( Presented  to  the  French   govern- 
\     ment,  1782. 
Borrowed  from  France  and  returned 

Ariel 

Alfred 

Captured  by  the  British,  1778. 
Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1777. 
Sunk  after  action,  1779. 
Captured  at  Charleston,  1780. 
Captured  off  Virginia  coast,  178L 
Destroyed  in  the  Hudson,  1777. 
Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1778. 
Driven  ashore  by  the  British,  1777. 
Left  the  service,  1779. 

Andrea  Doria 

Bonhomme  Richard. . 

donfederacy 

Congress 

•Cabot 

Cerf 

Deane  (Hague) 

Captured  before  getting  to  sea,  1778. 
Captured  in  the  Delaware,  1777. 
Destroyed  in  the  Penobscot,  1778. 

Eflangham  

Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1777. 

SHIPS   IN  THE   UNITED    STATES    NAVAL  SERVICE. — (Coutinu 


Gates 

Hancock  

Hampden 

Hornet 

Independence. . . 

Le.Kington 

Montgomery 

Pallas 

Providence  

Queen  of  France. 

Randolph 

Raleigh 

Reprisal 

Ranger 

Revenge 

Saratoga 

Surprise 

Sachem 

Trumbull 

Vengeance 

Virginia 

Washington 

Warren 

Wasp 


No.  of 
gun». 


Seized  by  the  French,  1777. 

Captured  by  the  British,  1777. 

Lost  at  sea,  1778. 

Seized  by  the  French,  1777. 

Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1778. 

Captured  in  English  channel,  1771 

Destroyed  in  the  Hudson,  1777. 

Left  the  service,  1779. 

Captured  at  Charleston,  1780. 
(  Destroyed  in  action  with  Yarmo 
I      1778. 

Captured,  1778. 

Foundered  at  sea,  1778. 

Captured  at  Charleston,  1780. 

Sold,  1780. 

Lost  at  sea,  1780. 

Seized  by  the  French,  1777. 

Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1778; 

Captured,  178L 

Left  the  service,  1779. 

Captured  before  getting  to  sea,  17' 

Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1778. 

Destroyed  in  the  Penobscot,  1779. 

Destroyed  in  the  Delaware,  1778, 


Secretary  of  war  given  control  of  naval  affairs .7  Aug.  1 

Act  to  provide  for  6  ships,  27  Mch.  1794;  3  to  be  completed  in.  1 

U.  S.  frigate  Constitution,  44  guns,  launched  at  Boston;  United 
States,  44  guns,  at  Philadelphia;  Constellation,  36  guns,  at 
Baltimore 1 

Act  to  establish  a  navy  department,  with  Benjamin  Stoddard 
secretary  of  the  navy 30  Apr.  I 

A  marine  corps  raised  by  act  of  Congress 11  July, 

Act  appropriating  the  surplus  of  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  sick 
and  disabled  seamen  to  build  marine  hospitals 16  July, 

Navy  consists  of  33  gun-ships,  carrying  922  guns I 

Site  for  Norfolk  navy  yard  at  Gosport,  Va.,  on  the  Elizabeth 
river,  purchased  for  $21,382;  it  contains  109  acres;  defences, 
forts  Monroe  and  Calhoun 23  Jan.  1 

Site  for  a  navy-yard  at  Washington  purchased  for  $4000.  Pres- 
ent area,  42  acres;  defence,  fort  Washington 17  Mch.     " 

Rules  and  regulations  for  the  navy  adopted  by  Congress,  to 
supersede  act  of  2  Mch.  1799 23  Apr.     " 

Site  for  a  navy-yard  purchased  at  Kittery,  Me.,  opposite  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  for  $110,500;  area,  164  acres;  defences,  forts 
McClary  and  Constitution 13  June,     " 

Site  for  navy-yard  purchased  at  Charlestown  near  Boston; 
area,  84  acres;  cost,  $163,000;  defences,  forts  Warren  and 
Independence 30  Aug.     " 

Site  purchased  for  a  navy-yard  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  price, 
$415,000;  area,  193  acres 18  May,  1801 

Marine  hospital  established  at  New  Orleans  by  act  of  Congress, 

3  May,  1802 

$200,000  appropriated  annually  for  3  years  for  timber  for  ship 
building  and  other  naval  purposes 30  Mch.  1812 

At  the  opening  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  the  American  navy 
consisted  of  : 

FRIGATES.  Guns.  Commissioned. 

Constitution 44 1798 

United  States 44 -. " 

President 44 1799 

Chesapeake 36 " 

NewYork 36 " 

Constellation 36 1798 

Congress 36 1799 

Boston 32 1798 

Essex 32 1799 

Adams 32 " 

CORVETTE. 

John  Adams 26 1799 

SCHOONERS.  Guns, 

Vixen 12 

Nautilus 12 

Enterprise 12 

Viper 12 

BOMB  ketches:  Vengeance,  Spit 
fire,  iEtna,  Vesuvius. 

GCTN-BOATS:   170. 

Most  of  the  larger  vessels  carried  more  guns  than  the  rating  showrj 

above.     Naval  battles. 

Robert  Fulton  builds  a  floating  battery  (Batteries) •  •  •  181^ 

$1,000,000  annually  for  8  years  appropriated  for  gradual  in- 

crease  of  the  navy  (repealed,  3  Mch.  1821) 29  Apr.  181<) 

Public  lands  producing  ship  timber  reserved  from  sale  by  act 

of  Congress 1  Mch.  181  ^ 

Act  to  employ  the  navy  to  suppress  the  slave-trade 3  Mch.  l»l.' 

Site  for  the  Pensacola  navy-yard  presented  to  the  government, 

10  Mch.  182H 
Monument  erected  in  Washington  navy-yard  in  1808  to  officers 

who  fell  in  the  war  with  Tripoli,  removed  to  Capitol  square. . .  W- 
Steamer  Mississippi  launched  at  Philadelphia   (armed  with         I 

Paixhan  guns) •  •  1°*  , 

Pi-inceton,  first  war  screw-propeller,  launched  at  Philadelphia         j 
■(United  States,  1844) l"*"! 


BRIGS. 

Guns. 
....16 

,...16 

....16 

SLOOPS-OF-WAR. 

....18 

Hornet. 

....18 

NAV 

U.  S.  Naval  academy  at  Annapolis  opened 10  Oct. 

The  navy  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  war  consisted  of  : 

10  ships  of  the  line 786  guns. 

13  frigates,  first-class 582     " 

2  frigates,  second-class 72  " 

23  sloops-of-Wiir 438  " 

8  brigs 80  " 

9  schooners 17  " 

11  steamers 20  " 

4  Store-ships 22  " 

8(7  '.iO  17  guns 

Publieation  of  "American  Nautical  Almanac"  for  18.55  pro- 
vided for  by  act  of. 3  Mch. 

Congress  abolishes  flogging  in  the  navy  and  on  board  vessels 
of  comuierce 28  Sept. 

Site  of  Mare  Island  navy-yard,  23  miles  from  San  Francisco, 
Gal.,  purchased;  area,  876  acres;  price,  $83,491;  defences, 
fort  PoiQt  and  Alcatraces  island 4  Jan. 

Sloop-of  war  Portsmouth  armed  with  16  8-inch  Dahlgren  guns; 
first  vessel  in  the  navy  carrying  only  shell-guns 

Naval  monument  removed  from  west  front  of  Capitol  to  the 
grounds  of  the  Naval  academy  at  Annapolis 

The  navy  at  the  commencement  of  the  civil  war  consisted  of  : 


546 


NAV 


1845 


1846 
1849 
1850 

1853 
1856 
1860 


84  guns. 
400      " 
406      " 

16      " 

7      " 


2..  100  guns. 
11.. 232     " 


Available  force.  I     In  commission. 

1  ship  of  the  line 

8  frigates 

20  sloops 

3  brigs 

3  store-ships 

6  steam  frigates 212  " 

5  first-class  steam -sloops 90  " 

4  first-class  side  wheel  steamers.  46  " 
8  second-class  steam-sloops 45  " 

5  third-class  screw  steamers 28  " 

4  sec'd-class  side- wheel  steamers  8  " 

2  steam  tenders 4  " 

69  1346  guns.     42.  .555  guns. . 

Ericsson's  battery,  the  Monitor,  completed  and  delivered  to 

the  U.  S.  government  for  trial  (Hampto.v  roads) 5  Mch. 

Congress  enacts  "  that  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  Sept. 
1852,  the  spirit  ration  in  the  navy  of  the  U.  S.  shall  forever 
cease,  and  thereafter  no  distilled  spirituous  liquors  shall  be 
admitted  on  board  of  vessels- of -war,  except  as  medical 

14  July, 


3. 

7 

1. 

12 

5. 

90 

3. 

35 

8. 

45 

5. 

28 

3. 

5 

1. 

1 

1861 
1862 


Officers  of  the  navy  divided  into  9  grades 16  July, 

New  Ironsides,  of  wood,  with  4-inch  armor  plate,  built  at  Phila- 
delphia, 4015  tons,  700  horsepower,  speed  of  6  knots;  arma- 
ment, 20  11-inch  smooth-bore  guns 

Monitor  sunk  off"  North  Carolina  during  a  gale 31  Dec. 

Rank  of  vice-admiral  created  by  Congress  and  bestowed  on 
David  G.  Farragut , 21  Dec. 

Navy  at  the  close  of  the  civil  war  consisted  of  671  vessels; 
combined  tonnage,  510,396;  mounting  4610  guns 

Rank  of  admiral  created;  be.stowed  on  Farragut 25  July, 

[David  I).  Porter  made  vice  admiral  same  date.] 

Site  for  navy-yard  at  League  island,  Delaware  river,  presented 
to  the  government  by  Philadelphia;  area,  923  acres;  defences, 
forts  Delaware  and  Mifliu 4  Aug. 

Torpedo  school  established  at  Newport,  K.I 

Adm.  Farragut  dies  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H 14  Aug. 

Vice-adm.  Porter  made  admiral 17  Oot. 

First  advisory  board  appointed  to  consider  need  of  appropriate 
vessels  for  the  navy,  June,  1881,  report,  that  it  should  con- 
sist of  70  unarmored  cruisers  of  steel 7  Nov. 

Frigate  Constitution  (-'Old  Ironsides"  )  is  formally  put  out  of 
commission  and  consigned  to  '-Rotten  Row"  in  the  Brook- 
lyn navy-yard 15  Dec. 

Trenton  is  the  first  man  of  war  in  the  world  to  be  lighted  by 
electricity 

Congress  prohibits  repair  of  wooden  ships  at  more  than  20  per 
cent,  of  the  cost  of  a  new  vessel 3  Mch. 

Contract  for  6700  tons  of  steel  armor  plates  and  1220  tons  of 
gun  forgings,  awarded  to  the  Bethlehem  Iron  Works  com- 
pany, at  Bethlehem,  Pa May, 

Adm.  David  D.  Porter  d 13  Feb. 

[Rank  of  admiral  and  vice  admiral  became  extinttt.  High- 
est rank  is  again  rear-admiral.] 

In  1888  W.  C.  Whitthorne,  member  of  Congress  from  Tennes- 
see, introduced  a  bill  authorizing  the  maritime  states  to  or- 
ganize a  naval  force  to  constitute  a  naval  reserve,  to  be 
trained  and  fitted  for  operating  the  coast  and  harbor  defence 
vessels,  etc.,  in  time  of  war,  thus  liberating  the  regular  naval 
force  to  man  the  heavy  sea-going  war-ships,  etc.  Massa- 
chusetts was  the  first  state  to  act,  and  passed  laws  defining 
what  should  be  done.  New  York  followed,  and  now  (1894) 
most  of  the  maritime  states  have  responded.  Total  number 
of  men  enrolled  Jan.  1894  was  2456.  On  2  Mch.  1891,  Con- 
gress appropriated  $25,000  for  the  equipment  of  the  force 
and  another  appropriation  of  a  like  amount 


1865 
1866 


1868 
1869 
1870 


1881 


1887 
1891 


1892 


THE   NEW  U.NMTED   STATES   NAVY,  1895. 
UNAKMOKKD   VESSELS. 


Name,  and  act  of  Congress 
authorizing. 

Wliere  built  and  when 
launched 

Class  and  displacement 
in  tons. 

maximum  speed 
in  knots. 

Contract  price.* 

Number  of  guns 
calibre. 

4  8-in. ;  8  6-in. ; 

2  8-in. ;  6  6-in. 

2  8-in. ;  6  6-in. 

2  4-in. 

2  8-in. 

6  6-in. 

4  6-in. 

12  6-in. 

4  8-in. ;  6  6-in. 

12  6-in. 

12  6  in. 

6  6-in. 

6  6-in. 

4  8-in. ;  10  5-in. 

1  6-in. ;  10  5-in. 

4  4-in. 

1  6-in. ;  10  5-in. 

2  6-in. ;  8  5-in. 
2  6-in. ;  8  5-in. 
2  6-in.;  8  5-in. 
8  4-in. 

8  4-in. 

1  8-in. ;  2  6-in. ; 
18in. ;  2  6-in. ; 

4  12-in. ;  6  4-in. 

4  10-in. ;  2  4-in. 

4  10  in. ;  2  4-in. 

4  lOin. 

4  10-in. 

4  10-in.  ;  6  6-in. 

2  12-in. ;  6  6-in. 

3  15-in.  pneuma 
2  12-in. ;  2  10-in 

6  8-in! ;  12  4-in. 

4  13-in. ;  8  8in. 
8  8in.;  12  5-in. 
4  13-in. ;  8  8-in. 
4  12-in.  ;  8  8-in. 
4  13-in. ;  8  »-in. 

and 

Chif-icfo    Ancr   1882 

Chester  1886 

P.  p.  c— 4500 

P.  p.  c— 3189 

P.  p.  c— 3189 

Despatch  boat— 1485 

P.  c— 4040 

P.  p.  c— 1700 

P.  p.   (G.  b.)-— 890 

P.  C.-4083 

P.  c— 4400 

P.  c— 4325 

P.  c— 4083 

P.p.  c.  (G.  b.)— 1700 

P.  p.  c.  (6.  b.)— 1700 

P.  c— 5500 

P.  c— 3183 

G.  b 838 

P.  c— 3183 
P.  c— 2000 
P.  c— 2000 
P.O. -2000 
P.  p.  (G.  b. )— 1050 
P.  p.  (G.  b.)-1050 
P.  c. -7400 
P.  C.-7400 

AKMOKED    VESSE 

B.  s.,  2  T.— 6060 

B.  s.,2  T.— 3990 

B.  s.,2  T.— 3990 

B.  S.,2  T.— 3990 

B.  s.,2  T.— 3990 

Cruiser— 6648 

B.  s.,2T.— 6300 

I),  c.  —930 

B.  s.— 4138 

T.  b.— 116 

Cruiser— 8150 

Ram-2183 

T.  b.— 120 

B.  s.,2  T.— 10,231 

Cruiser— 9250 
B.  s.,2  T. -10, 231 
B.  s  -10,286 
B.  s.,2  T.— 10,231 
Ram— 2050 

5,248—16.3 

4,030—16.6 

4,000—16.4 

2,240-15.3 

6,943-18.8 

3,660—17.2 

1,513-13.7 

9,231—19.6 

10,725—20.6 

8,815—19.7 

10,400—20.2 

3,533—17.5 

3,513—17.1 

13,500-21.7 

10,000—19 

1,300-13 

10,000—19 

5,400-19 

5,400—17 

5,400—17 

1,600-14 

1,600-14 

21,000—22.8 

21,000—23 

LS. 

4,000-13 

3,000—14 

1,600-12 

1,600-12 

1,600—12 

9,000—17 

8,600—17 

4,4.50—21.7 

5,400—16 

1,720—22.5 

16,500—20 
4,800-17 
1,800-24 
9,000-16.2 

16,900-21 
9,000—16.2 

11,000—16.5 
9,000—16.2 
4,800-17 

$889,000 
619,000 
617,000 
315,000 
1,017,-500  (4  T.t.) 
455,000  (6  T.  t. ) 
247,000 
1,248,000  (6  T.  t.) 
1,325,000  (5  T.  t.) 
1,350,000  (5  T.t.) 
1.428,000(61.  t.) 
490,000  (6  T.t.) 
490,000  (6  T.t.) 
1,796,000(6  1.  t.) 
1,100,000  (6  T.t.) 
250,000  (2  T.  t.) 
1,100,000  (6T.  t.) 
612,500  (6T.  t.) 
612,500  (6  T.t.) 
612,500  (6  T.t.) 
318,000(1  T.t.) 
318,000(1  T.t.) 
2,725,000  (6  T.t.) 
2,690,000  (6  T.t.) 

2,300,970 

1,592,849 

1,590,930 

1.891,077 

1.637,110 

2,-500,000  (6  T.t.) 

2,-500,000  (6T.  t.) 

350,000 
1,628.950 

82,7-50  (3T.  t.) 
2,985,000  (6  T.t.) 

930,000 

113,500  (3T.  t.) 
3,020,000  (6  T.t.) 
2.986,000  (6  T.t.) 
3,020,000  (6  T.t.) 
3.010,000  (6  T.t.) 
3,180,000  (6  T.t.) 

930,000 

2  5-in 

Boston,  Aug.  1882 

"       1885 

"        1885 

"        1884 

San  Francisco,  1888... 
Philadelphia,  1888....' 

Baltimore,  1888 '■ 

Philadelphia,   1890....  i 

1888....! 

"              1889....; 

San  Francisco,  1889... 

Chester,  1889 

1889 

Dolphin  Mch  1883 

Charleston,  Mch.  1835 

Yorklown  Mch  1885 

Petrel  Mch  1885      

Baltimore  Aug  1886     . . . 

Philadelphia,  Mch.  1887 

.San  Francisco,  Mch.  1887 

;Bennington,  Mch.  1887 

San  Francisco,  1892. . .  1 

New  York,  1892 ■ 

Elizabethport,  1892.... 

Norfolk,  1892 ' 

Baltimore,  1891 

1891 

Boston,  1892 

Bath,  1891 

'•      1892 

Philadelphia,  1892.... 
"             1893.... 

Chester,  1888 

Mare  island,  1892 

Wilmington,  1892 

Philadelphia,  1892.... 

Chester,  1888 

New  York.  1890 

Norfolk  1892 

,:!iucinnati,  Sept.  1888 

liiincroft  Sept  1888    

Raleigh  Sept  1888  

Alontgomery,  Sept.  1888 

Detroit  Sept   1888     

»rarblehead,  .Sept.  1888 

'tlachias,  Mch.  1889 

iJastine,  Mch.  1889 

polumbia,  June,  1890 

Hinneapolis,  Mch.  1891 

'uritan,  Mch.  1885 

fonadnock,  Mch.  1885 

iinphitrite,  Mch.  1885 

'error,  Mch.  1885 

iliantonomoh,  Mch.  1885 

taine,  Aug.  1886 

exas,  Aug.  1886 

esuvius,  Aug.  1886 

(onterey.  Mch.  1887 

ushing,  Mch.  1887 

ew  York.  Sept.  1888 

larm,  Mch,  1889 

ricssou,  Jan.  1890 

'  assachusetts,  .June,  1890. . . . 

rooklyn,  1890 

8  4-in. 
8  4-in. 

Philadelphia,  1888.... 
San  Francisco,  1891 . . . 
Bristol,  1890 

tic. 

Philadelphia,  1891 .... 
Bath,  1892 

Dubuque,  la.,  1892 

Philadelphia,  1893.... 
Philadelphia,  1893.... 
Philadelphia,  1893.... 
1  Philadelphia,  1893.... 
San  Francisco,  1893... 
Bath,  Me.,  1893 

4  6-in. 

idiana,  June.  1890 

'wa,  1891....' 

4  6-in. 

regon,  June,  1890 

4  6-in. 

•atahdin,  1889 

Note— In  above  table,  the  abbreviations  in  column  3  signify:  P.  p.  c,  partly  protected  cruiser;    P.  c,  protected  cruiser;  G.  b.,  gun-boat;  B.  s.,  battle  ship;  D.  c, 
iiamite  cruiser  ;  T.  b.,  torpedo  boat ;  T.,  torpedo  ;  in  column  5,  T.  t.,  torpedo  tube.  *  Does  not  include  total  cost  ol  construction,  equipments,  etc. 

[The  navy  also  includes  about  75  iron  and  wood  sailing  and  steam  vessels,  and  15  1-turret  monitors.] 


18 


\ 


V"i- 


UTT 


NAV 


646 


NAV 


1 


6  Rear-admirals 

10.  Commodores.. 

45.  Captains 

86.  Comrattmlors. 


OFFU'i'.US    OF    THi-:    NAVY.   WITH    NUMBER    IN    EACH    RANK,  AND    PAY.  Yearly  pay  at se.. 

lo  rank  with mtijor- generals $60U0 

"  brigadier-generals 5000 

"  colonels 4500 

"  lieutenant  colonels 3500 


74.  Lieutenaut-coiiuiiaiHkTs 

250.  Lieutenants 

75.  Masters  or  lieutenants  (Junior  grade) 
173.  Ensigns 


300.  Mid.shipmen 

For  admiral  and  vice-admiral  see  this  record,  18(>4,  '6(5, 

navy  of  (Ireat  Britain.  The  British  navy,  originally 
governed  by  n  h>rd  hij;h  admiral,  has,  since  the  reign  of  ijueen 
Anne,  been  luuler  a  Board  of  Admiralty  of  7  members— the 
first  lord  always  a  member  of  the  cabinet  and  supreme  in  au- 
thority, and  6a.ssistant  commissioners.  The  senior  naval  lord 
directs  the  movements  of  the  fleet  and  is  responsible  for  disci- 
pline. The  second  naval  lord  directs  the  manning  and  officer- 
ing. The  junior  naval  lord  directs  the  food  supply  and  trans- 
ports. The  parliamentary  civil  lord  and  the  civil  lord  deal 
with  the  material  and  armament  of  the  fleet.  The  parlia- 
mentary and  tinancial  secretary  deals  with  all  questions  of 
expenditure. 

Fleet  of  galleys  built  by  Alfred 897 

Fleet  for  opposing  tlie  Danes,  equipped  by  contributions  of 

every  town  in  England,  gathers  at  Sandwich 1007 

Fleet  collected  by  Edward  the  Confessor  to  resist  Norwe- 
gians   1042 

Fleet  collected  by  Harold  to  resist  Normans 1066 

Richard  I.  collects  a  fleet  and  enacts  naval  laws about  1191 

Royal  Harry,  a  two-decker,  built  by  Henry  VII. ;  considered 

the  beginning  of  the  royal  navy 1488 

Henri  Grace  d  Dieu  launched  at  Erith;  1000  tons,  141  guns, 
the  heaviest  6000  lbs.,  first  British  vessel  with  port-holes  for 

cannon  (burned  at  Woolwich,  27  Aug.  1553) 13  June,  lol4 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  1547  tons,  132  guns,  the  heaviest  6500 

lbs. ;  launched  at  Woolwich 1637 

Victoi-y,  built  1737,  lost  in  Channel  with  1000  men .4  Oct.  1744 

Naval  uniforms  first  introduced 1748 

Royal  George,  2041  tons,  100  guns,  the  heaviest  7250  lbs. ;  built 

at  Woolwich,  1746;  capsized  at  Spithead 29  Aug.  1782 

Navy  list  first  officially  compiled  and  published  monthly  by 

John  Finlaison,  the  actuary 1814 

Screw  propeller  introduced  into  the  royal  navy 1840 

Birkenhead,  the  1st  iron  war-steamer  in  the  British  navy 1845 

Duke  of  Wellington,  131  guns,  the  heaviest  10,600  lbs.,   is 

launched  at  Pembroke 1852 

Naval  review  by  queen  Victoria,  at  Spithead 11  Aug.  1853 

Review  of  the  Baltic  fleet  at  Spithead  by  queen  Victoria, 

23  Apr.  1856 

Naval  reserve  force  authorized  by  act  of . .' 13  Aug.  1859 

Warrior,  the  first  English  iron-plated  steam-frigate,  6170  tons, 

costing  about  400, OOOi.,  launched 29  Dec.  1860 

Twin  screws  for  vessels  of  light  draught  introduced 1863 

Steam-ram  Valiant  launched 14  Oct.     " 

Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture  established  at  South  Ken- 
sington   1864 

Sir  Robert  Sepping's  collection  of  naval  models,  from  Henry 
VIII. 's  time,  deposited  in  South  Kensington  museum.. Dec.     " 

Naval  review  before  viceroy  of  Egypt,  at  Spithead 17  July,  1867 

Unarmored  iron  frigate /nconstan^,  first  iron  hull  sheathed  with 

wood,  the  oldest  of  modern  type,  launched 12  Nov.  1868 

Monarch,  first  British  armor-clad   turret -ship,  launched  at 

Chatham 25  May,     " 

Devastation,  first  British  sea-going  mastless  ship,  launched, 

Mch.  1869 

Captain  founders  near  Finisterre  (Wrecks) 7  Sept.  1870 

Thunderer,  ocean-going  turret-ship,  launched  at  Pembroke, 

25  Mch.  1872 
Naval  review  at  Spithead,  before  the  shah  of  Persia.  ..23  June,  1873 
Royal  Naval  Artillery  Volunteer  force,  established  by  act, 

5  Aug.      " 
Temeraire,  carrying  upper- deck  armament  in  2  fixed  open- 
topped  turrets,  mounted  on  the  disappearing  plan,  launched 

at  Chatham 9  May,  1876 

Shannon,  with  broadside  guns  on  open  deck  and  without  ar- 
mor, built  at  Pembroke  and  commissioned 1877 

Grand  naval  review  by  queen  Victoria,  at  Spithead 13  Aug.  1878 

Boiler  of  the  Thunderer  explodes,  14  July,  1876;  a  gas  explo- 
sion occurs  in  the  coal-bunkers,  10  Dec.  1878,  and  one  of  her 

2  38-ton  guns  bursts 2  Jan.  1879 

Great  naval  demonstration  at  Portsmouth;  attack  on  forts; 

electric  light  used  at  night 10  Aug.  1880 

Polyphemus,  double-screw,  steam  armor-plated  ram  and  tor- 
pedo boat,  2610  tons,  is  launched  at  Chatham 15  June,  1881 

Benbow,  an  armor-clad  battle-ship,  2  of  her  guns  of  111  tons 

each,  the  heaviest  in  any  ship  to  the  time;  launched 1885 

Naval  Defence  act,  authorizing  10  first-class  battle -ships  each 
of  14,150  tons'  displacement,  and  9  first-class  cruisers,  29 
second-<;lass  cruisers,  4  third-class  cruisers,  18  torpedo  gun- 
boats, passed 31  May,  1889 

Royal  Naval  Exhibition-opened  at  Chelsea 2  May,  1891 


„„,„^„                                 ( 1st  4  years 2800 

■™'y°'^^ [  after  4th  year 3000 

„„„,„.   ^                              (1st  5  years 2400 

•^'"P^'^'^s {after  5th  year 2600 

Ist  lieutenants                    i  ^^^  ^  y®^""^ ^^"^ 

■  ist  lieutenants {after  5th  year 2000 

^                        , .  1200 

..  1400 

,.  500 


"-'»«"« •••■!SerS7e 


Victoria  sunk  off  Tripoli,  Syria  (Wrecks) 22  June,  181 

According  to  the  estimate  for  1893-94,  the  approximate  aggre- 
gate cost  of  the  effective  and  noneffective  (in  building)  of. 
the  British  navy,  under  the  Naval  Defence  act,  amounts  to 
58,302,561^. 
Under  construction,  by  a  more  recent  act,  are  the  battle-ships 
Renown,  Majestic,  and  Magnificence,  and  the  first-class  cruis- 
ers Powerful  and  Terrible,  over  12,000  tons  each. 

CONDITION  OF   BRITISH  NAVY    AT   VARIOUS    INTERVALS 
SINCE    1603. 


1685 
1760 
1803 
1850 
1890 


42 
179 
325 

450 
585 


Tons. 


17,000 
104,000 
321,000 
461,000 
570,000 
680,000 


10,600 
24,800 
17,200 
6,790 


10,000 
51,000 
180,000 
48,000 
65.000 


Strength  of  the  British  navy  when  the  Naval  Defence  act  is 
fully  carried  out  will  be  as  follows  : 
Ships.  Number. 

Armored 77 

Protected 88 

Unprotected 336 , 

Total 501 1,127,049  J 


Tons. 
618,500  ^ 
309,915  I 
198,634  (-  189* 


ARMOR-CLAO   BATTLE-SHIPS    OF   10,000  TONS    AND    OVER. 


Minotaur  (cruiser) 

Northumberland  (cr.). 

Dreadnought 

Inflexible 

Rodney 

Howe 

Benbow 

Camperdown 

Agincourt  (cruiser)  . . . 


Sans  Pareil 

Trafalgar. 

Nile 

Hood 

Royal  Sovereign. . 
Empress  of  India. 

Repulse 

Royal  Oak 

Ramillies 

Resolution 

Revenge 

Centurion 

Barfleur  


Launch. 


1863 
1866 
1875 
1876 
1884 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1887 
1888 
1891 
1891 
1891 
1892 
1892 
1892 
1892 
1892 
1892 
1892 


Tons. 


10,690 
10,780 
10,820 
11,880 
10.300 
10,300 
10,600 
10,600 
10,690 
10,600 
10,470 
11,940 
11,940 
14,150 
14,150 
14,150 
14,150 
14,150 
14,150 
14,150 
14,150 
10,500 
10,500 


power. 


6,700 
6,560 
8,210 
8,010 
11,500 
11,500 
11,500 
11,500 
6,870 
11,500 
14,000 
10,500 
12,000 
13,000 
13,312 
13.000 
13,000 
13,000 
13,000 
13,000 
13,000 
13,000 
13,000 


Speed. 


13  2 

14.1 

14.2 

13.81 

16.7 

16.7 

17 

17 

14.8 

17.43 

16.75 

16.5 

16.5 

17.5 

18 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

17.5 

18.2 

18.2 


Heavy  guns. 


17  12-ton. 

17  12  " 

4  38  " 

4  80  " 

4  69  " 

4  67  " 

2  111  " 

4  66  " 

17  12  " 

4  66  " 

2  111  " 

4  67  " 


67 


navy  of  France  is  first  mentioned  in  history  in  728,  when, 
like  the  early  navy  of  England,  it  consisted  of  galleys ;  in 
this  year  the  French  defeated  the  Frisian  fleet.  The  French 
navy  was  in  its  splendor  about  1781,  but  was  reduced  in  the 
wars  with  England.  It  was  much  increased  by  the  emperor 
Napoleon  III.,  and  in  1859  consisted  of  51  ships  of  the  line 
and  398  other  vessels.  Statistics  of  the  reconstructed  navy 
of  France  are  given  below. 

French  fleet  almost  annihilated  by  Edward  III.  at  the  battle 

of  Sluys 24  June,  1340 

French  fleet  increased  through  Colbert,  minister  to  Louis  XIV., 

about  1697 

Academic  de  Marines  founded l'^^^ 

First  line-of-battle  ship  with  screw  propeller,  the  Napoleon, 

launched  at  Toulon 16  May,  1850 

Thirteen  men-of-war  launched,  9  of  them  ships  of  the  line. . . .  18o4 
La  Gloire,  a  wooden  screw-steamer  of  900  horse-power,  armed 

with  iron  plates  43<^  inches  thick,  launched •  1°''^' 

Programme  for  reconstructing  navy  drawn  up  by  minister  of 

marine,  and  adopted  by  National  Assembly;  217  new  ar-  , 

mored  ships  proposed "'    | 

Redoutable,  first  French  war-ship  in  which  steel  was  largely  ; 

used,  is  launched  at  L'Orient Sept  18vt» , 


NAV  647 

VARYING   STRENGTH  OF   THE   FRENCH  NAVY  IN  YEARS  PAST. 


NEB 


Year. 

1      •    Vessels. 

Guns. 

Men. 

1780 

260 

13,300 

78,000 

1810 

212 

6,000 

94,000 

1840 

146 

7,600 

24,500 

1868 

480 

2,750 

43,100 

1889 

348 

1,450 

54,000 

Navy  comprises  :  58  sea-going  armor-clads  ;  18  coast-defence 
armor  clads  ;  6  deck-protected  cruisers;  146  torpedo-boats 
(steel) ;  185  unprotected  vessels.     Total,  413 Apr.  1891 

ARMOR-CLAD  BATTLE-SHIPS  OF    10,000  TONS  OR   OVER. 


Name. 


Launch. 


Admiral  Duperr6. 

Devastation 

Admiral  Baudin.. 

Neptune 

Formidable 

Heche 

Marceau 

Magenta 

Brenus 

Massena 

Charles  Martel . . . 
Janregniberry.... 

Bouvet 

LazareCarnot... . 

Henri  Quatre 

Charlemagne 

St.  Louis 


1879 
1879 
1883 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1887 
1889 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1893 
1893 
1898 
1893 
1893 
1893 


Tons. 


11,100 
10,100 
11,380 
10,581 
11,380 
10,581 
10.620 
10;610 
10,980 
11,730 
11,800 
11,820 
12,205 
11,820 
10,780 
10,780 
10,780 


Horse- 
power. 


6,102 
8,500 
6,000 
8,500 
6,000 
11,000 
11,000 
13.500 
11,000 
13,000 
13,270 
11,000 
13,270 
14,000 
14,000 
14,000 


Speed. 


Heavy 
guns. 


14.22 

15.17 

15 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16.5 

17.5 

18 

17.5 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 


48  tons. 

48  " 

75  " 

48  " 

75  " 
48" 

48  " 

48  " 

75  " 

50  " 

50  " 

75  " 

75  " 

75  " 

75  " 

75  " 

75  " 


navy  of  Italy.  The  navy  of  Italy  has  existed  since  263 
B.C.,  when  the  Romans  built  100  "quinquereraes"  and  20 
"triremes,"  patterned  after  a  Carthaginian  vessel  which  was 
driven  ashore  on  the  coast  of  Italy. 


OFFICIAL    REPORT    OF 

THE    ITALIAN 

NAVY, 

1   JAN 

. 

1891. 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Wood. 

TotaL 

No.  of 
guns. 

Men. 

12 

9 

29 

33 

4 

134 

2 
3 
39 

47 
16 
206 

359 

53 

303 

11,638 
1,673 

i 

Totals 

50 

171 

44 

269 

715 

19,224 

REPRESENTATIVE   ARMOR-CLAD   BATTLE-SHIPS  OF  ITALY. 

Ship. 

Launch. 

Tons. 

Horse- 
power. 

Speed. 

Heaviest 
guns. 

;  Duilio 

1876 
1878 
1880 
1882 
1884 
1885 
1885 
1889 
1890 
1891 

11,138 
11,202 
15,900 
15,900 
11,000 
11,000 
11,000 
13,251 
13,251 

7,710 
7,500 
18,000 
16,150 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 
19,500 
22,800 

15 

15.5 

18 

18 

16 

16 

16 

18 

19 

18 

100  tons. 
100    " 
100    " 
100    " 
105    " 
105    " 
105    " 
67    '• 
105    " 

Dandolo 

'  Italia 

iLepanto... 

Lauria 

:  Doria 

Morosini 

'  Umberto 

iSicilia 

i— . 



'        1 

"" 

RELATIVE    STRENGTH    OF    OTHER    FOREIGN    NAVIES. 


Germany . 

Russia..., 


twstria 

^'Netherlands , 

^?pain 

5weden 

Norway 

purkey 

Wenmark . . . . 


jihina  had  9  iron-clads  and  121  other  vessels  of  war  iu  1888. 

IVazarene,  a  name  given  to  Jesus  Christ  and  his  dis- 
iples;  afterwards  to  a  sect  in  the  1st  century  who  rejected 
■hrist's  divinity.  A  sect  named  Nazarines,  resembling  the 
ociety  of  Friends  in  Great  Britain,  became  prominent  in  Hun- 
ary  in  1867. 

^ebra§ka,  the  37th  state  of  the  Union  in  the  order  of 

Kimissvon,  borders  upon  the  Missouri  river  between  lat.  40° 
\  from  which  river  it  extends  west  from  Ion.  95°  23' 
stance  of  about  420  miles  to  Ion.  104°.  It  is  bounded 
y  South  Dakota,  east  by  Iowa  and  Missouri,  south  by 


Kansas  and  Colorado,  which  cuts  off  a  square  from  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state,  and  on  the  west  by  Colorado  and 

Wyoming.     Area,  76,855 
sq.  miles  in  90  counties ; 
pop.     1890,     1,058,910. 
Capital,  Lincoln. 
Emanuel  Lisa  founds 
a    trading   post   at 

Bellevue 1805 

American  Fur  com- 
pany founds  a  fort 
at  Bellevue,  1810, 
where  col.  Peter  A. 
Sarpy  locates  as 
their  representative,  1824 
Fort  Kearney,  on  the 
Platte,  established 
for  the  protection  of 

the  Oregon  trail 1848 

Most  of  the  present 
Nebraska,  and  much 
more  on  the  north,  was  acquired  from  France  by  treaty  ced- 
ing Louisiana  in  1803.  It  became  a  portion  of  the  territory 
of  Louisiana  in  1805,  and  a  part  of  the  Indian  country  in 
1834.    That  part  west  of  103°  Ion.  was  acquired  from  Mexico 

by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  proclaimed 4  July,     " 

Omaha  founded 1854 

Congress  orgnnizes  the  territory  of  Nebraska  between  lat.  40° 
and  49°,  and  between  the  Missouri  river  and  Minnesota  on 

the  east  and  Utah  territory  on  the  west .,  .30  May,     " 

Francis  Burt,  appointed  governor,  dies  soon  after  reaching  the 

territory  ;  Thomas  B.  Cuming  acting  governor 13  Oct.     " 

Legislature  and  delegates  to  Congress  first  elected 12  Dec.      " 

First  legislature  convenes  at  Omaha 16  Jan.  1855 

Capitol  at  Omaha  comi)leted Jan.  1858 

Gov.  Black  issues  a  proclamation  calling  out  volunteers  for 

the  Federal  army 1  May,  1861 

.\ct  to  enable  the  people  to  form  a  state  government.  .19  Apr.  1864 
Constitution  framed  by  convention,  9Feb.  1866;  ratified  by  the 

people,  3938  for  and  3838  against 21  June,  1866 

A(;t  to  admit  Nebraska  as  a  state  is  passed  over  a  veto,  "  upon 
the  fundamental  condition  that  within  the  state  of  Nebraska 
there  should  be  no  denial  of  the  elective  franchise  or  of  any 
other  right  to  any  person  by  reason  of  race  or  color,  except 
Indians  not  taxed";   the  Nebraska   legislature  accepting    . 

these  conditions 8-9  Feb.  1867 

Act  admitting  Nebraska  accepted  by  legislature 20  Feb.     " 

Nebraska  admitted  by  proclamation  of  the  president. . .  1  Mch.     " 
A  band  of  Indians  wreck  a  freight  train  by  placing  obstruc- 
tions on  the  track,  and  murder  all  the  train  hands.     Gen. 
Augur  sends  a  detachment  of  troops,  who  engage  500  Sioux 

Indians  in  battle  at  Plum  creek,  near  Omaha 16  Aug.     " 

Nebraska  State  Normal  school  opened  at  Peru " 

Seat  of  government  removed  from  Omaha  to  a  point  in  lian- 

caster  county  named  Lincoln,  in  honor  of  pres.  Lincoln " 

Union  Pacific  railroad,  chartered  by  act  of  Congress  1  July, 

1862,  is  opened  for  traffic 10  May,  1869 

Nebraska  institute  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  opened  at  Omaha. . .      " 

State  penitentiary  located  at  Lincoln " 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV.  th  Amendment 17  Feb.  1870 

State  board  of  3  commissioners  of  immigration  provided  for 

by  act  of  legislature " 

Gov.  David  P.  Butler  impeached  for  corruption  in  office,  in 
appropriating  to  his  own  use  $17,000  of  school  fund, 

2  June,  1871 

Insane  hospital  at  Lincoln  opened " 

Omaha  Daily  Bee  established  by  Edward  Rosewater  at  Omaha.      " 
University  of  Nebraska  at  Lincoln,  chartered  1869,  opened. . .      " 

Doane  college  at  Crete  chartered  and  opened 1872 

Nebraska  Relief  and  Aid  Society,  gen.  E.  0.  C.  Ord  at  the  head, 
organized  at  request  of  the  governor  to  relieve  sufferers  from 

famine  caused  by  drought  and  locusts 18  Sept.  1874 

Legislature  authorizes  $50,000  in  state  bonds  for  relief  of  suf- 
ferers by  locusts  and  famine 1875 

New  constitution  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Lin- 
coln, 11  May,  1875,  completing  its  labors  12  June,  is  ratified 

by  the  people 12  Oct.     " 

Institution  for  the  blind  at  Nebraska  City  opened 13  Jan.  1876 

Convention  of  governors  from  the  western  states  and  terri- 
tories at  Omaha  to  consider  the  grasshopper  pest Oct.     " 

Ponco  chief  Standing  Bear  and  25  followers  on  their  way  from 
the  Indian  territory,  which  they  left  in  Jan.  1879,  to  their 
old  home  in  Dakota  are  arrested  on  the  Omaha  reservation 
by  brig. -gen.  Crook,  to  be  returned  to  the  Indian  territory. 
On  8  Apr.  H.  Tibbies,  assist. -editor  of  the  Omaha  Herald,  ap- 
plies for  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  on  their  behalf,  to  be  served 
on  gen.  Crook.  This  writ  was  issued  by  judge  Dundy  of  the 
U.  S.  district  court  of  Nebraska,  who  decides  that  an  Indian 
has  a  right  to  a  habeas  corpus  in  a  Federal  court.  The  sec- 
retary of  war  at  Washington  issues  immediate  orders  for 

the  release  of  Standing  Bear  and  his  followers 13  May,  1879 

Creighton  college  at  Omaha  opened  and  chartered " 

New  school-law,  repealing  and  remodelling  the  old  system  of 

public  instruction,  passed  by  legislature J881 

State  industrial  school  for  juvenile  ofl'enders  opened  at  Kear- 
ney   30  Nov.      " 

State  Home  for  the  Friendless  located  at  Lincoln,  founded  by 

act  of  legislature  in  1881,  is  opened 1  Jan.  1882 

Gates  college  at  Neligh  chartered  in  1881 ;  opened " 


NEB 


548 


NES 


1889 


1890 


At  sute  ele«-t»on  E.  P.  Ingorsoll,  president  of  the  State  Farmers' 
Alliance  anil  candidate  of  the  Greenback  and  Anti-Monopoly 
parlies,  receives  1C,«.»91  votes,  as  against  28,562  for  J.  S.  Mor- 
ton, Dem.,  and  43,495  for  James  W.  Dawes,  Rep Nov.  1882 

Amendment  to  the  constitution  extending  suflVage  to  women 
faceted :  26,766  for  and  60,693  against Nov.     " 

Nebraska  Central  college  at  Central  City  chartered  and  opened,  1886 

Nebraska  Institution  for  feeble-minded  youth  at  Beatrice 
opened May,  1887 

Insane  hospital  at  Norfolk  opened 1888 

Soldiers  and  sailors'  home  at  Grand  Island  opened July, 

First  Monday  in  Sept.  made  a  legal  holiday;  "Labor  day".. 

Industrial  home  for  women  and  girls  at  Milford  opened, 

1  May, 

Asylum  for  incurable  insane  at  Hastings  opened 1  Aug. 

Convention  of  250  delegates  representing  Kansas,  Iowa,  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  Nebraska,  meets  at  Omaha  to  unite 
in  a  central  prohib  lion  organization 18  Dec. 

At  state  election  the  vntc  for  governor  stands  as  follows:  James 
E.  Boyd,  Deni..  71  :!;;i  ;  lohn  H.  Powers,  People's  Indepen- 
dent, 70,187;  l.ii.  ,Ms  l>  i;i.liards.  Rep.,  68,878;  B.  L.  Paine, 
Prohibition,  367G.  A  so|iar;ite  vote  on  adding  a  prohibitory 
liquor  clause  to  the  constitution  stood:  For  the  amendment, 
82,292;  against,  111,728 Nov. 

Candidates  on  the  Independent  ticket  prepare  to  contest  the 
election,  and  taking  of  testimony  begins  at  Lincoln. .  .5  Dec.     " 

The  3  candidates  (Dem.,  Rep.,  and  Ind.)  claim  the  governor- 
ship  9  Jan.  1891 

Gov.  Thayer  surrenders  possession  of  the  executive  apartments 
to  Bovd  under  protest 15  Jan.     " 

Supreme  court  of  the  state  gives  a  decision  ousting  Boyd  on 
ground  that  he  is  an  alien  and  reinstating  Thayer 5  May,     " 

Ex-gov.  David  Butler  d.  near  Pawnee  City 25  May,     " 

Eight-hour  law  goes  into  effect 1  Aug.     " 

U.  S.  Supreme  court  declares  James  E.  Boyd  to  be  the  rightful 
governor  of  the  state 1  Feb.  1892 

Public  demonstration  in  honor  of  inauguration  of  gov.  Boyd 
takes  place  at  Lincoln 15  Feb.     " 

Silver  anniversary  of  Nebraska  celebrated  at  Lincoln.  .25  May,     " 

First  national  convention  of  People's  party  at  Omaha,  nomi- 
nate Weaver  and  Field  for  president  and  vice  president, 

4,  5  July,     " 

U.  S.  senator  Allen  makes  the  longest  continuous  speech  (on 
the  Silver-Purchase  Repeal  bill)  ever  delivered  in  the  U.  S. 
senate,  speaking  14»^  hours 13  Oct.  1893 

Interstate  irrigation  congress  meets  at  Omaha 21  Mch.  1894 

TERRITORIAL   GOVERNORS. 

Francis  Burt appointed 

Thomas  B.  Cuming acting    

Mark  W.  Izard appointed " 

William  A.  Richardson "        1857 

J.  Sterling  Morton acting    1858 

Samuel  Black appointed 1859 

Alvin  Saunders "       1861 

STATE  GOVERNORS. 

David  Butler term  began 1867 

William  H.  James acting     2  June,  1871 

Robert  W.  Furnass term  began 9  Jan.  1873 

Silas  Garber "         "      1875 

Albinus  Nance "         "      1879 

James  W.Dawes "         "      1883 

John  M.Thayer "         "      1887 

Lorenzo  Crounse "         "      1893 

Silas  A.  Holcomb "         "      1895 


I 


1854 


.13  Oct. 


UNITED   STATES   SENATORS   FROM 

THE   STATE  OF  NEBRASKA. 

Name.                    j  No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

John  M.  Thayer 

40th  to  42d 

1867  to  1871 

Thomas  W.  Tipton 

40th  "  44th 

1867  "  1875 

Phineas  W.  Hitchcock, 

42d     "  45th 

1871  "  1877 

Algernon  S.  Paddock. . 

44th  "  47th 

1875  "  1881 

Alvin  Saunders 

45th  "  48th 

1877  "  1883 

Charles  H.  Van  Wyck, 

47th  "  50th 

1881  "  1888 

Charles  F.  Manderson, 

48th  "  54th 

1883  "  1895 

Algernon  S.  Paddock.. 

50th  "  53d 

1888  "  1893 

(Term  expires 
\     1899. 

William  V.  Allen 

53d     '• 

1893  "  

John  M,  Thurston 

54th  "  

1895  "  

nebular  hypothe§i§,  proposed  by  sir  William 
Herschel,  1811,  supposes  that  the  universe  was  formed  from 
shapeless  masses  of  nebulous  matter.  It  has  been  widely  dis- 
cussed. In  Oct.  1860,  Mr.  Lassell  strictly  scrutinized  the  Dumb- 
bell nebula,  and  stated  that  the  brightest  parts  did  not  appear 
to  be  stars.  In  1865,  William  Huggins  reported  that  he  had 
analyzed  certain  nebulae  by  their  spectra,  and  believed  them  to 
be  entirely  gaseous.  In  later  years  the  spectroscope  has  proved 
beyond  doubt  the  existence  of  many  true  nebulae,  or  cloud-like 
aggregations  of  gaseous  matter,  in  the  heavens.    Astronomy. 

iiec'roinaiicer§.    Magic. 

needle -g^lin  (Zundnadelgewehr),  a  musket  invented 
by  J.  N.  Dreyse,  of  Sommerda,  about  1827,  made  a  breech- 
loader in  1836,  and  adopted  by  the  Prussian  general  MaiUeuffel 
about  1846.  It  was  effective  in  war  with  Denmark  in  1864, 
and  with  Austria  in  1866.     The  charge  is  fired  by  pressing  a 


.79^. 

i 


fine  steel  rod  or  needle  into  the  cartridge.  The  principle 
claimed  for  James  Whitley,  of  Dublin,  1828  ;  Abraham  ]\Iosa 
1831 ;  and  John  Hanson,  of  Huddersfield,  1843. 

needier.  "The  making  of  Spanish  needles  was  fir 
taught  in  England  by  Elias  Crowse,  a  German,  about  the  8 
year  of  queen  Elizabeth,  and  in  queen  Mary's  time  a  iiegi 
made  fine  Spanish  needles  in  Cheapside,  but  would  teach  " 
art  to  none." — Stow. 

neg^ro  plot.     New  York,  1741. 

ne)^U§  (wine  and  water),  said  to  be  named   after 
Francis  Negus  about  1714.     The  sovereign  of  Abyssinia 
termed  negus. 

IVelieini'all,  a  celebrated  Jewish  leader.    In  the 
year  of  the  reign  of  Artaxerxes,  king  of  Persia  445  b.c., 
obtained  permission  to  return  to  Jerusalem  and  rebuild 
walls.     These  walls  said  to  have  enclosed  about  50  acres  ai 
contained  about  15,000  Jews  and  5000  slaves. 

]\[el$on'§  victOrie§,  etc.,  see  separate  articles, 

Horatio  Nelson,  born  at  Burnham  Thorpe,  Norfolk 29  Sept.  175f 

Sailed  with  capt.  Phipps  to  the  North  pole 177:: 

Distinguished  himself  in  West  Indies 178( 

Lost  an  eye  at  the  reduction  of  Calvi,  Corsica 179 

Captured  Elba 9  Aug   179ii 

With  Jervis  at  victory  off  St.  Vincent,  14  Feb. ;  knighted  and 

made  rear  admiral 20  Feb.  1' 

Lost  right  arm  at  unsuccessful  attack  on  Santa  Cruz, 

25,  26  July, 
Gained  battle  of  the  Nile,  1  Aug. ;  created  baron  Nelson  of  the 

Nile. 6  Nov.  1 

Attacks  Copenhagen,  2  Ai)r. ;  created  viscount,  22  May;  attacks 

Boulogne  flotilla,  destroys  several  ships 15  Aug.  1801 

Appointed  to  chief  command  in  Mediterranean 20  May,  180;i 

Pursues  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  Mch. -Aug. ;   returns  to 

England.  Aug. ;  reappears  at  Cadiz,  defeats  the  fleets  in  Tra 

falgar  bay,  but  is  killed 21  Oct.  1805 

IVeme'an  g'anie§,  celebrated  at  Nemea,  in  Achaia, 
said  to  have  been  instituted  by  Argives  in  honor  of  Archerao- 
rus,  who  died  by  a  serpent's  bite;  and  revived  by  Hercules, 
1226  B.C.  The  conqueror  was  rewarded  with  a  crown  of  olives, 
afterwards  of  green  parsley.  They  were  celebrated  every  3(1 
year,  or,  according  to  others,  on  the  1st  and  3d  year  of  every 
Olympiad,  1226  B.C. — Herodotus.  They  were  revived  by  the 
emperor  Julian,  362  a.d,,  but  ceased  in  396. 

Bfeo-Piatoni§m  or  Bi^eiV-Platonisni.  Phi- 
losophy. ; 

neplia'lia,  sacrifices  of  sobriety  among  the  Greeks, 
when  they  oflfered  mead  instead  of  wine  to  the  sun  and  moon, 
to  nymphs,  to  Aurora,  and  to  Venus ;  and  burned  any  wocni 
but  the  vine,  fig-tree,  and  mulberry-tree,  esteemed  symbols  of 
drunkenness  (613  b.c.). 

nepll'OSCOpe  (Gr.  v((poQ,  a  cloud).  An  apparatus  foi 
measuring  velocity  of  clouds,  invented  by  Karl  Braun,  report- 
ed to  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  Paris,  27  July,  1868. 

l^eptline,  a  primary  planet,  the  most  distant  of  our 
system.  Mean  distance  from  the  sun,  2,745,998,000  miles: 
revolves  around  the  sun  in  165  years  ;  diameter,  37,000  miles. 
It  was  first  observed  on  23  Sept.  1846,  by  dr.  Galle  at  Berlin, 
in  consequence  of  a  letter  from  M.  Le  Verrier,  who  had  com- 
puted its  position  from  the  anomalous  movements  of  Uranus, 
Calculations  to  the  same  effect  had  been  previously  made  bv 
J.  Couch  Adams,  of  Cambridge.  A  satellite  of  Neptune  waf 
discovered  by  Mr.  Lassell  on  10  Oct.  following.  Neptune  if 
said  to  have  been  seen  by  Lalande,  and  thought  to  be  a  fixec 
star.  The  sun's  light  and  heat  Neptune  receives  are  but  ^^^j 
of  that  received  by  the  earth.— The  Greek  god  Poseidon  bt 
came  the  Roman  Neptune. 

neptU'nluin,  a  new  metal  discovered  in  tannalite,  froir 

Connecticut,  by  R.  Herrmann  in  1877  ;  not  admitted  by  chem  j 

ists.  I 

IVer'vii,  a  warlike  tribe  in  Belgic  Gaul,  defeated  by  Juliuij 

Caesar,  57,  and  subdued  53  b.c. 

"  You  all  do  know  this  mantle;  I  remember 
The  first  time  ever  Caesar  put  it  on: 
'Twas  on  a  summer's  evening,  in  his  tent 
That  day  he  overcame  the  Nervii." 

—Shakespeare,  "Julius  Csesar,"  act.  iii.  sc.  n.   i 

ZVestorians,  followers  of  Nestorius,  bishop  of  ConstaU; 


i 


NET  549 

tinople  (428-31),  regarded  as  a  heretic  for  maintaining  that, 
though  the  virgin  Mary  was  the  mother  of  Jesua  Christ  as 
man,  yet  she  was  not  the  mother  of  God,  since  no  human 
creature  could  impart  to  another  what  she  had  not  herself; 
he  also  held  that  God  was  united  to  Christ  under  one  person, 
but  remained  as  distinct  in  nature  and  essence  as  though  he 
had  never  been  united  at  all.  He  was  opposed  by  Eutyches, 
and  died  439.  Eutychians.  Nestorian  Christians  in  the 
Levant  administer  the  sacrament  with  leavened  bread  in  both 
kinds,  permit  priests  to  marry,  and  use  neither  confirmation 
nor  auricular  confession. — Du  Pin.  A  Nestorian  priest  and 
deacon  were  in  London  in  July,  1862. 
Netherlands.     Holland. 

Bfeilfcliatel  (nush-a-tel),  a  canton  in  Switzerland,  for- 
merly a  lordship,  afterwards  a  principality.  The  first  known 
lord  was  Ulric  de  Fenis,  about  1032,  whose  descendants  ruled 
till  1373,  after  which,  by  marriage,  it  frequently  changed  gov- 
ernors. On  the  death  of  the  duchesse  de  Nemurs,  the  last  of 
tlie  Longuevilles,  in  1707,  there  were  many  claimants,  among 
them  William  III.  of  England.  He  and  the  allies  gave  it  to 
Frederick  L  of  Prussia,  with  the  title  of  prince.  In  1806  the 
principality  was  ceded  to  France,  and  Napoleon  bestowed  it 
on  gen.  Berthier,  who  held  it  till  1814,  when  the  allies  re- 
stored the  king  of  Prussia,  with  the  title  of  prince,  with  cer- 
tain rights  and  privileges ;  but  annexed  it  to  the  Swiss  con- 
federation. 

After  an  unsuccessful  attempt  in  1831,  Neufchatel  repudiated 
allegiimce  to  Prussia,  and  proclaimed  itself  a  free  and  inde- 
pendent member  of  the  Swiss  confederation 1848 

;   King  of  Prussia  protested;  and  a  protocol  of  England,  France, 

I       and  Austria  recognized  his  claims 1852 

j   Some  of  his  adherents,  headed  by  the  count  de  Pourtal^s,  rose 
i      against  the  republican  authorities,  who  quickly  subdued  and 

I      imprisoned  them,  to  await  trial Sept.  1856 

(  War  threatened  by  Prussia,  and  great  energy  and  determina- 
|i  tion  manifested  by  the  Swiss.  On  the  intervention  of  Brit- 
l  ain  and  France  a  treaty  was  signed,  the  king  of  Prussia  virt- 
ually renouncing  his  claims  for  a  pecuniary  compensation, 
!      which  he  eventually  gave  up.     He  retains  the  title  of  prince 

!      of  Neufchatel,  without  political  rights 11  June,  1857 

J  Prisoners  of  Sept.  1856  were  released  without  trial 18  Jan.     " 

i  ]\reu§tria,  or  We§t  France,  a  kingdom  allotted 
't  to  Clotaire  by  his  father,  Clovis,  at  his  death,  in  511.  His  de- 
j  scendant  Charlemagne  became  sole  king  of  France  in  771.  It 
I  was  conquered  by  the  Northmen,  and  hence  named  Nok- 

;  MANDY, 

I  neutral  g^round  extended  along  the  eastern  side 
i  of  the  Hudson  river  northward  from  Spuyten  Duyvil  creek 
i  40  miles  or  more.  This  region,  during  the  occupancy  of  New 
i  York  city  by  the  British,  1776-83,  suffered  much  from  ma- 
!  rauders,  both  American  and  British ;  the  former  were  termed 
\  "  Skinners,"  and  the  latter  "  Cowboys."  Oklahoma  for  "  Neu- 
I  tral  Strip  "  or  "  No  Man's  Land." 

i  neutral  powers.  By  the  treaty  of  Paris  between 
Great  Britain,  France,  Austria,  Russia,  Prussia,  Turkey,  and 
1  Sardinia,  16  Apr.  1856,  privateering  was  abolished;  neutrals 
i  might  carry  an  enemy's  goods  not  contraband  of  war ;  neutral 
(goods  not  contraband  were  free  even  under  an  enemy's  flag ; 
and  blockades  to  be  binding  must  be  effective  The  United 
States  acceded  to  these  provisio.ns  in  1861.     Inteunational 

LAW. 

Xevada,  one  of  the  western  states  of  the  American 

I  nion,  is  bounded  north  by  Oregon  and  Idaho,  east  by  Utah 
and  Arizona,  south  b\' Arizona 
and  California,  and  west  by 
California.     It  is  limited  in 
latitude  by  35°  to  42^  N.,  and 
in  longitude  by  114°  to  120° 
W. ;  and  has  an  area  of  110,- 
700  sq.  miles  in  14  counties. 
Pop.  1890.  45,761.     Capital, 
Carson  City. 
Father    Francisco    Garces 
sets  out  from  Sonora  for 
California,    and     passes 
through     the    southern 

portion  of  Nevada 1775 

eter  Skeen  Ogden,  ot  the  "Hudson  Bav  Fur  company,  discov- 
ers the  Humboldt  river ". 1825 

edediah  S.  Smith  crosses  the  southeast  corner  of  Nevada  on 
his  way  from  Great  Salt  lake  to  Los  Angeles,  Cal,  and  on 


NEV 

his  return  crosses  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  entire  state  of 
Nevada  from  west  to  east 1827 

Joseph  Walker  and  35  or  40  men,  trappers,  pass  through  Ne- 
vada from  Great  Salt  lake,  by  the  Humboldt  river  into  Cali- 
fornia  1832-33 

A  party  under  Elisha  Stevens,  sometimes  called  the  Murphy 
company,  pass  through  Nevada  down  the  Humboldt  in  wag- 
ons on  their  way  to  California 1844 

Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont's  expedition  crosses  Nevada  from  near  Pilot 
Knob  into  California 1845 

Nevada  included  in  the  territory  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  by  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 2  Feb.  1848 

H.  S.  Beatie  takes  possession  of  the  present  site  of  Genoa, 
erects  a  log-house,  and  opens  a  supply  depot  for  emigrants. .  1849 

Gold  discovered  in  small  quantities  in  Gold  caflon,  near  Day- 
ton, by  Abner  Blackburn July,     " 

An  immigrant  named  Hardin  discovers  silver  in  the  Black 
Rock  range  IX  miles  from  the  place  settled  in  1866  as  Har- 
dinville " 

Nevada  included  in  the  territory  of  Utah  by  act  of 9  Sept.  1850 

Trading-post  erected  on  land  where  Carson  City  now  stands. . .   1851 

E.  Allen,  and  Hosea  B.  Grosch  discover  silver  ore  in  Gold 
canon 1853 

Carson  City  laid  out  in  Eagle  Valley  by  Abraham  V.  Z.  Curry, 
who  built  a  stone  house  there 1858 

Chinese  first  introduced  into  Nevada  to  work  on  a  mining- 
ditch  at  Gold  canon '< 

Territorial  Enterprise  started  at  Genoa  by  William  L.  Jernegan 
and  A.  James 18  Dec.     " 

Penrod  Comstock  &  Co.  discover  the  so  called  Comstock  lode 
in  Six  Mile  canon 11  June,  1859 

First  settlement  on  the  site  of  Reno  made  by  C.  W.  Fuller " 

A  constitution  for  the  unorganized  territory  of  Nevada,  pre- 
pared in  July,  is  adopted  by  the  people 7  Sept.     " 

First  Pony  express  reaches  Carson  Valley  in  8)4  days  from  St. 
Joseph,  Mo.  The  news  by  it  is  telegraphed  to  San  Francisco 
and  published  there  in  9  days  from  New  York 12  Apr.  1860 

First  Catholic  church  in  Nevada  erected  at  Genoa  by  father 
Gallagher "  ~ 

War  between  the  settlers  and  the  Pah  Utes  Indians  opens  by 
an  attack  on  Williams  station,  7  May.  Battle  at  Pyramid 
lake  fought  12  May,  and  at  fort  Storey  3  June,  after  which 
the  Indians  disperse " 

Territory  of  Nevada  organized  by  Congress 2  Mch.  1861 

Jesse  L.  Bennett,  a  Methodist  preacher  in  Carsou  Valley  during 
1859,  delivers  the  first  sermon  ever  preached  in  Virginia 
City,  then  the  capital " 

Gov.  Nye  proclaims  the  territory  organized 11  July,     " 

Carson  City  declared  the  permanent  seat  of  government  by 
act  of  the  legislature 25  Nov.     " 

Butler  Ives,  commissioner  on  the  part  of  Nevada,  and  John  F.' 
Kidder  of  California,  meet  in  Lake  Valley  to  establish  the 
boundary-line  between  California  and  Nevada 22  May,  1863 

Discovery  of  a  salt  basin  5  miles  square,  near  the  sink  of  the 
Carson  river,  containing  pure  rock  salt  to  a  depth  of  14  feet,  1864 

Under  act  of  21  Mch.  1864  a  convention  to  form  a  state  consti- 
tution meets  at  Carson  City,  4  July  ;  Nevada  admitted  by 
proclamation  of 31  Oct.     ' ' 

State  prison  located  at  Warm  Springs,  Carson  City " 

Freemasonry  established  in  the  state  in  Feb.  1862,  and  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Nevada  organized Jan.  1865 

Sutro  Tunnel  comjiany  chartered  to  build  a  tunnel  some  4 
miles  long  to  intersect  and  drain  the  Comstock  lode  at  a 
depth  of  1600  feet 4  Feb.     " 

Eastern  boundary  of  Nevada  extended  one  degree  by  act  of 
Congress 5  May,  1866 

First  railroad  locomotive  enters  the  state,  running  from  the 
California  side  to  Crystal  Peak 1867 

U.  S.  Supreme  court  declares  unconstitutional  an  act  of  Ne- 
vada legislature  levying  a  capitation  tax  of  one  dollar  on 
every  person  leaving  the  state  by  any  railroad,  stage-coach, 
or  other  carrier  of  passengers 1868 

Legislature  ratifies  XV.  th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  ot 
the  U.  S 1  Mch.  1869 

State  orphans'  home  at  Carson  City  erected " 

U.  S.  branch  mint  at  Carson  City,  founded  in  1866,  begins  op- 
erations   1  Nov.     ' ' 

Corner-stone  of  the  state  capitol  laid,  9  June,  1870,  and  build- 
ing completed  and  occupied Aug.  1871 

Lieut-gov.  Denver  refuses  to  surrender  the  state  prison  to  his 
successor  in  oflace,  P.  C.  Hyman,  until  compelled  by  militia 
and  60  armed  men  under  gen.  Van  Bokkelen,  with  one  piece 
of  artillery 1873 

Construction  of  new  state  prison  at  Reno  begun 1874 

State  University  of  Nevada,  chartered  in  1864,  is  opened  at 
Elko " 

Bishop  Whitaker's  school  for  girls  opened  at  Reno 1876 

Legislature  by  joint  resolution  amends  the  constitution  so  as 
to  exclude  from  the  privilege  of  electors  any  bigamist  or 
polygam  ist 1877 

State  Fish  commission  appointed  by  act  of  legislature,  and  a 
hatchery  established  at  Carson  City 1873 

Completion  of  the  Sutro  tunnel  celebrated  in  the  Carson  Valley 
(Tunnels) 30  June,  1879 

State  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Reno  opened 1  July,  1882 

Nickel  mines  discovered  in  Humboldt  county " 

U.  S.  branch  mint  at  Carson  City  closed 1885 

State  university  removed  from  Elko  to  Reno  and  reopened, 

Mch.  1886 

Acts  of  legislature  passed  providing  for  State  Immigration 
bureau  and  for  the  observance  of  Arbor  day  in  the  state 1887 


NEV 


Fourteen  constitutional  amendments  voted  upon  by  the  peo- 
ple, who  reject  one  to  autliorize  lotteries,  and  adopt  one  giv- 
ing women  the  right  to  hold  school  offices.     Election  held, 

11  Feb. 

Legislature  appropriates  $100,000  for  a  hydrographic  survey 
of  the  state,  and  provides  for  State  Board  of  Reclamation 
and  Internal  Improvement  (Ikrigatio.n) 

Gov.  Stevenson  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  lieut.-gov.  Frank 
Bell,  acting. 21  Sept. 


1890 


TERRITORIAL  GOVKUNOR. 
James  W.  Nye commissioned 22  Mch.  1861 

STATE  tiOVEKNOKS. 

James  W.  Nye acting 31  Oct.  1864 

Henry  G.  Blasdel assumes  office 5  Dec.     " 

Luther  R.  Bradley.  Dem "  "     Jan.  1871 

John  H.  Kinkead,  Hep "  "     Jan.  1879 

Jewett  W.  Adams,  Dem "  "     Jan.  1883 

Christopher  C.  Stevenson,  Rep.      "  "     Jan.  1887 

Frank  Bell acting 21  Sept.  1890 

Roswell  K.  Colcord,  Rep assumes  office Jan.  1891 

John  E.  Jonea "  "    Jan.  1895 

UNITED    STATES   SENATORS   FROM    THE   STATE  OF  NEVADA. 


Nui«. 

No.  of 
Congre**. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

James  W.Nye 

39th  to  43d 

1866  to  1873 

William  M.Stewart. 

39th  "  44th 

1865  "1875 

John  P.  Jones 

43d    "  

1873  " 

Term  expires  1897. 

William  Sharon.... 

44th  "  47th 

1875  "  1881 

James  G.  Fair. 

47th  "  50th 

1881  "  1888 

William  M.Stewart. 

50th  " 

1888  "  — 

Term  expires  1899. 

]VevilIe'8  Crosi,  or  Durham,  Battle  of,  between 
the  Scots,  under  king  David  Bruce,  and  the  English,  it  is  said 
(probably  incorrectly)  under  Philippa,  consort  of  Edward  III., 
and  lord  Percy,  12  or  17  Oct.  1346.  More  than  15,000  Scots 
were  slain,  and  the  king  taken. 

New  Ain§terda]ii.    New  York. 

Neivark,  Canada.     United  States,  1813. 

Hifewbern,  N.  C.    North  Carolina,  1862. 

New  B run 8 wick,  first  settled  by  the  French,  1604, 
and  called,  with  Nova  Scotia,  Acadia,  was  taken  from  Nova 
Scotia,  and  received  its  name  as  a  separate  colony  in  1785.  It 
was  united  with  Canada  for  legislative  purposes  by  an  act 
passed  29  Mch.  1867.  Area,  27,177  sq.  miles.  Population  of 
New  Brunswick  in  1865,  272,780;  in  1871,285,594;  1881. 
288,265. 

New^burg^  addre§S.     United  States,  1783. 

Newbury,  a  borough  of  Berkshire,  Engl.  Near  here 
were  fought  2  battles,  (1)  20  Sept.  1643,  when  Charles  I.  ob- 
tained some  advantage  over  the  parliamentary  forces  under 
Essex.  Among  the  slaui  was  Lucius  Cary,  viscount  Falkland. 
(2)  A  second  battle  of  dubious  result  between  royalists  and 
parliamentarians  under  Waller,  27  Oct.  1644. 

New  Caledonia,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  dis- 
covered by  Cook  on  4  Sept.  1774,  was  seized  by  the  French, 
20  Sept.  \S5B,  and  made  a  penal  colony.  Area,  6000  sq.  miles ; 
pop.  1889, 62,762. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Northumberland,  the 
Roman  PonsyElia,  first  coal  port  in  the  world,  and  commercial 
metropolis  of  the  north  of  England.  Coal  mines  were  discov- 
ered here  about  1234.  The  first  charter  granted  townsmen 
for  digging  coal  by  Henry  III.  in  1239.  In  1306  the  use  of 
coal  for  fuel  was  prohibited  in  London  by  royal  proclama- 
tion, chiefly  because  it  injured  the  sale  of  wood,  which  then 
abounded  near  the  city;  but  the  prohibition  did  not  last 
long,  and  Newcastle  coal  has  been  exported  for  more  than  500 
years. 

Castle  built  by  Robert  Courthose,  son  of  William  1 1080 

Taken  by  William  II 1095 

St.  Nicholas  church  built,  about  1091;  burned  1216;  restored 

by  Edward  I.,  to  whom  John  Baliol  did  homage  here,  1292; 

rebuilt 1359 

Newcastle  surrenders  to  the  Scotch 1640 

Who  here  gave  up  Charles  I.  to  the  parliament 30  Jan.  1647 

T.  Bewick,  the  wood  engraver,  d 1828 

Strike  of  9000  engineers  for  day  of  9  hours about  16  May,  1871 

College  of  Physical  Science  in  Durham  university  opened, 

Oct.     " 
Engineers'  strike  ends;  terms,  9  hours  a  day,  to  begin  on 

1  Jan.  1872  ;  men  to  work  overtime  when  needed  ;  wages 

unchanged;  arranged  by  R.  B.  Philipson  and  Joseph  Cowen, 

6  Oct.     " 


550  NEW 

New  swing-bridge  over  the  Tyne  (281  feet  long;  weight,  1450 
tons,  lifted  by  a  hydraulic  crane) ;  begun  1868 ;  completed, 

June,  189 

New^  Ciiurch,    Swedenborgians. 

New    Eng^land    includes    Connecticut,   Maini 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  Vk] 

MONT. 

New^  Foreit,  a  royal  forest  and  hundred  of  Hami 
sfiire,  Engl.,  was  made  ("afforested")  by  William  the  Co 
queror,  1079-85.  It  is  said  that  the  whole  country  for 
miles  was  laid  waste.  William  Rufus  was  killed  here  by  i 
arrow  shot  by  Walter  Ty^^^j  ^^at  accidentally  glanced  frol 
a  tree,  2  Aug.  1100,  on  whose  site  is  now  a  triangular  ston 
The  New  Forest  Deer  Removal  act  was  passed  14  and  15  Vii 
c.  76,  7  Aug.  1851.  Agitation  for  preservation  of  this  forea 
autumn,  1870.     Forests. 

Newfound 'land,  a  large  island  at  the  entrance  oP 
the  gulf  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot, 
who  called  it  Prima  Vista,  24  June,  1497,  and  formally  taken 
possession  of  by  sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  1583.     In  Elizabeth's 
time  other  nations  had  the  advantage  of  English  in  the  fishery. 
In  1577  there  were  100  fishing-vessels  from  Spain,  50  from 
Portugal,  150  from   France,  and  only  15  (but  larger)  from 
England. — Fiakluyt.     But  the  English  fishery  by  1625  h 
increased  so  that  Devonshire  ports  alone  employed  150  shi 
which  sold  fish  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy.     The  80V( 
eignty  of  England  was  recognized  in  1713.     Newfoundlai 
obtained  a  colonial  legislature  in  1832.      On  14  Jan.  18. 
a  convention   between   England   and   France   confirmed 
the   French   certain   privileges   of  fishery  in   exchange 
others.    The  English  colonists  were  dissatisfied.     Newfoun( 
land    consented    to   union   with    the    dominion  of  Canaii 
Mch.  1869.     Area,  42,200  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1874, 164,389;  18 
193,124. 

Fishery  dispute.— Ai  Fortune  bay,  U.  S.  fishers  set  nets  on 
Sunday,  13  Jan.  1878,  contrary  to  local  regulations;  they 
were  forcibly  removed;  controversy  ensued,  Mr.  Evarts  for 
the  U.  S. ,  sent  despatch,  24  Aug. ;  correspondence,  Sept. , 
Oct.;  marquis  of  Salisbury  refused  compensation;  but 
earl  Granville  granted  it;  15,000i.  awarded  by  arbitration, 

28  May,  1881 

New  France.     Canada,  French  in  America. 

Newg^ate,  London.  The  prison  was  named  from  the 
gate  once  part  of  it,  and  stood  a  little  beyond  the  Sessions- 
house  in  the  Old  Bailey.  It  was  used  as  a  prison  for  persons 
of  rank  as  early  as  1218;  but  was  rebuilt  2  centuries  later  by 
the  executors  of  sir  Richard  Whittington,  whose  statue  with 
a  cat  stood  in  the  niche  till  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of  1666. 
It  was  then  reconstructed ;  but,  becoming  an  accumulation  of 
misery  and  inconvenience,  was  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  be- 
tween 1778  and  1780.  During  riots  in  1780,  the  interior  wa.s 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  soon  after  restored.  Newgate  was  dis- 
used as  an  ordinary  prison  31  Dec.  1881. — Griffiths  "  Chroni- 
cles of  Newgate  "  pub.  Jan.  1884. 

New  Orana'da,  a  federal  republic  of  South  America, 
discovered  by  Ojeda  in  1499,  and  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1536.  It  formed  part  of  the  republic  of  Bogota,  established 
1811;  and  with  Caracas  formed  the  republic  of  Colombia,  17 
Dec.  1819.     Colombia. 

New  Ouinea  or  Papua,  Pacific  ocean,  between 
the  equator  and  11°  S.  lat.,  and  131°  and  151°  E.  Ion.,  the  larg- 
est island  in  the  world  (excluding  Australia).  It  is  1490  miles 
long  and  greatest  width  430  miles;  area,  306,000  sq.  miles; 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  after  their  settlement  of  the 
Moluccas,  between  1512  and  1530.  It  was  visited  by  Saave- 
dra,  a  Spaniard,  in  1528.  It  is  said  to  have  been  named  by 
Ortiz  de  Retes,  a  Portuguese,  1549.  Torres  strait,  which  di- 
vides New  Guinea  and  Australia,  discovered  by  Torres,  a 
Spaniard,  in  1606,  was  frequently  visited  by  the  Dutch  in  the 
17th  century.  They  established  a  colony  with  a  fortress, 
named  Dubus,  on  the  S.W.  coast,  in  1828,  but  it  failed  and 
was  removed  in  1835.  Inhabitants  partly  Malays,  but  the 
majority  "  Papuan  negroes." 

New  IIanip§llire,  one  of  the  eastern  states  of  the 
American  Union,  lies  between  Maine  on  the  east  and  Ver- 
mont and  Quebec  on  the  west,  from  which  it  is  separated  by; 
the  Connecticut  river.     Quebec  bounds  it  on  the  north  andi 


NEW 


551 


NEW 


Massachusetts  on  the  south.  The  Atlantic,  on  the  southeast 
corner,  forms  a  coast-line  of  18  miles,  affording  a  good  harbor 
at  Portsmouth.  Area,  9305 
sq.  miles,  in  10  counties;  pop. 
1890,  376,530.  Capital,  Con- 
cord. 

Isew  Hampshire  formed  a 
part  of  the  grant  to  the 
colonies  of  Virginia  and 
Plymouth,  extending  from 
lat.  34°  to  lat.  45°  north, 

10  Apr.  1606 
Capt.  John  Smith,  ranging 
the  shore  of  New  England, 
explores    the    harbor   of 

Piscataqua 1614 

Ferdinando  Gorges  and  capt. 
John  Mason,  members  of 
the  Plymouth  council,  obtain  a  joint  grant  of  the  province  of 
Lacouia,  comprising  all  the  land  between  the  Merrimac  river, 

the  great  lakes,  and  river  of  Canada 10  Aug.  1622 

Gorges  and  Mason  establish  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Piscataqua,  calling  the  place  Little  Harbor,  and  another  set- 
tlement, 8  miles  farther  up  the  river,  Dover 1623 

Mason,  having  agreed  with  Gorges  to  make  the  Piscataqua  the 

divisional  line,  takes  from  the  Plymouth  council  a  patent  of 

i      that  portion  lying  between  that  river  and  the  Merrimac,  and 

,      calls  it  New  Hampshire 7  Nov.  1629 

Company  of  Laconia  dividing  their  interests,  Mason  procures 

j      for  himself  a  charter  of  Portsmouth 1631 

I  Towns  of  Portsmouth  and  Northam  laid  out 1633 

1  A  number  of  families  from  England  settle  on  Dover  Neck  and 

[      build  a  fortified  church " 

:  Mason's  estate,  after  a  few  specific  bequests,  goes  to  a  grand- 

i     son  Robert  Tufton,  who  takes  the  surname  of  Mason 1635 

!  George  Burdet,  a  clergyman  from  Yarmouth,  Engl.,  succeeds 

j     VViggin  as  governor  of  the  Dover  plantations 1636 

;  Rev.  John  Wheelwright,  banished  from  Boston  as  a  result  of 
!     the  Antinomian  controversy,  and  a  few  friends  settle  Exeter, 

1     and  form  a  government  with  elections  by  the  people 1638 

I  Hampton,  considered  as  belonging  to  the  colony  of  Massachu- 

i     setts,  founded " 

[  Burdet  succeeded  by  capt.  John  Underbill " 

\  People  of  Portsmouth  form  a  provisional  government 1639 

[  Provisional  government  established  at  Dover 22  Oct.  1640 

iFour  governments  in  New  Hampshire  subscribe  to  a  union 
i  with  Massachusetts,  14  Apr.  1641,  which  goes  into  effect,  giv- 
;     ing  New  Hampshire's  representatives  a  vote  in  town  affairs 

without  regard  to  religious  qualifications 9  Oct.  1641 

;Colonies  of  Connecticut,  New  Haven,  New  Plymouth,  and  Mas- 

I    sachusetts  (including  New  Hampshire)  form  a  confederacy. .  1642 

White  mountains  explored  by  capt.  Neal " 

;  Quakers  William  Robin.sou  and  Marmaduke  Stevenson  exe- 

i    cuted  for  returning  to  the  province  after  banishment, 

•  27  Oct.  1659 

jWilliam  Leddra  hung  for  being  a  Quaker 14  Mch.  1660 

jWarrant  issued  at  Dover,  directing  3  Quakeresses  to  be  whipped 
i  out  of  the  province.  Stripped  and  tied  to  a  cart,  they  are 
I    publicly  whipped  at  Dover  and  Hampton,  but  freed  at  Salis- 

1    bury  through  the  agency  of  Walter  Barefoot Dec.  1662 

jlndians  in  King  Philip's  war  ravage  Somersworth  and  Durham, 

.    and  between  Exeter  and  Hampton Sept.  1675 

IFour  hundred  Indians  captured  by  strategy  at  Dover.  7  or  8 
^   are  put  to  death,  200  discharged,  and  the  balance  sold  in 

j   foreign  parts  as  slaves 7  Sept.  1676 

jKing's  bench  decided  that  Massachusetts  had  no  jurisdiction 

(   over  New  Hampshire  and  Mason's  heirs  none  within  the 

territory  they  claimed.     To  establish  Mason's  title,  the  king 

r  makes  New  Hampshire  a  distinct  province,  with  John  Cutts 

;   of  Portsmouth  president 8  Sept.  1679 

,^oyal  commission  declaring  New  Hampshire  a  royal  province 

'  reaches  Portsmouth 1  Jan.  1680 

'resident  Cutts  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  maj.  Richard  Wal- 

dron  of  Dover 5  Apr.  1681 

ilason  surrenders  one-fifth  of  his  quit  rents  from  the  province 

to  Charles  II.,  and  thus  secures  the  appointment  of  Edward 

j  Cranfleld  as  lieutenant-governor  with  extraordinary  powers, 

1  and  devoted  to  his  interests. . .  ^ 25  Jan.  1682 

'ranfield  suspends  Waldron  and  Richard  Martyn,  both  popular 

:  leaders,  from  the  council 15  May,      " 

Mward  Gove,  voicing  the  popular  feeling  against  gov.  Cran- 
fleld, with  a  tumultuous  body  from  Exeter  and  Hampton,  de- 
clares for  liberty  and  reform.  Finding  the  people  not  yet 
ready  for  revolt,  he  surrenders,  is  convicted  of  high-treason 

ana  imprisoned  in  the  tower  of  London 1683 

eople,  called  upon  by  the  governor  to  take  leases  from  Ma- 
sou,  refuse  to  acknowledge  his  claim 14  Feb.      " 

ssembly  refuse  money  for  the  Cranfield  government 1684 

raufield,  by  authority  of  the  governor  and  council,  without 
the  concurrence  of  the  assembly,  imposes  taxes;  but,  unable 
'  to  enforce  payment,  obtains  a  leave  of  absence  and  returns 
to  England,  Walter  Barefoot,  his  deputy,  succeeding  as  chief 

magistrate 9  Jan.  1685 

idians  attack  Dover;  surprise  maj.  Waldron  in  his  own  home, 
and  massacre  him  and  many  other  settlers,  taking  29  captives, 
fwhom  they  sell  as  slaves-to  the  French  in  Canada. .  .27  Jan.  1689 
jiople  of  New  Hampshire  effect  a  governmental  union  with 

'Massachusetts 12  Mch.  1690 

3W  Hampshire  is  purchased  from  the  Mason  heirs  by  Samuel 


Allen  of  London,  who  prevents  its  insertion  in  the  charter 
of  William  and  Mary,  and  becomes  its  governor,  appointing 
his  son-in-law,  John  Usher,  as  lieutenant-governor..!  Mch.  1692 
Law  passed  requiring  each  town  to  provide  a  school-master, 
Dover  excepted,  it  then  being  too  much  impoverished  by 

Indian  raids  to  do  so 1693 

Sieur  de  Villieu,  and  -AM)  Indians,  approach  Durham  undiscov- 
ered, and,  waiting  in  ambush  during  the  night,  at  sunrise  at- 
tack the  place,  destroy  5  houses,  and  carry  away  100  cap- 
tives  17  July,  1694 

Richard  Earl  of  Bellomont  is  installed  governor  of  New  York, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire;  council  and  courts  re- 
organized of  opponents  of  the  Mason  claim 31  July,  1699 

Earl  of  Bellomont  dies  at  New  York,  5  Mch.  1701,  and  Joseph 
Dudley  is  appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire  by  queen  Anne,  his  commission  being  published 

at  Portsmouth 13  July,  1701 

An  attack  of  Indians  on  Durham  is  repulsed  by  a  few  women 
in  disguise  firing  upon  the  Indians,  who  suppose  the  place 

well  garrisoned Apr.  1706 

Indian  hostilities  cease  on  the  arrival  of  news  of  the  treaty  of 

Utrecht,  and  a  treaty  ratified  with  them 11  July,  1713 

George  Vaughan  made  lieutenant-governor  and  Samuel  Shute 

commander-in-chief  of  the  province 13  Oct.  1716 

V^aughan    superseded   by  John   Wentworth,  by    commission 

signed  by  Joseph  Addison,  English  secretary  of  state.  7  Dec.  1717 
Sixteen  Scottish  families  settle  at  Londonderry,  and  the  first 
Presbyterian  church  in  New  England  is  organized  by  rev. 

James  McGregorie 1719 

Capt.  John  Lovewell  makes  his  first  excursion  against  the 

Indians  in  New  Hampshire Dec.  1724 

A  grant  of  land  made  by  New  Hampshire  to  the  survivors  of 
the  Lovewell  defeat  at  Fryeburg,  Me.,  overlaps  a.  similar 
grant  by  Massachusetts  in  Bow  county,  which  leads  to  a 
boundary  litigation  between  New  Hampshire  and  Massachu- 
setts, which  lasted  40  years.     Grants  made. . . 18-20  May,  1727 

Duration  of  assembly  limited  to  3  years  unless  sooner  dis- 
solved by  the  governor 21  Nov.     " 

David  Dunbar  appointed  lieutenant-governor 24  June,  1731 

New  Hampshire  petitioning  the  crown  in  1732  to  decide  the 
boundary  question,  obtains  a  royal  order  appointing  commis- 
sioners, from  the  councillors  of  the  neighboring  provinces, 

to  decide  the  question ;  board  meets  at  Hampton Aug.  1737 

Commissioners  fix  upon  the  present  eastern  boundary  of  New 
Hampshire.  For  the  southern  boundary  an  appeal  is  made 
to  George  III.,  who  decides  upon  the  present  line,  giving 
New  Hampshire  a  territory  50  miles  long  by  14  broad  in  ex- 
cess of  her  claim 5  Mch.  1740 

Bennington  Wentworth  appointed  governor  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  New  Hampshire 1741 

George  Whitefield  preaches  in  New  Hampshire 1744 

Indian  depredations  in  the  New  Hampshire  settlements;  at- 
tacks on   Keene,  Number  Four   (Charlestown),  Rochester, 

capture  of  fort  Massachusetts  at  Hoosuck Apr. -20  Aug.  1746 

Three  companies  of  rangers  under  Robert  Rogers  and  the  2 
brothers  John  and  William  Stark,  formed  from  the  New 

Hampshire  troops  by  the  express  desire  of  lord  Loudon 1756 

First  newspaper  in  New  Hampshire  and  the  oldest  in  New 
England,  New  Hampshire  Gazette,  published  at  Portsmouth, 

Aug.      " 
On  application  of  New  York,  the  king  in  council  declares  the 
western  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river  the  boundary  between 

New  Hampshire  and  New  York 20  July,  1764 

Concord,  settled  in  1727,  is  called  Rumford  in  1733,  and  takes 

the  name  of  Concord  (Rumford  medal)  1765 

George  Meserve  appointed  stamp  distributer  for  New  Hamp- 
shire, resigns  his  office  before  landing  at  Boston,  9  Sept. 
1765,  compelled  to  make  a  formal  resignation  18  Sept.  It 
being  suspected  that  he  still  intended  to  distribute  the 
stamped  paper,  he  is  compelled  to  give  up  his  commission, 

and  is  sent  back  to  England.... 9  Jan.  1766 

John  Wentworth,  apjiointed  governor  in  place  of  his  uncle, 
removed  by  the  British  ministry  on  charge  of  neglect  of  duty, 

11  Aug.  1767 

Dartmouth  college  at  Hanover  chartered 30  Dec.  1769 

Nathaniel  Folsom  and  John  Sullivan  appointed  delegates  to 
Congress  at  Philadelphia  by  a  convention  of  85  deputies, 

which  met  at  Exeter 14  July,  1774 

By  the  request  of  a  committee  of  the  people,  a  cargo  of  tea 
consigned  to  a  Mr.  Parry  of  Portsmouth  is  reshipped  to 
Halifax,  25  Jan.  1774.  A  second  cargo  consigned  to  Parry, 
arriving,  the  jieople  attack  his  house,  and  quiet  is  only  re- 
stored by  sending  of  the  vessel  to  Halifax 8  Sept.     " 

Town  committee  of  Portsmouth,  hearing  of  the  order  by  king 
in  council  prohibiting  exportation  of  gunpowder  to  America, 
seize  the  garrison  at  fort  William  and  Mary,  and  carry  off 
100  barrels  of  gunpowder,  11  Dec. ;   next  day  they  remove 

15  cannon  with  small-arms  and  warlike  stores 12  Dec.     " 

Armed  men  dismantle  a  battery  at  Jerry's  Point  on  Great 
island  and  bring  8  pieces  of  cannon  to  Portsmouth  .  .26  May,  1775 

Convention  of  the  people  assembles  at  Exeter June,     " 

New  Hampshire  troops  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. .  .17  June,  " 
Gov.  Wentworth  convenes  the  assembly,  12  June,  and  recom- 
mends the  conciliatory  proposition  of  lord  North,  to  which 
the  house  gives  no  heed.  They  expel  3  new  royalist  mem- 
bers, and  the  governor  adjourns  the  assembly  to  28  Sept., 
and  sails  for  Boston.     From  the  Isles  of  Shoals  he  adjourns 

the  assembly  until  Apr.  1776,  his  last  official  act Sept.     " 

A  constitution  for  New  Hampshire  is  framed  by  a  Congress 
styling  itself  the  House  of  Representatives,  which  assembles 
at  Exeter,  21  Dec.  1775,  and  completes  its  labors 5  Jan.  1776 


NEW 

Under  the  new  form  of  government,  Mcshech  Wcuro  is  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  council  and  of  an  executive  coiu- 
mittoo  chosen  to  sit  during  the  recess  of  the  council,  as 
president  of  New  Hampshire 

John  Sullivan  of  Now  Hampshire  appointed  brigadier-general 
by  Congress ^ 

Sh\po{  war  Kaleigh  built  at  Portsmouth  by  decree  of  Congress, 

A  convention  of  both  houses  reports  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, which  was  adopted  and  sent  forthwith  to  the  del- 
egates of  New  Hampshire  in  Congress 15  Juno, 

Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  United  States  signed  by 
Josiuh  Barilott  and  William  Whipple  of  New  Hampshire,  2 
Aug.  1776,  and  by  a  third  representative  from  the  stiilo, 
Matthew  Thornton Nov. 

New  Hampshire  troops  engage  in  the  battle  of  Bennington, 
under  John  Stark,  who  is  made  brigadier-general  by  Con- 
gress   18  A  ug. 

Articles  of  confederation  ratified  by  New  Hampshire,  4  Mch. 
1778,  and  signed  by  the  state  representatives  at  Philadelphia, 
Josiah  Bartlett  an'd  John  Wentworth 8  Aug. 

Phillips  acidemy  at  Exeter  founded 

Daniel  Webster  b.  at  Franklin,  N.  H 18  Jan. 

Sixteen  towns  on  the  eastern  side  of  tlio  Connect  cut  river  re- 
fuse to  send  delegates  to  a  constitutional  convention  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  desire  to  be  admitted  into  the  new  state  of 
Vermont.  Vermont  agrees  to  accept  these  additional  towns, 
but  Congress  in  its  act  of  admission  makes  it  an  indispensa- 
ble |)reliminary  that  the  revolted  towns  shall  be  restored  to 
New  Hampshire.  The  towns  at  last  accept  the  situation  and 
become  part  of  New  Hampsliire 

A  convention  which  meets  at  Concord,  10  June,  1778,  frames  a 
constitution  which  is  rejected  by  the  people.  A  new  con- 
vention meets  at  Exeter  in  1781,  and  after  2  years  a  consti- 
tution is  framed  which  goes  into  effect , 2  June, 

John  Laugdon  and  Nicholas  Gilman,delegates  from  New  Harap- 

•   shire,  sign  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S 17  Sept. 

Convention  assembles  at  Exeter,  13  Feb.,  adjourns  to  Concord, 
and  ratifies  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S,  by  a  vote  of  57  to 
47 21  June, 

Pres.  Washington,  on  a  tour  of  observation,  arrives  at  Ports- 
mouth  30  Oct. 

Portsmouth  Journal  established  at  Portsmouth 

An  academy,  the  second  in  the  state,  opened  at  New  Ipswich, 

Publication  of  Concord  Herald  begun  by  George  Hough.. 5  Jan. 

Academies  incorporated  at  Atkinson  and  Amherst 

Four  post-routes  appointed  through  the  interior  of  the  state. . 

New  Hampshire  Medical  Society  incorporated 

Bank  established  at  Portsmouth 

Convention  assembles  atConcord,7  Sept.  1791,  revises  the  state 
constitution,  changes  the  title  of  the  chief  magistrate  from 
president  to  governor,  and  completes  its  labors 5  Sept. 

Elder  Jesse  Lee,  coming  from  Virginia,  visits  New  Hampshire; 
founds  the  first  Methodist  society  in  the  state 

A  privateer  ship,  the  McClary,  fitted  out  during  the  war  at 
Portsmouth  under  the  sanction  of  the  legislature,  captures 
an  American  merchant  ship,  the  Susanna,  bound  for  an  ene- 
my's port  laden  with  supplies.  The  matter  is  brought  into 
court,  and  the  U.  S.  Court  of  Appeals  reverses  the  judgment 
of  the  State  court  and  awards  $32,721.36  damages  to  the 
owners  of  the  Susanna.  Tlie  legislature  of  New  Hampshire, 
in  special  session,  prepares  a  spirited  remonstrance  against 
this  action  as  "a  violation  of  state  independence  and  an 
unwarrantable  encroachment  in  the  courts  of  the  United 
States  " 

Bridge  constructed  over  the  Piscataqua  near  Portsmouth,  from 
Newington  to  Durham,  nearly  i^  mile  in  length 

Academy  at  Haverhill  established 

Academy  at  Gilmanton  incorporated 

First  Xew  Hampshire  turnpike,  extending  from  Concord  to 
the  Piscataqua  bridge,  chartered 

Medical  department  of  Dartmoutii  college  established 

Keene  Sentinel  established  at  Keene Mch. 

New  Hampshire  Missionary  Society,  the  earliest  charitable  so- 
ciety of  a  religious  character  in  the  state,  incorporated 

Farmer^s  Cabinet  published  at  Amherst 11  Nov. 

First  cotton  factory  in  state  erected  at  New  Ipswich 

PLicataqua  Evangelical  Magazine  pub.  at  Portsmouth 

Law  passed  dividing  towns  into  school  districts 

From  the  preaching  and  teachings  of  Mr.  Murray  in  1773,  the 
Universalists  are  recognized  as  a  religious  sect  in  New 
Hampshire 13  June, 

From  1680  to  1775  the  seat  of  government  was  at  Portsmouth. 
From  1775  to  1807  the  legislature  adjourned  from  town  to 
town,  assembling  at  Exeter,  Concord,  Hopkinton,  Dover, 
Amherst.  Charlestown,  and  Hanover.  The  legislature  of  1807 
adjourns  from  Hopkinton  to  Concord  for  regular  sessions.. . . 

New  Hampshire  Iron  Factory  company,  incorporated  at  Fran- 
conia  in  1805,  erects  and  puts  in  operation  a  blast-furnace. . . 

Horace  Greeley  b.  at  Amherst 3  Feb. 

State  prison  at  Concord  established 

Kimball  Union  academy  at  Plainfield  incorporated 

New  Hampshire  troops  under  gen.  John  McNiel  take  part  in 
the  battle  of  Chippewa,  5  July,  1814,  and  at  Niagara,  25  July, 

Law  passed  giving  to  the  state  complete  jurisdiction  over  Dart- 
mouth college,  the  charter  for  which  requires  the  trustees, 
professors,  tutors,  and  officers  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  British  king 27  June, 

Trustees  and  overseers  of  Dartmouth  college,  summoned  by 
the  governor  to  meet  at  Hanover,  26  Aug.  1816,  refuse  to  act 
under  the  law  of  27  June,  or  to  report  to  the  governor  as  re- 
quested  28  Aug. 


652 


NEW 


1777 


1778 
1781 
1782 


1784 

1787 

1788 
1789 


1790 
1791 


1796 
1798 
1799 

1801 
1802 
1803 
1805 


1807 
1811 


1812 
1813 


1814 


1816 


.  186ffl 
.  1867 


Pres.  John  Whoelock  ol  Dartmouth  college  d 4  Apr.  U 

Pres.  James  Monroe,  on  his  tour  of  the  Northern  states,  visits 

Portsmouth,  Dover,  Concord,  and  Hanover 

State-house  at  Concord  erected 

Gen.  Benjamin  Pierce,  appointed  sheriff  of  Hillslioruiigh  county 
by  gov.  Plumer,  liberates  3  aged  men  confined  for  debt  in 

Amherst  jail,  by  paying  their  debts 20  Nov.  Ij 

Toleration  law  making  all  religious  sects  on  equal  ground,  and 

dependent  on  voluntary  contributions 1819 

Control  of  Dartmouth  college,  after  2  years  or  more  of  litiga- 
tion, awarded  by  the  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  to  the  trus- 
tees  

[Result  chiefly  due  to  the  eflbrts  of  Daniel  Webster.] 
Law  of  29  June,  1821,  imposing  an  annual  tax  of  one-half  of 
one  percent,  on  the  capital  stock  of  banks,  for  school  pur-" 

poses.    The  sum  accrued  is  divided  among  the  towns I82,i 

Gov.  Matthew  Harvey,  appointed  judge  of  the  U.  S.  District 
court  for  New  Hampshire,  is  succeeded  by  Joseph  M.  Har- 
per, acting-governor Feb.  18bi 

Levi  Woodbury  secretary  of  the  navy May,     <' 

Levi  Woodbury  secretary  of  the  U.  S.  treasury 27  June,  1884 

Nashua  and  Lowell  railroad  incorporated 1836 

Act  passed  providing  for  a  scientific,  geological,  and  mineral- 

ogical  survey  of  the  state 3  July,  1889 

New  Hampshire  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Concord,  founded  Oct.  1842 

Office  of  state  commissioner  of  common  schools  created 1846 

Law  authorizing  towns  to  establish  public  libraries 1849 

Office  of  school  commissioner  abolished;  a  Board  of  Education 

constituted  of  county  school  commissioners June, 

Democratic  National  convention  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  nominates 
gen.  Franklin  Pierce  of  New  Hampshire  for  president, 

9  May, 
New  Hampshire  Conference  seminary  and  female  college  at 

Tilton,  opened  1845,  receives  its  charter 

Property  qualification  for  state  officers  abolished 

Franklin  Pierce  inaugurated  president 4  Mch. 

Gold  discovered  at  Plainfield,  in  the  Connecticut  valley 1864 

State  Teachers'  Association  incorporated " 

House  of  Reformation  for  Juvenile  and  Female  Offenders  at 

Manchester  dedicated 12  May,  18" 

First  regiment  of  Federal  troops  leaves  Concord  for  the  seat  of 

war 25  May,  1861 

Franklin    Pierce's    remarkable   speech    at  Concord   on    the        \ 

"  war  " 4  July,  1863i 

"Soldiers'  Voting  bill,"  passed  17  Aug.,  is  returned  26  Aug. 
with  a  veto,  but  becomes  a  law  because  retained  in  the  gov- 
ernor's hands  more  than  5  days 17  Aug.  18C4 

Law  authorizing  a  commissioner  to  edit  early  provincial  rec- 
ords, and  rev.  dr.  Bouton  of  Concord  chosen 

Office  of  superintendent  of  public  instruction  created. , 
Revision  and  codification  of  the  laws,ordered  by  the  legislature 

of  1865,  completed ' 

New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts, 

at  Hanover,  chartered  186G,  opened 4  Sept.  186& 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV.  th  Amendment  to  the  U.  S.  Consti-        1 

tution 1  July,  1869] 

Robinson  female  seminary  at  Exeter,  chartered  1867,  opened. ,     " 

City  training  school,  Manchester,  opened " 

Ex-pres.  Pierce  d  es  at  Concord 8  Oct.     " 

Labor  Reform  party  holds  its  first  state  convention 28  Jan.  187( 

Act  passed  creating  a  state  Board  of  Agriculture " 

James  A.  Weston,  Democrat,  receives  34,700  vote.s  for  governor, 
and  James  Pike,  Republican,  33,892.     The  legislature  elect 

Weston  by  326  to  159 June,  1871 

State  Normal  school  at  Plymouth  opened " 

Orphans'  Home  and  School  of  Industry  on  the  aiicestral  Web- 
ster farm,  near  Franklin,  opened " 

Compulsory  Attendance  School  law  goes  into  effect " 

Weston  re-elected  by  the  legislature,  no  choice  by  the  people; 

legislature  meets.* 3  June,  1874 

There  being  no  choice  for  governor  at  the  election,  9  Mch.  1875, 

Person  C.  Cheney  is  chosen  by  the  legislature 9  June,  1875 

Thirteen  amendments  to  the  constitution,  proposed  by  a  con- 
vention at  Concord,  6  to  16  Dec.  1876,  are  adopted  except  2, 
one  of  which  was  "to  strike  out  the  word  Protestant"  in 

the  Bill  of  Rights 1877 

William  E.  Chandler  of  New  Hampshire  appointed  secretary 

of  the  navy 1  Apr.  188- 

Prohibitionists  in  state  convention  at  Nashua  adopt  a  consti- 
tution for  the  State  Temperance  union 7-8  June,   '• 

Bronze  statue  of  Daniel  Websffer,  8  feet  in  height,  cast  at 
Munich,  and  gift  of  Benjamin  P.  Cheney,  is  erected  in  the 

State-House  park.  Concord,  and  dedicated 17  June,  188»i 

For  governor  :  David  H.  Goodell,  Republican,  44,809  votes ; 
Chas.  H.  Amsden,  Democrat,  44,093;  Edgar  L.  Carr,  Prohibi- 
tion, 1567:  the  choice  devolves  upon  the  legislature Nov.  18.'^'* 

State  Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Concord,  2  Jan.  1889; 
among  the  7  amendments  submitted  to  the  people  one  favor-      ^ 

ing  prohibition  is  lost 12  Mch.  18«.. 

Legislature  elects  Goodell  governor  by  168  to  114 5  June,    '^ 

Gov.  Goodell  stricken  with  paralysis 17  Mch.  18(K 

Statue  of  gen.  John  Stark,  for  which  the  legislature  appropri- 
ated $12,000,  unveiled  in  the  state-house  yard.  Concord, 

23  Oct.     ' 
Vote  for  governor:  Hiram  A. Tuttle,  Republican,  42,479;  Charles 
H.  Amsden,  Democrat,  42,386;  Josiah  M.  Fletcher,  Prohibi- 
tion, 1363;  no  choice Nov.      '  , 

State  Soldiers'  home  established  at  Tilton,  1889  ■,  dedicated, 

3  Dec.     '■  j 

Hiram  A.  Tuttle  elected  governor  by  legislature 7  Jan.  189]j 

J.  H.  Gallinger  elected  U.  S.  senator 20  Jan.      '  i 


NEW  553 

Legislature  makes  the  first  Monday  in  Sept.  (Labor  day)  a  legal 
holiday,  directs  removal  of  the  New  Hampshire  College  of 
j^griculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  from  Hanover  to  the  farm 
of  the  late  Benjamin  Thompson  of  Durham,  and  passes  a  se- 
cret or  Australian  Ballot  act  at  its  session 7  Jan.-ll  Apr.  1891 

Ex  gov.  Samuel  W.  Hale  d.  at  Brooklyn,  aged  68 16  Oct.     " 

John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  b.  1807,  d.  at  Hampton  Falls..?  Sept.  1892 
Insane  asylum  at  Dover  burned;  45  lives  lost 9  Feb.  1893 

GOVERNORS. 

Me.sheck  Weare assumes  ofiQce 1775 

Jolin  Langdon "  1785 

Jolm  Sullivan "  1786 

John  Langdon "  1788 

John  Sullivan "  1789 

Josiah  Bartlett ;  "  1790 

John  Tayjor  Oilman "  1794 

.Fohn  Langdon "  1805 

Jeremiah  Smith "  1809 

John  Langdon.  "  1810 

William  I'lumer "  1812 

John  Taylor  Oilman "  1813 

William  Plumer "  1816 

Samuel  Bell. "  1819 

Levi  Woodbury "  1823 

David  L.  Morrill "  1824 

Benjamin  Pierce "  1827 

John  Bell "  1828 

Benjamin  Pierce "     1829 

Matthew  Harvey "  1830 

Joseph  \r.  Harper acting       Feb.  1831 

Samuel  Dinsmoor assumes  office June,  1831 


William  Badger 

Isaac  Hill 

John  Page 

Henry  Hubbard 

John  H.  Steele 

Anthony  Colby 

Jared  W.  Williams. .. 

Samuel  Dinsmoor 

Noah  Martin 

Nathaniel  B.  Baker. . . 

Ralph  Metcalf. 

William  Haile 

Ichabod  Goodwin 

Nathaniel  S.  Berry. . . 

Joseph  A.  Gilmore 

Frederick  Smyth 

Walter  Harriman 

Onslow  Stearns 

James  A.  Weston 

Ezekiel  A.  Straw 

James  A.  Weston 

Person  C.  Cheney 

Benjamin  F.  Prescott. 

Nathaniel  Head 

Charles  H.  Bell 

Samuel  W.  Hale 

Moody  Currier 

Charles  H.  Sawyer. .. 

David  H.  Goodell 

Hiram  A.  Tuttle 

John  B.  Smith 

Charles  A.  Busiel 


NEW 
ssumes  office 1834 


1839 
1842 
1844 
1846 
1847 
1849 
1852 
1854 
1855 
1857 
1859 
1861 
1863 
1865 
1867 
1869 
1871 
1872 
1874 
1875 
1877 
1879 
1881 
1883 
1885 
1887 
1889 
1891 
1893 
1895 


UNITED    STATES    SENATORS    FROM    THE    STATE    OF    NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 


John  Langdon 


Paine  Wingate 

Samuel  Livermore 

Simeon  Olcott 

James  Sheafe 

William  Plumer 

Nicholas  Oilman 

Nahum  Parker 

Chiirles  Cutts 

Jeremiah  Mason 

Thomas  W.  Thompson. 

David  L.  Morrill 

Clement  Storer 

John  F.  Parrott 

Samuel  Bell 

Levi  Woodbury 

I  Isaac  Hill 

'  John  I'age 

Henry  Hubbard 

,  Franklin  Pierce 

i  Leonard  Wilcox 

;  Levi  Woodbury 

,  Charles  0.  Atherton... 

!  Benning  J.  Jenness — 

;  Joseph  Cilley , 

John  P.  Hale 

Moses  Norris,  jr , 

Charles  O.  Atherton. . , 

iJohu  S.  Wells , 

Jared  W.  Williams  — 

;James  Bell 

John  P.  Hale 

■Daniel  Clark , 


!  George  G.  Fogg 

Aaron  H.  Cragin . 

James  W.  Patterson. 
Bainbridge  Wadleigh 
.KUward  H.  Rollins  . . 

Henry  W.  Blair 

Austin  F.  Pike 

^erson  C.  Cheney... . 
iVilliam  E.  Chandler, 
'acob  H.  Oallinger. . . 


No.  of  Congress. 


1st    to     3d 
3d      "    6th 

7th     "    9th 

7th 
7th    to    9th 
9th     "  13th 

10th 

11th 
13th  to  15th 
13th  "  14th 
14th  "  18th 
15th  "  16th 
16th  "  19th 
18th  "  24th 
19th  "  22d 
22d  "  24th 

24th 
24th  to  27th 
25th  "  27th 

27th 
27th  to  29th 


28th 


31st 


29th 

29th 
30th  to  33d 
31st  "  33d 

33d 


34tb 
34th  to  38th 

35th  "  39th 

39th 
39th  to  44th 
40th  "  43d 
43d  "  46th 
45th  "  48th 
46th  "  52d 
48th  "  49th 
49th  "  50th 

50th  "  

52d  "  


1789 

1789  to  1793 
1793  "  1801 

1801  "  1805 

1801  "  1802 

1802  "  1807 
1805  "  1814 
1807  "  1810 

1810 
1813  to  1817 
1815  "  1817 
1817  "  1823 
1817  "  1819 
1819  "  1825 
1823  "  1836 
1825  "  1831 
1831  "  1836 

1836 

1836  to  1842 

1837  "  1842 
1842 

1842  to  1845 

1843  "  1849 

1845  "  1846 

1846  "  1847 

1847  "  1853 
1849  "  1855 

1853 

1855 

1853 
1855  to  1857 
1855  "  1865 


1857 
1866 


1866 


1867 

1866  "  1875 

1867  "  1873 
1873  "  1879 
1877  "  1883 
1879  "  1891 
1883  "  1886 
1886  "  1888 

1888  "  

1891   "  


Elected  president  of  the  senate,  6  Apr.  1789,  for  the  purpose  of 
opening  and  counting  the  votes  for  president  and  vice-president 
of  the  U.  S.     Elected  president  pro  tern.  5  Nov.  1792. 

Elected  president  pro  te.m.  6  May,  1796,  and  2  Dec.  1799.     Resigned 

1801. 
Elected  in  place  of  Samuel  Livermore. 
Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  James  Sheafe. 
Died. 
Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Parker. 
Resigned. 
Elected  in  place  of  Oilman. 

Elected  in  place  of  Mason. 


Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hill. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Pierce. 

Resigned. 

When  he  was  a  member  of  the  House  he  introduced  the  famous 

resolution,  11  Dec.  1838,  known  as  the  Atherton  gag. 
Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Woodbury. 
Elected  in  place  of  Woodbury. 

Died  11  Jan.  1855. 

Died  1853. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Norris. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Atherton. 

Died  1857. 

:  Elected  in  place  of  Bell.     Elected  president  pro  iem.  26  Apr.  1864, 
[     and  9  Feb.  1865.     Resigned. 
Appointed  in  place  of  Clark. 


Died  1886. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Pike. 

Term  expires  1901 

To  succeed  Blair.     Term  expires  1897. 


IVew  Harmony.  Robert  Owen  was  the  first  social- 
st  to  form  a  non-religious  community  in  America.  In  1824 
le  purchased  the  town  of  Harmony  (Harmonists),  called  it 
^ew  Harmony,  and  organized  a  community  which  on  12  Jan. 
826  adopted  a  constitution  as  "The  New  Harmony  Comrau- 
ity  of  E,quality."  4  July,  1826,  at  New  Harmony,  Owen  de- 
[vered  his  Declaration  of  Mental  Independence  against  the 
rinity  of  man's  oppressors,  "  Private  Property,  Irrational  Re- 
gion, and  Marriage."     Socialism. 

!  Kew  Hebrides,  a  group   of  islands  in   S.  Pacific 
'Can,  discovered  by  Quiros,  who,  believing  them  a  continent, 

18* 


named  them  Tierra  A  usfral  del  Espiritu  Santo,  in  1606.  Bou- 
gainville in  1768  found  them  to  be  islands ;  and  in  1774  Cook 
gave  them  their  present  name. 

.    Bfew  Holland.     Australia,  New  South  Wales. 

New  Ireland,  an  island  in  the  Pacific,  lat.  2°  3'  S., 
Ion.  152°  P:.  ;  200  miles  long,  25  miles  average  width.  An 
attempt  of  the  French  marquis  de  Rays  to  colonize  this  island 
was  reported  a  failure  in  Aug.  1880  and  May,  1881. 

]Ve"%r  Jersey,  one  of  the  middle  Atlantic  states  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  lies  between  lat.  38°  56'  and  41°  21' 


NEW 


654 


NEW 


N.,  and  Ion.  78^^  53'  51"  and  75^  33'  W.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  New  York,  east  by  New  York  and  Atlantic  ocean, 
south  by  Delaware  bay,  and 
west  by  Delaware  and  Penn- 
sylvania, frona  which  it  is  sep- 
arated by  the  Delaware  river. 
Area,  8715  sq.  miles,  in  21 
counties;  pop.  1890, 1,44-1,933; 
capital,  Trenton. 

Henry  Hudson,  in  the  shl|) 
Half  Moon,  enters  Dela 
ware  buy,  28  Aug.  16U9, 
uud  coasts  the  easiern 
shore  of  New  Jersey  on 
bis  way  to  Saudy  Hook, 
whore  he  anchors,  3  Sept.  1609 
First  Dutch  setllemeut  on 
the  Delaware  is  made  near  Gloucester,  N.  J.,  where  fort 
Nassau  is  built 1623 

Capt.  Thomas  Young,  receiving  a  commission  from  Charles  I., 
sails  up  the  Delaware  river  until  "slopped  from  further 
proceeding  by  a  ledge  of  rock  which  crosseth  the  river" 
(Trenton  falls) 1  Sept.  1634 

Number  of  English  families  settle  on  Salem  creek,  at  a  place 
called  by  the  Indians  Asamohaking 1640 

Dutch  acquire  by  deed  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  eastern  part 
of  New  Jersey  called  Bergen 30  Jan.  1658 

Royal  charter  executed  by  Charles  II.,  in  favor  of  the  duke 
of  York,  of  the  whole  region  between  the  Connecticut  and 
Delaware  rivers 20  Mch.  1664 

Present  slate  of  New  Jersey  granted  by  the  duke  of  York  to 
lord  John  Berkeley  and  sir  George  Carteret  by  deed  of  lease 
and  release,  to  be  called  Nova  Caesaria  or  New  Jersey, 

23-24  June,     '• 

By  license  from  col.  Nicholls,  governor  under  the  duke  of 
York,  a  company,  the  "  Elizabelhtown  Associates,"  purchase 
the  site  of  Eliz  ibelhlown  from  Indians,  and  establish  the 
first  permanent  settlement  in  New  Jersey 28  Oct.     '• 

Philip  Carteret,  appointed  first  English  governor  of  New  Jer- 
sey, arrives  at  Elizabelhtown  with  30  settlers Aug.  1665 

Newark  settled  by  30  families  from  Connecticut 17  May,  1666 

Grant  of  276  acres  issued  for  Hoboken 12  May,  1668 

Session  of  the  first  legislative  assembly  of  New  Jersey  held  at 
Elizabelhtown 26  May,     '• 

Bergen  chartered 22  Sept.     " 

Settlers  under  grants  from  gov.  Nicholls  form  an  independent 
government  whose  deputies  at  Elizabelhtown  elect  James 
Carteret  governor 14  May,  1672 

Gov.  Philip  Carteret  returns  to  England  to  lay  the  matter  of 
the  government  of  New  Jersey  before  the  proprietors '• 

First  Friends'  meeting  house  built  at  Shrewsbury '• 

Lord  Berkeley  sells  his  half  interest  in  the  province  to  2  Eng- 
lish Quakers,  John  Fenwick  and  Edward  Byllinge. .  .18  Mch.  1673 

New  Netherlands,  including  New  Jersey,  surrendered  to  the 
Dutch July,     " 

New  Jersey  again  becomes  an  English  province,  under  treaty 
of  peace  between  England  and  Holland 9  Feb.  1674 

Edward  Byllinge,  becoming  financially  embarrassed,  assigns 
his  interest  to  William  Penn  and  others 10  Feb.     " 

Philip  Carteret  returns  and  resumes  authority  in  New  Jersey, 
meeting  the  General  Assembly  at  Bergen 6  Nov.     " 

Fenwick,  sailing  from  London  in  the  ship  Griffith,  arrives  with 
a  small  company  of  Quakers  and  settles  at  Salem June,  1675 

"  Concessions  and  Agreements  "  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Fen- 
wick and  Byllinge  purchase  in  New  Jersey  issued;  Fenwick 
to  have  one-tenth  interest,  and  the  assignees  of  Byllinge 
nine-tenths,  and  a  government  established 3  Mch.  1676 

Quintipartiie  deed  executed  between  William  Penn  and  others, 
assignees  of  ByUinge,  and  sir  George  Carteret,  for  a  division 
of  New  Jersey  into  east  and  west,  by  a  line  drawn  from  Little 
Egg  harbor  to  the  most  northerly  point  or  boundary  on  the 
Delaware,  Carteret  retaining  East  Jersey 1  July,     " 

Richard  Hartshore  and  Richard  Guy  of  East  Jersey,  and  James 
Wasse  sent  from  England,  authorized  to  establish  a  govern- 
ment for  West  Jersey,  by  the  proprietors 18  Aug.     ' ' 

First  recorded  public  action  for  the  establishment  of  schools 
in  Newark 21  Nov.     ' ' 

Nine  executive  commissioners  appointed  by  the  proprietors  of 
West  Jersey  under  a  constitution  promulgated  3  Mch.  1676, 
accompanied  by  a  large  number  of  settlers,  arrive  from  Eng- 
land and  purchase  from  the  Indians  a  tract  of  land  on  the 
Delaware  between  Assunpink  and  Old  Man's  creek Aug.  1677 

Burlington  laid  out  by  agents  of  the  London  Land  company. . .     " 

Ship  Shields,  from  Hull,  the  first  ship  to  ascend  the  Delaware 
to  Burlington,  bringing  settlers 10  Dec.  1678 

Sir  George  Carteret,  proprietor  of  East  Jersey,  d 1679 

Asserting  that  the  grant  of  the  duke  of  York  to  Berkeley  and 
Carteret  did  not  convey  the  government,  sir  Edmund  Andros 
claims  the  government  of  New  Jersey,  and  appears  before 
the  General  Assembly  at  Elizabethtown,  which  repudiates 
his  authority 2  June,  1680 

Duke  of  York  having  submitted  the  claim  of  governmental 
power  in  New  Jersey  to  a  commission,  which  decides  against 
Andros,  he  makes  a  second  grant  of  West  Jersey  to  the  pro- 
prietors, 6  Aug.,  and  of  East  Jersey 6  Sept.     " 

Vicinity  of  Trenton  settled  by  Phineas  Pemberton " 

First  yearly  meeting  of  Friends  for  discipline  in  this  country 
held  at  Burlington 28  June,  1681  I 


First  assembly  meets  at  Burlington  and  organizes  a  govern- 

ment,  with  Samuel  Jennings  as  deputy  governor 25  Nov.  U 

Carteret's  heirs  sell  East  Jersey  to  a  company  of  proprietors, 

including  William  Penn  and  11  others 1-2  Feb.  1(| 

Penn  company,  now  increased  to  24  proprietors,  secure  a  new 
conveyance  of  East  Jersey  from  the  duke  of  York,  with  full 

powers  of  government 14  Mch. 

Robert  Barclay  appointed  for  life  first  governor  of  East  Jersey 
under  the  new  proprietary,  with  Thomas  Rudyard  as  deputy, 
Revenues  of  Matenitunk  island,  in  the  Delaware  opposite  Bur- 
lington, set  apart  for  education.    This  is  believed  to  be  the 

first  school  fund  in  America i( 

Perth  Amboy  laid  out  into  lots 

First  tavern  or  hotel  in  the  province  established  at  Woodbridge. 
Site  of  Camden  occupied  by  messrs.  Cooper,  Runyon,  and 

Morris U 

First  Episcopal  church  in  New  Jersey,  St.  Peter's,  founded  at 

Perth  Amboy ifl 

Byllinge  dies,  and  dr.  Samuel  Coxe  of  London  purchases  his 

interest  in  West  Jersey 1687 

First  Baptist  church  in  East  Jersey  built  at  Middletown 1688 

Gov.  Barclay  d 3  Oct.  16 

Presbyterian  churches  established  in  Freehold  and  Wood- 
bridge u 

First  school  law  of  the  state  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly 
of  East  New  Jersey  at  Perth  Amboy,  to  maintain  a  school- 
master within  the  town 12  Oct.  IJ 

Burlington  incorporated 

Salem  incorporated i(j 

Government  of  New  Jersey  surrendered  to  the  crown,  and 

both  provinces  united : 17  Apr.  1% 

Edward  Hyde,  lord  Cornbury,  appointed  governor  of  New  York 

and  New  Jersey  by  queen  Anne 16  Nov. 

General  Assembly  meets  at  Perth  Amboy 10  Nov.  it 

First  association  of  Seventh  day  Baptists  formed  in  Piscata- 

way Apr.  n 

Lord  Cornbury,  removed  from  oflice  by  queen  Anne,  is  impris- 
oned for  debt  by  his  creditors 11 

Paper  money  first  issued  in  New  Jersey 

Assembly  votes  to  aid  the  English  expedition  against  the 

French  in  Canada 16  July,  it 

Schuyler  copper  mines  near  Belleville  discovered  by  Arent 

Schuyler n 

First  freestone  quarried  in  New  Jersey 17 

Law  providing  for  triennial  elections  of  deputies  to  assembly 
and  triennial  sessions  alternately  at  Burlington  and  Amboy,  IW 

Gov.  Montgomery  d 1  July,  1731 

Executive  of  New  Jersey  separated  from  New  York,  and  Lewis 

Morris  appointed  governor 1738 

Weelily  mail  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  carried  by  post- 
boys through  New  Jersey,  established 1739 

Rev.  George  Whitefield  visits  Elizabethtown 1740 

First  iron  run  at  furnace  in  Oxford,  Warren  county 9  Mch.  1743 

Gov.  Morris  dies  at  Kingsbury,  near  Trenton 21  May,  174t 

College  of  New  Jersey  at  Elizabethtown  incorporated " 

College  of  New  Jersey  removed  to  Newark 1748 

Trenton  public  library  founded 1750 

First  printing  press  in  the  province  established  at  Woodbridge 

by  James  Parker 1751 

College  of  New  Jersey  finally  located  at  Princeton,  and  Nassau 

hall  erected 1756 

Stage  line  established  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia  by  way 

of  Perth  Amboy  and  Trenton Nov.     " 

Gov.  Jonathan  Belcher  d.  aged  76 31  Aug.  1757 

New  American  Magazine,  pub.  at  Woodbridge  by  James  Parker, 
and  edited  by  Samuel  Nevil  under  the  signature  of  "Syl- 

vanus  Americanus" Jan.  175B 

Special  conference  with  Indians  at  Easton,  the  governor,  Fran- 
cis Bernard,  obtains  from  the  chief  of  the  united  nations  of 
the  Minisinks,Wapings,  and  other  tribes,  for  $1000,  a  release 

of  the  Indian  title  to  every  portion  of  New  Jersey 18  Oct.     " 

Yearly  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends  transferred  from         : 

Burlington  to  Philadelphia 1761  \ 

William  Franklin,  natural  son  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  appointed         j 

governor  (the  last  royal  governor  of  New  Jersey) 1763' 

William  Coxe,  appointed  stamp  distributer  in  New  Jersey,        ; 

voluntarily  resigns  his  office Sept.  1765 

Joseph  Borden,  Hendrick  Fisher,  and  Robert  Ogden,  delegates        i 
to  a  convention  of  9  colonies  at  New  York,  7  Oct.  1765;  it         i 

publishes  a  declaration  of  rights,  and  adjourns 24  Oct     "  J 

First  medical  society  in  the  colonies  organized  in  New  Jersey, 

23  July,  1766 
First  convention  of  Episcopal  ministers  of  Connecticut,  New        ; 
York,  New  Jersey,  and  Philadelphia,  is  held  at  Elizabeth- 
town  Nov.     "  ! 

Rutgers  college  at  New  Brunswick  chartered  under  the  name    ^    j 

of  Queen's  college  by  George  III 17'''; 

Isaac  Collins,  appointed  public  printer  for  New  Jersey,  begins        , 

the  publication  of  an  almanac  which  continues  20  years 1  '71 

Stephen  Crane,  John  de  Hart,  James  Kinsey,  William  Living- 
ston, and  Richard  Smith,  chosen  delegates  to  the  Congress 
at  Philadelphia  by  a  convention  at  New  Brunswick.. 21  July,  17(1 
Assembly  of  New  Jersey  unanimously  approves  the  proceed- 

ings  of  Congress  as  reported  by  the  delegates 11  Jan.  177»: 

Provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey  at  Trenton,  elects  Hendrick    ^^  | 

Fisher  president,  and  assumes  authority 23  May,        j 

Provincial  legislature,  convened  by  gov.  Franklin  16  Nov.,  is    ^^  ^ 

prorogued 6  Dec.        ; 

Gov.  Franklin,  sympathizing  with  the  action  of  the  British  j 
government,  is  arrested  and  sent  to  East  Windsor,  Conn.,  I 
where  (until  exchanged  in  1778)  he  is  held  as  a  prisoner. ....  177tj 


NEW  555 

provincial  congress  convenes  at  Burlington,  10  June,  1776,  ap- 
points  a  committee  to  prepare  a  constitution,  24  June,  who 
report,  26  June,  a  constitution  which  is  confirmed — 2  July,  1776 
Ordinance  passed  denouncing  the  penalty  of  treason  upon  all 
who  should  levy  war  against  and  within  the  state,  or  be  ad- 
herent to  the  king  of  Great  Britain 18  July,     " 

Abraham  Clark,  John  Hart,  Francis  Hopkins,  Richard  Stock- 
ton, and  John  Witherspoon,  delegates  from   New  Jersey, 

sign  the  "Declaration  of  Independence  " 2  Aug.     " 

Legislature  meets  at  Princeton  27  Aug.,  and  in  joint  ballot 

chooses  William  Livingston  governor  of  the  state 31  Aug.     " 

Fort  Washington  being  captured  by  the  British,  gen.  Greene 

abandons  fort  Lee,  Bergen  county 19  Nov.     ' ' 

Washington  retreats  through  New  Jersey Nov.     " 

Washington  crosses  the  Delaware  into  Pennsylvania 8  Dec.     " 

Battle  of  Trenton 26  Dec.     " 

Battle  of  Princeton 3  Jan.  1777 

Army  under  Washington  winters  at  Morristown " 

•Gen.  Maxwell  captures  Elizabethtown  together  with  100  British 

troops 23  Jan.     " 

Five  vessels,  part  of  a  fleet  bringing  supplies  for  the  British  at 

New  Brunswick,  are  sunk  near  Amboy 26  Feb.     " 

«en.  Howe  evacuates  New  Jersey  for  the  purpose  of  approach- 
ing Philadelphia  bj'^  water,  crossing  to  Staten  Island,  30  June,     " 
By  act  of  assembly  the  word  "  state  "  is  substituted  for  "  col- 
ony" in  the  Constitution  adopted  in  1776 20  Sept.     " 

Battle  at  Fort  Mercer.  Col.  Greene  repulses  a  force  of  Hes- 
sians under  count  Donop 22  Oct.     " 

New  Jersey  Gazette,  the  first  newspaper  in  the  state,  is  pub. 

at  Burlington  by  Isaac  Collins 3  Dec.     " 

Battle  of  Monmouth  Court-house 28  June,  1778 

Isaac  Collins  prints  5000  copies  of  a  family  Bible  at  Trenton. . .     " 

Assembly  ratifies  the  "Articles  of  Confederation  " 19  Nov.     " 

John  Witherspoon  and  Nathaniel  Scudder,  delegates  from  New 

Jersey,  sign  the  "  Articles  of  Confederation  " 26  Nov.     " 

British  at  Paulus  Hook  surprised  by  maj.  Henry  Lee..  19  Aug.  1779 
New  Jersey  Journal  established  by  Shepherd  Kollock  at  Chat- 
ham       " 

American  army  winters  at  Morristown Dec.     " 

Five  thousand  troops  under  gen.  Clinton  drive  back  the  Amer- 
icans under  gen.  Greene  at  Springfield,  burn  the  town, 

and  then  retreat 23  June,  1780 

Elias  Boudinot  of  New  Jersey  chosen  president  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress 4  Nov.  1782 

Continental  Congress  meets  at  Princeton 30  June,  1783 

New  Brunswick  incorporated 1784 

•Continental  Congress  meets  at  Trenton 1  Nov.     " 

William  Livingston,  David  Brearley,  William  Patterson,  and 
Jonathan  Dayton,  delegates  from  New  Jersey,  sign  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  U.  S 17  Sept.  1787 

•Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  adopted  unanimously  without  amend- 
ments by  the  assembly  of  New  Jersey 18  Dec.     " 

■Gen.  Washington  is  received  by  a  committee  of  Congress  at 
Elizabethtown,  23  Apr.,  and  escorted  to  New  York,  where  he 

is  inaugurated  president  of  the  U.  S 30  Apr.  1789 

Gov.  Livingston  dies  at  Elizabethtown 25  July,  1790 

Trenton  made  the  capital  of  the  state 25  Nov.     " 

Trenton  incorporated 13  Nov.  1792 

First  factory  at  Paterson  built,  and  calico  goods  printed,  the 

first  in  New  Jersey 1794 

Interstate  traffic  in  slaves  forbidden  by  the  legislature,  14  Mch.  1798 

Women  vote  at  the  Elizabethtown  municipal  election 1800 

;  [The  constitution  of  1776  permitted  women  to  vote.] 

j  Morris  turnpike,  from  Elizabethtown  to  the  Delaware  river, 

I      chartered 1  Mch.  1801 

,  Act  for  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery,  making  free  all  persons 

;      born  in  the  state  after  4  July,  1804,  passed 15  Feb.  1804 

;  Newark  Bank  and  Insurance  company  chartered " 

'  William  Lewis  Dayton  born  in  Baskingridge 17  Feb.  1807 

Act  confining  sufl'rage  to  white  male  citizens 16  Nov.     " 

Bible  Society  organized , 1809 

Princeton  Theological  seminary  established  by  the  Presbyte- 
rian church 1812 

'  Act  passed  creating  a  fund  for  free  schools 12  Feb.  1817 

Jersey  City  incorporated 28  Jan.  1820 

Sam.  L.  Southard  of  New  Jersey  secretary  of  the  navy,  16  Sept.  1823 
Morris  canal,  from  Newark  to  Phillipsburg  on  the  Delaware, 

commenced 1825 

;  Camden  and  Amboy  railroad  incorporated 4  Feb.  1830 

Joseph  Bonaparte,  brother  of  Napoleon,  purchases  an  estate 
of  1400  acres  at  Bordentown,  immediately  after  the  downfall 

of  his  brother  at  Waterloo,  where  he  resides  until 1832 

Legislature  appropriates  $2000  to  extinguish  all  Indian  titles 

to  land  in  the  state " 

Boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  New  York  settled  by  a 
board  of  joint  commissioners,  is  confirmed  by  legislatures  of 

;    both  states  in  Feb. ,  and  by  act  of  Congress 28  June,  1834 

Mahlon  Dickerson  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy  under  pres. 

I  ^  Jackson 30  June,     " 

St.  Mary's  Hall,  college  for  the  superior  instruction  of  women, 

j    chartered  and  opened  at  Burlington 1837 

State  Educational  convention  held  at  Trenton  to  reorganize 

the  school  system 27-28  Jan.  1838 

John  Stevens,  engineer  and  inventor,  petitions  Congress  for 
protection  to  inventors,  which  results  in  the  patent  laws  of 
10  Apr.  1790.     He  builds  a  steamboat  propelled  by  twin 
j  screws  that  navigates  the  Hudson  river  in  1804.    Establishes 
,  *  steam  ferry  from  Hoboken  to  New  York  city,  11  Oct.  1811, 
|!  and  at  the  age  of  78,  builds  an  experimental  locomotive, 
which  carries  passengers  at  12  miles  an  hour  on  his  experi- 
mental track  at  Hoboken  in  1826.    He  d.  in  Hoboken,  6  Mch.     " 


NEW 


1839 
1840 


1844 
1846 
1848 

1853 
1856 


1861 


1865 
1866 


1867 


At  the  state  election  for  members  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, the  returns  are  contested,  the  Democratic  candidates 
claiming  a  majority  of  about  100  votes  in  a  poll  of  57,000. 
The  Whig  candidates  receive  certificates  of  election  under 
the  "  Broad  "  seal  of  the  state 9-10  Oct.  1838 

Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  H.  A.  Garland  of  Vir- 
ginia, refuses  to  call  the  names  of  the  Whig  delegates  from 
New  Jersey,  on  the  ground  that  the  seats  were  disputed ;  at 
the  opening  of  Congress  (as  there  were  5  contested  seats,  and 
as  the  House  stood  without  New  Jersey  118  Whig  to  119 
Democrats,  success  to  either  party  in  this  controversy  meant 
a  control  of  the  House;  hence  the  controversy) 2  Dec.  1839 

A  speaker  of  the  House  was  elected  (Robert  M.  T.  Hunter)  by 
compromise,  but  the  5  Democratic  contestants  are  seated  on 
tiie  report  of  a  committee  declaring  them  elected  by  a  vote 

of  111  to  81 16  July, 

[This  governmental  flurry  is  known  as  the  "  Broad  Seal 
war. "] 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society  founded  at  Trenton 27  Feb. 

Constitutional  Convention  assembles  at  Trenton  14  May,  com- 
pletes its  labors  29  June,  and  the  constitution  is  ratified  by 
the  people 13  Aug. 

Town  superintendent  of  schools  first  authorized 7  Apr. 

State  lunatic  asylum  at  Trenton  opened 15  May, 

Bordentown  female  college  at  Bordentown,  opened  in  1851,  re- 
ceives its  charter 

State  Normal  school  established  at  Trenton 8  Oct. 

State  Union  convention  at  Trenton  resolves  in  favor  of  a  com- 
promise between  the  northern  and  southern  states. .  .11  Dec. 

Committee  on  national  affairs  in  the  legislature  report  joint 
resolutions  endorsing  the  Crittenden  compromise,  which 
were  adopted 25  Jan. 

Legislature  appropriates  $2,000,000,  and  an  annual  tax  of 
$100,000  for  military  purposes 30  Apr. 

In  response  to  a  proclamation  by  gov.  Olden,  17  Apr.,  4  regi- 
ments of  New  Jersey  Volunteers,  under  gen.  Runyon,  are 
despatched  to  Annapolis 3  May, 

Soldiers'  Children's  home  at  Trenton  incorporated 23  Mch. 

Rutgers  scientific  school  at  New  Brunswick  opened Sept. 

State  Board  of  Education  established 

Legislature  ratifies  theXIV.th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S 11  Sept. 

Home  for  disabled  soldiers  established  at  Mount  Pleasant, 
Newark 

New  Jersey  State  Reform  school  at  Jamesburg  opened 

Legislature,  by  resolution,  withdraws  its  ratification  of  the 
XIV. th  Amendment Apr.  1868 

George  M.  Robeson  of  New  Jersey  secretary  of  the  navy, 

25  June,  1869 

Camden  and  Amboy  railroad  and  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal 
surrender  their  reserved  rights,  after  40  years  of  monopoly, 
opening  the  carrying  trade  across  the  state " 

Governor  of  New  Jersey  accepts  the  war  vessel  bequeathed  to 
the  state  by  Edwin  A.  Stevens,  known  as  the  "Stevens  bat- 
tery," together  with  $1,000,000  for  its  completion,  which  is 
placed  under  the  superintendence  of  gen.  George  B.  McClellan 
and  gen.  John  Newton " 

Legislature  refuses  to  ratify  the  XV. th  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  U.  S 15  Feb.  1870 

Stevens  Institute  of  Technology  at  Hoboken  opened 1871 

State  industrial  school  for  girls  at  Trenton  opened " 

Free  school  system  inaugurated  in  New  Jersey Apr.     " 

Legislature  passes  a  "general  railroad  law,"  providing  that 
"no  franchise  heretofore  granted  to  construct  a  railroad,  or 
to  build  or  establish  bridges  or  ferries,  or  operate  any  line  of 
travel,  shall  hereafter  continue  to  be  or  be  construed  to  re- 
main exclusive  " 1873 

Compulsory  Education  law  passed 1874 

By  act  of  legislature,  27  Mch.  1874,  the  Stevens  battery,  in 
construction  since  1843,  which  had  cost  over  $2,500,000,  still 
unfinished,  is  sold  to  U.  S.  government  for  $145,000.  .2  Nov,     " 

Newark  City  Home  reform  school  opened  at  Verona " 

People  ratify  28  amendments  to  the  constitution,  proposed  by 
the  legislatures  of  1874  and  1875 7  Sept.  1875 

State  insane  asylum  at  Morristown  opened Aug.  1876 

Act  passed  creating  a  State  Board  of  Health 1877 

Soldiers'  Children's  home  closed " 

Centennial  anniversary  of  the  capture  of  Princeton  celebrated 
by  a  mock  fight  of  Newark  and  Pennsylvania  militia. 3  Jan.      " 

Convention  of  colored  men  held  at  Princeton  to  consider  the 
condition  of  their  race,  politically  and  socially 22  Aug.     " 

Bureau  of  Labor  and  Statistics  created  by  act  of  legislature. . .  1878 

Liberal  League  of  New  Jersey,  the  outgrowth  of  the  Citizens' 
Protective  Association  of  Newark,  in  state  convention  at 
Newark,  demand  remodelling  of  the  Sunday  laws Sept.  1879 

Thomas  Alva  Edison  establishes  a  laboratory  at  Menio  park, 
1876;  exhibits  his  newly-invented  system  of  electric  light- 
ing by  incandescent  carbon  vacuum  lamps Dec.     " 

Public  Normal  school  at  Newark  opened " 

St.  Benedict's  college  at  Newark,  opened  in  1868,  chartered.. . .  1881 

Frederick  Theodore  Frelinghuysen  appointed  secretary  of 
state  under  pres.  Arthur '. 12  Dec.      " 

Act  passed  to  create  a  council  of  state  charities  and  correction, 
to  consist  of  6  persons  appointed  by  the  governor — 28  Mch.  1883 

Law  enacted  to  abolish  and  prohibit  the  employment  under 
contract  of  convicts  and  inmates  of  prisons,  jails,  peniten- 
tiaries, and  all  public  reformatory  institutions  of  the  state. .  1884 

New  Jersey  school  for  deaf-mutes  at  Chambersburg,  near  Tren- 
ton, opened 1885 

Gen.  George  B.  McClellan,  b.  1826,  d.  at  Orange 29  Oct.     " 

State  Board  of  Agriculture  established 1887 


NEW 

Acts  of  legislatur*'  passed  making  Ijibor  day,  the  first  Monday 
in  Septoinber,  a  legal  holiday,  and  giving  women  the  right  to 
vote  at  schooUlistrict  meetings 

New  Jersey  homo  for  the  education  and  care  of  feeble-minded 
chiltlren  oiwued 

Local  option  and  high-licenso  law,  passed  in  1888,  is  repealed, 
and  a  high-license  law  enacted 

Horatio  Allen,  the  first  locomotive  engineer  in  the  U.  S.,  d.  at 
Montrose,  aged  88 1  Jan. 

Governor's  salary  raised  to  $10,000  per  year  by  law 16  Jan 

Australian  ballot  law  adopted  at  session  ending 23  May, 

Strike  of  over  3000  em|)loy^8  in  the  Clark's  thread  mills  at 
Newark  and  Kearney  begins 10  Dec. 

Saturday  half  holiday  established,  and  Rutgers  scientific  school 
awarded  the  funds  granted  by  Congress  in  aid  of  colleges  of 
agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  at  session. .  ..13  Jan. -20  Mch. 

Spinners' strike  in  the  Clark's  thread  mills  declared  off.  18  Apr. 

Smokeless  powder  used  for  the  first  time  in  this  country  at 
Sandv  Hook  in  an  8-inch  rifled  gun 25  July, 

Walt  Whitman,  poet,  b.  1819,  d.  at  Camden 26  Mch. 

U.  S.  practice  cruiser  Bancroft,  the  first  war-ship  built  in  the 
state,  is  launched  at  the  yards  of  Samuel  L.  Moore  &  Sons 
Co.  in  Elizabeth 30  Apr. 

City  of  Faterson  celebrates  the  100th  anniversary  of  its  found- 
ing  4  July. 

Democrats  and  Republicans  organize  separate  senates  at 
Trenton— the  governor  recognizing  the  Democratic  senate, 

9  Jan. 

Republican  senators  force  their  way  into  the  senate  chamber, 

10  Jan. 

Supreme  court  of  New  Jersey  decides  that  the  Republican  sen- 
ate is  lawful 21  Mch. 

Republican  senate  recognized  as  the  legal  senate 22  Mch. 

GOVERNORS. 

Peter  Minuit,  gov.  of  New  Netherlands assumes  office 

Wouter  Van  Twiller,  "  "  .... 

William  Keift,  "  *'  .••• 

John  Printz,  gov.  of  New  Sweden "  .... 

Peter  Stay  vesant,  gov.  of  New  Netherlands. .  "  .... 

Philip  Carteret,  first  Engl,  governor.. "  

Edmund  Andros,  under  duke  of  York "  .... 


566 


NEW 


East  Jersey. 

Philip  Carteret 1676 

Robert  Barclay 1682 

Thomas  Rudyard,  deputy. .     " 
Gawen  I^awrie,  "     . .  1683 

Lord  Neill  Campbell,  "      ..  1686 
Andrew  Hamilton,      "      . .  1687 

Edmund  Andros 1688 

John  Tatham 1690 

Col.  Joseph  Dudley 1691 

Andrew  Hamilton 1692 

Jeremiah  Basse 1698 

Andrew  Bowne,  deputy 1699 

Andrew  Hamilton " 


West  Jersey. 
Board  of  Commissioners. . . 

Edward  Byllinge. . ; 

Samuel  Jennings,  deputy.. 
Thomas  Olive,  "     .. 

John  Skeine,  " 

Daniel  Coxe 

Edward  Hunloke,  deputy.. 
West  Jersey  Proprietors. . . 

Andrew  Hamilton 

Jeremiah  Basse 

Andrew  Hamilton 


1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 


1891 


1892 


1894 


1624 
1633 
1638 
1642 
1646 
1664 
1674 

1676 
1679 


1685 
1687 
1690 
1691 
1692 
1697 


ROYAL  GOVERNORS. 

Edward  Hyde,  lord  Corubury assumes  omco 

Lord  Lovelace " 

Richard  IngoUisby,  lioutenant  governor 

Robert  Hunter 

William  Burnett 

John  Montgomery '' 

Lewis  Morris,  president  of  council " 

William  Crosby " 

John  Anderson,  president  of  council " 

John  Hamilton,  president  of  council " 

Lewis  Morris " 

John  Hamilton,  president " 

John  Reading,  president " 

Jonathan  Belcher " 

John  Reading,  president " 

Francis  Bernard " 

Thomas  Boone " 

Josiah  Hardy " 

William  Franklin " 

STATE   GOVERNORS. 

William  Livingston !  .assumes  office. 

William  Patterson 

Richard  Howell " 

Joseph  Bloomfield " 

John  Lambert,  acting " 

Joseph  Bloomfield " 

Aaron  Ogden " 

William  S.  Pennington ♦' 

Mahlon  Dickerson " 

Isaac  H.  Williamson " 

Peter  D.  Vroom " 

Samuel  Lewis  Southard " 

Elias  P.  Seeley " 

Peter  D.  Vroom " 

Philemon  Dickerson " 

William  Pennington " 

Daniel  Haines " 

Charles  C.  Stratton " 

Daniel  Haines " 

George  F.  Fort " 

Rodman  M.  Price " 

William  A.  Newall " 

Charles  S.  Olden " 

Joel  Parker. " 

Marcus  L.  Ward " 

Theodore  F.  Randolph " 

Joel  Parker " 

Joseph  D.  Bedle " 

George  B.  McClellan " 

George  C.  Ludlow " 

Leon  Abbett " 

Robert  S.  Green " 

Leon  Abbett " 

George  T.  Werts " 


I 


170! 
1708 
1709 
1710 
1720 
1728 
1731 
1733 
173ff 

1738 
1748 

1747 
175T 
1758 
1760 
1761 
1763 

177( 

179( 

1791 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1813 

18ial 

1811 

181' 

1821 

183fl 

1839 

183a 

183T 

184» 

1844 

1848 

1851 

1854 

1857 

1860 

1863 

186ft 

1869 

1872 

18T5 

1878 


1890 
1893 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  NEW   JERSEY. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


Remarks. 


■  Jonathan  Elmer 

William  Patterson 

Philemon  Dickenson 

John  Rutherford 

Frederick  Frelinghuysen  . .. 

Richard  Stockton 

Franklin  Davenport 

James  Schureman 

Aaron  Ogden 

Jonathan  Dayton 

John  Condit 

Aaron  Kitchel 

John  Lambert 

James  J.  Wilson 

Mahlon  Dickerson 

Samuel  L.  Southard. 

Joseph  Mcllvaine 

Ephraim  Bateman 

Theodore  Frelinghuysen 

Samuel  L.  Southard 

Garrett  D.  Wall 

William  L.  Dayton 

Jacob  W.  Miller 

Robert  F.  Stockton 

John  R.  Thomson 

William  Wright 

John  C.  Ten  Eyck 

Richard  S.  Field 

John  W.  Wall 

William  Wright 

Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen. 

John  P.  Stockton 

Alexander  O.  Cattell 

John  P.  Stockton 

Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen. 

Theodore  F.  Randolph 

John  R.  McPherson 

William  J.  Sewell 

Rufus  Blodgett 

James  Smith,  jr 

W.  J.  Sewell 


2d 


5th 
4th 
6th 
6th 


1st  to 
1st 
1st  to 
2d  " 
3d 
4th 
5th 

6th 

6th  to  8th 

6th  "  9th 

15th 

11th 

14th 

16th 

23d 

18th 

19th 

20th 

23d 

27th 

27th 

32d 

33d 

32d 

33d  to  37th 

33d  "  36th 

36th 

37th 

38th  to  39th 
39th  "  41st 

39th 
39th  to  42d 
41st  "  44th 
42d  "  45th 
44th  •'  47th 
45th  "  54th 
47  th  "  50th 
50th  "  52d 

53d  •'  

54th  "  


8th 
9th 
11th 
14th 
15th 
16th 
18th 
19th 
21st 
23d 
24th 
27th 
27th 


1789  to  1791 

1789  "  1790 

1790  "  1791 

1791  "  1798 
1793  "  1796 
1796  "  1799 

1798  "  1799 

1799  "  1801 
1801  "  1803 
1799  "  1805 
1803  "  1817 
1805  "  1809 
1809  "  1815 
1815  "  1821 
1817  "  1833 
1821  "  1823 
1823  "  1826 
1826  "  1829 
1829  "  1833 
1833  "  1842 
1835  "  1842 
1842  "  1851 
1841  "  18,53 
1851  "  18.53 
1853  "  1862 
1853  "  1859 

1859 


1863  to  1866 
1866  "  1869 

1865  "  1866 

1866  "  1871 
1869  "  1875 
1871  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 
1877  "  1895 
1881  "  1887 
1888  "  1893 


Resigned.     Elected  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

Elected  in  place  of  Patterson. 

Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Frelinghuysen. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Rutherford. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Schureman. 


Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Wilson.     Resigned. 
Elected  in  place  of  Southard.     Died  1826. 
Elected  in  place  of  Mcllvaine.     Resigned. 

/President  pro  tern.  11  Mch.  1841.     Resigned  May,  1842. 
\    June,  1842. 
Elected  in  place  of  Southard. 

Resigned. 
Died  1862. 


Died 


I 


Appointed  pro  <e?n.  in  place  of  Thomson. 
Elected  in  place  of  Thomson. 
Died  1866. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Wright. 

Unseated  Mch.  26,  1866.    See  Blaine's  "Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
Elected  in  place  of  Stockton.  [gress,"  vol.  ii.  pp.  154-153. 


Term  expires  1899. 


1895 


NEW     •  557 

New  Jeruialeni  church.    Swedknborgians. 

Sew  Lanark,  a  village  of  W.  Scotland.  Here 
Robert  Owen  endeavored  to  establish  socialism  in  1801 ;  and 
here  the  tirst  infant-school  was  set  up,  1815.     Harmonists. 

Sew  Harket,  Va.  Grant's  campaign  in  Vir- 
ginia, Opkuations  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

I^eW  Mexico,  a  territory  of  the  United  States,  lying 
between  lat.  31°  20'  and  37°  N.,  and  Ion.  103°  2'  and  109° 
2'  W.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Colorado,  east  by 
Texas,  south  by  Texas  and 
Mexico,  and  west  by  Arizona. 
Area,  122,580  sq.  miles;  pop. 
1890, 153,593.  Capital,  Santa 
Fe. 

Francisco  Vasquez  de  Co- 
ronado,  with  400  Span- 
iards and  800  Indians, 
makes  an  expedition  from 
Mexico  to  the  Pueblo 
Indian  villages  near  Santa 
FC;  which  he  conquers, 
and  explores  the  sur- 
rounding region. . .  .July,  1540 
Agustin  Rodriguez,  a  Franciscan  friar  of  San  Bartolom€, 
Mexico,  with  2  associates  and  an  escort  of  12  soldiers, 
ascends  the  Rio  Grande,  and  8  miles  from  the  site  of  Albu- 
querque the  party  separate ;  the  soldiers  returning  to  Mex- 
ico, the  3  friars  remaining Aug.  1581 

Don  Antonio  Espejo,  with  a  relief  party,  ascends  the  Rio  Grande, 

and  finding  the  missionaries  located  among  the  Pueblo  Ind- 

I     iaus  in  1581  had  been  killed,  he  retiirns  to  Sau  Bartolome 

I     by  way  of  the  Pecos  river 1582-83 

I  Don  Juan  de  Onate,  a  wealthy  citizen  of  Zacatecas,  under  au- 
i  thority  from  don  Luis  de  Valasco,  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  set- 
)  ties  with  a  colony  of  130  families,  10  friars,  and  a  number  of 
I     soldiers  in  the  valley  of  the  Chama  river,  just  above  its  junc- 

j     tion  with  the  Rio  Grande 1598 

*  Santa  F6  founded  under  the  title  La  Giudad  Real  de  la  Santa 

'     Fe  de  San  Francisco 1605 

1  Religious  persecution  of  the  Indians  by  the  Spanish,  who  whip, 
';     imprison,  and  hang  40  natives  who  would  not  renounce  their 

j    old  faith,  results  in  an  unsuccessful  revolt  of  Indians 1640 

'(Native  Indian  tribes  unite  in  a  project  to  make  a  simultaneous 
>  attack  on  the  Spanish  settlements,  but  the  plan  is  discovered 
!    and  broken  up  by  gov.  Concha,  who  arrests  and  imprisons  the 

!    leaders,  hanging  9,  and  selling  the  others  into  slavery 1650 

IFour  Indians  are  hung  and  43  whipped  and  enslaved  on  convic- 
j    tion  by  a  Spanish  tribunal  of  bewitching  the  superior  of  the 

'    Franciscan  monastery  at  San  Yldefonso 1675 

iPueblo  Indians  under  Popg,  reduced  to  abject  slavery  by  the 

Spanish,  rise  in  rebellion.     Their  plan  of  a  general  massacre 

!    on  10  Aug.  1680,  being  discovered,  they  begin  2  days  earlier 

I    a  massacre  of  the  Spanish,  who  are  obliged  to  flee  the  country, 

:   the  Pueblos  taking  possession  of  Santa  Fe 21  Aug.  1680 

Mew  Mexico  reconquered  by  the  Spanish  under  Diego  de  V'ar- 

i    gas  Zapata  Lujan 1692 

jSevere  famine  arising  in  the  Spanish  settlements,  the  Indians 
of  14  pueblos  enter  upon  a  desolating  but  unsuccessful  war 

for  the  expulsion  of  the  Spanish 1696 

Albuquerque  founded  during  the  administration  of  the  duke 

I   of  Albuquerque 1701-10 

Lieut. -col  Carrisco  discovers  the  Santa  Rita  mines  near  Sil- 

i   ver  City 1800 

Baptiste  Lalande,  a  Frenchman  from  Kaskaskia,  reaches  Santa 
!   F€  with  a  stock  of  merchandise,  which  he  disposes  of  at  a 

I  very  large  proflt 1804 

James  Pursley,  a  Kentuckian,  leaves  St.  Louis  in  1802,  and  after 

■  3  years'  wandering  reaches  Santa  Fe 1805 

Ijieut.  Zebulon  M.  Pike,  of  the  U.  S.  army,  builds  a  fort  on  the 
I  Rio  del  Notre  on  Spanish  soil,  supposing  it  to  be  the  Red 
I  river  and  American  possessions,  during  the  month  of  Feb. 
i  1807.     With  his  party  he  is  taken  to  Santa  Fe  by  a  Spanish 

■  escort,  where  they  arrive  3  Mch.  From  there  he  is  sent  to 
j  Chihuahua  under  escort,  arriving  2  Apr. ,  and  has  an  audience 
',  with  the  commanding  general  don  Nemecio  Salcedo.     After 

some  detention  he  is  sent  forward,  reaching  San  Antonio, 

:^  Texas,  7  June,  and  Natchitoches 1  July,  1807 

;'apts.  Glenn,  Becknell,  and  Stephen  Cooper  visit  Santa  Fe  with 
small  parties  and  a  limited  quantity  of  goods  for  trade. . .  1821-22 

I'irst  wagon  trains  from  Independence,  Mo.,  to  Santa  Fe 1824 

ifew  Mexico  made  a  territory  of  the  republic  of  Mexico. 6  July,     " 
'anta  F6  trail  made  an  authorized  road  by  act  of  Congress;  the 

!  bill  introduced  by  Thomas  H.  Benton,  and  passed Jan.  1825 

aravans  being  often  attacked  by  Indians,  U.  S.  government 

details  4  companies  as  escort  on  the  Santa  F6  road.. 1828 

Id  Placer  gold-mines  discovered  about  30  miles  southwest  of 

San  ta  F€ " 

;  xen  first  used  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail 1830 

I  Spanish  newspaper.  El  Crepusculo,  pub.  at  Taos 1835 

few  Mexican  constitution  goes  into  effect,  changing  the  terri- 
1  tory  into  a  department,  centralizing  power,  and  imposing  ex- 
j  tra  taxes.  The  new  system  being  obnoxious,  the  arrest  and 
I  imprisonment  of  a  local  judicial  officer  on  what  the  people 
i  considered  a  false  charge,  provokes  a  revolution,  1  Aug.  1837, 


NEW 


which  is  central  at  Santa  Cruz,  but  which  is  soon  quelled  by 
gen.  Manuel  Armijo 

New  Placer  gold  mines  discovered 

Expedition  under  gen.  McLeod  sets  out  from  Austin,  Tex.,  18 
June,  1841,  to  ascertain  the  feeling  of  the  New  Mexican  peo- 
ple with  respect  to  aunion  with  Texas.  When  near  San  Mi- 
guel the  force  is  met  by  Damacio  Salazar  and  his  Mexican 
troops,  seized  and  imprisoned  at  San  Miguel,  from  whence 
they  are  marched  under  guard  to  the  city  of  Mexico. .  17  Oct. 

Pros.  Santa  Aiia,  by  decree,  closes  the  frontier  custom-house 
at  Taos,  7  Aug.  1843,  but  repeals  the  act 31  Mch. 

Gen.  Stephen  W.  Kearney,  in  command  of  a  body  of  U.  S.  troops 
known  as  the  "Army  of  the  West,"  enters  Santa  Fe  and 
takes  formal  possession 18  Aug. 

Gen.  Kearney  establishes  a  government  for  the  territory  of  New 
Mexico,  with  Santa  F€  as  capital,  proclaiming  himself  pro- 
visional governor 22  Aug. 

Fort  Marcy  established  near  Santa  Fe 23  Aug. 

Gen.  Kearney  promulgates  the  "  Kearney  Code  of  Laws,"  and 
proclaims  Charles  Bent  governor  of  the  territory 22  Sept. 

Donaciano  Vigil  becomes  acting  governor  in  the  room  of  gov. 
Charles  Bent,  who  is  assassinated  at  Taos 19  Jan. 

Revolt  against  the  U.  S.  government  in  New  Mexico,  planned 
by  dons  Diego  Archuleta  and  Tomas  Ortiz,  breaks  out  at  Taos, 
but  is  suppressed  by  American  troops  under  col.  Sterling 
Price,  and  gov.  Montoya,  prominent  in  the  rebellion,  is  tried 
by  court-martial  and  executed  7  Feb.  6  others,  convicted  of 
participating  in  the  murder  of  gov.  Bent,  are  executed,  3  Aug. 

Santa  Fe  Republican,  the  first  newspaper  printed  in  English, 
begins  its  career 

By  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  concluded  2  Feb.  1848, 
and  proclaimed  in  Santa  F6  in  Aug.  following,  New  Mexico 
becomes  a  part  of  the  U.  S Aug. 

People  of  New  Mexico,  in  convention  at  Santa  F6,  petition 
Congress  for  a  territorial  government,  oppose  the  dismem- 
berment of  their  territory  in  favor  of  Texas,  and  ask  protec- 
tion of  Congress  against  the  introduction  of  slavery.  .14  Oct. 

By  proclamation  of  gov.  Munroe,  in  Apr.  1850,  a  convention 
assembles  at  Santa  F6  15  May,  and  frames  a  constitution 
for  the  territory  of  New  Mexico,  25  May,  prohibiting  slavery 
and  fixing  the  east  and  west  boundaries  at  100°  and  111°. 
This  constitution  was  ratified  by  the  people  20  June,  by  a 
vote  of  8371  for  to  39  against,  and  Henry  Connelly  was  elect- 
ed governor,  but  the  movement  was  not  recognized 

Act  of  Congress  establishing  a  territorial  government  for  New 
Mexico  approved 9  Sept. 

First  legislative  assembly  convenes  at  Santa  F6,  and  declares 
it  the  capital  of  the  territory 2  June, 

Santa  F^  incorporated  as  a  city 

Gov.  James  S.  Calhoun  dies  while  on  his  way  to  the  states, 
and  John  Greiner  becomes  acting  governor .30  June, 

Academy  of  Our  Lady  of  Light,  in  charge  of  the  sisters  of 
Loretto,  organized  at  Santa  Fe 

Christopher  or  ''  Kit"  Carson  appointed  Indian  agent  in  New 
Mexico 

Territory  acquired  from  Mexico  under  the  Gadsden  purchase 
is  incorporated  with  the  territory  of  New  Mexico 4  Aug. 

School  law  passed  requiring  compulsory  attendance,  and  the 
appointment  of  teachers  by  the  justice  of  the  peace  in  each 
precinct,  who  is  entitled  to  collect  the  sum  of  50  cents  per 
month  for  each  child  attending 23  Jan. 

Maj.  Isaac  Lynde,  U.  S.  A.,  in  command  at  fort  Fillmore,  sur- 
renders the  fort  and  his  entire  command  of  700  to  lieut.- 
col.  John  R.  Baylor,  confederate 27  July, 

Confederates  under  gen.  H.  F.  Sibley  defeat  the  federals  under 
col.  Canby  at  Valverde,  10  miles  below  fort  Craig 21  Feb. 

Battle  at  Apache  canon,  near  Santa  Fe;  col.  Slough  defeats  the 
confederates  under  col.  Scurry 28  Mch. 

Santa  F6,  in  possession  of  the  confederates  since  11  Mch.  1862, 
is  recovered  by  the  federals 21  Apr. 

Territory  of  Arizona  formed  from  part  of  New  Mexico,  24  Feb. 

Gov.  Connelly  dies ;  W.  F.  M.  Arny  acting  governor. 

Portion  of  New  Mexico  above  37°"attached  to  Colorado 

By  act  of  Congress  peonage  is  abolished  and  forever  prohibit- 
ed in  the  territory  of  New  Mexico 2  Mch. 

Governor  in  his  message  announces  telegraphic  communica- 
tion with  the  North 

Archives  of  New  Mexico,  partly  destroyed  in  1680,  are  further 
depleted  under  the  rule  of  gov.  Pile,  when  they  are  sold  for 
waste  paper  and  only  about  one  quarter  of  them  recovered.. 

Legislature  provides  for  common  schools,  under  a  board  of 
supervisors  and  directors  elected  by  each  county 

Serious  election  riot  at  La  Mesilla 2  Sept. 

Gov.  Mar.sh  Giddings  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  William  G. 
Ritch  as  acting-governor 3  Jan. 

Ute  Indians  removed  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Colorado  reser- 
vation   Apr.  -July, 

Locomotive  on  the  new  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  rail- 
road reaches  Las  Vegas 4  July, 

New  Mexico  Historical  Society,  organized  in  1859-60,  is  reor- 
ganized  

Bureau  of  Immigration  established  by  act  of  legislature 

University  of  New  Mexico  at  Santa  F€  chartered  and  opened. . 

Public-school  law  passed  creating  the  office  of  county  superin- 
tendent, and  providing  for  the  election  by  the  people  of  3 
commissioners  for  each  precinct 

Act  of  assembly  passed  establishing  an  orphans'  home  and 
industrial  school  at  Santa  F€ 

Destructive  raids  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  territory 
by  Apache  Indians  from  Arizona May.  June,  and  Oct. 

Territorial  prison  at  Santa  FtS  completed  and  opened 


1837 
1839 


1841 
1844 

1846 


1847 


1850 

1851 
1852 

1853 
1854 

1860 

1861 
1862 


1863 
1865 
186T 


1868 

1870 
1871 

1875 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 

1884 


1889 


1890 


1892 


NEW 

New  Mexico  school  for  the  douf  ami  dumb  at  Santa  F^  opened, 

Ramona  Indian  school  for  girls  located  at  Santa  V6 

New  capitol  building  completed  at  Santa  FtS,  under  act  of  28 
Mch.  1884,  creating  a  capitol  building  committee 

Legislature  passes  over  the  governor's  veto  an  act  abolishing 
the  office  of  attorney-genenil  and  substituting  that  of  solici- 
tor general  16  f'eb. 

Acts  of  the  legislature  passed  creating  a  state  university  at 
Albuquerque,  an  agricultural  college  at  lias  Cruces,  and  a 
school  of  mines  at  Socorro 

Insane  asylum  at  Ias  Vegas  created  by  act  of  legislature 

Territorial  Board  of  Health  provided  for  by  act  of  legislature. . 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Santa  F6  3  Sept.,  adopts  a 
constitution  for  the  proposed  state  of  New  Mexico,  and  ap- 
points a  committee  to  present  it  to  Congress 21  Sept. 

Agricultunil  college  at  I^s  Cruces  opened 21  Jan. 

Constitution,  amended  by  a  convention  which  reconvened  at 
Santa  V6  18  Aug.,  is  rejected  by  the  people  by  16,180  votes 
(br  and  7943  against,  at  an  election  held 7  Oct 

Ballot-box  in  Santa  V6  county  disappears  mysteriously,  and 
the  commissioners  of  Santa  F6  refuse  to  canvass  the  vote  in 
that  precinct,  while  Democratic  commissioners  in  Taos 
county  throw  out  returns  favoring  Republicans.  After  liti- 
gation before  justice  Seeds  of  the  District  court,  in  Dec.  sec. 
Bei^jamin  .M.  Thomas,  acting-governor,  swears  in  the  Repub- 
lican candidates  in  both  precincts Dec. 

Second  Friday  in  Mch.  designated  as  Arbor  day,  a  territorial 
Boiird  of  Education  created,  and  a  high-license  bill  passed  by 
the  legislature,  at  session 29  Dec.  1890-26  Feb. 

Ex-gov.  Samuel  B.  Axtell  d.  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  aged  72, 

6  Aug. 

Forest  preserve  in  New  Mexico  set  apart  by  proclamation  of 
pre&  Harrison H  Ja°- 

Territorial  capitol  building  at  Santa  F€  burned 12  May,     " 

GOVERNORS. 

[A  list  of  the  governors  ruling  in  New  Mexico  previous  to  1846, 
with  notes,  may  be  found  in  "  Historical  Sketches  of  New  Mexico," 
by  L.  Bradford  Prince.  A  list  of  names  only,  in  "The  Annual 
Statistician  and  Economist,"  L.  P.  McCarty,  1889,  and  elsewhere.] 

U.  S.  MILITARY  GOVERNORS. 

Gen.  Stephen  W.  Kearney assumes  office 22  Aug. 

Charles  Bent appointed 22  Sept. 

Donaciano  Vigil acting 19  Jan. 

Lieut. -col.  J.  M.  Washington appointed 

Maj.  John  Munroe "         

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

James  S.  Calhoun assumes  office 3  Mch. 

Col.  E.  V.  Sumner. acting 

John  Greiner. "    

William  Carr  I,ane appointed 

William  S.  Messervy acting  4  months 

David  Meriwether. appointed 

W.  H.  H.  Davis acting 

Abraham  Rencher appointed 

Henry  Connelly "         

W.  F.  M.  Amy acting 

Robert  B.  Mitchell appointed 

William  A.  Pile "         

Marsh  Giddings "         

William  6.  Ritch acting 

Samuel  B.  Axtell appointed 

Lewis  Wallace ...         "         

Lionel  A.  Sheldon "         

Edmund  G.  Ross "         

L.  Bradford  Prince "         

William  T.  Thornton "         


558 


NEW 


1846 

1847 
1848 
1849 


1851 
1852 


1853 

1857 

1861 
1865 
1866 
1869 
1871 
1875 

1878 
1881 
1885 


New^  Netlierland.    New  York,  1614. 

^ew  Orleans.  The  site  of  New  Orleans,  "the 
Crescent  City,"  was  selected  by  M.  de  Bienville,  governor  of 
Louisiana,  as  a  location  for  the  chief  city  of  the  colony  in 
1718,  and  settled  by  a  detachment  of  25  convicts,  as  many 
carpenters,  and  some  settlers  from  the  Illinois  country.  The 
seat  of  government  was  established  there  in  Aug.  1722,  at 
which  time  the  population  numbered  300,  and  the  town  con- 
sisted of  about  100  houses.  New  Orleans  came  under  American 
rule  20  Dec.  1803,  after  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States  by  France,  and  at  this  time  had  a  population,  including 
the  suburbs,  of  about  10,000.  In  1820  the  pop.  was  27,176, 
and  bv  decades  since:  1830,  29,737;  1840,  102,193;  1850, 
116,37.5;  1860,  168,675;  1870,  191,418;  1880,216,090;  1890, 
242,039.  Area  (U.  S.  census,  1890),  37.09  sq.  miles.  Lat. 
30°  N.,  Ion.  90^  5'  W. 

Bienville  sends  sieur  Le  Blond  de  la  Tour  to  the  settlement, 
who  surveys  the  town,  marks  ofl'  streets,  and  builds  a  levee 

along  the  river  front 1718-20 

Seat  of  government  of  Louisiana  removed  to  New  Orleans,  Aug.  1722 

Storm  destroys  30  houses,  the  church,  and  hospital 11  Sept.     " 

Arrival  of  the  Ursnline  nuns 1727 

Arrival  of  the  "  fiUes  a  la  cassette  "  or  casket  girls,  sent  from 
France  in  care  of  the  Ursulines,  to  be  disposed  of  in  marriage 

under  their  discretion 1727-28 

Ursuline  convent  erected  on  square  bounded  by  the  river  and 


Chartres  st.,  below  Ursuline  st.  (occupied  by  them  for  94 

years) , I7i 

Charity  hospital  founded  by  a  sailor,  Jean  Louis 1' 

First  sugar-cane  grown  in  Louisiana  introduced  from  St.  Do- 
mingo, and  planted  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  angle  of  Common 

and  Tchbupiloulas  sis 175| 

First  sugar  mill  erected  by  .M.  Debrcuil  on  his  plantation,  now 

part  of  the  3d  district  (adjoining  the  2d  on  the  river) 17| 

Spain  takes  formal  possession  of  Louisiana 171 

[From  this  time  until  1800  New  Orleans  remained  subject 
to  the  Spanish  government.     Louisia.na.] 
A  cabildo  established,  composed  of  6  perpetual  rigidors,  2  or- 
dinary alcaldes,  an  attorney-general  syndic,  and  clerk, 

21  Nov.] 
Special  revenue  assigned  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans:-  an  annn 
tax  of  $40  on  every  tavern,  billiard  table,  and  coffee-hou 
and  $20  on  every  boarding  house;  an  impost  of  $1  on  evei 
barrel  of  brandy  brought  to  the  city,  and  a  tax  of  $375  on  thl 
butchers  of  the  place ;  an  anchorage  tax  of  $6  on  every  vessel 

of  over  200  tons  and  $3  on  smaller 22  Feb.  1 

John  James  Audubon  b.  at  New  Orleans 4  May.  171 

Charity  hospital  of  St.  Charles,  a  brick  structure  erected  by 
don  Andres  Almonaster  y  Roxas  at  a  cost  of  $114,000  on 
west  side  of  Rampart,  between  Toulouse  and  St.  Peter  sts., 
on  site  of  the  charity  hospital  founded  by  Jean  Louis  and 

destroyed  by  a  hurricane  in  1779 1784-8*" 

Fire  breaks  out  in  the  rear  of  the  government  buildings  and 

destroys  856  buildings,  nearly  half  the  town 21  Mch.  178t 

St.  Louis  cathedral,  begun  1792,  completed 171 

Le  Moniteur  de  la  Louisiane,  the  first  newspaper,  published 

entirely  in  French,  established ' 

Second  great  fire  destroys  in  3  hours  212  houses 8  Dec.     ' 

Police  department  established,  1792,  and  4  years  after  there 
were  13  night-watchmen  in  the  town  and  80  street  lamps  in 

operation 171 

Carondelet  canal,  begun  1794,  completed «• 

Salcedo,  in  the  hall  of  the  cabildo,  delivers  to  Laussat,  the 

French  colonial  prefect,  the  keys  of  New  Orleans 30  Nov.  I81 

Municipal  government,  composed  of  a  mayor  and  council,  es- 
tablished in  place  of  the  cabildo  by  Laussat ' 

Laussat  gives  over  the  keys  of  the  city  to  commissioners  Clai- 
borne and  gen.  Wilkinson  of  the  U.  S 20  Dec.     ' 

Incorporated  as  a  city  under  American  charter  with  mayor, 

recorder,  treasurer,  and  council  of  14  aldermen 17  Feb.  1805 

Aaron  Burr  arrives  in  New  Orleans 26  June,     " 

Batture  riots;  second  and  most  serious  outbreak  occurring, 

15  Sept.  1807 
Christ's  church,  a  small  octagonal  structure,  erected  on  cor. 

Bourbon  and  Canal  sts 1809 

First  vessel  propelled  by  steam,  the  Orleans  from  Pittsburg, 

arrives  at  New  Orleans 10  Jan.  1812 

New  Orleans  college  built  and  put  into  operation  at  cor.  Bayou 

road  and  St.  Claude  st " 

Gen.  Jackson  arrives  at  New  Orleans  (Louisiana) 2  Dec.  1814 

Battle  of  New  Orleans  fought  (United  States) 8  Jan.  1815 

Portion  of  city  flooded  to  the  aepth  of  3  to  4  feet,  the  flood 
continuing  nearly  a  month;    cause,  the  breaking  of   the 

Macarty  levee 6  May,  1816 

First  cobble-stone  pavement  laid  on  Gravier  st. ,  between  Tchou- 

pitoulas  and  Magazine  sts 1817 

One  central  and  2  primary  schools  established  by  legislative 

act Mch.  1826 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Donaldsonville 1829 

Parish  prison  on  Orleans  St.,  near  Congo  square,  built  at  a  cost 

'  of  $200,000 1830 

New  Orleans  again  made  the  seat  of  government 8  Jan.  1831 

Cholera  destroys  3^  of  the  entire  population,  about  6000  deaths 

occurring  in  20  days;  it  makes  its  appearance  about  25  Oct.  1832 
Bank's  Arcade,  "a  glass  roofed  mercantile  court  in  the  midst 

of  the  St.  James's  Hotel  in  Magazine  St.,"  built 1833 

First  water-works  company  chartered  under  the  name  of  the 

Commercial  Bank " 

Charity  hospital  in  Common  st.  erected  at  a  cost  of  $150,000, 1832-34 
State-house,  formerly  the  Ursuline  nunnery,  occupied  as  the 

seat  of  the  archbishop  of  Louisiana 1834 

Streets  lighted  with  gas " 

Jackson  barracks  built 1834-35 

St.  Charles  theatre  built  at  a  cost  of  $350,000 1835 

Branch  U.  S.  mint  of  New  Orleans  founded " 

New  charter  dividing  the  city  into  3  distinct  municipalities: 
the  old  town,  the  Faubourg  Ste.  Marie,  and  the  Faubourg 
Marigny,  with  a  mayor  and  general  council  over  the  whole 

city. 1836 

Mississippi   river  water  furnished  through  mains  under  the 

principal  streets " 

Merchants'  Exchange  on  Royal  St.,  below  Canal,  completed...     " 

New  Orleans  Picayune,  daily,  established 1837 

First  St.  Charles  hotel,  called  the  Exchange  hotel,  begun  1835, 

completed  at  a  cost  ot  $600,000 1838 

State  library  of  Louisiana  founded " 

Modern  system  of  free  public  schools  established  in  the  city 

of  Lafayette 1841 

Boys'  House  of  Refuge  opened 1843 

Library  of  the  New  Orleans  l^aw  Association  founded 1844 

Public  school  and  Lyceum  library  founded " 

Over  2800  deaths  from  yellow-fever  during  summer  and  fall  of  1847 
Large  portion  of  the  city  overflowed  by  the  breaking  of  the 
levee  in  front  of  Sauve's  plantation  above  New  Orleans,  3 
May,  1849 ;  200  squares  under  water  to  a  depth  of  from  4  to  6  i 

feet;  flood  at  its  highest  point 30  May,  1849 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Baton  Rouge 1850  : 


NEW  559 

St.  Charles  hotel  burned  (restored  1852-53) 16  Feb.  1850 

Telegraphic  line  to  St.  Louis  completed " 

First  granite  block  pavement  laid " 

Three  municipalities,  together  with  the  city  of  Lafayette,  con- 
solidated by  a  new  charter 12  Apr.  1852 

Yellow-fever  breaks  out  in  June;  reaches  its  maximum  22 
Aug.,  on  which  day  over  283  deaths  were  reported.  The  total 
interments  in  the  cemeteries  between  1  June  and  1  Oct.  were 

11,000 1853 

Bronze  equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Jackson  erected  in  the  Place 

d'Armes,  now  Jackson  square 1855 

Banks  suspend  specie  payment 18  Sept.  1861 

New  Orleans  surrendered  to  flag-officer  Farragut,  26  Apr.,  and 
formal  possession  taken  by  land  forces  under  gen.  Butler 

(Louisiana) 1  May,  1862 

Times- Democrat  established 1863 

Negro  political  riot;  many  negroes  killed  and  wounded, 

30  July,  1866 

Water- works  purchased  by  the  city 1869 

New  charter,  adopting  the  administrative  system,  and  annexa- 
tion of  Jefferson  City 1870 

Straight  university,  chartered  1869,  opened " 

Exposition  park,  250  acres,  purchased  by  a  commission  ap- 
pointed    1871 

New  Orleans  university  chartered  and  opened 1873 

City  of  Carrolton  annexed 1874 

New  Orleans  City  Item  established 1877 

City  disposes  of  its  water-works  system  to  a  private  corpora- 
tion—the New  Orleans  Water-works  company 10  Apr..    " 

Tellow-fever  epidemic;  about  4500  deaths;  first  case  reported, 

23  May,  1878 
Auxiliary  Sanitary  Association  of  New  Orleans  organized, 

31  Mch.  1879 

The  States  established 1880 

Seat  of  government,  which  had  been  in  New  Orleans  since  the 

civil  war,  again  removed  to  Baton  Rouge " 

Southern  university  chartered  and  opened " 

New  Orleans  Drainage  and  Sewerage  company,  organized  17 
Mch.  1880,  and  ordinance  adopted  by  council  providing  for  a 
contract  with  the  company  for  drainage  of  the  city.  .12  Apr.  1881 

Southern  Academic  institute  opened " 

New  city  charter  adopted  by  the  legislature June,  1882 

Tulane  University  of  Louisiana  chartered  and  opened 1884 

World's  Industrial  Cotton  Exposition  opened  by  pres.  Arthur 
getting  the  machinery  in  motion  by  telegraph  from  Washing- 
ton, 16  Dec.  1884;  continues  until 31  May,  1885 

New  Orleans  Normal  school  established '' 

New  Orleans  public  school  for  deaf-mutes  opened 1886 

Evening  News  established 1889 

New  Orleans  New  Delta  established 1890 

David  C.  Hennessy,  chief  of  police,  shot  by  Italians,  supposed 

to  be  Maffia,  near  his  home 15  Oct.     " 

Eleven  Italians,  implicated  in  the  killing  of  chief  Hennessy,  are 

massacred  in  the  parish  prison  (United  States) 14  Mch.  1891 

Gen.  Beauregard  d.  aged  75  years 20  Feb.  1893 

St.  Charles  hotel  burned ;  loss  $500,000 28  Apr.  1894 

U.  S.  court  of  appeals  at  New  Orleans  decided  that  the  city  is 
not  liable  for  damages  for  the  death  of  the  Sicilians  (Maffia) 
killed  Mch.  1891 30  May,     " 


NEW 


MAYORS. 


1  Joseph  Mather 1807-12 

1  Nicolas  Girod 1812-15 

Augustin  Macarty 1815-20 

Joseph  Rouffignac 1820-28 

Denis  Prieur 1828-40 

William  Freret 1840-43 

;  Denis  Prieur 1843-44 

!  Edgar  Montegut 1844-46 

A.  D.  Crossman 1846-54 

John  Lewis 1854-56 

; Charles  M.  Waterman. . .  1856-58 

i.Gerard  Stith 1858-60 

'John  T.  Monroe 1860-62 


Twelve  mayors  by  U.  S. 

military  appointment.  1862-66 

JohnT  Monroe 1866-68 

John  R.  Conway 1868-70 

Benjamin  F.  Flanders.. .  1870-72 

Louis  Alfred  Wiltz 1872-74 

Charles  J.  Leeds 1874-76 

Edward  Pilsbury 1876-78 

Isaac  W.  Patton 1878-80 

Joseph  A.  Shakspeare. . .  1880-82 

W.  J.  Behan 1882-84 

J.  V.  Guillotte 1884-88 

Joseph  A.  Shakspeare. . .  1888-92 

John  Fitzpatrick 1892-96 

i  Newport,  R.  I.,  a  celebrated  watering-place.  Rhode 
jIsLAND,  1639,  and  throughout.  Here  bishop  Berkeley,  and 
•Smybert,  the  earliest  professional  portrait-painter  in  Anoerica, 
'resided  for  a  while.  It  is  near  the  entrance  of  Narragausett 
bay,  and  was  the  scene  of  many  stirring  events  during  the 
American  Revolution,  being  occupied  alternately  by  British 
and  American  troops.  French,  under  Rocharabeaii,  also 
lauded  in  1780. 

IVew  Rugby,  Tenn.,  a  colony  of  British  farmers  and 
others,  fomided  on  English  principles  by  Thomas  Hughes, 
formerly  M.P.,  author  of  "Tom  Brown's  School-daj-s,"  etc.; 
inaugurated  5  Oct.  1880. 

news-letters.     Newspapers. 

Ne  W^  Soiltll  Wales,  the  principal  and  oldest  colony 
>f  Australia,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  New  Holland,  was  ex- 
jlored,  taken  pos.session  of,  and  named  by  capt.  Cook  in  1770. 
At  his  recommendation  a  convict  colony  was  tirst  formed  here. 
^^apt.  A.  Phillip,  first  governor,  arrived  at  Botany  bay  with  800 
convicts,  20  Jan.  1788;  but  he  subsequently  preferred  Sydney, 


about  7  miles  from  the  head  of  Port  Jackson,  as  a  better  situ- 
ation for  the  capital.  A  new  constitution  was  granted  in  1855 
(18  and  19  Vict.  c.  54).  Area,  310,700  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891, 
1,134,207. 

newspapers.  Before  the  invention  of  printing, 
news  was  circulated  by  manuscript  news-letters,  the  earliest 
of  which  was  the  Acta  Diurna,  said  to  have  been  issued  at 
Rome  691  b.c.  As  late  as  1703  John  Campbell  published 
his  news-letter  in  Boston,  Mass.,  and  9  or  more  numbers  are 
in  the  collection  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  society.  The 
era  of  newspapers,  printed  from  metal  type  with  printing  ink, 
began  with  the  publication  of  the  Gazette  at  Nuremburg,  Ba- 
varia, in  1467.  (Those  marked  with  *  in  existence  in  1892.) 
Magazines. 

Chronicle  printed  at  Cologne  by  Ulric  Zell 1499 

Gazetta  printed  in  Venice 1570 

*  Die  Frankfurter  Oberpostamts  Zeitung,  called  the  first  daily 
paper  in  the  world,  appeared  in  Frankfort,  Germany 1615 

Nathaniel  Butters  publishes  1  or  2  numbers  of  The  Courant, 
or  Weekly  Newesfrom  Forain  Partes,  sold  in  London  streets 
by  "mercury  women"  and  "hawkers" 9  Oct.  1621 

First  known  issue  of  the  Weekly  Newes,  published  at  London  by 
Nicholas  Bourne  and  Thomas  Archer 23  May,  1622 

*  Gazette  de  France  established  at  Paris 1631 

*  Postoch  Inrikes  Tidning  established  at  Stockholm,  Sweden. .  1644 
First  newspaper  advertisement  (a  reward  offered  for  2  stolen 

horses),  in  the  London  Impartial  Intelligencer Mch.  1648 

Mercurius  Politicus  issued  in  Leith,  Scotland t Oct.  1653 

*  Oxford  Gazette,  first  official  organ  of  the  court,  afterwards 
the  London  Gazette,  the  only  authorized  newspaper,  con- 
tained little  more  than  proclamations  and  advertisements, 
established Nov.  1665 

First   Irish   newspaper,  Dublin  News-letter,   established  by 

Joseph  Ray 1685 

[News  writers  at  this  time  collected  from  the  coffee-houses 

information  which  was  printed  weekly  and  sent  into  the 

country  and  called  news  letters.] 

Pile's  Occurrences  published  in  Dublin,  Ireland 1700 

Daily  Courant,  first  daily  newspaper  in  English,  published  by 

Elizabeth  Mallet,  in  London Mch.  1702 

St.  Petersburg  Gazette  published  in  Russia 1703 

*  Edinburgh  Courant  established 1705 

Orange  Postman,  father  of  the  penny  press,  established  in 

England 1706 

To  prevent  abuse  of  liberty  of  the  press,  queen  Anne  imposes 

a  tax  on  newspapers ; June,  1712 

Journal  de  Paris,  ou  Paste  au  Soir,  first  daily  paper  in  Paris, 

established , 1777 

*  The  Times  (daily)  established  in  London 1  Jan.  1788 

*  Allgemeine  Zeitung  established  at  Leipsic 1798 

First  newspaper  in  Turkey,  The  Spectator  of  the  East,  issued 

at  Smyrna  by  M.  Blecque 1827 

*  London  Evening  Standard  established " 

*  Spectator  (weekly)  established  at  London 1828 

*  Athenaeum  (literary  and  scientific  weekly)  established  in 
London " 

La  Caricature,  a  comic  French  paper  established  by  Charles 
Philopon July.  1830 

Copies  of  The  English  Mercuric  (1588)  in  the  British  museum 
are  proved  to  be  forgeries  (executed  about  1766)  by  T.  Watts,  1839 

*  Punch  (comic  weekly)  established  at  London 1841 

*  Illustrated  London  News  (weekly)  established 1842 

*  London  Daily  News  established 21  Jan.  1846 

Reuter's  Telegram  company  founded  in  London 1849 

*  Notes  and  Queries  (literary  and  antiquarian  weekly)  estab- 
lished in  London " 

Stamp  duty  on  newspapers  in  England  abolished 15  June,  1855 

*  Saturday  Review  (literary  weekly)  established  at  London. . .      •• 

*  London  Daily  Telegraph  established June,     ■' 

*  London  Morning  Standard  (daily)  established 29  June,  1857 

*  Pall  Mall  Gazette  established  in  London 1865 

London  Press  association  founded 1868 

*  Academy  (literary  weekly)  established  in  London 1869 

Number  of  newspapers  in  the  United  Kingdom  in  1891  was 

2233,  of  which  183  were  daily,  published  as  follows: 

Total.  Daily 

....142 


t.„   , A      (London 470) 

England.,     p^^^j^^^g ^293 


Wales 90. 

Scotland 201. 

Ireland 157 . 

Isles 22. 


new^spapers  in  the  United  States.  The  increase  of 
newspaper  literature  in  the  U.  S.  is  marvellous.  In  1783  there 
were  but  43  newspapers ;  in  1801  there  were  200  weekly  and  17 
daily  journals.  In  1830,  with  a  population  of  23,500,000,  852 
newspapers  were  published  (50  dailies),  issuing  68,117,796  cop- 
ies yearly;  in  1840,1631  newspapers,  with  195,838,673  copies 
yearly ;  in  1850,  2526  newspapers  with  426,409,978  copies  year- 
ly ;  in  1860, 4051  newspapers,  with  an  annual  issue  of  928,000,000 
copies,  being  an  increase  of  118  per  cent,  in  10  years.  In  1870 
there  were  5871  newspapers,  with  a  circulation  of  20,842,475  cop- 
ies.   In  1880  there  were  980  daily,  8718  weeklv,  and  1075  other 


NEW 

newspapers  and  periodicals.     The  circulation  of  daily  news- 
papers was  3,637,424 ;  that  of  weekly  newspapers,  19,459,107 
copies.     The  number  of  copies  printed  in  1880  was  2,077,- 
«;59,675.     (Those  marked  with  *  in  existence  in  1894.) 
Kirst  and  only  issue  of  I^ublic  Occurrences  botli  Foreign  and 

Domestick,  a  proposed  monthly  at  Bostou,  Mass '25  Sept.  1690 

Newspaper  reporting  begun  by  tlio  Huston  News-Letter ;  re- 
port of  execution  of  C  pirates  published,  with  prayer,  etc., 
"as  near  as  it  could  be  taken  in  writing  in  the  great 

crowd  " 30  June,  1704 

John  Peter  Zenger,  editor  of  the  New  York  Weekly  Journal, 
arrested;  tirst  prosecution  for  newspaper  libel  on  this  conti- 
nent....  17  Nov.  1734 

"Carriers'  addresses"  originated  by  William  Bradford  of  the 
fennsylvania  Journal 1  Jan.  1776 


560  NEW 

Estab'd 

Universal  Instructor  in  all  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  PtMin 
sylvania  Gazette,  Philadelphia,  Ucnjainin  Frauiclin.  Called 
Pennsylvania  Gazette  after  28  Sept.  17'29 172j 

Weekly  Rehearsal,  Boston,  Jeremy  Gridley;  became  Bo.stou 
Kvening  Post,  '21  Aug.  1735;  suspended  1775 '27  Sept.  173] 

South  Carolina  (iazette,  Charleston,  Thomas  Whitoinarsh,  8  Jan 

Khode  Island  Gazette,  Newport,  James  Franklin.  First  in 
state;  1'2  numbers  published 27  Sept.  173! 

New  York  Weekly  Journal,  John  Peter  Zenger;  suspended 
1752. 5  Nov.  1731 

Boston  Weekly  Post- Boy,  Kills  Huske 17* 

Virginia  Gazette,  Williamsburg,  William  Parks  (first  in  state), 

Aug.  173( 

Pennsylvania  .lournal  and  Weekly  Advertiser,  Philadelphia, 
William  Bradford 174 

New  York  Evening  Post,  Henry  de  Forrest  (ran  one  year) 174< 

Independent  Advertiser,  Boston,  Samuel  Adams 4  .Ian.  1741 


Isaiah  l-homas,  editor  or  Massachmetts  Spy,  advertises  to  pay           ,  ^ew  York  Mercury,  Hugh  Gaine  (called  Gaine's  New  York  (Ja 
10  shilhngs  per  pound  for  paper  rags.. ...........  .^.16  Nov.  1780         ^^^^^  ^^^  Mercury  after  1767).. 3  Aug.  1 


First  daily  newspaper  in  the  U.  S.,  The  American  Daily  Ad 
vertiser,  issued  in  Philadelphia 1784 

Satioiuil  Intelligencer  and  Washington  Advertiser,  organ  of  the 
administration  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  established  by  Samuel 
Harrison  Smith 1801 

Enos  Bronson,  editor  of  the  United  States  Gazette  of  Philadel- 
phia, gives  first  full  market-reports  of  prices  current 1806 

yiles's  Weekly  Register  established  in  Baltimore  by  Hezekiah 
Niles 7  Sept,  1811 

Nathan  Hale,  first  to  make  editorial  articles  prominent,  as- 
sumes editorship  of  the  Boston  Daily  Advertiser 7  Apr.  1814 

lioston  Recorder,  first  religious  newspaper  in  the  U.  S.,  pub- 
lished by  Nathaniel  Willis,  Edward  Morse,  editor 3  Jan.  1816 

*  American  Farmer,  pioneer  agricultural  paper  in  the  U.  S., 
established  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  by  John  S.  Skinner 2  Apr.  1818 

First  Sunday  newspaper  in  the  U.  S.,  the  Sunday  Courier,  es- 
tablished by  Joseph  C.  Melcher  in  New  York 1825 

United  States  Telegraph  becomes  organ  of  gen.  Jackson's  ad- 
ministration at  his  accession 4  Mch.  1829 

First  regular  news-boat,  to  intercept  packet  ships  for  foreign 
intelligence,  instituted  by  the  New  York  Journal  of  Com- 
merce   1830 

United  Stales  Telegraph  succeeded  by  the  Globe  as  official  organ 
of  the  administration Dec.     " 

Garrison's  Liberator  (anti-slavery)  founded  at  Boston Jan.  1831 

*Spirit  of  the  Times,  first  weekly  sporting  paper  in  the  U.  S., 
established  in  New  York  by  William  T.  Porter " 

New  York  Journal  of  Commerce  establishes  a  pony  express 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York.. 1833 

*Sun  begun  as  a  one-cent  paper  in  New  York,  by  Benjamin 
H.  Day 3  Sept.     " 

"  Moon  Hoax,"  by  Richard  Adams  Locke,  in  New  York  Sun. .  1835 

Shorthand  reporters  first  employed  on  daily  press  in  the 
U.  S 1837 

First  report  of  religious  anniversary  meetings  in  New  York 
Herald  (disapproved  by  the  clergy) 1839 

First  reported  sermons  in  New  York  Herald  (Tuesday's) 1844 

Washington  Union,  edited  by  Thomas  Ritchie  and  John  P. 
Heiss,  succeeds  Globe,  organ  of  Polk  administration. .1  May,  1845 

New  York  Associated  Press  organized 1849 

"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  by  Mrs.  Stowe,  appears  as  a  serial  in  the 
Washington  National  Era,  an  organ  of  abolitionists 1851-52 

"Blanket-sheets"  in  vogue;  the  New  York  Journal  of  Com- 
merce, enlarged  to  35x58%  inches,  announces  itself  "the 
largest  daily  paper  in  the  world" 1  Mch.  1853 

Origin  of  "  interviewing"  ;  New  York  Herald  sends  special 
reporter  to  Peterborough  to  interview  Gerrit  Smith  on  the 
John  Brown  raid 1859 

Newspapers  first  stereotyped  by  the  paper  process " 

James  Gordon  Bennett,  founder  and  proprietor  of  the  New  York 
Herald,  d.  aged  77 1  June,  1872 

Horace  Greeley,  founder  of  New  York  Tribune,  d 29  Nov.      " 

NUMBKR  OF   NEWSPAPERS   AND   PERIODICALS   PUBLI8HKD   IN 
THE   UNITED   STATES   AND   BRITISH    AMERICA   IN    1894; 


Daily , 

Semi -weekly. 

Weekly 

Bi  weekly 

Tri  weekly 

Semi-monthly 

Monthly 

Bi-monthly 

Quarterly 


Total. 


1,841 

242 

14,000 

87 

34 

352 

3,155 

77 

221 


20,009 


106 

20 

613 

4 

2 

22 

139 

1 

7 


Total. 

1,950 

264 

14,616 

91 

36 

374 

3,297 

78 

228 


914 


11 


20,934 


NEWSPAPERS   IN   THE   UNITED    STATES   FROM   1700   TO   1800. 
Papers  marked  with  *  still  published  (1894).  Hshed 

Boston  News-Letter,  John  Campbell,  publisher 24  Apr.  1709 

Boston  Gazette,  William  Brooker 21  Dec.  1714 

American  Weekly  Mercury,  Philadelphia,  Andrew  S.  Bradford, 

22  Dec.     " 

New  England  Courant,  Boston,  James  Franklin 7  Aug.  1721 

New  York  Gazette,  William  Bradford Oct.  1725 

New  England  Weekly  Journal,  Boston,  Samuel  Kneeland,  20  Mch.  1727 
Maryland  Gazette,  Annapolis,  William  Parks.  First  in  the  state; 
suspended  1736;  revived  1745;  suspended  1839 " 


Boston  Gazette  or  Weekly  Advertiser,  Samuel  Kneeland;  sus- 
pended Mch.  1755 -A  Jan.  178 

Connecticut  Gazette,  New  Haven,  James  Parker  and  John  Holt, 

1  Jan.  175 

Boston  Gazette  and  Country  Gentleman,  Edes  &  Gill  ;  sus- 
pended 1798 7  Apr. 

North  Carolina  Gazette,  Newbern Dec. 

*  New  Hampshire  Gazette,  Portsmouth,  Daniel  Fowle.  Oldest 
paper  in  the  U.  S.     Daily  established  1852;  weekly 7  Oct.  17S 

Boston  Weekly  Advertiser,  Green  &  Russell 22  Aug.  178 

South  Carolina  and  American  General  Gazette,  Charleston,  Rob- 
ert Wells 175 

*  Newport  Mercury,  Rhode  Island,  James  Franklin 12  June, 

New  London  Summary,  New  London,  Conn.,  Timothy  Green; 

suspended  in  1763 8  Aug. 

New  York  Gazette,  William  Weyman 16  Feb.  175 

Wilmington  Courant,  Delaware,  James  Adams.     Published  for 

6  mouths  and  the  only  paper  in  the  state 17i 

Providence  Gazette  and  Country  Journal,  Rhode  Island 17i 

Rivington's    Royal    Gazette,    New    York,  James   Rivington. 

Changed  to  Rivington's  New  York  Gazette  and  Universal 

Advertiser  at  close  of  the  Revolution,  and  suspended  in 

1781 " 

Georgia  Gazette,  Savannah,  James  Johnston.    Ran  for  27  years, 

17  Apr.  17i 
New  London  Gazette.    Name  changed  to  Connecticut  Gazette 

in  1773. . . ". 1st  Nov.     ' 

Cape  Fear  Gazette  and  Wilmington  Advertiser,  Wilmington,        ' 

N.  C. ,  Andrew  Stewart ;  suspended  in  1767 " 

*  Connecticut  Courant,  Hartford,  Thomas  Green.  First  regular 
issue,  19  Nov.  1764 29  Oct.  1764 

Portsmouth  (N.  H.),  Mercury  and  Weekly  Advertiser,  Ezekiel 

Russell;  suspended  in  1768 17615 

Gazette  and  Country  Journal,  Charleston,  S.  C, Charles  Crouch,     " 
Constitutional  Courant,  Burlington,  N.  J.,  "Andrew  Marvel" 

(William  Goddard),  publisher 21  Sept.     " 

Virginia  Gazette,  Williamsburg,  William  Rind May,  1766 

New  York  Journal  or  General  Advertiser,  John  Holt.. 29  May,  1767 
♦Connecticut  Journal  and  New  Haven  Post-Boy,  Thomas  and 

Samuel  Green;  now  the  Connecticut  Herald  and  Journal. Oct.     " 

Boston  Chronicle,  Mein  &  Fleming 21  Dec.     " 

Pennsylvania  Chronicle  and  Universal  Advertiser,  Philadelphia, 

William  Goddard " 

*  Essex  Gazette,  Salem,  Mass., Samuel  Hall.  Name  changed  to 
Salem  Gazette  in  1781 5  Aug.  1768 

Cape  Fear  Mercury,  Wilmington,  N.  C,  Adam  Boyd 13  Oct  1769 

*  Massachusetts  Spy,  Isaiah  Thomas  &  Zechariah  Fowle,  pub- 
lishers, Boston,  Mass.  Removed  to  Worcester  in  1775.  Name 
changed  to  Thomas's  Massachusetts  Spy  or  Worcester  Ga- 
zette in  1781;  now  styled.  The  Worcester  Spy July,  1770 

Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Advertiser,  William  Goddard, 

Aug.  1773 

Norwich  (Conn.)  Packet Oct.     " 

Essex  Journal  and  Merrimack  Packet,  or  the  Massachusetts 
and  New  Hampshire  General  Advertiser,  Newburyport,  4  Dec.     " 

Independent  Chronicle  and  Universal  Advertiser,  Boston, 
Powers  &  Willis.  United  with  Boston  Patriot  in  1819,  and 
absorbed  by  Daily  Advertiser,  1832 1776 

New  York  Packet  and  American  Advertiser,  Samuel  Loudon, 

Jan.     " 

Continental  Journal  and  Weekly  Advertiser,  Boston,  John  Gill, 

30  May,     " 

New  Jersey  Gazette,  Isaac  Collins.  First  regular  newspaper 
issued  in  the  state 3  Dec.  1777 

New  Jersey  Journal,  Chatham,  N.  J.,  David  Franks 1778 

Independent  Ledger  and  American  Advertiser,  Boston,  Draper 
&  Folsom -. ..  15  June,     " 

American  Herald,  Boston,  Edward  E.  Powars 1781 

Vermont  Gazette  or  Green  Mountain  Post-Boy,  Westminster, 
Judah  Paddock  Spooner  &  Timothy  Green " 

Massachusetts  Centinel  and  the  Republican  Journal  (semi- 
weekly).  Warden  &  Russell.  Changed  to  Columbian  Cen- 
tinel, 16  June,  1790,  and  absorbed  by  Boston  Daily  Adver- 
tiser in  1840 .'.24  Mch.  1784 

American  Daily  Advertiser,  Philadelphia,  Benjamin  Franklin 
Bache.  The  first  American  daily.  Changed  to  I'oulson's 
Advertiser  in  1802,  and  absorbed  by  the  North  American, 
first  issued  .28  Oct.  1839 " 

Falmouth  Gazette  and  Weekly  Advertiser  (Me.),  Thomas  B. 
Wait  and  Benjamin  Titcomb.  Called  Cumberland  Gazette  in 
1786 1  Jan.  1785 

New  York  Daily  Advertiser,  Francis  Childs  &  Co 1  Mch.     " 


NEW 


561 


NEW 


*  Pittsburg  (Pa.)  Gazette.  First  newspaper  printed  west  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains 29  July,  1785 

*  Hampshire  Gazette,  Northampton,  Mass.,  William  Butler, 

6  Sept.     " 
Independent  Journal,  New  York,  J.  &  A.  M'Leau.     Changed  to 

New  York  Gazette  in  1788,  and  absorbed  by  the  Journal  of 

Commerce  in  1840 1787 

Herald  of  Freedom  and  Federal  Advertiser,  Boston,  Freeman 

&  Andrews 15  Sept.  1788 

United  States  Gazette,  New  York,  John  Fenno.     Removed  to 

Philadelphia  in  1790.     Special  organ  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Absorbed  by  North  American,  1847 1789 

National  Gazette,  Philadelphia,  Philip  Freneau;  suspended  in 

1793 Oct.  1791 

*  Impartial  Intelligencer,  Greenfield,  Mass.,  Thomas  Dickman. 
Changed  to  Greenfield  Gazette  the  same  year.  United  with 
Courier  in  184 L  as  Gazette  and  Courier 1  Feb.  1792 

State  Gazette,  Trenton,  N.  J " 

Massachusetts  Mercury  (tri-weekly),  Boston.  Alexander  Young 
&  Samuel  Etheridge.  New  England  Palladium  added  to  the 
title  in  1801.    Absorbed  by  the  Advertiser  about  1830.  .1  Jan.  1793 

*  Rutland  (Vt.)  Herald " 

*  Centiuel  of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  now  the  Cincinnati 
Gazette;  first  newspaper  and  first  printing-office  north  of 
the  Ohio;  established  by  William  Maxwell 9  Nov.     " 

*  Minerva,  New  York,  Noah  Webster,  editor.  Name  changed 
to  Commercial  Advertiser  in  1794.  Oldest  daily  in  New 
York  city 9  Dec.     " 

*  Utica  (N.  Y.)  Gazette;  combined  with  the  Herald,  established 
1847  as  Morning  Herald  and  Gazette " 

*  Newburyport  (Mass. )  Herald  (daily  established  1832) '• 

*  Sciota  Gazette,  Chillicothe,  0.,  Nathaniel  Willis 1796 

Western  Spy  and  Hamilton  Gazette;  changed  to  Natioi>al  Re- 
publican and  Ohio  Political  Register  in  1823 1799 

SELKCTKD     LIST     OF    DAILY     NEWSPAPERS    IN     THE     UNITED 
STATES     IN     1894,    wrru     A     CIRCULATION     OF     8000     AND 

UPWARDS.  Estftb- 

Name.  Where  published.  lished. 

North  American Philadelphia,  Pa 1771 

American Baltimore,  Md 1773 

Commercial  Gazette Pittsburg,  Pa 1786 

Evening  Post New  York 1801 

News  and  Courier Charleston,  S.  C. 1803 

Commercial Buftalo,  N.  Y 1811 

Advertiser Boston,  Mass 1813 

Commercial  Gazette Cincinnati,  0 1827 

Advertiser Montgomery,  Ala 1828 

Courier Buffalo,  N.  Y " 

Courrier  des  Etats-Unis New  York " 

Inquirer Philadelphia,  Pa 1829 

Evening  Journal Albany,  N.  Y 1830 

Post Boston,  Mass 1831 

Sun New  York 1833 

New  Yorker  Staats-Zeituug. New  York 1834 

Herald New  York 1835 

Free  Press Detroit,  Mich " 

Republic St.  Louis,  Mo " 

'  Public  Ledger Philadelphia,  Pa 1836 

I  Sun Baltimore,  Md 1837 

!  Picayune New  Orleans,  La " 

1  Hawk-Eve Burlington,  la 1839 

1  Times  . .' Hartford,  Conn 1841 

!  Tribune New  York " 

'  Enquirer Cincinnati,  0 1842 

Plain  Dealer Cleveland,  0 " 

;  Republican Springfield,  Mass 1844 

;  Sentinel Milwaukee,  Wis " 

•  Herald Boston,  Mass 1846 

!  Tribune Chicago,  111 " 

(  Express Buffalo,  N.  Y " 

I  Dispatch Pittsburg,  Pa " 

1  Blade Toledo,  0 1847 

Evening  Item Philadelphia,  Pa " 

i  Dispatch Richmond,  Va 1850 

;  Times New  York 1851 

;  Globe-Democrat St.  Louis,  Mo. , 1852 

•  Evening  Star Washington,  D.  C " 

(Times Chicago,  III 1854 

!  Pioneer  Press St.  Paul,  Minn 1855 

Morning  Call San  Francisco,  Cal 1856 

Press Philadelphia,  Pa 1857 

Rocky  Mountain  News Denver,  Col 1859 

World New  York 1860 

,  Morning  Oregoniau Portland,  Or 1861 

I  Evening  Bulletin Providence,  R.  1 1863 

[  Commercial Louisville,  Ky " 

I  Times- Democrat New  Orleans,  La " 

!  Chronicle San  Francisco,  Cal 1865 

1  Examiner San  Francisco,  Cal " 

;  Republican Denver.  Col 1866 

{Tribune Minneapolis,  Minn 1867 

I  News New  York " 

I  Courier  Journal Louisville,  Ky 1868 

{Constitution AtlauU,  Ga " 

I  >fews Indianapolis,  Ind 1869 

[Record Philadelphia,  Pa 1870 

jBee ; Omaha,  Neb 1871 

i^^'obe Boston,  Mass 1872 

Inter-Ocean Chicago.  Ill " 

Kvening  News Buffalo,  N.  Y 1873 


Name.  Where  published.  Eatab'd. 

News Chicago,  111 1875 

Times Philadelphia,  Pa " 

Call Philadelphia,  Pa '• 

Times Louisville,  Ky 1877 

Journal Minneapolis,  Minn 1878 

Press Cleveland,  O " 

News New  Haven,  Conn 1879 

Capital Topeka,  Kan " 

Star Kansas  City,  Mo 1880 

Chronicle St.  Louis,  Mo " 

Post Cincinnati,  0 " 

Times Pittsburg,  Pa " 

Herald Chicago,  111 1881 

Morning  Journal New  York 1882 

Journal Milwaukee,  Wis " 

Evening  News Newark,  N.  J 1883 

Press Pittsburg,  Pa " 

Times Richmond,  Va 1886 

Age-Herald Birmingham,  Ala 1887 

Telegraph Seattle,  Wash 1890 

Recorder New  York 1891 

Many  of  these  publish  also  weekly  or  serai-weekly  and  Sunday 

editions. 
WEEKLY    PAPERS    IN     THE     UNITED     STATES     IN     1894,    WITH 
A  CIRCULATION   OF   40,000   AND    UPWARDS.  j._j^^_ 

Name.  Where  published.  lished. 

Christian  Advocate New  York 1826 

Youths  Companion Boston,  Mass 1827 

Telegram Harrisburg,  Pa 1828 

Sunday  Mercury New  York , : . .  1839 

Yankee  Blade Boston,  Mass 1841 

Ledger New  York 1844 

Scientific  American New  York 1845 

Street  &  Smith's  N.  Y.  Weekly New  York " 

National  Police  Gazette New  York 1846 

Ohio  Practical  Farmer Cleveland,  0 1848 

Harper's  Weekly New  York 1856 

Sunday  School  Times Philadelphia,  Pa 1859 

Fireside  Companion. . . , New  York 1860 

Saturday  Night Philadelphia,  Pa 1865 

Harpers  Bazar New  York 1867 

Witness New  York 1871 

Family  Story  Paper New  York 1873 

Germania  (semi-weekly).. Milwaukee,  Wis " 

Der  Haus-  und  Bauernfreund Milwaukee,  Wis " 

Union-Signal Chicago,  111 1874 

Golden  Rule Boston,  Mass 1875 

National  Tribune Washington,  D.  C 1877 

Puck New  York " 

National  Stockman  and  Farmer Pittsburg,  Pa " 

Christian  Herald  and  Signs  of  \         ^      ^  ^  ,j>-„ 

Our  Times |  ....^ew  lorK i»(» 

Texas  Sittings New  York  and  London. . .      " 

Graphic .Chicago,  111 1879 

Telegram Elmira,  N.  Y " 

Town  Topics New  York " 

Farmer's  Home Dayton,  0 1880 

Sporting  News St.  Louis,  Mo " 

Golden  Days Philadelphia,  Pa " 

Judge New  York 1881 

Argosy New  York 1882 

Saturday  Globe Utica,  N.  Y " 

Pennsylvania  Grit Williamsport,  Pa " 

Voice New  York 1883 

Sunday  Telegram Albany,  N.  Y 1886 

Catholic  News New  York " 

National  Economist Washington,  D.  C 1888 

Saturday  Blade Chicago,  111 " 

Union  Gospel  News Cleveland,  0 " 

Good  News New  York 1889 

neiV  Style.  Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  to  rectify  errors  of 
the  'current  calendar,  published  a  new  one,  in  which  10  days 
were  omitted — 5  Oct.  1582  becoming  15  Oct.  The  "  new 
style"  was  adopted  in  France,  Italy,  Spain,  Denmark,  Holland, 
Flanders,  Portugal,  in  1582;  in  Germany  in  1584;  in  Switzer- 
land in  1583  and  1584;  in  Hungary  in  1587;  and  in  Great 
Britain  in  1752,  when  11  days  were  dropped— 3  Sept.  being 
reckoned  as  14  Sept.  The  difference  between  old  and  new 
style  up  to  1699  was  10  days;  after  1700,  11  days;  after  1800, 
12  days.  In  Russia,  Greece,  and  the  east,  old  style  is  retained. 
Calendar. 

]^ew  Testament.    Bible. 

IVewtOllian  pllilOSOpliy,  doctrines  respecting 
gravitation,  etc.,  taught  by  sir  Isaac  Newton  in  his  "  Prin- 
cipia,"  pub.  in  1687.  Gravitation.  He  was  born  25  Dec. 
1642;  became  master  of  the  mint,  1699;  president  of  the  Royal 
society,  1703,  and  died  20  Mch.  1727. 

^ew  Year's  day,  etc.  The  beginning  of  the  Jew- 
ish year  was  changed  and  the  Passover  instituted  1491  b.c. 
A  feast  is  said  to  have  been  instituted  by  Numa  and  dedicated 
to  Janus  (who  presided  over  the  new  year)  1  Jan.  713  b.c. 


NEW 

On  this  day  the  Romans  sacrificed  to  Janus  a  cake  of  new  sifted 
meal  with  salt  incense,  and  wine;  mechanics  began  something 
in  their  art  or  tnide;  men  of  letters  did  the  same,  as  to  books, 
poems,  eta ;  and  consuls,  though  chosen  before,  assumed  their 
office.  Nonius  Marcellus  refers  the  origin  of  New  Years  gifts 
among  the  Romans  to  Titus  Tatius,  king  of  the  Sabines,  who  ac- 
cepted as  of  good  omen  a  present  of  branches  cut  in  a  wood  con- 
secrated to  Sirenia.  the  goddess  of  strength,  received  on  the  first 
dav  of  the  now  year,  and  sauclioued  the  custom,  calling  such  gifts 
Stfense,  747  B.C.     Ykak. 

XeW  York,  one  of  the  original  13  states  of  the  United 
States,  lies  between  40°  29'  80"  and  45°  0'  42"  N.  lat.,  and 
between  71°  51'  and  79°  45' 
54"  W.  Ion.     It  is  separated 
from  Canada  on  the  north  by 
the   eastern   portion   of  lake 
Erie,   lake   Ontario,  and   the 
river    St.  Lawrence;    on    the 
east  lie  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Connecticut;  on  the 
south,   the     Atlantic     ocean. 
New    Jersey,    and    Pennsyl- 
vania ;  on  the  west,  New  Jer- 
sey, Penn.sylvania,  lakes  Erie 
and   Ontario,  and   the   rivers 
Niagara    and    St.  Lawrence. 
Its  greatest  length,  north  and  south,  is  312  miles,  including 
Staten  Island,  while  east  and  west  it  is  412  miles,  including 
Long  Island.      It  contains  49,170  sq.  miles,  in  60  counties. 
Top.  1890,  5,997,853.     It  is  the  "  Empire  state  "  of  the  Union 
in  wealth  and  population.     Capital,  Albany. 
Giovanni  da  Verazzano,  a  Florentine,  under  commission  of 
Francis  I.  of  France,  with  a  single  caravel,  the  Dauphin,  en- 
ters the  bay  of  New  York Apr.  1524 

Half  Moon,  80  tons,  leaves  Amsterdam ;    Henry  Hudson,  an 

Englishman,  commander 4  Apr.  1609 

Samuel  de  Champlain,  coming  from  the  north  with  a  war  party 

of  Hurons,  discovers  lake  Champlain July,     " 

Defeats  the  Iroquois  near  Ticonderoga;  hence  dates  the  enmity 
between  the  French  and  Iroquois;  fire-arms  first  seen  by  the 

Indians 30  July,     " 

/fa//3/oon  enters  New  York  bay 11  Sept.     " 

Anchors  for  the  night  above  the  site  of  Yonkers 13  Sept.     " 

Anchors  near  West  Point 14  Sept.     " 

Anchors  near  Catskill  landing 15  Sept.     " 

Stops  near  the  site  of  Hudson 17  Sept.     " 

Anchors  just  below  Albany 19  Sept.     " 

Despatches  a  boat  to  sound  the  river  farther  up 22  Sept.     " 

Begins  his  voyage  down  the  river 23  Sept.     " 

Sails  out  of  the  Narrows 4  Oct.     " 

[Fate  of  the  Half  Moon:  wrecked  on  Mauritius  island,  6 
Mch.  1615.] 
Hendrick  Christiaensen  and  Adriaen  Block  sail  2  Amsterdam 

vessels,  the  Fortune  and  the  Tiger,  to  Manhattan  island 1611 

Tiger  accidentally  burned  at  Manhattan 1613 

Christiaensen  builds  "fort  Nassau,"  a  trading  house,  36x26 
feet  in  a  stockade  58  feet  square,  with  a  moat  18  feet  wide 

on  Castle  island  (below  Albany) 1614 

Block  builds  the  Onrust  (Restless)  of  18  tons  at  Manhattan; 

launched  near  the  Battery spring  of     " 

In  the  Onrmt  he  passes  Hell  Gate  and  coasts  along  as  far  as 

Nahant  bay " 

States  general  of  Holland  name  the  country  about  Manhattan 
"New  Netherland,"  and  grant  its  trade  by  charter  to  Am- 
sterdam merchants Oct.     " 

Christiaensen  killed  by  Indians  (first  such  recorded  since  Hud- 
son's voyage) 1615 

Champlain,  with  10  Frenchmen,  joins  a  party  of  Hurons  and* 

allies  moving  against  the  Iroquois 1  Sept.     " 

I^nds  from  lake  Ontario  near  Henderson,  Jefferson  county,  Oct.     " 
They  attack  the  Iroquois  castle  at  Onondaga  lake,  near  Liver- 
pool, Onondaga  county,  and  are  repulsed 10-16  Oct.     " 

A  trading  post  fortified  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tawasentha 
(Neman's  Kill)  creek,  near  Albany,  by  Jacob  Eelkins;  first 

formal  treaty  between  the  Indians  and  the  Dutch " 

New  Netherland  charter  expires;  not  renewed  by  the  States- 
general 1  Jan.  1618 

Fort  Orange  built  (South  Market  st. ,  Albany) 1623 

New  Netherland  a  province  under  the  Amsterdam  chamber. . .     " 

New  Amsterdam  settled " 

[New  York  city  for  further  local  history] 
New  Netherland  brings  from  the  Texel  30  families,  chiefly 

Walloons  (French  Protestant  refugees) Mch.     " 

Reaching  the  Hudson,  some  8  families  settle  near  fort  Orange; 
the  rest  on  Long  Island  at  the  Waal  -  bogt,  Wahle  -  Bocht, 
or  "  Walloons'  bay,"  now  corrupted  into  Wallabout, 

May-June,     " 
Cornelis  Jacobsen   May,  first  director  or  governor  of  New 

Netherland  under  the  Dutch  West  India  company 1624 

Sarah  Rapelje  the  first  known  white  child  born  in  New  Neth- 
erland  7  June,  1625 

Peter  Evertsen  Hulft  fits  3  vessels,  each  of  some  250  tons,  for 

New  Amsterdam;  lands  at  Nutten  (Governor's  island),  July,     " 
?9^illiam  Verhulst  succeeds  May  as  director " 


502 


NEW 


Peter  Minuit,  director,  leaves  Amsterdam  in  Sea-Mew... 9  Jan.  1C26 

Arrives  at  Manhattan 4  May,     " 

Manhattan  island,  "rocky  and  full  of  trees,"  ceded  by  Indians 

to  the  Dutch  West  India  company  for  60  guilders  (|23) " 

A  blockhouse  built,  surrounded  by  a  palisade  of  cedar  post.s, 
at  the  extreme  southern  end  of  the  island  and  called  fort 

Amsterdam •' 

Six  farms  or  "boweries"  laid  out  on  the  island,  and  .«!peti- 
mens  of  the  harvest  sent  to  Holland  to  show  the  fertility  of 

the  soil " 

Dutch  in  friendly  relations  with  the  Plymouth  colony  of  New 

England 1627 

Dutch  inform  Plymouth  of  the  "  Fresh  "  river  (Connecticut). .     " 

Population  at  Manhattan  estimated  at  270 1628 

Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer,  a  merchant  of  Amsterdam,  jiurchases 
land  of  the  Indians  around  fort  Orange  through  his  agent, 

becoming  patroon  of  the  manor  of  Rensselaerwyck 1630 

Michael  Pauw  purchases  of  the  Indians  the  site  of  Jersey  City 

(Pavonia)  and  Staten  Island ■' 

Neiv  Netherland  (800  tons)  built  at  Manhattan 1631 

Mohawks  receive  fire-arms  from  the  Dutch 

Peter  Minuit,  director,  recalled Mch.  1632 

Ship  Eendragt  from  Manhattan  attached  in  Plymouth  harbor, 

Engl.,  on  a  charge  of  illegally  trading 3  Ai)r. 

British  ministry  claim  New  Netherland  as  English  territory  . . 

Eendragt  released 27  May,     " 

Dutch  occupy  the  west  end  of  Long  Island " 

Wouter  Van  Twiller,  clerk  of  the  West  India  company,  marries 

a  niece  of  Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer;  made  governor 1633 

Friendly  intercourse  with  the  Virginians 

Jacob  Eelkins  (the  same  person  who  had  previously  established 
a  trading  post  up  the  Hudson)  visits  Manhattan  in  the 
William,  a  London  vessel  from  New  Plymouth,  and  sail.s 
up  the  Hudson  to  fort  Orange  in  defiance  of  the  governor 

(the  first  English  vessel  to  ascend) 24  Apr.     " 

William  brought  down  to  Manhattan  and  forced  to  sea. .  .May,     '« 
A  small  trading-post,  called  the  "House  of  Good  Hope,"  built 
and  fortified  with  2  pieces  of  cannon  by  the  Dutch,  on  or 

near  the  site  of  Hartford,  Conn " 

Wealthy  colonists  from  Holland  settle  at  fort  Orange 1636 

Jacob  Van  Corlaer  purchased  from  the  Indians  a  plat  on  Long 

Island,  the  first  recorded  grant  in  King's  county June,     " 

States-general  notified  of  the   ineflficiency  of  the  governor 

through  Van  Dincklagen Aug.     " 

Gov.  Van  Twiller  personally  purchases  from  Indians  the  island 
Paggauck,  south  of  fort  Amsterdam;  supposed  to  contain  160 
acres;  called  by  the  Dutch  Nooten  or  Nutten  island  (from 

its  excellent  nuts).     Now  "Governor's  island  " 1637 

Jonas  Bronck  purchases  a  tract  in  West  Chester,  opposite  Haer- 

lem June,     " 

Pavonia  and  Staten  Island  purchased  by  the  Amsterdam  di- 
rectors of  Michael  Pauw  for  26,000  guilders  ($10,000) " 

De  Vries  reiterates  the  charges  of  Van  Dincklagen  against  gov. 

Van  Twiller ;  Van  Twiller  recalled " 

William  Kieft  director  and  commissioned. 2  Sept.     " 

Arrives  at  New  Amsterdam 28  Mch.  163H 

Purchases  of  the  Indians  part  of  Long  Island  for  the  comj)any,  1639 

Thomas  Belcher  takes  up  a  tract  (in  Brooklyn) " 

Lion  Gardiner  purchases  Gardiner's  island  (the  first  permanent 

English  settlement  in  the  state) 10  Mch.  1640 

Southampton,  Long  Island,  settled  by  the  English " 

Rensselaerwyck  rapidly  increases  in  wealth  and  population. . .  " 
Indians  near  Manhattan  alienated  by  the  conduct  of  the  Dutch,  " 
Expedition  against  the  Raritan  Indians  (Delawares);  several 

Indians  killed  and  crops  destroyed 16  July,     " 

Contributions  levied  on  the  Tapjian  Indians  by  gov.  Kieft,  but 

refused Oct.     " 

Reformed  Dutch  church  established " 

Raritan  Indians  destroy  De  Vries's  colony  on  Staten  Island, 

June,  1641 

Kieft  sets  a  price  on  their  heads July,     " 

Kieft,  anticipating  an  Indian  war,  consults  the  heads  of  fami- 
lies in  New  Amsterdam 23  Aug.     " 

These  chose  "12  select  men"  to  act  for  them;  the  first  rep- 
resentative assembly  in  the  province 29  Aug,     " 

Ex  gov.  Minuit  dies  at  fort  Christina " 

"Select  men"  dissenting  from  the  governor's  warlike  policy, 

he  dissolves  them Feb.  1642 

George  Baxter,  an  exile  from  New  England,  English  secretary; 

salary  250  guilders  ($95) " 

Johannes  Megapolensis  the  first  clergyman  in  Rensselaerwyck, 

with  a  residence  and  1000  guilders  ($380) " 

Anne  Hutchinson  takes  refuge  near  New  Rochelle  from  relig- 
ious persecution  in  Massachusetts " 

Dutch  at  fort  Orange  seek  in  vain  to  ransom  Jogues  (a  French 

missionary,  prisoner  of  the  Iroquois),  but  his  life  is  spared. .     " 
Kieft  rashly  provokes  an  Indian  war  by  sending  soldiers  to 

destroy  the  Indians  at  Pavonia  and  Corlaer  Hook 25  Feb.  1643 

Thus  aroused,  the  Indians  begin  a  war  of  retaliation " 

They  attack  trading- vessels  on  the  river Aug.    " 

Capt.  John  Underbill,  a  hero  of  the  Pequot  war  (Connectici-t, 

1636-37)  enters  the  Dutch  service Sept.     " 

Anne  Hutchinson  (Massachusetts,  1636,  '37,  '38)  killed,  the 
settlement  destroyed,  and  her  granddaughter,  8  years  old, 

captured " 

Throgmorton's  settlement  attacked  and  destroyed " 

Gravesend,  Long  Island,  attacked,  but  Indians  repulsed '" 

Father  JogueS  escapes  from  the  Indians  at  fort  Orange  ;   is 

brought  to  New  Amsterdam  and  sails  for  Europe " 

First  church,  34  by  19  feet,  built  at  fort  Orange,  with  canopied 
pulpit " 


NEW  563 

English  under  Robert  Fordhara,  from  Stamford,  settle  Hemp- 
stead, Long  Island,  early  in 1644 

English  and  Dutch  destroy  an  Indian  village  near  Hempstead,     '' 
Captain  Underhill  destroys  an  Indian  village  at  Stamford,  kill- 
ing 600  Indians;  15  Dutch  soldiers  wounded 12  Mch.      " 

Kieft  proclaims  a  public  thanksgiving  for  the  victory Mch.     " 

Complaints  against  Kieft;  his  recall  demanded " 

Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer  dies  at  Amsterdam,  Holland " 

End  of  Indian  war;  treaty  with  some  of  the  tribes 22  Apr.  1645 

General  treaty  with  the  Indians  after  5  years  of  disturbance, 

30  Aug.      " 
[The  treaty  provides  for  the  surrender  of  Anne  Hutchin- 
son's granddaughter.     After  nearly  4  years  of  captivity,  she 
wished  to  remain  with  the  Indians.] 
Several  Englishmen  obtain  a  patent  from  gov.  Kieft  for  about 

16,000  acres  about  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  settle.  .19  Oct.     " 
Adriaen  Van  der  Donck  buys  of  Indians  land  as  far  as  "  Spyt 
den  Duyvel  ;  "   States  general  confirm  the  title  (the  Dutch 

name,  "de  Jonkeers  Landt,"  became  Yonkers) 1646 

States  general,  at  the  request  of  the  company  (July  13),  ratify 

Stuy  vesant's  commission  as  governor 28  July,      " 

Patent  issued  to  Cornelis  Antonissen  Van  Slyck  for  a  colony 

in  Kaatskill Aug.      " 

Father  Jogues  returns  to  Canada,  revisits  the  Mohawks,  and 

is  put  to  death 18  Oct.      " 

Breuckelen  (Brooklyn)  obtains  a  municipal  government,  26  Nov.     " 
Kieft  protests  against  English  encroachments  on  New  Netlier- 

land " 

Peter  Stuyvesant  lands  at  New  Amsterdam 11  May,  1647 

Kieft  embarks  for  Holland  in  the  Princess 16  Aug.     " 

Princess  shipwrecked  in  Bristol  channel;  Kieft,  dominie  Bo- 

gardus,  and  about  80  others  perish 22  Sept.     " 

Thomas  Chambers,  a  farmer,  with  others  from  near  the  present 
city  of  Troy,  coming  to  Esopus,  now  Kingston,  are  the  first 

settlers  of  Ulster  county 1652 

[The  name  Esopus  long  continued  in  popular  use  after 
"  Kingston"  was  legally  adopted.] 

Flatbush  settled " 

States-general  recall  Stuyvesant 27  Apr.     " 

His  recall  revoked 16  May,     " 

First  public  debt  of  New  Amsterdam  about  6000  guilders, 

15  Mch.  1653 

Dutch  vessels  excluded  from  New  England  harbors " 

Landtdag  (convention)  at  New  Amsterdam 8  Dec.     " 

Convention  organized.  New  Amsterdam  had  3  representatives; 
Breuckelen,  3;  Flushing.  2;  Newtown,  2;  Hempstead,  2; 
Flatlands,  3;  Flatbush,  2;  Gravesend,  2;  4  Dutch  and  4  Eng- 
lish towns  sent  10  Dutch  and  9  English  delegates 10  Dec.     " 

Governor  dissolves  the  convention 14  Dec.     " 

Pirates  and  robbers  infest  East  river  and  plunder  shores 1654 

First  church  formed  at  Flatbush;  Johannes  Theodorus  Polhe- 

mus,  dominie " 

News  of  a  projected  attack  by  the  English  received  by  gov. 

Stuyvesant 29  May,     " 

New  Amsterdam  put  in  a  state  of  defence June,     " 

Treaty  of  peace  between  England  and  Holland " 

General  Thanksgiving  day  appointed 12  Aug.     " 

Discovery  of  salt  springs  in  central  New  York  by  father  Le 

Moyne Aug.     " 

English  settle  at  Westchester  under  Thomas  Pell Nov.     " 

Seal  and  coat  of  arms  of  New  Amsterdam  received  from  Hol- 
land   8  Dec.     " 

Gov.  Stuyvesant  sails  to  West  Indies  to  establish  trade,  24  Dec.     " 

Indian  invasion 15  Sept.  1655 

Hoboken,  Pavonia,  and  Staten  Island  laid  waste,  100  killed.  150 

made  prisoners,  $76,000  of  property  destroyed 15-20  Sept.     " 

Governor  returns;  prompt  measures  for  defence 12  Oct.     " 

Prisoners  ranssomed  from  the  Indians 26  Oct.     " 

Settlement  of  Jamaica,  Long  Island Mch.  1656 

Thirty-five  thousand  beaver  and  other  skins  exported  from  fort 

Orange " 

New  church  at  Beaverwyck  (Albany) June,     " 

French  Jesuit  missionaries  among  the  Iroquois " 

Proclamation  against  the  Quakers 1657 

[Any  person  entertaining  a  Quaker  for  a  single  night  to  be 
fined  501.,  one-half  to  the  informer,  and  vessels  bringing  any 
Quaker  into  the  province  to  be  confiscated. —J5/-od/ieads, 
'Hist.  N.  Y.,"  vol.  i.  p.  637.] 

Village  laid  out  at  Esopus  (Kingston) 31  May,  1658 

French  are  obliged  to  abandon  their  colonizing  efforts  among 

the  Iroquois  after " 

Massachusetts  grants  land  to  English  colonists  on  the  Hudson,  1659 

Purchase  of  Schenectady  Flats 27  July,  1661 

Municipal  charter  granted  to  Esopus,  now  to  be  called  "  Wilt- 

wyck  "  (Indian  Village) " 

Curtius  returns  to  Holland  and  is  succeeded  by  dominie  Al- 

gidius  Luyck " 

[The  high-school  gained  such  a  reputation  that  pupils  were 
sent  to  it  from  fort  Orange,  South  River,  and  Virginia.] 

John  Browne  arrested  for  harboring  Quakers 1662 

Village  of  Esopus  attacked  by  Indians  and  partly  burned,  June,  1663 
Browne  banished.     Goes  to  Amsterdam  and  appeals  to  the 
West  India  company.     The  directors  rebuke  Stuyvesant  and 

enjoin  moderation.     Persecution  ceases " 

Severe  earthquake  throughout  New  Netherland,  New  England, 

and  Canada " 

Trouble  with  England  and  the  English  colony;  a  general  pro- 
vincial assembly  called  by  the  governor  to  consider  the  state 

of  the  province 19  Mch.  1664 

Charles  II.  of  England  grants  to  the  duke  of  York,  his  brother, 
territory  including  the  New  Netherland 22  Mch.     " 


NEW 

Duke  of  York  sends  4  ships  against  New  Netherland:  Guinea, 
36  guns;  Ettas,  30  guns;  Martin,  16  guns,  and  William,  10 
guns,  with  450  soldiers;  col.  Richard  NicoUs  in  command,  to 

be  deputy-gov«rnor Apr.  1664 

Delegates  meet  at  New  Amsterdam ;  Jeremias  Van  Rensselaer 
of  Rensselaerwyck   chairman,  as   being    from    the    oldest 

"  colonie  " lo  Apr.     " 

It  is  decided  to  be  impossible  to  take  active  measures  against 
the  English,  who  were  6  times  their  number,  and  could  bring 

overwhelming  aid  from  Hartford 22  Apr.     " 

Mohegans  devastate  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson 11  July,     " 

Population  of  New  Amsterdam,  1500;  of  the  province,  10.000. .      " 

English  squadron  at  Nyack  bay 28  Aug.      '' 

Surrender  of  fort  Amsterdam 8  Sept.     " 

Surrender  of  fort  Orange 20  Sept.      " 

First  treaty  between  the  English  and  the  Iroquois;  this  friend- 
ship continues  for  over  a  century 24  Sept.      •' 

Name  of  New  Amsterdam  changed  to  New  York  and  fort  Orange 

to  Albany " 

Dutch  government  denounces  the  conquest  of  New  Netherland 

and  demands  its  restitution 6  Nov.     " 

West  India  company  recall  Stuyvesant 28  Nov.     " 

Principal  Dutch  residents,  including  gov.  Stuyvesant  and  Van 
Rensselaer,  swear  allegiance  to  Charles  II.  and  the  duke  of 

York " 

Long  Island  adjudged  to  New  York " 

Stuyvesant  returns  to  Holland  with  strong  testimonials  of  ap- 
proval  May,  1665 

Negro  slavery  recognized " 

Race-course  at  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  selected  by  gov.  Nicolls  and 

named  "New  Market" May,     " 

Holland  urgently  demands  the  restoration  of  New  Netherland,     " 
Ralph  Hill  and  his  wife  Mary  arrested  for  witchcraft  and  sor- 
cery, but  the  jury  (including  Jacob  Leisler,  afterwards  gov- 
ernor) "  found  nothing  considerable  against  them  " " 

Peter  Stuyvesant  returns  to  New  York Oct.  1667 

Gov.  Nicolls  relieved  at  his  own  request " 

Gov.  Nicolls  leaves  New  York 17  Aug.  1668 

Col.  Francis  Lovelace  jrovernor 28  Aug.     " 

Staten  Island  adjudged  to  New  York " 

Twenty  whales  captured  in  New  York  harbor  during  spring  of  1669 

Name  "  Kingston  "given  to  Esopus 25  Sept.     " 

La  Salle,  Dollier,  and  Galin6e  explore  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie; 

possession  taken  for  France " 

Staten  Island  purchased  from  the  Indians  for  the  duke  of  York, 

13  Apr.  1670 
Katherine  Harrison,  widow,  banished  from  Weathersfleld, 
Conn.,  for  witchcraft,  comes  to  Westchester.  Citizens  com- 
plain, but  on  inquiry  the  court  of  assizes  finds  nothing 
against  her  and  directs  her  release.  But  the  people  of  West- 
chester become  "  uneasy,"  and  she  is  obliged  to  leave, 

July-Aug.      •' 

George  Fox,  the  Quaker,  visits  Long  Island 1672 

Monthly  post  between  New  York  and  Boston ;  first  post  mes- 
senger   22  Jan.  1673 

Dutch  fleet  of  7  vessels,  with  1600  men,  arrives  off  Sandy  Hook. 

The  Dutch  of  New  York  welcome  iheir  countrymen.  .7  Aug.      " 
Dutch  fire  on  fort  James,  which  returns  a  shot.     Fort  James 

and  New  York  surrender  to  the  Dutch 9  Aug.     " 

[Province  again  named  New  Netherland,  fort  James  called 
fort  Willem  Hendricks,  and  the  city  of  New  York,  New 
Orange.] 

Anthony  Colve  appointed  governor Aug.     " 

Albany  and  Esopus  reduced '•     -" 

French  build  fort  Frontenac  on  lake  Ontario " 

Peace  between   England  and  Holland;   New  Netherland  re-      j 

stored  to  England Feb.  and  Mch.  1674 

New  patent  granted  to  the  duke  of  York  by  Charles  IL,  29  June,     " 

Maj.  Edmund  Andros  appointed  governor 1  July,     " 

Formal  delivery  of  New  Netherland  to  the  English 10  Nov.     " 

Capt.  John  Manning,  who  surrendered  New  York  to  the  Dutch 
in  1673,  court-martialled  and  sentenced  to  have  his  sword 
broken  over  his  head,  and  forbidden  to  wear  a  sword  or 

serve  the  crown Feb.  1675 

Philip  of  Pokanoket's  or  King  Philip's  war  (Massachusetts).  .     " 

New  fort  built  by  La  Salle  at  Frontenac 1676 

Andastes,  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians  occupying  western  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Erie,  finally  con- 
quered by  the  Iroquois " 

Gov.  Andros  asserts  English  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois " 

Father  Hennepin  among  the  Mohawks 1677 

France  denies  English  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois " 

Fresh  discoveries  in  the  interior  of  New  York;  a  large  tract 
purchased  from  the  Indians  by  Louis  du  Bois,  Jean  Has- 
brouck,  and  others.  The  governor  confirms  the  grant  ex- 
tending along  the  Shawangunk  mountains  and  along  the 

Hudson  river,  now  Ulster  county 16  Sept.     '' 

Prince  William  of  Orange  marries  Mary,  daughter  of  the  duke 

of  York,  afterwards  .lames  II.  of  England. . .  r 4  Nov.     " 

Gov.  Andros  allowed  to  return  to  England  "  to  look  after  his 

own  interests" 17  Nov.     •' 

New  York,  as  described  in  London  by  gov.  Andros,  contains  24 
towns,  villages,  or  parishes,  in  6  precincts  or  courts  of  ses- 
sions; servants  are  much  wanted;  slaves,  mostly  from  Bar- 
badoes,  are  scarce,  worth  301.  to  351.  A  merchant  with  500/. 
or  1000/.,  is  thought  substantial,  and  a  planter  worth  half 
that  in  movables  is  accounted  rich.  The  value  of  estates 
in  the  province  is  about  150,000/.  15  vessels,  of  100  tons 
each,  trade  with  the  province  each  year  from  Old  and  New 
England.  5  small  ships  and  a  ketch  belong  to  New  York,  of 
which  4  were  built  there.   The  exports  are  provisions,  funs, tar, 


NEW 

and  lumber.  The  imports  of  English  manufactures  amount 
to  50,000/.  yearly.  The  customs,  excises,  and  quit-rents  do 
not  nearly  suftlco  for  the  public  expenses.  The  chief  trading 
places  are  New  Vork  and  Southampton  on  Long  Island  for 
foreign  commerce,  and  All)any  for  Indian  IrafBc.  There  are 
about  2000  males  able  to  bear  arms,  140  of  them  horsemen. 
Fort  James  at  Now  York  is  a  square  of  stone  with  4  bastions, 
mounting  46  guns;  fort  Albany  at  Albany  is  a  small  stockade 
with  4  b^tions  and  mounting  1*2  guns,  sufficient  against  the 
Indians.  Ministers  are  scarce  and  religions  many,  so  that 
there  are  no  records. of  marriages  or  births  in  New  York. 
There  are  about  20  churches  in  the  province,  mostly  Pres- 
byterians and  Independents,  with  some  Quakers,  Anabaptists, 
and  Jews,  all  sui)portcd  by  free  gifts.  The  duke  maintains 
an  Episcopalian  chaplain,  which  is  all  the  "certain  allow- 
ance "  of  the  church  of  England.  In  New  York  there  are  no 
beggars,  but  all  the  jwor  are  cared  for 

Gov.  Audros  knighted  by  the  king  in  London 

Gov.  sir  Edmund  Andros  lands  in  New  York  after  a  9  weeks' 
voyage 8  Aug. 

Jacob  Leisler,  with  other  New-Yorkers,  on  the  way  to  England, 
captured  by  a  Turkish  corsair;  they  are  ransomed,  Leisler 
for  2000  Spanish  dollars 

French  at  Niagara;  first  mass  by  father  Hennepin;  a  bark 
cabin  built  near  Lewiston 19  Dec. 

La  Salle  builds  fort  Conty  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  river, 
"a  habitation  "  with  a  palisade Jan. 

La  Salle  begins  building  the  Griffin  (named  in  compliment  to 
Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada,  whose  armorial  supporters 
were  2  griffins),  of  (50  tons'  burden,  above  Niagara  Falls  at  the 
mouth  of  Cayuga  creek,  near  La  Salle,  Niagara  county,  26  Jan. 

Oriffin  enters'  lake  Erie  (with  La  Salle,  Tonti,  and  others  on 
board.  She  proceeds  to  Green  Bay,  Wis.  After  leaving  that 
place  to  return  loaded  with  furs,  she  is  never  heard  of),  7  Aug. 

Great  comet  seen  in  New  York  and  New  England;  a  day  of 
fasting  and  humiliation  appointed 1  Dec. 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  recalled  and  leaves  New  York 11  Jan. 

Anthony  Brockholls,  by  special  commission,  appointed  pro- 
visional governor Jan. 

Col.  Thomas  Dougan,  appointed  governor,  reaches  New  York, 

25  Aug. 

First  assembly  under  English  rule 17  Oct. 

Charter  of  liberty  adopted.  The  assembly  to  meet  once  in  3 
years  at  least;  every  free-holder  an  elector;  entire  freedom 
of  conscience  and  religion  guaranteed;  no  tax  levied  without 
the  consent  of  the  representatives 30  Oct. 

New  York  divided  into  10  counties.  The  county  of  New  York, 
Manhattan  island.  Westchester  county  containing  all  the 
land  eastward  of  Manhattan  as  far  as  the  government  ex- 
tends, and  northward  along  the  Hudson  to  the  Highlands. 
Dutchess  county  extended  from  AVestchester  northward  to 
Albany  county,  and  from  the  Hudson  river  eastward  to 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  Albany  county  included 
all  the  territory  on  the  east  of  the  Hudson,  north  of  Dutchess, 
and  on  the  west  side  to  Saratoga.  Ulster  county,  which  was 
named  after  the  duke  of  York's  Irish  earldom,  embraced  all 
the  territory  from  the  Highlands  to  the  southern  boundary  of 
Albany  county,  near  Saugerties.  Orange  included  the  region 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson  from  the  New  Jersey  bound- 
ary northward  to  Ulster  and  west  to  the  Delaware  river. 
Richmond,  all  Staten  Island.  Kings,  the  western  portion  of 
Long  Island ;  Queens,  the  central,  and  SuOfolk  the  eastern 
portion 1  Nov. 

A  high  sheriff  commissioned  for  each  county 

Agreement  as  to  the  boundary  between  New  York  and  Con- 
necticut  28  Nov. 

Gov.  Dongan  commissions  James  Graham  flrst  recorder  of 
New  York  city 16  Jan. 

Francis,  Lord  Howard,  governor  of  Virginia,  visits  New  York 
and  is  made  "  freeman  "  of  the  metropolis.  First  British 
peer  thus  honored 29  June, 

Iroquois  submit  to  the  king  of  England 30  July, 

Death  of  Charles  II 6  Feb. 

James,  duke  of  York,  becomes  king  as  James  II " 

Colonial  post-office  established  by  New  York 2  Mch. 

New  York  charter  not  confirmed  by  James  II 

[No  colonial  assemblies  under  James  II.] 

City  of  Albany  incorporated;  Peter  Schuyler  first  mayor, 

22  July, 

Albany  charter  published 26  July, 

Robert  Livingston  secures  the  Indian  title  to  the  territory  on 
the  Hudson  opposite  Catskill  to  a  point  opposite  Saugerties, 
and  eastward  to  Massachusetts.  Gov.  Dongan  confirms  his 
title  by  patent  with  manorial  privileges.  This  territory 
embraced  160,240  acres  (Anti-rentism) July, 

Charters  of  liberties  repealed  (adopted  1683) 

Population  of  the  province  about  18,000 

Governor's  salary  fixed  at  600/.  sterling,  to  be  paid  out  of  the 
provincial  revenues 

French  invade  and  occupy  the  Seneca  country  in  New  York, 
destroy  many  thousand  bushels  of  corn  and  many  hogs  ; 
then  fall  back  and  build  a  palisaded  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Niagara  river,  on  the  east  side 

Francis  Stepney,  a  dancing-master,  being  forced  to  leave  Bos- 
ton, comes  to  New  York,  but  is  forbidden  to  teach. .  .3  June, 

Iroquois  appeal  to  the  goveraor  for  protection  against  the 
French.    He  supplies  them  with  arms  and  ammunition,  Aug. 

French  continue  to  assert  their  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois, 

French  governor  of  Canada  makes  peace  with  the  Iroquois. . . 

Gov.  Dongan  required  to  surrender  the  government  of  New 
York  to  Andros 22  Apr. 


504 


NEW 


1678 


1679 


1680 
1681 


1683 


1684 


1685 


French  fort  at  Niagara  demolished 6  July, 

Gov. -gen.  Andros  reaches  New  York 11  Aug. 

Francis  Nicholson  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York 

Revolution  in  England;  James  II.  flees  to  France;  William, 
prince  of  Orange,  arrives  in  England Dec. 

William  and  Mary  proclaimed  king  and  queen 13  Feb. 

War  declared  between  England  and  France May, 

Frontenac  reappointed  governor  of  Canada 21  May, 

Jacob  Leisler  seizes  fort  James 3  June, 

Leisler  assumes  command  of  New  York 12  June, 

William  and  Mary  proclaimed  in  New  York 22  June, 

Lieut. -gov.  Nicholson  leaves  New  York  for  England.. .24  June, 

Leisler  summons  a  convention June, 

Iroquois  ravage  the  country  about  Montreal 5  Aug. 

Leisler  commissioned  commander-in-chief  by  the  assembly, 
pending  instructions  from  England 16  Aug. 

Henry  Sloughter  appointed  governor  of  New  York 2  Sept. 

Frontenac  returns  to  Quebec  from  France Sept. 

Leisler  assumes  the  title  of  lieutenant-governor 10  Dec. 

Frontenac  organizes  3  expeditions  against  the  English:  one 
against  New  York,  the  second  against  New  England,  and 
the  third  to  ravage  Maine Jan. 

Party  of  210,  including  80  Indians,  advance  towards  Schenec- 
tady and  Albany Jan.-Feb. 

They  surprise  and  burn  Schenectady,  about  16  miles  from  Al- 
bany, then  the  western  frontier  post  of  New  York,  contain- 
ing upwards  of  40  well-built  houses  surrounded  by  a  palisade, 
kill  60  or  more  people,  and  carry  away  many  captives;  some 
escape  to  Albany 8-9  Feb. 

French  retreat,  and  are  pursued  by  the  Iroquois 

Colonial  congress  called  at  New  York  by  Leisler. 2  Apr. 

Expedition  against  Canada  fails 

Gov.  Sloughter  sails  for  New  York 1  Dec. 

Leisler  refuses  to  give  up  the  fort  at  New  York  to  Richard  In- 
goldsby,  gov.  Sloughter's  deputy Jan. 

Arrival  of  gov.  Sloughter .19  Mch. 

Leisler  imprisoned 20  Mch. 

Leisler,  Milborne,  and  others  indicted  for  treason  and  murder, 

Apr. 

Eight  of  the  prisoners  convicted " 

Petition  for  Leisler's  pardon.  Others  demand  his  execution. 
Gov.  Sloughter  signs  the  death-warrant  of  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne  14  May, 

Leisler  and  Milborne  executed 16  May, 

Gov.  Sloughter  d 23  July, 

Richard  Ingoldsby  acting  governor " 

Gov.  Sloughter  succeeded  by  Benjamin  Fletcher 29  Aug. 

Frontenac  sends  an  expedition  against  the  Mohawks.  ..15  Jan. 

Peter  Schuyler  of  Albany  pursues  the  French  with  English  and 
Iroquois;  they  escape  across  the  upper  Hudson  on  floating 
cakes  of  ice Feb. 

Fort  Frontenac  rebuilt  by  the  French 

Frontenac  prepares  a  great  expedition  against  the  Iroquois; 
but  only  destroys  3  villages  and  some  corn 

William  Kidd,  with  the  Adventure,  of  30  guns,  sails  from  New 
York  with  a  crew  of  155  men,  commissioned  as  a  privateer 
against  the  French,  and  pirates  in  the  Indian  ocean. .  .6  Sept. 
[This  was  something  of  a  "private  enterprise."  Some 
noblemen  of  the  English  ministry  invested  6000/.  in  the  un- 
dertaking. Kidd  and  Robert  Livingston  of  New  York  were 
to  have  one  fifth  of  the  proceeds.] 

Richard  Coote,  earl  of  Bellomont,  appointed  to  succeed  gov. 
Fletcher  in  1695;  not  commissioned  until  1697,  and  only 
reached  New  York 2  Apr. 

John  Nanf'an,a  kinsman  of  gov.  Bellomont,  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-governor  

Louis  de  Buade,  count  de  Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada,  d. 
aged  78 22  Nov. 

Remains  of  Jacob  Leisler  and  Milborne  disinterred  by  friends 
and  honorably  buried  in  the  Dutch  church,  Garden  street. . . 

Gov.  Bellomont  dies  at  New  York  (is  buried  there) 5  Mch. 

Kidd  is  denounced  as  a  pirate,  and  returning  to  New  York,  and 
thence  to  Boston,  is  there  arrested  and  ultimately  sent  to 
England,  where  he  is  tried,  convicted,  and  hanged,  with  9 
accomplices,  at  Execution  dock,  London 24  May, 

William  III.  of  England  d 8  Mch. 

Queen  Anne  succeeds " 

Lieut. -gov.  John  Nanfan  acts  as  governor  until  the  arrival  of 
Edward  Hyde,  lord  Cornbury  (son  of  the  2d  earl  of  Claren 
3 


1692 


1G96 


1699 
1701 


don). 


May, 


Yellow-fever  in  New  York.    General  assembly  at  Jamaica,  L.  I, 

Lord  Cornbury  prohibits  Presbyterians  from  preaching  with- 
out his  license 

Lord  Cornbury  removed;  succeeded  by  lord  Lovelace,  who  ar- 
rives at  New  York 18  Dec. 

Slave  market  established  at  the  foot  of  Wall  street.  New  York, 

Lord  Lovelace  d 12  May, 

Lieut,  -gov.  Ingoldsby,  acting-governor 

Expedition  fitted  out  against  Montreal ;  failure 

Peter  Schuyler  takes  to  England  5  distinguished  chiefs  of  the 
Iroquois  to  visit  the  queen 

Richard  Ingoldsby  displaced;  Gerardus  Beekman  acting  gov- 
ernor from 10  Apr. 

Robert  Hunter,  governor,  arrives  at  New  York  with  3000  Ger- 
man Lutherans,  refugees  from  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine, 

14  June, 

Preparations  to  invade  Canada.  Nicholson  leaves  Albany  with 
4000  men,  and  a  fleet  under  sir  Hovenden  Walker  sails  from 
Boston  with  7000  men  and  a  fine  train  of  artillery,  against 
Quebec  and  Montreal 30  July, 

Fleet  loses  8  transports  and  more  than  1000  men  on  the  rocks 


1707 


1708 
1709 


NEW  565 

at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  aud  sails  for  England;  the 

army  disbands IVll 

Tuscaroras,  a  branch  of  the  Iroquois,  leave  North  Carolina  and 
join  their  brethren  in  New  York,  near  Oneida  lake,  thus 

forming  the  Six  Nations 1712 

Pretended  discovery  of  a  negro  insurrection  in  New  York;  19 

negroes  hung " 

Schoharie  Flats  settled  by  Germans  from  the  Palatinate 1713 

Peace  of  Utrecht  between  England  and  France 11  Apr.     " 

Queen  Anne  d. ;  succeeded  by  George  I.  (elector  of  Hanover), 

1  Aug.  1714 
Court  of  Chancery  established  and  confirmed.     Lewis  Morris 

appointed  chief  justice  of  the  province 1715 

Gov.  Hunter  resigns;   Peter  Schuyler  acting -governor, 

19  July,  1719 
William  Burnet,  son  of  bishop  Burnet,  governor,  arrives  at 

New  York 17  Sept.  1720 

English  establish  a  trading  post  at  Oswego 1722 

William  Bradford  issues  the  New  York  Gazette,  the  first  news- 
paper in  the  province Oct.  1725 

Fort  Niagara  built  by  the  French 1726 

George  L  of  England  d. ;  George  IL,  his  son,  king 11  June,  1727 

Gov.  Burnet  succeeded  by  .John  Montgomery 15  Apr.  1728 

Boundary  with  Connecticut  established May,  1731 

Gov.  Montgomery  d 1  July,     " 

Rip  Van  Dam  acting  governor " 

Population  in  the  province  of  New  York 50,289 

"  "        city  "  "         8,632 

Total  number  of  negroes ' 7,231 . 

William  Cosby,  governor  of  New  York,  arrives .1  Aug.  1732 

First  stage  runs  between  New  York  and  Boston,  round  trip  28 

days " 

John  Peter  Zenger  establishes  the  New  York  Weekly  Journal 

in  the  interests  of  the  people 5  Nov.  1733 

Zenger  arrested  for  libel  and  imprisoned  35  weeks Nov.  1734 

Andrew  Hamilton  of  [Philadelphia  successfully  defends  Zenger. 
"The  magistrates  of  New  York  present  him  with  a  gold  box 
as  a  token  of  their  esteem  for  his  noble  advocacy  of  popular 

rights  " July,  17.35 

Gov.  Cosby  d 10  Mch.  17.36 

George  Clarke  governor " 

Law  disfranchising  Jews  in  New  York 1738 

Capt.  Norris,  of  the  ship  Tartar  lying  in  the  hnrbor  of  New 
York,  applies  to  the  mayor  for  authority  to  impress  30  sea- 
men.   The  governor  and  council  order  the  mayor  to  assent; 

I      but  he  refuses,  and  the  matter  is  passed  by " 

Supiiosed  negro  plot  to  burn  New  York.  13  negroes  burned, 
20  hung,  and  70  transported  to  the  West  Indies  (all  probably 

innocent  victims  to  groundless  fear) Mch.  1741 

Sir  George  Clinton  governor 20  Sept.  1743 

"War  of  the  Austrian  succession"  between  England  and 

France 1744 

J  French  and  Indians  destroy  the  village  of  Saratoga  and  carry 

;      away  captive  over  100  men,  women,  and  children 28  Nov.  1745 

I  Peace  between  England  and  France Oct.  1748 

I  Theatre  established  in  New  York  city 1750 

'  First  house  on  the  present  site  of  Troy 1752 

!  Gov.  Clinton  resigns 7  Sept.  1753 

;  Sir  Danvers  Osborne  governor " 

i  Gov.  Osborne  commits  suicide  by  hanging 12  Sept.     " 

i  James  De  Lancey  acting-governor " 

Convention  representing  New  Hampshire,Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland, 

at  Albany  to  consider  a  colonial  confederacy 19  June,  1754 

[Articles  of  union  drawn  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  Pennsyl- 
vania.] 
:  King's  college  (now  Columbia),  New  York  city,  founded,  with 

;     rev.  William  Samuel  Johnson,  D.D.,  first  president " 

'  Sir  Charles  Hardy  governor 1755 

,  Fort  Edward  and  fort  William  Henry  built " 

;  Battle  of  Lake  George.     Defeat  of  the  French,  and  capture  of 

their  leader,  baron  Dieskau 8  Sept.     " 

[He  was  severely  wounded,  not  mortally,  as  often  asserted. 
He  was  exchanged  in  1763,  and,  returning  to  France,  was 
pensioned.] 
Fort  Oswego,  with  1600  men,  120  cannon,  14  mortars,  2  sloops, 

and  200  boats  and  bateaux,  surrenders  to  Montcalm..  14  Aug.  1756 
Montcalm,  governor  of  Canada,  besieges  fort  William  Henry  at 
the  head  of  lake  George  with  about  8000  French  and  2000 

Indians 2  Aug.  1757 

Col.  Monroe  surrenders  with  the  garrison  of  nearly  3000  (Fort 

William  Henry) 9  Aug.     " 

lames  de  Lancey  governor;  sir  Charles  Hardy  goes  to  England,     " 
jen.  Abercrombie  attacks  Fort  Ticonderoga  and  is  repulsed, 

8  July,  1758 
E'ort  Frontenac  surrenders   to  the  English  under  col.  John 

Bradstreet 27  Aug.     " 

j^ort  Stan wix  built  (Fort  Schuyler) " 

i'^Dglish  under  gen.  John  Prideaux  besiege  fort  Niagara;  gen. 

:   Prideaux  killed 20  July,  1759 

i'rench  surrender  the  fort : 25  July,     " 

iJattle  of  Quebec;  gen.  Wolfe  killed 13  Sept.     " 

liurrender  of  Quebec 18  Sept.     " 

,lov.  De  Lancey  d : 30  July,  1760 

;adwalladerColden  acting  governor "  " 

iapitulation  of  M.  de  Vaudreuil  at  Montreal  and  the  entire  re- 

i  duction  of  Canada 8  Sept.      " 

feath  of  George  II. ;  George  III.  succeeds 25  Oct.     " 

\  obert  Monckton  governor Nov.  1761 

ikes  command  of  an  expedition  against  Martinique,  and  leaves 
the  government  to  Cadwallader  Golden , " 


NEW 

New  York  claims  jurisdiction  over  the  present  state  of  Ver- 
mont ;  hence  a  controversy  with  New  Hampshire 1762 

Sir  Henry  Moore,  governor,  arrives 1765 

Sons  of  Liberty  organized  in  New  York " 

Colonial  convention  in  New  York  to  consider  the  Stamp  act, 

7  Oct.  " 
[Colonies  represented  were  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  .Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  and  South  Carolina.  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Georgia  were  prevented  from  sending  delegates  by 
their  governors.] 

Stamp  act  to  go  into  operation,  causes  great  disturbance  in 
New  York 1  Nov.     " 

Repeal  of  the  Stamp  act 18  Mch.  1766 

English  treaty  with  the  Iroquois,  Delawares,  Shawnees,  and 
Mingoes  at  fort  Stanwix  (Kentucky,  Pennsylvania)..  .5  Nov.  1768 

Sir  Henry  Moore  dies;  Cadwallader  Golden  again  acting-gov- 
ernor  1  Sept.  1769 

Boundary  settled  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey " 

Liberty  pole  in  New  York  city  cut  down  by  British  soldiers, 

13  Jan. 

John,  lord  Dunmore,  governor ■. 

Gov.  Dunmore  transferred  to  Virginia;    William  Tryon  last 
royal  governor  of  New  York 

Line  of  jurisdiction  between  New  York  and  Massachusetts 


Gov.  Tryon  gives  10,000  acres  of  land  to  King's  college,  and 
founds  a  chair  of  law 

New  York  publishes  a  Declaration  of  Rights 23  May, 

Sir  William  Johnson  dies  at  Albany,  aged  60 11  July, 

Delegates  chosen  to  1st  Continental  Congress 25  July, 

Provincial  convention  in  New  York;  delegates  to^the  Conti- 
nental Congress  appointed 22  Apr. 

Fort  Ticonderoga  surprised  and  taken  by  Ethan  Allen  and 
Benedict  Arnold  with  80  men 10  May, 

Crown  Point  surrenders 12  May, 

Benedict  Arnold  captures  St.  Johns,  Canada 16  May, 

First  Provincial  congress  in  New  York;  Nathaniel  Woodhull, 

president,  appoints  a  Committee  of  Safety 22  May, 

[Gen.  Woodhull  was  wounded  and  captured  at  the  battle 
of  Long  Island,  30  Aug.  1776.  and  died  a  few  days  afterwards.] 

Gen.  Tryon  retires  to  the  Asia,  an  armed  English  ship  in  the 
harbor  of  New  York 

City  and  county  of  New  York  ask  advice  from  Congress  how 
to  deal  with  the  British  troops  expected  in  the  city,  and  the 
military  stores  captured  at  Ticonderoga May, 

Richard  Montgomery  commissioned  brigadier-general  by  Con- 
gress  : 22  June, 

Congress  orders  capt.  Lamb  to  remove  the  cannon  from  the 

fort  at  New  York  to  the  highlands;  24  pieces  secured,  23  Aug. 

[English  ship  Asia,  lying  in  the  harbor,  attempted  in  vain 

to  prevent  this.      Alexander  Hamilton,  then  a  student  in 

King's  (Columbia)  college,  assisted  in  securing  the  cannon.] 

Col.  Ethan  Allen  taken  prisoner  with  38  men  by  the  British 
near  Montreal 25  Sept. 

Montreal  captured  by  gen.  Richard  Montgomery 13  Nov. 

Gen.  Montgomery  attempts  the  capture  of  Quebec;  he  is  killed 
and  the  Americans  repulsed 31  Dec. 

On  the  news  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  leaden 
statue  of  the  king  of  England  in  New  York  is  made  into  42,000 
bullets 6  July, 

Northern  army  falls  back  from  Crown  Point  to  Ticonderoga, 

7  July, 

New  York  Provincial  congress  at  White  Plains  sanctions  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  making  the  13  colonies  unani- 
mous (Declaration  of  Independence) 9  July, 

[This  congress  meets  4  times  up  to  9  July,  1776,  when 
it  takes  the  name  Convention  of  the  Representatives  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  meeting  at  Kingston.] 

One  sloop,  3  schooners,  and  5  smaller  boats,  carrying  58  guns 
and  86  swivels,  built  at  Whitehall  by  the  Americans  to  con- 
trol lake  Champlain ;  manned  by  about  400  men 22  Aug. 

Lord  Howe  lands  10,000  men  and  40  guns  near  Gravesend,  L.  I., 

22  Aug. 

Americans  under  gen.  Sullivan  defeated  by  gen.  Howe,  and 
gens.  Sullivan  and  Sterling  taken  prisoners;  battle  of  Long 

Island 27  Aug. 

[Gen.  Howe  was  decorated  with  the  order  of  the  Bath  for 
this  success  by  the  British  government.] 

Gen.  Washington  withdraws  his  forces  to  the  city  of  New  York 
from  Long  Island night  of  29th  and  morning  of  30  Aug. 

British  use  condemned  hulks  moored  in  Wallabout  bay  as 
prison-ships;  it  is  estimated  that  11,400  American  prisoners 
died  in  them  during  6  years  beginning 

New  York  city  evacuated,  occupied  by  the  British 14  Sept. 

Battle  of  Harlem  Heights;  British  repulsed 16  Sept. 

Nathan  Hale  executed  as  a  spy  at  New  York  by  command  of 
gen.  Howe  (Hale) 22  Sept. 

Fleet  on  lake  Champlain  under  Benedict  Arnold  meets  a  vastly 
superior  British  armament  under  capt.  Pringle,  and  is  de- 
feated with  a  loss  of  about  90  men 11-13  Oct. 

Battle  of  White  Plains;  Americans  driven  back 28  Oct. 

Washington  crosses  the  Hudson 12  Nov. 

Fort  Washington  on  the  Hudson  captured  by  the  British,  with 
2000  prisoners  and  artillery 16  Nov^- 

Fort  Lee,  opposite  fort  Washington  on  the  Hudson,  evacuated 
by  the  Americans  under  gen.  Greene 18  Nov. 

New  York  convention  adopts  a  constitution.. .  .6  Mch. -13  May, 
[It  made  the  governor  elective  and  remained  in  force  45 
years,  ] 

Gen.  Burgoyne  with  7173  British  and  German  troops,  besides 


1770 

1771 
1773 
1774 


1776 


1776 


NEW  ^6 

several  thousand  Cauadiaus  and  Indians,  appears  before  Ti- 
conderoga 1 -'uly,  1777 

George  Clinton  elecled  governor 3  July,     " 

John  Jay  appointed  chief  justice  and  Robert  R.  Livingston 
chancellor " 

Giirrmon  under  gen.  St.  Clair  abandon  Ticonderoga,  and  retreat 
through  Vermont  (Hubbabdton) 6  July,     " 

Murder  of  Jane  McCrea  by  the  Indians  near  fort  Edward  (see 
Lossing's  "  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution,"  vol.  i.  pp.  98,  99), 

27  July,     '< 

Gen.  St  Clair  joins  gen.  Schuyler  at  fort  Edward,  which  is 
abandoned,  and  the  Americans  retire  across  the  Hudson  to 
Saratoga,  and  thence  to  Stillwater;  Burgoyne  roaches  the 
Hudson 29  July,     " 

St.  Leger.  co-operating  with  Burgoyne,  advances  from  Mon- 
treal with  a  large  force  of  Caniidians  and  Indians;  invests 
fort  Stanwix  (Schuyler) «  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Herkimer,  with  about  800  men,  advances  to  the  relief  of 
fort  Stanwix;  when  within  6  miles  of  the  fort,  falls  into  an 
ambuscade,  is  mortally  wounded,  but  repulses  the  enemy 
with  aid  from  the  fort  under  col.  Wiilett  (Okiskanv).  .  .6  Aug.     *' 

Two  detachments  of  British  and  Indians  from  Burgoynes 
army,  numbering  about  500  men  each,  under  cols.  Baume 
and  Breyman,  defeated  by  gen.  John  Stark  near  Hoosick, 
N.  Y. ,  6  miles  from  Benninoto.v 16  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Philip  Schuyler  superseded  in  command  of  the  northern 
army  by  gen.  Horatio  Gates 22  Aug.     " 

A  detachment  of  Americans  under  gen.  Sullivan  lands  on  Staten 
Island,  surprises  2  regiments  of  Tories,  and  captures  many 
prisoners 22  Aug.     " 

St.  I^ger  retreats  from  fort  Stanwix  to  Montreal,  losing  most 
of  his  baggage  and  stores,  before  gen.  Arnold,  sent  with  3 
regiments  by  gen.  Schuyler  to  relieve  fort  Stanwix.  .22  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Gates  encamps  at  Stillwater 8  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Burgoyne  encamps  at  Saratoga 14  Sept.     " 

Battle  of  Stillwater;  both  armies  claim  the  victory,  but  the 
Americans  had  greatly  the  advantage  (Bemis's  Heights), 

19  Sept.     " 

Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  on  the  Hudson,  taken  by  sir 
Henry  Clinton  (Clinton  and  Montgomery  forts) 6  Oct.     " 

Battle  of  Saratoga;  British  defeated  (Bemis's  Heights).  .7  Oct.     " 

Surrender  of  the  army  under  gen.  Burgoyne 17  Oct.     " 

[Total  number  surrendered,  5642  (Convention  troops)  ; 
previous  losses  about  4000.] 

Lieut. -col.  Baylor's  troop  of  horse  (unarmed)  surprised  and 
mostly  killed  and  wounded  (67  out  of  104)  by  a  party  of 
British  under  Grey,  near  old  Tappan,  on  the  night  of  27  Sept.  1778 

Schoharie  ravaged  by  Indians  and  Tories 16  Oct.     " 

Cherry  Valley  ravaged  by  Indians  and  Tories 11-12  Nov.     " 

Settlement  at  Elmira. " 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  captures  Verplanck's  and  Stony  Point,  June,  1779 

SroNY  Point  surprised  and  captured,  with  500  prisoners,  by 
gen.  Anthony  Wayne 16  July,     " 

Gen.  Sullivan  leaves  the  Wyoming  valley  with  a  force  of  3000 
men.  31  July,  on  an  expedition  against  the  Six  Nations.  He 
is  joined  at  Tioga  Pont,  22  Aug.,  by  gen.  James  Clinton,  with 
1600  men.     They  attack  and  disperse  a  body  of  Indians  and 

Tories  at  Chemung  (now  Elmira) 29  Aug.     " 

[In  the  course  of  3  weeks  the  troops  destroy  40  Indian  vil- 
lages and  extensive  flelds  of  grain  ] 

Verplanck's  and  Stony  Point  evacuated  by  the  British Oct.     " 

Command  in  the  Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  with  the  works  at 
West  Point,  is  given  to  gen.  Benedict  Arnold 3  Aug.  1780 

Major  John  Andr6,  adjutant-general  of  the  British  army,  lands 
from  the  British  sloop  of  war  Vulture,  a  little  below  Stony 
Point,  and  meets  gen.  Arnold  on  the  night  of 21  Sept.     " 

Attempting  to  return  to  New  York,  he  is  captured  by  3  sol- 
diers, John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and  Isaac  Van  Wart, 
near  Tarrytown 23  Sept.     " 

Arnold,  hearing  of  the  capture  of  Andr6,  escapes  to  the  Vul- 
ture  24  Sept.     " 

[Arnold  received  from  the  British  government  10,000Z.  and 
commission  of  brigadier-general] 

A  military  board,  gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  president,  convict 
Andr6  as  a  spy 29  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Washington  approves  the  finding  of  the  board. .  .30  Sept.     " 

Major  Andr6  hung  at  Tappan  at  12  o'clock  noon,  and  buried 

there 2  Oct.     " 

[Andre's  remains  were  disinterred  Aug.  10, 1821.  and  taken 
to  England  and  placed  in  a  vault  in  Westminster  abbey,  28 
Nov.  1821.     See  1879  of  this  record  for  monument.] 

Ann  Lee,  founder  of  the  Shakers,  coming  from  England,  settles 
with  a  body  of  that  sect  near  Albany,  1774,  and  establishes  a 
community  of  them  at  New  Lebanon  (Shakers) " 

William  Alexander  (lord  Stirling),  major-general  in  the  Amer- 
ican army,  dies  at  Albany,  aged  57 15  Jan.  1783 

Order  of  the  Cincinnati  founded  by  the  offlcers  of  the  army  en- 
camped on  the  Hudson  (Cincinnati,  Order  op) ..13  May,     " 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  signed  at  Paris 3  Sept.     " 

British  evacuate  New  York  city 25  Nov.      " 

Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  evacuated  by  the  British,  who 
embark 4  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Washington  bids  farewell  to  his  offlcers  at  Fraunce's  tav- 
ern. New  York 4  Dec.     " 

University  of  the  State  of  New  York  is  established  by  an  act 

of  the  legislature 1  May,  1784 

[Governing  body  of  the  university  is  a  board  of  regents, 
chosen  by  the  legislature  and  holding  office,  without  pay, 
for  life,  under  certain  restrictions.  An  annual  meeting  of 
the  board  is  held  the  second  Thursday  of  Jan. ;  the  semi-an- 
nual meeting  is  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  July.] 


NEW 


Town  of  Hudson  settled  by  Seth  and  Thomas  Jenkins,  from 

Providence.  R.  I 

Hugh  White,  from  Middletown, Conn, the  first  settler  at  Whites- 
town,  Oneida  county 

Continental  Congress  meets  in  New  York 11  Jan. 

Population  of  the  state,  238,897 

Dispute  between  Massachusetts  and  New  York  about  lands, 

settled  by  commissioners  appointed  by  the  2  states 

[A  pre-emption  title  to  certain  territory  in  New  York  was 
claimed  by  Massachusetts  under  its  colonial  charter,  which 
extended  to  the  Pacific.  The  charter  of  New  York  interfering 
with  this  claim,  the  differences  were  settled  by  commission- 
ers :  New  York  retained  the  sovereignty  and  jurisdiction  of 
the  territory  in  dispute,  and  Massachusetts  the  property  of 
the  soil.     See  1773.] 

Samuel  Prevost,  rector  of  Trinity  church,  consecrated  biphop 
at  Lambeth  palace,  Engl.,  for  the  state 

Columbia  college  incorporated 

Oliver  Phelps,  of  Granville,  Mass.,  explores  the  wilderness  from 
the  German  Flats  to  the  present  site  of  Canandaigua 

Binghamton  settled  by  William  Bingham  from  Philadelphia.. 

Syracuse  settled 

New  York  accepts  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.,  with  amend- 
ments  25  July, 

First  number  of  the  Federalist  appears  in  New  York.  ..27  Oct. 

"  Doctors'  mob,"  caused  by  the  discovery  of  human  remains 
for  dissection  in  the  hospital  in  New  York  city. .  .13-14  Apr. 

Oliver  Phelps  and  Nathaniel  Gorham  purchase  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions 2,500,000  acres— part  of  the  land  already  granted  them 
by  Massachusetts— in  western  New  York  (see  1787).  The 
leading  chiefs  were  Farmer's  Brother  and  Red  Jacket 

Ebenezer  Allen  erects  a  mill  where  Rochester  now  stands 

First  house  built  in  Canandaigua 

New  York  ratifies  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S 26  July, 

Congress  meets  in  New  York,  in  the  old  City  Hall,  corner  of 
Wall  and  Nassau  streets,  opposite  Broad;  only  8  senators 
and  13  representatives  present 4  Mch. 

House  obtains  quorum  and  organizes 30  Mch. 

[Frederic  A.  Muhlenburg  speaker.] 

Senate  having  a  quorum,  organizes 6  Apr. 

[John  Langdon,  N.  H.,  chosen  to  preside  at  the  counting  of 
votes  for  president.  All  the  69  votes  were  cast  for  Wash- 
ington, and  34  for  John  Adams,  who  became  vice-president.] 

John  Adams  takes  the  chair  of  the  Senate '. 21  Apr. 

Washington  arrives  at  Elizabeth  Point,  and  is  escorted  to  New 
York  by  a  committee  from  both  houses  in  a  barge  rowed  by 

lb  pilots  dressed  in  white 23  Apr. 

[His  progress  from  Mount  Vernon  had  been  a  continuous 
triumphal  procession.] 

Oath  of  office  taken  by  Washington 30  Apr. 

[Oath  was  administered  by  chancellor  Livingston  in  the 
balcony  of  the  City  Hall] 

First  recorded  party  contest  in  New  York  state;  votes  polled, 
12,453 

Oliver  Phelps  opens  in  Canandaigua  the  first  private  land  office 
in  America,  for  the  sale  of  forest  land  to  settlers  (Land) 

U.  S.  buys  of  Stephen  Moore  the  site  of  West  Point 

[It  purchased  the  tract  adjoining  in  1824,  and  in  1826  New 
York  ceded  jurisdiction  over  it  to  the  U.  S.] 

Population  of  the  state 340, 120 ) 

Rank  among  the  states 5th  | 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 7.1 ) 

11th,  12th,  13th,  and  14th  sessions  of  the  Continental  Congress 
met  in  New  York  city — that  is,  from  11  Jan.  1785  to  21  Oct. 
1788.  Also  the  1st  and  2d  sessions  of  the  first  Congress  un- 
der the  Constitution 4  Mch.  1789-12  Aug. 

Phelps  &  Gorham  sell  to  Robert  Morris  1,204,000  acres  of  their 
Massachusetts  purchase  in  western  New  York  for  8d.  an  acre, 

Boundary  between  New  York  and  Vermont  established 

Geneseo  settled  by  William  and  James  Wadsworth  from  Con- 
necticut  

Congress  leaves  New  York  city  and  meets  in  Philadelphia,  Dec. 

Part  of  Vermont  formed  Cumberland  and  Gloucester  counties 
in  New  York  till. 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  arts,  and  manufact- 
ures established  at  New  York 

Hamilton  Oneida  academy  established 

Auburn  first  settled  by  col.  Hardenbergh 

Paper  mill  erected  at  Troy,  which  makes  from  4  to  5  reams  of 
paper  daily 

French  privateer  fitted  out  in  New  York  is  seized  by  militia 
by  order  of  gov.  Clinton 14  June, 

Frederick  William  Augustus,  baron  Steuben,  major-general  in 
the  Revolutionary  army,  d.  at  Steubenville,  Oneida  county, 

28  Nov. 

Union  college  incorporated  at  Schenectady 

George  Clinton,  after  18  years'  service,  declines  re-election  as 
governor,  and  is  succeeded  by  John  Jay 

Legislature  appropriates  $50,000  for  public  schools 

Sloop  Detroit  the  first  American  vessel  on  lake  Erie 

Massachusetts  deeds  to  Robert  Morris  of  Philadelphia  nearly 
3,300,000  acres  of  land  in  western  New  York  (see  1787), 

11  May, 
[Robert  Morris,  b.  Engl  1733,  d.  Philadelphia,  1806,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress,  1776-78,  and  signer  of 
Declaration  of  Indei)endence.  He  greatly  assisted  the  gov- 
ernment financially  during  the  Revolution,  but  in  his  old  age 
embarked  in  vast  land  speculations  which  proved  ruinous  to 
his  fortunes.  He  passed  his  latter  days  in  prison  for  debt.— 
Drake,  "  Diet,  of  Amer.  Biog."] 

He  extinguishes  the  Indian  title,  sells  several  tracts  from  the 


178 


17» 


178 


178 


1790 


1791 
1793 


1794 
1795 


1796 


NEW 


567 


1800 


east  side  along  the  Genesee  river,  and  mortgages  the  residue 
to  Wilhehn  Williui<  and  others  of  Amsterdam,  Holland,  called 

the  Holland  Land  company 1796 

[By  this  purchase  the  Holland  Land  company  acquired  the 
present  counties  of  Niagara,  Erie,  Chautauqua,  Cattaraugus, 
Wyoming,  except  some  small  reservations,  and  most  of  the 
counties  of  Alleghany,  Genesee,  and  Orleans.] 

State  road  from  Whitestown  to  Geneva  built " 

Forts  Oswegatchie  (now  Ogdensburg),  Oswego,  and  Niagara 

evacuated  by  the  British " 

John  Fitch  moves  a  small  boat  on  Collect  pond  in  New  York 
city  by  a  small  steam  engine  and  a  "worm-screw"  project- 
ing from  the  stern  of  the  boat " 

Albany  becomes  the  permanent  capital  of  the  state  at  the  20th 

session  of  the  legislature 1797 

Shakers  at  Watervliet  begin  the  manufacture  of  brooms,  sold 

at  50  cts.  each 1798 

I^egislature  grants  to  chancellor  Livingston  an  exclusive  right 
to  navigate  the  inland  waters  of  the  state  by  vessels  propelled 

by  fire  or  steam " 

New  York  appropriates  $1,200,000  to  defend  her  harbor  against 

France " 

Washington  nominates  Alexander  Hamilton  as  first  in  rank  of 

major-generals  in  the  Provisional  army " 

Road  cut  from  the  Genesee  to  Buffalo  and  Lewiston " 

Legislature  enacts  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery Apr.  1799 

Population  of  the  state 589,051  "j 

Rank  among  the  states 3d  I 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 12.4  j 

Per  cent,  of  increase 73.1  J 

George  Clinton  again  elected  governor 1801 

Democrats  predominant,  led  by  col.  Aaron  Burr,  the  Clintons, 

and  Livingstons *' 

Buffalo  laid  out  by  the  Holland  Land  company,  who  open  an 
office  at  Batavia,  Joseph  Ellicott  agent,  for  the  sale  of  land. .      " 

Academy  of  fine  arts  founded  at  New  York  city " 

Duel  between  col.  John  Swartwout  and  De  Witt  Clinton.     5 

shots  exchanged ;  Swartwout  slightly  wounded 1802 

Military  academy  established  at  West  Point  by  Congress «' 

Gen  Joseph  G.  Swift  first  graduate 12  Oct.     " 

Burr's  Democratic  friends  resolve  to  support  him  for  governor 
against  any  regular  nominee.     He  is  formally  nominated  at 

Albany ;  a  meeting  held  at  New  York  city  ratifies  it 1804 

Morgan  Lewis  elected  as  the  regular  Democratic  candidate.. . .      " 
Burr  proposed  as  Federalist  candidate  in  coalition  with  his 

faction ;  the  plan  defeated  by  Alexander  Hamilton " 

This  opposition  of  Hamilton  to  Burr  culminates  in  a  duel  at 

Hoboken.  in  which  Burr  kills  Hamilton 11  July,     " 

New  York  Historical  Society  founded " 

Philip  Schuyler  dies  at  Albany,  aged  73 18  Nov.     " 

I^egislature  appropriates  the  proceeds  of  the  remaining  state 

lands,  over  a  mill  on  acres,  for  the  school  fund 1805 

Corner-stone  of  the  old  state  capitol  laid  at  Albany 23  Apr.  1806 

Robert  Fulton's  steamboat,  the  Clermont,  makes  first  trip.  New 

York  to  Albany ;  average  speed,  5  miles  an  hour 7  Aug.  1807 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins  elected  governor " 

Finst  carding  and  cloth  dressing  establishment  erected  on  the 

Holland  purchase  at  Batavia  by  William  H.  Bush 1808 

James  Geddes  of  Onondaga  surveys  a  route  for  a  canal  from 
lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson  river,  and  reports  it  practicable. .  .1808-9 

First  house  built  in  Rochester 1810 

Population  of  the  state 959,049  ] 

Rank  among  the  states 2d  I  ,< 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 20.1  f 

Per  cent,  of  increase 62. 8  J 

A  commission  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  practicability  of  a 
canal  from  lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson  explores  the  whole  route,     " 

It  reports  in  favor  of  the  canal;  estimated  cost,  $5,000,000 1811 

West  Point  reorganized  and  made  efficient 1812 

Hamilton  college,  at  Clinton,  Oneida  county,  established " 

"  Detached  militia  "  of  New  York  arranged  by  the  War  depart- 
ment in  2  divisions  and  8  brigades 21  Apr.     " 

War  declared  against  Great  Britain  by  the  U.  S 20  June,     " 

[British  forts  near  the  state  were :  Fort  Erie,  opposite  Buf- 
falo, with  a  small  garrison ;  a  small  stockade  at  Chippewa, 
a  little  above  Niagara  falls,  and  a  small  earthwork,  fort 
George,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  river;  while  at  York 
(now  Toronto)  there  was  an  old  fort  and  block-house,  and 
near  Kingston,  formerly  fort  Frontenac,was  a  small  battery.] 
Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  ('the  patroon)  of  Albany  commissioned 
major  general  and  assigned  to  the  1st  division,  and  Benja- 
min Mooers  of  Plattsburg  to  the  2d " 

British  attack  Sackett's  Harbor  and  are  repulsed 29  July,      " 

Lieut.  J.  D.  Elliott  captures  the  Caledonia  and  Detroit,  British 

vessels  anchored  near  fort  Erie,  opposite  Buffalo 8  Oct.     '• 

[Congress  votes  lieut.  Elliott  a  sword  for  this  exploit.] 
Battle  of  Queenstown,  Upper  Canada,  and  death  of  sir  Isaac 

Brock,  governor  of  Upper  Canada 12-13  Oct.     " 

[The  Americans,  at  first  successful,  are  finally  beaten.] 

Albany  Argus  started  in  Albany,  Jesse  Buel  editor 13  Jan.  1813 

Ogdensburg  attacked  and  captured  by  the  British 22  Feb.     " 

York  (now  Toronto)  taken  by  the  Americans;  gen.  Pike  killed, 

27  Apr.     " 
Fort  George,  Canada,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  river,  evacu- 
ated by  the  British 27  May,     " 

fort  Erie  captured  by  the  Americans 28  May,     " 

British  repulsed  at  Sackett's  Harbor 29  May,     " 

'  Perry's  victory  on  lake  Erie  (Naval  battles) 10  Sept.     " 

'  Burning  of  the  village  of  Newark,  Canada,  near  fort  George, 
by  the  Americans  under  gen.  McClure,who  was  severely  cen- 
sured, and  fort  George  evacuated 10  Dec.     " 


NEW 

British  capture  fort  Niagara 19  Dec.  1813 

They  burn  Buffalo  and  Black  Rock  (Buffalo) 30  Dec.     " 

Fort  Ontario  at  Oswego  captured  by  the  British  (Fort  On- 
tario)  5-6  May,  1814 

Fort  Erie  occupied  by  the  Americans 3  July,    " 

Battle  of  Chippewa,  Canada:  Americans  victorious 5  July,    " 

Battle  of  Bridgewater,  or  Lundy's  Lane,  Canada,  one  of  the 

most  destructive  of  the  war.  '  The  Americans,  2600  strong, 

lose  858  men  killed  and  wounded,  and  the  British  (4500)  lose 

about  20  more;  fought  from  8  p.m.  to  midnight 25  July,     " 

[Here  gen.  Winfleld  Scott  greatly  distinguished  himself] 

Fort  Erie  besieged  by  the  British 4  Aug.     " 

Col.  Drummond  assaults  the  works  and  is  repulsed 15  Aug.     " 

Com.  McDocough  defeats  British  fleet  on  lake  Champlain  at 

Plattsburg,  under  com.  Downie  (Naval  battles) 11  Sept.     " 

Gen.  Macomb  with  about  6000  men,  defeats  12,000  British  under 

sir  George  Provost,  at  Plattsburg 11  Sept.     " 

Americans  make  a  successful  sortie  at  fort  Erie  and  destroy 

the  British  works 17  Sept.     " 

British  raise  the  siege  after  56  days 21  Sept.     " 

Americans,  under  gen.  Izard,  abandon  fort  Erie  and  blow  it  up, 

5  Nov.     " 

Treaty  of  peace  ratified  and  promulgated 17  Feb.  1815 

Robert  Fulton  dies  in  New  York  city 24  Feb.     " 

General  disappearance  of  the  Federal  party 1815-17 

[The  2  political  parties  of  the  nation  up  to  this  period  were 

the  Federal  and  Republican,  afterwards  called  Democratic. 

Virtually  but  one  party  remained  after  the  collapse  of  the  Fed- 
eralists, until  the  Whigparty  was  formed.  Political  parties.] 
De  Witt  Clinton  elected  governor  to  succeed  gov.  Tompkins, 

chosen  vice  president  of  the  U.  S 1817 

Legislature  abolishes  slavery  from  4  July,  1827 Apr,     " 

Erie  canal  begun  at  Rome,  Oneida  county .* 4  July,     " 

State  grants  $20,000  to  county  agricultural  societies  to  promote 

agriculture  and  family  domestic  manufactures " 

First  paper  mill  west  of  the  Genesee  river  built  by  William 

H.  Bush  at  Batavia " 

State  library  founded  at  Albany 21  Apr.  1818 

[It  is  open  daily  for  the  use  of  the  public] 

First  steamboat,  Walk-in-the-water,  on  lake  Erie " 

[360  tons,  built  at  Black  Rock,  a  suburb  of  Bufialo.     Her 

engine  and  boiler  were  made  in  New  York.    She  was  lost  in 

a  gale  in  1821.] 
Hamilton  Theological  seminary,  Madison  county,  incorporated,  1819 

[The  oldest  American  Baptist  divinity  school.] 
Steamship  Savannah,  380  tons,  capt.  Moses  Rodgers,  sails  from 

New  York,  where  she  was  built,  for  Savannah,  Ga 10  Apr.     " 

[Arriving  there  17  Apr.  she  sails  from  that  port  24  May  for 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  via  Liverpool,  reaches  L.  20  June, 

sails  for  St.  P.  23  July;  return  to  Savannah  50  days  from  St. 

P.  Dec.  1819;  first  Amer.  steamship  to  cross  the  Atlantic] 

Population  of  the  state i;372,lllT 

Rank  among  the  states 1st!  |q„„ 

Population  to  the  sq,  mile 28.8  [ ^'^^^ 

Per  cent,  of  increase 43    j 

[From  this  time  the  state  has  been  styled  the  "Empire 

State."] 

Lockport,  Niagara  county,  settled 1821 

Revised  state  constitution  adopted  and  ratified Feb.  1822 

Joseph  C.  Yates  governor " 

Champlain  canal  begun  1816,  finished 1823 

De  Witt  Clinton  elected  governor 1824 

Lafayette  lands  in  New  York  city  (United  States) 15  Aug.     " 

New  State  prison  commenced  at  Sing  Sing 1825 

Geneva  college,  Geneva,  Ontario  county,  incorporated " 

[Name  changed  to  Hobart  college,  27  Mch.  I860.] 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  b.  1774,  d.  on  Staten  Island 11  June,     " 

[Governor  1807-17,  vice-president  1817-25.] 

Erie  canal  completed 26  Oct.     " 

[Tidings  of  the  opening  conveyed  from  Buffalo  to  New  York 

in  80  minutes  by  firing  relays  of  cannon.] 
First  boat.  Seneca  Chief,  conveying  the  governor  and  others, 

passes  from  lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson,  and  reaches  New  York 

city.    Grand  celebration 4  Nov.     ' ' 

[The  Erie  canal  was  8  years  in  building.    As  originally 

built,  it  was  40  ft.  wide  at  the  top,  28  ft.  wide  at  the  bottom, 

and  4  ft.  deep,  and  352  miles  in  length  ;  cost,  $9,027,456. 

The  legislature,  in  1835,  ordered  its  enlargement  to  70  ft.  wide 

at  the  top,  42  ft.  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  7  ft.  deep,  at  a  cost 

of  about  $25,000,000.     Canals.] 

Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  commenced 1826 

Abduction  of  William  Morgan  from  Canandaigua  (Morgan, 

William) 12  Sept.     " 

Thurlow  Weed  edits  the  Anti- Masonic  Enquirer,  at  Rochester, 

N.  Y 1826-27 

Owing  to  Morgan's  abduction,  a  county  convention  at  Le  Roy, 

Genesee  county,  begins  the  anti-Masonic  movement 1827 

Journal  of  Commerce  started  in  New  York  city " 

Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton  d.  suddenly  at  Albany,  aged  59.. .11  Feb.  1828 

Nathaniel  Pitcher  acting-governor " 

Oswego  canal  finished " 

Martin  Van  Buren  elected  governor;  resigns 12  Mch.  1829 

Enos  T.  Throop  acting-governor " 

Manufacture  of  brick  by  machinery  successfully  begun  in  New 

York " 

John  .Jay  dies  at  Bedford,  Westchester  county 17  May,    " 

[No  one  of  the  great  men  of  the  Revolution  approached  so 

near  Washington  in  lofty  disinterestedness  as  John  Jay.— 

Hildreth.] 
Sam  Patch  jumps  from  the  Genesee  falls  at  Rochester  and  is 

killed " 


1832 


1833 


1834 
1836 


1837 


NEW  568 

Albany  Evening  Journal  started,  edited  by  Thurlow  Weed. . . . 

First  omnibus  buili  and  used  in  New  York  city 

Book  of  Mormon  tli-sl  published  by  E.  B.  Grandiu  at  Palmyra 

(MOKMO.NS) 

[Real  author  was  rev.  Solomon  Spaulding.     Ohio.] 

Population  of  tlio  slate 1,918,008 ' 

Rank  among  the  states 1st 

Population  to  the  square  luilo 40.3 

Per  cent,  of  increase 39.8 

University  of  the  City  of  Now  York  opened 

First  locomotive  engine,  "  The  Best  Friend,"  built  in  the  U.  S., 
finished  at  West  Point  fouudery,  New  York  city,  and  tested, 

9  Dec. 
[For  the  South  Carolina  railroad.] 

Albany  and  Schenectady  railroad  opened  16  miles 

[Second  locomotive  built  in  the  U.  S.  was  for  this  road, 
the  "  He  Witt  Clinton,"  built  in  Now  York  city.] 

Chloroform  first  obtained  by  SamuelGuthrio  of  Sackett's Harbor, 
[About  the  same  time  made  by  Liebig  in  Germany  and 
Souberein  in  France.     First  used  as  an  anaesthetic,  1834.] 

Imprisonment  for  contract  debt,  except  for  fraud,  abolished. . . 

Whig  party  formed 

[Mame  suggested -by  James  Watson  Wel)b  of  the  New  York 
Courier  ami  Enquirer.—''  Kmpire  State,"  Lossing.] 

Cholera  in  New  York  city,  27  Juno  until  19  Oct. ;  4000  die 

Buffalo  and  Utica  incorporated  as  cities 

First  horse  street  railroad  in  the  world  opened  in  Fourth  ave., 
New  York  cilv 

Red  Jacket,  the  Indian  chief,  dies  near  Buffalo,  aged  78,  20  Jan. 

Anti  slavery  socitUy  of  New  York  organized 2  Oct. 

William  L.  iMarcy  governor 

Riot  in  New  York  against  the  abolitionists 

A  geological  survey  of  the  state  ordered , 

Union  Theological  seminary  in  New  York  city  founded 

Schenectady  and  Utica  railroad  opened 

Aaron  Burr  dies  in  New  York,  aged  80 14  Sept. 

Legislature  appropriates  $200,000  a  year  for  3  years  to  form 
township  and  district  libraries  (one  of  the  best  appropria- 
tions ever  made  of  public  funds  for  educational  purposes, 
aside  from  public  schools) 

American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  established  in  New  York,     " 

Patriot  war — Canada " 

Navy  island  in  Niagara  river  occupied  by  the  "  Patriots,"  Dec.     " 

Steamer  Caroline,  at  Schlosser's  landing,  on  the  American  side 
of  Niagara  river,  is  fired  and  sent  over  the  falls  by  Canadian 
soldiers  under  col.  McNab night  of  29  Dec.     " 

Auburn  and  Syracuse  railroad  opened " 

William  H.  Seward,  Whig,  elected  governor  over  William  L. 
Marcy,  Democrat 1838 

Rutgers  female  institute,  New  York  city,  opened 11  Apr.     " 

[Name  changed  to  college,  1867.] 

Free  banking  law  passed " 

Steamboat  Lexington  burned  in  Long  Island  sound 13  Jan.  1840 

First  state-prison  library  in  the  U.  S.  started  at  Sing  Sing '' 

Population  of  the  state 2,428,921  ~ 

Rank  among  the  states 1st 

Population  to  the  square  mile 51 

Per  cent,  of  increase 26.5^ 

Railroad  completed  from  Boston  to  Albany. 1841 

Steam  packet  President  sails  for  Liverpool  (never  heard  from), 

11  Mch.     " 

First  Washington  Temperance  meeting  in  New  York.  .24  Mch.     " 

Steamboat  Erie  burned  on  lake  Erie;  180  perish 9  Aug.     " 

Auburn  and  Rochester  railroad  opened " 

Croton  aqueduct  finished;  5  years  in  construction;  cost, 
$12.500,000 ;  length,  ^y^  miles  (Croton  aqueduct) 1842 

Attica  and  Buffalo  railroad  opened " 

William  C.  Bouck  governor 1843 

Armed  resistance  begun  by  anti-renters  in  Albany,  Delaware, 

and  Rensselaer  counties 1844 

[Tenants  of  the  patroon  refuse  to  pay  rent.  Anti-rentism.] 

State  Normal  school  established  at  Albany " 

Silas  Wright,  jr.,  governor 1  Jan.  1845 

Steamer  Swallow,  capt.  Squires,  from  New  York  to  Albany, 
strikes  a  rock  near  Athens;  many  passengers  drowned,  7  Apr.     " 

Gov.  Silas  Wright  proclaims  Delaware  county  in  a  state  of 
insurrection  on  account  of  anti-rentism 27  Aug.     " 

Packer  Collegiate  institute,  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  opened " 

Madison  university  at  Hamilton,  Madison  county,  chartered, 

26  May,  1846 
[Hamilton  Literary  and  Theological  seminary,  at  the  same 
place,  established  in  1819,  is  included  in  this  charter.] 

State  constitution  revised  and  adopted Nov.     " 

O.vEiDA  community  established 1847 

Meeting  at  Seneca  Falls  to  advocate  political  equality  of 
women 1848 

Hamilton  Fish  elected  governor  by  the  Whigs " 

"  Spirit  rappings  "  phenomena  begun  in  the  house  of  John  D. 
Fox,  Hydersville,  and  afterwards  in  Rochester  on  his  re- 
moval there  the  same  year  (Spiritualism) " 

Continuous  railroad ;  Boston  to  New  York  opened 1  Jan.  1849 

Population  of  the  slate 3,097,394 1 

Rank  among  the  states 1st  !  ..  „-„ 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 65  f 

Per  cent,  of  increase 27.5  J 

University  of  Rochester,  at  Rochester,  chartered 8  May,     " 

Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  sir  John  Franklin  sails  from 
New  York  under  lieut.  De  Haven  and  dr.  Elisha  Kent  Kane, 

24  May,     " 

Collins  line  of  steamships  begin  between  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool—an American  line " 


NEW 

Wa.shington  Hunt  elected  governor  by  the  Whigs,  with  a  ma- 
jority of  262  over  Horatio  Seymour,'  Democrat 18Ci 

Eric  railroad  complete,  Piermont  on  the  Hudson  to  lake  Erie. 
A  train  goes  over  the  road  with  the  directors 28-29  Apr.  185 

Hudson  River  railroad  opened 

James  Fenlmore  Cooper,  b.  1789,  d.  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y., 

14  Sept. 

Whig  party  disappears  from  slate  and  national  politics  after  . .   185' 

Second  Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  sir  John  Franklin  sails 
from  New  York  under  dr.  Kane.  Funds  mostly  furnished 
by  Henry  Grinnell,  of  New  York,  and  George  Peabody.  Grin- 
nell  land  discovered 30  May, 

New  York  Clearinghouse  established 

District  libraries  of  the  state  have  1,604,210  volumes 

[This  number  was  reduced  more  than  one-half  through 
carelessness  and  loss  up  to  1890.] 

New  York  Central  railroad  form6d  by  consolidating  the  local 
railroads 

Continuous  line  of  railway  opened,  New  York  to  Chicago 

First  train  over  a  uniform  gauge  from  Buffalo  to  Erie  and 
Chicago 1  Feb. 

Office  of  the  Stale  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  created 
by  a  law  of. 30  Mch. 

First  kerosene  oil  factory  in  the  U.  S.  established  on  Newtown 

creek,  Long  Island June, 

[Name  kerosene  originated  by  Abraham  Gesner,  who  made 
oil  from  coal  on  Prince  Edward  isle  in  1846.] 

Brooklyn  Collegiate  and  Polytechnic  institute,  non-sectarian, 
chartered 

Railway  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  falls  completed 

Charter  of  the  Elmira  female  college 

[First  charter  granted  by  the  state  for  a  female  college.] 

Last  survivor  of  Washington's  Life  guard,  sergeant  Uzel  Knapp, 
dies,  aged  97,  at  New  Windsor,  Orange  county  (Life  guard, 
Washington's) 11  Jan.  185 

St.  Lawrence  university,  Canton,  St.  Lawrence  county,  incor- 
porated   3  Apr. 

Dudley  observatory  built  at  Albany 

Alfred  university,  at  Alfred,  opened 188 

Ingham  university,  at  Le  Roy,  Genesee  county,  incorporated, 

3  Apr. 

Failure  of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  company  in  New  York;  a 
commercial  panic  spreads  throughout  the  U.  S 24  Aug. 

First  telegraphic  despatch  received  in  New  York  from  Loudon 
by  the  Atlantic  telegraph  (Electricity,  submarine) .  .5  Aug.  18S 
[First  messages  were  the  only  intelligible  ones  received.] 

Edwin  D.  Morgan,  Republican,  elected  governor 

M.  Blondin  (6mile  Gravelet)  crosses  the  Niagara  river,  just  be- 
low the  falls,  for  the  first  time  on  a  tight- rope 30  June,  1859 

Washington  Irving,  b.  New  York  city,  1783,  d.  at  Tarrytowii, 
N.  Y. 28  Nov.     " 

Population  of  the  state 3,880,735') 

Rank  among  the  states 1st  I  «q«j^ 

Population  to  the  square  mile. .  81.3  |   

Percent,  of  increase 25. 2  J 

William  H.  Seward  before  the  Republican  convention  at  Chi-" 
cago  as  a  candidate  for  the  presidency " 

St.  Stephen's  college,  Annandale,  Dutchess  county,  Prot.-Epis. ; 
date  of  charter " 

Erie  canal  enlargement  completed;  entire  cost,  $52,491,915.74.  1862 

Manhattan  college  at  Manhattanville,  New  York  city,  incor- 
porated by  the  regents 2  Apr.  1863 

"Peace  Meeting"  held  in  New  York  city,  called  by  leading 
Democrats  to  devise  means  for  ending  the  civil  war,  3  June,     " 

Clement  C.  Moore,  b.  in  New  York,  1779,  d.  at  Newport,  R.  I., 

10  July,    " 
[Author  of  the  ballad,  "  'Twas  the  night  before  Christmas. "] 

Draft  riots  in  New  York  city 13-16  July,     " 

[About  1000  killed.     Claims  for  damages  amounting  to 
$1,500,000  presented.] 

Normal  school  at  Oswego  established " 

Number  of  troops  furnished  by  the  state  in  the  civil  war  in 
all  branches  of  the  service  reduced  to  a  3  years'  standard 
was  392,270,  about  12  per  cent,  of  the  population 1865 

Eliphalet  Nott,  b.  1773,  d.  at  Schenectady 29  Jan.  1866 

[Made  president  of  Union  college  in  1804.     Over  3700  stu- 
dents graduated  during  his  presidency.] 

Fenian  raid  into  Canada;  about  1200  men  cross  Niagara  river 
near  Buffalo,  camping  near  old  fort  Erie 31  May,     " 

Slight  conflict  takes  place  near  Ridgeway 2  June,     " 

[Force  withdraws  the  next  evening.] 

Vassar  female  college  at  Poughkeepsie  incorporated,  11  Jan. 
1861;  name  changed  by  legislature  to  Vassar  college.  .1  Feb.  1867 
[Founded  by  Matthew  Vassar.] 

Normal  school  at  Brockport  established " 

Public  schools  made  entirely  free 1  Oct.     " 

State  Board  of  Charities  organized " 

Memorial  or  Decoration  day  made  a  legal  holiday;  date  of  first 
celebration 30  May,  1868 

Wells  college,  Aurora,  N.  Y.,  founded " 

Normal  school  at  Fredonia  established " 

Commission  of  Fisheries  created  by  an  act  passed " 

Cornell  universilv  at  Ithaca  opened  to  students Oct.     " 

[Founded  by  Ezra  Cornell  in  1865.] 

Normal  school  at  Potsdam,  St.  Lawrence  county,  established. .  1869 

Normal  school  at  Cortland  opened " 

Henry  Jarvis  Raymond,  journalist,  b.  Lima,Livingston  county, 

N.  Y.,  24  Jan.  1820,  d.  in  New  York  city 18  June,    " 

[He  started  the  New  York  Times  in  1851.]  j 

Financial  panic  in  New  York  city  culminates  in  "  Black  Fri- 
day;"  the  price  of  gold  reaches  162)4 24  Sept.  ; 


NEW 

[During  the  excitement  it  is  estimated  tluit  contracts  were 
made  for  the  sale  of  $500,000,000  of  gold.  The  crisis  ruined 
thousands,  and  disarranged  the  business  of  the  country.] 

Cardiff  giant  discovered  on  the  farm  of  Wm.  C.  Newell,  near 

Cardiff,  Onondaga  county 16  Oct. 

[The  originator  of  this  successful  hoax  was  George  Hull  of 
Binghampton.  who,  after  maturing  his  plan,  went  to  Iowa  in 
1868  and  quarried,  near  fort  Dodge,  the  block  of  gypsum  out 
of  which  at  Chicago  the  giant  was  made.  Securely  boxed  it 
wns  shipped  to  Binghampton  by  rail  and  thence  to  Cardiff 
and  secretly  buried,  9  Nov.  1«68,  on  the  farm  of  Newell  at 
the  bottom  of  a  partly  dug  well;  here  it  was  found  by  some 
workmen  employed  a  year  later  to  finish  the  well.  When 
found  it  had  cost  Hull  $'2600.  It  gave  rise  to  much  contro- 
versy, and  proved  a  financial  success  to  its  owners.] 

Population  of  the  state 4,382,759  ] 

Rank  among  the  states 1st  '■ 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 92  | 

Per  cent,  of  increase 12.9  J 

Lenox  Public  library,  New  York  city,  incorporated. .  .20  June, 
[Endowed  by  James  Lenox  with  his  private  library,  which 
in  American  history  and  certain  other  departments  is  unri- 
valled. Library  of  George  Bancroft,  consisting  of  15,000 
bound  volumes  and  5000  pamphlets,  purchased  Apr.  1893,  for 
$80,000.] 

Cornerstone  of  the  new  capitol  at  Albany  laid 24  June, 

Syracuse  university  (Meth.  Rpis.)  founded  at  Syracuse 

Capt.  Hall  sails  from  New  York  in  the  U.  S.  ship  Polaris,  on  an 
Arctic  exploring  expedition  (Nor'thkast  and  Northwest 
PASSAGES) 29  June, 

Normal  S(  hool  opened  at  Geneseo 

Normal  school  opened  at  Buffalo 

William  M.  Tweed  arrested  in  New  York  city 27  Oct. 

[His  bail  bond  was  fixed  at  $2,000,000.] 

Legislature  establishes  a  commission  of  state  parks. .  .23  May, 

Topographical  survey  of  the  Adirondack  wilderness  begun  by 
the  state  under  the  supervision  of  V'erplanck  Colvin 

Susan  B.  Anthony  and  some  other  women  vole  at  Rochester 
(Women,  Advancement  of) 5  Nov. 

Horace  Greeley  d 29  Nov. 

One  hundred  and  nine  short  horn  cattle  sold  at  a  public  sale  at 

New  York  Mills,  N.  Y.,  for  about  $382,000 10  Sept. 

[Highest  price  paid  was  for  a  cow,  $4600,  and  $2700  for  a 
calf  5  months  old.] 

Commercial  panic  beginning  in  the  Stock  exchange  of  New 
York  spreads  throughout  the  country 19  Sept. 

International  Railway  Bridge  crossing  Niagara  river  at  Black 
Rock  (Buffalo)  to  Canada,  built  under  authority  of  Congress 
and  the  British  Parliament  and  the  state  and  province  gov- 
ernments at  a  cost  of  over  $1,500,000.  Total  length  3651>^  ft., 
over  the  river  proper  1967i^  ft.     Began  1870,  o])ened  31  Oct. 

Tweed  sentenced  to  12  j'ears  in  the  penitentiary 22  Nov. 

[He  is  discharged,  but  is  rearrested,  and  escapes  4  Dec. 
187.5.  He  goes  to  Spain,  is  there  arrested  at  Vigo,  and 
brought  back,  24  Nov.  1876.    He  dies  in  prison,  12  Apr.  1878.] 

Compulsory  educational  law  passed 15  Apr. 

Term  of  the  governor  changed  from  2  years  to  3 

New  York  State  Soldier's  Home  incorporated  at  Bath.  .15  May, 

Hallett's  Point  reef,  "Hell  Gate,"  successfully  blown  up;  work 
directed  by  gen.  John  Newton,  U.  S.  army,  from  the  beginning, 
1869.  The  excavations  were  completed  in  1875 ;  but  for  want 
of  an  appropriation  the  reef  was  not  destroyed  until  24  Sept. 

Cornelius  Vanderbilt  d.  at  New  York 4  Jan. 

Rock  salt  first  discovered  in  the  state  by  Charles  B.  Everest, 
4  miles  from  Warsaw,  Wyoming  county,  while  boring  for  oil 
at  a  depth  of  1279  feet;  strata  of  salt  70  feet  thick.  .20  June. 

William  CuUen  Bryant,  b.  1794,  d.  New  York  city 

[Editor  of  the  Evening  Post,  1826.] 

Cyrus  W.  Field  erects  a  monument  in  memory  of  maj.  John 

Andre  on  the  site  of  his  grave  at  Tappan 

[This  monument  was  badly  damaged  by  attempts  to  blow 
it  up  on  the  nights  of  31  Mch.  and  1  Apr.  1882.] 

;Alonzo  B.  Cornell,  Rep  ,  elected  governor 

New  capitol  at  Albany  opened 12  Feb. 

;  State  Board  of  Health  authorized  by  law 18  May, 

Commission  for  the  protection  of  game  and  fish  established  by 

law 26  June, 

New  York  and  Connecticut  Joint  boundary  commission  award 
to  New  York  a  small  strip,  4.68  sq.  miles  in  area,  called  the 
"oblong  tract,"  east  of  the  straight-line  boundary  which 
runs  north  and  south  20  miles  east  of  the  Hudson  river,  as 
agreed  upon,  1685.  It  was  given  to  New  York  by  a  faulty 
survey,  1787,  and  came  into  dispute  in  1856.  This  commis- 
sion also  established  the  southern  boundary  of  Connecticut 
through  the  middle  of  Long  Island  sound 

il'opulation  of  the  state 5,082,871 

iHank  among  the  states 1st 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 106.7 

Per  cent,  of  increase 15.97 

Nfew  York  agricultural  experiment  station  instituted  by  law, 

26  June, 

[Egyptian  obelisk  erected  in  Central  park 22  Jan. 

[Brought  from  Alexandria,  Egypt,  to  New  York  by  the 

steamer  Dessong,  commander  Henry  H.  Gorringe,  U.  S.  navy, 

which  sailed  from  Alexandria,  12  June,  reaching  New  York, 

20  July,  1880.    Total  height,  90  ft. ;  height  of  shaft,  69  ft. ; 

I   weight  of  shaft  in  pounds,  443,000.    Total  expense  of  re- 

»">val  and  erection,  $103,732,  paid  by  William  H.  Vanderbilt. 

I  This  obelisk  is  supposed  to  have  been  made  1591-1565  B.C. 

'  at  Heliopolis;  removed  to  Alexandria  22  b.c.     Obelisks.] 

Alfred  B.  Street,  poet,  b.  at  Poughkeepsie,  1811,  d.  at  Albany, 


'  NEW 

U.  S.  senators  Conkling  and  Piatt  resign 16  May, 

Warner  Miller  and  Elbridge  G.  Lapham  elected 17  July, 

William  G.  Fargo,  pres.  of  the  American  Express  company,  b. 
1818,  d.  at  Buffalo 3  Aug. 

Thurlow  Weed,  politician  and  journalist,  d.  in  New  York  city, 
aged  85 22  Nov. 

Grovor  Cleveland,  Dem.,  elected  governor Nov. 

Edwin  D.  Morgan,  b.  1811 ;  d.  in  New  York  city 14  Feb. 

Commission  of  statistics  of  labor  established  by  law 4  May, 

East  River  suspension-bridge,  connecting  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn, opened  (Bridges) 24  May, 

Civil-service  commission  created  by  law 29  May, 

[Three  commissioners,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  with 
Ihe  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate.] 

Centennial  of  the  disbanding  of  the  army  of  the  Revolution 

celebrated  at  Newburg 18  Oct. 

1870  ^®^  railroad  (cantilever)  bridge  across  the  Niagara  below  the 
falls  opened 20  Dec. 

New  York  state  dairy  commission  established  by  law.  .24  Apr. 

Gov.  Cleveland  nominated  for  president  of  the  U.  S.  at  the 
Democratic  National  convention  in  Chicago 8  July, 

Susan  Warner,  b.  in  New  York  city,  1818,  d.  there 18  Mch. 

[Author  of  "  Wide,  Wide  World,"  and  other  novels.] 

Richard  Grant  White,  critic,  philosopher,  and  Shakespearian 
scholar,  b.  1822,  d.  in  New  York  city ,s  Apr. 

Common  schools  cost  the  state  $13,466,367.97 

Legislature  authorizes  the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  senate,  to  appoint  3  forest  commissioners,  15  May, 
[To  control  and  superintend  the  forest  preserve,  being 
lands  owned  or  to  be  acquired  by  the  state  within  Essex, 
Franklin.  Fulton,  Hamilton,  Herkimer,  Lewis,  Saratoga,  St. 
Lawrence,  Warren,  Washington,  Greene,  Ulster,,  Sullivan, 
Oneida,  and  Clinton  counties,  except  the  towns  of  Altonaand 
I  Dannemora;  to  be  kept  forever  as  wild  forest  lands;  not  to 
be  sold  or  leased.  The  commissioners  also  superintend  forest 
and  tree  planting  throughout  the  state.] 

Niagara  Falls  reservation  made  a  state  park 16  July, 

[State  park  extends  along  the  river  front  from  the  upper 
su.spension-bridge  to  a  point  nearly  a  mile  above  the  falls. 
It  includes  what  was  formerly  known  as  Prospect  park,  at 
the  edge  of  the  American  falls,  and  Goat  island,  with  the 
group  of  smaller  islands.     The  total  area  is  115  acres.] 

Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  b.  1822,  d.  at  Mt.  McGregor,  near  Sara- 
toga  23  July, 

David  B.  Hill,  Dem.,  elected  governor 

Commission  created  to  report  the  most  humane  and  practical 

method  of  executing  the  death  sentence 13  May, 

[It  consisted  of  Elbridge  T.  Gerry,  dr.  Alfred  P.  Southwick, 
and  Matthew  Hale.  Their  report  of  Jan.  1888,  recommended 
the  use  of  electricity.] 

State  Board  of  Arbitration  created  by  law 18  May, 

[To  consist  of  3  members.] 

Ofl3ce  of  factory  inspector  established  for  the  state " 

Arthur  Quartley,  artist,  d.  in  New  York  city 19  May, 

Normal  school  at  New  Paltz,  Ulster  county,  opened 

1874     John  Kelly,  Dem.  politician,  d.  in  New  York 1  June, 

Orson  S.  Fowler,  phrenologist,  b.  1809,  d.  at  Sharon  Station, 

1876  ;       N.  Y. 18  Aug. 

Total  cost  of  new  capitol  at  Albany,  $17,914,875.02,  to.  .30  Sept. 
William  Dorsheimer,  b.  at  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  1832,  d.  at  Savannah, 

Ga 26  Mch. 

[Elected  lieut.-gov.  by  the  Democrats,  1874  and  1876.] 

1877  Cornelius  R.  Agnew,  surgeon,  b.  1830,  d.  in  New  York,  18  Apr. 
John  T.  Hoffman,  b.  1828,  d.  in  Germany 10  June, 

[Elected  governor  by  the  Democrats,  1868  and  1870.] 

1878  E.  P.  Roe,  b.  1838,  d.  in  New  York  city 19  July, 

[Author  of  "  Barriers  Burned  Away  "  and  other  novels.] 

Centennial  of  the  first  inauguration  of  George  Washington  cele- 
brated in  New  York 29,  30  Apr.-l  May, 

1879  State  Normal  school  at  Oneonta,Otsego  county,  opened 

Population  of  the  state 5,997,853 

Rank  among  the  states 1st 

Population  to  the  sq.  mile 121.98 

Per  cent,  of  increase 18 , 

1880  Henry  R.  Pierson,  chancellor  of  the  University  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  d.  at  Albany 1  Jan. 

Miss  Pink  E.  Corkran,  "Nellie  Bly,"  of  the  New  York  World, 
finishes  a  trip  around  the  world  eastward,  in  72  days,  6  hr. 
11  min  25  Jan. 

George  William  Curtis  elected  chancellor  of  the  Board  of  Re- 
gents of  the  state  of  New  York 30  Jan. 

Schenectady  commemorates  the  200th  anniversary  of  the  mas- 
sacre by  French  and  Indians 9  Feb. 

John  Jacob  Astor,  b.  1822,  d.  in  New  York 22  Feb. 

Gov.  Hill  signs  the  Adirondack  State  Park  bill  appropriating 
$25,000  for  park  purposes 11  Mch. 

Charles  T.  Saxton  introduced  in  1888  the  first  bill  embodying 
the  Australian  ballot  system  presented  to  any  legislature  in 
the  U.  S.,  passes  the  assembly  by  72  to  51,  13  Mch.,  but  is 
vetoed  by  gov.  Hill 31  Mch. 

Gov.  Hill  approves  the  Corrupt  Practices  act  for  preventing 
bribery  nnd  intimidation  at  elections 4  Apr. 

Compromise  Election  bill,  allowing  a  "paster  ballot"  and  a 
series  of  tickets,  instead  of  a  "blanket  ballot,"  is  approved 
by  the  governor 2  May, 

Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk,  b.  1828,  d.  in  New  York ,9  July, 

Maj. -gen.  John  C.  Fremont,  b.  1813,  d.  in  New  York. .  .13  July, 

Dr.  C.  H.  F.  Peters,  astronomer,  the  discoverer  of  50  asteroids, 
b.  1813,  d 18  July, 

First  execution  in  the  world  by  electricity,  William  Kemmler 
(murderer)  at  Auburn  prison 6  Aug. 


1881 


1882 


1884 


1889 
1890 


NEW  570 

Strike  of  3000  trainmen  owing  to  discharge  of  certain  Knights 
of  Labor  on  the  New  York  Central  railroad 8  Aug.  1890 

Boundary-line  with  Pennsylvania  agreed  upon  by  commission- 
ers from  each  state,  20  Mch.  1886,  and  contlrmed  by  the  leg- 
islatures, approved  by  the  Congress 19  Aug.     •' 

Single  tax  convention  meets  in  New  York  city,  2  Sept.,  and 
adopts  a  platform 3  Sept.     " 

Strike  on  the  New  York  Central  railroad  declared  off.  .17  Sept. 

Gov.  Hill  is  elected  U.  S.  senator  from  New  York,  receiving  81 
votes  on  joint  ballot,  to  79  for  Evarts 21  Jan.  18i)l 

Secretary  of  the  treasury,  William  Windom,  b.  1827,  dies  sud- 
denly at  a  banquet  at  Delraonico's,  New  York 29  Jan.     " 

James  Redpath,  journalist,  b.  1833,  d.  in  New  York  city,  10  Feb.     ' ' 

Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  adopt  a  plan  for  university 
extension  under  a  University  Extension  council  of  5  repre- 
sentatives of  colleges  to  be  appointed  annually 11  Feb.     " 

Gen.  William  T.  Sherman,  b.  1820,  d.  at  New  York 14  Feb.     " 

Ex-governor  Lucius  Robinson  d.  in  Elmira,  aged  81. . .  .23  Mch.     " 

I^gislatureappropriatesflO.OOOforuniversltyextenslon,  16Apr.     " 

Ground  broken  for  Grant  monument  In  New  York 27  Apr.     " 

Charles  Pratt,  philanthropist,  b.  1830,  d.  at  New  York.  .4  May,     " 

School  children  of  the  state  choose  the  rose  as  state  flower 
by  a  vote  of:  rose,  294,816;  golden-rod,  206,402;  majority, 
88,414 8  May,     " 

Benson  John  I^osslng,  historian,  b.  1813,  d.  at  Chestnut  Ridge, 
Dutchess  county 3  June,     " 

Chauncey  Vibbard,  called  "  the  father  of  the  American  rail- 
way," d.  at  Macon,  Ga 5  June,     " 

Statue  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  unveiled  at  Brooklyn.  .24  June,     " 

Four  murderers,  Slocum,  Smiler,  Wood,  and  Jugiro,  executed 
by  electricity  at  Sing  Sing 7  July,     " 

A  train  on  the  New  York  Central  railroad  runs  from  New  York 
to  East  Buffalo,  436  miles  in  426  minutes,  running  time.  Of 
this,  37  miles  was  at  a  rate  averaging  70.78  miles  per  hour, 
and  151  miles  at  a  rate  of  from  65  to  70  miles 14  Sept.     " 

First  regular  Empire  State  Express  makes  the  run  from  New 
York  to  Buffalo  in  8  hrs.  42  min 26  Oct.     " 

Field,  Lindley,  Wiechers  &  Co. ,  stock-brokers  of  New  York  city, 
make  an  assignment,  liabilities  $2,000,000;  and  E.  M.  Field 
Bald  to  be  Insane 27  Nov.     " 

A  lunatic  enters  the  oflBce  of  Russell  Sage,  in  New  York;  being 
refused  his  demand  for  $1,250,000,  he  drops  a  hand-bag  con- 
taining explosives,  killing  himself,  a  bystander,  bruising  Sage 
and  others,  and  wrecking  the  building 4  Dec.     " 

Martin  D.  Loppy,  the  wife-murderer,  executed  by  electricity  at 
Sing  Sing 7  Dec.     " 

Randolph  Rogers,  American  sculptor,  b.  1825,  d.  at  Rome, 
N.  Y 14  Jan.  1892 

Dr.  Wesley  Newcomb,  one  of  the  leading  conchologists  of  the 
world,  d.  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ,  aged  84  years 27  Jan.     " 


NEW 

"Greater  New  York "  bill  fails  in  Assembly 15  Mch. 

Legislature  appropriates  $300,000  for  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion  22  Mch. 

Charles  Kendall  Adams  resigns  the  presidency  of  Cornell  uni- 
versity   5  May, 

Prof  Jacob  Gould  Schurman  elected  in  his  place 18  May, 

Cyrus  W.  Field,  b.  1819,  d.  at  Ardsley,  N.  Y 12  July, 

Switchmen's  strike  at  Buffalo,  on  the  Erie  railroad,  begins: 
strikers  burning  freight  trains  and  destroying  about 
$1,000,000  worth  of  property 14  Aug. 

65th  and  74th  regiments  of  national  guards  are  ordered  out  at 
Buffalo  by  gen.  Doyle 15  Aug. 

National  guards  from  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  elsewhere, 
about  8000  men,  ordered  to  Buffalo  by  gov.  P'lower,  on  appeal 
from  the  sheriff  and  mayor  at  Buffalo 17  Aug. 

Ex-gov.  Myron  H.  Clark  dies  at  Canandaigua,  aged  86,  23  Aug. 

Switchmen's  strike  at  Buffalo  declared  off  by  grand-master 
Sweeney 24  Aug. 

George  William  Curtis,  b.  1824,  d.  at  West  Brighton,  Staten 
Island 31  Aug, 

Ex-U.  S.  senator  Francis  Kernan,  b.  1816,  d.  at  Utica. .  .7  Sept. 

Opening  in  New  York  city  of  the  Continental  Congress  of  the 
Salvation  Army  of  the  U.  S 21  Nov. 

Act  authorizing  the  purchase  of  Fire  island  for  quarantine 
purposes  signed n  Mch. 

Naval  review  and  parade  at  New  York  city 27-28  Apr. 

[10  nations  participate.] 

"Viking  ship  "  arrives  at  New  York  city 17  June, 

State  monument  to  its  fallen  soldiers  dedicated  on  the  battle- 
field of  Gettysburg 2  July, 

Hamilton  Fish,  ex-governor  and  ex-secretary  of  state,  b.  1808, 
d.  at  Garrison's,  N.  Y 7  Sept. 

State  Normal  school  building  burned  at  Oneonta,  loss  $200,000, 

15  Feb. 

John  Y.  McKane  of  Gravesend,  L.  I.,  found  guilty  of  election 
frauds  and  intimidation,  and  sentenced  at  Brooklyn  to  6  years 
in  Sing  Sing  prison 19  Feb. 

Joseph  Keppler,  founder  of  Ihick,  d.  in  New  York  city, 

20  Feb. 

"  Greater  New  York  "  bill,  after  repeated  defeats,  passes  the 
Assembly,  8  Feb.,  Senate,  27  Feb.,  and  is  signed  by  the 
governor  (New  York  city) 28  Feb. 

David  Dudley  Field,  b.  1805,  d.  at  Gramercy  Park,  New  York 
ci 


181 


ity. 


,13  Apr. 


Gen.  Henry  W.  Slocum,  b.  1827,  d.  in  Brooklyn 14  Apr. 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Albany 8  May, 

Richard  Croker,  leader  of  "The  Tammany  Hall  Society,"  re- 
signs the  position    10  May, 

Brooklyn  Tabernacle  (dr.  Talmage's)  and  adjoining  buildings 
burned 13  ^fay. 


GOVERNORS  OF  NEW  YORK. 
UNDER  THE  DUTCH. 


Term  of  oflSce. 


Cornells  Jacobsen  May. 

William  Verhulst 

Peter  Minuit 

Wouter  Van  Twiller 

William  Kieft 

Peter  Stuyvesant 


Richard  Nicolls. . . 
Francis  Lovelace. 


Anthony  Colve. 


1624 

1625 

4  May,  1626  to  1633 

Apr.  1633  "  1638 

28  Mch.  1638  "  1647 

11  May,  1647  "  1664         Surrendered  to  the  English. 

UNDER  THE   ENGLISH. 

8  Sept.  1664  to  1668    i    Resigned. 
17  Aug.  1668  "  1673    |    Surrendered  to  the  Dutch. 

DUTCH   RESUMED. 

1673  to  1674     I 


Edmund  Andros , 

Thomas  Dongan 

Francis  Nicholson 

Jacob  Leisler 

Henry  Sloughter 

Richard  Ingoldsby 

Benjamin  Fletcher , 

Richard,  earl  Bellomont.. 

John  Nanfan 

Jj)Td  Cornbury , 

John,  lord  Lovelace 

Richard  Ingoldsby , 

Gerardus  Beekman , 

Robert  Hunter 

Peter  Schuyler 

William  Burnet 

John  Montgomery 

Rip  Van  Dam , 

William  Cosby 

George  Clarke 

George  Clinton 

Sir  Dan  vers  Osborne 

James  De  Lancey 

Sir  Charles  Hardy , 

James  De  Lancey 

Cadwallader  Golden 

Robert  Monckton 

Cadwallader  Golden 

Sir  Henry  Moore 

Cadwallader  Golden 

John,  lord  Dunmore , 

William  Tryon 


10  Nov. 
27  Aug. 

3  June, 
19  Mch. 
26  July, 
30  Aug. 


3  May, 
18  Dec. 

9  May, 
10  Apr. 
14June, 
21  July, 

17  Sept. 
15  Apr. 

1  Aug. 

2  Sept. 
10  Oct. 
12  Oct. 

3  Sept. 

3  June, 

4  Aug. 
26  Oct. 

18  Nov. 

18  Nov. 
12  Sept. 

19  Oct. 
9  July, 


ENGLISH 
1674  to  1683 
1683  "  1688 

1688  "  1689 

1689  "  1691 
1691 

1691  "  1692 

1692  "  1698 
1698  "  1701 

1701  "  1702 

1702  "  1708 

1708  "  1709 

1709  "  1710 
1710 

1710  "  1719 

1719  "  1720 

1720  "  1728 
1728  "  1731 

1731  "  1732 

1732  "  1736 
1736  "  1743 
1743  "  1753 
1753 

1753  "  1755 
1755  "  1757 
1757  "  1760 

1760  "  1761 
1761 

1761  "  1765 
1765  "  1769 

1769  "  1770 

1770  "  1771 

1771  "  1777 


RESUMED. 


Lieutenant  governor. 

Dies  in  oflQce. 
Deputy-governor. 

Dies  in  ofiSce. 
Acting-governor. 
Commission  revoked. 
Dies  in  ofBce. 
Lieutenant-governor. 
President  of  the  council. 

President  of  the  council. 

Transferred  to  Massachusetts  government. 

Dies  in  office. 

President  of  the  council. 

Dies  in  office. 

President  of  the  council.    Lieutenant-governor. 


, 


Commits  suicide  5  days  after  his  arrival. 
Lieutenant  governor. 

Dies  in  office. 

President  of  the  council.     Lieutenant-governor. 

Sails  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  against  Martinique. 

Dies  in  office. 

Appointed  governor  of  Virginia. 
Last  royal  governor  of  New  York. 


NEW 


571 


NEW 


GOVERNORS    OF    THE    STATE    OF    NEW    YORK. 


When 
elected. 


Opponents. 


Party. 


George  Clinton. 


John  Jay 

George  Clinton. 
Morgan  Lewis. 


Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 


John  Taylor 

De  Witt  Clinton  . . . 
Joseph  C.  Yates . . , 
De  Witt  Clinton... 
Nathaniel  Pitcher  . 
Martin  Van  Buren . 


Enos  T.  Throop. 


William  L.  Marcy. 


William  H.  Seward. 

William  C.  Bouck  . 
Silas  Wright,  jr 

John  Young 


Hamilton  Fish. 


Washington  Hunt , 
Horatio  Seymour. 


Myron  H.  Clark 

Johu  A.  King.. 


Sdwin  D.  Morgan  . 

jioratio  Seymour., 
lleuben  E.  Fenton. 


■ohn  T.  Hoffman. . 

I'ohn  A.  Dix 

iSamuel  J.  Tilden  . 
';ucius  Robinson.. 


lonzo  B.  Cornell 


rover  Cleveland. 


avid  B.  Hill. 


oswell  P.  Flower. 


svi  P.  Morton. 


Dem.-Rep. 


1777 

1780 

1783 

1786 

1789. . 

1792.. 

1795.. 

1798.. 

1801.. 

1804.. 

1807.. 

1810.. 

1813.. 

1816.. 

1817.. 

1817.. 

1820. . 

1822.. 

1824.. 

1826.. 


Robert  Yates , 

John  Jay. 

Robert  Yates 

Robert  R.  Livingston. 

Stephen  Van  Rensselaer 

Aaron  Burr. 

Morgan  Lewis. 

Jonas  Piatt. 

Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 

Rufus  King , 


Peter  B.  Porter. 
Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
Solomon  Southwick. 
Samuel  Young. 
William  B.  Rochester , 


Democrat 


Whig 

Democrat 


Whig 


Democrat . . 

Whig 

Republican. 


Democrat . . 
Republican . 

Democrat . . 

Republican. 
Democrat . . 

Republican. 

Democrat . . 


1828. . 

;1829,. 

11830.. 

1832.. 
1834.. 

1836.. 

1838.. 

1840 

1842.. 

1844., 

1846.. 

1848. . 

1850. . 
1852. . 

1854.. 


1858. 

1860. 

1862. 
(1864. 
11866. 
(1868. 
U870. 

1872 

1874. 

1876. 


(Smith  Thompson 

I  Solomon  Southwick. 


( Francis  Granger 

( Ezekiel  Williams. 

Francis  Granger 

William  H.  Seward 

(Jesse  Buel. 
\  Isaac  S.  Smith. 

William  L.  Marcy  .... 

(William  C.  Bouck 

(Gerrit  Smith. 
I  Luther  Bradish. 
(Alvan  Stewart. 

( Millard  Fillmore 

(Alvan  Stewart. 

(Silas  Wright,  jr 

JOgden  Edwards. 
(  Henry  Bradley. 

(John  A.  Dix 

\  Reuben  H.  Walworth. 
( William  Goodell. 

Horatio  Seymour 

I  Washington  Hunt 

(Minthorne  Tompkins. 

(  Horatio  Seymour 

J  Daniel  Ullman. 
(  Green  C  Bronson. 

{Amasa  J.  Parker 
Erastus  Brooks. 

I  (Amasa  J.  Parker 

I  Lorenzo  Burrows. 
(Gerrit  Smith. 
( William  Kelly. 
( James  T  Brady. 

James  S.  Wadsworth. . 

Horatio  Seymour 

John  T.  Hoffman 

John  A.  Griswold 

Stewart  L.  Woodford. . 

Francis  Kernan 

John  A.  Dix 

Edwin  D.  Morgan 

f  Lucius  Robinson 

J  John  Kelly 

I  Harris  Lewis. 
[  John  W.  Mears. 

(  Charles  J.  Folger 

^Alphonso  A.  Hopkins.. 
( Epenetus  Howe 


Republican. 


1891. 


1894. 


(Ira  Davenport 

( H.  Clay  Bascoui 

(Warner  Miller 

(  W.  Martin  Jones 

f  J.  SloatFassett 

} John  W.  Bruce 

(Daniel  De  Leon 

(David  B.  Hill 

J  Everett  P.  Wheeler. 

1  F.  E.  Baldwin 

I  Charles  B.  Matthews 


Dem.-Rep. 


Anti-masonic. 
Anti-masonic. 


Anti-masonic. 
Whig. 


Whig. 
Democrat. 


Whig. 
Democrat. 

Democrat. 
Democrat. 


Republican. 
Democrat 

Republican. 

Democrat. 
Republican. 

Democrat. 
Tam.-Dem. 


Republican. 
Prohibition. 
Greenback. 


Republican. 
Prohibition. 
Republican. 
Prohibition. 
Republican. 
Prohibition. 
Socialist. 
Democrat 

Prohibition. 
Socialist. 


First  opposing  candidate. 


Tompkins  elected  vice-pres. 
Lieutenant-governor.  Acting, 


Clinton  dies  in  office. 

Lieutenant-governor.  Acting. 
;  Resigned.  Appointed  secre- 
;     tary  of  state  by  Jackson. 

Lieutenant-goyernor.  Acting. 


I  Cleveland       resigns,       1884. 
(     Elected  president 

Lieutenant-governor.  Acting, 


le  first  governors  of  the-  state  entered  office  on  1  July  following 

[  election,  but  since  1823  the  date  has  been  1  Jan.    The  term  of 

,j, office  was,  up  to  1823,  3  years;  then  until  1876,  2  years;  from 


1876  until  1895,  3  years;  from  1895,  2  years.  The  governor  and 
lieutenant-governor  must  be  30  years  of  age,  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S., 
and  5  years  a  resident  of  the  state. 


NEW 


672 


NEW 
UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE   OF  NEW   YORK. 


I 


Nam*. 


Philip  Schuyler 

Ruftis  King 

Aaron  Burr 

John  I^wrenco 

Philip  Schuyler 

John  Sloss  Hobart 

William  North 

James  Watson 

Gouverneur  Morris 

John  Armstrong 

De  Witt  Clinton 

Theodore  Bailey 

Samuel  L.  Mitchell 

Johu  Smith 

Obadiah  German 

Rufus  King 

Nathan  Sanford 

Martin  Van  Buren 

Nathan  Sanford 

Charles  E.  Dudley 

William  L.  Marcy 

Silas  Wright,  jr 

Nathaniel  P.  Tallmadge. 

Henry  A.  Foster 

Johu  A.  Dix 

Daniels.  Dickinson 

William  H.  Seward 

Hamilton  Fish 

Preston  King 

Ira  Harris 

Edwin  D.  Morgan 

Roscoe  Conkling 

Reuben  E.  Fen ton 

Francis  Kernan 

Thomas  C.  Piatt 

Elbridge  G.  Lapham 

Warner  Miller 

William  M.  Evarts 

Frank  Hiscock 

David  B.  Hill 

Edward  Murphy,  jr 


So.  of  CongreM. 


4th 
5th 
6th 


1st 
1st  to 
'2d  " 
4th  " 

5th 

5th 

5th 
6th  to  6th 
6th 


6th 


7  th 
8th 

7th  "  8th 

8th 
8th  to  11th 
8th  '•  13th 
nth  "  14th 
13th  "  19lh 
14th  "  17  th 
18th  "  20th 
19th  "  2'2d 
20th  "  23d 

22d 
22d  to  28th 
23d  "  28th 

28th 
28th  to  31st 
28th  "  32d 
31st  "  37th 
32d  "  35th 
35th  "  38th 
37th  "  40th 
38th  "  41st 
40th  "  47th 
41st  "  44th 
44th  "  47th 

47th 
47th  to  49th 
47th  "  50th 
49th  '>  52d 
50th  "  53d 

52d  "  

53d  "  


Date. 


1789  to  1791 
1789  "  1796 
1791  "  1797 

1796  "  1800 

1797  "  1798 
1798 
1798 

1799  to  1800 

1800  "  1803 

1801  "  1804 

1802  "  1803 

1803  "  1804 

1804  "  1809 
1803  "  1813 
1809  "  1815 
1813  "  1825 
1815  "  1821 
1823  "  1828 
1826  "  1831 
1828  ''  1833 

1831  "  1832 

1832  "  1844 

1833  "  1844 
1844 

1845  to  1849 
1845  "  1851 
1849  "  1861 
1851  "  1857 
1857  "  1863 
1861  "  1867 
1863  "  1869 
1867  "  1881 
1869  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 

1881 
1881  to  1885 
1881  "  1887 
1885  "  1891 
1887  "  1893 

1891  "  

1893  "  


Resigned.     Appointed  minister  to  Great  Britain  by  Washingtoi 

Vice-president  of  the  U.  S.,  1801-5. 

Resigned.     Elected  president  pro  tern.  6  Dec.  1798. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Schuyler.     Resigned  1798. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Hobart. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hobart.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Watson. 

(  Elected  in  place  of  Lawrence.     Resigned  1802.      Appointed 
[     place  of  De  Witt  Clinton.     Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Armstrong. 

Elected  in  place  of  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Appointed  minister  to  Great  Britain  by  pres.  John  Q.  Adams,  18 

Resigned.     Elected  governor  of  the  state. 

Elected  in  place  of  Van  Buren. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Marcy.     Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Wright. 

Elected  in  place  of  Wright. 

Elected  in  place  of  Tallmadge. 

Resigned  to  enter  the  cabinet  of  pres.  Lincoln. 

Committed  suicide,  New  York  city,  13  Nov.  1865. 


Resigned  14  May. 

The  first  Democratic  senator  from  New  York  since  1851. 

Resigned  14  May. 

Elected  in  place  of  Conkling. 

Elected  in  place  of  I'latt. 


Term  expires  1897. 
Term  expires  1899. 


]¥ew  York  city,  the  metropolis  of  the  United  States, 
covers  an  area  of  41|^  sq.  miles,  comprising  Manhattan  island, 
Ward's,  Randall's,  and  Blackwell's  islands  in  the  East  river, 
and  Governor's  island  in  New  York  bay,  also  the  portion  north 
of  Manhattan  island  annexed  in  1874.  ("  Greater  New  York," 
see  this  record,  1894.)  Lat.  40°  44'  N. ;  Ion.  74°  W.  First 
settled  by  the  Dutch,  it  was  known  as  New  Amsterdam,  and 
in  1656  had  17  streets  and  about  1000  inhabitants,  including 
negro  slaves ;  8  years  later  it  was  surrendered  to  the  English, 
and  received  its  present  name.  In  1712  the  population  was 
6840;  in  1731,  8632;  in  1774,  22,760.  Since  1790  the  popula- 
tion according  to  the  U.  S.  census  has  been  : 


1790 33,131 

1800 60,489 

1810 96,373 

1820 123,706 

1830 202,589 

1840 312,710 


1850 515,507 

1860 805,651 

1870 942,292 

1880 1,206,299 

1890 1,515,301 


Manhattan  island  ceded  to  the  Dutch  by  the  Indians  for  about 
$23, 6  May,  and  fort  Amsterdam  and  a  stone  warehouse  built,  1626 

Everardus  Bogardus,  first  clergyman,  and  Adam  Rolandsen, 
school- master,  arrive  at  Manhattan Apr.  1633 

First  church  built  on  Broad  street " 

Gov.  Kieft  builds  a  stone  hotel  on  northeast  corner  Pearl  street 
and  Coenties  slip,  fronting  the  North  river  (afterwards  the 
StadtHuys) 1642 

Stone  church  built,  72x50  ft,  and  15  ft.  high  (cost  $950),  with- 
in the  fort " 

First  recorded  sale  of  city  lots:  one  of  30  ft.  front,  by  110  ft. 
deep,  on  Bridge  street,  sold  for  $9.60 " 

School,  taught  at  first  by  dr.  La  Montagne,  opened  in  a  room  in 
the  Stadt-Huys Apr. 

Proclamation  of  the  governor  naming  first  officials  of  New  Am- 
sterdam   2  Feb. 

Seal  and  coat-of-arms  received  from  Holland 8  Dec. 

New  Amsterdam  has  about  1000  people,  including  negro  slaves,  1656 

First  street  paved:  Dehoogh,  now  Stone  street,  between  Broad 
and  Whitehall  sts 1657 

A  "rattle-watch"  from  9  p.m.  until  morning  drum-beat  estab- 
lished. 1658;  and  250  leather  fire- buckets,  also  hooks  and 
ladders,  ordered  from  Holland,  arrive 12  Aug.  1658 

Alexander  Carolus  Curtius,  the  first  Latin  school-master,  ar- 
rives  4  July,  1659 

He  returns  to  Holland,  dominie  Algidius  Luyck  succeeds 1661 

["The  high-school  gains  such  a  reputation  that  pupils  come 
from  'Fort  Orange,'  'South  River,'  and  even  Virginia."] 

Fort  Amsterdam  surrendered  to  the  English  (name  of  New  Am- 
sterdam changed  to  New  York) 8  Sept.  1664 

Capt.  Thomas  Willett  of  Plymouth,  Engl,  first  mayor;  Thomas 
Delavall,  OloflfStevenson  Van  Cortlandt,  Johannes  Van  Brugh, 


1652 


1653 
1654 


Cornells  Van  Ruyven,  and  John  Lawrence,  aldermen;  AUaid 

Anthony,  sheriff" 15  June,  IfljB 

Peter  Stuyvesant  dies  at  his  "  Bouwery,"  aged  80 Feb.  16W 

[A  pear-tree,  brought  from  Holland  and  planted  by  him, 
stood  at  corner  of  Third  ave.  and  Thirteenth  st.  until  1867.] 
Monthly  post  established  between  New  York  and  Boston. 22  Jan.  1673  ' 
New  York  surrendered  to  the  Dutch,  who  name  it  New  Orange, 

9  Aug.     " 
Peace  declared  between  England  and  Holland,  Feb.-Mch.  1674, 

and  New  Netherland  formally  delivered  to  English.  .10  Nov.  1671 
New  docks  to  meet  increase  of  commerce  built  by  city  tax, 

Nov.  1676 
City  divided  into  6  wards,  each  with  one  alderman,  as  fol- 
lows: Southward,  Nicholas  Bayard;  Dock  ward,  .John  Inians; 
Eastward.  William  Pinhorne;  North  ward,Gulian  Verplanck; 
Westward,  John  Robinson;  Outer  ward,  William  Cox. 8  Dec.  1683 

James  Graham  commissioned  first  recorder 16  Jan.  1684 

New  charter,  known  as  the  Dongan  charter,  granted  by  James 

II.,  issued 27  Apr.  1686 

Old  South  or  Garden  Street  Dutch  Reformed  church  erected  (re- 
built, 1766) 1693 

William  Bradford  sets  up  the  first  printing-press  in  New  York, 

12  Apr.     " 

Nassau  street  opened June,  1696 

Streets  first  lighted  with  lanterns 1697 

Trinity  church,  begun  1696,  opened  for  service 13  Mch.  169S 

New  city  hall  built  on  Wall  street,  facing  Broad;  corner-stone 

laid  1699,  completed 1700 

Nicholas  Bayard  convicted  of  high-treason,  9  Mch.,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death ;  on  confession  is  pardoned 30  Mch.  1702 

Yellow-fever  visitation " 

Act  passed  to  establish  a  public  grammar-school 1703 

Corner-stone  of  French  Huguenot  church  laid  on  north  side  of 

Pine  street  (then  King  St.),  near  Nassau 8  July,  1701 

City  charter  granting  ferry  privileges  issued 1708 

Jewish  synagogue  erected  on  Mill  street 1709 

Slave-market  established  at  the  foot  of  Wall  street " 

Pretended  discovery  of  a  negro  insurrection  in  the  city,  6  Apr. 
The  result,  says  gov.  Hunter,  was  "27  condemned,  whereof 
21  were   executed;    some   were  burned,  others  hanged,  1 

broken  on  the  wheel,  and  1  hung  alive  in  chains  " 171'2 

First  Presbyterian  church,  a  stone  structure,  built  on  Wall 
street,   between   Nassau  and   Broadway  (rebuilt  1748,  and 

stood  mitil  1844) 17W 

New  York  Gazette  (weekly),  the  first  newspaper  in  New  York, 

published  by  William  Bradford;  first  issued 16  Oct.  1725 

Library  of  rev.  John  Millington  of  England,  1600  volumes,  do- 
nated to  New  York,  Sept.  1728,  and  added  to  that  of  rev.  John 

Sharp  (1700),  and  placed  in  the  city  hall  for  public  use 1729 

First  smelting  furnace  built  near  corner  of  Centre  and  Reade 

sts 173-' 

New  charter,  under  seal  of  George  III.,  formally  presented  to 

the  city 11  Feb.  1731 

First  fire-engines  received  from  England " 


NEW 

New  Dutch  church  erected  on  cast  side  Nassau  street;  corner- 
stone laid  1727,  opened  1729,  completed  (rebuilt  1764) 

Plot  at  the  lower  end  of  Broadway  laid  out  for  a  bowling-green 
by  the  corporaliou 

Monthly  stage  route  opened  between  New  York  and  Boston. . . 

New  York  Weekly  Journal  established  by  John  Peter  Zenger, 

5  Nov. 

First  poor-house  built  on  the  common  (City  Hall  park) 

Zenger  imprisoned  for  libel,  17  Nov.  1734;  defended  by  Andrew 
Hamilton  and  acquitted July, 

Alleged  conspiracy  to  burn  the  city;  154  negroes  and  21  whites 
arrested,  of  whom  13  negroes  were  burned  at  the  stake,  18 
hanged,  and  71  transported,  and  Hughson  (a  white  man),  his 
wife  and  maid,  and  John  Ury,  a  nonjuriug  Episcopalian  cler- 
gyman, hanged;  all  probably  innocent Mch.  et  seq. 

A  play  enacted  at  a  theatre  in  Nassau  st 5  Mch. 

Merchants'  exchange  or  Royal  exchange  at  foot  of  Broad  street, 
built  upon  arches,  completed 

First  regular  theatre  opened  in  Nassau  street  by  Lewis  Hallam's 
company  performing  "  The  Conscious  Lover  " 17  Sept. 

New  York  Society  library  founded 

King's  (now  Columbia)  college  founded;  rev.  William  Samuel 
Johnson,  D.  D.,  first  president 

Ferry  to  Staten  Island  established 

Stage  route  to  Philadelphia,  "three  days  through  only,"  estab- 
lished  

Corner-stone  of  Columbia  college  laid 23  Aug. 

First  British  packet-boat  carrying  the  mail  between  New  York 
and  Falmouth,  established .' 

St.  Andrew's  society  organized;  Philip  Livingston  first  presi- 
dent  

Beekman  Street  theatre  opened  with  the  tragedy  "Fair  Peni- 
tent " 18  Nov. 

[Destroyed  by  a  mob,  1766.] 

Lamp-posts  erected  and  streets  lighted  at  public  cost 

Light-house  at  Sandy  Hook  completed  and  first  lighted.  .June, 

Rhinelander  sugar-house,  used  during  the  Revolution  as  a 
British  prison,  erected  by  Bernart  R.  Cuyler 

First  sermon  in  English,  in  the  Middle  Dutch  church. ,  .15  Apr. 

Sons  of  Liberty  organized 

Stamp  Act  congress  meets  in  New  York 7  Oct. 

Non  importation  agreements  signed  by  more  than  200  mer- 
chants at  a  meeting  held 31  Oct. 

St.  Paul's  church,  cor.  Broadway  and  Vesey  sts.,  completed  ex- 
cept the  spire 

Old  Brick  church,  cor.  Nassau  and  Beekman  sts.,  erected 

John  Street  theatre  opened 7  Dec. 

'iVesley  chapel,  on  site  of  St.  John's  M.  E.  church,  dedicated, 
[Rebuilt,  1817  and  184L]  30  Oct. 

Attempts  by  British  soldiers  to  cut  down  the  Liberty  pole,  on 
evenings  of  13,  14,  and  15  Jan.     They  succeed 16  Jan. 

Collision  between  Sons  of  Liberty  and  British  soldiers;  1 
I     citizen  killed  and  3  wounded 18  Jan. 

New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  founded  5  Apr.  1768,  incor- 
porated by  royal  charter 13  Mch. 

[Statue  of  William  Pitt  erected  at  junction  of  Wall  and  Will- 
I     iam  sts 7  Sept. 

First  Provincial  Congress  at  New  York  appoints  a  committee 
of  safety 22  May, 

First  regiment  organized  in  New  York  city  under  col.  Alex- 
ander McDougal,  and  company  of  artillery  under  John  Lamb, 

I  28  June, 

i Gilded  leaden  statue  of  George  IIL,  erected  in  the  Bowling 

j    Green  16  Aug.  1770,  torn  down  by  the  people 9  July, 

'        [Most  of  it  was  melted  into  42,000  bullets  in  Connecticut] 

Waterworks  for  supply  of  the  city  through  wooden  pipes, 

1    in  course  of  construction 

'City  evacuated  by  Americans,  occupied  by  British 14  Sept. 

IFire  destroys  493  houses,  burns  Trinity  church,  and  "con- 

i    sumes  the  fourth  part  of  the  city,"  begins  near  Whitehall 

I    slip 21  Sept. 

ICapt.  Nathan  Hale  executed  as  a  spy  by  the  British  in  the 

i    Rutger's  orchard  on  East  Broadway 22  Sept. 

City  records,  carried  off  by  gov.  Tryon,  1775,  restored Oct. 

iBritish  evacuate  the  city 25  Nov. 

First  American  post-office  opened  at  38  Smith  st 28  Nov. 

;3en.  Washington  bids  farewell  to  his  ofllcers  at  Fraunce's 

!   tavern.  New  York 4  Dec. 

[First  American  city  government  established;  James  Duane 

I  appointed  mayor  by  the  governor 7  Feb. 

,?irst  meeting  of  the  common  council 10  Feb. 

\Emj)ress  of  China,  capt.  Green,  bound  for  Canton  with  mer- 

i  chandise,  leaves  port 22  Feb. 

Bank  of  New  York  established 

[Chartered  21  Mch.  1791.] 

Chamber  of  Commerce  reincorporated  by  law 13  Apr. 

/ustom-house  established  at  the  port  of  New  York  by  act  of 

^  legislature 18  Nov. 

Jontinental  Congress  assembles  in  the  city 11  Jan. 

ociety  for  the  manumission  of  slaves,  organized  1785,  holds 

_  its  first  quarterly  meeting  at  the  Coffee-house 12  May, 

'heatres  reopened  in  the  city 

harter  for  King's  college  altered,  changing  the  name  to  Co- 
lumbia  college,  1  May,  1784;  first  commencement. . .  .11  Apr. 
iunker's  Mansion-house  erected  at  39  Broadway  as  a  resi- 
dence by  gen.  Alexander  Macomb 

'irst  Catholic  church  built 


573 


NEW 


1731 
1732 


1733 
1734 


1741 
1750 


1753 
1754 


1755 
1756 


1761 


1762 
1763 


1764 
1765 


1766 
1767 


1776 


1781 
1783 


1784 


1785 


1786 


irst  city  directory  published 

harter  of  Columbia  college  amended 

irst  number  of  the  Federalist  papers  printed  in  the  Inde- 
pendent  Journal  or  Weekly  Advertiser 27  Oct. 


Doctors'  mob,  caused  by  the  discovery  of  human  remains  for 

dissection  in  the  hospital 13,  14  Apr. 

City  hall,  erected  1700,  remodelled  for  U.  S.  government  use, 

and  called  "  New  Federal  Hall  " 

"The  Power  of  Sympathy;  or,  theXriumphof  Nature,"  pub.  by 

Robert  Hodges,  advertised  as  "  first  American  novel,"  4  Feb. 
Oath  of  office  as  president  of  the  U.  S.  administered  to  gen. 

Washington  by  chancellor  Livingston  on  the  balcony  of  the 

City  hall 30  Apr. 

Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order  organized 12  May, 

"President's  March,"  composed  by  one  Fayles,  German,  leader 

of  the  John  Street  theatre  orchestra.     First  played  on  the 

president  and  Mrs.  Washington  entering  the  theatre  box 

(Hail!  Columbia) 24  Nov. 

Corner-stone  of  new  Trinity  church  laid  21  Aug.  1788,  and 

church  consecrated 25  Mch. 

Fort  at  the  Battery  taken  down  and  ground  levelled 

New  York  Dispensary  established 

General  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen  of  the  City  of 

New  York,  organized  17  Nov.  1785,  chartered 14  Mch. 

[Apprentices'  Library  instituted  by  it,  1820.] 
Third  centenary  of  the  discovery  of  America  celebrated,  12  Oct. 
Minerva,  edited  by  Noah  Webster,  soon  after  and  still  called 

the  Commercial  Advertiser,  first  issued 9  Dec. 

Yellow-fever  scourge;  525  deaths 6  Oct.  1794-19  July, 

System  of  underground  sewers  first  established 

New  York  Missionary  Society  founded 

Park  theatre,  on  Park  row  near  Ann  St.,  opened 29  Jan. 

Yellow-fever;  329  deaths  during  Aug.,  924  during  Sept. ;  total 

in  the  city,  1524 Aug. -Nov. 

Charles  Brockden  Brown,  "America's  earliest  romance  writer," 

publishes  his  first  novel,  "  Wieland ;  or,  the  Transfgrmation," 
Vauxhall  garden,  east  of  Broadway,  between  Fourth  st.  and 

Astor  place,  founded  (remained  until  1826) 

New  York  Evening  Post  first  issued 16  Nov. 

New  York  Historical  Society  founded 20  Nov. 

New  York  orphan  asylum  organized 15  Mch. 

Free  School  Society  incorporated,  De  Witt  Clinton  president, 

1805,  and  first  free  school  opened 19  May, 

First  issue  of  the  Salmagundi 24  Jan. 

Clermont,  Fulton's  steamboat,  leaves  the  city  for  Albany  on 

her  first  trip,  going  150  miles  in  32  hours 11  Aug. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  organized 

American  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  organized  1802,  incorporated, 

13  Feb. 

"  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York  "  pub 

Brick  school-house  erected  on  Chatham  St.,  dedicated.  .11  Dec. 
Fire  which  destroys  from  80  to  100  large  buildings  begins  in 

Chatham  st. ,  near  Duane 19  May, 

City  hall — corner-stone  laid  by  Edward  Livingston,  30  Sept. 

1803— completed 

First  steam  ferry  from  New  York  to  Jersey  City  established. . 
First  steam  ferry-boat  between  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  the 

Nassau,  begins  running 10  May, 

Collect  pond,  on  the  site  of  the  Tombs,  filled  up 

First  steamship  to  cross  the  Atlantic,  the  Savannah,  sails  from 

New  York,  where  she  was  built,  for  Savannah,  Ga. .  .10  Apr. 

New  York  Observer  first  issued 

Old  Park  theatre  burned 25  May, 

Yellow-fever  in  New  York 

U.  S.  government  cedes  Castle  Garden  to  the  city 

Assay  ofiice  in  Wall  st.  erected 

Gen.  Lafayette  lands  in  New  York 15  Aug. 

First  gas-pipes  laid,  and  residence  of  Samuel  Leggett,  7  Cherry 

St.,  the  first  house  lighted  with  gas 

Foundation  of  the  Merchants'  exchange  laid 

First  opera  troupe  appears  in  New  York  (Mrsic) 

Gov.  Clinton  and  party  arrive  at  New  York  on  the  first  boat, 

the  Seneca  Chief,  from  Lake  Erie  by  Erie  canal 4  Nov. 

National  Academy  of  the  Arts  of  Design  organized ;  Samuel  F. 

B.  Morse,  president 18  Jan. 

New  York  theatre,  on  present  site  of  Bowery  theatre,  and  then 

the  largest  in  U.  S.  (seating  capacity  3000),  opened 22  Oct. 

[In  it  appeared  Forrest,  Booth,  Charlotte  Cushman,  and 

others.     It  was  burned  1828,  1836,  and  1838.] 

Bellevue  hospital  established Nov. 

Journal  of  Commerce  started 

Superior  court  of  the  city  established 

Fire  destroys  more  than  $600,000  worth  of  property 

Manufacture  of  bricks  by  machinery  successfully  begun   in 

New  York 

Mercantile  Library   founded,  1820;  building  on  Astor  place 

erected 

Stage  line  from  Bowling  Green  to  Bleecker  st.  opened 

Spirit  of  the  Times,  first  sporting  paper  in  the  U.  S.,  started  in 

New  York 

Four  thousand  deaths  from  cholera 27  June  to  19  Oct. 

First  horse-railroad  in  the  world  opened  in  Fourth  ave 

John  Stephenson's  first  street-car,  the  John  Mason,  makes  its 

initial  trip  between  Prince  and  Fourteenth  sts 26  Nov. 

Sun,  the  first  one-cent  daily  paper,  started 

Anti-slavery  Societyof  New  York  organized 2  Oct. 

Riot  against  the  abolitionists;  mob  dispersed  by  the  National 

Guard H  July, 

New  York  Herald,  James  Gordon  Bennett,  editor,  first  issued, 

6  May, 
Convention  of  more  than  100  delegates  from  the  state  at  large 

meet  in  the  City  hall,  Oct.  1830,  and  found  the  University  of 

the  City  of  New  York,  which  opens 

Fire  destroys  693  buildings,  including  the  marble  Exchange  in 

Wall  St.  and  South  Dutch  church  in  Garden  st ;  loss  esti- 


1788 


1789 


1790 


1792 


1793 
1795 


1796 
1798 


1799 
1801 
1804 


1807 


1808 
1809 


1811 
1812 


1814 
1817 


1819 
1820 


1822 


1823 
1824 


1825 


1829 
1830 


1831 
1832 


1834 
1835 


NEW 


574 


1849 


mftled.  f20.000,(XH)  (drc  breaks  out  on  the  evening  of  the 

16th,  tJiermometor  at  zero,  a  gale  blowing) 16-17  Dec.  1836 

*' Shakespeare  Tavern,"  cor.  Fulton  and  Nassau  sts.,  demol- 
ished    1836 

Astor  House  opened 81  May,     *' 

[At  the  time  the  finest  hotel  in  the  U.  8.] 

Union  Theological  seminary  (Presbyterian)  founded " 

Union  club  organized. Aug.     " 

Hroad  riot 10  Feb.  1837 

New  Vork  banks  suspend 10  May,     " 

American  ami  Foreign  Bible  Society  established " 

Fourth  avouiio  tunnel  opened 26  Oct.     " 

Tombs  building  liuished 1838 

Express  line  to  Boston  opened  by  W.  F.  Harnden 4  Mch.  1839 

New  York  Tribune,  Horace  Greeley,  editor,  first  issued.  10  Apr.  1841 

Property  (lualitication  for  city  voters  abolished 1842 

Celebration  of  tlie  completion  of  the  Croton  aqukduct.  .14  Oct.     " 
•Mayor  Harper  institutes  a  uniformed  police  corps  of  200  men 

under  city  ordinance  enacted 1844 

Fire  destroys  345  buildings;  it  begins  in  Now  St.,  and  an  ex- 
plosion ot"  .saltpetre  wrecks  several  buildings  and  puts  the  flre 

beyond  control • 19  July,  1845 

Telegniph  line  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia  opened. . .  1846 

Present  Trinity  church  begun  1839,  consecrated " 

German  Liederkranz  founded 9  Jan.  1847 

College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  (Roman  Catholic)  opened " 

[Incorporated  by  the  regents,  10  Jan.  1861.] 
First  steam  grain-elevator  in  the  port  of  New  York  erected  by 

col.  Daniel  Richards 1846-47 

Park  theatre  burned 16  Dec.  1848 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York  established  as  the  New  York 

Free  academy  1847,  and  opened  (incorporated  1866) Jan. 

Astor  place  riot  against  Macready,  an  English  actor;  141  sol- 
diers wounded,  34  of  the  mob  killed,  and  many  wounded, 

10  May,     " 
Cholera  begins  in  the  Five  Points;  number  of  deaths  estimated, 

3000 14  May  et  seq.     " 

Amended  city  charter  passed  2  Apr. ;  takes  effect 1  June,     " 

Taylor's  machine-shop  flre ;  63  lives  lost 4  Feb.  1850 

American  Bible  Union  organized 10  June,     " 

Jenny  Lind's  first  concert  in  U.  S.  in  Castle  Garden 11  Sept.     " 

Erie  railway  opened  from  Piermont  to  Goshen,  23  Sept.  1841, 

and  to  Dunkirk 22  Apr.  1851 

New  York  Times,  Henry  J.  Raymond,  editor,  first  issued, 

18  Sept.     " 

Hudson  River  railroad  opened  to  East  Albany 3  Oct.     " 

New  York  Ledger  first  issued " 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association  organized  (building  in 

Twenty-third  st.  erected  1869  at  total  cost  of  $500,000).  .June,  1852 
American  Bible  Society  organized,  8  May,  1816,  and  Bible  House 

erected  at  cost  of  $300,000 " 

Five  Points' Mission  founded  1850;  corner-stone  of  mission 

building  laid,  27  Jan.  1853;  building  dedicated 18  June,  1853 

Crystal  palace  opened  for  a  universal  industrial  exhibition, 

14  July,     " 

Clearing-house  established 11  Oct.     " 

Children's  Aid  Society  organized  (incorporated  1856) " 

Harper  &  Brothers'  publishing-house  burned;  loss  $1,250,000, 

10  Dec.     " 

Astor  Library,  incorporated  13  Jan.  1849,  opened 9  Jan.  1854 

American  Geographical  Society,  founded  1852,  chartered " 

Academy  of  Music  formally  opened;  Giulia  Grisi  and  signor 

Mario  in  "Norma" 2  Oct.     " 

Castle  Garden  becomes  an  emigrant  depot 1855 

Five  Points' House  of  Industry  established  1850,  and  building 

erected 1856 

Harper^s  Weekly  begun  ;  Theodore  Sedgwick,  editor 13  Jan.  1857 

St.  Vincent's  hospital  (Roman  Catholic),  Eleventh  St.,  founded 

1849 ;  incorporated 13  Apr.     " 

Ohio  Life  and  Trust  company  fails,  and  a  commercial  panic 

spreads  throughout  the  U.  S 24  Aug.     " 

Fulton  Street  prayer-meeting  organized Sept.     " 

Metropolitan  Police  act  passed " 

St.  Luke's  hospital  incorporated  1850 ;  building  commenced 

1854,  and  opened May, 

Cooper  Institute  opened  to  the  public 

Firs't  message  from  London  by  Atlantic  telegraph 5  Aug. 

Crystal  palace  burned 5  Oct. 

Great  fire  in  Elm  st. ;  50  lives  lost 2  Feb. 

Central  park ;  work  begun  1856;  opened  to  the  public 

New  York  World  first  issued June, 

Mass  convention  in  Union  square;  more  than  100,000  persons 

present 20  Apr. 

Produce  exchange  organized  (new  building  on  Bowling  Green 

opened  1884) " 

Manhattan  college  at  Manhattanville  incorporated 2  Apr.  1863 

Draft  riots  ;  about  1000  persons  killed 13-16  July,    " 

Corner-stone  of  National  Academy  of  Design  laid Oct.     " 

Metropolitan  fair  in  aid  of  the  sanitary  commission;  main 

building  on  Fourteenth  st.  opened 4  Apr.  1864 

Journal  of  Commerce  and  the  World  suppressed  by  order  of 

pres.  Lincoln 18  May,     " 

Mr.  Seward  telegraphs  the  mayor  of  New  York  of  a  conspir- 
acy to  burn  the  principal  cities  of  the  north 2  Nov.     " 

Maj.-gen.  B.  F.  Butler  takes  command  in  the  city  of  New 

York 4  Nov.     " 

Attempt  made  to  fire  hotels  in  New  York  city 25  Nov.     " 

[Robert  Kennedy  arrested  and  subsequently  hung.] 

Union  League  club  instituted  Feb.  1863;  incorporated Feb.  1865 

Volunteer  Fire  Department  and  hand  fire-engines  replaced  by 
paid  department  and  steam 2  May,     " 


!   M. 

All 


NEW 

iounded 

establi.slied 26  Feb. 

ly  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals, 


1858 


1861 


ht'iiiy  iJf.Tgti,  president,  organized Apr. 

National  Academy  of  the  Arts  of  Design  erected  and  completed 

at  a  cost  for  site  and  building  of  $237,000 

County  Court-house,  building  begun  1861,  and  occupied I867I 

Single  track  elevated  railroad  operated  by  a  cable,  opened  from 

Battery  place  to  Thirtieth  st 2  July, 

Barnum's  Museum  burned,  13  July,  1865,  and  again 2  Mch.  186^ 

Financial  panic  culminates  in  "Black  Friday;"  gold  162)^, 

24  Sept.  18691 
Tweed-Frear  city  charter,  consolidating  county  and  city,  etc., 

becomes  a  law 5  Apr.  ISldM 

Riot  between  Orangemen  and  Irish  Catholics 12  July,  1871 

[The  occasion  was  an  Orange  parade  on  the  anniversary  of 
the  battle  of  Aghrim,  Ireland,  when  Williajn  IIL  of  England 
overthrew  the  cause  of  James  II.] 

Grand  Central  station  at  Forty-second  St.  opened ^ . .  .9  Oct. 

William  M.  Tweed  arrested  (New  York,  1871  et  seq.) 27  Oct. 

Horace  Greeley  d 29  Nov.  187^ 

City  charter  amended 187ij 

Young  Women's  Christian  Association  founded  1870;  incorpo- 
rated  

Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Vice  incorporated 

Commercial  panic  which  spreads  throughout  the  country  be- 
gins on  the  Stock  exchange 19  Sept. 

Morrisunia,  West  Farms,  and  Kingsbridge  annexed  by  act  23 

May,  1873,  taking  effect 1  Jan.  18749 

Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  organized  1874 ; 

incorporated 187(1 

North  Dutch  church,  erected  1769,  cor.  Fulton  and  William  sts., 

demolished 

Railroad  approach  in  Fourth  ave.  leading  to  Grand  Central  sta- 
tion, tunnels,  etc.,  completed " 

New  post-ofBoe  first  occupied 1  Sept.     " 

Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Crime,  rev.  dr.  Howard  Crosby, 

president,  founded 1876 

Hallett's  Point  reef  blown  up  (New  York) 24  Sept.     " 

Cornelius  Vanderbilt  dies  in  New  York 4  Jan.  1877 

Lenox  Library  incorporated  20  June,  1870;  opened  to  the  pub- 

lie  (New  York) • 4  Jan.     " 

New  building  of  New  York  Hospital- in  Fifteenth  st.  opened, 

16  Mch.     " 

[This  hospital  was  organized   1770;   chartered  by  king 

George  III.,  13  June,  1771;  corner-stone  of  building  laid,  27 

July,  1773;  burned,  28  Feb.  1775;  rebuilt  and  opened,  3  Jan. 

1791,  and  abandoned,  19  Feb.  1870.] 

Bronze  statue  of  Fitz  Greene  Halleck  unveiled  in   Central 

Park 16  May,     " 

Burning  of  Greenfield  candy-works;  50  to  60  lives  lost. 20  Dec.     " 
First  building  of  American  Museum  of  Natural  History— cor- 
ner-stone laid  by  pres.  Grant,  2  June,  1874 — opened. . .  22  Dec.     " 
Metropolitan  elevated  railroad  opened  from  Rector  st.  to  the 

park 5  June,  1878 

University  club  chartered  1865;  reorganized May,  1879 

St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  (Roman  Catholic),  corner-stone  laid,  15 

Aug.  1858;  dedicated  by  cardinal  McCloskey 25  May,     " 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  formally  opened  by  the  president 

of  the  U.  S 30  Mch.  1880 

Broadway,  for  about  a  mile,  lighted  with  electricity 20  Dec.     " 

Egyptian  obelisk  erected   in  Central  park  (New  York,  Obe- 
lisks)  22  Jan.  1881 

Old  Walton  house,  erected  1754,  on  Pearl  St.,  opposite  Harper  & 

Brothers'  publishing-house,  torn  down " 

Elephant  "Jumbo  "  arrives  in  New  York 9  Apr.  1882 

Thurlow  Weed,  politician  and  journalist,  dies  in  New  York, 

aged  85 22  Nov.     " 

East  River  or  Brooklyn  Bridge  opened  (Bridges) 24  May,  1883 

Metropolitan  Opera-house  opened Oct.     " 

Centennial  of  the  final  evacuation  of  New  York  by  the  British 

celebrated 25  Nov.     " 

Failure  of  the  Marine  Bank  and  of  Grant  &  Ward 6-7  May,  1884 

Panic  in  Wall  st 14  May,     '• 

Corner-stone  of  the  pedestal  of  the  Bartholdi  statue  laid  on 

Bediow's  island  ., 5  Aug.     '' 

Collapse  of  8  partly  finished  buildings;  12  injured 12  Apr.  1885 

Gen.  Grant's  body  buried  at  Riverside  park 8  Aug.     " 

Flood  rock  blown  up 10  Oct.     " 

General  tie-up  of  street-railroads  by  Knights  of  Labor.  .5  June,  1886 

"  Boodle  "  aldermen  arraigned  for  Bribery 19  Oct.     " 

Bartholdi's  statue  of  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World  un- 
veiled  28  Oct.     " 

Ex-pres.  Chester  A.  Arthur  d.  in  New  York 18  Nov.     " 

Fire  in  horse-car  barns;  1200  horses  suffocated 27  May,  1887 

Henry  Bergh  b.  1823,  d.  in  New  York 12  Mch.  1888 

[Founder  of  the  American  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Animals,  1866.] 

Great  blizzard  in  New  York  and  vicinity 12-13  Mch.     " 

Roscoe  Conkling,  b.  at  Albany,  1829,  d.  in  New  York. .  .18  Apr.     " 

Mary  Louise  Booth,  b.  1831,  d.  in  New  York 5  Mch.  1889 

[Author  "History  of  the  City  of  New  York  "  and  editor  of 
Harper's  Bazar.] 
Centennial  of  first  inauguration  of  Washington,  29  Apr.-l  May,     " 
Corner-stone  of  Washington  Memorial  Arch  in  Washington 

square  laid 30  May,  1890 

New  Croton  aqueduct  first  used 15  July,     " 

Bronze  statue  of  Horace  Greeley  by  John  Q.  A.  Ward  unveiled 

in  front  of  the  Tribune  building 20  Sept.     " 

Corner-stone  of  Criminal  Courts  building,  north  of  the  Tombs, 
laid 25  Oct. 


NEW 

One  hundred  and  twenty-fourth  anniversary  of  the  Old  John 

Street  Methodist  church  celebrated 26  Oct. 

[Oldest  Methodist  church  in  America.] 

Manhattan  Athletic  club,  "Cherry  Diamonds,"  organized  1877; 
club-house  opened 29  Nov. 

•Castle  Garden  formally  surrendered  to  the  city  by  the  State 
Commission  of  Immigration,  and  immigrant  depot  removed 
to  Ellis  island 31  Dec. 

First  Sunday  opening  of  the  Metropolitan  museum;  10,000 
visitors 31  May, 

More  than  60  persons  killed  by  the  collapse  of  a  building  on 
Park  place , 22  Aug. 

"  Greater  New  York  "  bill  killed  in  the  assembly 15  Mch. 

Corner-stone  of  Grant  monument  in  Riverside  park  laid  by 
pres.  Harrison 27  Apr. 

Hamburg-American  steamship  Moravia  arrives  at  NeW  York, 
bringing  the  first  case  of  cholera  (Unitkd  States) 30  Aug. 

Columbus  celebration 10-12  Oct. 

Jay  Gould,  b.  182(),  d.  in  New  York 2  Dec. 

€orner  stone  of  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine  laid. .  .27  Dec. 

United  Charities  building,  the  gift  of  John  S.  Kennedy  to  the 
4  leading  charity  organizations  of  New  York,  formally  dedi- 
cated  6  Mch. 

Two-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  introduction  of  printing  into 
the  city  celebrated 12  Apr. 

International  review  of  war-ships  in  New  York  harbor  and 
Hudson  river  by  pres.  Cleveland  passing  between  the  2  lines, 
3  miles  long,  in  the  Dolphin. 27  Apr. 

Infanta  Eulalia  arrives  at  New  York 18  May, 

Edwin  Booth  d 7  June, 

Madison  Square  bank  closes  its  doors 9  Aug. 

Statue  erected  by  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  to  the  memory 
of  Nathan  Hale  in  the  City  Hall  park  unveiled 25  Nov. 

Bronze  statue  of  Roscoe  Conkling  unveiled  on  southeast  corner 

Madison  square 3  Dec. 

[Placed  here  as  the  point  where  he  was  overcome  by  the 
great  blizzard  of  12  Mch.  1888.] 

<5reater  New  York  bill  passed  Assembly  8  Feb.,  Senate,  27  Feb., 

signed 28  Feb. 

[Greater  New  York  will  include  the  city  of  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  Long  Island  .City,  Flatbush, '  Flushing.  New 
Utrecht,  Gravesend,  etc.,  with  adjacent  territory,  increasing 
the  area  to  over  300  sq.  miles,  with  a  population  of  nearly 
3,000,000,  next  to  London  the  largest  city  m  the  world.] 

MAYORS. 

Thomas  Willett IGGS 

Thomas  Delavall 1607 

Cornelius  Steenwyck 1668 

Thomas  Delavall 1671 

Matthias  Nicoll 1672 

Ji)hn  Lawrence 1673 

Johannes  De  Peyster*. . .  J 

Johannes  Pietersen  Van  [  1674 

Brugh* ) 

William  Dervall 1675 

Nicholas  De  Meyer 1676 

Stephen  Van  Cortlandt 1677 

Thomas  Delavall 1678 

Franpois  Rombouts 1679 

William  Dyre 1680 


575 


NIA 


1891 


race.     The  right  of  Great  Britain  to  New  Zealand  was  recog- 
nized at  the  peace  of  1814.    Pop.  1858,  European,  59,413 ;  1871, 
256,260;  1881,  489,933;   1891,  626,830,  and  41,523   ]VIaoris,- 
total,  668,353. 
New  Zealand  company  established  and  Wellington  founded. . . .  1839 

First  governor,  capt.  Hobson 1840 

Auckland  founded <■<■ 

Nelson  and  New  Plymouth  founded 1841 

Otago  founded 1848 

Canterbury  founded 1850 

Present  form  of  government  established. ......V...V......  1852 

IVej's   execution.     Michel  Ney,  b.  1769,  duke  of 
Elchingen,  prince  of  the  IVIoskwa,  a  marshal  of  France,  who 
at  the  battle  of  Friedland  was  characterized  by  Napoleon  as 
"  le  brave  des  braves,"  was  shot  as  a  traitor,  7  Dec.  1815.     On 
7  Dec.  1853,  his  statue  was  erected  where  he  fell. 
After  the  abdication  of  Napoleon  I.,  5  Apr.  1814,  Ney  swore  allegi- 
ance to  Louis  XVIII.     On  Napoleon's  return  to  France  from  Elba, 
Ney  marched  against  him;  but  his  troops  deserting,  he  regarded 
the  Bourbon  cause  as  lost,  and  opened  the  invader's  way  to  Paris, 
Mch.  1815.     Ney  led  the  French  charge  at  Waterloo,  where  his 
clothes  were  pierced  with  bullets,  and  5  horses  shot  under  him; 
night  and  defeat  obliged  him  to  flee.     Though  included  m  the  de- 
cree of  24  July,  1815,  which  guaranteed  the  safety  of  all  French- 
men, he  was  arrested  on  5  Aug.  at  the  castle  of  a  friend  at  Urillac, 
and  brought  to  trial  before  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  4  Dec.  The  12th 
article  of  the  capitulation  of  Paris,  fixing  a  general  amnesty,  was 
quoted  in  his  favor  in  vain. 

Xez  Percei  (Pierced  Noses),  a  tribe  of  Indians  belong- 
ing to  tif  ^ihaptin  nation  and  inhabiting  parts  of  Idaho, 
Or  'ashington  early  in  this  century.     In  1877,  un- 

der --  .-:         -ph,  they  attempted  to  defend  their  possessions 
against  tf-.  w.hites,  out  in  vain.     Indians. 


IKl. 


the 

lak^ 


Corneli  us  Steenwyck 

..  1682 

^-  •■    '  "•■■••lie 

..  1684 

cird. 

. .  1685 

■'.  Cortlandt  . . 

..   1R86 

i   icr  ueiiuioy 

. .    liJSS 

John  Laurence 

.  .    l''.-^^ 

Abraham  De  Peyster 

Charles  1 '.dowick 

..    V'", 

William  Merritt 

\-r.h> 

Johannes  De  Peyst'^ 

.  S 

David  Provost 

..  lo'jy 

Isaac  De  Riemer 

..   1700 

Thomas  Noell 

..   1701 

Philip  French 

. .   1702 

William  Peartree        . . . . 

. .   1703 

Ebenezor  Wilson        .    . . 

.   1707 

Jaf-obus  Van  Cortlandt  . . 

..   1710 

Caleb  Heathcote - . 

..   1711 

..   1714 

Robert  Walters 

..   1720 

Johannes  Jansen 

..   1725 

Robert  I^urting. 

..   1726 

Paul  Richard 

..   1735 

JohnCruger,  sr 

..   1739 

Stephen  Bayard 

..   1744 

Edward  Holland 

..   1747 

John  Crugor,  jr 

..   1757 

Whitehead  Hicks 

..   1766 

David  Matthews 

..   1776 

Richard  Varick ITV., 

Edward  Livingston ItjOl 

Do  Wilt  Clinton 1803 

Marians  Willett 1807 

D-  Witt  Clinton 1808 

Jacob  Radcliff, 1810 

De  Witt  Clinton 1811 

John  Ferguson 1815 

Jacob  Radcliff. " 

Cadwallader  D.  Golden 1818 

Stephen  Allen 1821 

William  Paulding 1824 

Philip  Hone 1826 

William  Paulding 182T 

Walter  Bowne 1829 

Gideon  Lee 1833 

Cornelius  W.  Lawrence 1834 

Aaron  Clark 1837 

Isaac  L.*  Varian 1839 

Robert  H.  Morris 1841 

James  Harper. 1844 

if  ui.au.  7.  "^i-ady 1847 

William  F.  H.. ,  'nevA*-  „-  ^-y 
Caleb  S.  Woodhull ...:.....  1849 
Ambrose  C.  Kingsland. ... .   1851 

Jacob  A.  Wostervelt 1853 

Fernando  Wood 1855 

Daniel  F.  Tieman 1858 

Fernando  Wood 1860 

George  Opdyke  . ; 1862 

C.  Godfrev  Gunther 1864  | 

John  T.  Hoffman 1866 

Thomas  Coman  (acting) 1868 

A.  Oakev  Hall 1869 

William  F.  Havemeyer...     1873 

William  H.  Wickham 1875 

Smith  Ely 1877 

Edward  Cooper 1879 

William  R.  Grace 1881 

Franklin  Edson. . .' 1883 

William  R.  Grace 1885 

Abram  S.  Hewitt 1887 

Hugh  J.  Grant 1889 

Thomas  F.  Gilroy 1893 

James  Duaue 1784  1  William  L.  Strong 1895 

*  Burx'.masters  under  the  Dutch. 

Kew  Zealand  Ci»  the  Pacific),  discovered  by  Tasman 
in  1642.  It  consists  of  2  islands,  separated  by  Coo^  strait. 
The  North  island  contains  44,000  sq.  mil^s,  and  South  island 
58,000~sq.  miles. .  They  v,'ere  supposed  to  be  part  of  a  southern 
continent,  till  circumnavigated  by  capt.  Cook,  1769-70.  In 
1773  he  planted  European  garden-seeds  here  and  in  1777  found 
fine  potatoes.      The  natives  are  called  Maoris,  a  Polynesian 


•I    river   and   I1ei11§.     The  Niagara  river, 
r  of  Waters,"  is  36  miles  in  length ;  22  from 
le  falls,  and  14  from  the  falls  to  lake  Ontario. 
Ill  -  desceneL  '■^?fi  feet,  216  of  it  in  the  falls  and 

ra:  Goat  island,  contaiijii.j  61  acres,  at  the  verge 

ct  the  ciiii,  ..ides  the  American  falls,  UOu  fe^t  wide>nd  164 
feet  high,  from  the  Horseshoe  or  Canadian  falls,  2000  feet 
wide  and  varying  in  height  from  less  than  150  feet  neeii' /he 
centre  to  159  feet  at  the  outer  edges.  The  'New  York  ^tate 
engineer  reports  that  comparisons  of  surveys  show  the  mean 
total  recession  of  the  American  fall  has  been  BO^j^  feet,  and 
of  the  Horseshoe  falls  104^^^^  feet  in  48  years.  The  boundary- 
line  between  the  United  States  and  Canada  is  the  deepest 
channel  of  the  Horseshoe  falls.     Cave  of  the  Winds. 

Father  Hennepin  publishes  a  descrijnion  of  the  falls 1678 

La  Salle  launches  his  ship,  the  Griffin,  at  Cayuga  creek,  about 

5  miles  above  the  falls  (New  York) 1679 

A  mass  40  feet  wide  and  160  long  breaks  off'  from  Table  rock 

on  the  Canada  side  just  below  the  falls July,  1818 

Niagara  river,  obstructed  by  ice  at  lake  Erie,  runs  nearly  dry 

above  the  (kUa  for  one  day 29  Mch.  1848 

Niagara  gorge  below  the  falls  i   in  an  iron  basket 

hung  on  a  wire  cable  suspor  .'.hannAi  ^j-^barijo^ 

EUet:  foresha''- v^-     "  .^e " 

Portions  .»■'    i~ii  and  in  1829,  and  the 

remaiii  ><»  feet  wide,  falls 29  June,  1850 

Snspens'i  ,  >  oss  Niagara  gorge,  2  miles  below 

the  falls;  i.rsi  m^.-Manive  crosses  (Bridges) Mch.  1855 

M.  Blondin  (fimile  Gravelet)  crosses  the  gorge  just  below  the 

falls  on  a  tight-rope 30  June,  1859 

Steamer  Maid  of  the  Mist  safely  passes  the  rapids  below  the 

falls 15  June,  1861 

Suspension  bridge  at  Queenston  Heights,  built  1856,  is  wrecked 

by  floating  ice  and  a  tornado 1866 

Suspension  bridge,  >^  of  a  mile  below  the  falls,  completed  (for 

pedestrians  and  carriages)  (Bridges) 1869 

Visited  by  prof.  Tyndall  - Nov.  1872 

Terrapin  Tower,  at  the  G       'sland  end  of  Horseshoe  falls,  built 

in  1833,  being  considerea  unsafe,  is  blown  up 1873 

International  railway  bridge  crossing  the  river  at  Black  Rock 

(Buffalo)  opened  (New  York) " 

Capt.  Matthew  Webb,  ftimous  English  swimmer,  drowned  in  an 

attempt  to  swim  through  the  whirlpool  rapids  at  Niagara. 

24  July,  1883 
'New  Maid  of  the  Mist  passes  the  lower  rapids  and  whirlpool  in 

safety ..6  Sept.      • 

Cantilever  bridge  across  the  gorge,  about  300  feet  above  the 

Roebling  suspension  bridge,  completed  and  opened  (Bridux-cv 

20  Dec. 
State  Reservation  at  Niagara  falls  opened  as  a  park  (New 

York) ...     16  July   1885 

Nia<yara  Power  company,  to  construct  a  tunnel  for  the  use  ot 

falls  as  a  water-power,  incorporated •••.••■  ■  •  •,•  -l^.  5' '''."■  !'"''■*' 

C  D  Graham  passes  in  safety  through  the  Whirlpool  rapids  m 

an  oak  barrel  constructed  by  him  for  the  purpose ...  11  July,     '  '■ 
Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  park,  on   the  Canadian  side. 

opened  to  the  public : -^i  -*' -> 


liSS 


NIA 


576 


NIE 


Charles  A.  Percy  passes  safely  through  the  Whirlpool  rapids, 

16  Sept.  1888 
Waltor  P  P;iniplH)ll  swims  the  Whirlpool  rapids  in  a  cork -jacket, 

16  Sept.  1889 
■\Va  le  great  tunnel  and  turbine  wheels  started, 

25  Jan.  1894 
\ia;;ara,  Fort.     Fokt  Niagara. 

IVibeliiiigreiiot  or  ]Vibelun|j[cii-L<ic<l,  a  pop- 
ular (ierman  epic  of  the  12th  century,  composed  of  ancient 
mythical  pqems,  termed  .sagas,  which,  according  to  William 
Morris,  should  be  to  our  race  what  Homer  was  to  the  Greeks. 
There  are  28  manuscripts  of  this  epic,  some  complete,  others 
in  fra.i^^ments,  dating  from  the  12th  to  the  16th  century. 

ical  edition,  by  K.  I,achmann,  appeared  1826  and  1846.    The 

aislation  in  modern  German,  l)y  Siinrock,  1827;  a  useful 

,,  with  translation  and  glossary,  by  L.  Braunfels,  1846;   in 

Eii^isli.  by  \V.  N.  Lottsom,  2d  ed.  1874. 

Richard  Wagner's  musical  dramas,  "The  Ring  of  the  Nibelungen," 

are  founded  on  this  poem:  the  persons  are  the  great  northern 

gods  and  goddesses,  the  giants,  the  dwarfs,  and  the  daughters  of 

the  Rhine  (Music). 

iVicse'a,  or  Nice,  a  town  in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor, 
N.W.  Antigonus  gave  it  the  name  Antigoneia,  which 
Lysiraachus  changed  to  Nicaea,  the  name  of  his  wife.  It 
became  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Bithynia  about  208  b.c. 
At  the  battle  of  Nicaea,  194  a.i>.,  the  emperor  Severus  defeated 
his  rival,  Pescennius  Niger,  and  again  at  Issus,  and  soon  after 
captured  and  put  him  to  death.  The  first  general  council  was 
held  here  19  .June-25  Aug.  326,  which  adopted  the  Nicene 
Creed  and  condemned  the  Arians.  It  was  attended  by  318 
bishops,  who  settled  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  and  the  time 
for  observing  Easter.  An  addition  to  the  creed  was  made, 
381,  was  rejected,  431  (when  it  was  decreed  unlawful  to  make 
further  additions),  but  accepted,  451.  When  the  crusaders 
took  Constantinople,  and  established  a  Latin  empire  there  in 
1204,  the  Greek  emperors  removed  to  '^'^ic.'Ba,  and  reigned 
there  till  they  returned  to  Tonocantinople,  1261.  Eastern 
EMi'iRE.     It  was  t :.^«rt"'by  the  Ottoman  Turks  in  1330. 

JVicara'g^ua,  a  state  of  Central  Ameeica,  joined  the 
federal  union  of  5  Central  American  states  in  1823,  which 
lasted  until  1889.  At  the  commencement  of  1865  it  was  dis- 
turbed by  2  political  parties— that  of  pres.  Chamoro,who  held 
Grenada,  the  capital,  and  that  of  the  democratic  chief,  Castel- 
lon,  who  held  Ijeon.  The  latter  invited  Walker,  the  filibuster, 
to  his  assistance,  who  soon  became  sole  dictator.  By  the  united 
eflforts  of  the  confederated  states  the  filibusters  were  all  ex- 
pelled in  May,  1857.  Filibusters.  The  present  constitution 
was  adopted  19  Aug.  1858.  Great  Britain,  by  the  Clayton- 
Bulwer  treaty  of  1850,  resigned  all  claims  to  the  Mosquito 
Coast,  and  by  the  treaty  of  Manaqna,  in  1860,  ceded  the  pro- 
tectorate to  Nicaragua. 

Revolt  against  pres.  Sacasa  began 30  Apr.  1893 

Revolutionists  successful 5  May,     '• 

"^J^hH,ioni8ts  institute  a  provisional  government  with  Morales 

^  May,     " 
.11  May,      * 


president 
Revolutionists  m  possession  of  the  Nicaragua  canal 


Government  troops  defeated ! !  !l9  May 

Free.  Sacasa  resigns;  provisional  government  takes  contrc..     ' 

31  '  " 

Provisional  government  formed  under  pres.  Mach«do..  .2  " 

Revolt  against  tlie  provisional  government r   j  " 

Gen.  Zelaya,  leader  of  the  later  revolutionists,  made  preside.  ., 
XT'  5  Aug.     " 

Nicaragua  seizes  the  Mosquito  country 18  Feb  1894 

A  British  force  lands  at  Bluefields  to  protect  the  autonomy  of 

Mosquito 2  Mch      " 

U.  S.  cruiser  San  Francisco  at  Bluefields.  .*.'...*.......  .15  Apr!     " 

iVicara$?ua  canal.  In  Mch.  1887,  Nicaragua  con- 
ceded to  a  New  York  association  exclusive  right  of  way 
through  Nicaragua  for  a  ship  canal  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  oceans.  Tlie  rcate  surveyed  begins  at  Greytown,  on 
the  Atlaiiti  v>;.8t,  f./iiowing  the  San  Juan  river  72J  miles,  and 
Jal:    "^  '.tji  miles;  thence  to  Brito,  on  the  Pacific  coast; 

to;  j%  miles.    Only  28^%  miles  require  excavation, 

el  of  the  canal  and  lake  is  110  feet  above  the 
.->  153J  miles  without  locks.     Estimated  cost 
*  to  $100,000,000. 
.la  explores  Nicaragua  and  sends  his  lieuten- 

:;ircumnavigate  the  great  lake 1522 

"^t^^r,  Antonio  Galvao,  proposes  4  routes  for  a 
"  "  one  by  lake  Nicaragua  and  the 

1550 

VfauueTG^Seo.'^T.^^*^  ^"^  ^^^°''^  govern m en i,' by  don 

1781 


'ss  the  isthmus; 
a  river. 


Route  for  a  canal  surveyed  for  the  government  of  Central  Amer- 
ica by  .lohn  Baily 1838 

Col.  0.  W.  Childs  makes  surveys  between  lake  Nicaragua  and 
the  Pacific,  and  locates  a  route  for  a  canal  through  the  divide 
fi"om  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lajas  to  Port  Brito  on  the  Pacific,  1850 

U.  S.  government  makes  a  survey  for  a  canal  route 1872-73 

Maritime  Ship-canal  company  incorporated 20  Feb.  1889 

First  e.x-pedition  for  construction  leaves  New  York,  25  May, 
1889;  lands  at  Greytown 3  .luno,     " 

Maritime  Ship -canal  company  goes  into  the  hands  of  a  re- 
ceiver  30  Aug.  189a 

[Application  made  by  LoiiisChableof  New  York  city.  Judge 
Benedict  of  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  names  Thomas  B.  Atkins, 
secretary  of  the  Maritime  Ship-canal  company,  as  receiver.] 

Several  bills  presented  in  Congress,  both  in  the  House  and 
Senate,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  assistance  from  the  U.  S. 
government  in  building  the  canal 1893-94 

Senator  Morgan  of  Alabama  introdu(;es  a  bill  fixing  the  stock 
of  the  company  at  $100,000,000,  and  the  company  to  issue 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  $70,000,000,  to  be  guaranteed  by  the 
U.  S.,  etc 22  Jan.  1894 

Bflce  (nees),  a  city  of  S.  France,  originally  a  Roman  col- 
ony from  Massilia,  now  Marseilles.  In  the  middle  ages  it 
was  subject  to  Genoa,  and  suffered  from  frequent  wars,  being 
taken  and  retaken  by  the  imperialists  and  French.  It  was 
seized  and  annexed  to  France,  1792;  taken  by  Austrian* 
under  Melas,  1800;  restored  to  Sardinia  in  1814;  again  an- 
nexed to  France  under  treaty  of  24  Mch.  1860,  the  people 
voting  nearly  unanimously  for  this  change.  French  troops 
entered  1  Apr.,  and  took  definite  possession  14  June.  Gari- 
baldi, a  native,  protested  against  this  annexation. 

IVic'las,  Peace  of,  between  Athens  and  Sparta  for  50 
years,  421  B.C.,  negotiated  by  that  unfortunate  Athenian  gen- 
eral, who,  with  his  colleague  Demosthenes,  was  put  to  death 
after  the  failure  of  the  expedition  against  Syracuse,  413  b.c. 

nickel,  a  white,  ductile,  malleable,  magnetic  metal,  em- 
ployed in  the  manufacture  of  German  silver.     Cronstadt,  in 
1751,  discovered  nickel  in  the  mineral  copper-nickel.     Lan- 
caster county,  Pa.,  furnishes  nearly  all  the  nickel  for  Araer- 
I  ican  coinage.     Elkments. 

l^iCObar'  i§les,  20  in  number,  Indian  ocean,  south  of 
bay  of  Bengal,  given  up  by  Denmark  and  occupied  by  Great 
Britain  to  suppress  piracy;  announced  June,  1869.  Largest, 
"  Great  Nicobar,"  30  miles  long,  14  wide. 

IVIc'OJack  cave,  in  the  Raccoon  mountains,  Ga.,. 
about  4  miles  in  extent. 

]VICOla'itane§,  a  sect  mentioned  in  Rev.  ii.  6,  15,  as- 
cribed to  Nicolas,  one  of  the  first  7  deacons  (Acts  vi.),  said  to 
have  advocated  community  of  wives,  and  denied  the  divinity 
of  Christ. 

IViCOme'clia,  the  metropolis  of  Bithynia,  N.W.  Asia 
Minor,  founded  by  kingNicomedes  I.,  264  b.c,  on  the  remains 
of  Astacus;  destroj-ed  by  an  earthquake,  115  a.d.  ;  and  ro_ 
stored  by  the  emperor  Adrian,  124.  Roman  e:;r.perors  often 
resjded  here  du>-j^,g  eastern  wars.  'Here  Diocletian  abdicated, 
305;  uiiu  CoVistantine  died  at  his  villa  near  by,  337.  It  sur- 
rendered to  Seljukian  Turks,  1078 ;  and  to  Orchan  and  Otto- 
man Turks  in  1338. 

]%ricop'olis,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  on  the  Danube,  founded 
by  Trajan.  Here  the  allied  Christian  powers  under  Sigismund^ 
king  of  Hungary,  afterwards  emperor,  fought  the  Turks  un- 
der Bajazet.  In  this,  called  the  first  battle  between  Turks 
and  Christians,  the  latter  were  defeated,  losing  20,000  slain 
and  as  many  wounded  and  prisoners,  28  Sept.  1396.  Nicopo- 
lis  was  taken  by  Russians  after  a  severe  conflict  (2  pachas, 
about  6000  men,  2  monitors,  and  40  guns  were  captured),  15, 
16  July,  1877.— A  city  in  Pontus,  Asia  Minor  ;  near  here  was 
fought  the  last  battle  between  Romans  under  Pompey  and 
Mithridates,  in  which  the  latter  was  defeated,  66  b.o. 

nicotine,  a  volatile  liquid  alkaloid,  constituting  th« 
active  principle  of  the  tobacco  plant.  In  a  pure  state  itl 
is  intensely  poisonous.  Vauquelin  in  1809  ascertained  thafcf 
the  acrid  principle  of  tobacco  was  volatile  and  capable  of  sepa- 
ration from  its  compounds  by  means  of  a  fixed  alkali.  Posselt 
and  Reimann  in  1828  succeeded  in  obtaining  it  in  a  state  of! 
comparative  purity  from  the  leaves  of  the  tobacco  plant. 
Tobacco. 

niellO-VTOrk,  believed   to   have   been  produced   by 
rubbing  a  mixture  of  silver,  lead,  copper,  sulphur,  and  borax 


I 


NIE 


577 


NOB 


into  engravings  on  silver,  etc.,  an  art  known  to  the  ancients, 
and  practised  in  the  middle  ages,  which  is  said  to  have  sug- 
gested to  Maso  Finiguerra  the  idea  of  engraving  upon  copper, 
about  1460. 

IVieilieil  {nee'men)  or  Memel,  a  river  flowing  into 
the  Baltic,  and  separating  Prussia  from  Russia.  On  a  raft  on 
this  river  the  emperor  Napoleon  met  Alexander  of  Russia,  22 
June,  1807,  and  made  peace  with  him  and  Prussia.  He  crossed 
the  Niemen  to  invade  Russia,  24  June,  1812,  and  recrossed  with 
the  remnant  of  his  army,  28  Dec.  Near  it  the  Poles  defeated 
the  Russians,  27  May,  1831. 

IViger  (ni'je?-),  the  great  river  of  western  Africa,  as  the 
Nile  is  of  eastern  Africa.  First  definite  knowledge  obtained 
through  Mungo  Park,  and  later  Richard  and  John  Lander, 
1830.  It  rises  on  the  inner  side  of  Mt.  Loraa,  one  of  the  sum- 
mits of  the  Kong  mountains,  flows  northeast  to  Timbuktoo,  lat. 
17°  30'  N.,  thence  turning  to  the  southeast  empties  into  the 
gulf  of  Guinea,  about  lat.  5°  N.  Total  length,  3000  miles. 
Its  delta  extends  along  the  coast  120  miles  and  inland  150 
miles,  forming  an  extensi/e  swampy  region.  Africa,  1841 ; 
Park. 

IVillilism,  a  popular  nara6  for  a  school  of  philosophy 
which  believes  notliing  without  physical  evidence,  renounces 
divine  revelation  and  all  faith  in  the  supernatural. 

]\ihili§t§,  a  body  or  school  of  radicals  in  Russia  said  to 
aim  at  the  overthrow  of  all  existing  forms  of  government,  and 
the  reconstruction  of  society  on  a  communistic  basis.  The 
name  was  first  given  by  the  novelist  Turguenieff  in  1862  to 
the  socialists  who  denounced  the  institution  of  marriage  ;  but 
has  come,  especially  since  1892,  to  be  generally  applied  to  all 
the  many  agitators  and  conspirators  who  secretly  strive  to 
break  down  imperialism  in  Russia,  to  make  way  for  some  form 
of  democracy.  The  assassination  of  czar  Alexander  II.  in 
1881  was  doubtless  one  of  the  efforts  of  the  Nihilists  to  terror- 
ize the  government. 

Mka  COIlte§ti§.     Factions. 

BiTile,  Egypt.  This  great  river  flows  in  greater  part  from 
lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  an  enormous  body  of  water  in  Ckn- 
tkal  Africa,  and  in  a  known  course  of  1250  miles  receives 
no  tributary  streams.  Total  length,  8370  miles.  The  trav- 
els of  Bruce  were  undertaken  to  discover  the  source  of  the 
Nile.  He  set  out  from  England  in  June,  1768;  on  14  Nov. 
1770  discovered  the  source  of  the  Blue  Nile,  lake  Tana,  Abys- 
sinia, and  returned  home  in  1773,  considering  the  Blue  Nile 
the  main  branch,  and  so  claiming  for  himself  the  honor  of  dis- 
covering Caput  Nili.  This  river  overflows  regularly  every 
year,  from  about  15  June  to  17  Sept.,  when,  having  fertilized 
the  land,  it  begins  to  decrease.  It  must  rise  16  cubits  to  irri- 
gate the  average  amount  of  land  cultivated.  The  first  nilom- 
eter  (a  pillar)  was  set  up  by  Solyman  the  caliph,  715.  At 
Thebes  the  average  rise  is  40  feet ;  at  Cario,  27  feet ;  but  in 
1829  the  inundation  was  so  excessive  that  30,000  people  were 
drowned  and  an  immense  amount  of  property  destroyed. 
Africa.  A  bridge  over  the  Nile  (over  1300  jfeet  long)  at 
Cairo  was  completed  by  a  French  company,  Aug.  1872. 

IVile,  Battle  of  the  (or  Aboukir),  1  Aug.  1798,  near  Roset- 
ta,  between  the  French  fleet  under  Brueys  and  the  British 
under  sir  Horatio  Nelson.  9  French  line-of-battle  ships  were 
taken,  2  burned,  and  2  escaped.  The  French  ship  L'Orient, 
with  Brueys  and  1000  men  on  board,  blew  up,  and  only  70  or 
80  escaped.  Nelson's  exclamation  upon  entering  battle  was 
"Victory  or  Westminster  Abbey  !" 

Ninety-§ix,  Siege  of.     Fort  Ninety-six. 

Mn'eveh,  capital  of  the  Assyrian  empire  (Assyria), 
founded  by  Ashur  about  2245  b.c.  Ninus  reigned  in  Assyria, 
and  named  this  city  Nineveh,  2069  -R.c.—Abbe  Lenglet.  Jo- 
nah preached  against  Nineveh  (about  862  b.c.).  It  was  taken 
by  Nebuchadnezzar,  606  b.c.  Layard  and  others  since  1839 
have  made  immense  excavations  near  Mosul,  at  Koyunjik 
and  other  places,  revealing  the  ruins  of  a  city  which  for  centu- 
ries had  been  almost  forgotten.  Botta  began  explorations  at 
Khorsabad  in  1843,  and  pub.  "Monuments  de  Ninive,"  1849- 
1850.  In  1848  Mr.  Layard  pub.  "  Nineveh  and  its  Remains," 
and  in  1853  "Discoveries,"  made  on  his  second  visit  in  1849- 
1850.  Hormusd  Rassam,  in  1854,  discovered  an  ancient  palace. 
19 


George  Smith  described  his  excavations  and  their  results  in 
1873-74,  in  "  Assyrian  Discoveries,"  1875.  He  died  at  Aleppo, 
19  Aug.  1876.  Assyria.  Mr.  Rassam,  appointed  his  successor, 
among  other  valuable  discoveries  at  Balawat,  9  miles  northeast 
of  Nimroud,  and  at  Koyunjik,  etc.,  found  a  bronze  monument 
with  inscriptions  recording  the  names,  title,  genealogy,  and 
exploits  of  king  Assur-nazir-pal  (885-860  b.c.),  builder  of  the 
palaces  and  temples  of  Kalakh,  capital  of  the  middle  Assyrian 
empire. 

The  forms,  features,  costume,  religion,  modes  of  warfare,  and  cere- 
monial customs  of  its  inhabitants  stand  before  us  as  distinct  as 
those  of  a  living  people  ;  and  the  sculptures  and  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions reveal  much  of  Assyrian  historv.  Among  sculptures 
that  enrich  the  British  museum  may  be  mentioned  the  winged 
bull  and  lion,  numerous  hunting  and  battle  pieces,  and  a  bas-relief 
of  an  eagle-headed  human  figure,  probably  representing  the  Assy- 
rian god  Nisroch  (from  Nisr,  "an  eagle  or  hawk"),  whom  Sen- 
nacherib was  worshipping  when  assassinated  by  his  2  sous,  about 
710  B.C.  (2  Kings  xix.  37). 

I^i'obe,  in  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of  Tantalus, 
king  of  Lydia,  and  wife  of  Amphion,  by  whom  she  had  7  sons 
and  7  daughters.  Through  her  pride  in  her  children  she  in- 
curred the  envy  and  hatred  of  Latona,  who  thereupon  incited 
her  children,  Apollo  and  Artemis,  to  slay  the  children  of 
Niobe,  which  they  did  with  their  arrows.  Through  excessive 
grief  for  her  children,  Niobe  was  changed  into  a  statue  of 
stone.  This  legend  has  furnished  numerous  subjects  for  art — 
especially  sculpture. 

"The  Niobe  of  nations!  there  she  stands 
Childless  and  crownless  in  her  voiceless  woe." 

—Byron,  "Childe  Harold." 

Ilio'biuin,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  by  Hatchett  in  the 
black  earth  columbite,  and  named  columbium,  1801.  It  was 
pronounced  to  be  identical  with  tantalum  by  WoUaston ;  but 
was  rediscovered  by  H.  Rose  in  1846,  and  named  niobium. 

\Nirvana,  a  term  of  Hindu  philosophj-,  indicating  an- 
nihilation of  selfhood,  or  absorption  of  the  individual  in  the 
universal.     Buddhism. 

Tli'§i  pri'Ui  ("  unless  before  "),  words  in  a  writ  summon- 
ing a  person  to  be  tried  at  Westminster,  Engl,  unless  the  judges 
should  come  to  hold  their  assizes  in  the  place  where  he  is. 
Judges  sit  in  Middlesex,  Engl.,  by  virtue  of  18  Eliz.c.  12  (1576). 

7¥i§ine§  {nemz)  or  IVimei  (neem),  S.  France,  was  the 
flourishing  Roman  colony  Nemausus.  Its  amphitheatre  was  in- 
jured by  the  English  in  1417.  The  inhabitants  embraced 
Protestantism,  and  suffered  persecution  in  consequence;  and 
Nismes  has  witnessed  many  religious  and  political  contests. 
The  treaty  termed  Pacification  of  Nismes  (14  July,  1629)  gave 
religious  toleration  for  a  time  to  the  Huguenots. 

nitre.     Saltpetre. 

nitric  acid,  a  compound  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen,  for- 
merly called  aqua-fortis,  first  obtained  in  a  separate  state  by 
Raymond  Lully,  an  alchemist,  about  1287;  but  we  are  in- 
debted to  Cavendish,  Priestley,  and  Lavoisier  for  knowledge 
of  its  properties.  H.  Cavendish  demonstrated  its  nature  in 
1785.  Nitrous  acid  was  discovered  by  Scheele  about  1774. 
Nitrous  gas  was  accidentally  discovered  by  dr.  Hales.  Ni- 
ti'ous-oxide  gas  (laughing-gas)  was  discovered  by  dr.  Priest- 
ley in  1776.  Its  use  as  an  anaesthetic  began  in  America  in 
1864 ;  at  Pari.s,  1866 ;  in  London,  31  Mch.  1868,  ingenious 
apparatus  having  been  invented  for  its  application. 

ni'trog^en  or  azote  (from  the  Greek  a,  "  no,"  and  l^cno 
or  Z,u),  "  I  live"),  an  irrespirable  elementary  gas,  an  important 
element  in  food,  discovered  by  Rutherford  about  1772.  Before 
1777,  Scheele  separated  oxygen  of  air  from  nitrogen,  and  almost 
simultaneously  with  Lavoisier  discovered  that  the  atmosphere 
is  a  mixture  of  these.  Nitrogen  combined  with  hydrogen 
forms  the  volatile  alkali  ammonia,  freely  given  off  by  decom- 
posing animal  and  vegetable  bodies. 

nitro  -  glycerine  (also  called  nitroleum),  an  in- 
tensely explosive  amber-like  fluid,  discovered  by  Sobrero  in 
1847,  produced  by  adding  glycerine  (in  successive  small  quan- 
tities) to  a  mixture  of  1  part  of  nitric  acid  and  2  parts  of  sul- 
phuric acid.  Alfred  Nobel,  a  Swede,  first  employed  it  as  an 
explosive  in  1864. 

nobility.  The  Goths,  after  seizing  part  of  Europe,  re- 
warded heroes  with  titles  of  honor  to  distinguish  them  from 


NOB 

common  people.  The  right  of  peerage  seems  to  have  been 
at  first  territorial.  Patents  to  persons  of  no  estate  were  first 
granted  by  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  1095.  George  Neville, 
duke  of  IJetlford  (son  of  John,  marquess  of  Montague),  en- 
nobled in  1470,  was  degraded  from  the  peerage  by  Parliament 
for  want  of  property,  19  Edw.  IV.  1478.  Noblemen's  privi- 
leges were  restrained  in  June,  1773.  Lords.  See  names  of 
various  orders  of  the  nobility. 

lu  1845  a  statistical  writer  said  that  thoro  were  500,000  nobles  in 
Russia,  239,000  in  Austria;  in  Spain  {in  1780),  470,000;  in  France 
{before  1790),  360,000  (of  whom  4120  were  of  the  andenne  no- 
blesse) ;  in  the  United  Kingdom,  1631  with  transmissible  titles 
(dukes  to  baronets). 

nobility  of  France  preceded  that  of  England.  On  18 
June,  1790,  the  National  Assembly  decreed  that  hereditary  no- 
bility could  not  exist  in  a  free  state;  that  the  titles  of  dukes, 
counts,  marquises,  knights,  barons,  excellencies,  abbots,  and 
others  be  abolished ;  that  all  citizens  take  their  family  names ; 
liveries  and  armorial  bearings  also  to  be  abolished.  The  rec- 
ords of  the  nobility,  600  volumes,  were  burned  at  the  foot  of 
the  statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  25  June,  1792.  A  new  nobility  was 
created  by  the  emperor  Napoleon  I.,  1808.  The  hereditary 
peerage  was  ab>olished  27  Dec.  1831 ;  reinstituted  by  Napo- 
leon IIL,  1852. 

nobility,  order  of.  Proposed  and  rejected  in  Massa- 
chusetts, iGSG.—Bwicroft,  vol.  i.  p.  385. 

noble,  an  English  gold  coin  (value  6s.  8c?.),  first  struck 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  1343  or  1344,  said  to  have  derived 
its  name  from  the  excellence  of  its  metal. 

nocturne,  a  name  given  by  John  Field  (d.  1837)  to  a 
new  musical  composition.  He  was  followed  by  Chopin,  who 
died  1849.  The  term  was  adopted  by  Mr.  Whistler,  the  artist, 
for  night  pieces,  in  which  he  began  with  line,  form,  and  color, 
1877-78. 

'^noluniu§  leges  Angliae  mutari."  Bas- 
tards, Merton. 

No  ]VIan'§  Land.     Neutral  ground. 

Nominaliits  or  Conceptualists,  a  scholastic 
sect,  opposed  to  Realists,  maintain  that  general  ideas  have  no 
existence  save  in  the  names  we  give  them.  The  founder  of 
the  sect,  Jean  Roscellin,  a  canon  of  Compifegne,  was  condemned 
by  a  council  at  Soissons,  1092,  but  the  controversy  was  revived 
in  the  12th  century.  Among  the  Nominalists  are  reckoned 
Ab^lard,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (partially),  Occam,  Hobbes, 
Locke,  Berkeley,  and  Dugald  Stewart.  The  Realists  assert 
that  general  ideas  are  realities.     Philosophy. 

noininatin§r  convention§.    United  States. 
noms  de  plume.     Literature. 

non-COnfornii§t§.  Protestants  in  England  are  di- 
vided into  conformists  and  non-conformists,  or  churchmen  and 
dissenters.  The  first  place  of  meeting  of  the  latter  in  Eng- 
land was  at  Wandsworth,  near  London,  20  Nov.  1572.  The 
name  "  non-conformists  "  was  taken  by  Puritans  when  the  act 
of  Uniformity  took  eifect,  24  Aug.  1662  (termed  "  Black  Bar- 
tholomew's day"),  when  2000  ministers  of  the  established  re- 
ligion resigned,  not  choosing  to  conform  to  the  statute  passed 
"  for  the  uniformity  of  public  prayers  and  administration  of 
the  sacraments."  Dissenters,  Puritans.  The  laws  against 
them  were  relaxed  by  the  Toleration  act,  24  May,  1689.— The 
Non-conformist  (edited  by  Edward  Miall,  since  M.  P.)  first  ap- 
peared 14  Apr.  1841. 

nones,  in  the  Roman  calendar,  the  5th  day  of  each 
month,  except  March,  May,  July,  and  October,  when  the  nones 
fell  on  the  7th. 

non- intercourse  with  France.  United 
States,  1798.  With  England,  United  States,  1807,  '09,  '10, 
1812. 

nonjurors  thought  James  II.  unjustly  deposed,  and 
refused  to  swear  allegiance  to  William  III.  in  1689.  Among 
them  were  Sancroft,  archbishop  of  Canterbury;  Ken,  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells ;  and  the  bishops  of  Ely,  Gloucester,  Nor- 
wich, and  Peterborough,  and  many  of  the  clergy,  who  were  de- 
prived 1  Feb.  1691.  Nonjurors  were  subjected  to  double  taxa- 
tion, and  obliged  to  register  their  estates.  May,  1723.  They 
formed  a  separate  communion,  which  existed  till  about  1800. 


578 


NOR 

" Non  nobis,  Doinine I"  ("Not  unto  us,  o  Lord 
etc.,  Psa.  cxv.  1),  a  musical  canon,  sung  as  a  grace  at  put 
feasts,  was  composed  by  W.  Birde  in  1618. 

non-resistance  oatll  (declaring  it  unlawful 
take  arms  against  the  king  upon  any  pretence),  enforced 
the  Corporation  act,  1661,  was  repealed  in  1719. 

IVootka  sound,  Vancouver's  island,  discovered 
capt.  Cook  in  1778.   Here  a  few  British  merchants  of  the  E< 
Indies  formed  a  settlement  in  1786  to  supply  the  Chine 
market  with  furs;  but  the  Spaniards,  in  1789,  captured] 
English  vessels  and  took  possession.     The  British  minist 
demanded  reparation  ;  the  affair  was  amicably  terminated 
a  convention,  and  a  free  commerce  confirmed  to  England 
1790.     Washington. 

"  BfO  Popery  riots."  Gordon's  "  No  Popef 
riots. 

IVordling^en,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  Here  Swedes  und 
count  Horn  were  defeated  hy  Austrians,  27  Aug.  1634 ;  a| 
Austrians  and  allies  by  Turenne  in  1645. 

]¥or'folk  (nor'fok),  Va.     Virginia,  1776,  1861,  '62. 

IVorfollC  island,  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  in  171 
by  capt.  Cook,  then  inhabited  only  bj'  birds;  area,  10 
miles.  The  settlement  was  made  by  a  detachment  from  Pd 
Jackson  under  governor  Phillip,  in  1788,  in  Sydney  bay 
the  south  side  of  the  island.  This  was  at  one  time  the  mc 
dreaded  penal  colony  of  Great  Britahi.  The  island  was  aba 
doned  in  1809,  but  reoccupied  as  a  penal  settlement  in  18S 
Some  of  the  descendants  of  the  mutineers  of  the  Boun/i/  w€ 
removed  to  it  in  June,  1856,  from  Pitcairn's  island. 

normal   schools  (from  norma,  a  rule),  schools 
the  instruction  of  teachers.     One  established  at  Paris  by  la| 
30  Oct.  1794,  opened  20  Jan.  1795,  under  the  direction  of '. 
Place,  La  Harpe,  Haii}--,  and  other  eminent  men,  was 
closed.     Another,  established  by  Napoleon  in  1808,  was  closed' 
in  1822.     The  plan  was  revived  in  1826,  and  has  been  carried 
out  extensively  in  England  and  other  countries.     For  the 
United  States,  see  each  state  separately.     Education. 
First  in  New  York  at  Albany 18M 

IVor'mandy,  N.  France,  part  of  Neustria,  a  kingdom 
founded  by  Clovis  in  511  for  his  son  Clotaire,  which,  after 
various  changes,  was  united  to  France  by  Charles  the  Bald  in 
847.  From  about  800  it  was  devastated  by  Scandinavians, 
termed  Northmen  or  Normans,  and  to  purchase  repose  Charles 
the  Simple  of  France  ceded  the  duchy  to  their  leader  Rollo, 
847,  who  held  it  as  a  fief  of  the  crown  of  France,  as  did  his 
successors  until  William,  the  7th  duke,  acquired  England, 
in  1066.  It  remained  a  province  of  England  till  the  reign  ol' 
John,  1204,  when  it  was  reunited  to  France.  It  was  recon- 
quered by  Henry  V.,  1418,  and  held  by  England  partially  till 
1450.  The  English  still  possess  the  islands  on  the  coast,  of 
which  Jersey  and  Guernsey  are  the  principal. 

DUKES. 

912.  Rollo  (or  Raoul),  baptized  as  Robert.  ;^    \ 

927.  William  I.,  Longsword.  '^:-    \ 

943.  Richard  I.  the  Fearless.  W    i 

996.  Richard  II.  the  Good.  %■■    \ 

1027.  Richard  III.  *•    i 

1028.  Robert  I.  the  Devil.  ' 
\0m.  William  II.  (I.  of  England). 

1087.  Robert  II.,  Courthose  (his  son),  after  a  contest  despoiled  by; 

his  brother. 
1106.  Henry  I.  (king  of  England). 
1135.  Stephen  (king  of  England). 
1144.  Matilda  and  Geoffrey  Plantagenet. 
11.51.  Henrv  II.  (king  of  England  in  1154). 
1189.  Richard  IV.  (I.  of  England). 
1199-1204.  Arthur  and  John  of  England. 

Xorridgewock,  Me.     Maine,  1724.  1 

IVorsemen  in  America.    America.  I 

IVortliallerton,  a  borough  of  Yorkshire.  Near  her 
was  fought  the  "  Battle  of  the  Standard,"  where  the  Engli&l 
defeated  the  Scotch,  22  Aug.  1138.  The  archbishop  of  Yorl! 
brought  forth  a  consecrated  standard  on  a  carriage  whei, 
they  were  hotly  pressed  by  the  invaders,  headed  by  kinj, 
David. 

North  America.  America,  Canada,  Indian' 
United  States. 


NOR 


679 


NOR 


Banks  in  the  United 


T^orth  America,  Bank  of. 
States. 

"  North  American."     Newspapers,  1771. 
North  Anna,  Crossing  of.     Grant's  Virginia  cam- 
paign. 

North  Carolina,  one  of  the  Atlantic  states  of  the 
United  States,  is  bounded  north  by  Virginia,  east  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  with  a  coast  line 
of  over  400  miles,  southeast  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  south  by 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
west  by  South  CaroHna  and 
Tennessee.  It  lies  between 
3.3°  50'  and  36°  33'  N.  lat.,  and 
between  75°  27'  and  84°  20'  W. 
Ion.  Area,  52,250  sq.  miles  in 
96  counties  ;  pop.  1890,  1,617,- 
947.  Capital,  Raleigh.  For 
first  exploration  of  coast,  Vir- 
ginia, 1584-90. 
John  Porey,  secretary  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  explores  the  couhtry  to  the  Chowan  river,  1C22 
Charles  I.  grants  a  patent  for  all  the  territory  between  36°  and 

31°  N.  latitude  to  sir  Robert  Heath 1629-30 

[If  no  immediate  colonization  ensued,  if  the  plans  formed 
in  England  by  sir  Robert  Heath  or  by  lord  Maltravers, 
Heath's  assign,  were  never  realized,  the  desire  to  extend  the 
settlements  to  the  south  still  prevailed  in  Virginia.— 5an- 
croft,  "Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  ii.] 
Roger  Green,  with  colonists  from  Virginia,  settles  on  the  Ro- 
anoke and  the  Chowan  rivers July, 

Chief  of  the  Yeopim  Indians  grants  to  George  Durant  land  in 

Perquimans  county 

■Charles  II.  grants  to  the  earl  of  Clarendon  and  7  others,  viz. : 
Monk,  duke  of  Albemarle,  lord  Craven,  lord  Ashley  Cooper 
(earl  of  Shaftesbury),  sir  John  Colleton,  lord  .John  Berke- 
ley, sir  William  Berkeley,  his  brother,  and  sir  George 
Carteret,  territory  extending  westward  from  the  Atlantic 
ocean  between  lat.  31°  and  36°,  which  they  call  Carolina, 

20  Mch.  1663 
Berkeley,  governor  of  Virginia,  visits  Carolina,  organizes  a 
government   for  the   northern   part,  calling   it   Albemarle 

county,  and  appoints  William  Drummond  governor " 

Several  hundred  persons,  under  sir  John  Yeamans,  land  at  the 
junction  of  Cape  Fear  river  and  Old  Town  creek,  and  lay  out 
a  village  called  Charlestown,  near  the  present  site  of  Wil- 
mington   29  May,  1665 

<Jrant  of  20  Mch.  1663,  enlarged  and  extended  south  to  lat.  29°, 

30  June,     " 
[This  enlarged  grant  comprised  all  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Alabama,   Mississippi,  Louisiana, . 
Arkansas,  part  of  Florida  and  Missouri,  nearly  all  of  Texas, 
and  a  large  portion  of  northern  Mexico.] 

Gov.  Drummond  dying,  succeeded  by  Samuel  Stephens 1667 

Form  of  government  for  Carolina,  known  as  Fundamental 

Constitutions,  framed  by  John  Locke,  and  amended  by  the 

j     earl  of  Shaftesbury,  partly  put  into  operation,  the  first  set 

!     bearing  date 21  July,  1669 

William  Edmundson,  a  Quaker,  sent  out  from  Maryland  by 
\     George  Fox,  preaches  at  the  narrows  of  Perquimans  river, 

I     where  Hertford  was  afterwards  built 1672 

I  Gov.  Stephens  dies  and  George  Cartwright,  speaker  of  the  as- 
;  sembly  of  Albemarle,  succeeds  in  1673,  but  resigns  and  is 
i  succeeded  by  gov.  Eastchurch,  represented  by  a  secretary, 
i  one  Miller,  whom  he  appoints  president  of  the  council  and 
1    acting  governor July. 


1653 
1662 


1673 


under  John  Culpepper,  imprison  the  president  and  6  members 

of  the  council,  call  a  legislature  and  assume  control Dec.  1677 

Culpepper  goes  to  England  to  explain  to  the  lords  proprietors, 
and  John  Harvey,  president  of  the  council,  takes  charge  of 
the  government,  John  Jenkins,  being  appointed  governor  by 

the  proprietors,  succeeding  him June,  1680 

3ov.  Jenkins  dies  and  is  succeeded  by  Henry  Wilkinson.  .Dec.  1681 
Seth  Sothel,  who  had  purchased  the  rights  of  lord  Clarendon, 

arrives  as  governor  of  Albemarle 1683 

Fundamental  Constitutions,  framed  in  1669,  are  abrogated  by 

the  lords  proprietors Apr.  1693 

Law  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  disfranchising  all  Dis- 

1   senters  from  any  office  of  trust,  honor,  or  profit 1704 

?irst  church  in  North  Carolina  built  in  Chowan  county 1705 

iords  proprietors  grant  to  Christopher,  baron  de  Graaffenreidt, 
10,000  acres  of  land  on  the  Neuse  and  Cape  Fear  rivers  in 
1709.  About  15,000  Swiss  and  a  large  number  of  Palatines 
follow  the  baron  and  settle  at  the  confluence  of  the  Trent 

and  Neuse,  calling  the  town  New-Berne Dec.  1710 

'lie  hundred  and  twelve  persons,  principally  settlers  on  the 
Roanoke  and  Chowan,  are  massacred  by  the  Tuscaroras  and 

other  allied  Indian  tribes 22  Sept.  1711 

Iilitia  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and  friendly  Indians  at- 
tack the  Tuscaroras  on  the  banks  of  the  Neuse,  in  the  pres- 
ent county  of  Craven,  and  more  than  300  savages  are  killed 

and  100  made  prisoners 28  Jan.  1712 

roops  under  col.  James  Moore  of  South  Carolina  capture  fort 


Nahucke,  a  stronghold  of  the  Tuscaroras  in  Greene  county, 

with  800  prisoners Mch.  1713 

Bills  of  credit  for  SOOl.  issued  by  the  colony  to  pay  Indian  war 

debt.     First  issue  of  paper  money  in  North  Carolina " 

Edenton,  on  the  Chowan  river,  founded 1715 

Tuscarora  Indians  enter  into  a  treaty,  and  a  tract  of  land  on 
the  Roanoke,  in  the  present  county  of  Bertie,  is  ceded  to 

them  by  gov.  Eden 5  June,  1718 

Pirate  Edward  Teach,  commonly  called  Black  Beard,  long  a 

terror  to  North  Carolina,  is  attacked  by  lieut.  Maynard  near 

Ocracoke,  with  2  small  coasters;  he  is  killed,  and  Maynard 

carries  off  his  head  hung  to  the  bowsprit  (Virginia),  21  Nov.     " 

Boundary-line  between  North  and  South  Carolina  established..  1727 

Last    assembly  under  proprietary  government  at  Edenton; 

issues  40,000^.  more  in  paper  money 27  Nov.  1728 

Lords  proprietors  surrender  the  government  to  king  George 

II.  except  one-eighth  interest  retained  by  lord  Granville 1729 

Carolina,  on  becoming  the  property  of  the  crown,  is  divided 
into  2  provinces,  and  George  Burrington  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  North  Carolina 30  Apr.  1730 

Commissioners  run  the  boundary -line  between  North  and 
South  Carolina.  Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  Little  river, 
they  run  northwest  to  what  they  suppose  to  be  35°,  when  by 

mutual  consent  they  run  west  to  the  Peedee 1738 

One -eighth  interest  in  the  proprietary  charter  retained  by 

John,  lord  Carteret,  heir  of  lord  Granville,  is  laid  off  for  him, 

being  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Virginia  line,  south  by 

lat.  35°  34',  and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. .  1743 

War  having  been  declared  by  England  against  France,  fort 

Johnston  on  the  south  bank  of  Cape  Fear  is  built 1745 

Large  accession  to  the  settlement  near  Cross  creek  is  made 
by  Scotch  Highlanders  who  had  been  supporters,  of  prince 

Charles  Edward  and  exiled  to  America 1747 

James  Davis  sets  up  a  printing-press  at  New-Berne  and  issues 

the  first  newspaper  in  the  state,  the  North  Carolina  Gazette,  1749 
Moravians  purchase  from  lord  Granville  100,000  acres  between 
the  Dan  and  Yadkin,  which  they  name  Wachovia.    The  land 

is  conveyed  to  James  Hutton  in  trust  for  the  brethren 1750 

First  edition  of  the  laws  of  North  Carolina  by  Samuel  Swann, 
published  by  James  Davis  at  New-Berne,  and  from  the  yellow 
leather  used  in  binding  becomes  known  as  "Yellow  Jacket "  1752 

Act  passed  to  erect  a  school-house  at  New-Berne 1764 

A  sloopof-war,  the  Diligence,  arrives  in  the  Cape  Fear  river 
with  stamped  paper  for  use  in  the  colony,  28  Sept.  1765. 
Cols.  Ashe  and  AVaddell,  with  an  armed  force,  so  terrify  the 
captain  that  no  attempt  is  made  to  land  the  paper,  and  seiz- 
ing James  Houston,  stamp  distributer,  they  compel  him  to 

take  an  oath  not  to  distribute  the  stamped  paper 1765 

British  ship  of-war  Vipe^;  Jacob  Lobb  cai)tain,  lying  at  anchor 
off  Brunswick,  seizes  2  merchant  vessels,  the  Dnbbs  and  Pa- 
tience, from  Philadelphia,  showing  clearance  papers  without 
stamps.  580  men  under  col.  Hugh  AVaddell,  having  secured 
the  clearance  papers  from  the  collector  of  the  port,  proceed 
from  Wilmington  to  Brunswick,  and  compel  the  release  of 

the  2  vessels 21  Feb.  1766 

George  A.  Selwyn  obtains  from  the  crown  large  grants  of  land 

in  Mecklenburg  county,  but  the  people  prevent  their  survey,     " 
Rev.  Daniel  Caldwell  opens  a  classical  school  in  Guilford  county,  1767 
People  of  Orange  county,  oppressed  by  the  unjust  acts  of  Ed- 
mund Fanning,  clerk  of  the  court  of  Orange,  form  an  associa- 
tion, headed  by  Herman  Husbands  and  William  Hunter,  for 

regulating  public  grievances  and  abuse  of  power 1768 

James  Hunter  and  Rednap  Howell  sent  by  the  Regulators  to 

the  governor  with  a  statement  of  grievances 21  May,     " 

Governor  and  council  decide  that  the  grievances  of  the  Regu- 
lators do  not  warrant  their  course,  which  tends  to  high- 
treason June,     " 

Regulators  assembling,  11  July,  the  governor  raises  troops  and 
marches  from  Salisbury  to  Hillsborough,  .swearing  the  people 
to  allegiance  to  the  king  and  requiring  the  Regulators  to  dis- 
perse. At  the  September  term  of  the  Hillsborough  Superior 
court  Husbands  is  indicted  for  a  riot,  but  acquitted.  Hunter 
and  others  are  imprisoned.     Fanning,  indicted,  pleads  guilty, 

and  is  fined  sixpence Sept.     " 

Regulators  present  a  petition  for  redress  to  the  governor,  15 
May,  which  is  rejected,  and  in  the  battle  of  Alamance  the 

Regulators  are  dispersed^by  the  troops 16  May,  1771 

Regulators  taken  prisoners  in  the  battle  of  Alamance  are  exe- 
cuted, Herman  Husbands  escaping 19  June,     " 

Settlements  at  Cross  Creek  increased  by  the  addition  of  300 
families  of  Scotch  Highlanders,  among  them  Flora  McDonald 
(famous  for  aiding  Charles  Edward,  the  young  pretender,  to 
escape  after  his  defeat  at  Culloden)  and  her  husband,  who 

settle  near  the  present  site  of  Fayetteville 1773 

Col.  John  Harvey,  former  speaker  of  the  assembly,  calls  a  con- 
vention to  form  a  provincial  congress,  which  meets  at  New- 
Berne  ;  Harvey  is  chosen  speaker 25  Aug.  1774 

The  Provincial  congress  decides  that  after  1  Sept.  1774,  all  use 
of  East  India  tea  should  be  prohibited ;  that  after  1  Nov.  1774, 
importation  of  African  slaves  should  cease;  and  that  after  1 
Jan.  1775,  no  East  India  or  British  goods  should  be  imported, 

Aug.     " 
Richard  Caswell,  Joseph  Hewes,  and  William  Hooper  delegates 

to  the  Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia 5  Sept.     " 

Committee  of  Safety  orders  the  return  of  a  cargo  of  tea  which 
had  been  shipped  to  William  Hill;  committee  appointed, 

23  Nov.     " 
Gov.  Martin  by  proclamation  denounces  the  Provincial  Congress 

as  "tending  to  introduce  disorder  and  anarchy  " 1  Mch.  1775 

Gov.  Martin  dissolves  the  asssembly  after  a  session  of  4  days, 
ending  the  royal  rule  in  the  state 8  Apr.     " 


NOR 

Delegates  from  Mecklenburg  county  meet  at  Charlotte  to  take 
Into  consideration  the  existing  state  of  affairs;  sign  and  for- 
ward to  the  Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia  a  declara- 
tion of  independence,  one  clause  reading  as  follows:  "  We  do 
hereby  declare  ourselves  a  free  and  independent  people, 
under  the  control  of  no  power  other  than  that  of  our  God  and 
the  genenil  government  of  the  Congress  " 20  May, 

Col.  John  Harvey  dies  at  his  home  at  Harvey's  Neck,  Perqui- 
mans county Juno, 

Articles  of  agreement  to  "resist  force  by  force  "  in  the  support 
of  the  country,  and  to  "go  forth  and  be  ready  to  sacrifice  our 
lives  and  fortunes  to  secure  her  freedom  and  safety,"  adopted 
by  the  Cumberland  association  at  Wilmington 19  June, 

Fort  Johnston  burned  by  militia  under  col.  Ashe 18  July, 

Gov.  Martin  issues  a  proclamation  from  the  British  ship-of-war 
Ci-uiser,  denouncing  the  Mecklenburg  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence  8  Aug. 

One  hundred  and  eighty-four  delegates  meet  at  Hillsborough, 
21  Aug.  1775;  choose  Samuel  Johnston  president;  declare 
that  the  people  of  North  Carolina  would  pay  their  due  pro- 
portion of  expenses  in  forming  a  Continental  army,  and  es- 
tablish a  state  government,  vested  in  a  provincial  council,  a 
district  committee  of  safety  for  each  district,  and  county  and 
town  committees 24  Aug. 

First  meeting  of  the  provincial  council  at  the  court-house  in 
Johnston  county 18  Oct. 

Donald  McDonald,  a  Scottish  Highlander,  commissioned  by  gov. 
Martin,  raises  a  force  of  about  1500  loyalists,  who,  under  col. 
Donald  McLeod,  attack  the  Continental  troops,  1000  strong, 
under  cols.  James  Moore,  Caswell,  and  Lillington,  but  are 
routed,  and  gen.  McDonald  taken  prisoner 27  Feb. 

Provincial  congress  assembles  at  Halifax,  4  Apr.  1776;  resolves 
"that  the  delegates  from  this  colony  in  congress  be  empow- 
ered to  concur  with  the  delegates  from  the  other  colonies  in 
declaring  independence  and  forming  foreign  alliances,  re- 
serving to  this  colony  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of  forming 
a  constitution  and  laws  for  this  colony" 12  Apr. 

Ninehundred  British,  under  lord  Cornwallis,  land  on  gen.  Howe's 
plantation  in  Brunswick,  ravage  and  plunder  it,  12  May,  and 
after  burning  some  mills  in  the  vicinity  embark,  having  gov. 
Martin  on  board,  and  sail  for  Charleston 29  May, 

Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  U.  S.  read  before  the  court- 
house in  Halifax  by  Cornelius  Harnett 1  Aug. 

Joseph  Hewes,  William  Hooper,  and  John  Penn,  for  North 
Carolina,  sign  the  Declaration  of  Independence 2  Aug. 

A  congress  chosen  by  election  assembles  at  Halifax,  12  Nov. 
1776,  frames  a  constitution  for  North  Carolina  not  submitted 
to  the  people,  elects  Richard  Caswell  governor  by  ordinance, 
and  completes  its  labors 18  Dec. 

Articles  of  confederation  ratified  by  North  Carolina 5  Apr. 

John  Penn,  Cornelius  Harnett,  and  John  Williams  sign  the  ar- 
ticles of  confederation  on  the  part  of  North  Carolina, 

21  July, 

Four  hundred  North  Carolina  Whigs  under  col.  Francis  Locke 
attack  a  camp  of  Tories  under  lieut. -col.  John  Moore,  and  rout 
them  at  Ramsour's  mill,  near  Lincolnton 20  June, 

Battle  of  Charlotte 26  Sept. 

Gen.  Greene  successfully  conducts  his  retreat  across  North  Caro- 
lina from  Cowpens  to  the  river  Dan,  a  distance  of  230  miles, 
pursued  by  British  under  lord  Cornwallis  (United  States), 

Feb. 

Cornwallis  issues  at  Hillsborough  a  proclamation,  inviting  all 
loyal  citizens  to  join  him 20  Feb. 

Battle  at  Guilford  Court-house;  the  British  under  Cornwallis 
defeat  the  Americans  under  gen.  Greene 15  Mch. 

General  Assembly  meets  at  the  court-house  of  Wake,  where 
now  stands  the  city  of  Raleigh June, 

Tories  under  col.  Hector  McNeill,  numbering  600  men,  in  the 
early  morning  march  into  Hillsborough  and  capture  gov. 
Burke  and  his  suite  and  plunder  the  town 13  Sept. 

David  Fanning,  a  freebooter,  appointed  lieutenant  colonel  of 
the  royal  militia  in  June,  1781,  captures  44  persons  at  Chat- 
ham Court-house,  while  a  court-martial  is  in  progress,  16 
July;  besieges  the  garrisoned  house  of  col.  Philip  Alston, 
of  Chatham,  8  Aug. ;  captures  44  Whigs  under  col.  Wade, 
and  disperses  his  troops  at  McFalls  Mills,  1  Sept.,  and 
fights  the  Whigs  at  Lundley's  Mill,  Chatham  county,  14  Sept. 

Maj.  James  H.  Craig,  who  had  occupied  Wilmington  with  Brit- 
ish troops  since  29  June,  whence  he  directed  raids  into  the 
surrounding  country,  receiving  news  of  the  surrender  of 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktowu,  evacuates  the  place 18  Nov. 

Legislature  grants  maj. -gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  25,000  acres  of 
state  land,  afterwards  located  on  Duck  river,  and  640  acres 
to  each  private,  with  larger  grants  to  officers  in  the  Conti- 
nental army.  North  Carolina  troops 

Thomas  Hart  Benton,  statesman,  son  of  Jesse  Benton,  private 
secretary  of  gov.  Tryon,  born  near  Hillsborough,  Orange 
county 14  Mch. 

General  Assembly  at  Hillsborough,  among  acts  for  relief  of  the 
general  government,  cedes  her  western  lands  and  authorizes 
her  delegates  to  execute  a  deed  provided  Congress  would  ac- 
cept the  offer  within  2  years Apr. 

Convention  at  Jonesborough  appoints  John  Sevier  president, 
and  resolves  that  a  person  be  despatched  to  Congress  to  press 
the  acceptance  of  the  offer  of  North  Carolina 23  Aug. 

General  Assembly  meets  at  New-Berne,  and  repeals  the  act  of 
23  Apr.  regarding  the  cession  of  western  lands 22  Oct. 

Convention  of  5  delegates  from  each  county  meets  at  Jones- 
borough,  chooses  John  Sevier  president,  and  forms  a  consti- 
tution for  the  state  of  Frankland 14  Dec. 

Constitution  for  the  new  state  of  Frankland  accepted  by  a 


580 


NOR 


I 


1775 


1776 


1780 


1781 


1782 


1784 


1794 


convention  of  the  people,  which  meets  at  Greenville  and 
chooses  John  Sevier  to  be  governor  of  the  state Nov.  1' 

Gov.  Caswell  of  North  Carolina  by  proclamation  denounces  the 
revolt  of  Frankland  as  usurpation,  and  warns  all  to  return 
to  their  allegiance  to  North  Carolina 14  Apr.  17 

State  of  Frankland  continues  to  exist  under  difficulties  for 
about  2  years,  courts  being  held  by  both  governments,  mili- 
tary officers  appointed,  and  taxes  levied  which  people  pay 
to  neither,  until  the  legislature  of  Frankland  at  Greenville 
authorizes  the  election  of  2  representatives  to  the  legislature 
of  North  Carolina,  members  of  assembly  arc  elected  by  the 
people,  and  the  new  state  is  reabsorbed Sept. 

William  Blount,  Richard  Dobbs,  Spaight,  and  Hugh  William- 
son sign  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  as  representatives 
from  North  Carolina 17  Sept. 

State  convention  fixes  the  seat  of  government  at  Wake  Court- 
house, now  Raleigh 

North  Carolina  ratifies  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  by  a  vote 
of  193  to  75 21  Nov. 

Dismal  Swamp  canal,  uniting  the  waters  of  Pasquotank  and 
Elizabeth  rivers,  incorporated 

As  authorized  by  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1789,  Samuel 
Johnston  and  Benjamin  Hawkins,  senators  from  North  Car- 
olina, execute  a  deed  to  the  U.  S.  in  the  words  of  the  Cession 
act  of  1784,  25  Feb.  1790;  Congress  accepts  it 2  Apr. 

General  Assembly  meets  at  the  new  city  of  Raleigh 30  Dec. 

University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill,  chartered  in  1789, 
opened 13  Feb. 

Col.  James  Glasgow,  secretary  of  state,  tried  and  convicted  for 
abetting  issue  of  fraudulent  land  grants,  and  locating  them 
in  fraud  of  the  Continental  soldiers 

Joseph  Gates  establishes  the  Raleigh  Register  at  Raleigh 

Great  revival  of  religion  begun  in  Kentucky  in  1801;  spreads 
through  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina 

Bank  of  Cape  Fear,  with  branches  incorporated,  the  mother 
bank  at  Wilmington 

Gold  discovered  on  Meadow  creek,  in  Cabarens  county,  during 
the  year  1801  or  1802.  The  first  considerable  amount  sent 
to  the  U.  S.  mint  was  $11,000  during  the  year 

State  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  conducted  by  prof. 
Denison  Olmstead  of  the  university  of  North  Carolina 

Reception  to  Lafayette  at  Murfreesborough 26  Feb. 

Fund  for  public  schools  established  by  law 

State  Board  of  Internal  Improvements  established 

First  toll-gate  on  the  Buncombe  turnpike  from  the  Saluda  gap 
via  Asheville  to  the  Tennessee  line,  erected Oct. 

John  Branch  of  North  Carolina  secretary  of  the  navy. .  .9  Mch. 

State-house,  containing  the  statue  of  Washington  by  Canova, 
destroyed  by  fire 21  Jime, 

Railroad  from  Cape  Fear  to  Weldon,  162  miles  in  length,  to 
connect  with  a  short  road  begun  in  1832,  is  commenced 

Wake  Forest  college  at  Wake  Forest  chartered  and  opened 

Convention  meets  at  Raleigh,  4  June,  1835,  frames  amendments 
to  the  constitution  of  1776  (ratified  by  the  people  by  26,771  to 
21,606)  and  adjourns 11  July, 

Edward  B.  Dudley,  first  governor  elected  by  the  pf  ople^  inau- 
gurated   1  Jan, 

U.  S.  branch  mint  at  Charlotte  begins  operations Dec. 

Davidson  college,  in  Mecklenburg  county,  chartered  and  opened, 

Raleigh  and  Gaston  railroad,  incorporated  in  1835,  is  com- 
pleted  4  July, 

Raleigh  and  Wilmington  railroad,  incorporated  in  1833,  com- 
pleted and  opened Mcli. 

George  E.  Badger  of  North  Carolina  secretary  of  the  navy, 

5  Mch. 

St.  Mary's  school  for  young  ladies  established  at  Raleigh  by 
rev.  Albert  Smedes.. . , 

Gold  discovered  on  the  lands  of  Andrew  Troutman  in  Rowan 
county,  afterwards  known  as  Gold  hill " 

Greensborough  female  college  at  Greensborough,  chartered  in 
1838,  opened 184t 

North  Carolina  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the 
blind,  at  Raleigh,  opened 1841 

William  A.  Graham  of  North  Carolina  secretary  of  the  navy, 

22  July,  185C 

Trinity  college  chartered  and  opened  at  Trinity  College ISb'i 

Wesleyan  female  college  at  Murfreesborough,  chartered  1851, 
opened " 

James  C.  Dobbin  secretary  of  the  navy 7  Mch.  185; 

State  hospital  for  the  insane  on  Dix  hill,  Raleigh,  opened ISrt 

Charlotte  female  institute  at  Charlotte  opened 18.^' 

Thomasville  female  college  at  Thomasville,  opened  in  1849, 
receives  its  charter " 

Forts  Caswell  and  Johnston,  occupied  by  state  troops  unau- 
thorized, 8  Jan.  1861,  are  ordered  restored  to  the  proper  au- 
thorities by  gov.  Ellis 12  Jan.  18(i: 

Resolutions  passed  in  the  House,  unanimously,  declaring  that 
in  case  reconciliation  between  north  and  south  fails.  North 
Carolina  goes  with  the  slave-states 4  Feb.     " 

Gov.  John  W.  Ellis,  in  a  telegram  replying  to  the  request  for 
troops  from  the  U.  S.  secretary  of  war,  says:  "You  can  get 
no  troops  from  North  Carolina" 15  Apr.    " 

Forts  Caswell  and  Johnston  seized  by  confederates 16  Apr.     " 

U.  S.  branch  mint  at  Charlotte  seized  by  state 20  Apr.       ; 

Arsenal  at  Fayetteville  surrendered  to  the  confederates, 

22  Apr.    " ! 

Blockade  of  ports  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  proclaimed, 

27  Apr.     '• 

State  convention  passes  secession  ordinance,  revises  state       i 
constitution,  and  ratifies  the  constitution  of  the  Confederate 
States 20  May, 


ill 

179f» 

i 

1817 : 
182.3 


1827 
182^>I 


1831 


1833 
1834 


1837 
183.' 
181]'. 
184( 
1841 
1845 


NOR  581 

Battle  of  Hatteras  inlet,  forts  Hatteras  and  Clark  taken  by  fed- 
erals under  gen.  Butler  and  com.  Stringham 29  Aug.  1861 

Union  movement,  soon  after  suppressed,  begun  by  a  conven- 
tion in  Hyde  county,  which  declares  independence  of  the 
state  government,  12  Oct.  A  convention  is  called,  which 
elects  M.N.  Taylor  pro  visional  governor,  after  declaring  vacant 

all  state  offices 18  Nov.     " 

Joint  naval  and  military  expedition  against  North  Carolina  under 
flag  officer  L.  M.  Goldsborough  and  gen.  Burnside  sails  from 
Hampton  Roads,  Jan.  1862 ;  engages  in  the  battle  of  Roanoke 

island,  8  Feb.,  and  occupies  Elizabeth  City 11  Feb.  1862 

€en.  Burnside  defeats  confederate  gen.  Branch,  and  occupies 
New-Berne.     Federal  loss,  100  killed,  500  wounded.  .14  Mch.     " 

Fort  Macon  surrendered  to  the  federals 26  Apr.     " 

Edward  Stanley,  commissioned  by  pres.  Lincoln  temporary 
governor  of  that  part  of  North  Carolina  still  under  Federal 

control,  arrives  at  New-Berne 26  May,     " 

Battles  at  Kingston,  14  Dec,  White  Hall,  16  Dec,  and  Golds- 
borough 17  Dec     " 

Plymouth  surrendered  by  gen.  Wcssels  to  the  confederates  un- 
der gen.  Hoke 20  Apr.  1864 

Naval  battle  of  Albemarle  sound;  the  Sassacus  defeats  the  Con- 
federate ram  Albemarle 5  May,     " 

Confederate  ram  Albemarle  blown  up  by  lieut.  Gushing  at 

Plymouth 27  Oct.     " 

Plymouth  recaptured  by  com.  Macomb 31  Oct.     " 

Fort  Fisher  bombarded  by  adm.  Porter,  24  Dec,  and  an  attack 

by  gen.  Butler  and  adm.  Porter  successfully  repulsed,  25  Dec     " 
Fort  Fisher  captured  by  adm.  Porter  and  gen.  Terry — 15  Jan.  1865 

Federals  under  gen.  Cox  capture  fort  Anderson 18  Feb.     " 

Wilmington  captured  by  gen.  Schofleld 22  Feb.     " 

Battles  at  Wise's  Forks,  8  Mch.,  at  Fayetteville  and  at  Kingston, 

10  Mch.     " 
Gen.  Sherman  occupies  Fayetteville,  12  Mch.,  and  destroys  the 

arsenal 14  Mch.     " 

Sherman  crosses  the  Cape  Fear  river,  15  Mch. ;  federals  under 

gen.  Slocum  defeat  confederates  under  Hardee  in  the  battle 

of  AvERASBORO,  16  Mch. ;  Sherman  defeats  Johnston  at  Ben- 

TONViLLE,  19  Mch.  •  the  armies  of  Sherman,  Terry,  and  Scho- 

I    field  join  at  Goldsborough,  23  Mch. ;  Boone,  N.  C,  is  captured 

i    by  Stoneman 28  Mch.     " 

jStoueraan  defeats  confederates  under  Pemberton  at  Grant's 

1    creek,  12  Apr.,  and  captures  Salisbury 12  Apr.     " 

■  Raleigh  occupied  by  gen.  Sherman 13  Apr.     " 

'Sherman  and  Johnston  meet  at  Durham  station,  17  Apr. ;  they 
'    s  gn  an  agreement  for  peace,  18  Apr. ;  it  is  rejected  at  Wash- 

i    ington,  21  Apr. ;  gen.  Grant  arrives  at  Raleigh 24  Apr.     " 

iGen.  J.  E.  Johnston  surrenders  to  Sherman ;  agreement  signed 

j    at  Bennett's  house,  near  Durham  station 26  Apr.     " 

;Maj -gen.  J.  M.  Schofleld,  appointed  to  command  the  department 
I    of  Xorth  Carolina,  makes  his  headquarters  at  Raleigh.  ..Apr.     " 
(William  W.  Holden  proclaimed  provisional  governor  of  the  state 

.    by  pres.  Johnson 29  May,     " 

(Maj.  gen.  Thomas  H.  Ruger  succeeds  Schofleld  in  command  of 

i    the  department  of  North  Carolina June,     " 

Convention  cilh  ^  by  prov.  gov.  Holden  meets  at  Raleigh,  2 
;   Oct.,  repeals  the  ordinance  of  secession,  adopts  an  ordinance 

,   prohibiting  slavery,  9  Oct.,  and  adjourns 19  Oct.     " 

•People  ratify  the  repeal  of  the  ordinance  of  secession  by  20,506 
,   to  2002,  and  the  ordinance  prohibiting  slavery  by  19,039  to 

■  3039 7  Nov.     " 

liov.  Holden  is  relieved  of  his  trust  by  pres.  Johnson,  and  gov. 

'-  Worth  assumes  office 23  Dec.     " 

;]onvention  of  colored  delegates  meets  at  Raleigh  to  promote 

the  mental  and  political  elevation  of  their  race 1  Oct.  1866 

-egislature  passes  an  act  "granting  a  general  amnesty  and  par- 

■  don  to  all  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  state  of  North  Carolina, 
!  or  of  the  late  Confederate  States  armies,  or  of  the  United 

States,  for  offences  committed  against  the  criminal  laws  of 

i  North  Carolina  " 22  Dec.     " 

lien.  D.  E.  Sickles  assigned  by  the  president  to  command  the 
;  Second  Military  district,  >forth  and  South  Carolina,  with 

1  headquarters  at  Columbia 11  Mch.  1867 

lien.  Sickles  removed,  and  gen.  Edward  R.  S.  Canby  appointed 

!  to  the  command 26  Aug.     " 

lonservative  mass-meeting  at  Raleigh,  define  their  aim  "to 

I'  ward  off  the  dangers  which  threaten  us  from  the  success  of 
the  ultra- Republicans  or  Radical  party  in  the  state," 27  Sept.     " 
onvention  called  under  the  Reconstruction  acts  of  Congress 
;  by  gen.  Canby  assembles  at  Raleigh,  14  Jan.;  frames  a  con- 
stitution and  adjourns,  16  Mch.     Constitution  is  ratified  by  a 

popuhir  vote  of  93,118  to  74,009 Apr.  1868 

oith  Carolina  readmitted  into  the  Union 25  June,     " 

IV. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  rejected  by 
North  Carolina,  4  Dec.  1866,  is  ratified  by  legislature.  .4  July,     " 

egislature  ratifies  the  XV. th  Amendment 5  Mch.  1869 

cts  of  violence  by  secret  organizations  in  Lenoir,  Jones,  Orange, 
and  Chatham  counties,  lead  gov.  Holden  to  issue  a  proclama- 
tion of  admonition  and  warning 20  Oct.      " 

ving  to  alleged  outrages  of  the  "  Ku-Klux,"  gov.  Holden  pro- 
claims Alamance  county  in  a  state  of  insurrection,  7  Mch. 
'1«70,  and  Caswell  county,  8  July,  and  sends  militia  into  the 

disturbed  counties  under  col.  Kirk July,  1870 

>1.  Kirk  arrests  persons  implicated  in  deeds  of  violence;  writs 
oj  habeas  corpus  are  issued  by  chief-justice  Pearson,  but  col. 
Kirk  refuses  to  produce  4  of  his  prisoners,  16  July;  during 
I'loceedings  in  the  state  and  U.  S.  courts  gov.  Holden  orders 

"1.  Kirk  to  obey  the  writs 19  Aug.      " 

■w  state  penitentiary  at  Raleigh  occupied " 

v.  Holden  impeached  of  malfeasance  in  office,  14  Dec.  1870; 
convicted  and  removed  from  office 22  Mch.  1871 


NOR 

Office  of  the  State  Commissioner  of  Immigration  established. . ,  1871 

Rutherford  college  at  Rutherford  opened " 

Corner-stone  of  the  Tilestou  normal-school  building  at  Wilming- 
ton laid 30  Nov.     " 

State  Educational  Association  established 11  July,  1873 

Eight  amendments  to  the  constitution  ratified  by  the  people, 

one  for  biennial  meetings  of  the  legislature 7  Aug.     " 

Act  passed  for  amnesty  and  pardon  to  members  of  secret  or 
other  organizations  known  as  Heroes  of  America,  Loyal 
Union  League,  Red  Strings,  Constitutional  Union  Guards, 
Whitebrother,  Invisible  Empire,  Ku-Klux-Klan,  North  Caro- 
lina State  troops,  North  Carolina  militia,  and  Jayhawkers. . .  " 
Chang  and  Eng,  the  Siamese  twins,  b.  at  Bangesau,  Siam,  15 

Apr.  1811,  d.  at  their  home,  near  Mount  Airy 17  Jan.  1874 

Local  Option  law  passed " 

Got.  Tod  R.  Caldwell  d.  at  Hillsborough,  and  is  succeeded  by 

lieut. -gov.  Curtis  H.  Brogden 17  July,     " 

Shaw  university  at  Raleigh  chartered 1875 

Act  changing  the  day  for  state  elections  to  the  Tuesday  after 

the  first  Monday  in  November  passed " 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Immigration,  and  Statistics  established,     " 
Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Raleigh  6  Sept. ;  adjourns 
12  Oct.     Constitution  ratified  at  the  state  election  by  122,912 

to  108,829 " 

Biddle  university  at  Charlotte  chartered 1877 

State  Colored  Normal  school  at  Fayetteville  opened " 

State  Industrial  Association  organized  by  colored  people 1879 

State  insane  asylum  for  colored  people  opened  at  Goldsbor- 
ough    1880 

State  Colored  Normal  school  at  Salisbury  opened 1881 

Plymouth  State  Normal  school  at  Plymouth  opened " 

Prohibition  bill,  passed  to  take  efiect  1  Oct.  1881,  if  r&tified  by 

people,  is  lost  by  48,370  votes  to  166,325 1  Aug.     " 

State  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Morganton,  known  as  the 

Western,  opened ^ 1883 

Survey  of  state  oyster  beds,  covering  1,307,000  acres,  by  de- 
partment of  agriculture  aided  by  Federal  government 1886 

State  Colored  Normal  school  at  Goldsborough  opened 1887 

Convention  representing  nearly  all  southern  states  east  of  the 
Mississippi  at  Hot  Springs  under  the  auspicesof  the  southern 
railroad  and  steamship  companies,  to  promote  immigration, 
resolve  to  establish  Southern  Immigration  Association,  head- 
quarters in  New  York 25  Apr.  1888 

Annual  meeting  of  the  Interstate  Farmers'  Association  held  at 

Raleigh 21  Aug.     " 

State  Agricultural  college  at  Raleigh  opened Oct.  1889 

School  law  revised,  requiring  school-books  recommended  by 
the  State  Board  of  Education,  and  giving  funds  hitherto  de- 
voted to  normal  schools  for  white  teachers,  for  county  teach- 
ers' institutes " 

Confederate  pension  laws  of  1885  amended,  increasing  the 
pension  funds,  and  excluding  persons  worth  $500  and  widows 

not  indigent  from  relief. *' 

Negro  exodus,  fostered  by  emigration  agents  from  western 

states,  depopulates  North  Carolina  nearly  50,000 " 

Laws  creating  a  railroad  commission  and  regulating  railroad 
charges  and  management;  locating  a  school  for  white  deaf 
and  dumb  children  at  Morganton;  establishing  a  normal  and 
industrial  school  for  girls  at  Greensborough;  declaring  the 
birthday  of  Robert  E.  Lee  (19  Jan.)  a  legal  holiday;  estab- 
lishing a  normal  school  for  the  colored  race  at  Elizabeth 
Ctty;  and  incorporating  a  Soldiers'  Home  for  needy  Confed- 
erate soldiers  at  camp  Russell,  near  Raleigh.    Session  begins 

8. Jan.  and  closes 9  Mch.  1891 

Gov.  Daniel  G.  Fowle  dies  suddenly  of  apoplexy,  in  Raleigh,  7 

Apr.,  and  lieut. -gov.  Thomas  Holt  is  sworn  in 8  Apr.     " 

Southern  Inter-state  exposition  opens  at  Raleigh 1  Oct.      " 

Ex-gov.  William  Worth  Holden  d.  at  Raleigh,  aged  74,  1  Mch.  1892 
Col.  L.  L.  Polk,  president  of  the  National  Farmers'  Alliance, 

dies  in  Washington,  D.  C 11  June,     " 

New  state  seal  ordered 1893 

Zebulon  B.  Vance,  U.  S.  senator,  d.  at  Washington,  aged  64, 

14  Apr.  1894 
PROPRIETARY   GOVERNORS. 
COLONY   OF   ALBEMARLE. 

William  Drummond appointed 1663 

Samuel  Stephens "        Oct.  1667 

George  Cartwright president  of  council 1674 

Miller.. .-.         "  "        July,  1677 

John  Culpepper usurps  the  government Dec.     " 

John  Harvey president  of  council 1680 

John  Jenkins appointed  governor June,     " 

Henry  Wilkinson "  "        Feb.  1681 

Seth  Sothel "  "        1683 

Philip  Ludwell "  "        1689 

Alexander  Lillington "         deputy  governor 1693 

Thomas  Harvey "  "  "        1695 

NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Henderson  Walker president  of  council 1699 

Robert  Daniel appointed  deputy  governor 1704 

ThomasCarey "  "  "        1705 

William  Glover president  of  council May,  1709 

Edward  Hyde "  "        Aug.  1710 

Edward  Hyde appointed  governor 24  Jan.  1712 

Thomas  Pollock president  of  council 12  Sept.     " 

Charles  Eden assumes  office  as  governor..  .28  May,  1714 

Thomas  Pollock president  of  council 30  Mch.  1722 

William  Reed "  "        7  Sept.     " 

George  Burrington assumes  office  as  governor. .  .15  Jan.  1724 

Sir  Richard  Everard "  "  "         .  .17  July,  1725 


NOR 


682 


NOR 


I 


ROYAL   GOVERNORS. 

George  Burrington assumes  offlco 26  Feb.  1731 

Nathaniel  Rice president  of  council 17  Apr.  1734 

Gabriel  Johnston assumes  office 2  Nov.  " 

Nathaniel  Kice president  of  council 1752 

Matthew  Rowan "                "        1  Feb.  1753 

Arthur  Dobbs assumes  office 1  Nov.  175* 

William  Tryon "          "     27  Oct.  17f>4 

James  Hascll president  of  council 1  July,  1771 

Josiab  Martin assumes  office Aug.  " 

STATE  GOVERNORS  (elected  by  the  Assembly). 

Eleited. 


Richard  Caswell Dec.  1776 

Abner  Nash •'     1779 

Thomas  Burke July,  1781 

Alexander  Martin 1782 

Richard  Caswell 1784 

Samuel  Johnston 1787 

Alexander  Martin 1789 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight 1792 

Samuel  Ashe 1795 

William  R.  Davie 1798 

Benjamin  Williams. 1799 

James  Turner 1802 


Elected. 

Nathaniel  Alexander 1805 

Bei^amin  Williams 1807 

David  Stone 1808 

Benjamin  Smith 1810 

William  Hawkins 1811 

William  Miller 18U 

John  Branch 1817 

Jesse  Franklin 1820 

Gabriel  Holmes 1821 

Hutchings  G.  Burton 1824 

James  Iredell 1827 

John  Owen 1828 


Elected. 

Montford  Stokes 1830 

David  L.  Swain 1832 


Elect! 
Richard  Dobbs  Spuight ....  18 


It 
li 

m 

181 
181 
18j 
181 

la 


STATE  GOVERNORS  (elected  by  the  people) 

Edward  B.  Dudley assumes  office 1  Jan.  185 

John  M.  Morehead "  "    u  ' 

William  A.  Graham "  '*    

Charles  Manly "  "    

David  S.  Rcid "  " 

Thomas  Bragg »<  "    

John  W.  Kllis "  "    '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Henry  T.  Clarke acting. !!!!.!'.'. 

Zebulon  B.  Vance assumes  office 17  Nov".  ^ 

William  W.  Holden provisional  governor 12  June  isi 

Jonathan  Worth assumes  office 15  Dec. 

William  W.  Holden "  "      4  jniv  181 

Tod  R.  Caldwell "  " ^' i^, 

Curtis  H.  Brogden acting 17  July  18« 

Z.  B.  Vance assumes  office '  is' 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis "  "     18  Jan  la 

Alfred  M.  Scales "  "    c     JS 

Daniel  G.  Fowle "  "    .'     u     ^^ 

Thomas  M.  Holt "  " "     la 

Elias  Carr "  "    "     u     jg 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS   FROM  THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Name. 


No.  of  Conf^ess. 


Date. 


Benjamin  Hawkins... 

Samuel  Johnston 

Alexander  Martin.... 
Timothy  Blood  worth. 

Jesse  Franklin 

David  Stone... 

James  Turner 

Jesse  Franklin 

David  Stone 

Nathaniel  Macon 

Montford  Stokes 

John  Branch 

James  Iredell 

Bedford  Brown 

Willie  P.  Mangum 

Robert  Strange 

William  A.  Graham... 

Willie  P.  Mangum 

William  H.  Haywood. 

George  E.  Badger 

Davids.  Reid 

Asa  Biggs 

Thomas  L.  Clingman., 
Thomas  Bragg 


Ist  to 

1st  " 

3d  " 

4th  " 

6th  " 

7th  " 

9th  " 

10th  " 

13th  " 

14th  " 


3d 

2d 

6th 

7th 

9th 

9th 

14th 

13th 

14th 

20th 


Joseph  C.  Abbott 

John  Pool 

Matt.  W.  Ransom 

Augustus  S.  Merrimon. 

Zebulon  B.  Vance 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis 

J.  C.  Pritchard 

Marion  Butler 


14th  "  18th 
18th  "  21st 
20th  "  22d 
21st  "  26th 
22d  "  24th 
24th  "  26th 
26th  "  28th 
26th  "  33d 
28th  "  29th 
29th  "  34th 
33d  "  36th 
34th  "  35th 
35th  "  36th 
36th 

37th 
40th  to  42d 
40th  "  43d 


42d 

43d 

46th 

53d 

54th 

54th 


54th 
46th 
53d 
54th 


1789  to  1795 

1789  "  1793 

1793  "  1799 

1795  "  1801 

1799  "  1805 

1801  "  1807 

1805  "  1816 

1807  "  1813 

1813  »  1815 

1815  "  1828 

1816  "  1823 
1823  "  1829 

1828  "  1831 

1829  "  1840 
1831  "  1836 
1836  "  1840 
1840  "  1843 
1840  "  1854 
1843  "  1846 
1846  "  1855 

1854  "  1859 

1855  "  1858 

1858  "  1861 

1859  "  1861 
38th,  and  39  th 

1868  to  1872 

1868  "  1873 

1872  "  1875 

1873  "  1879 
1879  "  1894 

1894  "  1895 

1895  "  

1895  "  


Elected  president  pro  tern.  10  Mch.  1804. 

Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  presidentpro  tern.  20  Mch.  1826.  and  2  Mch.  1827.   Resigne 

Elected  in  place  of  Turner. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Macon. 

Elected  in  place  of  Branch.     Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Mangum.    Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Strange. 

Elected  in  place  of  Brown.    Elected  president  jpro<em.  31  May,  18 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Haywood. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Biggs.     Withdrew  21  Jan.  1861. 
Withdrew,  1861. 
Congresses  vacant. 


Died  in  office,  14  Apr.  1894. 
Appointed  in  place  of  Vance. 


llVortll  DaRota,  a  northern  frontier  state,  formed  by 

the  division  of  Dakota  territory  into  2  states  in  1889,  is  bounded 

on  the  north  by  the  Canadian  provinces  of  Assiiiiboia  and 

Manitoba,  east  by  Minnesota,  south  by  South  Dakota,  and  west 

by  Montana.    It  is  limited  in 

#lat.  by  46°  to  49°  N.,  and  in 
Ion.  by  96°  30'  to  104°  6'  W. 
Area,  70,795  sq.  miles,  in  39 
counties;  pop.  1890,  182,719. 
Capital,  Bismarck. 
French    trader   settles   at 
Pembina 1780 
U.  S.  government  expedi- 
tion   under    Lewis   and 
Clarke  ascend  the  Mis- 
souri river  on  their  way 
to  the  Columbia  river, 
1804,  and  descend  it  on 
their    return    from   the 

Pacific 1806 

Scottish  colony,  planted  under  a  grant  from  the  Hudson  Bay 

company,  settles  at  Pembina 1812 

Maj.  S.  H.  Long,  on  a  U.  S.  government  expedition,  reaches 
Pembina,  and  finding  it  to  be  within  the  U.  S.,  takes  posses- 
sion and  raises  the  stars  and  stripes 8  Aug.  1823 

Yelloicstone,  a  side-wheel  steamboat  built  by  the  American 
Fur  company  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  ascends  the  Missouri  river 

as  far  as  fort  Union,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone 1832 

Steamboat  Assiniboine.  built  by  the  American  Fur  company, 
returning  to  St.  Louis  from  the  Yellowstone,  is  burned  with 

her  cargo  of  furs,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Heart  river 1836 

By  the  organization  of  Nebraska  territory,  30  May,  18.54, 
and  the  state  of  Minnesota,  11  May,  1858,  the  rest  of  the 
present  Dakota  is  left  without  legal  name  or  existence, 

11  May,  1858 


Territory  of  Dakota,  comprising  the  present  states  of  North 
Dakota  and  South  Dakota,  organized  by  act  of 2  Mch.  1861 

Capital  located  at  Yankton 1862 

Sioux  Indians  make  2  unsuccessful  assaults  on  fort  Aber- 
crombie Sept.    " 

First  ground  in  Dakota  broken  for  the  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road at  Grand  Forks 2  Jan.  1872 

Settlement  begun  at  Bismarck " 

Military  reconnoitring  expedition  to  the  Black  Hills  under  gen. 
Custer,  accompanied  by  a  scientific  exploring  party,  leaves 
fort  Abraham  Lincoln 2  July,  1874 

Senate  bill  to  form  territory  of  Pembina,  from  the  northern 
part  of  Dakota,  is  amended,  changing  the  name  to  Huron, 
and  passes  the  Senate  20  Dec.  1876.  Referred  in  House  to 
committee  on  territories 4  Jan.  1877 

Seat  of  government  of  Dakota  territory  removed  to  Bis- 
marck   1883 

Delegates  from  North  Dakota  at  Fargo  protest  against  the  state 
constitution  framed  by  a  convention  at  Sioux  Falls,  4  Sept. 
1883,  for  Dakota,  with  the  46th  parallel  for  northern  boundary, 

12  Sept.     " 

Act  for  admission  of  state  of  Dakota  passes  the  U.  S.  senate,  ! 

the  remainder  of  the  territory  to  be  called  Lincoln 1884  ■ 

North  Dakota  university  at  Grand  Forks,  chartered  in  1883, 
opened "    ' 

Jamestown  Insane  hospital  opened 30  Apr.  1885 

Prisoners  transferred  from  Sioux  Falls  to  the  penitentiary  at  f 
Bismarck -, 31  July,     ''    \ 

North  Dakota  university  partially  destroyed  by  a  storm.. June,  188* 

Majority  in  territory  vote  for  separation  of  South  Dakota ;    ^^ 
North  Dakota  voting  against  it Nov.    |^ 

Legislature  of  Dakota  territory  passes  a  Local  Option  law ^^ 

Fargo  college  at  Fargo  chartered  and  opened 

Convention  at  Watertown  favors  the  division,  the  northern 
portion  to  form  the  state  of  North  Dakota 5  Dec.  188»j 

Admission  act,  for  a  convention  at  Bismarck.  4  July,  1889,  to  I. 
form  a  constitution  and  to  divide  with  South  Dakota  the  in-  ) 
stitutions,  debts,  records,  etc.,  of  the  territory,  signed,  22  Feb.  18»-» 


NOR  583 

Seventy-five  delegates  elected  U  May,  1889,  under  proclama- 
tion of  the  governor  in  Apr. ;  convention  meets  at  Bismarck 
4  July,  adopts  a  constitution,  provides  for  a  division  of  the 
territorial  indebtedness  and  property,  and  locates  the  capital 

of  North  Dakota  permanently  at  Bismarck July, 

Constitution  ratiQed  by  27,'l:'tl  to  8107.  The  article  prohibit- 
ing the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  is 
adopted  by  18,552  to  17,393,  and  the  Republican  state  ticket 

elected 1  Oct. 

Pres.  Harrison  proclaims  North  Dakota  admitted 2  Nov. 

First  legislative  session  of  the  state  meets  at  Bismarck, 

19  Nov. 
Agricultural  college  established  at  Fargo  by  act  of  legisla- 
ture   

School  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  established  at  Devil's  Lake 

State  normal  schools  established  at  Valley  City  and  Mayville. . 

Acts  requiring  the  U.  S.  flag  to  be  displayed  throughout  each 

day  on  all  public  state  institutions,  and  making  7  per  cent. 

the  legal  rate  of  interest;  legislature  adjourns 18  Mch. 

Tatonka  Otanka,  "Sitting  Hull,"  b.  in  Dakota  in  1837,  is  killed 
near  Grand  river,  40  miles  from  Standing  Rock  agency,  in 
an  attempt  by  Indians  to  rescue  him  after  his  arrest  for 
refusing  to  peaceably  disperse  his  band  and  break  up  the 

"ghost  dances" 15  Dec. 

Congressman  Henry  C.  Hansborough,  Republican,  elected  U.  S. 

senator 23  Jan.  : 

Australian  Ballot  law;  laws  giving  Fargo  Agricultural  college 
the  congressional  land  donation ;  locating  the  blind  asylum 
in  Pembina  county;  and  directing'  that  the  Scandinavian 
language  be  taught  in  the  state  university  at  Grand  Forks, 

are  passed  at  session Jan.-Mch. 

Proclamation  of  the  president  opening  up  1,000,000  acres  of 

the  Indian  reservation  to  settlers  at  fort  Berthold 21  May, 

Officers  of  the  Louisiana  lottery  indicted  under  U.  S.  laws  by 

the  grand  jury  in  Sioux  Falls 23  Oct. 

Business  portion  of  Fargo  destroyed  by  Are;  loss  estimated 

over  13,000,000 8  June, 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

\  William  Jayne appointed 

j  Newton  Edmunds "        

i  Andrew  J.  Faulk "        

!  John  A.  Burbank "        

I  John  L.  Pennington "        

;  William  A.  Howard "        

IN.  G.  Ordway "        

I  Gilbert  A.  Pierce "        

I  Louis  K.  Church "        

i  Arthur  C.  Mellette "        

;  STATE   GOVERNORS. 

;  John  Miller elected 1889 

;  A.  H.  Burke "     1891 

j  E.  Shortridge term  began Jan.  1893 

j  Roger  Allin "          Jan.  1895 

)  UNITED     STATKS     SENATORS    FROM    THE     STATE    OK    NORTH 
i  DAKOTA. 


NOR 


1861 


1874 
1878 
1880 
1884 
1887 
1889 


Name. 


i Gilbert  A.  Pierce 

.  Lyman  R.  Casey 

Henry  C.  Hansborough 
William  N.  Roach 


No.  of  Congress. 


51st 
51st  to  53d 


52d    " 
53d    " 


Date. 


to  1891 
"  1893 


1891 


Remarks. 


;  Term  expires 

1     1897. 

( Term  expires 


1  northea§t  and  nortli^ire§t  pa§§ages  and 
iPoIar  expeditions.  The  attennpt  to  discover  a 
northwest  passage  was  made  by  a  Portuguese  named  Corte 
(Real,  about  1500.  In  1585,  a  company  was  formed  in  London 
i^alled  the  "Fellowship  for  the  Discovery  of  the  Northwest 
iPassage."  From  1743  to  1818  British  Parliament  offered 
jJO,000/.  for  this  discovery.  In  1818  the  reward  was  modified 
py  proposing  that  5000/.  should  be  paid  when  either  110°, 
1120°,  or  130°  W.  Ion,  should  be  passed;  one  payment  was 
jnade  to  sir  E.  Parry.  For  the  voyages  enumerated  in  the 
[ist  below,  Parry,  Franklin,  Ross,  Back,  and  Richardson  were 
alighted. 

iebastian  Cabot's  voyages  to  the  Arctic  regions 1498,  1517 

ir  Hugh  Willoughby  and  Richard  Chancellor's  expedition  to 
find  a  northeast  passage  to  China,  in  the  Edward  Bonaven- 
tura,  Bona  Esperanza,  and  Bona  Confidentia,  sailed  from  the 

j  Thames  (Nova  Zembla) 20  May,  1553 

l^ichard  Chancellor,  in  the  Edward,  reached  Archangel  and 

1  Moscow ;  the  rest  perished  off  Lapland about  1554 

iir  Martin  Frobisher  seeks  a  northwest  passage  to  China 1576 

lapt.  Davis's  expeditions  to  find  a  northwest  passage  .  .1585,  '86,  '87 

larentz's  Dutch  expeditions  (by  N.E.) 1594-95 

!  aymouth  and  Knight's  expedition 1602 

;  udson's  voyages  (Hudson's  bay) 1607-10 

:  r  Thomas  Button's • 1612 

iiffln's  (Baffin's  bay) 1616 

«e's  expedition 1631 

[Many  others,  from  various  countries,  followed.] 

wring's  voyages 1728,  1729,  1741 

'udieton's  expedition 1742 

core's  and  Smith's '  1746 


1845 


1850 


Heame's  land  expedition 1769 

Capt.  Phipps,  afterwards  lord  Mulgrave,  his  expedition 1773 

Capt.  Cook,  in  the  Resolution  and  Discovery July,  1776 

Mackenzie's  expedition 1789 

Capt.  Duncan's  voyage 1790 

Discovery,  capt.  Vancouver,  returned  from  surveys  and  dis- 
coveries on  the  northwest  coast  of  America Sept.  1795 

Lieut.  Kotzebue's  exptidition Oct.  1815 

Capt.  Ross  and  lieut.  Parry  in  the  Isabella  and  Alexander 1818 

Capt.  Buchan  and  lieut.  Franklin's  expedition  in  the  Dorothea 

and  Trent " 

Franklin's  second  expedition 1819-22 

Lieuts.  Parry  and  Liddon,  in  the  Hecla  and  Griper 4  May,  1819 

They  return  to  Leith 3  Nov.  1820 

Capts.  Parry  and  Lyon  in  Fury  and  Hecla 8  May,  1821-23 

Parry's  third  expedition  with  the  Hecla 8  May,  1824 

Capts.  Franklin  and  Lyon,  after  having  attempted  a  land  ex- 
pedition, again  sail  from  Liverpool 16  Feb.  1825 

Capt.  Parry,  again  in  the  Hecla,  sails  from  Deptford,  reaches  a 

spot  435  miles  from  the  North  pole,  22  June;  returns.  .6  Oct.  1827 
Capt.  Ross  arrived  at  Hull,  on  return  from  Arctic  expedition, 

after  4  years,  and  when  nearly  despaired  of 18  Oct.  1833 

[He  discovered  Boothia  Felix,  1830,  and  on  1  June,  1831, 

his  nephew,  James  C.  Ross,  discovered  the  magnetic  North 

pole  in  70°  5'  17"  N.  lat.,  and  96°  46'  45"  W.  Ion.] 

Capt.  Back  and  companions  arrived  at  Liverpool  from  their 

Arctic  land  expedition  (1833),  after  following  Great  Fish  river 

to  the  Polar  seas '. 8  Sept.  1835 

Capt,  Back  sailed  from  Chatham  in  British  ship  Terror,  on  an 

exploring  adventure  to  Wager  river 21  June,  1836 

[The   Geographical    Society  awarded  the  king's  annual 
premium  to  capt.  Back  for  his  Polar  discoveries  and  enter- 
prise, Dec.  1835.] 
Sir  John  Franklin,  and  capts.  Crozier  and  Fitzjames,  in  the 
ships  Erebus  and  Terror,  leave  England  (Franklin).. 24  May, 
[The    northwest   passage   was    discovered   by    sir  John 
Franklin  and  his  companions,  who  sailed  down  Peel  and 
Victoria  strait,  now  Franklin  strait.    The  monument  in  Wa- 
terloo place  is  inscribed:  "  To  Franklin  and  his  brave  com- 
panions, who  sacrificed  their  lives  in  completing  the  discovery 
of  the  northwest  passage,  a.d.  1847-48."     Lady  Franklin  re- 
ceived a  medal  from  the  Royal  Geographical  Society.] 
Capt.  M'Clure  sailed  in  the  Investigator  with  com.  Collinson  in 

the  Enterprise  in  search  of  sir  John  Franklin 20  Jan. 

[On  6  Sept.  he  discovered  high  land,  which  he  named  Bar- 
ing's land;  on  the  9th,  other  land,  which  he  named  after 
prince  Albert;  on  the  30th  the  ship  was  frozen  in.  Con- 
vinced that  the  waters  in  which  they  lay  communicated 
with  Barrow's  strait,  he  set  out  on  21  Oct.,  with  a  few  men 
in  a  sledge,  to  test  his  views.  On  26  Oct.  he  reached  Point 
Russell  (73°  31'  N.  lat.,  114°  14'  W.  Ion.),  where  from  an  ele- 
vation of  600  feet  he  saw  Parry  or  Melville  sound  beneath 
them.  The  strait  connecting  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans 
he  named  after  the  prince  of  Wales.  The  Investigator  was 
the  first  ship  which  traversed  the  Polar  sea  from  Behring's 
strait  to  Behring  island.  Intelligence  of  the  discovery  was 
brought  to  England  by  com.  Inglefield,  and  the  Admiralty 
chart  was  published  14  Oct.  1853.  Capt.  M'Clure  returned  to 
England,  Sept.  1854.  In  1855,  5000?.  were  paid  to  capt.  (after- 
wards sir  Robert)  M'Clure,  and  5000Z.  were  distributed  among 
the  ofiicers  and  crew.  On  30  Jan.  1855,  the  Admiralty  prom- 
ised the  Arctic  medal  to  all  persons  engaged  in  the  expedi- 
tions from  1818  to  1855.] 
German  Arctic  expedition  (the  Germania  and  the  Hansa) 
sailed  15  June;  arrived  at  Pendulum  bay,  Greenland,  18 
July,  1869;  the  vessels  parted;  the  Germania  arrived  at 
Bremen  11  Sept.  1870;  the  Hansa  was  frozen  and  sank,  Oct. 
1869;  the  crew  escaped  with  provisions,  and  reached  Co- 
penhagen  1  Sept.  1870 

Norwegian  Arctic  expedition  sailed  in  the  spring 1872 

Swedish    expedition    under  prof    NordenskjOld   sailed   from 

TrOmso,  21  July,  1872;  unsuccessful;  returned  in  summer  of  1873 
Capt.  Hall  sailed  from  New  York  in  U.  S.  ship  Polaris,  29  June, 
1871;  frozen  in  Sept. ;  d.  8  Nov.     After  much  suflering,  the 
crew  (about  half  of  them  having  floated  6  months  on  an  ice- 
field) are  rescued  (United  States) Apr.-June,     " 

B.  Leigh  Smith  sailed  to  lat.  81°  24',  and  discovered  land 
northeast  of  Spitzbergen,  1871;  in  other  voyages  he  discov- 
ered undercurrents  of  warm  water  flowing  into  the  polar 

basin ;  he  relieved  the  Swedish  expedition 1872-73 

An  Austro-Hungarian  expedition  in  the  Admiral  Tegethoff, 
and  the  Isborjnen,  under  Weyprecht  and  Payer,  sailed  from 
TrOmso,  in  Norway,  14  July,  1872;  the  ships  parted  com- 
pany, and  the  Tegethoff  sailed  northward  and  discovered 
Franz-Joseph  land,  31  Aug.  1873;  frozen  .in,  abandoned  ship. 
May,  1874;  reached  Vardoe,  Norway,  by  sledges,  3  Sept.; 

arrived  at  Vienna 25  Sept.  1874 

Mr.  Disraeli  consents  to  a  new  British  Arctic  expedition.  17 

Nov.  1874;  38,620L  voted  for  the  expedition 5  Mch.  1875 

Capt.  G.  S.  Nares,  of  the  Challenger,  appointed  to  command  the 
Alert,  and  capt.  H.  F.  Stephenson  to  command  the  Discovery. 

The  ships  sailed  from  Portsmouth 29  May,     " 

Alert  (on  return)  arrived  at  Valentia,  27  Oct. ;  the  Discovery 

at  Queenstown.  29  Oct. ;  at  Portsmouth 2  Nov.  1876 

[Results.  Sledges  reached  83°  20'  26",  12  May,  1876;  pas- 
sage to  the  Pole  declared  impracticable;  no  signs  of  open 
polar  sea;  ships  wintered  82°  87'  lat. ;  sim  absent  142  day.«; 
no  Esquimaux  beyond  81°  52'.  Out  of  120  persons  4  deaths 
(1  frost-bitten,  3  scurvy);  greatest  cold  72°  below  zero;  ex- 
treme northern  point  reached  by  Markham  named  cape  Co- 
lumbia.    Cost  of  the  expedition  120,000^.] 


NOR 


684 


NOT 


I 


Expedition  of  capt  Allen  Young  In  the  Pandora  (aided  by  lady 
Franklin),  sailed  25  Juno;  returned  19  Oct.  1875 ;  sailed  again 
2Juno;  returned 31  Oct.  1876 

Dutch  e.xpeditiou  sailed  from  Holland Apr.  1878 

"  Voyage,"  pub.  by  capt.  Nares " 

James  Gordon  Bennett's  expedition;  lieut.  6.  W.  De  Long 
sailed  in  yacht  Jeannette  (420  tons)  from  San,  Francisco,  Cal. ; 
2d  officer,  C.  W.  Chipp;  3d  officer,  John  W.  Dauenhower; 

engineer,  G.  W.  Melville 8  July,  1879 

[Jeannette  crushed  by  ice  23  June,  1881 ;  2  of  her  3  boats 
arrive  at  mouth  of  Lena  river,  Siberia,  19  Sept.  1881.  First 
news  received  21  Dec.  1881.  Search  for  crew  of  missing 
boat  (commanded  by  lieut. -commander  De  Long,  chief  of  ex- 
pedition) was  begun  at  once,  under  orders  from  U.  S.  and 
Russian  governments.  Tidings  received,  2  Feb.  1882;  the 
missing  party  traced  to  a  forest  in  Siberia  on  west  bank 
of  Lena  river.  After  a  prolonged  search,  engineer  Mel- 
ville found  the  bodies  of  De  Long  and  his  party,  24  Mch. 
1882.] 

Dutch  exploring  expedition  in  the  Willem  Barentz,  sailed  for 
Arctic  ocean,  6  May;  successful;  returned  to  Hammerfest, 
Norway 24  Sept.     " 

Another  expedition  in  Vega,  under  prof.  NordenskjOld,  started 
4  July,  1878;  at  Port  Dickson  on  the  Yenisei,  6  Aug.;  at 
mouth  of  Lena,  27  Aug. ;  at  Yakutsk,  22  Sept. ;  ice-bound 
near  Tschuctshe  settlement,  28  Sept.  1878-18  July,  1879  ; 
passed  East  cape,Behring's  strait;  entered  St.  Lawrence  bay, 
i  n  Pac  i  flc  ocean ,  20  J  u  ly ;  reach  ed  Yokohama 2  Sept.     " 

Northeast  passage  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  is  thus 
accomplished,  chiefly  at  the  expense  of  Oscar  Dickson,  a 
merchant  of  Gothenburg 1878-79 

B.  Leigh  Smith's  successful  expedition  to  the  North  pole,  in 

his  yacht  Eim,  from  and  to  Peterhead 22  June-12  Oct.  1880 

[Charts  of  latest  discoveries  in  Petermann's  "Mittheilun- 
gen  der  Geographic."] 

Ship  Corwin  sailed  from  San  Francisco  in  search  of  the  Jean- 
nette and  missing  whalers 4  May,  1881 

Ship  Rodgers  sailed  from  same  port  on  a  like  mission,  16  June,     " 
[Lieut.  Berry  of  the  Rodgers  the  first  to  land  on  Wrangel's 
Land;  found  to  be  an  island;  desolate;  coal  found.] 

Rodgers  burned  at  sea  (crew  escaped  in  boats) 3  Nov.     " 

Expedition  by  U.  S.  government  to  explore,  and  if  possible  to 
reach,  the  North  pole,  lieut.  A.  W.  Greely,  5th  U.  S.  cavalry,  1st 
in  command,  lieut.  F.  F.  Kislingbury,  2d,  and  lieut.  Jas.  B. 
Lockwood,  3d,  with  22  others;  sail  in  the  Proteus Tune,     " 

Another  expedition  by  B.  Leigh  Smith,  in  the  Elra,  14  June; 

Eira  seen  in  strait  of  Nova  Zembla 8  July,     " 

[Eira  injured  by  ice;  at  cape  Flora  sank  in  deep  water, 
21  Aug. ;  stores  saved,  tent  and  house  erected ;  the  party 
live  on  seals,  walrus,  etc.,  during  winter,  1881-82;  return 
voyage  began  (boats  hauled,  etc.),  21  June;  fell  in  with 
Dutch  vessel,  Willem  Barentz,  and  soon  after  with  the  Hope 
(capt.  sir  Allen  Young,  sent  in  search  of  the  Eira^  22  June, 
1882),  near  Matotchkin  strait.  Nova  Zembla,  3  Aug. ;  sail  for 
home,  6  Aug. ;  arrive  at  Aberdeen,  20  Aug.  1882.] 

Corwin  returned  to  Sitka 3  June,  1882 

Neptune  sent  to  relieve  Greely  exploration  party ;  lieut.  Beebe 
deposits  stores  at  Littleton  island  and  other  places,  and  re- 
lurns ' ' 

German  Arctic  expedition;  Germania  sailed,  summer,  re- 
turned  23  Oct.     " 

British  circumpolar  expedition  started 11  May,     " 

Austrian  Polar  expedition;  Polar  started,  2  Apr.  1882;  re- 
turned to  Drontheim,  11  Aug. ;  to  Vienna 22  Aug.  1883 

Proteus,  with  lieut.  E.  A.  Garlington,  7th  U.  S.  cavalry,  sent  to 

give  relief  to  the  Greely  expedition " 

[Efforts  not  successful ;  lead  to  a  court  of  inquiry.] 

Thetis  and  Bear,  under  commander  Winfleld  S.  Schley,  start 
in  search  of  lieut.  Greely 10  May,  1884 

Discover  the  survivors  at  Baird's  inlet 22  June,     " 

Of  the  party  (25)  only  lieut.  Greely  and  6  others  were  alive, 
1  of  whom  (Ellison)  died  shortly  after.  These  arrived  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.  (Abstinence) 1  Aug.     " 

Lieut.  R.  E.  Peary's  expedition  to  ascertain  the  northern  ex- 
tension of  Greenland June,  1891-Sept.  1892 

Extreme  limit  reached  by  the  expedition,  81°  37'  N.  lat.,  at  In- 
dependence bay 4  July,     " 

North  coast  of  Greenland  not  yet  fully  developed 1894 

Dr.  Fridtjof  Nansen's  polar  expedition " 

[Highest  latitude  reached  was  83°  23'  8"  in  1882;  see  sub- 
joined record.] 

Hudson 80°  23' 1607    Aldrich 83°   7' 1876 

Phipps 80°  48' 1773    Markham  .,  ,.83°  20' 26"...      " 

Scoresby 81°  12'  42". . .  1806    Lockwood. ...  83°  23'  8". . . .  1882 

Parry 82°  45' 1827 

Franklin,  Search  for. 

IVorthmen  or  ]¥or§eineil.  America,  Norman- 
dy, Scandinavia. 

Bfortll  Point,  Md.,  Battle  of.  An  indecisive  engage- 
ment between  the  United  States  troops  under  gen.  Strieker,  and 
the  British  under  Ross  and  Cockburn,  in  which  Ross  was 
killed,  12  Sept.  1814.     Maryland,  United  States. 

IVortb  pole.  Northeast  and  northwest  pas- 
sages. 

BforthM^estern  territory.  United  States, 
1787. 


Norway,  until  the  7th  century,  was  governed  by  petty 
rulers.  About  630,  Olaf  Traitelia,  of  the  race  of  Odin  termed 
Ynglings,  or  youths,  expelled  from  Sweden,  established  a  col 
ony  in  Vermeland,  the  nucleus  of  a  monarchy,  founded  by  his 
descendant,  Halfdan  III.  the  Black,  a  great  warrior  and  leg 
islator,  whose  memory  was  long  revered.  Area,  124,495  sq. 
miles;  pop.  1875, 1,807,555;  1891,  1,999,176. 

Olaf  Trsetelia,  630;  slain  by  his  subjects 64C 

Halfdan  L,640;  Eystein  L,  700;  Halfdan  IL,  730;  Gudrod,784; 

Olaf  Geirstade  and  Halfdan  III 82^ 

Halfdan  recovers  his  inheritance  from  his  brother,  whom  he 

subdues,  with  neighboring  chiefs,  840;  accidentally  drowned,    86J 
Chiefs  regain  their  power  during  the  youth  of  his  son,  Harold 
Harfager,  or  fair-haired,  who  vows  neither  to  cut  nor  comb 

his  hair  till  he  recovers  his  dominion 

He  defeats  his  enemies  at  Hafsflord,  872 ;  d 99i 

Eric  I.  (the  bloody  axe),  his  son,  a  tyrant,  expelled,  and  suc- 
ceeded by 
Hako  (the  Good),  940;  he  endeavors  in  vain  to  establish  Chris- 
tianity ;  d 96fl 

Harold  II. ,  Graafeld,  son  of  Eric,  succeeds 

Killed  in  battle  with  Harold  of  Denmark 

Hako  Jarl,  made  governor  of  several  provinces;  becomes  king, 
977;  his  licentiousness  leads  to  his  ruin;  deposed  by  Olaf  I., 

Trygvaeson ;  and  slain  by  his  slave 99 

Olaf  I.,  995;  establishes  Christianity  by  force  and  cruelty 99 

Defeated  and  slain,  during  an  expedition  against  Pomerania, 
by  the  kings  of  Denmark  and  Sweden,  who  share  Norway. .  100 

Olaf  II.,  the  Saint  (his  son),  lands  in  Norway 101 

Defeats  his  enemies  and  becomes  king 101 

Fiercely  zealous  in  the  difi"usion  of  Christianity 1018-2 

Successful  invasion  of  Canute,  who  becomes  king 1028-2 

Olaf  expelled ;  returns  and  is  killed  in  battle 108 

Sweyn,  at  death  of  Canute,  succeeds  as  king,  but  is  expelled 

for  Magnus  I. ,  bastard  son  of  Olaf  II 1031 

Magnus  becomes  king  of  Denmark,  1036;  d. . . 10^ 

Harold  Hardrada,  king  of  Norway 

Invades  England;  defeated  and  slain  by  Harold  II.  at  Stamford 

bridge 25  Sept.  106 

Olaf  III.  and  Magnus  II.  (sons),  kings,  25  Sept.  1066;  Olaf  alone 

(pacific) 1069-9r 

Olaf  IIL  founds  Bergen 1070 

Magnus  III.  (Barefoot),  son  of  Olaf. 1093 

Invades  the  Orkneys  and  Scotland 1096 

Killed  in  Ireland 1103 

Sigurd  I.,  Eystein  II.,  and  Olaf  IV.  (sons) " 

Sigurd  visits  the  Holy  Land  as  a  warrior  pilgrim 1107-10 

Becomes  sole  king,  1122;  d 1130 

Magnus  IV.  (his  son)  and  Harold  IV " 

Magnus  dethroned 1134 

Harold  IV.  murdered;  succeeded  by  his  sons,  Sigurd  II.,  etc.; 

civil  war  rages 1136 

Nicolas  Breakspear  (afterwards  pope  Adrian  IV.),  the  papal 
legate,  arrives,  reconciles  the  brothers,  and  founds  archbish- 
opric of  Trondheim 1152 

Numerous  competitors  for  the  crown;  civil  war;  Inge  I.,  Ey- 
stein in.,  Hako  in.,  Magnus  V 1136-62 

Magnus  V.  alone 1162 

Rise  of  Swerro,  an  able  adventurer,  who  becomes  king;  Mag- 
nus defeated ;  drowned 1186 

Swerro  rules  vigorously;  d 1202 

Hako,  his  son,  king,  1202;  Guthrum,  1204;  Inge  II 1205 

Hako  IV.,  bastard  son  of  Swerro 1207 

Unsuccessfully  invades  Scotland,  where  he  d 1263 

Magnus  VI.,  his  son  (the  legislator),  d 1280 

Eric  IL,  the  priest-hater,  marries  Margaret  of  Scotland;  their 
daughter,  the  Maid  of  Norway,  becomes  heiress  to  the  crown 

of  Scotland 1286 

Hako  v.,  his  brother,  king 1299-1319 

[Decline  of  Norwegian  prosperity.] 

Magnus  VIL  (III.  of  Sweden),  king 1319-43 

Hako  VI 134.3-80 

Olaf  V.  of  Norway  (II.  of  Denmark) 1380-87 

Norway  united  with  Denmark  and  Sweden  under  Margaret. . . .  1389 

At  assembly  at  Calmar  the  3  states  are  formally  united 1397 

Sweden  and  Norway  separated  from  Denmark,  1448;  reunited.  1450 

Denmark  and  Norway  separated  from  Sweden 1523 

Christiania,  the  modern  capital,  built  by  Christian  IV 1624 

Norway  given  to  Sweden  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel;  Pomerania  and 

Rugen  annexed  to  Denmark 14  Jan.  1814 

Norwegians  declare  independence 17  May,     " 

Swedish  troops  enter  Norway 16  July,    " 

Charles  Frederic,  duke  ofHolstein,  elected  king;  abdicates, 

10  Oct.     " 
Charles  XIIL  of  Sweden  proclaimed  king  by  National   Diet 
(Storthing)  at  Christiania;  accepted  constitution  which  de- 
clares Norway  a  free,  independent,  indivisible,  and  inalien- 
able state,  united  to  Sweden 4  Nov.     " 

Nobility  abolished 1821  i 

National  order  of  St.  Olaf  instituted  by  king  Oscar  1 1847 

Millennial  of  foundation  of  kingdom  celebrated 18  July,  1872 

King  Oscar  II.  crowned  at  Drontheim 17  July,  1873 

Statue  of  Charles  John  XIV.  unveiled  at  Christiania 7  Sept.  1875 

Denmark,  Sweden. 

I10tat>le§,  French  assemblies  of  nobles,  bishops, 
knights,  and  lawyers.  An  assembly  of  notables  was  con- 
vened by  the  duke  of  Guise,  20  Aug.  1560,  and  later  by 


NOT 


585 


NUR 


other  statesmen.  Calonne,  minister  of  Louis  XVI,,  sum- 
moned one  which  met  on  22  Feb.  1787,  on  account  of  the 
king's  disordered  finances,  and  again  in  1788,  when  he  opened 
his  plan ;  but  reforms  interfered  with  private  interests.  Ca- 
lonne was  dismissed,  and  soon  retired  to  England.  Louis  hav- 
ing lost  his  confidential  minister,  De  Vergennes,  by  death,  called 
De  Brienne,  an  ecclesiastic,  to  his  councils.  The  notables  re- 
assembled on  6  Nov.  1788.  In  the  end,  the  States-general 
were  convoked  5  Dec,  and  hence  the  National  Assembly. 
The  notables  were  dismissed  by  the  king,  12  Dec.  1788. — The 
Spanish  notables  assembled  and  met  Napoleon  in  obedience 
to  a  decree  issued  by  him  at  Bayonne,  25  May,  1808. 

notaries  public,  said  to  have  been  appointed  by 
the  primitive  fathers  of  the  Christian  church,  to  collect  the 
acts  or  memoirs  of  the  martyrs  of  the  first  century. — Du  Fres- 
noy.  The  name  was  afterwards  given  to  a  legal  office  to  attest 
deeds  and  writings,  and  establish  their  authenticity  every- 
where. A  statute  to  regulate  public  notaries  was  passed  in 
1801,  and  others  since. 

Wotre  Dame  (jw-tr  dam'),  the  cathedral  at  Paris,  was 
founded  in  1163.  It  narrowly  escaped  destruction  by  com- 
munists. May,  1871.  It  has  been  beautifully  and  judiciously 
restored,  at  a  cost  of  about  $1,250,000,  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Viollet-le-Duc,  1866  et  seq. 

Bfova  Seotia,  one  of  the  provinces  of  the  dominion 
of  Canada,  is  a  peninsula  lying  southeast  of  New  Brunswick, 
and  nearly  separated  from  it  by  the  bay  of  Fundy.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Cabot,  1497 ;  visited  by  Verazzano,  1524.  French 
settled  at  Port  Royal,  1605-7,  and  named  the  country  Acadia. 
Partial  settlement  made  in  1622  by  Scotch  under  sir  William 
Alexander,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  of  England,  and  named 
Nova  Scotia.  Since  its  first  settlement  it  has  more  than  once 
changed  proprietors.  Ceded  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Breda, 
1667 ;  to  England  by  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713 ;  disputed  posses- 
sion for  a  number  of  years  until  confirmed  to  England  in  1763.  j 
Nova  Scotia  was  divided  into  2  provinces  in  1784,  and  was 
made  a  bishopric  in  Aug.  1787.  King's  college,  Windsor, 
was  founded  in  1788.  Baronets.  Gold  was  found  in  Nova 
Scotia  in  1861.  By  act  of  29  Mch.  1867,  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick  were  united  with  Canada  for  legislative  pur- 
poses. On  the  agitation  for  secession  John  Bright  pre- 
sented a  petition  in  the  commons,  15  May;  his  motion  for  a 
royal  commission  of  inquiry  negatived,  16  June,  1868.  The 
agitation  soon  subsided.  Area,  20,550  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1881, 
440,572  ;  1891,  450,523.     French  in  America. 

Xovatians,  a  sect  which  denied  restoration  to  the 
church  to  those  who  relapsed  during  persecution,  began  with 
Novatian,  a  Roman  presbyter,  in  250.     Cathari. 

]\[OVa  Zembia  ("  New  Land  "),  a  large  island  in  the 
Arctic  ocean,  about  600  miles  in  length,  north  and  south,  from 
70°  to  77°  N.  lat.  Area  about  40,000  sq.  miles.  First  known 
geographically  when  sighted  by  sir  Hugh  Willoughby,  1553. 
Russia,  to  which  it  belongs,  established  a  permanent  station 
here  for  scientific  observations. 

Novels  (Novellas),  a  part  of  Justinian's  Code,  published 
535.     Literature,  Romances. 

Bfovember  (novem,  nine),  anciently  the  9th  month 
of  the  year.  When  Numa  added  January  and  Februarj',  in 
713  B.C.,  it  became  the  11th  as  now.  The  Roman  senators 
wished  to  name  this  month  in  which  Tiberius  was  born  by 
his  name,  in  imitation  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus;  but 
the  emperor  refused,  saying,  "  What  will  you  do,  conscript 
fathers,  if  you  have  thirteen  Caesars  ?" 

Bfov'gorod,  a  city  of  central  Russia,  made  the  seat  of 
his  government  by  Ruric,  a  Varangian  chief,  in  862,  at  the 
foundation  of  the  Russian  empire.     Novgorod  became  a  re- 
public about  1150.     In  1475  Ivan  III.  entered  and  abolished 
I  its  charters,  and  a  century  later  Ivan  the  Terrible  destroyed 
I  the  last  vestige  of  its  independence.     In  the  beginning  of  the 
'  17th  century  the  Swedes  occupied  Novgorod  for  7  years.    The 
city  is  supposed  to  have  had  a  population  of  at  least  400,000  in 
the  15th  century ;  now  about  17,000.     A  national  monument 
■  was  placed  here,  20  Sept.  1862,  by  the  czar  in  memory  of  the 
origin  of  the  Russian  empire. 

Novi,  a  town   of  N.  Italy.       Here    the    French   under 
19*  " 


Joubert  were  defeated  by  the  Russians  under  Suwarrow  with 
immense  loss,  15  Aug.  1799.  Among  the  French  slain  were 
their  leader,  Joubert,  and  other  distinguished  officers. 

"]\[o'vum  Or'ganuin,"  the  great  work  of  lord 
Bacon,  containing  his  system  of  philosophy,  was  pub.  1620. 

IVu'bia,  the  ancient  Ethiopia  supra  iEgyptum,  said  to 
have  been  the  seat  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Meroe,  received  its 
name  from  a  tribe  named  Nubes  or  Nubates.  The  Christian 
kingdom,  with  Dongola,  the  capital,  lasted  till  the  14th  century, 
when  it  was  broken  up  into  Mahometan  principalities.  It  waa 
subject  to  the  viceroy  of  Egypt,  having  been  conquered  by 
Ibrahim  Pach&  in  1822,  until  the  revolt  of  the  Mahdi  in  1882, 
when  all  of  this  region  passed  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Egyp- 
tians.    Soudan. 

nucleus  theory  in  cliemistry.  Compound 
Radical. 

:Wulliflcation  ordinance  of  South  Caro- 
lina.    South  Carolina  ;  United  States,  1832-33. 

Numantine  war.  The  war  between  Romans  and 
Celtiberians  (Celts  who  possessed  the  country  near  the  Iber, 
now  the  Ebro)  began  143  B.C.,  the  latter  having  given  refuge 
to  their  allies  the  Sigidians,  who  had  been  defeated  by  the 
Romans.  Numantia,  an  unprotected  city,  \^ithstood  a  long 
siege,  in  which  the  army  of  Scipio  Africanus,  60,000  men, 
was  opposed  by  no  more  than  4000  men  able  to  bear  arms. 
The  Numantines  fed  upon  horse-flesh,  and  their  own  dead, 
and  then  drew  lots  to  kill  one  another.  At  length  they  set 
fire  to  their  houses,  and  destroyed  themselves,  so  that  not  one 
remained  to  adorn  the  triumph  of  the  conqueror,  133  b.c. 
(Nothing  in  the  annals  of  ancient  Rome  exhibits  its  remorse- 
less and  vindictive  spirit  more  than  this  war.) 

numerals.  The  use  of  visible  signs  to  denote  num- 
bers can  be  traced  to  remote  times ;  but  our  present  decimal 
sj'stem  in  its  complete  form  with  the  zero  is  of  Indian  or 
Hindu  origin.  From  the  Hindus  it  passed  to  the  Arabians, 
probably  about  750  a.d.  In  Europe  the  complete  system  was 
derived  from  the  Arabs  in  the  12th  century.  The  use  of 
numerals  in  India  can  be  traced  back  to  the  Ndna  Ghat  in- 
scriptions supposed  to  date  from  the  early  part  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury B.C.  The  earliest  known  example  of  a  date  written  on 
the  modern  system  is  of  738  a.d.    Abacus,  Arithmetic 

IVuniid'ia,  a  country  of  N.  Africa,  the  seat  of  the  war  of 
the  Romans  with  Jugurtha,  which  began  111  b.c.,  and  ended 
with  his  subjugation  and  captivity,  106.  The  last  king,  Juba, 
joined  Cato,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  46  b.c., 
when  Numidia  became  a  Roman  province.     Mauritania. 

numismat'iCS,  the  science  of  coins  and  medals,  an 
important  aid  to  the  study  of  history.  In  England  Evelyn 
(1697),  Addison  (1726),  and  Pinkerton (1789),  published  works 
on  medals.  Pellerin's  "  Recueil  des  Medailles,"  9  vols.  4to 
(1762).  Ruding's  "Annals"  is  the  great  work  on  British 
coinage  (new  edition,  1840).  The  Numismatic  Society  in 
London  was  founded  by  Dr.  John  Lee  in  1836.  It  publishes 
the  Numismatic  Chronicle.  Yonge  Akerman's  "  Numismatic 
Manual"  (1840)  is  a  useful  introduction  to  the  science.  For- 
eign works  are  numerous.     Coin,  Medals. 

nun'cio,  an  envoy  from  the  pope  to  Catholic  states. 
The  pope  deputed  a  nuncio  to  the  Irish  rebels  in  1645.  The 
arrival  in  London  of  a  nuncio,  and  his  admission  to  audience 
by  James  II.,  July,  1687,  hastened  the  English  Revolution. 

nunnery.  The  first  founded  is  said  to  have  been  that 
to  which  the  sister  of  St.  Anthony  retired  at  the  close  of  the 
3d  century.  The  first  founded  in  France,  near  Poictiers,  by 
St.  Marceilina,  sister  to  St.  Martin,  360.— Dw  Fresnoy.  The 
first  in  England  was  at  Folkestone,  in  Kent,  by  Eadbald,  or 
Edbald,  king  of  Kent,  Q30.—Duf/dale.  Abbeys  ;  French  in 
America,  1639;  Monachism.  The  nuns  were  expelled  from 
convents  in  Germany,  in  Julj',  1785 ;  in  France,  in  Jan.  1790. 
In  Feb.  1861,  monastic  establishments  were  abolished  in  Na- 
ples, with  compensation  to  inmates.  For  memorable  instances 
of  fortitude  of  nuns,  Acre,  Coldingham. 

Nu'remberg,  a  mediaeval  city  of  Germany  dating 
from  the  11th  century,  and  a  free  imperial  city  from  1219. 
From  this  citv  Charles  IV.  of  Germany  issued  his  famous 


GoLDKN  BULi^  1355,  Hiid  here  Albert  DUrer  was  bcM-n,  1471. 
In  1522,  the  diet  here  demanded  ecclesiastical  reforms  and  a 
general  council,  and  in  1532  secured  religious  liberty  to  the 
Protestants.  It  was  annexed  to  Bavaria  in  1805.  Now  noted 
for  having  maintained  its  mediaeval  aspect  substantially  un- 
impaired, so  that  it  is  virtually  in  its  architecture  a  city  of  the 
middle  ages.     Pop.  1890, 142,403. 


686  OBE 

"  In  the  valley  of  the  Pegnitz,  where  across  broad  meadow-land" 
Rise  the  blue  Francouian  mountains,  Nuremberg  the   ancient] 
stands."  — Longfellow,  "Nuremberg.' 

]VuUen  i§laild.     New  York,  1637. 

IVysf adt,  a  seaport  town  of  S.W.  Finland.     By  treaty,] 
signed  here  30  Aug.  1721,  Sweden  ceded  Livonia,  Esthonia 
and  other  territories  to  Russia. 


O 


O,  the  15th  letter  and  4th  vowel  of  the  English  alphabet, 
is  the  o  fiiKpov,  little  or  short  o  of  the  Greek.  Traced  to  the 
Phoenician,  but  as  yet  no  evidence  of  the  letter  found  in  the 
Egyptian.  In  Irish  or  (laelic  surnames  it  signifies  son  of,  as 
O'Brien,  son  of  Brien,  etc. 

oak  (Ang.-Sax.  ac.  The  name  common  to  the  Teutonic 
tongue.  Lat.  Quercus,  a  tree  belonging  to  the  order  Cupu- 
Uferae),  styled  the  monarch  of  the  woods,  and  an  emblem  of 
strength,  virtue,  constancy,  and  long  life.  That  produced  in 
England  is  considered  to  be  the  best  for  ship-building,  except 
the  live-oak  of  the  United  States.  Flowers  and  plants. 
In  June,  403,  the  "Synod  of  the  Oak  "  was  held  at  Chalcedon. 
The  constellation  Robur  Caroli  (the  oak  of  Charles),  was 
named  by  Dr.  Halley  in  1676,  in  memory  of  the  oak  in  which 
Charles  II.  saved  himself  from  his  pursuers,  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester,  3  Sept.  1651.     Boscobel,  Races. 

Charter  oak  (Connecticut) 1687-1856 

Heme's  oak,  Windsor  park,  mentioned  in  "Merry  Wives  of 

Windsor,"  destroyed  by  wind(HERNE's  oak) 31  Aug.  1863 

Existing  oaks,  1879:  Cowthorpe,  Yorkshire;  girth  at  the  ground,  55 

feet  6  inches.    Newland,  Gloucester  (mentioned  in  Domes-day 

Book),  46  feet. 
" Talking  Oak,"  poem  by  Tennyson.    Literature. 

Oate§'§  plot.  Titus  Oates,  at  one  time  chaplain  in 
the  British  navy,  was  dismissed  for  immoral  conduct,  and  be- 
came a  lecturer  in  London.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Tongue, 
he  invented  a  plot  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  who  he  asserted 
had  conspired  to  assassinate  Charles  II.  and  extirpate  the 
Protestant  religion.  He  made  it  known,  12  Aug.  1678,  and 
about  18  Roman  Catholics  were  accused,  and,  upon  false  tes- 
timony, convicted  and  executed ;  among  them  the  aged  vis- 
count Stafford,  29  Dec.  1680.  Oates  was  afterwards  tried  for 
perjury  (in  the  reign  of  James  II.),  and,  being  found  guilty, 
was  fined,  put  in  the  pillory,  publicly  whipped  from  Newgate 
to  Tyburn,  and  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life,  May,  1685. 
On  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary  he  was  pardoned,  and 
a  pension  of  3/.  a  week  granted  to  him,  1689. 

oaths,  solemn  appeals  to  God  for  the  truth  of  an  affir- 
mation. There  are  2  classes  of  oaths :  (1)  assertatory,  when 
made  as  to  a  fact,  etc. ;  (2)  promissory,  oaths  of  allegiance,  of 
office,  etc.  Taken  by  Abraham,  1892  B.C.  (Gen.  xxi.  24),  and 
authorized  1491  B.C.  (Exod.  xxii.  11).  The  administration 
of  an  oath  in  judicial  proceedings  was  introduced  by  the  Sax- 
ons into  England,  600. — Rapin.  That  administered  to  a  judge 
was  settled  1344. 

Icelandic  oath :  "  Name  I  to  witness  that  I  take  oath  by  the 
ring,  law-oath,  so  help  me  Frey  and  NiOrdh,  and  almighty 
Thor,  as  I  shall  this  suit  follow  or  defend,  or  witness  bear,  or 
verdict  or  doom,  as  I  wit  rightest  and  soothe  stand  most  law- 
fully," etc about    925 

Of  supremacy,  first  administered  to  British  subjects,  and  rati- 
fied by  Parliament,  26  Henry  VIII.  {Stow's  Chron.) 1535 

Oaths  were  taken  on  the  Gospels  so  early  as  528 ;  and  the  words 

"  So  help  me  God  and  all  saints,"  concluded  an  oath  until. . .  1550 
Ancient  oath  of  allegiance  in  England,  "  to  be  true  and  faith- 
ful to  the  king  and  his  heirs,  and  truth  and  faith  to  bear  of 
life  and  limb  and  terrene  honor;  and  not  to  know  or  hear 
of  any  ill  or  damage  intended  him  without  defending  him 
therefrom,"  to  which  James  I.  added  a  declaration  against 

the  pope's  authority 1603 

It  was  again  altered 1689 

Afflrmation  of  a  Quaker  authorized  instead  of  an  oath,  by 

statute,  in  1696  et  seq. 
Of  abjuration,  being  an  obligation  to  maintain  the  govern- 
ment of  king,  lords,  and  commons,  the  church  of  England, 
and  toleration  of  Protestant  dissenters,  and  abjuring  all  Ro- 
man Catholic  pretenders  to  the  crown,  13  Will.  Ill 1701 

Affirmation,  instead  of  oath,  was  permitted  to  Quakers  and 
other  dissenters  by  acts  passed  in  1833, 1837, 1838,  and  1863 
(Affirmation). 


In  1858  and  1860  Jews  elected  members  of  Parliament  were  re- 
lieved from  part  of  the  oath  of  allegiance  (Jews). 

By  24  and  25  Vict.  c.  66,  a  solemn  declaration  may  be  substi- 
tuted for  an  oath  by  persons  conscientiously  objecting  to  be 
sworn  in  criminal  prosecutions 1861 

A  bill  for  modifying  the  oath  taken  by  Roman  Catholics  (passed 
by  the  commons)  was  rejected  by  the  lords 26  June,  If. 

Oath  to  be  taken  by  members  of  Parliament  was  modified 
and  made  uniform  by  an  act  passed 30  Apr. 

New  oath  of  allegiance  by  31  and  32  Vict.  c.  72  (1868),  for  mem- 
bers of  the  new  Parliament:  "  I  do  swear  that  I  will  be  faith- 
ful and  bear  true  allegiance  to  her  majesty  queen  Victoria, 
her  heirs  and  successors,  according  to  law,  so  help  me  God." 
(Bradlaugh  case.  Parliament,  1880.) 

New  Parliamentary  Oaths  bill  brought  in;  discharged.  .5  July,  188 

Following  is  the  form  of  the  oath  of  allegiance  Washington  was 
directed  by  Congress  to  administer  to  the  officers  of  the  army 
before  leaving  Valley  Forge:  "I  [name  and  office],  in  the 
armies  of  the  United  States  of  America,  do  acknowledge  the 
United  States  of  America  to  be  free,  independent,  and  sover- 
eign states,  and  declare  that  the  people  thereof  owe  no  alle- 
giance or  obedience  to  George  III.,  king  of  Great  Britain;  and 
I  renounce,  refuse,  and  abjure  any  allegiance  or  obedience  to 
him ;  and  I  do that  I  will  to  the  utmost  of  my  power  sup- 
port, maintain,  and  defend  the  said  United  States  against  the 
said  king  George  III. ,  his  heirs  and  successors,  and  his  or  their 
abettors,  assistants,  and  adherents,  and  will  serve  the  said 
United  States  in  the  office  of which  I  now  hold  with  fidel- 
ity according  to  the  best  of  my  skill  and  understanding, "  June,  1778 ' 

[By  act  of  Congress,  3  Aug.  1861,  the  oath  of  allegiance  for 
the  cadets  at  West  Point  was  amended  so  as  to  abjure  all 
allegiance,  sovereignty,  or  fealty  to  any  state,  county,  or 
country  whatsoever,  and  to  require  unqualified  support  of 
the  Constitution  and  the  national  government.] 

Oaths  of  allegiance,  as  a  condition  of  pardon,  required  of  per- 
sons who  had  participated  in  the  rebellion 1866 

[  The  oath  required  of  persons  appointed  to  office  from  the 
southern  U.  S.,  declaring  that  they  had  in  no  way  aided  or 
abetted  the  rebellion,  was  called  the  "ironclad  oath."  Its 
terms  were  modified  as  soon  as  all  apprehension  of  further 
difficulty  at  the  South  had  passed  away.] 

Affirmations  ordered  to  be  accepted  for  oaths  in  France,  2  Feb. ; 
in  Spain April,  1883 

Ob'eli§k    (Gr.  6/3«X6c,  a    spit;    fiovoXlOog,  a   single 
stone),  a  column  of  rectangular  shape,  slightly  ta[)ering  from 
the  bottom  to  near  the  top,  which  draws  sharply  to  a  point  in 
the  form  of  a  pj'ramid.    The  Egyptian  symbol  of  the  supreme 
god.     The  first  mentioned  in  history  was  that  of  Rameses, 
king  of  Egypt,  about  1485  B.C.     The  Arabians  called  them 
Pharaoh's  needles,  and  the  Egyptian  priests  the  fingers  of  the 
sun.    Several  were  erected  at  Rome ;  one  by  the  emperor  Au- 
gustus in  the  Campus  Martius,  on  the  pavement  of  which  was 
a  horizontal  dial  that  marked  the  hour,  about  14  b.c.     Of  the 
obelisks  brought  to  Rome  by  the  emperors, several  have  been  re- 
stored and  set  up  by  various  popes.   One  was  excavated  and  set 
up  in  the  piazza  of  St.  John  Lateran,  Rome,  by  Sixtus  V.  1588. 
In  London  are  3  English  obelisks:   first  in  Fleet  St.,  at  the  top 
of  Bridge  St.,  erected  to  John  Wilkes,  lord  mayor  of  London  in 
1775;  and  immediately  opposite  to  it,  at  the  south  end  of  Farring- 
don  St.,  stands  another  of  granite  to  the  memory  of  Robert  Waith- 
man,  lord  mayor  in  1824,  erected  25  June,  1833;  the  third,  at  the 
south  end  of  the  Blackfriars  road,  marks  the  distance  of  one  mile 
and  a  fraction  from  Fleet  st. 
Egyptian  obelisks.    42  are  known,  some  broken:  12  at  Rome;  1, 
from  Luxor,  set  up  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris,  Oct.  1836; 
5  in  England  (2  British  Museum,  1  Alnwick,  1  Soughton  hall,  1  on 
Thames  embankment) ;  1  in  New  York. 
Obelisks  improperly  named  "Cleopatra's  Needles"  were  erected 
by  Thothmes  III.  at  On  (Heliopolis),  about  1500  B.C.     One  was  re- 
moved to  Alexandria  by  Augustus,  about  23  B.C.    After  being  long 
imbedded  in  the  shore,  it  was  acquired  for  Great  Britain  by  sit 
Ralph  Abercromby  in  1801,  but  not  removed.    It  was  offered  to  the 
British  government  by  Mehemet  Ali,  and  again  by  the  Khedive, 
15  Mch.  1H77. 
Erasmus  Witeon  having  offered  to  pay  all  expenses,  John  Dixon, 
the  engineer,  undertook  to  convey  it  to  England.    The  vessel 
Cleopatra,  containing  it,  sailed  with  the  Olga,  21  Sept.     During 
a  violent  gale  the  vessels  were  separated,  14,  15  Oct. ;  6  lives 


OBE  587 

were  lost  in  a  fruitless  attempt  to  recover  it.    The  Cleopatra,  which 

was  abandoned,  was  found  by  the  Fitzmaurice  (capt.  Carter),  and 

towed  to  Ferrol,  whence  it  was  towed  by  the  Anglia,  and  arrived 

in  London,  20  Jan.  1878. 
Salvage  awarded  was  2000Z.,  6  Apr.  1878. 
After  much  discussion,  the  Thames  embankment  (between  Charing 

Cross  and  Waterloo  bridges)  was  selected  for  its  site,  where,  by 

much  engineering  skill,  it  was  placed,  12  Sept.  1878. 
Obelisk  weighs  186  tons,  7  cwt.,  2  stones,  11  lbs.     Height,  from  base 

to  point,  68  feet  5)4  inches. 
It  was  placed  under  the  care  of  the  metropolitan  board  of  works  by 

act  passed  22  July,  1878. 
Fellow  of  the  obelisk  of  London  (reared  at  Heliopolis  about  1500 

B.C.  by  Thothmes  IIL,  and  removed  to  Alexandria  about  23  b.c.) 

was  offered  to  the  U.  S.  in  1877. 
Offer  was  confirmed.  May,  1879.     The  work  of  lowering  the  shaft 

begun  by  lieut.-com.  Gorringe,  6  Dec.  1879.    New  York,  Jan.  1881. 

Ober-Ammergau  pa§§ion-play.    Drama. 

Oberlin  college,  at  Oberlin,  Lorain  county,  O., 
founded  in  1833  by  the  rev.  John  J.  Shipherd  and  Philo  P. 
Stewart,  and  so  named  in  honor  of  J.  F.  Oberlin  (1740-1826), 
a  Protestant  pastor  of  Waldbach,  Alsace.     Colleges. 

Oblong  tract,  The.  A  tract  of  land  claimed  by 
Connecticut,  580  rods  in  width,  containing  61,440  acres,  and 


OCT 

called  from  its  form  "  The  Oblong."  This  was  ceded  to  New 
York  as  an  equivalent  for  lands  near  Long  Island  sound,  now 
including  the  towns  of  Greenwich,  Stamford,  New  Canaan, 
and  Darien,  surrendered  to  Connecticut,  by  agreement  of  the 
commissioners  of  New  York  and  Connecticut,  1731.  But  the 
dividing  line  of  "  The  Oblong  "  was  not  run  correctly,  and  this 
gave  rise  to  a  vexatious  controversy  which  was  not  settled 
until  1880.     New  York,  1880. 

ob§ervatory,  a  building  with  apparatus  for  observing 
natural,  especially  astronomical,  phenomena.  The  first  is  said 
to  have  been  the  top  of  the  temple  of  Belus,  at  Babylon.  On 
the  tomb  of  Ozimandyas,  in  Egypt,  was  another,  with  a  golden 
circle  200  feet  in  diameter;  that  at  Benares  was  at  least  as 
ancient  as  these.  The  first  in  authentic  history  was  at  Alex- 
andria, about  300  B.C.,  erected  by  Ptolemy  Soter.  The  first 
observatory  in  Europe  was  erected  at  Nuremberg,  1472,  by 
Walthers.  The  2  most  celebrated  of  the  16th  century  were 
the  one  erected  by  landgrave  William  IV.  at  Cassel,  1661,  and 
Tycho  Brahe's  at  Uranienburg,  1567.  The  first  attempt  in 
the  United  States  was  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
1824 ;  and  the  first  permanent  one  at  Williams  college,  1836. 


PRINCIPAL  ASTRONOMICAL  OBSERVATORIES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  SIZE  OF  REFRACTOR. 


Lick 

Pulkowa 

Nice 

Paris 

Vienna 

Washington  . 
Mccormick's , 

Newall's 

Princeton 

Mt.  Etna 

Strasburg 

Milan 

Chicago 

Warner 

Washburn 

Edinburgh... 

Brussels 

Madrid 

Rio  Janeiro. . 

Paris 

Huggins 

Paris 

Tacubaya 

Bordeaux 

Nice 

Pulkowa 

Harvard 

Lisbon 

Litchfield  . . . , 
Coopers ..... 

Cadiz 

Rutherfurd's.. 

Allegheny 

Dudley 

Greenwich  . . , 


Algiers , 

Ann  Arbor 

Vassar 

Glasgow 

Oxford  university 

Paris 

Lick 

Vienna 

Middletown  university 

White's 

Dresden 

Sunderlin 

Dublin 

Cambridge  university. 

Potsdam 

Mt.  Lookout 

Hastings. . . 


Place. 


Hamilton,  Cal 

Russia 

South  France 

France 

Austria 

Washington,  D.  C 

Virginia,  U.  S 

Gateshead,  Engl 

Princeton,  N.  J 

Sicily 

Germany 

Italy 

Chicago,  111 

Rochester,  N.  Y 

Madison,  Wis 

Scotland 

Belgium 

Spain 

Brazil 

France 

Tulse  Hill,  London,  Engl 

France 

Mexico 

France 

South  France 

Russia 

Cambridge,  Mass 

Portugal 

Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

Markree,  Sligo,  Ireland 

San  Fernando,  Portugal 

Columbia  college,  N.  Y 

Pennsylvania,  U.  S 

Albany,  N.  Y 

England 

France  

Africa 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich 

New  York 

Missouri,  U.  S 

England 

France 

Hamilton,  Cal 

Austria 

Middletown,  Conn 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

Saxony 

England 

Ireland 

England 

Germany 

Cincinnati,  0 ; 

New  York 


Size  of  refractor. 

Maker  and  date  furnished. 

36     inches 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1887. 

30 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1884. 

29.9      " 

Henry  Bros.,  1886. 

28.9      " 

Martin,  1885. 

27 

Grubb.  1882. 

26         " 

A.  Clark,  1873. 

26 

A.  Clark,  1883. 

25 

Cooke,  1870. 

23 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1883. 

2L8       " 

Merz,  1880. 

19.1      " 

Merz,  18T9. 

19.1      " 

Merz,  1879. 

18.5      " 

A.  Clark,  1864. 

16 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1880. 

15.5      " 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1879. 

15.1      " 

Grubb,  1875. 

15          " 

Merz  &  Son,  1877. 

15         " 

Merz. 

15          » 

15         " 

Lerebours  &  Brunner,  1854. 

15         " 

Grubb,  1882. 

15 

Henry. 

15 

Cauchoix,  1882. 

14.9      " 

Merz  &  Son. 

14.9      " 

Henry. 

14.9      " 

Merz  &  Mahler,  1840. 

14.9      " 

Merz,  1843. 

14.6      " 

Merz,  1863. 

13.5      " 

Spencer  &  Eaton,  1856. 

13.3      " 

Cauchoix,  1834. 

13         " 

Brunner. 

13         " 

Rutherfurd  &  Fitz. 

13 

Fitz,  remounted  by  Clark,  1874. 

13 

Fitz,  1856. 

12.8      " 

Merz. 

12.7      " 

Henry. 

12.5      " 

Henry. 

12.5      " 

Fitz. 

12.3      " 

A.  Clark,  1855. 

12.3      " 

A.  Clark,  1876. 

12.3      " 

Grubb. 

12.2      " 

Secretan. 

12 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1881. 

12         " 

A.  Clark  &  Sons,  1882. 

12         " 

A.  Clark. 

12         " 

A.  Clark. 

12         " 

Grubb,  1880. 

12         " 

Cooke. 

n.9     " 

Cauchoix,  1868. 

n.5      " 

Cauchoix,  1840. 

11.5      " 

Schroder,  1874. 

n.3     " 

Merz,  1846.                 [Obs.  1886-87. 

11 

Clark,  removed  to  Harvard  College 

[There  are  many  others,  both  in  Europe  and  the  U.  S.,  with  refractors  ranging  from  10  in.  downwards.] 


occult   sciences  (from  occultus,  concealed).     Al- 
chemy, Astrology,  Magic,  etc. 

ocean  areas  and  depth.     The  Challenger's 
expedition  states  the  areas  and  depth  as  follows : 

Area.  Greatest  depth. 

Atlantic 24,536,000  sq.  miles 27,366  feet. 

"     ■"  .30,000     " 

.18,582     " 
9,000 


Pacific 50,309,000 

Indian 17,084,000 

Arctic 4,781,000 

Antarctic 30,592,000 

Deep-sea  soundings. 


.25,200 


OC'tarch,  the  chief  of  the  kings  of  the  heptarchy,  was 
called  Rex  gentis  Anglorum.  Hengist  was  the  first  octareh, 
455,  and  Egbert  the  last,  800.  Britain.  Some  authors  call 
the  English  heptarchy  the  octarchy. 

OctO'ber,  the  8th  month  in  the  year  of  Romulus,  as  its 
name  imports,  and  the  10th  in  the  year  of  Numa,  713  B.C. 
October  still  retained  its  first  name,  although  the  senate  or- 
dered it  to  be  called  Faustims,  in  honor  of  Faustina,  wife  of 
Antoninus  the  emperor;  and  Commodus  called  it  Invictus 
and  Domitianus.     October  was  sacred  to  Mars. 


OCT  ' 

octrois  (potrwa' ;  from  Latin  auctorium,  authority),  a 
terra  applied  to  concessions  from  sovereigns,  and  to  taxes 
levied  at  the  gates  of  towns  in  France  on  articles  of  food 
entering  the  cit}'.  These  octrois,  of  ancient  origin,  were 
suppressed  in  1791;  re-established,  1797;  and  reorganized  in 
1816, 1842,  and  1852.  In  1859  the  octrois  of  Paris  produced 
above  54,000,000  francs.  The  Belgian  government  became 
verj  popular  in  July,  1860,  by  abolishing  the  octrois. 

Odd-reIloiV§,  a  name  adopted  by  members  of  a  social 
institution  having  signs  of  recognition,  initiatory  rites  and 
ceremonies,  grades  of  dignity  and  honor;  object  purely  social 
and  benevolent,  confined  to  members.  Mention  is  made  by 
Defoe  of  the  society  of  "  Odd-fellows,"  but  the  oldest  lodge, 
the  name  of  which  has  been  handed  down,  is  the  "  Koyal 
Aristarchus"  No.  9,  which  met  1745  in  London.  Inde- 
pendent order  of  Odd -fellows  formed,  Manchester,  Engl., 
1813.  Odd-fellowship  was  introduced  into  the  United  States 
from  Manchester,  1819;  and  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Maryland 
«nd  the  U.  S.  was  constituted  22  Feb.  1821.  In  1842  the  so- 
ciety severed  its  connection  with  the  Manchester  unity.  In 
1843  it  issued  a  dispensation  for  opening  the  Prince  of  Wales 
Lodge  No.  1,  at  Montreal,  Canada.  The  American  society, 
including  the  U.S. and  Canada, has  its  headquarters  at  Balti- 
more. In  1882  its  membership  was  500,000;  income,$6,000,000; 
disbursements  for  relief  of  members,  $2,000,000.  In  1891  its 
membership  was  647,471 ;  total  relief  paid,  over  $3,000,000,  of 
which  $175,000  went  to  the  education  of  orphans. 

ode  (Gr.  y'^<7  or  aoiSfj,  a  song,  a  short  poem  or  song), 
among  the  Greeks  originally  extempore  songs  in  honor  of  the 
gods.  Anacreon's  odes  were  composed  about  532 ;  Pindar's, 
498  or  446 ;  and  Horace's  from  24  to  13,  all  B.c.  An  ancient 
ode  consisted  of  strophe,  antistrophe,  and  epode.  Literature. 

Odom'eter  (from  the  Gr.  666g,  way,  and  fierpov,  meas- 
ure).    Pedometer.. 

Odontorog^y  (from  the  Gr.  oSovtsq,  teeth),  the 
science  of  the  teeth,  may  be  said  to  have  begun  with  the  re- 
searches of  prof.  Richard  Owen,  who  in  1839  made  the  first 
definite  announcement  of  the  organic  connection  between  the 
yascular  and  vital  soft  parts  of  the  frame  and  the  hard  sub- 
stance of  a  tooth.  His  comprehensive  work  "  Odontography  " 
(illustrated  with  beautiful  plates)  was  published  1840-45.  The 
Odontological  Society  was  established  1856.     Dentistry. 

Od'rysae,  a  people  of  Thrace.  Their  king.  Teres,  re- 
tained his  independence  of  the  Persians,  508  b,c.  Sitalces, 
his  son,  enlarged  his  dominions,  and  in  429  aided  Amyntas 
against  Perdiccas  II.  of  Macedon  with  an  army  of  150,000 
men.  Sitalces,  killed  in  battle  with  the  Triballi,  424,  was 
succeeded  by  Seuthes,  who  reigned  prosperously.  Cotys,  an- 
other king  (382-353),  disputed  the  possession  of  the  Thracian 
Chersonesus  with  Athens.  After  9  or  10  years'  warfare,  Philip 
II.  of  Macedon  reduced  the  Odrysae  to  tributaries,  and  founded 
Philippopolis  and  other  colonies,  343.  The  Romans,  after  their 
conquest  of  Macedon,  favored  the  Odrysae,  and  in  42  their 
king,'Sadales,  bequeathed  his  territories  to  the  Romans.  The 
Odrysae,  turbulent  subjects,  and  often  chastised,  were  finally 
incorporated  into  the  empire  by  Vespasian,  about  70  a.d. 

Od'yl,  Od,  or  odic,  the  name  given  in  1845  by  baron 
von  Reichenbach  to  a  so-called  new  "  imponderable,  or  influ- 
ence," said  to  be  developed  b}'^  magnets,  cr3'stals,  the  human 
body,  heat,  electricity,  chemical  action,  and  the  whole  ma- 
terial universe.  The  odylic  force  is  said  to  give  rise  to  lu- 
minous phenomena,  visible  to  certain  sensitive  persons  only. 
The  baron's  "  Researches  on  Magnetism,  etc.,  in  Relation  to 
the  Vital  Force,"  translated  by  dr.  Gregory,  was  pub.  1850. 
Mesmerism. 

"That  od-force  of  German  Reichenbach 
Which  still  from  female  finger-tips  burnt  blue." 

— E.  B.  Browning,  "Aurora  Leigh,"  bk.  vii. 

cecumen'ical  bi§taop  (Gr.  oiKov/Jievr),  the  habita- 
ble, ^fofec  understood),  "universal  bishop,"  a  title  assumed  by 
John,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  587.      Councils  of   the 

CHURCH. 

<Enopll'yta,  a  city  of  Boeotia,  N.  Greece.    Here  My- 
ronides  and  the  Athenians  defeated  the  Boeotians,  456  b.c. 
OffR'S  dyke,  the  intrench ment  from  the  Wj'e  to  the 


»  OHI 

Dee,  made  by  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  to  defend  his  countrj'  fr 
the  incursions  of  the  Welsh,  779. 

Og'deilMburg,  a  town  of  New  York,  captured  by 
British,  22  Feb.  1813.     New  York. 

Og'Ul'lliail  lair,  carried  by  the  tribunes  Q.  and 
Ogulnius,  increased  the  number  of  pontiffs  and  augurs, 
made  plebeians  eligible  to  those  offices,  300  b.c. 

Og'yges,  Deluge  of  (which  laid  Attica  waste  for  mc 
than  200  years,  and  until  the  arrival  of  Cecrops),  is  stated  1 
have  occurred  1764  b.c.     Deluge. 

Ohio,  one  of  the  central  northern  states  of  the  Unit 
States,  is  situated  between  38°  27'  and  41°  57'  N.  lat.,  and  ' 
tween  80°  34'  and  84°  49'  W.  Ion.     The  Ohio  river  separat 
it    from    Kentucky    on    tl 
south   and   from   West  \' 
ginia  south  and  east.     Peni 
sylvania  bounds  it  in  part 
the  east,  Indiana  on  the  w 
and  lake  Erie  on  the  no 
Its  greatest  length  from 
to  west  is  about  225  mil 
greatest  breadth  from  no: 
to  south  is  about  210  mil 
Area,  39,964  sq.  miles  in 
counties.     The   surface  c 
sists  of  an  undulating  pla 
most  of  it  arable  without  e: 
cessive  outlay.     Pop.  1890,  3,672,316.     It  ranks  fourth 
point  of  wealth  and  population  among  the  states  of  the  Union.j 
Capital,  Columbus.     Cincinnati,  Cleveland. 
Letters  patent  issued  by  James  L  of  England,  under  which 

England  claimed  Ohio  afterwards 10  Apr.  1( 

Charter  of  the  London  company  granted  by  James  L  embrac- 
ing the  lands  west  of  the  Alleghanies  and  northwest  of  the 

Ohio  river ji 

Eries,  inhabiting  the  southern  and  eastern  shores  of  lake  Erie', 

are  conquered  by  the  Iroquois 165(5 

La  Salle  enters  the  Ohio  valley  from  the  Niagara  region,  dis- 
covers the  Ohio  river,  and  explores  it  as  far  as  the  rapids  at 

Louisville Aug.  1669 

[It  is  now  generally  held  that  La  Salle  discovered  the  Ohio, 
descending  to  the  falls  at  Louisville.  This  conclusion,  while 
no  doubt  sound,  is  reached  by  cautious  criticism  of  frag- 
mentary documents.— Zf.  A.  Hinsdale,  "The  Old  North- 
west," p.  31.] 
France  takes  formal  possession  of  the  northwest  "  from  the 
mouth  of  the  great  river  on  the  eastern  side,  otherwise  called 


ion.  i 


the  Ohio 
Joliet  indicates  the  Ohio  country  on  his  map  of  the  north 


1671 

1674 


La  Salle  launches  the  Griffin  on  lake  Erie  and  coasts  along  the 

northern  frontier  of  Ohio  (New  York) Aug.  167S 

Iroquois  convey  certain  of  their  western  lands  east  of  the 

Illinois  to  the  English  by  treaty 1684 

Nicholas  Perrot  with  20  Frenchmen  marches  into  the  Miami 

country;  French  establish  a  post  near  the  Ohio  boundary. . .  168( 
English  traders  crossing  the  Ohio  country  are  arrested  by  the 

French 168"; 

Treaty  of  Ryswick,  by  which  France  claims  the  valley  of  the 

Ohio Sept.  16i)', 

French  erect  a  trading-post  near  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee. . .  17011 
Gov.  Spotwood  of  Virginia  urges  the  English  government  to        i 

occupy  the  valley  of  the  Ohio 1701 

Vaudreuil,  governor  of  Canada,  opens  a  trading  route  to  the 

Mississippi  by  lake  Erie,  the  Maumee  and  Ohio  rivers 172<| 

Treaty  of  Lancaster,  Pa. :  territory  "beyond  the  mountains" 

ceded  by  the  Iroquois  to  the  English June,  174| 

Virginia  colonists  form  the  "Ohio  company"  for  occupation       j 

and  settlement  of  the  Ohio  valley 174i 

Celeron  de  Bienville's  expedition  to,  and  down  the  Ohio  river       I 

to  the  mouth  of  the  great  Miami ;  he  buries  at  various  points       ; 

leaden  plates  bearing  record  of  the  French  claims 1741 

England  grants  the  Ohio  company  600,000  acres  of  land "  j 

Gist  and  Croghan  lead  a  party  of  English  explorers  into  the       i 

Ohio  country "j 

Charles  Townshend  of  the  English  ministry  urges  the  forcible       j 

seizure  of  the  Ohio  region 17S 

French  and  Indians  attack  the  English  trading-post  of  Picka-       j 

willany  (Pickaway  or  Piqua),  capture  and  destroy  it.. .  .June,     "i 
Duquesne,  governor  of  Canada,  sends  a  French  expedition  of 

occupation  into  the  Ohio  valley 17f 

Dinwiddle,  governor  of  Virginia,  determines  upon  the  forcible      I 

occupation  of  the  Ohio  country ''[ 

Expedition  of  Washington  to  St.  Pierre  at  Le  Bceuf ;  sent  by      I 

gov.  Dinwiddle  of  Virginia  (Pennsylvania) "i 

Frederick  Post,  the  first  Moravian  missionary  in  Ohio,  settles      { 

on  the  Muskingum 17l( 

Treaty  of  Paris:  France  cedes  to  England  all  Canada  and  the 

French  possessions  from  the  Alleghanies  to  the  Mississippi, 

10  Feb.  lli 


OHI  6 

First  general  conspiracy  of  the  northwestern  Indians  under 

Pontiac 1763 

Bouquet's  expedition  into  the  Ohio  country;  treaty  with  the 

Indians;  Indians  return  captives 1764 

[Col.  Henry  Bouquet  was  one  of  the  most  efficient  officers  on 
the  frontier  during  the  Pontiac  war  (b.  Switzerland,  1719; 
d.  Pensacola,  Fla.,  1766).  He  entered  the  British  service 
1756.  His  relief  of  fort  Pitt  (now  Pittsburg,  Pa.)  was  one  of 
the  best-conducted  campaigns  in  Indian  warfare.  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1763.  In  1764  he  commanded  an  expedition  against 
the  Ohio  Indians,  then  very  hostile  towards  the  whites,  having 
been  engaged  in  the  Pontiac  war.  This  expedition  of  1500 
men,  with  baggage,  cattle,  etc.,  left  fort  Pitt  3  Oct. ;  marched 
in  the  best  order  and  with  strict  discipline;  as  near  as  pos- 
sible the  troops  moved  in  a  square  with  baggage  in  the  cen- 
tre, protected  against  surprise  by  flankers,  and  at  night  the 
vigilance  was  thorough.  At  the  16th  encampment,  25  Oct., 
on  the  Muskingum  at  a  point  now  Tuscarawas,  the  Indians, 
without  an  attempt  to  resist,  met  Bouquet  in  council  for 
treaty.  It  provided  that  the  Indians  should  deliver  to  him 
all  white  persons  held  by  them;  and  he  took  from  them  81 
males,  125  females  and  children ;  afterwards  100  more  sent 
to  fort  Pitt,  hostages  being  held  meanwhile.  His  object  hav- 
ing been  accomplished.  Bouquet  returned  to  fort  Pitt  with- 
out the  loss  of  a  man.] 

Ohio  country  made  part  of  Canada  by  act  of  Parliament 1765 

Indian  and  Moravian  village  of  SchOnbrunn  (beautiful  spring) 

built  on  the  Tuscarawas  under  David  Zeisberger 1772 

Lord  Dunmore's  expedition  against  the  Indian  towns  on  the 

Scioto 1774 

Battle  of  Point  Pleasant  on  the  Ohio  (Virginia) 10  Oct.     " 

Two  block-houses  built  on  the  site  of  Cincinnati 1780 

Birth  of  Mary  Heckewelder,  daughter  of  John  Heckewelder  the 
Moravian  missionary;  first  white  child  known  to  have  been 

born  in  Ohio 16  Apr.  1781 

English  establish  a  fort  at  Sandusky 1782 

Massacre  of  the  Moravian  Indians  at  Gnadenhiitten  on  the 
Tuscarawas  by  a  company  of  men  from  western  Pennsylvania 

and  Virginia  under  command  of  col.  Williamson 8  Mch.     " 

Expedition  under  col.  William  Crawford  against  the  Ohio  Ind- 
ians on  the  Muskingum.  500  volunteers  from  Pennsyl- 
Tania  and  Virginia,  mounted,  assemble  at  a  deserted  Mingo 
Tillage  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Ohio,  about  75  miles  below 

Pittsburg 20  May,     " 

March  commences  from  Mingo  Bottom  in  what  is  now  Steu- 

benville  township,  Jefferson  county 25  May,     " 

They  are  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  Indians  near  upper  San- 
dusky, Wyandot  county 5-6  June,     " 

Col.  Crawford,  being  captured  by  the  Indians,  is  put  to  death 

with  barbarity 11  June,     " 

Territory  east  of  the  Mississippi,  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  west 
of  Pennsylvania,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Quebec  before 
the  Revolution,  is  claimed  by  Virginia.  Her  legislature  au- 
thorizes her  delegates  in  Congress  to  convey  it  to  the  U.  S., 

on  condition  that  it  be  formed  into  states 20  Dec.  1783 

Virginia  deed  of  cession  dated 1  Mch.  1784 

New  Ohio  company  formed  in  Boston,  Mass "       1786 

Rufus  Putnam,  Samuel  Parsons,  and  Mauasseh  Cutler  made 

directors  of  the  Ohio  company Mch.  1787 

Northwest  territorial  government  established 13  July,     " 

Gen.  Samuel  H.  Parsons  appointed  judge  in  and  over  the  terri- 
tory of  the  U.  S. ,  northwest  of  the  Ohio  river " 

Mayflower  leaves  Sumrill's  Ferry  on  the  Youghiogheny  w^ith 
pioneers  from  Dan  vers,  Mass.,  and  Hartford,  Conn.,  to  form 

a  permanent  settlement  in  Ohio 2  Apr.  1788 

They  land  at  Marietta 7  Apr.     " 

First  meeting  of  the  agents  and  directors  of  the  Ohio  company 
west  of  the  Alleghauies;  they  name  the  place  Marietta,  after 

Marie  Antoinette,  queen  of  France 2  July,     " 

Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair  arrives  at  fort  Harmar  as  governor  of 

the  Northwestern  territory 9  July,     " 

Washington  county  formed 12  July,     " 

Gov.  St.  Clair  establishes  civil  government  in  the  northwest, 

15  July,     " 

Losantville,  afterwards  Cincinnati,  laid  out Aug.     " 

First  court  held  in  Ohio  at  Marietta 2  Sept,     " 

:  Act  coulirming  the  territorial  government  of  the  Northwest  ter- 

!      ritory  passed  first  session,  1st  Congress 1789 

i  Gen.  James  M.  Varnum,  pioneer  of  tiie  state,  and  a  judge  of 

the  Northwestern  territory,  dies  at  Marietta " 

Hamiliou  county  formed 2  Jan.  1790 

Fort  Washington  erected  at  Cincinnati " 

First  Masonic  lodge  of  the  west  established  at  Marietta " 

NVhites  at  Big  Bottom,  Morgan  county,  massacred  by  Indians..      " 
Gen.  Joseph  Harmar's  expedition  against  the  Miami  Indians, 

30  Sept.     " 
Partially  defeated  near  the  Miami  villages,  the  expedition  fails, 

22  Oct.     " 
Expedition  of  gen.  St.  Clair  against  the  Indians;  surprised  and 
defeated  near  Miami  villages  (now  in  Darke  county).  .4  Nov.  1791 

[Except  Braddock's,  the  worst  defeat  ever  experienced  in 
Indiim  warfare;  of  al)out  1800  men  he  lost  800.] 
Benj.  Tapper,  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  settlement  oi 

Marietta,  dies  there 1792 

First  newspaper  of  the  Northwest,  the  Sentinel,  editor  William 

Maxwell,  appears  at  Cincinnati 1793 

,  After  the  defeat  of  St.  Clai.r,  gen.  Wayne  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand against  the  Indians.  Marching  into  the  Indian  coun- 
try late  in  the  autumn  of  1793,  he  built  a  stockade  near  the 
scene  of  St.  Clair's  defeat,  naming  it  fort  Recovery;  here  he 
remained  until  the  spring  of  1794,  when  he  proceeded  through 


'  OHI 

the  wilderness  to  the  Maumee.  Before  meeting  the  Indians  in 
battle,  Wayne  offered  to  treat,  but  on  their  refusal  advanced 
with  his  usual  dash  and  vigor,  with  about  2000  men  (the  Ind- 
ians numbering  about  the  same),  and  defeated  them  at  Fallen 
Timbers,  or  Maumee  Rapids  (now  in  Lucas  county).  .20  Aug.  1794 
Gen.  Wayne's  treaty  with  the  Indians  at  Greenville,  Darke 

county 3  Aug.  1795 

Town  of  Dayton  laid  out 4  Nov.     " 

First  settlement  on  the  Western  Reserve  begun  at  Conneaut, 

"  the  Plymouth  of  the  Reserve  ".  , . , 4  July,  1796 

Town  of  Chillicothe  laid  out *' 

Settlement  started  at  Cleveland Sept     " 

[Named  after  gen.  Moses  Cleveland  of  Conn.] 
William  Henry  Harrison  appointed  secretary  of  the  North- 
western territory 1798 

Steubenville  settled Sept.     " 

Gov.  St.  Clair  directs  an  election  of  delegates  for  a  territorial 

assembly 29  Oct.     " 

First  territorial  assembly  meets  at  Cincinnati 22  Jan.  1799 

First  weekly  newspaper  in  the  Northwest,  the  WeMern  Spy 
and  Hamilton  Gazette,  Joseph  Carpenter,  editor,  appears  at 

Cincinnati 28  May,     " 

William  Henry  Harrison  elected  delegate  to  Congress.. .  .3  Oct.    " 

Zanesville  settled " 

Territory  divided  into:  (1)  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio  river 

(now  Ohio),  and  (2)  territory  of  Indiana 7  May,  1800 

Chillicothe  made  the  seat  of  government  for  Ohio " 

St.  Clair  reappointed  governor " 

Four  land -offices  established  in  Ohio  territory  to  sell  public 
lands:  at  Steubenville,  Marietta,  Cincinnati,  and  Chillicothe, 

10  May,     " 

First  state  house  erected  at  Chillicothe 1801 

Abraham  Whipple  takes  the  firet  ship,  100  tons,  built  at  Mari- 
etta, down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  to  Havana,  and  thence 

to  Philadelphia. " 

By  authority  from  Congress,  a  convention  meets  at  Chilli- 
cothe, 3  Nov.,  which  signs  and  ratifies  for  the  people  the 

first  constitution  of  Ohio 29  Nov.  1802 

Ohio  is  admitted  into  the  Union  as  the  4th  under  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  U.  S.,  and  the  17th  in  the  roll  of  states..  .29  Nov.     " 

[Except  in  the  case  of  Ohio,  Congress  has  passed  a  distinct 
act  of  admission  for  each  new  state,  or  has  provided  for  ad- 
mission on  proclamation  by  the  president.  The  people  of 
Ohio  elected  delegates  to  a  convention  by  whom  a  constitu- 
tion was  formed,  29  Nov.  1802,  which  in  Jan.  1803,  was  sub- 
mitted to  Congress  for  ratification,  and  on  19  Feb.  1803,  the 
president  approved  the  first  act  which  recognized  the  new- 
state.  The  U.  S.  census  gives  date  of  admission  29  Nov.  1802. 
Boundaries  of  the  slate  when  admitted  into  the  Union:  East, 
the  Pennsylvania  line;  south,  the  Ohio  river;  west,  the 
meridian  of  the  mouth  of  the  Miami  river;  north,  the  paral- 
lel of  the  southern  extreme  of  lakes  Michigan  and  Erie.  See 
this  record,  1836.] 

St.  Clair  deposed  as  governor  by  Jefferson Dec.    " 

State  legislature  meets  at  Chillicothe,  the  capital 1  Mch.  1803 

Ohio  university  (non-sectarian)  opened  at  Athens 1804 

[This  university  was  founded  in  1802  by  the  territorial 
legislature,  and  endowed  by  Congress  with  2  townships,  or 
46,000  acres  of  land.  In  1804  the  act  was  confirmed  by  the 
state  legislature.  In  1810  a  grammar  school  was  opened, 
and  in  1821  a  college  was  organized.] 
Aaron  Burr's  expedition  to  the  Southwestern  territory  (Blen- 

nkrhassett's  island.  Burr's  conspiracy).. 1805 

Ebenezer  Sproat,  a  pioneer  of  the  state,  dies  at  Marietta . .  Feb.     " 

Portsmouth,  Scioto  county,  settled " 

Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  the  tract  known  as  the  Connecticut 

Reserve;  treaty  concluded  at  fort  Industry 4  July,     " 

Canton  settled 1806 

State  legislature  orders  the  seizure  of  the  boats  building  on 
the  Muskingum  for  the  "Aaron  Burr  expedition  " — 2  Dec.    " 

Mansfield  settled 1807 

Cleveland  made  a  county  seat 1809 

State  capital  removed  from  Chillicothe  to  Zanesville,  Muskin- 
gum county 1810 

Population  of  the  state,  230,760;  rank  among  the  states,  13th; 

population  to  the  sq.  mile,  5.6 " 

Matthew  Simpson,  bishop  M.  E.  church,  b.  Cadiz 21  June,     " 

First  steamboat  on  the  Ohio,  the  New  Orleans,  400  tons,  built 

at  Pittsburg,  descends  the  Ohio  in  the  autumn  of 1811 

[She  had  a  stern-wheel,  and  made  the  passage  from  Pitts- 
burg to  New  Orleans  in  14  days.] 

War  with  England  declared;  3  regiments  raised  in  Ohio 1812 

Columbus  laid  out " 

Col.  Israel  Putnam,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  state,  and  a  son 

of  gen.  Israel  Putnam,  dies  at  Belpre '* 

Solomon  Spaulding  writes  a  work  of  fiction,  "The  Manuscript 
Found,"  at  Salem,  which  afterwards  furnishes  the  basis  of 

the  Mormon  Bible  (Mormons,  New  York) " 

Gen.  Harrison  builds  fort  Meigs  (so  called  after  gov.  Meigs), 

Wood  county Feb.  1813 

Gen.  Harrison  defends  this  fort  against  the  combined  attack 
of  2800  British  and  Indians  under  gen.  Proctor  and  the 

Indian  chief  Tecumseh  (Fort  Meigs) 1-8  May,    '* 

Fort  Meigs  again  besieged  by  about  4000  British  and  Indians 

under  the  same  commanders  without  success 21  July,     " 

Fort  Stephenson  held  by  maj.  George  Croghan  with  150  men 

against  1300  British  and  Indians  (Fort  Stephenson).  .2  Aug.     " 
Judge  John  C.  Symras,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Cincinnati, 

dies  there 26  Feb.  1814 

Edwin  McMasters  Stanton,  secretary  of  war,  1862-68,  b.  Steu- 
benville  19  Dec.    «' 

r        ^^         OFTHf 


OHI 

Great  financial  diBtress. 

Columbus  made  the  capital  of  the  state 

First  steiimboat  built  at  Cincinnati 

United  States  bank  opened  at  Cincinnati 28  Jan. 

German  comnuinity  established  at  Zoar,  Joseph  M.  Bimeler, 

leader 

United  Slates  bank  opened  at  Chillicothe Oct. 

Sandusky  settled 

Don  Carlos  Bueil  born  at  Marietta 23  Mch. 

Indians  of  Ohio  cede  all  their  remaining  lauds  in  that  state, 

about  4,000,000  acres,  to  the  state 27  Sept. 

Irwin  McDowell,  niiyor  general,  born  at  Columbua 15  Oct. 

Medical  college  opened  at  Cincinnati 

First  steamboat  on  lake  Erie 

Wm.  S.  Rosecrans  born  at  Kingston 6  Dec. 

Wra.  Tecumseh  Sherman  born  at  Mansfield 8  Feb. 

Population:  681,295,  14.1  to  the  sq.  mile;  5th  state  in  popula- 
tion  

Ulysses  S.  Grant  born  at  Point  Pleasant  27  Apr. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes  born  at  Delaware 4  Oct 

John  Sherman  born  at  Lancaster 10  May, 

Gen.  Rufus  Putnam,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Marietta,  dies 
at  that  place ....4  May, 

Quincy  A.  Gillmore,  major-general  of  volunteers,  born  at  Black 
River,  Lorain  county... 28  Feb. 

County  tax  of>(^  mill  levied  for  the  support  of  common  schools, 

Return  Jonathan  Meigs,  jr.,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Marietta, 
and  governor  of  the  state,  1810-14,  dies  at  Marietta.  .29  Mch. 

Great  tornado,  "the  Burlington  storm,"  passes  through  Lick- 
ing county 18  May, 

Ohio  and  I^ke  Erie  canal  begun,  gov.  Clinton  of  New  York  re- 
moving the  first  shovelful  of  earth 4  July, 

Haumee  canal  begun 

Lafayette  visits  Ohio;  received  with  great  honor 

Akron  settled 

Franklin  college  (United  Presbyterian)  founded  at  New  Athens, 

Ken  yon  college  (Protestant  Episcopal)  opened  at  Garabier 

Western  Reserve  college  (now  Adelbert  college,  Cleveland) 
opened  at  Hudson  (see  1882) 

David  S.  Stanley,  brigadier-general  U.  S.,  born  at  Cedar  Valley, 
Wayne  county 1  June, 

George  Crook,  major-general  U.  S.,  born  at  Dayton 8  Sept. 

Ohio  Mechanics'  institute  established  at  Cincinnati 

County  school  tax  increased  to  %  mill 

Population:  937,903,  22.7  to  sq.  mile;  4th  state  in  population.. 

College  of  Teachers  organized  at  Cincinnati 

St.  Xavier  college  (Roman  Catholic)  opened  at  Cincinnati 

James  A.  Garfield  born  at  Orange,  Cuyahoga  county.  ..19  Nov. 

Dennison  university  (Baptist)  established  at  Granville 

Great  floods  throughout  Ohio 

Lane  Theological  seminary  (Presbyterian)  opened  at  Cincinnati, 

Charter  granted  to  the  "Cincinnati,  Sandusky,  and  Cleveland 
railroad 5  June, 

Mormons,  under  Joseph  Smith,  settled  at  Kirtland,  Lake  county, 

Ohio  and  Lake  Erie  canal,  from  Portsmouth  on  the  Ohio  to 
Cleveland  on  lake  Erie,  307  miles,  cost  $5,000,000,  finished, 

Law  school  opened  at  Cincinnati  college 

Oberlin  college  (Congregational)  opened  at  Oberlin 

School  tax  increased  to  1  mill 

Maumee  canal,  Cincinnati  to  Defiance,  178  miles,  where  it  meets 
the  Wabash  and  Erie;  whole  distance  to  lake  Erie,  265  miles, 
cost  $3,750,000,  finished 

County  school  tax  increased  to  1)^  mills 

Charter  granted  to  the  Sandusky,  Mansfield,  and  Newark  rail- 
road  11  Mch. 

Charter  granted  to  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati 
railroad,  capital  $3,000,000 16  Mch. 

Marietta  college  (Presbyterian)  established 

Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  railroad,  from  Dayton  to  Sandusky, 
153  miles,  commenced  (first  in  the  state) Sept. 

City  charter  granted  Cleveland 

Northern  boundary  of  the  state  changed  from  parallel  of  the 
most  southern  point  of  lake  Michigan  to  a  direct  line  run- 
ning from  this  point  to  the  most  northern  cape  of  Maumee 
bay,  giving  the  state  its  present  boundary  (see  this  record, 


1816 
1816 


1818 
1819 

u 

1820 

1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 


1826 
1828 

1829 
1830 
1831 

u 
1832 


1834 


1835 


1802) . 


Prof.  W.  W.  Mather  makes  the  first  geological  survey  of  the 

state 1837 

Muskingum  college  (non  sectarian)  opened  at  New  Concord. . .     " 
A  portion  of  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  railroad  opened; 

first  in  the  state 1838 

Gen.  George  A.  Custer  born  at  New  Rumley,  Harrison  co., 

5  Dec.  1839 
Population:  1,519,467,  37.3  to  sq.  mile,  3d  state  in  population..  1840 

First  railroad  completed;  Cincinnati  to  Springfield 1842 

Cleveland  Medical  college  opened " 

Cincinnati  Wesleyan  university  for  women  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) opened " 

Corner-stone  of  the  Cincinnati  observatory  laid 1843 

Cincinnati  Historical  Society  organized ,  1844 

Ohio  Wesleyan  university  (Methodist  Episcopal)  opened  at 

Delaware ' " 

Wittenberg  college  (Evangelist  Lutheran)  opened  at  Spring- 
field   1845 

Richmond  college  (non  sectarian)  opened  at  Richmond..   " 

Farmers  college  (non-sectarian)  opened  at  College  Hill 1846 

Five  volunteer  regiments  raised  for  the  Mexican  war " 

Otterbein  university  (United  Brethren)  opened  at  Westerville,  1847 
Philip  H.  Sheridan,  general  U.  S.  army,  born  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 

1831,  appointed  to  West  Point  from  Ohio 1848 

Homoeopathic  hospital  opened  at  Columbus 1849 


«  OHI 

No  railroads  of  importance  constructed  in  Ohio  prior  to 184 

Columbus  and  Xenia  railroad  opened  to  Cincinnati 18603 

Xenia  college  (Methodist  Episcopal)  opened  at  Xeuia 

Capital  university  (Evangelist  Lutheran)  opened  at  Columbus, 
Population:  1,980,329,  48.6  to  sq.  mile,  3d  state  in  population.. 
Urbana  university  (Now  Church— Swedenborgian)  opened  at 

Urbana l 

Railroad  opened  from  Cleveland  to  Columbus,  135  miles 

Heidelberg  college  (Reformed  German)  opened  at  Tifiln 

Second  constitution  of  the  state:  Convention  met  at  Columbus 
G  May,  1850;  adjourned  7  July  on  account  of  the  cholera;  re- 
assembled at  Cincinnati  2  Dec. ;  completed  its  labors,  10  Mch. 

Ratified  by  the  people  126,663  to  109,699 186! 

Governor's  term  of  office  2  years  from 1  Jan. 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  railroad  opened 

Laws  reorganizing  common  schools,  creating  state  school  com- 
missioner, Board  of  Education,  abolishing  rate  bills,  state 

tax  of  X  mill  yearly  in  place  of  county  tax 14  Mch.  181 

Antioch  college  (Unitarian)  opened  at  Yellow  Springs 

Cleveland  and  Toledo  railroad  opened 

Railroad  opened  from  Wheeling,  Va.,  to  Columbus,  137  miles..  U 
Ohio  Central  college  (United  Presbyterian)  opened  at  Iberia . . . 

Baldwin  university  (Methodist  Episcopal)  opened  at  Berea 181 

[Previously  known  as  Baldwin  institute.] 

Ohio  State  and  Union  Law  school  opened  at  Cleveland 

It  is  made  a  penitentiary  off"ence  to  claim  or  hold  slaves  in  the 
state,  or  to  attempt  to  carry  from  the  state  as  a  slave  any 

person  of  color 186' 

Arrest  and  confinement  in  the  county  jail  at  Cleveland  of  prof. 
Henry  E.  Peck  of  Oberlin  college  and  others  under  the  Fugi- 
tive-slave law  for  rescuing  at  Wellington  the  negro  "Little 
John,"  taken  from  Oberlin  as  a  slave  by  a  U.  S.  deputy  mar- 
shal  13  .Sept.  18 

Indicted  in  the  U.  S.  court Dec. 

Bushnell,  one  of  the  rescuers,  is  found  guilty  in  the  Federal 

court  at  Cleveland 15  Apr.  1 

Supreme  court  of  Ohio  refuse  Bushnell's  application  for  a 
habeas  corptts,  the  proceeding  against  him  in  the  Federal 

court  not  being  terminated 28  Apr. 

Severe  frosts  throughout  the  state  destroy  most  of  the  wheat, 

5  June, 
Gov.  Dennison,  on  the  requisition  of  gov.  Letcher,  refuses  to 
arrest  Owen  Brown  and  Francis  Merriam,  indicted  in  Vir- 
ginia for  acts  at  Harper's  ferry 8  Mch.  li 

Tornado  on  the  Ohio  river  from  Louisville,  Ky.,  to  Marietta; 
150  lives  lost  and  property  destroyed  to  the  amount  of 

$1,000,000.     Great  damage  done  in  Cincinnati 21  May,     " 

Population:  2,339,511;  57.4  to  sq.  mile;  3d  state  in  population,     " 

U.  S.  calls  for  13  regiments  from  Ohio 15  Apr.  186 

Law  authorizing  the  acceptance  of  10  regiments  beyond  re- 
quired number,  and  providing  $500,000  to  support  them " 

Two  regiments  organized  at  Columbus  and  sent  forward  with- 
out arms  or  uniforms  to  Washington 18  Apr.     " 

$1,000,000  appropriated  to  prepare  the  state  for  war. . .      "  " 

Law  declaring  the  property  of  volunteers  free  from  execution 

for  debt  during  term  of  service " 

Adjutant-general  of  the  state  reports  that  the  following  troops 
have  been  raised:  infantry,  67,546;  cavalry,  7270;  artillery, 

3028;  total  for  3  years'  service,  77,844,  up  to 31  Dec.     " 

Under  the  "3  months'  call  "  the  state  had  furnished  22,000  in- 
fantry, 180  cavalry,  and  200  artillerymen " 

Gen.  Kirby  Smith  threatens  Cincinnati 6,  7  Sept.  1862 

Ohio  state  university  founded " 

Clement  L.Vallandigham,  a  resolute,  persistent,  and  dangerous 
opponent  of  the  North  in  the  civil  war,  arrested  by  gen. 

Burnside  (United  States) 5  May,  1863 

Democratic  convention  nominates  Clement  L.  Vallandigham 

for  governor .11  June.     " 

Confederate  gen.  John  H.  Morgan,  with  cavalry,  crosses  the 

Ohio  on  a  raid  through  Indiana  and  Ohio 3  July,     " 

Captured  with  most  of  his  command  at  New  Lisbon.  .26  July,  " 
Confined  in  Ohio  penitentiary,  he  escapes  (Morgan's  raid),  Nov.  " 
Wilberforce  university  (Methodist  Episcopal,  African)  founded 

near  Xenia " 

Soldiers'  monument  erected  at  Cincinnati 1864 

German  Wallace  college  (Methodist  Episcopal)  established  at 

Berea , " 

Number  of  men,  reduced  to  a  3-years'  standard,  furnished  by 

Ohio  for  the  civil  war,  240,514,  from  15  Apr.  1861,  to.  .9  Apr.  1865 
Willoughby  college  (Methodist  Episcopal)  established  at  Wil- 

loughby " 

University  of  Wooster  (Presbyterian)  established  at  Wooster. . .  186ff 
One  Study  college  (Methodist  Episcopal)  established  at  Scio, 

Newmarket  station,  Harrison  county " 

Cincinnati  suspension  bridge  opened  to  the  public 1867 

Hiram  college  (Disciple)  opened  at  Hiram " 

Storrs  township,  Mount  Auburn,  and  Corryville  annexed  to 

Cincinnati 1870   j 

Ohio  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  cojlege,  state  control, opened 

at  Columbus "      j 

Cincinnati  university  (non-sectarian)  opened  at  Cincinnati "     j 

Population:  2,665,260;  65.3  to  sq.  mile;  3d  state  in  population,     "      { 
Vallandigham  accidentally  kills  himself  with  a  revolver  while 

illustrating  in  court  a  case  of  homicide 18  June,  1871   j 

Buchtel  college  (Universalist)  opened  at  Akron "      j 

Completion  of  the  canal  around  Louisville 1872 

McCorkle  college  (Presbyterian)  opened  at  Bloom  field 1873 

Revised  constitution  rejected  by  the  people " 

Wilmington  college  (Friends)  opened  at  Wilmington 18'^ 

Ashland  college  (Brethren)  opened  at  Ashland 1878 

Population:  3,198,062;  78.5  to  sq.  mile;  3d  state  in  population,  1880' 


OHI 

Train  leaves  Washington  for  Cleveland,  bearing  the  remains 
of  pres.  Garfield 23  Sept. 

Arrives  at  Cleveland 24  Sept. 

His  remains  lie  in  state 24-25  Sept. 

Western  Reserve  college  at  Hudson  removed  to  Cleveland  and 
renamed  Adelbert,  after  a  son  of  Amasa  Stone,  who  gave  the 
college  $500,000 

Great  flood  in  the  Ohio,  submerging  parts  of  Cincinnati  and 
Louisville;  at  Cincinnati  the  river  rose  66  ft 10-15  Feb. 

Ninety-fifth  anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  Ohio  celebrated 
at  Marietta 

Great  flood  of  the  Ohio;  thousands  rendered  homeless.  Con- 
gress appropriates  $.500,000  for  relief 12-15  Feb. 

Riots  at  Cincinnati,  because  of  failure  to  punish  criminals  by 
law;  42  killed  and  120  wounded 28-30  Mch. 

"  Dow  law  "  passed,  taxing  the  liquor  trafiic 

State  Board  of  Health  established 

After  a  long  struggle  in  the  legislature,  John  Sherman  is  re- 
elected U.  S.  senator  over  Allen  G.  Thurman,  84  to  61, 

12  Feb. 

Waterspout  at  Xenia  destroys  25  persons,  100  houses. .  .19  May, 

Charles  Whittlesey,  geologist  and  scholar,  b.  1808,  d.  in  Cleve- 
18  Oct. 


591 


OHI 


1881 


1882 


1884 
1885 


land. 


in  Ohio  at  Ma- 
7  Apr. 


Centennial  celebration  of  the  first  settlement 
rietta 

Sunday  liquor  law  passed 

Ohio  Valley  and  Central  States  Centennial  exhibition  opens  at 
Cincinnati • 4  July, 

Organization  of  "White  Caps"  disband  on  promise  from  au- 
thorities not  to  proceed  against  them;  last  outbreak,  the 
whipping  of  Adam  Berkes  in  Sardinia,  Brown  county,  ac- 
cused of  immoral  conduct 17  Nov. 


Wife  of  ex-pres.  Hayes,  b.  1831,  d.  at  Fremont 25  Jupe, 

Population:  3,672,316;  92.1  to  sq.  mile;  4th  state  in  popula- 
tion  

Calvin  S.  Brice  elected  U.  S.  senator 14  Jan. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  League  organized  at  Cleve- 
land    23  Jan. 

Lieut. -gov.  Lampson,  Republican,  unseated  by  Democratic  ma- 
jority in  the  Senate 30  Jan. 

First  Monday  in  Sept.  (Labor  day)  made  a  legal  holiday  by  leg- 
islature, which  adjourns 28  Apr. 

Garfield  memorial  at  Lakeview  cemetery,  Cleveland,  dedicated 
(Garfield  monument) 30  May 

Ex-gov.  Edward  F.  Noyes  dies  at  Cincinnati,  aged  58..  .7  Sept! 

Legislature  meets  in  extraordinary  session,  14  Oct.,  pass- 
es a  bill  suggested  by  gov.  Campbell,  abolishing  2  public 
boards  of  Cincinnati,  and  creating  a  non-partisian  Board  of 
Improvement,  appointed  by  the  mayor,  and  adjourns, 

24  Oct. 

Charles  Foster,  secretary  of  the  U.  S.  treasury 25  Feb. 

Modified  Australian  Ballot  act  passed  at  an  adjourned  session 
of  the  legislature 6  Jan.-4  May, 

People's  party  organized  at  the  National  Union  Confer- 
ence, held  at  Cincinnati,  1418  delegates  from  32  states, 

19  May, 

City  of  Hamilton  celebrates  its  centennial 19  Sept. 

William  McKinley,  jr.,  inaugurated  governor 11  Jan. 

National  Prohibition  convention  meets  in  Cincinnati,  29  June, 

Gen.  John  Pope,  b.  1823,  d.  at  Sandusky ."". 23  Sept. 

Ex-pres.  Hayes,  b.  1822,  d.  at  his  home  at  Fremont 17  Jan. 

Gen.  J.  S.  Coxey's  army  of  the  Commonweal,  numbering  75 
men,  organizes  at  Massilon,  moves  from  that  place  to  Can- 
ton, 8  miles  (United  States) 25  Mch. 


1889 
1890 


1891 


1893 
1894 


Edward  Tiffin 

Thomas  Kirker 

Samuel  Huntington 

Return  Jonathan  Meigs. 

Othniel  Looker 

Thomas  Worthington. . . 

Ethan  Allen  Brown 

Allen  Trimble 

Jeremiah  Morrow 

Allen  Trimble 

Duncan  McArthur 

Robert  Lucas 

Joseph  Vance 

Wilson  Shannon 

Thomas  Corwin 

Wilson  Shannon 

Thomas  W.  Bartley 

Mordecai  Bartlev 

William  Bebb..". 

Seabury  Ford 

Reuben  Wood 

William  Medill 


Salmon  P.  Chase 

William  Dennison 

David  Tod 

John  Brough 

Charles  Anderson 

Jacob  Dolson  Cox 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes.. 

Edward  F.  Noyes 

William  Allen 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes.. 

Richard  M.  Bishop 

Charles  Foster 

George  Hoadley 

Joseph  B.  Foraker 

James  E.  Campbell. . . 
William  McKinley,  jr. 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 


Name. 

Term  began. 

Term  expired. 

Politics. 

Remarks. 

Arthur  St  Clair 

1788 
1802 

1802 
1803 

Deposed  by  pres.  Jefferson. 
Acting. 

Charles  W.  Byrd 

STATE  GOVERNORS. 


1803 
1807 
1808 
1810 
1814 
1814 
1818 
1822 
1822 
1826 
1830 
1832 
1836 
1838 
1840 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1846 
1849 
1850 
1853 
1854 
1856 
1860 
1862 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1868 
1872 
1874 
1876 
1878 
1880 
1884 
1886 
1890 
1892 


1807 
1808 
1810 
1814 
1814 
1818 
1822 
1822 
1826 
1830 


1838 
1840 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1846 
1849 
1850 
1853 
1854 
1856 
1860 
1862 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1868 
1872 
1874 
1876 
1878 
1880 
1884 
1886 
1890 
1892 
1894 


Democrat. 

Whig. 
Democrat. 

Whig. 
Democrat. 

Whig. 


Democrat. 


Republican. 


Democrat. 
Republican. 

Democrat. 
Republican. 

Democrat. 
Republican. 

Democrat. 
Republican. 


Resigned  to  take  seat  in  U.  S.  senate. 
Acting. 

Resigned  to  become  postmaster-general. 
Acting. 

Resigned  to  take  seat  in  U.  S.  senate. 
Acting. 


Resigned;  appointed  minister  to  Mexico. 
Acting. 


Resigned ;  appointed  U.  S.  consul  at  Valparaisa 
Acting. 


Died  in  Cleveland,  29  Aug.  1865. 
Acting. 


Reelected  1894. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  OHIO. 


Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

8th  to  10th 

8th  "  10th 
10th  "  11th 
10th  "  11th 

11th 
11th  to  13th 
11th  "  13th 
13th  "  14th 
13th  "  16th 
14th  "  23d 
16th  "17  th 
17th  "  19th 
19th  "  20th 
20th  "  23d 
22d     "25th 

1803  to  1808 

1803  "  1807 

1809  "  1810 
1807  "  1809 

1809 

1810  to  1813 

1811  "  1814 

1814  "  1815 
1813  "  1819 

1815  "  1833 
1819  "  1821 
1822  "  1825 
1825   "  1828 
1828  "  1831 
1831  "  1837 

(Seated  25  Oct.  1803.     Tried  by  the  senate  for  complicity  with 

Thomas  Worthington 

(     Resigned  25  Apr.  1808. 
Seated  17  Oct.  1803. 

Return  Jonathan  Meigs 

Elected  in  place  of  Smith.     Resigned.    Elected  governor. 

Edward  Tiffin 

Resigned. 

Stanley  Griswold  

Appointed  in  place  of  Tiffin. 

iUexander  Campbell 

Thomas  Worthington 

Elected  in  place  of  Tiffin. 

Elected  in  place  of  Meigs.     Resigned.     Elected  governor. 

Joseph  Kerr 

Elected  in  place  of  Worthington. 

Jeremiah  Morrow 

William  A.  Trimble ^ 

Ethan  Allen  Brown 

Died  13  Dec.  1821. 

Jacob  Burnett 

Elected  in  place  of  Harrison. 

Thomas  Ewing 

OHI 


592 


OLD 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  OHIO. —(Continued.) 


Nam*. 


Thomas  Morris 

Williiim  Allen 

Beijjaniiu  Tappan.. 

Thomas  Corwin 

Thomas  Ewing..... 
Salmon  P.  Chase... 
Benjamin  F.  Wade. 
George  E.  Pugh. .... 

Salmon  P.  Chase. . . 


John  Sherman 

Allen  G.  Thurman... 

Stanley  Matthews 

George  H.  Pendleton. 
James  A.  Garfield. . . . 


John  Sherman.. . 

Henry  B.  Payne. 
Calvin  C.  Brice.. 


No.  of  Cong^reaa. 


23d  to  26th 
25th  "  3l8t 
2()th  "  29th 
29th  "  3l8t 

31st 
31st  to  34th 
32d  "  41st 
34th  "  37th 

37th 

37th  to  45th 

4l8t  "  47th 

45th  "  46th 

46th  "  49th 

47th 

47th  to  

49th  "  62d 
52d  " 


Dnte. 


1833  to  1839 
1837  •'  1849 
1839  "  1845 
1845  "  1860 

1850 
1849  to  1855 
1851  "  1869 
1855  "  1861 

1861 

1861  to  1877 

1869  "1880 
1877  "  1879 
1879  "  1885 


1886 
1891 


1891 


Resigned.     Appointed  secretary  of  treasury. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Corwin. 

Free-soil  party.     Governor  of  the  state,  1856. 

Free-soil,  then  a  Republican.     President  pro  tern.  2  Mch.  1867. 

Democrat. 

;  Republican.      Resigned  6  Mch.  1861,  to  become  secretary  of 
[     treasury. 

Elected  in  place  of  Chase.    Republican.    Resigned.    Appointed 
secretary  of  treasury,  1877.  >. 

Democrat.     President  pro  tem.  15  Apr.  1879. 

Republican.     Elected  in  place  of  Sherman. 

Democrat. 

Hesigued  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  U.  S. ,  Nov.  1880. 
1  Elected  in  place  of  Garfield.    President  pro  tem.  7  Dec.  1885. 
[     Term  expires  1899. 

Democrat. 

Democrat.    Term  expires  1897. 


Ohio  company.    Omo,  1748-87. 

Olllll'§  IA'W,  for  determining  the  quantity  of  the  elec- 
tro-motive force  of  the  voltaic  battery,  was  published  in  1827. 
It  is  in  conformity  with  the  discovery  that  the  earth  may  be 
employed  as  a  conductor,  thus  saving  the  return  wire  in  elec- 
tric telegraphy.     Electricity. 

oil.  The  term  oil  is  a  generic  expression,  under  which 
are  included  several  extensive  series  of  bodies  of  diverse 
chemical  character  and  physical  properties,  however  having 
in  common  these  characteristics:  that  they  are  compounds 
consisting  principally,  in  some  cases  exclusively,  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  are  mostly  insoluble  in  water,  and  are  all  read- 
ily inflammable.  It  was  used  for  burning  in  lamps  as  early 
as  the  epoch  of  Abraham,  about  1921  b.c.  The  fact  that  oil, 
if  passed  through  red-hot  iron  pipes,  will  yield  a  combustible 
gas,  was  long  known  to  chemists ;  and  after  lighting  by  coal- 
gas  began,  messrs.  Taylor  and  Martineau  contrived  apparatus 
for  producing  oil -gas  on  a  large  scale,  1815.  The  idea  of 
using  oil  to  calm  the  waves  originated  with  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, and  was  tried  successfully  by  him. — Sparks, "  Works  of 
Franklin,"  vol.  vi.  pp.  253  and  357.  It  is  commonly  practised 
in  heavy  storms  at  sea-,  and  guns  are  used  in  throwing  oil- 
shells  so  as  to  extend  the  area  of  oil  surface.  The  principal 
oils  of  commerce  are:  from  vegetable  sources,  almond, cotton- 
seed, rape-seed,  linseed,  hemp-seed,  castor,  cocoanut,  croton , 
from  animal  (fats),  butter,  lard,  tallow ,  from  fish,  cod,  sperm, 
whale-,  insect,  beeswax;  mineral,  coal-oil  (Petroleum). 

Okeecho'bee  ISwamp,  Battle  of.    Florida,  1837. 

OklahO'ma  is  a  territory  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  formed  in  1890  from  the  western  part  of  the  Indian 
territory  and  the  Public  Land  strip  or  No  Man's  Land,  a  strip 
167J  miles  long  and  34J  miles  wide,  lying  north  of  Texas  and 
west  of  100°  Ion.  Oklahoma  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Kansas  and  Colorado,  east  by  the  Indian  territory,  south  by 
Texas,  and  west  by  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Area,  39,030 
sq.  miles ;  pop.  1890,  61,834.     Capital,  Guthrie. 

No  Mans  Land  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  by  Texas 25  Nov.  1850 

Extensive  scheme  organized  to  take  possession  of  the  portion 
of  Oklahoma  not  occupied  by  Indians,  and  parties  from  Mis- 
souri and  Texas  enter  the  territory,  but  are  ordered  removed 

by  proclamation  of  pres.  Hayes 26  Apr.  1879 

Second  proclamation  to  prevent  settlement  in  Oklahoma,  12  Feb.  1880 
Expedition  under  David  L.  Payne— who  had  organized  in  Kan- 
sas the  Oklahoma  Town  company  and  the  Southwest  colony 
—with  25  men,  enter  the  territory  and  begin  the  settlement 
of  the  town  of  Ewing,  but  within  3  weeks  they  are  arrested 

by  U.  S.  troops  and  imprisoned " 

Payne  enters  Oklahoma  with  a  colony  of  600  men,  women, 

and  children,  and  founds  the  town  of  Rock  Falls May,  1884 

Under  proclamation  by  pres.  Arthur,  1  July,  the  settlement  at 

Rock  Falls  is  broken  up  by  U.  S.  troops Aug.     " 

Many  armed  men  under  W.  L.  Couch  encamp  at  Stillwater  on 

the  Cimmaron  river  and  defy  the  military Dec.     " 

Couch  and  his  forces  surrender  to  the  U.  S.  troops,  and  are 
marched  across  the  Kansas  line  and  arrested  under  Federal 

warrants 27  Jan.  1885 

Inhabitants  of  No  Man's  I^and  organize  the  territory  of  Cimma- 
ron, not  recognized  by  Congress 1886 

Delegates  of  Creek  nation  meet  in  Washington  19  Jan.,  and 
cede  the  western  half  of  their  domain  for  $2,280,857.10;  rati- 
fied by  the  Creek  council  31  Jan.,  by  Congress 1  Mch.  1889 

Seminoles  execute  a  release  and  conveyance  of  their  lands 
ceded  by  treaty  in  1866 16  Mch.     " 


Oklahoma  opened  for  settlement  by  proclamation  of  iires.  Har- 
rison, 27  Mch.,  to  take  effect  at  noon,  22  Apr.  During  the 
afternoon  of  this  day  50,000  or  more  settlers,  en(  aniped  on 
the  borders  of  the  territory,  enter  and  locate 22  Apr. 

First  bank  in  Guthrie  opened  in  a  tent  with  a  capital  of  $50,000, 

22  Apr. 

An  attempt  to  form  a  provisional  government  for  Oklahoma 
fails.     Convention  meets  at  Guthrie 22  May, 

Proclamation  of  the  president  against  the  occupation  of  the 
Cherokee  strip 17  Feb. 

Many  "boomers  "  invade  the  Cherokee  strip 23  Mch. 

I'res.  Harrison  signs  act  creating  territory  of  Oklahoma,  2  May, 

George  W.  Steele  appointed  first  governor May, 

First  election  held  for  representative  at  large 5  Aug. 

Congress  appropriates  $47,000  for  the  relief  of  destitute  persons 
in  the  territory 8  Aug. 

Milton  W.  Reynolds,  Republican,  elected  representative  at- 
large,  dies  from  over-exertion  during  the  canvass 9  Aug. 

First  meeting  of  the  legislature  at  Guthrie .27  Aug. 

Santa  F6  and  Rock  Island  railroad  companies  bring  into  the 
territory  and  loan  to  the  needy  farmers,  without  interest, 
25,000  bush,  seed  wheat 

Agricultural  college  founded  in  Payne  county;  a  normal  school 
located  at  Edmond  if  the  people  give  it  $5000  and  40  acres  of 
land;  a  territorial  university  located  at  Norman,  Cleveland 
county;  public  schools  established;  Australian  ballot  system 
introduced ;  legislature  adjourns 24  Dec. 

Cherokee  strip  closed  to  whites  by  order  of  president.  .13  Aug. 

New  Indian  lands  in  Oklahoma  (about  300,000  acres)  opened 
for  settlement 'i'i  Sept. 

Resignation  of  gov.  Steele  accepted  by  pres.  Harrison. .  .18  Oct. 

Statehood  convention  meets  at  Oklahoma  City 15  Dec. 

State  Agricultural  college  at  Stillwater  opened " 

Proclamation  of  the  president,  12  Apr.,  opens  to  settlement 
Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  Indian  lands  from 19  Apr. 

Cherokee  outlet  or  strip,  about  9409  sq.  miles,  was  ceded  to 
the  U.  S.  by  the  Cherokees,  19  May,  1893;  the  U.  S.  paying 
$8,300,000  in  5  annual  instalments,  beginning  4  Mch.  1H75, 
interest  4  per  cent,  on  deferred  payments,  besides  paying 
$300,000  to  the  Cherokees  at  once,  and  $110,000  to  other  tribes, 
making  in   all  about  $8,710,000.     By  proclamation  of  the 

president,  Aug.  23,  the  strip  was  opened  at  noon 16  Sept. 

[It  is  estimated  tliat  100,000  people  had  gathered  on  the 
boundary  line  awaiting  the  opening.] 

TEUKITOKIAL  G0VP:RN0RS. 


189(1 


I 


1891 


1892 


1893 


.  .resigns 1891 

,  Republican 1891- 

,  Democrat 1893 


George  W  Steele 

Abraham  J  Seay 

William  C.  Renfrow  . , 

Old  Bailey  Sessions  eourt  is  held  in  England 

for  the  trial  of  criminals,  and  its  jurisdiction  comprehends  the 
county  of  Middlesex  as  well  as  the  city  of  London.  It  is  held 
I  8  times  in  the  year  by  the  royal  commission  of  oyer  and  ter- 
miner. The  judges  are  the  lord  maj'or,  those  aldermen  who 
have  passed  the  chair,  the  recorder,  and  the  common  sergeant, 
who  are  attended  by  both  the  sheriffs  and  one  or  more  of  the 
national  judges.  The  court-house  was  built  in  1773,  and  en- 
larged in  1808. 

Old  Catholies,  the  name  assumed  by  German  Ro- 
man Catholics  rejecting  thedogma  of  papal  infallibility,  head- 
ed by  prof.  DoUinger  of  Munich.  After  3  days'  conference  at 
Munich,  Sept.  1871,  they  decided  on  independent  worship,  first 
meeting  in  a  church  given  by  the  town  council  of  Munich. 
The  abbe  Michaud  began  a  similar  movement  in  Paris  in 
Feb.  1872.  Dr.  DoUinger  advocated  union  with  the  Church 
of  England,  Mch.  1872.  Pere  Hyacinthe  (Charles  Loyson), 
president  of  the  party  at  Rome,  issued  a  programme  respecting 
the  Vatican  decrees,  recognizing  ecclesiastical  authorities,  de- 
manding reform,  yet  opposing  schism,  about  5  May,  1872. 


OLD 

The  bishops  of  Lincohi  (Wordsworth)  and  Ely  (Browne),  and 
the  dean  of  Westminster  (dr.  Stanley),  by  invitation  attended 
the  conference  at  Cologne,  and  delivered  addresses,  20-22 
Sept.  1872.  The  Old  Catholics  elected  their  tirst  bishop,  dr. 
Joseph  Reinkens,  1  June,  1873,  who  was  recognized  by  the 
emperor  and  other  powers. 

First  synod  held  in  Germany  at  Bonn,  opened 27  May,  1874 

Congress  of  Old  Catholics  held  at  Constance,  18  Sept.  1873;  at 

Freiburg 6  Sept.      " 

Dr.  DOlliuger  received  delegates  from  eastern  and  western 
churches  at  Bonn,  with  a  view  to  union  with  the  Old  Cath- 
olics, only  preliminaries  were  agreed  on U  Sept.     " 

First  Old  Catholic  church  in  Berlin  opened 30  Nov.     " 

In  Prussia  about  20,000  Old  Catholics  (about 8,000,000  Romanists),  1875 
Congress  at  Bonn;  bishop  of  Winchester,  canon  Liddon,  and 
several  Oriental  clergy  present,  12  Aug. ;  agreement  respect- 
ing the  FiLioQUE  clause Itj  Aug.     " 

Old  Catholifs  at  Bonn  ask  by  circular  for  a  church  (they  reject 
the  Vatican  decrees  of  18  July,  1870;  do  not  secede  from  the 
Catholic  church,  but  desire  Catholicism  free  from  xlebasing 
doctrines;  repudiate  papal  infallibility  and  supremacy;  sanc- 
tion reading  of  the  Bible,  worship  in  the  vulgar  tongue, 

and  marriage  of  priests) Dec.     '• 

Congress  at  Bonn;  strong  opposition  to  celibacy  of  clergy; 
question  deferred early  in  June,  1876 

Old  Dominioil.  Virginia  is  so  called  because  it  was 
sometimes  recognized  as  a  separate  dominion,  as  Spenser  dedi- 
cates his  "Faerie  Queene,"  1590,  to  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Eng- 
land, France,  Ireland,  and  Virginia.  When  James  VI.  of  Scot- 
land (I.  of  England)  came  to  the  English  throne,  Scotland  was 
added  and  Virginia  was  called  in  compliment  the  5th  kingdom. 
And  as  Virginia  stood  firm  for  Charles  11.  after  the  execution 
of  his  father  (Virginia,  1644-52),  Charles,  in  gratitude,  caused 
the  arms  of  Virginia  to  be  quartered  with  those  of  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  as  an  independent  member  of  the  kingdom. 

Old  Iroilside§,  a  name  given  to  the  frigate  Constitu- 
tion.    Navy  ;  United  States,  1797-1812,  etc. 

Old  Man  of  the  mountain,  in  the  Franconia 
mountains.  New  Hampshire.  *'  The  Great  Stone  Face  then 
was  a  work  of  Nature  in  her  mood  of  majestic  playfulness, 
formed  on  the  perpendicular  side  of  a  mountain  by  some  im- 
mense rocks,  which  had  been  thrown  together  in  such  a  posi- 
tion as,  when  viewed  at  a  proper  distance,  precisely  to  resem- 
ble the  features  of  the  human  countenance.  It  seemed  as  if 
an  enormous  giant  or  a  Titan  had  sculptured  his  own  likeness 
on  the  precipice."— /Taw/Aome,  "  The  Great  Stone  Face." 
I  Old  Probabilltie§.  Weather  bureau. 
I      Old  style.     New  style. 

i  Oldenburg",  a  grand-duchy  in  North  Germany,  was 
;  annexed  to  Denmark  in  1448;  in  1773  Christian  VII.  ceded 
i  the  country  to  Russia  in  exchange  for  Holstein  Gottorp,  and 
!  soon  after  the  present  dignity  was  established.  The  duke 
joined  the  North  German  confederation  18  Aug.  1866,  and  ob- 
i  tained  a  slight  increase  of  territory  from  Holstein,  27  Sept. 
!  following.  Area,  2479  sq.  miles;  "pop-  1864,301,812;  1871, 
j  314,591 ;  Dec.  1875,  319,314  ;  1880,  337,478  ;  1890,  354,968. 

defiant  gas,  a  combination  of  hydrogen  and  carbon 
i  which  burns  with  much  brilliancy.  In  1862  Berthelot  formed 
j  it  artificially  by  means  of  alcohol. 

)      Oleron,  Laws  of,  relating  to  sea  affairs,  are  said  to  have 

\  been  enacted  by  Richard  I.  of  England,  when  at  the  island  of 

t  Oleron,  France,  1194,  which  is  now  doubted. 

I     olives,  the  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  order  Olea- 

[  cecB.    They  are  named  in  the  earliest  accounts  of  Egypt  and 

\  Greece ;  and  at  Athens  their  cultivation  was  taught  by  Ce- 

crops,  1556  b.c.    They  were  first  planted  in  Italy  about  562  b.c. 

The  olive  has  been  cultivated  in  England  since  1648  a.p.  ; 

the  Cape  olive  since  1730.    Its  introduction  into  California  by 

the  Spanish  monks,  and  recently  the  introduction  of  the  best 

varieties  from  France  and  Italy,  together  with  adaptability  of 

climate  and  soil  near  the  Pacific  coast,  have  made  its  cultivation 

exceedingly  remunerative,  and  placed  California  among  the 

great  olive-producing  countries  of  the  world. 

Ol  instead.  Case  of.  During  the  American  Revolution 
capt.  Gideon  Olmstead,  with  some  other  Connecticut  men,  was 
.  captured  at  sea  by  a  British  vessel  and  taken  to  Jamaica,  where 
the  captain  and  3  others  of  the  prisoners  were  compelled  or 
persuaded  to  enter  as  sailors  on  the  British  sloop  Active,  then 
about  to  sail  for  New  York  with  stores  for  the  British  there. 


5  OME 

When  off  the  coast  of  Delaware  the  captain  and  the  other  3 
Americans  contrived  to  secure  the  rest  of  the  crew  and  officers 
(14  in  number)  below  the  hatches.  They  then  took  possession 
of  the  vessel  and  made  for  Little  Egg  harbor.  A  short  time 
after,  the  A  dive  was  boarded  by  the  sloop  Convention  of  Phila- 
delphia, and,  with  the  privateer  Girard,  cruising  with  her,  was 
taken  to  Philadelphia.  The  prize  was  there  libelled  in  the  state 
court  of  admiralty.  Here  the  2  vessels  claimed  an  equal  share 
in  the  prize,  and  the  court  decreed  ^^  to  the  crew  of  the  Con- 
vention, 34  tt)  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  as  owner  of  the  Con- 
vention, Y^  to  the  Girard,  and  the  remaining  34  only  to  Olm- 
stead and  his  3  companions.  Olmstead  appealed  to  Congress, 
and  the  committee  of  appeals  decided  in  his  favor.  The 
Pennsylvania  court  refused  to  yield,  and  directed  the  prize 
sold  and  the  money  paid  into  court  to  await  its  further  order. 
This  contest  continued  until  1809,  when  the  authorities  of 
Pennsylvania  offered  armed  resistance  to  the  U.  S.  marshal  at 
Philadelphia,  upon  which  he  called  to  his  assistance  a  posse' 
comitatus  of  2000  men.  The  matter  was,  however,  adjusted 
without  an  actual  collision,  and  the  money,  amounting  to 
$18,000,  paid  to  the  U.  S.  marshal. 

OlmiitZ,  the  ancient  capital  of  Moravia.  Gen.  Lafa- 
yette was  confined  here  by  the  Austrians  from  1792  until  25 
Aug.  1797.  French  revolution,  Lafayette.  Here  the  em- 
peror Ferdinand  abdicated  on  behalf  of  his  nephew,  Francis 
Joseph,  2  Dec.  1848;  and  here  the  latter  promulgated  a  new 
constitution,  4  Mch.  1849.  A  conference  was  held  here  29 
Nov.  1850,  under  the  czar  Nicholas,  when  the  difficulties  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  respecting  the  affairs  of  Hesse- 
Cassel  were  arranged. 

Olus'tee,  Fla.,  Battle  of,  20  Feb.  1864.  Gen.  Truman 
Seymour  was  defeated  by  the  confederates  under  gen.  Finne- 
gan.  The  federals,  5000  strong,  lost  about  2000  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoners.  The  expedition  was  a  total  failure, 
and  returned  to  Hilton  Head. 

Olym'piads,  the  era  of  the  Greeks,  dating  from  1  July, 
776  B.C.,  the  year  in  which  Choroebus  was  successful  at  the 
Oh'mpic  games.  This  era  was  reckoned  by  periods  of  4  years, 
each  period  being  called  an  Olympiad,  and  in  marking  a  date 
the  year  and  Olympiad  were  both  mentioned.  The  computa- 
tion of  Olympiads  ceased  with  the  305th,  440  a.d. 

Olympie  games,  most  famous  of  the  Greek  festivals, 
said  to  have  been  instituted  in  honor  of  Zeus  by  the  Idaei  Dac- 
tyli,  1453  B.C.,  or  by  Pelops,  1307  b.c.,  revived  by  Iphitus, 
884  B.C.,  were  held  at  the  beginning  of  every  4th  year,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Alpheus,  near  Olympia,  in  the  Peloponnesus 
(now  the  Morea),  to  exercise  the  youth  in  5  kinds  of  combats, 
the  conquerors  being  highly  honored.  The  prize  contended 
for  was  a  crown  made  of  a  kind  of  wild  olive,  appropriated  to 
this  use.  The  festival  was  abolished  by  Theodosius,  393  a.d., 
the  first  year  of  the  294th  Olympiad.  In  1858  M.  Zappas,  a 
wealthy  Peloponnesian,  gave  funds  to  re-establish  these  games, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  queen  of  Greece. 

Olyinpie'iuni,  near  Peloponnesus,  the  great  temple 
of  Zeus  erected  by  Libon  of  Elis,  at  the  charge  of  the  Eleans, 
after  their  conquest  of  the  country,  572-472  b.c.  For  this 
temple  Phidias  made  the  colossal  statue  of  the  god,  in  gold 
and  ivory,  437-433  B.C. 

German  explorations  by  Hirschfeld  and  BOtticher,  planned  by  prof. 
Ernst  Curtius,  the  historian,  began  in  Oct.  1875,  aided  by  the  Ger- 
man government.  Torsos  and  other  relics  were  found.  Above 
904  objects  in  marble,  many  coins,  bronzes,  inscriptions,  etc. ,  found, 
1875-78.  Explorations  closed,  Nov.  1880.  These  excavations  have 
determined  the  exact  position  of  the  principal  buildings,  the  plan 
of  the  Altis,  with  the  main  local  conditions  of  the  festival. 

Olyn'ttlUS,  a  city  of  N.  Greece,  subdued  in  war  by 
Sparta,  382-379  b.c.  It  resisted  Philip  of  Macedon,  350  b.c., 
by  whom  it  was  destroyed,  347.  Demosthenes  delivered  3 
orations  on  its  behalf,  349. 

Omahas.     Indians. 

omens.  Augur.  Amphictyon  was  the  first  who  is  re- 
corded as  having  drawn  prognostications  from  omens,  1497 
b.c.  Alexander  the  Great  and  Mithridates  the  Great  are  said 
to  have  studied  omens.  At  the  birth  of  the  latter,  131  b.c., 
there  were  seen  for  70  days  together  2  splendid  comets ;  and 
this  omen,  we  are  told,  directed  all  the  actions  of  Mithridates 
throughout  his  life. — Justin. 


OMM 


694 


ORA 


I 


Ommi'adei,  a  dynasty  of  Mahometan  caliphs,  be- 
ginning with  Moawiyah,  of  whom  14  reigned  in  Arabia,  661- 
760 ;  and  18  at  Cordova,  in  Spain,  755-1031. 

omnibUi  (Lat.  omnibus,  for  all),  including  all  or  a  great 
number.  Covering  or  designing  to  cover  many  cases  or  things. 
— A  long- bodied  4-wheeled  vehicle  for  passengers.  The  idea 
of  such  conveyances  is  ascribed  to  Pascal,  about  1662,  when 
similar  carriages  were  started,  but  soon  discontinued.  They 
were  revived  in  Paris  about  11  Apr.  1828 ;  and  introduced  into 
London  by  a  coach-proprietor  named  Shillibeer.  The  first 
omnibus  started  from  Paddington  to  the  Bank  of  England  on 
Saturday,  4  July,  1829. 

Oinnibu§  bill.  United  States,  Jan.,  May,  etc., 
1850. 

onuiiin'eter,  a  new  surveying  apparatus  (combining 
the  theodolite  and  level,  and  comprising  a  telescope  and  mi- 
croscope), invented  by  Eckhold,  a  German  engineer,  to  super- 
sede chain  measuring ;  announced  Sept.  1869. 

Onei'da  community  was  founded  by  John  H. 
Noyes,  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  who  in  1834  joined  the  Perfec- 
tionists, a  new  sect  who  professed  the  belief  that  every  being 
is  either  whoUj'  sinful  or  wholly  righteous,  similar  to  the 
English  sect  of  Princites.  In  1847  he  established  the  Oneida 
community  at  Oneida  creek,  N.  Y.,  where  both  sexes  lived  in 
a  "  Unitary  Home,"  and  where  was  practised  a  community  of 
wives  as  well  as  goods.  Branches  were  established  at  Wal- 
lingford.  Conn.,  and  Willow  Place,  near  Oneida.  The  commu- 
nity are  also  known  as  "Free  Lovers"  and  "  Bible  Communists." 
Opposition  to  this  community,  under  the  lead  of  prof.  Mears, 
of  Hamilton  college,  and  others,  resulted  in  its  dissolution  in 
1879.  Since  1881  it  has  maintained  simply  the  standing  of  a 
business  corporation. 

Oneidas.    Indians. 

Ononda'g-as.     Indians,  Long  House. 

Ontario,  Province  of,  formerly  Canada  West  or  Upper 
Canada;  capital,  Toronto.  Area,  219,650  sq.  miles;  pop.  1861, 
1,396,091;  1871,1,620,851;  1881,  1,923,228;  1891,2,112,989. 

operas.  Adam  de  la  Hale,  a  Trouvere,  surnamed  "  le 
Bossu  d'Arras,"  born  in  1240,  is,  as  far  as  has  yet  been  ascer- 
tained, the  composer  of  the  first  comic  opera,  "  Li  Gieus  (Le 
Jeu)  de  Robin  et  de  Marion."  The  Italian  opera  began  with 
the  "II  Satiro"  of  Cavaliere,andthe  "Dafne"of  Rinuccini,with 
music  by  Peri,  about  1590.  Their  "Eurydice"  was  presented 
at  Florence,  1600,  on  the  marriage  of  Marie  de  Medicis  with 
Henry  IV.  of  France.  "  L'Orfeo,  Favola  in  Musica,"  com- 
posed by  Monteverde,  was  performed  in  1607,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  first  opera  that  was  ever  published.  About 
1669  the  abbot  Perrin  obtained  a  grant  from  Louis  XIV.  to 
set  up  an  opera  in  Paris,  where,  in  1672,  was  acted  "  Pomona." 
For  list  of  operas  and  composers.  Music. 

Oph'icleide  (6<pig,  serpent,  and  jcXei^ce,  keys),  the 
keyed  bassoon,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Frichot,  a  French- 
man, in  London,  between  1791  and  1800;  but  owing  its  origin 
to  a  wind  instrument  called  the  "  serpent,"  the  invention  of 
which  is  generally  attributed  to  Edme  Guillaume,  canon  of 
Auxerre,  about  1590. 

Ophtharmoscope,  an  apparatus  for  inspecting  the 
interior  of  the  eye,  invented  by  prof.  H.  Helmholtz,  and  de- 
scribed by  him  in  1851. 

opium,  the  juice  of  the  white  poppy  (Papaver  somnife- 
rum),  was  known  to  the  ancients,  its  cultivation  being  men- 
tioned by  Homer,  and  its  medicinal  use  by  Hippocrates.  It 
is  largely  cultivated  in  British  India,  and  was  imported  into 
China  by  English  merchants,  which  led  eventually  to  the 
war  of  1839,  the  importation  being  forbidden  by  the  Chinese 
government.  Laudanum,  a  preparation  of  opium,  was  em- 
ployed early  in  the  17th  century.  A  number  of  alkaloids 
have  been  discovered  in  opium:  narcotine  by  Derosne,  and 
morphia  by  Serturner,  in  1803.  The  cultivation  of  opium  is 
possible  in  all  countries  where  t^ere  is  not  an  excessive  rain-  i 
fall  and  the  climate  is  temperate  or  subtropical;  but,  owing 
to  its  limited  ^ield,  it  is  not  profitable.  In  1865  its  culriva- 
tion  was  attempted  in  Virginia,  and  a  product  was  obtained 
which  yielded  4  per  cent,  of  morphia.     In  1867  opium  was 


i2i 

II 

30( 

I 

56(1  ' 
571 
611  , 


grown  in  Tennessee  which  yielded  10  per  cent,  of  morphii 
and  in  California,  in  1873,  it  yielded  7f  per  cent. 

Opor'tO,  W.  Portugal,  the  ancient  Calk,  one  of  the  mo 
impregnable  cities  in  Europe,  and  the  mart  of  Portuguese  wii 
known  as  "  Port."  The  French,  under  marshal  Soult,  were  su 
prised  here  by  lord  Wellington,  and  defeated  in  an  action  fougi 
12  May,  1809.  The  Miguelites  besieged  Oporto,  and  were  r| 
pulsed  by  the  Pedroites,  with  considerable  loss,  19  Sept.  183! 

optic  nerves  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  ] 
Varole,  a  surgeon  and  physician  of  Bologna  about  1538, 
Nouv.  Diet. 

optics,  the   science   of  light   and  vision;    studied 
the  Greeks;  and  by  the  Arabians  about  the  12th  centur 
Light.  „  ^ 

Burning  lenses  known  at  Athens 424 

A  treatise  on  optics  doubtfully  attributed  to  Euclid about 

Magnifying  power  of  convex  glasses  and  concave  mirrors,  and 
the  prismatic  colors  produced  by  angular  glass,  mentioned 

by  Seneca about 

Treatise  on  optics  by  Ptolemy about    12f 

Two  of  the  leading  principles  known  to  the  Platonists 30( 

Greatly  improved  by  Alhazen,  who  d lo; 

Hints  for  spectacles  and  telescopes  by  Roger  Bacon about  I 

Spectacles  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Salvinus  Armatiis  of 

Pisa before    _  _ 

Camera-obscura  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Baptista  Porta,  156(i 

Telescopes  invented  by  Leonard  Digges about  1571 

Kepler  publishes  his  ""  Dioptrice  " 1611 

Microscopes,  according  to  Huyghens,  invented  by  Drebbel,  about  li 

Law  of  refraction  discovered  by  Snellius about  1( 

Telescope  made  by  Jansen  (said  also  to  have  invented  the 

croscope)  about  1609,  and  independently  by  Galileo about  1630 

Inflection  of  light  discovered,  and  the  undulatory  theory  sug- 
gested by  Grimaldi about  1666 

Reflecting  telescope,  James  Gregory,  1663;  Newton 1666 

Velocity  of  light  determined  by  Roemer,  and  after  him  by 

Cassini 1667 

[Its  velocity,  190,000,000  miles  in  16  minutes.] 

Double  refraction  explained  by  Bartholinus 1669 

Cassegrainian  reflector I67i 

Newton's  discoveries  in  colors,  etc 1674 

Telescopes  with  a  single  lens  by  Tschirnhausen about  1690 

Polarization  of  light  and  undulatory  theory  discovered  by 

Huyghens about  1692 

Structure  of  the  eye  explained  by  Petit about  1700 

Aberration  of  light  discovered  by  Bradley 1727 

Achromatic  telescope  constructed  by  Mr.  Hall  (but  not  made 

public)  in 1733 

Constructed  by  Dollond,  most  likely  without  knowledge  of 

Hall's  telescope '. 1757 

Herschel's  great  reflecting  telescope  erected  at  Slough 1789 

Dr.  T.  Young's  discoveries  (undulatory  theory,  etc.) 1800-3 

Camera-lucida  (dr.  Wollaston) 1807 

Malus  (polarization  of  light  by  reflection). about  1808 

Fraunhofer  maps  590  lines  in  the  solar  spectrum 1815 

Fresnel's  researches  on  double  reflection,  etc 1817 

Optical  discoveries  of  Wheatstone 1838  et  seq. 

Large  telescope  constructed  by  lord  Rosse 1845 

Arago  (colors  of  polarized  light,  etc. ) 1811-53 

Sir  D.  Brewster,  optical  researches  (Kaleidoscope,  Photogra- 
phy)  1814-67 

Dr.  Tyndall's  lectures  on  light  first  illustrated  by  Duboscq's 

electric  lamp  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London 1856 

Spectroscope  constructed  and  used  by  Kirchhoff"and  Bunsen. .  1861 
Researches  of  \Vm.  Spottiswoode  on  polarized  light 1871-78 

Op'timism  (from  optimus,  the  best),  the  doctrine  that 
everything  which  happens  is  for  the  best,  in  opposition  to 
pessimism  (from  pessimus,  the  worst).  The  germ  of  optimism 
is  to  be  found  in  Plato,  and  in  St.  Augustin  and  other  fathers; 
it  was  supported  by  Malebranche  and  Leibnitz,  and  adopted 
by  Pope,  Bolingbroke,  Rousseau,  and  others.  Optimism,  as 
expressed  in  the  term  "  the  best  of  all  possible  worlds,"  is 
ridiculed  by  Voltaire  (1694-1778)  in  his  "  Candide."  The  term 
meliorism  ( from  melior,  better )  has  been  lately  introduced. 
Pessimism. 

oracles,  supposed  revelations  by  divine  beings.  They 
were  given  to  the  Jews  at  the  Mercy-seat  in  the  tabernacle ; 
see  Exod.  xxv.  18-22.  The  Holy  Scriptures  are  the  Chris- 
tian "  oracles,"  Rom.  iii.  2;  1  Pet.  iv.  II.  King  Ahaziah  sent 
to  consult  the  oracle  of  Baal-zebub  at  Ekron  about  896  b.c. 
The  Greeks  consulted  especially  the  oracles  of  Zeus  and  Apol- 
lon  (Delphi,  Dodona);  and  the  Italians  those  of  Faunus, 
Fortune,  and  Mars. 

O'ran,  Algeria,  N.  Africa,  a  Moorish  city  several  times 
captured  by  the  Spaniards ;  definitively  occupied  by  the 
French  in  1831,  who  have  since  added  docks,  etc. 

Orang^e,  a  principality  in  S.E.  France,  formerly  a  lord- 


ORA 


595 


ORE 


ship  in  the  9th  or  10th  century.  It  has  been  ruled  by  4  houses 
successively:  that  of  Giraud  Adhemar,  to  1174;  of  Baux, 
1182-1393;  of  Chalons,  to  1530;  and  of  Nassau,  1530-1713; 
Nassau.  Philibert  the  Great,  prince  of  Orange,  the  last  of 
the  house  of  Chalons,  having  been  wronged  by  Francis  I.  of 
France,  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  to 
whom  he  rendered  great  services  by  his  military  talents.  He 
was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Florence,  3  Aug.  1530.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  nephew- in-law,  Rene  of  Nassau.  Princes 
OF  Orange,  under  Holland.  The  eldest  son  of  the  king  of 
Holland  is  styled  the  prince  of  Orange,  although  the  princi- 
pality was  ceded  to  France  in  1713.     Arausio. 

Orailg^e  Free  State,  a  state  of  Dutch  Boers  in 
S.  Africa,  founded  by  them  in  1836.  The  British  government 
proclaimed  its  authority  over  this  territory  on  3  Feb.  1848. 
Its  independence  was  declared  23  Feb.  1854,  and  a  constitution 
proclaimed  10  Apr.  1854;  revised  1866  and  1879.  The  exec- 
utive is  vested  in  a  president  chosen  for  5  years  by  universal 
suffrage.  The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  a  popular  as- 
sembly, the  Volksraad,  elected  by  suffrage  of  the  burghers  for 
4  years.  Area,  41,500  sq.  miles  {  pop.  1877,  about  50,000  (half 
whites) ;  1890, 207,503,  of  which  77,716  were  white. 

Orang'emen,  an  association  of  Irish  Protestants  orig- 
inating and  chiefly  flourishing  in  Ulster,  but  found  in  other 
parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  British  colonies,  and  in  the 
United  States.  Orangemen  derive  their  name  from  William 
III.,  prince  of  Orange.  The  "  Battle  of  the  Diamond,"  21  Sept. 
1795,  and  the  treachery  experienced  by  the  Protestants  on 
that  occasion,  convinced  them  they  would  become  an  easy 
prey  to  the  Roman  Catholics,  from  their  small  numbers,  unless 
they  associated  for  their  defence,  and  the  first  Orange  lodge 
was  formed  in  Armagh.  An  Orange  lodge  was  formed  in 
Dublin  ;  the  members  published  a  declaration  of  their  princi- 
ples (the  maintenance  of  church  and  state)  in  Jan.  1798.  After 
1813  Orangeism  declined,  but  revived  again  in  1827,  when 
the  duke  of  Cumberland  became  grandmaster.  After  a  parlia- 
mentary inquir)',  Orange  clubs  were  broken  up  in  conformity 
with  resolutions  of  the  House  of  Commons,  but  were  revived 
in  1845.  In  Oct.  1857,  the  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  ordered 
that  justices  of  the  peace  should  not  belong  to  Orange  clubs. 
The  Orangemen's  parade  in  New  York,  12  July,  1871,  led  to  a 
riot,  in  which  60  lives  were  lost.  The  1st  and  12th  July  are 
celebrated  by  them  as  anniversaries  of  the  battles  of  the 
BoYNE  and  Aughrim. 

oranges,  the  fruit  of  the  Citrus  aurantium   (sweet 
orange-tree).     To  this  family  also  belong  the  citron,  lemon, 
and  lime.     The  sweet  orange  was  first  brought  into  Europe 
from  the  East  by  the  Portuguese  in  1547.    Orange-trees  were 
first  brought  to  England  and  planted,  with  little  success,  in 
1595 ;  they  are  said  to  have  been  grown  at  Beddington  park, 
near  Croydon,  Surrey.     The  culture  of  oranges  in  California 
and  Florida  has  rapidly  grown  into  a  great  industry  since  1865, 
oratO'riO,  a  kind  of  musical  sacred  drama,  the  sub- 
ject of  it  being  generally  taken  from  the  Scriptures.     The 
I  origin  of  English  oratorios  (so  named  from  having  been  first 
;  performed  in  an  oratory)  is  ascribed  to  St.  Philip  Neri,  about 
:  1550.     The  first  true  oratorio — Emilio  del  Cavaliere's  "  Rap- 
\  presentazione"  —  was  performed  at  Rome  in  1600.     He  was 
;  followed  by  Giovanni  Carissimi,  Alessandro  Scarlatti,  etc.  The 
!  first  oratorio  in  London  was  performed  in  Lincoln's  Inn  thea- 
,  tre,  in  Portugal  street,  in  1732.      Handel's  oratorio  of  "  Israel 
{ in  Egypt  "  was  produced  in  1738,  and  the  "  Messiah  "  in  1741 ; 
I  Haydn's  "  Creation  "  in  1798 ;  Beethoven's  "  Mount  of  Olives," 
■1803;   Spohr's   "Last  Judgment"    (properly    "Die    letzten 
jDinge"),  1825;  Mendelssohn's  "St.  Paul"  in  1836,  and  "  Eli- 
I  jah  "  in  1846 ;  "  Naaman,"  1864 ;  Costa's  "  Eli,"  1865  ;  S.  Ben- 
nett's "  Woman  of  Samaria,"  1867  ;  Benedict's  "  St.  Peter," 
1870;  Macfarren's  "John  the  Baptist,"  1873;  "Resurrection," 
1876;  and  "Joseph,"  1877;  Dr.  P.  Armes's  "  Hezekiah,"  1878. 
Music. 

or'cllids.  Flowers  and  plants. 
Orchom'enili,  a  small  Greek  state  and  city  in  Boeo- 
,tia,  was  destroyed  by  the  Thebans,  368  b.o.  ;  restored' by  Philip 
jll.  of  Macedon,  354  ;  and  given  up  by  him  to  Thebes,  346.  It 
'was  the  capital  of  the  Miny^.  The  most  remarkable  relic 
3f  the  early  city  is  the  so-called  "  treasury,"  said  to  be  the 


oldest  in  Greece.  It  was  larger  than  the  building  of  similar 
style  at  Mycen^,  and  its  beauty,  spoken  of  by  Pausanias,  has 
been  brought  to  light  by  Schliemann's  excavations. 

ordeal,  a  form  of  trial,  consisted  of  testing  the  eflfect  of 
fire,  poison,  water,  etc.,  upon  the  person  of  the  accused.  It 
was  known  among  the  Greeks  and  Jews  (Numb.  v.  12-28).  It 
was  introduced  into  England  by  the  Saxons.  In  principle,  and 
often  in  the  forms  used,  it  belongs  to  ancient  tradition,  extend- 
ing throughout  all  nations  and  peoples  until  its  force  dies  out 
before  modern  civilization.  Trial  by  ordeal  was  abolished  in 
England  in  1218,  before  which  a  prisoner  who  pleaded  not 
guilty  might  choose  whether  he  would  put  himself  for  trial 
upon  God  and  his  country,  by  12  men,  as  at  this  day,  or  upon 
God  only.     Appeal,  Godwin's  oath,  etc. 

orders  in  eouneil.  United  States,  1793,  1806, 
1807, 1809 ;  British  orders  in  council. 

ordination  of  ministers  in  the  Christian  church  be- 
gan with  Christ  and  his  apostles;  see  Mark  iii,  14,  and  Acts 
vi.  and  xiv.  23.  In  England,  in  1549,  a  new  form  of  ordina- 
tion of  ministers  was  ordered  to  be  prepared  by  a  committee 
of  6  prelates  and  6  divines. 

Ordnance  office.  Before  the  invention  of  guns, 
this  office  was  supplied  by  officers  in  England  under  the  fol- 
lowing names:  the  bow5'er,^the  crossbowj'er,  the  galeater,  or 
purveyor  of  helmets,  the  armorer,  and  the  keeper  of  the  tents. 
Henry  VIII,  placed  it  under  the  management  of  a  master- 
general,  a  lieutenant,  surveyor,  etc.  The  master-general  was 
chosen  from  among  the  first  generals  in  the  service  of  the 
sovereign.  The  appointment  was  formerly  for  life ;  but  since 
the  Restoration  was  held  durante  bene  placito,  and  not  unfre- 
quently  by  a  cabinet  minister. — Beatson.  The  letters-patent 
for  this  office  were  revoked  25  May,  1855,  and  its  duties  vested 
in  the  minister  of  war,  lord  Panmure.  The  last  master-gen- 
eral was  lord  Fitzroy-Somerset,  afterwards  lord  Raglan.  In 
the  United  States,  the  Ordnance  department  of  the  U,  S.  array 
has  charge  of  the  arsenals  and  armories,  and  furnishes  all  ord- 
nance and  ordnance  stores  for  military  service,  including  all 
cannon  and  artillery  carriages  and  equipments ;  apparatus  for 
the  service  of  artillery,  small-arms  and  accoutrements,  ammu- 
nition, tools,  and  materials  for  the  ordnance  service,  horse  med- 
icines, material  for  shoeing,  and  all  horse  equipments  what- 
ever. The  department  is  under  charge  of  a  chief  of  ordnance, 
at  present  (1894)  brig.-gen.  D.  W.  Flagler ;  salary  $5500. 

Ordnance  survey.  The  trigonometrical  survey  of 
England  v/as  commenced  by  gen.  Roy  in  1783,  continued  by 
col.  Colby,  and  completed  by  col.  (afterwards  sir  Henry)  James 
in  1856.  The  publication  of  the  maps  commenced  in  1819, 
under  the  direction  of  col.  Mudge,  and  was  completed  in  1862; 
a  large  part  of  these  maps  have  been  colored  geologically. 
The  survey  of  Ireland  has  been  completed  and  published;  that 
of  Scotland  completed  1882.     Coast  survey. 

Ordonnances  {or-don-nans'),  the  laws  enacted  by 
the  Capetan  kings  of  France  previous  to  1789.  They  began 
with  "  In  the  name  of  the  king,"  and  ended  with  "  Such  is 
our  good  pleasure."  The  first  in  French  is  dated  1287  (Philip 
v.).  The  publication  of  these  "  ordonnances,"  ordered  by 
Louis  XIV.,  1706,  is  still  in  progress.  The  "  ordonnances"  of 
Charles  X.,  promulgated  26  July,  1830,  led  to  the  revolution. 

Or'egOll,  one  of  the  Pacific  coast  states  of  the  American 
Union,  has  a  coast  line  of  300  miles,  extending  from  lat.  42° 
N.,  which  marks  the  boun- 
dary between  the  state  and 
California  and  Nevada,  to  the 
Columbia  river,  which  sopa- 
rates  the  state  from  Washing- 
' /^zT'-^-'r'J  '  Ty^'-Vj^y     ton  on  the  north  in  lat.  46^ 
Q4    "A^^V^^m  'rnl     15'  N.    Idaho  lies  to  the  east, 
the  Snake  river  forming  about 
|^^n1o^(U^  "P/     half  of  the  eastern  boundary. 
'^^^^i^SrJ^J     It  is  limited  in  longitude  be- 
"^^^^  ^/    /       tween  116°45'tol24O30' W. 
Area,  96,030  sq.  miles,  in  31 
counties;   pop.  1890,  313,767. 
Capital,  Salem, 
A  Spanish  expedition,  sent  out  under  Bruno  Heceta   in  the 
Santiago,  discovers  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river 1775 


ORE 


696 


1 


ORE 


Gl4>tain  Robert  Gray  enters  the  Columbia  river  in  the  Ameri- 
can ship  Columbia  trom  Boston 7  May,  1792 

Lieut.  Broughton  of  the  British  navy  ascends  the  Columbia 
river,  about  100  miles  to  the  region  of  the  cascades, 

Oct.-Nov.     " 

By  purchase,  the  U.  S.  acquires  the  claims  of  France  to  Ore- 
gon   30  Apr.  1803 

Lewis  and  Clarke  U.  S.  government  expedition  descends  the 
Columbia  to  its  mouth,  where  it  arrives 5  Nov.  1805 

Capt  Nathaniel  Winship,  a  New-Englander,  builds  the  first 
house  in  Oregon,  at  Oak  Point  ou  the  Columbia 4  June,  1810 

Pacific  Fur  company,  of  which  John  Jacob  Astor  was  a  leading 
member,  establishes  a  trading-post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Co- 
lumbia river,  which  it  calls  Astoria 1811 

D.  McKeuzie  explores  the  Willamette  river 1812 

Convention  between  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain  for  joint  occupa- 
tion of  Oregon  concluded  in  London  20  Oct.  1818,  ratified, 

19  Jan.  1819 

Convention  between  the  U.  S.  and  Russia  regulating  fishery 
and  trading  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  fixing  54°  40'  as  the 
northern  boundary  claimed  by  the  U.  S.,  concluded  at  St. 
Petersburg  5-7  Apr.  1824,  and  ratified 12  Jan.  1825 

Convention  between  the  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain :  the  articles 
of  1819  are  indefinitely  extended,  with  proviso  that  either 
partv  might  annul  the  agreement  on  12  months'  notice, 

6  Aug.  1827 

Capt.  Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth  of  Wenham,  Mass.,  establishes  a  fish- 
ery on  Sauvies  island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette 1832 

John  McLeod  and  Michael  la  Framboise  erect  fort  Umpqua,  a 
post  for  the  Hudson  Bay  company  on  the  Umpqua  river " 

Jason  and  Daniel  Lee,  Methodist  missionaries,  reach  Oregon  in 
capt.  Wyeth 's  second  overland  expedition,  which  left  Inde- 
pendence 28  Apr.  1834,  and  establish  a  mission  on  the  banks 
of  the  Willamette,  60  miles  from  its  mouth 6  Oct.  1834 

Methodist  mission  station  established  on  Clatsop  plains,  near 
Youug  bay 10  Feb.  1841 

First  meeting  of  settlers  at  the  Methodist  mission  to  make  a 
code  of  laws  for  the  settlements  south  of  the  Columbia 
river 17-18  Feb.     '« 

Star  of  Oregon,  the  first  American  ves.sel  constructed  of  Ore- 
gon "timber,  is  launched  from  Oak  island  in  the  Willamette, 
and  sails  for  San  Francisco " 

A.  provisional  government  and  organic  laws  for  Oregon  are 
adopted  by  the  people  met  at  Champoeg,  and  Oregon  City 
fixed  as  the  seat  of  government 5  July,  1843 

First  house  in  Portland  erected  by  A.  L.  Lovejoy  and  F.  W. 
Pettygrove 1845 

Publication  of  the  Oregon  Spectator  begun  at  Oregon  City. 1846 

Resolutions  pass  the  House  of  Representatives  giving  notice  to 
Great  BriUin  that  the  convention  of  1818  and  1827  for  joint 
occupation  of  Oregon  should  be  terminated  at  the  expiration 
of  1'2  months  from  the  notice 9  Feb.     " 

Articles  of  the  Oregon  convention  between  U.  S.  and  Great 
Britiiin  held  15  June,  1846,  are  ratified  in  London,  17  July, 
and  proclaimed  (United  States) 5  Aug.     " 

First  sale  of  town  lots  for  Salem 10  Sept.      " 

First  mail  contract  in  Oregon  let  to  Hugh  Burns  in  the  spring 
of  1846,  and  first  regular  mail  service  in  the  territory  is  es- 
t;ibli.shed  by  the  U.  S.  government 1847 

Congress  enacts  a  territorial  government  for  Oregon. .  .14  Aug.  1848 

Gen.  Joseph  Lane,  first  territorial  governor,  arrives,  and  pro- 
claims the  territorial  government 3  Mch.  1849 

About  $50,000,  in  5  and  10  dollar  gold  pieces,  coined  and  put 
into  circulation  by  the  Oregon  Exchange  company.  This  is 
known  as  "  beaver  money  " " 

First  territorial  legislature  meets  at  Oregon  City 16  July,     " 

Gens.  Smith  and  Vinton  arrive  in  Oregon  to  examine  the 
country  with  reference  to  the  location  of  military  posts, 

28  Sept.     " 

Hudson  Bay  company  conveys  to  U.  S.  the  rights  of  the 
company  under  its  charter  and  the  treaty  with  Great  Brit- 
ain      " 

Seat  of  government  located  at  Salem  by  legislature,  the  peni- 
tentiary at  Portland,  and  the  university  at  Corvallis 1850 

Five  of  the  Cayuse  Indians,  principals  in  the  massacre  of  dr. 
M.  Whitman  and  other  missionaries  at  WaQlatpu,  29  Nov. 
1847,  are  delivered  to  the  Oregon  authorities,  tried  at  Oregon 
City,  condemned,  and  executed 18  June,     " 

Schooner  Samuel  Roberts,  with  an  exploring  party  formed  in 
San  Francisco  to  discover  the  mouth  of  the  Klamath  river, 
enters  the  Umpqua  river 6  Aug.     " 

Oregon  Donation  act;  Congress  grants  each  missionary  station 
then  occupied  640  acres  of  land,  with  the  improvements.  To 
each  white  settler.  640  acres.  To  each  emigrant  settling  in 
Oregon  between  1  Dec.  1850  and  1  Dec.  1853,  160  acres, 

27  Sept.     " 

Troops  under  maj.  Philip  Kearny  engage  the  Indian.';  in  the 
battle  of  Rogue  river 23  June,  1851 

A  party  of  23,  under  T' Vault,  set  out  to  explore  the  interior, 
24  Aug.  1851.  1  Sept.,  all  but  9  turn  back,  at  the  Rogue 
river,  about  50  miles  from  the  ocean.  These  reach  the  head- 
waters of  the  Coquille  9  Sept. ;  descend  it,  are  attacked,  and 
5  of  the  9  killed  l)y  Indians 14  Sept.     " 

Yam  Hill  River  bridge,  the  first  in  the  country,  constructed  at 
Lafayette " 

Gold  discovered  by  some  half-breeds  in  the  sand  of  the  old 
sea-beach  at  the  mouth  of  a  creek  near  the  Coquille 1852 

Willamette  university  at  Salem,  opened  1844;  chartered 1853 

War  with  the  Indians  of  Rogue  river,  begun  in  June,  ended  by 
a  treaty  signed  by  Joel  Palmer,  superintendent  of  Indiah 
affairs,  and  Samuel  H.  Culver,  Indian  agent.     By  this  treaty 


the  Indians  sell  their  lands,  comprising  the  whole  Rogue 
River  valley,  to  the  U.  S.  for  $60,000 8  Sept. 

Town  of  Roseburg  laid  out 

Pacific  university  and  Tualatin  academy,  at  Forest  Grove, 
opened  in  1848,  is  chartered 

T.  J.  Dryer  and  party  ascend  mount  Hood,  and  ascertain  that 
it  is  an  expiring  volcano  still  emitting  smoke  and  ashes, 

Aug. 

Gov.  Davis  resigns  Aug.  1854;  Geo.  Law  Curry  appointed, 

Nov. 

Volunteer  company  under  J.  A.  Lupton  attack  an  Indian  camp 
at  the  mouth  of  Butte  Creek,  killing  23  and  wounding  many, 
early  in  the  morning.  Daylight  showed  that  the  dead  were 
mostly  old  men,  women,  and  children 8  Oct. 

In  retaliation,  the  Indians  plunder  and  massacre  settlers  in  the 
upper  Rogue  River  valley 9  Oct. 

Astoria  chartered 

Gov.  Curry  issues  a  proclamation  calling  for  5  companies  of  vol- 
unteers, 15  Oct.,  and  orders  all  companies  not  duly  enrolled 
by  virtue  of  said  proclamation  to  disband 20  Oct. 

Convention  of  Free  soilers  meets  at  Albany  27  June,  and  drafts 
a  platform  for  the  anti-slavery  party,  to  be  reported  at  an 
adjourned  meeting  appointed  at  Corvallis  for 30  Oct. 

Volunteer  force  organized,  12  Oct.,  by  col.  J.  E.  Ross,  engages 
the  Indians  at  Rogue  river,  near  Galice  creek,  17  Oct.,  and  at 
Bloody  Springs  or  Grave  Creek  hills 30  Oct. 

New  state-house  at  Salem  burned,  with  tlie  library  and  furni- 
ture; the  work  of  an  incendiary 30  Dec. 

Indians  murder  13  out  of  15  of  the  garrison  at  Wlialeshead,  on 
Rogue  river,  during  the  absence  of  the  rest  (22  P'eb.)  at  a 
dancing-party;  murder  many  farmers  near  the  fort,  and  burn 
their  houses  and  barns;  130,  who  escaped  the  massacre  and 
fled  to  the  fort,  are  besieged  31  days,  until  relieved  by  2  com- 
panies under  col.  Buchanan Mch. 

Troops  under  capt.  A.  J.  Smith  attacked  at  the  Meadows,  on  the 
Rogue  river,  where  the  Indians  had  agreed  to  meet  and  give 
up  their  arms,  by  Indians  under  chief  John,  27  May;  they 
are  rescued  by  capt.  Augur 28  May, 

Chief  John  surrenders 29  June, 

Willamette  woollen  mills  at  Salem  erected 

Convention  assembles  at  Albany,  and  organizes  the  Free-state 
Republican  party  of  Oregon 11  Feb. 

Oregon  Constitutional  convention  assembles  at  Salem,  17  Aug. ; 
completes  its  labors,  18  Sept. ;  constitution  ratified  by  the 
people;  majority  in  favor  of  adoption,  3980;  against  slavery, 
5082 ;  against  free  negroes,  7559 9  Nov. 

Stage  line  opened  from  Portland  to  Salem 

Coal  discovered  at  Coos  Bay,  near  Empire  City,  1853,  and  mines 
discovered  by  James  Aiken  at  Newport  and  Eastport,  opened, 

State  legislature  meets,  5  July,  and  gov.  Whiteaker  is  inaugu- 


185 
18S 


18S 


rated. 


July, 

Act  admitting  Oregon  signed  by  the  president 14  Feb. 

Gov.  Whiteaker  convenes  the  legislature,  and  completes  the 
organization  of  the  State  government 16  May, 

Joseph  Lane,  ex-governor  of  Oregon,  nominated  for  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.  on  the  Breckinridge  ticket 23  June, 

McMinnville  college  at  McMinnville  chartered  in  1859;  opened. 

Fort  Stevens,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  completed 

First  National  bank  of  Portland,  the  oldest  west  of  the  Rocky 
mountains,  is  established July, 

Mount  Hood,  not  previously  in  eruption  since  the  settlement 
of  California,  continues  for  a  month  or  more  to  emit  smoke 
and  flames,  followed  by  the  earthquake  of 8-9  Oct. 

Oregon  ratifies  XIII.  th  Amendment  to  Constitution 11  Dec. 

Oregon  ratifies  the  XIV.  th  Amendment  by  1  majority,  and  this 
act  is  disputed,  as  secured  by  the  votes  of  2  Republican 
members  of  the  House  afterwards  expelled 19  Sept 

Cincinnatus  H.  Miller  (Joaquin  Miller)  appointed  judge  of  Grant 
county 

Cargo  of  wheat  shipped  from  Oregon  direct  to  Australia  by  the 
bark  Whistler 

Grading  for  Oregon  Central  railroad  begun  at  Portland,  14  Apr. , 
of  the  rival  Oregon  and  California  railroad 16  Apr. 

First  full  cargo  of  wheat  exported  from  Oregon  direct  to  Europe, 
sent  by  Joseph  Watt  to  Liverpool  by  the  Sallie  Brown 

State  Agricultural  college  at  Corvallis  opened 

St.  Helen's  hall,  Portland,  chartered  and  opened 

Legislature  rejects  the  XV. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S.,  and  protests  against  the  treaty  with  China 

Oregon  school  for  deaf-mutes  at  Salem  opened 

Reform  school  at  Portland  established  by  act  of  legislature 

Legislature  rescinds  the  resolution  of  1870,  rejecting  the  XIV.  th 
and  XV. th  Amendments 

Capt.  Jackson,  commissioned  to  remove  the  Modocs  to  a 
reservation,  fights  them  on  Lost  river,  near  Tule  lake, 

29  Nov. 

First  convention  of  the  Oregon  State  Woman's  Suffrage  Associa- 
tion held  at  Portland Feb. 

Oregon  institute  for  the  blind  at  Salem  opened 

Congress  grants  public  lands  in  Oregon  to  construct  a  military 
road  across  the  state,  2  July,  1864;  tiie  legislature  grants 
1920  acres  of  this  for  each  mile  to  be  built  by  the  Oregon 
Central  Military  Road  company,  which  builds  to  the  summit 
of  the  Cascade  mountains  in  1867 ;  the  company  sells  its  lands, 
to  the  Pacific  liand  company  of  San  Francisco 

Oregon  Pioneer  Association  organized 18  Oct. 

State  Board  of  Immigration  created  by  law 28  Oct. 

Oregon  and  Washington  Fish  Propagating  company  incorpo- 
rated; hatching  establishment  near  Oregon  City Apr. 

University  of  Oregon  at  Eugene  City,  chartered  in  1872,  is 
opened 18  Oct. 


1858 
1859 


1864 
1866 


1866 


1867 


1870 

a 

1872 


1873 


1874 
1875 
1876 


ORG  597 

Constitutional  amendment,  that  "  the  elective  franchise  in  this 
state  shall  not  hereafter  be  prohibited  to  any  citizen  on  ac- 
count of  sex,"  passed  and  approved  by  the  governor 1880 

State  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Salem  completed 1883 

Amendment  conferring  the  suffrage  on  women  is  lost;  28.176 

votes  against  to  11, '223  in  favor 2  June,  1884 

Local  Option  bill  passed  by  the  legislature 1885 

State  Normal  school  at  Drai  n  created  by  lav? " 

Bill  passed  creating  a  State  Board  of  Agriculture " 

First  Saturday  in  June  made  a  legal  holiday,  "  Labor  day  ". . .  1887 
State  reform  school  for  juvenile  offenders  established  by  law. .  1889 
State  convention  at  Salem  forms  an  amalgamated  party,  in- 
cluding   Prohibitionists,    Grangers,    Free-traders,    Green- 
backers,  American    Party   men,  Knights   of  Labor,  Union 
Labor,  and  Woman   Suffragists,  under    the    title    "Union 
Party,"  to  oppose  the  Republicans  and  Democrats. .  .14  Sept.     " 
Australian  ballot  law  enacted,  and  State  Board  of  Charities  and 

Correction  established  at  the  session 12  Jan.  to  20  Feb.  1891 

Women  over  21  years  of  age  and  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  and  of 
the  state  made  eligible  to  all  educational  offices 1893 


ORL 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

George  Abernethy appointed 

Joseph  Lane " 

J.  P.  Gaines *<        .'  "  ; ; 

Joseph  Lane u        ..... 

George  L.  Curry ...",.'  " 

John  W.Davis '<        ..... 

George  L.  Curry " 


1846 
1849 


1853 


1854 


STATE   GOVERNORS. 

John  Whiteaker asumes  office 1859 

Addison  C.  Gibbs ''         "      i^q^ 

George  L.  Woods "         "      ....,...'....'.'  1866 

Lafayette  Grover "         "      ..............  1870 

S.  F.  Chadwick acting  .....*.' .' .'  * .' .{ *Feb  1877 

W.W.Thayer assumes  office 1878 

Zenas  Ferry  Moody "         "      ^§32 

Sylvester  Pennoyer,  Dem "          "      ".V. .".'.'.  .ijaii"  1887 

William  Paine  Lord "        "      . . ........ ...  1896 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE   STATE  OF  OREGON. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Remarks. 


'      Delazon  Smith. 
I     Joseph  Lane. . . 


Edward  D.  Baker 

Benjamin  Stark 

Benjamin  F.  Harding. 

James  W.  Nesmith 

George  H.  Williams. . . 

Henry  W.  Corbett 

James  K.  Kelly 

John  H.  Mitchell 

Lafayette  F.  Grover. . . 

James  H.  Slater 

Joseph  N.  Dolph 

John  H.  Mitchell 

George  W.  McBride... 


3oth 
35th  to  37th 

36th 

37th 
37th  to  39th 
37th  "  40th 
39th  "  42d 
40th  "  43d 
42d  "  45th 
43d  "  46th 
45th  "  47th 
46th  "  49th 
47th  "  54th 

48th  "  

54th  "  


1859  to  1860 

1859  "  1861 

1860  "  1861 

1862 
1862  to  1865 

1861  "  1867 
1865  "  1871 
1867  "  1873 
1871  "  1877 
1873  "  1879 
1877  "  1883 
1879  "  1885 
1883  "  1895 

1885  "  

1895  "  


Seated  14  Feb. 

Seated  15  Feb. 

I  Seated  5  Dec.     B.  London,  Engl.,  1811;  killed  at  battle  of  Ball's 
[     Bluff,  Va.,  21  Oct.  186L 

Appointed  in  place  of  Baker. 

Elected  in  place  of  Baker. 


Term  expires  1897. 
Term  expires  1901. 


Org'an,  a  development  of  the  pandean-pipes ;  the  "or- 
gan "  ill  (ien.  iv.  21  should  be  translated  joipe.  The  invention 
is  attributed  to  Archimedes,  about  220  b.c.  ;  and  to  Ctesibius, 
a  barber  of  Alexandria,  about  250  b.c.  The  organ  was  brought 
to  Europe  from  the  Greek  empire,  and  was  applied  to  religiou.s 
devotions  in  churches  about  a.d.  657. — Bellarmin.  Organs 
were  used  in  the  Western  churches  by  pope  Vitalianus  658. — 
Ammonius.  It  is  affirmed  that  the  organ  was  known  in  France 
in  the  time  of  Louis  I.,  815,  when  one  was  constructed  by  an 
Italian  priest.  The  organ  at  Haarlem  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  Europe ;  it  has  60  stops  and  8000  pipes.  At  Seville  is  one 
with  110  stops  and  5300  pipes.  The  organ  at  Amsterdam  has 
a  set  of  pipes  that  imitate  a  chorus  of  human  voices.  Of 
the  organs  in  England,  that  at  St.  George's  hall,  Liverpool, 
by  Mr.  Willis,  was  the  largest;  next  in  order,  that  at  York 
minster,  and  that  in  the  Music-hall,  Birmingham.  In  Lon- 
don, the  largest  was,  perhaps,  that  of  Spitalfields  church ;  and 
that  in  Christ  church  was  nearly  as  extensive.  The  erection 
of  the  famous  Temple  organ  was  competed  for  by  Schmidt  and 
Harris ;  after  long  disputes,  the  question  was  referred  to  vote, 
and  Mr.  Jefferies,  afterwards  chief-justice,  gave  the  casting- 
vote  in  favor  of  Schmidt  (called  father  Smith),  about  1682.  A 
monster  organ  was  erected  in  the  Crystal  palace,  Sydenham, 
in  June,  1857.  The  organ  by  Willis,  at  the  Royal  Albert  hall, 
is  now  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world,  1871.  The  largest 
organ  ever  in  America  was  in  the  Music-hall,  Boston.  It  was 
built  by  Walker,  and  had  4  manuals,  89  stops,  and  4000  pipes. 
Other  organs  in  the  United  States  having  from  2500  to  4000 
pipes  are  those  in  Trinity  and  St.  George's  churches,  New 
York ;  Plymouth  church,  Brooklyn  ;  Holy  Trinity  and  Temple 
Emanuel,  New  York.  These  are  all  the  work  of  American 
builders.     Music. 

org^ailic  Clieini§try.     Chemistry. 

orgies  (Gr.  Opyla),  secret  rites  of  worship  practised  by 
the  initiated  alone,  especially  in  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus.)  These  rites,  celebrated  by  women  clad  in  fawn- 
skins  with  hair  dishevelled,  swinging  the  thyrsus  and  beating 
the  cymbal,  prevailed  in  almost  all  parts  of  ancient  Greece. 
The  celebrants  were  called  Maenads  or  Bacchae.  Their  ecstatic 
enthusiasm  was  accompanied  with  coarse  and  frantic  revels, 
often  of  an  immoral  character. 

Oriel  college,  Oxford,  founded  in  1326,  by  Adam  de 
Brome,  archdeacon  of  Stow,  and  almoner  to  king  Edward  II. 
This  college  derives  its  name  from  a  tenement  called  VOriole, 
on  the  site  of  which  the  building  stands. 


Or'igeili§t§  pretended  to  draw  their  opinions  from  the 
writings  of  Origen  (185-253),  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
and  influential  theologians  of  the  earh'  church.  They  main- 
tained that  Christ  was  the  son  of  God  only  by  adoption  and 
grace  ;  that  souls  were  created  before  the  bodies ;  that  the  sun, 
moon,  stars,  and  the  waters  that  are  under  the  firmament  have 
souls ;  that  the  torments  of  the  damned  shall  have  an  end  ;  and 
that  the  fallen  angels  shall,  after  a  time,  be  restored  to  their 
first  condition.  They  were  condemned  by  councils,  and  the 
reading  of  Origen's  work  was  forbidden. — Burke.  These  doc- 
trines were  condemned  by  the  council  of  Constantinople  in  553. 

"  Origin  of  Species,"  Darwin's.     Literature. 

Ori'on,  in  Greek  mythology  a  giant  and  hunter  noted 
for  his  beauty  and  prowess,  son  of  Hyriens  of  Hyria  in  Boeotia. 
After  his  death  he  was  placed  with  his  hounds  among  the 
stars,  hence  the  name  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful  constella- 
tions in  the  heavens ;  mentioned  in  Job  ix.  9,  xxxviii.  31 ; 
Amos  V.  8  ;  also  by  Homer  and  Hesiod. 

"  Many  a  night  from  yonder  ivied  casement,  ere  I  went  to  rest, 
Did  I  look  on  great  Orion  sloping  slowly  to  the  west." 

Tennyson,  "  Locksley  Hall. " 

OriS'kany,  N.  Y.,  Battle  of.     New  York,  1777. 

Orkliey  and  Shetland  isles,  north  of  Scotland, 
were  conquered  by  Magnus  III.  of  Norway,  1099,  and  were 
ceded  to  James  III.  as  the  dowry  of  his  wife  Margaret,  in 
1469.  The  Orkneys  were  the  ancient  Orcades ;  united  with 
Shetland,  they  now  form  one  of  the  Scotch  counties.  Area, 
957  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891,  Orkney,  30,438;  Shetland,  28,711. 
The  bishopric  of  Orkney,  founded  by  St.  Servanus  early  in 
the  5th  century — some  affirm  by  St.  Colm — ended  with  the 
abolition  of  episcopacy  in  Scotland,  about  1689.  Bishops  iic 
Scotland. 

Orleans  ipr-la-on'),  a  city  in  central  France,  formerly 
Aurelianum :  gave  title  to  a  kingdom,  491,  and  afterwards  to  a 
duchy,  usually  held  by  one  of  the  royal  family.  Attila  the 
Hun,  besieging  it,  was  defeated  by  Aetius  and  his  allies,  451. 
It  was  besieged  by  the  English  under  earls  of  Salisbury  and 
Suffolk,  12  Oct.  1428 ;  bravely  defended  by  Gaucour  (as  its  fall 
would  have  ruined  the  cause  of  Charles  VL,  king  of  France), 
and  relieved  by  the  heroism  of  Joan  of  Arc,  afterwards  sur- 
named  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  29  Apr.  1429,  and  the  siege  was 
raised  18  May.  Joan  of  Arc.  (The  439th  anniversary  was 
celebrated  lo"  May,  1868).  During  the  siege  of  Orleans,  Feb. 
1563,  the  duke  of  Guise  was  assassinated.  Pop.  1891,  63,705. 
Franco- Prussian  war,  11  Oct.,  10  Nov.,  4-5  Dec.  1870. 


ORM  o 

DUKES  OF  ORLEANS. 

Louis  contended  for  the  regency  with  John  the  Fearless,  duke 
of  Burgundy,  by  whose  instigation  ho  was  assassinated 1407 

Charles,  taken  prisoner  at  Agincourt,  1415;  released,  1440;  d..  1465 

Louis,  became  Louis  XII.  of  France,  when  the  duchy  merged 
In  the  crown 1498 

Bourbon  ftrancA. —Philip,  youngest  son  of  Louis  XIII.,  b. 
1040;  d ITOl 

Philip  II.,  son,  b.  1673;  regent,  1715;  d 1723 

Louis,  son,  b.  1703;  d 1752 

Louis  Philippe,  son,  b.  1725;  d 1785 

Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  son,  b.  1747;  opposed  the  court  In  the 
French  revolution;  took  the  name  Egaliti,  11  Sept.  1792; 
voted  for  the  death  of  Louis  XVI. ;  was  guillotined  (Frknch 
Rkvolutio.n) 6  Nov.  1793 

Louis  Philippe,  son,  b.  6  Nov.  1773;  chosen  king  of  the  French, 

9  Aug.  1830 ;  abdicated  24  Fob.  1848;  d 26  Aug.  1850 

[His  quoen,  Marie  Am(5lie,  d.  24  Mch.  1866  (France).] 

Ferdinand  Philippe,  son,  duke  of  Orleans,  b.  3  Sept.  1810;  d. 
through  a  fall 13  July,  1842 

Louis  Philippe,  son,  count  of  Paris,  b.  24  Aug.  1838;  married 
Maria  Isabella,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Montpensier, 

30  May,  1864 
[A  daughter,  Maria  Amelia,  b.  28  Sept.  1865.] 

Demand  of  the  Orleans  princes  to  return  to  France,  19  June, 
refused  by  the  legislative  assembly  after  discussion.  .2  July,  1870 

Their  request  to  serve  in  the  army  after  the  fall  of  the  empire 

declined Sept.     " 

[The  due  de  Chartres  served  incognito.] 

After  discussion,  the  due  d'Aumale  and  the  prince  de  Joinville 
permitted  to  sit  in  the  national  assembly 19  Dec.     " 

Afler  much  discussion,  the  comte  de  Paris  at  a  personal  inter- 
view recognized  the  comte  de  Chambord  as  the  legitimate 

head  of  the  Bourbon  family  and  king  of  France 5  Aug.  1873 

[For  consequent  proceedings,  France,  1873  et  seq] 

Bodies  of  king  Louis  Philippe  and  others  of  his  family  re- 
moved from  England  to  the  mausoleum  at  Dreux. . .  .9  June,  1876 

or'milllllll,  a  metrical  version  of  the  Gospels  and  Acts, 
in  early  English,  made  by  Orm,  an  ecclesiastic,  in  the  12th 
century,  printed  at  Oxford  in  1852,  from  a  MS.  in  the  Bod- 
leian library.     Liteuature. 

ornithorog^y.    Birds. 

ornithorhyn'cllUS,  the  duck-billed  platypus,  or 
water-mole,  a  singular  compound  of  the  mammal  and  the  bird, 
a  native  of  Australia,  was  first  described  by  dr.  Shaw  in  1819. 

orphan-houses.  The  emperor  Trajan  first  formed 
establishments  for  this  purpose.  Pliny  relates  in  his  pane- 
gyric that  he  had  caused  5000  free-born  children  to  be  sought 
out  and  educated,  about  105  a.d.  Orphan-houses  properly  so 
called  are  mentioned  for  the  first  time  in  the  laws  of  the  em- 
peror Justinian.  At  the  court  of  Byzantium  the  office  of  in- 
spector of  orphans,  orphanotrophos,  was  so  honorable  that  it 
was  held  by  the  brother  of  the  emperor  Michael  IV.  in  the 
11th  century.     Foundling  hospitals. 

Orphanotropheon  at  Halle,  established  by  August  Francke.  .1698-99 
Orphan  working  asylum  for  20  boys  was  established  at  Hox- 
ton  in  1758.     It  is  now  situated  at  Haverstock  hill,  and  con- 
tains 350  boys  and  girls. 
Asylum  for  female  orphans,  Lambeth;  removed  to  Bedding- 
ton,  near  Croydon;  instituted 1758 

London  orphan  asylum,  founded  1813;  removed  to  Clapton, 
1823;  new  building  at  Watford,  founded  by  the  prince  of 

Wales,  13  July,  1869;  opened 20  July,  1871 

First  orphan  asylum  in  U.S., called  "Bethesda,"  founded  about 

9  miles  from  Savannah,  Ga.,  by  George  Whitefleld 1740 

Second  was  the  Charleston  orphan  asylum,  Charleston,  S.  C. ..  1792 
Orphan  Asylum  Society  of  New  York,  and  St.  Stephen's  female 

orphan  asylum  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  chartered 1807 

Next  founded  was  at  Annapolis,  Md 1828 

They  have  rapidly  increased  (see  the  states  separately)  since. .  1840 

or'rery,  a  planetary  machine  to  illustrate  and  explain 
the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  appears  to  have  been  co- 
eval with  the  Clepsydra.  Ptolemy  devised  the  circles  and 
epicycles  that  distinguish  his  system  about  130.  The  plan- 
etary clock  of  Finee  was  begun  1553.  The  planetarium  of 
De  Rheita  was  formed  about  1650.  The  planetarium,  now 
termed  the  orrery,  it  is  said,  was  constructed  by  Rowley,  after 
a  pattern  devised  by  the  clock-maker  George  Graham,  at  the 
expense  of  Charles  Boyle,  earl  of  Orrery,  about  1715.  A  large 
planetarium  was  constructed  by  the  rev.  William  Pearson,  for 
the  Royal  Institution,  London,  about  1803.  An  excellent 
planetarium,  constructed  in  London  by  signor  N.  Perini,  was 
exhibited  in  Dec.  1879. 

Orsini's  plot  against  the  emperor  Napoleon  III. 
France,  Jan.  1858. 

0§ceo'la,  chief  of  the  Seminoles.  Florida  ;  United 
States,  1835. 


J  OTT 

Oi'inllinifOne  of  the  heaviest-known  metals,  discovered 
in  platinum  ore  by  Tennant  in  1803.     Elements. 

OmIcIIcI  mailifCMtO.  For  the  purpose  of  promoting 
negotiations  with  Spain  for  the  purchase  of  Cuba  by  the  United 
States,  Soul6,  the  American  minister  to  Spain  (empowered  to 
negotiate  for  the  purchase  of  Cuba),  Mason,  minister  to  France, 
and  Buchanan,  to  England,  met  at  Ostend,  Belgium,  9  Oct.  1854, 
and  after  3  days'  session  adjourned  to  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and 
thence  wrote  to  the  U.  S.  government,  18  Oct.  1854,  their  views 
of  the  polic}'  of  the  U.  S. :  That,  as  Spanish  oppression  in  Cuba 
was  such  that  Cuba  would  speedily  resort  to  arms  to  free  her- 
self, (1)  the  U.  S.  should  offer  Spain  for  Cuba  a  sum  not  to  ex- 
ceed $120,000,000;  and  (2)  in  event  of  Spain's  refusal  to  sell, 
the  U.  S.  would  be  justified  in  taking  possession  of  Cuba  by 
force.  This  proposition  passed  unrebuked  by  the  government 
at  Washington ;  but  pres.  Pierce  did  not  think  it  prudent  to 
act  upon  the  advice,  and  Soule,  disgusted,  soon  after  resigned 
and  returned  home. 

OlS'traciiin  (Gr.  mrpaKov,  a  potsherd  or  shell),  a  mode 
of  proscription  at  Athens,  is  said  to  have  been  first  introduced 
by  the  tyrant  Hippias ;  others  ascribe  it  to  Cleisthenes,  about 
510  B.C.  The  people  wrote  the  names  of  those  whom  they 
most  suspected  upon  small  shells ;  these  they  put  in  an  urn 
or  box  and  presented  to  the  senate.  Upon  a  scrutiny,  he 
whose  name  was  oftenest  written  was  sentenced  by  the  coun- 
cil to  be  banished  from  his  altar  and  hearth.  6000  votes  were 
required.  Aristides,  noted  for  his  justice,  and  Miltiades,  for  his 
victories,  were  thus  ostracized.  The  custom  was  abolished  by 
ironically  proscribing  Hyperbolus,  a  mean  person,  about  338  b.c. 

0§trich,  a  very  large  bird  of  the  genus  Struthio  (its 
ancient  name),  a  native  of  Africa  (see  Job  xxxix.  13).  Os- 
triches were  hatched  and  reared  at  San  Donato,  near  Florence, 
1859-60 ;  and  at  Tresco  abbey,  the  seat  of  Augustus  Smith,  in 
the  Scilly  isles,  1866.  There  are  several  ostrich  ranches  in 
California  where  ostriches  are  reared  with  success. 

0§'trogOth§  or  Eastern  Ooth§,  were  distin- 
guished  from  the  Visigoths  (Western  Goths)  about  330.  Af- 
ter ravaging  eastern  Europe,  Thrace,  etc.,  their  great  leader, 
Theodoric,  established  a  kingdom  in  Italy,  which  lasted  from 
493  to  553.     Italy. 

0§troIeil'ka,  a  town  of  Poland.  Near  here  the 
French  defeated  the  Prussians,  16  Feb.  1807.  In  another  bat- 
tle here,  between  the  Poles  and  Russians,  the  slaughter  was 
immense,  but  the  Poles  remained  masters  of  the  field,  26  Mav, 
1831. 

Oswe'gO,  a  city  of  New  York,  southeastern  shore  of 
lake  Ontario.  Pop.  1891,  21,842.  Fort  Ontario;  New 
York,  1722,  1756,  1814. 

Otahei'te  or  Tahiti  (ta-hee'-tee),  one  of  the  group 
of  the  Society  islands  in  the  south  Pacific  ocean,  seen  by 
Byron  in  1765,  and  visited  in  1767  by  capt.  Wallis,  who  called 
it  George  III.  island.  Capt.  Cook  came  here  in  1768  to  ob- 
serve the  transit  of  Venus ;  sailed  around  the  island  in  a  boat, 
and  stayed  3  months ;  he  visited  it  twice  afterwards.  Cook. 
Omai,  a  native  of  this  island,  was  brought  to  England  by 
Cook,  and  carried  back  in  his  last  voj'age.  In  1799  king 
Pomare  ceded  the  district  of  Matavai  to  some  English  mis- 
sionaries. Queen  Pomare  was  compelled  to  put  herself  under 
the  protection  of  France,  9  Sept.  1843.  She  retracted,  and 
Otaheite  and  the  neighboring  islands  were  taken  possession 
of  by  adm.  Dupetit-Thouars  in  the  name  of  the  French  king, 
Nov.  1843.  The  island  was  formally  annexed  to  France  29 
June,  1880.     Area,  412  sq.  miles;  pop.  11,200. 

O'theoSCOpe  (Gr.  ojOku),  I  propel),  apparatus  invented 
by  W.  Crookes  for  studying  molecular  motion,  the  effects  of 
radiation ;  described  bj'  him  Apr.  1877. 

Ot'tawa,  formerly  BytOWn,  a  city  of  Ontario,  on 
the  river  Ottawa,  was  appointed  to  be  the  capital  of  Canada 
by  queen  Victoria  in  Aug.  1858.  The  executive  council  met 
here  22  Nov.  1865,  and  the  Canadian  parliament  was,  for  the 
first  time,  opened  here  bv  the  gov.-gen.  lord  Monck,  on  8  June, 
1866.     Pop.  1871,  21,545 ;  1890,  44,150. 

Ottawa§.     Indians  ;  Pontiac's  war. 

Otterburn,  a  township  of  Northumberland.  In  1388  the 


OTT 


599 


OXY 


Scotch  besieged  Newcastle,  and  were  driven  off  by  Henry  Percy 
(Hotspur),  son  of  the  earl  of  Northumberland.  Percy  pursued 
them  to  Otterburn,  where  a  battle  was  fought  on  10  Aug.,  in 
■which  the  earl  of  Douglas  was  killed  and  Percy  taken  prison- 
er.    On  this  battle  the  ballad  of  "  Chevy  Chace  "  is  founded. 

Ottoman  empire.    Turkey. 

Ollde   iowd)  or   Oudh,  N.  India,  formerly  a  vice- 
royalty  held  by  the  vizier  of  the  great  mogul.     About  1760  it 
was  seized  by  the  vizier  Sujah-ud-Dowlah,  ancestor  of  the 
late  king.     Area,  24,246  sq.  miles  ;  pop.  1891, 12,652,730. 
Battle  of  Buxar;  Sujah  and  his  ally,  Meer  Cossim,  are  defeated, 

and  the  Britisli  coutrol  Oude 23  Oct.  1764 

Reign  of  Asoph-ud-nowlah,who  cedes  Benares,  etc.,  to  the  East 

India  company,  who  place  troops  in  Oude  (Chunar) 1775-81 

In  consequence  (by  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  1801),  Oude  is  an- 
nexed to  the  British  territories  by  decree,  proclaimed  7  Feb.  1856 

Olldenarde',  a  town  of  Belgium.  Here  the  English 
and  allies,  under  the  duke  of  Marlborough  and  prince  Eugene, 
thoroughly  defeated  the  French  besiegers,  11  July,  1708. 

ounce  (from  undo),  the  16th  part  of  the  pound  avoir- 
dupois and  12th  of  the  pound  troy.  Its  precise  weight  was 
fixed  by  Henry  III.,  who  decreed  that  an  English  ounce  should 
be  640  dry  grains  of  wheat ;  that  12  of  these  ounces  should  be 
a  pound  ;  and  that  8  pounds  should  be  a  gallon  of  wine,  1233. 
Metric  system. 

Ourique  (oo-reeF),  a  town  of  Portugal,  where  Alfonso, 
count  or  duke  of  Portugal,  is  said  to  have  encountered  5  Sara- 
cen kings  and  a  great  army  of  Moors,  25  July,  1 139,  an  1  signally 
defeated  them ;  and  then  to  have  been  hailed  the  first  king. 
Lisbon,  the  capital,  was  taken,  and  he  soon  after  was  crowned. 

OVariOt'omy.  This  important  surgical  operation  of 
removing  the  fetus  from  the  womb  was  devised  an<l  first  per- 
formed by  dr.  E.  McDowell,  of  Kentucky,  1809.  His  cases 
amounted  to  13,  with  8  recoveries. — Z>?\  D,  H.  Agnew's  "  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  Surgery,"  vol.  ii.  p.  803.     Surgery. 

ovation,  public  ceremonies  held  to  honor  an  individual. 
In  Roman  antiquity,  when  a  victory  had  been  gained  with 
little  difficulty  or  the  like,  a  lesser  triumph  was  granted  called 
ovaiio,  in  which  the  general  entered  the  city  on  foot  or  on 
horseback  crowned  with  myrtle  and  not  with  laurel,  and  sacri- 
ficed a  sheep  (ovis,  whence  the  name),  instead  of  a  bullock. 
Publius  Posthumius  Tubertus  was  the  first  who  was  decreed 
an  ovation,  503  b.c. 

overland  mail.  California;  Missouri,  1858; 
United  States. 

Owhy'liee.     Hawaii. 

OXal'ie  acid,  which  exists  in  several  plants,  especially 
in  sorrel,  is  now  abundantly  obtained  for  use  in  the  arts  from 
sawdust  acted  upon  by  caustic  potash  or  soda,  according  to 
dr.  Dale's  process,  patented  in  1862. 

Oxford,  an  ancient  city  of  England,  restored  by  king 
Alfred,  who  resided  here  and  established  a  mint,  etc.,  about  879. 

Canute  held  a  national  council  here 1018 

Stormed  by  William  1 1067 

Charter  by  Henry  II.,  the  city  granted  to  burgesses  by  John. .  1199 

1  Henry  III.  holds  the  "  mad  "  parliament  here 1258 

;  Bishops  Ridley  and  Latimer  burned  here,  16  Oct.  1555;  and 

;     archbishop  Cranmer 21  Mch.  1556 

i  Fatal  (or  Black)  Oxford  assizes;  the  high-sheriflf  and  300 others 

j     died  of  a  jail  fever  caught  from  prisoners 1557 

!  Charles  I.  took  Oxford,  1642,  and  held  a  parliament  here 1644 

:  Taken  by  the  parliament 24  June,  1646 

[Charles  II.  held  parliaments  here 1665  and  1681 

1    Oxford  marble§.    Arundelian  marbles. 

Oxford  univer§ity.  An  academy  here  is  described 
as  ancient  by  pope  Martin  II.  in  a  deed,  802.  Alfred  founded 
*'  the  schools  "  aboivt  879. 

Charter  granted  by  Henry  III 1248 

Charter  of  Edward  III.,  1355;  of  Henry  VIII 1510 

University  incorporated  by  Elizabeth 1570 

Empowered  to  send  2  members  to  Parliament 1604 

Bodleian  library  opened,  8  Nov.  1602;  building  completed 1613 

Botanic  garden,  etc.,  established  by  the  earl  of  Danby 1622 

Radcliffe  library  opened,  13  Apr.  1749;  the  Radclifl'e  observa- 
tory completed 1786 

i  commission  appointed  (31  Aug.  1850)  to  inquire  into  its  "state, 

studies,  discipline,  and  revenues;"  reported 27  Apr.  1852 

\cts  making  alterations  passed 1854,  1856 

Jniversity  museum  opened July,  1860 

^Examination  statutes  passed 1801,  1807, 1850,  1862 


Extension  of  the  university  proposed  at  a  meeting  held  16  Nov.  1865 

University  tests  abolished  by  act  passed 16  June,  1871 

Royal  commission  to  inquire  respecting  university  property, 
etc.,  appointed 6  Jan.  1872 

Income  in  1871  reported  to  be— university,  47,589i.  Os.  3d. ;  col- 
leges and  halls,  366,253^.  16s.  3d. ;  total,413,842i.  16s.  6d.,  Oct.  1874 

Hebdomadal  board  reported  that  about  100,000Z.  was  needed 
for  education  in  science June,  1875 

Lord  Ilchester's  bequest  to  promote  the  study  of  Slavonian  lit- 
erature, especially  Polish ;  first  lectures  given May,     " 

New  commission  appointed  (lords  Selborne  and  Redesdale, 
Montague  Bernard,  sir  M.  W.  Ridley,  dean  Burgon,  and  jus- 
tice Grove) ;  announced 27  Mch.  1876 

Oxford  University  bill  withdrawn,  July,  1876;  the  Universities 
act  passed lo  Aug.  1877 

Commission  publish  a  new  scheme  for  professors,  etc.,  very 
restrictive 2  Nov.  1880 

Statute  admitting  women  to  examination  passed 29  Apr.  1884 

COLLEGES. 
University,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  king  Alfred.  872; 

founded  by  William,  archdeacon  of  Durham about  1232 

Balliol,  founded  by  John  Baliol,  knight  (father  to  Baliol,  king 

of  the  Scots),  and  Deborah,  his  wife 1263 

Merton  college,  by  Walter  de  Merton,  bishop  of  Rochester 1264 

Exeter,  by  Walter  Stapleton,  bishop  of  Exeter 1314 

Oriel  college,  by  king  Edward  II. ;  Adam  de  Brome,  archdea- 
con of  Stowe 1326 

Queen's  college,  by  Robert  de  Eglesfleld,  clerk,  confessor  to 

queen  Philippa,  consort  of  Edward  III 1340 

New  college,  by  William  of  Wykeham,  bishop  of  Winchester; 
first  called  St.  Mary  of  Winchester,  founded  1379;  occupied 
1386  (500th  anniversary  celebrated  14  Oct.  1879). 
All-Souls'  college,  by  Henry  Chlchely,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury   1437 

Magdalen,  by  William  of  Waynflete,  bishop  of  Winchester 1456 

Lincoln  college,  by  Richard  Fleming,  1427;  finished  by  Rother- 

ham,  bishop  of  Lincoln 1479 

Brazenose,  by  William  Smyth,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  sir  Rich- 
ard Sutton 1509 

Corpus  Christi,  by  Richard  Fox,  bishop  of  Winchester 1516 

Christ  church,  by  cardinal  W^olsey,  1525;  and  afterwards  by 

Henry  VIII 1532 

Trinity,  by  sir  Thomas  Pope,  on  the  basis  of  a  previous  insti- 
tution called  Durham  college 1554 

St.  John's,  by  sir  Thomas  Whyte,  lord  mayor  of  London 1555 

Jesus  college,  by  dr.  Hugh  Price  and  queen  Elizabeth 1571 

Wadham,  by  Nicholas  Wadham,  and  Dorothy,  his  wife 1613 

Pembroke,  by  Thomas  Teesdale  and  Richard  Wightwick,  clerk,  1624 
Worcester,  by  sir  Thomas  Coke,  of  Beutley,  in  Worcestershire; 

it  was  originally  called  Gloucester  college 1714 

Keble  college ;  first  stone  laid  by  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 

25  Apr.  1868;  consecrated ...23  June,  1870 

Hertford  college,  1312 ;  dissolved  in  1805,  and  a  Hertford  schol- 
arship appointed;  revived,  and  Magdalen  hall  incorporated 

with  it 1874 

Indian  institute  founded 1879 

HALLS  (not  incorporated). 

St.  Edmund's 1269 

St.  Mary's 1333 

New  Inn  hall 1392 

St.  Mary  Magdalen  (incorporated  with  Hertford  college,  1874).  1487 

St.  Alban's 1547 

First  professorships. — Divinity  (Margaret),  1502;  Divinity,  Law, 
Medicine,  Hebrew,  Greek,  1540,  etc. 

Number  of  undergraduates,  1893 3,197 

Members  of  the  convocation,  1893 6,087 

"       on  the  book,  1893 12,165 

Matriculated,  1865 524 

"  1875 718 

"  1891 802 

DEGREES    CONFERRED. 
L  I  M.D.  I  B.M.    B.D. 

1  4    I    7 

2  2       .. 
I    6     I    2    !    9 

— Oxford  University  Calendar,  1893. 

Oxford'§    assault   on    queen   Tietoria. 

Edward  Oxford,  a  youth  who  had  been  a  servant  in  a  public- 
house,  discharged  2  pistols  at  queen  Victoria  and  prince  Al- 
bert, as  they  were  proceeding  up  Constitution  hill  in  an  open 
phaeton  from  Buckingham  palace,  10  June,  1840.  He  stood 
within  a  few  yards  of  the  carriage,  but  no  one  was  injured. 
Oxford  was  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey  (10  July),  was  adjudged 
insane,  and  sent  first  to  Bethlehem  hospital,  next  to  Broad- 
moor; and  set  at  liberty  in  1868,  on  condition  of  going  abroad. 

Ox'US  (the  Persian  and  Turkish  Djihoun;  local  name, 
Amou  Darya),  a  river  of  central  Asia;  supposed  to  have 
changed  its  course  before  1000  a.d.,  and  to  have  resumed  its 
ancient  bed  in  1878. 

OX'ygen,  a  gas  (named  from  the  Gr.  o^vg,  sharp,  and  the 
root  yev-,  produce,  as  it  was  long  supposed  to  be  the  essential 
element  of  acids),  is  the  most  abundant  of  all  substances,  con- 


1865. 
1875. 
189L 


M.A 

B.A. 

D.D. 

DC.L 

M.D. 

|B.M. 

B.D. 

B.C.L. 

B.M. 

343 

297 

5 

15 

1 

4 

7 

4 

3 

294 

394 

2 

11 

2 

2 

2 

5 

1  392 

521 

12 

10 

6 

2 

9 

12 

14 

B.Mu 
6 
11 
11 


600 


stituting  about  one-third  of  the  solid  earth,  and  forming  about 
nine-tenths  «»f  water  and  one-fifth  of  the  atmosphere.     It  was 
first  separated  from  red  oxide  of  mercury  by  Priestley,  1  Aug. 
1774,  and  by  Scheele,  who  was  ignorant  of  Priestley's  discov- 
erj*,  in  1776.    It  is  a  supporter  of  animal  life  (in  respiration) 
and  of  combustion.     An  oxygen-gas  company  was  announced 
in  Dec.  1864,  its  object  being  the  cheap  manufacture  of  oxygen 
for  it^  application  to  the  production  of  perfect  combustion  in 
lamps,  stoves,  furnaces,  etc.     Oxygen  was  liquefied  by  Kaoul 
Pictet  at  Geneva  (pressure,  320  atmospheres,  temp.  —140  C), 
22  Dec.  1877.     Air,  Gas,  Ozone,  Water,  etc. 
A  statue  of  Joseph  T*riestley,  1733-1804,  at  Birmingham,  was 
unveiled  by  prof.  T.  H.  Huxley,  1  Aug.  1874,  the  centenary  of 
the  discovery  of  oxygen.    This  was  also  celebrated  at  Nor- 
thumberland, Pa.,  where  he  was  buried,  Feb.  1804,  having 
left  England  1794,  and  settled  at  Northumberland. 
A  method  of  obtaining  oxygen  from  air  devised  and  patented 
by  M.  Margis,  of  Paris.    The  principle  is  that  of  dialysis,  or 

diffusion  under  pressure  (Gas,  liquefaction) Sept.  1882 

Prof.  Dewar  obtained  2  cubic  centimetres  (one-tenth  of  a 
fluid  oz.)  of  liquid  oxygen  by  means  of  liquid  ethylene  (the 
Illuminating  part  of  coal  gas),  temp.  —140  C.  (by  Wroblewski 
and  Olzewski's  method)  at  the  Royal  institution,  London, 

26  June,  1884 
He  first  exhibited  solid  oxygen  in  the  form  of  snow  (tempera- 
ture —200  C.)  produced  by  placing  liquid  oxygen  in  a  partial 

vacuum,  at  the  Royal  institution 27  May,  1886 

Prof.  Dewar  exhibited  between  300  to  400  centimetres  liquid  oxy- 
gen at  the  Faraday  centenary,  26  June,  1891.  The  feeble  mag- 
netism of  oxygen,  demonstrated  by  Faraday,  was  shown  by  prof. 
Dewar  to  be  greatly  increased  when  reduced  to  the  liquid  state 
by  a  temperature  of  — 180  C. ;  announced  10  Dec.  1891.  Some 
liquid  oxygen  placed  in  the  magnetic  field  sprang  to  the  poles 
and  adhered  to  them  till  evaporated  ;  this  was  publicly  shown 
by  the  professor  at  the  Royal  institution,  10  June,  1892.     Sev- 


PAD 

oral  pints  of  liquid  oxygen  and  liquid  air  were  tlion  produced  i\ 
the  presence  of  the  audience. 

€>y§ter  (the  Lat.  Ostrea  edulis).  British  oysters  are  eel 
ebrated  by  the  Roman  satirist  Juvenal  {Sat.  iv.  140),  abou 
100. 

OZOR'erit,  a  mineral  hydro-carbon  found  in  Moldavii 
and  Wallachia.  From  it  is  distilled  a  substance  suitable  fo 
making  candles;  introduced  in  the  autumn  of  1871. 

O'ZOlie  (from  Gr.  o^hv,  to  yield  an  odor)  was  discovere( 
by  Schonbein  of  Basel  in  1840,  when  experimenting  with  th( 
then  newl}'  invented  battery  of  sir  William  Grove,  and  wa 
recognized  by  him  successively  as  a  minute  constituent  of  th( 
oxygen  gas  resulting  from  the  electrolysis  of  water  effecte( 
by  a  current  of  high  tension ;  of  air  or  oxygen,  through  whicl 
electric  discharges  have  taken  place;  and  of  air  in  whicl 
moist  phosphorus  has  been  undergoing  slow  oxidation. 
Marignac  determined  the  action  of  ozone  on  various  substances 

to  be  due  to  oxidation 184| 

Ozonometers  constructed 

M.  Schonbein  announced  hisdiscovery  of  another  modification 
of  oxygen,  which  he  termed  antozone,  hitherto  found  only  in 
the  compound  state  (in  peroxides  of  sodium,  potassium,  etc. ),  1851 
French  Academy  of  Sciences  appointed  a  committee  to  in- 
quire into  the  nature  and  relations  of  ozone 4  Dec. 

Andrews  and  Tait  demonstrated  ozone  to  be  a  condensed  form 

of  oxygen i860. 

This  further  established  by  Soret  and  Brodie,  by  quantitative 
reactions.     (Odling  suggested  and  Brodie  proved  ozone  to 

be  3  molecules  of  oxygen  in  the  space  of  2) 187! 

Ozone,  generated  by  a  current  produced  by  Wilde's  magneto- 
electric  machine,  employed   to   bleach  sugar,  by   Edward 

Beane's  patent Aug.  18( 

Liquefied  by  Hautefeuille  and  Chappuis Oct.  1 


P,  the  16th  letter  and  12th  consonant  of  the  English  al- 
phabet, known  to  the  Greeks,  Phoenicians,  and  Egyptians. 

Pacific  ocean.  America, Balboa, Magellan;  Ocean. 

Pacific  railroadi. 

Senate  committee  reports  favorably  Asa  Whitney's  bill  for 
northern  railway  to  the  Pacific  (Whitney  was  a  merchant  of 
New  York  city,  zealous  for  such  a  road);    senator  Benton 

speaks  against  it ;  tabled  by  the  Senate,  27  to  21 1848 

Again  agitated  by  Whitney  without  success 1849 

Benton  introduces  a  Pacific  railroad  bill  into  Congress " 

Act  providing  for  surveys  passed Mch.  1853 

UNION  PACIFIC  AND  CENTRAL,  PACIFIC. 
Bill  passes  the  House,  6  May,  1862,  79  to  49;  Senate,  20  June,  35  to  5; 
approved  2  July,  granting  as  subsidies  6  per  cent,  gold  bonds,  to 
the  Union  Pacific,  $16,000  per  mile  for  the  great  plain  west  from 
Omaha;  $48,000  per  mile  for  150  miles  over  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains; $32,000  per  mile  for  the  remainder;  in  all  1034  miles, 
$27,236,512.  For  the  Central  Pacific,  $16,000.  $48,000,  and  $:{2,- 
000  per  mile:  in  all  883  miles,  $27,855,562.  Each  company  also 
received  12,800  acres  land  per  mile  of  road,  in  all  25,000,000  acres, 
by  a  subsequent  act,  2  July.  1864.  The  companies  were  allowed 
to  issue  an  equal  amount  of  their  own  bonds,  which  were  to  be  a 
first  lien  on  the  road,  the  government  bonds  the  second.  Time 
fixed  for  opening,  1  July.  1876;  opened  10  May,  1869.  General 
direction  nearly  east  and  west  on  40th  degree  of  latitude. 

1865 40 

1866 265 

Miles  built  by  the  Union  Pacific -|  1867 245 

(8 350 

i9 134 


Miles  built  by  the  Central  Pacific. 


1865. 
1866. 
1867. 


Total 1034 

56 


Total 743     " 

Sacramento  to  San  Francisco 140    " 

Grand  total 1917    " 

NORTHERN  PACIFIC. 
Charter  granted,  2  July,  1864,  and  subsidies;  from  lake  Superior  to 
Puget  sound,  1800  miles,  and  thence  to  the  Columbia  river,  200 
miles;  land  granted  to  this  railroad  was  47,000.000  acres  or  73,000 
sq.  miles.  Road  to  be  finished  4  July,  1879 ;  commenced  July,  1870 ; 
company  became  embarrassed  in  1873;  ceased  work;  reorganized 
1875;  time  extended;  finished  9  Sept.  1883;  last  spike  driven  by 
Henry  Villard  on  the  Pacific  slope,  50  miles  west  of  Helena,  Mon. 


Great  Northern  extension,  from  Pacific  Junction,  Montana,  to 
Lowell,  on  Puget  sound  (the  5th  transcontinental  line)  com- 
pleted  6  Jan.  1893 

ATLANTIC   AND   PACIFIC. 

Chartered  27  July,  1866.  From  Springfield,  Mo.,  to  the  Pacific, 
nearly  on  35th  degree  of  latitude,  in  all  a  distance  of  nearly  2000 
miles.  The  land  granted  to  this  road  was  12,800  acres  per  mile 
in  the  states  and  25,000  acres  per  mile  in  the  territories,  in  all 
42,000,000  acres. 

SOUTHERN  PACIFIC. 

Chartered  3  Mch.  1871,  extending  from  Marshall,  Tex.,  to  El  Paso, 
thence  through  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  to  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  along 
32d  degree  of  latitude.  The  land  grant  the  same  per  mile  as  the 
others. 

Pacification,  Edicts  of,  a  name  given  to  edicts  of 
toleration  granted  by  the  French  kings  to  the  Protestants. 
Ghent. 
First  edict,  by  Charles  IX.,  permitting  the  reformed  religion 

near  all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  realm Jan.  1562 

Reformed  worship  permitted  in  the  houses  of  lords  justiciaries, 

and  certain  other  persons Mch.  1563 

These  edicts  revoked,  and  all  Protestant  ministers  ordered  to 

quit  France  in  15  days 1568 

Edict  allowing  lords  and  others  to  have  service  in  their  houses, 

and  granting  public  service  in  certain  towns 1570 

[In  Aug.  1572,  the  same  monarch  authorized  the  massacre 

of  St.  Bartholomew  (Bartholomew).] 
Edict  of  Pacification  by  Henry  III.,  Apr. ;  revoked,  Dec.  1576; 

renewed  for  6  years Oct.  1577 

[Several  edicts  were  published  against  the  Protestants  after 

the  6  years  expired.] 

Edict  of  Henry  IV. ,  renewing  that  of  Oct.  1577 1591 

Edict  of  Nantes  by  Henry  IV 13  Apr.  1598 

Pacification  of  Nismes 14  July,  1629 

padlock,  a  portable  lock  that,  with  hasp  and  staple, 
fastens  a  door,  gate,  etc.;  said  to  have  been  invented  br 
Beecher  at  Nuremberg,  1540,  but  mentioned  much  earlier. 

Pad'ua,  the  Roman  Patavium,  in  Venetia,  N.  Italy,  a 
city  said  to  have  been  founded  bj'  An  tenor  soon  after  the  fall 
of  Troy,  1183  b.c.  It  flourished  under  the  Romans.  Patavian 
Latin  was  considered  inelegant,  and  is  traced  by  some  critics 
in  Livy,  a  native  of  Padua.  After  being  an  independent  re- 
public, and  a  member  of  the  Lombard  league,  Padua  was  ruled 
by  the  Carrara  family  from  1318,  with  a  short  interruption,  till 
1405,  when  it  was  seized  b}'  the  Venetians.  The  university 
was  founded  about  1220.     It  was  closed  through  disturbances, 


PAG 


601 


1848-50.  Pop.  1881,  47,334.  Scene  of  Shakespeare's  "The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

'■'■  Hortensio.  What  happy  gale 

Blows  you  to  Padua  here,  from  old  Verona?" 

—Act  i.  sc.  ii. 

pag^a.ll§  (Lat. paganus,  belonging  to  a  district  or  canton), 
a  name  given  by  the  early  Christian  church  to  all  not  accept- 
ing its  doctrine ;  so  called  because  the  villagers  and  country- 
men long  remained  unconverted.  The  word  now  means  the 
heathen,  worshippers  of  idols  in  general.  Constantine  ordered 
the  pagan  temples  to  be  destroyed  throughout  the  Roman  em- 
pire, 331 ;  his  nephew,  Julian,  attempted  their  restoration,  361 ; 
but  paganism  was  renounced  by  the  Roman  senate  in  388, 
and  finally  overthrown  in  the  reign  of  Theodosius  the  younger, 
about  391. 

painting'.    The  art  of  laying  on,  or  reproducing  objects 
by,  colors.     Osymandyas  (in  Egypt)  caused  his  exploits  to  be 
represented  in  painting,  2100  b.c. — Usher. 
Polygnotus  of  Athens  paints  in  outline  in  4  unshaded  colors  on   b.c. 

a  colored  ground about    460 

Zeaxis  of  Heraclea  and  Parrhasius  of  Ephesus  flourish. .  .about  400 
Pausias  of  Sicyon  invents  the  process  .of  encaustics. .  .about  360-330 
Apelles,  most  celebrated  for  his  painting  of  Venus,  "Aphrodite 

Emerging  from  the  Waves,"  flourishes about    332 

AntiphilUf,  an  Egyptian,  reputed    inventor  of  the  grotesque 

(Pliny) " 

Art   introduced  at  Rome  from  Etruria  by  Quintus  Fabius, 

styled  Pictor  [Livy) 291 

A.D. 

Painting  on  canvas  said  to  have  been  known  at  Rome 66 

Council  of  Constantinople  replaces  the  lamb,  former  symbol  of 

our  Lord  in  painting,  by  the  man  Christ 692 

*' Achirotapeton"  or  "picture  made  without  hands,"  held 
authentic  by  the  Romish  church,  placed  in  the  chapel  of  the 

Sancta  Sanctorum 752 

Art  of  miniature  painting,  imperfect  among  the  Greeks,  is  ap- 
plied to  Christian  uses  in  the  4th  century,  and  practised  ex- 
tensively by  the  Byzantine  school about    800 

Painting  on  glass  practised  in  France  and  Germany about  1100 

Guido  of  Sienna,  first  recognized  Italian  painter,  paints  the 

"Enthroned  Madonna  "  in  church  of  San  Domenico 1221 

Period  of  the  "  Renaissance,"  culminating  with  Michael  Angelo 

and  Raphael,  begins about  1400 

Jan  van  Eyck  of  Flanders,  by  mixing  colors  in  oil  and  resin, 

supersedes  drying  in  the  sun about  1415 

Masaccio  (Tommaso  Guidi),  pioneer  of  realists,  and  leader  in 

the  study  of  the  nude,  flourishes about  1425 

j  Andrea  Mantegna,  the  first  artist  who  engraved  his  own  works, 

i      born  near  Padua 1431 

The  Last  Supper"  (known  by  Raphael  Morghen's  engraving), 
on  the  refectory  wall  of  the  old  convent  of  Santa  Maria  della 

Grazie,  Milan,  completed  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci 1498 

The  Assumption  of  the  Virgin  "  in  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts,  Venice,  was  painted  by  Titian  for  an  altar-piece  in  the 

church  of  Santa  Maria  de  Frari 1516 

The  Transfiguration,"  now  in  the  Vatican,  was  left  by  Raphael 

unfinished  at  his  death 1520 

The  Nativity  "  or  "  Santa  Notte,"  in  the  Dresden  gallery,  was 
painted  for  Alberto  Pratonieri  by  Correggio  and  finished. . . .  1527 
The  Last  Judgment,"  a  fresco  by  Michael  Angelo  over  the 

i     altar  of  the  Sistine  chapel  at  Rome,  completed 1541 

j  "The  Descent  from  the  Cross,"  in  the  church  of  San  Triniti  de 

Monti  at  Rome,  by  Daniel  da  Vol  terra,  who  lived 1509-66 

i  Jacopa  da  Ponte,  the  first  Italian  genre-painter,  d 1592 

'  "The  Last  Communion  of  St.  Jerome,"  in  the  Vatican,  made 
for  the  monks  of  Ara  Cceli  by  Domenichino,  who  lived, 

1581-1641 
"The  Aurora,"  one  of  the  best-preserved  frescos  in  Italy,  on 
ceiling  of  the  Rospigliosi  palace,  Rome,  by  Guido  Reni;  fin- 
ished  about  1610 

"The  Portrait  of  Beatrice  Cenci,"  in  the  Barberini  collection 

at  Rome,  ascribed  to  Guido  Reni about  1600-10 

"The  Descent  from  the  Cross,"  in  the  Antwerp  cathedral,  the 
chef-d'oeuvre  of  Flemish  art,  was  painted  by  Rubens, 

about  1610-15 
"The  Immaculate  Conception,"  in  the  Salon  Carrg  of  the 

;    Louvre,  was  painted  by  Murillo 1678 

:  Robert  Feke,  the  earliest  native  colonial  painter  in  America, 

1    executes  several  portraits  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. ,  .■ 1746 

'"The  Sistine  Madonna,"  originally  an  altar-piece  by  Raphael 
[    for  the  cloister  of  San  Sisto  in  Piacenza,  Italy,  purchased  by 

i    king  Augustus  IlL  of  Saxony  and  removed  to  Dresden 1753 

'Charles  Wilson  Peale  executes  the  first  portrait  of  George 

;    Washington  as  a  Virginia  colonel 1772 

Benjamin  West  succeeds  sir  Joshua  Reynolds  as  president  of 

,    the  Royal  Academy,  England 1792 

Pope  Pius  VII.  purchases  for  the  Vatican  the  "  Nozze  Aldo- 
brandini,"  one  of  the  finest  ancient  paintings  in  Rome,  rep- 

resenting  in  10  figures  a  Greek  marriage 1818 

mtional  gallery,  London,  Engl,  established 1824 

[Began  by  purchase  of  the  Angerstein  collection  of  38  pict- 
ures for  51,0001.  by  the  government;  since  increased  by  gifts 
and  purchases  to  over  1100  paintings.] 
First  exhibition  of  paintings  ever  held  in  Egypt  in  modern 
times  opened  in  Cairo 20  Feb.  1891 


PAI 

kminp:nt  painters. 

Florentine. 


Born.   Died. 

Giovanni  Cimabuc 1240-1302 

Giotto  di  Bordone 1276-1336 

Fra  Angelico  (II  Bea- 

to) 1387-1455 

Andrea  Mantegna 1431-1506 

Domenico  Ghirlandajo.  1449-1494 

Leonardo  da  Vinci 1452-1519 

Filippino  Lippi 1460-1504 


Fra  Bartolommeo  (Bac 
cio  della  Porta) 

Michael  Angelo  Buona- 
rotti 

Andrea  del  Sarto  (An- 
drea d'Agnolo) 

Daniele  da  Volterra. . . 

Carlo  Dolci 


Born.   Die<l 

1475-1517 

1475-1564 

1487-1531 
1509-1566 
1616-1686 


Umbrian. 


II  Perugino  (Pietro  Vanucci) 1446-1524 


II  Francia  (Francesco 

Raibolini) 1450-1517 

Annibale  Carraci 1560-1609 

Guido  Reni 1575-1642 

Francesco  Albani 1578-1660 


Bolognese. 

Domenichino  (Dome- 
nico Zampieri) 

Guercino  (Francesco 
Barbieri) 


Bernardino  Luini, 

about 

BenvenutoTisio  Garo- 

falo 


Raphael  Sanzio. 


Josef  de    Ribera    (Lo 
Spagnoletto) 

Giovanni  Bellini 

Ciraa  da  Conegliano, 

about 
Giorgione  (Giorgio  Bar- 

barelli) 

Titian  (Tiziano  Vecel- 

lio) 

Palma  Vecchio 

Hubert   and  Jan  van 

Eyck about 

Hans  Memling 

Quintin  Matsys.  .about 

Antoni  Moro 

Jan  Breughel 

Peter  Paul  Rubens. , . . 

Albrecht  Diirer 

Lucas  Cranach 

Hans     Holbein     (the 

younger) 

Peter  Lely 

Godfrey  Kneller 

Peter  von  Cornelius. . . 

Gerard  Honthorst 

Adriaen  Brouwer 

Albert  Cuyp 

Rembrandt  van  Ryn. . 

Gerard  Terburg 

Jan  Both  

Adrian  van  Ostade 

Ferdinand  Bol 

Bartholomew  van  der 

Heist 

Gerard  Dow 

Philip  Wouvermans  . . 
Isaac  Jansz  van  Ostade. 

Nicolas  Berchem 

Paul  Potter 


Lombardian. 

Correggio  (Antonio  Al- 

1460-1530        legri) 

II  Parmagiano  (Fran- 
1481-1559        cesco  xMazzuola)..., 
Roman. 

1483-1520  I  Giulio  Romano 

Neapolitan. 

I  Salvator  Rosa 

1588-1656  I 

Venetian. 
1426-1516    Sebastian    del    Piom- 

bo 

1460-1518    Paris  Bordone 

II    Tintoretto   (Jacopo 

1477-1511        Robusti) 

Paul  Veronese  (Cagli- 

1477-1576        ari) 

1480-1528    Antonio  Canale 

Flemish. 

Franz  Snyders 

Franz  Hals 

Jacob  Jordaens 

Anton  Vandyck  

David     Teniers     (the 
younger) 


1366-1440 

1495 

1460-1531 
1512-1581 
1568-1625 
1577-1640 


German. 


1471-1528 
1472-1553 

1497-1543 
1617-1680 
1648-1723 
1783-1867 


1592-1666 
1605-1638 
1(;05-1691 
1()06-1669 
1608-1681 
1(510-16.56 
1610-1685 
1611-1681 

1612-1670 
1613-1680 
1620-1668 
1621-1649 
1624-1683 
1625-1654 


Johann    Friedrich 
Overbeck  

Wilhelm  von  Kaulbach. 

Karl   Friedrich    Less- 
ing 

Adolphe  Schreyer 

Hans  Makart 

ch. 

Jacob  Ruysdael 

Jan  Steen 

Jan  ver  Meer. 

Pieter  de  Hooch 

William  van  de  Velde. 

Frans  van  Mieris 

Mindert  Hobbema, 

about 

Caspar  Netscher 

Adrian  van  de  Velde. . 

Adrian  van  der  Werflf. 

Jan  van  Huysum 

Jean    Auguste    Henri 
Leys 

L.  Alma-Tadema 


Spanish. 


Juan  de  Juanes 

Francisco  Zurbaran. 

Diego  Velasquez 

Alonzo  Cano 


1506-1579 
1598-1662 
1599-1660 
1601-1667 

French. 


Bartolomeo     Esteban 

Murillo 

Mariano  For  tuny 


Nicolas  Poussin 

Claude    Lorraine 

(Claude  Gele'e) 

Eustache  Lesueur 

Charles  le  Brun 

Hyacinthe  Rigaud 

Antoine  Walteau 

Claud  Joseph  Vernet.. 
Louis  Jacques  David.. 
Elizabeth  Louise  Vigee 

Lebrun 

Pierre  Prud'hon 

Carle  (A.  C.  H. )  Vernet. 

Antoine  Jean  Gros 

Jean    Dominique   Au- 

gustin  Ingres 

Horace  Vernet 

Ary  Scheffer 


1594-1665 

1600-1682 
1616-1655 
1619-1690 
1659-1743 
1684-1721 
1714-1789 
1748-1825 

175.5-1842 
1758-1823 
1758-1836 
1771-1835 

1780-1867 
1789-1863 
1795-1858 


Jean  Baptiste  Camille 

Corot 

Paul  Delaroche 

EugSne  Delacroix 

Narcisse  Virgile  Diaz. 

Constant  Troyon 

Jules  Dupre 

Pierre  E.  T.  Rousseau. 
Charles  Emile  Jacque. 
Jean  Francois  Millet.. 

Thomas  Couture 

Jean  I-ouis  Ernest  Meis 

sonier 

Henri-Felix-E.  Philip- 

poteaux 

Charles  Franpois  Dau- 

bigny 

Gustave  Courbet 


1581-1641 
1590-1666 

1494-1534 
1503-1540 

1498-1546 

1615-1673 


1485-1547 
1500-1571 

1512-1594 

1528-1588 
1697-1768 

1579-1657 
1584-1666 
1.593-1678 
1599-1641 

1610-1694 


1789-1869 
1805-1874 

1808-1880 

1828  

1840-1884 

1625-1681 
1626-1679 
1632-1696 
1632-1681 
1633-1707 
1635-1681 

1635-1700 
1639-1684 
1639-1672 
1659-1722 
1682-1749 

1815-1869 
1836  


1618-1682 
1838-1874 


1796-1875 
1797-1856 
1799-1863 
1807-1876 
1810-1865 

1811  

1812-1867 

1813  

1814-1875 
1815-1879 

1815-1891 

1815-1884 

1817-1878 
1819-1877 


PAI 


602 


PAL 


1 


French.— iContinutd.) 

Born.  Di«a. 

Born.   Dleil. 

Eagtoe  Fromentin... 

1820-1876 

Johan  Georges  Vibert 

1840  

Marie  Rosa  Bonheur. . 

1822  

Alexander  G.  H.  Reg 

Alexander  Cabanel.... 

1823 

nault 

1843-1871 

Jean  Leon  G^rOme. . . 

1824  

jJean-Josepb-Bepjamin 

Adolpbe-Willianis  Bou 
guereau 

1825 

Constant 

1845  

Jules  Raslien  Lepage 

1848-1884 

I.^n  J.  F.  Bonnat. . . , 

1833  

Edouiird-Jean-B.  De 

I^ul  Gustavo  Dor<5... 

1833-1883 

taillo 

1848  

Jules  J.  Lefebvre 

1836  

Pascal  Adolph-J.  Dag 

Einilo-Auguste-Carolus 

nan  Bouveret 

1852  

Ounui 

1S38  

Gustave-  Claude-  E 

Gustave  Achillo  Guil 

Courtois 

1852  

laiimet 

1840  

English. 

Samuel  Cooper 

1609-1672 

Richard  Redgrave.... 

1804-1888 

William  Dobson 

1610-1646 

P.F.Poole 

1806-1879 

J.Thornhill 

1676-1732 

John  R.  Herbert 

1810-1890 

William  Hogarth 

1679-1764 

Thomas  Creswick 

1811-1869 

Richard  Wilson 

1713-1782 

Daniel  Maclise 

1811-1870 

Joshua  Reynolds 

1723-1792 

E.  W.  Cooke 

1811-1880 

George  Stubbs 

1724-1806 

C.  W.  Cope 

1811-1890 

Paul  Sandby 

1725-1809 

Augustus  Egg 

1816-1863 

Thomas  Gainsborough 

1727-1788 

E.  M.Ward 

1816-1879 

George  Romney 

1734-1802 

J.  C.  Horsley 

1817-1890 

J.  Mortimer 

1741-1779 

J.  Gilbert 

1817  

James  Barry 

1741-1806 

Edward  Armitage.... 

1817  

Henry  Fuseli 

1741-1825 

William  P.  Frith 

1819  

James  Northcote 

1746-1831 

J.  C.  Hook 

1819 

William  Beechey 

1753-1839 

George  Frederick 

Thomas  Stothard 

1755-1834 

Watts 

1820 

Henry  Raeburn 

1756-1823 

CarlHaag 

1820  

John  Opie 

1761-1807 

James  Sant 

1820 

George  Morlaud 

1763-1804 

Frederick  Goodall.... 

1822  

Thomas  I^wrence 

1769-1830 

Birket  Foster 

1825  

Joseph   Mallord  Will- 

Thomas  Faed 

1826 

1775-1851 
1776-1837 

William  Holman  Hunt 
Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti 

1827 

John  Constable 

1828-1882 

David  Wilkie 

1785-1841 

William  F.  Douglas. . . 

1829-1891 

William  Hilton 

1786-1839 

John  Everett  Millais.. 

1829  

Benjamin  Robert  Hay- 

H.  S.  Marks 

1829  

don 

1786-1846 

Frederick  Leighton... 

1830 

William  Mulreadv 

1786-1863 
1786-1865 

Vicat  Cole 

1833  -  ■- 

W.  F.  Wither ington. . . 

Edward  Burne-Jones.. 

1833  

William  Etty 

1787-1849 

Phil.  Calderon 

1833  

Al)raham  Cooper 

1787-1868 

J.  A.  M.  Whistler 

1835  

William  Collins 

1788-1847 

G.  D.  Leslie 

1835 

John  Martin 

1789-1854 

W.  0.  Orchardson 

1835  

Charles  Hayter. 

1792-1871 

E.  J.  Poynter 

1836  

Charles  Eastlake 

1793-1865 

John  Pettie 

1839-1894 

Charles  Robert  Leslie. 

1794-1859 

Marcus  Stone 

1839  

David  Roberts 

1796-1864 

Elizabeth     Thompson 

Clarkson  Stanfleld 

1798-1867 

(lady  Butler) 

1844  

Thomas  Webster 

1800-1886 

Walter  W.  Ouless 

1848  

Edwin  Landseer 

1802-1873 

Hubert  Herkomer 

.1849  

Francis  Grant 

1803-1878 
Amei 

ican. 

John  Copley 

1737-1815 

Richard  M.  Staigg.... 

1817-1881 

Benjamin  West 

1738-1820 

John  F.  Kensett 

1818-1872 

Charles  Wilson  Peale.. 

1741-1826 

William  Hart 

1822  

Gilbert  Charles  Stuart 

1756-1828 

Sauford  R.  GifTord 

1823-1880 

John  Trumbull 

1756-1843 

Jasper  Francis  Cropsey  1823  

John  Vanderlyn 

1776-1852 

William  Morris  Hunt. 

1824-1879 

Edward  G.  Malbone... 

1777-1807 

Edward  H.  May 

1824-1887 

Rembrandt  Peale 

1778-1860 

Eastman  Johnson 

1824 

Washington  Allston... 

1779-1843 

James  W.  Glass 

1825-1857 

Thomas  Sully 

1783-1872 

Richard  Caton  Wood- 

Henry  Inman 

1801-1846 

ville  

1825-1855 

1801-1848 
1803-1889 

William  H.  Beard 

George  Inness 

Robert  W.  Weir 

1825-1894 

James  E.  Freeman . . . 

1808-1884 

Frederick  E.  Church. . 

1826  

John    Gadsby    Chap 

William  Bradford 

1827  

man 

1808-1889 

M.Wight 

Jervis  McEntee 

1827 

William  Page 

1811-1885 

1828-1891 

Charles  Loring  Elliott 

1812-1868 

James  M.  Hart 

1828  

Tompkins  Matteson... 

1813-1884 

Albert  Bierstadt 

1828 

George  L.  Brown 

1814-1889 

Edward  Moran 

1829  

James  H.  Beard 

1814-1893 

George  H.  Bough  ton . . 

1833  

Emmanuel  Leutze 

1816-1868 

Thomas  Moran 

1837  

Daniel  Huntington.... 

1816  

Arthur  Quartley 

1839-1886 

PRINCIPAL    ART  GAI 

XKKIKS    OF   EUROPE. 

Academia  delle  Belle  Arts,  Flor- 

Dresden Gallery. 

ence. 

The   Royal   Pinakothek   at  Mu- 

Gallery of  the  Uffizi,  Florence. 

nich. 

The  Pitti  Gallery,  Florence. 

The  Berlin  Museum. 

The  Vatican.  Rome. 

The  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg. 

Gallery  of  the  Capitol 

Rome. 

Brera  Gallery,  Milan. 

Borghese  Gallery,  Rome. 

National  Gallery,  London. 

Corsini  Palace,  Rome. 

South  Kensington  Museum. 

Dona,  Rome. 

Hampton  Court. 

Academy  of  Fine  A,rts,  Venice. 

Bridgewater,  London. 

Royal  Museum,  Madrid. 

Dulwich,  England. 

Gallery   of  the    Louvre,    Paris. 

Belvedere,  Vienna. 

Luxembourg. 

Cassel,  Germany. 

UNITED 

STATES. 

New  York  Historical  Society,  esta 

Wished 

1804 

Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Philadelphia,  incorpo- 
rated  28  Mch.  180 

Wads  worth  Gallery,  Hartford,  Conn.,  founded 184 

Bufl'alo  (N.  Y.)  Fine  Arts  Academy,  incorporated 4  Dec.  186 

Yale  School  of  Fine  Arts,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  opened 180 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  Central  Park,  New  York,  char- 
tered  13  Apr.  187 

[Contains  the  largest  collection  of  art  in  the  U.  S.  Here 
are  the  Cesnola  art  works  ft-om  Cyprus,  the  Summervillo 
gems,  noted  collections  of  statuary,  and  many  valuable  paint- 
ings.] 

Mu.seum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  incorporated 

Corcoran  Gallery  of  Art,  Washington,  D.  C,  chartered.. 24  May, 

Powers  Art  Gallery,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  established 187 

Lenox  Library  Art  Gallery,  New  York,  opened 187 

Chicago  Art  Institute,  incorporated 24  .May,  187 

Peabody  Institute  Art  Gallery,  Baltimore,  Md.,  opened.  .2  May,  188 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  St.  Louis,  established 10  May, 

Milwaukee  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  incorporated 1  July,  188 

Paixlian  g^un,  so  called  from  col.  Paixhan,  of  th 
French  army,  who  invented  it  in  1822.  It  was  intended  fo 
war-ships  and  fortresses.  The  original  Paixhan  was  9J  fee 
long,  bore  8J  inches,  weight  7400  lbs.,  and  was  charged  wit! 
from  10  to  18  lb.s.  of  powder,  and  carried  a  ball  of  about  80  Ibi 

palaces.  Buckingham,  Escurial,  Parliament 
St.  Cloud,  St.  James's,  Tuileuies,  Versailles,  etc. 

palSJeOg'rapliy,  ancient  writing.  DiPLgMATiCf 
Writing. 

Palseorogi,  a  family  which  reigned  as  emperors  o] 
the  East  from  12fiO  to  1453.  George  Palseologus  raise 
Alexius  Comnenus  to  the  throne  in  1081,  and  thereby  found© 
his  own  family.  Andrew,  the  last  Palaeologu.s,  son  of  Thoma 
ruler  of  the  Morea,  after  the  overthrow  of  his  father,  becaraj 
a  Mahometan  at  Constantinople  about  1533.  A  person  wh 
called  himself  John  Anthony  Palaeologus  Lascaris  died 
Turin,  Sept.  1874.     His  claims  were  doubted. 

palaeontoroi^y  (from  Gr,  7ra\ai6g,  ancient,  an( 
ovra,  beings),  treats  of  the  evidences  of  organic  beings  in  thi|^ 
earth's  strata.  It  is  a  branch  of  Geology.  Cuvier,  Mantell, 
Agassiz,  Owen,  Edward  Forbes,  and  Blainville  —  all  of  the 
present  century — may  be  reckoned  as  fathers  of  this  science. 
The  Palaeontographical  Society,  which  publishes  elaborate 
monographs  of  British  organic  remains,  was  founded  in  1847, 
The  journal  Palceontograjjhica  (German)  began  1851.  Prof. 
Owen's  "Palaeontology"  was  published  in  1860.  "Nearly 
40,000  species  of  animals  and  plants  have  been  addf  d  to  the 
'  Systeraa  Naturae '  by  palasontological  research." — Huxley, 
Man. 

Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  one  of  the  7  ancient 
electorates  of  Germany.  It  was  long  united  to  Bavaria,  but 
was  separated  in  1294.— Frederick  V.,  the  elector  palatine  in 
1610,  married  in  1613  Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of  James  I.  of 
England,  and  thus  was  an  ancestor  of  queen  Victoria.  Han- 
over. In  1619  he  was  elected  king  of  Bohemia,  but  lost  all 
by  his  defeat  by  the  Austrians  at  Prague  in  1620.  The  Palat- 
inate was  ravaged  by  Tilly  in  1622,  and  by  the  French  in  1688. 
England  received  many  fugitives,  of  whom  thousands  were 
sent  to  America  by  the  British  government  and  people. 
These  settled  mostly  in  New  York  along  the  Hudson  and 
Mohawk  rivers,  and  in  Berks  comity,  Pennsylvania.  Nkw 
York,  1713.  The  elector  palatine  Charles  Theodore  inherited 
Bavaria  in  1778;  since  when  the  2  electorates  have  been 
united.     Bavaria. 

Pale,  the  name  given  to  the  part  of  Ireland  colonized 
by  the  English,  viz.,  parts  of  the  counties  of  Louth,  Dublin, 
Meath,  and  Kildare.  Anglo-Irish  rulers  were  termed  lords  of 
the  Pale.  Their  arbitrary  exactions  led  to  a  royal  commission 
of  inquiry  in  1537.  The  defection  of  the  lords  of  the  Pale  -in 
1641  was  followed  by  a  general  insurrection,  and  the  royal 
cause  was  ruined  in  1647.  In  1652  Ireland  was  committed  to 
the  rule  of  4  commissioners. 

Palenque  (pd-k^ik'd),  a  name  given  to  extensive 
ruins  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Mexican  state  of  Chiapas 
bordering  on  Central  America,  whose  history  is  conjectural. 
They  were  discovered  about  1750.  Capt.  bel  Rio  visited 
them  in  1787,  and  others  have  visited  them  since.  They  indi- 
cate a  higher  civilization  than  do  any  other  ancient  relics  found 
on  the  continent.     America,  Copan. 

Paler'mo,  a  city  of  N.W.  Sicily,  the  ancient  Panormus. 


PAL  "" 

It  was  held  by  the  Carthaginians,  415  b.c.  ;  taken  by  the  Ro- 
mans, 254  B.C. ;  by  the  Saracens,  832  a.d.  ;  and  by  the  Nor- 
mans, 1072,  Here  Roger  11,  was  crowned  king  of  Sicily,  1130, 
Palermo  was  the  scene  of  the  Sicilian  vespers,  30  Mch.  1282. 
It  suffered  from  earthquake  in  1726  and  1740.  The  king 
Ferdinand  resided  at  Palermo  from  1806  to  1815,  while  Naples 
was  ruled  by  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Joachim  Murat.  It  re- 
volted against  the  tyranny  of  Ferdinand  II.  12  Jan.  1848.  It 
was  attacked  by  gen.  Filangieri,  29  Mch.  1849,  and  surrendered 
on  14  May.  It  was  taken  by  Garibaldi,  6  June,  1860.  An 
insurrection  against  the  abolition  of  the  monastic  establish- 
ments broke  out  in  Palermo  on  13  Sept.  1866,  and  was  sup- 
pressed by  the  royal  troops  with  much  bloodshed ;  order  was 
restored  by  22  Sept.  University  was  founded  1447.  Pop. 
1881,205,712;  1890,  267,416. 

Parestine,  the   country  formerly  inhabited  by  the 
Jews.     It  was  united  to  the  Ottoman  empire  by  Selim  I.  in 
1516.     Area  of  Palestine  proper  about  12,000  sq.  miles.     Cru- 
SADfi:s,  Holy  places,  Jerusalem,  Jud^a,  Samaria,  etc. 
"Palestine  Exploration  Fund  "  was  founded  by  many  eminent 

persons  as  a  society  "  for  the  investigation  of  the  archaeology, 

topography,  geology,  and  manners  and  customs  of  the  Holy 

Land;"  at  the  first  meeting  the  archbishop  of  York  was  in 

the  chair 22  June,  1865 

[By  its  means  capt.  "Wilson  and  a  party  left  England  for 

Palestine  in  Nov.  1865;  they  arrived  at  Damascus,  20  Dec; 

and  in  the  following  spring  explored  Jezreel,  Nazareth,  and 

many  other  parts  of  the  Holy  Land.] 

Excavations  in  Jerusalem  carried  on  by  capt.  Warren 1867-70 

Moabite  stone  discovered t 1868 

Systematic  trigonometrical  survey  of  Palestine  carried  on  by 

capt.  Stewart,  R.E.,  lieuts.  Conder  and  Kitchener,  R.E..  1872-77 

A  similar  fund  established  in  New  York 1871 

Ordnance  survey  of  Sinai  by  capts.  Wilson  and  Palmer  pub. . .  1872 
Surveying  party  attacked  by  natives,  rescued  by  soldiers,  after 

much  suffering 10  July,  1875 

Survey  of  Western  Palestine  completed;  announced Oct.  1877 

Publication  of  map  (1  inch  to  the  mile)  in  26  sheets May,  1870 

Map  and  Memoirs  of  the  Survey  of  Western  Palestine  pub.  1880-81 
Survey  of  Eastern  Palestine  begun  by  lieuts.  Conder  and 

Kitchener 1881 

"  Twenty-one  Years'  Work  "  in  the  Holy  Land  pub June,  1886 

Capt.  Conder  discovers  a  key  to  Hittite  inscriptions. .  .26  Feb.  1887 

pariinp§C§t  (from  Gr.  ttoXlv,  again ;  and  i^aw,  I  ef- 
face), parchments  written  on  after  previous  writing  had  been 
partially  effaced.  Cardinal  Mai,  by  removing  the  second 
writing  in  some  MSS.,  recovered  the  original.  This  was  the 
case  with  Cicero's  "  De  Republica,"  pub.  by  Mai  in  1821.  It 
had  been  covered  by  a  treatise  of  Lactantius. 

pall,  pal'lium,  in  the  Roman  church  an  ensign  of 
dignity  conferred  by  the  pope  upon  archbishops.  By  a  de- 
cretal of  pope  Gregory  XI.  (about  1370),  no  archbishop  could 
call  a  council,  bless  the  chrism,  consecrate  churches,  ordain  a 
clerk,  or  consecrate  a  bishop  till  he  had  received  his  pall  from 
the  see  of  Rome.  The  pall  was  first  worn  by  an  Irish  arch- 
bishop in  1152,  when  Gelasius  was  recognized  as  primate  of 
all  Ireland. 

Pariadiuin,  the  statue  of  Pallas  (Minerva),  said  to 
have  fallen  from  heaven  near  the  tent  of  Ilus,  as  he  was 
building  Ilium,  which  the  oracle  of  Apollo  declared  should 
never  be  taken  so  long  as  the  Palladium  was  found  within  its 
walls.  The  Greeks  are  said  to  have  obtained  it  during  the 
siege  of  Troy,  being  stolen  by  Ulysses  and  Diomede,  1184  b.c., 
but  some  writers  assert  another  statue  was  taken,  and  that  the 
real  Palladium  was  conveyed  from  Troy  to  Italy  by  .^neas, 
1183  B.C.,  and  preserved  by  the  Romans  with  the  greatest  se- 
crecy in  the  temple  of  Yesta.— Palladium  is  a  rare  metal  dis- 
covered in  platinum  ore  by  dr.  Wollaston  in  1803. 

Pall  mall  (pell  mell),  a  street  near  St.  James  palace, 
London,  is  named  from  a  French  game  at  ball  {paille-maille, 
being  a  wooden  mallet),  resembling  the  modern  croquet,  hav- 
ing been  played  there  about  1621. 

Palm  Sunday,  Sunday  before  Easter.  When  Christ 
made  his  entry  into  Jerusalem,  multitudes  of  the  people  who 
were  come  to  the  feast  of  the  Passover  took  branches  of  the 
palm-tree,  and  went  forth  to  meet  him,  33. 

Palmy 'ra,  a  mined  city  of  Syria,  was  supposed  to  have 
been  the  Tadmor  in  the  wilderness  built  by  Solomon,  but  was 
manifestly  Grecian.  The  brilliant  part  of  the  history  of  Pal- 
myra was  under  Odenatus  and  his  queen,  Zenobia.  At  the 
death  of  Odenatus,  Zenobia  assumed  the  title  of  queen  of  the 


»  PAN 

East  in  267.  Aurelian  defeated  her  at  Emesa  in  272,  and 
made  her  captive,  273,  and  killed  Longinus,  the  philosopher, 
her  friend.  Palmyra  is  now  inhabited  by  a  few  Arab  families. 
The  ruins  were  visited  in  1751  by  Mr.  Wood,  who  published 
an  account  of  them  in  1753.  Others  have  visited  them 
since, 

Palo  Alto,  Battle  of.  Gen.  Taylor,  in  command  of 
the  army  of  occupation  in  Texas,  marched  from  Point  Isabel 
on  the  evening  of  7  May,  1846,  to  the  relief  of  fort  Brown,  op- 
posite Matamoras.  Fort  Brown.  At  noon  next  day  he 
discovered  a  Mexican  army,  under  gen.  Arista,  full  6000  strong, 
drawn  up  in  battle  order  upon  a  beautiful  prairie  called  Palo 
Alto.  Taylor,  with  little  more  than  2000  men,  attacked  him. 
The  contest  lasted  5  hours.  At  twilight  the  Mexicans  gave 
way  and  fled.  The  Americans  lost,  in  killed  and  wounded,  53 ; 
Mexican  loss  was  about  600.     Mexican  war. 

Pam'irs,  a  lofty  mountain  ridge  in  Turkestan,  central 
Asia. 
Col.  Gromtchevski's  Russian  exploring  expedition  stopped  by 

Afghan  and  British  outposts 1889 

Capt.  Yonoff,  with  a  military  force,  excludes  capt.  Younghus- 

band  and  lieut.  Davison,  travellers,  from  the  little  Pamir,  on 

the  frontiers  of  Afghanistan,  etc.    Russians  afterwards  retire 

on  the  advance  of  a  party  of  Goorkhas Aug.  1891 

Russian  government  declares  the  action  of  capt.  Yonoff  to  be 

illegal,  and  apologizes Feb.  1892 

Pan.  In  Greek  and  Roman  mythology  the  god  of  shep- 
herds and  pastoral  scenes,  represented  as  both  man  and  beast ; 
inventor  of  the  syrinx  or  pandean  pipe ;  inspirer  of  sudden 
fear  or  terror  without  cause,  giving  rise  to  panics. 

Panama',  the  isthmus  which  joins  the  2  Americas. 
Darien.  In  1855  a  new  state.  New  Granada,  was  divided 
into  8  federal  states,  one  of  which  is  named  Panama.  A  rev- 
olution took  place  in  Panama  on  9  Mch.  1865 ;  the  govern- 
ment was  deposed,  and  don  Jil  Colunje  became  president ;  suc- 
ceeded by  Vincent  Olarte,  1  Oct.  1866.  Panama  is  now  subject 
to  Colombia.  The  government  overthrown  by  Colombian 
troops  without  bloodshed,  about  12  Oct.  1875.  Across  the 
isthmus  a  ship-canal  was  proposed  by  the  Bulwer-Clayton 
TREATY,  19  Apr.  1850.  A  treaty  for  the  construction  of  a 
ship-canal  through  the  isthmus  by  the  United  States  was 
signed  with  Colombia,  26  Jan.  1870. 
First  exploration  for  canal  route  between  Chagres  and  Panama 

by  H.  de  la  Serna 1527-28 

Canal  proposed  by  Lopez  de  Gomarfa 1551 

Canal  or  road  from  Caledonia  bay  proposed  by  William  Patter- 
son   1698 

Gogonche,  a  Biscayan  pilot,  laid  his  scheme  for  a  canal  before 

the  Spanish  government 1799 

Humboldt  proposed  a  canal 1803 

First  formal  exploration  made  by  Lloyd  and  Falmark 1827-29 

Gurella's  survey 1843 

Canal  scheme  of  Michel  Chevalier  proposed 1844 

Macadamized  road  from  Panama  to  Portobello  proposed  by  W. 

B.  Liot,  R.N 1845 

Survey  for  Panama  railroad  by  col.  G.  W.  Hughes,  U.  S.  A 1849 

Panama  railroad  begun , Jan.  1850 

Exploration  of  capt.  Fitzroy,  R.  N " 

"  dr.  CuUen " 

"  J,  C.  Trautwine 1852 

"  capt.  Prevost,  R.  N 1853 

"  Lionel  Gisborne 1854 

"  lieut.  Strain,  U.  S.  N " 

"  capt.  Kennish 1855 

First  train  from  ocean  to  ocean 28  Jan.     " 

Exploration  of  lieut.  Michler,  U.  S.  A 1858 

"  Frederick  N.  Kelley 1864 

"  M.  de  la  Charne 1865 

De  Paydt  announces  discovery  of  a  favorable  route " 

Exploration  of  Gonzorga 1866 

"  com.  T.  0.  Selfridge,  U.  S.  N 1870 

"  com.  Tull,  U.  S.  N 1875 

Gen.  Tiirr  and  a  committee  propose  a  canal Oct.  1876 

Lieut.  L.  A.  B.  Wyse's  survey  (1875)  published autumn,  1877 

Explorations  of  Reclus  and  Sosa 1878 

International  canal  congress  convened  in  Paris 15  Jfay,  1879 

Seven  schemes  proposed;  canal  from  gulf  of  IJmon  to  bay  of 

Panama  recommended  (by  74-8) 29  May,     " 

De  Lesseps  arrives  at  the  isthmus 31  Dec.     " 

Scheme  suspended  for  want  of  funds " 

Canal  through  Nicaragua  proposed  by  Americans;  favored  by 

gen.  Grant Sept.     " 

Lesseps's  scheme  opposed  by  the  U.  S.  government Mch.  1880 

Lesseps,  at  Liverpool,  describes  his  plan;  canal  to  be  46  miles 

long -31  May,     " 

Engineers  leave  Paris  3  Jan. ;  at  work 24  Feb.  1881 

Work  commenced  on  ship-canal " 

Number  of  men  said  to  be  employed,  11,000 1883 

Company  had  expended  1,400,000,000  francs  up  to 1883 


PAN 


C04 


PAP 


French  government  authorizes  a  lottery  lor  the  work. .  .8  June,  1888 
[Subscriptions  very  disappointing.] 

Company  suspends  payment. 11  Dec.     " 

Tribunal  of  the  Seine  appoints  judicial  liquidation early  in  1889 

Report  of  inquiry  commission  states  that  900,000,000  ftuncs 
will  bo  required  to  fluish  the  work 6  May,  1890 

Total  collapse  of  scheme;  legal  investigation  demanded..  Sept.  1891 

Committee  appointed  by  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies 
begun  the  investigation  of  the  Panama  work 25  Nov.  1892 

M.  Charles  de  Lesseps,  Fontane,  and  Sans-Leroy  arrested  for 
alleged  complicity  with  the  Panama  frauds 16  Dec.     " 

Trial  of  C.  de  Lesseps,  Fontane,  Cotter,  and  Eiffel  begins,  9  Jan.  1893 

Ex-ministers  Rouvier  and  Paul  Deves,  senators  Albert  Grevy 
and  Leon  Renault  accused,  but  accusation  withdrawn,  while 
ex-minister  Provost  and  senator  Beral  are  committed  for 
trial 7  Feb.     " 

De  Baihaut,  Blondin,  Cotter,  and  others  arraigned  on  an  in- 
dictment charging  corruption  in  the  matter  of  the  Panama 
Lottery  Bond  bill  (Lottkriks) Feb.     " 

M.  Ferdinand  and  Charles  de  Lesseps,  Fontane,  Cotter,  and 
Eiffel  sentenced  in  the  French  Court  of  Appeals  to  imprison- 
ment and  fine 9  Feb.     " 

Congressional  committee  begin  to  investigate  Panama  frauds 
in  America. 12  Feb.     " 

M.  Le  Guay  and  Provost  convicted  of  complicity,  and  sen- 
tenced to  fine  and  imprisonment 15  Feb.     " 

Conviction  of  Charles  de  Lesseps,  M.  Baihaut,  and  Blondin; 
prisoners  sentenced  to  1,  2,  and  5  years'  imprisonment, 

21Mch.     " 

French  Court  of  Cassation  quash  the  sentence  of  Charles  de 
Lesseps  and  other  Panama  defendants,  and  all  are  released 
except  Charles  de  Lesseps 15  June,     *' 

Sentence  of  Charles  de  Lesseps  set  aside  under  statute  of  limi- 
tations  12  Sept.     " 

Plant  and  works  gone  to  utter  ruin  and  decay 1894 

Panama,  Congress  at.     United  States,  1826. 
Pan-American  Congress.     United  States, 

1889-90. 

pan'dean  pipes  (said  to  be  the  Greek  syrinx,  and 
the  vgab  or  organ  of  the  Bible,  Gen.  iv.  21  and  Psa.  cl.),  usu- 
ally 7  tubes,  popular  in  Britain  early  in  the  19th  century.  A 
"  Preceptor  "  for  Davies's  "  new  invented  syry nx  "  was  pub- 
lished in  1807. 

Pandects,  a  digest  of  the  civil  law,  made  by  order  of 
Justinian,  533.  It  is  stated  that  a  copy  of  these  Pandects 
was  discovered  in  the  ruins  of  Anaalfi,  1137;  removed  from 
Pisa  in  1415,  and  preserved  in  the  library  of  the  Medici  at 
Florence  as  the  Pandectce  Florentince. 

Pando'sia,  a  city  of  Bruttium,  S.  Italy.  Here  Alex- 
ander, king  of  Epirus,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Bruttians, 
326  B.C.  Laevinus,  the  Roman  consul,  was  defeated  at  Pan- 
dosia,  in  Lucania,  by  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  280  b.c. 

Pan'eas  or  Pa'nius,  an  ancient  town  of  Syria.  Here 
Antiochus  the  Great  defeated  Scopas,  the  Egyptian  general, 
and  his  Greek  allies,  198  b.c. 

panics,  commercial.     Crisis;  Pan. 

Panno'nia,  part  of  Illyria,  now  Hungary.  Was  final- 
ly subdued  by  Tiberius,  8  a.d. 

panoram^a,  invented  by  Robert  Barker,  consists  of 
bird's-eye  views  painted  around  the  wall  of  a  circular  building. 
In  1788  he  exhibited  at  Edinburgh  a  view  of  that  city,  the  first 
picture  of  the  kind.  He  then  commenced  similar  exhibitions 
in  London  in  1789,  having  adopted  the  name  '•'  Panorama," 
and  was  ultimately  enabled  to  build  commodious  premises  in 
Leicester  square  for  that  purpose.  (He  d.  Apr.  1806.)  J.  P. 
Loutherbourg,  a  painter,  termed  the  panoramist,  invented  the 
"  Eidophusikon,"  consisting  of  natural  phenomena  represented 
by  moving  pictures,  exhibited  at  Lisle  street,  Leicester  square, 
London,  3  Apr.  1781.— Cycloraraa,  a  species  of  panorama  re- 
cently introduced,  is,  as  its  name  indicates,  a  painting  repre- 
senting some  important  scene,  as  a  battle  or  view  from 
nature,  so  placed  that  every  part  of  the  picture  is  at  about 
the  same  distance  from  the  spectator.  The  finest  of  those 
exhibited  in  the  United  States  are  the  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
by  the  French  painter  Philippoteaux,  and  the  battle  of  Chat- 
tanooga. Philippoteaux  also  painted  a  view  of  Niagara  Falls, 
which  was  exhibited  with  great  success  iii^Jjondon,  1890. 

pan'tagrapll  (from  the  Gr.  iravra,  all  things,  and 
ypa^Eiv,  to  write,  and  incorrectly  termed  pentagraph),  an  in- 
strument for  copying,  reducing,  or  enlarging  plans,  etc.,  in- 
vented by  Christopher  Scheiner,  about  1603;  improved  by 
prof.  Wallace,  and  called  "Eidograph,"  about  1821. 

pan'tlieism,  the  formula  of  which  is  "everything  is  I 


• 


God,  and  (Jod  is  one,"  was  especially  taught  by  XenophancsJ 
who  died  500  B.c.  The  doctrine  is  attributed  to  Spinoza 
Kant,  Fichte,  and  other  modern  philosophers.  Amalric  of 
Chartres,  censured  for  holding  the  doctrine,  recanted,  13th 
century.  He  is  said  to  have  asserted  that  "all  is  God,  and 
God  is  all."  Pantheism,  as  well  as  atheism,  is  a  troublesome 
element  in  philosophic  thought.  According  to  Swedenborg, 
all  things  are  created  from  God,  but  only  spiritually;  nature 
is  not  the  sphere  of  creation,  but  simply  of  regeneration.  He 
thus  eliminates  materialism  from  the  problem  of  creation. 

Pan'tlieon,  at  Rome,  a  circular  temple  built  by  Agrip- 
pa,  the  son-in-law  of  Augustus,  27  b.c.  It  had  niches  in  the 
wall,  where  the  image  or  representation  of  a  particular  god 
was  set  up;  the  gates  brass,  the  beams  covered  with  gilt 
brass,  and  the  roof  covered  with  silver.  Pope  Boniface  III, 
dedicated  it  to  the  Virgin  Mary  and  all  the  saints  by  th« 
name  of  S.  Maria  della  Rotunda,  or  "  ad  Martyres,"  608  a.d, 
Victor  Emmanuel,  first  king  of  united  Italy,  was  buried  here, 
17  Jan.  1878.  Pantheon  at  Paris  founded  by  Louis  XV.,  buiU 
by  Soufflot,  1757-90.     Victor  Hugo  buried  here,  1  June,  1885. 

pan'togen.     Atomic  theory. 

pan'tomimes  were  representations  by  gestures  and 
attitudes  among  the  Greeks,  and  were  introduced  on  the 
Roman  stage  by  Pylades  and  Bathyllus,  22  b.c.  Comic  masks 
were  introduced  into  England  from  Italy  about  1700.  The 
first  regular  English  pantomime  is  said  to  have  been  "  Harle 
quin  Executed,"  produced  by  John  Rich  at  the  Lincoln's-inn' 
fields  theatre,  26  Dec.  1717.  Joseph  Grimaldi  (1779-1837)  wai 
the  most  eminent  clown. 

Pao'li,  Massacre  at.  On  the  night  of  20  Sept.  1777,  i 
corps  of  1500  Americans,  under  gen.  Wayne,  were  attacked 
in  their  camp,  near  Paoli  tavern,  in  Pennsylvania,  by  a  party 
of  British  and  Hessians  under  gen.  Greig,  and  about  300  of 
them  were  killed  or  mortally  wounded  in  the  gloom.  53  of 
them  found  upon  the  ground  the  next  morning  were  buried 
in  one  grave.     A  marble  monument  marks  the  spot 

papal  infallibility.  This  dogma,  maintained  by^l 
one  party  in  the  Roman  church,  tolerated  by  another,  and 
utterly  rejected  by  a  third,  was  adopted  and  promulgated  at 
*the  general  council  at  Rome,  18  July,  1870,  a  great  many 
bishops  having  withdrawn.  The  doctrine  was  inculcated  by 
the  false  decretals  of  Isidore  and  others,  but  not  adopted  by 
the  council  of  Trent.  Councils  of  the  Church,  XXI.  Prof. 
Dollinger,  the  historian,  was  excommunicated  at  Munich  for 
rejecting  this  dogma,  18  Apr,  1871 ;  he  was  made  a  D.C.L. 
at  Oxford  about  16  June  following.  Old  Catholics.  The 
doctrine  was  strenuously  attacked  by  W.  E.  Gladstone  in  his 
pamphlet,  "The  Vatican  Decrees,"  Nov.  1874. 

Papal  iStates.     Popes,  Rome. 

paper,  thin  sheets  or  leaves  of  fibrous  material,  to  re- 
ceive writing  or  printing,  or  for  wrappers.  Papyrus.  Paper 
was  probably  made  in  Egypt  centuries  before  the  Christian 
era.  It  was  made  of  cotton  about  600  a.d.,  and  of  rags  about 
1300.  Joseph  Hunter  (in  the  Archceologia,  xxxvii.)  states 
that  the  earliest  paper  he  had  seen  was  a  MS.  account-book, 
dated  1302,  probably  of  Bordeaux  manufacture.  He  gives  en- 
gravings of  manufacturers'  marks,  French  and  English,  dated 
from  1330  to  1431.  He  also  gives  an  extract  from  a  work  by 
Bartholus,  about  1350,  mentioning  a  paper  manufactory  in  the 
Marches  of  Ancona.  At  the  end  of  Wynkin  de  Worde's  edi- 
tion of  Bartholomaeus,  "  De  Proprietatibus  Rerum,"  1494,  its 
thin  paper,  made  by  John  Tate  in  England,  is  commended. 
White  coarse  paper  was  made  by  sir  John  Speilman,  a  Ger- 
man, at  Dartford,  P^ngl.,  33  Eliz.  1580 ;  and  here  paper-mills 
were  erected. — Stow.  Paper  for  writing  and  printing  manu- 
factured in  England,  and  an  act  passed  to  encourage  it,  2  Will. 
HI.  1690;  before  this  time  England  paid  for  these  articles  to 
France  and  Holland  100,000^.  annually.  The  French  refugees 
taught  the  English  people,  who  had  made  coarse  brown  paper 
almost  exclusively  until  the  French  came  among  them  ;  white 
paper  first  made  in  England  in  1690.  —  Anderson.  Paper- 
making  by  a  machine  was  suggested  by  Louis  Robert,  who 
sold  his  model  to  Didot,  the  great  printer,  who  took  it  to 
England,  and,  conjointly  with  Fourdrinier,  perfected  the  ma- 
chinery. The  latter  obtained  a  patent  for  paper-making  ma- 
chinery in  1801,  and  for  manufacturing  paper  of  an  indefinite 


1 


PAP 


605 


PAR 


length  in  1807.  The  machinery  was  improved  by  Bryan 
Donkin.  Esparto,  a  Spanish  grass,  first  imported  into  Eng- 
land ill  1857,  has  been  largely  employed  in  the  paper  manu- 
facture since  1864. 

First  paper-mill  in  America  was  built  by  William  Rittinghuysen 
and  William  Bradford,  near  Philadelphia,  1690.     A  second  was 
built  in  Germantown  in  1710;  and  Ivy  mill,  Delaware  county,  by 
Thomas  Willcox,  1727.     First  in  New  Jersey,  1728. 
First  in  Massachusetts  at  Milton,  1730,  by  Daniel  Henchman.     Dal- 
ton  mill  founded  in  1801.     One  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  noted  for  making 
from  4  to  5  reams  in  a  day,  1793. 
In  1890  there  were  between  1100  and  1200  paper  and  pulp  mills, 
with   a    capital   investment    of  $100,000,000,   producing  about 
.  10,000,000  pounds  daily.  • 

Method  of  grinding  wood  as  raw  material  for  paper  was  introduced 
in  the  U.  S.  in  1869-70.  Olcott  paper  mill  of  Vermont,  one  of  the 
largest  wood-pulp  mills  for  paper  in  the  U.  S.,  produces  80  tons  of 
printing-paper  daily.     Parchment. 

paper  money.  First  issued  in  the  American  colo- 
,  nies  by  Massachusetts,  1690.  Continental  paper  money  is- 
i  sued  during  the  American  Revolution,  first  issued  1775.  De- 
I  preciation :  value  of  $100  in  specie  in  Continental  monev, 
!  Jan.  1777,1105;  1778,  $325;  1779,^742;  1780,  $2934 ;  1781, 
\  17400.  AssiGNATS,  Banks,  Confederate  States,  Green- 
backs. 

papier-maelie  {pap'-ya-ma-sha').  This  manufact- 
ure (of  paper-pulp  combined  with  gum  and  sometimes  with 
china  clay)  has  existed  for  above  a  century.  Martin,  a  Ger- 
man snuffbox-maker,  is  said  to  have  learned  the  art  from  one 
Lefevre  about  1740.  In  1745  it  was  taken  up  by  Baskerville, 
the  printer  at  Birmingham,  and  soon  spread  over  that  district. 
Papier-mache  is  now  largely  employed  in  ornamenting  the 
interior  of  buildings,  etc. 

papy'ril§,  the  reed  from  which  was  made  the  paper  of 

I  Egypt  and  India,  used  for  writings  until  the  discovery  of 

!  parchment,  about  190  B.C.     Ptolemy  prohibited  the  exporta- 

1  tion  of  it  from  Egypt,  lest  Eumenes  of  Pergamus  should  make 

I  a  library  equal  to  that  of  Alexandria,  263  B.C.     Many  papyri 

I  were  discovered  at  Herculaneum  in  1754  (Libraries)  ;  and 

i  many  were  collected  by  the  French  in  Egypt,  1798.     A  man- 

;  uscript  of  the  "  Antiquities"  of  Josephus  on  papyrus,  among 

I  the  treasures  seized  by  Bonaparte  in  Italj',  and  sent  to  the 

I  National  Library  at  Paris,  was  restored  in  1815. 

Fac-similes  of  the  largest  known  papyrus,  found  in  1855,  behind 

Shedinat  Habu,  on  the  Nile,  and  now  in  the  British  museum, 

were  published  with  translations  by  the  trustees  in  1876. 

par'able.    Fables. 

par'aellUte.     Balloons,  1785, 1802, 1837, 1874, 1887. 

Par'aclete  (Gr.  for  comforter),  a  name  given  by 
Abi^lard  to  the  convent  which  he  founded  in  Champagne  in 
1122,  of  which  Heloise  became  the  first  abbess.  Montanus 
I  (MoNTANiSTs)  in  the  2d  century.  Manes  (Manicheans)  in 
;  the  3d,  and  Mahomet  in  the  7th,  claimed  to  be  the  promised 
I  Paraclete,  whom  none  of  the  3  however  identified  with  the 
'  Holy  Ghost. 

j  par'adOX  (Gr.  irapa,  beyond,  and  Sn^a,  opinion),  some- 
I  thing  contrary  to  common  opinion.  Prof.  De  Morgan's  *'  Bud- 
tget  of  Paradoxes  "  (of  all  kinds)  was  published  in  1872.  John 
jPaget's  "Paradoxes  and  Puzzles,  Historical,  Judicial,  and 
i  Literary,"  pub.  1874. 

i  par'afline  (from  parum  affinis,  from  its  having  little 
iaffinity  with  anything),  also  called  photogen,  a  solid  sub- 
Istance,  somewhat  like  spermaceti,  produced  by  distillation  of 
jcoal,  and  first  obtained  by  Reichenbach  in  1830,  and  by  dr. 
iChristison  about  the  same  time.  It  was  procured  from  min- 
eral oil  by  James  Young  about  1848  at  Alfreton,  in  Derby- 
shire. Soon  after  it  was  largely  obtained  from  Boghead  coal. 
;It  is  also  obtained  from  Irish  peat.  It  makes  excellent  can- 
jdles.  Much  litigation  ensued  through  interference  with  Mr. 
lYoung's  patent-right. 

paragraph  Bible§.    Bibles. 

'  Par'aguay,  a  republic  in  South  America,  discovered 
ay  Sebastian  Cabot  in  1526;  conquered  by  Alvarez  Nunez  in 
1535,  and  civilized  by  the  Jesuits,  who  in  1608  commenced 
heir  missions  there  and  held  it  till  their  expulsion  in  1768. 
'Paraguay  rose  against  the  Spanish  yoke  in  1811.  In  1814 
h.  Jose  G.  R,  Francia  was  elected  dictator;  he  ruled  vigor- 
>usly,  but  tyrannically:   he  was  succeeded,  on  his  death  in 


1840,  by.Vibal.  From  1814  to  1844  the  country  was  rigidly 
closed  against  foreigners.  The  president,  C.  A.  Lopez,  elected 
in  1844,  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Francis  S.  Lopez,  Sept.  1 862. 
Paraguay  was  recognized  as  an  independent  state  by  the  Ar- 
gentine Confederation,  14  July,  1852.  and  by  Great  Britain  in 
1853.  Area,  98,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  1857, 1,337,431 ;  1873,  221,- 
079  ;  1876,  293,844 ;  1887,  329,645. 
Hostilities  between  Paraguay  and  Brazil;  a  Brazilian  steamer 

captured  as  an  intruder  on  the  Paraguay 11  Nov.  1864 

Brazil  invaded Dec.      " 

Lopez  invades   the  Argentine  republic,  which   immediately 

makes  alliance  with  Brazil 14  Apr.  1865 

Army  of  Lopez  defeated Sept.     " 

Allies  capture  Uruguyana  and  a  Paraguayan  army 18  Sept.     " 

[For  details  of  the  war,  Brazil,  1865-69.] 
A  provisional  government   installed;    Lopez   defeated;   pro- 
claimed an  outlaw 17  Aug.  1869 

Lopez  killed  near  the  Aquidaban 1  Mch.  1870 

Peace  signed  with  Brazil  and  the  Argentine  republic. .  20  June,     " 

Pres.  Salvador  Jovellanos  elected  for  3  years 12  Dec.  1871 

Pres.  Juan  BautistaGill 25  Nov.  1874 

President  and  his  brother  assassinated;  announced,  Apr.;  Hi- 

ginio  Uriarte  president 12  Apr.  1877 

President,  Candido  Bareiro  (for  4  years) 25  Nov.  1878 

Don  Juan  G.  Gonzales  elected  president 1890 

para§ols  were  used  by  the  ancient  Egyptians.  Came 
into  general  use  in  the  United  States  about  1820. 

parclimeilt  (Gr.  Trepyafirjvr},  parchment;  lit.  paper 
of  Pergamum),  the  skin  of  anijuals  prepared  for  writing.  First 
used  for  books  by  Eumenes  (some  say  by  Attalus)  of  Pergamus, 
the  founder  of  the  celebrated  library  at  Pergamus,  formed  on 
the  model  of  the  Alexandrian,  about  190  b.c.  From  being 
first  written  on  in  this  library,  parchment  was  called  "  Perga- 
men(B  cka7'tcB"  but  it  was  not  invented  at  Pergamus.  Ptolemy 
of  Egypt,  to  check  if  possible  the  growth  of  the  Pergamenean 
library,  forbade  the  exportation  of  papj'rus  from  Egypt,  thus 
forcing  Eumenes  to  use  parchment  instead  of  papyrus  for 
books.— ^n^Aow,  "Class.  Diet."  Parchment  books  from  this 
time  became  those  most  used,  and  the  most  valuable  as  well 
as  oldest  in  the  world  are  written  on  the  skins  of  goats.  The 
Persians  and  others  are  said  to  have  written  all  their  records 
on  skins  long  before  Eumenes'  time. 

Parchment  paper  (or  vegetable  parchment)  was  invented  and  pat- 
ented in  1857  by  W.  E.  Gaine,  C.E.,  who  discovered  that  when 
paper  is  drawn  through  a  mixture  of  2  parts  of  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  and  1  part  of  water,  it  is  converted  into  a  strong, 
tough,  skin-like  material.  It  must  be  instantly  washed  with  wa- 
ter. Its  great  strength  points  out  many  applications,  e.  g..  maps, 
school  and  account  books,  and  drawing-paper.  In  1859  it  appeared 
that  a  similar  invention  had  been  made  in  Paris  by  Figuier  and 
Pouraarede  in  1846. 

pardon,  an  act  of  grace  remitting  punishment  for  a 
crime.  General  pardons  were  proclaimed  at  coronations,  first 
by  Edward  IIL  in  1327.  The  king's  power  of  pardoning  is 
said  to  be  derived  a  lege  sum  dignitatis ;  and  no  other  person 
has  power  to  remit  treason  or  felonies,  stat.  27  Hen.  VIII. 
1535. — Blackstone.  A  pardon  cannot  follow  an  impeachment 
of  the  House  of  Commons:  stat.  Will.  III.  1700.  In  the 
United  States  the  president  has  power  to  grant  reprieves 
and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  government  except  in 
cases  of  impeachment;  as  has  the  governor  in  many  states 
within  his  jurisdiction     He  can  also  commute  a  sentence. 

Parian  marbles.    Paros. 

Paris  (formerly  Luietia  Parisio?'uni),  the  capital  of 
France,  situated  on  the  river  Seine,  which  cuts  it  into  2  un- 
equal parts,  the  larger  being  towards  the  north.  It  includes 
3  isles:  la  ville  (the  city),  the  ile  St.  Louis,  and  the  He  Lou- 
viers.  In  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar,  Lutetia  comprised  the 
city  only.  It  was  greatly  improved  by  the  emperor  Julian, 
who  made  it  his  residence  while  he  governed  Gaul,  355-361. 
It  became  successively  the  capital  of  the  kingdoms  of  Paris, 
Soissons,  and  Neustria,  and  eventually  of  all  the  kingdom. 
Many  ecclesiastical  councils  were  held  at  Paris,  360-1628. 
The  representative  of  the  house  of  Orleans  is  styled  count  of 
Paris.  Population  of  Paris  in  1856,  1,178,262;  *in  1872,  esti- 
mated population,  1,851,792;  in  1876,1,988,806;  1891,2,447,- 
957. 

Clevis  makes  Paris  his  residence about    508 

St.  Denis  founded 613 

Hotel-Dieu  hospital  founded  by  bishop  Landry about    656 

Paris  ravaged  by  the  Normans  (or  Danes),  845,  855,  861;  suf- 
fered from  famine 845-940 

Defended  against  Danes  by  count  Eudes  and  bishop  Goslin. . .  ■     885 


PAR 


606 


PAR 


University  founded about  1200 

Rebuilt 1231 

Church  of  Notre  Dame  built 1100-1270 

rarliiimont  established 1302 

Suflers  by  faciiuus  of  Araiagnacs  and  Burgundians 1411-18 

Taken  by  the  Knglish 1420 

Retaken  by  the  French 1436 

Pont  Notre  Dame  built 1499 

Louvre  commenced  (Ix)Uvrk) 1522 

Hotel  de  Ville  founded 1533 

Boulevards  commenced 153(5 

Fountain  of  the  Innocents  erected 1551 

Tuilcries  begun  (Tuilkriks) 15G4 

Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's 24  Aug.  1572 

Pont  Neuf  begun 1578 

Vainly  besieged  by  Henry  IV 1589-90 

Entered  by  him Mch.  1594 

Hospital  des  luvalides , 1595 

Place  Koyale  begun 1()04 

Hotel  Dieu  founded.... 1606 

Jardin  des  Plantes  formed 1610 

I.UXK.MBOUKG,  bv  Mary  de'  Medici 1615 

Palais  Koyal  built 1629 

Val  de-Grace 1645 

Conflicts  of  the  Fronde 1648-53 

Royal  palace  at  Versailles  built;  the  court  removed  there..  1661-72 

Academy  of  Sciences  founded 1666 

Observatory  established 1667 

Champs  lllys^es  planted 1670 

Arch  of  St.  Denis  erected 1672 

Palace  d'felysde  Bourbon  built 1718 

Palace  of  the  Deputies 1722 

Military  school 1751 

Pantheon,  Ste.  Genevidve,  founded 1764 

Fkkxcu  RKvoLiTTioN  breaks  out;  the  Bastile  taken 14  July,  1789 

Pont  de  Louis  XIV.  finished 1790 

Cemetery  of  P6re  La  Chaise  consecrated 1804 

Pont  des  Invalides.  etc.,  erected 1806 

Paris  surrenders  to  the  allies 30  Mch.  1814 

Paris  lit  with  gas 1819 

Fortifications  of  Paris  (for  which  140,000,000  of  francs  were 

voted,  1833)  commenced  15  Dec.  1840;  completed Mch.  1846 

Paris   much    improved  by  Louis   Napoleon    (probable   cost 

320,000,000  francs) 1S53-62 

Industrial  Exhibition  opened  by  emperor  and  empress,  15  May; 
visited  by  Victoria  and  prince  Albert  (first  English  sovereign 

in  Paris  since  1422),  24  Aug. ;  closes 15  Nov.  1855 

Bois  de  Boulogne  opened  as  a  garden  of  acclimatation. .  .6  Oct.  1860 
Decree  for  an  international  exhibition  of  agriculture,  industry, 
and  fine  arts  at  Paris  in  1867;  commissioners  appointed, 

21  Feb.  1864 
International  Exhibition  on  the  Champ  de  Mars  (with  a  new 
park,  comprising  more  than  100  acres);  the  oblong  building 
designed  by  Leplay  (enclosing  35  acres),  1245  feet  wide,  1500 
feet  long,  consisting  of  circles  within  circles;  the  external 
corridor  was  a  belt  of  iron,  85  feet  high  and  115  feet  wide; 

opened  by  the  emperor  and  empress 1  Apr.  1867 

Visits  by  prince  of  Wales;  kings  of  Greece,  Belgium,  Prussia, 
and  Sweden;  czar  of  Russia,  viceroy  of  Egypt,  sultan  of 
Turkey,  emperor  of  Austria,  and  other  sovereigns,  May-Nov.     " 
Exhibition  closed  (instead  of  on  31  Oct.)  Sunday,  3  Nov. ;  gross 

receipts,  9,830,369  francs. 
International  Exhibition:  site,  2  unequal  parts  divided  by  the 
Seine.  The  main  building  in  the  Champ  de  Mars  covers 
263,593  square  yards  (765  by  360  yards);  the  Trocadbro  pal- 
ace is  a  stone  structure,  with  a  rotunda  supported  by  col- 
umns, crowned  by  a  dome,  flanked  by  2  lofty  towers,  the 
exterior  gallery  ornamented  with  statues. 
Exhibition  opened  by  the  president,  marshal  MacMahon  ("in 
the  name  of  the  republic"),  in  presence  of  the  prince  of 

Wales,  the  due  d'Aosta,  etc 1  May,  1878 

111,955  persons  visited  exhibition  (a  fete  day) 15  Aug.     " 

Closed  Sunday 10  Nov.     ' ' 

Total  admissions,  16,032,725;  daily  average,  82,000;  gross  re- 
ceipts, 12,653,746  francs. 
Universal  exhibition  of  arts,  manufactures,  etc.,  opened  by 

pres.  Carnot 6  May,  1889 

Offlcially  closed 6  Nov.      " 

[  Greatest  exhibition  hitherto.     Chief  building,  the  Eiffel 

Tower,   985    feet   high,   mostly    of   iron.      Total    visitors, 

28,149,353;  402,065  admitted  13  Oct.  (the  largest  number  for 

any  one  day).] 

Receipts,  41,000,000  francs;  surplus,  4,000,000  francs.     Exhi. 

BITIO.VS. 

Telephone  between  London  and  Paris  opened 18  Mch.  1891 

Behring  sea  court  of  arbitration  meets  in  Paris  (Behring  sea), 

23  Mch.  1893 

Marie  Franp ols  Sadi  Carnot,  4th  president  of  France,  b,  1837, 
as.sassinated  at  Lyons  by  Cesare  Santo,  an  anarchist,  on 
Sunday,  24  June.     State  funeral  at  Paris 1  July,  1894 

France,  Franco-German  war. 

IMPOKTANT   TREATIES  OF  PAKIS. 

Between  England,  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal;  cession  of 
Canada  to  Great  Britain  by  France,  and  Florida  by  Spain, 

10  Feb.  1763 
Between  France  and  Sardinia;  the  latter  ceding  Savoy,  etc., 

15  May,  1796 
Between  France  and  Sweden,  Swedish   Pomerania  and  the 
island  of  Rugen  given  up  to  the  Swedes,  who  adopt  the 
French  prohibitory  system  against  Great  Britain 6  Jan.  1810 


Capitulation  of  Paris:  Napoleon  abdicates 11  Apr.  181 1 

Convention  of  Paris,  between  PYance  and  the  allied  powers; 
boundaries  of  Franco  as  on  1  Jan.  1792 23  Apr.     " 

Peace  of  Paris  ratified  by  France  and  all  the  allies 14  May,     " 

Convention  of  St.  Cloud,  between  marshal  Davoust  and  Wel- 
lington and  Blucher,  for  the  surrender  of  Paris 3  July,  181 » 

[The  allies  entered  it  on  the  6th.] 

Treaty  of  Paris,  between  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Russia,  and 
Prussia,  styling  Napoleon  the  prisoner  of  those  powers,  and 
confiding  his  safeguard  to  England 2  Aug.     " 

Establishing  boundaries  of  France;  certain  fortresses  to  be  oc- 
cupied by  foreign  troops  for  3  years 20  Nov.     '« 

Treaty  of  Paris,  confirming  the  treaties  of  Chaumont  and  Vien- 
na, same  day 20  Nov.     " 

Treaty  of  Paris,  confirming  the  congress  of  Vienna 10  June,  18i; 

Treaty  of  Paris  between  Russia  and  Turkey,  England,  France, 
and  Sardinia  (revised  13  Mch.  1871 ;  Russia) 30  Mch.  1865 

Declaration  of  Paris,  signed  by  European  powers,  not  by  U.  S., 
Mch.  1856:  1.  Privateering  abolished.  2.  Neutral  flags  to 
protect  enemy's  goods,  except  contraband  of  war.  3.  Neutral 
goods  under  an  enemy's  flag  exempt.  4.  Blockade  to  be 
binding  must  be  effective.  This  declaration  was  censured  in 
Parliament  in  187L     Assented  to  by  U.  S.  1861. 

Treaty  of  Paris  between  England  and  Persia 4  Mch.  1867 

Treaty  of  Paris  between  the  European  powers,  Prussia,  and 
Switzerland,  respecting  Neufchatel 26  May,     " 

Commercial  treaty  between  France  and  England 23  Jan.  186ii 

Convention  between  France  and  Italy  for  withdrawal  of  French 
troops  from  Rome 15  Sept.  18C  i 

pari§llC§  (Gr.  TrapoiKog,  dwelling  beside  or  near),  ter- 
ritory of  an  ecclesiastical  society.  Their  boundaries  in  Eng- 
land were  first  fixed  by  Honorius,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
636.  They  were  enlarged,  and  the  number  of  parishes  was 
consequenth'  reduced  in  the  16th  century,  when  there  wen; 
10,000.  Parish  registers  were  commenced  in  1538.  The  stat(! 
divisions  of  Louisiana  are  termed  parishes  instead  of  counties. 

park,  Central,  New  York,  in  the  centre  of  New 
York  city  is  the  Central  park,  open  to  everybody.  It  extends 
from  Fifty-ninth  street  to  One  Hundred  and  Tenth  street, 
13,507  feet.  Its  breadth,  from  Fifth  to  Eighth  avenue,  is 
2718  feet;  its  area  862  acres.  There  are  9  miles  of  roads,  5j 
of  bridle  paths,  28J  of  walks.  It  contains  the  great  Crotoii 
reservoir  for  the  use  of  New-Yorkers,  with  a  surface  of  9G 
acres  and  a  depth,  when  full,  of  about  38  feet;  its  capacity 
more  than  1,000,000,000  gallons.  'J'he  cost  of  the  reservoir 
was  nearly  $600,000.  The  park  was  laid  out  in  1858.  li 
contains  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  Historj',  and  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  and  Archaeology;  of  which  the 
Cesnola  collection  of  Cypriote  antiquities  is  a  chief  feature. 
Frederick  L.  Olmsted  and  Calvert  Vaux  were  the  landscape 
architects. 

parkesine  {parh'-seen).     A  new  substance,  obtained 
from  various  vegetable  bodies  and  oil,  the  same  as  xylotile.  i 
It  can  be  formed  with  the  properties  of  ivory,  tortoise-shell,], 
wood,   india-rubber,   gutta-percha,   etc.     It    is   named  after  jj 
Alexander   Parkes   of   Birmingham,  its    inventor,  and   was" 
shown  by  him  at  the  exhibition  in  1862.     In  Dec.  1865,  at 
the  Society  of  Arts,  parkesine  was  proved  to  be  an  excellent 
electric  insulator,  and' therefore  likely  to  be  suitable  for  tele- 
graphic purposes. 

parks.     The  Romans  attached  parks  to  their  villas. 
Fluvius  Lupinus,  Pompey,  and  Hortensius  had  large  parks. 
In  England  the  first  great  park  of  which  particular  mention 
is  made  was  that  of  Woodstock,  formed  by  Henry  I.  in  1125. 
Among  the  noted  parks  in  Europe  are  those  in  and  near  Paris: 
Fontainebleau,  41,000  acres ;    St.  Cloud,  1000  acres ;  Bois  de 
Boulogne,  2500  acres,  and  the  Bois  de  Vincennes,  22'^6  acres; 
the  last  2  acquired  by  the  municipality  of  Paris  in  1854.    Vi- 
enna has  its  "  Prater  park,"  2300  acres,  and  Munich  its  Royal 
park,  1300  acres.     Phoenix  park,  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  contains 
1752  acres.    The  civic  parks  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  y 
are  numerous,  acts  for  their  establishment  in  England  and  ■ 
Ireland  passed  12  July,  1869,  and  in  Scotland,  18  Mch.  1878.  H 
The  most  noted  parks  of  London  and  vicinity  are  as  follows: 
Green  park,  70  acres,  near  Buckingham  palace,  enclosed  by 

Henry  VIII 1530 

St.  James,  90  acres,  laid  out  by  Henry  VIII ". 

Hyde  park,  390  acres,  which  became  crown  property 1535 

Richmond  park,  2253  acres,  enclosed  by  Charles  1 1625-50 

Greenwich  park,  180  acres,  laid  out 1660-80 

Regent's  park,  470  acres,  laid  out 1812 

Kensington  Gardens,  210  acres,  connected  with  Hyde  park  by 

a  bridge,  opened 1^26 

Victoria  park,  290  acres,  opened  to  the  public 18^5 

Battersea  park,  180  acres,  opened Apr.  1858 

Heme's  oak  in  Windsor  park  blown  down 1863 


PAR 


607 


PAR 


<5mithwark  park,  62  acres,  laid  out  at  a  cost  of  100,OOOZ.  and 

opened  to  the  public. 19  June,  1869 

Finsbury  park,  115  acres,  opened .7  Aug.     " 

Eoping  Forest,  5600  acres,  preserved  by  act  of  Parliament,  is 

dedicated  to  the  people 6  May,  1882 

Burnham  Beeches  purchased  by  the  city  of  Loudon  for  a  public 

park  in  1879  and  dedicated 3  Oct.  1883 

park§  in  the  United  States.  The  development  of  the 
park  system,  national,  state,  and  civic,  in  the  U.  S.,  is  recent, 
though  Boston  had  its  "  Common,"  part  of  a  purchase  for  a 
oow  pasture  in  1634,  and  since  1878  protected  from  encroach- 
ment by  law.  Interest  in  public  parks  was  created  by  the 
papers  of  A.  J.  Downing  in  1849,  and  led  to  the  establishment 
of  Central  park  (862  acres)  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1857. 
The  national  parks  or  reservations  in  the  U.  S.  are  : 
YosEMiTE  park  and  Mariposa  grove,  on  the  Merced  river  in 
Mariposa  county,  Cal.,  discovered  in  1851  and  established  by 


Congress. 


1864 


Yellowstone  National  park,  3575  sq.  miles,  nearly  all  in  north- 
western Wyoming,  established  by  act  of  Congress 1  May,  1872 

[Canada  has  also  reserved  260  sq.  miles  in  the  Rocky 
mountain  region,  reached  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad 
at  Banff,  as  a  public  park,  and  on  24  May,  1888,  the  reserva- 
tion at  Niagara  falls,  Canada  side,  was  opened.] 

In  1885  a  forestry  commission  (New  York)  was  appointed  by 
New  York  state  for  the  preservation  of  the  Adirondack  for- 
est.   State  reservation  at  Niagara  Falls  opened  to  the  public, 

15  July,  1885 

IMPORTANT   CIVIC   PARKS  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Fairmount  park,  Philadelphia,  2740  acres,  acquired  by  purchase 
and  gift 1844-67 

Prospect  park,  Brooklyn,  550  acres,  established 1859 

Druid  Hill  park,  Baltimore,  693  acres,  acquired  by  the  city 1860 

Chicago  park  system  comprises  2  south  parks,  372  and  593 
acres;  Jackson  park,  600  acres;  Douglas  park,  171  acres; 
Garfield  park,  185  acres;  Humboldt  park,  194  acres,  and 
Lincoln  park,  310  acres,  a  total,  including  31)4  miles  of 
boulevards,  of  2530  acres;  cost  about  $10,000,000 1869 

Buffalo  park  system,  638  acres  and  17  miles  park  driveways; 
work  begun 1871 

Parks  of  Cincinnati  are  Eden  park,  207  acres,  and  Burnett 
Wood,  168  acres,  established 1872-73 

Boston,  Back  Bay  park  system,  comprising:  Charles  River  em- 
bankment, 69  acres;  Back  Bay  park,  106  acres;  Muddy 
river,  110 acres;  Jamaica  park,  120  acres;  Arnold  Arboretum, 
167  acres;  West  Roxbury,  485  acres;  in  all,  including  park- 
ways, 1059  acres,  established 1877 

Detroit  has  Belie  Isle,  containing  about  700  acres,  bought 1880 

Colden  Gate  park,  extending  to  and  along  the  ocean  at  San 
Francisco,  contains  1043  acres. 

St.  Louis  has  2  parks,  Tower-Grove,  276  acres,  and  Forest  park, 
1370  acres. 

Parks  of  New  York  are  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  4  com- 
missioners who  hold  office  for  5  years.  Besides  Central  park, 
mentioned  above,  there  are:  Bowling  Green  (the  cradle  of 
New  York);  Battery,  with  Castle  Garden;  Bryant  park,  so 
named  in  1884,  once  the  site  of  Crystal  palace;  City  Hall 
park.  East  River  park.  Mount  Morris  park,  Morningside 
park;  Riverside  park,  178  acres,  the  burial-place  of  gen.  U. 
S.  Grant;  Pelham  Bay  park,  1700  acres,  established  in  1888; 
Van  Cortland  park,  1059  acres,  established  in  1888;  Bronx 
park,  653  acres,  on  both  sides  of  the  Bronx  river;  and  several 
others,  as  Gramercy,  Jeanette,  Claremont,  Crotona,  Audubon, 
I      and  St.  Mary's. 

\       Park'§  travels.     Mungo  Park  set  sail  on  his  first 
j  voyage  to  Africa  under  the  patronage  of  the  African  Society, 
\  to  trace  the  source  of  the  river  Niger,  22  May,  1795 ;  and  re- 
I  turned  22  Dec.  1797,  after  having  fruitlessly  encountered  great 
I  danger.    He  sailed  from  Portsmouth  on  his  second  voyage,  30 
!  Jan.  1804,  sent  by  British  government ;  but  never  returned. 
j  His  murder  at  Broussa  on  the  Niger,  Nov.  1805,  was  well  au- 
I  thenticated.     His  "Travels  in  Africa"  pub.  in  1799. 
I       Par'liamcilt  (from  the  French  parlement,  discourse) 
!  derives  its  origin  from  the  Saxon  general  assemblies,  called 
Witenagemotes.     The  name  was  applied  to  the  assemblies  of 
the  state  under  Louis  VH  of  France,  about  the  middle  of  the 
^'^'^th  century ;  but,  it  is  said,  not  in  English  law  till  the  stat- 
ute ^  ^f  Westminster  I.,  3  Edw.  1. 1272  ;  and  yet  Coke  declared 
jtn  his    a  Institutes,"  and  when  speaker  (1592),  that  this  name 
pas  use  d  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  1041.     The 
j  rst  clea  r  account  we  have  of  representatives  of  the  people 
"rmuig  ^^  House  of  Commons  is  in  43d  Hen.  HI.  1258,  the 
'  ^'^"tes  of  •  Oxford,  directing  that  12  persons  be  chosen  to  rep- 
esent  the  c  ommons  in  3  parliaments,  which,  by  the  6th  stat- 
ute, were  to     be  held  yearly. — Burton's  Annals.     The  general 
epresentation     bv  knights,  citizens,  and  burgesses  took  place, 
^9  Hen.  HI.  12t%  ^  '        ' 


-DUgdale's  Summons  to  Parliament.,  edit, 
powei  •  and  jurisdiction  of  Parliament  are  absolute 
nd  cannot  be  conh  'ned,  either  for  causes  or  persons,  within 


The 


any  bounds.  It  hath  sovereign  and  uncontrollable  authority 
in  making  and  repealing  laws.  It  can  regulate  or  new-model 
the  succ  <ion  to  the  crown  (as  was  done  in  the  reigns  of 
Henry  VI H.  and  William  IH.).  It  can  alter  and  establish  the 
religion  of  the  country,  as  was  done  in  the  reigns  of  Henry 
VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth. — Sir  Edward  Coke. 
The  4th  edition  of  May's  "  Practical  Treatise  on  Parlia- 
ment "  was  pub.  in  1859.  Septennial,  Triennial.  Return 
of  the  names  of  members  of  Parliament  from  the  earliest  pe- 
riod to  the  present  time  ordered  bv  the  House  of  Commons, 
4  May,  1876,  and  9  Mch.  1877.  Part  I.  (1213-1702)  pub.  1879. 
Commons,  Lords. 

First  summons  of  barons  by  writ  directed  to  the  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury by  John 1205 

Parliament  of  Merton 1236 

An  assembly  of  knights  and  burgesses  (the  Mad  Parliament), 

11  June,  1258 
First  assembly  of  the  commons  as  a  confirmed  representation 

(Dugdale) 20  Jan.  1265 

First  regular  Parliament  (according  to  many  historians),  22 

Edw.  1 1294 

First  a  deliberative  assembly,  it  becomes  a  legislative  power, 

whose  assent  is  essential  to  constitute  a  law 1308 

Commons  elect  their  first  speaker,  Peter  de  la  Mare 1377 

Parliament  of  only  1  day  (Richard  II.  deposed) -29  Sept.  1399 

^^  rarliamentum  Indoctum  "  at  Coventry  (lawyers  excluded), 

6  Oct.  1404 

Members  obliged  to  reside  at  the  places  they  represented 1413 

Forty-shilling  freeholders  only  to  elect  knights 1430 

"  Parliamentum  Diabolicum  "*  at    Coventry  ;    attainted    the 

Yorkists 1459 

Journals  of  the  Lords  commenced 1509 

"  Acts  of  Parliament "  printed  in  1501,  and  consecutively  from     " 

Members  protected  from  arrest  (Ferraks's  arrest) 1542 

Journals  of  the  Commons  begun 1547 

Francis  Russell,  son  of  the  earl  of  Bedford,  was  the  first  peer's 

eldest  son  who  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons 1549 

Addled  Parliament;  remonstrated  with  James  I.  respecting 

benevolences;  dissolved  by  him  in  anger 5  Apr.  1614 

Parliament  in  which  were  first  formed  the  Court  and  Country 

parties,  1614  ;  disputes  with  James  I June,  1620 

Charles  I.  dissolves  Parlianjent;  no  meeting  for  11  years 1629 

Long  Parliament  (which  voted  the  House  of  Lords  as  useless) 

first  assembled 3  Nov.  1640 

Bishops  excluded  from  voting  on  temporal  matters " 

Rump  Parliament  ;  it  voted  the  trial  of  Charles  I Jan.  1649 

House  of  Peers  abolished 6  Feb.     " 

Peer  sat  as  a  member  of  the  Commons " 

Cromwell  roughly  dissolves  the  Long  Parliament. . 20  Apr.  1653 

Convention  Parliament  (Convention  Parliaments) 1660 

Roman  Catholics  excluded  from  Parliament 1678 

Commons  committed  &  secretary  of  state  to  the  Tower. .  .Nov.     " 

Speaker  of  the  Commons  refused  by  the  king 1679 

Convention  Parliament  (Co.nvention  Parliaments) 1689 

James  II.  convenes  the  Irish  Parliament  at  Dublin,  which  at- 
taints 3000  Protestants " 

Act  for  triennial  Parliament  (Triennial) 1694 

First  Parliament  of  Great  Britain  met 23  Oct.  1707 

Member  of  House  of  Commons  accepting  any  oflQce  of  profit 

vacates  h is  seat  by  statute,  6  Anne,  cap.  7 " 

Triennial  act  repealed,  and  Septennial  act  voted  (Septennial 

Parliament) 7  May,  1716 

Journals  ordered  to  be  printed 1752 

Privilege  of  freedom  from  arrest  for  servants  relinquished  by 

Commons 1770 

Lord  mayor  of  London  (Oliver)  and  alderman  Crosby  commit- 
ted to  the  Tower  by  the  Commons  in  Wilkes's  affair 1771 

Reporting  the  debates  permitted about     " 

First  Parliament  of  the  United  Kingdom  meets 2  Feb.  1801 

Clergymen  prohibited  from  becoming  M.P.'s " 

Sir  F.  Burdett  committed  to  the  Tower 6  April,  1810 

Murder  of  Spencer  Perceval  by  Bellingham  at  the  House  of 

Commons H  May,  1812 

Return  for  Clare  county,  Ireland,  of  Mr.  O'Connell,  first  Roman 

Catholic  elected  since  English  revolution 5  July,  1828 

Duke  of  Norfolk  took  his  seat  in  the  Lords,  the  first  Roman 
Catholic  peer  under  the  Relief  bill  (Roman  Catholics).28  Apr.  1829 

Reformed  Parliament  meet 7  Aug.  1832 

Joseph  Pease,  the  first  Quaker,  admitted  M.P.  on  his  affirma- 
tion  15  Feb.  1833 

Houses  of  Parliament  destroyed  by  fire 16  Oct.  1834 

Privilege  of  franking  letters  relinquished  by  members  of  com- 
mons and  House  of  Lords  (Franking) 10  Jan.  1840 

New  houses  of  Parliament  commenced " 

[Termed  the  "  Palace  of  Westminster."  The  first  contract 
for  the  embankment  of  the  river  was  taken  in  1837  by  messrs. 
Lee;  this  embankment,  faced  with  granite,  is  886  feet  in 
length,  and  projected  into  the  river  in  a  line  with  the  inner 
side  of  the  third  pier  of  old  Westminster  bridge.  Sir  Charles 
Barry  (b.  1795,  d.  1860)  was  the  architect  of  the  sumptuous 
l)ile  of  buildings  raised  since  1840.  The  whole  stands  on  a 
bed  of  concrete  12  feet  thick;  to  the  east  it  has  a  front  of 
about  1000  feet,  and  covers  an  area  of  9  statute  acres.  It  con- 
tains 1100  apartments,  100  staircases,  and  2  miles  of  passages 
or  corridors.  The  great  Victoria  tower  at  the  southwest  ex- 
tremity is  346  feet  in  height,  and  towers  of  less  magnitude 
crown  other  portions  of  the  building.] 


\ 


PAR  < 

Peers  took  possession  of  their  house 16  Apr.  1847 

Commons  uissenible  in  their  new  house i  Nov.  1862 

Two  houses  began  to  communicate  by  letter 1856 

Baron  L.  Kothscliild  the  first  Jew  admitted 26  July,  1858 

Henry  Fawcett  (blind)  elected  M.  P July,  1805 

Parliamentary  oaths  moditicd  and  made  uniform 30  Apr.  1866 

Arthur  M.  Kavaniigh  (without  arms  and  legs)  elected Nov.     " 

House  of  Lords  abolish  pro.xies  by  standing  order 31  Mch.  1868 

Death  of  earl  of  Onslow,  father  of  House  of  Lords,  aged  93, 

24  Oct.  1870 
Mr.  Fawcett  alone  in  the  lobby  (350-1  on  grant  of  30,000^  to 

princess  Louise  on  her  marriage) 16  Feb.  1871 

Ballot  act  passed 18  July,  1872 

Commons,  obstructed  by  Irish  members  (principally  messrs. 
Parncll,  Biggar,  O'Donnell,  Power,  (jray,  Kirk,  and  Nolan), 
sat  from  3. 45  p.m.  2  July  to  7.15  a.m. 3  July;  from  about 4  p.m. 

31  July  to  6.10  p.M 1  Aug.  1877 

Temporary  resolution  to  check  obstruction  (by  motions  of  ad- 
journment) pas.sed  (282-32) 27  July,     " 

Charles  Bradlaugh,  M.  P.  for  Northampton  (not  believing  in  God), 
objects  to  take  oath  of  allegiance;  his  affirmation  refused,  3 

May ;  his  offer  to  take  oath  not  permitted 21  May,  1880 

Committee  appointed;  recommends  that  ho  be  allowed  to  af- 
firm, 16  June  ;  much  discussion  ensues  ;  resolution  of  Mr. 
Labouchere,  M.P.  for  Northampton,  that  Mr.  Bradlaugh  be 

permitted  to  affirm,  negatived  (275-230) 22  June,     " 

Mr.  Bradlaugh's  claim  to  take  the  oath  or  affirm  denied  by 
house;  he  refuses  to  withdraw,  and  is  imprisoned  in  clock- 
tower  (vote  326-38),  23  June;  released  by  vote 24  June,      " 

Resolution  of  Mr.  Gladstone  permitting  affirmation  instead  ot 
oath  in  certain  cases;  opposed  by  sir  Stafford  Northcote  as 
rescinding  vote  of  22  June;  passed  (303-249),  1,  2  July;  Mr. 

Bradlaugh  affirms,  is  admitted,  and  votes 2  July,     " 

Commons  sat  21  hours  (devoted  to  Irish  affairs) 26-27  Aug.     " 

On  first  reading  of  Mr.  Forster's  Coercion  bill,  debate  sum- 
marily closed  by  H.  Brand,  the  speaker  (termed  coup  d'etat), 

4  P.M.  31  Jan.  to  9.30  p.m 2  Feb.  1881 

Thirty-six  Irish  members,  Mr.  Parnell,  Justin  McCarthy,  and 
others,  suspended  for  the  sitting  for  disorderly  conduct;  Mr. 
Gladstones  resolutions;  speaker  invested  with  all  the 
powers  of  the  house  to  regulate  business  when  voted  ur- 
gent by  three-fourths  of  the  members  (at  least  200)  (234- 

150) 3  Feb.     ' ' 

Mr.  Bradlaugh  re-elected  for  Northampton 9  Apr.     " 

His  offer  to  take  the  oath  opposed  (208-175) ;  he  is  forcibly  re- 
moved, 26  Apr. ;  again  ejected 10  May,     " 

Mr.  Bradlaugh's  attempt  to  enter  the  House  of  Commons  for- 
cibly resisted  by  the  police.  Mr.  Labouchere's  motion  to 
rescind  the  resolution  of  10  May,  1881,  negatived  (191-7), 

3  Aug.     " 
Mr.  Bradlaugh  not  permitted  to  sit;  government  motion  nega- 
tived (286-228) 7  Feb.  1882 

New  rules  of  procedure,  including  cloture  (closing  a  debate) 

and  delegation  of  business,  proposed  by  Mr. Gladstone,  13  Feb.     " 
Proposal  for  writ  for  Northampton  negatived  (307-18);   Mr. 
Bradlaugh  repeats  oath  and  takes  a  seat;  withdraws  when 
directed;  21  Feb.,  expelled  (291-83);  new  writ  to  be  issued, 

22  Feb.     " 
Michael  Davitt,  convict,  elected  M.P.  for  county  Meath,     "  " 

Mr.  Bradlaugh  re-elected  for  Northampton 2  Mch.     " 

Resolution  of  7  Feb.  reaffirmed  (286-228) 6  Mch.    .  " 

Mr.  Gibbons's  amendment  (the  cloture  to  be  carried  by  two- 
thirds  instead  of  bare  majority)  negatived  (322-238),  1-2  Nov.     " 

Cloture  adopted  (304-260) 10-11  Nov.      " 

New  rules  made  standing  orders 27  Nov.-l  Dec.      " 

Affirmation  bill  introduced  in  commons  (184-53) 19-20  Feb.  1883 

Affirmation  bill  rejected  (292-289) 3-4  May,     " 

Mr.  Bradlaugh  not  permitted  to  take  the  oath 4  May,     " 

His  exclusion  voted  (232-65) 9  July,     " 

Arrested  by  Mr.  Gossett,  the  sergeant-at-arms,  for  attempting 
to  enter  the  house,  3  Aug. ;  brings  an  action  against  the  ser- 
geant, 7  Dec. ;  verdict  for  defendant 9  Feb.  1884 

Mr.  Bradlaugh  administers  the  oath  to  himself,  sits,  and  votes; 
excluded  by  vote  (228-120),  11  Feb. ;  re-elected  for  Northamp- 
ton (4032-3664),  19  Feb. ;  re  excluded  (226-173) 21  Feb.      " 

Queen  v.  Bradlaugh  for  voting  without  taking  the  oath,Queeu's 

Bench 13  June,     " 

Verdict  for  the  crown 30  June,     " 

Explosion  (dynamite)   on  the  stair  above  the  crypt  in   the 
House  of  Commons;  much  damage  done;   2  police  consta- 
bles, Wm.  Cole  and  Thos.  Cox,  and  Mr.  Green,  seriously  hurt. 
[Cole  picked  up  a  blazing  parcel,  carried  it  out,  and  saved 
the  building;  he  and  Cox  commended  by  the  queen,  and  re- 
warded for  steady  courage.    Cole  received  the  Albert  medal, 
in  Westminster  hall,  26  Mch.]    Westminster  hall  much  in- 
jured by  another  explosion  a  few  minutes  past  2  p.m.,  24  Jan.  1885 
Mr.  Bradlaugh's  appeal  disallowed  by  the  lords  justices,  28  Jan.     " 
New  rules,  cloture  first  applied;  Mr.  O'Brien  expelled.  .24  Feb.     " 
Mr.  Bradlaugh  takes  the  oath;  intervention  stopped  by  the 

speaker 13  Jan.  1886 

Mr.  Gladstone  introduces  his  bill,  "to  make  better  provision 

for  the  future  government  of  Ireland" 8  Apr.     " 

New  procedure  with  more  rigid  cloture,  etc.,  introduced  21 

Feb. ;  first  and  principal  rule  adopted  (222-120) 16  Mch.  1887 

House  of  Commons  sat  above  21  hours 21-22  Mch.     " 

C.  Graham  and  E.  Harrington  suspended  for  speaking  disre- 
spectfully of  the  House  of  Lords 13  Sept.    " 

New  rules  introduced:  rule  (1)  limiting  the  sittings  of  the  com- 
mons on  ordinary  days  from  3  p.m.  to  1  a.m.  passed  24  Feb. ; 
rule  (2)  giving  cloture  to  a  majority  in  a  house  of  100;  rules 
(3-8)  for  repressing  disorder  and  waste  of  time,  passed  28  Feb. ; 


»  PAR 

(9-12)  passed  29  Feb. ;  rule  (13)  reviving  grand  committee 

^«^c ••;••••• 7  Mch.  188 

Commons  sat  from  3  p.m.  to  7  a.m.  ;  obstruction  to  Irish  light 

railways  bill 14.15  Aug. 

Resolution  against  Mr.  Bradlaugh,  22  June,  1880,  ordered  ex- 
punged from  the  journals,  27  Jan.     He  d 30  Jan 

Geo.  W.  Hastings,  M.P.  for  E.  Worcestershire,  sentenced  to  5 
years' penal  servitude  for  fraud  as  a  trustee,  11  Mch.;  ex- 
pelled from  the  house 21  Mch. 

Mr.  Fenwick's  resolution  for  the  payment  of  members  of  Par- 
liament rejected  by  the  commons  (227-162) 25  Mch. 

Directors  of  the  Cambrian  railway  admonished  by  the  sjieak- 
er,  by  direction  of  the  House,  for  breach  of  privilege  in  dis- 
missing John  Hood,  a  station-master,  for  evidence  before 
the  committee  on  hours  of  railway  servants 7  Apr. 

NUMBER  AND    DURATION   OF  PARLIAMENTS,  FROM  27  EDW.  I 

1299  TO  37  VICT.  1874. 
Edward  1 8  parliaments  in    8  years'  reip 


Edward  II 15 

Edward  III 37 

Richard  II 26 

Henry  IV lo 

Henry  V n 

Henry  VI 22 

Edward  IV 5 

Richard  III 1 

Henry  VII 8 


Reifoi. 


Henry  VIII. 


Edward  VI. 
Mary 


Elizabeth. 


James  I. 


Charles  : 


Long  Parliament. 
Commonwealth... 


Charles  II 

Pensionary  Part 

Seven  Prorouations.. 

James  II 

Convention 


William  IIL 


George  I. . 
George  II. 


George  III. 


Day  of  meeting. 


f  21  Jan 

4  Feb 

5  Feb 

15  Apr 

3  Nov 

8  June 

28  Apr 

16  Jan 

30  Jan 

23  Nov 

4  Nov 

1  Mch 

5  Oct 

2  Apr 

12  Nov 

21  Oct 

20  Jan 

23  Jan 

11  Jan 

2  Apr 

8  May 

23  Nov 

29  Oct 

12  Nov 

19  Feb 

24  Oct 

27  Oct 

\  19  Mch 

5  Apr 

16,  23,  30  Jan. 

12  Feb 

17  May 

6  Feb 

17  Mch 

13  Apr 

3  Nov 

3  Sept 

17  Sept 

27  Jan 

7  May 

25  Apr 

8  May 

6  Mch 

17  Oct 

21  Mch 

19  May 

22  Jan 

20  Mch 

22  Nov 

24  Aug 

6  Feb 

30  Dec 

20  Aug 

25  Oct 

18  Nov 

25  Nov 

11  Nov 

21  Mch 

9  Oct 

28  Jan 

14  Jan 

4  Dec 

10  Nov 

r  14  Nov 

3  Nov 

10  May 

29  Nov.  . . . 

31  Oct. . . . 
18  May. . 

26  Nov. 


1510 
1511 
1514 
1523 
1529 
1536 
1539 
1541 
1545 

1547 
1553 

1554 

1555 
1558 
1559 
1563 
1571 
1572 
1584 
1586 
1588 
1593 
1597 
1601 
1604 
1614 
1621 
1624 
1625 
1626 
1628 
1640 

1654 
1656 
1659 

1660 
1661 
1679 


1689 
1690 


1701 

1702 
1705 
1708 
1710 
1713 
1715 
1722 
172^' 

17:- 

l" 


When  dissolved. 


23  Feb 151 

4  Mch 151 

22  Dec 151B 

13  Aug 15; 

4  Apr 164 

18  July '« 

24  July !& 

28  Mch 164 

Uncertain 

31  Jan 15m 

15  Apr 15fi 

31  Mch 156| 

5  Dec. 
5  May 164 

16  Jan 1 

9  Dec 

17  Nov 1551 

8  May 1559 

2  Jan 15G7 

29  May 1571 

19  Apr 1583 

14  Sept 1585 

23  Mch 1587 

29  Mch 1589 

10  Apr 1593 

9  Feb 1598 

19  Dec 1601 

9  Feb 1611 

7  June 1614 

8  Feb 1622 

27  Mch 1625 

12  Aug " 

15  June 1626 

10  Mch 1629 

5  May 1640 

20  Ai)r 1653 

22  Jan 1655 

4  Feb 1658 

22  Apr 1659 

16  Mch 166f 

29  Dec " 

24  Jan.  . 
12  July. . 

18  Jan.  . 

28  Mch. . 
2  July. 

6  Feb. . 

11  Oct... 

7  July. 

19  Dec. 
11  Nov 

2  Ju' 

5  A 
11 
28 


K 


>t.. 

.pt.. 

Jch.. 

June. 

J  May  . 


17741 
1780 1 
1784=1 

nm 

17961 


PAR  * 

OF   THE    UNITKD    KINGDOM. 

First  Parliament  after  the  union  with  Ireland 22  Jan.  1801 

Day  of  meeting.  When  dissolved, 


III.. 

George  IV.. 
William  IV^ 


Victoria . 


r  27  Sept 1796 

I  16  Nov 1802 

15  Dec 1806 

22  June 1807 

24  Nov 1812 

14  Jan 1819 

23  Apr 1820 

14  Nov 1826 

26  Oct 1830 

14  June 1831 

'29  June 1833 

19  Feb 1835 

15  Nov 1837 

19  Aug 1841 

18  Nov 1847 

4  Nov 1852 

1  Apr 1857 

31  May 1859 

1  Feb 1866 

10  Dec 1868 

5Mch 1874 

29  Apr 1880 

12  Jan 1886 

5  Aug ". .      " 

[   4  Aug 1892 


29  June 1802 

24  Oct 1806 

29  Apr 1807 

24  Sept 1812 

10  June 1818 

29  Feb 1820 

2  June 1826 

24  July 1830 

22  Apr 1831 

3  Dec 1832 

30  Dec 1834 

17  July 1837 

23  June 1841 

23  July 1847 

1  July 1852 

21  Mch 1857 

23  Apr 1859 

6  July 1865 

11  Nov 1868 

26  Jan 1874 

23  Mch 1880 

18  Nov 1885 

26  June 1886 

28  June 1892 


Parliament  of  Ireland,  it  is  said,  began  with 

conferences  of  the  English  settlers  on  the  hill  of  Tara,  in  1173. 
Writs  for  knights  of  the  shire  were  issued  in  1295.  The  Irish 
Parliament  met  last  on  2  Aug.  1800,  the  bill  for  the  union 
having  passed. 

Parliament  of  Paris  was  made  the  chief  court 
of  justice  in  Fjauce  b}'^  Philip  IV.;  at  his  suggestion  it  re- 
voked a  bull  of  pope  Boniface  VIII.,  1302.  It  was  suppressed 
by  Louis  XV.,  1771 ;  restored  by  Louis  XVI.,  1774;  demand- 
ed a  meeting  of  the  States-general  in  1787 ;  and  was  suspended 
by  the  National  Assembly,  3  Nov.  1789.     Communes. 

Parliament  of  Religrion§  held  at  the  World's 

.  Fair  in  Chicago  in  1893.  The  objects  proposed  were  :  (1)  To 
I  bring  together  in  conference  the  leading  representatives  of 
i  different  religions ;  (2)  to  define  and  expound  the  important 
;  truths  they  hold  and  teach  in  common;  (3)  to  promote  and 
,  deepen  human  brotherhood ;  (4)  to  strengthen  the  foundations 
i  of  theism  and  the  faith  in  immortality ;  (5)  to  hear  from 
'•  scholars,  Brahman,  Buddist,  Confucian,  Parsee,  Mahometan, 
;  Jewish,  and  other  faiths,  and  from  all  sects  and  denominations 
i  of  the  Christian  church,  accounts  of  the  influence  of  each  belief 
on  literature,  art,  science,  commerce,  government,  social  life, 
etc.;  (6)  to  record  the  present  condition  and  outlook  of  the  va- 
rious religions  of  the  world.  In  June,  1891,  the  committee  ap- 
;  pointed  for  that  purpose  sent  from  Chicago  a  general  address 
!  to  all  governments  and  to  the  chief  representatives  of  the  dif- 
:  ferent  religions  asking  for  approval.  The  result  was  that  the 
I  Parliament  of  Religions  was  opened  at  Chicago  11  Sept.  1893  and 
'  closed  27  Sept.  The  large  attendance  expressed  the  great  and 
i  general  interest  in  such  an  assemblage.  "  Parliament  of  Relig- 
jions,"  by  rev.  John  Barrows,  D.D.,  2  vols.,  pub.  Chicago,  1893. 

*    Parliament  of  Scotland  consisted  of  barons, 

; prelates,  and  abbots,  and  occasionally  of  burgesses.  A  great 
national  council  was  held  at  Scone  by  John  Baliol,  9  Feb.  1292, 
and  by  Robert  Bruce  at  Cambuskenneth  in  1326.  A  house 
of  commons  was  never  formed  in  Scotland.  The  Parliament 
of  Scotland  sanctioned  the  act  of  union  on  16  Jan.  1707,  and 
(net  for  the  last  time  on  22  Apr.  same  year. 

Parma,  a  city  and  country  of  N.  Italy,  founded  by  the 
incient  Etrurians.     It  took  part  with  the  Lombard  league  in 
'he  wars  with  the  German  emperors.     It  was  made  a  duchy 
'with  Placentia),  1545.     Pop.  1892,  51,500. 
Jnited  to  Spain  by  Philip  V.'s  marriage  with  Elizabeth  Far- 

,  »ese 1714 

)uke  of  Parma  made  king  of  Etruria Feb.  1801 

'arma  united  to  France:  with  Placentia  and  Guastalla  con- 
ferred on  Maria  Louisa,  ex-empress,  by  treaty  of  Fontaine- 

,^,leau  5  Apr.  1814 

•uke  Charles  11.  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  son  Charles  III., 

,     ,  ■  14  Mch.  1849 

narles  III.  stabbed  by  Antonio  Carra,  26  Mch.,  d 27  Mch.  1854 

.     [Carra  did  this  in  revepge  of  a  private  injury,  and  on  be- 
■  half  of  the  Giovane  Italiane.     He  was  acquitted  through  a 
flaw  in  the  evidence,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  1887.] 
arma  is  now  part  of  the  province  of  Emilia  in  Italy,  to  which 

It  was  annexed  by  decree  after  a  plebiscite 18  Mch.  1860 

20 


^  PAR 

Parnell  and  Parnellites.,  Charles  Stewart  Par- 
nell,  the  principal  leader  of  the  more  energetic  section  of  the 
Home-rule  party  (Parnellites),1880  et  seq.,  was  born  28  June, 
1846,  at  Avondale,  county  Wicklow,  Ireland.  He  was  grand- 
son of  com.  Charles  Stewart,  U.S.N. ,  his  father,  John  Henry 
Parnell,  having  married  Delia  Tudor  Stewart,  daughter  of  the 
commodore.  Elected  M.P.  for  county  Meath,  1875-80 ;  for 
Cork,  1880-91.  Became  Irish  parliamentary  leader  with  great 
influence,  which  he  lost  greatly  Nov.  1890.  He  died  suddenly 
near  Brighton,  6  Oct.  1891;  funeral  at  Dublin,  11  Oct.  1891. 
Home-rule  ;  Ireland,  1879  et  seq. 
Times  articles  headed  "Parnellism  and  Crime," 

7,  10,  14  Mch.  et  seq.  1887 
Third  series,  pub.  June,  1887,  related  to  the  Cla«  na  Gael,  based 
upon  statements  in  United  Ireland  (Dublin),  Irish  World 
(New  York),  and  other  papers.  The  Times  published  the  fac- 
simile of  a  letter  alleged  to  be  signed  by  Parnell  (dated  15 
May,  1882),  in  which  he  is  made  to  say,  "  though  I  regret  the 
accident  of  lord  Cavendish's  death,  I  cannot  refuse  to  admit       * 

that  Burke  got  no  more  than  his  deserts  " 18  Apr.     " 

This  letter  Parnell  in  Parliament  termed  an  anonymous  fab- 
rication   1  A.  M. ,  19  Apr.     " 

F.  H.  O'Donnell  v.  John  Walter  and  others  (for  libel  in  the 
Times,  "  Parnellism  and  Crime  ");  damages  claimed,  50,000Z., 
Queen's  Bench  division,  no  case,  verdict  for  defendants, 

2-5  July,  1888 
Court  of  Sessions,  Edinburgh,  dismisses  Parnell's  action  against     - 

the  Times 23  Oct.1888  and  5  Feb.  1889 

Parnell  moves  for  a  trial  in  excl^equer  division,  Dublin;  after- 
wards stopped 11  Feb.     " 

Parnell's  action  against  the   Times  in  London  deferred  till 

Michaelmas  week 18  June,     " 

PARNELLITE  COMMISSION. 
Sir  James  Hannen,  president;  commission  constituted  by  act 
passed  13  Aug.  1888.  Sir  Charles  Russell,  Mr.  Asquith,  and 
others  counsel  for  Parnell  and  other  M.P. "s;  attorney-general 
sir  Richard  Webster,  W.  Graham,  and  others  for  the  Times. 
Proceedings  begin,  22  Oct.  1888.  Examination  of  Parnell's 
alleged  letters,  14  Feb.  1889.  Richard  Pigott,  Irish  journal- 
ist, who  had  sold  the  letters  to  Mr.  Houston,  on  cross-exami- 
nation, grossly  prevaricated 20-22  Feb.     " 

Pigott  fled  to  Paris;  his  confession  of  forging  alleged  letters, 
and  of  perjury  read  in  the  court,  27  Feb.  (57th  sitting);  the    ' 
attorney- general,  on  behalf  of  the  Times,  accepted  the  con- 
fession and  expressed  deep  regret  for  the  publication,  27 

Feb. ;  confirmed  by  the  Times 28  Feb.     " 

Pigott  commits  suicide  at  Madrid 1  Mch.     " 

Sir  Charles  Russell's  address  ends .12  Apr.     " 

Patrick  Malloy  sentenced  to  6  months' hard  labor  for  perjury 

before  the  commission 15  Apr.     " 

Commission  continued  until  thel28th  sitting;  sir  Henry  James's 

address  for  the  Times,  occupying  from 31  Oct.  to  22  Nov.     " 

Report  of  the  commissioners  was  laid  before  Parliament  13 
Feb.  1890.  The  following  is  an  abridgment  of  their  conclu- 
sions: I.  That  the  respondent  members  of  Parliament  col- 
lectively were  not  guilty  of  conspiring  for  the  absolute  Inde- 
pendence of  Ireland  as  a  separate  nation,  but  that  some  of 
them  (niessrs.  M.  Harris,  Dillon,  W.  O'Brien,  W.  Redmond, 
O'Connor,  J.  Condon,  and  J.  J.  O'Kelly),  together  with  Mr. 
Davitt,  established  the  Land  League  maihly  for  that  purpose. 
II.  That  the  respondents  [44]  did  conspire  to  promote  agrarian 
agitation,  the  non-payment  of  rents,  and  the  expulsion  of 
the  landlords  (styled  the  English  garrison).  III.  They  ac- 
quitted Mr.  Parnell  and  others  of  insincerity  in  denouncing 
the  Phoenix  Park  murders,  and  found  the  facsimile  letter  a 
forgery.  IV.  They  found  that  the  respondents  did  dissemi- 
nate the  Irish  World  and  other  newspapers,  intending  to  in- 
cite to  sedition  and  other  crimes.  V.  That  the  charges  of 
incitement  to  crime,  except  by  intimidation,  and  of  pay- 
ments for  that  purpose,  were  not  proved.  VI.  They  found 
that  the  respondents  did  not  denounce  the  system  of  intimi- 
dation, though  they  knew  its  effects.  VII.  That  they  de- 
fended persons  charged  with  agrarian  crime,  and  supported 
their  families,  but  it  was  not  proved  that  they  subscribed  for 
testimonials  for,  or  were  intimately  associated  with,  noto- 
rious criminals,  or  aided  their  escape  by  payments.  VIIL 
They  found  that  the  respondents  made  payments  to  com- 
pensate persons  injured  in  the  commission  of  crime.  IX. 
That  the  respondents  did  invite  and  obtain  the  assurance 
and  co-operation  of  the  Physical  Force  party  in  America,  in- 
cluding the  Clan-na-Gael,  and  did  not  repudiate  the  action  of 
that  party. 

[Other  allegations  against  Mr.  Parnell  not  proven.] 
Report  adopted  with  thanks,  by  the  Commons,  after  7  days' 
debate,  3-11  Mch. ;  by  the  Lords  (without  a  division),  21 
Mch.  1890.  Mr.  Gladstone's  amendment  rejected  by  339  to 
268. 
Parnell  v.  Walter  and  another,  for  libel,  Queen's  Bench  division, 
justices  Denman  and  Wills;  damages  claimed,  100,000i. ;  40s. 
paid  into  court,  11  Jan.    Verdict  for  the  plaintifl",  by  consent, 

5000i.  damages 3  Feb.  1890 

[Publication  voted  not  a  breach  of  privilege  by  the  Com- 
mons (260-212),  11  Feb.  1890.] 

After  the  divorce  suit,  capt.  O'Shea,  Mrs.  O'Shea,  and  C.  S. 
Parnell,  15-17  Nov.  1890,  Mr.  Parnell  was  requested  by  W. 
E.  Gladstone  and  other  English  liberals  to  retire  as  chairman 


PAR  610 

of  the  Irish  party.     He  declined,  and  in  a  manifesto  to  the  | 

people  of  Ireland  reported  private  conferences  with  Mr. 
Gladstone  and  John  Morley,  29  Nov.  Irish  Roman  Catholic 
bishops  demanded  Mr.  Parnell's  retirement,  3  Dec.  After  a 
week's  angry  discussion  in  the  commons'  committee-room 
No.  15,  the  Irish  party  divided;  Justin  McCarthy,  the  vice- 
chairiuiin,  was  elected  chairman  by  44  members;  Mr.  Parnell 
continuing  chairman  with  26  followers,  6  Dec.  Manifestoes 
of  the  -2  parties  issued 9,  10  Dec.  1890 

Collapse  of  negotiations  (chiefly  at  Boulogne)  of  Mr.  Parnell, 
with  messrs.  Wm.  O'Brien,  Dillon,  Justin  McCarthy,  Sexton, 
and  others;  Mr.  Parnell  refuses  to  resign  the  leadership,  11 
Feb. ;  counter  manifestoes  issued 12  Feb.  et  seq.  1891 

Dispute  between  Mr.  Parnell  and  Mr.  McCarthy  respecting  the 
disposal  of  the  league  funds  (in  Paris) Feb. ,  Mch.     " 

Mr.  Parnell  in  his  campaign  visits  Roscommon,  22  Feb.,  Drog- 
heda,  and  other  places 1  Mch.  et  seq.     " 

Natio.\al  Fedkration  established  by  Anti-Parnellites,  10  Mch.     " 

Nine  Paruellites,  72  Anti-Parnellites,  elected  M.P July,  1892 

Par'os,  now  Paro,  one  of  the  Cyclades.  After  the 
battle  of  Alarathon  it  was  besieged  2G  days  by  Miltiades  with- 
out success,  and  thus  proved  the  cause  of  his  disgrace.  It 
waa  on  this  island  that  the  marble  (Parian  Chronicle)  was 
dijpovered.     Arundelian  makbles,  Marble. 

Parseei,  or  Oliebre§,  the  followers  of  Zerdusht, 
dwelt  in  Persia  till  638,  when,  at  the  battle  of  Kadseah,  their 
army  was  decimated  by  the  Arabs,  and  the  monarchy  annihi- 
lated at  the  battle  of  Naharand  in  641.  Many  submitted  to  the 
conquerors,  but  others  fled  to  India,  and  their  descendants  still  re- 
side at  Bombay  (where  they  are  termed  Parsees),  and  where  they 
numbered  114,698  in  1849.  Sir  Jamsetjee  Jejeebhoy,the3d  bar- 
onet, was  elected  president  of  the  community  there,  July,  1877. 
Dadabhai  Naoroji,  a  Parsee  merchant,  was  for  several  years 
professor  of  Gujerajti  at  University  college,  London.    Bombay. 

Par'tlienon  (from  Gr.  irapOevoQ.  virgin),  a  temple  at 
Athens  dedicated  to  Pallas,  erected  about  442  b.c.  In 
beauty  and  grandeur  it  surpassed  all  other  buildings  of  its 
kind,  and  was  built  entirely  of  Pentelic  Marble.  The  ex- 
pense of  its  erection  was  estimated  at  6000  talents.  The  archi- 
tects were  Ictinus  and  Callistratus.  In  it  Phidias  placed  his 
renowned  statue  of  that  goddess,  438  b.c.  This  temple  had 
resisted  all  the  outrages  of  war  and  time ;  had  been  a  Christian 
church  and  later  a  Turkish  mosque,  and  still  remained  entire 
until  the  Venetians  under  gen.  Konigsberg  besieged  the  Turks 
in  the  citadel  of  Athens  in  1687,  when  a  Venetian  bomb,  ex- 
ploding near  the  temple,  fired  the  powder  which  the  Turks 
kept  within,  and  entirely  destroyed  its  roof  and  most  of  the 
wsills.     Acropolis  ;  Elgin  marbles. 

Par'thia,  a  country  of  Asia,  to  the  south  of  the  Caspian 
sea.  The  Parthians  were  originally  a  tribe  of  Scythians  who, 
being  exiled,  as  their  name  implies,  from  their  own  countr}', 
settled  near  Hyrcania.  Arsaces  laid  the  foundation  of  an  em- 
pire which  ultimately  extended  over  a  large  part  of  Asia, 
250  B.C.  At  the  battle  of  Carrhae,  they  utterly  defeated  the 
Romans  under  Crassus,  whom  they  put  to  death,  53  b.c.,  and 
though  afterwards  sometimes  defeated  by  the  Romans,  they 
were  never  wholly  subdued  by  them.  The  last  king,  Arta- 
banus  V.,  was  killed  226  a.d.  ;  and  his  territories  were  annexed 
to  the  new  kingdom  of  Persia  founded  by  Artaxerxes,  who  had 
revolted  against  Parthia. 

parties.     Political  parties. 

partition  treaties.  The  first  treaty  between  Eng- 
land and  Holland  for  regulating  the  Spanish  succession  (de- 
claring the  elector  of  Bavaria  next  heir,  and  ceding  provinces 
to  France)  was  signed  19  Aug.  1698  ;  and  the  second  (between 
France,  England,  and  Holland,  declaring  the  archduke  Charles 
presumptive  heir  of  the  Spanish  monarch,  Joseph  Ferdinand 
having  died  in  1699),  13  Mch.  1700.  Treaties  for  the  partition 
of  Poland:  beginning  with  a  secret  convention  between  Russia 
and  Prussia,  17  Feb.  1772,  and  consummated  between  the  same 
powers  and  Austria,  5  Aug.  same  year;  the  second  between 
Russia  and  Prussia,  1793 ;  third  and  final  between  Austria, 
Prussia,  and  Russia,  24  Oct.  1795.     Poland. 

pasig'raphy  (from  Gr.  iracn,  for  all),  a  system  which 
professes  to  teach  people  to  communicate  with  each  other 
by  means  of  numbers  which  convey  the  same  ideas  in  all 
languages.  A  society  for  this  purpose  was  established  at  Mu- 
nich ;  and  the  president,  Anton  Bachmaier,  published  a  dic- 
tionary and  grammar  for  German,  French,  and  English,  1868- 
1871 ;  4334  mental  conceptions  may  be  thus  communicated. 


1 


PAS 

pasquinades'.      Small  satirical  poems  obtained  tl 

name  about  1533. 

At  the  stall  of  a  cobbler  named  Pasquin,  at  Rome,  idle  persons 
to  assemble  to  listen  to  his  sallies,  to  relate  anecdotes,  and  rail 
the  passers-by.  After  the  cobbler's  death,  his  name  was  given 
a  statue  to  which  lampoons  were  affixed. 

Passar'oi¥itz  treaty,  concluded  21  July,  17I 
between  Germany,  Venice,  and  the  Turks,  by  which  Austi 
ceded  certain  commercial  rights,  and  obtained  from  Turk< 
the  Temeswar,  Belgrade,  and  part  c  ,osnia,  Servia,  and  Wi 
lachia.     The  Turks  gained  the  More 

Passau  (a  city  of  Germany),  Treaty  of,  whereby  relij 
ious  freedom  was  established,  was  ratified  between  the  en 
peror  Charles  V.  and  the  Protestant  princes  of  Germany,  j 
July,  1552.  In  1662  the  cathedral  and  great  part  of  Passi 
were  consumed  by  fire. 

Passion-play  (Passion  of  Christ).     Drama. 

Passion-weeii,  the  name  givea  since  the  Refoi 
tion  to  the  week  preceding  Easter,  was  formerly  applied 
the  fortnight.  Archbishop  Laud  says  the  2  weeks  were 
called  "  for  a  thousand  years  together,"  and  refers  to  an  epi 
tie  by  Ignatius,  in  the  first  century,  in  which  the  practice 
said  to  have  been  "observed  by  all."  The  week  precedii 
Easter  is  now  by  some  termed  "  Holy-week,"  the  previ( 
week  "  Passion-week." 
Passion  Music.    Gregory  Nazianzen  (330-90  a.  d.)  is  said  to  have  fii 

set  forth  the  history  of  the  Passion  in  a  dramatic  form. 
Guidetti,  in  1586,  published  music  for  this  subject,  which  has  b( 

treated  since  by  many  composers. 
J.  S.  Bach's  great  "  Passion- Musik,"  first  performed  on  Good  Frid 

1729,  has  been  revived  with  great  success  in  England,  beginnii 

with  that  "according  to  St.  Matthew,"  6  Apr.  1854. 

Pass'over,  the  most  solemn  festival  of  the  Jews 
stituted  1491  b.c.  (Exod.  xii.)  in  commemoration  of  thi 
coming  out  of  Egypt;  because  the  night  before  their  depai 
ure  the  destroying  angel,  who  put  to  death  the  first-bom 
the  Egyptians,  passed  over  the  houses  of  the  Hebrews  with" 
out  entering  them;  the  door-posts  being  marked  with  the 
blood  of  the  Paschal  lamb  killed  the  evening  before.     The 
Passover  was  celebrated  in  the  new  temple,  18  Apr.  615  b.c— 
Usher. 

passport,  a  document  permitting  the  bearer  to  pass  the 
barriers  of  an  army  or  government,  usually  containing  a  de- 
scription of  his  person.  Passports  are  still  required  upon  the 
frontiers  of  some  countries  of  Europe,  from  all  foreigners  en- 
tering them,  notably  in  Russia;  and  it  is  customary  in  Ger- 
many, and  even  in  Italy,  to  ask  them  from  suspicious  persons. 
They  are  issued  to  citizens  by  the  government,  on  applica- 
tion, for  a  small  fee ;  now  $2  in  the  United  States,  and  only 
6d.  in  Great  Britain.  Passports  were  abolished  in  Norway  in 
1859 ;  in  Sweden  in  1860 ;  and  (with  regard  to  British  sub- 
jects) in  France,  16  Dec.  1860;  in  Itah',  26  June,  1862;  in 
Portugal,  23  Jan.  1863 ;  and  are  falling  into  disuse  in  most 
countries.  The  passport  system,  revived  in  France  on  ac- 
count of  the  war,  1  Aug.  1870,  was  abolished  by  M.  Thiers, 
10  Apr.  1872,  in  compliance  with  the  wish  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment. 

pastel,  a  roll  of  paste  made  of  different  colors  ground 
with  gum  water,  used  as  a  crayon.  Pastel  painting  has  been 
recently  much  practised.  The  Society  of  British  Pastellists 
first  exhibited  in  London,  18  Oct.  1890.  Its  members  included 
Mr.  Watts,  Orchardson,  and  other  eminent  artists. 

Paston  letters,  the  correspondence  of  a  Norfolk 
family,  1422-83,  giving  a  picture  of  social  life  in  England,  were 
edited  by  sir  John  Fenn,  and  published  in  5  volumes,  quarto, 
1787-1823.  Their  authenticity  was  questioned,  Sept.  1865, 
but  was  satisfactorily  vindicated  b}'^  a  committee  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  Antiquaries  in  May,  1866.  Part  of  the  MS.  was  soon 
after  purchased  by  the  trustees  of  the  British  museum.  The 
publication  of  a  new  edition,  by  James  Gairdner,  with  addi- 
tional letters,  1872-75.  .The  MS.  of  the  second  series,  with 
other  letters,  was  found  in  1875,  by  Mr.  Frere  of  Roydon  hall, 
near  Diss,  Norfolk.  The  MS.  of  the  first  series,  long  lost  frona 
the  Royal  library,  found  in  the  library  of  col.  Geo.  Tomhne. 
at  Orwell  piark,  London,  who  died  1889 ;  announced  Apr.  1890. 

Patago'nia,  all  that  part  of  South  America  lying 
south  of  the  river  Rio  Negro  and  north  of  the  strait  of  Ma-  \ 


PAT 


gellan,bv  whom  it  was  discovered,  1520,  and  so  named  on  ac- 
count of 'the  "  big  feet  "  of  the  natives.  By  a  treaty  between 
Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic  in  1881,  all  that  part  of  Pat- 
agonia to  the  east  of  the  Andes  was  placed  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Republic.  Area  of  Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Fuego 
estimated  at  375,000  sq.  miles. 

Patay',  a  city  of  France,  where  Joan  of  Arc,  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  was  present  when  earl  of  Richemonte  signally  defeated 
the  English,  18  June,  W''  Talbot  was  taken  prisoner,  and  the 
valiant  Fastolfe  was  forcjecl  to  flee.  In  consequence,  Charles 
VII.  of  France  entered  Kneims  in  triumph,  and  was  crowned  17 
July,  following  year,  Joan  of  Arc  assisting  in  the  ceremony  in 
full  armor,  and  holding  the  sword  of  state.     Joan  of  Arc. 

patenti  or  letters-patent,  properly,  open  letters 
(from  pateo,  I  lie  open),  in  England,  licenses  and  authorities 
granted  by  the  king.  Patents  granted  for  titles  of  nobility 
were  first  made  1344,  by  Edward  III.  They  were  first  grant- 
ed for  the  exclusive  privilege  of  printing  books  in  1591. 
The  property  and  right  of  inventors  in  arts  and  manufact- 
ures were  secured  by  letters-patent  by  an  act  passed  in  1623. 
First  commissioners  of  patents  were  appointed  1852;  viz., 
the  lord  chancellor,  the  master  of  the  rolls,  the  attorney- 
general  for  England  and  Ireland,  the  lord  advocate,  and  the 
solicitors-general  for  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.  In  1853,  j 
a  journal  was  published  under  their  authority,  and  indexes  of 
patents  from  Mch.  1617  to  the  present  time. 

patents  in  the  United  States.  First  patent  law  ap- 
proved, 10  Apr.  1790.  Only  3  patents  were  granted  the  first 
j'ear  (the  first  being  to  Samuel  Hopkins  for  making  potash  and 
,  pearlash,  31  July,  1790),  33  the  second,  and  11  the  third.  In 
1 1836  the  patent-office  was  burned  with  most  of  the  records  ^ 
i  thereupon  Congress  revised  the  whole  system  that  year,  all 
!  previous  acts  being  substantially  repealed  and  the  present 
1  system  substituted  with  a  new  record.  The  patent-office  is 
i  at  Washington,  D.  C,  and  occupies  one  of  the  finest  buildings 
I  in  the  country,  and  is  under  the  supervision  of  a  commis- 
jsioner  of  patents,  with  a  salary  of  $5000  a  year,  who,  appoint- 
!ed  by  the  president,  makes  a  yearly  report  to  the  secretary 
iof  the  interior,  to  whose  department  he  belongs.  A  larger 
jnumber  of  patents  are  granted  than  in  any  other  country. 

i  NUMBER  OF   PATENTS  ISSUED  FROM   1836. 

1836-46 5,019 

1846-56 12,578 

1856-66 44,334 

1866-76 125,155 

1876-86 169,478 

1886-94 156,453 

Total 513,017 

Nunber  issued  prior  to  1836 9,957 

Grand  total 522,974 

[This  enumeration  does  not  include  designs,  re-issues, 
•  trade-marks,  or  labels.  Registration  of  labels  practically 
1  ceased  27  May,  1891,  under  decision  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
■   court,  in  the  case  of  Higgins  vs.  Keuffel] 

Receipts  from  patents  in  1837 $29,289.08 

"1892 1,288,809.13 

Total  receipts  from  1837-93 29,209,915.13 

f.Oflacial  gazette  of  the  patent  ofQce,  published  monthly,  gives  a  de- 
f  scription  and  illustration  of  every  patent  issued.) 

pa'triarcll,  properly,  a  ruler  by  virtue  of  fatherhood, 
he  head  of  a  family  or  tribe  (a  name  given  to  Abraham, 
saac,  Jacob,  and  his  sons).  The  ecclesiastical  historian  Soc- 
ates  gives  this  title  to  the  chiefs  of  Christian  dioceses,  about 
-1^0.  It  was  first  conferred  on  the  5  grand  sees  of  Rome,  Con- 
tantinople,  Alexandria,  Antioch,  and  Jerusalem.  The  Latin 
liurch  had  no  patriarchs  till  the  6th  century.  The  first 
Dunders  or  heads  of  religious  orders  are  called  patriarchs. 
'ectarius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  as  ex  officio  chief  of  the  east- 

f'^rn  bishops,  was  nominated  patriarch  of  Constantinople  at  the 
iecond  general  council  of  Constantinople,  9  July,  381.  This  led 
he  way  to  the  schism  between  the  Eastern  and  Western  churches. 
jiatri'eians,  the  senators  of  Rome;  their  authority  be- 
n  with  the  city  itself.  Rome, 
patroon',  a  title  given  to  early  Dutch  settlers  of  New 
irk  or  New  Netherlands,  who,  having  bought  lands  of  the 
|dians,  had  such  title  confirmed  by  the  Dutch  government, 
pe  first  who  made  such  purchases  were  Killian  Van  Rensse- 
[er,  Samuel  Godyn,  Sarhuel  Bloemart,  and  Michael  Pauw, 
''30.  Godyn  and  Bloemart  purchased  on  the  Delaware 
^'er;  Pauw  in   New  Jersej',  from  Hoboken  to   the  Kills; 


611  pAV 

Van  Rensselaer  on  the  upper  Hudson,  a  tract  42  miles  east 
and  west  and  24  miles  north  and  south,  with  Albany  its  cen- 
tre; Livingston,  Phillipse,  Van   Cortland,  and  others  came 
afterwards.     Anti-rentism  ;  New  York,  1630, 1686. 
Paulian'ists  or  Paulin'ians,  followers  of  Paul, 

bishop  of  Samosata,  afterwards  patriarch  of  Antioch,  260,  who 
is  said  to  have  denied  Christ's  divinity  and  the  trinity;  he 
was  excommunicated  (269)  by  a  council  at  Antioch. 

Pauli'eians,  a  sect  of  Christian  reformers,  arose  about 
652.  Although  they  were  severely  persecuted,  they  spread 
over  Asia  Minor  in  the  9th  century,  and  finally  settled  at 
Montford,  in  Itah',  where  they  were  attacked  by  the  bisliop 
of  Milan  in  1028.  Severe  decrees  against  them  were  made 
in  1163,  and  they  gradually  dispersed ;  very  probably  sowing 
the  seeds  of  the  great  reformation  of  the  16th  century. 

Paul's,  St.,  cathedral,  London. 

First  church,  built  on  the  site  of  a  temple  to  Diana,  supposed 
to  have  been  destroyed  during  the  Diocletian  persecution 

(302),  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of  Constantino 323-337 

Demolished  by  the  pagan  Saxons,  and  restored  by  Ethelbert 

and  Sebert about  597-610 

Destroyed  by  the  great  fire,  1086;  Mauritius,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, commenced  a  magnificent  edifice,  with  the  highest 

spire  in  the  world,  about  1087 ;  completed 1240 

It  was  destroyed  by  the  fire  of Sept.  1666 

First  stone  of  the  present  edifice  laid 21  June,  1675 

Choir  opened  for  divine  worship.* 2  Dec.  1697 

Whole  edifice  completed  under  sir  Christopher  Wren  (except 

some  decorations,  finished  1723) 1710 

[Total  cost  1,511,202?.] 

Ball  and  cross  restored  by  Mr.  Cockerell 1822 

Peal  of  12  bells  (by  Taylor,  of  Loughborough)  given  by  the 

corporation  and  some  of  the  companies;  dedicated. .  .1  Nov.  1878 
Reconciliation  service  after  desecration  of  the  cathedral  by 
suicide  of  Edward  Easton  ou  28  Sept 13  Oct.  1890 

dimensions.  Feet. 

Length  of  St.  Paul's  from  the  grand  portico  to  east  end 510 

Breadth,  north  to  south  portico 282 

Height  from  ground  to  top  of  cross 404 

Circumference  of  dome 420 

Entire  circumference  of  the  building 2292 

Diameter  of  ball 6 

Paul's  cross,  St.,  London,  near  the  cathedral,  a  pul- 
pit or  speaking-place  used  not  only  for  preaching  but  for 
political  speaking  as  well.  Here  the  most  eminent  divines 
were  appointed  to  preach  every  Sunday  in  the  forenoon,  and 
to  this  place  the  court,  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  principal 
citizens  used  to  resort.  It  was  used  as  early  as  1259,  but  was 
demolished  in  1643  by  order  of  Parliament. 

Paul's  school,  St.,  London,  was  endowed  in  1512 
by  John  Colet,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  for  153  boys,  "  of  every  na- 
tion, country,  and  class,"  in  memory  of  the  number  of  fishes 
taken  by  Peter  (John  xxi.  11).  The  first  school-house  was 
burned  in  1666 ;  the  second,  by  Wren,  was  taken  down  in  1824, 
and  the  present  building  erected  by  George  Smith.  William 
Lilly  was  the  first  master,  and  his  grammar  was  till  recently 
used  by  the  school. — Timhs. 

PaulUS's  Hook,  Capture  of.  The  British  had  a 
small  garrison  (500  men  under  maj.  Sutherland)  at  Paulus's 
Hook  (now  Jersey  City),  opposite  the  city  of  New  York,  in  the 
summer  of  1779.  The  post  was  attacked  at  3  o'clock  in  the 
morning  of  19  Aug.  by  maj.  Henry  Lee  with  300  picked  men. 
30  of  the  garrison  were  killed  and  160  made  prisoners;  the  re- 
mainder retreated  to  a  strong  circular  redoubt,  too  strong  to  be 
captured,  and  Lee  fell  back  with  his  prisoners  to  camp.  Con- 
gress rewarded  Lee  with  thanks  and  a  gold  medal. 

pavements.  The  Carthaginians  are  said  to  have 
been  the  first  who  paved  their  towns;  the  Romans  in  the 
time  of  Augustus  had  pavements  in  many  of  their  streets;  the 
Appian  Way,  a  paved  road,  was  constructed  312  b.c.  Pave- 
ments of  blocks  of  lava,  worn  into  ruts  by  wheels,  are  met 
with  in  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii.  Roads  built  of  heavy 
flags  of  freestone,  of  unknown  age,  exist  in  Peru,  1500  to  2000 
miles  in  extent.  In  Mexico,  among  the  ruins  of  Palenque, 
are  found  pavements  of  large  square  blocks  of  stone.  Modern 
pavements  are,  wood,  vitrified  bricks,  or  stone  blocks  set  in 
cement,  or  asphalt  laid  in  sheets.  Of  the  last,  the  city  of 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  had  within  its  limits  in  1894  180  linear  miles, 
or  more  than  any  other  city  in  the  world. 

Cordova  in  Spain  paved  by  Abderrahman  II 850 

Streets  in  Paris  first  paved  by  Philip  Augustus 1184 


PAV 


612 


PEC 


I 


London  streets  first  paved 1653 

Stone  tramwiiv;  panillel  wheel  tracks  of  blocks  of  granite, 

built  from  West  India  docks  to  Whitechapel.  London 18i9 

Part  of  Broadway,  Now  York  city,  between  Chambers  and  War- 
ren sts.,  paved  with  hexagonal  wooden  blocks 1836 

Experimental  pavement  of  asphalt  laid  at  the  entrance  of  the 

Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris 1837 

Artificial  asphalt  from  gas  works  used  in  England about  1838 

Wood  pavement  of  hexagonal  blocks  bedded  in  gravel  intro- 
duced in  England " 

Pavement  of  granite  blocks  3  in.  broad  and  9  in.  deep  on  a 
bed  of  concrete  1  ft.  thick,  the  first  of  modern  set  pave- 
ments, laid  on  Blackfriars  bridge,  London 1840 

Nicolson  pavement ;  wooden  blocks  on  end  on  a  foundation  of 

hemlock  boards,  introduced  in  Boston,  Mass 1848 

Asphalt  first  used  extensively  for  pavement  in  Paris 1854 

Claridge's  patent  asphalt  laid  in  Trafiilgar  square,  London,  Jan.  1864 

Wood  pavement  of  concrete  foundation  laid  in  London 1872 

Pavement  of  vitrified  brick  laid  in  Charleston,  W.  Va 1873 

Fifth  ave.,  New  York  city,  from  -iCth  to  27th  sts.,  laid  with 
NeufchAtel  asphalt July,  1879 

Pa'via,  a  city  of  N.  Italy,  the  ancient  Ticinum  or  Papia. 
Its  university,  ascribed  to  Charlemagne  (really  founded  in  the 
14th  century),  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  Europe.  Pavia  was 
built  by  the  Gauls,  who  were  driven  out  by  the  Ronoans,  and 
these  by  the  Goths.  In  568  it  was  taken  by  the  Lombards, 
and  became  their  capital.  In  the  12th  century  it  was  erected 
into  a  republic,  but  soon  after  was  subjected  to  Milan,  and  fol- 
lowed its  fortunes.  On  24  Feb.  1525,  in  a  battle  near  here,  thfe 
imperialists  defeated  the  French,  whose  king,  Francis  I.,  after 
killing  7  men  with  his  own  hand,  was  at  last  obliged  to  sur- 
render. It  was  long  asserted  that  Francis  wrote  to  his  moth- 
er, Louisa  of  Savoy,  regent  of  the  kingdom  during  his  ab- 
sence, saying,  Tout  est  perdu,  madame,  fors  Vhonneur  (All  is 
lost,  madam,  except  honor).  The  words  are  now  said  to  have 
been,  Vhonneur  et  la  vie  qui  est  saulvL     Prisoners. 

Pavo'nia,  territory  now  occupied  by  Jersey  City  and 
Hoboken,  so  called  by  the  Dutch  when  first  settled  by  them, 
1630.     New  York. 

paiW^nbroRing'.  The  Roman  emperors  lent  money 
upon  land.  The  origin  of  borrowing  money  on  pledges  is 
referred  to  Perugia,  in  Italy,  about  1462.  The  institutions 
were  termed  Monte  di  pieta.  Soon  afterwards,  it  is  said 
that  the  bishop  of  Winchester  established  a  system  of  lending 
on  pledges,  but  without  interest.  The  business  of  pawnbrokers 
was  regulated  in  England  in  1756,  and  licenses  issued  in  1783. 
The  rate  of  interest  on  pledges  was  fixed  in  1800.  In  1860 
an  act  was  passed  enabling  pawnbrokers  to  charge  a  half- 
penny for  every  ticket  describing  things  pledged  for  a  sum 
under  6s.  Number  of  pawnbrokers  in  Great  Britain  in  1871, 
3540 ;  it  increases  faster  than  the  population.  In  the  United 
States  this  business  is  confined  to  the  large  cities,  and  is  car- 
ried on  without  that  watchful  care  bestowed  upon  it  by  the 
government  in  other  countries,  especially  in  Great  Britain. 

Pawnees.     Indians. 

pax,  a  small  tablet,  generally  silver,  termed  tabula  pads 
or  osculatorium ;  kissed  by  the  Roman  Catholic  priests  and 
laity  ;  substituted  for  the  primeval  kiss  of  peace  in  the  early 
church.     The  pax  is  said  to  date  from  the  12th  century. 

Paxton  boys,  Massacre  of  the  Indians.  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1763. 

Peabody  fund.  George  Peabody,  an  American 
merchant  (b.  S.  Danvers,Mass.,  18  Feb.  1795 ;  d.  London,  Engl., 
4  Nov.  1869),  who  had  made  his  fortune  in  London,  gave,  on 
12  Mch.  1862, 150,000/. ;  on  21  Jan.  1866, 100,000Z. ;  on  5  Dec. 
1868,100,000/.;  and  by  his  wiU  directed  his  trustees  to  pay 
150,000/.— in  all  500,000/.,  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the 
London  poor. 
An  autograph  letter,  promising  her  portrait  in  miniature,  was 

sent  him  by  queen  Victoria 28  Mch.  1866 

[Inscription  on  the  miniature  sent:  "V.R.  Presented  by 
the  queen  to  G.  Peabody,  Esq.,  the  benefactor  of  the  poor  of 
London."] 
First  block  of  buildings  for  working  classes,  termed  "Peabody 
dwellings,"  in  Commercial  St.,  Spitalfields,  was  opened  29 
Feb.  1864;  and  others  Since,  in  Spitalfields,  Islington,  Shad- 
well,  Westminster,  Chelsea,  Bermondsey,  etc. ;  they  have  been 
found  to  be  self  supporting,  1878.  In  1879,  net  gain,  24,786^.] 
Mr.  Peabody's  statue,  at  the  east  end  of  the  Royal  Exchange, 

was  inaugurated  by  the  prince  of  Wales 23  July,  1869 

Funeral  service  at  Westminster  Abbey 12  Nov.     " 

Funeral  at  Portland,  Me.,  prince  Arthur  present 8  Feb.  1870 

[He  also  gave  large  sums  for  educational  purposes  in  the 
U.  S.,  as  follows]: 


18 


$30,000  to  found  Peabody  institute  at  South  Danvers,  Mass. ... 
f  150,000  to  same  institute  soon  after. 

$50,000  to  similar  institute  at  North  Danvers 

$300,000,  afterwards  increased  to  $1,000,000,  to  found  Peabody 

institute  at  Hallimore,  Md 181 

$300,000  to  scientific  departments  of  Harvard  and  Yale  col 

leges 18( 

$2,100,000,  afterwards  increased  to  $3,500,000,  to  promote  edu 

cation  in  the  Southern  states 

$200,000  to  other  objects , 

$315,000  to  various  educational  institutions 18< 

peaee.     A  temple  was  dedicated  to  Peace  by  Vespi 

sian,  75.     The  gates  of  the  Roman  temple  Janus  Quirini 

were  always  shut  in  time  of  peace ;  they  were  closed  on] 

once  between  the  time  of  Nuraa  and  Augustus;  viz.,  at  tl 

close  of  the  first  Punic  war. 

Peace  of  religion  (between  Catholics  and  Protestants)  signed 
at  Augsburg 15  Sept.  15l 

Benj.  Franklin,  John  Adams,  and  Edward  Rutledge,  appointed 
by  Congress,  meet  lord  and  adm.  Howe  on  Staten  Island  in  a 
peace  conference  without  result 11  Sept.  17 

Earl  of  Carlisle,  George  Johnstone,  and  William  Eden,  com- 
missioners of  Great  Britain,  arrive  at  PKiladelphia.  .4  June,  17 

[As  they  had  no  power  to  acknowledge  the  independence 
of  the  colonies.  Congress  declined  to  appoint  commissioners 
to  meet  them.] 

Motion  in  House  of  Commons  by  gen.  Conway  for  a  cessation 
of  hostilities;  lost  by  a  majority  of  one 22  Feb.  17 

Conway  again  moves,  "That  the  house  would  consider  as  ene- 
mies to  his  majesty  and  the  country  all  those  who  should 
advise  or  by  any  means  attempt  the  further  prosecution  of 
offensive  war  on  the  continent  of  North  America  ;"  carried 
without  a  division  the  same  day 4  Mch. 

Peace  treaty  of  1814.     United  States. 

Peace  conference  at  Washington,  D.  C. ;  a  vain  attempt  to  pre- 
vent the  civil  war  (Unitkd  States) 4  Feb.  II 

Horace  Greeley,  sent  by  pres.  Lincoln,  confers  in  the  interest 
of  peace  with  confederates,  among  them  Clement  C.  Clay  of 
Alabama,  and  James  P.  Holcombe  of  Virginia,  at  the  Clifton 
house,  Niagara  falls,  without  result July,  II 

Rev.  col.  James  F.  Jaques,  73d  Illinois,  and  J.  R.  Gillmore  visit 
Richmond;  confer  with  pres.  Davis  on  peace,  without  result, 

June-July, 

Peace  conference  at  Hampton  Roads  brought  about  by  Francis 
P.  Blair,  sr. ;  Confederate  commi.ssioners  Alexander  H.  Ste- 
phens, John  A.  Cainpbeli,  and  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  meet  pres. 
Lincoln  and  sec.  Seward  on  steamer  in  Hampton  Roads, 
without  result 3  Feb.  li 

A  peace  congress  met  at  Berne,  Switzerland 24  Sept.  186ft 

Congress  at  Lugano,  23  Sept.  1872;  at  the  Hague,  25  Sept.  1873; 
at  Paris,  6  Sept.  1875;  at  Geneva,  Oct.  1877;  at  Paris,  25  Sept. 
1878 ;  at  Brussels,  17  Oct.  1882 ;  at  Berne 4-9  Aug.  1884 

Meeting  at  Crystal  palace  near  London,  22  July,  1885;  another 
meeting  16  July,  1886;  at  Geneva,  9  Sept.  1887;  at  Paris,  23 
June,  1889;  in  London,  14  July,  1890;  Rome,  11  Nov.  1891; 
Berne Aug.  1892 

The  principle  of  arbitration  in  place  of  war  was  adopted  by  the 
Pan-American  Congress  at  Washington;  treaty  signed  for 
several  states 28  Apr.  1890 

peaelies  (fruit  of  a  small  tree,  Persica  vulgaris,  of  the 
order  Rosacece)  are  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  England 
from  Persia  about  1562.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

Peach  ■  tree  Creek,  Ga.,  Battle  of.  Atlanta 
CAMPAIGN,  20  July,  1864. 

Pea  Ridg^e,  Battle  of.     Arkansas,  1862. 

pearls,  mentioned  Job  xxviii.  18.  M.  R^a^imur,  in  1717. 
alleged  that  pearls  are  formed  like  other  stones  in  animals. 
An  ancient  pearl  was  valued  by  Pliny  at  80,000/.  One  which 
was  brought,  in  1574,  to  Philip  II.,  of  the  size  of  a  pigeon's 
egg,  was  valued  at  14,400  ducats.  A  pearl  named  the  Incom- 
parable, spoken  of  by  De  Boote,  weighed  30  carats,  equal  to  5 
pennyweights,  and  was  about  the  size  of  a  muscadine  pear. 
The  pearl  mentioned  by  Tavernier  as  being  in  possession  of 
the  emperor  of  Persia  was  purchased  of  an  Arab  in  1633,  and 
is  valued  at  a  sum  equal  to  110,400/. 

Peasants'  war.    Jacquerie. 

"  Peculiar  People,"  a  small  sect"  in  Essex  and 
other  parts  of  England,  formed  about  1845.  2  members,  Thom- 
as and  Maryanne  Wagstaife,  were  tried  and  acquitted  of  man- 
slaughter, 29  Jan.  1868.  They  had  neglected  getting  medical 
assistance  for  their  sick  child,  and  depended  on  the  efiicacy  of 
their  elders'  prayers  and  anointing  it  with  oil  (James  v.  14). 
The  child  died.  On  8  May,  1872,  a  father  was  convicted  for 
neglecting  to  get  medical  advice  for  his  child  who  died  of 
small-pox ; .  and  the  sect  agreed  to  modify  their  practice.  Es- 
tablishments for  healing  diseases  by  prayer  exist  in  Germany. 
This  sect  is  known  in  the  United  States  under  the  name  ol 
"  Faith  Healers,"  and  also  as  "  Christian  Scientists." 


FED 


613 


FED 


pedestrian! §111  (Lat.  pes,  the  foot ;  pedes,  one  that 
moves  on  foot.  The  act  or  practice  of  walking).  It  is  said  that 
Euchidas,  a  citizen  of  Platsea,  went  thence  to  Delphi,  and  re- 
turned with  the  sacred  fire  the  same  day  before  sunset,  having 
travelled  125  miles.  He  fell  dead  from  the  exertion.  Authen- 
tic records  of  pedestrian  feats  begin  about  the  close  of  the  18th 
century,  when  Foster  Powell,  in  1773,  walked  on  a  wager  of  100 
guineas  from  Hicks  hall,  London,  to  York,  and  return,  a  dis- 
tance of  394  miles,  in  6  days  less  about  6  hours.  From  this 
time  records  of  professional  and  amateur  walking  and  running 
matches  are  numerous.  The  greatest  distance  hitherto  walked 
by  ail  American  without  rest  is  121  miles  385  yards,  by  C.  A. 
Harriman,  Truckee,  Cal.,  6-7  Apr.  1883.  In  England,  Peter 
Crossland,  Manchester,  covered  120  miles  1560  yards  without 
resting,  11-12  Sept.  1876. 

Foster  Powell  walks  from  Falstaff  inn,  Canterbury,  to  London 
bridge  and  back,  112  miles,  in  23  h.  50  min. ;  the  best  record 

up  to  that  time 1787 

Powell,  on  a  wager  of  20  guineas  to  13,  walks  from  London  to 

York  and  return  in  5  days,  16  h.  10  min Aug.  1790 

Daniel  Crisp  walks  1  mile  in  7  min.  50  sec 1802 

Capt.  Barclay  Allardice  of  Ury  runs  a  mile  in  i  min.  50  sec,  out- 
pacing John  Ireland,  a  noted  swift  runner 1804 

Capt.  Barclay  Allardice  walks  1  mile  each  hour  for  1000  suc- 
cessive hours  on  Newmarke't  Heath  for  a  wager  of  1000 
guineas 12  p.m.  1  June-4  p.m.  12  July,  1809 


Thomas  Standen  of  Salehurst,  aged  60,  walks  1100  miles  in  1100 
hours  (1  mile  in  each  hour),  finished July,  1811 

Richard  Manksof  Warwickshire  walks  1000  miles  in  1000  hours 
at  Sheffield 17  June-29  July,  1850 

Charles  Westhall,  at  Slough,  walks  1)4  miles  in  58  min.  25  sec. 
in  1857 ;  and  at  Newmarket,  21  miles  in  59  seconds  less  than 
3  hours Feb.  1858 

L.  Bennett  (Deerfoot)  runs  11  miles,  970  yards  in  1  hour,  Lon- 
don, Engl 3  Apr.  1863 

Miss  Richards  walks  1000  miles  in  1000  hours,  18  May-29  June,  1874 

Edward  Payson  Weston,  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  walks  500 'miles  in  5 
days,  23  h.  34  min 21-26  Dec.     " 

Bella  St.  Clair  walks  1000  miles  in  950  hours 25  July  et  seq.  1876 

William  Gale,  aged  45,  walks  1500  miles  in  1000  consecutive 
hours,  at  Lillie  Bridge,  London,  26  Aug. -6 Oct.,  and  4000  quar- 
ter miles  in  4000  consecutive  10  minutes,  at  Agricultural  hall, 
London,  completed 17  Nov. 

Match  of  17  pedestrians  at  Agricultural  hall,  London,  won  by 
O'Leary,  who  walked  520  miles  in  6  days 18-23  Mch. 

Six  days'  walking-match  for  championship,  at  Agricultural  hall, 
won  by  W.  Corkey;  18  competitors;  521  miles,  28  Oct.-2  Nov.     " 

Weston  walks  550  miles  in  6  days  at  Agricultural  hall,  and 
wins  the  Sir  John  Astleybelt 16-21  June,  1879 

Blower  Brown  walks  553  miles  in  6  days;  champion  of  Eng- 
land  16-21  Feb.  1880 

John  Meagher  walks  8  miles,  802  yards  in  1  hour.  New  York 
city 29  Nov.  1882 

Weston  walks  5000  miles  in  100  days,  abstaining  from  alcohol..  1883 

Zoe  Gayton,  an  actress,  walks  from  San  Francisco  to  New  York, 
3395  miles,  in  6  months,  26  days,  receiving  $1300;  arrives  at 
New  York. 27  Mch.  1891 


1877 


1878 


PROFESSIONAL   AND  AMATEUR  WALKING  RECORD. 


Nationality. 


Sec, 


4. 
5 
6 
7 


llOO 

,200. 
'300. 

400. 

500. 
1531. 


Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional. . . .' 

Amateur 

Professional. . , . 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional. . . . 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 


English. . . 
American. 
English. . . 
American. 
English. . . 
American. 
English. . . 


.American. 


English. .  . 
American. 
English. .  . 
American. 
English... 


1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
2 
2 
7 
8 
18 
19 
40 
66 
96 
130 
138 


23 

29.6 

14 

48.6 

2L5 

9.2 
38 
10 
10 
17 

1 
57 

4 
28.4 
37 

8.5 
14 

8 
45 

40.75 
57 
52 
16 
25.5 
15 
50 
30 


50 


W.  Perkins  

F.  P.  Murray 

J.  W.  Raby 

F  P.  Murray 

J.  W.  Raby 

F  P.  Murray 

J.  W,  Raby 

W  H.  Meek 

J.  W.  Raby 

H.  Curtis 

J.  W.  Raby 

H.  Curtis 

J.  W.  Raby 

H.  Curtis 

John  Meagher 

J.  B.  Clark 

J.  W.  Raby 

E.  E.  Merrill 

J.  W.  Raby 

E.  E.  Merrill 

W.  Perkins 

Thomas  Griffiths.. . 

J.  Hibberd 

A.  W.  Sinclair 

William  Howes  . . . 

A.  W.  Sinclair 

George  Littlewood. 


London 

New  York 

London 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

London 

New  York 

London 


Birmingham,  Engl. 

London 

Birmingham,  Engl, 

London 

Birmingham,  Engl. 
New  York 


London. 


London 

Boston,  Mass. 
London 


Sheffield,  Engl. 


1  June, 

1874 

27  Oct. 

1883 

20  Aug. 

<' 

30  May, 

1884 

20  Aug. 

1883 

6  Nov. 

" 

20  Aug. 

(( 

12  July, 

1884 

20  Aug. 

1883 

12  July, 

1890 

20  Aug. 

1883 

12  July, 

1890 

20  Aug. 

1883 

12  July, 

1890 

29  Nov. 

1882 

8  Sept. 

1880 

3  Dec. 

1883 

5  Oct. 

1880 

3  Dec. 

1883 

5  Oct. 

1880 

1  July, 

1877 

3  Dec. 

1870 

14  May, 

1888 

14  Nov. 

1879 

15  May, 

1880 

26     " 

1881 

7-11  Mch.  1882 

ECORD   OF    GREATEST    DISTANCE    COVERED    IN    6    DAYS'    '  GO-AS-YOU-PLEASE"   WALKING    MATCHES    (72    HOURS— 12 

HOURS  DAILY.) 


Mile?.      Yards. 


Name. 


Nationality. 


Place. 


Date. 


78 

1280 

162 

704 

150 

800 

229 

1408 

216 

1280 

296 

1056 

282 

320 

362 

528 

349 

1120 

G.  Littlewood. 
John  Dobler... 
G.  Littlewood . 
John  Dobler. . , 
G.  Littlewood. , 
John  Dobler.., 
G.  Littlewood , 
John  Dobler.., 

C.  Rowell 

John  Dobler.., 

C.  Rowell 

Gus.  Guerrero. 


English. . , 
American 
English. . , 
American 
English. . 
American 
English. . 
American 
English. . 
American 
English. , 
American 


London 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

London 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

London 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

London 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

London 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

London 

Boston,  Mass 


24  Nov.  1884. 
9  Aug.  1880. 

25  Nov.  1884. 
9-10  Aug.  1880. 
24-26  Nov.  1884. 
9-11  Aug.  1880. 
24-27  Nov.  1884. 
9-12  Aug.  1880. 
27  Apr.-l  May,  1 
9-13  Aug.  1880. 
27  Apr. -2  May,  1 
13-18  Apr.  1891. 


PROFESSIONAL  AND 

AMATEUR  RUNNING  RECORD. 

'-,]< 

Nationality. 

Time. 

Name. 

Place. 

Dat«, 

Hours. 

Min. 

Sec. 

"\ 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

Professional 

Amateur 

American 

•• 

.. 

5.25 

5.5 

9.8 

9.8 

9.8 

59 

58 

New  York 

22  Nov.    1884 

12  Dec.       " 

.  ( 

H  M  Johnson       

Cleveland,  0 

31  July,  1886 
22  Feb.     1888 

'M 

Oakland  Cal     

1 

John  Owen  jr 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Boston  Mass 

11  Oct.      1890 

1  1 

5  Sept.  1881 
29  May.   1880 

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L.  E.  Meyers 

Staten  Island 

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PROFESSIONAL  AND 

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Preston  Engl.   . 

30  Apr.    1881 
8  Oct.         " 

23  Aug.     1885 
26    "        1895 

1    "       1865 

26  Apr.     1884 
14  May,    1888 

3  June,  1893 
8  Nov.    1888 

10  June,  1893 

11  May,    1863 

24  Sept.    1895 
11  May,    1865 
22  Oct.      1895 
11  May,    1865 
28  July,    1884 

1  June,  1851 
28  July,    1884 

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5  May,  188< 
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L  E  Meyers     

New  York 

W  G  George            

London  Engl 

T  P  ConnefT                . . 

Cambridge,  Mass 

William  Lang 

W.  G.  George 

London  Engl 

P  Cannon  

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PedO-BaptistS  (Gr.  Traig  iraiSog,  child,  and  BajTrrig, 
one  who  dips),  a  term  (not  a  sect)  implying  a  belief  in  infant 
baptism. 

pedometer  and  odometer,  apparatus  for  meas- 
uring the  distance  traversed  by  a  walker  or  carriage. 
Odometers,  or  road-measurers,  are  said  to  have  been  known  in 

the  15th  century;  improved  in  England  by  Butterfield  about 

1678;  and  by  Meynier,  in  France about  1724 

Ralph  Gouts's  pedometer,  for  indicating  the  number  of  steps 

taken  by  a  walker,  was  patented 4  Nov.  1799 

William  Payne's  pedometer  for  the  waistcoat  pocket,  patented, 

15  Feb.  1831 
William  Grayson's  odometer,  or  road-measurer,  to  be  attached 

to  carriages,  was  patented 1  Dec.  1851 

peere§ses  of  the  United  Kini^dom  {in  their 

own  right).  6  in  1891 :  baronesses  Berkeley,  Berners,  Bol- 
sover,  Burdett-Coutts,  Macdonald  of  Earnscliff,  viscountess 
Hambleden. 

peers.     Lords. 

Peg^U  (^pe-goo'),  a  province  of  the  Burmese  empire,  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese,  1520.  This  province  was  annexed 
to  the  British  Indian  possessions  by  proclamation,  20  Dec.  1852. 
In  Feb.  1862,  it  was  united  with  Arracan  and  Tenassarim  as 
British  Burmah. 

Peking'  was  made  the  capital  of  China  about  1260. 
Here  was  held  the  court  of  the  Mongol  or  Yuen  dynasty, 
1280-1368.  Marco  Polo  visited  it  in  i271.  In  1369 "Hung- 
wu,  of  the  Ming  dynasty,  removed  to  Nankin,  which  was  the 
capital  till  Yung-lo  removed  his  court  to  Peking  in  1410,  and 
by  him  and  his  successors  the  city  was  enlarged,  fortified,  and 
beautified.  It  was  visited  by  lord  Macartney,  Sept.  1793 ; 
surrendered  to  the  allied  English  and  French  armies,  12  Oct. 
1860 ;  and  evacuated  by  them  5  Nov.,  after  peace  was  signed, 
24  Oct.  It  was  described  as  desolate,  and  the  inhabitants  scat- 
tered and  indigent.  About  8  miles  northwest  lies  the  imperial 
park,  with  the  famous  Summer  palace;  it  was  sacked  by  the 
French  and  English  troops  in  1860  and  left  a  heap  of  ruins, 
and  so  remains.  The  population  in  1864  was  estimated  at 
1,600,000.  English  and  French  representatives  were  settled 
at  Peking,  Mch.  1861. 

Pela'g^ians,  followers  of  Pelagius,  a  Briton,  appeared 
at  Rome  about  400.     Their  doctrines  were  condemned  by 
councils  at  Jerusalem,  Carthage,  and  other  places,  415,  530. 
They  maintained : 
1.  That  Adam  was  by  nature  mortal,  and,  whether  he  had  sinned 

or  not,  would  certainly  have  died.     2.  That  the  consequences  of 


Adam's  sin  were  confined  to  his  own  person.  3.  That  new  bor  i 
infants  are  in  the  same  condition  as  Adam  before  the  fall. 
4.  That  the  law  qualified  men  for  the  kingdom  of  heaveu,  an<l| 
was  founded  upon  equal  promises  with  the  Gospel.  5.  That  tha 
general  resurrection  of  the  dead  does  not  follow  in  virtue  of  I 
Christ's  resurrection. 

Pelas'gi,  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Greece  and  Italy, 
appear  to  have  belonged  to  the  Indo-Gerraanic  race.  They 
were  in  Greece  about  1900  b.c.,  and  in  Italy  about  1600  b.c. 
"  The  Greek  traditions  represent  the  Pelasgic  race  as  spread 
widely  over  most  of  Greece  and  the  islands  of  the  Aegean. 
The  whole  of  Hellas,  according  to  Herodotus,  was  originally 
called  Pelasgia." — Anthon,  "Class.  Diet."  There  is  little  doubt 
but  that  the  Pelasgian  and  the  Hellenic  peoples  united  to  form 
the  Greek  as  known  to  us. 

Pelew'  islands,  N.  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by  tke 
Spaniards  in  1543,  and  still  belonging  to  Spain.  Area,  170 
sq.  miles.  The  East  India  company's  packet  Antelope,  ca\)t. 
Wilson,  was  wrecked  here  in  1783.  The  king,  Abba  Thullc, 
allowed  capt.  Wilson  to  bring  prince  Le  Boo,  his  son,  to  Eng-. 
land,  where  he  arrived  in  1784,  and  died  of  small-pox  sooii 
after.  The  East  India  company  erected  a  monument  over  hia 
grave  in  Rotherhithe  church-yard. 

Peloponne'SUS,  the  island  of  Pelops,  S.  Greece, 
termed  Morea  in  the  13th  century,  said  to  have  been  settled 
by  Pelops  about  1283  b.c.  Peloponnesian  war  continued  for 
27  years  between  the  Athenians  and  the  people  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus, with  their  respective  allies,  and  is  the  most  famous 
of  the  wars  of  Greece.  It  began  by  an  attempt  of  the  Boeo- 
tians to  surprise  Platsea,  431  b.c,  on  7  May,  and  ended  404 
by  the  taking  of  Athens  by  the  Lacedaemonians. 

Pelu'sium,  now  Tineh,  formerly  Sin,  the  key  of 
Egypt.  Here,  in  625  B.C.,  Psammeticus  III.  was  defeated  by 
Cambyses,  the  Persian,  who  thereby  obtained  possession  of 
the  kingdom.  Pelusium  surrendered  to  Alexander,  333  •,  was 
taken  by  the  Persians,  309  ;  by  Antiochus,  173 ;  by  Augustus 
30  B.C. ;  and  after  a  protracted  resistance  by  Amrou,  the  Sar- 
acen, 638  A.D. 

penanee,  a  sacrament  in  the  Roman  church,  arose  out 
of  the  practice  of  Auricular  confession.  The  council  of 
Trent,  in  its  14th  session  (1551),  decreed  that  every  one  is  ac- 
cursed who  shall  affirm  that  this  sacrament  was  not  institutec 
by  Christ. 

pen'dulums.  The  isochronous  property  of  the  pen- 
dulum is  said  to  have  been  applied  to  clocks  by  Galileo  about 


PEN 


615 


PEN 


1639,  and  by  Richard  Harris  about  1641.  Christian  Huyghens 
claimed  this  discovery,  1658.  Clock.  George  Graham  in- 
vented the  compensating  pendulum,  1715.  Experiments  were 
made  to  determine  the  density  of  the  earth  by  pendulums  by 
G.  B.  Airy  (afterwards  astronomer  royal)  and  others,  in  a  mine 
in  Cornwall,  in  1826  and  1828,  and  at  Horton  colliery  in  1854. 
In  1851,  M.  Foncault  demonstrated  the  rotation  of  the  earth 
by  the  motion  of  a  pendulum. 

Peninsular  campaign  of  maj.-gen.  Geo.  B. 

McClellan.      Immediately  after   the   battle    of  Bull  Run, 
McClellan,  then  in  command  of  the  department  of  the  Ohio, 
was  called  27  July,  1861,  to  take  command  of  all  troops  in  and 
around  Washington.     To  him  belongs  the  credit  of  organiz- 
ing the  "  Potomac  army."    Army,  U.  S.    In  this  work  he  was 
occupied  from  the  time  of  his  first  taking  command  until  Mch. 
1862,  at  which  time  all  troops  under  his  immediate  command, 
that  is,  in  northern  Virginia,  were  172,000  infantry,  23,000  cav- 
alry, 62  batteries  volunteers,  30  batteries  regulars,  amounting 
to  520  guns  and  15,000  men.    He  had  assumed  command  of  all 
troops  of  the  Northern  states  on  the  retirement  of  gen.  Scott, 
1  Nov.  1861.    On  13  Jan.  1862,  Edwin  M.  Stanton  of  Ohio  was 
appointed  secretary  of  war ;  not  for  his  military  knowledge,  but 
for  his  energy  and  zeal.     The  president  issued  an  order,  27 
Jan.  1862,  commanding  a  general  advance  upon  the  Confeder- 
'  ate  lines  from  every  quarter  on  22  Feb. ;  and  on  81  Jan.  one  to 
McClellan,  requiring  him  to  move  with  the  array  of  the  Poto- 
1  mac  upon  Manassas  Junction,  which  the  confederates  had  held 
1  from  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  21  July,  1861.   McClellan  objected, 
!  and  urged  that  the  advance  should  be  made  from  Urbana,  near 
i  the  mouth  of  the  Rappahannock.     The  president  assented,  in 
an  order  8  Mch.  1862.   This  plan  assumed  that  the  confederates 
would  continue  to  occupy  Manassas  Junction.     As  they  aban- 
doned it  8  Mch.,  the  federals  occupying  it  on  the  10th,  the 
Urbana  plan  was  dropped.    McClellan  now  presented  the  pen- 
insular plan,  from  fortress  Monroe  as  a  base,  to  move  upon 
Richmond  by  Yorktown  and  West  Point.     This  was  agreed 
to  13  Mch.  1862,  provided  McClellan  should  (1)  leave  force 
!  enough  at  Manassas  Junction  to  protect  it ;  (2)  leave  Wash- 
!  ington  amply  guarded;  (3)  move  the  remainder  of  the  army  at 
^  once  by  some  route  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy.    On  11  Mch.  Mc- 
\  Clellan's  command  was  restricted  to  the  armj'-  of  the  Potomac. 
t  The  peninsula  of  Virgi;iia,  from  which  this  campaign  receives 
I  its  name,  lies  between  the  James  and  York  rivers,  which  empty 
( into  Chesapeake  bay.    Fortress  Monroe  occupies  the  extremity 
;  of  the  peninsula,  and  is  connected  with  the  main  portion  onlj' 
jby  a  narrow  sand-beach.     The  extreme  length  is  about  60 
i  miles;  the  average  breadth  about  12.     At  Yorktown,  20  miles 
1  up,  it  is  narrowed  to  8,  which  width  it  preserves  10  miles  to 
I  Williamsburg;  then  the  rivers  begin  to  diverge.     The  shores 
jof  the  lower  portion  of  the  peninsula  are  deeply  indented  with 
, creeks,  some  of  which  extend  half  way  across.    The  land  is  flat 
,aiid  low,  covered  with  swampy  forests,  through  which  sluggish 
jstreamsflow  lazily,  expanding  after  every  rain  into  miry  ponds. 

jHeintzelman's  corps  embarks  for  fortress  Monroe 17  Mch.  1862 

Headquarters  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  transferred  to  vicin- 

I    ity  of  fortress  Monroe 1  Apr.      " 

|McDoweirs  corps  detached  from  the  army 4  Apr.     " 

.Vorktown  and  its  line  of  defence,  about  13  miles  in  length, 
■    occupied  by  11,000  confederates  under  Magruder,  is  attacked 

by  the  federals;  repulsed 4  Apr.     " 

i'^iege,  so-called,  of  Yorktown 4  Apr.  -5  May,     ' ' 

iMcClellan  prepares  to  open  on  the  defences  at  Yorktown  with 

I  his  siege  guns  when  the  confederates  evacuate 5  May,     " 

maiOe  of  Williamsburg "         " 

'  [Gen.  Hooker  attacked  the  confederates  with  his  division 
i  alone  until  reinforced  by  Kearney's  division  about  4  p.m. 
I  The  confederates  retired  towards  Richmond  during  the 
'  night.  The  Federal  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing, 
2228.] 

Jen.  Franklin's  division  lands  at  West  Point 6  May,     " 

"forfolk  evacuated  by  the  confederates 10  May,     ' ' 

ronclad  Merrimac  blown  up  by  the  confederates 11  May,     " 

'om.  John  Rodgers  moving  up  the  James  to  within  8 
miles  of  Richmond  with  his  fleet,  retires  after  an  unequal 
'oatest  with  batteries  on  Drewry's  Bluffer  fort  Darling, 

15  May,     " 
IcClellan's  headquarters  established  at  the  "White  House" 
(belonging  to  Mrs.  Robt.  E.  Lee)  on  the  Pamunkey.  .16  May,     " 
uDowell  with  a  corps  of  40,000  men  and  100  pieces  of  artillery 
instructed  to  co-operate  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac  ad- 

;  vancing  on  Richmond 17  May,     " 

!0  frustrate  this  union   "Stonewall"  Jackson   assumes  the 

I  offensive  by  threatening  Washington.     The  Federal  forces 

in  northern  Virginia  at  this  time  were:  Banks.  20,000,  Milroy 

and  Schenck,  6000,  Fremont,  10,000,  and  McDowell's  corps 


at  Fredericksburg,  40,000.     Jackson  succeeds,  and  .McDowell 
is  retained  to  defend  Washington  by  an  order  issued, 

24  May,  1862 
[This  order  saved  the  Confederate  capital.] 

Jackson  drives  Banks  out  of  Winchester 25  May,     " 

[Appears  before  Harper's  Ferry,  28  May;  commences  his 
retrograde  movement  31  May,  pursued  by  Banks,  Fremont, 
and  McDowell;  fights  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys  with  Fre- 
mont, 8  June ;  battle  of  Port  Republic  with  a  part  of  McDow- 
elFs  command,  9  June;  and  then  retires  to  reinforce  the 
confederates  before  Richmond,  having  succeeded  in  com- 
pletely paralyzing  all  the  forces  in  northern  Virginia.] 

Hanover  Court-house 27  May,     " 

[Fitz-John  Porter,  with  a  corps  of  12,000  men,  is  ordered 
by  McClellan  to  destroy  the  bridges  over  the  South  Anna,  as 
instructed  to  do  from  Washington;  opposed  by  the  confeder- 
ates under  Branch  at  Hanover  Court-house,  he  defeats  them.] 

Porter  returns  to  his  former  position  at  Gaines's  Mills. 29  May,  " 
[Position  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  invites  attack.  Its 
left,composedofthe  corps  of  Keyes  and  Heintzelman. occupies 
the  right  bank  of  the  Chickahominy  from  Bottom  Bridge  to 
Seven  Pines,  about  7  miles  from  Richmond  at  the  nearest 
point;  the  rest  of  the  army  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river; 
Porter  in  the  vicinity  of  Gaines's  Mills  and  Mechanicsville. 
The  object  of  this  division  was  to  cover  the  base  of  sup- 
plies at  the  "White  House,"  and  to  keep  up  communication 
with  McDowell,  whom  McClellan  still  expected.] 

Batlle  of  Fair  Oaks  or  Seven  Pines 31  May-1  June,     " 

[The  confederates,  hoping  to  crush  the  left  wing  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac,  combined  their  whole  force  about 
Richmond.  The  attack  was  to  be  made  early  in  the  day,  but 
the  excessive  rains  of  May  30  delayed  it  until  1  p.m.  The 
federals  were  outnumbered  and  gradually  forced  back  until 
reinforced  at  6  p.m.  by  Sumnef's  corps,  who,  from  the  right 
wing,  crossed  the  swollen  Chickahominy  just  in  time  to  save 
the  left.  The  confederates  withdrew  after  dark.  On  the 
next  day,  1  June,  the  federals  reoccupied  most  of  the  lost 
ground.  The  Confederate  loss  was  4500,  and  the  Federal  5727. 
Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  Confederate  commander,  severely 
wounded.     Gen.  0.  0.  Howard  lost  his  right  arm,  June  1.] 

Robt.  E.  Lee  assumes  command  of  the  confederates 3  June,     " 

Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart  with  a  small  cavalry  division   passes 
around  the  army  of  the  Potomac 12-13  June,     " 

Battle  of  Mechanicsville 20  June,     " 

[Corps  of  Fitz-John  Porter,  27,000  men,  attacked  at  3  p.m. 
by  the  corps  or  divisions  of  A.  P.  Hill,  D.  H.  Hill,  and  Long- 
street.  Jackson,  though  expected,  did  not  arrive  in  time. 
Though  continued  until  after  dark  it  signally  failed.] 

Battle  ofGaines^s  Mills 27  June,     " 

[McClellan  orders  Fitz-John  Porter  to  leave  Mechanicsville 
for  a  position  near  Gaines's  Mills.  By  noon  of  the  27th  he  is 
there  awaiting  attack,  which  A.  P.  Hill's  corps  begins  about 
1  p.m.  Till  5  P.M.,  Lee,  although  reinforced  by  Jackson,  failed 
to  break  the  line;  but  Porter's  entire  force  was  in  action. 
On  Porter's  call  for  reinforcements  McClellan  sent  Slocum's 
division,  which  arrived  at  3.30  p.m.  Towards  6  o'clock  the 
general  attack  was  renewed  so  successfully  that  but  for  the 
approach  of  night  and  the  timely  arrival  of  2  brigades  Por- 
ter would  have  been  crushed.  He  lost  20  guns,  but  held  the 
approaches  to  the  bridge,  over  which  he  withdrew  unmo- 
lested during  the  night,  having  lost  8000  men  out  of  35,000. 
The  Confederate  forces  were  estimated  at  60,000.] 

First  siege  of  Rirhmond  abandoned;  Reyes's  corps  ordered  to 

the  James  on  the  evening  of 27  June,     " 

[Lee,  failing  to  comprehend  McClellan's  plans,  loses  the 
whole  of  28  June  in  false  movements.] 

Battle  of  Savage^s  Station 29  June,     " 

[Sumner  repulses  Magruder.] 

Entire  army  of  the  Potomac  safely  across  "White  Oak  swamp" 
on  the  morning  of. 30  June,     " 

Battle  of  White  Oak  Swamp  or  '■  Frazer  Farm  " "  " 

[Gen.  Franklin  at  White  Oak  swamp,  with  9  brigades  and 
8  batteries,  holds  in  check  Jackson,  who  with  4  divisions 
and  20  batteries  attempts  to  cross.] 

Battle  of  Glendale 30  June,     " 

[This  was  Lee's  most  determined  effort  to  break  the  Feder- 
al line  of  retreat.  But  Jackson  was  stopped  by  Franklin  at 
White  Oak  swamp.  The  battle  was  indecisive,  but  assured 
the  federals  safe  retreat.] 

Army  of  the  Potomac  with  its  immense  trains  concentrated 
on  and  around  Malvern  Hill  on  the  morning  of 1  July,     « 

Battle  of  Malvern  Hill "         " 

[In  this  attack  upon  a  strong  position  the  confederates  fail, 
after  persistent  effort  from  3  p.m.  until  9  p.m.  Though  suc- 
cessful, McClellan  continues  his  retreat  to  Harrison's  Land- 
ing during  the  night  of  1  and  2  July,  unmolested  by  the 
enemy.  Federal  loss,  26  June -2  July,  1734  killed,  8062 
wounded,  6053  missing;  total,  15,849.  Confederate  loss,  es- 
timated, 20,771.] 

President  visits  McClellan  at  Harrison's  Landing 7  July,     " 

Hooker  reoccupies  Malvern  Hill 4  Aug.     " 

McClellan  ordered  to  withdraw  to  Aquia  creek "         " 

Harrison's  Landing  entirely  vacated 16  Aug.     ■' 

McClellan  reaches  Aquia  creek 24  Aug.      •• 

Reports  at  Alexandria  (Pope's  Virginia  campaign) 26  Aug.     " 

Penin§ular  war,  during  which  the  French  were 
driven  out  of  Spain  by  Wellington.     Spain,  1807-14. 
Napier's  "Hist,  of  the  War  in  the  Peninsula,"  pub 1828-40 

penitentiaries.    Prisons. 


PEN 


616 


PEN 


Pciin§ylvailia,  one  of  the  original  "Middle"  States, 
being  the  7th  in  geographical  order  of  the  "  Thirteen,"  is  known 
as  the  "  Keystone  state."  It 
lies  between  39°  43'  and  42° 
N.  lat. — except  a  small  portion 
in  the  northwest  corner,  which 
extends  north  to  42°  15',  and 
thus  borders  on  lake  Erie — and 
between  74°  40'  and  80°36'  W. 
Ion.  New  York  and  a  small 
portion  of  lake  Erie  lie  on  the 
north,  Delaware  river  sepa- 
rates it  from  New  Jersey  on 
the  east,  the  states  of  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  and  West 
Virginia  bound  it  on  the 
south,  while  West  Virginia  and  Ohio  are  on  the  west.  Area, 
46,215  sq.  miles  in  G7  counties ;  pop.  in  1890,  5,258,014.  Cap- 
ital, Ilarrisburg. 
Heury  Hudson  enters  Delaware  bay,  examines  its  currents  and 

soundings,  but  leaves  without  landing Aug.  1609 

Delaware  bay  visited  by  lord  de  la  WaiT KilO 

Cornelius  Hendricksen,  in  the  interest  of  the  Dutch,  explores 

Delaware  bay  and  river  as  far  as  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill. . .  1616 
Cornelius  Mey  ascends  the  Delaware  river  (then  called  by  the 
Dutch  "South  river,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  North  or 
Hudson  river),  and  builds  fort  Nassau,  on  the  east  side,  near- 
ly opposite  the  present  Philadelphia 1623 

[This  flrst  occupation  by  the  Dutch  is  soon  abandoned.] 
Swedish  government  sends  out  2  vessels,  the  Key  of  Calmar 
and  the  Griffin,  with  a  few  Swedes;  entering  the  Delaware, 
they  erect  a  fort  near  the  mouth  of  Christiana  creek,  called 

fort  Christiana  in  honor  of  the  then  queen  of  Sweden 1638 

Swedish  gov.  Printz  fixes  his  residence  on  Tinicum  island,  a 
few  miles  below  Philadelphia,  and  builds  a  fort  for  defence. .  1643 
[First  European  settlement  in  Pennsylvnnia] 
Swedes  settle  Upland  (now  Chester),  first  town  settled  in  Penn- 
sylvania       " 

Dutch  from  New  York  capture  the  Swedish  forts  on  the  Dela- 
ware, and  take  possession  of  the  country 25  Sept.  1655 

This  territory  surrendered  to  the  English Sept.  1664 

Dutch  recover  possession  for  a  few  months,  1673,  but  the  ' '  Peace 

of  Westminster  "  restores  it  to  the  English 19  Feb.  1674 

William  Penn  receivesfrom  Charles  II.,  in  payment  of  16,000/. 
due  his  father  from  the  English  government,  a  charter  for 

lands  north  of  Maryland  and  west  of  the  Delaware 4  Mch.  1681 

[To  the  name  "Sylvania,"  intended  for  the  province  by 
the  prdt)rietary,  the  king  prefixes  "  Penu,"  in  honor  of  the 
grantee  and  of  adm.  Penn,  his  father.] 
Penn  issues  an  address  to  his  subjects  in  Pennsylvania  concern- 
ing the  grant 8  Apr.     " 

Penn  appoints  William  Markham  deputy-governor,  who  sails 

in  May,  and  arrives  in  Pennsylvania -. June,     " 

Penn  contracts   to  sell  an  association,  "Company  of  Free 
Traders,"  20,000  acres  for  400/.,  subject  to  a  quit-rent  of  2X 

mills  per  acre 11  July,     " 

Court  held  at  Upham  by  the  deputy  governor 13  Sept.'     " 

Three  vessels  sail  with  emigrants,  and  3  commissioners  with 

plans  for  the  proposed  city  of  Philadelphia Oct.     " 

Penn  publishes  "frame  of  government:"  council  of  72  persons 
elected  for  3  years,  ^  to  go  out  annually ;  governor  or  deputy  to 
preside  with  triple  vote;  laws  proposed  to  be  submitted  to  the 
people,  afterwards  to  delegates.  40  "fundamental  laws"  agreed 
upon  by  Penn  and  the  intended  emigrants,  were  added,  25  Apr.  1682 
Pennsylvania,though  not  included  indukeofYork'scharter.had 
been  claimed  by  governors  of  New  York;  to  perfect  his  title, 
Penn  obtains  from  the  duke  a  quit  claim  to  Pennsylvania,  also 
2  deeds  of  feoffment,  of  town  of  New  Castle  with  a  circle  of  12 
miles  round,  and  of  district  thence  to  cape  Henlopen,  21  Aug. 
Penn,  now  38  years  of  age,  accompanied  by  100  colonists,  sails 

in  the  Welcome,  1  Sept.,  and  lands  at  New  Castle 27  Oct. 

[Twenty-three  ships  arrive  in  the  Delaware  this  year  with 
colonists  for  Pennsylvania.] 

Penn  reaches  Upland  and  calls  it  Chester 29  Oct. 

Spacious  brick  residence  built  at  a  cost  of  7000L  for  Penn  on 
"Pennsbury  Manor,"  opposite  Burlington,  about  20  miles 

above  Philadelphia 

Penn  visits  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Long  Island,  and  re- 
turns to  Chester 4  Dec. 

[Peuu's  famous  treaty  with  the  Indians  under  the  elms  at 
Shackamaxon,  at  the  northern  limits  of  Philadelphia,  occurs 
about  this  time,  according  to  Hildreth,  Bancroft,  and  I.ossing; 
the  "Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America"  gives  the 
date,  23  June,  1683.  It  is  the  subject  of  a  picture  by  Benjamin 
West.  The  whole  story  of  this  treaty  has  been  doubted.  Hil- 
dreth calls  it  "  the  famous  traditionary  treaty." — Hist.  U.  S., 
vol.  ii.  p.  72.  Bancroft  says:  "It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no 
original  record  of  the  meeting  has  been  preserved."— Hist. 
U.S.,vol.ii.p.381,9thed.  Lossingsays:  "There  is  no  written 
record  of  the  treaty  extant ;  it  seemed  a  tradition  among  both 
races."— "Harper's  Cyclop.  U.  S.  Hist.,"  vol.  ii.  p.  1073.] 
First  assembly  of  the  province  meets  at  Chester  in  3  days'  ses- 
sion  4  Dec. 

[This  meeting  made  changes  in  the  "frame  of  govern- 
ment," tending  to  strengthen  the  power  of  the  proprie- 


I 


tary.  The  territories  (Delaware)  were  enfranchised  by  a 
joint  act,  and  united  with  Pennsylvania  on  the  basis  of  equal 
rights,  and  a  code  called  the  "Great  Law,"  furnishing  a 
complete  system  for  the  provinces,  was  enacted;  all  laws 
ordered  to  be  printed  and  taught  in  the  schools.] 

Counties  of  Bucks,  Chester,  and  Philadelphia  organized. .  .Dec.  16(2 

Penu  attends  to  the  completion  of  laying  out  Philadelphia,  Dec.     " 

Penn  meets  lord  Baltimore  at  New  Castle  to  adjust  boundary 

claims  between  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland Dec.     " 

[Dispute  not  settled  until  1760,  when  it  was  referred  to  2 
English  mathematicians,  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  DixoH, 
who  ran  the  boundary-line  due  west  244  miles  (1763-67)  in 
lat.  39°  43'  26"  ;  stones  erected  every  mile  up  to  132,  every 
5th  stone  bearing  the  arms  of  the  Baltimore  and  Penu  families. 
Kesurveyed,  1849.  While  debating  in  Congress  the  "  Mis- 
souri compromise,"  in  1820,  John  Randolph  introduced  the 
phrase  "Mason  and  Dixon's  line,"  as  separating  freedom 
from  slavery,  or  the  north  from  the  south ;  the  phrase  became 
at  once  exceedingly  popjilar.] 

Penu  summons  the  assembly  to  Philadelphia,  where  changes 
are  made  in  the  "frame  of  government"  and  new  laws 
enacted;  and  to  settle  disputes  and  prevent  law-suits  3 
"  peace  -  makers  "  are  appointed  for  each  county 10  Mch.  li 

Weekly  post  established  (letters  carried  from  Philadelphia  to 
Chester  2d.,  to  New  Castle  4d,  to  Maryland  6d.) July, 

First  mill  built  at  Chester 

Frankfort  Land  company  of  Germany  purchase  25,000  acres  of 
land  around  Germantown,  and  begin  a  settlement,  consisting 
of  20  families  under  Francis  D.  Pastorius 24  Oct 

A  woman  tried  as  a  witch;  acquitted,  but  bound  to  keep  the 
peace;  Penn  presides;  first  and  only  case  of  such  trial  in 
Pennsylvania 27  P'eb.  1684 

Penn,  establishing  a  provincial  court  of  5  judges,  Nicholas 
Moore,  chief-justice,  and  leaving  the  executive  to  the  council, 

Thomas  Lloyd,  president,  sails  for  England 12  Aug. 

[Province  has  20  settled  townships  and  7000  inhabitants.] 

William  Bradford  establishes  the  flrst  printing-press  in  Philadel- 
phia (the  third  in  the  colonies) ;  flrst  publication,  an  almanac, 
the  "Kalendarium  Pennsilvaniense"  (Printing  in  the  U.  S.),  1 

Several  members  of  the  settlement  at  Germantown  send  a 

written  protest  against  slavery  to  a  Friends'  meeting 

[First  anti-slavery  effort  in  America.] 

"  William  Penn  charter  "  school  established  in  Philadelphia. .  1689 

First  paper  mill  in  America  built  by  William  Rittenhouse  and 
William  Bradford  on  a  branch  of  the  Wissahickou 1690 

Penn  sanctions  the  separation  of  the  lower  counties  (Delaware) 
as  a  separate  government  under  William  Markham.  .11  Apr.  1691 

Government  of  Pennsylvania  taken  from  Penn 31  Oct.  1692 

Pennsylvania  placed  under  gov.  Fletcher  of  New  York 169a 

[On  account  of  Penn's  personal  regard  for  James  II.  he  was 
not  favored  by  William  III.  He  was  accused  of  disaffection 
to  the  new  government  and  was  constantly  under  surveil- 
lance; he  was  several  times  arrested  and  once  imprisoned.] 

Penn's  chartered  rights  restored 30  Aug.  1694 

First  Episcopal  place  of  worship  built  in  Philadelphia,  rev. 
Mr.  Clayton,  minister 1695 

Penn  returns  to  Pennsylvania  after  absence  of  15  years,  1  Dec.  1699 
[The  government  prevented  him  from  coming  sooner.] 

Yellow-fever  in  Philadelphia " 

Discontent  of  the  inhabitants  leads  Penn  to  summon  an  assem- 
bly to  prepare  a  new  frame  of  government 16  Sept.  1701 

New  charter  or  "  charter  of  privileges  "  adopted 28  Oct.     •* 

[It  gave  the  Delaware  counties  option  of  a  separate  adminis- 
tration,of  which  they  availed  themselves  soon  after,  though  un- 
der the  same  governor  and  council  as  Pennsylvania  until  1776.] 

Philadelphia  incorporated  as  a  city .• 28  Oct. 

Anticipating  that  the  British  ministry  were  about  to  abolish 
the  proprietary  governments  in  America,  Penn,  to  oppose 
this,  sails  for  England  and  never  visits  America  again,  1  Nov. 

Thomas  Rutter  establishes  the  flrst  iron  works  in  Pennsylvania, 
near  Pottstown,  30  miles  from  Philadelphia I 

Penn  dies  at  Rushcombe,  Buckinghamshire,  Engl.,  aged  74 
years 30  July,  1' 

Andrew  S.  Bradford  establishes  the  American  Weekly  Mercury 

at  Philadelphia 22  Dec.  1' 

[First  newspaper  in  America  outside  of  Boston.] 

Pennsylvania  puts  in  practice  the  "paper-money  loan  system" 
by  the  issue  of  15,000/.  in  1722,  followed  by  an  additional 
issue  of  30,000/ Mch.  1! 

Franklin,  17  years  old,  arrives  in  Philadelphia Oct. 

Pennsylvania  Gazette  started  by  Franklin 28  Sept.  1 

Franklin  founds  the  library  of  Philadelphia,  40  persons  sub- 
scribing "40  shillings  "  each  and  agreeing  to  pay  "  10  shil- 
lings "  annually 8  Nov.  I 

Franklin  commences  the  publication  of  "Poor  Richard's  Al- 
manack " 1 

To  secure  their  friendship  against  the  overtures  of  the  French, 
a  treaty  is  made  with  the  Six  Nations I 

Masonic  lodge  formed  in  Philadelphia,  the  second  in  America. .  I 

A  Catholic  church  built  and  mass  celebrated  in  Philadelphia.. 
[The  only  Catholic  church  allowed  previous  to  the  Revo- 
lution in  any  Anglo-American  colony. — HUdreth^s  "Hist. 
U.  S.,"  vol.  ii.  p.  343.     Consult  Sheah  "  The  Catholic  Church 
in  Colonial  Days,"  vol.  i.  p.  389.] 

County  of  Lancaster  organized 1' 

George  Whitefleld,  the  celebrated  Calvinistic-Methodist  preach' 

er,  arrives  at  Philadelphia  from  England Nov.  1' 

[Second  voyage  to  America.] 

American  Philosophical  society  established  in  Philadelphia  by 
Benj.  Franklin  (Philadelphia) 

Hostilities  with  the  Six  Nations,  after  a  bloody  collision 


PEN  617 

tween  them  and  the  backwoods-men  of  Virginia,  are  averted 
by  a  treaty  at  Lancaster  between  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Maryland  and  the  Six  Nations,  the  Indians  ceding  the  whole 

valley  of  the  Ohio  for  400^ July,  1744 

War  of  England  with  France,  termed  "  King  George's  war  ". . .      " 
For  the  reduction  of  Louisburg  (Massachusetts)  Pennsylvania 

furnishes  4000/.  in  provisions 1745 

Thomas  and  Richard  Penn,the  sole  proprietors  of  Pennsylvania, 
Thomas  holding  three  quarters  of  the  whole  by  bequest  from 

his  brother  John  who  d.  this  year ...  1746 

Over  5000  immigrants,  mostly  Germans,  arrive  in  Pennsylvania,  1750 

Franklin  identifies  lightning  and  electricity 5  June,  1752 

French  build  a  fort  at  Presque  Isle,  now  Erie 1753 

One  at  Le  Boeuf,  on  French  creek " 

Another  at  Venango " 

George  Washington  sent  by  the  governor  of  Virginia  to  meet 
the  French  commander  at  fort  Le  Boeuf  and  learn  his  reasons 

for  invading  British  dominions  (Virginia,  1753) Nov.     " 

Thirty-three  men  of  the  Ohio  company  begin  a  fortification  at 
the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela,  now  Pitts- 
burg, but  on  the  approach  of  the  French  capitulate  .  .17  Apr.  1754 
French  occupy  and   finish   the  fort,  calling  it  Duquesne,  in 

honor  of  the  governor  of  Canada " 

Washington  sent  with  about  150  men  by  gov.  Dinwiddie  of 

Virginia  to  the  Great  Meadows  (Virginia) Apr.     " 

Congress  of  commissioners  of  the  colonies  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 

19  June,  " 
[Held  to  concert  measures  of  defence  against  the  French, 
to  renew  the  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations  and  allies,  and  to 
secure  a  closer  union  of  the  colonies.  Franklin,  one  of  the 
commissioners,  submitted  a  plan  for  a  systematic  and  closer 
union  of  the  colonies,  which  was  rejected.  Had  this  plan 
been  successful,  "the  subsequent  pretence  for  taxing  Amer- 
ica would  not  have  been  furnished,  and  the  bloody  contest 
it  occasioned  might  have  been  avoided." — Bigelow.] 
Gen.  Edward  Braddock,  commander-in  chief  of  the  British  in 
America,  arrives  in  the  Chesapeake  with  2  British  regiments, 

the  44th,  sir  Peter  Halket,  and  the  48th,  col.  Dunbar Feb.  1755 

Gen.  Braddock  meets  Shirley,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  De- 
lancey  of  New  York,  Morris  of  Pennsylvania,  Sharpe  of 
Maryland,  and  Dinwiddie  of  Virginia,  in  a  congress  at  Alex- 
andria, Va 14  Apr.     " 

[Object  of  the  meeting  was  the  establishing  of  a  colonial 

revenue,  and  the  advice  to  the  British  government,  in  which 

all  concurred,  was  taxation  by  act  of  Parliament. — Bancroft.] 

Assembly  appropriates  30,000Z.  for  carrying  on  the  war. . .  Apr.     " 

Gen.  Braddock  is  27  days  on  the  march  from  Alexandria  to 

fort  Cumberland,  and  arrives  with  2150  men 10  May,     " 

[Here  he  remains  for  want  of  transportation  until  Franklin, 
assuming  the  responsibility,  obtains  wagons  and  horses  from 
the  Pennsylvania  farmers,  150  wagons  with  4  horses  each  and 
1500  pack-horses.  Owing  to  the  loss  arising  from  the  defeat 
the  expense  amounts  to  30,000^. ,  and  as  only  10,000Z.  was  paid, 
it  left  claims  against  Franklin  of  20,000i.,  which  were  not  set- 
tled by  the  government  until  after  much  delay  and  trouble.] 
Braddock  advances  from  fort  Cumberland  for  fort  Duquesne, 

distance,  130  miles 10  June,     " 

Braddock  leaves  col.  Dunbar  to  bring  up  the  heavy  baggage, 

and  pushes  on  with  1200  chosen  men 19  June,     " 

Battle  of  Monongahela 9  July,     '• 

[When  within  5  or  6  miles  of  fort  Duquesne  and  40  miles 
in  advance  of  col.  Dunbar,  after  fording  the  Monongahela 
the  second  time,  about  1  p.m.,  Braddock's  advance  was  at- 
tacked by  637  Indians  and  230  French  and  Canadians  con- 
cealed in  the  woods  and  undergrowth.     After  fighting  for 
over  2  hours,  the  British  gave  way,  leaving  baggage  and 
artillery.     Out  of  86  officers  26  were  killed  and  37  wounded; 
among  them  Braddock,  who  died  on  the  13th.     Of  the  pri- 
vates 710  were  killed  or  wounded,  while  the  French  and 
Indians  lost  not  above  70.    There  was  no  pursuit.] 
jCol.  Dunbar  burns  public  stores  and  heavy  baggage  worth  100,- 
j    OOOZ.,  destroys  the  remaining  artillery  and  retreats,  13  July,      " 
!       [Fort  Cumberland  is  evacuated,  leaving  the  frontier  of 
\   Pennsylvania  without  a  post  of  defence.] 
l\ssembly  levy  a  tax  of  55,000/.,  from  which  the  proprietary 

;   estates  are  exempted Nov.      " 

IJuakers  cease  to  act  with  the  government  on  its  declaring 

■war  against  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese Nov      " 

Estimated  annual  value  of  rents,  etc.,  to  the  proprietary  es- 

\^  tates  30,000/. ;  not  subject  to  taxation " 

!''ranklin  undertakes  the  military  command  and  defence  of  the 

frontier  with  the  rank  of  colonel Jan.  1756 

'here  were  active  hostilities  between  the  English  and  the 
French  along  the  entire  frontier  of  the  colonies  from  the 

I  spring  of  1753,  but  war  was  not  declared  until 18  May,     " 

jndian  village  at  Kittanning,  on  the  Alleghany,  45  miles  to 
the  north  of  Pittsburg,  headquarters  of  the  Delaware  Indians, 
is  surprised  and  destroyed  by  col.  John  Armstrong  with  300 

Pennsylvanians 7  Sept.      " 

[The  county  in  which  this  occurred  now  bears  his  name.] 
iranklin  sent  to  England  in  support  of  the  Assembly's  peti- 
i  tion  against  the  proprietaries  Thomas  and  Richard  Penn, 
I  who  oppose  taxing  their  vast  estate,  and  controlled  the  dep- 

'  uty-governor.     He  arrives  in  London 27  July,  1757 

[Succeeds  in  securing  the  assessment  of  taxes  on  the  sur- 
veyed lands  at  the  usual  rate  to  others.] 
en.  .John  Forbes  begins  the  advance  against  fort  Duquesne 

with  some  7000  troops July,  1758 

[Pennsylvania  furnished  2700  under  col.  John  Armstrong; 
among  them  Benj.  West,  afterwards  the  painter,  and  An- 
thony Wayne,  a  lad  of  13  years;  Virginia  1900,  with  W^ash- 
20* 


PEN 

ington  as  leader.  The  Virginia  troops  rendezvous  at  fort 
Cumberland,  Md.,  and  the  Pennsylvania  and  other  troops  at 
Raystown,  now  Bedford,  Pa.  Washington  advised  the  Brad- 
dock route  for  the  advance,  while  cols.  Bouquet  and  Arm- 
strong recommended  a  more  central  one,  which  was  adopted. 
Col.  Bouquet  is  pushed  forward  with  2500  men;  reaches 
Loyal  Hanna,  now  Ligonier,  Westmoreland  county,  and  from 
here  detaches  maj.  Grant  with  800  men  to  attempt  the  sur- 
prise of  fort  Duquesne;  they  are  themselves  attacked  when 
near  the  fort  and  driven  back  with  severe  loss,  15  Sept.  On 
12  Oct.  the  French  and  Indians  attack  Bouquet  in  his  camp, 
but  are  repulsed.  Gen.  P^orbes  with  the  main  body  joins 
Bouquet,  8  Nov.,  50  miles  from  the  fort.  It  is  now  proposed 
to  abandon  the  campaign  owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  sea- 
son, but  on  12  Nov.  some  prisoners  are  taken  who  expose 
the  weakness  of  the  fort.  2500  men  are  now  sent  forward, 
the  advance  under  Washington.  The  garrison,  only  500 
strong,  burn  and  leave  the  fort  on  the  24tb;  on  25  Nov.  the 
English  occupy  it,  and  name  the  place  Pittsburg,  in  honor  of 
William  Pitt,  the  prime-minister.  On  the  28th  Forbes  sends 
a  detachment  to  the  scene  of  Braddock's  defeat,  who  gather 
the  scattered  remains  of  those  who  had  there  fallen  more 
than  3  years  before,  and  bury  them  in  one  grave.] 
Extensive  emigration  to  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania.  .1759-62 

Beginning  of  the  "  Poxtiac  war  " 1763 

Treaty  of  peace  between  England  and   France,  termed  the 

treaty  of  Paris 10  Feb.      " 

Attack  made  by  the  Indians  along  the  frontier  of  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Virginia May,      " 

Fort  Le  Boeuf  burned  by  Indians;  garrison  escapes. .  .18  June,     " 

Fort  Venango  destroyed,  garrison  and  all "  " 

Presque  Isle,  now  Erie,  garrison  of  24  men,  surrenders,  22  June,     "• 
Fort  Pitt,  with  a  garrison  of  330  men,  and  200  women  and 

children,  besieged  by  the  Indians June-July,      " 

Col.  Bouquet,  at  the  head  of  500  British  troops,  advances  from 

Carlisle  to  the  relief  of  fort  Pitt .July,      " 

When  within  a  half  mile  of  "Bushy  Run,"  and  about  25  miles 
from  fort  Pitt,  he  is  attacked  by  the  Indians  early  in  the 

afternoon  with  unusual  audacity 5  Aug.      "• 

Battle  continues  during  the  day,  and  begins  again  at  early 
dawn.  After  several  hours'  fighting.  Bouquet  feigns  a  re- 
treat, bringing  the-  Indians  within  the  circle  of  his  troops 
and  defeating  them.    His  loss  was  8  officers  and  115  privates. 

He  reaches  and  relieves  fort  Pitt 10  Aug.     " 

[The  battle  of  Bushy  Run  was  one  of  the  best-contested 
actions  ever  fought  between  white  men  and  Indians.  The 
Indians  displayed  throughout  a  fierceness  and  impetuosity 
matched  only  by  the  steady  valor  with  which  it  was  met. 
— Parkman,  "The  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,"  vol.  ii.  p.  70.] 
Connecticut  colony  in  the  Wyoming  valley  driven  out  by  the 

Indians  (Susquehanna  settlers) 15  Oct.      " 

Surveyors  Mason  and  Dixon  begin  running  the  southern  bound- 
ary line  (see  this  record,  1682) 9  Dec.     " 

Barbarities  of  Indians  at  this  time  disposed  the  frontiersmen 
to  destroy  every  Indian— enemy  or  not.  A  remnant  of  a 
friendly  tribe  at  Conestoga,  under  guidance  of  Moravian 
missionaries,  is  massacred  by  frontiersmen  termed  "Paxton 
Boys,"  from  Paxton  township;  a  few  escape  and  flee  to 
Lancaster  for  refuge,  but  are  followed  and  killed.  The  pur- 
suers hearing  of  friendly  Indians  in  Philadelphia,  march 
towards  them,  but  are  met  by  Franklin,  who,  after  a  long 

negotiation,  persuades  them  to  dispere 27  Dec.  1763-Jan.  1764 

Col.  Bouquet's  expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians  from  fort 

Pitt  (Ohio) 30  Oct.      " 

Dr.  Shippen  begins  in  Philadelphia  the  first  course  of  lectures 

upon  anatomy  ever  delivered  in  America " 

Franklin,  having  returned  from  England  in  1762,  is  sent  again 
by  the  Assembly  to  petition  for  a  change  of  government 

from  proprietary  to  royal  authority;  sails 7  Nov.      " 

[The  petition,  however,  was  dropped  owing  to  other  mat- 
ters of  more  weight.     See  this  record,  1779.] 
Pittsburg  was  first  occupied  by  peaceful  settlers  in  1760,  but 
the  settlement  was  destroyed  by  Indians  during  the  Pontiac 

war,  1763.    A  permanent  settlement  was  begun 1765 

Franklin  examined  before  the  English  House  of  Commons  on 

the  effect  of  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  act 13  Feb.  1766 

First  appearance  of  the  Pennsylvania  Chronicle  and  Universal 

Advertiser^  William  Goddard  publisher,  Philadelphia 1767 

Treaty  with  the  Six  Nations  at  fort  Stanwix,  N.  Y 5  Nov.  176a 

[This  treaty  extinguished  the  Indian  claim  to  the  whole 
region  of  the  AUeghanies  from  New  York  to  Virginia,  so  that 
Thomas  and  Richard  Penn  were  proprietaries  of  more  than 
25,000,000  acres,  2.50,000  inhabitants,  and  one  of  the  largest 
cities  in  America.] 
First  course  of  instruction  in  chemistry  attempted  in  America 

by  dr.  Benjamin  Rush  at  the  college  of  Philadelphia 1769 

American  Philosophical  Society  instituted  at  Philadelphia " 

[Not  incorporated  until  1780.     Philadelphia.] 
Philadelphia  calls  a  public  meeting,  condemns  the  duty  on  tea 
and  taxation  by  Parliament,  and  requests  the  tea  agents  to 

resign,  which  they  readily  do 2  Oct.  1773 

Tea  ship  sent  back  to  England  before  it  reaches  Philadelphia, 

25  Dec.      " 
First  Continental  Congress  assembles  at  Philadelphia  (United 

States) 5  Sept.  1774 

Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  approves  the  doings  of  Congress, 

and  appoints  delegates  to  the  new  one 15  Dec.      " 

Franklin  returns  to  Philadelphia  from  England,  giving  up  hope 

of  reconciliation,  after  an  absence  of  10  years Apr.  1775 

Second  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Philadelphia 10  May,     " 

Committee  of  Safety  appointed,  Franklin  president. .  .30  June,     " 


PEN  «18 

Pennsylvania  instructs  her  delegates  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress to  dissent  from  and  reject  any  proposition  looking  to 

a  separation  IVom  Kngland Nov.  1775 

'•Common   Sense,"'  a  pamphlet  by  Thomas   Paine,  pub.  in 

Philadelphia Jan.  177G 

["  This  had  a  wide  circulation  throughout  the  colonies,  and 
give  a  powerful  impulse  to  the  cause  of  independence." — 
HildreUi.] 
Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  under  pressure  of  public  opinion, 

resi'ind  the  instructions  to  delegates  in  Congress 24  June,      " 

"  Declaration  of  Independence  "  adopted  by  Congress,  and  an- 
nounced in  Philadelphia. i  July,     " 

[The  signers  from  Pennsylvania  were,  Robert  Morris,  b. 
in  England;  Bery.  Rush,  b.  near  Philadelphia;  Benj.  Frank- 
lin, b.  in  Boston,  Mass.;  George  Clymer,  b.  in  Philadelphia; 
James  Smith,  b.  in  Ireland;  George  Taylor,  b.  in  Ireland; 
James  Wilson,  b.  in  Scotland;  George  Ross,  b.  in  Delaware. 
At  a  grand  demonstration  in  Philadelphia  on  8  July,  John 
Nixon  read  the  Declaration  to  a  vast  concourse.] 
State  convention  assembles  at  Philadelphia  and  assumes  the 

government  of  Pennsylvania 15  July,     " 

Frauklin,  one  of  the  3  commissioners  sent  to  France,  sails  for 

that  country  (United  Statks) Oct.      " 

Cornwallis   pursues   Washington   through   New  Jersey   into 

Pennsylvania Dec.      " 

Endangered  by  the  approach  of  the  British,  Congress,  at  Phil- 
adelphia, adjourns  to  meet  again  at  Baltimore 12  Dec.      " 

"  The  Crisis,"  a  patriotic  pamphlet  by  Thomas  Paine,  appears 

in  Philadelphia  ("  Crisis  ") 19  Dec.     " 

State  government  organized,  with  Thomas  Wharton,  jr.,  as 

president  (see  this  record,  1779) 4  Mch.  1777 

British  fleet  enters  Delaware  bay July,     " 

Washington  and  Lafayette  first  meet  in  Philadelphia Aug.      " 

Battle  of  Brandywine 11  Sept.      " 

Congress  adjourns  to  Lancaster 18  Sept.      " 

Massacre  of  Wayne's  troops  at  Paoli 21  Sept.      " 

State  government  removes  to  Lancaster 24  Sept.      " 

Howe  with  the  British  army  occupies  Philadelphia.. .  .27  Sept.      " 

Battle  of  Germantown 4  Oct.      " 

Successful  defence  of  forts  Mifflin  and  Mercer.  .  .22-23  Oct.  " 
British  in  possession  of  the  defences  of  the  Delaware.  .20  Nov.  " 
American  army  go  into  winter-quarters  at  \'a]ley  Forge,  on  the 

Schuylkill 19  Dec.     " 

[Out  of  11,000  troops  in  camp  here,  3000  were  unfit  for 
duty  for  want  of  clothing.  Until  the  soldiers  had  cabins 
erected,  Washington  occupied  his  tent.] 

"  Battle  of  the  Kegs  " 5  Jan.  1778 

Affair  at  Barren  Hill 20  May,     " 

[Lafayette,  in  command  of  a  division,  is  sent  by  Washing- 
ton to  occupy  Barren  Hill,  between  Valley  Forge  and  Phila- 
delphia; the  British  try  to  cut  him  off  without  success.     He 
retreats  skilfully  across  the  Schuylkill.] 
British  evacuate  Philadelphia  and  retire  across  the  Delaware 

through  New  Jersey  towards  New  York 18  June,     ' ' 

Washington  crosses  the  Delaware  pursuing  the  British,  leaving 

gen.  Benedict  Arnold  in  command  at  Philadelphia June,     " 

Massacre  in  the  Wyoming  valley  (Wyoming) 2-4  July,     " 

John  Roberts  and  Abram  Carlisle,  wealthy  citizens  of  Phila- 
delphia, executed  as  Tories 22  Nov.     " 

[23  others  tried  but  acquitted.] 
By  act  of  Assembly  the  proprietary  claims  of  the  Penn  family  to 
ungranted  lands  or  quit-rents  were  vested  in  the  state,  leaving 
the  late  proprietaries  all  private  property,  including  manors, 
etc.  The  Assembly  also  granted  to  the  Penns,  in  remembrance 
of  thefounderof  Pennsylvania, the  sura  of  130,000;.=$524,000, 
payable  in  instalments,  to  commence  one  year  after  the  peace,  1779 

[Besides  this,  which  was  faithfully  paid,  the  British  gov- 
ernment settled  4000/.  on  the  head  of  the  Penn  family.] 

Act  for  the  gradual  emancipation  of  slaves  passed 1  Mch.  1780 

Bank  of  North  America  established  at  Philadelphia;  capital 

$400,000  (Banks,  U.S.) 31  Dec.  1781 

First  manufacture  of  "fustians  and  jeans"  in  the  U.  S.  be- 
gins in  Philadelphia 1782 

Dickinson  college  at  Carlisle  incorporated 1783 

American  Daily  Advertiser,  afterwards  the  Aurora,  the  first 

daily  newspaper  in  America,  issued  in  Philadelphia 1784 

[Pub.  by  Benjamin  Franklin  Bache.] 
First  city  directory  of  Philadelphia,  and  first  in  the  U.  S.,  pub.  1785 
General  convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  the 

first  in  America,  meets  at  Philadelphia 27  Sept.     " 

Pittsburg  Gazette,  first  paper  published  west  of  the  Allegha- 

nies,  issued 29  July,  1786 

Boundary-line  between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  continua- 
tion of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  extended  to  a  point  5  degrees 

west  from  the  Delaware;  completed " 

Convention  of  the  states  to  frame  a  Federal  constitution  meets 

at  Philadelphia 14  May,  1787 

State  convention  ratifies  the  Federal  Constitution 12  Dec.     " 

[The  ratification  of  the  Federal  Constitution  by  Pennsyl- 
vania procured  for  her,  in  allusion  to  her  geographical  posi- 
tion, the  title  of  the  "  Keystone  state."] 
Thomas  Mifilin  first  governor  under  the  Federal  Constitution. .  1788 

Franklin  dies  in  Philadelphia,  aged  84  years 17  Apr.  1790 

New  state  constitution  goes  into  effect 2  Sept.     " 

A  stock  company  formed  in  Philadelphia  to  run  a  steamboat, 
invented  by  John  Fitch,  between  Philadelphia  and  Trenton, 

making  regular  trips;  company  soon  fails " 

U.S.governmentremovedfromNewYorktoPhiladelphia,6  Dec.      " 

First  bank  of  the  U.  S.  established  at  Philadelphia Feb.  1791 

Anthracite  coal  discovered  in  Carbon  county.     The  Lehigh  Coal 
company  organized  in  Philadelphia,  but  fail  to  find  a  market,      ' ' 


PEN 

Purchase  of  the  triangle  bordering  on  lake  Erie,  and  contain- 
ing Erie  harbor,  completed Mch. 

[In  1785  D.  Rillenhonse  was  appointed  by  Pennsylvania,  and 
Samuel  Holland  by  New  York,  to  ascertain  the  boundaries 
between  the  states,  from  the  Delaware  river  to  the  western 
boundaries.  Point  fixed  42°  N.  hit.,  line  running  due  west  259 
miles,  marked  by  stones  every  mile;  survey  completed  1787; 
confirmed  by  the  Assembly  1789.  The  state  discovers  that  it 
will  have  no  harbor  on  lake  p;rie;  proposes  to  buy  the  trian- 
gle of  Phelps  and  Gorham  of  New  York;  but  finds  that  the 
land  does  not  belong  to  New  York,  the  Indian  title  having 
never  been  extinguished.  The  U.  S.  purchase  it  of  the  Indians, 
paying  1200^  orft)000,  in  1789.  Pennsylvania  authorizes  her 
governor  to  purchase  of  the  U.  S. ;  amount  paid  $151,640.25 
in  Continental  certificates  of  various  descriptions  (worthless). 
The  triangle  contains  202,187  acres  and  Erie  harbor.] 

U.  S.  mint  established  in  Philadelphia  (the  only  one  in  the  U.  S. 
until  1835) 

Yellow-fever  rages  in  Philadelphia  (Yellow-fevkk) July, 

Whiskey  insurrection 

First  turnpike-road  in  the  U.  S.  completed  from  Philadelphia  to 
Lancaster,  62  miles 

Four  daily  stages  run  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  and 
one  between  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore 

Resistance  to  the  Federal  "House  tax,"  known  as  the  "Hot- 
water  war,"  suppressed 

Capital  of  the  state  removed  to  Lancaster  (Philadelphia  had 
been  the  capital  117  years) 3  Apr. 

U.  S.  government  removed  from  Philadelphia  to  Washington, 

July, 

Prof  Robert  Hare  of  Philadelphia  invents  the  compound  blow- 


1795 


pipe 

Philadelphia  first  supplied  with  water  from  the  Schuylkill 
through  pipes  laid  in  the  streets 1  Jan. 

Coach  route  established  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg Aug. 

Commission-house  opened  in  Philadelphia  for  the  sale  of  cotton- 
yarns  and  thread  made  at  Providence,  R.  I. ,  the  first  in  the  U.  S. , 

Steamboat  Phenix  arrives  at  Philadelphia  from  New  York,  the 
first  steamboat  navigating  the  ocean 

Bible  Society  founded  at  Philadelphia,  the  first  in  the  U.  S 

State  resists  with  an  armed  force  attempt  of  the  U.  S.  to  serve 
a  writ  in  the  "Olmstead  case"  at  Philadelphia  for  26  days.. 

Sunday-school  organized  in  Philadelphia,  the  first  in  the  U.  S. 
marking  the  transfer  from  secular  instruction  to  religious, 
from  the  control  of  individuals  to  the  churches 

Famous  "  traditionary  "  elm-tree  of  the  "  Penn-Indian  treaty  " 
blown  down 3  Mch. 

First  steamboat,  the  Mw  Orleans,  on  the  Ohio,  leaves  Pitts- 
burg for  New  Orleans 29  Oct. 

Capital  removed  from  Lancaster  to  Harrisburg 

[  Harrisburg  so  named  from  John  Harris,  who  settled  there 
in  1726;  town  laid  out  in  1785.] 

In  anticipation  of  the  war  with  England,  gov.  Snyder  calls  for 
14,000  troops 12  May, 

Another  unsuccessful  attempt  to  use  anthracite  coal  as  fuel. . . 
[  Most  of  the  coal  brought  to  Philadelphia  was  given  away, 
while  the  cry  of  "fraud"  was  raised  by  those  buying,  as 
they  were  unable  to  burn  the  "stone."] 

British  blockade  the  Delaware,  which  seriously  interferes  with 
the  commerce  of  Philadelphia Mch 

Com.  Perry  builds  his  fleet  at  Erie  during  the  spring  and  early 

summer  of. 

[The Lawrence  is  launched  on  25  June  and  the  Niagara  on 
4  July.] 

First  rolling-mill  erected  at  Pittsburg 

Banks  in  Philadelphia  suspend  specie  payment 

Fairmount  water-works,  Philadelphia,  completed 7  Sept. 

Schuylkill  Navigation  company  build  a  canal  from  Philadelphia 
to  Mauch  Chunk,  108  miles;  cost  $3,000,000;  completed 

Second  U.  S.  bank  established  in  Philadelphia  chartered  by 
Congress;  capital  stock,  $3,500,000,  of  which  the  U.  S.  takes 
one  fifth 10  Apr. 

Theatre  in  Philadelphia  lighted  by  gas,  the  first  place  of  amuse 
mentso  lighted  in  the  U.  S 25  Nov. 

Anthracite  coal  begins  to  come  into  use;  365  tons  shipped  to 
Philadelphia  are  disposed  of  with  difficulty 

State  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  opened 

Number  of  tons  of  anthracite  coal  received  in  Philadelphia 
1073  in  1821 ;  2440  tons  in 

Lafayette  visits  the  U.  S. ;  received  at  Philadelphia  with  dis- 
tinguished honors Sept. 

American  Sunday-school  Union  founded  at  Philadelphia 

Monument  erected  on  the  site  of  the  "treaty  elm,"  to  com- 
memorate Penn's  treaty  with  the  Indians 

Store  for  the  sale  of  American  hardware  opened  in  Philadel- 
phia by  Amos  Goodyear  &  Sons,  the  first  in  the  U.  S 

Paper  from  straw  first  manufactured  in  the  U.  S.  at  Meadville, 

First  locomotive  used  in  the  U.  S.  run  on  the  Carbondale  and 
Honesdale  road  (see  U.  S.  record,  1829) Aug. 

Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  from  Honesdale  to  Rondout  on 
the  Hudson,  108  miles,  completed 

The  Cent,  Christopher  C.  Cornwell  pub. ,  the  first  one-cent  daily 
paper  issued  in  the  U.  S.,  starts  in  Philadelphia 

Internal  improvements  connecting  Philadelphia  with  Pittsl)urg 

completed  at  a  cost  to  the  state  of  over  $18,000,000 

[They  consisted  of  292  miles  canal  and  125  miles  railroad.] 

First  cases  of  Cholera  in  Philadelphia 5  July, 

State  institution  for  the  blind  opened 

State  provides  for  educating  all  persons  between  6  and  21 

Philadelphia  and  Trenton  railroad  completed 1  Nov. 

Philadelphia  first  lighted  by  gas 8  Feb, 


1791 
179 


179 
179 
179 
180 
180 

1804 
1806 

1808 

ii 

1809 

a 
1810 

1811 
1812 


18iai 


1814 
1816 


1816 


1829 


1830 
1831 


1833 
1834 


1836 


1837 


1838 


PEN  619 

New  charter  obtained  from  the  state  under  the  name  of  the  U.S. 
Bank  of  Pennsylvania 18  Feb. 

Public  Ledger  of  Philadelphia  founded,  price  one  cent,  25  Mch. 

Charter  of  Second  U.  S.  bank  expires  (see  U.  S.  record,  1832-34), 

U.  S.  Bank  of  Pennsylvania  and  all  other  banks  of  the  state 
suspend  specie  payment  during  the  commercial  panic  of  . . . 

State  constitution  amended 20  Feb. 

[Previous  to  this,  county  officers  were  appointed  instead 
of  elected.] 

Pennsylvania  hall  in  Philadelphia,  dedicated  as  an  abolition 
hall  on  the  14th,  is  burned  by  a  mob 17  May, 

Buckshot  war Nov.-Dec. 

[In  a  close  election  between  Whigs  and  Democrats  for  con- 
trol of  the  legislature,  which  was  to  choose  a  U.  S.  senator, 
both  parties  charged  fraud,  especially  in  certain  districts  in 
Philadelphia.  The  disturbance  became  so  violent  at  the 
capital  that  gov.  Ritner  (Whig)  called  on  the  U.  S.  government 
(7  Dec.)  for  troops  to  aid  in  suppressing  it,  but  the  president 
(Van  Buren)  refused,  as  it  was  a  disturbance  growing  out  of 
politics,  etc.  The  Whigs  ultimately  receded  from  their  po- 
sition, leaving  the  Democrats  in  power.  A  remark  made 
during  the  height  of  the  excitement  that  the  mob  would  feel 
the  eflTect  of  "ball  and  buckshot  before  night"  gave  this 
episode  the  name  of  "  Buckshot  war."] 

Iron  successfully  made  with  anthracite  coal  at  Mauch  Chunk, 

12  Jan. 

U.  S.  Bank  of  Pennsylvania  again  suspends  specie  payment . , . 

It  finally  closes  its  doors,  its  capital  being  lost 4  Sept. 

Use  of  wire  rope  as  cables  introduced  on  the  inclined  planes  of 
the  Alleghany  and  Portage  railroad  by  John  A.  Roebling 

Philadelphia  and  Reading  railroad  completed 

Riots  between  the  native  Americans  and  Irish  in  Philadelphia 
suppressed  by  the  military Apr.,  May, 

Petroleum  is  obtained  while  boring  for  salt  on  the  Alleghany, 

a  few  miles  above  Pittsburg 

[It  had  been  previously  known  to  Indians  and  early  settlers 
as  "Seneca  oil,"  "Rock  oil,"  and  "Genesee  oil."] 

Pittsburg  nearly  destroyed  by  fire;  loss  $10,000,000. .  .10  Apr 

Telegraphic  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  fort 
Lee,  opposite  New  York,  completed 20  Jan. 

Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  connected  by  telegraph 26  Dec. 

State  forbids  the  use  of  jails  to  hold  fugitive  slaves 3  May, 

Re  survey  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  completed 19  Nov. 

Judiciary  made  elective 

Manufacture  of  galvanized  iron  begun  in  Philadelphia 

Railroad  track  torn  up,  ties  and  culvert  bridges  burned,  and 
railroad  grade  reduced  to  former  level  at  Harbor  creek,  near 
Erie,  by  the  opposition  to  the  railroad 9  Dec. 

Pennsylvania  State  Agricultural  college  organized  in  Centre 
county 13  Apr. 

Zinc  works  at  Bethlehem  go  into  operation 12  Oct. 

Entire  trafflc-line  of  state  improvements  from  Philadelphia  to 
Pittsburg,  completed  by  the  state  in  1831,  sold  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania railroad  company  for  $7,500,000 31  July, 

Slate  divided  into  12  (afterwards  13)  normal-school  districts... 

Banks  suspend  specie  payment 

First  Normal  school  in  the  state  opened  at  Millersville 

First  oil-well  drilled  in  the  U.  S.  by  E.  L.  Drake,  near  Titus- 

ville;  depth,  71  feet;  yield,  1000  gallons  per  day 29  Aug. 

[Mr.  Drake  failing  to  take  advantage  of  the  "occasion," 
and  afterwards  becoming  destitute,  the  legislature  in  1873 
grants  him  a  pension  of  $1500.] 

Gov.  Curtin's  inaugural  pledges  the  state  to  the  national  cause 
against  secession 15  Jan. 

Five  companies  of  state  troops  (530  men)  reach  Washington, 
D.  C,  the  first  troops  to  arrive  there  for  its  defence,  on  the 
evening  of 18  Apr.      " 

Camp  Curtin  established  near  Harrisburg "  " 

[This  camp  remained  the  main  point  of  transportation,  ot 
supplies,  and  school  of  instruction  throughout  the  war.] 

Gov.  Curtin  calls  an  extra  session  of  the  legislature  for  30  Apr.      " 

In  anticipation  of  invasion,  gen.  Lee  having  crossed  the  Poto- 
mac into  Maryland,  gov.  Curtin  calls  50,000  volunteer  militia 
to  Harrisburg  (Antietam  campaign) 11  Sept.  1862 

Confederate  gen.  Stuart  raids  Chambersburg  with  about  2000 
cavalry 12-14  Oct,      " 

Confederate  advance  enters  Pennsylvania 22  June,  1863 

Carlisle  occupied  by  the  advance  of  the  Confederate  forces 
under  Ewell;  Kingston,  13  miles  from  Harrisburg,  entered 
on  the  27th;  and  a  skirmish  lakes  place  within  4  miles  of 
the  capital  on 28  June,      " 

Confederate  advance  called  back  by  gen  Lee  to  concentrate  at 
Gettysburg 28  June,      " 

Battle  of  Gettysburg 1-3  July,      " 

National  cemetery  at  Gettysburg  consecrated  (Cemeteries), 

19  Nov      " 
[During  the  civil  war  the  state  furnished  269,645  troops 
(3-years  standard);   among  them  8612  were  colored.     An- 
swering the  first  call  of  the  president  for  troops,  the  state 
furnished  20,979  3-months  troops.] 

Chambersburg  again  raided  and  mostly  burned  by  McCausland's 
Confederate  cavalry  (Grant's  Virginia  campaign).  .  .30  July,  1864 

Citizens  of  the  counties  bordering  on  Maryland  reimbursed  by 

the  state  for  damages  sustained  during  the  civil  war.  .9  Apr.  1868 
All  the  miners  in  the  Avondale  coal  mine  (108)  suffocated  by 

the  burning  of  the  main  and  only  shaft 6  Sept.  1869 

[A  searching  investigation  ensues,  which  results  in  effect- 
ing needed  reform  in  working  the  coal  mines  of  the  state.] 

Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  established  by  the  state 26  July,  1873 

New  state  constitution  goes  into  effect 1  Jan,  1874 

"Centennial  Exposition,"  at  Fairmount  park,  Philadelphia, 


1839 
1841 
1842 

1844 
1845 

1846 

1848 
1849 
1850 
1852 

1853 
1854 

1857 
1859 


1861 


PEN 

commemorating  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  American  Independence,  opens  (Exhibitions,  Phil- 
adelphia)   10  May,  1876 

"Great  strike"  of  railroad  employes,  rapidly  extending  over 
most  of  the  lines  of  the  northern  U.  S.,  inaugurated,  19  July,  1877 

[In  the  diflerent  conflicts  throughout  the  state  50  rioters 
and  5  soldiers  were  killed  and  100  wounded.  The  state  ex- 
pended for  transportation  of  troops,  pay,  subsistence,  etc., 
$700,000,  while  several  millions  of  property  was  destroyed. 
The  strike  was  not  entirely  quieted  until  November.] 

Natural  gas  used  as  fuel  in  western  counties 1884 

State  industrial  reformatory  at  Huntingdon  opened 15  Feb.  1889 

Johnstown  FLOOD 1  June,     " 

William  D.  Kelley,  b.  1814,  the  oldest  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C 9  Jan.  1890 

Proposal  of  Mr.  Carnegie  to  expend  $1,000,000  for  a  public 
library  in  Pittsburg  accepted 10  Feb.     '• 

Cyclone  at  Wilkesbarre  and  other  towns,  killing  14,  injuring 
180,  and  damaging  property  to  $1,000,000 19  Aug.     " 

Boundary  between  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  agreed  upon 
by  commissioners,  26  Mch.  1886,  and  confirmed  by  both  legis- 
latures, is  approved  by  Congress 19  Aug.     " 

International  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers  is  organ- 
ized at  Pittsburg.. 15  Oct.     " 

Over  100  miners  killed  by  an  explosion  of  fire-damp  in  the  shaft 
of  Frick  &  Co.'s  coke  works,  nearMt.  Pleasant 27  Jan.  1891 

Strike  in  Connellsville  coke  regions  begins;  10,000  miners  in- 
volved  9  Feb.     " 

Eleven  strikers  killed  and  40  wounded  in  an  attack  on  the 
Morewood  coke  works  in  Connellsville  region 2  Apr.     " 

Gov.  Pattison  vetoes  the  Compulsory  Education  bill.  .18  June,     " 

Governor  signs  the  Baker  Ballot  Reform  bill 19  June,     " 

Gov.  Pattison  calls  an  extra  session  of  the  Senate,  to  meet  13 
Oct.,  to  investigate  charges  against  the  state's  financial  offi- 
cers  ..26  Sept.     " 

Human  Freedom  League  organized  at  Independence  hall, 
Philadelphia 12  Oct.     " 

DavidHayesAgnew,surgeon,b.  1818,  d.  at  Philadelphia,  22  Mch.  1892 

"  High-water  Mark"  monument,  indicating  the  i)Oint  reached 
by  the  Confederate  advance  in  the  assault  of  3  July,  at  Get- 
tysburg, dedicated 2  June,     '« 

Dam  at  Spartansburg  bursts,  and  gasoline,  from  tanks  broken 
by  the  rushing  waters,  ignites  on  the  surface  of  Oil  creek,  be- 
tween Titusville  and  Oil  City;  over  100  lives  lost 5  June,     *« 

Rev.  Father  Mollinger,  famous  for  reputed  cures  on  St.  An- 
thony's day,  d.  at  Pittsburg,  aged  70  years 15  June,     " 

Lockout  of  strikers  at  mills  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  company. 
Homestead,  begins  (United  States) 1  July,     " 

Gov.  Pattison  orders  the  entire  division  of  National  guard  to 
Homestead. , 10  July,     " 

Chairman  Crawford,  Hugh  O'Donnell,  John  McLuckie,  and  30 
others,  members  of  the  advisory  committee  of  the  Amalga- 
mated Association,  are  arrested  on  charge  of  treason  against 
the  commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  (the  first  such  charge  in 
any  state  growing  out  of  labor  troubles) 30  Sept.     " 

Strike  at  Carnegie  steel  mills.  Homestead,  declared  off,  20  Nov.     " 

Ex-gov.  Henry  M.  Hoy t  d.  at  Wilkesbarre 1  Dec.     " 

Second  annual  conference  on  university  extension  opens  iu 
Philadelphia 28  Dec.     " 

First  summer  meeting  for  University  extension  students  opens 
at  Philadelphia  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  society, 

5  July,  1893 

Hon.  Charles  O'Neill  of  Philadelphia,  b.  1821,  who  had  been  a 
member  of  the  U.  S.  House  of  Representatives  for  30  years, 
styled  "Father  of  the  House,"  d 25  Nov.     '< 

Agitation  regarding  the  desecration  of  the  battle-field  of  Get- 
tysburg by  electric  cars  for  carrying  sight  seers " 

Coxey  army,  moving  on  Washington,  reach  Pittsburg  2  Apr., 
and  leave  on  the  5th  and  enter  Maryland  from  Pennsylvania 
near  Cumberland 13  Apr.  1894 


GOVERNORS    OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 

[Under  the  proprietary  government,  when  there  was  no  deputy- 
governor  the  president  of  the  council  acted  as  such.] 

William  Penn  .  Proprietor  and  governor 1682 

Thomas  Lloyd President 1684 

John  Blackwell Deputy-governor 1688 

Benjamin  Fletcher Governor 1693 

William  Markham "       " 

William  Penn "       " 

Andrew  Hamilton Deputy-governor 1701 

Edward  Shippen President 1703 

John  Evans Deputy-governor 1704 

Charles  Gookin "  "       1709 

Sir  William  Keith "  "       1717 

Patrick  Gordon "  " 1726 

James  Logan President 1736 

George  Thomas Deputy -governor 1738 

Anthony  Palmer President 1747 

James  Hamilton Deputy- governor 1748 

Robert  H.  Morris "  "       1754 

William  Denny "  "       1766 

James  Hamilton "  "       1759 

John  Penn Governor 1763 

James  Hamilton President 1771 

Richard  Penn Governor " 

John  Penn "        • 1773 

[Proprietary  government  ended  by  the  Constitution   of 

1776.     The  representatives  of  the   Penn  family  were  paid 

for  the  surrender  of  their  rights,  and  a  government  by  the 

people  established.     (See  this  record,  1779).] 


« 


PEN 


620 


STATE  GOVERNORS. 


PEN 


1777 


Thomas  Wharton President  (died  in  oCace  1778) 

George  Bryan Acting. 

Joseph  Reed President 1778 

William  Moore "        1781 

John  Dickinson "        1782 

Benjiimin  Franklin "       1785 

Thomas  Mifflin Governor* 1788 

Thomas  McKean 1799 

Simon  Snvder 1808 

William  Findloy 1817 

Joseph  Hiester 1820 


J.  Andrew  Shulze 1823      Robert  E.  Pattison 


George  Wolf. 1829 

•  From  1790,  under  the  new  (Ute  constitution,  the  head  of  the  executive  has  been 
termed  governor  instead  of  preddent 


Joseph  Ritner 183T 

David  R.  Porter 1839 

Francis  R.  Shunk Resigned,  1848 184& 

William  F.  Johnson Acting 1849 

William  Bigler 1852 

James  Pollock 1855 

William  F.  Packer 1858 

Andrew  G.  Curtin 1861 

John  W.  Geary 1867 

John  F.  Hartranft 187a 

Henry  M.  Hoy t 1879 


James  A.  Beaver 1887 

Robert  E.  Pattison 1891-95 

Daniel  H.  Hastings 1895-9* 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS   FROM  THE  STATE  OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


Name. 


William  Maclay 

Robert  Morris 

Albert  Gallatin 

James  Ross 

William  Bingham 

John  Peter  G,  Muhlenberg. 

George  Logan 

Samuel  Maclay 

Andrew  Gregg 

Michael  Leib 

Jonathan  Roberts 

Abner  I^cock 

Walter  Lowrie 

William  Findley 

William  Marks 

Isaac  D.  Barnard 

George  M.  Dallas 

William  Wilkins. 

James  Buchanan 

Samuel  McKean 

Daniel  Sturgeon 

Simon  Cameron 

James  Cooper 

Richard  Brodhead 

William  Bigler 

Simon  Cameron 

Edgar  Cowan 

David  Wilmot 

Charles  R.  Buckalew 

Simon  Cameron 

John  Scott... 

William  A.  Wallace 

James  Donald  Cameron 

John  L  Mitchell 

Matthew  S.  Quay 


No.  of  Congrea*. 


1st  to  2d 
1st  "  4th 

3d 
3d  to  8  th 
4th  "  7th 

7th 
7th  to  9th 
8th  "  10th 
10th  "  13th 
10th  "  13th 
13th  "  17th 
13th  '•  16th 
16th  "  19th 
17th  "  20th 
19th  "  22d 
20th  "  22d 
22d  "  23d 
22d  "  23d 

29th 
26th 
32d 
31st 
34th 
35th 
37th 
37th 
40th 
38th 
41st 
45th 
44th 
47th 


23d 

26th 

29th 

31st 

32d 

34th 

35th 

37th 

37th 

38th 

40th 

41st 

44th 

45th 

47th 

50th 


50th 


Date. 


1789  to  1791 
1789  "  1795 

1793  "  

1794  "  1803 

1795  "  1799 
1801  '•  1802 
1801  "  1805 
1803  "  1808 
1807  "  1813 
1809  "  1814 
1814  "  1821 
1813  "  1819 
1819  "  1825 
1821  "  1827 
1825  "  1831 
1827  '^  1831 
1831  "  1833 
1831  "  1834 

1834  "  1845 
1833  ''  1839 
1839  "  1851 
1846  "  1849 
1849  "  1855 
1851  "  1857 
1855  "  1861 
1857  "  1861 
1861  "  1867 
1861  "  1863 
1863  "  1869 
1867  "  1877 
1869  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 

1877  "  

1881  "  1887 
1887  "  


Remarlcs. 


[  Election  declared  void,  25  Feb.  1794;  being  foreign  born,  residence 
[     in  the  United  States  too  short  to  make  him  eligible. 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  16  Feb.  1797. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Muhlenberg;  seated  7  Dec.  1801. 

Resigned. 

Elected  president^ro  tern.  26  June,  1809. 

Elected  in  place  of  Maclay.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Leib. 


Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Barnard. 

Resigned. 

[Elected  in  place  of  Wilkins;  resigned;  appointed  secretary  of 
[     state  by  president  Polk. 

Elected  in  place  of  Buchanan. 


Resigned;  appointed  secretary  of  war  by  president  Lincoln. 

; Elected  in  place  of  Cameron;  sat  in  House  of  Representatives, 
I     1845-51,  introducing,  1846,  the  Wilmot  proviso. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Simon  Cameron.     Term  expires  1897. 
Term  expires  1899. 


penny.  The  ancient  silver  penny  was  the  first  silver 
coin  struck  in  England,  and  the  only  one  current  among  the 
Anglo-Saxons.  The  penny  until  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  was 
struck  with  a  cross,  so  deeply  indented  that  it  might  be  easily 
parted  into  2  for  half-pence,  and  into  4  for  farthings^  and 
hence  these  names.  Coin. 
The  value  of  the  Roman  penny  (mentioned  Matt.  xx.  2),  or  denarius, 

was  estimated  at  7>^d.  of  English  money,  or  14  cents. 

Pennymites,  a  term  first  applied  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Penns)'lvania  by  the  Susquehanna  settlers. 

Penob'SCOt.     Maine  throughout. 

PenrU€ldOCk'§  rebellion,  on  behalf  of  Charles 
II.,  was  suppressed,  and  col.  John  Penruddock  himself  exe- 
cuted, 16  May,  1655. 

Pen§aeola.     Florida,  United  States. 

pen§lon  iystem.  In  several  countries  pensions  are 
granted  to  servants  of  the  crown  and  public,  and  in  England  a 
committee,  appointed  in  1834,  designated  those  entitled  to  pen- 
sions "  who  by  their  useful  discoveries  in  science,  and  attain- 
ments in  literature  and  the  arts,  have  merited  the  gracious  con- 
sideration of  their  sovereign  and  the  gratitude  of  their  country." 
Under  this  regulation  there  was  expended  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment during  the  year  ending  31  Mch.  1891,  in  pensions. 

For  naval  and  military  service £29,720 

For  political  and  civil  service 13,841 

For  judicial  service 43,977 

Miscellaneous 4,067 

Total £91,605 

In  the  United  States,  pensions  have  been  granted  for  mer- 
itorious service  from  time  to  time  since  1790,  when  baron 
Frederick  William  Steuben  was  granted  by  act  of  Congress  an 
annuity  of  $2500  during  life  for  "sacrifices  and  eminent  ser- 
vices made  and  rendered  to  the  U.  S.  during  the  late  war." 


Pensions  of  $5000  are  now  paid  to  the  widows  of  gens.  Grant 
and  Garfield,  and  there  are  on  the  pension  rolls  22  widows  of 
prominent  officers  in  the  army  and  navy  who  receive  pensions  of 
from  $1200  to  $2500,  the  latter  being  granted  to  the  widow  of 
adm.  David  D.  Porter.  There  were  on  the  pension  rolls  of  the 
U.  S.  30  June,  1893,  966,012  pensioners,  classified  as  follows : 

Widows  and  daughters  of  Revolutionary  soldiers 17 

Army  invalid  pensioners , 360,658 

Army  widows,  minor  children,  etc 107,627 

Navy  invalid  pensioners 4,782 

Navy  widows,  minor  children,  etc 2,578 

Survivors  of  the  war  of  1812 86 

Widows  of  soldiers  in  war  of  1812 5,425 

Survivors  of  Mexican  war 14,149 

Widows  of  soldiers  in  Mexican  war 7,369 

Indian  wars  (1832-42),  survivors 2,544 

"         "  "         widows 1,338 

Under  act  of  Congress,  27  June,  1890  : 

Army  invalid  pensioners 365,084 

Army  widows,  minor  children,  etc 77,838 

Navy  invalid  pensioners 12,119 

Navy  widows,  minor  children,  etc 4,114 

Under  act  of  Congress,  5  Aug.  1892  : 

Nurses 284 

Total 966,012 

Of  these,  961,917  are  in  the  U.  S.,  2002  in  Canada,  740  in 
Great  Britain,  590  in  German}^,  239  unknown,  and  the  remain- 
der scattered  throughout  other  foreign  countries. 
Continental  Congress  passes  a  resolution  to  provide  for  dis- 
abled soldiers  of  the  Revolution  by  pension 26  Aug.  1776- 

Continental  Congress  recommends  to  the  states  to  provide  for 

invalid  soldiers 7  June,  1785 

Pensions  heretofore  granted  by  the  several  states  to  be  paid 

by  the  U.  S.  government  by  act  of  Congress 29  Sept.  1789 

Pension  to  be  paid,  not  to  exceed  one  half  monthly  pay,  to 
soldiers  enlisting  under  act  of  this  date  and  wounded  or  dis- 
abled in  service 30  Apr.  1790' 

Act  directing  arrears  of  pensions  now  due  to  be  discharged  by 


PEN 

certificate,  and  widows  and  orphans  of  those  killed  or  who  died 
in  service  to  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act 11  Aug. 

Officers  and  seamen  in  the  navy  wounded  or  disabled  to  be 
placed  on  the  pension  lists  by  act  of. 1  July, 

Money  accruing  from  prizes  constitutes  a  fund  for  payment 
of  naval  pensions  by  act  of 2  Mch.  1799,  and  23  Apr. 

Law  enacted  providing  pensions  for  widows  and  children  of 
oflBcers  dying  in  the  service  of  wounds  received  in  actual 
battle,  at  rate  of  one  half  monthly  pay  for  5  years.  ..16  Mch. 

All  persons  on  list  of  states  for  disabilities  incurred  in  the 
Revolution  are  made  U.  S.  pensioners  by  act  of 25  Apr. 

Special  pension  granted  to  Robert  White  of  Reading,  Vt.,  who 
lost  both  arras  at  fort  Erie,  $40  per  month;  to  J.  Wrighter, 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  who  lost  his  right  arm  and  leg  at  Little  York, 
Can. ,  $30  per  month ;  to  John  Young  of  Boston,  Mass. ,  who  lost 
botharmsatFrenchcreek,$40;  and  to  J.  Crampersey,  Beverly, 
Mass.,  who  lost  both  arms,  $40;  by  act  of  Congress. .  .22  Feb. 

Militia  disabled  in  service  to  be  placed  on  pension  rolls  in 
same  manner  as  if  of  the  regular  army,  and  special  pension 
granted  William  Monday  of  Baltimore,  who  lost  both  arras 
in  battle  at  Leonard's  creek,  $20;  by  act  of  Congress,  16  Apr. 

Pensions  heretofore  or  hereafter  granted  to  be:  for  highest 
rate  of  disability,  first  lieutenant,  $17  per  month;  second 
lieutenant,  $15  per  month;  third  lieutenant,  $14;  ensigns, 
$13;  non  commissioned  and  privates,  $8  per  month.. 24  Apr. 

Young  King,  a  Seneca  Indian,  for  meritorious  service,  granted 
a  pension  of  $200  per  annum,  by  act  of  Congress 26  Apr. 

Act  of  Congress  passed  placing  on  pension  list  all  revolution- 
ary ofilcers  at  $20  per  month,  arid  soldiers  and  seamen  at 
$8  per  month  who  had  served  9  months  in  the  war.  .18  Mch. 
[27,948  persons  applied  for  the  benefit  of  this  act;  18,000 
were  admitted;  the  expenditure  for  the  first  year  was 
$1,847,900,  and  for  the  second,  $2,766,440.] 

Pension  Bureau  established  with  a  commissioner  of  pensions 
(hitherto  under  the  secretary  of  war);  J.  L.  Edwards  first 
commissioner 2  Mch. 

Pension  business  of  the  navy  department  transferred  to  the 
commissioner  of  pensions,  by  act  of 4  Mch. 

Pension  office  becomes  a  bureau  of  the  newly  created  depart- 
ment of  the  interior 3  Mch. 

Samuel  Downing  of  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  the  last  revolu- 
tionary pensioner  under  general  acts,  dies,  aged  101,  18  Feb. 

John  Gray,  Noble  county,  0.,  a  revolutionary  pensioner  by 
special  act  of  22  Feb.  1857,  dies,  aged  105 28  Mch. 

Daniel  F.  Bakeraan  of  Cattaraugus  county,  N.  Y.,  a  revolu- 
tionary pensioner  under  same  act,  dies,  aged  109 5  Apr. 

Surviving  veterans  and  widows  of  deceased  soldiers  of  the 
war  of  1812  who  served  60  days,  allowed  a  service  pension 
of  $8  per  month  by  act  of  Congress 14  Feb. 

Total  disability  rates  for  pensioners  raised:  lieutenant-colonel 
and  higher  in  the  army,  captains,  commanders,  etc.,  in  the 
navy,  to  receive  $30  per  month;  majors  in  army  and  lieu- 
tenants in  navy,  $25;  captains,  $20;  first  lieutenants,  $17; 
second  lieutenants,  $15;  cadet  midshipmen,  etc.,  $10;  en- 
listed men,  $8;  by  act  of  Congress 3  Mch. 

Act  passed  to  place  colored  persons,  now  prohibited  from  re- 
ceiving pensions  on  account  of  being  borne  on  the  rolls  of 
their  regiments  as  "slaves,"  on  the  same  footing  as  other 
soldiers 3  Mch. 

Fifty-eight  pension  agencies  in  the  U.  S.  consolidated;  18  now 
(1894)  perform  the  business 

Soldiers  and  widows  of  soldiers  who  served  14  days  in  the  war 


1790 
1797 
1800 

1802 
1808 


1816 


621  PEN 

of  1812,  granted  a  pension  of  $8  per  month  by  act  of  Congress, 

9  Mch.  1878 

Arrears  of  pension  act  passed,  dating  all  pensions  granted 
under  general  laws,  from  the  death  or  discharge  from  service 
of  claimant 25  Jan.  1879 

Pensions  under  acts  of  14  Feb.  1871,  and  9  Mch.  1878,  $8  per 
month  increased  to  $12,  by  act  of  Congress 19  Mch.  1886 

Surviving  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  military  and  naval 
services  of  the  U.  S.  who  served  60  days  with  the  army  or 
navy  in  the  Mexican  war,  over  62  years  of  age  or  disabled, 
to  receive  a  pension  of  $8  per  month,  by  act  of 29  Jan.  1887 

Act  granting  pensions  of  $6  and  $12  per  month  to  all  persons 
who  served  90  days  or  more  in  the  army,  and  who  are 
suffering  from  permanent  mental  or  physical  disability, 
which  incapacitates  them  for  manual  labor,  and  to  their 
widows 27  June,  1890 

Act  of  Congress  granting  pensions  to  army  nurses 5  Aug.  1892 

Of  the  86  survivors  of  the  war  of  1812  the  oldest  is  106  years, 
the  youngest  87 1893 

INCBEASE  OF  PENSION    ROLL   SINCE    1861. 


1818 


1849 
1867 


1873 


1877 


Total 
number  of 
applica- 
tions. 


Total 

number  of 

claims 

allowed. 


1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
186& 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 


2,487 
49,332 
53,599 
72,684 
65,256 
36,753 
20,768 
26,066 
24,851 
43,969 
26,391 
18,303 
16,734 
18,704 
23,523 
22,715 
44,587 
57,118 
141,466 
31,116 
40, 
48,776 
41,785 
40,918 
49,895 
72,465 
75,726 
81,220 
105,044 
363,799 
198,345 
119,361 


Number  of  pensioners. 


Invalids. 


1  Widows, 
etc. 


462 
7,884 
39,487 
40,171 
50,177 
36,482 
28,92> 
23,196 
18,221 
16,562 
34,333 
16,052 
10,462 
11,152 
9,977 
11,326 
11,962 
31,346 
19,545 
27,394 
27, 
38,162 
34,192 
35,76' 
40,857 
55,194 
60,252 
51,921 
66,637 
156,486 
224,04' 
121,630 


2,034,695  1,357,921 
Total  amount  paid  prior  to  1861  (1789-1860) 


4,299 
3,818 
6,970 
27,656 
50,106 
71,070 
83,618 


4,337 
4,341 
7,821 

23,479 

35,880 

55,652 

67,565 

75,957 

82,8591105,104 

87,521  111,165 

93,394  114,101 
113,954]118,275 
119,500118,911 
121,628|114,613 
122,989,111,832 
124, 239  [107, 
128,723:103,381 
131,649  92,349 
138,6151104,140 
145, 410 1 105, 392 


164,110 
182,633 
206,042 
225,470 
247,146 
270,346 
306,298 
343,701 
373,699 
415,654 
536,821 
703,242 
759,706 


104,720 

103,064 

97,616 

97,286 

97,979 

95,437 

99,709 

108,856 

116,026 

122,290 

139,339 

172,826 

206,306 


Total. 


Disbursement!. 


8,636 
8,159 
14,791 
51,135 
85,986 
126,722 
153,183 
169,643 
187, 
198, 
207,495 
232,229 
238,411 
236,241 
234,821 
232,137 
232,104 
223,998 
242,755 
250,802 
268,830 
285,697 
303,658 
323,756 
345,125 
365,783 
406,007 
452,557 
489,725 
537,944 
676,160 
876,068 
966,012 


$1,072,461.55 

790,384.76 

1,025,139.91 

4,504,616.92 

8,525,153.11 

13,459,996.43 

18,619,956.46 

24,010,981.99 

28,422,884.08 

27,780,811.81 

33,077,383.63 

30,169,341.00 

29,185,289.62 

30,593,749.56 

29,683,116.63 

28,351,599.69 

28,580,157.04 

26,844,415.18 

33,784,526.19 

57,240,540.14 

50,626,538.51 

54,296,280.54 

60,431,972.85 

57,273,536.74 

65.693,706.72 

64,584,270.45 

74,815,486.85 

79,646,146.37 

89,131,968.44 

106,493,890.19 

118,548,959.71 

141,086,948.84 

158,155,342.51 

$1,576.  .503, 554. 42 

$79,713,465.20 


Grand  total \  $1,656,217,019.62 


INCREASE  OF  HIGHEST   RATES  FOR  DISABILITY   AS   ESTABLISHED   BY  ACTS   OF  CONGRESS  SINCE   1864. 


Disability. 


Monthly  pension  by  Act  of  Congress. 


Loss  of  both  hands. 

"     feet... 

"  "     eyes.. 


$25.00 
20.00 
25.00 

3  Mch. 

1865. 


$31.25 
3L25 
31.25 


Loss  of  1  hand  and  1  foot 20.00  24.00 

"      1  hand  or  1  foot  18.00 

' '      1  arm  above  elbow  or  1  leg  above  knee 

"      1  arm  at  shoulder  or  1  leg  at  hip 

Incapacity  for  performing  manual  labor 

Totally  deaf,  3  Mch.  1873,  $13.00;  27  Aug.  1888,  $30.00 , 

Permanent  helplessness,  4  Mch.  1890,  $72.00 

Totally  helpless,  18  June,  1874,  $50.00;  16  June,  1880,  $72.00,  dating  from  17  June,  1878 


i  June,     I     n  June, 
1874.  1878. 


$50.00 
50.00 
50.00 

28  Feb. 
1877. 


$72.00 
72.00 
72.00 


24.00 
30.00 


.00 


$100.00 


30.00 
36.00 
45.00 


$100.00 
72.00 
72.00 


36.00 
30.00 
36.00 
45.00 
30.00 
30.00 
72.00 
72.00 


AMOUNT  DISBURSED   AT   THE  DIFFERENT    PENSION  AGENCIES 
FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING   30   JUNE,  1893. 

Location  of  agency.  Amount. 

1.  Augusta,  Me $3,096,877.58 

2.  Boston,  Mass 8,626,953.39 

3.  Buffalo,  N.  Y 7,619,080.82 

4.  Chicago,  111.. 12,048,088.22 

5.  Columbus,  0 16,556,521.35 

6.  Concord,  N.  H 3,424,287.91 

7.  Des  Moines,  la 9,246,332.92 

8.  Detroit,  Mich 7,782,720.72 

9.  Indianapolis,  Ind 11,919,097.35 

10.  Knoxville,  Tenn 8,324,548.00 

11.  Louisville,  Ky 4,879,388.08 

12.  Milwaukee,  "Wis 7,819,024.89 

13.  New  York  city 8,338,-523.17 

14.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 8,994,666.70 


Location  of  agency.  Amount. 

15.  Pittsburg,  Pa 7,499,455.99 

16.  San  Francisco,  Cal 3,134,832.88 

17.  Topeka,  Kan 16,456,194.76 

18.  Washington,  D.  C 12,278,263.71 

Paid  by  treasury  settlements 110,484.07 

Total $158,155,342.51 

[Total  amount  appropriated  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  1893, 
by  the  U.  S.  government,  including  the  Deficiency  Appropriation 
act  of  3  Mch.  1893,  amounting  to  $13,844,437.35,  $160,581,787.35.] 

pentam'eter  ver§e  (5  feet),  first  used  about  the  7th 
century  b.c.  ;  Pope's  "  Essay  on  Man  "  an  example.     Elegy. 

Penta'teucll,  the  5  books  of  Moses,  probably  written 
about  1452  b.c     Bible. 

I*eil'tecO§t  signifies  the  50th,  and  is  the  solemn  fes- 


PEN 


6^ 


PER 


tival  of  the  Jews,  called  also  "  the  feast  of  weeks,"  because  it 
was  celebrated  50  days,  or  7  weeks,  after  the  feast  of  the  Pass- 
over, 1491  B.C.  (Lev.  xxiii.  15;  Exod.  xxxiv.  22).  Whit- 
suntide. 

Pentlaild  llill§,  near  Edinburgh.  Here  the  Scotch 
Presbyterians,  since  called  Camkronians,  who  had  risen 
against  the  government  on  account  of  the  establishment  of 
episcopacy,  were  defeated  by  the  royal  troops,  28  Nov.  1666. 

Penzance,  Cornwall.  The  town  was  burned  by  the 
Spaniards,  July,  1595.  It  was  taken  by  Fairfax  in  1646. 
Here  sir  Humphry  Davy  was  born,  17  Dec.  1778,  and  here 
was  inaugurated  his  memorial  statue,  17  Oct.  1872. 

pep§in,  a  peculiar  organic  substance  found  by  Schwamm 
in  the  gastric  juice,  and  named  by  him  from  -Trs^pig,  digestion. 
It  was  experimented  on  by  M.  Blondlot  in  1843,  and  has 
since  been  prescribed  as  a  medicine. 

Pepy§'8  ipSp'-is  or  pips)  "  Diary."  Samuel  Pepys 
was  born  23  Feb.  1632 ;  became  secretary  to  the  English  ad- 
miralty about  1664;  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  1684; 
died  26  May,  1703.  His  "  Diary,"  as  published,  begins  1  Jan. 
1659-60;  ends  31  May,  1669. 

The  MS.  at  Magdalen  college,  Cambridge,  was  deciphered  by 
the  rev.  John  Smith.  The  first  edition  (with  a  selection 
from  his  correspondence),  by  Richard,  lord  Braybrooke,  ap- 
peared in  1825.  The  new  edition,  "deciphered,  with  addi- 
tional notes,  by  the  rev.  Mynors  Bright,"  began  in »  1875 

Pequot§.     Connecticut,  1636-37 ;  Indians. 

*'  Percy'§  Reliques."  The  earliest  ballads  of  the 
English  language  that  had  been  preserved  in  manuscript  or 
printed  in  the  rudest  manner,  collected,  systematized,  and  ex- 
plained by  dr.  Percy,  bishop  of  Dromore,  and  so  named  after 
him.     Literature. 

Per'ekop,  an  isthmus,  5  miles  broad,  connecting  the 
Crimea  with  the  mainland.  It  was  called  by  the  Tartars 
Orkapou,  "gate  of  the  isthmus,"  which  the  Russians  changed 
to  its  present  name,  which  signifies  a  barren  ditch.  The  lines 
across  the  isthmus  were  forced  by  the  Russian  marshal  Munich, 
May,  1736,  and  the  fortress  was  taken  by  Lacy,  July,  1738. 
It  was  again  strongly  fortified  by  the  khan,  but  was  again 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1771,  who  have  since  retained  it. 

perfumery,  the  art  or  practice  of  making  perfumes 
for  the  gratification  of  the  sense  of  smell.  In  Exod.  xxx. 
(1490  B.C.)  directions  are  given  for  making  incense. 

Per'gamos.     Seven  CHURCHES,  3. 

Peri  (Persian),  an  imaginary  female  being  like  the  elf  or 
fairy,  represented  in  Persian  mythology  as  a  descendant  of 
fallen  angels,  excluded  from  Paradise  until  their  penance  is 
accomplished. 

"  Farewell— farewell  to  thee  Araby's  daughter 
(Thus  warbled  a  Peri  beneath  the  dark  sea)." 

— Moore's  "  Lallah  Rookh,"  song  Araby's  Daughter. 

periodical  literature.  Newspapers,  Maga- 
zines, Review^s. 

"  PeriplUS."  The  voyage  of  Hanno,  the  Carthaginian 
navigator,  probably  in  the  6th  century  b.c.  His  account  of  his 
travels,writteninthe  Punic  language, was  translated  into  Greek; 
an  English  translation  edited  by  Falconer,  London,  in  1797. 

perjury,  the  formal  and  wilful  attestation  by  oath  of  a 
falsehood.  The  early  Romans  threw  the  offender  headlong  from 
the  Tarpeian  precipice  ;  and  the  Greeks  set  a  mark  of  infamy 
upon  him.  After  the  empire  became  Christian,  any  one  who 
swore  falsely  upon  the  Gospels  was  to  have  his  tongue  cut  out. 
The  canons  of  the  primitive  church  enjoined  11  years'  penance; 
and  in  some  countries  the  false  swearer  became  liable  to  any 
punishment  to  which  his  testimony  has  exposed  an  innocent 
person.  In  England  perjury  was  punished  with  the  pillory, 
fine,  and  imprisonment,  1562.  Perhaps  the  most  notorious 
perjurer  of  modern  times  was  Titus  Gates.     Gates. 

Peronne  {pe-ron'),  a  town  of  N.  France.  Louis  XI. 
of  France,  having  placed  himself  in  the  power  of  the  duke  of 
Burgundy,  here  was  forced  to  sign  a  treaty,  confirming  those  of 
Arras  and  Conflans,  and  recognizing  the  duke's  independence, 
14  Get.  1468.  The  notables  declared  the  treaty  invalid  and 
the  duke  a  traitor,  Nov.  1470. 

perpetual  motion.  For  this  purpose  machines 
have  been  constructed  by  the  marquess  of  Worcester  and 


many  others,  although  the  impossibility  of  attaining  it  wai 
demonstrated  by  sir  Isaac  Newton  and  De  la  Hire,  and  af 
firmed  by  tlie  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  1775.  It  is  stij 
an  object  of  experiment  with  many  fanatics.     Kkkly  motor 

Perry'§  victory.    Naval  battles. 

Perryville,  Ky.     Bragg's  Kentucky  campaign. 

per§eeution§.  Historians  usually  reckon  10  genera! 
persecutions  of  the  Christians.  Barthoi.omkw,  St.,  Here 
tics.  Huguenots,  Inquisition,  Jews,  Massacres,  Protes 
TANTS,  etc. 

I.  Under  Nero,  who,  having  set  fire  to  Rome,  threw  the  odium 
upon  the  Christians;  multitudes  were  massacred;  wrapped 
up  in  the  skins  of  wild  beasts,  and  torn  and  devoured  by 
dogs;  crucified,  burned  alive,  etc 64-61 

II.  Under  Domitian gj 

III.  Under  Trajan 10 

IV.  Under  Marcus  Aurelius 166-T 

V.  Under  Septimus  Severus 199-20 

VI.  Under  Maximus 235-31 

VII.  Under  Decius,  more  bloody  than  any  preceding 250-5 

VIII.  Under  Valerian 258-6 

IX.  Under  Aurelian 271 

X.  Under  Diocletian,  who  prohibited  divine  worship;  houses 
filled  with  Christians  were  set  on  fire,  and  many  of  them 
were  bound  together  with  ropes  and  cast  into  the  sea 303-1 

Persep'oli§,  the  ancient  splendid  capital  of  Persia 
Ruins  of  this  city  still  exist.     Alexander  is  accused  of  setting 
fire  to  the  palace  of  the  Persian  kings  here,  331  b.c 
the  royal  feast  for  Persia  won,"  while  under  the  influence  ol 
wine  and  instigated  also  by  Thais  as  a  penalty  for  the  cruel 
ties  inflicted  by  the  Persians  upon  the  Greek  prisoners.    Dry 
den  makes  this  act  of  Alexander  due  to  music  by  Timotheus. 
"And  the  king  seized  a  flambeau  with  zeal  to  destroy; 
Thais  led  the  way 
To  light  him  to  his  prey. 
And  like  another  Helen  fired  another  Troy." 

— "Alexander's  Feast." 

Persia  or  Iran,  in  the  Bible  called  Elam,  a  country 
of  Asia,  is  said  to  have  received  its  appellation  from  Perseus, 
the  son  of  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  who  settled  here,  and  es- 
tablished a  petty  sovereigntj'.  The  name  is  more  probably 
of  Indian  origin,  Persia  was  included  in  the  first  Assyrian 
monarchy,  900  B.C.  When  that  empire  was  dismembered  by 
Arbaces,  etc.,  it  appertained  to  Media.  Area  about  628,000  sq. 
miles— a  large  portion  desert;  pop.  of  the  present  kingdom 
about  9,000,000.  b.^ 

Zoroaster,  king  of  Bactria,  founder  of  the  Magi 21ll 

Zoroaster  II.,  Persian  philosopher,-  generally  confounded  with 

the  king  of  Bactria lOlJJ, 

Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  559;  overthrows  the  Medo-Babylonian 
monarchy  about  557;  conquers  Asia  Minor  about  548;  mas- 
ter of  the  East,  536;  killed  in  war  with  the  Massageta? 52()h 

Cambyses  his  son,  king,  529 ;  conquers  Egypt 525 

False  Smerdis  killed ;  Darius  Hystaspis  king,  521 ;  conquers 

Babylon 517 

Conquest  of  Ionia;  Miletus  destroyed 498 

Darius  equips  600  sail,  with  an  army  of  300.000  to  invade  the 

Peloponnesus,  which  is  defeated  at  Marathon 490 

Xerxes  king,  485;  recovers  Egypt,  484;  enters  Greece  in  the 

spring  at  head  of  an  immense  force;  battle  of  Thermopylae.  480 
Xerxes  enters  Athens,  after  having  lost  200,000  of  his  troops, 

and  is  defeated  in  a  naval  engagement  off  Salamis 480 

Persians  defeated  at  Mycale  and  Platsea 22  Sept.    479 

Cimon,  son  of  Miltiades,  with  a  fleet  of  250  vessels,  takes  sev- 
eral cities  from  the  Persians,  and  destroys  their  navy,  con- 
sisting of  about  340  sail,  near  Cyprus 470 

Xerxes  is  murdered  in  his  bed  by  Artabanus 465 

Artaxerxes  I.  (FiOngimanus)  king,  464;  marries  Esther 458 

Xerxes  II.  king,  slain  by  Sogdianus,  425;  who  is  deposed  by 

Darius  II.  (Nothus) 424 

Artaxerxes  II.  (Mnemon)  king,  405;  battle  of  Cunaxa,  Cyrus 

the  younger  killed 401 

Retreat  of  the  10,000  Greeks  (Retreat) " 

War  with  Greece,  399;  invasion  of  Persia 

Peace  of  Antalcidas 

Artaxerxes  III.  (Ochus)  kills  all  his  relations  at  his  accession. 
He  {skilled  byhisministerBagoas,andhisson,Arses,made  king, 
Bagoas  kills  him  and  sets  up  Darius  III.  (Codomanus),  by 

whom  he  himself  is  killed 

Alexander  the  Great  enters  Asia;  defeats  the  Persians  at  the 

river  Granicus,  334 ;  near  Issus,  333 ;  at  Arbela 331 

Darius  III.  treacherously  killed  by  Bessus 

Persia  partly  reconquered  from  the  Greeks;  subjugated  by  the 

Parthians 250 

Artaxerxes  I.  founds  the  Sassanides  dynasty;  restores  king-  a.d. 

dom  of  Persia 226 

Religion  of  Zoroaster  restored  and  Christianity  persecuted. . .    227 
Artaxerxes  murdered;   succeeded  by  Sapor  I.;  Armenia  be- 
comes independent  under  Chosroes 240 

Sapor  conquers  Mesopotamia,  258 ;  repels  the  Romans  and  slays 
the  emperor  Valerian 260 


i 


387 
359 


336 


PER 


623 


PER 


Sapor  assassinated;  succeeded  by  Hormisdas  I.,  who  favors  the 

Manichees 272 

Varaues  I.  (Baliaram)  persecutes  them  and  the  Christians 273 

Varaues  II.  defeated  by  the  emperor  Probus;  makes  peace. . .     277 
Persia  invaded  by  the  emperor  Carus,  who  conquers  Seleucia 

and  Ctesiphon 283 

Varanes  III.  king,  293 ;  Narses 294 

Emperor  Galerius  conquers  Mesopotamia,  etc 298 

Peace  with  Diocletian " 

Hormisdas  II.  king 301  or  303 

Ormuz  built about      " 

Sapor  II.  king,  309;  proscribes  Christianity,  326;  makes  war 

successfully  with  Rome  for  the  lost  provinces 337-60 

Emperor  Julian  invades  Persia;  slain  near  the  Tigris,  26  June; 
his  successor  Jovian  purchases  his  retreat  by  surrendering 

provinces 363 

Sapor  annexes  Armenia,  365;  and  Iberia,  366;  makes  peace 

Willi  Home 372 

Arta.xorxes  II.  king,  380;  Sapor  III 385 

Armenia  and  Iberia  independent 386 

Varaues  IV.,  390;  Yezdejird  I.,  404;  conquers  Armenia 412 

Varanes  \^,  420,  persecutes  Christians;  conquers  Arabia  Felix, 
421;  m.ikes  peace  with  the  Eastern  Empire  for  100  years. . .     422 

Armenia  again  united  to  Persia 428 

Wars  with  Huns,  Turks,  etc 430-32 

Yezdejird  II.  king,  440;  Hormisdas  III.,  457;  civil  war,  458-86; 
Feroze  king,  458;  Pall.is,  484;  Kobad,  48o;  Jamaspes,  497; 

Kobad  again 497 

His  son  Chosroos  I.  king;  long  wars  with  Justinian  and  his 

successors,  with  various  fortune 531-79 

Successful  campaigns  of  Belisarius 541-42 

Hormisdas  IV^.  continues  the  war;  degrades  his  general,  Baha- 

ram,  who  deposes  him ;  but  is  eventually  defeated 590 

Chosroes  II.,  591;  renews  the  war  w.th  success,  603;  Egypt 

and  Asia  Minor  subdued 614-16 

Chosroes  totally  defeated  by  the  emperor  Heraclius,  who  ad- 
vances on  Persia 627 

Chosroes  put  to  death  by  his  son  Siroes,  628;  Artaxerxes  III. 
king,  629;  Purandokt,  daughter  of  Chosroes,  reigns,  630; 
Sbeuendeh,  her  lover,  631 ;  Arzemdokt,  her  sister,  631;  Kesra, 

631;  Ferokhdad,  632 ;  Yezdejird  III 632 

Pensia  invaded  by  the  Arabs;  the  king  flees,  651;  is  betrayed 

to  them  and  is  put  to  death,  and  his  army  exterminated. . .     652 

Persia  beconiiis  the  seat  of  theShiite  or  Katimite  Mahometans.     661 

Taherite  dynasty  established,  813;  Sofferide,  872;  Samanide.     902 

Persia  subdued  by  Togrul  Beg  and  the  Seljukian  Turks,  1038;  who 

areexpelled,1194;  subdued  byGenghis  Khan  and  the  Mongols,  1223 

Bagdad  made  the  capital 1345 

Poet  Haliz  died  about 1388 

Persia  invaded  by  Timour,  1380 ;  ravaged  by  him 1399 

Poet  Jami  born 1414 

Persia  conquered  by  the  Turcomans 1468 

Who  are  expelled  by  the  Shiites,  who  establish  the  Sophi  dy- 
nasty under  Ismail  1 1501 

Ispahan  made  the  capi  tal 1590 

Turks  take  Bagdad;  great  massacre 1638 

Georgia  revolts  to  Russia 1783 

Teheran  made  the  capital 1796 

War  with  Russia 1826-29 

Rupture  with  England  through  the  Persians  taking  Herat,  25 

Oct. ;  war  declared 1  Nov.  1856 

Persians  defeated ;  Bush  ire  taken 8-10  Dec.     " 

'    Gen.  Outram  defeats  the  Persians  at  Kooshab,  8  Feb. ;  and  at 

i        Mohammerah 26  Mch.  1857 

,    Peace  rati  tied  at  Teheran 14  Apr.     " 

f    Commercial  treaty  with  France,  etc June,     " 

1    Herat  given  up  by  the  Persians July,     " 

I    Shah  reorganizes  the  government 9  Sept.  1858 

.    Railways  in  process  of  formation 1865 

[    Electric  telegraph  introduced 1867 

I   Great  sufferings  from  3  years'  drought,  with  fever  and  cholera; 
about  16,000  persons  perished  at  Ispahan,  etc July-Oct.  1871 
Concession  to  baron  Julius  de  Renter  to  make  railways,  water- 
works, etc.,  for  70  years,  with  great  power '25  July,  1872 

I    Prosperity  restored  through  a  good  harvest Mch.  1873 

!    Shah  visits  Europe  summer  of " 

!    Postal  service  established Jan.  1877 

Shah  visits  Europe  in  summer;  returns  to  Teheran 9  Aug.  1878 

Rebellious   incursions  of  the  Kurds  suppressed  after  much 

!       bloodshed  (Kurdistan) Oct. -Dec.  1880 

I    First  railway  in  Persia,  from  Teheran  to  Azim,  opened.  .25  June,  1888 

i    River  Karun  decreed  open  to  all  nations 9  Sept.     " 

;    Shah  visits  Europe 1889 

Imperial  bank  of  Persia  established 23  Oct.      " 

A.D.  SHAHS. 

1502.  Ismail,  or  Ishmael;  conquers  Georgia,  1519. 

lo'23.  Tamasp,  or  Thamas,  I. 

1576.  Ismail  II.  Meerza. 

1577.  Mahommed  Meerza. 

1582.  Abbas  I.  the  Great;  makes  a  treaty  with  English,  1612;  d.  1628. 
;   1628.  Shah  Sophi. 

1641.  Abbas  II. 
!   1666.  Shah  Sophi  II. 
{  1694.  Hussein;  deposed, 
i  1722.  Mahmoud,  chief  of  the  Afghans. 
'.  1725.  Ashraff  the  usurper;  slain  in  battle. 
1730.  Tamasp,  or  Thamas,  II. ;   recovers  the  throne  of  his  ances- 
tors from  the  preceding. 

[Thamas- Kouli- Khan,  his  general,  obtains  great  suc- 
cesses in  this  and  the  subsequent  reigns.] 


1732.  Abbas  III.,  infant  son  of  Tamasp,  under  the  regency  of  Kouli- 
Khan,  who  afterwards  proclaims  himself  king  as 

1736.  Nadir  Shah  (the  victorious  king);  conquers  India,  1739;  as- 
sassinated at  Khorassan  by  his  nephew, 

1747.  Shah  Rokh. 

1751.  [Interregnum.] 

1759.  Kureem  Khan. 

1779.  Many  competitors  for  the  throne,  and  assassinations  till 

1795.  Aga  Mahommed  Khan  obtains  the  power,  and  founds  the 
reigning  (Turcoman)  dynasty;  assassinated,  1797. 

1798.  Futteh  Ali  Shah. 

1834.  Mahommed  Shah,  grandson  of  Futteh;  d.  10  Sept.  1848. 

1848.  Nasr-ed  din,  son;  b.  18  July,  1831;  the  present  shah  of  Persia. 
Heir:  son,  Muzaffer-ed-din,  b.  25  Mch.  1853. 

per§pective,  in  drawing,  is  the  art  of  representing 
objects  on  a  plane  surface  in  the  proportions  due  to  their  rela- 
tive distances  from  the  eye.  Observed  by  the  Van  Eycks 
(1426-46),  and  treated  scientifically  by  Michael  Angelo,  Leo- 
nardo da  Vinci,  and  Albert  Diirer,  early  in  the  16th  century. 
Guido  Ubaldo  published  a  treatise  in  1608  ;  Dubreuil's  treatise 
(the  "  Jesuits'  perspective  ")  appeared  in  1642,  and  the  mathe- 
matical theory  was  demonstrated  by  Brook  Taj'lor  in  1731. 

Perth,  the  old  capital  of  Scotland,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Agricola  about  70  a.d.  It  was  besieged  by  the 
regent  Robert,  1339.  On  20  Feb.  1437,  James  I.  was  mur- 
dered at  the  Black  Friars'  monastery  here,  by  Robert  Graham 
and  the  earl  of  Athol,  for  which  they  suffered  condign  pun- 
ishment. This  murder  is  powerfully  delineated  in  Rossetti's 
poem,  "  The  King's  Tragedy."  Gowrie's  conspiracy  occurred 
here,  6  Aug.  1600.  Perth  was  taken  from  the  French  garrison 
by  the  reformers,  26  June,  1559.  The  "Articles  of  Perth," 
relating  to  religious  ceremonies,  were  agreed  to  bj'  the  General 
Assembly  of  Scotland,  25  Aug.  1618.  Perth  was  taken  by 
Cromwell  in  1651,  and  by  the  earl  of  Mar  after  the  battle  of 
Dunblane,  in  1715.  Pop.'l891, 30,760.  Scene  of  Scott's  «  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth."     Litkkature. 

Peru',  a  country  of  South  America,  was  long  governed 
by  incas,  said  to  be  descended  from  Manco  Capac,  who  ruled  in 
the  11th  centur3\     Area,  463,747  sq.  miles;  pop.  2,621^844, 
and  about  350,000  uncivilized  Indians. 
Peru  explored  and  conquered  by  Francisco  Pizarro  and  Alma- 

gro 1524-33 

Last  inca,  Atahualpa,  put  to  death 29  Aug.  1533 

Pizarro  assassinated  at  Lima 26  June,  1541 

Fruitless  insurrection  of  the  Peruvians  under  Tapac  Amaru, 

an  inca 1780 

San  Martin  proclaims  the  independence  of  Peru 28  July,  1821 

War  against  Spain 14  Jan.  1824 

Bolivar  made  dictator Feb.      ' ' 

Mariano  Prado  president 28  Nov.     ' ' 

Spaniards  defeated  at  Ayacucho,  and  freedom  of  Peru  and  Chili 

achieved 9  Dec.     " 

New  Peruvian  constitution  signed  by  the  president  of  the  re- 
public  21  Mch.  1828 

War  with  Colombia ;  treaty  of  peace 28  Feb.  1829 

After  a  succession  of  fierce  party  conflicts,  gen.  Ramon  Castilla 

becomes  president ;  firm  and  politic 1845 

New  constitution,  1856;  modified 1860 

Spanish  admiral  Pinzon  took  possession  of  the  Chincha  isles 
(valuable  for  guano)  belonging  to  Peru,  stating  that  he  would 
occupy  them  till  the  claims  of  his  government  on  Peru  were 

satisfied 14  Apr.  1864 

American  congress  at  Lima;  plenipotentiaries  from  Chili  and 
other  states  meet  to  concert  measures  for  defence  against 

European  powers Nov.      " 

Negotiations  followed  by  peace  with  Spain,  28  Jan. ;  Chinclia 

islands  restored 3  Feb.  1865 

j  Peru  joins  Chili,  and  declares  war  against  Spain Feb.  1866 

Spanish  admiral  Nunez,  in  his  attempt  to  bombard  Callao,  re- 
pulsed and  wounded 2  May.     •• 

Spaniards  quit  Peruvian  waters 10  May,     •' 

Several  towns  in  Peru  suffered  by  great  earthquakes  (Earth- 
quakes)   13-15  Aug.  1868 

Gold  mines  discovered  at  Huacho Oct.  1871 

MilitaryinsurrectionatLima;  Tomas  Gutierrez,  minister  of  war, 

makes  himself  dictator,  and  imprisons  pres.  Balta. .  .22  July,  1872 
Unsupported  by  the  people,  and  not  recognized  by  diplomatic 
representatives,  he  orders  Balta  to  be  shot;  is  himself  com- 
pelled to  fly;  caught;  killed  by  the  people,  and  hanged  to  a 
lamp-post ;  col.  Zavallos,  vice-president,  assumes  the'  gov- 
ernment; order  restored;  about  200  lives  were  lost  during 

the  coup  d'etat 26  July,      " 

Manuel  Pardo,  elected  president  by  the  people,  assumes  office, 

2  Aug.      " 
Talisman  sailed  from  Cardiff  for  South  America;  consigned  to 
Peruvian  rebels;  seized  and  condemned  as  a  prize,  and  Eng- 
lish sailors  imprisoned,  Nov.  1874-Nov.  1875;  report  on  ill- 
usage  ;  English  government  promises  inquiry Mch.  1876 

Pres.  Mariano  I.  Prado 2  Aug.     " 

Reported  insurrection  of  Nicolas  de  Pierolas,  with  about  60(iO 

men,  to  establish  a  southern  confederacy 6-10  Oct.     " 

He  sails  away  with  the  iron -clad  Huascar,  29  May;  is  iit- 


PER  624 

tacked  by  adm.  De  Horsey,  with  the  British  war- vessels  Shah 
and  Amethyst,  as  piratical,  for  attacking  mail  ships;  is  com- 
pelled to  run  iuto  Lima  and  surrender;  the  Peruvians  resent 

British  interference  and  threaten  reprisals June,  1877 

Peru  and  Bolivia  dociuro  war  against  Chili,  announced.  .2  Apr.  1879 
[For  the  events  of  the  war,  Cuiu,  1879-81.] 

Lima  occupied  by  the  Chilians 17  Jan.  1881 

Eflbrts  made  by  the  United  States  to  promote  the  restoration 

of  i)eace,  leads  to  some  misunderstanding  in  Chili " 

Pres.  Iglesias  forms  a  ministry  about  12  Sept. ;  be  signs  peace 

with  Chili  at  Aucon 20  Oct.  1883 

Lima  evacuated  by  the  Chilians 23  Oct.     " 

Arequipa  surrendered  to  the  Chilians 26  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Iglesias'sgovernmentconflrmed  by  elections,  about  29  Jan.  1884 
Treaty  with  Chili  ratifled  by  the  notables,  Mch. ;  partial  evac- 
uation of  Peruvian  territory May,     " 

Internal  disturbances  continue  through 1884-85 

Revolutionary  attempt  of  Pierola's  supporters  near  Lima  de- 
feated  2  Dec.  1890 

peruke,  periu^ig,  or  wig,  an  artificial  cap  or 
covering  of  hair  for  the  head.  The  ancients  used  false  hair, 
but  the  present  peruke  was  first  worn  in  France  and  Italy 
about  1620;  introduced  into  England  about  1660,  and  pre- 
vailed naore  or  less  till  about  1810. 

It  is  said  that  either  bishop  Blomfield  (of  London)  or  Tomline  (of 
Lincoln)  obtained  permission  for  the  bishops  to  discontinue  wear- 
ing wigs  in  Parliament,  of  which  they  gradually  availed  themselves. 
On  account  of  the  heat,  sir  J.  P.  Wilde,  and  other  judges  and  sev- 
eral counsel,  appear  in  court  without  wigs,  22,  23  July,  1868. 

Peruvian  bark.    Cinchona. 

pe§$iuii!!iin  (from  pessimus,  the  worst),  the  opposite  doc- 
trine to  Optimism.  James  Sully's  "  Pessimism,  a  History  and 
a  Criticism,"  was  published  in  1877.  Arthur  Schopenhauer 
(1788-1860),  an  eminent  pessimist,  says,  "All  life  is  effort ;  all 
eflFort  is  painful;  the  pains  of  life  must  predominate."  Phi- 
ix>soPHV.  Pessimism  is  a  form  of  atheism,  a  disbelief  in  the 
infinitude  of  good  or  its  power  to  use  evil  to  express  itself. 

"  Let  Love  clasp  Grief  lest  both  be  drown'd." 
Hades.  — Tennyson,  "In  Memoriam." 

Pe§taiOZZian  (pes-td-lot'-se-an)  §ysteni  of  edu- 
cation was  devised  by  John  Henry  Pestalozzi,  born  at  Zurich 
in  Switzerland,  in  1746,  died  17  Feb.  1827.  In  1775  he  turned 
his  farm  into  a  school  for  educating  poor  children  in  reading, 
writing,  and  working ;  but  he  did  not  succeed.  In  1798  he 
established  an  orphan  school,  where  he  began  with  the  mutual- 
instruction  or  monitorial  system,  since  adopted  by  Lancaster ; 
but  his  school  was  soon  after  turned  into  a  hospital  for  the 
Austrian  army.  In  1802,  in  conjunction  with  Fellenberg,  he 
established  his  school  at  Hofwyl,  which  at  first  was  successful, 
but  eventually  declined  through  mismanagement. 

petard'  or  petar,  an  invention  ascribed  to  the  Hu- 
guenots in  1579.  Petards  of  metal,  nearly  in  the  shape  of  a 
hat,  were  employed  to  blow  up  gates  or  other  barriers,  and 
also  in  countermines  to  break  through  into  the  enemy's  gal- 
leries. Cahors  was  taken  by  Henry  IV.  by  means  of  petards, 
in  1580,  when  it  is  said  thej'  were  first  used. 
"Hoist  with  his  own  petar." 

—Shakespeare,  "Hamlet, "act  iii.  sc.  iv. 

Peter  tiie  ivild  boy,  a  savage  creature  found  in 
the  forest  of  Hertswald,  electorate  of  Hanover,  when  George  I. 
and  his  friends  were  hunting.  He  was  found  walking  on  his 
hands  and  feet, climbing  trees  like  a  squirrel,  and  feedingon  grass 
and  moss,  Nov.  1725.  At  this  time  he  was  supposed  to  be  13 
years  old.  He  died,  while  under  the  care  of  an  English  farmer, 
Feb.  1785.  He  preferred  wild  plants,  leaves,  and  the  bark  of 
trees  to  any  other  kind  of  food.  No  efforts  could  greatly  change 
his  savage  habits  or  cause  him  to  utter  one  distinct  syllable. 
Lord  Monboddo  represented  him  to  be  a  proof  of  the  hypoth- 
esis that  "  man  in  a  state  of  nature  is  a  mere  animal." 

Peterborough,  anciently  ]flecle§haiii$tede, 

a  city  of  Northamptonshire,  Engl. ;  obtained  its  present  name 
from  a  king  of  Mercia  founding  an  abbey  and  dedicating  it 
to  St.  Peter,  about  655.  The  church,  destroyed  by  the  Danes, 
was  rebuilt  with  great  beauty.  First  bishop  was  John  Cham- 
bers, the  last  abbot  of  Peterborough,  1541. 

PeterlOO.     Manchester,  16  Aug.  1819. 

Peter§burg,  Grant's  Virginia  campaign,  Mine 
EXPLOSION,  Virginia. 

Petersburg,  St.,  the  modem  capital  of  Russia, 
founded  by  Peter  the  Great,  27  May,  1703.  He  built  a  small 
hut  for  himself,  and  some  wooden  hovels.  In  1710,  the  count 
Golovkin  built  the  first  house  of  brick ;  and  the  next  year  the 


PET 

emperor,  with  his  own  hands,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  housi 
of  the  same  material.  The  seat  of  emj)ire  was  transferrec 
from  Moscow  to  this  place  in  1711.  Russia.  Pop.  1890 
winter  1,003,315,  summer  849,315.  " 

Peace  of  St.  Petersburg,  between  Russia  and  Prussia,  the  for- 
mer restoring  all  her  conquests  to  the  latter,  signed.  .5  May,  1761 
Treaty  of  St.  Petersburg  for  the  partition  of  Poland  (Paktitio.v 

TREATIES) 5  Aug.  177! 

Great  Are,  11,0(X»  houses  burned nsi 

Treaty  of  St.  Petersburg  leads  to  a  coalition  against  France,  8  Sept.  180( 

Treaty  of  Alliance,  signed  at  St.  Petersburg,  between  Berna- 

dotte,  prince  royal  of  Sweden,  and  the  emperor  Alexander; 

the  former  agreeing  to  join  in  the  campaign  against  France, 

in  return  for  which  Sweden  was  to  receive  Norway,  24  Mch.  181! 

Winter  palace  burned 29  Dec.  183' 

Railway  to  Moscow  finished 185! 

"        ' '  Berlin  opened 5  May,  186 

Grand  new  Alexander  II.  bridge  over  the  Neva  opened,  12  Oct.  187 

Peter's  eiiurell,  St.,  Rome,  originally  erected  bj 
Constantine,  306.  About  1450,  pope  Nicholas  V.  commence< 
a  new  church.  The  present  magnificent  pile  was  designed  bj 
Bramante ;  the  first  stone  laid  by  pope  Julius  II.  in  1506.  Ii 
1514  Leo  X.  employed  Raphael  and  two  others  to  superinten( 
the  building.  Paul  III.  committed  the  work  to  Michael  Angelo 
who  devised  the  dome,  in  the  construction  of  which  30,000  Iba 
of  iron  were  used.  The  church  was  consecrated  18  Nov.  1626 
The  front  is  400  feet  broad,  rising  to  a  height  of  180  feet,  am 
the  majestic  dome  ascends  from  the  centre  of  the  church  to  i 
height  of  324  feet ;  the  length  of  the  interior  is  600  feet,  form, 
ing  one  of  the  most  spacious  halls  ever  constructed.  Th 
length  of  the  exterior  is  669  feet ;  its  greatest  breadth  withii 
is  442  feet ;  and  the  entire  height  from  the  ground  432  feet. 

Peter's  penee,  presented  by  Ina,  king  of  the  Weal 
Saxons,  to  the  pope  at  Rome,  for  the  endowment  of  an  EnglisM 
college  there,  about  725 ;  so  called  because  agreed  to  be  paid 
on  Peter  mass,  1  Aug.  The  tax  was  levied  on  all  families 
possessed  of  30  pence  yearly  rent  in  land,  out  of  which  they 
paid  1  penny.  It  was  confirmed  by  Offa,  777,  and  was  after- 
wards claimed  by  the  popes  as  a  tribute  from  England,  and 
regularly  collected,  till  suppressed  by  Henry  VIII.,  1534. — 
Camden.  A  public  collection  (on  behalf  of  the  pope)  was  for- 
bidden in  France  in  1860. 

Peterwardein,  a  fortress  in  Slavonla,  Austria,  was 
taken  by  the  Turks,  July,  1526.  Here  prince  Eugene  of  Savoy 
gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Turks,  5  Aug.  1716. 

petitions.  The  right  of  petitioning  the  crown  and 
Parliament  for  redress  of  grievances  is  a  fundamental  principle 
of  the  British  constitution.  Petitions  are  extant  of  the  date 
of  Edward  I.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  petitions  began  to  be 
addressed  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  considerable  numbers. 
The  right  of  petition  is  secured  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States;  but  in  Jan.  1800,  great  excitement  and  rancorous  debate 
were  induced  in  Congress  by  the  presentation  of  a  petition  from 
free  negroes.  John  Quincy  Adams,  who  was  a  champion  of 
the  right  of  petition,  presented  a  petition  in  Congress  purport- 
ing to  come  from  slaves — the  first  of  the  kind  ever  offered— 
Feb.  1837.     Atherton  gag  ;  United  States,  1838. 

Pe'tra,  the  ancient  Seta,  in  Mount  Seir,  near  Mount 
Hor,  in  the  land  of  Edom.  In  the  4th  century  B.C.  it  was 
held  by  the  Nabathaeans,  who  successfully  resisted  Antigonus, 
About  70  A.D.  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Arab  princes  named 
Aretas.  It  was  conquered  by  Cornelius  Palma,  and  annexed  to 
the  empire  under  Trajan,  105,  to  which  period  its  remarkable 
monuments  are  ascribed.  It  was  an  important  station  for 
commercial  traffic  with  Rome.  Its  ruins  were  discovered  by 
Burckhardt  in  1812,  and  described  by  him  and  others  since. 

Petrarch  and  Laura,  celebrated  for  the  refined 
passion  of  the  former  for  the  latter,  begun  in  1327,  and  the 
chief  subject  of  his  sonnets.  He  was  born  1304;  crowned 
with  laurel,  as  a  poet  and  writer,  on  Easter-day,  8  Apr.  1341 ; 
and  died  at  Arqua,  near  Padua,  18  July,  1374,  Laura  died  6 
Apr.  1348.  A  commemoration  of  his  death  at  Avignon  and 
other  places,  18  July,  1874.     Literature. 

petroleum  (Gr.  ireTpa,  rock;  eXaiov,  oil).  An  oily 
substance  of  great  economic  importance  as  a  source  of  light. 
It  is  obtained  chiefly  from  coal  strata.  Its  distribution  is  ex- 
tensive, reaching  every  continent.  In  Alsace,  German}',  it 
was  discovered  in  1735,  permeating  sandstone,  which  is  mined 
like  coal,  and  the  petroleum  afterwards  extracted.     The  oil- 


PEW 

lands  of  Peru  were  developed  by  American  capital  in  1864,  but 
Russia  and  the  United  States  furnish  most  of  the  world's  sup- 
ply. In  1872  oil  from  the  Baku  wells,  Russia,  was  used  as  fuel 
for  the  production  of  steam.  Baku,  which  is  a  port  on  the 
western  coast  of  the  Caspian  sea,  was  a  resort  for  the  Persian 
fire-worshippers,  600  B.C.,  and  petroleum  is  known  to  have  ex- 
isted in  that  vicinity  for  2500  years.  Marco  Polo,  in  his  jour- 
nal written  in  the  13th  century,  said  that  at  Baku  was  "a 
fountain  of  oil  in  great  abundance  .  .  .  not  good  to  use  with 
food,  but  good  to  burn,  and  is  also  used  to  anoint  camels  that 
have  the  mange."  This  use  of  petroleum  or  rock-oil  as  a  medi- 
cine obtained  among  the  Indians  of  America  before  its  discov- 
ery in  central  New  York  by  French  missionaries  in  1627 ;  and 
in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century  it  was  collected  from 
the  surface  of  oil-springs  by  the  whites,  by  spreading  woollen 
blankets  thereon  and  wringing  out  the  adhering  scum,  its  prin- 
cipal use  being  as  a  medicine  under  the  name  of  Seneca  oil. 
In  a  map  of  the  countries  about  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  pre- 
pared by  messrs.  Dollier  and  Galinee,  missionaries  of  the  or- 
der of  St.  Sulpice,  appears  a  "Fontaine  de  bitumen"  near 

the  present  site  of  Cuba,  Alleghany  county,  N.  Y 1670 

In  a  map  of  the  Middle  Colonies,  published  by  Mr.  Evans,  ap- 
pears "Petroleum,"  marked  near  the  mouth  of  Oil  creek, 

on  the  Alleghany  river,  Pa 1755 

Petroleum,  as  found  in  oil  springs  on  the  Alleghany  river,  de- 
scribed by  David  Zeisberger,  missionary  of  the  Moravian 

church 1767 

Highest  annual  yield  of  petroleum  along  Oil  creek  estimated  by 

gen.  Samuel  Hays  at  16  barrels,  worth  fl  per  gallon  in  Pittsburg,  1803 
Petroleum  observed  and  described  in  salt  wells  in  Washington 

county,  Ohio 181^ 

S.  M.  Kier,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  bottles  and  sells  as  medicine,  at 

50  cts.  per  pint,  petroleum  or  rock-oil 1849 

Petroleum  first  refined  at  Pittsburg,  Pa 1854 

Penn.sylvania  Rock  Oil  company,  the  first  oil  company  in  the 

U.  S. ,  organized  with  a  capital  of  $500,000 " 

William  Smith  and  sons,  in  the  employ  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Rock  Oil  company,  boring  for  oil  on  Oil  creek,  "strike  oil  " 

at  a  depth  of  69 1^  feet  (Pennsylvania) 28  Aug.  1859 

Highest  price  for  petroleum  reached  in  the  U.  S.,  $19.25  per 

barrel  of  42  gallons 1860 

Price  of  petroleum  in  the  U.  S.  reaches  its  lowest  mark,  crude 

oil  being  quoted  at  10  cts.  per  barrel Jan.  1862 

First  flovsing  oil  well  on  Black  creek,  Canada,  begins.  ..11  Jan.     " 
"Shooting"  oil  wells,  by  explosion  of  nitroglycerine  to  in- 
crease their  production,  first  suggested  and  put  into  practical 

operation  by  col.  E.  A.  L.  Roberts " 

Crude  petroleum  quoted  at  $12.12><^  per  barrel July,  1864 

Tank  cars  first  used  for  railroad  transportation  of  oil 1865 

First  successful  pipe-line,  4  miles  in  length,  laid  by  Samuel 

Van  Syckel  at  Pithole,  Pa " 

Combination  of  oil- refiners  in  the  U.  S.,  under  the  name  of 

Standard  Oil  company 1872 

United  Pine  Line,  first  known  as  the  Fairview  Pipe  Line,  incor- 
porated".   29  Apr.  1874 

Construction  of  long-distance  pipe-lines  begun  by  the  United 

Pipe  Lines  company 1880 

Standard  Oil  Trust  organized 1881 

A  well  on  Thorn  creek,  Butler  county.  Pa.,  flows  for  a  few 
hours  at  the  rate  of  9000  to  10,000  barrels  per  day.  Well 
shot 27  Oct.  1884 


PRODUCTION 

OF    PETROLEUM    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES    AT 
VARIOUS  PERIODS   SINCE    1871- 

Year  ending  Jane. 

Barrels  of  42 
gallons. 

Gallons. 

Exported 
gallons. 

Value. 

1871 

1875 

5,558,775 
10,083,828 
22,382,509 
21,750,619 
21,486,406 

233,468,550 
423,520,776 
940,065,378 
913,525,998 
902,429,052 

149,892,691 
221,955,308 
423,964,699 
574,668,180 
664,068,170 

$36,894,810 
30,078,568 
36,218,625 
50,257,947 
51,403,089 

1880 

1885 

1890 

625  PHI 

pharash,  a  Hebrew  word  for  separated,  because  they  pre- 
tended to  a  greater  degree  of  holiness  than  the  rest  of  the 
Jews  (Luke  xviii.  9-12).  The  Talmud  enumerates  7  classes  of 
Pharisees.  The  word  also  indicates  a  giver  without  charity  : 
"A  long  row  of  alms-houses  amply  endowed 
By  a  well  esteemed  Pharisee,  busy  and  proud." 

—Jane  Taylor,  "The  Philosopher's  Scales." 

pharmacopce'ia.    Medical  SCIENCE. 

pliar'inacy.     Medical  science. 

Plia'ros,  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  of  Alexandria,  was 
esteemed  as  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.  It  was  a  tower 
built  of  white  marble, completed  about  283  b.c.  On  the  top  fires 
were  constantly  kept  to  direct  sailors  in  the  bay.  The  building 
cost  800  talents,  which  are  equivalent  to  f  850]|000,  if  Attic ;  or, 
if  Alexandrian,  double  that  sum.  It  is  said  that  there  was  this 
inscription  upon  it — "  King  Ptolemy  to  the  gods,  the  saviours, 
for  the  benefit  of  sailors ; "  but  Sostratus  the  architect,  wishing 
to  claim  all  the  glory,  engraved  his  own  name  upon  the  stones, 
and  afterwards  filled  the  hollow  with  mortar,  and  wrote  the 
above  inscription.  When  the  mortar  had  decayed,  Ptolemy's 
name  disappeared, and  the  following  inscription  became  visible: 
"  Sostratus  the  Cnidian,  son  of  Dexiphanes,  to  the  gods,  the 
saviours,  for  the  benefit  of  sailors."     Light-houses. 

Pharsa'lia,  a  strong  city  in  Thessaly,  N.  Greece. 
Near  it  Julius  Caesar  defeated  his  rival  Pompey,  9  Aug.  48 
B.C.,  and  became  virtually  master  of  the  known  world.  Pom- 
pey fled  to  Eg^'^pt,  where  he  was  treacherously  slain,  by  order 
of  Ptolemy  the  younger,  then  a  minor,  and  his  body  left  naked 
on  the  strand,  till  burned  by  a  faithful  freedman,  Philip. 

plienol  or  pheilic  acid,  names  for  carbolic  acid. 

phenopllthal'inoscope,  an  apparatus  for  inves- 
tigating the  movements  of  the  eyeball ;  invented  by  Bonders 
of  Utrecht,  and  announced  in  1870. 

Phig^a'liail  marbles,  in  the  British  museum,  were 
purchased  for  it  by  the  prince  regent  in  1815.  They  consist 
of  portions  of  the  frieze  taken  from  the  temple  of  Apollo 
Epicurus  at  Phigaleia  in  Arcadia,  and  are  reputed  to  be 
works  of  the  earlier  school  of  Phidias,  who  died  432  b.c.  The 
bas-reliefs  represent  the  conflicts  of  the  Greeks  and  Amazons, 
and  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae. 

Philaderphia,  the  third  city  in  the  United  States  in 
population,  and  the  metropolis  of  Pennsylvania,  was  laid  out 
in  1682  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the  peninsula  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Schuylkill  and  Delaware  rivers,  now  included 
between  Vine  and  South  streets.  The  following  year  the  place 
contained  about  80  houses  and  500  people.  A  charter,  evidently 
genuine,  found  in  the  possession  of  col.  Alexander  Biddle  in 
1887,  and  dated  "  Third  Month,  20th,  1691,"  shows  incorpora- 
tion as  a  city  by  William  Penn  10  years  earlier  than  the  date 
usually  given,  when  the  first  recorded  mayor,  Edward  Shippen, 
was  appointed.  On  2  Feb.  1854,  the  city  was  enlarged  to  in- 
clude the  county  of  Philadelphia,  taking  in  9  districts:  South- 
wark.  Northern  Liberties,  Kensington,  Spring  Garden,  Moya- 
mensing,  Penn,  Richmond,  West  Philadelphia,  and  Belmont; 
also  6  boroughs  and  13  townships.  Present  area  128J  sq. 
miles;  lat.  40°  N.,  Ion.  75°  W.;  population  at  various  dates: 


I  pews  in  churches.  "  In  a  London  will  we  read  of  sedile 
I  vocatum pew"  (a  seat  called  pew),  1453.  Pews  were  censured 
!  by  Latimer  and  Bradford,  1553.  —  Walcot.  The  church  of 
I  Geddington  St.  Mary,  Northamptonshire,  long  contained  a 
I  pew  dated  1602.  The  rev.  W.  M.  H.  Church  (vicar  1844-46) 
j  restored  and  reseated  the  church,  and  preserved  the  panel 
j,  with  the  date  in  the  door  of  the  surplice  press.  Another  pew 
\  in  the  chancel  was  dated  1604. 

pha'lanx.     The  Greek  phalanx  consisted  of  8000  men 

j  in  a  square  battalion,  with  shields  joined,  and  spears  crossing 

1  each  other.     The  battalion  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  called  the 

I  Macedonian  phalanx,  was  formed  by  him  about  360  b.c.     In 

the  battles  of  Cynoscephalae  and  Pydna  the  Grecian  phalanx 

competed  with  the  Roman  legion  for  supremacy',  and  the  vic- 

■  tory  secured  to  the  legion  in  both  battles  would  seem  to  prove 

its  superiority.     Army,  Pike. 

Phar'isees,  a  sect  among  the  Jews;  so  called  from 


1700 4,500 

1749 12,500 

1760 18,756 

1783 37,000 

1800 70,287 

1810 110,210 

1820 137,097 


1830 188,797 

1840 258,037 

1850 408,762 

1860 565,529 

1870 674,022 

1880 847,170 

1890 1,046,964 


One  of  the  earliest  surveys  of  city  lots  recorded,  that  of  David 
Hammon  on  Walnut  st.  (then  Pool)  entered, 10  July,  1682 

Blue  Anchor  Inn,  northwest  cor.  Front  and  Dock  sts.,  after- 
wards called  the  "Boatman  and  Call," built  by  George  Guest,     " 

Laying  out  of  Philadelphia  completed  under  the  personal  su- 
pervision of  William  Penn Dec.     " 

First  meeting  of  the  governor  and  council  held  in  Philadelphia 
10  Mch.,  and  of  the  General  Assembly 12  Mch.  1683 

Brick  Quaker  meeting-house  built  on  Centre  square 1684 

William  Bradford  establishes  the  first  printing-press  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  prints  his  "Kalendarium  Pennsylvaniense,  or 
America's  Messenger;"  an  almanac  edited  by  Samuel  Atkins, 
and  the  first  work  printed  in  Philadelphia 1685 

First  regular  jail  built  in  the  middle  of  Market  St.,  near  Second,  1687 

"  William  Penn  Charter  "  school,  on  Fourth  St.,  below  Chest- 
nut, established  in  charge  of  George  Keith 1689 

Christ  church  (Episcopal)  built  (enlarged  1711  and  1727) 1695 

"Slate  Roof  House"  (removed  in  1867  to  make  way  for  the 


PHI 


626 


PHI 


Chamber  of  Commerce)  erected  about  1698,  and  the  largest 
at  that  time  in  Philadelphia,  occupied  by  William  Penu,  Jan.  1700 
Gloria  Dei  church  (Swedish)  on  Swanson  St.,  dedicated.  .2  July,     " 
First  watchman  "to  go  round  ye  town  with  a  small  bell  in  yo 

night  time"  appointed 13  July,     " 

Charter  as  a  borough  city  granted  Philadelphia  by  William 

Penn,  and  Edward  Shippen  appointed  mayor 25  Oct.  1701 

Anthony  Morris  elected  mayor  by  the  common  council.  .5  Oct.  1703 
First  Presbyterian  church,  called  "  Butlonwood  church,"  built 

on  south  side  Market  st.,  between  Second  and  Third 1704-5 

Philadelphia  Baptist  Association  organized,  and  church  built 

at  Pennepek  or  Lower  Dublin 1707 

Court-house  built  on  arches,  used  as  a  town  hall  and  seat  of 
municipal  council  and  legislature  until  1735,  erected  on  High 

St.,  between  Second  and  Third 1710 

First  almshouse  established  by  the  Friends  in  a  house  on  south 

side  of  Walnut  St.,  between  Third  and  Fourth 1713 

Ferry  to  Gloucester  established 1715 

Fire-engine  purchased  by  the  council  from  Abraham  Bickley 

tor  601 8  Dec.  1718 

Ordinance  passed  for  paving  the  streets  with  stone,  and  foot- 
ways with  brick Apr.  1719 

American  Weekly  Mercury,  the  first  newspaper  in  America  out- 
side of  Boston,  established  by  Andrew  S.  Bradford. .  .22  Dec.     " 

Benjamin  Franklin,  aged  17,  arrives  in  Philadelphia Oct.  1723 

Carpenters'  Guild  established 1724 

Junto,  or  club  for  mutual  improvement,  organized  by  Frank- 
lin (the  basis  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society) 1727 

Friends'  almshouse  erected  on  site  of  one  established  1713 

(stood  until  1841) 1729 

Franklin  begins  i\\Q  Pennsylvania  Gazette 28  Sept.     " 

Three  flre-engines,  total  value  about  lOOf.,  and  200  leather  flre- 

buckets  ordered  from  England,  arrive Jan.  1731 

Franklin  founds  the  Library  of  Philadelphia,  sustained  by  sub- 
scription  8  Nov.     " 

Catholic  chapel  of  St.  Joseph,  on  Walnut  st. ,  erected  and  mass 

celebrated  by  father  Greaton 26  Feb.  1732 

"State  in  Schuylkill"  (Schuylkill  Fishing  company)  organ- 
ized  1  May,     " 

First  stage  route  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York  estal)lished. .     " 

Franklin's  first  "  Poor  Richard  "  almanac  for  1733 Dec.     " 

State-house,  south  side  of  Chestnut,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth 
sts.,  building  begun  1732;  first  occupied  by  legislature.  .Oct.  1735 

Union  Fire  company  established 7  Dec.  1736 

Franklin  stove  invented  by  Benj.  Franklin 1742 

Franklin  establishes  the  American  Philosophical  Society 1743 

[Society  died  out  10  years  later,  to  be  revived  in  1769.] 
Second  Market  house,  on  Second  St., south  of  Pine,  established,  1745 
Citizens  associate  for  military  defence  at  a  meeting. . .  .21  Nov.  1747 

First  theatrical  company  appears  in  Philadelphia 1749 

St.  Andrew's  Society  formed " 

Streets  lighted  with  lamps Sept.  1751 

Hallam's  company  give  their  first  theatrical  performance  in  a 
brick  warehouse  in  King  or  Water  St.,  between  Pine  and 

Lombard  sts. ;  play,  "The  Fair  Penitent  " 25  Apr.  1754 

Chime  of  8  bells  hung  in  Christ  church " 

Pennsylvania  general  hospital,  projected  by  dr.  Thomas  Bond; 
chartered  1751;  opened  Feb.  1752;  corner-stone  of  building, 
on  Pine  St.,  between  Eighth  and  Ninth,  laid  28  May,  1755, 

and  eastern  wing  opened Dec.  1756 

First  commencement  at  the  college,  on  Fourth  st.  below  Arch; 
chartered  16  June,  1755,  and  afterwards  developed  into  the 

University  of  Pennsylvania 17  May,  1757 

Act  for  "  regulating,  pitching,  paving,  and  cleansing  the  streets, 
lanes,  and  alleys,  etc.,  within  the  settled  parts  of  Philadel- 
phia," passed 1762 

First  medical  college  in  Philadelphia  organized  by  dr.  William 

Shippen,  jr Nov.     " 

First  fish  market  established  between  King  and  Front  sts.,  Apr.  1764 
Non-importation  agreement  subscribed  to  by  merchants  and 

traders  of  Philadelphia 25  Oct.  1765 

First  issue  of  the  Pennsylvania  Chronicle  and  Universal  Adver- 
tiser by  William  Goddard 6  Jan.  176C 

Old  Southwark  theatre,  corner  South  and  Apollo  sts. ,  opened 

(burned  9  May,  1821) 12  Nov.     " 

Transit  of  Venus  successfully  observed  by  the  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 

at  temporary  observatory  in  the  State-house  yard.. .  .3  June,  17£9 
Methodist  service  held  in  an  unfinished  church  bought  and 

presented  to  the  society,  and  named  St.  George's Nov.     " 

Carpenters'  hall  built  on  south  side  Chestnut,  between  Third 

and  Fourth  sts 1770 

Sailors'  mob;  dr.  Shippen's  house  damaged  by  rioters;  the  out- 
come of  an  excitement  caused  by  supposed  removal  of  dead 
bodies  from  the  city  burying-grounds  for  dissection  in  the 

medical  college " 

Tammany  Society  started 1  May,  1772 

First  Continental  Congress  assembles  at  Philadelphia. .  .5  Sept.  1774 

Philadelphia  troop  of  light  horse  associated 17  Nov.     " 

A  piano,  probably  the  first  built  in  this  country,  made  by  John 
Behreut  in  Third  St.,  below  Brown.  "  Made  of  mahogany,  be- 
ing of  the  nature  of  a  harpsichord,  with  hammers  and  sev- 
eral changes" 1775 

New  jail  on  Walnut  st.  completed  and  occupied Jan.  1776 

Philadelphia  Society  for  Assisting  Distressed  Prisoners  estab- 
lished (see  1787) " 

Signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  celebrated  by  a 

grand  demonstration 8  July,     " 

Small  pox  and  camp-fever  cause  2500  deaths i776-77 

Philadelphia  occupied  by  the  British  under  gen.  Howe, 

27  Sept.  1777 
Meschianza,  on  occasion  of  gen.  Howe's  farewell,  held  at  the 


Wharton  mansion  an*grounds  at  Walnut  grove  {junction  of 
Fifth  and  Wharton  sts. ) 18  May,  177.'; 

British  evacuate  Philadelphia 18  June,     " 

American  Philo.soi>hical  Society  revived  by  union  of  2  scien- 
tific societies,  17(>9;  incorporated 15  Mch.  178(' 

Bank  of  North  America  incorporated 18  Dec.  178; 

First  English  Bible  printed  in  the  U.  S.,  published  by  R.  Aitken, 
Market  st 178". 

First  manufacture  of  fustians  and  Jeans  in  the  U.  S.  begins  in 
Philadelphia " 

Hot-air  balloon  ascension  attempted  from  the  prison-yard  by 
Mr.  Games  of  Baltimore,  who  was  thrown  out  by  basket 
striking  prison-wall;  balloon  takes  fire  in  mid-air. .  .17  July,  Vl^i 

American  Daily  Advertiser,  afterwards  the  Aurora,  the  first 
daily  newspaper  issued  in  America  ;  Benjamin  Franklin 
Bache,  editor 'i.i  Dec.     " 

Two  city  directories  issued :  one  by  John  Macphcrson  in  Oct.  and 
one  by  Francis  White 178f 

Skiff-steamboat  built  by  John  Fitch  and  navigated  at  Philadel- 
phia  26  July,  178C 

"Society  for  Alleviating  the  Miseries  of  Public  Prisons,"  an 
outgrowth  of  the  society  of  1776,  established,  with  rt.  rev. 
William  White,  D.D.,  president May,  178' 

Gen.  Washington's  birthday  first  celebrated  officially  by  pub- 
lic salute  of  artillery 22  Feb.  178S 

Celebration  of  the  new  Union  by  a  federal  procession..  .4  July,     " 

Levi  and  Abraham  Doane,  brothers,  outlaws,  hung  on  the 

commons 24  Sept.     " 

[They  were  of  the  noted  Tory  family  of  6  brothers,  the  terror 
of  Bucks  county.  The  legislature  set  a  price  on  their  heads, 
8  Apr.  1783.  Joseph  was  shot  and  killed  in  Bucks  county, 
1783;  Moses  captured  and  executed,  1783  ;  the  hanging  of 
Levi  and  Abraham  left  2,  Mahlon  and  Eleazar,  under  ban.] 

City  incorporated  by  act 11  Mch.  1789 

Samuel  Powel,  first  of  the  mayors  elected  by  the  council  un- 
der new  charter 13  Apr.     " 

Steamboat,  60  ft.  in  length,  runs  from  Philadelphia  to  Burling- 
ton  Dec.     " 

Franklin  d.  in  Philadelphia,  aged  84 17  Apr.  1790 

U.  S.  government  removed  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia, 
and  Congress  holds  Jts  session  in  the  county  court-house, 
erected  and  completed  in  Mch.  1789 6  Dec.     " 

Bank  of  North  America  begins  keeping  accounts  in  dollars  and 
cents 1791 

"Trustees  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  "  incorporated. .     " 

Bank  of  the  United  States,  chartered  25  Feb. ;  subscription 
for  stock  opened,  4  July,  and  bank  commences  business  in 

Carpenters'  hall Dec.     " 

[Branch  banks  established  in  Boston,  New  York,  Balti- 
more, Washington,  Norfolk,  and  Savannah.] 

U.  S.  mint  established  by  act,  2  Apr.  1792;  mint  erected  on 
east  side  Seventh  st.,  above  Filbert,  and  coining  begun.  .Oct.  1792 

Blanchard,  the  French  aeronaut,  makes  a  balloon  ascension 
from  the  prison -yard;  witnessed  by  gen.  Washington;  he 
lands  near  Cooper's  Ferry,  N.  J. 9  Jan.  1793 

Bank  of  Pennsylvania  chartered 30  Mch.     " 

Yellow-fever  epidemic;  about  5000  deaths 1  Aug. -9  Nov.     " 

New  theatre  on  Chestnut  st,  above  Sixth,  opened  (burned  2 
Apr.  1820 ;  rebuilt  and  opened  2  Dec.  1822) 17  Feb.  1794 

First  turnpike  road  in  the  U.  S.  completed  from  Philadelphia 
to  Lancaster,  Pa.,  62  miles " 

White  Fish,  a  small  schooner,  23  ft.  long,  6  ft.  beam,  arrives  at 
Market  st.  wharf,  after  a  voyage  of  nearly  1000  miles  (29  cov- 
ered by  5  portages),  from  Presque  Isle  on  lake  Erie,  crossing 
New  York  state,  and  descending  the  Hudson  to  New  York; 
boat  in  charge  of  John  Thomson  and  David  Lummis,  10  Nov.  1795 

Select  council,  consisting  of  12  citizens  to  serve  3  years,  created 
by  act  of  legislature 4  Apr.  1796 

David  Rittenhouse,  astronomer,  dies  at  his  home,  corner  Arch 
and  Seventh  sts 26  June,     " 

First  gas-light  in  America,  exhibited  by  Ambroise&  Co.,  manu- 
facturers of  fire-works,  at  their  amphitheatre  in  Arch  st., 
above  Eighth Aug.     " 

Yellow-fever  epidemic;  1292  deaths 17  Aug. -Nov.  1797 

Act  passed  allowing  chains  to  be  placed  across  the  streets  in  front 
ofchurchesduring  service  to  prevent  passage  of  wagons,  4  Apr.  1798 

Yellow-fever  epidemic,  3645  deaths " 

Bill  to  remove  the  seat  of  state  government  to  Lancaster  after 
Nov.  1799,  signed  by  the  governor 3  Apr.  1790 

U.  S.  government  removed  from  Philadelphia  to  Washington, 

July,  1800 

Ground  broken  for  water- works  in  Chestnut  St.,  12  Mch.  1799, 
and  city  first  supplied  with  water  from  the  Schuylkill  through 
street  mains 1  Jan.  1801 

The  Portfolio,  by  "  Oliver  Oldschool "  (Joseph  Dennie),  first 
issued., 3  Jan.     " 

Philadelphia  Society  for  the  Free  Instruction  of  Indigent  Boys 
opens  a  night  school,  1800,  and  is  incorporated " 

Charles  Wilson  Peale  opens  his  museum  in  the  upper  part  of 

the  State-house spring  of  1802 

[In  his  collection  were  the  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  mastodon 
skeletons.     Museum  removed  to  the  Arcade  building,  1828.] 

Republication  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britaunica"  begun,  1790, 
by  Thomas  Dobson  at  the  Stone-house  in  Second  St.,  near 
Chestnut,  and  completed 1803 

Philadelphia  hose  company  organized 15  Dec. 

Bank  of  Philadelphia  incorporated 5  Mch.  1804 

Coach  route  established  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg. . .  Aug.     " 

Corner-stone  of  permanent  bridge  across  the  Schuylkill  laid, 
18  Oct  1800 ;  bridge  opened  to  the  public 1  Jan.  180t> 

"Orukter  Amphiboles,  or  Amphibious  Digger,"  a  heavy  mud 


1806 
1807 


180S 


1809 


PHI  627 

flat,  with  machinery  for  cleaning  docks,  run  by  a  steam- 
engine,  invented  by  Oliver  Evans,  designed  for  land  or  wa- 
ter, is  exhibited  on  wheels  on  Centre  square July, 

Commission  house  for  sale  of  cotton  yarns  and  thread  made 

at  Providence.  R.  I.  (the  first  in  the  U.  S),  opened 

Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  incorporated,  17  Mch. 
1806,  and  building  erected  the  same  year  in  Chestnut  st. 

between  Rlevcnth  and  Twelfth  sts 

Farmers  and  Mechanics'  National  bank  organized 17  Jan. 

Adelphi  school  or  "Hollow  School,"  on  Pegg's  Run,  in  the 
Northern  Liberties,  opened  under  auspices  of  Philadelphia 

Association  for  the  Instruction  of  Poor  Children 11  Jan. 

New  building  of  Bank  of  Philadelphia,  northwest  cor.  Fourth 

and  Chestnut  sts.,  completed  (stood  until  1836) 

Steamboat  Phcenix  arrives  at  Philadelphia  from  New  York; 

the  first  steamboat  navigating  the  ocean June, 

Philadelphia's  first  fountain,  a  carved  wooden  figure  of  Leda 

and  the  swan,  by  Rush,  erected  on  Centre  square 

New  prison  in  Arch  st.  opened  (abandoned  1836) " 

First  Sunday  school,  under  the  control  of  the  churches  and 

confined  to  religious  instruction,  organized " 

E.xperimental  railroad  set  up  in  the  Bull's  Head  tavern  yard 
by  Thomas  Leiper,  on  which,  with  a  grade  of  1)4  inches  in 
a  yard,  a  single  horse  "hauled  up  a  4-wheeled  carriage 

loaded  with  the  enormous  weight  of  1696  pounds  " Sept.     " 

First  steam  ferry  between  Philadelphia  and  Camden 1810 

George  Frederick  Cooke,  English  tragedian,  makes  his  first 
appearance  at  Chestnut-street  theatre  as  Richard  III.;  re- 
ceipts the  first  night,  $1,348.50.. . . : 25  Mch.  1811 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  founded 21  Mch.  1812 

Spring  Garden  st.  bridge  built  by  the  Upper  Ferry  Bridge 

company  over  the  Schuylkill  and  opened Jan.  1813 

[Burned  1  Sept.  1838, and  replaced  by  a  wire  suspension  bridge 
built  by  Charles  Ellet,  and  completed  2  Jan.  1842.  This  was  re- 
placed in  1875  by  bridge  built  by  Keystone  Bridge  company.] 
Bdigious  Remembrancer,  first  religious  weekly  newspaper  in 

the  U.  S.,  established 4  Sept.     " 

Athenaeum  of  Philadelphia  founded,  1814;  incorporated. 5  Apr.  1815 

Fairmount  water-works  pumping  station  completed 7  Sept.     " 

[Dam  completed,  1822.] 

Second  United  States  bank  established 10  Apr.  1816 

State-house  property  purchased  by  city  from  the  state " 

White  &  Hazard  erect  a  wire  suspension  foot-bridge  at  the 

falls  of  Schuylkill " 

Gas-lights  exhibited  in  Peale's  museum,  Apr.  1816,  and  theatre 
lighted  by  gas;  the  first  place  of  amusement  in  the  U.  S.  so 

lighted 25  Nov.     " 

Philadelphia  Sunday  and  Adults'  School  Union  formed;  Alex- 
ander Henry  president 1817 

First  U.  S.  custom-house  erected  on  Second  st.  below  Dock, 

and  opened 12  July,  1819 

'.    Musical  Fund  Society  established 1820 

i    Apprentices'  l^ibrary  incorporated  and  Philadelphia  Iaw  Li- 

I       brary  established 1821 

1   Saturday  Evening  Post  esldhWahed " 

!    Pennsylvania  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  opened " 

;    Mercantile  Library  Association  organized,  17  Nov.,  and  con- 

i       st:  tut  ion  adopted 1  Dec.     " 

i   First  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  in  the  state  (Pennsylvania  No.  1) 

j      organized  in  Philadelphia 26  Dec.     " 

i  American  edition  of  "  Rees'  Cyclopaedia,"  in  47  vols.,  com- 

'>      pleted 1822 

!   Franklin  Institute  organized 5  Feb.  1824 

!  Reception  tendered  gen.  Lafayette 28  Sept     " 

i  American  Sunday-school  Union  founded  in  Philadelphia " 

f  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  organized 2  Dec.     " 

j   Musical  Fund  hall,  Locust  st.  west  of  PMghlh  St.,  opened,  24  Dec.     " 

i  Jefferson  Medical  college  incorporated 7  Apr.  1826 

i  United  States  hotel,  Chestnut  St.,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth 

j      sts,  north  side,  opened " 

I  Store  for  the  sale  of  American  hardware,  the  first  in  the  U.  S., 

i      opened  by  Amos  Goodyear  &  Sons 1827 

'  Penn  Treaty  monument  erected  on  Beach  St.,  Kensington " 

!  Corner-stone  of  the  Philadelphia  arcade,  Chestnut  and  Car- 

i      penter  sts.,  laid  3  May,  1826;  building  completed Sept.     " 

i  [Torn  down,  1863.] 

i  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society  founded;  78  members, 

i  21  Dec.     " 

j         [Incorporated  24  Mch.  1831;  Horticultural  hall,  adjoining 

I      Academy  of  Music,  opened,  29  May,  1867 ;  destroyed  by  fire, 

;     31  Jan.  1881,  and  rebuilt.] 

Arch-street  theatre,  on  Arch  st.,  west  of  Sixth  st.  opened,  1  Oct.  1828 
!  [Theatre  rebuilt,  1863. J 

I  House  of  Refuge  erected  on  Ridge  road  and  Fairmount  ave. ; 
corner-stone  laid,  21  June,  1827 ;  formally  opened.. .  .29  Nov.     " 

'  Name  of  Centre  square  changed  to  Penn  square 19  May,  1829 

1  Philadelphia  Inquirer  first   issued  as  the  Pennsylvania  In- 

i     9uirer 29  June,     " 

I  A  series  of  riots  between  whites  and  blacks  begin 22  Nov.     " 

j  William  Cramp  establishes  his  ship  yard  at  Kensington 1830 

I  Christopher  C.  Conwell  issues  the  Cent,  the  first  one-cent  daily 

j     paper  issued  in  the  U.  S " 

Oodey's  Lady's  Book  established July,     " 

StephenGirardd.  at  his  home  on  Water  St.,  above  Market,  26  Dec.     " 

Corner-stone  of  the  Philadelphia  Exchange  laid 22  Feb.  1832 

Corner  stone  of  Philadelphia  county  prison  laid  at  Moyamen- 

L.S'Dg 2  Apr.     " 

r  birard  National  bank  incorporated Apr.     " 

J  Cholera  epidemic ;  2314  cases  reported,  935  deaths,  5  July-4  Oct.     " 
'  Railroad  to  Germantown  opened,  6  June,  1832,  and  locotnotive 
engine  first  used 23  Nov.     " 


PHI 


Corner-stone  of  an  intended  monument  to  Washington  laid  in 

Washington  square 22  Feb.  1838 

First  triennial  parade  of  the  Fire  Department 27  Mch.     " 

John  Randolph  of  Roanoke, V'a.,  d.  at  the  City  hotel...  .24  May,     " 

Philadelphia  club  organized " 

First  omnibus  line,  navy-yard  to  Kensington " 

Pennsylvania  institution  for  the  instruction  of  the  blind  opened,     " 
Riot  between  whites  and  blacks;  colored  people's  church  de- 
stroyed  12-13  Aug.     " 

Board  of  Trade  organized 15  Oct.     " 

Merchants'  Exchange  organized,  19  May,  1831,  and  building 

occupied 1834 

Epiphany  church,  Fifteenth  and  Chestnut  sts.,  consecrated, 

1  Oct.     " 

Streets  first  lighted  with  gas 8  Feb.  1836 

Public  Ledger  established 25  Mch.     " 

Laurel  Hill  Cemetery  company  incorporated 9  Feb.  1837 

Last  public  execution  in  Philadelphia  takes  place  at  present 

intersection  of  Seventeenth  and  Green  sts. ;  James  Morau, 

convicted  27  Apr.  for  murder  on  the  high  seas,  22  Nov.  1836, 

of  capt.  Smith  of  the  schooner  William  Wirt;  hung  19  May,     " 

Pennsylvania  hall,  cor.  Sixth  and  Haines  St.,  dedicated  as  an 

Abolitionist  hall  on  14  May,  is  burned  by  a  mob 17  May,  1838 

High-school  on  Juniper  st.,  east  of  Penn  square,  opened  21  Oct.     " 

[Building  sold  to  Pennsylvania  Railroad  company  in  1853.] 
Fire  breaks  out  on  Chestnut  st.  wharf,  and  burns  about  40  build- 
ings; 2  firemen  killed  and  7  injured  by  falling  walls. .  .4  Oct.  1839 

City  purchases  the  gas  works 1841 

John  Morin  Scott,  first  mayor  elected  by  the  people 12  Oct.     '* 

Riots  between  native  Americans  and  Irish  suppressed  by  the 

military Apr.-May,  1844 

Telegraphic  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  Fort  Lee, 

opposite  New  York,  completed 20  Jan.  1846 

Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  connected  by  telegraph 26  Dec.     " 

Philadelphia  Evening  Bulletin  established 12  Apr.  1847 

North  American  and  United  States  Gazette  consolidated,  1  July,     " 

Evening  Item  established " 

Girard  college  corner-stone  laid  4  July,  1833;   transferred  to 

the  directors,  13  Nov.  1847,  and  opened 1  Jan.  1848 

St.  Mark's  church,  Locust  St.,  near  Sixteenth, corner-stone  laid 

25  Apr.  1848;  consecrated 21  May,  1849 

Cholera  epidemic;  whole  number  of  deaths  in  city  and  county, 

1012;  epidemic  at  its  height  13  July  (32  deaths),  30  May-HSopt.     " 
Race  riot;  whites  burn  the  California  House,  cor.  Sixth  and  St. 
Mary's  sts.,  the  proprietor  being  a  mulatto  and  his  wife  a 

white  woman 9  Oct.     ♦• 

Woman's  Medical  college  of  Pennsylvania;  oldest  regular  col- 
lege for  female  physicians  incorporated 11  Mch.  1860 

Act  to  establish  the  marshal's  police  i)assed 3  May,     '* 

[Repealed,  1856.] 
Fire  breaks  out  on  North  Water  st.  below  Vino ;  367  buildings  de- 
stroyed; an  explosion  kills  28  and  injures  58  persons,  9  July,     " 
Freshet  on  the  Schuylkill;  water  at  Fairmount  dam  about  11 
feet  above  ordinary  level;  portions  of  the  city  flooded,  in- 
cluding the  gas-works,  and  city  left  in  darkness 3  Sept.     " 

Recei)tion  to  Louis  Kossuth 24  Dec.  1851 

Girard  House  opened 1852 

Manufacture  of  galvanized  iron  begun  in  Philadelphia '• 

Lafayette  hotel  opened  (enlarged,  1883) Oct.  1853 

Consolidation  act  extending  the  city  so  as  to  include  Philadel- 
phia county,  passed 2  Feb.  1854 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association  instituted June,     " 

High-school,  Broad  and  Green  sts.,  dedicated 28  June,     " 

Lino  of  passenger  cars  drawn  by  horses,  from  Willow  st.  along 
Front,  etc.,  to  Cohocksink  depot, about  1)4  miles,  established 

by  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railway  company 3  Jan.  1855 

WagnerFree  Institute  ofScienceopened  by  gov.  Pollock,  21  May,     " 
Fairmount  Park  improvement  begun  by  purchase  of  the  Lemon 
Hill  estate,  24  July,  1844,  and  Lemon  Hill  park  dedicated, 

18  Sept.     " 
[Sedgely  acquired,  1856;  Lansdown,  1866.] 
Masonic  hall,  on  Chestnut  st.  above  Seventh,  dedicated  27  Sept,     " 
[The  winter  of  1855-56  was  very  severe;  the  Delaware  froze 
from  bank  to  bank  as  far  down  as  the  "  Horseshoe  channel." 
On  15  Mch.  1856,  the  Philadelphia  and  Camden  ferry-boat 
New  Jersey  caught  in  a  mass  of  ice,  and  taking  fire  burned; 
over  30  out  of  100  passengers  lost  their  lives.] 

Police  and  fire  alarm  telegraph  goes  into  operation 19  Apr.  1856 

Ofllce  of  chief  of  police  created  by  act 13  May,     " 

Collision  of  a  Sunday-school  excursion-train  from  Kensington, 
carrying  600  children  and  young  people,  with  a  passenger- 
train  at  Camp  Hill;  over  50  killed  and  100  injured.. 17  July,      " 
Corner-stone  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane  laid, 

1  Oct.     " 

United  States  agricultural  exhibition  opened 7  Oct.     " 

Streets  first  swept  by  revolving  machine-brooms " 

Opera  house  or  American  Academv  of  Music,  corner  stone  laid 

26  July,  1855;  opened  with  a  ball,  26  Jan.  1857,  and  with  the 
first  operatic  performance,  "  II  Trovatore  " 25  Feb.  1857 

The  Press  established 1  Aug.     " 

Bank  of  Pennsylvania  closes  its  doors 25  Sept;      " 

Cathedral  of  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul,  corner-stone  laid  16  Sept.  1846; 

dedicated 13  Dec.     " 

Fifth  and  Sixth  sts.  railroad,  first  car  run  8  Jan.,  and  opened 

to  the  public 20  Jan.  1858 

First  steam  fire  engine,  the  '•  Miles  Greenwood,"  from  Cincin- 
nati, exhibited  12  Feb.  1855,  and  first  engine  purchased  by 

the  city,  arrives 20  Jan.     " 

Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  built " 

St.  Clement's  church,  Twentieth  and  Cherry  sts.,  erected. ..  1858-59 
Sunday  School  Times  established -  1859 


PHI 


628 


PHI 


Continental  hotel  opened  to  the  public  (Artksias  wklls),  13  Feb.  18fi0 

Japanese  embassy,  guests  of  the  city,  arrive 9  June,     " 

First  artillery  regiment,  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  col.  Francis 

E.  Patterson,  leaves  the  city  for  the  South 8  May,  1861 

First  regiment  National  Guards,  Penn.  vols,  and  Philadelphia 
IJght  (luards  regiment  and  First  regiment  Pennsylvania  vol- 
unteers leave  for  the  South 14  May,     " 

Cooper  shop  volunteer  refreshment  saloon,  which  catered  to 
more  than  (500,000  soldiers  passing  the  city  during  the  war, 

oi)enod  on  Otsego  St.,  near  Washington  ave May,     " 

St.  Paul's  Catholic  church,  built  1843  et  seq. ,  burned.  .26  Nov.      " 
Christ  church  hospital,  begun  1856,  entirely  completed.  14  Dec.     " 

Union  League  club  organized 15  Nov.  1862 

New  Chestnut-st.  theatre  opened;  Edwin  Forrest  as  "  Virgin- 

lus  "  and  McCuilough  as  "  Icilius  " 26  Jan.  1863 

First  National  bank,  the  first  organized  under  the  National 
Banking  act,  incorporated  10  Jan.  1863,  and  opened.  11  July,     " 

Evening  Telegraph  first  issued 4  Jan.  1864 

Philadelphia  Sanitary  fair  opens 7  June,     " 

Philadelphia  and  Erie  railroad  formally  opened 4  Oct.      " 

Fire  in  Ninth  st.  and  Washington  ave.,  50  buildings  burned; 

fire  begins  in  a  coal-oil  esUiblishment 8  Feb.  1865 

New  Municipal  hospital  opened 27  Apr.     " 

Coldest  day  on  record;  thermometer  at  Merchants'  Exchange 

18°  below  zero 7  Jan.  1866 

Great  fire  in  North  Third  St.;  loss,  $800,000;  begins  in  Rob- 
erts's hardware  store 26  Feb.     " 

Ewtning  Star  first  issued 2  Apr.     " 

Public  Ledger  building  opened 20  June,     " 

Chestnut  St.  bridge,  begun  19  Sept.  1861,  opened 23  June,     " 

Reception  of  flags  returned  to  the  state,  held  on  Independence 

square 4  July,     " 

New  court-house,  begun  2  Nov.  1866,  opened 1867 

Americus  club  organized 30  Apr.     " 

Explosion  at  Geasy  &  Ward's  saw-mill,  Samson  st. ;  22  killed, 

7  injured 6  June,     " 

American    (formerly   Continental)    theatre,    ou  Walnut   St., 

burned ;  10  lives  lost,  by  falling  walls 19  June,     " 

LippincoWs  Magazine  established 1868 

Monument  to  Washington  and  Lafayette,  Monument  cemetery, 

dedicated 29  May,  1869 

Washington  monument  in  front  of  the  state-house  dedicated, 

5  July,     " 
Mercantile  Library  company  remove  to  the  Franklin  Market 

house  (erected  1860),  Tenth  St.,  above  Chestnut 15  July,     " 

Record  first  issued  as  the  Public  Record 14  May,  1870 

St.  James's  church  erected " 

Chamber  of  Commerce  dedicated  1  Mch.  1869;  burned  7  Dec. 

1869;  rebuilt  and  opened 27  Dec.     " 

Volunteer  fire  department  abolished  1870,  and  paid  department 

goes  into  operation 15  Mch.  1871 

Fire  destroys  a  planing-raill  in  Marshall  st.  and  about  40  other 

buildings 5  June,      " 

Lincoln  monument  in  Fairmount  park  unveiled 22  Sept.     " 

Public  building  of  Philadelphia  commenced " 

[When  completed  its  estimated  cost  will  be  over  $10,000,- 
000;  it  will  cover  over  4  acres;  its  tower  will  be  537^  ft. 
high,  surmounted  by  a  bronze  statue  of  William  Penn  36  fl. 
high;  to  be  completed  1895.] 

Small-pox  epidemic ;  4464  deaths 1871-72 

Corner-stone  of  the  new  building  for  the  Pennsylvania  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts,  southwest  corner  Broad  and  Cherry  sts., 

laid 7  Dec.  1872 

Banking  houses  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  and  E.  W.  Clarke  &  Co. 

close  their  doors 18  Sept.  1873 

New  Masonic  temple.  Broad  and  Filbert  sts.,  dedicated,  25  Sept.     " 

Produce  Exchange  organized 25  Apr.  1874 

Hospital  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  main  building 

completed  and  dedicated ...4  June,     " 

Little  Charley  Ross,  son  of  Christian  K.  Ross,  abducted  from 

his  home 1  July,      " 

New  bridge  over  the  Schuylkill  at  Girard  ave.  opened.  .4  July,     " 
Corner-stone  of  the  new  public  buildings  on  Penn  square  laid, 

4  July,     " 
Centennial  celebration  of  the  formation  of  the  first  city  troop, 

15-17  Nov.     " 

The  Times,  daily,  established 13  Mch.  1875 

Penn  club  organized 18  Mch.      " 

The  Call,  daily,  established " 

Religious  revival ;  Moody  and  Sankey,  evangelists,  hold  their 
first  service  in  the  old  freight  depot,  southwest  corner  Thir- 
teenth and  Market  sts 21  Nov.     " 

Market-st.  bridge  destroyed  by  fire,  20  Nov.  1875;  rebuilt  in  21 

days  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railway  company " 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  building,  corner-stone  laid  30  Oct. 

1872;  occupied  11  Jan.,  and  opened  to  the  public 2  May,  1876 

Centennial  exhibition  at  Fairmount  park  opens 10  May,      " 

Normal  schooi,  northeast  corner  Seventeenth  and  Spring  Gar- 
den sts.,  dedicated 30  Oct.     " 

Ex-pres.  Grant  sails  from  Philadelphia  for  his  trip  around  the 

world 15  May,  1877 

Aldine  hotel  opened " 

Jefferson  Medical  College  hospital  formally  opened 17  Sept.     " 

First  telephone  exchange  established 1878 

Oil-refinery  fire  caused  by  lightning,  which  destroys  several  re- 
fineries and  5  vessels  loading  at  the  docks,  and  burns  for  2 

days,  begins 11  June,  1879 

News  established " 

First  electric  lighting,  the  store  and  warerooras  of  John  Wana- 

maker,  at  Thirteenth  and  Market  sts Dec.     " 

Committee  of  100  organized Dec.  1880 


Randolph  cotton  and  woollen  mills,  Randolph  st.,  burned;  9 

employees  killed,  13  seriously  injured 12  Oct. 

Chestnut  st.  lighted  by  47  electric  lights;  first  electric  street 

lights  in  the  city 3  Dec. 

Two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  Philadelphia 

celebrated 22-27  Oct. 

Enterprise  cotton  and  woollen  mills,  Mainst.,  burned;  2  killed, 

16  injured 12  Dec' 

William  Penn's  cottage  (the  Letitia  house),  built  in  Market  st., 

between  Front  and  Second  sts.,  about  1683,  the  first  brick 

house  in  Philadelphia,  rebuilt  in  Fairmount  park 

Ladies^  Home  Journal  established 

Nineteen  out  of  26  buildings  in  the  block  bounded  by  Knox, 

Brown,  Kessler,  and  Parrish  sts..  destroyed  by  fire;  loss' 

$1,500,000 28  Feb. 

New  post-office  building  opened  for  business Mch. 

Fire  destroys  9  large  business  houses:  loss,  $3,000,000.19  Feb. 

John  McCuilough  d.  at  his  home,  aged  48 8  Nov. 

Temple  theatre  burned;  2  firemen  killed;  loss,  $400,000.27  Dec. 
Reform  charter  or  the  "  Bullett  act, "  for  the  better  government 

of  cities,  passed  1  June,  1H86,  takes  effect 1  Apr. 

Constitutional  centennial  celebration 15-17  Sept. 

First  electric  street  railroad  opened Nov. 

George  W.  Childs,  philanthropist  and  proprietor  of  the  l\i.blic 

Ledger,  d 3  Feb. 


1881 


MAYORS. 


Edward  Shippen 1701 

Anthony  Morris 1703 

Griffith  Jones 1704 

Joseph  Wilcox 1705 

Nathan  Stanbury 1706 

Thomas  Masters 1707 

Richard  Hill 1709 

William  Carter 1710 

Samuel  Preston 1711 

Jonathan  Dickinson 1712 

George  Roche 1713 

Richard  Hill 1714 

Jonathan  Dickinson 1717 

William  Fishbourne 1719 

James  Logan 1722 

Clement  Plumsted 1723 

Isaac  Norris 1724 

William  Hudson 1725 

Charles  Read 1726 

Thomas  Lawrence 1728 

Thomas  Griffltts 1729 

Samuel  Hasell 1731 

Thomas  Griffltts 1733 

Thomas  Lawrence 1734 

William  Allen 1735 

Clement  Plumsted 1736 

Thomas  Griffltts 1737 

Anthony  Morris 1738 

Edward  Roberts 1739 

Samuel  Hasell 1740 

Clement  Plumsted 1741 

William  Till 1742 

Benjamin  Shoemaker 1743 

Edward  Shippen 1744 

James  Hamilton 1745 

William  Attwood 1746 

Charles  Willing 1748 

Thomas  Lawrence 1749 

William  Plumsted 1750 

Robert  Strettell 1751 

Benjamin  Shoemaker 1752 

Thomas  I^awrence 1753 

Charles  Willing 1754 

William  Plumsted 1754 

Attwood  Shute 1756 

Thomas  Lawrence 1758 

John  Stamper 1759 

Benjamin  Shoemaker 1760 

Jacob  Duche 1761 

Henry  Harrison 1762 

Thomas  William 1763 


Thomas  Lawrence 

John  Lawrence 

Isaac  Jones 

Samuel  Shoemaker 

John  Gibson 

William  Fisher 

Samuel  Rhoads 

Samuel  Powel 

(Office  vacant,  1776-89. 

Samuel  Powel 

Samuel  Miles 

John  Barclay 

Matthew  Clarkson 

Hilary  Baker 

Robert  Wharton 

John  Inskeep 

Matthew  Lawlor. 

John  Inskeep 

Robert  "Wharton 

John  Baker 

Robert  Wharton 

Michael  Keppele 

John  Baker 

John  Geyer 

Robert  Wharton 

James  Nelson  Barker 

Robert  Wharton 

Joseph  Watson 

George  Mifflin  Dallas 

Benjamin  W.  Richards 

William  Milnor 

Benjamin  W.  Richards 

John  Swift 

Isaac  Roach 

John  Swift 

John  Morin  Scott 

Peter  McCall 

John  Swift 

Joel  Jones 

Charles  Gilpin 

Robert  Taylor  Conrad 

Richard  Vaux 

Alexander  Henry 

Morton  McMichael 

Daniel  Miller  Fox 

William  Slrumburg  Stokley 

Samuel  George  King 

William  Burns  Smith 

Edwin  H.  Filler 1888 

Edwin  S.  Stuart 1«91 

Charles  F.  Warwick 1895 

ill    Asia    Minor.       Sevkn 


Philadelphia,   a   city 

CHURCHES. 

Philip'haugh,  near  Selkirk,  S.  Scotland,  where  the 
marquess  of  Montrose  and  the  roj'alists  were  defeated  by 
David  Leslie  and  the  Scotch  Covenanters,  13  Sept.  1645. 

Philip'pi,  a  city  of  Macedonia,  so  named  by  Philip  II. 
of  Macedon.  Here  Octavius  Caesar  and  Marc  Antony,  in  2 
battles,  defeated  the  republican  forces  of  Cassius  and  Brutus, 
who  both  committed  suicide,  Oct.  42  B.C.  Paul  preached 
here,  48  a.d.,  and  wrote  an  epistle  to  the  converts,  64. 

Pllilip'pic§,  originally  the  orations  of  Demosthenes 
against  Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  352-341  b.c.  The  name  was 
given  also  to  the  orations  of  Cicero  against  Marc  Antony,  be- 
cause of  the  vigor  of  invective  in  them  (one  of  which,  called 
divine  by  Juvenal,  cost  Cicero  his  life),  44-43  B.C.,  and  has 
since  been  often  used  to  describe  any  oratorical  attack  upon 
persons  in  power. 


PHI 


629 


PHI 


Phirippine  isles,  in  the  Malay  archipelago,  discov- 
ered by  Magellan,  in  Mch.  1521,  who  here  lost  his  life  in  a 
skirmish.  They  were  taken  possession  of  in  1565  by  a  fleet 
from  Mexico,  which  first  stopped  at  the  island  of  Zeba,  and 
subdued  it.  In  1570  a  settlement  was  effected  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Manilla  river,  and  Manilla  became  the  capital  of  the 
Spanish  possessions  in  the  Philippines.  These  islands  num- 
ber over  400  and  embrace  an  extent  of  16°  of  lat.  and  9°  of 
Ion.,  with  an  area  of  114,326  sq.  miles,  and  a  pop.  of  7,000,000. 
Earthquake,  Manilla,  Foreman's  "  Philippine  Islands" 
pub.  1891. 

pllilip'pium,  a  metal  of  the  yttrium  series,  found  in 
Samarskite  earth  (in  Russia,  North  Carolina,  etc.)  by  Marc 
Delafontaine  by  means  of  the  spectroscope ;  announced  Oct. 
1878.  Also  said  to  have  been  found  by  Lawrence  Smith,  and 
named  mosandrium,  July,  1878. 

Pllilis'tines,  a  people  of  Palestine,  conquered  Israel, 
1156  B.C.,  and  ruled  it  40  years.  They  were  defeated  by  Sam- 
uel, 1116,  at  Mizpah ;  and  by  Saul  and  Jonathan,  1087,  at  Mich- 
mash.  They  again  invaded  Israel,  about  1063,  when  David 
slew  their  champion,  Goliath.  They  defeated  Saul  and  Jona- 
than at  Mt.  Gilboa,  1055,  where  both  were  slain.    After  David 


became  king  he  thoroughly  subdued  them,  1040.  In  common 
with  Syria,  their  country  was  subjugated  by  the  Romans,  un- 
der Pompey,  about  63.— In  Germany,  about  1830,  Heine  and 
the  liberal  party  applied  the  term  "  Philistines  "  to  the  oppo- 
nents of  progress,  or  conservative  party.  In  England  the  term 
has  been  applied  to  opponents  of  "  culture  "  and  refinement,  and 
especially  by  Matthew  Arnold  and  others  to  the  dull  advocates 
of  traditional  views  and  institutions. 

philol'Ogy,  the  science  of  language,  much  studied  dur- 
ing the  present  century. 

John  Horne-Tooke's  "  Diversions  of  Purley  "  pub 1786 

Philological  Society  of  London  established 18  May,  1842 

Lorenz  Diefenbach's  "  Lexicon  Comparativum  " 1846-51 

Tblrty-secoud  congress  of  German  philologists  meet  at  Wiesba- 
den, prof.  Ciirtius  president 26-29  Sept.  1877 

Dictionary,  Grammarians,  Language. 

pllilOS'optiy  (love  of  wisdom),  the  knowledge  of  the 
reason  of  things  (distinguished  from  history,  the  knowledge 
of  facts,  and  from  mathematics,  the  knowledge  of  the  quantity 
of  things)  ;  the  hypothesis  or  system  upon  which  natural  ef- 
fects are  explained.— />ocA;^.  Pythagoras  first  adopted  the 
name  of  philosopher  (such  men  having  been  previously  called 
sages)  about  528  b.c. 


ANCIENT    GREEK    AND    MODERN    PHILOSOPHERS    AND    PHILOSOPHY. 

The  early  Greeks  had  no  predecessors  from  whom  to  learn. — Lewes,  "  History  of  Philosophy  " 


Name 


Teachings. 


Thales  of  Miletus  (father  of  Greek  speculation) 

Anaximander  of  Miletus 

Anaxlraenes  of  Miletus 


\  Pythagoras  of  Samos  (representative  of  the  second) 
epoch  of  Ionian  philosophy) ) 


1  Xenophanes  of  Colophon  (founder  of  the  Eleatic) 
t     school  of  philosophy,  so  called  from  Elea  in  Sicily).  ] 


Heraclitus  of  Ephesus. 


Empedocles  of  Agrigentum. 


t 

jAnaxagoras  of  Clazomenae 

iDemocritus  of  Abdera 

iProtagoras  of  Abdera  (pupil  of  Democritus). 


[Socrates 


b.     d.  B.C. 
636.. 546 

610.. 547 
(?)556..  — 

(?)580..500(?) 

556.. 456 

(?)500fl.  — 

(?)500..  — 

(?)490..   — 

404  fl.  — 
(?)480..411(?) 

469.. 399 


[Plato  (the  most  celebrated  of  philosophers,  ancient) 
'  or  modern) i 


428.. 347 


ristotle  of  Stagira,  hence  termed  the  Stagirite. 


384.. 322 


He  made  the  first  attempt  to  establish  a  physical  beginning, 
teaching  that  the  principle  of  all  things  was  water.  Said  to 
have  been  the  founder  of  physics,  geometry,  and  astronomy. 

That  infinity  is  the  first  principle  in  all  things;  that  all  things  are 
produced  from  infinity  and  terminate  in  it. 

That  the  principle  of  all  things  is  air,  diffused  through  all  nature 
and  perpetually  active. 

Numbers  the  principle  or  first  of  things;  pantheistic;  taught  me- 
tempsychosis. He  formed  the  first  true  conception  of  the  solar 
system,  and  taught  vaguely  the  orbital  revolution  of  the  earth, 
and  its  daily  revolution  on  its  axis,  afterwards  systematized  by 
Copernicus.  Geometry;  demonstrated  the  square  of  the  hy- 
pothenuse,  etc. 

Taught  that  if  there  ever  had  been  a  time  when  nothing  existed, 
nothing  must  ever  exist.  That  whatever  is  always  has  been, 
that  nature  is  one  and  without  limit,  that  God  is  one  incorporeal 
eternal  being  of  the  same  nature  with  the  universe,  comprehend- 
ing all  thingswithin  himself,  pervades  all  things  intelligently,  but 
bears  no  resemblance  to  human  nature  either  in  body  or  mind. 

The  principle  which  is  eternal,  ever-living  unity  and  pervades  and 
is  in  all  phenomena  he  called  fire  or  heat.  The  rational  prin- 
ciple which  governs  the  whole  moral  and  physical  world  is  also 
the  law  of  the  individual. 

Love  the  primal  force  that  binds  like  to  like,  and  its  contrary  that 
tends  to  separation.  No  real  destruction  of  anything,  but  only 
change  of  combinations.  Rejected  the  evidence  of  the  senses; 
pure  intellect  alone  can  arrive  at  truth.  Believed  in  metemp- 
sychosis. 

Conjectured  the  right  explanation  of  the  moon's  light  and  of  solar 
and  lunar  eclipses. 

Expanded  the  atomic  theory  of  Leucippus.  From  the  infinity  of 
atoms  have  resulted  all  the  worlds  with  all  the  properties  be- 
longing to  them.    Abdera,  Atoms. 

Sophist  and  skeptic. 

Belief  in  one  supreme  being,  and  the  divine  authority  of  moral  law. 
Known  chiefly  through  the  writings  of  Plato.  "  To  Socrates  we 
are  indebted  for  the  moral  entities,  the  absolute  good  and  beau- 
tiful; the  god  of  reason;  final  causes,  and  providence;  in  fact,, 
the  sum  total  of  metaphysics." — Andre  Lefevre,  "  Philosophy, 
Historical  and  Critical." 

True  source  of  knowledge  the  reason.  We  come  to  consciousness 
through  innate  ideas  developed  by  contact  with  the  outer  world 
through  the  senses.  Separated  between  empirical  knowledge 
and  reason.  Divided  philosophy  into  logic,  metaphysics,  and 
morals.  Philosophy  indebted  to  him  qtioad  formam.  The  first 
to  attempt  the  construction  of  philosophic  language;  to  develop 
an  abstract  idea  of  knowledge  and  science;  to  state  logically  the 
properties  of  matter,  form,  substance,  accident,  cause  and  effect, 
reality  and  appearance;  to  describe  the  divinity  as  a  being  es- 
sentially good,  and  his  moral  attributes.  He  taught  that  matter 
is  an  eternal  and  infinite  principle;  that  God  is  the  supreme 
intelligence,  incorporeal,  without  beginning,  end,  or  change;  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  etc.     Academies. 

Pupil  of  Plato  and  preceptor  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  was  the 
most  voluminous  of  ancient  philosophic  writers,  and  many  of 
his  works  are  preserved.  Rejected  the  doctrine  of  ideas,  made 
all  knowledge  the  fruit  of  experience  gathered  from  externals. 
Makes  logic  the  instrument  by  which  all  general  knowledge  is 
obtained.  Enlarged  the  limits  of  philosophy,  to  include  all 
sciences  except  history.  He  taught  that  nature  is  a  machine, 
active  through  deity  or  a  first  cause.  The  history  of  his  school, 
"the  Peripatetic"  (Lyceum)  may  be  divided  into  4  periods: 
1st,  from  the  death  of  Aristotle,  322  b.c,  to  Cicero,  of  gradual 
decline;  2d,  from  Cicero  to  600  a.d.,  almost  unknown;  3d,  from 
600  to  1000  A.D.,  revived  but  corrupted;  4th,  from  the  11th  cen- 
tury until  set  aside  by  Bacon  and  Descartes. 


PHI 


630 


PHI 


ANCIENT  GREEK  AND   MODERN   PHILOSOPHERS   AND   PHILOSOPHY.— (ConWutted.) 


Time. 


Tench  in((8. 


Epicurus  of  Samoa. 
Pyrrho  of  Elea. . . . . 


Zeno  (founder  of  the  Stoic  school  of  philosophy) , 


Arcesilaus  (founder  of  the  Middle  Academy) 

Carneades  (founder  of  the  New  Academy). . . 

Philo  of  Alexandria 

Ammonius  Saccas 

Plotinus  (Neo-Platouist) 

Porphyry  of  Tyre  (Neo-PIatonist) 

Proclus  (Neo-Platonist) 


b.   d.  B.C. 
341.. 270 

(?)340..270(?) 

362.. 264 

316..  (?) 
215.. 130 

A.D. 

20  fl. 
—..245 

205..  70 

233.. 304 
411..  85 


John  Scotus  Erigena  (precursor  of  modern  philoso 
phy).    Literature , 


William  of  Champeaux  (realism). 


Roscelin.  Jean  (nominalism). 


Abelard  (conceptualism). 


Averroes  (Arabian). 


A  follower  of  Democritus  in  his  atomic  theory.  Taught  that  there 
was  no  over-ruling  providence,  that  if  there  was  a  god  or  gods 
they  had  no  power  or  care  over  man.  That  happiness  or  pleas- 
ure should  be  the  chief  end  of  man.  His  memory  and  his 
teachings  have  been  much  reproached,  because  his  system  has 
often  been  a  pretext  for  nstiued  sensuality. 

(  Taughtthatallhumau  knowledge  is  involved  in  uncertainty,so  that  it 

(     is  impossibleever  toarri  ve  at  certainty.  He  is  known  as  the  sceptic 

'The  universe,  though  one,  contains  2  principles  distinct  from  ele- 
ments, one  passive,  the  other  active.  The  passive  is  pure  matter; 
the  active  is  reason  or  God.  Providence  only  another  name  for  ne- 
cessity or  fate,and  while  teaching  a  resurrected  life,  it  wasa  life  for 
getfulofany  former  life.    Wisdom  consists  in  distinguishing  good 

)  from  evil.  Good  is  that  which  produces  happiness  according  to 
man'siiature,andvirtue,which  isseated  in  themind,isalonesufB- 
cient  for  happiness;  external  things  contribute  nothing  toward.s 
hyppiness,therefore  are  not  in  themselves  good.  The  sum  of  man's 

[     duty  is  to  subdue  his  joy  and  sorrow,  hope  and  fear,  and  even  pity. 

I  Conceived  himself  to  be  a  follower  and  a  teacher  of  the  Platonic 

)     doctrine. 

(  Maintained  that  all  the  knowledge  the  human  mind  is  capable  of 

\     attaining  is  not  science,  but  opinion. 

(Attempts   the   union   of  Platonic  philosophy  with   the   Jewish 

{     scripture. 
Founder  of  Neo-Platonism. 

This  world  a  shadowy  copy  of  a  truly  real  world.  The  instinctive 
certainty  that  there  is  a  supreme  good  beyond  empirical  e.xpe- 
rieuce,  and  yet  not  an  intellectual  good,  and  the  conviction  of 
the  utter  vanity  of  all  earthly  things,  were  produced  and  sus- 
tained by  Neo-Platonism. 
God  without  limit,  form,  or  definition. 

He  brought  the  Neo-Platonic  philosophy  to  that  form  in  which  it 
was  transferred  to  Christianity  and  Mahometanism  in  the  middle 
ages. — Encyc.  Brit,,  9th  ed.  44  years  after  the  death  of  Proclus 
the  school  of  Athens  was  closed  by  Justinian  (529  a.d.). 

MEDIEVAL     SCHOLASTIC     PHILOSOPHY. 

God  alone  has  true  being,  all -containing  and  incomprehensible. 
He  is  above  goodness,  wisdom,  and  truth.  No  finite  predicate 
can  be  applied  to  him.  His  mode  of  being  cannot  be  determined 
by  any  category.  The  world  a  revelation  of  God;  we  recognize 
his  being  in  all  things,  his  wisdom  in  their  orderly  arrangement, 
his  life  in  their  constant  activity.  God  is  a  trinity  in  substance, 
form,  and  spirit,  or  what  we  see  in  individuality.  This  trinity 
is  most  perfectly  reflected  in  man  because  he  is  the  highest  of 
created  things,  but  as  God  is  incarnate  in  all  things,  this  trinity 
is  not  expressed  in  man  alone,  but  in  all  things  there  is  a  Irine. 
Things  are  only  real  as  they  are  good ;  being,  without  well  being, 
is  naught.  Ideas  manifest  themselves  in  their  effects,  i.e.,  the 
877  \  individual  created  thing.  God  manifests  himself  in  the  world, 
and  is  not  without  the  world.  As  causes  are  eternal  and  time- 
less, so  creation  is  eternal  and  timeless.  The  Mosaic  account 
merely  expresses  a  mode,  is  altogether  allegorical,  and  needs 
interpretation.  Paradise  and  the  Fall  have  no  local  or  temporal 
being.  As  God  is  true  being,  i.  e.,  good,  sin  can  have  no  substan- 
tive existence — cannot  really  be;  sin  results  from  the  will  repre- 
senting something  as  good  which  is  not  so;  punished  by  finding 
its  pursuits  turn  out  vanity  and  emptiness.  Hell  has  no  local  ex- 
istence, but  is  a  state  of  unreality,  insanity,  a  result  that  admits  of 
redemption,  as  the  object  of  destruction  is  not  the  will,  but  its 
disease  or  misdirection.  The  ultimate  goal  of  the  soul  is  to  ar- 
rive toa  full  knowledgeofGod,in  which  beiugandknowingareone.  ' 

He  held  that  the  essence  of  all  individuals  of  a  genus  is  the  uni- 
versal, and  that  is  an  existence  independent  of  the  individual, 
i.  e.,  a  self-subsistent  nature,  distinct  from  the  mind  conceiving 
it  and  the  individuals  conforming  to  it;  both  antecedent  and  su- 
perior to  these  individuals. 

He  maintained  that  general  ideas  are  not  endowed  with  reality, 
that  the  universal  or  genus  exists  only  in  name  and  has  no 
existence  apart  from  the  individual. 
'Along  with  Aristotle  and  the  nominalists  generally,  he  ascribed 
full  reality  only  to  the  particular  concretes,  while  in  opposition  he 
declared  the  universal  to  be  no  mere  word,  but  to  consist  (or  bet- 
ter) to  be  produced  in  the  fact  of  predication  born  as  a  conception 
,  of  the  mind.  For  this  he  has  been  classed  as  a  conceptualist. 
'  Maintained  that  the  eternity  of  the  world  finds  its  true  expression 
in  the  eternity  of  God.  The  ceaseless  movement  of  growth  and 
change  which  matter  ever  undergoes  in  an  ascending  series  is  a 
continual  search  after  a  finality  or  end,  which  in  time  and  move- 
ment cannot  be  reached.  This  movement  is  only  its  aspect  to 
the  senses.  In  the  eye  of  reason  the  full  fruition  of  this  desired 
finality  is  already  and  always  attained.  This  end,  invisible  to 
the  senses,  is  that  which  the  world  of  nature  is  forever  seeking, 
but  as  this  end  is  infinite  and  eternal— God— nature,  in  this  as- 
cending, never-ending  change  or  series,  develops  eternal  life. 


1070.. 1121 


1106  (?) 


1079.. 1142 


1126.. 1198 


Bacon,  Roger. 


Bacon,  Francis  (inductive  or  rational). 


b. 
1214 


MODERN. 

d.  jl.d. 


1561.. 1626 


His  fame  rests  on  scientific  and  mechanical  discoveries. 

Into  metaphysics,  Bacon  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  entered,  but 
a  long  line  of  thinkers  have  drawn  inspiration  from  the  practical 
or  positive  spirit  of  his  system.  Experience  and  observation 
are  the  only  safeguards  against  prejudice  and  error.  The  rules 
laid  down  by  Bacon  were  averse  to  hypothesis,  and  still  progress 
is  chiefiy  made  in  scientific  discovery  by  the  use  of  hypothesis. 
The  inductive  formation  of  axioms  by  a  gradual  ascending  scale 
is  a  route  which  no  science  has  everYollowed,  and  by  which  no 
science  could  ever  make  progress.  The  work  upon  which  his 
I.     philosophic  reputation  rests  is  the  "Novum  Organum." 


Jl 


PHI 


631 


PHI 


ANCIENT  GREEK  AND   MODERN  PHILOSOPHERS  AND   PHILOSOPHY.— (Conrtnued.) 


Teachings, 


Descartes,  Ren€  (Cartesian). 


1596.. 1650 


Hobbes,  Thomas  (common-sense). 


Spinoza  (the  philosopher  of  intuitions). 


1632.. 1677 


Malebranche,  Nicolas. 


1638.. 1715 


Leibnitz,  Gottfried  W.  (elective). 


1646.. 1716 


Locke,  John  (perceptive). 


1632.. 1704 


Berkeley,  George,  bishop  of  Cloyne  (imnaaterialism). 


1685.. 1753 


Swedenborg,  Emmanuel. 


1688.. 1772 


HiUcheson,  Francis. 


1694.. 1747 


According  to  Descartes,  God  is  the  unity  of  thought  and  being  ; 
man  a  mean  between  God  and  nothing,  between  being  and  not- 
being;  connected  on  the  one  hand  with  the  infinite  and  on  the 
other  with  the  finite.  Man  has  in  him  an  idea  of  the  infinite  or 
God,  superior  to  his  own  consciousness,  or  how  could  he  doubt 
or  desire,  how  could  he  be  conscious  of  anything  as  a  want,  how 
could  he  know  he  was  not  altogether  perfect,  if  he  had  not 
within  him  the  idea  or  consciousness  of  a  being  more  per- 
fect than  himself,  by  comparison  with  whom  he  recognizes 
the  defects  of  his  own  existence?  The  existence  of  self 
he  makes  dependent  on  thought:  cogito,  ergo  sum.  In  science, 
to  account  for  the  movement  and  origin  of  the  planets  and 
all  physical  phenomena,  he  conceived  the  hypothesis  of  vor- 
tices. 

Follower  of  Baconian  rationalism.  Nothing  exists  except  bodies 
and  their  accidents.  Philosophy  dwells  within  us,  all  its  ele- 
ments being  supplied  by  sensation,  memory,  and  experience, 
put  in  order  by  reflection.  Ratiocination  and  philosophizing 
are  the  same,  operating  on  signs  and  terms  representing  ideas, 
images— the  residuums  of  sensation.  Without  definition  there 
can  be  no  satisfactory  demonstration. 

Perfect  being  is  substance.  Nothing  exists  except  infinite  sub- 
stance accompanied  by  infinite  attributes  which  constitute 
it.  Each  in  its  own  degree  manifests  the  supreme  reality, 
which  is  God.  He  is  the  unity  of  diversity;  he  is  the  infi- 
nite expansion  and  the  divided  expansion.  Body  and  soul 
are  two  modes  of  the  substance,  one  the  attribute  of  expan- 
sion, the  other  of  thought.  The  human  soul  is  the  idea  of  the 
body.  Thought  is  represented  by  its  object.  Free  will  is  an 
illusion;  would  disappear  if  it  were  possible  to  trace  back  the 
line  of  causes. 

Evidence  is  the  criterion  of  truth.  Believe  whnt  seems  so  evi- 
dently true  that  to  withhold  our  assent  occasions  the  reproaches 

.  of  reason.  The  incarnation,  the  union  of  creator  and  creature, 
is  the  necessary  condition  of  creation.  Reason  is  supreme  and 
infallible;  it  is  wisdom,  the  word,  Christ!  Faith  is  the  mirror 
of  revelation,  God's  expression  to  us  of  his  being.  God  is  in- 
finite and  eternal  goodness.  Evil  is  the  necessary  result  of 
the  laws  established  for  the  general  welfare.  Divides  the 
universe  into  matter  and  spirit.  The  understanding  com- 
prises 3  faculties:  sensibility,  imagination,  and  reason,  which 
alone  thinks,  knows,  and  acquires  truth.  Will  is  the  natural 
divine  impulse. 

The  ultimate  reason  of  all  motion  or  action  is  the  force  originally 
communicated  to  the  universe,  a  force  everywhere  present,  but 
diversely  restrained  and  limited  in  difi'erent  bodies;  this  force 
is  inherent  in  all  substance,  natural  and  spiritual.  Every  spirit 
is  a  world  in  itself,  self-sufficient,  embracing  the  infinite,  express- 
ing the  universe,  as  lasting  and  absolute  as  the  universe  itself, 
which  it  represents  from  its  point  of  view  and  by  its  own  virtue. 
The  ultimate  elements  of  the  universe  are  individual  centres  of 
force,  or  monads. 

The  eternal  existence  of  God  is  only  another  way  of  expressing  the 
principle  of  causality  and  sufficient  reason  in  its  universality  as 
suggested  by  our  conviction  that  our  own  personal  existence  had 
a  beginning.  Each  person  knows  that  he  now  exists  and  is  con- 
vinced that  he  once  had  a  beginning;  with  not  less  intuitive  cer- 
tainty he  knows  that  nothing  cannot  produce  any  real  thing. 
The  rational  conclusion  is  that  there  must  be  eternally  a  most 
powerful  and  most  knowing  being,  in  which,  as  the  origin  of 
all,  must  be  contained  all  perfection,  and  out  of  which  can  come 
only  what  it  has  in  itself,  so  that  as  the  adequate  cause  it  must 
involve  mind.  Have  no  knowledge  of  the  real  existence  of 
anything  other  than  our  own  individual  existence,  that  of  uni- 
versal reason,  and  of  particular  objects  of  sense,  and  they  only 
while  they  are  present  to  our  senses.  Locke  deals  with  the  un- 
derstanding and  not  with  the  affections. 

Spirit  which  is  immaterial  alone  exists,  and  the  representation 
of  sensible  things  is  but  a  mode  of  its  activity.  The  objects  of 
knowledge  are  ideas  and  nothing  more.  We  are  forced  by  the 
laws  of  our  nature  to  invest  objects  with  the  forms  in  which  we 
perceive  them. 

Makes  the  Scriptures  the  foundation  of  his  philosophy,  and  asserts 
that  no  philosophy  worthy  of  the  name  can  rest  on  any  other 
foundation.  Claims  that  nature  reveals  spirit  or  the  reality  of 
things  by  correspondence  and  not  directly;  that  no  one,  how- 
ever intelligent  or  wise,  can  without  divine  assistance  interpret 
spiritual  things  by  natural.  He  therefore  claimed  to  have  had 
the  spiritual  faculties  of  his  mind  vivified  or  opened  by  the  Lord 
to  the  true  nature  and  science  of  correspondence  revealing  the 
reality  of  things.  Makes  nature  the  ultimate  of  divine  order, 
that  is,  the  boundary  of  things  understood  by  form;  has  no 
being  or  existence  in  itself  aside  from  the  substance  (spirit)  it 
seeks  to  reveal.  It  expresses  in  itself  that  sphere  of  utter  des- 
titution and  want  which  belongs  to  creatureship,  being  "with- 
out form  and  void  "  of  life  and  everything  in  itself.  Charac- 
terizes consciousness  as  composite  and  not  simple,  made  up  of 
object  and  subject,  the  former  element  dominating  the  latter, 
although  the  latter  renders  the  former  known  to  itself  or  alive 
in  consciousness.  He  makes  the  objective  element  the  sphere 
of  nature,  and  the  subjective  the  sphere  of  the  mind  or  spirit. 
These  are  united  in  consciousness  or  a  valid  creation.  A  mis- 
apprehension of  his  system,  with  a  determination  to  reduce  it 
to  a  form  of  ecclesiasticism,  has  hindered  a  favorable  reception 
of  his  philosophic  views,  so  that  with  one  or  two  exceptions  no 
men  of  scientific  reputation  have  given  his  wTitiugs  the  notice 
thev  deserve. 

Devoted  his  efforts  to  the  exposition  of  the  philosophy  of  morals. 


PHI 


632 


PHI 


ANCIENT  GREEK   AND  MODERN  PHILOSOPHERS  AND  PHILOSOPHY.— (ConKnued.) 


N«m«. 


Time. 


Teachings. 


Hume,  David  (skepticism). 


Reid,  Thomas  (common  sense). 


Condillac,  Etienne  de,  B. 


1711.. 1776 


1710.. 1795 


1715.. 1780 


Kant,  Immanuel  (transcendental). 


1724.. 1804 


Fichte,  Jobaiin  Gottlieb  (subjective  idealism). 


1762.. 1814 


Schelling,  W.  J.  Friedrich  von  (objective  idealism) 


1775.. 1854 


Hegel,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich  (absolute  idealism). 


Schopenhauer,  Arthur , 


1770.. 1831 


1788.. 1860 


Hume's  philosophy  leads  to  scepticism.  All  ideas  proceed  from 
sensation.  Tlio  outward  world  merely  the  unknown  object  of 
onr  sensations,  and  cause  is  the  relation  between  facLs  constantly 
succeeding  each  otlier,  while  nothing  but  an  inveterate  illusion 
lurlts  under  the  terms  efflcient  and  final  causes.  He  says,  ''  Do 
you  follow  the  instinct  and  propensities  of  nature  in  assenting 
to  the  veracity  of  the  senses  ?  But  these  lead  you  to  believe  that 
the  very  perception  or  sensible  image  is  in  the  external  object. 
Do  you  disclaim  this  principle  in  order  to  embrace  a  more  ra- 
tional opinion  that  the  j)erceptions  are  only  representations  of 
sometiiing  external  ?  You  here  depart  from  your  natural  pro- 
pensities and  more  obvious  sentiments,  and  yet  are  not  able  to 
satisfy  your  reason,  which  can  never  find  any  convincing  argu- 
ment from  experience  to  prove  that  the  perceptions  are  con- 
nected with  external  objects." 

Opposed  to  Hume  and  the  idealism  of  Berkeley— a  protest  against 
(     scepticism.     Believed  in  the  reality  of  the  outward  world. 

Opposes  the  innate  idea  of  Descartes,  the  mental  faculties  of  Male- 
branche,  and  the  monadology  of  Leibnitz.  He  maintained  that 
the  mind  is  not  a  congeries  of  faculties,  but  is  one  and  indivisi- 
ble, and  appears  in  all  its  activity  in  the  simplest  state  of  con- 
sciousness. His  definition  of  personality  is,  a  collection  of  sen- 
sations plus  the  power  to  say  me.  He  divides  philosophical 
systems  into  3  classes:  (1)  Abstract  systems,  resting  only  on  ab- 
stract principles;  (2)  hypotheses,  or  systems  grounded  on  mere 
suppositions ;  (3)  one  true  system,  that  of  Locke,  which  is  evolved 
from  facts  of  experience — the  true  method  of  philosophy. 

His  "Critique  of  Pure  Reason  "  brought  out  to  oppose  the  scep- 
ticism of  Hume.  By  pure  reason  is  understood  reason  inde- 
pendent of  experience.  This  "  critique  "  subjects  the  pure  spec- 
ulative reason  to  a  critical  scrutiny.  His  philosoi)l]y  termed 
transcendental  owing  to  his  recognition  of  a  noumeval  world  or 
a  world  of  things-in-themselves;  these  are  unknowable  for  man. 
They  are  related  neither  to  space  nor  time;  all  co-existence  and 
succession  are  only  in  phenomenal  objects  and  consequently 
only  in  the  perceiving  subject.  The  forms  of  thought  are  the  12 
categories  or  original  conceptions  of  the  understanding  on  which 
all  the  forms  ofourjudgments  are  conditioned.  They  are:  Unity, 
plurality,  totality;  reality,  negation,  limitation;  substantiality, 
causality,  reciprocal  action;  possibility,  existence,  necessity. 
The  categories  have  to  do  only  with  phenomenal  objects  within 
our  consciousness.  Things-in-themselves  have  none  of  these, 
and  therefore  do  not  come  within  the  sphere  of  consciousness. 

Substance  is  nothing  but  the  synthesis  of  accident.  It  is  a  mental 
synthesis.  The  basis  of  idealism  is  consciousness.  God  is  to  be 
believed  in,  not4nferred— we  cannot  attribute  to  him  intelligence 
or  personality.  He  is  infinite,  therefore  beyond  the  reach  of  sci- 
ence, which  can  only  embrace  the  finite— but  not  beyond  faith, 
which  has  nothing  to  do  with  science.  The  knowledge  and  love 
of  God  is  the  end  of  life;  for  in  God  alone  have  we  a  permanent, 
enduring  object  of  desire.  The  infinite  God  is  the  all ;  the  world 
of  independent  objects  is  the  result  of  reflection  or  self-conscious- 
ness, by  which  the  infinite  unity  is  broken  up.  God  is  thus  over 
and  above  the  distinction  of  subject  and  object ;  our  knowledge  is 
butareflexorpicture  of  the  infinite  essence.  Beingisnotthought. 
The  ego  important;  the  tree  and  the  image  of  the  tree  are  but 
onething.   /aloneexist;  thetree  isbutamodificationof  mymind. 

Makes  the  ego  absolute  and  infinite,  tbe  all,  corresponding  to  the 
substanceof  Spinoza.  This  absolute  manifests  itself  in  two  forms, 
the  ego  and  the  non-ego,  as  nature  and  mind  or  spirit;  nature 
being  spirit  visible  and  spirit  invisible  nature.  Subject  and  ob- 
ject are  identical  in  a  third  which  is  absolute.  This  absolute  is 
neither  real  nor  ideal,  neither  nature  nor  mind,  but  both.  This 
absolute  is  God.  He  is  all  in  all,  the  eternal  sourceof  all  existence. 
He  realizes  himself  under  one  form  as  in  objectivity,  and  under 
another  as  subjectivity.  He  becomes  conscious  himself  in  man 
through  reason.  Knowledge  and  being  are  identical.  To  know 
the  infinite  we  must  be  in  the  infinite,  i.  e.,  lose  ourselves  in  the  9 
universal.  The  tree  and  the  ego  are  equally  real  or  ideal,  but  they  ^ 
are  nothing  else  in  their  union  but  manifestation  of  the  absolute. 
Being  and  non-being  the  same.  Being  absolute,  that  is,  uncondi- 
tioned, apart  from  any  individual  tiling,  is  the  same  as  nothing; 
existence  does  not  exclude  non-existence;  everything  is  contra- 
dictory in  itself;  contradiction  forms  its  essence;  existence  is 
therefore  identical  with  negation.  Light  without  color  or  shade 
is  unapproachable.  Must  be  united  with  darkness  to  be  known. 
The  same  with  being  and  non  being,  subject  and  object,  force 
and  weakness,  etc.  The  only  tiling  existing  is  the  idea,  the 
relative;  the  ego  and  the  object  the  terms  of  the  relation,  and 
these  terms  owe  their  being  to  such  relation.  God  is  overactive. 
Creation  without  beginning  or  end,  or  infinite. 
Space,  time,  and  the  categories  of  Kant  have  purely  a  subjective 
origin,  and  are  only  valid  for  phenomena,  which  are  merely 
subjective  representations  in  consciousness.  The  absolutely 
real  cannot  be  a  transcendental  object,  for  no  object  is  without 
a  corresponding  subject,  and  all  objects  are  representations  in 
the  subject  and  hence  phenomena.  The  will  includes. not  only 
conscious  desire,  but  unconscious  instinct  as  well,  and  all  forces 
which  manifest  themselves  in  inorganic  nature.  Consciousness 
first  becomes  manifest  in  life  in  the  objectification  of  the  will. 
Views  pessimistic;  this  world  not  the  best,  but  the  worst  of  all 
possible  worlds.  To  will  without  motive,  to  suffer  and  struggle 
incessantly,  and  then  to  die,  and  so  on  forever,  until  all  life 
disappears  from  the  earth.  Happiness,  if  any,  comes  through 
the  destruction  of  the  will  or  desires — Nirvana. 
"  For  not  to  desire  or  admire,  if  a  man  could  learn  it,  were  more 
Than  to  walk  all  day  like  the  sultan  of  old  in  a  garden  of  spice." 

—Tennyioti's  "  Maud."  • 


PHI 


PHO 


ANCIENT  GREEK  AND  MODERN  PHILOSOPHERS  AND  FRILOSOPRY.— (Continued.) 


Cousin,  Victor  (eclectic). 


Corate,  Auguste  (positivism). 


Hamilton,  sir  Willfam  (conditional) . 


Speuper,  Herbert  (evolution) 


Hartman,  Eduard  von  (philosophy  of  the  unconscious). 


Time. 


1792.. 186T 


1798.. 1857 


1788.. 1856 


1820.. 


Teachings. 


All  science  referred  to  ideas,  which  must  contain  the  explanation 
of  all  things.  There  are  3  fundamental  ideas:  The  infinite,  the 
finite,  and  the  relation  they  sustain  to  each  other.  These  3 
ideas  are  met  with  everywhere  and  in  everything,  a  trinity  in- 
separable. A  God  without  a  world  as  incomprehensible  as  a 
world  without  a  God.  Creation  a  necessity.  History  the  de- 
velopment of  ideas;  a  nation,  a  century,  a  great  man,  each  the 
manifestation  of  an  idea.  His  work  on  "  The  True,  the  Beauti- 
ful, and  the  Good,"  pub.  1853.  Philosophy  without  method  or 
precision. 

The  beginning  and  the  end  of  things  are  unknowable  for  us.  It  is 
only  what  lies  between  that  can  come  within  the  sphere  of  our 
knowledge.  Repudiates  all  metaphysical  hypotheses,  neither 
atheist  nor  theist,  rejects  Pantheism.  History  and  science  the  2 
ideas  or  terms  of  positivism.  6  fundamental  sciences:  Mathe- 
matics, astronomy,  physics,  chemistry,  biology,  and  sociology. 
History  justifies  this  order.  His  great  work,  "Coursde  Philoso- 
phic Positive,"  pub.  1839.  "  Philosophy  of  the  Unconditioned  " 
pub.  1829. 

Treats  consciousness  under  3  chief  aspects:  (1)  As  it  is  in  itself  ; 
(2)  as  realized  under  actual  conditions,  (3)  as  a  source  of  truth. 
(1)  Consciousness  in  itself  is  immediate  or  intuitive  knowledge; 
this  involves  the  existence  of  both  subject  and  object;  it  is  the 
affirmation  by  the  subject  implicitly  of  its  own  existence,  ex- 
plicitly of  that  of  the  object;  (2)  as  realized  under  actual  condi- 
tions includes  all  particular  forms  of  knowledge,  and  yet  its  de- 
velopment into  a  whole  is  the  effect  of  the  agencies  which  make 
up  its  contents;  (3)  as  a  source  of  truth  consciousness  is  em- 
bodied in  the  conditioned,  and  common-sense;  the  conditioned 
being  the  only  possible  object  of  knowledge  and  of  thought. 
Quality  realized  under  the  twofold  aspect  of  substance  and  phe- 
nomenon; quantity  under  time,  space,  and  degree;  knowledge 
essentially  relative;  self  cannot  be  known  except  with  and 
through  not-self ;  natural  realism  a  corollary  of  the  general 
principle  of  the  relativity  of  knowledge;  perception  and  sen- 
sation differently  related  to  the  ego  as  space  to  thought  and 
sense,  the  reason  supreme;  freedom  and  necessity  alike  incon- 
ceivable; pleasure  the  reflex  in  consciousness  of  the  sponta- 
neous and  unimpeded  exerci.se  of  power  or  energy;  pain  the 
consciousness  of  overstrained  or  repressed  exertion. 

After  Kant  and  Hamilton  recognizes  an  unknowable  power. 
Knowable  likenesses  and  differences  among  the  manifestations 
of  that  power,  resulting  in  subject  and  object,  space,  time, 
matter,  and  motion.  Force  persistent,  never  disappears — it  is 
only  transformed.  The  law  of  evolution  applies  equally  to  all 
orders  of  phenomena, astronomic,  geologic, biologic, psychologic, 
sociologic,  etc.  The  genesis  of  religion  he  traces  to  ancestor 
worship.  The  notion  of  another  life  from  shadows,  reflections, 
echoes,  etc  ,  as  doubles  or  the  other  self 

'  Presents  the  will  of  Schopenhauer  and  the  absolute  idea  of  Hegel 
as  necessary  to  a  true  philosophy  of  the  world,  both  being  at- 
tributes of  the  workings  of  the  unconscious.  The  unconscious 
is  will,  wisdom,  activity,  creation  continuous,  and  foreseeing 
intelligence.  Without  thought  it  is  the  essence  of  thought,  the 
reality  of  consciousness,  and  so  above  consciousuess.  It  ex- 
plains everything  that  lies  within  the  range  of  creation,  i.e., 
[     nature.     "  Philosophy  of  the  Unconscious  "  pub.  18C9. 


Pllipp§'S  expedition.  Capt.  Phipps  (afterwards 
lord  Mulgrave)  sailed  from  England  in  com  no  and  of  the  Sea- 
horse and  Carcase  to  make  discoveries  as  near  as  possible  to 
the  North  Pole.  In  Aug.  1773,  he  was  for  9  days  environed 
;  with  ice  in  the  Frozen  ocean,  north  of  Spitzbergen,  80°  48'  N. 
'  lat.  All  progress  or  retreat  seemed  impossible ;  but  a  brisk 
wind  in  2  or  3  days  accomplished  their  deliverance.  They 
1  returned  to  England  without  having  made  any  discoveries, 
'20  Sept.  1773.  Horatio  Nelson  was  coxswain  to  the  second  in 
;  command.     Northeast  and  northwest  passages. 

plllogii'ton,  a  term  employed  by  Stahl  to  designate  the 
matter  or  principle  of  fire ,  the  "  inflammabkprinciple  "  of  bish- 
lopWatson,near  the  closeof  thel7thcentury  Thechemicalthe- 
lOry  based  upon  it,  refuted  by  Lavoisier,  1790,  has  been  thought 
jto  have  some  resemblance  to  recent  theories  of  atomic  matter. 

I  Phocis,  a  state  in  N.  Greece.  The  Phocians  seized 
! Delphi  357  b.c.,  and  commenced  the  second  Sacred  war. 
They  were  opposed  by  Thebes  and  other  states,  and  were  ut- 
terly subdued  by  Philip  II.  of  Macedou  in  346. 

I  PllCEni'cia,  on  the  sea-coast  of  Syria.  The  natives 
iwere  the  most  eminent  navigators  and  traders  of  antiquity, 
'their  cities  or  allied  states  being  Tyre,  Sidon,  Berytus,  Tripoli, 
iByblos,  and  Ptoleraais,  or  Acre.  From  the  19th  to  the  13th 
century  before  Christ  they  established  colonies  on  the  shores 
or  isles  of  the  Mediterranean— Carthage,  Hippo,  Utica,  Gades, 
Panormus  (now  Palermo)— and  are  said  to  have  viate'dthe  Brit- 
ish isles.  Phoenicia  was.conquered  by  Cyrus,  537  if  c. ;  by  Alex- 
iinder,332;  by  the  Romans,  47;  and,  after  partaking  of  the  fort- 
unes of  Palestine,  was  added  to  the  Ottoman  empire,  1516  a.d. 


plioe'nix,  a  fabulous  bird  of  Egypt  and  Arabia,  said  to 
live  600  years,  when  from  its  ashes  a  young  phcenix  arose. 
An  account  given  of  it  by  Herodotus. 

Phoenix  Park  murder §.    Ireland,  1882-83. 
phonau'tograph.     Acoustics. 

plloneid'o§edpe,  an  instrument  for  observing  the 
color-figures  of  liquid  films  under  the  action  of  sonorous  vibra- 
tions, being  a  visible  demonstration  of  the  vibratory  and  molec- 
ular motion  of  a  telephone  plate ,  invented  by  Sedley  Taylor, 
1877  ;  manufactured  by  S.C.  Tisley  &  Co.,  London,  1878. 

pllO'nog'rapll,  a  machine  proposed  to  be  attached  to 
pianofortes  and  other  keyed  instruments,  so  that  the  playing 
of  any  music  upon  them  will  automatically  print  the  notes  of 
it  on  blank  paper.  It  was  patented  by  Mr.  Fenby,  13  June, 
1863.  The  motive-power  is  electro-magnetism.  Machines 
with  a  similar  object  v^ejK  projected  by  Creed  in  1747,  J.  F. 
Unger  in  1774,  and  by  Carreyre  in  1827. 
A  new  phonograph  by  Thomas  Alva  Edison,  electrician,  of  New 

Jersey,  was  announced '. Oec.  1877 

[Linear  indentations  are  made  by  a  pin  pressed  by  the 
voice  in  speaking  or  singing  in  a  sheet  of  tin -foil,  fixed  on 
a  revolving  cylinder,  and  from  these  casts  may  be  taken. 
When  these  are  placed  upon  another  cylinder  revolving  be- 
fore a  telephone,  the  sounds  may  be  reproduced.] 

Improved  by  Shelford  Bidwell  (Telephone) 1879 

Prof  Graham  Bell's  graphophone,  a  modification  of  the  phono- 

,  graph,  announced ."SSt Nov.  188'/ 

Emile  Berliner  of  Washington  announces  his  gramophone,  a 

modification  ofjjcott's  phonautograph Nov.     " 

Improved  instrument  by  Mr  Edison  for  postal  communication ; 

announced  21  Nov.  1887;  successful  experiment 12  May,  1888 

Edison  greatly  improves  the  phonograph.     Considered  perfect 


PHO 


634 


PHO 


in  tho  record,  reproduction,  and  preservation  of  sounds  of 

all  kinds  (wax  used  instead  of  tinfoil) Nov.  1888 

Edison  adapts  his  phonograph  to  a  water-motor  as  well  as  to 
electricity Sept.  1890 

ptaOIIOg'rapliy  (from  Gr.  <pwvri,  sound,  and  ypdfio, 
to  write),  suggested  by  Franklin,  1768.  The  Phonetic  Society, 
whose  object  was  to  render  writing  and  printing  more  conso- 
nant to  Bound,  was  established  1  Mch.  1843 ;  sir  W.  C.  Trevel- 
yan  president,  and  Isaac  Pitman  secretary,  the  latter  being 
the  inventor  of  the  sj'stem,  which  was  made  known  in  1837. 
Among  other  works  published  by  the  promoters  of  the  system 
was  the  "  Phonetic  News,"  in  1849.  Visible  speech. 
"Pickwick  Papers  in  Shorthand,"  first  of  a  series  pub.  by  Pit- 
man  1  May,  1883 

"Solfa  System  of  Shorthand,"  Qrst  pub 5  Feb.  1887 

pho'no§COpC,  an  apparatus  for  testing  the  quality  of 
musical  strings,  invented  by  M.  Koenig,  and  exhibited  at  the 
International  Exhibition  in  1862. 
Mr.  Edmunds's  phonoscope,  exhibited  to  the  British  Association, 

Aug.  1878,  is  an  instrument  for  producing  figures  and  light  from 

the  vibrations  of  sound. 

phOipliate,  a  salt  of  phosphoric  acid.  In  chemistry 
a  generic  term  for  salts  formed  by  the  union  of  the  acid-anhy- 
dride Pa  O5  with  a  basis,  or  water  or  both.  Phosphorite  is  a 
name  given  to  many  impure  forms  of  amorphous  aptite,  modi- 
fied more  or  less  by  disintegration.  The  South  Carolina  and 
Florida  phosphates  belong  to  this  category. — Encyc.  Brit,  9th 
ed.,  sub.  phosphates.  As  phosphoric  acid  is  one  of  the  most 
important  elements  of  plant-food,  no  soil  can  be  productive 
which  is  destitute  of  it;  as  the  plant  in  its  growth  draws  this 
important  element  from  the  soil,  it  must  be  restored  to  replace 
the  outlay.  Phosphorus.  The  ancient  cultivators  of  the 
soil  recognized  this  necessity  and  the  Romans  used  the  excre- 
ments from  their  pigeon-houses,  while  Edrisi  relates  that  the 
Arabians  as  early  as  1154  used  guano  (bird  deposits)  found 
along  the  Arabian  coast  for  agricultural  purposes.  Guano. 
It  was  not,  however,  until  the  early  part  of  this  century,  when 
Liebig  and  others  showed  the  importance  of  phosphoric  acid 
in  vegetable  life,  that  artificial  manures  came  into  use,  and  it 
is  only  in  the  last  20  years  that  the  mining  of  natural  phos- 
phates with  their  conversion  into  super-phosphates  has  as- 
sumed its  present  great  importance.  The  importance  of  this 
fertilizer  is  shown  by  the  following  statistics:  World's  con- 
sumption of  phosphates  for  1891  was  1,587,133  tons,  of  which 
the  United  States  produced  757,133  tons,  mostly  mined  from 
South  Carolina  and  Florida. 

pho§pllor- bronze,  an  alloy  of  copper,  tin,  and 
phosphorus,  invented  by  messrs.  Montefiore-Levi  and  Kiinzel, 
of  Belgium,  in  1867.  It  is  very  hard,  ductile,  and  elastic,  with 
a  color  resembling  gold. 

phospliores'cence  is  properly  the  glow  of  a  sub- 
stance which  has  absorbed  light,  when  removed  into  darkness, 
and  is  so  called  from  the  faint  luminosity  shown  by  phosphorus 
when  rubbed  in  the  dark.  Observed  by  the  ancients;  especially 
noticed  by  Vincenzo  Cascariolo  (1602),  Boyle,  Canton,  Wilson, 
and  others;  and  especially  studied  bj'  Edmond  Becquerel  and 
Balmain.  The  phosphorescence  of  decayed  wood  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  mycelium  of  Agricus  melleus,  a  species  of  fungi. 
This  property  is  also  possessed  by  certain  plants,  and  in  the  ani- 
mal kingdom  several  infusoria,  polyps,  fishes,  etc.,  and  in  the 
insect  world  the  glowworm  and  fire-fly  are  notable  examples. 

phos'phorus  was  discovered  in  1667  by  Brandt,  of 
Hamburg,  who  procured  it  from  urine.  The  discovery  was 
prosecuted  by  John  Kunckel,  a  Saxon  chemist,  about  1670, 
and  by  the  hon.  R.  Boyle  about  the  same  time. — Nouv.  Diet. 
Phosphoric  acid  is  first  mentioned  in  1743,  but  is  said  to  have 
been  known  earlier.  Gahn  pointed  out  its  existence  in  bones 
in  1769,  and  Scheelie  devised  a  process  for  extracting  it.  Can- 
ton's phosphorus  is  so  called  from  its  discoverer,  1768.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  universally  distributed  elements,  being  found 
in  all  animal  and  vegetable  matter,  as  well  as  in  eruptive  and 
sedimentary  rocks.  Phosphoric  acid  composes  over  40  per 
cent,  of  the  ashes  of  bones,  and  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  it  is 
especially  abundant  in  seeds.  The  ash  of  wheat  contains  over 
49  per  cent,  of  phosphoric  acid.  Phosphuretted  hydrogen  was 
discovered  by  Gengembre  in  1812.  The  consumption  of  phos- 
phorus has  immensely  increased  since  the  invention  of  lucifer 
matches.     In  1845,  Schrotter,  of  Vienna,  discovered  allotropic  | 


or  amorphous  phosphorus,  which  ignites  more  slowly  and  is 
less  unwholesome  in  working  than  ordinary  phosphorus. 

photOg'raphy.  A  lens,  now  in  the  British  museum, 
was  found  in  the  ruins  of  Nineveh.  The  Camera-obscura 
provided  with  a  lens  was  described  by  Giovanni  Baptiste 
Porta  in  1589.  As  early  as  1556,  Fabricius  published  a  book 
on  metals.  He  was  acquainted  with  the  fact  that  horn  sil- 
ver (a  compound  of  silver  and  chlorine)  turned  black  on  ex- 
posure to  the  sunlight.  J.  H.  Schulze,  in  1727,  obtained 
copies  from  writing  by  transmitted  sunlight  on  a  surface  pre- 
pared with  a  mixture  of  chalk  and  silver  nitrate,  the  writing 
appearing  white.  Scheele  of  Stralsund,  in  1777,  proved  that 
light  decomposes  chloride  of  silver.  Thomas  Wedgwood,  as- 
sisted by  Humphry  Davy,  obtained  prints  on  paper  and  white 
leather  made  sensitive  to  light  by  a  coating  of  silver  nitrate 
and  placed  underneath  paintings  on  glass  and  exposed  to  sun- 
light. Davy  published  an  account  of  the  experiment  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Imtitute  for  1802.  The  advance  in  the 
science  of  photography  may  be  seen  in  the  following  table : 

Process.  Time  required.  Discovered. 

Heliography 6  hours'  exposure 1816 

Daguerrotype 30  minutes'     "       I83i> 

Calotype  or  talbotype 3        "  "       1841 

Collodion 10  seconds'     "       1851 

Collodion  emulsion  (dry  plate).  .15        "  "       18(54: 

Gelatine  emulsion , 1  second        "       1878 

Joseph  Nic^phore  Ni^pce  of  Chalons  (1765-1833),  the  inventor 
of  photolithography,  discovers  the  bitumen  process  in  pho- 
tography about  1813,  and  produces  the  first  permanent  pho- 
tograph by  aid  of  the  camera about  1816 

Niepce  forms  a  partnership  with  Louis  Jacques  Mand€  Da- 
guerre,  who  began  investigations  in  photography  about  1824.  182^ 

Henry  Fox-Talbot  (1800-77)  obtains  a  "photogenic  drawing  " 
of  his  residence,  Lacock  Abbey,  on  prepared  paper  exposed 
in  the  camera-obscura  about  an  hour 1835 

On  condition  that  he  publish  his  process  in  France  without 
patenting,  the  French  government  settles  on  Daguerre  a 
life  pension  of  6000  francs  per  annum,  and  on  his  partner, 
Isidore  Niepce,  4000  francs  per  annum  (1838).  Daguerre 
takes  out  a  patent  in  England 1830 

Hyposulphite  of  soda,  discovered  by  Chaussier  in  1799,  and  its 
solvent  power  on  haloid  salts  of  silver,  demonstrated  by  sir 
John  Herschel  as  early  as  1819,  is  suggested  by  him  and 
adopted  for  fixing  daguerrotypes " 

Herschel  suggests  the  use  of  glass  plates  in  photography " 

First  attempt  at  portraiture  by  photography  made  by  John  W. 
Draper,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  New 
York,  by  dusting  the  sitter's  face  with  flour;  successful  por- 
traits made  independently  by  S.  F.  B.  Morse  in  Oct " 

First  photograph  of  the  moon  is  presented  to  the  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History  in  New  York  by  prof  Draper Mch.  1840 

Talbot  discovers  that  sensitive  paper  brushed  with  a  mixture 
of  gallic  acid  and  nitrate  of  silver  and  exposed  wet  in  the 
camera,  produces  a  picture  in  2  or  3  minutes,  from  which 
copies  can  be  taken  by  transmitted  light  on  sensitive  paper 
(Sept.  1840).  His  discovery  (disputed  by  rev.  J.  B.  Reade)  he  . 
calls  the  calotype  process  and  patents Feb.  1%0A 

Sir  John  Herschel  invents  "blue  prints,"  and  first  applies  the       3 
term  "  negative  "  to  photography 1840-42 

First  issue  of  "The  Pencil  of  Nature,"  a  book  illustrated  by 
calotype  prints  by  Fox-Talbot,  appears 1844 

Albumen  process  on  glass  published  by  Niepce  de  St.  Victor. . .  1848 

Colored  photographs,  evanescent  however,  produced  by  Robert 
Hunt  of  England,  in  1843,  and  by  Edmond  Becquerel  of  France,     " 

Humphrey's  Journal  of  Photography  and  the  Allied  Arts  and 
Sciences,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  U.  S.,  begins  publication,  1850 

Collodion  process  in  photography,  suggested  by  Gustave  Le 
Gray  in  1849,  and  by  Robert  J.  Bingham  in  1850,  is  devel- 
oped by  Frederick  Scott  Archer  of  England,  and  described 
in  the  London  Chemist Mch.  1851 

Instantaneous  views  made  by  Mr.  Cady  and  Alexander  Beckers 
in  New  York '' 

Talbot  produces  instantaneous  pictures  by  a  flash-light  from 
Leyden-jars  lasting  the  .0001  part  of  a  second " 

First  public  exhibition  of  photography,  held  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Society  of  Arts,  in  the  Adelphi,  London 22  Dec.  1852 

Photographic  Society  of  London,  since  1876  styled  the  Photo- 
graphic Society  of  Great  Britain,  established 30  Jan.  1853 

Process  of  "vignetting,"  or  shading  of  portrait  background.?, 
described  by  Latimer  Clark Dec.     " 

Albumen  paper  introduced  by  Talbot about  1854 

Collodion -albumen  dry  plates,  the  first  practical  dry-plate  proc- 
ess, published  by  dr.  J.  M.  Taupenot,  French  scientist 1»55 

Cartes-de-visite  "portraits  taken  by  M.  Ferrier  at  Nice 185^ 

Photographic  composition,  or  combination  printing,  introduced 
in  1855,  and  Oscar  G.  Rejlander  of  Wolverhampton  sends  to 
the  Manchester  exhibition  a  large  photograph,  called  "The 
Two  Ways  of  Life,"  which  he  printed  from  30  negatives. .. . 

Toning  process,  introduced  by  the  French  scientist  Fizeau  in 
1841,  is  perfected  by  Maxwell-Lyte lo^S 

Prof.  0.  N.  Rood  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  describes  his  process  of  micro- 
photography  in  American  Journal  of  Science  (No.  82) 18"^ 

Mr.  Thompson  of  Weymouth  photographs  the  bottom  of  the    ^^ 


PHO 


635 


PIA 


Ammonia  first  used  in  developing  pictures  by  Anthony  and 
Broda  in  the  U.  S 1862 

Magnesium  light  employed  for  photography  by  Mr.  Brothers 
of  Manchester 1864 

"Magic  photographs,"  on  process  known  to  Herschel  in  1840, 
produced  upon  blank  paper  by  a  blotting-pad  saturated  with 
hyposulphite  of  soda,  obtain  widespread  popularity — about  1866 

Fogging  of  collodion  plates  prevented  by  use  of  aqua  regia, 
recommended  by  Carey  Lea  of  Philadelphia Apr.  1870 

Photographs  of  the  first  page  of  the  Times,  Ik  inches  long  by 
1  inch  wide,  sent  from  Bordeaux  to  Paris  by  balloons. .  .Jan.  1871 

Spectra  of  the  stars,  showing  the  fixed  lines,  photographed  for 
the  first  time  by  dr.  Draper,  with  telescopic  apparatus  con- 
structed by  himself 1872 

W.  Willis,  jr.,  inventor  of  the  platinotype  process,  takes  out  a 
patent  in  England June,  1873 

"Albumen -beer  dry-plate  process,"  devised  by  capt.  Abney, 
and  used  by  expeditions  to  study  the  transit  of  Venus 1874 

"  Beechey  dry  plates "  described  by  rev.  canon  Beechey  of 
England Oct.  1875 

Ferrous  oxalate  used  as  a  developer  by  Carey  Lea  in  America 
and  Willis  in  England 1877 

H.  Van  der  Weyde,  an  American  artist,  succeeds  in  making 
electric  light  very  effectual  in  photography 1876-78 

Use  of  gelatine  emulsion  with  bromide  of  silver,  imperfectly 
known  as  early  as  1850  by  Gustave  Le  Gray,  displaces  the 
collodion  process 1878 

Dr.  Draper  photographs  the  nebulae  in  Orion 1880-81 

Bust  of  Daguerre  (1787-1851),  the  contribution  of  photographers 
of  all  civilized  nations,  unveiled  at  Cormeilles,  near  Paris...  1883 

Roller  slide,  invented  by  A.  J.  Melhuish  in  England  in  1854, 
and  M.  Leon  Warnerker,  a  Hungarian  engineer,  in  1871, 
practically  applied  in  photography  by  Eastman,  Walker  & 
Co.,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y 1885 

Gelatino-bromide  paper  for  negatives  introduced  in  U.  S.  and 
England  by  Eastman  Co " 

Complete  photographic  map  of  the  heavens,  begun  by  the  In- 
ternational Photographic  Congress  of  Astronomers  of  the 
World  organized  in  Paris;  charts  of  the  whole  heavens  ex- 
pected in  10  years 1887 

W.  E.  Woodbury's  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Photography  "  pub 1890 

M.  Marey's  chromo-photograph  for  animal  motions  applied  by 
M.  G.  Demeny  to  the  movement  of  the  lips  in  speech,  the  re- 
sult being  readable  by  deaf-mutes Aug.  1891 

F.  E.  Ives,  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London,  10,  17  May,  1892,  ex- 
hibited his  patented  method  of  photographing  colors. 

Photoheliograph,  an  apparatus  for  registering  the  position  of  the 
Bun's  spots  by  means  of  clockwork  and  photography;  erected  at 
the  suggestion  of  sir  John  Herschel  at  Kew  observatory  about 
1857.  It  was  used  by  Warren  de  la  Rue  to  photograph  the  disc 
of  the  sun  during  the  eclipse  oT  18  July,  1860. 

Photogalvanography,  the  art  of  producing  engravings  by  the  action  of 
light  and  electricity.  The  earliest  specimens  were  produced  by 
Nic^phore  Niepce,  and  presented  by  him  in  1827  to  the  great 
botanist,  Robert  Brown.  Great  advances  have  since  been  made 
in  this  art  by  Nidpce  de  St.  Victor  (who  published  a  treatise  on 
it  in  1856),  Vitry,  W.  R.  Grove,  H.  Fox-Talbot,  etc.  In  1852  Paul 
Pretsch  patented  a  process  which  he  called  "Photogalvanography. " 

Photoglyphy  and  Photogravure  (a  process  by  which  light  etches  a 
picture  on  a  plate  that  may  be  printed  from)  was  patented  by 
Mr.  Fox-Talbot  in  1858,  and  is  described  and  exeuiplifled  in  the 
Photographic  News,  9  and  16  Sept.  18.59. 

Photozincography  (a  process  by  which  photographs  are  transferred  to 
zinc  plates  which  may  be  printed  from)  was  devised  by  sir  Henry 
James,  chief  of  the  ordnance  survey,  and  made  known  in  1860.  By 
it  maps,  charts,  and  engravings  may  be  printed  at  small  cost. 

Photo -sculpture.  M.  Vill6me's  employment  of  photographs  in  the 
formation  of  sculpture  was  announced  in  1863. 

j      pllOtom'eter  (light-measurer);  one  was  constructed 
by  dr.  W.  Ritchie  in  1825.     Many  improvements  have  been 
I  made  recently  in  connection  with  photograph^^ 
I  Stellar  photometry,  the  measurement  of  the  light  of  the  stars,  much 
!     studied  by  Herschel,  Argelander,  Pritchard,  and  others.     W.  J. 
Dibdin  describes  his  application  of  terrestrial  photometry  to  stel- 
lar light,  in  his  "Guide  to  the  Measurement  of  Light,"  pub.  1889. 

pho'tophone.  In  this  apparatus,  constructed  by 
Iprof.  Graham  Bell  and  Sumner  Tainter  of  Washington,  in 
i  1880,  a  thin  plane  mirror  is  thrown  into  vibration  by  the 
[voice;  a  beam  of  light  is  reflected  from  this  mirror  and  re- 
■j  ceived  at  a  distance  by  a  cell  of  the  metal  selenium ;  when, 
:by  arrangement,  this  is  connected  with  a  telephone,  the 
i  sounds  are  reproduced. 

■     pllo'tO§pliere.     Sun. 

plireiiol'og-y,  the  study  of  the  form,  texture,  dimen- 
sions, and  distribution  of  parts  of  the  brain  as  the  organ  of 
i  mental  powers  and  moral  qualities.  Dr.  Gall,  the  propounder, 
jwas  a  German  physician,  born  Mch.  1758,  and  his  first  observa- 
Itions  were  among  his  school-fellows.  Observing  that  in  these 
lan  "  ox-eye,"  a  full,  protuberant  eye-ball,  was  always  associated 
with  fiuency  in  language,  and  that  an  eye  sunk  below  the 
cheek-bone  was  found  oiily  in  tho.se  slow  and  unready  of  speech, 
he  inferred  that  the  part  of  the  brain  just  behind  the  eye  is 
the  organ  of  language.     Afterwards  he  studied  the  heads  of 


criminals  and  others,  and  eventually  reduced  his  ideas  to  a 
system,  describing  the  brain  as  composed  of  some  40  or  more 
distinct  organs,  some  estimate  of  the  comparative  and  even  of 
the  actual  power  of  which  he  believed  could  be  formed  from 
an  examination  of  the  skull.  His  first  lecture  was  given  at 
Vienna  in  1796 ;  but  in  1802  the  Austrian  government  prohib- 
ited his  teaching.  In  1800  he  was  joined  by  dr.  Spurzheim ; 
and  in  1810-12  they  published  at  Paris  their  work  on  the 
"Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System,  and  of  the 
Brain  in  particular."  Gall  died  in  1828.  The  researches  of 
Gall  and  Spurzheim  led  to  increased  study  of  the  brain. 
Combe's  "  Phrenology,"  first  pub.  in  1819,  is  the  popular  Eng- 
lish work  on  this  subject.  Phrenological  societies  were  formed 
early  in  London  and  Edinburgh. 

Introduced  into  the  United  States  by  dr.  Charles  Caldwell  of  North 
Carolina,  about  1825.  Among  the  most  active  of  its  teachers  were 
0.  S.  Fowler  and  S.  R.  Wells.  They  established  the  Phrenological 
Journal,  1863. 
The  system  of  Gall  was  opposed  by  lord  Jeffrey  in  the  Edinburgh  Re- 
view in  1826,  and  more  recently  by  dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter.  Prof.  Ferrier 
reported  the  results  of  researches  tending  to  prove  localization  of 
certain  faculties  in  the  brain  to  the  British  Association,  Sept.  1873. 

Phryg'ia,  now  Karama'llia,  a  province  in  Asia 
Minor,  became  part  of  the  Persian  empire  in  537  b.c.,  and  par- 
took of  its  changes.  It  became  a  Roman  province  in  47  B.C., 
and  a  Turkish  one  1392  a.d. 

Phryg'ian  cap,*the  red  cap  of  Liberty,  worn  by  the 
leaders  of  the  French  Revolution,  1792;  in  shape,  the  same  as 
that  of  the  ancient  Phrygians.  In  Roman  history  a  badge 
denoting  emancipation  from  slavery,  worn  by  emancipated 
slaves,  and  probably  selected  bj'^  the  French  leaders  for  this 
reason,  as  denoting  manumission  from  the  thraldom  of  tyrants. 

physician§.     Medical  science. 

pliy8ic§  and  ptiysici§tS.  Acoustics,  Astronomy, 
Chemistry,  Electricity,  Optics,  Philosophy,  etc. 

pliysiog^'nomy,  a  science  which  affirms  that  the  dis- 
positions of  mankind  may  be  discovered  from  the  features  of 
the  face.  The  origin  of  the  term  is  referred  to  Aristotle  ;  and 
Cicero  was  attached  to  the  science.  It  became  a  fashionable 
study  from  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century;  and  in  the  last 
century,  the  essays  of  Le  Cat  and  Pernethy  led  to  the  modern 
system.  Lavater's  researches  arose  from  observing  the  singu- 
lar countenance  of  a  soldier  who  passed  under  a  window  at 
which  he  and  Zimmerman  were  standing;  his  " Fragment " 
on  this  subject  appeared  in  1776. 

pliy§iology  is  that  part  of  physics  which  treats  of  the 
inner  constitution  of  animals  and  plants,  and  the  several  func- 
tions and  operations  of  all  their  organs  and  tissues.  The  works 
of  Miiller,  Milne-Edwards,  Huxley,  Foster,  and  Carpenter  are 
much  celebrated ;  and  Todd's  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Physiology  " 
(1836-1859)  is  a  library  in  itself.     Medical  science. 

pianoforte  {pe-m'o-Jor'-le').  The  nucleus  of  the  in- 
strument was  a  little  box  over  which  were  stretched  strings; 
such  was  the  citole,  the  dulcimer,  and  the  psaltery.  The  clavi- 
therium  had  keys;  the  clavichord  (about  1500)  had  dampers; 
successive  improvements  were  the  virginals  (on  which  queen 
Elizabeth  played),  the  spinet  (about  1700),  and  the  harpsichord 
(with  2  rows  of  keys),  said  to  have  been  used  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury, for  which  Bach  and  Handel  composed  in  the  17th  century. 
A  collection  of  harpsichords  (one  dated  1555)  is  in  the  South 
Kensington  museum.  The  invention  of  the  piano  is  attrib- 
uted to  Cristofalli  (or  Cristofori),  an  Italian,  J.  C.  Schroter,  a 
German,  and  Marius,  a  Frenchman,  early  in  the  18th  century. 
The  strings  are  struck  by  small  hammers,  and  not  by  quills  as 
in  harpsichords.  Schroter  is  said  to  have  presented  a  model 
of  his  invention  to  the  court  of  Saxony  in  1717,  and  G.  Silber- 
man  manufactured  pianofortes  Avith  considerable  success  in 
1772.  Pianofortes  were  made  in  London  by  M.  Zumpie,  a  Ger- 
man, 1766,  and  have  been  since  greatly  improved  by  Clementi, 
Broadwood,  Collord,  Kirkman,  Erard,  Pleyel,  Chickering  &  Sons 
of  Boston,  Mass.,  Steinway  &  Co.  of  New  York,  and  others. 
Upright  pianos,  first  made  in  England,  were  suggested  by  Isaac 

Hawkins  in  1800.  and  Thomas  Loud  in  1802.     William  Southwell 

patented  "cabinet  pianos  "  in  1807;  superseded,  from  about  1840, 

by  the  cottage,  piccolo,  and  other  pianos. 
A  keyed  instrument  at  Modena  was  named  "piano  e  forte,"  1598. 
A  "stone  pianoforte,"  formed  of  a  series  of  flints  and  other  stones 

of  various  sizes,  collected  in  France,  and  arranged  by  M.  Baudre, 

was  played  on  by  him  at  the  Royal  Institution  on  16  Mch.  1866. 


i 


PIC  « 

A  double  piauoforto  (with  2  keyboards  reversed),  giving  remarkable 
effects  (patented  by  M.  M.  Mengeot),  played  on  at  Covent  Garden 
theatre,  21  Oct.  1878. 

See  Grove's  "  Dictionary  of  Music,"  article  Pianoforte. 

PIc'ardy,  a  province  of  N.  France,  was  conquered  by 
the  English  in  1346,  and  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy  in  1417, 
to  whom  it  was  ceded  by  the  treaty  of  Arras,  21  Sept.  1435, 
and  annexed  to  France  by  Louis  XL,  1463. 

Pic'cadilly,  a  fine  street  in  W.  London.  The  name, 
of  uncertain  origin,  was  Pickadilla  and  Pigudello,  about  1660, 
when  a  house  of  entertainment  existed  near  the  Haymarket, 
termed  Pickadilly  hall,  after  which  buildings  were  gradually 
extended  westwards. 

pic'COlo,  a  small  flute  an  octave  higher  than  the  or- 
dinary flute,  introduced  by  Robert  Wornum  in  1829. 

Piceil'tllies,  a  Sabine  tribe,  subdued  by  the  Romans, 
and  their  capital,  Asculura,  taken,  268  b.c.  They  began  the 
Social  war  in  90,  and  were  conquered  in  89  b.c. 

picquet  (^p?-fca),  a  game  with  cards,  invented,  it  is  said, 
by  Joquerain  for  tlie  amusement  of  Charles  VL  of  France,  then 
in  feeble  health,  1390. — MezSray. 

PIctS  (from  picti,  painted),  Scythians,  who  landed  in 
Scotland  just  about  the  time  that  the  Scots  began  to  seize 
upon  the  Hebrides,  or  Western  Isles  (Ebudes).  They  after- 
wards lived  as  2  distinct  nations — the  Scots  in  the  highlands 
and  isles,  and  the  Picts  in  that  part  now  called  the  lowlands. 
Between  838  and  842,  the  Scots  under  Kenneth  IL  totally  sub- 
dued the  Picts,  and  seized  all  their  kingdom.  Their  incursions 
in  England  led  to  the  Saxon  invasion.     Hadrian's  wall. 

Piedmont  (Lat.  Pedemontiuvi,  foot  of  the  mountain), 
a  region  in  N.  Italy,  formerly  the  seat  of  government  of  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia.     Savoy. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  administration  of.  United  States, 
1853-57. 

Pietl§t§,  a  Lutheran  sect,  instituted  in  Leipsic  by  Philip 
James  Spener,  a  professor  of  theologj^  about  1689,  with  the  view 
of  reforming  the  popular  religion.  He  established  "  colleges  of 
Pietists,"  with  preachers  resembling  those  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  and  the  Methodists  in  Britain,  about  1760.  A  body  re- 
sembling the  Pietists,  named  Chasidim,  arose  among  the  Jews  in 
the  Ukraine,  and  spread  through  Poland  and  European  Turkey. 

piezam'eter  (Gr.  7rt£^a>,  I  compress),  an  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  compressibility  of  liquids,  invented  by  (Ersted 
(d.  1851);  improved  by  Despretz  and  Saigey. 

pig^eon§  were  employed  as  carriers  by  the  ancients. 
Hirtius  and  Brutus  corresponded  by  means  of  pigeons  at  the 
siege  of  Modena.  The  pigeons  of  Aleppo  served  as  couriers 
at  Alexandretta  and  Bagdad.  32  pigeons  liberated  in  London 
at  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  22  Nov.  1819 ;  at  noon  one 
of  them  arrived  at  Antwerp ;  a  quarter  of  an  hour  afterwards 
a  second  arrived ;  the  remainder  on  the  following  day. — Phil- 
lips. At  a  pigeon  race,  25  July,  1872,  from  Spalding  to  Lon- 
don, the  time  allowed  was  90  seconds  a  mile.  Tournament 
flying  was  inaugurated  in  the  United  States  in  1886.  Com- 
petition open  throughout  the  entire  year.  In  1889  the  best  rec- 
ord stood  1476  yards  per  minute ;  same  year  best  long  distance 
625  miles  in  11  hrs.  25  min.,  average  1349  yards  per  minute; 
1891, 100  miles,  average  1374  yards  per  minute ;  same  year  325 
miles,  average  1733  yards  per  minute.     Post-office,  18'?0. 

pike,  a  weapon  of  war.  Before  the  introduction  of  the 
BAYONET,  infantry— that  is,  heavy-armed  footmen — were  from 
the  earliest  times  armed  with  the  pike  or  spear,  consisting  of 
a  stout  pole,  10  to  14  feet  long,  tipped  with  a  flat-pointed  iron 
head,  sometimes  with  cutting  sides,  from  6  to  18  inches  long. 
The  Macedonian  pike  was  24  feet  long.  Phalanx,  As  a 
defence  against  cavalry  the  pike  was  of  great  value,  till  guns 
and  gunpowder  superseded  it. 

Pilgriinag^e  of  Orace,  name  given  to  an  in- 
surrection commencing  in  Lincolnshire,  Engl.,  in  Sept.  1536, 
caused  by  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII. ; 
such  suppression  being  very  unpopular  among  the  people. 
The  Lincolnshire  movement  was  easily  suppressed  ;  but  it  was 
soon  revived  in  Yorkshire,  Durham,  and  Lancaster,  where,  un- 
der the  leadership  of  one  Aske,  and  several  other  men,  the 
force  was  raised  to  40,000,  with  banners  on  which  were  de-  | 


'6  PIR 

picted  a  crucifix,  a  chalice,  and  the  five  wounds  of  Christ. 
Their  object  was  the  restoration  of  the  monasteries  and  sup- 
pression of  heresy.  They  took  Hull,  York,  and  Pomfret  castle. 
The  duke  of  Norfolk  proceeded  against  them  with  a  force  of 
about  5000  men.  Numerous  negotiations  followed,  while  no 
general  engagement  ensued,  owing  to  severe  storms,  until  after 
several  months  the  insurrection  came  to  an  end  on  promise 
of  general  pardon,  etc.  A  number  of  executions  of  gentle- 
men, knights,  and  nobility  followed. 

pilgrinia|J[e§  began  with  the  pilgrimage  of  the  em- 
press Helena  to  Jerusalem,  326.  They  became  very  frequent 
at  the  close  of  the  10th  century.  Robert  II.  of  France  made 
several  pilgrimages;  among  others  one  to  Rome  about  the 
year  1016,  perhaps  in  1020,  when  he  refused  the  imperial  dig- 
nity and  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  The  pilgrimage  to  Canterbury 
is  described  by  Chaucer  in  his  " Canterbury  Tales"  about  1383. 
The  pilgrimage  of  Mahometans  to  Mecca,  the  birthplace  of 
the  prophet,  is  commanded  in  the  Koran.  Pilgrimages  to 
shrines  of  the  Virgin  Mary  in  France  revived  in  1873,  and 
since,  in  consequence  of  miracles  alleged  to  have  taken  place 
at  La  Salette  in  1846,  and  at  Lourdes,  11  Feb.  1858  ;  those  of 
La  Salette  discredited  by  pope  Leo  X.,  1879.  Sacked  heart. 
For  children's  pilgrimages.  Crusades. 

American  pilgrims  received  by  the  pope 9  June,  1874 

English  Roman  Catholic  pilgrimage  to  shrine  of  St.  Edmund, 

archbishop  of  Canterbury,  at  Pontigny Sept.     " 

English  pilgrimage  to  Lourdes  directed  by  the  '-Catholic  Union 

of  Great  Britain;"  start  proposed;  given  up Aug.  1880 

Boulogne. 

Pilgrim  fatlier§,  first  settlers  of  New  England. 
Massachusetts,  1620. 

**  Pilgrim's  Progress  from  this  World  to  that  which 
is  to  Come,"  written  by  John  Bunyan,  in  Bedford  jail,  where  he 
was  imprisoned  12  years,  1660-72.     The  first  part  pub.  in  1678.    . 
A  Hebrew  version  appeared  in  1851.     Bedford.  M^ 

pillar  saints.    Monachism.  ^| 

pll'lory,  a  scaffold  for  persons  to  stand  on,  to  render 
them  publicly  infamous.  This  punishment  was  inflicted  in 
England  on  persons  convicted  of  forgery,  perjury,  libelling, 
etc.  In  some  cases  the  head  was  put  through  a  hole,  the 
hands  through  2  others,  the  nose  slit,  the  face  branded  with 
one  or  more  letters,  and  one  or  both  ears  were  cut  off.  There 
is  a  statute  of  the  pillory,  41  Hen.  III.  1256.  Many  persons 
died  in  the  pillorj'  by  being  struck  with  stones  by  the  mob, 
and  pelted  with  rotten  eggs  and  putrid  offal.  It  was  abol- 
ished as  a  punishment  except  for  perjury,  1815,  and  totally 
abolished  in  1837.  The  last  who  suffered  at  the  Old  Bailey 
was  Peter  James  Bossy,  for  perjury,  24  June,  1830.    _ 

pinellbecl4,analloyof25percent.ofzincand75copper, 
used  for  watch-cases,  etc.,  named  after  Christopher  Pinchbeck, 
a  toy-seller  in  Cockburn  street,  London,  who  died  Mch.  1873. 

pine.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

pine-tree  flag,  a  flag  with  a  pine-tree  in  a  white  centre, 
used  by  New  England  at  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution. 

Pinkie,  near  Edinburgh.  Here  the  English  totally  de- 
feated the  Scots,  10  Sept.  1547. 

pins  have  been  found  in  British  barrows  {Fosbroke),  and 
are  mentioned  in  a  statute  of  England  of  1483.     Brass  pins 
were  brought  from  France  in  1540,  and  first  used  in  England     la 
by  Catherine  Howard,  wife  of  Henry  VIII.     Pins  were  made    |l 
in  England  in  1543. — Stowe.     They  were  first  manufactured     fl 
by  machinery  in  England  in  1824,  under  a  patent  procured 
there  by  Lemuel  Wellman  Wright,  an  American.    Among  the 
earlier  inventors  of  machinery  for  pin-making  in  the  United 
States  was  John  J.  Howe,  1836,  and  Samuel  Slocum,  1838;  the 
latter  also  invented  a  pin-sticking  machine,  1840.     Great  im- 
provements have  since  been  made.     The  annual  production 
of  pins  in  the  U.  S.  has  a  value  of  over  $1,000,000. 

piracy,  properly  the  business  of  cruising  on  the  high 
seas  for  plunder,  forcible  robbery  at  sea.  It  was  practised 
from  the  earliest  days  of  navigation,  and  the  Romans  in  the 
time  of  Julius  Caesar  made  great  national  exertions  to  suppress 
the  pirates.  By  the  laws  of  all  civilized  nations,  piracy  is 
punishable  by  death.  Pompey  destroyed  the  Cilician  pirates, 
67  B.c.  Buccaneers;  Barataria  bay;  Kidd,  the  pirate; 
Rhode  Island,  1728,     The  slave  trade  was  made  piracy  by 


PIR 


637 


PIT 


the  statute  law  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.— The 
publication  of  a  copyrighted  book  without  license  from  the 
owner  is  often  improperly  termed  piracy. 

Piraeus,  the  port  of  Athens,  was  united  to  the  city  by 
2  long  walls,  one  erected  by  Themistocles  and  the  other  by 
Pericles,  456  B.C.,  which  were  destroyed  by  Lysander,  404  b.c. 
These  walls,  about  4J  miles  long  and  60  feet  high,  were  of 
stone,  and  wide  enough  at  the  top  to  allow  2  wagons  to  pass 
each  other.  It  was  fortified  by  Conon,  393  B.C.  The  Piraeus 
was  able  to  contain  400  Greek  vessels.  It  was  occupied  by 
the  French  during  the  Russian  war  in  1854. 

Pisa  {pee' so),  an  ancient  city  in  Tuscany,  was  founded 
about  6  centuries  before  Christ,  and  was  favored  by  the  early 
Roman  emperors  as  a  flourishing  republic.  The  citizens  took 
an  active  part  in  the  Italian  wars  of  the  middle  ages,  but  became 
subject  to  Florence,  after  a  long  siege,  1405-6.  In  1494  Pisa 
became  independent  under  the  protection  of  Charles  VIII.  of 
France,  but  was  retaken  by  the  Florentines  in  1509.  The  uni- 
versity was  founded  in  1343,  and  revived  by  the  Medici  in 
1472  and  1542.  The  rival  popes,  Benedict  XIII.  and  Gregory 
XII.,  were  deposed  at  a  council  held  at  Pisa  in  1409,  and  Alex- 
ander V.  elected  in  their  place.  The  Campanile  or  leaning 
tower  was  built  about  1154,  to  contain  bells,  and  stands  in  a 
square  close  to  the  cathedral.  It  is  built  entirely  of  white 
marble,  and  is  a  cylinder  of  8  stories,  each  adorned  with  a 
round  of  columns.  It  inclines  so  far  that  a  plummet  dropped 
from  the  top,  which  is  188  feet  in  height,  falls  16  feet  from 
the  base.  Some  have  imagined  that  the  inclination  was  de- 
signed by  the  architect;  but  it  is  certainly  due  to  a  gradual 
subsidence  of  the  foundation  during  its  construction.  The 
efforts  of  the  builders  to  counteract  this  by  making  the  colon- 
nade higher  in  upper  stories  on  the  side  that  was  depressed 
are  easily  seen.  From  this  tower  Galileo  made  his  observa- 
tion on  gravitation  (about  1635). 

pistols,  the  smallest  fire-arms,  said  to  have  been  in- 
vented at  Pistoia  in  Italy ;  were  first  used  by  the  cavalry  of 
England  about  1544.  Of  late  years  they  have  been  made 
with  a  revolving  cylindrical  breech,  in  which  are  formed  sev- 
eral chambers  for  receiving  cartridges,  and  bringing  them  in 
Buccession  into  a  line  with  the  barrel  ready  for  firing.  The 
earliest  model  of  this  kind  of  arm  is  to  be  found  in  the  mu- 
seum of  the  United  Service  Institution,  and  is  supposed  to  date 
from  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  An  8-chambered  matchlock  re- 
volver of  the  16th  century  is  placed  in  the  Royal  Artillery 
museum,  Woolwich.  The  manufacture  of  pistols  by  machin- 
ery was  first  introduced  into  England  from  the  United  States, 
in  the  year  1853,  by  col.  Colt,  who  invented  the  Colt  revolv- 
ing pistol,  1851.  This  system  induced  the  British  govern- 
ment to  establish  the  Enfield  armory,  in  1855.     Fire-arms. 

Pitcairn's  island,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  said  to  have 
been  discovered  by  Pitcairn  in  1768,  seen  by  Cook  in  1773, 
and  since  colonized  by  10  mutineers  from  the  ship  Bounty, 
capt.  Bligh,  in  1789.     Bounty  mutiny. 

The  mutineers  remained  unknown  to  England  until  discovered  ac- 
.  cidentally  in  1814.  A  ship  nearing  the  island  was  hailed  in  the 
English  language  by  a  swarthy  youth,  when  it  appeared  that  the 
mutineers,  soon  after  settling  there,  had  married  some  black  wom- 
.  en  from  a  neighboring  island,  and  had  become  a  well-conducted 
community  under  the  care  of  Adams,  the  principal  mutineer. 
He  died  in  1829,  when  Nobbs,  an  Englishman,  who  arrived  a  few 
years  before,  became  chief  In  Aug.  1852  adm.  Moresby  spent 
a  few  days  on  the  island.  By  his  means  Nobbs  was  sent  to  Eng- 
land and  obtained  ordination.  As  their  numbers  increased,  the  isl- 
and proved  incapable  of  their  support,  its  area  being  but  3  sq.  miles. 
The  English  government  removedsomeof  them,  with  their  property, 
in  the  ship  Morayshire,  on  3  May,  1856,aud  landed  them,after  a  bois- 
terous passage,  on  Norfolk  island,  prepared  previously  for  their  re- 
ception, 8  June.  The  government  stocked  Norfolk  island  with  2000 
sheep,  450  head  of  cattle,  and  20  horses,  and  gave  them  stores  to 
last  12  months;  their  numbers  were  96  males  and  102  females. 
Pitcairn's  island,  visited  by  British  ship  Petrel,  was  found  to  be 
prosperous,  Dec.  1875;  86  inhabitants,  2  Mch.  1878:  93,  15  Aug. 
1879;  in  1890, 126. 

Pittsburg,  known  as  "  The  Smoky  City  "  or  "  The 
Iron  City  "  from  its  extensive  iron  industries  and  manufact- 
ures, covers  an  area  of  29|  square  miles,  lying  between  the 
Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers  at  their  confluence  with 
the  Ohio  in  western  Pennsylvania.  It  takes  its  name  from 
fort  Pitt,  erected  at  that  point  in  1759.  Washington  visited 
fort  Pitt  in  Oct.  1770,  and  says  of  the  town,  distant  about  300 
yards  from  the  fort :  "  The  houses,  which  are  built  of  logs  and 


ranged  in  streets,  are  on  the  Monongahela,  and  I  suppose  may 
be  about  twenty  in  number  and  inhabited  by  Indian  traders." 
A  census  of  the  borough,  published  in  the  Pittsburg  Gazette, 
9  Jan.  1796,  gives  the  population  as  1395 ;  in  1800  Pittsburg 
contained  1565  inhabitants,  and  by  decades  since  the  popula- 
tion has  been,  1810,  4768;   1820,  7248;   1830,  12,568;   1840, 
21,115;  1850,46,601,  1860,49,221;  1870,86,076;  1880,156,389: 
1890,  238,617.     Lat.  40°  33'  N. ;  Ion.  80°  W. 
Leaden  plate  deposited  at  forks  of  the  Ohio  by  capt.  Louis 
Clorou,  a  French  officer  despatched  by  governor-general  of 
New  France  to  take  possession  of  the  country,  bore  date,  3  Aug.  1749 
Washington,  standing  on  the  site  of  Pittsburg,  pronounces  it 
"  extremely  well  situated  for  a  fort,  as  it  has  absolute  com- 
mand of  both  rivers  " 24  Nov.  1753 

Stockade  erected  by  capt.  Trent,  who  arrives 17  Feb.  1754 

Unfinished  stockade,  commanded  by  ensign  Ward  with  40  men 
is  surrendered  to  the  French  under  capt.  Conlrecouer,  who 
brings  60batteaux,  300  canoes,  18  pieces  of  cannon,  and  1000 

men,  17  Apr.,  and  begins  erection  of  fort  Duquesne Apr.     " 

Fort  Duquesne  burned  and  evacuated  by  the  French,  24  Nov.,  is 

occupied  by  British  under  gen.  Forbes  (Pennsylvania),  25  Nov.  1758 
Fort  Pitt  erected  on  site  of  fort  Duquesne  by  gen.  Stanwix, 

Sept.  1759,  completed  in  spring 1760 

Redoubt,  between  Penn  st.  and  Duquesne  way,  erected  by  col. 

Bouquet  (Pennsylvania) 1764 

Col.  John  Campbell  lays  out  4  squares  of  village  lots  near  the 

fort,  between  Water  and  Second  and  Ferry  and  Market  sts. .      " 
First  shingle-roofed  house,  a  2-story,  double  hewn  log,  erected 

on  corner  Water  and  Ferry  sts.  by  col.  George  Morgan,  about     " 
Survey  of  the  "manor  of  Pittsburg  "  completed  and  returned, 

embracing  5766  acres.. . .». 19  May,  1769 

Fort  Pitt  abandoned  by  British  under  orders  of  gen.  Gage,  Oct.  1772 
Fort  Pitt  occupied  by  Virginia  troops  under  capt.  John  Neville, 

11  Sept.  1775 
First  sale  of  lots  made  by  John  Penn,  jr.,  to  Isaac  Craig  and 
Stephen  Bayard,  comprising  about  3  acres  of  ground  between 

fort  Pitt  and  the  Alleghany  river Jan.  1784 

Laying  out  of  the  town  completed  by  Thomas  Vickroy,  June, 

1784,  and  approved  by  attorney  of  the  proprietors. .  .30  Sept.     " 
First  number  of  the  Pittsburg  Gazette,  issued  by  John  Scull  and 

Joseph  Hall 29  July,  1786 

Post  ordered  by  the  government  between  Philadelphia  and 

Pittsburg Sept.     " 

Mayflower,  the  first  boat  with  New  England  emigrants  bound 
for  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum,  passes  Pittsburg. .  .3  Apr.  J788 

Alleghany  laid  out 1789 

Small  blast  furnace  (abandoned  after  3  years),  known  as  An- 
schutz's,  is  erected  at  what  is  now  Shady  Point,  3  miles 

from  the  Union  depot,  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad 1792 

Meeting  of  "sundry  inhabitants  of  the  western  counties  of 
Pennsylvania  "  to  consider  legal  means  against  the  law  tax- 
ing spirits,  at  Pittsburg  (Whiskey  insurrection) 21  Aug.     " 

Pittsburg  incorporated  as  a  borough 22  Apr.  1794 

Line  of  keel  boats  established  between  Cincinnati  and  Pittsburg,     " 
Whiskey  insurgents  assemble  at  Braddocks  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  Pittsburg;  they  march  into  the  place,  are  treated 
to  refreshments,  and  most  of  them  march  out  again...  July,      " 
Army  of  1500  men  under  gen,  Lee  arrive  at  Pittsburg  to  pro- 
tect the  place  and  suppress  the  insurgents Nov.     " 

Manufacture  of  glass,  begun  in  1795,  is  extended  by  gen.  James 
O'Hara  and  maj.  Isaac  Craig,  who  establish  a  glass  house 

with  8  pots,  with  capacity  of  3  boxes  at  a  blowing 1796 

President  Adams,  first  of  2  armed  galleys,  and  first  sea-going 

vessel  built  on  the  Ohio,  launched  at  Pittsburg 19  May,  1798 

First  paper-mill  built " 

Schooner  Amity,  120  tons,  and  ship  Pittsburg,  250  tons,  sea- 
going vessels,  built  by  a  company  at  the  head  of  which  was 

Louis  Anastasius  Tarascon,  launched  at  Pittsburg 1801 

Branch  of  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania  established  on  east  side  of 

Second  St.,  near  Ferry  st Jan.  1804 

First  iron  foundery  in  Pittsburg  erected  by  Joseph  McClurg. . .      " 
First  stage  line  from  Pittsburg  to  Chambersburg  opened. May,  1805- 
Steam  flouring-mill  erected  at  corner  Water  st.  and  Redoubt 

alley  by  Oliver  and  Owen  Evans 1809 

First  steamboat  built  in  Pittsburg,  the  Neiv  Orleans,  about  400 
tous,  138  feet  keel,  launched  (snagged  and  lost  near  Baton 

Rouge,  La.,  in  1814) Mch.  1811 

Rolling-mill  erected  by  Christopher  Cowan  on  corner  Penn  st. 

and  Cecil's  alley 1812 

Steel  furnace  erected  by  Taper  and  McKowan 1813 

United  States  arsenal  built 1814 

Bank  of  Pittsburg  incorporated  and  organized 22  Nov.     ' ' 

Pittsburg  incorporated  as  a  city  under  the  style  of  the  "mayor, 

aldermen,  and  citizens  of  Pittsburg  "  by  act 18  Mch.  1816 

Bridge  over  the  Monongahela  and  over  the  Alleghany  at  St. 

Clair  St.  built 1819 

Water-works  established,  taking  supply  from  the  Alleghany 

river  about  1  mile  from  its  mouth 1824 

Second  rolling-mill  in  the  city,  the  first  to  puddle  and  to  roll 
bar  iron,  was  the  Union  mill  erected  in  1819  on  the  Monon- 
gahela, and  accidentally  blown  up  and  dismantled  in 1829 

P'irst  boat  on  Pennsylvania  canal  arrives  at  Pittsburg.  .10  Nov.     " 

Great  freshet  on  the  Ohio Feb.  1832 

Manufacture  of  blister  steel  begun  by  G.  and  H.  Shoenberger 

about  1833 
First'boat  built  of  iron  that  navigated  the  western  waters  was 
the  Valley  Forge,  180  feet  long  ;  the  frame  of  angle   iron, 
beams  of  T  iron,  and  outside  of  3^  inch  Juniata  boiler-plate; 
launched  at  Pittsburg  during  summer  of 1839 


PIT  (J38 

Chronicle  Telegraph  established 1841 

Daily  Post  established 1842 

Improvement  of  Mouougahela  river  by  locks  and  dams,  begun 

1843,  and  opened  to  National  road  at  Urownsville..  .13  Nov.  1844 
Fire  destroys  ".)82  buildings,  covering  5(5  acres,  along  the  Mo- 
nongahelu  river  front  nearly  a  mile;  loss  $3,479,950.  .10  Apr.  1846 

Alleghany  ceiuotery  established " 

Iron  war-vessel  George  M.  Bibb  built  and  launched;  dimen- 

aions  210  ft.  keel.  21  ft.  beam,  17  ft.  depth  of  hold " 

Daily  Dispatch  established 1846 

Mercy  hospital  chartered 1848 

Board  of  Health  created  by  act  of  Assembly  approved.  .8  Apr.  1851 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  railroad  opened  to  New  Brighton,  28 

miles July,     " 

Library  association  founded '• 

Western  Pennsylvania  hospital  organized,  9  Mch.  1847;  char- 
tered IS  Mch.  1848,  and  hospital  building  opened Jan.  1853 

Crucible  cast-steel,  of  the  best  quality,  made  as  a  regular  prod- 
uct by  Hussey,  Wells  &  Co 1859 

Clinton  blast  furnace  of  Graff,  Bennett  &  Co.  blown  in Oct.     '• 

Order  ffom  secretary  of  war,  John  B.  Floyd,  to  ship  to  New 
Orleans  150  pieces  of  cannon  lying  at  the  Alleghany  arsenal; 
the  people  determine  to  resist,  but  the  order  is  counter- 
manded within  3  days 26  Dec.  1860 

Turner  Rifles  leave  for  Harrisburg 17  Apr.  1861 

12th  and  13th  regiments  leave  for  Harrisburg 24  Apr.     " 

Pittsburg  fortified  by  earthworks,  and  prepared  for  a  siege, 

14  June  et  seq.  1863 

Sanitary  fair  opens;  receipts  $361,516.17 1  June,  1864 

Commercial  Gazette  established " 

Homoeopathic  hospital  chartered 1866 

City's  area  increased  to  include  the  land  between  the  2  rivers 

firom  7  miles  above  their  junction 1867 

Alleghany  County  I.aw  library  founded " 

Pittsburg  Leader  established 1870 

Eleven  boroughs  on  the  South  side,  with  a  population  of  35,723, 
consolidated  with  Pittsburg  by  act  of  assembly  29  Mch.,  ap- 
proved by  the  governor 2  Apr.  1872 

Town  of  Wilkins  incorporated  with  Pittsburg 1874 

Strike  declared  by  the  conductors  and  brakemen  on  the  Penn- 
sylvania railroad  at  Pittsburg 19  July,  1877 

Strikers  attack  the  6th  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  state 
guards  who  tried  to  clear  the  Twenty-third  st.  crossing;  the 

beginning  of  the  riot  of  (Strikes) 21-22  July,     " 

Daily  Times  established 1879 

County  court-house  destroyed  by  fire May,  1882 

Holy  Ghost  college  opened  1878 ;  chartered " 

Daily  Press  established 1883 

Exposition  society's  buildings  burned  with  all  the  exhibits; 

loss  $1,000,000 3  Oct.     " 

Natural  gas  as  fuel  introduced  in  the  city 1884 

St.  Peter's  church  burned 12  Nov.  1886 

First  cable  street-railroad  opened — Fifth  ave.  line 12  Sept.  1888 

Centennial  of  Alleghany  county  celebrated  and  new  county 
court-house  dedicated 24  Sept.     " 

MAYORS. 


PLA 


Name. 

Term  of  office. 

Remarks. 

Ebenezer  Denny 

1816-17 

1817  25 

John  M.  Snowdeu 

1825-27 

Magnus  M.  Murray 

1828-29 

Matthew  B.  Lowry 

1830 

'  In  1834  the  mayor  was  first 

Magnus  M.  Murray 

1831 

elected    by    the    people. 

Samuel  Pettigrew 

1832-35 

-{     Prior   to  this  appointed 

Jonas  R.  McClintock. .. . 

1836-38 

by  city  councils;  and  he 

William  Little 

1839 
1840 

William  W.  Irwin 

James  Thompson 

1841 

Alexander  Hay 

1842-44 
1845 

William  J.  Howard 

William  Kerr      . .     .   . 

1846 
1847-48 

Gabriel  Adams 

1849 
1850 

John  B.  Guthrie. 

1851-52 

Robert  M.  Riddle 

1853 

Ferdinand  E.  Volz 

1854-55 

William  Bingham 

1856 

Henry  A.  Weaver 

George  Wilson 

1857-59 
1860-61 
1862-63 

(  Jan. ,  1858,  the  mayor  was 
(     elected  for  2  years. 

B  C  Sawyer 

1864-65 

W.  C.  McCarthy 

1866  67 

James  Blackmore 

Jared  M.  Brush 

1868 
1869-71 
1872-74 

(  The  mayor  was  elected  for 
\    3  years  under  act  of  1868. 

James  Blackmore 

William  C.  McCarthy. . . . 

1875-77 

Robert  Liddell 

1878-80 

Robert  W.  Lyon: 

1881-83 

Andrew  Fulton 

1884-86 

William  McCallum 

1887-89 

H.  L  Gourley 

1890-92 

Bernard  McKenna 

1893-96 

Pittsbnrg   Landings,  or   iShiloh,  Battle   of. 

Shortly  after  the  capture  of  fort  Donelson,  gen.  Grant  moved 
his  army  to  Pittsburg  Landing,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  about 
8  miles  above  Savannah,  and  20  miles  from  Corinth,  Miss. 


This  position  was  occupied  during  the  latter  part  of  Mch.l8G2. 
The  army,  numbering  about  40,000  men, was  in  6  divisions,  viz., 
Sherman's,  nurlbut's,W.  H.  L.  Wallace's,  McClernand's,  Pren- 
tis's,  and  Lew.  Wallace's ;  the  latter,  however,  being  at  Crump's 
Landing,  some  6  or  7  miles  below.  The  confederates  also  con- 
centrated at  Corinth,  with  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  in  chief 
command, and  Beauregard  as  second,  with  4  corps  commanders, 
Polk,  Bragg,  Hardee,  and  Breckinridge  ;  in  numbers  the  army 
fully  equalled  the  federals.  On  1  Apr.  1862,  both  were  ex- 
pecting reinforcements.  Grant  expected  Buell  with  about 
40,000  men,  and  Johnston  expected  Van  Dorn  with  30,000. 
Johnston,  however,  concluding  to  attack  Grant  before  joined 
by  Buell,  moved  his  army  out  from  Corinth  on  the  morning 
of  the  3d,  but,  owing  to  the  heavy  rains  of  the  4th,  he  could 
not  attack  until  early  dawn  of  Sunday  the  6th,  when,  by  per- 
sistent and  continuous  fighting,  he  succeeded  in  forcing  the 
federals  back  during  the  day  from  the  vicinity  of  Shiloh 
church  nearly  to  the  river,  over  3  miles.  At  the  clo.se  of  the 
day's  fighting  Nelson's  division  of  Buell's  command  arrived 
in  part  (Ammen's  brigade)  on  the  battlefield,  and  helped  re- 
pulse the  last  charge  of  the  victorious  confederates.  The 
day's  fighting  was  favorable  to  them,  although  Johnston  fell 
about  2  P.M.  while  leading  a  charge.  The  battle  of  the  7th 
was  opened  at  early  light  by  Buell  on  the  left,  who  had  rein- 
forced Grant  during  the  night  to  the  extent  of  20,000  men. 
He  was  further  strengthened  by  the  addition  of  Lew\  Wal- 
lace's division,  whose  absence  from  the  field  the  preceding  day 
was  owing  to  a  misunderstanding  of  orders;  this  brought  the 
J'edecal  forces  up  to  about  their  original  numbers.  But  while 
the  confederates  were  thus  outnumbered,  their  success  of  the 
previous  day  had  so  emboldened  them  that  the  battle  of  the 
7th  was  quite  as  severe  as  that  of  the  6th ;  in  fact,  it  was  not 
until  nearly  noon  that  the  Federal  successes  warranted  them 
any  assurance  of  victory.  As  early  as  2  p.m.  Beauregard, 
now  in  command,  ordered  a  retreat,  having  already  sent  back 
his  trains  towards  Corinth,  and  by  4  o'clock  had  enveloped 
his  retiring  columns  with  his  rearguards,  and  the  second  day's 
battle  ended  without  pursuit  by  the  federals.  The  losses  in 
this  battle,  the  most  severe  that  had  as  yet  occurred,  were : 
Confederates,  killed,  1728;  woiuided,  8012;  prisoners,  959; 
total,  10,699.  Federals,  killed,  1735;  wounded,  7882 ;  prison- 
ers, 3956 ;  total,  13,573.     Cokinth. 

piturine,  a  new  narcotic,  said  to  have  been  discovered  in 
1882  in  Australia.  It  resembles  a  mixture  of  opium  and  tobacco. 
It  is  extracted  from  the  dried  leaves  of  the  Duboisia pituri. 

Placen'tia,  now  Piaceii'za,  a  city  of  N.  Italy, 
founded  by  the  Romans  about  220  b.c.  It  suffered  in  all  the 
convulsions  attending  the  fall  of  the  empire  and  the  wars  of  the 
middle  ages.  In  1254  it  fell  under  the  rule  of  the  family  of  the 
Scotti.  In  1302  Alberto  Scottowas  overcome,  and  Placentia  was 
united  to  Milan,  then  ruled  by  the  Visconti.  On  their  extinc- 
tion in  1447,  Placentia  revolted,  but  was  taken  by  Sforza,  duke 
of  Milan,  and  treated  very  cruelly.  In  1513  it  was  given  to 
pope  Leo  X.  In  1545,  Paul  III.  gave  it  with  Parma  as  a  duchy 
to  his  son  Peter  Louis  Farnese.  The  French  and  Spaniards 
were  defeated  by  the  Austrians  and  Sardinians  near  Placentia, 
16  June,  1746.   '  Parma. 

Placiria,  Chili.  The  site  of  the  decisive  victory  of 
the  Congressists  over  pres.  Balmaceda,,28  Aug.  1891. 

plague  (Gr.  TrXrjyri,  a  blow),  a  malignant  fever  of  the 
most  aggravated  kind.  The  plagues  of  Egypt  (1491  b.c,)  are 
described  in  Exod.  ix.,  etc.  The  first  recorded  plague  general 
in  all  parts  of  the  world  occurred  767  b.c. — Petavius.  At  Car- 
thage a  plague  was  so  terrible  that  people  sacrificed  their  chil- 
dren to  appease  the  gods,  534  B.c.—Baromu3.  At  Rome  a 
desolating  plague  prevailed,  453  b.c.  The  devastating  plague 
at  Athens,  which  spread  into  Egypt  and  Ethiopia,  430  B.C.,  is 
admirably  described  by  Thucydides.  Another  which  raged 
in  the  Greek  islands,  Egypt,  and  Syria,  destroyed  2000  per- 
sons every  day,  187  b.c— Pliny.  Cattle. 
In  Italy  a  most  awful  plague;  10,000  persons  perished  daily,  80  a.d. 
Again  ravaged  the  Roman  empire,  167,  169,  189. 
Another  in  the  Roman  empire.  For  some  time  500  persons  died 
daily  at  Rome,  many  towns  depopulated,  250-65.  It  has  been  as- 
sumed that  this  plague  was  the  small-pox  or  the  bubo-plague. 
In  Britain,  a  plague  swept  away  such  multitudes  that  the  living 

were  scarcely  sufficient  to  bury  the  dead,  446. 
Long-continued  dreadful  one  began  in  Europe  in  558,  extending  all 
over  Asia  and  Africa. 


PLA  639 

At  Constantinople,  when  200,000  of  its  inhabitants  perished,  and  in 
Calabria,  Sicily,  and  Greece,  746-49. 

In  London,  962. 

At  Chichester,  in  England,  an  epidemic  disease  carried  off  34,000 
persons,  772.  —  Will.  Malmes. 

In  Scotland,  40,000  persons  perished,  954. 

In  London,  great  mortality,  1094;  in  Ireland,  1095. 

Again  in  Loudon;  it  extended  to  cattle,  fowl,  and  other  domestic 
animals,  1111. — Holinshed. 

In  Ireland;  after  Christmas  this  year,  Henry  II.  was  forced  to  quit 
the  country,  1172. 

Again  in  Ireland,  when  a  prodigious  number  perished,  1204. 

*' Black  Death"  in  Italy  and  throughout  Europe,  1347-50.  Britain 
and  Ireland  suffered  grievously.  In  London  alone  200  persons 
were  buried  daily  in  the  Charter-house  yards,  1348-49.  (That  at 
Florence  described  by  Boccaccio.)  This  was  probably  the  worst 
epidemic  ever  visited  on  man;  it  is  estimated  that  in  Asia  23,- 
000,000  perished  by  it,  and  25,000,000  in  Europe, 

In  London  and  Paris  a  dreadful  mortality  prevailed  in  136i-62, 
1367,  1369,  and  in  Ireland  in  1370. 

Great  pestilence  in  Ireland,  called  the  Fourth,  destroyed  a  great 
number  of  the  people,  1383. 

30,000  persons  perished  of  a  dreadful  pestilence  in  London,  1407. 

Again  in  Ireland,  superinduced  by  a  famine;  great  numbers  died, 
1466;  and  Dublin  was  wasted  by  a  plague,  1470. 

An  awful  pestilence  at  Oxford,  1471;  and  throughout  England;  de- 
stroyed more  people  than  the  continual  wars  for  the  15  preceding 
years,  1478. — liapin ;  Salmon. 

Sudor  Anglicus,  or  sweating  sickness,  very  fatal  in  London,  J485. 
— Delaune. 

Plague  in  London  so  dreadful  that  Henry  VII.  and  his  court  re- 
moved to  Calais,  1499-1500.— Stotw. 

Sweating  sickness  (mortal  in  3  hours)  in  London,  1506,  and  in  1517. 
In  most  of  the  capital  towns  in  England  half  the  inhabitants 
died,  and  Oxford  was  depopulated,  9  Henry  YlU.—Stow. 

Limerick  was  visited  by  a  plague;  many  thousands  perished,  1522. 

Sweating  sickness  again  in  England,  1528;  and  in  North  Germany 
in  1529;  and  for  the  fifth  time  in  England  in  155L 

50,578  persons  perished  of  the  plague  in  London  alone,  1603-4.  It 
was  also  fatal  in  Ireland. 

200,000  perished  of  a  pestilence  at  Constantinople  in  1611. 

In  London,  great  mortality,  35,417  persons  perished,  1625. 

In  Italy,  1630:  in  Florence,  12,000  died;  in  xVIantua,  25,000;  in  Bo- 
logna,  30,000;  in  Milan,  180,000.  In  Milan  the  barber  Mord  and 
the  health  commissioner  Piazza,  convicted  of  rubbing  "plague 
salve"  upon  house  walls,  after  all  kinds  of  tortures  had  their 
hands  cut  off,  were  broken  on  the  wheel,  and  then  burned.— Baas, 
"Hist,  of  Medicine." 

In  France  a  general  mortality;  at  Lyons,  60,000  persons  died,  1632. 

Plague  brought  from  Sardinia  to  Naples  (by  a  transport  with  soldiers 
on  board)  carried  off  400,000  of  the  inhabitants  in  6  months,  1656. 

■Great  plague  of  London  began  Dec.  1664,  which  carried  off  68,596 
persons;  some  say  100,000.  Fires  were  kept  up  night  and  day 
to  purify  the  air  for  3  days;  and  it  was  thought  the  infection  was 
not  totally  destroyed  till  the  great  conflagration  of  Sept.  1666. 

[Graphically  described  by  De  Foe  in  his  partly  imaginative 
"History  of  the  Plague. "] 

■60,000  persons  perished  of  the  plague  at  Marseilles  and  neighbor- 
hood, brought  in  ship  from  the  Levant,  1720. 

Awful  plague  in  Syria,  1760. — Abbe  Mariti. 

In  Persia,  a  fatal  pestilence,  which  carried  off  80,000  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Bassora,  1773. 

In  Egypt,  about  800,000  oersons  died  of  plague,  1792. 

In  Barbary,  3000  died  daily,  and  at  Fez  247,000  perished,  1799 ;  in  the 
east,  1800, 1840, 1873 ;  many  deaths  in  Bagdad,  etc.,  Apr.-May,  1876. 

In  Spain  and  at  Gibraltar  immense  numbers  were  carried  off  by  a 
pestilent  disease  in  1804  and  1805. 

Again  at  Gibraltar,  an  epidemic  fever  much  resembling  the  plague 
caused  great  mortality,  1828. 

Asiatic  cholera  made  its  first  appearance  in  England  at  Sunderland, 
26  Oct.  1831;  in  Scotland,  at  Haddington,  23  Dec.  same  year;  in 
Ireland,  at  Belfast,  14  Mch.  1832,  and  in  the  U.  S.  the  same  year. 

Cholera  again  visited  England,  etc.,  1848  and  1849. 

Gholera  raged  at  Smyrna  and  Constantinople,  and  appeared  in 
Paris,  Marseilles,  Naples,  July-Dec.  1865. 

Great  cattle-plague  in  England,  resembling  typhus,  near  London,  be- 
gins June,  1865. 

New  disease  appeared  in  Dublin;  many  persons  died  a  few  hours 
after  the  seizure,  Mch.  et  seq.  1866. 

Plague  in  Astrakhan,  Jan. -Apr.  1879.   Cholera,  Yellow-fever,  etc. 

The  statistics  here  given  are  not  exaggerated,  but  rather  under- 
estimated. The  plagues  and  pestilences  both  of  antiquity,  me- 
diaeval, and  later  times  arose  from  various  causes:  (1)  Ignorance 
of  the  laws  of  health;  (2)  restless  migrations  of  the  people;  (3) 
insecurity  of  property,  giving  rise  to  idleness  and  imperfect  cul- 
tivation of  the  land,  and  the  consequent  failure  of  crops;  (4)  total 
lack  of  commercial  facilities  to  supply  the  wants  of  any  destitute 
■community— the  first  post-road  in  Europe  being  opened  in  1497; 
<5)  uncleanliness;  (6)  improper  food;  (7)  want  of  proper  and  suf- 
ficient clothing;  (8)  dense  crowding  in  the  very  circumscribed 
areas  of  the  walled  towns;  (9)  their  total  lack  of  drainage,  un- 
paved  and  filthy  streets  poisoning  the  water  of  the  wells,  etc. ; 
(10)  gross  and  barbarous  immorality;  (11)  constant  wars  and  dis- 
j  putes,  with  religious  fanaticism,  tended  to  keep  up  an  over-tension 
of  the  mind,  giving  rise  to  manias,  etc. ;  (12)  want  of  sympathy 
'     for  the  sick  and  diseased. 

[  planeta'riuilli,  an  astronomical  machine  representing 
the  motion  and  orbits  of  the  planets.  David  Rittenhouse,  the 
eminent  mechanic  and  mathematician  of  Philadelphia,  Pa., 


PLA 

constructed  a  planetarium  in  1768  which  has  elicited  the  high- 
est praise.  It  was  superior  to  anything  that  had  been  pre- 
viously constructed,  and  was  purchased  by  the  college  of  New- 
Jersey,  at  Princeton,  where  it  remains.  Upon  it  is  this  in- 
scription :  "  Invented  hy  David  Rittenhouse,  a.d.  1768  ;  repaired 
and  extended  by  Henry  Voight,  1806;  both  of  Philadelphia." 
It  is  said  that  when  Cornwallis  took  possession  of  Princeton, 
after  Washington  left  it  on  the  morning  of  3  Jan.  1777,  he  in- 
tended to  carry  off  this  planetarium  and  send  it  as  a  trophy 
to  England ;  but  the  Americans  kept  him  too  busy  to  allow 
him  to  plunder.     Orrery. 

planets,  celestial  bodies  which  revolve  about  the  sua 
in  a  fixed  orbit  with  a  moderated  degree  of  eccentricity.  We 
now  know  9  primary  planets,  termed  major — Mercury,  Ve- 
nus, the  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  Nep- 
tune, and  Vulcan  (doubtful),  and  384  (1893)  secondary  or 
minor  planets,  termed  asteroids,  situated  between  the  orbits  of 
Mars  and  Jupiter.  The  first  4  were  discovered  as  follows,  viz. : 
Ceres,  discovered  by  Piazzi  (visible  to  the  naked  eye). .  .1  Jan.  1801 

Pallas,  discovered  at  Bremen  by  Olbers 28  Mch.  1802 

Juno,  discovered  by  Harding 1  Sept.  1804 

Vesta,  by  Olbers 29  Mch.  1807 

The  fifth,  Astrcea,  by  K.  C.  Hencke,  8  Dec.  1845,  since  which  time 
many  others  have  been  discovered.  So  far  as  known,  Pallas, 
with  a  diameter  of  600  miles,  is  the  largest  of  them. 

planim'eter,  a  machine  for  measuring  the  area  of  any 
figure  by  the  passage  of  ^  tracer  round  about  its  perimeter. 
Amsler's  planimcter  (in  use  for  several  years)  was  described 
at  the  British  Association  meeting  at  Brighton,  Aug.  1872. 

planing'-machillC,  a  machine  for  trimming  up  and 
facing  wood,  and  iron  also.  One  for  wood  was  constructed  by 
Bramah,  about  1802,  and  one  for  iron  by  Joseph  Clement,  1825. 

Plailtag''enet,  House  of,  to  which  belonged  14  Eng- 
lish kings,  from  Henry  II.,  1154,  to  Richard  III.,  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Bosworth,  1485.  Fulke  Martel,  earl  of  Anjou,  hav- 
ing contrived  the  death  of  his  nephew,  the  earl  of  Brittany, 
in  order  to  succeed  to  the  earldom,  his  confessor  sent  him,  in 
atonement  for  the  murder,  to  Jerusalem,  attended  by  only  2 
servants,  one  of  whom  was  to  lead  him  by  a  halter  to  the  Holy 
Sepulchre,  the  other  to  strip  and  whip  him  there,  like  a  com- 
mon malefactor.  Broom,  in  French  genet,  in  Latin  genista, 
being  the  only  tofigh,  pliant  shrub  in  Palestine,  the  noble 
criminal  was  smartly  scourged  with  it,  and  from  this  instru- 
ment of  his  chastisement  he  was  called  Planta-genista,  or 
Plantagenet.  Other  accounts  are  given. — Skinner  and  Meze- 
ray.     England,  Kino. 

plantations,  charters  granted  to.  Rhode  Island, 
1643-63. 

Plas'sey,  formerly  a  village  of  Bengal,  India,  the  site  of 
a  battle  fought  between  the  British  nnder  Clive  and  the  Hin- 
dus under  Surajah  Dowlah,  23  June,  1757.  The  nabob,  al- 
though at  the  head  of  about  68,000  men,  was  vanquished  by 
1000  British  and  about  2000  sepoys.  The  victory  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  British  empire  of  India.  The  village  and 
fortifications  have  been  destroyed  by  the  river  Hoogly.    India. 

plaster  of  Paris,  Gypsum,  sulphate  of  lime,  used 
for  moulds,  statuary,  etc.,  first  found  at  Montmartre,  near  Paris, 
whence  its  name.  The  method  of  taking  likenesses  by  its 
use  was  first  discovered  by  Andrea  del  Verrochio,  about  1466. 

Platse'a,  a  ruined  city  of  Boeotia,  N.  Greece,  site  of  the 
battle  between  Mardonius,  commander  of  the  army  of  Xerxes 
of  Persia,  and  Pausanias,  commander  of  the  Lacedaemonians 
and  Athenians,  22  Sept.  479  b.o.  ;  the  same  day  as  the  battle  of 
Mycale.  Of  300,000  Persians,  scarce  3000  escaped  with  their 
lives.       "There  had  the  Persian  thousands  stood, 

There  had  the  glad  earth  drunk  their  blood. 
On  old  Platsea's  day." 

—HallecJc,  "Marco  Bozzaris." 

The  Grecian  army,  about  110,000,  lost  but  few  men.  The 
Greeks  obtained  immense  plunder,  and  were  henceforth  deliv- 
ered from  the  fear  of  Persian  invasions.  Plataea,  as  an  ally 
of  Athens,  was  destroyed  by  the  Thebans,  372,  and  rebuilt  by 
Philip  II.  after  his  victory  at  Chaeronea,  338. 

plat'inuin,  the  heaviest  of  all  the  metals  except  irid- 
ium. The  name  originated  with  the  Spaniards  on  account 
of  its  silvery  color ;  plata  signifying  silver.  It  was  found 
in  the  auriferous  sand  of  the  river  Pinto,  in  South  America, 


PLA  640 

and  was  unknown  in  Europe  until  1741,  when  don  Antonio 
Ulloa  announced  its  existence  in  the  narrative  of  his  voyage 
to  Peru. — Greig.  In  its  ore  have  been  found  the  metals  pal- 
ladium, rhodium,  osmium,  iridium,  and  ruthenium.  Elk- 
MENTS.  In  1859,  M.  U.  Ste.-Claire  Deville  made  known  a  new 
method  of  obtaining  platinum  from  its  ore,  in  great  abundance 
and  purity;  and  at  the  international  exhibition  of  1862  was 
shown  a  mass  worth  3840/.,  weighing  266^  lbs.,  of  a  metal 
hitherto  considered  infusible,  obtained  by  his  process,  employ- 
ing the  oxy-hydrogen  flame. 

Dodd's  process  for  coating  iron  with  platinum  to  prevent  rust, 
shown  at  Johnson  &  Matthey's,  London,  11  Jan.  1879. 

PlatOll'ie  pliilO§ophy,  the  most  popular  of  all 
systems.  Plato's  dialogues  have  been  termed  "Philosophy 
backed  by  example."  He  was  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  409  b.c., 
and  died  347.  The  leading  feature  of  his  mind  was  compre- 
hensiveness.    Philosophy. 

Platonic  year,  the  period  of  time  which  the  equi- 
noxes take  to  finish  their  revolution,  at  the  end  of  which  the 
stars  and  constellations  have  the  same  place  with  regard  to 
the  equinoxes  that  they  had  at  first.  Tycho  Brahe  says  that 
this  year  or  period  requires  25,816  common  years  to  complete 
it;  Ricciolus  computes  it  at  25,920;  and  Cassini  at  24,800; 
at  the  end  of  which  time  some  imagined  that  there  would  be  a 
total  and  natural  renovation  of  the  whole  creation.    Equinox. 

Platt§burg^.     United  States,  1814. 
play§.     Drama,  Shakespeare,  Theatres. 

pleading^S.  Clothaire  held  a  kind  of  movable  parlia- 
ment called  jo/aaVa,  whence  came  the  word  pleas,  616  a.d. — 
Henault.  In  the  early  courts  of  judicature  in  England,  plead- 
ings were  made  in  the  Saxon  language  in  786 ;  and  in  Nor- 
man-French from  the  period  of  the  Conquest  in  1066  until 
1362.  Pleadings  were  ordered  to  be  in  English  by  36  Ed- 
ward III.  1362,  and  Cromwell  extended  the  rule  to  all  legal 
proceedings,  1650.  In  English  law  the  proceedings  are  the 
mutual  statements  of  the  plaintiff's  cause  of  action  and  the 
defendant's  ground  of  defence. 

Pleasant  Orove  and  Pleasant  Hill,  Battles 

of.     Red  River  campaign. 

plebe'ian§,  plebes,  the  citizens  of  Rome,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  patricians.     Rome,  494-366  b.c. 

plebi§ci'tum,  a  term  given  to  a  law  passed  by  the 
comiiia  tributa,  an  assembly  of  the  Roman  people  in  their 
tribes,  first  established  in  491  b.c.  The  term  has  been  re- 
cently revived  in  France  and  Italy,  and  applied  to  universal 
suffrage. 

Ple'iades,  a  notable  group  of  stars  in  the  constellation 
Taurii,  commonly  known  as  the  "  7  stars,"  although  but  6  are 
visible  to  the  naked  eye,  viz. :  Alcyon  of  the  third  magnitude ; 
Electra  and  Atlas  of  the  fourth,  and  Merope,  Maia,  and  Tay- 
gete  of  the  fifth.  The  name  is  possibly  derived  from  the  Gr. 
Trkelv,  to  navigate  (mentioned  in  Job  xxxviii.  31).  Accord- 
ing to  recent  calculation  the  sun  is  moving  towards  a  point  in 
the  constellation  Hercules,  and  possibly  the  movement  is  or- 
bital, the  centre  of  which  is  the  Pleiades. 
"Many  a  night  I  saw  the  Pleiads,  rising  thro'  the  mellow  shade, 
Glitter  like  a  swarm  of  fire-flies,  tangled  in  a  silver  braid." 
— yennyson,  "  Locksley  Hall." 

plethys'niograpll,  an  apparatus  for  detecting  the 
state  of  the  mind  by  observing  the  relations  of  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  from  the  heart  to  the  brain ;  invented  bv  M.  Mos- 
sol  of  Turin,  1882. 

Plevna,  Bulgaria.     Russo-Turkish  wars,  1877. 

plots.     Conspiracies,  Rebellions. 

plough.  "Thou  shalt  not  plough  with  an  ox  and  an 
«ss  together"  (Deut. xxii.  10 ;  1451  b.c.).  The  Roman  plough 
is  minutely  described  by  Virgil,  about  31  b.c.  Engines  to 
plough  grounds,  whether  inland  or  upland,  were  patented  by 
David  Ramsay  and  Thomas  Wildgoose,  Engl.,  in  1618.  Agri- 
culture in  the  United  States,  Steam-ploughs. 

plum.  Flowers  and  Plants.  Formerly  damsons, 
apricots,  and  peaches  went  by  this  name,  as  raisins  do  to  this 
day. 

plural  number.    We. 


POL 


plus  (+)  and  minus  (  —  ).  Prof.  De  Morgan  attributes 
these  signs  to  either  Christopher  Rudolf,  who  published  a 
book  on  algebra  about  1522,  or  Michael  Stiielius,  about  1544. 

Plymouth.     Massachusetts,  1620,  etc. 

Plymouth  Brethren.  A  sect  calling  themselves 
simplj'  "  Brethren,"  and  also  known  as  Darbyites,  from  one 
of  their  founders,  John  W.  Darby.  They  originated  in  Dub- 
lin, Plymouth,  and  Bristol,  Engl.,  about  1829.  They  receive 
into  communion  all  who  confess  Christ,  and  acknowledge  the 
Holy  Ghost  as  his  vicar.  They  recognize  no  order  of  minis- 
ters. In  1838  Darby  removed  to  Switzerland,  from  whence 
the  society  spread  into  France  and  Italy.  It  also  has  a  con- 
siderable following  in  the  United  States.  Their  strength  can- 
not be  satisfactorily  estimated,  since  they  have  no  formal  or- 
ganization. 

pneumatics  {nu-mat'iks),  the  science  which  treats  of 
the  mechanical  properties  of  air  and  gases.   Air,  Atmospiirr. 

IC  RAILWAYS. 

Poeahon'tas.     Virginia,  1607,  '12,  '13,  '16. 

podesta  (from  potestas,  power),  an  Italian  governor, 
afterwards  a  judge;  one  with  supreme  authority  was  appoint- 
ed aC  Milan  by  the  emperor  Frederick  I.,  when  he  took  the 
city  in  1158. 

poet-laureate.     Selden  could  not  trace  the  precise 

origin  of  this  office. 

Warton,  in  his  "History  of  English  Poetry,"  states  that  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  TIL  there  was  a  Versificator  Regis,  to  whom  an 
annual  stipend  was  first  paid  of  100s. 

Chaucer,  on  his  return  from  abroad,  assumed  the  title  of  poet-laure- 
ate; and  in  the  twelfth  year  of  Richard  II.,  1389,  he  obtained  a 
grant  of  an  annual  allowance  of  wine. 

In  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  John  Kay  was  laureate;  Andrew  Ber- 
nard was  laureate,  temp.  Henry  VII. ;  and  John  Skelton,  temp. 
Henry  VIII. 

James  I.,  in  1615,  granted  to  his  laureate  a  yearly  pension  of  100 
marks;  and  in  1630  this  stipend  was  augmented  by  letters-patent 
of  Charles  I.  to  1001.  per  annum,  with  an  additional  grant  of  1 
tierce  of  Canary  Spanish  wine  to  be  taken  out  of  the  king's  store 
of  wine  yearly.  It  is  believed  that  on  Southey's  appointment  the 
tierce  of  Canary  wine  was  commuted  for  211. 

Laurence  Eusden  commenced  a  series  of  Birthday  and  New-year's 
Odes,  which  continued  till  the  death  of  Pye,  in  1813. 

On  the  death  of  Warton,  its  abolition  was  recommended  by  Gibbon, 
whose  elegant  compliment  on  the  occasion  still  more  forcibly  ap- 
plied on  Wordsworth's  death,  in  1850:  "This  is  the  best  time  for 
not  filling  up  the  office,  when  the  prince  is  a  man  of  virtue,  and 
the  poet  just  departed  was  a  man  of  genius." 

poets-laureate. 
Edmund  Spenser,  d.  1599. 
Samuel  Daniel,  d.  1619. 
Ben  Jonson  (b.  1574),  d.  1637. 
Sir  William  Davenant,  1637;  d.  1668. 
John  Dryden,  1670;  deposed  at  the  revolution,  1688. 
Thomas  Shadwell,  1688 ;  d.  1692. 
NahumTate,  1692;  d.  1715. 
Nicholas  Rowe,  d.  1718. 
Rev.  Laurence  Eusden,  1718;  d.  1730. 
CoUey  Gibber,  1730;  d.  1757. 

William  Whitehead  (on  the  refusal  of  Gray),  1757;  d.  1785. 
Rev.  dr.  Thomas  Warton  (on  the  refusal  of  Mason),  1785;  d.  1790. 
Henry  James  Pye,  1790;  d.  1813. 

Dr.  Robert  Sou  they  (on  the  refusal  of  Scott),  1813;  d.  21  Mch.  1843.J 
William  Wordsworth,  1843 ;  d.  23  Apr.  1850. 
Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809),  installed  1850;  d.  6  Oct.  1892. 
The  office  is  now  vacant,  1895. 

poetry.  Technically,  composition  in  verse ;  but  "  po 
try  is  the  blossom  and  the  fragrance  of  all  human  knowledg 
human  thoughts,  human  passions,  emotions,  and  language.' 
Coleridge.  The  song  of  Moses  on  the  deliverance  of  the  Israe^ 
ites,  and  their  passage  through  the  Red  sea,  1491  b.c.  (Exc 
XV.),  is  the  most  ancient  poetry  extant.  Orpheus  of  Thrace 
is  deemed  the  inventor  of  poetry  (at  least  in  the  western  par 
of  the  world)  about  1397  B.C.  Ballads,  Comedy,  Epic  poems 
Hymns,  Literature,  Odes,  Satire,  Sonnets,  Tragedy,  and 
Verse. 

Poictiers  (pwa-te-a'),  a  town  of  W.  France,  near 
which  was  fought  the  battle  between  Edward  the  Blackl 
Prince,  and  John,  king  of  France,  in  which  the  English  arms| 
triumphed,  19  Sept.  1356.  The  standard  of  France  was  over-j 
thrown,  many  of  her  nobility  slain,  and  her  king  was  takei 
prisoner,  and  brought  to  London.  Prisoners,  Tours,| 
VouGLi^. 

Point  Pleasant,  Battle  of.     Virginia,  1774. 

Poland,  N.  E.  Europe,  part  of  ancient  Sarmatia.     It 


POL 


641 


POL 


said  to  have  become  a  duchy  under  Lechus  or  Lesko  I.,  550 ; 
and  a  kingdom  under  Boleslas,  about  992;  the  natives  be- 
long to  the  great  Slavonic  family.  The  word  Pole  is  not 
older  than  the  10th  century.  This  kingdom  in  its  best  days 
embraced  a  territory  of  about  284,000  sq.  miles,  and  extended 
713  miles  north  and  south  and  693  east  and  west.  Its  de- 
struction as  a  separate  nationality  and  the  absorption  of  its 
territory  by  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  commencing  in  1772 
(when  it  embraced  an  area  of  about  282,000  sq.  miles,  with  a 
population  of  not  far  from  12,000,000)  and  finished  in  1795, 
could  not  have  been  accomplished  without  the  aid  of  Poland 
herself,  and  while  sympathy  is  aroused  at  the  needless  de- 
struction of  a  nation,  still  it  was  due.(l)  to  the  inveterate 
jealousy  and  feuds  of  the  Polish  nobility  among  themselves-, 
"(2)  the  absence  of  a  middle  or  national  class,  which  the  nobles 
made  impossible  ;  (3)  the  intolerance  of  the  Jesuitical  Romish 
party ;  (4)  total  incapacity  of  its  later  rulers ;  (5)  no  natural 
frontier  boundaries.  Its  history  as  a  nation  ceased  1795  with 
Stanislas  II. 

Piastus,  a  peasant,  is  elected  to  the  ducal  dignity about    842 

[Piastus  is  said  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of  120,  reigning 
so  prosperously  that  succeeding  native  sovereigns  were  called 
Piasts.] 

Introduction  of  Christianity about    992 

Boleslas  II.  murders  St.  Stanislas,  the  bishop  of  Cracow,  with 
his  own  hands,  1079;  his  kingdom  laid  under  an  interdict  by 

the  pope,  and  his  subjects  absolved  of  their  allegiance 1080 

He  flies  to  Hungary  for  shelter ;  but  is  refused  it  by  order  of  Greg- 
ory VII.,  and  at  length  kills  himself  or  dies  in  a  monastery..  1081 

Tartar  invasion 1241 

Premislas  assassinated 1296 

Louis  of  Hungary  elected  king 1370 

Ladislas  VI.  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Turks 1444 

War  against  the  Teutonic  knights 1410,  1447 

Wallachian  invaders  carry  off  100,000  Poles,  and  sell  them  to 

the  Turks  as  slaves 1498 

Wallachians  defeated 1531 

Splendid  reign  of  Sigismund  II 1548 

Lithuania  incorporated  with  Poland 1569 

Stephen  forms  a  militia  composed  of  Cossacks,  on  whom  he 

bestows  the  Ukraine 1575 

Poland  conquered  by  the  Swedes 1655 

Recovered  its  independence 1660 

Abdication  of  John  Casimir 1668 

Victories  of  John  Sobieski  over  the  Turks  at  Vienna 1683 

Many  Protestants  killed  after  an  aflfray  at  Thorn 1724 

Stanislas  abolishes  torture 1770 

Awful  pestilence  destroys  250,000  persons " 

Civil  war  so  weakened  the  kingdom  that  it  fell  an  easy  prey  to 

Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia 1772 

First  partition  convention,  secret  between  Russia  and  Prussia, 

17  Feb.     " 
,  Public  partition  treaty  between  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  5 

j      Aug. ;  acted  on 18  Sept.     " 

I         [In  this  partition  Russia  obtains  42,000  sq.  miles;  Prussia, 

I     13,500;  and  Austria,  27,000.] 

i  Kosciusko  joins  American  army  (and  serves  throughout  the 

;      Revolution) 1776 

;  New  constitution  granted  by  the  king 3  May,  1791 

:  Russians,  etc. ,  on  various  pretexts  enter  Poland 1792 

j  Second  partition  treaty  signed  between  Russia  and  Prussia 1793 

[At  this  time  Russia  takes  96,000  sq.  miles  and  Prussia 
I      22,000.] 

Insurrection  under  Kosciusko Mch.  1794 

After  many  successes  he  is  defeated  by  the  Russians  at  Macie- 

;     jovice  and  taken  prisoner 10  Oct.      " 

Praga  sacked  and  Warsaw  taken  by  Suwarrow Nov.     ' ' 

1  Courland  is  annexed  to  Russia 1795 

;  Stanislas  resigns  his  crown  at  Grodno ;   third  and  final  par- 

;     tition  of  the  kingdom 25  Nov.     " 

';        [Russia  takes  43,000  sq.  miles:  Prussia,  21,000;  and  Aus- 
;    tria,  18,000.] 

I  Kosciusko  set  at  liberty  by  emperor  Paul 25  Dec.  1796 

jHe  arrives  in  London 30  May,  1797 

fPoles  enter  the  French  army  and  greatly  help  France  to  gain 

i    her  victories 1797  et  seq. 

Stiinislas  dies  at  St.  Petersburg 12  Feb.  1798 

Napoleon  I.  enters  Warsaw;  his  army  wintered  in  Poland. .  .1806-7 

Poles  neglected  by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit 7  July,  1807 

General  diet  at  Warsaw June,  1812 

Central  provinces  (the  duchy  at  Warsaw,  between  1807  and 
1813)  made  the  kingdom  of  Poland  under  Alexander  of  Rus- 
sia  30  Apr.  1815 

New  constitution  granted,  Cracow  a  free  republic 27  Nov.     " 

Kosciusko  dies  in  Switzerland,  aged  81 16  Oct.  1817 

Polish  diet  opened Sept.  1820 

A  revolution  at  Warsaw;  the  army  declare  in  favor  of  the  peo- 

^.Ple 29  Nov.  1830 

>iet  declares  the  throne  vacant 25  Jan.  1831 

Battle  of  Grochow,  near  Praga;  the  Russians  lose  7000  men; 

the  Poles,  who  keep  the  field,  2000 19,  20  Feb.     " 

•Jattle  of  Wawz 31  Mch.     " 

■nsurrection  in  Wilna  and  Volhynia 3  Apr.     " 

Russians  defeated  at  Zelicho,  6  Apr. ;  Seidlece,  10  Apr. ;  at  Os- 
trolenka 26  May,     " 

21 


Russian  general  Diebitsch  d 10  June,  1831 

Battle  of  Wilna;  Poles  defeated 19  June,     " 

Grand-duke  Constautine  d 27  June,     " 

Battle  of  Minsk 14  July,     " 

Warsaw  taken  by  Russians 8  Sept.     " 

Insurrection  suppressed 5  Oct.     " 

Ukase  by  the  emperor  Nicholas,  the  kingdom  of  Poland  hence- 
forth an  integral  part  of  the  Russian  empire 26  Feb.  1832 

Attempted  revolution  in  Austrian  Poland 22-27  Feb.  1846 

Courts  of  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia  revoke  the  treaty  of 
1815,  which  constituted  Cracow  a  free  republic,  and  it  is  de- 
clared Austrian  territory 16  Nov.     " 

[This  annexation  was  protested  against  by  England,  France, 
Sweden,  and  Turkey.] 

Kingdom  of  Poland  declared  a  Russian  province May,  1847 

[From  this  time  up  to  1868  several  attempts  were  made  by 
the  Poles  to  achieve  their  independence  without  success.] 

Poland  designated  the  "Vistula  province"  in  a  ukase Jan.  1868 

Its  separate    internal   government   abolished,   and  complete 

union  with  the  empire  effected 29  Feb.     " 

Distinct  financial  departments  of  Poland  abolished Apr.     " 

Polish  language  interdicted  in  public  places July,     " 

Polish  language  prohibited  in  courts  of  law  and  public  offices 

in  Russian  Poland June,  1876 

About  35,000  Poles  expelled  from  Prussia Oct. -Nov.  1885 

Movement  for  denationalizing  Poland Feb.  1886 

Centenary  of  the  Polish  constitution  of  1791  celebrated  in  Aus- 
trian Poland 3  May,  1891 

Emperor  William  of  Germany  appoints  a  Polish  archbishop  of 

Posen,  1891,  and  otherwise  "favors  the  Poles 1892 

Cracow,  Russia,  Warsaw. 

dukes  and  kings  of  poland. 
842.  Piastus,  duke. 
861.  Ziemovitus,  his  son. 
892.  Lesko  or  Leskus  IV, 
913.  Ziemomishis,  son  of  Lesko. 
964.  Miecislas  I.  becomes  Christian. 

992.  Boleslas  I.,  surnamed  the  Lion-hearted;  obtained  the  title  of 
king  from  the  emperor  Otho  III. 
Miecislas  IL 
1034.  Richense  or  Richsa,  his  consort,  regent;  driven  from  the  gov- 
ernment. 
1037.  [Anarchy.] 
1041.  Casimir  I.,  her  son,  surnamed  the  Pacific;  he  had  retired  to  a 

monastery,  but  was  invited  to  the  throne. 
1058.  Boleslas  XL,  styled  the  Intrepid. 

1081.  Ladislas  I.,  called  the  Careless.  '    • 

1102.  Boleslas  III.,  surnamed  Wry-mouth. 
1138.  Ladislas,  son  of  the  preceding. 
1146.  Boleslas  IV.,  the  Curled. 
1173.  Miecislas  III.,  the  Old;  deposed. 
1177.  Casimir  IL,  surnamed  the  Just. 
1194.  Lesko  v.,  the  White;  abdicated. 
1200.  Miecislas  III. ;  restored. 
1202.  Ladislas  III. ;  retired. 
1206.  Lesko  V. ;  restored ;  assassinated ;  succeeded  by  his  son,  an 

infant. 
1227.  Boleslas  V.,  surnamed  the  Chaste. 
1279.  Lesko  VI.,  surnamed  the  Black, 
1289.  [Horrid  anarchy.] 

1295.  Premislas,  styled  king  of  Poland,  governs  wisely ;  assassinated. 

1296.  Ladislas  I.  (IV.),  the  Short;  deposed. 

1300.  Wenceslas,  king  of  Bohemia,  abandons  Poland. 

1304.  Ladislas  IV.,  the  Short. 

1333.  Casimir  III.,  the  Great;  encourages  the  arts  and  amends  the 
law;  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse. 

1370.  Louis,  king  of  Hungary. 

1382.  Maria;  and  1384  Hedwige  (daughters  of  Louis),  and  her  con- 
sort, .Jagello,  duke  of  Lithuania,  by  the  style  of  Ladislas  V. 

1399.  Ladislas  II.  (V),  alone;  annexed  Lithuania. 

1434.  Ladislas  III.  (VI,),  son ;  succeeded  as  king  of  Hungary,  1440. 

1445.  [Interregnum.] 
"      Casimir  IV. 

1492.  John  (Albert)  I.,  son. 

1501.  Alexander,  prince  of  Livonia,  his  brother. 

1506.  Sigismund  I.,  brother;  obtained  the  surname  of  the  Great. 

1548.  Sigismund  IL,  Augustus,  son  (last  of  the  Jagellon  dynasty);  a 
splendid  reign;  added  Livonia  to  his  kingdom;  d.  1572. 
Interregnum. 

ELECTED   MONARCHS. 

1573.  Henry  de  Valois,  dukeof  Anjou,  brother  to  the  king  of  France; 
he  afterwards  succeeded  to  the  French  throne. 

1575.  Stephen  Bathori,  prince  of  Transylvania;  established  the  Cos- 
sacks as  a  militia. 

1586.  [Interregnum.] 

1587.  Sigismund  III.,  son  of  the  king  of  Sweden,  to  the  exclusion 

of  Maximilian  of  Austria,  elected  by  the  nobles. 
1632.  Ladislas  IV.  (VII.),  Vasa,  son  of  Sigismund  III. ;  succeeded  by 

his  brother. 
1648.  John  II. ,  or  Casimir  V. ;  abdicated  1668,  and  retired  to  France, 

where  he  died  a  monk  in  1672. 

1668.  [Interregnum.] 

1669.  Michael-Koributh-Wiesnowiski  ;   in  this  reign  the  Cossacks 

join  the  Turks  and  ravage  Poland. 
1674.  John  III.,  Sobieski;  the  last  independent  king;  illustrious  for 

victories  over  the  Cossacks,  Turks,  and  Tartars. 
1697.  [Interregnum.] 
"     Frederick  Augustus  I.,  son  of  John  George,  elector  of  Saxony, 

and  elector  in  1694;  deprived  of  his  crown. 


POL 


642 


POL 


17M.  Stanislas  I.  (liOzinskij;  forced  to  retire  from  his  Icingdom  iu 

1709. 
1709.  Frederick  Augustus  I.  again. 
1733.  Frederick  Augustus  II.,  sou  of  the  preceding  sovereign. 

1763.  [Interregnum.] 

1764.  Stanislas  II.    Augustus  Poniatowski,  resigned  his  sovereignty, 

23  Nov.  1795;  d.  at  Petersburg,  a  state  prisoner,  12  Feb.  1798. 

polltr  clock,  an  optical  apparatus  invented  by  prof. 
Wheatstone  (about  1849),  whereby  the  hour  of  the  day  is 
found  by  means  of  the  polarization  of  light. 

polar  regioiii.  Northkast  and  Northwkst 
PASSAGES,  South  vo\m. 

polariza'ti<»ii  of  llg^ht.    Onics. 

pole-star,  or  polar  §lar,  Pola'ris,  a  star  of 
the  second  magnitude,  the  last  in  the  tail  of  the  constellation 
"Ursa  Minor,"  or  "Little  Bear."  2  other  stars  in  this  con- 
stellation are  known  as  the  "  Guardians  of  the  Pole."  2  stars 
{Duhhe  and  Merak)  in  the  constellation  "Ursa  Major,"  or 
"  Great  Bear,"  are  called  pointers  to  the  pole-star.  The  discov- 
ery of  the  pole-star  is  ascribed  by  the  Chinese  to  their  emperor 
Hong-ti,  the  grandson  (they  say)  of  Noah,  who  reigned  and 
flourished  1970  b.c. — Univ.  Hist.     Equinox,  Stars. 

police.  The  police  system,  being  almost  entirely  mu- 
nicipal in  its  character,  has  gradually  developed  with  the 
growth  of  cities.  In  London,  Engl.,  a  night-watch  was  ap- 
pointed in  1253  to  proclaim  the  hour  with  a  bell  before  the 
introduction  of  clocks.  The  old  watch  system  was  discon- 
tinued, and  a  new  police  on  duty  day  and  night  commenced 
29  Sept.  1829.  In  1881  the  maintenance  of  police  in  London 
cost  $5,200,000 ;  Paris,  $1,160,000 ;  Vienna,  $1,900,000.  In  the 
United  States  there  were  24  cities  in  1890  whose  annual  ex- 
penditure for  their  police  department  exceeded  $100,000,  viz. : 


City. 


New  York,  N.  Y. . . 
Philadelphia,  Pa... 

Chicago,  111 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y... 

Boston,  Mass 

Baltimore,  Md 

St  Louis,  Mo 

Cincinnati,  O 

Washington,  D.  C. . 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Detroit,  Mich 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Cleveland,  O 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

New  Orleans.  La. . . 
Providence,  R.  I. . . 

Newark,  N.  J 

Louisville,  Ky 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. . . 

Savannah,  Ga 

Columbus,  0 

New  Haven,  Conn. 
Atlanta,  Ga 


0.  police. 

Annual  cost. 

3421 

$4,391,766 

1717 

1,000,000 

1625 

979,894 

1157 

859,184 

916 

963,355 

782 

677,914 

613 

475,408 

433 

330,000 

408 

399,060 

406 

545,500 

368 

222,509 

342 

297,994 

319 

250,000 

308 

339,899 

266 

170,000 

218 

274,000 

214 

170,000 

213 

180,000 

199 

151,337 

196 

122,488 

125 

100,000 

114 

120,072 

112 

102,481 

106 

108,918 

political  economy,  the  science  of  improving  the 
condition  of  mankind,  and  promoting  civilization,  wealth,  and 
happiness.  It  began  with  Adam  Smith's  "Wealth  of  Na- 
tions," 1776.  The  principal  writers  on  this  subject  have  been 
Malthus,  Lauderdale,  Ricardo,  Mill,  McCulloch,  and  Fawcett, 
English;  Say  and  Sismondi,  French;  with  Carey,  Perry, 
Walker,  Sumner,  Thompson,  Americans.  A  professorship  of 
political  economy  was  established  at  Oxford  by  Henry  Drum- 
mond,  M.P.,  1825 ;  and  at  Cambridge,  first  by  G.  Pryme,  in 
1828,  but  regularly  established  by  the  university  in  1863, 
Henry  Fawcett  (blind)  being  the  first  professor. 
Archbishop  Whately  endowed  a  professorship  at  Trinity  college, 

Dublin,  Isaac  Butt  first  professor 1832 

R.  H.  Inglis  Palgrave's  "  Dictionary  of  Political  Economy," 


pub. 


1891 
Imaginary  systems:  Plato's  "Republic;"  Sir  Thomas  More's  "Uto- 
pia," 1548  ;  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  "Arcadia,"  1590;  James  Harring- 
ton's "  Oceana,"  1656;  E.  Bellamy's  "Looking  Backward,"  1888; 
Wm.  Morris's  "News  from  Nowhere,"  1891. 

political  partie§  in  the  United  States.  Before 
the  Revolution  the  2  political  parties  in  America  were  the 
Whigs  and  Tories.  The  latter  favored  royalty,  and  the  former, 
including  Sons  of  Liberty,  Liberty  Men,  and  Patriots,  advo- 
cated independence.  At  the  close  of  the  Revolution  the  Whig 
party  divided  into  Particularists,  favoring  state  sovereignty 
and  advocating  confederation ;  and  Strong  Government,  favor- 


ing a  constitution.  In  1787  the  Particularists  became  Ant 
Federalists  and  the  Strong  Government  party  Federalist 
Since  this,  the  historj'  of  the  various  political  parties  in  tl 
U.  S.  has  been  as  follows : 

PRINCIPAL    PARTIES. 

Federal,  1787-1816.— Formed  from  the  Strong  Government  or  Coi 
stitutional  party.  Elected  2  presidents:  Washington,  2  term 
and  Adams,  1  term.  Advocated  a  tarifl';  internal  revenue;  fundii 
the  public  debt;  a  U.  S.  bank;  a  militia;  assumption  of  state  del 
by  the  government;  favored  England  as  against  France;  oppos< 
a  war  with  England  and  a  protective  tariff.  Washington,  iol 
Adams,  Hamilton,  Madison,  and  Jay  were  among  its  princlp 
supporters.  ^ 

Demoa-atic- Republican,  1793-1828.— Formed  from  the  Antl-Feder 
(1787-93),  the  Republican  or  Jeffersonian  party  (1791-93),  and  Den 
ocrats  or  sympathizers  with  the  French  revolutionists  (1791-93 
Elected  3  presidents:  Jefferson,  2  terms;  Madison,  2  terms;  Moi 
roe,  2  terms.  Favored  state-rights;  enlarged  freedom;  France i 
against  England;  war  with  England;  internal  improvement;  pu 
chase  of  Louisiana;  purchase  of  Florida;  Missouri  compromii 
1820;  Monroe  doctrine;  Free-trade  in  1800  and  a  protective  tart 
in  1828.    Jefferson  its  founder  and  leader. 

Democratic,  1828.— The  Democratic- Republican  party  divided  into 
parts  in  the  presidential  camjjaign  of  1824  and  never  reappear< 
again  in  a  national  contest.  The  Democratic  (and  Whig)  pai 
was  constructed  out  of  its  ruins.  Has  elected  6  presidents:  Jacl 
son,  2  terms;  Van  Buren,  Polk,  Pierce,  Buchanan,  1  term;  Clev 
land,  2  terms.  Favored  internal  improvements;  state  bank 
removal  of  deposits;  sub-treasury;  state  rights;  free-trade;  tar 
for  revenue  only;  annexation  of  Texas;  Mexican  war;  compr 
mise  of  1850;  Monroe  doctrine;  Dred  Scott  decision;  Fugitiv 
slave  law  ;  acquisition  of  Cuba ;  frugal  public  expense.  0 
posed  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  in  any  form  or  place; 
ercion  of  the  seceded  states;  the  amelioration  of  the  condition 
the  freed  negroes;  Freedman's  bureau;  Chinese  immigratioi 
strong  government;  opposes  in  general  the  policy  of  the  othi 
party  in  power.     This  party  has  had  but  one  leader,  Jackson. 

Wliig,  1834-54.— Formed  from  a  union  of  the  National  Republics 
and  disrupted  Democratic-Republicans.  Elected  2  presiden 
Harrison  and  Taylor.  Favored  non-extension  of  slavery;  slavei 
agitation,  i.e.,  right  of  petition  and  free  circulation  of  auti-slavei 
documents;  a  U.  S.  bank;  protective  tariff;  vigorous  internal  i 
provements;  compromise  of  1850.  Opposed  the  Seminole  w! 
annexation  of  Texas;  Mexican  war;  state -rights;  Democrat 
policy  towards  slavery.  Principal  leaders  of  this  party,  Webster 
and  Clay     United  States,  1834-54. 

Republican,  1854.— Formed  from  other  parties,  principally  from  the 
Whig  party,  on  the  issues  of  the  slavery  question.  Has  elected  5 
presidents:  Lincoln,  2  terms;  Grant,  2  terms;  Hayes,  Garfield, 
and  Harrison,  1  term.  Favored  the  suppression  of  slavery;  sup- 
pression of  the  rebellion;  all  constitutional  means  to  accomplish 
it,  financial  and  otherwise;  emancipation  of  slaves;  prohibition 
of  slavery  throughout  the  U.  S. ;  full  citizenship  to  the  emanci- 
pated slaves;  Monroe  doctrine;  full  payment  of  the  national  debt; 
protective  tariff;  free  ballot;  generous  pension  legislation;  de- 
cided increase  of  the  navy  and  coast  defence.  Opposed  the  gen- 
eral policy  of  the  Democrats.  This  party,  while  showing  many 
able  men,  has  never  had  a  leader.  It  has  maintained  its  national 
position  through  the  principles  it  has  advocated.  Remark:  Both 
the  Democratic  and  Republican,  as  the  chief  parties,  re(-ognize 
and  assume  to  legislate  on  all  questions  of  national  importance, 
viz.  r  Civil-service  reform;  woman's  suffrage;  free  ballot;  justice 
to  the  laboring  classes;  private  interests  as  against  monopolies; 
the  general  finances  of  the  country;  temperance,  etc. 

MINOR  PARTIES. 

Anti-Federalist. — A  continuation  of  the  Particularists.  See  Demo- 
cratic-Republican above. 

Peace  party,  1812-15. — Composed  of  Democratic-Republicans  and 
Federalists,  mostly  in  New  England.  Opposed  the  war  of  1812. 
Hartford  convention. 

Clintonians,  1812. — An  offshoot  of  the  Democratic-Republican  party 
who  opposed  long  terms  of  office,  caucus  nominations,  a  Virginia 
president,  and  an  official  regency.  United  with  the  Federalists. 
Nominated  De  Witt  Clinton  of  New  York  for  president.  United 
States,  Feb.  1813. 

PeopWs  party,  1824. — An  offshoot  of  the  Democratic-Republicans  in 
New  York,  who  favored  the  choosing  of  electors  by  the  people  in- 
stead of  state  legislatures.  Supported  William  H.  Crawford  for 
president.     United  States,  9  Nov.  1824-Feb.  1825. 

Coalition,  1825. — So  called  from  the  union  of  the  supporters  of  Clay 
with  those  of  John  Q.  Adams  in  the  House,  thus  giving  the  presi- 
dency to  Adams.     United  States,  Nov.  1824  and  Feb.  1825. 

Anti-Masonic,  1827-34.— Consisted  of  those  who  believed  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Masonic  fraternity  held  their  civil  obligations  subordi- 
nate to  their  fraternal,  hence  unworthy  to  hold  office.  Morgan; 
United  States,  1830-31,  Feb.  1833. 

National-Republican,  1828-34.— The  broad  construction  wing  of  the 
Democratic-Republican  party.  For  internal  improvements,  pro- 
tection, and  a  U.  S.  bank;  for  dividing  proceeds  of  land  sales 
among  states.  Opposed  to  the  spoils  system.  United  to  form  the 
Whig  party,  1834.  Supported  John  Q.  Adams,  1828,  and  Henry 
Clay,  1832.     United  States. 

Nullification,  1%^1-m.— A  South  Carolina  party  organized  by  Cal- 
houn.    South  Carolina;  United  States,  1832. 

Liberty  party,  1840-48.— Founded  at  a  national  convention  of  abO' 


1 


POL 


643 


POL 


litionists  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  deriving  additional  strength  from 
Whigs  and  Democrats.  For  the  immediate  abolition  of  slavery 
and  equal  rights.  Against  the  fugitive-slave  clause  of  the  consti- 
tution. Nominated  James  G.  Birney  for  president,  1839,  and  again 
in  1843.  Withdrew  their  candidates  and  joined  the  Free-soil  party 
in  1848. 

Free-soil  parly,  1848-54.— Formed  from  the  Liberty  party,  Demo- 
crats, and  Whigs.  Chief  cause  of  its  appearance,  opposition  to 
slavery.  Merged  into  the  Rej)ublican  party.  Nominated  Martin 
Van  Buren  for  president,  1848,  and  John  P.  Hale,  1852.  United 
States. 

American,  1852-60.— Generally  known  as  the  "  Know  -  Nothing 
p;irty."  Formed  from  members  of  other  parties  dissatisfied  with 
tlie  influx  and  power  of  the  foreign  element.  Favored  more 
stringent  naturalization  laws;  reserved  rights  of  states.  Opposed 
foreign  immigration;  suffrage  and  office-holding  by  foreign-born 
citizens;  efforts  to  reject  the  Bible  from  the  public  schools,  etc. 
Nouiinated  Millard  Fillmore  for  president  in  1856.  Merged  into 
tlie  Constitutional  Union  party  in  1860.  Know-nothings;  United 
States,  1856. 

Douglas  Democrats,  I860.— Northern  Democrats,  supporters  of 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  in  the  disruption  of  the  Democratic  party  in 
1860.     United  States,  1860. 

Breckinridge  Democrats,  I860.— Southern  Democrats,  supporters  of 
Breckinridge  in  1860.     United  States,  1860. 

Constitutional  Union  party,  I860.— Democrats,  for  the  Union,  the 
Constitution,  and  the  enforcement  of  law;  supporters  of  Bell  and 
Everett  United  States,  1860. 
f  Liberal  Republicans,  1872.— Formed  by  dissatisfied  Republicans, 
formerly  mostly  War  Democrats.  Favored  greater  leniency 
towards  the  confederates.  Nominated  Horace  Greeley  for  presi- 
dent, 1872.     United  States. 

*^ Straight-out''  Democrats,  1872.— The  "Tap-root"  Democrats, 
displeased  by  the  nomination  of  Greeley  by  the  Regular  Demo- 
crats, nominated  Charles  O'Conor  for  president;  declined,  but  re- 
ceived about  30,000  popular  votes. 

Temperance,  1872.— A  national  combination  of  local  temperance  or- 
ganizations, became 

Pro/a6i<ion,  1876.— For  legal  prohibition;  female  suffrage;  direct 
presidential  vote;  currency  convertible  into  coin.  Nominated 
James  Black  from  Pennsylvania  for  president,  1872;  Green  Clay 
Smith,  1876;  Neal  Dow,  1880;  John  P.  St.  John,  1884;  C.  B.  Fisk, 
1888;  John  Bidwell,  1892. 

Greenback,  1874,  became  National  Greenback,  1878,  became  Union 
Labor,  1887.— Unlimited  coinage  of  gold  and  silver;  substitution 
of  greenbacks  for  national  bank  notes;  suffrage  without  regard  to 
sex;  legislation  in  the  interest  of  the  laboring  classes,  etc.  Nom- 
inated Peter  Cooper  for  president,  1876;  James  B.  Weaver,  1880; 
Benj.  F.  Butler,  1884;  Alson  J.  Streeter,  1888.  These  various 
elements,  uniting  with  the  "  Farmers'  Alliance,"  form  the 

People's  or  Populists'  party,  1891.— A  meeting  was  held  at  St.  Louis, 
Dec.  1889,  of  the  "  Farmers  and  Laborers'  Union  of  America,"  for 
the  purpose  of  consolidating  the  various  bodies  of  organized  farm- 
ers in  the  U.  S.,  which  had  at  different  times  and  places  formed 
since  1867,  and  known  under  the  general  term  of  "  Granger  move- 
ment." Grange.  This  meeting  was  a  success,  and  the  con- 
solidated body  was  called  the  "  Farmers'  Alliance  and  Industrial 
Union."  2  Dec.  1890,  a  national  convention  was  held  at  Ocala, 
Fla. ;  35  states  and  territories  were  represented  by  163  delegates; 
at  this  convention  independent  political  action  was  decided  upon, 
and  a  platform  adopted  embracing  the  following  principles:  (1) 
The  abolition  of  the  national  banks,  establishment  of  sub-treasuries 
to  loan  money  to  the  people  at  2  per  cent.,  increase  of  circulation 
to  $50  per  capita;  (2)  laws  to  suppress  gambling  in  agricultural 
products;  (3)  unlimited  coinage  of  silver;  (4)  laws  prohibiting 
alien  ownership  of  land,  and  to  permit  the  ownership  of  land 
in  actual  use  only ;  (5)  restricting  tariff ;  (6)  government  to 
control  railroads,  telegraphs,  etc.;  (7)  direct  vote  of  the  people 

I     for  president,  vice-president,  and  U.  S.  senators.     Second  conven- 

1  tion  held  at  Cincinnati,  19  May,  1891;  30  states  and  territories 
represented  with  1418  delegates;  at  this  convention  the  platform 
of  Ocala,  Fla.,  1890,  was  heartily  endorsed  and  the  party  given 
the  name  of  ''People's  party."  Third  national  meeting  at 
St.  Louis,  22  Feb.  1892.  National  convention  for  the  nominating 
of  president  and  vice-president  held  at  Omaha,  4  July,  1892; 
James  B.  Weaver  of  Iowa  nominated  for  president  and  James  G. 
Field  of  Virginia  for  vice-president. 
Socialist  Labor.— First  national  convention  held  in  New  York  city, 
28  Aug.  1892,  and  nominated  Simon  Wing,  of  Mass.,  for  president, 
and  Charles  H.  Matchett,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  for  vice-president. 

LOCAL   PARTIES   AND    POLITICAL   NAMES. 

Abolitionists.  — Abolitionists. 
I  Anti-Renters.— AsTi-REHTiSM. 
\Anti-Nebraska. — Opposers  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  1854. 

Barnburners.  — Barnburners. 

Doughfaces. — Doughfaces. 

Half-breeds.— A  term  of  contempt  bestowed  by  the  Stalwarts  upon 
those  who  supported  the  administration  of  pres.  Hayes  and  op- 

I    posed  the  nomination  of  Grant  for  a  third  term,  etc. 

Hunkers. —Barnburners,  Hunker. 

Independent  Republicans. — Started  in  1879  in  opposition  to  senator 
Conkling's  leadership  of  the  party  and  still  maintain  an  inde- 
pendent attitude.     Mugwump. 

\RU'klux-klan.  — Ku-klux-klan. 

Loco-focos.  — Loco-Focos. 


Mugwumps.  — McowrMP. 

Re- Adjusters,  1878.— A  division  of  the  Democratic  party  in  Virginia 

advocating  the  funding  of  the  state  debt  at  3  per  cent. ;  under  the 

leadership  of  gen.  Mahone. 
Stalwarts.  — A  branch  of  the  Republican  party,  followers  of  Conkling, 

Cameron,  and  Logan,  opposed  to  the  reconciling  course  of  pres. 

Hayes  towards  the  south.    Favored  the  nomination  of  Grant  for  a 

third  term.     Opposers  of  Blaine,  etc. 
Silver  Grays. — Silver  Grays. 
Tammany. — Tammany. 

politicians.  A  politician  is  described  as  a  man  well 
versed  in  policy  or  the  well  regulating  and  governing  of  a 
state  or  kingdom  ;  a  wise  and  cunning  man.  A  man  of  arti- 
fice ;  one  of  deep  contrivance. — South.  Never  rising  to  the 
height  of  statesmanship.  The  term  was  first  used  in  France 
about  1569. 

PolR,  James  K.,  administration  of.  United  States, 
1845. 

polRar,  a  dance  said  to  have  been  invented  between  1830 
and  1834  in  Bohemia,  and  to  have  obtained  its  name  in  Prague 
in  1835.  It  became  very  popular,  and  was  introduced  into 
England  about  1844,  and  into  the  United  States  shortly  after. 

Polien'tisi,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  N.  Italy,  the  site  of  a 
great  victory  of  Stilicho,  the  imperial  general,  over  Alaric  the 
Goth,  29  Mch.  403. 

poll-tax  or  oapftatiOll-tax  existed  among  the 
ancient  Romans.  It  was  first  levied  in  England  in  1380,  and 
occasioned  the  rebellion  of  Wat  Tyler  (Tyler),  1381.  It  was 
again  levied  in  1513.  By  18  Charles  11.  every  subject  was 
assessed  by  the  head,  viz. :  a  duke,  100/. ;  a  marquess,  80/. ; 
a  baronet,  30/. ;  a  knight,  20/. ;  an  esquire,  10/. ;  and  every 
single  private  person,  I2d.,  1667.  This  grievous  impost  was 
abolished  by  William  III.  1689. 

polo.  The  Byzantine  princes  played  a  game  which 
diflfered  but  little  from  the  modern  polo.  It  is  recorded  that 
the  emperor  Manuel  Comnenus  (1143-80)  was  injured  by  his 
horse  falling  while  engaged  in  this  sport.  The  game  of  ball 
termed  hockey,  played  on  horseback,  became  popular  in  Eng- 
land in  1872,  having  been  introduced  into  India  a  few  years 
previously.  Games  were  played  by  lancers  and  life-guards  at 
Woolwich,  16,  19  July,  1872.  A  polo  club  was  formed  and 
international  contests  held ;  at  Brighton,  one  opened  3  Aug. 
1878. 
Westchester,  N.  Y.,  Polo  club,  the  pioneer  club  in  America, 

organized Mch.  1876 

First  game  in  the  U.  S.  played  at  Jerome  park,  New  York, 

11  May,     " 

polyg'amy  (Gr.  iroXig,  many,  and  yafistj,  to  marry). 
The  condition  of  a  person  with  more  than  1  wife  or  husband 
living.  Some  writers  strictly  limit  the  word  to  the  cases  in 
which  there  are  more  than  2  consorts,  calling  the  double  rela- 
tion bigamy.  A  plurality  of  wives  was  permitted  among  the 
early  nations,  and  is  now  by  Mahometans.  In  Media  it  was  a 
reproach  to  a  man  to  have  less  than  7  wives.  Among  the 
Romans,  Marc  Antony  is  mentioned  as  the  first  who  took  2 
wives.  The  practice  was  forbidden  by  Arcadius,  393.  The 
emperor  Charles  V.  punished  polygamy  with  death.  In  Eng- 
land, by  Stat.  1  James  1. 1603,  it  was  made  felony,  with  benefit 
of  clergy.  It  was  formerly  punished  with  tranportation,  but 
now  by  imprisonment  or  penal  servitude.  Marriage.  Poly- 
gamy was  practised  by  the  Moraions  until  1892.  Polyandry 
(where  one  woman  has  several  husbands)  is  permitted  in  some 
eastern  countries,  the  children  having  equal  rights. 

pol'yglot  (Gr.  TToXvg,  many,  and  yXwrra,  tongue),  is 
chiefly  applied  to  editions  of  the  Bible  in  several  languages. 
Hexapla  of  Origen. 
Giustiniani  published  a  polyglot  psalter,  1576. 

1.  The  Complutensian  Polyglot,  in  6  vols,  folio,  was  printed  at 
Alcala  (Complutensis),  in  Spain,  1502-14;  the  first  edition  pub. 
1522,  at  the  expense  of  the  celebrated  cardinal  Ximenes,  costing 
250,000  ducats.  600  copies  of  it  were  printed;  3  on  vellum.  Count 
MacCarthy  of  Toulouse  paid  iS'Sl.  for  one  of  these  copies  at  thp 
Pinelli  sale. 

2.  The  Polyglot,  printed  at  Antwerp  by  Montanus,  8  vols,  folio,  in 
1559-69,  at  the  expense  of  Philip  IL  of  Spain. 

3.  Printed  at  Paris  by  Le  Jay,  in  10  vols,  folio,  1628-45. 

4.  Edited  by  Bryan  Walton,  in  6  vols,  folio.  1654-57. 

[Copies  of  all  4  are  in  the  library  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society.] 

5.  Edited  by  dr.  Samuel  Lee,  published  by  S.  Bagster,  1  vol.  folio, 
183L 


POL  644 

6.  Hexaglot  Bible,  begun  by  Henry  Cohn,  completed  by  the  rev. 
Edward  K.  De  liOvante  and  others,  6  vols.  4to,  1874. 

I*Olyne'§la  (Gr.  ttoXpc,  many,  and  rr/rroc,  island),  a 
name  given  to  the  numerous  groups  of  islands  throughout 
the  Pacific  ocean,  but  specifically  to  the  various  groups  ly- 
ing between  125°  and  170°  Ion.  W.,  north  and  south  of  the 
equator,  including  the  Sandwich,  Samoan,  Society,  Friendly, 
etc. 

pol'ypei  or  pol'yp§,  also  named  hydrse  (many-footed 
animals),  on  account  of  their  property  of  reproducing  them- 
selves when  cut  in  pieces,  every  part  soon  becoming  a  perfect 
animal ;  first  discovered  by  Leeuwenhoek,  and  described  by 
him  in  the  "  Philosophical  Trans."  1703.  The  polypes  are  of 
the  order  zoophytes,  and  partake  of  the  animal  and  vegetable 
nature. 

polytech'ntc  school  (Gr.  iroXvrexvoQ,  skilled  in 
many  arts),  first  established  in  Paris,  1794,  by  the  National  Con- 
vention as  a  school  of  public  works,  particularly  devoted  to  in- 
structing recruits  for  the  corps  of  civil  and  military  engineers. 

pom'egraiiate  -  tree  (Punica  granatum)  was 
taken  to  England  from  Spain  before  1584. 

Pomera'nla,  a  Prussian  province,  N.  Germany,  was 
held  by  the  Poles,  980,  and  by  Denmark,  1210 ;  made  an  in- 
dependent duchy,  1479 ;  and  divided  between  Sweden  and 
Brandenburg,  1648.  The  Swedish  part,  awarded  to  Denmark 
in  1814,  was  given  up  to  Prussia  for  Lauenburg,  1815.  Den- 
mark; Wrecks,  1878. 

POHl'fret  or  Ponte'fract,  a  town  and  ruined  cas- 
tle of  S.  York,  Engl.  At  the  castle  (built  1069),  Richard  II. 
was  confined  and  murdered,  10  Feb.  1399.  Henry  IV.,  by 
whom  he  was  deposed,  wishing  for  his  death,  sir  Piers  Exton, 
attended  by  8  followers,  rushed  into  the  king's  apartment.  The 
latter  wrested  a  pole-axe  from  one  of  his  assailants,  and  laid 
4  of  their  number  dead  at  his  feet,  but  was  at  length  overpow- 
ered and  slain.  This  account  is  doubted  by  many  historians, 
but  that  he  here  met  his  death  by  violence  or  starvation  is 
true.  Some  writers  assert  that  Richard  escaped  and  died  in 
Scotland.  In  this  castle,  also,  the  earl  Rivers,  lord  Grey,  sir 
Thomas  Vaughan,  and  sir  Richard  Haut  or  Hause,  were  put 
to  death  by  order  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  then  protector 
•of  England  (afterwards  Richard  III.),  about  26  June,  1483. 
Little,  even  of  its  ruins,  now  remain.  The  first  parliament- 
ary election  by  ballot  took  place  here,  15  Aug.  1872,  very 
quietly. 

Pompeii  (^pom-pa' -ye),  S.  Italy,  an  ancient  city  of 
Campania,  was  partly  demolished  by  an  earthquake  in  63  a.d. 
It  was  afterwards  rebuilt,  but  was  overwhelmed  by  an  eruption 
of  Vesuvius  on  the  night  of  24  Aug.  79.  The  ashes  buried  the 
whole  city  to  a  depth  of  90  to  125  feet.  In  1713,  a  country- 
man, while  excavating  for  a  well,  descended  upon  the  theatre 
of  Hercules  and  Cleopatra,  and  this  discovery  led  to  further 
search,  which  brought  numerous  other  objects  to  light,  and  at 
length  the  city  was  partly  uncovered.  The  part  first  cleared 
was  supposed  to  be  the  main  street,  1750.  The  kings  of 
Naples  greatly  aided  in  exhuming  Pompeii,  and  the  present 
Italian  government  resumed  the  work  in  1863. 
A  commemorative  meeting  of  antiquaries  and  philosophers 

at  Pompeii 25  Sept.  1879 

Farther  discoveries  made 1882  et  seq. 

Remains  of  a  5-story  house  were  uncovered July,  1890 

Pompey's  pillar  stands  about  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  from  Alexandria,  between  the  city  and  the  lake  Mareotis. 
The  shaft  is  fluted,  and  the  capital  ornamented  with  palm- 
leaves;  the  whole,  which  is  highly  polished,  composed  of 
3  pieces,  and  of  the  Corinthian  order.  The  column  meas- 
ures, according  to  some,  94  feet;  to  others,  141,  and  even 
160  feet ;  but  of  its  origin,  name,  use,  and  age,  nothing  is  cer- 
tain. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  the  column  has  no  reference  to  Pompey, 
to  whom  a  mark  of  honor  was,  nevertheless,  set  up  somewhere 
in  this  vicinity.  One  supposes  that  the  pillar  was  dedicated  to 
Vespasian,  another  to  Severus;  and  Mr.  Clarke,  from  a  half-effaced 
inscription  on  the  base,  considers  that  Hadrian  is  the  person  hon- 
ored; while  many  assert,  from  the  same  inscription,  that  it  is 
dedicated  "to  Diocletian  Augustus,  most  adorable  emperor,  tutelar 
deity  of  Alexandria. " 

Pondicherry  (jton-de-sher'-ree),  S.E.  India,  the  cap- 


POO 


1 

idl 


ital  of  French  India,  and  first  settled  by  the  French  in  167<1 
It  was  taken  from  them  by  the  Dutch  in  1693,  restored  1697 
besieged  by  the  English,  1748  ;  taken  by  them,  Jan.  17G1 ;  «i 
stored,  1763 ;  again  taken,  Oct.  1778 ;  restored  in  1783 ;  takei 
23  Aug.  1793,  and  in  1803 ;  restored,  1815. 

Pontiae'§  war.     Pontiac,  a  chief  of  the  Ottaw» 
(b.  about   1710),  shortly  after  the  surrender  of  the  Frenc 
possessions  to  the  English,  1760,  conceived  the  idea  of  retard 
ing,  if  not  completely  restraining,  the  advance  of  the  English 
settlements  west  of  Pittsburg.    For  this  purpose  he  attempted 
to  confederate  the  Indian  tribes   throughout  the  west 
south  against  the  English.     In  this  he  was  so  successful  thi 
in  the  spring  of  1763  the  conspiracy  was  ripe  for  action,  an; 
so  secretly  and  suddenly  was  the  attack  made  along  the  whole 
western  frontier  that  most  of  the  advanced  posts  fell  into  th« 
hands  of  the  Indians,  with  the  exception  of  Detroit  and  Pitts- 
burg, and    these    were   saved   with    the   greatest   difficulty; 
This  war  lasted  throughout  the  year,  when  the  Indians  were 
subdued ;   but  Pontiac,  unconquered,  was  killed  by  a  Peori.* 
Indian  near  St.  Louis  in  1769,  bribed,  it  is  said,  by  an  Eng- 
lish trader.     Indian  history,  1763 ;  Michigan  ;  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

pontiffs  (Lat.  pontifices),  the  highest  Roman  sacerdotal 
order,  established  by  Numa.  The  college  first  consisted  of 
patricians,  with  a  chief  (Pontifex  Maximus) ;  to  these  4  ple-i 
beians  were  added  by  the  Ogulnian  law,  300  b.c.  Sulla  in-' 
creased  the  number  to  15  (8  maj'ores,  7  minores),  and  Julius 
Caesar  to  16.  T.  Coruncanius,  a  plebeian,  obtained  this  oflSce, 
254  B.O. 

pontoons,  boat-shaped  vessels  used  in  military  oper- 
ations for  supporting  a  temporary  bridge.  Used  by  Darius  ( 
and  Xerxes  in  their  invasion  of  Greece  in  passing  from  Asia 
to  Europe.  Two  of  the  most  essential  qualities  of  such  vessels  I 
are  strength  and  lightness. 

PontUS,  Asia  Minor,  seems  to  have  been  a  portion  of 
Cappadocia,  and  received  its  name  from  its  vicinity  to  the  i 
Pontus  Euxinus.     Artabazus  was  made  king  of  Pontus  by| 
Darius  Hystaspis,  487  b.c.     His  successors  were  mere  satrap*  ] 
of  the  kings  of  Persia. 

Reign  of  Mithridates  I 

Ariobarzanes  invades  Pontu.s 

Mithridates  II.  recovers  it 336 

Mithridates  III.  reigns 30} 

Ariobarzanes  II.  reigns 266 

Mithridates  IV.  is  besieged  in  his  capital  by  the  Gauls,  etc 

Mithridates  attacks  Sinope,  and  is  obliged  to  raise  the  siege 

by  the  Rhodians 219 

Reign  of  Pharnaces,  190;  he  takes  Sinope,  and  makes  it  the 

capital  of  his  kingdom 183  ' 

Reign  of  Mithridates  V 157 

He  is  murdered  in  the  midst  of  his  court 123 

Mithridates  VI.,  surnamed  the  Great,  or  Eupator,  receives  the 

diadem  at  12  years  of  age 

Marries  Laodice,  his  own  sister 

She  attempts  to  poison  him;  he  puts  her  and  accomplices  to 

death 

Mithridates  conquers  Scythia,  Bosporus,  Colchis,  and  other 

countries 

He  enters  Cappadocia 

His  war  with  Rome »» 

Tigranes  ravages  Cappadocia 86 

Mithridates  enters  Bitbynia,  and  makes  himself  toaster  of 

many  Roman  provinces,  and  puts  80,000  Romans  to  death. .  " 
Archelaus  defeated  by  Sylla,  at  Chaeronea;  100,000  Cappa- 

dociaus  slain " 

Victories  and  conquests  of  Mithridates  up  to  this  time 7* 

Fleet  of  Mithridates  defeats  that  under  Lucullus  in  2  battles. . .    73 

Mithridates  defeated  by  Lucullus 69 

Mithridates  defeats  Fabius 68 

But  is  defeated  by  Pompey 66 

Mithridates  stabs  himself,  and  dies 63 

Reign  of  Pharnaces " 

Battle  of  Zela  ;  Pharnaces  defeated  by  Csesar 47 

Darius  reigns 39 

Polemon,  son  of  Zeno,  reigns 3* 

A.D. 

Polemon  II.  succeeds  his  father 33 

Mithridates  VII.  reigns ^ 

Pontus  afterwards  became  a  Roman  province. 

Alexis  Comnenus  founded  a  new  empire  of  the  Greeks  at  Trebizond, 

in  this  country,  1204,  which  continued  till  the  Turks  destroyed  it 

in  1469. 

poor.  The  poor  of  England,  till  the  time  of  Henry 
VIIL,  subsisted,  as  did  the  poor  of  Ireland  until  1838,  entirely 
upon  private  benevolence.  By  statute  23  Edw.  III.  1349,  it 
was  enacted  that  none  should  give  alms  to  a  beggar  able  to 


B.O. 


I 


PAUPERS      RECEIVING     RELIEF      (NOT     VAGRANTS) 
UNITED    KINGDOM. 


POO  645  POP 

work.  By  the  common-law,  the  poor  were  to  be  sustained  by 
<'  parsons,  rectors  of  the  church,  and  parishioners,  so  that  none 
should  die  for  default  of  sustenance ;"  and  by  15  Rich.  II.  im- 
propriators were  obliged  to  distribute  a  yearly  sum  to  the  poor ; 
but  no  compulsory  law  was  enacted  till  27  Hen.  VIII.  1535. 
The  origin  of  the  present  poor-law  is  referred  to  43  Elizabeth, 
1601,  by  which  overseers  were  appointed  for  parishes. 

AMOUNT  EXPENDED  IN  RELIEF  OF  THE   POOR    IN  THE   UNITED    KINGDOM    IN  THE  FOLLOWING  YEARS 


Country. 

1849 

1858 

1870       1       1883 

1890 

England  and  Wales.. 

Scotland about 

Ireland 

934,419 

82,357 
620.747 

968,186 
69,217 
50,582 

1,079,391     799,296 
126,187       92,618 
73, 921 1    115,684 

787,545 
88,606 
107,774 

Total... 

1,637,523 

1,087,985 

l,279,499;i,007,598 

983,925 

Country. 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

£8,296,230 

894,077 

1,289,024 

£8,176,768 

899,135 

1,376,010 

£8,440,821 

887,867 

1,390,994 

£8,366,477 

882,836 

1,446,171 

£8,434,345 

874,389 

1,409,280 

Ireland 

Total      

£10,479,331 

£10,451,913 

£10,719,682 

£10,695,484 

£10,718  014 

poor  in  the  United  States.  State  Boards  of  Charity 
were  established  in  Massachusetts  in  1863;  Ohio  and  New 
York  in  1867;  Illinois,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Rliode  Island  in  1869 ;  and  in  other  states  of  the  Union  subse- 
quently. The  New  York  State  Charities  Aid  Association  was 
founded  in  1872,  as  an  aid  to  the  State  Board  of  Charities. 
Under  the  influence  of  Charity  organization  pauperism  in 
Elberfeld,  Germany,  was  reduced  78  per  cent,  in  15  years;  in 
London,  England,  30  per  cent,  in  10  years ;  and  in  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  where  the  system  was  inaugurated  by  rev.  S.  H.  Gur- 
teen  in  1877,  37  per  cent,  in  10  years.  For  5  years  ending 
with  1888,  the  average  of  burials  in  the  Potter's  Field  of  New 
York  city  was  10.03  per  cent,  of  all  deaths  in  the  city. 

NUMBER     OF     PAUPERS     IN     ALMSHOUSES     IN     THE     UNITED 
STATES    AT   VARIOUS  DATES. 


Male 

Female 

Native 

Foreign  born. 

White 

Colored . . . . 


Total. 


36,916 
13,437 


50,353 


I860 


50,483 
32,459 


82,942 


53,939 

22,798 

67,337 

9,400 


76,737 


35,564 
30,639 
43,236 
22,967 
60,486 
5,717 

66,203^ 


40,741 
32,304 
43,123 
29,922 
66,578 
6,467 


73,045 


RATIO  OF   PAUPERS  TO   EACH   MILLION  OF  POPULATION. 


Native 

Foreign  born... 

White 

Colored 


General  average.. 


1765 


2171 


1849 
7843 


1635 
4095 
2005 
1928 


1990 


1394 
1244 

944 
3438 
1394 

847 


1320 


1270 
1057 


3239 
1210 


1166 


3ut-door  paupers,  i.  e.,  not  in  almshouses. 


.1880 21,590 

.1890 24,225 

i  pope  (from  Gr.  TraTTTrat;  and  iraTra,  a  father  or  grand- 
father), considered  by  Romanists  to  be  the  visible  chief  of  the 
bhurch,  the  vicar  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  the  successor  of  St. 
Peter.  He  styles  himself  "  servant  of  the  servants  of  God." 
The  title  pope  was  formerly  given  to  all  bishops,  and  is  regu- 
larly applied  to  presbyters  in  charge  in  the  Russian  church. 
it  was  first  adopted  by  Hyginus,  139 ;  and  pope  Boniface  III. 
induced  Phocas,  emperor  of  the  East,  to  confine  it  to  the  prel- 
ites  of  Rome,  606.  By  the  connivance  of  Phocas  also,  the 
iiope's  supremacy  over  the  Christian  church  was  established. 
ltaly,  Reformation  ;  Rome,  Modern. 
iVilfrid,  abp.  of  York,  expelled  from  his  diocese,  appeals  to  the 


pope 679 

vustom  of  kissing  the  pope's  toe  introduced 708 

idrian  I.  caused  money  to  be  coined  v?ith  his  name 780 

ndulgences  for  sin  granted  by  pope  Leo  III about    800 

iergius  II.  the  first  pope  who  changed  his  name  on  his  elec- 
tion, 844;  some  contend  that  it  was  Sergius  I.  687,  and  oth- 
ers John  XII 956 

I'ohn  XV^III.,  a  layman,  made  pope 1024 

.''irst  pope  who  kept  an  army,  Leo  IX 1054 

iregory  VII.  (Hildebrand)  obliges  Henry  IV.,  emperor  of  Ger- 
!  many,  to  stand  3  days,  in  the  depth  of  winter,  barefooted  at 

I  the  gate  of  the  castle  of  Canossa,  to  implore  his  pardon 1077 

f'ope's  authority  fixed  in  England 1079 

lippeals  from  English  tribunals  to  the  pope  introduced  ( Viner), 

I  19  Stephen 1154 

ilenry  II.  of  England  holds  the  stirrup  for  pope  Alexander  ill. 

[^  to  mount  his  horse ■ 1161 

pelestine  III.  kicked  the  emperor  Henry  VI. 's  crown  off  his 
head  while  kneeling,  to  show  his  prerogative  of  making  and 
unmaking  kings 1191 


John,  king  of  England,  did  homage  to  the  pope's  legate  for  his 
dominions,  and  bound  himself  and  his  successors  to  an  an- 
nual payment  to  the  pope 15  May,  1213 

Pope  collected  the  tenths  of  the  whole  kingdom  of  England...'  1226 

Papal  seat  removed  for  70  years  to  Avignon  in  France 1308 

Pope's  demands  on  England  refused  by  Parliament 1363 

Great  schism  at  which  time  2  rival  popes  claimed  supremacy, 

one  at  Rome  and  the  other  at  Geneva 1378-1417 

After  the  discovery  of  America,  pope  Alexander  VI.  granted  to 
the  Portuguese  all  the  countries  to  the  east,  and  to  the 
Spanish  all  the  countries  to  the  west,  of  cape  Non,  Africa, 

they  might  conquer 1493 

Pope  Leo  X.  published  the  sale  of  general  indulgences  through- 
out Europe ♦ 1517 

Appeals  to  Rome  from  England  abolished  ( Viner) 1533 

Words  "lord  pope"  struck  out  of  all  English  books 1541 

Kissing  the  pope's  toe  and  other  ceremonies  abolished  by  Cle- 
ment XIV 1773 

Pope's  political  influence  greatly  diminished  by  the  French 

revolution 1789-1814 

His  temporal  power  lost  (Rome) Dec.  1870 

Pius  IX.  under  Popes. 

BISHOPS   AND   POPES   OF   ROME,, 

{Names  in  italics  were  antipopei.) 

42.  St.  Peter  (said  to  have  been  the  first  bishop  of  Rome,  and  to 

have  been  crucified,  head  downwards,  in  66). 
**  St.  Clement  (Clemens  Romanus);  according  to  Tertulliau. 
66.  St.  Linus:  martyred?  cir.  78. 

[St.  Linus  is  frequently  called  immediate  successor  of 
St.  Peter;  but  Tertullian  maintains  that  it  was  St.  Clement. 
In  the  first  century  neither  the  dates  nor  order  of  succes- 
sion of  bishops  can  be  fixed  with  certainty.     Some  assert 
that  there  were  2  or  3  bishops  of  Rome  at  the  same  time.] 
78.  St.  Cletus,  or  Anacletus?  martyred? 
91.  St.  Clement  n. :  abdicated? 
100.  St.  Evaristus:  martyred;  multiplied  churches. 
109.  St.  Alexander:  martyred. 
119.  St.  Sixtus  I.:  martyred? 
127.  St.  Telesphorus:  martyred. 

139,  St.  Hyginus:  condemns  Gnostics;  called  himself  2)op«. 
142.  St.  Pius:  martyred. 
157.  St.  Anicetus. 

168.  St.  Soterus:  martyred  under  Marcus  Antoninus. 
177.  St.  Eleutherius:  opposed  the  Valentinians. 
193.  St.  Victor  I. :  martyred  under  Severus. 
202.  St.  Zephyrinus:  claimed  to  be  Peter's  successor. 
219.  St.  Calixtus:  martyred. 

222.  [The  chair  vacant.] 

223.  St.  Urban  I. :  beheaded. 

230.  St.  Pontianus :  banished  by  the  emperor  Maximin. 

235.  St.  Anterus:  martyred. 

236.  St.  Fabian:  martyred  under  Decius,  250. 

250.  [The  chair  vacant.] 

251.  St.  Cornelius:  died. 

252.  St.  Lucius:  martyred  252.    Novatianus  (denied  restoration  to 

the  repentant  lapsed). 

253.  St.  Stephen  I. :  martyred  in  the  persecution  of  Valerian. 

257.  St.  Sixtus  II.  (his  coadjutor) :  martyred  3  days  before  his  disci- 

ple St.  Laurence,  in  the  persecution  of  Valerian,  258. 

258.  [The  chair  vacant.] 

259.  St.  Dionysius:  opposed  the  heresy  of  Sabellius. 
269.  St.  Felix  I. :  died  in  prison. 

275.  St.  Eutychianus. 

283.  St.  Caius:  a  relative  of  the  emperor  Diocletian. 

296.  St.  Marcellinus:  said  to  have  lapsed  under  a  severe  persecu- 
tion? canonized. 

304.  [The  chair  vacant.] 

308.  St.  Marcellus:  banished  from  Rome  by  the  emperor  Maxentius. 

310.  St.  Eusebius:  died  the  same  year. 

311.  St.  Miltiades  or  JHelchiades:  coadjutor  to  Eusebius. 

314.  St.  Silvester:  commencement  of  temporal  power  by  gifts  of 
Constantino. 

336.  St.  Marcus:  died  the  next  year. 

337.  St.  Julius  I. :  of  great  piety  and  learning;  maintained  the  cause 

of  St.  Athanasius. 

352.  Liberius:  banished. 

355.  Felix  II.:  placedin  the  chair  by  Constans.  during  the  exile  of  Li- 
berius, on  whose  return  he  was  driven  from  it  with  ignominy. 
[The  emperor  would  have  the  2  popes  reign  together;  but 
the  people  cried  out, "  One  God,  one  Christ,  and  one  bishop .'"] 

358.  Liberius  again:  abdicated. 


i 


POP  646 

368.  Felwe  became  pope. 

369.  LIberius  agaiu:  martyred  366. 

366.  St.  Damasus:  opposed  the  Arians;  St.  Jerome,  his  secretarv 

corrected  I-atin  Bible.  ■" 

367.  Urfinus:  expelled  by  Valentinian. 
384.  Siricius:  combated  heretics. 
39a  St.  Anastasius:  proscribed  works  of  Origen 
402.  St  lunocent  I. :  coudemued  Pelagians 

417.  St.  Zozimus:  ditto. 

418.  St.  Boniface  I.:  maintained  by  the  emperor  Honorius.  aeainst 

Eulahus. 
422.  St.  Celestine  I. :  sent  missions  to  Ireland. 
432.  Sixtus  III. :  opposed  Nestorius  and  Eutyches 
440.  St.  Leo  I.  the  Great:  zealous;  restrained  Alaric;  an  able  writer. 
461.  St.  Hilary:  rich,  liberal. 
468.  St.  Simplicius:  wise,  prudent. 

483.  St  Felix  III. :  opposed  emperor  Zeno  respecting  the  Henoticon. 
492.  htGelasius:  opposed  heresy;   fixed  the  canon  of  Scriptures- 
compiled  the  mass.  ' 

496.  St  Anastasius  II. :  congratulated  Clovis. 
498.  Symmachus:  zealous  against  the  Henoticon. 

"    LauretUius. 
614.  Hormisdas:  opposed  Eutychians. 
623.  John  I.:  sent  to  Constantinople  by  Theodoric;  tolerant 
626.  Felix  IV. :  introduced  extreme  unction  as  a  sacrament 
630.  Boniface  U.—Dioscorus. 
633.  John  II. :  called  Mercuriiis. 
636.  Agapetus:  converted  Justinian. 

636.  St  Silverius:  son  of  pope  Hormisdas,  who  had  been  married* 

the  empress  Theodora  procured  his  banishment  into  Lycia 
(where  he  died  of  hunger),  and  made  Vigilius  pope. 

637.  Vigilius:  banished,  but  restored. 
666.  Pelagius  I. :  an  ecclesiastical  reformer. 
560.  John  III. :  great  ornamenter  of  churches. 

573.  [The  see  vacant.] 

574.  Benedict  I.,  surnamed  Bonosus. 
578.  Pelagius  II. :  died  of  the  plague. 
590.  St  Gregory  the  Great:  revised  the  liturgy;  sent  Augustiu  to 

convert  the  Anglo-Saxons. 
604.  Sabinianus:  said  to  have  introduced  church  bells 

606  or  607.  Boniface  III. :  died  in  a  few  months. 

607  or  608.  Boniface  IV. 
614  or  615.  St  Deusdedit 
617  or  618.   Boniface  V. 
625.  Honorius  I.:  interested  in  British  churches. 

639.  [The  see  vacant] 

640.  Severinus,        "j 

642.  Theodoriis  I.,  [coudemned  Monothelites. 

649.  Martin  I.,       '  J 

654.  Eugeniiis  I. :  liberal. 

667.  Vitalianus:  favored  education  in  England. 

672.  Adeodatus,  the  gift  of  God. 

676.  Domnus  I. :  ornamented  churches. 

678.  St  Agathon :  tribute  to  the  emperor  ceased. 

682.  St  Leo  II. :  instituted  holy  water;  fa^fored  music 

683.  [The  see  vacant] 

684.  Benedict  IL 

685.  John  V. :  learned  and  moderate. 

686.  Conou.— Theodore  and  Pascal. 

687.  Sergius:  "governed  wisely." 
701.  John  VI. :  redeemed  captives;  firm  and  wise 
705.  John  VII. :  moderate. 
708.  Sisinnius:  died  20  days  after  election. 

"    Constantine:  wise  and  gentle;  visited  Constantinople 
715.  St  Gregory  II. :  sent  Boniface  to  convert  Germans 

Ia]'  o5®I°T^"-=  •°depeudent;  first  sent  nuncios  to  foreign  powers 
741.  bt.  Zachanas.  a  Greek. 

752.  Stephen  II.  elected:  died  before  consecration. 

rl'-T  U^P^®"!  ^I-  or  "I- :  temporal  power  of  the  church  began. 

757.  Paul  I. :  moderate  and  pious. 

767.  Constantine  Theophylactus :  killed  by  Lombards 

768.  Stephen  IIL  or  IV.  :  literary. 
772.  Adrian  L  :  sanctioned  images. 
795.  Leo  III. :  crowned  Charlemagne,  800. 

816.  Stephen  IV.  or  V. 

817.  Pascal  L  :  ascetic,  and  built  churches 
lit-  Fr"?*'"'"^  II. :  "father  of  the  afflicted. "—ZozmMS. 
827.  Valentinus. 

"     Gregory  IV. :  pious  and  learned. 
844.  Sergius  II. 

847.  Leo  IV. :  defeated  the  Saracens. 
855.  Pope  Joan's  election  fabulous. 

"    Benedict  III.— Anastasius. 
868.  Nicholas  I.,  the  Great:  conversion  of  Bulgarians, 
obv.  Adrian  II. :  eminent  for  sanctity. 
872.  John  VIII. :  crowned  3  emperors. 
882.  Marinus  or  Martin  II. :  condemned  Photius  '. 

884.  Adrian  III. :  ditto. 

885.  Stephen  V.  or  VI. :  very  charitable. 
89L  Formosus:  political.— Seroit^s. 
896.  Boniface  VI. :  deposed. 


POP 

904.  Sergius  III. :  disgraced  by  his  vices. 

911.  Anastasius  III. 

913.  Landonius,  or  Lando. 

914.  John  X. :  stifled  by  Guy,  duke  of  Tuscany. 

928.  Leo  VI. :  considered  an  intruder 

929.  Stephen  Vll.  or  VIII. 
93L  John  XI.:  son  of  Marozia;  imprisoned  in  the  castle  off 

Angelo,  where  he  died. 
936.  Leo  VII. :  great  for  zeal  and  piety. 
939.  Stephen  VIII.  or  IX. :  "of  ferocious  character 
942.  Marinus  II.  or  Martin  III. :  charitable. 
946.  Agapetus  IL:  of  holy  life;  moderate. 
956.  John  XIL,  the  infamous:  deposed  for  adultery  and  cruelt 

and  murdered.  ''  ^'""nj 

963.  Leo  VIII.  :  an  honor  to  the  chair. 

964.  Benedict  V  :  chosen  on  the  death  of  John  XIL,  but  oppoai 

Sfed^Tnamburg"  ^''  '"^^''■'''  '^  ^^^  ^'""^^^^  ^'^ 

965.  J«f^°^Xm^i^el;cted  by  the  authority  of  the  emperor  again 

972.  Benedict  VL  :  murdered  in  prison 

974.  Domnus  II — Boniface  VII 

975.  Benedict  VIL 

984.  John  XIV. :  imprisoned  by  Boniface  VIL 
"     John  XV. :  died  before  consecration 

985.  John  XVI. :  loved  gain. 
996.  Gregory  y.-^oM^F//...  expelled  by  the  emperor  and 

barously  used.  ^       ' 

999.  Sylvester  II.  (Gerbert):  learned  and  scientific;  said  to  hat 
inoQ    T  u^^'^^rr?^'^,*^®.^'"^^'^  numerals,  and  invented  clocks, 
10Q3.._John  XVII. :  legitimate  pope;  died  same  year 

"     John  XVIII. :  abdicated. 
1009.  Sergius  IV  (original  name  "  Bocca  di  Porco,"  Pig's  Snout) 

1033.  Benedict  IX. :  became  pope,  by  purchase,  at  12  years  of 

expelled  for  vices. 
lOU.  Sylvester  III:  ^moniha. 
"     Gregory  VI. :  deposed.— fifyZues^er;  and  Jo/m'jTX 
peror  very  influential.] 
1046.  Clement  II. :  died  the  next  year  (Clemens  Romanus  the  /!i 


[The  eij 


Tuscany  given  to  the  papacy  by  the 


897.  Stephen  VI.  or  VIL:  vicious;  dishonored  the  corpse  of  none 

Formosus;  strangled  by  the  people.  ^ 

"    Romanus.— S'er^Ms. 

898.  Theodoras  II. :  governed  22  days. 
"    John  IX. 

900.  Benedict  IV. :  "  a  great  pope." 
903.  Leo  V. :  expelled;  died  in  prison. 

"    Christopher. 

"    [Several  popes  made  by  the  infamous  Marozia.] 


Clement). 

1047.  Benedict  IX.  again :  again  deposed. 

1048.  Damasus  II. :  died  soon  after, 
-.n^'.    ?iu^®?  ^?V  a  reformer  of  simony  and  incontinence 

1054.  [Thechair  vacant  one  year.] 

1055.  Victor  IL  :  a  reformer. 

1057.  Stephen  IX.  or  X. 

1058.  Benedict  X.:  expelled. 
"    Nicholas  II. :  increased  the  temporal  power 

Jotq"  ^J®^^°^«''  ",  = /^*?x^.f  *^^  P^P^^  power.-^onoriMS  //. 

1073.  St.  Gregory  VIL  (Hildebrand):   vigorous  reformer;  „„„ 

the  emperor  Henry  IV.  respecting  investitures  and  ex- 
communicated  him,  1076;  restored  him  at  Canossa  1077 
died  in  exile,  1085.  '         ' 

1080.   CZewew<///.  (Guibert).' 

1085.  [The  chair  vacant  one  year.] 

1086.  Victoria.  (Didier):  learned. 
1088.  iJrban  II. :  crusades  commenced- 
1099.  Pascal  II.  (Ranieri) 

countess  Matilda. 

1118.  Gelasius  II. :  retired  to  a  monastery. — Gregory  VIII. 

1119.  Calixtus  IL  :  settled  investiture  question 
1124.  Honorius  II. 
1130.  Innocent  II. :  condemned  heresies;  held  2d  Lateran  council 

—Anacletus  II. 
1138.  Victor  IV. 

1143.  Celestine  IL  :  ruled  5  months. 

1144.  Lucius  IL.-  killed  by  accident  in  a  popular  commotion 

1145.  Eugenius  IIL  :  ascetic. 
1153.   Anastasius  IV. 

Adrian  IV.,  or  Nicholas  Brakespeare,  the  only  Englishman 
elected  pope:  born  at  Abbot's  Langley,  near  St  Alban's; 
Frederick  L  prostrated  himself  before  him,  kissed  his  foot 
held  his  stirrup,  and  led  the  white  palfrey  on  which  be  rode 
Alexander  IIL:  learned;  qanonized  Thomas  h  Becket;  resist- 
ed  Frederick  I. ;  1159,  Victor  F.;  1164,  Pascal  III.;  1168, 
Calistus  III. ;  1178, /nnocen< ///. 
Lucius  IIL— The  cardinals  acquire  power. 
Urban  III. :  opposed  Frederick  L 
1187.  Gregory  VIII. :  ruled  only  2  months. 
"      Clement  III. :  proclaimed  3d  crusade, 
1191.  Celestine  IIL 

1198.  Innocent  III.  (Lothario  Conti):  endeavored  to  free  Rome  from 
foreign    influence  ;    excommunicated  John   of  England ; 
preached  crusade  against  the  Albigenses  1204 
1216.  Honorius  III. :  learned  and  pious. 

1^?'^-  ^'■.^goJ'y  IX- :  preached  a  new  crusade;  collected  decretals. 
1241.  Celestine  IV. :  died  18  days  after  his  election. 

[The  chair  vacant  1  year  and  7  months.] 
1243.  Innocent  IV. :  opposed  Frederick  II. ;  gave  the  red  hat  to  car- 
dinals. 


1154. 


1159. 


1181. 
1185. 


1254.  Alexander  IV. :  established  inquisition  in  France. 
1261.  Urban  IV. :  instituted  feast  of  "Corpus  Christi." 
1265.  Clement  IV.,  an  enlightened  Frenchman,  previously  legate  to 

England ;  discouraged  the  crusades. 
1268.  [The  chair  vacant  2  years  and  9  months.] 
1271.  Gregory  X. :  held  a  council  at  Lyons  to  reconcile  the  churches 

of  the  East  and  West 
1276.  Innocent  V. :  died  shortly  after. 
"      Adrian  V. :  legate  to  England,  1254 ;  died  36  days  after  election. 


POP 


1303.  Bened 


1305. 

1314. 
1316. 
1334. 
1342. 
1352. 
1362. 
1370. 

1378. 


1394. 

1404. 

1406. 

1409. 
:  1410. 

1417. 
1 1424. 
,  1431. 
1 
i 


1276.  Vicedominus:  died  the  next  day. 
"      John  XX.  or  XXI. :  died  in  8  months. 

1277.  Nicholas  III. :  died  in  1280. 
1281.  Martin  IV.,  French:  supported  Charles  of  Anjou. 
1285!  Honorius  IV. :  supported  the  French. 
1288.  Nicholas  IV. :  endeavored  to  stir  up  a  new  crusade. 
1292.  [The  chair  vacant  2  years  and  3  months.] 
1294.  St.  Celestine  V. :  ascetic;  resigned;  a  hermit  of  Abruzzi;  or- 
ganized the  order  of  Celestinians. 

"  Boniface  VIII.:  proclaimed  that  "God  had  set  him  over  kings 
and  kingdoms;"  imprisoned  his  predecessor;  quarrelled 
with  Philip  of  France;  laid  France  and  Denmark  under  in- 
terdict. 

ct  XI. :  a  pious  and  liberal  pontiff;  said  to  have  been 
poisoned. 
[The  chair  vacant  11  months.] 
Clement  V.  ( Bertrand  the  Goth) :  governed  by  Philip  of  France ; 

removed  the  papal  seat  from  Rome  to  Avignon,  1309. 
[The  chair  vacant  2  years  and  4  months.] 
John  XXII.     ' 

Benedict  X,II.  (Nicholas  V.  at  Rome). 
Clement  VI. :  learned. 
Innocent  VI.:   favored  Rienzi. 
Urban  V.:  charitable;  a  patron  of  learning. 
Gregory  XI. :  protector  of  learning;  restored  the  papal  chair 

to  Home;  proscribed  Wiclifl'e's  doctrines. 
Urban  VI. :  so  severe  and  cruel  that  the  cardinals  chose  Rob- 
ert of  Geneva,  as 
Clement  VII. 
Poniface  IX. 

Jiewdict  (called  X///. )  at  Avignon. 
Ipnocent  VII.  :  died  in  1406. 
Gregory  JTII.  {Angelo  Conirio). 
Alexander  \^  :  died,  supposed  by  poison. 
John  XXIII. :  deposed;  first  to  grant  indulgences. 
Martin  V.  (Otho  Colonna). 
Clement  VIIL:  resigned  1429. 

Eugenius  IV.  (Gabriel  Condolmera):  deposed  by  the  council 
of  Basil,  and  Amadeus  of  Savay  chosen  as  Felix  F.,  in  1439, 
who  resigned  1449. 
1447.  Nicholas  V. :  learned;  proposed  crusade  against  Turks. 
1455.  Calixtus  III.  (Alfonso  Borgia):  courageous. 
1458.  Pius  II.  (iEneas  Silvius  Piccolomini):  learned. 
1464.  Paul  II.  (Pietro  Barbo):  preached  a  crusade. 
,1471.  Sixtus  IV. :  tried  to  rouse  Europe  against  the  Turks. 
!l484.  Innocent  VIII. 

J1492.  Alexander  VI  (Roderic  Borgia):  poisoned  at  a  feast  by  drink- 
\y  ing  of  a  bowl  he  had  prepared  for  another. 

1503.  Pius  III.  (Francisco  Piccolomini):  '21  days  pope. 
I   "      Julius  II.  (Julian  della  Rovere):  martial;  began  St.  Peter's. 
11513.  Leo  X.  (Giovanni  de'  Medici);  his  grant  of  indulgences  for 
\  crime  led  to  the  Reformation;  patron  of  learning  and  art. 

(1522.  Adrian  VI.  :  just,  learned,  frugal. 

!1523.  Clement  VII.  (Giulio  de'  Medici):  refused  to  divorce  Catherine 
;  of  Aragon,  and  denounced  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  with 

'  Anne  Boleyn. 

1534.  Paul  III.  (Alexander  Farnese) :  approved  the  Jesuits. 
1550.  Julius  III.  (Giovanni  M.  Giocchi). 
1555.  Marcellus  II. :  died  soon  after  his  election. 

Paul  IV.  (John  Peter  Caraffa).     He  would  not  acknowledge 
Elizabeth  queen  of  England;  is  said  to  have  instituted  the 
Congregation  of  the  Index,  and  leagued  with  France  against 
Spain. 
1559.  Pius  IV.  (cardinal  de'  Medici) :  founded  Vatican  press. 
'1566.  St.  Pius  V.  (Michael  Ghisleri):  pious,  energetic. 
1572.  Gregory  XIII.  (Buoncampagno) :  great  civilian  and  canonist; 

reformed  the  calendar. 
1585.  Sixtus  V.  (Felix  Peretti):  an  able  governor;  excommunicated 
'  Henry  III.  and  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

11590.  Urban  VII. :  died  12  days  after  election. 
I  "      Gregory  XIV.  (Niccolo  Sfondrato). 
il591.  Innocent  IX. :  died  in  2  months. 

'il592.  Clement  VIII.  (Hippolito  Aldobrandini):  learned  and  just ; 
;  published  the  Vulgate. 

J1605.  Leo  XI. :  died  same  month. 

\  "      Paul  V.  (Camille  Borghese):  quarrelled  with  Venice. 
1.621.  Gregory  XV.  (Alexander  Ludovisio) :  founded  the  Propaganda. 
i-623.  Urban  VIII.  (Mafi"ei  Bafberini):  condemned  Jansenism. 
i.644.  Innocent  X.  (John  Baptist  Panflli):  ditto. 
!.655.  Alexander  VII.  (Fabio  Chigi):  favored  literature. 
667.  Clement  IX.  (Giulio  Rispogliosi) :  governed  wisely. 
.670.  Clement  X.  (Emilio  Altieri).  ' 

676.  Innocent  XI.  (Odescalchi) :  condemned  Gallicanism  and  Quiet- 
ism. 
Alexander  VIII.  (Ottoboni),  6  Oct. :  helped  Leopold  against 
Turks. 
.69L  Innocent  XII.  (Antonio  Pignatelli),  12  July:  condenmed  Y€- 

ndlon. 
700.  Clement  XI.  (John  Francis  Albani),  23  Nov. :  issued  the  bull 

Unigenitus. 
|721.  Innocent  XIII.  (Michael  Angelo  Conti):  the  8th  of  his  family; 

8  May;  pensioned  James  Edward  Stuart. 
724.  Benedict  XIII.  (Orsini),  29  May :  favored  James  Edward  Stuart. 
|730.  Clement XII.  (Orsini),  12  July:  restored  San  Marino  (republic). 
1740.  Benedict  XIV.  (Lambertini),  17  Aug. :  learned,  amiable. 
'758.  Clement  XIII.  (Chas.  Rezzonico):  Avignon  lost. 
769.  Clement  XIV.  (Ganganelli),  19  May:  suppressed  the  Jesuits. 
'i"5.  Pius  VL  (Angelo  Braschi),  Feb.  15:  dethroned  by  Bonaparte; 
expelled  from  Rome,  and  deposed  in  Feb.  1798;   died  at 
Valence,  29  Aug.  1799. 
iOO.  Pius  VII.  (Barnabo  Chiaramonte) :  elected  13  Mch. ;  agrees  to 


647  POP 

-a  concordat  with  France,  15  July,  1801;  crowns  Napoleon, 

2  Dec.  1804;  excommunicates  him,  10  June,  1809;  impris- 
oned, 6  July,  1809;  restored  in  1814;  d.  20  Aug.  1823.  (He 
restored  the  Jesuits,  1814.) 

1823.  Leo  XII.  (Annibale  della  Genga),  28  Sept. 

1829.  Pius  VIII.  (Francis  Xavier  Castiglioni),  31  Mch. 

1831.  Gregory  XVI.  (Mauro  Capellari),  2  Feb. ;  d.  1  June.  1846. 

1846.  Pius  IX.  (Giovanni  Maria  Mastai-Ferretti;  b.  13  May,  1792): 
elected  16  June;  Rome,  1846-71. 

1870.  The  pope  opens  a  general  council  (8  Dec.  1869),  which  pro- 
pounds the  doctrine  of  papal  infallibility  and  list  of  anathe- 
mas (Cou.NCiLS  OF  THE  Church),  Feb. ;  deprived  of  the  re- 
mains of  his  temporal  power  (Rome),  Dec. 

1873.  Letter  from  the  pope  to  the  emperor  of  Germany  complaining 
of  his  persecuting  the  bishops,  and  asserting  authority  over 
all  baptized  persons,  7  Aug. ;  the  emperor  replies  that  there 
is  no  mediator  between  God  and  man  but  Jesus  Christ,  3  Sept. 

1875.  The  pope  reappears  at  St.  Peter's,  after  4  years'  seclusion,  9 
Feb.;  he  dedicates  the  universal  church  to  "the  sacred 
heart,"  16  June;  his  nuncio  issues  a  circular  against  relig- 
ious toleration  in  Spain,  Sept.     D.  7  Feb.  1878. 

1878.  Leo XIII.  (GioacchinoPecci;  b.  2  Mch.  1810):  elected  20  Feb.  1878. 
"      Reduces  his  guards;  holds  a  consistory,  with  an  allocution;  re- 
vives Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  in  Scotland,  4  Mch. ;  issues 
an  encyclical  letter  condemning  communism,  socialism,  and 
nihilism,  as  results  of  the  Reformation;  dated  28  Dec. 

1879.  Issues  encyclical  against  modern  false  philosophy;  recom- 
mends Thomas  Aquinas,  early  in  Aug. 

1880.  Issues  encyclical  on  marriage  as  a  sacrament,  and  against  di- 
vorce; pub.  18  Feb. 

1881.  Issues  an  enc^yclical  letter,  asserting  that  all  government  is  of 
divine  origin,  and  that  wars  are  consequences  oj4he  Ref- 
ormation. July.         , 

1882.  Encyclical  letter  against  heresy  and  socialism,  5  Nov. 

1883.  Circular  to  Irish  bishops  enjoining  abstinence  from  disaffec- 
tion to  the  government,  11  May;  letter  from  the  pope  de- 
fending the  i)apacy,  and  recommending  the  study  of  eccle- 
siastical history,  Sept. 

1884.  Allocution,  8  cardinals  and  many  bishops  created,  10  Nov. 

1885.  The  pope's  messenger,  father  Giulianellifwell  received  by  the 
emperor  of  China,  Apr. ;  the  emperor  of  China  kgrees  to 
receive  a  papal  agent  to  protect  Roman  Catholic  missiona- 
ries, July. 

1887.  Letter  from  the  pope,  asserting  his  territorial  rights,  15  June; 
duke  of  Norfolk,  envoy  extraordinary  from  queen  Victoria, 
appointed  Dec,  received  by  the  pope;  a  massive  basin  and 
ewer  of  gold  presented  to  the  pope,  25  Dec. 

1888.  The  pope's  speech,  demanding  the  independence  of  the  church, 

3  Jan. ;  address  of  English  Roman  Catholic  bishops  to  the 
pope,  protesting  against  Italian  repressive  legislation  re- 
specting his  temporal  power,  10  Nov. 

1891.  Encyclical  concerning  socialism  and  the  labor  question,  issued 
about  16  May. 

1892.  Encyclical  to  the  French  bishops  enjoining  on  all  good  Catho- 
lics entire  submission  to  the  government  of  the  republic, 
16  Feb. ;  obedience  enforced  by  a  brief,  3  May. 

1894.  Encyclical  to  the  church;  si)eaks  of  the  schi.sm  in  the  church, 
so  regarding  the  Greek  and  Protestant  churches;  denounces 
Free-masonry;  and  calls  upon  all  to  return  to  that  unity  of 
faith  that  is  alone  found  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

pope  «f  oail.  It  is  falsely  asserted  that,  in  the  9th  cen- 
turj',  a  female  named  Joan,  having  conceived  a  passion  for 
Felda,  a  young  monk,  in  order  to  be  admitted  into  his  mon- 
astery assumed  thfe  male  habit ;  and  that  on  the  death  of  her 
lover  she  entered  upon  the  duties  of  professor,  and,  being  very 
learned,  was  elected  pope,  when  Leo  IV.  died,  in  855.  Other 
scandalous  particulars  follow;  "yet,  until  the  Reformation,  the 
tale  was  repeated  and  believed  without  offence." — Gibbon. 

Pope's  Virginia  campaign.    The  army  of 

Virginia  organized  by  uniting  the  troops  of  the  mountain  de- 
partment of  Virginia,  those  of  the  department  of  the  Rappa- 
hannock, and  the  department  of  the  Shenandoah,  26  June,  1862. 

Maj.-gen.  .John  Pope  appointed  to  its  command 26  June,  1862 

Gen.  Banks  appointed  to  command  the  2d  and  McDowell  the 

3d  corps 26  June,     " 

Maj.-gen.  Fremont  is  relieved  of  the  command  of  the  1st  corps 
at  his  own  request,  declining  to  serve  under  Pope,  whom  he  re- 
garded as  his  junior;  maj.-gen.  Franz  Sigel  succeeds,  29  June,     " 

[The  effective  force  of  these  corps,  constituting  the  army 
of  Virginia,  was:  1st  corps,  Sigel,  11,500;  2d,  Banks,  8000; 
3d,  McDowell,  18,500;  Sturgis's  brigade,  2500;  cavalry,  5000.] 
Pope  issues  his  "remarkable  "  address  to  the  army. .  .14  July,     " 
Fearing  the  federals -would  occupy  Gordonsville,  gen.  Lee  di- 
rects "Stonewall "  Jackson  to  occupy  it,  which  he  does  with 

2  divisions 16  July,     " 

Lee  also  despatches  A.  P.  Hill's  corps  to  Gordonsville.  .27' July,  " 
[Lee,  ascertaining  that  the  army  of  the  Potomac  is  to  be 
withdrawn  from  Harrison's  Landing,  which  it  had  occupied 
since  3  July,  determines  to  attack  Pope  before  reinforcements 
can  reach  him  from  the  Potomac  army.] 
"Stonewall"  .lackson,  reinforced  by  gen.  A.  P.  Hill's  corps, 
moves  from  Gordonsville  towards  Culpeper  Court-house  with 

about  25,000  men ' 7  Aug.      " 

Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain 9  Aug.      " 

[The  confederates  under  Jackson  meet  the  federals  under 
Banks  near  Cedar  mountain,  south  of  Culpeper  Court-house 


POP 


G48 


POP 


in  the  aftornoon.  The  federals  are  at  first  successful,  although 
largely  outuumbereil,  and  after  relinquishiug  the  ground 
gained,  maiutaiu  their  original  position.  Federal  losses,  314 
killed,  U45  wounded,  OiO  missing;  Confederate  loss,  229 
killed,  1047  wounded.] 

Jackson  retires  to  the  Rapidan,  11  Aug. ;  Pope  follows  on  the 
12th.  Pope  reinforced  by  2  divisions  of  Burnside's  corps, 
Renosiiud  Stevens's U  Aug.  1862 

Pope  retires  from  the  Rapidan  to  the  Rappahannock,  taking 
positions  at  Kelly's  ford  and  Rappahannock  station, 

18-19  Aug.    " 
[Pope  is  now  directed  by  Halleck  to  hold  the  line  at  the 
Rappahannock,  promising  him  immediate  reinforcements 
firom  the  army  of  the  Potomac] 

Maj.-gen.  Ja.s.  E.  B.  Stuart  assigned  to  the  command  of  all  the 
cavalry  of  the  Confederate  army  of  northern  Virginia,17  Aug.     " 

Stuart's  cavalry  raid  on  Catlett's  station,  and  destruction  of 
Pope's  headquarters 22  Aug.     " 

Reynolds's  division,  by  way  of  Fredericksburg,  reinforces  Pope, 

23  Aug.     '« 

Engagement  at  Great  Run "  " 

Kearney's  and  Hooker's  divisions  of  Heintzelman's  corps,  by 
the  way  of  Alexandria,  reinforce  Pope 24  Aug.      " 

"Stonewall"  Jackson  with  .Stuart's  cavalry,  after  a  forced 
march  of  50  miles  in  36  hours,  pass  Thoroughfare  gap,  attack 
Bristow  and  Manassas  stations,  and  destroy  Pope's  supplies 
and  munitions  of  war 26  Aug.     " 

Pope  further  reinforced  by  Fitz-John  Porter's  corps,  the  5th, 
Morell's  and  Sykes's  divisions,  and  Piatt's  brigade. .  .26  Aug.     «' 

Pope  falls  back  from  the  Rappahannock  towards  Gainesville 
and  Manassas  Junction 27  Aug.     " 

Jackson  occupies  the  former  battle-field  of  Bull  Run. .       "  " 

Longstreet  advances  through  Thoroughfare  gap  and  joins 
Jackson 29  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Groveton "  " 

[Results  favorable  to  the  confederates,  owing  to  the  union 
of  Longstreet's  troops  with  those  of  Jackson's.  It  was  for 
his  conduct  in  this  battle  that  charges  were  preferred  against 
Fitz-John  Porter  by  Pope.    Porter,  Fitz-John.] 

Battle  of  Manassas  or  Second  Bull  Run 30  Aug.     " 

[This  was  a  continuation  of  the  battle  of  Groveton.  In 
this  battle  the  confederates  are  well  united,  and  force  Pope 
to  retire  across  Bull  Run  to  Centreville] 

Battle  of  Chantillfi 1  Sept.     " 

[While  the  federals  are  strongly  posted  in  and  around  Cen- 
treville and  still  further  rein  forced  by  Franklin's  and  Sum- 
ner's corps,  Lee  pushes  Jackson  on  the  right  flank  of  the 
federals  towards  Washington.  This  movement  brings  on 
the  battle  of  Chantilly,  in  which  the  troops  under  McDowell, 
Hooker,  and  Kearney  repulse  Jackson,  but  with  the  loss  of 
gens.  Kearney  and  Stevens.] 

Pope  retires  within  the  defences  of  Washington,  and  is  relieved 
at  his  own  request  of  the  command  of  the  army  of  Virginia, 
and  appointed  to  a  command  in  the  northwest 2  Sept.     " 

Gen.  McClellan  appointed  to  command  the  army  and  the  de- 
fences of  Washington  2  Sept.     " 

[From  this  date  the  army  of  Virginia  is  merged  into  the 
army  of  the  Potomac.    Maryland  campaign.] 

CASUALITIES    IN    THE    FEDERAL    FORCES    UNDER   MAJ.- 
GEN.   .JOHN   POPE   FROM   16   AUG.-2   SEPT. 


Killed 

Wounded, 

Captured  or 
missing^. 

Aggregate. 

132 
1615 

461 
7991 

106 
4157 

699 

Enlisted  men 

13,763 

Total 

1747 

8407 

4263 

14,462 

[No  separate  report  made  for  the  several  battles  of  the  cam- 
paign.] 

poplar-tree§.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

poplin  or  tabinet,  an  elegant  rich  fabric,  composed 
of  silk  and  worsted,  introduced  into  England  by  the  Hugue- 
not refugees  from  France  about  1693;  first  manufactured  in 
Dublin.     Irish  poplins  are  still  deservedly  esteemed. 

popular  or  "squatter"  sovereignty  (the 

term  "squatter"  being  applied  to  it  by  Calhoun  in  derision) 
was  expressed  in  the  doctrine  advanced  by  Lewis  Cass  in 
1847,  and  may  be  stated  in  general  terms  as  the  right  of  every 
territory  to  legislate  for  itself.  "  Popular  sovereignty  in  the 
territories  is  and  always  has  been  a  privilege,  and  not  a  right, 
and  the  privilege  is  always  to  be  exercised  in  strict  conform- 
ity to  the  terms  of  the  grant."  —  Lalor,  "  Cycl.  of  Political 
Science." 

popular  vote  for  president.  Previous  to  1824  no 
returns  were  preserved  of  the  popular  vote  for  president,  for 
the  reason  that  in  the  earlier  elections  the  legislatures  of  the 
different  states  chose  the  presidential  electors.  Even  as  late 
as  1824  6  states,  viz.,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  New  York, 
South  Carolina,  and  Vermont,  thus  voted,  and  one  state,  South 
Carolina,  so  continued  to  vote  until  1868.  For  the  electoral 
vote,  United  States. 


o5'  "^"E 


B         O 


1^1 


io    q 


SI 


B'toco 


«^  is  l« 


CO- 

ii 


"to  P    JO  !» 

8^  g":^ 


2? 


to  r;- 


-5  2 


§1 


»3 


'  B         ^%  ~U^ 

Political  parties. 


J- CO 

S3 


ss 


^9 


POP  649 

population  of  the  United  States  in  its  various  phases 
is  best  seen  in  tabulated  form.  Early  census  estimates  give  the 
population  of  the  U.  S.  in  1688,  200,000 ;  1714,  434,600  ;  1760, 
1,260,000;  1760,1,695,000;  1770,2,312,000;  1780,2,945,000. 

POPULATION    AND    RANK   OF    STATKS    AND    TERRITORIES. 


POP 


Alabama 

Arizona  Terr. 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut.. 

Delaware 

DistrictColumbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

,   Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

,   Massachusetts. . . 

I   Michigan 

I  Minnesota 

I   Mississippi 

I   Missouri 

!  Montana 

;  Nebraska 

i  Nevada 

(  New  Hampshire. 

i  New  Jersey 

I  New  Mexico  Terr. 
'  New  York 

North  Carolina. . 
!  North  Dakota..  ) 
1  South  Dakota,  j 

J  Ohio 

;  Oklahoma  Terr. . 

1  Oregon 

!  Pennsylvania..., 

;  Rhode  Island 

:  South  Carolina.. 

I  Tennessee 

,  Texas 

,  Utah  Territory... 

;  Vermont 

■  Virginia 

'  Washington 

i  West  Virginia. . . 
)  Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Popula- 
tion at 

first 
census. 


127,901 

9,658 

14,273 

92,597 

34,277 

237,946 

59,096 

14,093 

34,730 

82,548 

14,999 

12,282 

5,641 

43,112 

107,206 

73,677 

76,556 

96,540 

319,728 

378,787 

4,762 

6,077 

8,850 

20,845 

20.595 

28,841 

6,857 

141,885 

184,139 

61,547 

340,120 

393,751 

4,837 

45,365 


13,294 
434,373 

68,825 
249,073 

35,691 
212,1592 

11,380 

85,425 
747,610 

11,594 
442,014 

30,945 
9,118 


Rank  each  decade. 


§    § 


9  14 
19  22 


21 
23  23 


16  15 
12  13 


19  18 
13  16 
1517 
8;  6 
23  20 


1,513,017 

59,620 

1,128,179 

1,208,130 

419,198 

746,258 

168,493 

230,392 

391,422 

1,837,353 

84,385 

3,826,351 

2,192,404 

1,911,896 

1,427,096 

1,858,635 

1,118.587 

661,086 

1,042,390 

2,238,943 

2,090,889 

1,301,826 

1.289,600 

2,679,184 

132,1.59 

1,058,910 

45,761 

376,530 

1,444,933 

153,593 

5,997,853 

1,617,947 

182,719 

328,808 

3,672,316 

61,834 

313,767 

5,258,014 

345,506 

1,151,149 

1,767,518 

2,235,523 

207,905 

332,422 

1,655,980 

349,390 

762,794 

686,880 

60,705 


CITIES    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES    HAVING   A   POPULATION    OF 
OVER   100,000. 

RANK    IN     1890  ;     RELATIVE    RANK    AT    PREVIOUS    OECADES,    WITH 
POPULATION    AND    CENSUS    YEAR    THEY    FIRST    EXCEEDED 

100,000. 


Name. 

Population, 
1890. 

Relative  rank. 

Popula- 

c 

o    o 

ii 

d 

1 

2 

rear. 

1 

9. 

New  York,  N.Y 

Chicago,  111 

1,515,301 
1,099,850 
1,046,964 
806,343 
451,770 
448,477 
434,439 
298,997 
296,908 
261,353 
255,664 
242,039 
238,617 
230,392 
205,876 
204,468 
181,830 
164,738 
163,003 
161,129 
140,452 
133,896 
133,156 
132,716 
132,146 
106,713 
105,436 
105,287 

1 

4 
2 
3 
6 
5 
7 
9 

il 

13 
10 
12 

I 

2 

I 

7 
6 
10 
8 

ii 

9 

1 

9 
2 
3 

7 
5 
4 

8 

1 
2 

4 
3 

6 
5 

1 

2 

•• 

1 
2 

1 
2 

123,706 
109,420 
108,116 
273,425 
162,479 
136,881 
102,313 
149,473 
1 1  n  rAC. 

1820 
1860 

3 
4 
5 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Brooklyn,  N.Y 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

1820 
1860 

6 

1850 

7 
8 
q 

Baltimore,  Md 

San  Francisco,  Cal 

1840 
1870 
1850 

10 

11 

12 
IS 

Cleveland,      "    

Buffalo,  N.Y 

New  Orleans,  La 

Pittsburg  Pa      ... 

..■160,' 146 
..117,714 
..i  102, 193 
..156,389 
..,109,199 
..  11fi.S40 

1880 
1870 
1840 
1880 

14 
15 

Washington,  D.  C 

Detroit,  Mich 

14112 

18.. 
19  .. 
15113 

1870 
1880 

16 

17 

Milwaukee,  Wis 

Newark,  N.J 

115,712 
105,059 
164,738 
120,722 
100,753 
140,452 
133,896 
133,156 
132,716 
104,857 
106,713 

1870 

18 
19 
20 
21 

Minneapolis,  Minn.... 

Jersey  City,  N.J 

Louisville,  Ky 

17 
16 

20 

.. 

1890 
1880 
1870 
18% 

22 
23 
24 
25 
•>6 

Rochester,  N.  Y 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

Kansas  City,  Mo 

Providence,  R.  I 

Denver,  Col 

1880 
1890 

27 
28 

Indianapolis,  Ind 

Alleghany,  Pa 

105,436 
105,287 

population  in  general. 


ESTIMATED     POPULATION     OF     THE     WORLD. 

(IN    MILLIONS.) 


Year. 

Author. 

World. 

Europe. 

America. 

Asia. 

Africa.!  Australia. 

1810 

Gotha     . 

682 
847 
1009 
1391 
1483 

180 
214 
245 
301 
347 

21 
40 
50 
85 
112 

380 
481 
620 
798 
822 

99 
109 

90 
203 
197 

2 

18W 

Balbi 

3 

1845 
1874 
1886 

Michelot 

Behm-Wagner. 
Levasseur 

4 
4 

5 

[Estimates  vary  widely;  that  of  Wagner  and  Supan  in  the  "  Be- 
vOlkerung  der  Erde,"  for  1891,  is  1,479,000,000— less  than  that  of 
Levasseur  in  1886.] 


TOTAL  AND   URBAN   POPULATION   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES   FOR   EACH   DECADE    SINCE   1790;    WITH    PER   CENT.  OF 
INCREASE,  BALANCE   OF   SEXES,  POPULATION  TO   EACH  SQUARE   MILE,  AND  THE   CENTRE   OF   POPULATION. 


1790 
1800 
1810 

1820 


Total 
population. 


Per 

cent,  of 

in- 
crease. 


1840 

1850  23! 

1860  31, 

1870  38, 

1880  50, 

1890  '62, 


929,214 
308,483 
239,881 
633,822 
866,020 
069,453 
191,876 
443,321 
558,371 
155,783 
622,250 


35.11 
36.40 
33.06 
33.55 
32.67 
35.86 
35.58 
22.63 
30.08 
24.85 


"4^75 
6.41 
3.62 
4.82 
6.25 
8.29 
7.78 
10.39 
10.70 
13.92 
20.78 


Sexes 

per  1000 

population. 


509 
512 
510 


509 
511 
511 
507 
510 
511 


Urban 
population. 


491 
488 
490 
492 
492 
491 
489 
489 
493 
490 
489 


131,472 

210,873 

356,920 

475,135 

864,509 

1,453,994 

2,897,586 

5,072,256 

8,071,875 

11,318,547 

18,235,670 


3.35 
3.97 
4.93 
4.93 
6.72 
8.52 
12.49 
16.13 
20.93 
22.57 
29.12 


Centre  of  population. 


N.  lat. 


39°  16.5' 
39°  16.1' 
39°  1L5' 
39°  5.7' 
38°  57.9' 
39°  2' 
38"  59' 
39°  0.4' 
39°  12' 
39°  4.r 
39°  11.9' 


W.  Ion. 


76°  1L2 
76°  56.5' 
77°  37.2' 
780  33' 
79°  16.9' 
80°  18' 
81°  19' 
820  48.8' 
83°  35.7' 
84039.7' 
850  32.9' 


Location  described. 


23  miles  E.  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

18  "  W.  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

40  "  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

16  "  N.  of  Woodstock,  Va. 

19  "  W.S.W.  of  Moorefleld,  W.  Va. 
16  "  S.  Of  Clarksburg,  W.  Va. 

23  "  S.E.  of  Parkersburg,  W.  Va. 

20  "  S.  ofChillicothe,  0. 

48  "  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati,  0. 

8  "  W.  by  S.  of  Cincinnati,  0. 

20  "  E.  of  Columbus,  Ind. 


Westward 
movement. 


The  population  of  the  U.  S.  has  increased  largely  bj'  immi- 
fgration.  The  total  number  of  immigrants  from  1654  to  1701 
was  134,000;  from  1702  to  1800,  492,000;  from  1801  to  1820, 
178,000;  from  1821  to  1890,  about  15,426,000,  making  a  grand 
total  of  16,230,000.     Im.migration. 

PKOPOHTION  OF  FOREIGN  TO  AMERICAN  POPULATION  IN  THE 
U.  S.  IN  EACH  1000  PERSONS   BETWEEN  15  AND  60  YEARS. 


Nativity. 

1830. 

1840. 

I860. 

1860. 

1870. 

1880. 

American 

960. 
40 

928 

72 

866 
134 

821 
179 

807 
193 

817 

(•'oreign 

183 

POPULATION    OF   ROMAN   EMPIRE   14   B.C.,  ESTIMATED   BY 
BODIE. 

Italy 6,000,000 

Spain 6,000,000 

Greece 3,000,000 

Gaul 3,400,000 

Other  countries 4,600,000 

Europe 23,000,000 

Asia  19,500,000 

Africa ..11,500,000 

Total 54,000,000 


POR 

POPULATION   ANI>    AREA   OF   ANCIENT   CITIES   (Dr.  Beloch). 


660 


POR 


City. 


AlUeus 

Thebes 

Tyre 

Palermo — 
Alexandria . 
Rome 


DaU.  PopuUtlon.     Are.,acr«i.     P^';"i^',^°» 


360B.C. 
335  B  c. 
332  B.C. 
264  B.C. 

60  B.C. 

14  A.  u. 


150,000 
50,000 
40,000 
27,000 
600,000 
900,000 


146 
600 
186 
115 


100 
210 
230 

218 
306 


DENSITY  OF   POPULATION    IN  NOTED  CITIES    (1881). 


City. 

PopulaUon. 

Acres. 

Population 
jwr  Bcre. 

London 

3,893,000 

2,240,000 

1.192,000 

724,000 

273,000 

75,000 
14,500 
4,500 
2,800 
800 

62 

Paris 

154 

Berlin 

264 

Vienna .... 

258 

Rome 

341 

CITIES    OF   THE   WOKLD    HAVING    A   POPULATION   OF   500,000 


London 1891. 

Paris 1886. 

New  York 1892. 

Canton.. .  .(estimated). 

Berlin 1890. 

Tokio 1890. 

Vienna....  1890. 

Chicago 1890. 

Philadelphia....  1890. 
St.  Petersburg...  1890. 
Constantinople. .  .1885. 


AND 
.4,231,431 
.2,344,550 
.1,801,739 
.1,600,000 
.1,579,244 
.1,389,684 
.1,364,548 
.1,099,850 
.1,046,964 
.  956,226 
.    873,565 


MORE. 

Calcutta 1891. 

Brooklyn 1890, 

Bombay 1891, 

Moscow 1885. 

Glasgow 1891. 

Buenos  Ayres 1891. 

Naples 1890. 

Liverpool 1891. 

Buda-Pesth 1890. 

Manchester 1891. 

Pekin (estimated). 


.840,130 
,806,343 
.804,470 
.753,469 
.565,714 
.546,986 
.530,872 
.517,951 
.506,384 
.505,343 
.500,000 


GROWTH    IN    POPULATION    OF     EUROPEAN    POWERS    IN    310 

YKAttS.—Mulhall. 


Country. 

1580. 

1680. 

1780.               1880. 

1890. 

France 

Austria 

Italy 

14,300,000 
16,500,000 
10,400,000 
8,150,000 
4,600,000 

18,800,000 
14,000,000 
11,500,000 
9,200,000 
5,532,000 

25,100,000  37,400,000 
20,200,000  37,830,000 
12,800,000  28,910,000 
9,960,000  16,290,000 
9,561,000  35,004,000 

38,800,000 
40,100,000 
30,300,000 
17,600,000 
38,200,000 

Spain 

England. 

Prussia,   in- 1 

cludingl 
Germany 

1,000,000 

1,400,000 

5,460,000  45,260,000 

48,600,000 

since  1871. 

Russia  (Eu- 
ropean). . . 

4,300,000 

12,600,000 

26,800,000  84,440,000 

92,000,000 

RATIO    OF    FORKIGNERS     TO    1000    POPULATION    IN    VARIOUS 
COUNTRIES. 


United  States 133 

Switzerland 74 

Denmark 32 

France 29 

Belgium 26 

Servia 21 

Norway 20 

Greece 19 


Holland 17 

Austria.. 16 

Hungary 15 

Germany 6 

Great  Britain 4 

Sweden 4 

Spain 3 

Italy 2 


INHABITANTS   PER  SQ.  MILE  IN  THE  FOLLOWING   COUNTRIES 
IN  1820  AND  1890.— Mulhall. 


Country. 

1820. 

1890. 

Country. 

1820. 

1890. 

Austria   

99 
287 

71 
172 
124 

40 
195 
138 

166 
530 
133 
320 
233 
88 
350 
260 

Norway 

8 
92 
20 
15 
127 
148 
3 
54 

16 

Belgium 

Portugal 

136 

Denmark 

Russia 

42 
28 

Switzerland 

Engl.  (United  Kingd.) 

United  States 

Europe 

190 
184 
20 
90 

Holland 

Italy 

porcelain.     Pottery. 

porpliyr4»g[en'itUS,  "bom  in  the  purple,"  a  term 
applied  to  entiperors  of  the  East  born  while  their  fathers  were 
reigning. 

"Round  about  a  throne  where  sitting 
(Porphyrogene) 
In  state  his  glory  well  befitting. 
The  ruler  of  the  realm  was  seen." 

—Poe,  "The  Haunted  Palace." 
Port  €rib§OIl.     Vicksburg  campaign. 

Port  Hudson,  a  post-village  of  Louisiana,  on  the 
Mississippi  river,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Clinton  and  Port  Hud- 
son railroad,  25  miles  above  Baton  Kouge.  This  post,  which 
began  to  be  fortified  by  the  confederates,  Aug.  1862,  lay  within 
the  limits  of  the  department  of  the  Gulf,  of  which  raaj.-gen. 
N.  P.  Banks  took  command,  14  Dec.  1862.  In  Mch,  1863,  Banks 
made  a  strong  demonstration  against  it  as  a  diversion  in  favor 


of  adra.  Farragut,  who  then  ran  the  Port  Hudson  batteries. 
After  a  victorious  campaign  in  Louisiana,  in  which  gen.  Rich- 
ard Taylor  was  driven  to  Shrevcport,  leaving  Alexandria  an 
easy  prey  to  Porter's  fleet  (6  May),  Banks  again  moved  against 
Port  Hudson,  then  commanded  by  gen.  Gardiner.  On  25  ]\Iay 
Port  Hudson  was  invested  by  Banks's  army,  12,000  strong. 
An  unsuccessful  assault  was  made  on  the  27th,  which  involved 
a  national  loss  of  over  2000  men.  A  second  assault  (14  June) 
was  also  repulsed,  but  resulted  in  a  nearer  apjiroach  to  the 
Confederate  lines.  On  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  Port  Hud- 
son was  also  surrendered,  9  July,  with  over  6000  prisoners 
and  61  guns. 

Port  Republic,  Battle  of.  Peninsular  campaign, 
Virginia. 

Port  Royal,  capital  of  the  French  colony  Acadia, 
Nova  Scotia.  After  having  been  taken  and  restored  several 
times,  it  was  finally  acquired  by  the  British  in  1710,  and 
named  Annapolis.     French  in  America. 

Port  Royal  expedition.  This  expedition  (29 
Oct.-7  Nov.  1861)  was  under  the  joint  command  of  gen. 
Thomas  West  Sherman  and  com.  Dupont.  Tlie  fleet  con- 
sisted of  50  vessels.  Fort  Walker,  on  Hilton  Head,  S.  C,  and 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Broad  river  fort  Beauregard,  were  re- 
duced, 7  Nov.  43  guns  were  captured,  and  possession  was  taken 
of  Hilton  Head,  which  became,  subsequently,  an  important 
centre  of  naval  operations. 

Porte,  or  Sublime  Porte,  official  name  of  the 
court  of  the  sultan  of  Turkey.  Mostasem,  the  last  of  the  Ab- 
basside  caliphs  (1243-58),  fixed  in  the  threshold  of  the  princi- 
pal entrance  to  his  palace  at  Bagdad  a  piece  of  the  black 
stone  adored  at  Mecca,  and  thus  this  entrance  became  the 
"  porte  "  by  eminence,  and  the  title  of  his  court.  The  sul- 
tans, successors  of  the  caliphs,  assumed  the  title. — Bouillet. 

PorteoUS  mob.  Capt.  Porteous,  at  Edinburgh,  on 
15  Apr.  1736,  commanded  the  guard  at  the  execution  of  Wilson, 
a  smuggler,  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  fellow-criminal  by 
springing  upon  the  soldiers  around  them,  and  by  main  force 
keeping  them  back  while  his  companion  fled.  This  excited 
great  commiseration,  and  the  spectators  pelted  the  guard  with 
stones.  Fearing  a  rescue,  Porteous  ordered  his  men  to  fire 
upon  the  mob,  and  17  persons  were  killed  or  wounded.  He 
was  found  guilty  of  murder,  22  June,  1736;  but  the  queetl 
granted  him  a  reprieve  (the  king  being  then  in  Hanover). 
The  people,  at  night,  broke  open  the  prison,  took  out  Por- 
teous, and  hanged  him  on  a  dyer's  signpost  in  the  Grass- 
market,  7  Sept.  1736.    None  of  the  rioters  were  ever  detected. 

Porter,  maj.-gen.  Fitz-John,  Case  of.  Fitz-John  Porter, 
in  command  of  the  5th  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  was 
with  his  corps  temporarily  attached  to  the  army  of  Virginia. 
For  conduct  on  the  battle-field  of  Groveton  (Pope's  Vir- 
ginia campaign),  maj.-gen.  Pope  formally  preferred  charges 
against  him,  and  he  was  deprived  of  his  command.  At  tlie 
request  of  maj.-gen.  McClellan  he  was  restored,  and  served 
throughout  the  Maryland  campaign.  In  Nov.  1862,  he  was 
ordered  to  Washington  for  trial  by  court-martial,  court  con- 
sisting of  maj.-gen.  David  Hunter,  president,  maj.-gen.  Hitch- 
cock, brig.-gens.  R.  King,  Prentiss,  Ricketts,  Casey,  Garfield, 
Buford,  Slough,  and  col.  J.  Holt,  judge-ad.-gen.,  and  after  a 
trial  of  45  days  he  was,  on  21  Jan.  1863,  found  guilty  and 
sentenced  to  be  cashiered  and  to  be  forever  disqualified  from 
holding  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  government. 
This  sentence  was  approved  by  the  president.  In  1870  he 
appealed  to  the  president  for  a  reversal  of  this  sentence.  On  12 
Apr.  1878,  a  military  board,  consisting  of  maj.-gens.  Schofield, 
Terr}',  and  (Jetty,  was  appointed  for  a  rehearing  of  the  case. 
This  board  made  a  report,  19  Mch.  1879,  exonerating  Porter 
eiTtirely.  They  were  unable  to  find  anything  in  his  conduct 
subject  to  criticism,  much  less  deserving  of  censure  or  con- 
demnation, and  recommended  that  the  findings  and  sentence 
of  the  court-martial  be  set  aside,  and  that  Porter  be  restored 
to  the  powers  of  which  the  sentence  deprived  him.  Pres. 
Arthur,  on  4  May,  1882,  remitted  so  much  of  the  sentence  of 
the  court-martial  remaining  unexecuted  as  ' '  forever  disquali- 
fied the  said  Porter  from  holding  any  office  of  trust  or  profit 
mider  the  government."  A  bill  for  the  relief  of  Porter  came 
up  in  tlie  Senate,  28  Dec.  1882,  and  passed,  33  to  27,  but  the 


POR 


651 


POR 


consideration  of  the  measure  was  strongly  objected  to  in  the 
House,  17  Jan.  1883.  On  18  Jan.  1884,  gen.  Henry  W.  Slocum 
of  New  York  brought  a  bill  before  the  House  for  the  relief  of 
Porter,  which  passed  by  a  vote  of  184  to  77,  1  Feb.,  and  in 
the  Senate  with  some  changes,  36  to  25, 13  Mch.  The  House 
and  the  Senate  agreed,  18  June,  and  on  2  July  it  was  returned 
with  the  president's  veto.  On  21  Dec.  1885,  Wheeler  of  Ala- 
bama brought  before  the  House  another  bill,  which  passed  the 
House,  171  to  113,  19  Feb.  1886,  and  the  Senate,  80  to  17,  25 
June,  and  was  approved  by  the  president  1  July.  This  bill 
was  as  follows :  "  The  president  to  nominate  and  by  and  with 
the  consent  of  the  Senate  appoint  Fitz-John  Porter,  late  maj.- 
gen.  of  the  U.  S.  volunteers  and  brevet  brig.-gen.  and  col.  in 
U.  S.  army,  to  same  grade  and  rank  held  by  him  at  the  time 
of  his  dismissal  from  the  army,  promulgated  27  Jan.  1863,  and 
at  the  discretion  of  the  president  to  be  placed  on  the  retired 
list ;  provided  he  receive  no  pay,  compensation,  or  allowance 
whatsoever  prior  to  his  appointment  under  this  act." 

Portland  cement,  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
to  Portland  stone,  made  from  chalk  and  fine  mud,  now  used 
extensively  in  the  United  States,  is  first  mentioned  in  a  patent 
granted  to  Joseph  Aspden,  a  bricklayer  of  Leeds,  Engl.,  1824. 
His  son  made  the  true  cement  at  Northfleet.  Its  value  as  a 
building  material  was  established  by  John  Grant's  tests,  1859 
-1871.  Portland  cement  concrete  was  used  by  E.  A.  Bernay 
in  1867. 

Portland  isle  (off  Dorset),  the  English  Gibraltar. 
Fortified  before  1142.  Portland  castle  was  built  by  Henry 
Vni.  about  1536.  Off  this  peninsula  a  naval  engagement 
commenced  between  English  and  Dutch,  18  Feb.  1653,  which 
continued  for  3  days.  The  English  destroyed  11  Dutch  men- 
of-war  and  30  merchantmen.  Van  Tromp  was  admiral 
of  the  Dutch  and  Blake  of  the  English.  Here  is  found  the 
noted  freestone  used  for  building  the  finest  edifices.  The 
Portland  lights  were  erected  1716  and  1789.  The  pier,  with 
nearly  half  a  mile  square  of  land,  was  washed  into  the  sea  in 
Feb.  i792.  Prince  Albert  laid  the  first  stone  of  the  Portland 
breakwater,  25  July,  1849,  and  the  last  stone  was  laid  by  the 
prince  of  Wales,  10  Aug.  1872.  James  Rendel,  the  first  chief- 
engineer,  was  succeeded,  on  his  death  in  1856,  by  (aft.  sir) 
John  Coode.  The  breakwater  and  other  harbor  works  cost 
1,033,600?.,  exclusive  of  convict  labor. 

Portland  or  Barberi'ni  vase.   This  beautiful 

specimen  of  Greek  art  (composed  of  a  glass- like  substance, 
with  figures  and  devices  raised  on  it  on  white  enamel ;  height 
10  inches ;  diameter  in  the  broadest  part,  7 ;  with  a  handle  on 
each  side)  was  discovered  about  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury in  a  marble  sarcophagus  in  a  sepulchre  at  Monte  del  Grano, 
about  2^  miles  from  Rome,  supposed  to  have  been  that  of  the 
Roman  emperor  Alexander  Severus  (222-235)  and  his  mother 
Mammjea,  and  the  vase  was  probably  the  cinerary  urn  of  one 
of  the  two.  It  was  placed  in  the  palace  of  the  Barberini  familj' 
at  Rome,  where  it  remained  till  1770,  when  it  was  purchased 
by  sir  William  Hamilton,  from  whose  possession  it  passed  to 
that  of  the  duchess  of  Portland,  1787;  at  the  sale  of  her  effects, 
it  is  said  to  have  been  bought  by  the  then  duke  of  Portland, 
who,  in  1810,  deposited  it  (on  loan)  in  the  British  museum. 
On  7  Feb.  1845,  this  vase  was  maliciously  broken  in  many 
pieces  with  a  stone  ;  it  has  been  skilfully  repaired,  and  is  now 
shown  to  the  public  in  a  special  room.  Josiah  Wedgwood 
made  a  mould  of  it,  and  took  a  number  of  casts. 

Porto  BellO,  a  town  on  the  north  side  of  the  isthmus 
of  Darien,  not  far  from  Aspinwall,  in  the  department  of  Pana- 
ma, of  the  republic  of  Colombia.  Harbor  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus, 2  Nov.  1502.  Settled  by  the  Spaniards,  1584.  '  Was 
taken  by  Morgan,  the  buccaneer,  in  1668;  by  the  British  under 
adm.  Vernon,  from  the  Spaniards,  21  Nov.  1739,  and  the  forti- 
fications destroyed.  Before  the  abolition  of  trade  by  the  gal- 
leons, in  1748,  it  was  the  great  mart  for  the  gold  and  silver 
of  Peru  and  Chili. 

Porto  l^OVO,  a  maritime  town  of  S.  India.  Here  sir 
Eyre  Coote,  with  about  9500  men  and  55  light  field-pieces, 
skilfully  defeated  Hyder  Ali,  ruler  of  the  Carnatic,  with  80,000 
men  and  some  heavy  cannon,  1  July,  1781.  Hyder  lost  about 
10,000,  the  British  587  killed  and  wounded. 

Porto  Rico,  a  West  India  island  belonging  to  Spain  ; 


discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493.  Attacks  on  it  by  Drake  and 
Hawkins  repulsed,  1595.  Revolt  suppressed,  1823.  Slavery 
abolished,  23  Mch.  1873.  Area,  3550  sq.  miles ;  pop.  806,708. 
portreeve  (derived  from  Saxon  words  signifying  the 
governor  of  a  port  or  harbor).  The  chief  magistrate  of  Lon- 
don was  originally  so  styled  ;  but  Richard  I.  appointed  2  bail- 
iffs, and  afterwards  London  had  mayors. — Camden.  Mayor 
OF  London. 

Portsmouth,  Hampshire,  the  most  considerable 
haven  for  men-of-war,  and  most  strongly  fortified  place  in 
England.  The  dock,  arsenal,  and  storehouses  were  estab- 
lished in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Pop.  in  1851,  72,096  ;  in 
1861,  94,799 ;  in  1871,  112,954. 

French  under  D'Annebaut  attempted  to  destroy  Portsmouth, 
but  were  defeated  by  viscount  Lisle,  in  the  then  finest  war- 
ship in  the  world,  the  Great  Harry 1545 

Here  George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buckingham,  was  assassinated 

by  Felton 23  Aug.  1628 

Adm.  Byng  (Byng)  on  a  very  dubious  sentence  was  shot  at 

Portsmouth , 14  Mch.  1757 

Royal  George  sunk 29  Aug.  1782 

PortUg^al,  ancient  Lusita'nia.  The  present  name 
is  derived  from  Porto  Callo,  the  original  appellation  of  Oporto. 
After  a  9  years'  struggle  under  Viriathes,  a  brave,  able  leader, 
the  Lusitanians  submitted  to  the  Roman  arms  about  137  b.c. 
Portugal  underwent  the  same  changes  as  Spain  on  the  fall  of 
the  Roman  empire.  There  are  in  Portugal  2  universities — 
that  of  Coimbra,  founded  in  1308,  and  the  smaller  one  of  Evora, 
founded  in  1533.  Lisbon  has  also  its  royal  academy,  and  the 
small  town  of  Thomar  has  an  academy  of  sciences ;  but,  in 
general,  literature  is  at  a  low  ebb  in  Portugal.  The  poet 
Camoens,  called  the  Virgil  of  his  country',  and  author  of  the 
"  LiisiAD  "  (1569),  translated  into  English  by  Mickle,  was  a 
native  of  Lisbon.  Area,  34,038  sq.  miles.  Pop.  of  the  king- 
dom and  colonies,  31  Dec.  1863,  8,037,194  ;  1872,  kingdom  on 
the  continent,  with  Madeira  and  Azores,  4,390,589;  colonies, 
3,258,140;  1881,  4,708,178;  colonies,  12,650,540,  mostly  in 
Africa.     The  constitution  granted  in  1826  was  revised  in  1852. 

Settlement  of  the  Alains  and  Visigoths  here 472 

Conquered  by  the  Moors 713 

Kings  of  Asturias  subdue  some  Saracen  chiefs,  and  Alfonso  III. 

establishes  bishops 900 

Moors,  conquered  by  Alfonso  VI.,  the  Valiant,  of  Castile,  as- 
sisted by  many  other  princes  and  volunteers;  Henry  of 
Besanfon  (a  relative  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy  and  king  of 
France),  very  eminent;  Alfonso  be.stowed  upon  him  Theresa, 
his  natural  daughter,  and  Portugal  as  her  marriage  portion, 

which  he  was  to  hold  of  him  as  count 1095 

Alfonso  Henriquez  defeats  5  Moorish  kings,  and  proclaimed 

king  (OuKiQUE) 25  July,  1139 

Assisted  by  a  fleet  of  crusaders  on  their  way  to  the  Holy  Land, 

he  takes  Lisbon  from  the  Moors 25  Oct.  1147 

Part  of  Algarve  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Sancho  1 1189 

Reign  of  Dionysius  1,  or  Denis,  father  of  his  country,  who 

builds  44  cities  or  towns  in  Portugal 1279 

University  of  Coimbra  founded 1308 

Military  orders  of  Christ  and  St.  James  instituted 1279  and  1325 

Inez  de  Castro  murdered 1355 

John  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  carries  his  arms  into  Africa 1415 

Maritime  discoveries 1419-30 

Madeira  and  the  Canaries  seized 1420 

Code  of  laws  digested 1425 

Lisbon  made  the  capital about  1433 

Passage  to  the  East  Indies  by  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  discovered 

by  Vasco  de  Gama 20  Nov.  1497 

Discovery  of  the  Brazils ; 1499 

Brazil  discovered  by  Cabral Apr.  1500 

Camoens,  author  of  the  "  Lusiad,"  b about  1520 

Inquisition  established. 1526 

University  of  Evora  founded 1451  or  1533 

African  expedition;  king  Sebastian  defeated  and  slain  in  the 

battle  of  Alcazar 4  Aug.  1578 

!  Kingdom  seized  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain 1580 

j  Dutch  seize  the  Portuguese  settlements  in  India 1602-20 

j  Portuguese  throw  off  the  yoke,  and  place  John,  duke  of  Bra- 

ganza,  on  the  throne Dec.  1640 

■  Portuguese  defeat  the  Spaniards  at  Villa  Viciosa 1665 

Great  earthquake  destroys  Lisbon 1  Nov.  1755 

Joseph  I.  narrowly  escapes  death  by  assassins. . .  v 1758 

[Some  of  the  first  families  were  tortured  to  death;  their 
very  names  being  forbidden  to  be  mentioned ;  the  innocence 
of  many  was  soon  after  made  manifest;  the  Jesuits  were 
also  expelled.] 
Joseph,  having  no  son,  obtains  a  dispensation  from  the  pope 
to  enable  his  daughter  and  brother  to  intermarry,  which 

took  place 6  June,  1760 

Spaniards  and  French  invade  Portugal,  which  is  saved  by  the 

English 1762  and  1763 

John,  prince  of  Brazil,  marries  his  aunt,  Maria  Francesca 1777 

Regency  of  John  (afterwards  king),  owing  to  the  lunacy  of 
queen  Maria 1792 


POR  652 

War  with  Spain,  3  Mch. ;  peace 6  June,  1801 

Treaty  between  France  and  Spain  for  tlio  partition  of  Portugal, 
Oct.;  French  invasion;   Junot  arrives  at  Lisbon,  27  Nov.; 

the  court  sail  for  Brazil 29  Nov.  1807 

Rise  of  the  Portuguese;  several  times  defeated,  June  and  July; 
arrival  of  Wellington  at  Oporto,  July;  he  defeats  Junot  at 
Vimeira,  21  Aug. ;  convention  of  Cinira  confirmed. .  .30  Aug.  1808 

Oporto  taken  by  Soult 29  Mch.  1809 

Almeida  taken  by  Massena 27  Aug.  1810 

Massena  defeated  at  Busaco 27  Sept.     " 

Wellington  secures  the  lines  of  Torres  Vedraa Oct.     " 

Massena  defeated  at  Fuentes  de  Onoro;  retreats. 5  May,  1811 

British  Parliament  grants  the  sutferers  by  war  in  Portugal 

100,000/ " 

Portugal  cedes  Guiana  to  France 1814 

Union  of  Portugal  and  Brazil 1815 

Revolution  begins  in  Oporto 29  Aug.  1820 

Constitutional  Junta  established 1  Oct.     " 

Return  of  the  court 4  July,  1821 

Independence  of  Brazil;    the  prince  regent  made  emperor 

(Brazil) 12  Oct.  1822 

King  modifies  the  constitution 5  June,  1823 

Disturbances  at  Lisbon ;  Miguel  departs 1-9  May,  1824 

Treaty  with  Brazil 29  Aug.  1825 

Death  of  John  VI 10  Mch.  1826 

Dom  Pedro  grants  a  constitutional  charter,  and  confirms  the 

regency 26  Apr.     " 

He  relinquishes  the  throne  in  favor  of  his  daughter,  donna 

Maria  da  Gloria 2  May,     " 

Marquess  of  Chaves's  insurrection  at  Lisbon  in  favor  of  dom 

Miguel,  brother  of  dom  Pedro 6  Oct.     " 

Dom  Miguel  and  donna  Maria  betrothed 29  Oct     " 

Portugal  solicits  the  assistance  of  Great  Britain,  3  Dec. ;  the 

first  British  auxiliary  troops  start  for  Portugal 17  Dec.     " 

Dom  Miguel  made  regent;  takes  the  oath  at  Lisbon 22  Feb.  1828 

British  armament  quits  Portugal 28  Apr.     " 

Dom  Miguel  assumes  the  title  of  king 4  July,     " 

He  dissolves  the  3  estates 12  July,     " 

His  troops  take  Madeira 24  Aug.     " 

Duke  of  Palmella  appointed  regent Mch.  1830 

Dom  Pedro  arrives  in  England 16  June,  1831 

His  expedition  sails  from  Belle  isle,  9  Feb. ;  at  Terceira  pro- 
claims himself  regent,  2  Apr. ;  takes  Oporto 8  July,  1832 

Miguelites  attack  Oporto  and  are  defeated 19  Sept.     " 

Adm.  Napier  takes  dom  Miguel's  squadron  off  cape  St.  Vincent, 

5  July,  1833 
Lisbon  evacuated  by  the  duke  of  Cadaval ;  queen  proclaimed, 

24  July;  enter  Lisbon 22  Sept     " 

After  various  confiicts  dom  Miguel  capitulates  to  the  Pedroites, 
and  Santarem  surrenders,  26  May ;  dom  Miguel  embarks  at 

Evora  for  Genoa 31  May,  1834 

Dom  Pedro  d 24  Sept     " 

Queen  marries  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg 9  Apr.  1836 

Action  at  Evora;  queen's  troops  defeat  insurgents 31  Oct  1846 

British  squadron  under  adra.  Parker  arrives  in  the  Tagus,  at 

the  queen's  request 31  Oct     " 

London  conference;  England,  France,  a»id  Spain  determine  to 

assist  the  queen  to  terminate  the  civil  war 21  .May,  1847 

Spaniards  enter  Oporto,  and  the  Junto  capitulates 26  June,     " 

An  American  squadron  in  the  Tagus  to  enforce  claims  against 

the  Portuguese.. 22  June,  1850 

Revision  of  the  charter  by  the  Cortes  sanctioned  by  the 
queen;  the  prince  royal  takes  the  oath  to  the  constitution, 

18  July,  1852 

Death  of  the  queen,  Maria  II 15  Nov.  1853 

Slaves  on  royal  domains  freed 30  Dec.  1854 

Inauguration  of  the  king 16  Sept  1855 

First  Portuguese  railway  (Lisbon  to  Santarem)  opened.  .26  Oct  1856 
French  emigrant  ship  for  negroes,  Cliarleset- Georges,  seized, 

29  Nov.  1857 
France  sends  ultimatum,  13  Oct ;   and  ships  of  war  to  the 

Tagus;  vessel  restored  (Charles  et-Georges) 25  Oct  1858 

Pedro  V.  dies;  his  brother,  the  duke  of  Oporto,  succeeds, 

11  Nov.  1861 
Law  of  succession  altered  in  favor  of  the  king's  sisters  .  .3  Jan.  1862 

Free-trade  measures  introduced 1  June,  1864 

U.  S.  vessels  Niagara  and  Sacramento  in  the  Tagus  fired  on, 
suspected  of  sailing  after  the  confederate  vessel  Stonewall, 

27  Mch. ;  difficulty  with  the  U.  S.  arranged 7  Apr.  1865 

Constitutional  privileges  granted  to  the  colonies May,     " 

Gen.  Prim  enters  Portugal,  20  Jan. ;  ordered  to  depart, 

17  Feb.  1866 

French  republic  recognized Sept  1870 

Celebration  in  honor  of  Camoens  and  Vasco  de  Gama  at  Lis- 
bon  June,  1880 

Circular  aflBrming  Portuguese  rights  over  the  Congo  issued, 

Oct.  1883 

Death  of  king  Luis  T 19  Oct  1889 

King  Carlos  inaugurated 28  Dec.     " 

British  government  demands  the  immediate  recall  of  the  Por- 
tuguese forces  from  British  sphere  in  Africa 5  Jan.  1890 

British  government  insisting,  the  Junta  of  Portugal  accedes  to 

all  the  British  demands  under  protest 11-12  Jan.      " 

Maj.  Serpa  Pinto,  African  explorer,  arrives  at  Lisbon.  ..20  Apr.     " 
Anglo- Portuguese    agreement    respecting    Africa   settled    in 

London 20  Aug.     " 

250th  anniversary  of  the  restored  monarchy 1  Dec.     " 

[For  the  disputes  with  the  South  African  company  respect- 
ing the  Manica  company,  Zambesi,  Sept-Dec.  1890.] 
New  Anglo-Portuguese  convention  signed  (afterwards  ratified), 

11  June,  1891 


1095. 
1112. 
1128. 
1139. 

1185. 
1212. 
1223. 
1248. 
1279. 
1325. 
1357. 


1385. 

1433. 
1438. 
1481. 
1495. 
1521. 
1557. 

1578. 
1580. 


POS 

SOVEREIGNS   OF   PORTUGAL. 
I.    UOUSK   OF   BURGUNDY. 
Henry,  count  or  earl  of  Portugal. 
Alfonso,  his  sou,  and  Theresa. 
Alfonso,  count  of  Portugal,  alone. 
Alfonso  I.  declared  king,  having  obtained  a  signal  victory  over 

a  prodigious  army  of  Moors  on  the  plains  of  Ourique. 
Sancho  1.,  son  of  Alfonso. 
Alfonso  II.,  surnamed  Crassus,  or  the  Fat 
Sancho  II.,  or  the  Idle;  deposed. 
Alfonso  III. 

Denis,  or  Dionysius,  the  father  of  his  country. 
Alfonso  IV.,  the  Brave. 
Peter  the  Severe. 
Ferdinand  I.,  son. 

II.   HOUSE  OF   AVIS. 
John  I.,  the  Bastard  and  the  Great;  natural  brother;  married 

Philippa,  daughter  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster, 
Edward,  or  Duarte. 
Alfonso  v.,  the  African. 
John  II.,  the  Great  and  the  Perfect 
Emmanuel  the  Fortunate;  cousin. 
John  III.,  son;  admitted  the  Inquisition. 
Sebastian;  drowned  after  the  great  battle  of  Alcazarquivir,  in 

Africa,  4  Aug.  1578. 
Henry,  the  cardinal,  son  of  Emmanuel;  great-uncle. 
Anthony,   prior    of   Crato,  son   of   Emmanuel;    depcsed  by 

Philip  II.  of  Spain,  who  united  Portugal  to  his  other  domin- 


III.    INTERVAL  OF   SUBMISSION   TO   SPAIN. 
1580.  Philip  II. 

1598.  Philip  III.  \  kings  of  Spain. 
162L  Philip  IV. 


IV.    HOUSE  OF   BRAGANZA. 

1640.  John  IV.,  duke  of  Braganza;  dispossessed  the  Spaniards  in  a 

bloodless  revolution,  and  was  proclaimed  king,  1  Dec. 
1656.  Alfonso  VI. ;  deposed  in  1667,  and  his  brother  Peter  made 

regent 
1683.  Peter  II.,  brother. 
1706.  John  v.,  son. 
1750.  Joseph  Emmanuel,  son.    The  daughter  and  successor  of  this 

prince  married  his  brother,  by  dispensation  from  the  pope, 

and  they  ascended  the  throne  as 
Maria  I.  and  Peter  III.  jointly. 
Maria  I.  alone;  this  princess  afterwards  fell  into  a  state  of 

melancholy  and  derangement;  d.  1816. 
1792.  Regency— John,  son  (afterwards  king);  declared  regent  1791. 
1816.  John   VI.,  previously  regent     He  had  withdrawn  in  1807, 

owing  to  the  French  invasion  of  Portugal,  to  his  Brazilian 

dominions;  but  the  discontent  of  his  subjects  obliged  him 

to  return  in  1821;  d.  1826. 
1826.  Peter  IV.  (dom  Pedro),  son;  making  his  election  of  the  empire 

of  Brazil,  abdicated  the  throne  of  Portugal  in  favor  of 
"      Maria  II.  (da  Gloria),  daughter;  7  years  of  age. 
1828.  Dom  Miguel,  brother  to  Peter  IV.,  usurped  the  crown,  which 

he  retained,  amid  civil  contentions,  until  1833. 
1833.  Maria  II.  restored;  declared  in  Sept.  1834  to  be  of  age;  d.  15 

Nov.  1853. 

V.   HOUSE  OF   BRAGANZA-COBURG. 
1853.  Peter  V.  (dom  Pedro),  son;  b.  16  Sept  1837;  d.  11  Nov.  1861. 
1861.  Luis  I.,  brother;  b.  31  Oct  1838;  married  Maria  Pia,  daughter 

of  Victor  Emmanuel,  king  of  Italy  (b.  16  Oct  1847),  6  Oct 

1862;  d.  19  Oct  1889. 
1889.  Carlos  I.,  b.  28  Sept  1863;  married  Marie  Amalie,  daughter 

comte  de  Paris,  22  May,  1886.     Heir :  Luis  Felippe,  b.  21 

Mch.  1887. 

Posen,  a  Polish  province,  annexed  to  Prussia  1772  and 
1793 ;  made  part  of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  1807 ;  restored  to 
Prussia,  1815.     An  insurrection  here  quelled.  May,  1848. 

positive  philosophy,  set  forth  by  Auguste  Comte, 
an  eminent  mathematician,  born  about  1795 ;  died  at  Paris, 
1852.  M.  P.  Emile  Littre,  the  great  French  philologist,  ar- 
denth'  embraced  the  system, and  published  "De  la  Philosophic 
Positive,"  in  1845. 

Comte's  "Cours  de  Philosophie  Positive,"  pub.  1830-42;  Systfime 
de  Politique  Positive,  ou  Traits  de  Sociologie,  instituant  la  Reli- 
gion de  I'Humanite  (I'amour  pour  principe,  I'ordre  pour  base,  et 
le  progr6s  pour  but),"  1851-54. 
It  professes  to  base  itself  wholly  on  positive  facts  or  observed  phe- 
nomena, and  rejects  all  metaphysical  conceptions,  which  it  con- 
siders negatives,  having  nothing  real  or  true  in  them;  and  dis- 
penses with  the  science  of  mind.  It  sets  aside  theology  and  met- 
aphysics as  two  merely  preliminary  stages  in  life,  abandons  all 
search  after  causes  and  essences  of  things,  and  restricts  itself  to 
the  observation  and  classification  of  phenomena  and  the  discovery 
of  their  laws.  Comte  asserted  that  Europe  had  now  arrived  at  the 
third  stage  of  its  progress.  The  Society  of  Positivists  in  London 
professes  to  promote  the  perfection  of  man  by  means  of  educa- 
tion in  its  widest  sense,  aiming  at  the  attaining  of  universal  broth- 
erhood independently  of  all  professed  religious  sects.  Positivism 
does  not  recognize  the  supernatural  or  the  future  state.  "The 
Church  of  Humanity  "  is  a  modified  form  of  positivism,  described 
by  Richard  Congreve  (Pall  Mall  Gazette,  17  Jan.  1884). 


POS 


653 


POS 


Po§taI  International  convention.    Pos- 

TAL  SEKVICE,   1863-91. 

postal  service.  Among  the  ancients,  news  was  con- 
veyed by  runners  (2  Sam.  xviii.  19-33)  or  by  mounted  posts 
(Esther  viii.  10).  The  first  mention  of  carrier  pigeons  was 
by  Ovid,  who,  in  his  "  Metamorphoses,"  tells  us  that  Tau- 
rosthenes,  by  a  pigeon  stained  with  purple,  gave  notice  of 
his  being  victor  at  the  Olympic  games,  on  the  very  same  day, 
to  his  father  at  iEgina.  The  first  letter-post  in  Europe  was 
established  in  the  Hanse  towns  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century.  Post-paid  envelopes  were  in  use  in  France  in  the 
time  of  Louis  XIV.  According  to  Pelisson,  they  originated  in 
1663  with  M.  de  Velayer,  who  established,  under  royal  au- 
thority, a  private  penny-post  in  Paris,  and  placed  boxes  to  re- 
ceive letters  enclosed  in  these  envelopes  at  the  corners  of  the 
principal  streets.  b.c. 

First  recorded  riding  post  established  in  Persia  by  Cyrus 599 

Postal  service  introduced  among  the  Romans  by  Augustus 31 

A.D. 

Postal  service  established  by  the  emperor  Charlemagne 807 

Louis  XI.  establishes  post  houses  in  France,  the  first  of  the 
kind  in  Europe  (Henault) 1470 


In  England  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  riders  on  post-horses 
bore  by  20-mile  stages  news  of  the  war  with  the  Scots 1481 

Regular  line  of  posts  established  in  the  Tyrol,  connecting  Ger- 
many and  Italy,  by  Roger,  count  of  Thurn-und-Taxis 1516 

In  Peru  the  Spanish  invaders  establish  a  system  of  posts  by  run- 
ners on  the  great  highway  from  Quito  to  Cuzco 1527 

Carrier  pigeons  employed  at  the  siege  of  Leyden 1675 

Postage-stamps  adopted  at  Zurich,  Switzerland  (first  on  the 
continent) 1843 

Postal  treaty  between  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain Dec.  1848 

Postal  convention  between  U.  S.  and  France 2  Mch.  1857 

First  International  Postal  congress  convenes  at  Paris,  John  A. 
Kasson  representing  the  U.  S 11  May,  1863 

Pneumatic  tube  system  introduced  in  Berlin,  1865;  in  Paris..  1866 

Pigeon  post  between  London  and  Tours  during  the  siege  of 
Paris  (48  day  mails  and  1186  night  mails  sent), 

18  Nov.  1870  to  28  Jan.  1871 

General  Postal  union  concluded  at  Berne,  international  let- 
ter postage  reduced  generally  to  5  cents  per  half-ounce, 

9  Oct.  1874 

Convention  for  a  Universal  Postal  Union  signed  at  Paris  by 
James  N.  Tyner  and  Joseph  H.  Blackfan  for  the  U.  S., 

1  June,  1878 

Fourth  Postal  congress  meets  at  Lisbon  and  adopts  a  conven- 
tion, 4  Feb.  1885;  rate,  5  cents  per  half-ounce,  if  prepaid; 
postal-cards  2  cents.     Convention  takes  effect 1  Apr.  1886 

International  Postal  congress  held  at  Vienna 20  May,  1891 


COMPARATIVE    TABLE    OF    POST  -  OFFICE    BUSINESS    (Pieces  mailed). 


Country. 

v.„. 

Letters. 

Postal-cards. 

Newspapers. 

Misc.   printed. 

Merchandise. 

Total. 

]8-i8 
1888 
188(5 
1886 

1,769,800,000 

1,512,200,000 

591,451,811 

720,497,240 

372,200,000 
188,800,000 
35,923,379 
245,282,540 

1,063,100,000 
152,300,000 
92,957,793 
523,873,340 

389,5b6*O00 
713,962,439 
210,108,220 

372,900,000 
36,732,000 
28,953.858 

116,305,050 

3,578,000,000 
2,279,532,000 
1,463,249,280 
1,816,066,390 

France 

Germany 

j  postal  system  in  England.  Thomas  Randolph  re- 
■:  ceived  the  title  of  chief-postmaster  of  England  in  1581.  Pre- 
!  vious  to  this  the  postal  service  was  in  charge  of  sir  Brian 
!  Tuke,  designated  Magister  Nunciorum  Cursorum  sive  Posta- 
i  rum,  who  was  succeeded  by  sir  William  Paget  and  John  Mason, 
i  jointly  in  1545,  and  they  by  Thomas  Randolph  under  same 
j  title  in  1567.  The  office  of  postmaster-general  of  England  for 
I  foreign  parts  was  created  by  letters  patent  of  James  I.,  who 
j  appr)iuted  Matthew  de  Quester  in  1619.  The  first  regular 
I  system  of  internal  post  was  established  by  proclamation  of 
!  Charles  I.  in  1635,  commanding  his  postmaster  of  England  for 
;  foreign  parts  "  to  settle  a  running  post  or  two,  to  run  night 
j  and  day  between  Edinburgh  and  London,  to  go  thither  and 
i  come  back  again  in  6  days." 

)  Franking  privilege,  characterized  by  sir  Heneage  Finch  as  "  a 
real  poor-mendicant  proviso,"  is  granted  to  knights,  etc., 

chosen  to  represent  the  commons  in  Parliament 1660 

Penny-post  tirst  established  in  London  and  its  suburbs  by 
Robert  Murray,  who  assigned  his  interest  in  the  undertaking 

to  Mr.  Dockwra  2  years  later 1681 

Penny-post  annexed  to  the  revenue  of  the  crown 1690 

i  General  post  established  throughout  the  British  colonies 1710 

j  Cross  posts  established  by  Ralph  Allen,  deputy-postmaster  of 
t     Bath,  whom  Fielding  has  immortalized  as  Mr.  AUworthy,  in 
"Tom  Jones,"  and  of  whom  Pope  writes: 

"  Let  humble  Allen,  with  an  awkward  shame, 
Do  good  by  stealth  and  blush  to  find  it  fame  " 1720 

First  mail-coaches  started  by  John  Palmer,  theatre  manager  of 
Bath,  leaving  London  8  a.m.,  arriving  at  Bristol  11  p.m.,  24  Aug.  1784 

[These  coaches  were  attended  by  an  armed  guard  to  pre- 
vent robbery  of  the  mail,  then  very  common.] 
i  Money  order  system  in  England  founded  by  3  post-ofHce  officials 
!     as  a  private  speculation  (incorporated  into  the  general  system 

i     in  1838);  established 1792 

!  Mails  sent  in  steamers  first  by  British  post-office 1821 

I  First  contract  made  by  postmaster  general  of  England  with  the 
;     Mona  Isle  Steam  company  to  run  mail-steamers  twice  a  week 

I     between  Liverpool  and  Douglas 1833 

•  First  travelling  post-carriage  used  on  the  Grand  Junction  rail- 

!     way  between  Liverpool  and  Birmingham 1  July,  1837 

■  Rowland  Hill's  plan  of  penny  postage  adopted 1839 

; Stamped  i)ostage  covers  come  into  use 6  May,  1840 

Sir  James  Graham  exercises  his  power  of  opening  letters  under 
warrant;  contents  of  letters  of  the  Italian  patriot  Mazzini 

;     disclosed  to  the  Austrian  government 1844 

'.Stamp  perforating  machine  invented  by  Henry  Archer  and 

i    purchased  by  the  British  government  for  iOOOl 1852 

; Street  letter-boxes  erected  in  London Mch.  1855 

'  Post  office  savings-banks  established  by  Parliament 1861 

I  Pneumatic-tube  system,  originating  with  Dennis  Papin  in  1667, 

j    jnu  into  use  in  post-office  business  in  London 1863 

I  Half-penny  stamped  postal-cards  issued 1  Oct.  1870 

iSystem  of  telegraph  money-orders  inaugurated 2  Sept.  1889 

1  Number  of  street  letter-boxes  in  London  21,857 1891 

jNumber  of  post-offices  in  the  United  Kingdom  40,643 " 

I  postal  system-  in  the  United  States.  The  first  or- 
iganized  system  of  post-offices  in  the  U.  S.  was  established  by 
the  English  Parliament  in  1710,  when  a  general  letter-office 


was  opened  in  London,  another  in  New  York,  and  others  in 
each  colony.  Postage  on  a  single  letter  from  London  to  New 
York  was  Is.,  and  thence  for  60  miles  or  less,  4d  additional. 
From  75  post-offices  and  1875  miles  of  mail  routes  in  1790,  the 
number  has  increased  to  64,329  post-offices  and  439,027  miles 
of  mail  route  on  30  June,  1891. 


1639 


1657 
1672 


Post-office  established  in  Boston  at  the  house  of  Richard  Fair- 
banks for  "all  letters  which  are  brought  from  beyond  the 
seas,  or  are  to  be  sent  thither  " 

Act  passed  by  Virginia  assembly  for  the  immediate  transmis- 
sion of  official  letters  from  plantation  to  plantation  on  pen- 
ally of  1  hogshead  of  tobacco  for  each  default 13  Mch. 

Government  of  New  York  establishes  a  monthly  mail  to  Boston, 

Colonial  court  establishes  a  post-office  in  Boston,  appointing 
John  Hey  ward  postmaster 1676 

Office  of  deputy  postmaster-general  for  America  created  by  au- 
thority of  Great  Britain 1692 

Public  post  established  from  the  Potomac,  through  Annapolis 
to  Philadelphia,  8  times  a  year,  postmaster's  salary  501 1695 

Col.  J.  Hamilton  of  New  Jersey  devises  a  post-office  scheme 
for  British  America  in  1700,  for  which  he  obtains  a  patent 
and  the  profits  accruing.  He  afterwards  sold  it  to  the  crown, 
and  a  general  system  is  established  in  America 1710 

Mail  route  established,  carrying  letters  from  Boston,  Mass.,  to 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  4  weeks 1717 

Benjamin  Franklin  appointed  deputy-postmaster  in  America..  1737 

Benjamin  Franklin  and  col.  William  Hunter  appointed  post- 
master-generals in  America;  Franklin  on  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion visits  every  post-office  except  Charleston 1753 

Mails  carried  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York  by  stage. . ,  1756 

Franklin  summarily  dismissed  from  office  by  the  king,  30  Jan.  1774 

Independent  post-office  established  in  New  York,  and  John 
Holt  appointed  postmaster;  operations  begin 11  May,  1775 

Post-office  department  created,  with  headquarters  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  Benjamin  Franklin  elected  postmaster-general  for 
1  year  by  Continental  Congress 26  July,     " 

Richard  Bache  succeeds  Franklin  as  postmaster-general,  7  Nov.  1776 

Inspector  of  dead  letters  appointed  under  resolution  of  Conti- 
nental Congress 17  Oct.  1777 

Ebenezer  Hazard  appointed  postmaster-general 28  Jan.  1782 

Rate  of  postage  fixed  by  Continental  Congress  as  follows: 

Single  letters,  under  60  miles 7.4  cts. 

60  to  100  miles 11.1  cts. 

100  to  200  miles 14.8  cts. 

And  3.4  cts.  additional  for  each  100  miles 18  Oct.     " 

Temporary  establishment  of  post  offices  by  act  of  Congress, 

22  Sept.  1789 

Revenue  for  one  year  of  the  10  principal  post  offices  in  the  U.  S. : 


Philadelphia,  Pa.. $7087.06 
New  York,  NY...  3788.04 
Baltimore,  Md. . . .  3034.64 

Boston,  Mass 2883.67 

Richmond,  Va 2777.07 


Petersburg,  Va.. $1472.18 
Alexandria,  Va..  1234.00 
Fredericksburg, 

Va 1059.08 

Norfolk,  Va 1016.00 

Charleston,  S.  C.    810.00. 


,1790-91 


Laws  of  18  Oct.  1782  and  23  Oct.  1786,  which  gave  authority  to 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  the  president  of  Congress, 
governors  of  states,  and  secretary  of  foreign  affairs,  to  open 
or  authorize  the  opening  of  letters  in  the  mails,  are  repealed. 

Act  to  organize  the  post-office  system ;  franking  privilege  ex- 
tended to  members  of  Congress,  etc 20  Feb. 

Letter-carriers  are  to  be  employed  at  such  post-offices  as  the 
postmaster-general  may  direct,  for  delivery  of  letters,  who 


1792 


POS 


654 


POT 


may  collect  on  each  letter  2  cents,  unless  persons  lodge  in 
the  post-offlce  a  request  that  their  letters  he  not  delivered 

(repealed  1872),  act  of  Congress 8  May,  1794 

AH  letters  to  George  Washington  to  be  received  and  conveyed 

by  post  during  his  life  free  of  charge 3  Mch.  1797 

Privilege  of  franking  given  John  Adams "       1801 

Mail  between  Petersburg,  Va.,  and  Louisville,Ga.,  to  go  in  mail- 
coaches  instead  of  on  horseback,  by  act  of 3  Mch.  1802 

A  general  post  ofBco  established  at  Washington 30  Apr.  1810 

Postage  rates  of  1799  increased  50  per  cent,  by  act  of. .  .23  Dec.  1814 

Act  of  23  Dec.  1814  repealed  and  old  rates  restored 1  Feb.  1816 

Franking  privilege  granted  to  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton, 
only  surviving  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  by 

resoltition  of  Congress 23  May,  1828 

Postmaster  general  made  a  cabinet  oflBcer  (Cablnkt  council, 

U.VITKD  Statks) 1829 

Mails  Qrst  transported  by  railroad 1834 

Franking  privilege  extended  to  Dolly  P.  Madison  during  life, 

2  July,  1836 
Postmaster-general  authorized  to  contract  for  carrying  mails 
on  navigable  canals,  and  to  establish  an  "express  mail  "  for 
slips  from  newspapers  or  letters  at  triple  the  ordinary  rates 

of  postage 2  July,     " 

Every  railroad  declared  to  be  a  post- route  by  Congress.  .7  July,  1838 

Envelopes  first  used  for  letters 1839 

Franking  privilege  granted  to  the  widow  of  president  Wm.  H. 

Harrison 9  Sept.  1841 

Issue  of  postage-stamps  first  authorized 3  Mch.  1847 

Post  oflQces  established  at  Astoria,  1847;  at  San  Diego,  Monte- 
rey, and  San  Francisco,  with  postage  rate  from  any  place  on 

the  Atlantic  coast,  40  cents 14  Aug.  1848 

Letter  postage  reduced  to  3  cents  per  half-ounce  for  distance 

under  3000  miles,  postage  prepaid 3  Mch.  1851 

Stamped  envelopes  provided  for  by  act  of  Congress 31  Aug.  1852 

System  of  registered  letters  introduced 3  Mch.  1855 

Compulsory  prepayment  of  postage  on  all  transient  printed 

matter  required  by  act  of. 2  Jan.  1857 

Iron  boxes  placed  in  the  city  of  Boston  for  prepaid  letters,  to 

be  collected  by  postmen ;  beginning 2  Aug.  1858 

First  overland  mail  from  St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco Sept.     " 

Letters  not  called  for  to  be  returned  to  the  address  of  writer 

on  the  envelope,  by  act  of 6  Apr.  I860 

Merchandise  first  admitted  to  the  mails,  and  postmaster-gen- 
eral authorized  to  furnish  stamped  letter  sheets  (combining 

sheet  and  envelope),  by  act  of 27  Feb.  1861 

Delivery  of  letters  and  newspapers  by  carriers  throughout  a 
circuit  of  9  miles  from  the  city  hall  in  New  York  city,  daily 

or  semi  daily,  authorized  by  act  of 27  Feb.      " 

Pillar-boxes  or  other  receiving  boxes  authorized  3  Mch.  1863 

Trial  trip  of  the  first  railroad  post-oflQce  from  Chicago  to  Clin- 
ton, on  system  of  col.  George  B.  Armstrong 28  Aug.  1864 

Money-order  system  established  by  act  of  17  May;  goes  into 

operation, ..'. 1  Nov.     " 

Franking  privilege  extended  to  Mary  Lincoln,  wife  of  Abraham 

Lincoln,  during  life,  by  act  of 10  Feb.  1866 

Letters  and  circulars  concerning  lotteries  or  gift  concerts  to  be 

excluded  from  the  mails  by  act  of. 27  July,     " 

Uniforms,  as  prescribed  by  the  postmaster-general,  to  be  worn 

by  letter-carriers,  by  act  of 27  July,  1868 

Free  delivery  by  letter  carriers,  in  cities  of  50,000  population 

and  upward,  established  by  act  of. 8  June,  1872 

Franking  privilege  after  1  Julv,  1873,  abolished  by  act  of  Con- 
gress  '. 31  Jan.  1873 

[Exceptions:  (1)  Public  documents  printed  by  Congress, 
Congressional  Record  sent  by  member  of  Congress,  secretary 
of  state,  or  clerk  of  House;  (2)  seeds  sent  from  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  by  member  of  Congress,  or  through  the 
secretary;  (3)  letters  and  packages  relating  exclusively  to 
the  business  of  the  government,  sent  by  officers  of  the  same; 
(4)  matter  sent  to  the  librarian  of,Congress  under  provisions 
of  the  Copyright  law;  (5)  matter  pertaining  to  the  Smith- 
sonian institution.] 
One-cent  postal-cards  provided  for  by  act  of  8  June,  1872;  first 

sold May,     " 

Postal-notes  limited  to  $4.99  authorized  by  act  of 3  Mch.  1883 

Postage  on  first-class  mail  matter  reduced  from  3  to  2  cents  per 

half  ounce,  by  act  of 3  Mch.     " 

Special  delivery  system  authorized,  and  postage  on  first-class 
mail-matter  reduced  to  2  cents  per  ounce,  by  act  of .  .3  Mch.  1885 

First  issue  of  stamped  letter-sheet  envelopes Aug.  1886 

Free-delivery  system  extended  to  places  of  10,000  population, 
by  act  of. 3  Jan.  1887 


RATES  OF    LETTER    POSTAGE    AS    ESTABLISHED    BY 
CONGRESS. 


ACTS    OF 


Miles  of  transit  for  a  single 

sheet  at  rate  named. 

20  Feb.  1792. 

2  Mch.  1799. 

9  Apr.  1816. 

3  Mch.  1846. 

25  cents. 

over  450 

over  500 

over  400 

22     '? 

350-450 

20     " 

250-^0 

300-500 

18X" 

. .   . 

150-400 

17      " 

200-250 

150-300 

15      " 

150-200 



12>tf  "^ 

I 

96-i50 

80-150 

12     " 

100-150 

10      " 

60-100 

40-90 

30-80 

over  300 

8     " 

30-60 

under  40 

6      '» 

under  30 

under  30 

5      " 



under  300 

RATES    OF    LETTER 

POSTAGE    AS 

ESTABLISHED 

BY    ACTS   ol 

CONGHESS.— ( Continued. )                                 | 

Rate. 

Miles  of  transit  per 

lalf-ounce  at  rate  imiiied.                  ■ 

8  Mch.  1861. 

8  Mch.  1866. 

3  Mch.  1863. 

3  Mch.  1883.^ 

10  cents. 

over  3000  unpaid. 

over  3000 

6     "      over  3000  prepaid. 

.... 

5     " 

under  3000  unpaid. 

.... 

3     " 

under 3000  prepaid.  under300o| 

Everywhere 
in  U.S. 

.... 

2     " 

....  { 

Everywhei 

in  U.  S. 

Two  cents  per  ounce  to  any  point  in  the  U.  S 3  Mch.  ISSl 

GROWTH   OF   POSTAL   SYSTEM    (1790-1893).                      1 

Year. 

Number  ofpost- 
offlces. 

Miles  of  mail- 
routes. 

Revenue. 

Expenditure*. 

1790 

75 

1,875 

137,935 

$32,140 

1800 

903 

20,817 

280,804 

213,994 

1810 

2,300 

36,406 

552,366 

495.969 

1820 

4,500 

72,492 

1,111,927 

1,160,926 

1830 

8,450 

115,176 

1,850,583 

1,932,708 

1840 

J^'f?^ 

155,739 

4,543,522 

4.718,236 

1850 

^!'til 

178,672 

5,499,985 

5,212,963 

1860 

28,498 

240,594 

8,518,067 

19,170,610 

18V0 

28,492 

231,232 

19,772,221 

23,998,838 

1880 

42,989 

343,888 

33,315,479 

36,542,804 

1890 

62,401 

427,990 

60,882,097 

65,930,717 

1893 

68,403 

453,833 

75,896,933 

81,074,104 

pota§'§illlIl,  a  remarkable  metal,  discovered  by  Huna 
phry  Davy,  who  first  succeeded  in  separating  it  from  its  oxid 
potash,  by  means  of  a  powerful  voltaic  battery,  in  the  labon 
tory  of  the  Koyal  institution,  London,  about  19  Oct.  1807  ;  ani 
also  the  metals  sodium  from  soda,  and  calcium  from  lime,  etc 
The  alkalies  and  earths  had  been  previously  regarded  as  sim- 
ple substances.  Potassium  ignites  on  contact  with  moisture. 
potR'tO  (^Solanum  tuberosuni),  native  of  Chili  and  Peru, 
generally  considered  to  have  been  taken  to  England  from 
America  by  sir  John  Hawkins,  1565.  Others  ascribe  its  in- 
troduction to  sir  Francis  Drake  in  1586 ;  its  general  introduc- 
tion, 1592.  Its  first  culture  in  Ireland  is  referred  to  sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  who  had  large  estates  in  that  country',  about  Youghal, 
in  the  county  of  Cork.  Although  it  now  constitutes  so  large  a 
portion  of  the  food  of  man,  it  was  scarcely  known  prior  to  the 
17th  century,  and  was  not  greatly  cultivated  until  the  middle 
of  the  18th,  its  culture  not  becoming  general  even  in  England, 
until  after  1765.  Agriculture. 
potato,  Sweet.     Flowers  and  Plants.  | 

Potawat'omies.     Indians.  I 

Potidae'a,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  a  tributary  of  Athens,;] 
against  which  it  revolted,  432  b.c.,  but  submitted  in  429.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Athenians,  after  3  years'  siege,  by  Philip 
II.  of  Macedon  in  358  b.c. 

PotO'mac.  Army,  Peninsular  campaign. 
Poto'Si,  a  city  of  Bolivia,  Peru.  Silver  mines  here  were 
discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1545  ;  they  are  situated  in  the 
Cerro  de  Potosi,  a  conical  mountain  18  miles  in  circumference. 
Potsdam,  a  city  near  Berlin,  the  Versailles  of  Prussia. 
It  was  made  an  arsenal  in  1721.  Here  is  situated  the  palace 
of  Sans-souci  (built  1660-73),  embellished  by  Frederick  II., 
and  occupied  by  Napoleon  I.  in  Oct.  1806;  and  the  new  palace, 
the  residence  of  late  emperor  Frederick  William  and  his  wife, 
the  princess  royal  of  England. 

pottery  and  porcelain.  The  potter's  art  is  co- 
eval with  civilization.  Bricks,  burned  thoroughly,  were  used 
in  building  the  tower  of  Babel  (Gen.  xi.3).  Bricks  with  true 
glaze  were  used  in  Babylon  2122  b.c.  The  manufacture  of 
earthenware  (the  ceramic  art)  existed  among  the  Jews  as  an 
honorable  occupation  (I  Chron.  iv.  23)  ;  and  the  power  of  the 
potter  over  the  clay,  as  a  symbol  of  the  power  of  God,  is  de- 
scribed by  Jeremiah  605  b.c.  (Jer.  xviii.).  Earthenware  was 
made  by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  Assyrians,  Greeks,  Etruscans, 
Romans,  and  prehistoric  inhabitants  of  America.  Tiles  and 
vessels  of  lead-glazed  ware  were  made  in  England  as  early  as 
the  14th  century.  b.  c. 

College  or  guild  of  potters  instituted  by  Numa "^15 

Chinese  authorities  date  the  invention  of  porcelain  or  translu- 
cent pottery W^ 

A.v. 

Samiau  ware,  a  fine,  glossy,  red  enamel,  made  by  the  Romans.    150 


a 


POT 


665 


PRA 


Moorish  tiles  introduced  into  Italy  at  the  conquest  of  Majorca 
by  the  Pisans 1115 

James  I.  of  Arragon  grants  a  special  charter  to  the  Saracens  of 
Xativa,  now  San  Felipe,  Svtain,  for  making  pottery,  which 
mentions  vases,  domestic  pottery,  and  wall  tiles 1239 

Delft  ware  manufactured  in  Holland 1310 

"  What  land  is  this  ?  Yon  pretty  town 
Is  Delft,  with  all  its  wares  displayed  ; 
The  pride,  the  market-place,  the  crowu 
And  centre  of  the  Potter's  trade." 

— Longfelluw, "  K^ramos." 

Oldest-known  Chinese  work  treating  of  the  ceramic  art,  enti- 
tled "  Feoii-liang  Hien-tchi,"  issued 1325 

[This  work  passed  through  21  editions.  It  begins  in  the 
Wou-te  period  of  the  Thang  dynasty,  about  621  a.d.,  when 
the  government  first  directed  its  attention  to  the  industry.] 
Lucca  della  Robbia,  said  to  have  first  used  stanniferous  enamel 
in  Florence,  It;ily,  on  majolica  ware,  introduced  into  that 
country  after  the  conquest  of  Majorca  by  the  Pisans   in 

1115 (?)  1425 

"  A  nobler  title  to  renown 
Is  thine,  O  pleasant  Tuscan  town, 
Seated  beside  the  Arno's  stream ; 
P"or  Lucca  della  Robbia  there 
Created  forms  so  wondrous  fair, 
They  made  thy  sovereignty  supreme." 

— LongfeUoro,  "  Keramos." 

Famous  porcelain  tower  at  Nankin,  330  feet  h  gh,  designed  by 
the  emperor  Yung-lo  to  commemorate  his  mother,  and  de- 
stroyed by  Tae-piug  rebels  in  Mch.  1853,  was  completed 1431 

"And  yonder  by  Nankin,  behold! 
The  Tower  of  Porcelain,  strange  and  old. 
Uplifting  to  the  astonished  skies 
1  Its  ninefold  painted  balconies." — Longfellow," 'K.irVtniM" 

Antuonio,  an  alchemist,  succeeds  in  making  and  firing  translu- 
cent porcelain,  at  San  Simone,  near  Venice 1470 

(  Oriental  porcelain  first  introduced  into  Europe  by  Portuguese.  1518 
i  Faience  d'Orion,  made  of  fine  pipe-clay,  decorated  with  inlaid 
I      work  by  lady  Hel5ne  de  Hangest-Genlis,  and  fired  by  her  pri- 
j      vate  potter;  she  died  at  her  chateau  near  Thouars,  France..  1537 
I  Bernard  Palissy  discovers  hard  enamel  at  Saintes,  France 1550 

j  "  Who  is  it  in  the  suburbs  here, 

(This  Potter,  working  with  such  cheer, 
This  madman,  as  the  people  say, 
Who  breaks  his  tables  and  his'chain 
To  feed  his  furnace  fires?  .  .  . 
O  Palissy !  within  thy  breast 
Burned  the  hot  fever  of  unrest; 
Thine  was  the  prophet's  vision.  .  ." 
;  — Longfellow,  "  K^raraos." 

i  Manufacture  of  true  porcelain  carried  on  at  Florence  under  the 

i     patronage  of  grand  duke  Francis  I.  (Dr.  Forest) 1580-90 

Finely  crackled  ware  of  Satsuma,  Japan,  first  produced. about  1592 

"  The  leaves  that  rustle,  the  reeds  that  make 
A  whisper  by  each  stream  and  lake, 
The  saffron  dawn,  the  sunset  red. 
Are  painted  on  these  lovely  jars." 

— Longfellow,  "  Keramos." 

Thomas  Roos  and  Abraham  Cullyn  receive  a  patent  for  the 
making  of  stone  pots  and  jugs  of  Cologne  ware  in  England. .  1626 

i  Decorated  wares  made  at  Rouen,  France 1640 

tArt  of  glazing  pottery  with  salt  accidentally  discovered  at 

i    Stanley  farm,  near  Bagnall,  Engl.,  by  a  servant  of  J.  Yale, 
about  1680 
John  Philip  Elersand  his  brother  David  establish  the  first  pot- 
tery of  importance  in  art  history  in  England,  at  Bradwell, 
about  1690 
[Porcelain  manufactured  at  St.  Cloud,  France,  by  the  Chican- 

;    neau  family 1693 

|John  Frederic  BOttcher  makes  a  red  stone-ware,  which  he  calls 
j  red  porcelain,  from  clay  found  near  Meissen,  on  the  Elbe,  12 
I  miles  from  Dresden,  about  1705.  Encouraged  by  Augustus 
I  II.  he  experiments  and  produces  hard -paste  porcelain  by 
using  kaolin  found  in  the  mining  district  of  the  Erzgebirgo, 
I    about  1710.     First  sale  of  Dresden  or  Meissen  porcelain  at 

'    the  Leipsic  fair 1715 

'English  fine  earthenware  made  with  pounded  flint,  sand,  and 
\    pipe-clay,  and  colored  with  oxide  of  manganese  and  copper, 

I    called  agate  ware 1725 

iFirst  soft-paste  porcelain  factory  in  England  established  at 

1    Stratford  le  Bow  about 1730 

jAmerican  clay  used  at  Bow  potteries 1744 

Hard-paste  porcelain  factory  established  at  St.  Petersburg  by 

1^  empress  Elizabeth " 

Chelsea  works  (England)  founded  about. 1745 

;\Vorcester  Porcelain  company  organized  in  England  by  dr.  Wall 

1   and  others  (becomes  Royal  Porcelain  works  in  1788) 1751 

lOiscovery  of  kaolin  in  Cornwall,  Engl.,  by  Wm.  Cookworthy. .  1755 
ilohn  Sadler  invents  printing  on  pottery  and  porcelain  in  Eng- 

^  Jand 1756 

jorcelaiu  vyorks,  started  at  Vincennes,  France,  in  1745,  and  re- 
I  moved  to  Sevres  in  1753.  are  purchased  by  Louis  XV.,  who, 
1  by  decree,prohibits  gilding  or  making  other  than  white  por- 

•  celain  painted  in  blue,  in  Chinese  patterns,  elsewhere " 

j^ream  ware  changed  in  name  to  •'  queen's  ware  "  when  Josiah 
I   Wedgwood  manufactures  a  complete  table  service  by  order 

I  of  queen  Charlotte  of  England 1762 

iaolin  discovered  in  France  by  Guettard 17(i5 

^hina  works  erected  at  Philadelphia,  Pa 1769 

irst  hard -paste  porcelain  produced  at  the  Royal  factory  at 

Sevres : ,  __       u 

•ebble  wares  invented  by  Josiah  Wedgwood,  1763'  and  jasper 

ware I774 

e welled  porcelain  first  produced  in  France 1777 


Service  of  744   pieces,  costing  nearly  $200,000,  executed  at 

Sevres  for  empress  Catherine  II.  of  Russia 1778 

[160  pieces  were  stolen,  and  sold  in  England;  they  were 
mostly  restored  to  emperor  Nicholas  about  1852.  1  plate  sold 
at  baron  Thibou'ssale,  Feb.  1875,  for  2400  francs.] 

Thomas  Turner  of  England  introduces  the  willow  pattern 1780 

King  Louis  XV^  presents  to  the  comtesse  du  Nord  a  toilet- table 

and  mirror  in  porcelain,  which  cost  75,000  livres 1782 

Enoch  Wood,  called  the  "father  of  pottery,"  begins  business 

at  Burslem,  Engl 1734 

Hamilton's  returns  of  exports  of  the  U.  S.  from  Aug.  1789  to 

Sept.  1790  gives  for  earthen  and  glass  ware  $1990 1790 

Pottery  established  at  Norwich,  Conn 17% 

Alexander  Brongniart  becomes  director  of  the  Sfevres  factory.  1800 

Ceramic  museum  founded  at  Sevres  by  Brongniart 1805 

Portland  vase  placed  in  the  British  museum ....'.  1810 

Exports  of  coarse  earthenware  from  the  U.  S.  exceeded  im' 

ports  in n 

Hard-paste  porcelain  made  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  1816;  business 

continued  by  American  Pottery  company,  organized 1829 

Tile  factory  of  the  Mintons  at  Stoke  upon-Trent,  Engl,  founded,  1840 

Parian  or  Carrara  ware  introduced  into  England 1845 

Factory  established  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  by  Lyman  &  Fenton, 
where  bisque  or  Parian  wares  and  soft-paste  porcelain  deco- 
rated were  produced 1847 

Manufacture  of  English  majolica  begun  by  messrs.  Minton 1850 

Imperial  Mosaic  works,  established  at  Rome  in  1846,  transferred 

to  St.  Petersburg,  Russia 1856 

Principle  of  compressing  paste  in  moulds  of  large  objects  by 

means  of  air  pressure,  first  used  at  Sevres 1861 

"  K€ramos,"  a  poem  of  the  ceramic  art,  written  by  Longfellow,  1878 
Potter's  wheel  has  greatly  superseded  moulding  as  producing 
more  original  work t 1888 

pound  (from  Lat.  pondus).  The  value  of  the  Roman 
pondo  is  not  precisely  known,  though  some  suppose  it  was 
equivalent  to  an  Attic  mina,  or  U.  As.  Id.  The  pound  ster- 
ling was  in  Saxon  times,  about  671,  a  pound  troy  of  silver, 
and  a  shilling  was  its  twentieth  part;  consequently  the  latter 
was  3  times  as  large  as  it  is  at  present. — Peachum. — The 
English  avoirdupois  pound  weight  came  from  the  French,  and 
contains  16  ounces;  it  is  in  proportion  to  the  troy  weight  as 
17  to  14.     Coin,  Standard. 

Pow]iatail§.     Indians,  Virginia. 

prsemuili'rc,  Law  of.  This  law  (which  obtained  its 
name  from  the  first  2  words  prcemoneriy  or  prcemuniri  facias, 
"cause  to  be  forewarned,"  which  is  applied  to  any  offence 
in  the  way  of  contempt  of  the  sovereign  or  his  govern- 
ment), derived  its  origin  from  the  aggressive  power  of  the 
pope  in  England.  The  offence  introduced  a  foreign  power 
into  the  land,  and  created  an  imperium  in  imperio.  The  first 
statute  of  praemunire  was  enacted  35  Edward  I.  1306. — Coke, 
The  pope  bestowed  most  of  the  bishoprics,  abbeys,  etc.,  before 
they  were  void,  upon  favorites,  on  pretence  of  providing  the 
church  with  better-qualified  successors  before  the  vacancies 
occurred.  To  stop  these  encroachments,  PZdward  III.  enacted 
a  statute  in  1353.  The  statute  commonly  referred  to  as  the 
statute  of  praemunire  is  16  Richard  II.  1392.  Several  similar 
enactments  followed.  The  assertion  that  Parliament  is  inde- 
pendent of  the  sovereign  was  declared  a  prcemunire,  1661. 

praetorian  guar€l§,  a  body  of  soldiers  instituted 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  (13  b.c.);  their  numbers  enlarged  by 
Tiberius,  until  under  Vitellius  they  numbered  16,000.  Their 
term  of  service  was  at  first  12  years,  afterwards  increased  to 
16.  They  received  double  pay,  the  private  ranking  with  the 
centurion  of  the  legionary,  and  at  retirement  received  20,000 
sesterces  (about  $800).  At  first  supporters  of.  the  imperial 
tyrants,  they  eventually  became  their  masters,  actually  putting 
up  the  diadem  for  sale  (as  in  Mch.  193  a.d.,  when  it  was  bought 
by  Didius  Julianus).  They  were  greatly  reduced  by  Servius, 
and  finally  disbanded  by  Constantine  in  312. 

prsetor§,  Roman  magistrates.  In  365  b.c.  one  praetor 
was  appointed  ;  a  second  appointed  in  252  b.c.  The  preetor 
urbaniis  administered  justice  to  the  citizens,  and  the  prator 
pei'egrinus  acted  in  causes  relating  to  foreigners.  In  227  b.c. 
2  more  praetors  were  created  to  assist  the  consul  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Sicily  and  Sardinia,  lately  conquered  ;  and  2  more 
when  Spain  was  made  a  Roman  province,  197  b.c.  Sulla,  the 
dictator,  added  2,  and  Julius  Caesar  increased  the  number  to 
10,  which  afterwards  became  16.  After  this  their  number 
fluctuated,  being  sometimes  18,  16,  or  12;  till,  in  the  decline 
of  the  empire,  their  dignity  decreased,  and  their  numbers  were 
reduced  to  3. 

prag°niat'ic  §anction,  an  ordinance  relating  to 


PRA 


666 


PRE 


church  and  state  affairs.  The  ordinances  of  the  kings  of 
France  are  thus  calletl ;  in  one  the  rights  of  the  Galilean 
church  were  asserted  against  the  usurpation  of  the  pope  in  the 
choice  of  bishops  by  Charles  VII.  in  1438.  The  pragmatic 
sanction  for  settling  the  empire  of  Germany  in  the  house  of 
Austria,  1439.  The  emperor  Charles  VI.  published  the  prag- 
matic sanction,  whereby,  in  default  of  male  issue,  his  daughters 
should  succeed  in  preference  to  the  daughters  of  his  brother 
Joseph  I.,  19  Apr.  1713;  and  he  settled  his  dominions  on  his 
daughter  Maria  Theresa,  in  conformity  thereto,  1723.  She 
succeeded  in  Oct.  1740;  but  it  gave  rise  to  a  war  in  which 
most  of  the  powers  of  Europe  were  engaged,  and  which  lasted 
till  1748.     Austrian  succession. 

Prag^ue  (jora^),  the  capital  of  Bohemia.  The  old  city 
was  founded  about  759 ;  the  new  city  rebuilt  in  1348  by  the 
emperor  Charles  IV.,  who  made  it  his  capital  and  erected  a 
university.     Prague  has  suffered  much  by  war. 

Victory  of  the  Hussites  under  Ziska 14  July,  1420 

Frederick,  the  king,  totally  defeated  by  the  Austrians,  near 

Prague 8  Nov.  16'20 

Prague  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  IMS,  and  by  the  French  in  1741 ; 

they  left  it 1742 

Taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia;  obliged  to  abandon  it 1744 

Great  battle  of  Prague  (the  Austrians  defeated  by  prince  Henry 
of  Prussia,  and  their  whole  camp  taken;  their  commander, 
gen.  Brauu,  mortally  wounded,  and  the  Prussian  marshal 
Schwerin  killed) 6  May,  1757 

Prairie  Orove,  Battle  of.     Arkansas,  1862. 

Prai§e  -  Ood    Bareboiie's  parliament. 

Barebone's  parliament. 

prayer,  First,  in  Congress.     United  States,  1774. 

prayer§.  *'  Then  began  men  to  call  upon  the  name  of 
the  Lord  "  (Gen.  iv.  26),  3875  b.c.  The  mode  of  praying  with 
the  face  to  the  east  was  instituted  by  pope  Boniface  II.  532. 
Prayers  for  the  dead,  first  introduced  into  the  Christian  church 
about  190,  are  now  advocated  by  ministers  of  the  English 
church,  1872.  Prayers  addressed  to  the  Virgin  Mary  and  to 
saints  are  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  pope  Gregory,  593. 
Liturgies. 

Pre-Adamitei,  a  sect  which  arose  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  16th  century,  holding  for  its  principal  tenet  that 
there  must  have  been  men  before  Adam. 

preb'endary,  a  clergyman  attached  to  a  cathedral  or 
collegiate  church,  who  receives  an  income  termed  prebenda  for 
officiating  at  stated  times.  The  office  slightly  differs  from 
that  uf  a  canon. 

prece'dence  was  established  in  very  early  ages,  and 
was  among  the  laws  of  Justinian.  In  England  the  order  of 
precedence  was  regulated  chiefly  by  2  statutes,  31  Hen.  VIII. 
1539,  and  1  Geo.  I.  1714. 

predeitination  (Lat.  prmdesHno,  to  determine  be- 
forehand, to  foreordain),  commonly  applied  to  the  doctrine  that 
all  events  are  ordained  beforehand  from  all  eternity  by  the 
Supreme  Being ;  a  belief  regarded  by  Calvinists  as  a  neces- 
sary logical  inference  from  his  omniscience  and  omnipotence. 
(Eph.  i.).  It  is  defined  in  the  17th  article  of  the  Church  of 
England  (Eph.  i.  and  Kom.  ix.).  It  was  maintained  by  St. 
Augustin,  and  opposed  by  Pelagius,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
5th  century.  In  later  times  it  has  been  maintained  by  the 
Augustinians,  Jansenists,  and  Calvinists)  ;  and  opposed  by  the 
Dominicans,  Jesuits,  Arminians,  especially  the  Methodists. 

prelli§torie  areilseoi'Og^y  began  in  Sweden,  and 
was  first  systematized  by  Mr.  Nillson.  Daniel  Wilson's  "  Ar- 
chaeology and  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland,"  pub.  1851. 
An  international  congress  for  treating  prehistorical  subjects 
met  at  Neufchatel  in  1866,  and  at  Paris  in  1867.  At  the 
third  meeting  at  Norwich,  Aug.  1858,  it  assumed  the  name  of 
"  International  Congress  for  Prehistoric  Archteology,''  and 
published  its  transactions  in  1869.  A  meeting  was  held  at 
Stockholm  7-14  Aug.  1874.  Antiquaries,  Barrows,  Man. 
Sir  John  Lubbock  divides  prehistoric  archaeology  into*  greatepochs: 

1.  The  Drift  or  Palaeolithic  or  old  stone  age;  2.  The  Neolithic  or 

polished  stone  age;  3.  The  Bronze  age;   4.  The  Iron  age,  when 

bronze  was  superseded. — (1880.) 

Pre-Raphaelite  §ehool,  a  name  given  about 
1850  to  J.  E.  Millai.s,  Wra.  Holman  Hunt,  D.  G.  Kossetti,  and 
other  artists,  who  opposed  the  routine  conventionality  of  aca- 


demic teaching,  and  resolved  to  study  nature  as  it  appeared 
to  them,  and  not  as  it  appeared  in  the  antique.  For  a  short 
time  they  published  "The  Germ,  or  Art  and  Poetry,"  begin- 
ning in  1850.  Their  works  have  been  much  criticised,  but 
their  influence  has  been  beneficial.  Their  princi|)les  are  de- 
fended in  substance  by  the  great  art-critic,  John  Ruskin. 

prerogr'ative  royal.  In  England  the  sovereign  is 
the  supreme  magistrate,  the  head  of  the  established  church,  of 
the  army  and  navy,  and  the  fountain  of  office,  honor,  and  priv- 
ilege ;  but  is  subject  to  the  laws,  unless  exempted  by  name. 
The  royal  prerogatives  were  greatly  exceeded  by  several  des- 
potic sovereigns,  such  as  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and  Charles  I., 
as  it  was  a  maxim  that  the  sovereign  could  do  no  wrong.  Eliz- 
abeth used  the  phrase,  "  We,  of  our  royal  prerogative,  which 
we  will  not  have  argued  or  brought  in  question  "  (1591). 
James  I.  told  his  parliament  "  that  as  it  was  blasphemy  to 
question  what  the  Almighty  could  do  of  his  power,  so  it  was 
sedition  to  inquire  what  a  king  could  do  by  virtue  of  his  pre- 
rogative." These  extreme  doctrines  were  nullified  by  the 
revolution  of  1688,  and  the  exercise  of  the  prerogative  is  now 
virtually  subject  to  Parliament.     Lords. 

Pres'burg,  the  ancient  capital  of  Hungary,  where  the 
diets  were  held  and  the  kings  crowned.  On  26  Doc.  1805,  a 
treaty  was  signed  here  between  France  and  Austria,  by  which 
the  ancient  states  of  Venice  were  ceded  to  Italy;  the  princi- 
pality of  Eichstadt,  part  of  the  bishopric  of  Passau,  the  city  of 
Augsburg,  the  Tyrol,  all  the  possessions  of  Austria  in  Suabia,  in 
Brisgau,  and  Ortenau,  were  transferred  to  the  elector  of  Bava- 
ria and  the  duke  of  Wurtemberg,  who,  as  well  as  the  duke  of 
Baden,  were  then  created  kings  by  Napoleon.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  Helvetic  republic  was  also  stipulated.  A  new  iron 
and  stone  railway  and  passenger  bridge  over  the  Danube  wa.s 
inaugurated  by  the  emperor,  30  Dec.  1890.    Pop.  1890,  52,444. 

Presbyte'rian§  are  so  called  from  their  maintaining 
that  the  government  of  the  church  appointed  in  the  New  Tes- 
tament was  by  presbyteries,  or  associations  of  ministers  and 
ruling  elders,  equal  in  power,  office,  and  in  order.     "  The  el- 
ders (Gr.  TrpiajivTkpovi:)  I  exhort,  who  am  also  an  elder  {avu- 
7rpt(T(ivTepog)  "  (1  Pet.  v.  1).     Presbyterianism  was  accepted 
by  Parliament  in  place  of  episcopacj'  in  England  in  1648,  but 
set  aside  at  the  Kestoration  in  1660.     It  became  the  estab- 
lished form  of  church  government  in  Scotland  in  1696, 
tenets  were  embodied  in  the  formulary  of  faith  said  to  ha 
been  composed  by  John  Knox  in  1560,  which  was  approv 
by  Parliament  and  ratified,  1567 ;  and  finally  settled  by  an  act 
of  the  Scottish  senate,  1696,  and  afterwards  secured  by  the 
treaty  of  union  with  England  in  1707.    The  first  Presbyterian 
meeting-house  in  England  was  established  at  Wandswort 
Surrey,  20  Nov.  1572. 
A  Pan-Presbyterian  congress  held  in   London.     Representa- 
tives of  about  50  bodies,  British.  American,  and  foreign, 
form  an  "Alliance  of  Presbyterian  cliurches". .  .19-22  July,  1875 
Presbyterian  church  of  England  reconstituted  at  Liverpool  (in 
union  with  the  United  Presbyterian  church  of  Scotland), 

13  .lune,  1876 
General  council  of  the  "Alliance  of  Reformed  churches  through- 
out the  world,  holding  the  Presbyterian  system,"  has  its  first 

meeting  at  Edinburgh 8  July,  1877 

Second  meeting  of  Presbyterian  Alliance  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

23  Sept.  1880 
Third  meeting  of  Presbyterian  Alliance  at  Belfast,  Ireland, 

24  June,  1884 
Fourth  meeting  of  Presbyterian  Alliance  at  London,  Engl., 

3  July,  1888 
Fifth  meeting  of  Presbyterian  Alliance  at  Toronto,  Out 1892 

C.^MEKONIANS,  ChUKCH  OF  SCOTLAND,  CoNGREGATIONAUSTS,  GLASITKS. 

Pre§byteriail§  in  the  United  States.  The  earliest 
Presbyterian  emigrants  were  French. Huguenots  led  by  Ri- 
bault,  who  came  to  the  Carolinas  in  1562.  A  Puritan  Pres- 
byterian church  was  established  on  Long  Island  about  1641, 
and  in  New  York  city,  164.3.  Dutch  Presbyterianism  was 
planted  in  New  Amsterdam  in  1628.  In  1790  the  strength  of 
the  Presbyterian  church  in  the  U.  S.  was  represented  by  4 
synods,  16  presbyteries,  431  churches,  177  ministers,  and  18,000 
communicants.  In  1890  there  were  30  synods,  213  presbyteries, 
6894  churches,  6158  ministers,  and  775,903  communicants.  Or, 
if  all  the  different  bodies  are  estimated,  as  the  Cumberland 
Presbyterians,  United  Presbyterians,  etc.,  they  number  12,462 
churches  and  1,278,815  members;  value  of  church  property, 
$94,876,233. 


I 


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•I 

^edP 


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Francis  Makemie,  licentiate  of  the  Presbytery  of  Laggan  in 
1681,  establishes  the  first  organized  Presbyterian  church  in 

America,  at  Snow  Hill,  Maryland 1684 

Church  under  Presbyterian  government  established  at  Ja- 
maica, L.  I.,  John  Hubbard,  pastor,  but  suppressed  by  gov. 

Cornbury  the  same  year 1702 

Makemie  visits  England  and  returns  to  Maryland  with  John 
Hampton  and   George  Macuish,  sent   out   by  the   London 

union  of  Presbyterian  and  Independent  ministers 1703-4 

First  presbytery  in  the  U.  S.,  probably  formed  at  a  meeting 
held  at  Freehold,  N.  J.,  of  7  ministers  :  Francis  Makemie, 
John  Hampton,  George  Macnish,  Samuel  Davis,  John  Wilson, 

Jedediah  Andrews,  and  Nathaniel  Taylor 1705  or  1706 

Synod  organized  consisting  of  19  ministers 19  Apr.  1717 

Celebrated  "Adopting  act"  of  the  synod,  accepting  for  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  U.  S.  the  Confession  of  Faith  and 
Larger  and  Shorter  Catechism  of  the  Assembly  of  Divines 

at  Westminster 1729 

Synod  divided  on  questions  of  church  polity,  into  the  Old  Side, 

and  New  Brunswick  party  or  New  Side 1741 

Morris's  reading  house  erected  in  Hanover  county,  Va.,  about  1743 
New  Brunswick  party  and  New  York  presbytery  meet  at  Eliz- 

abethtowu,  N.  J.,  and  form  the  synod  of  New  York Sept.  1745 

College  of  New  Jersey,  chartered  and  opened  at  Elizabeth  town, 
N.  J. ,  1746,  is  removed  to  Newark  after  the  death  of  pres.  Jona- 
than Dickinson  (7  Oct.  1747),  and  Aaron  Burr  appointed  presi- 
dent undera  new  charter,  1748.  College  removed  to  Princeton,  1755 
Reunion  of  Old  and  New  Side  synods  at  Philadelphia,  the 
"Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,"  with  94  ministers 

and  14  elders,  Gilbert  Tennent  moderator 29  May,  1768 

Rev.  James  Waddel  (blind),  whose  eloquence  is  described  by 
William  Wirt  in  the  BrUish  Spy,  is  licensed  by  the  old 

presbytery  of  Hanover,  Va Apr.  1761 

Plan  of  missionary  collections  in  all  of  the  churches  of  each 

presbytery  adopted  by  synod 1767 

Provision  made  for  circulation  by  committees  appointed  in 
Philadelphia  and  New  York,  of  Bibles  and  religious  books 

in  the  frontier  settlements 1773 

Presbytery  of  4  seceding  ministers,  Presbyterian  in  form,  but 
Congregational  in  fact,  known  as  the  Associated  Presbytery 

of  Morris  county,  is  formed  at  Hanover,  Va 3  May,  1780 

Washington  college  in  Rockbridge,  Va.,  opened  in  1774  as  Au- 
gusta academy,  is  incorporated  as  Liberty  hull 1782 

Synod  recommends  the  final  abolition  of  slavery 1787 

Constitution  for  the  Presbyterian  church  in  the  U.  S.  ratified 

and  adopted  by  synod 16  May,  1788 

First  general  assembly  of  the  church  meets  at  Philadelphia. . .  1789 
Robert  Marshall  and  Carey  H.  Allen,  the  first  missionaries  sent 

out  under  the  general  assembly,  enter  Kentucky 1790 

Associated  presbytery  of  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.,  organized, 

Jan.  1792 
Northern  associated  presbytery  in  state  of  New  York  organ- 
ized at  New  Canaan 12  Nov.  1793 

First  theological  department  in  connection  with  a  college  in 
America,  added  to  Liberty  hall  under  the  patronage  of  the 

synod  of  Virginia ' Jan.  1794 

Convention  of  Correspondence,  to  meet  annually,  organized  by 

A.ssociated  presbyteries  at  Poiighkeepsie 10  Apr.     " 

General  assembly  meets  at  Carlisle 1792  and  1795 

Union  college  at  Schenectady  founded - " 

New  York  missionary  society  formed 1  Nov.  1796 

General  assembly  meets  at  Winchester,  Va 1799 

Great  revival  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  New  York,  and  New 

England 1799-1800 

Rev.  James  Hall,  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  Orange  in  1776, 

begins  mission  work  at  Natchez,  Miss " 

"A  Plan  of  Union  "  between  Presbyterians  and  Congregation- 
alists  is  proposed  to  the  general  assembly  by  the  general  as- 
sociation of  Connecticut,  and  adopted 1801 

A  permanent  missionary  fund  of  $12,359. 92>^,  the  interest  only 

to  be  used,  is  established  by  the  assembly " 

Synod  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  church  in  America,  or 

Covenanters,  organized  at  Philadelphia 24  May,  1809 

Schism,  originating  in  licensing  laymen  asexhorters  during  the 
revival  of  1801;  Cumberland  presbytery  withdraws  and  or- 

i      ganizes  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  church 1811 

Standing  committee   of  missions   appointed  1802,  and  title 

changed  to  Board  of  Missions  in 1816 

United  Foreign  Missionary  Society  organized  to  succeed  the 

I      New  York  Missionary  Society 28  July,  1817 

!  Elias  Cornelius  and  Sylvester  Larned,  missionaries,  organize  a 

i      church  in  New  Orleans.     Corner  stone  laid 8  Jan.  1819 

;  Board  of  Education  established " 

:  United  Domestic  Missionary  Society  of  New  York  established,  1822 

j  United  Foreign  Missionary  Society   amalgamates    with    the 

I     American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions. .. .  1826 

American  and  Presbyterian  education  societies  united 1827 

I  Steps  taken  in  1819  providing  an  authorized  psalmody  for  the 

jl     church  results  in  the  publication  adopted 1830 

t  Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  U.  S.  organized  by 

the  synod  of  Pittsburg 1831 

•Western  Memorial,"  signed  by  18  ministers  and  99  elders, 
charging  "a  widely  spread  principle  of  evil  operating  in  the 
J  Presbyterian  church,  to  the  general  change  of  its  form  of 
I  government  and  the  character  of  its  creed,"  is  refused  a  rec- 
I  ord  in  the  assembly  of  1834,  by  vote  of  56  to  42.  The  me- 
I     morialists  meet  and  dr.aw  up  a  paper  styled  "The  Acts  and 

i     Testimony,"  re-echoing  the  statements  of  the  memorial 1834 

j  "Acts  and  Testimony  convention  "  at  Pittsburg,  41  presbyteries 
and  13  minorities  of  presbyteries  represented,  draw  up  a  list 
of  grievancee  for  the  assembly May,  1835 


General  assembly  meets  at  Pittsburg,  Pa 1835 

Presbytery  and  synod  of  Cincinnati,  try  and  acquit  dr.  Lyman 
Beecher,  charged  by  dr.  Wilson  of  Cincinnati  with  teaching 

Pelagian  and  Arminian  doctrines 9  June  et  seq.      " 

Assembly  acquit  dr.  Albert  Barnes,  charged  with  teaching 
"dangerous  errors  or  heresies"  in  his  Notes  on  Romans, 

and  suspended  by  the  synod  of  Philadelphia 1836 

"Plan  of  union  "  of  1801  abrogated  by  vote  143  to  110  in  the 
general  assembly  at  Philadelphia,  as  unnatural  and  uncon- 
stitutional  22  May,  1837 

Assembly  resolve  "  that,  by  the  operation  of  the  abrogation  of 
the  plan  of  union  of  1801,  the  synod  of  the  Western  Reserve 
is  and  is  hereby  declared  to  be  no  longer  a  part  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church  of  America,"  by  132  to  105 30  May,     " 

Assembly  direct  that  the  so-called  American  Home  Missionary 
Society  and  American  Education  Society  cease  to  operate  with 
any  Presbyterian  church,  124  to  86,  2  June,  1837,  and  exscind 
the  synods  of  Utica,  Genesee,  and  Geneva,  by  115  to  88,  3  June,  " 
Presbytery  of  Philadeli)hia,  of  which  Albert  Barnes  was  a  mem- 
ber, is  dissolved  by  vote  of  general  assembly 7  June,     " 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  established  by  assembly June,     " 

Convention  of  exscinded  synods  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  proiwse  to 

retain  their  organization 17  Aug.     " 

In  accordance  with  the  exscinding  act  of  1837,  the  general  as- 
sembly organizes  at  the  Seventh  Presbyterian  church,  Phila- 
delphia, 17  May,  1838.  Representatives  from  the  exscinded 
synods  being  refused  recognition,  John  P.  Cleaveland,  of  the 
presbytery  of  Detroit,  moves  to  organize,  which  is  rapidly 
done,  and  dr.  S.  Fisher  chosen  moderator.  This  organization 
adjourns  to  the  First  Presbyterian  church  (Mr.  Barnes's), 
where  it  rescinds  the  obnoxious  acts  of  the  assembly  of  1837,  1838 
Assembly  at  the  First  Presbyterian  church  (New  School  assem- 
bly) is  declared  the  true  general  assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 

church  in  the  U.  S.,  by  the  Supreme  court 4  Mch.  1839 

Board  of  Church  Erection  established 1844 

First  Presbyterian  church  on  the  whole  Pacific  coast  organized 

at  Astoria 19  Sept.  1846 

Standing  Committee  on  Publication  appointed 1852 

Permanent  Committee  on  Ministerial  Education  established...  1854 

Board  of  Ministerial  Relief  established 1855 

United  Presbyterian  church   formed  by   union  of  Associate 

Presbyterian  and  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  church. .  1858 
Southern  general  assembly  formed  with  title  "The  Presbyte- 
rian Church  in  the  United  States" 1861 

Reunion  of  the  Old  and  New  Schools  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  12  Nov.  1869 

Presbyterian  hospital,  Philadelphia,  chartered Apr.  1871 

Presbyterian  hospital  opened  in  New  York  city 10  Oct.  1872 

Presbyterian  eye,  ear,  and  throat  hospital  at  Baltimore,  Md., 

opened 1  Dec.  1877 

Board  of  Aid  for  colleges  established 1883 

Centenary  of  the  general  assembly  celebrated  by  the  northern 

and  southern  assemblies,  at  Philadelphia 24  May,  1888 

Committee  on   the  revision  of  the  Westminster  Confession 

meets  at  Alleghany,  Pa 7  Sept.  1890 

Trial  of  dr.  Briggs 1892 

PRESBYTEKIAN    THEOLOGICAL    SEMINARIES    IN    THE    U.  S. 

Estab.    Chart, 
United   Presbyterian   Theological    Seminary  of  Xenia, 

Xenia,  0 1877—1794 

Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, Prince- 
ton, N.  J 1822—1812 

Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  Auburn,  N.  Y 1820—1821 

Union  Theological  Seminary,  Hampden  Sidney,  Va 1867 — 1824 

Theological  Seminary  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church, 

Alleghany,  Pa 1830—1825 

Western    Theological    Seminary    of   the    Presbyterian 

Church,  Alleghany,  Pa 1844—1827 

Theological  Seminary  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 

Presbvterian  Church,  Columbia,  S.  C 1828 

Lane  Theological  Seminary,  Cincinnati,  0 1829—1831 

Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York 1839—1836 

Associate  Reformed  Theological  Seminary,  Due  West,S.  C. ,  1839 
German  Presbyterian  Theological  School  of  the  North- 
west, Dubuque,  la 1852 

Danville  Theological  Seminary,  Danville,  Ky 1854—1853 

Theological  School  of  Cumberland  University,  Lebanon, 

Tenn 1842—  " 

Theological   Seminary   of  the   Reformed  Presbyterian 

Church,  Alleghany,  Pa 1858 

McCormick  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian 

Church,  Chicago,  111 1859—1859 

Theological  Department  of  Biddle  University,  Charlotte, 

N.  C 1877-1868 

German  Theological  School  of  Newark,  Bloomfield,  N.  J.  1869 

San  Francisco  Theological  Seminary,  San  Francisco,  Cal.  1871 

Institute  for  training  colored  ministers,  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.  1876 

President  and  Elldymion.     Naval  battles. 
President  and  Little  Beit.     United   States, 
1811. 

President  of  tlie  United   States.    To  be 

eligible,  must  be  35  years  old ;  a  natural-born  citizen  of  the 
U.  S.,  and  a  resident  for  14  years.  Elected  by  electors  chosen 
by  the  different  states,  for'  a  term  of  4  years.  Powers :  To 
approve  and  negative  bills;  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons 
for  ofFences  against  the  U.  S.,  except  in  case  of  impeachment; 
to  make  treaties,  and  to  nominate  ambassadors  and  other  pub- 


PRE 

He  ministers,  consuls,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  etc.,  and  by 
and  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate  appoint  such  officers ;  to 
till  vacancies  that  may  occur  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate 
by  granting  commissions,  but  which  shall  expire  at  the  end 
of  the  next  session  ;  to  convene  Congress,  one  or  both  houses; 
to  adjourn  Congress  to  such  a  time  as  he  may  think  proper,  in 
case  it  cannot  agree  upon  an  adjournment.     The  president  is 


658  PRE 

also  commander-in-chief  of  the  array  and  navy,  and  of  the 
militia  of  the  several  states  when  called  into  the  service  of 
the  U.  S.  Duties :  To  give  information  to  Congress  from  time 
to  time  regarding  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  to  recommend 
to  its  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  neces- 
sary and  expedient ;  to  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public 
ministers ;  to  see  that  the  laws  are  faithfully  executed,  etc. 


PRESIDENTS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  AND  THEIR  WIVES,  BIRTHS,  MARRIAGES,  DEATHS,  Em 


Niune. 


Born. 


Married. 


Died. 


Buried. 


F«mi 


1.  George  Washington., 
Mrs.  Martha  CusUs. . . 

2.  John  Adama 

Abigail  Smith 

3.  Thomas  Jefferson. . . 
Mrs.  Martha  Skelton 

4.  James  Madison 

Mrs.  Dorothy  Todd.. 

6.  James  Monroe 


Eliza  Kortv.Tight 

6.  John  Q.  Adams 

Louisa  C.  Johuson 

7.  Andrew  Jackson 

Mrs.  Rachel  Robards.. 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren... 
Hannah  Goes 

9.  William  H.  Harrison. . 
Anna  Symmes 

10.  John  Tyler 

Letitia  Christian 

Julia  Gardiner 

11.  James  K.  Polk 

Sarah  Childress 

12.  Zachary  Taylor 

Margaret  Smith 

13.  Millard  Fillmore 

Abigail  Power 

Mrs. Caroline  Mcintosh 

14.  Franklin  Pierce 

Jane  M.  Appleton. . . 

15.  James  Buchanan. . . 

16.  Abraham  Lincoln. . 
Mary  Todd 

17.  Andrew  Job n.son.. . 
Eliza  McCardle 


18.  Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Julia  Dent 

19.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 
Lucy  Ware  Webb 

20.  James  A.  Garfield 

Lucretia  Randoipb. . . 

21.  Cbester  A.  Arthur 

Ellen  L.  Herndon 

22.  Grover  Cleveland 

Frances  Folsom 

23.  Benjamin  Harrison. . . 
Caroline  L.  Scott..... 


22  Feb.  1732,  nr.  Fredericksburg,  Va. 

-  May,  1732,  Kent  county,  Va 

30  Oct.  1735,  Braintree,  Mass 

22  Nov.  1744,  Weymouth,  Mass 

13  Apr.  1743,  Shad  well,  Va 

19  Oct  1748,  Cliarles  City  co.,  Va.. . 
16  Mch.  1751,  Port  Conway,  Va. . . . 

20  May,  1772,  North  Carolina 

28  Apr.  1758,  Westmoreland  CO., Va. 

17—,  New  York  city 

11  July,  1767,  Quincy,  Mass ) 

11  Feb.  1775,  London,  Engl J 

15  Mch.  1767,  Mecklenburg  co.,N.  C.  i 

1767 ( 

5  Dec.  1782,  Kinderhook,  N.  Y. . . .  \ 

8  Mch.  1783,  "  "....; 

9  Feb.  1773,  Berkeley,  Va ) 

25  July,  1775,  Morristown,  N.  J J 

29  Mch.  1790,  Charles  City  co.,  Va... 

12  Nov.  1790,  Cedar  Grove,  Va 

1820,  East  Hampton,  N.  Y. . 

2  Nov.  1795,  Mecklenburg,  N.  C. . . 

4 Sept.  1803,  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.. 
24  Nov.  1784,  Orange  county,  Va. . . 
1790,  Calvert  county,  Md 

7  Jan.  1800,  Summer  Hill,  N.  Y. . . 

13  Mch.  1798,  Stillwater,  N.  Y 

21  Oct.  1813 

23  Nov.  1804,  Hillsborough,  N.  H. . . 

12  Mch.  1806,  Hampton,  N.  H J 

23  Apr.  1791,  Stony  Batter,  Pa 

12  Feb.  1809,  La  Hue  county,  Ky. . .  \ 
12  Dec.  1818, 1,exington,  Ky f 

29  Dec.  1808,  Raleigh,  N.  C I 

4  Oct.  1810,  Leesburg,  Tenn | 

27  Apr.  1822,  Point  Pleasant,  0 

26  Jan.  1826,  St.  Louis,  Mo 

4  Oct.  1822,  Delaware,  0 

28  Aug.  1831,  Chillicothe,  0 

19  Nov.  1831,  Orange  township,  0. 

19  Apr.  1832,  Hiram.  0 

5  Oct.  1830,  Fairfield,  Vt 

30  Aug.  1837,  Culpeper  C.  H.,  Va. . 

18  Mch.  1837,  Caldwell,  N.  J 

%lSxi\y,  1864,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

20  Aug.  1833,  Mprth  Bend,  0 

1  Oct.  1832,  afford.  0 


17  Jan.  1759. 

25  Oct.  1764. 
IJan.  1772. 

—  Oct.  1794. 

23  Feb.   1786. 

26  July,  1797. 
-Jan.  1791. 

—  Feb.  1807. 
22  Nov.  1795, 

29  Mch.  1813. 
26  June,  1844. 

IJan.    1824. 

,  1810. 

5  Feb.    1826. 

18  Feb.   1858. 

19  Nov.  1834. 
Unmarried. .. 

4  Nov.    1842. 

17  May,  1827. 
22  Aug.    1848. 

30  Dec.  1852. 
11  Nov.  1858. 
29  Oct.     1859. 

2  June,  1886. 

20  Oct.    1853. 


14  Dec. 
28  May, 
4  July, 
28  Oct. 

4  July, 

5  Sept. 
28  June, 
12  July, 


1799t 
1802( 
1826\ 
1818/ 
1826) 
1782  j" 
1830  i 

1849  r 


Mt.  Vernon,  Va. 
Quincy,- Mass. .. 
Monticello,  Va. . 


4  July,  1831 


23  Sept. 

23  Feb. 
15  May, 

8  June, 
22  Dec. 

24  July, 
5  Feb. 
4  Apr. 

25  Feb. 

17  Jan. 
10  Sept. 

10  July, 
15  June, 

14  Aug. 

9  July, 

18  Aug. 
9  Mch. 

30  Mch. 

11  Aug. 
8  Oct. 
2  Dec. 
1  June, 

15  Apr. 

16  July, 

31  July, 
15  Jan. 


1848) 

1852/ 

1845) 

1828  f 

1862  ) 

1819  j 

1841) 

1864/ 

1862) 

1842  ( 

1889) 

1849) 

1891/ 

1850) 

18()2| 

1874 

1853 

1881 

1869) 

1863/ 

1868 

1865) 

1883) 

1875) 

1876] 

23  July,  1885 

17  Jan.'  1893) 
25  June,  1889/ 
19  Sept.  1881  ) 

18  Nov." '18861 
12  Jan.  1880 ( 


I 

25  Oct.     1892  j 


Montpelicr,  Vt 

(FirstN.Y.  ;trans-~| 
{  ferred  1858  to  ' 
(  Richmond,  Va;  ( 
Oak  Hill,  Va J 

Quincy,  Mass 


Hermitage,  Tenn 

Kinderhook,  N.Y... 

North  Bend,  0 

Richmond,  Va 

Cedar  Grove,  Va.. 
Richmond,  Va 

Nashville,  Tenn. . . 


Near  Louisville,  Ky. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y I 


Concord,  N.  H 

Wheatland,  Pa. 
Springfield,  111 

Greenville,  Tenn 

/Riverside,     New) 
\     York  citj-^ V 


None. 

3  boys,  2  girls. 

6  girls. 

None. 

2  girls. 

3  boys,  1  girl. 

3  boys. 

4  boys. 

6  boys,  4  girls. 

3  boys,  4  girls. 

4  boys,  2  girls. 
None. 

1  boy,  3  girls. 

1  bo  J',  1  girl. 
None. 
3  bovs. 


4  boys. 

3  boys,  2  girls, 

3  boys,  1  girl 


4 


Fremont,  ().. 
Cleveland,  0., 


Albany,  N.  Y 


Indianapolis,  Ind. 


7  boys,  1  girl. 
4  boys,  1  girl. 

1  boy,  1  girl. 

2  girls. 

1  boy,  1  girl. 


presidents,  Administrations  of.     United  States. 

presidents.  Continental  Congress.     United  States. 

press.  Liberty  of  the.  The  imprimatur  ("  let  it  be  print- 
ed ")  was  much  used  on  the  title-pages  of  books  printed  in  the 
16th  and  17th  centuries.  The  liberty  of  the  press  was  se- 
verely restrained,  and  the  number  of  master-printers  in  London 
and  Westminster  limited  by  the  star-chamber,  13  Charles  I. 
1  July,  1637. 
»'  Disorders  in  printing  "  were  repressed  by  Parliament  in  1643 

and  1649,  and  by  Charles  II 1662 

Censorship  of  the  press  (by  a  license  established  in  1655  and 

1693)  abandoned 1695 

Zenger  of  the  New  York  Weekly  Journal  arrested  (New  York),  1734 
The  toast,  "The  liberty  of  the  press:  it  is  like  the  air  we 

breathe — if  we  have  it  not,  we  die,"  was  first  given  at  the 

Crown  and  Anchor  tavern,  London,  at  a  Whig  dinner 1795 

Presses  licensed,  and  the  printer's  name  required  on  the  first 

and  last  pages  of  a  book  in  Great  Britain July,  1799 

Affair  of  the  Federal  Republican  at  Baltimore,  Md.  (Mary- 
land, United  States) 1812 

Case  of  the  Observer  (Alton  riot,  United  States) 1837 

Bill  greatly  freeing  the  press  in  France  introduced  into  the 

Chamber 24  Jan.  1881 

pressings  to  death.    Mutk,  Torture. 

Prester  John.  The  first  mention  of  this  traditionary 
oriental  ruler  occurs  in  the  chronicles  of  Otho  or  Otto,  bishop 
of  Treisingen,  1 145 ;  also  mentioned  by  Marco  Polo.  "  The  his- 
tory of  Prester  John  is  that  of  a  phantom  taking  many  forms." 
— Encyc.  Brit.,  9  ed.,  subject  "  Prester  John."     Abyssinia. 

Preston,  a  city  of  Lancashire,  Engl.    Near  here  Crom- 


well totally  defeated  the  roj'alists  under  sir  Marmaduke  LangI 
dale,  17  Aug.  1648.  Preston  was  taken  in  1715  by  the  Scotch  ini 
surgents  under  Forster,  who  proclaimed  king  James  VIL  Thej 
were  defeated  on  12, 13  Nov.  by  gens.  Willes  and  Carpenter. 

Prestonpans,  near  Edinburgh,  the  sceneof  abat  tie  I 
tween  thej'oung  Pretender,  prince  Charles  Stuart,  and  hisScotcli 
adherents,  and  the  royal  army  under  sir  John  Cope,  21  Sept.  1745»| 
The  latter  was  defeated  with  the  loss  of  600  men,  and  fled. 

Pretenders.     A  name  given  to  the  son  and  grand 
sons  of  James  IL  of  England. 

Old  Pretender,  James  Francis  Edward  Stuart,  chevalier  de 
St.  George,  b.  10  June,  1088,  was  acknowledged  by  Louis 

XIV.  as  James  III.  of  England 1701 

Proclaimed,  and  his  standard  set  up,  at  Braemar  and  Castle- 
town, in  Scotland 3  Sept.  1715 

Landed  at  Peterhead,  in  Aberdeenshire,  from  France,  to  en- 
courage the  rebellion  that  the  earl  of  Mar  and  his  other  ad- 
herents had  prompted 25  Dec.     " 

This  rebellion  having  been  suppressed,  the  Pretender  escaped 

to  Montrose  (thence  to  Gravelines) 4  Feb.  1716 

Died  at  Rome 30  Dec.  1765 

Young  Pretender,  Charles  Edward,  b 1720 

Landed  in  Scotland,  and  proclaimed  his  father  king. .  .25  July,  1745 
Gained  the  battle  of  Prestonpans,  21  Sept.  1745;  and  of  Fal- 
kirk  17  Jan.  1746 

Defeated  at  Culloden.  and  sought  safety  by  flight 16  Apr.     " 

He  wandered  among  the  wilds  of  Scotland  for  nearly  6  months; 
and  as  30,000/.  was  offered  for  him,  was  constantly  pursued, 
often  hemmed  round  by  his  enemies,  but  still  rescued  by 
some  lucky  accident,  and  escaped  from  the  isle  of  Uist  to 

Morlaix  in  Sept.     He  d 31  Jan.  1788 

[North  Carolina,  1747  and  1771.] 


d 


PRI 


659 


PRI 


His  natural  daughter  assumed  the  title  of  the  duchess  of  Al- 
bany ;  d 1789 

His  brother,  the  cardinal  York,  calling  himself  Henry  IX.  of 

England,  b.  Mch.  1725;  d.  at  Rome Aug.  1807 

His  alleged  grandson,  Charles  Edward  Stuart,  comte  d'Albanie, 

d 24  Dec.  1880 

France,  Sovereigns,  Louis  XVII.;  Impostors;  Bonaparte  family; 
Bourbon. 

prices.  Bread,  Corn,  Provisions. 
Pricle'§  purge.  On  6  Dec.  1648,  col.  Pride,  with  2 
regiments,  surrounded  the  House  of  Parliament,  and  seizing 
in  the  passage  41  menabers  of  the  Presbyterian  party,  sent 
them  to  a  low  room,  then  called  hell.  Above  160  other  mem- 
bers were  excluded,  and  none  admitted  but  the  most  furious 
of  the  Independents.  The  privileged  members  were  named 
the  Rump  Parliament,  which  was  dismissed  by  Cromwell,  20 
Apr.  1653. 

Prie'lie,  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the  Ionian  league  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  temple  of  Minerva  Polias,  founded  here  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  the  work  of  Pythios,  was  excavated 
by  R.  P.  PuUan,  for  the  Dilettanti  Society,  in  1868-69. 

priest  (from  Gr.  irpia^vTEpoc,  elder),  in  the  English 
church  the  minister  who  presides  over  the  public  worship. 
In  Gen.  xiv.  18,  Melchizedek,  king  of  Salem,  is  termed  "  priest 
of  the  most  high  God"  (1913  b.c.  ;  see  Hebrews  vii.).  The 
Greek  lepgyg,  like  the  Jewish  priest,  had  a  sacrificial  charac- 
ter, which  idea  of  the  priesthood  is  still  maintained  by  the 
Romanists  and  those  who  favor  their  views.  Among  the 
Jews,  the  priests  assumed  their  office  at  the  age  of  30  years. 
The  dignity  of  high  or  chief  priest  was  fixed  in  Aaron's  fam- 
ily, 1491  B.C.  After  the  captivity  of  Babylon,  the  civil  gov- 
ernment and  the  crown  were  superadded  to  the  high-priest- 
hood; it  was  the  peculiar  privilege  of  the  high-priest  that  he 
could  be  prosecuted  in  no  court  but  that  of  the  great  Sanhe- 
drim. The  heathens  had  their  arch-flamen,  or  high-priest, 
resembling  the  Christian  archbishop.  For  "Priest  in  Abso- 
lution," Holy  rood. 

priin'er  (Lat.  primus,  first),  a  book  so  named  from  the 
Romish  book  of  devotions,  and  formerly  set  forth  or  published 
by  authority,  as  the  first  book  children  should  publicly  learn  or 
read  in  schools,  containing  prayers  or  portions  of  the  Scripture. 
Primers  were  printed  1535, 1539.  Henry  VIII.  issued  a  prayer- 
book  called  a  "  primer"  in  1546.  The  3  were  published  by  dr. 
Burton  in  1834 ;  also  an  elementary  work  for  teaching  children, 
as  the  "  New  England  Primer."     Education. 

primogeil'lture,  Right  of,  a  usage  brought  down 
from  the  earliest  times.  The  first-born,  in  the  patriarchal 
ages,  had  a  superiority  over  his  brethren,  and  in  the  absence 
of  his  father  was  priest  to  the  family.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, by  the  ancient  customs  of  gavel-kind  and  borough- 
English,  primogeniture  was  superseded.  It  came  in  with  the 
feudal  law,  3  Will.  1. 1068.  The  rights  of  primogeniture  abol- 
ished in  France,  L790. 

Prince  Ed^^ard  island,  a  province  of  Canada, 
in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  North  America,  was  discovered 
by  Cabot  in  1597 ;  was  finally  taken  from  the  French  by  the 
British  in  1758;  united  with  Cape  Breton  as  a  colony  in  1763, 
but  separated  in  1768.  Area, 2000  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891, 109,088. 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Battle  of.  On  2  Jan.  1777,  Washing- 
ton, with  a  force  of  about  5000  men,  half  of  them  militia,  was 
encamped  at  Trenton,  N.  J.  Cornwallis,  in  command  of  the 
British  troops  at  Princeton,  leaving  3  regiments  at  that  place, 
moved  to  attack  the  Americans.  The  British  encamped  for 
the  night,  2  Jan.,  a  short  distance  from  the  American  camp. 
Washington,  fully  realizing  the  extreme  peril  of  either  fight- 
ing or  retreating,  conceived  the  bold  movement  of  passing  to 
the  rear  of  the  enemj'^  during  the  night  and  attacking  the 
force  at  Princeton,  thus  saving  his  army,  and  at  the  same 
time  inflicting  a  severe  blow  on  his  adversary.  This  was  suc- 
cessfully accomplished,  and  early  on  the  morning  of  3  Jan. 
Washington  surprised  and  defeated  the  British  at  Princeton 
before  Cornwallis  was  fully  aware   that  the  Americans  had 

'  moved.  The  British  loss  was  450  in  all,  while  the  American's 
was  about  100,  but  among  them  gen.  Mercer.     The  Americans 

i  then  went  into  winter  quarters  at  Morristown. .  Trenton. 

j       printing.     The  art  of  impressing  letters,  characters,  or 

I  figures  on  any  fitting  material.     Block-printing  was  invented 


by  the  Chinese  about  593  a.d.  ;  movable  types  made  in  the  10th 
century.  The  invention  of  copper  types  is  attributed  to  the 
Coreans  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  The  honor 
of  first  printing  with  single  types  in  Europe  has  been  appro- 
priated by  Mentz,  Strasburg,  Haarlem, Venice,  Rome,  Florence, 
Basle,  and  Augsburg.  The  earliest  dated  wood-cut  known  is 
the  St.  Christopher  of  1423,  preserved  in  the  library  of  lord 
Spencer  at  Althorp  (now— 1894 — in  possession  of  Mrs.  Rylands 
of  Manchester).  "  When  we  consider  that  printing  of  a  rudi- 
mentary kind  had  existed  for  so  many  centuries,  and  that  dur- 
ing the  whole  of  the  early  part  of  the  15th  century  examples 
with  words  or  even  whole  lines  of  inscription  were  produced, 
we  can  only  wonder  that  the  discovery  of  printing  from  mov- 
able types  should  have  been  so  late.  It  has  been  said  inven- 
tions will  always  be  made  when  the  need  for  them  has  arisen, 
and  this  is  the  real  reason,  perhaps,  why  the  discovery  of  print- 
ing was  delayed.  We  may  say,  therefore,  that  the  intellectual 
activity  of  the  15th  century  not  only  called  printing  into  ex- 
istence, but  furnished  it  with  the  noblest  models.  The  scribes 
of  Italy,  at  this  epoch,  had  revived  the  Caroline  minuscules,  as 
used  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries,  and  it  was  this  beautiful 
hand  which  has  given  us  the  'Roman'  type  in  which  our 
books  are  still  printed." — E.  G.  Duff,  "  Early  Printed  Books." 
Lourens  .Janszoon  Coster  of  Haarlem  "printed  with  blocks  a 
book  of  images  and  letters,  '  Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis,' 
and  compounded  an  ink  more  viscous  and  tenacious  than 

common  ink  "  {Adrian  Junius;  Books) about  1438 

["On  no  subject  connected  with  printing  has  more  been 
written  and  to  less  purpose  than  on  the  Haarlem  invention 
of  printing  by  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster.  During  the  15th 
century  much  had  been  said  about  the  invention,  accrediting 
it  always  to  Germany;  and  it  was  not  till  1499  that  a  ref- 
erence was  made  to  an  earlier  Dutch  discovery.""— /?m_^, 
"Early  Printed  Books,"  London,  1893.] 
John  Faust  establishes  a  printing-office  at  Mentz  (Mayence), 

and  prints  the  "Tractatus  Petri  Hispani" 1442 

Earliest  specimen  of  printing  from  movable  type  known  to  ex- 
ist was  the  famous  indulgence  of  Nicholas  V.  to  such  as 
should  contribute  money  to  aid  the  king  of  Cyprus  against 

the  Turks,  printed  at  Mainz 1454 

[Of  the  "Biblia  Pauperum  "  there  are  3  dated  editions 
known,  one  of  1470,  and  2  of  1471} 
John  Guttenberg  of  Mentz  (Mayence)  invents  cut  metal  type, 
used  in  printing  the  earliest  edition  of  the  Latin  (Mazarine) 

Bible  (42  lines  to  the  page)  (Books) 1455 

First  book  with  a  printed  date,  "Psalmorum  Codex,"  printed 

by  SchOffer 1457 

"Duriindi  Rationale,"  the  first  work  printed  with  cast  metal 

types,  is  issued  by  Faust  &  SchOflf'er  at  Mentz 1459 

First  Latin  Bible  with  a  date  completed  at  Mentz  by  Faust  & 

SchOffer 1462 

Sack  of  Mentz  by  Adolphus  of  Nassau  in  Oct.  1462,  leads  to 
the  dispersion  of  the  printers  in  that  city,  and  a  consequent 

wide-spread  knowledge  of  the  art  of  printing " 

Roman  type  first  used  at  Strasburg,  Germany,  by  John  Men- 

telin about  1461-64 

Greek  type  first  seen  in  "Cicero  de  Officiis,"  printed  at  Mentz 

by  Faust  &  SchOffer 1465 

First  printing  at  Cologne  by  Ulric  Zee 1465-66 

Roman  characters  first  used  at  Rome  instead  of  the  semi- 
Gothic.     Here  first  appeared  the  long  f  introduced  by  Sweyn- 

heym  &  Pannartz,  printers 1467 

First  printing  at  Augsburg  by  Gunther  Zainer;   first  dated 

book,"Meditationes  Viti  Domini  nostri  Jesu  Christi  "..Mch.  1468 
First  printing-press  set  up  in  Paris  l)y  3  Germans,  Martin 
Crantz,  Ulrich  Gering,  and  Michael  Friburger.     First  book 
they  issued  was  "Gasparini  Pergamensis  Epistolarum  Opus,"  1470 

[Among  the  books  printed  by  them  during  the  next  3 
years  were,  "Florus  and  Sallust,"  "Terence,"  Virgil's  "  Ec- 
logues and  Georgics,"  "Juvenal  and  Persius,"  Cicero's  "Tus- 
culan  Disputations,"  and  "  Valerius  Maximus."] 

First  printing  in  Nuremberg " 

First  book  printed  in  the  English  language  was  a  translation 
of  "  Le  Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troyes,"  translated  by  Will- 
iam Caxton  at  Cologne,  and  probably  printed  by  him  there. .  1471 
Music  printed  from  wooden  blocks  by  Hans  Froschauer  of 

Augsburg 1473 

Caxton  erects  his  press  in  the  almonry  at  Westminster,  where  he 
prints  the  "Dictes  or  Sayengis  of  the  Philosopers;"  the  first 
book  printed  in  England,  "Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse,"  1474 

[Second  edition,  without  date  or  place,  is  the  first  book 
printed  in  English  with  woodcuts.] 
Salomon  Jarchi's  "Commentary  on  the  Pentateuch,"  printed 

in  Hebrew  type  at  Reggio,  Italy 1475 

".'Esop's  Fables,"  printed  by  Caxton,  is  supposed  to  be  the 

first  book  with  its  leaves  numbered 1484 

Theobaldus  Manntius  (Aldus)  moves  to  Venice  in  1488,  and 

begins  the  printing  of  the  celebrated  Aldine  editions  there.. .  1494 
Earliest  specimen  of  music  type  appears  in  Hegden's  "  Poly- 

chronicon,"  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  at  Westminster. .  1495 
Total  number  of  places  where  printing  was  practised  in  Ger- 
many was  at  least  50  as  early  as 1500 

Aldus  of  Venice  introduces  italic  types,  which  he  first  used  in 
the  "  Virgil  "of 1501 


PRI 


660 


PRI 


Printing  introduced  into  Scotland  by  Andrew  Myllar  in  tho 

Sotilhgiito  at  Kdinburgh 1508 

"Manual  do  Adultos,'' printed  by  Juan  (Jromberger,  in  Mexico,  1540 
"  Liturgy,"  the  llrst  book  printed  in  Ireland,  is  issued  from  the 

press  of  Humphrey  Powell 1550 

"DoclrinaChrisliana,"  printed  at  liiuia,  Peru, by  Anton  ioRicardo,  15.S1 

First  patent  "ranted  for  printing 15<.)1 

Kunic  type  tVrst  used  at  Stockholm  in  a  Uunic  and  Swedish 

•'  Alpliabetarium  " lOU 

William  Jausen  Blaeuw  of  Amsterdam  invents  the  so-called 

"Nine  Muses"  printing  press 1(520 

First  printing  press  in  the  U.  S.  set  up  in  tho  house  of  Henry 
l>un8ter,  president  of  Harvard  college  at  Cambridge,  and  the 
Freeman's  Oath  and  an  almanac  printed  by  Stei)hen  Daye. .   1G39 
First  Bible  printed  in  America,  Kliot's  Indian  translation,  is- 
sued from  the  Cambridge  press  (Biblk) 1663 

Government  of  Massachusetts  appoints  licensers  of  the  press 
(1662),  and  passes  laws  that  "  no  printing  should  bo  allowed  in 

any  town  within  the  jurisdiction,  except  in  Cambridge" 1664 

Calico  printing,  introduced  from  India  into  Europe,  was  com- 
menced in  London,  Kngl 1676 

Sir  John  Harrmgton's  translation  of  "Orlando  Furioso,"  the 

first  Knglish  work  with  copper  plates  used,  printed 1690 

Fii-st  printing  in  New  York  was  gov.  Fletcher's  proclamation, 

from  the  press  of  William  Bradford,  and  dated 25  Aug.  1693 

William  ('a.slou  establishes  a  type  foundry  in  Loudon,  Engl 1716 

Stereotyi)e  printing  practised  by  William  Ged,  a  goldsmith  of 

Edinburgh,  who  made  i>laster-of-Paris  moulds about  1730 

Christopher  Sower,  or  Sauer,  prints  at  Gerniantown,  Pa.,  the 
first  German  almanac  printed  in  America,  1738,  and  an  edition 

of  the  Bible,  the  second  Bible  printed  in  North  America 1743 

Abel  Buell  of  Killingworth,  Conn.,  presents  a  memorial  to  the 
General  Assembly,  setting  forth  his  discoveries  in  the  art  of 

type-founding,  printed  with  type  of  his  own  casting Oct.  1769 

First  regular  type-foundry  in  America  established  in  German- 
town,  Pa.,  by  Christopher  Sower,  jr 1772 

Benjamin  Mecom,  nephew  of  dr.  Franklin,  makes  au  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  stereotype  portions  of  the  New  Testament,  1775 
Present  mode  of  stereotyping  invented  by  Mr.  Tilloch. .  .about  1779 
Logotypes,  or  words  and  syllables  cast  in  one  piece,  invented 

in  England 1783 

First  successful  effort  to  introduce  printing  in  raised  charac- 
ters for  the  blind  made  by  abb6  Valentin  Hauy,  at  Paris 1784 

Machine  printing  first  suggested  by  William  Nicholson,  edi- 
tor of  the  Philosophical  Journal  of  England 1790 

First  i)rinting  in  the  U.  S.  west  of  the  Mississippi  river  by 

Jacob  Hunkle  at  St.  Louis 1808 

Patent  granted  in  England  to  Frederick  KOnig  for  a  power 

printing  press 29  Mch.  1810 

First  work  by  a  power-press  was  sheet  "H"  of  the  Annual 

Register  for  1810,  at  the  rate  of  800  impressions  per  hour,  Apr.  1811 
Stereotyping  introduced  into  the  U.  S.  from  England  by  David 
Bruce,  1812.    The  "  Larger  Catechism  of  the  Westminster  As- 
sembly "  printed  by  J.  Watt  &  Co.  of  New  York,  claims  on  its 
title  p:ige  to  be  the  first  work  stereotyped  in  America.. June,  1813 
Composition  roller,  an  invention  claimed  by  several  persons, 

comes  into  use about     " 

KOnig  constructs  the  first  successful  power-machine  (capacity 
1800  sheets  per  hour  on  one  side),  from  which  was  i)rinted 

the  London  Times  of 28  Nov.  1814 

George  Clymer  of  Philadelphia  invents  the  Columbian  press, 

1817,  which  he  introduces  in  London,  Engl 1818 

William  Church  of  England  patents  a  type  setting  machine.. . .  1822 

Bed  and  platen  press  invented  by  Isaac  Adams  of  Boston 1830 

Fred.  Rosenberg  in  the  U.  S.  patents  a  type  setting  machine. . .  1840 
Anastatic  printing  from  zinc  plates  invented  by  Baldernius  of 

Berlin about  1841 

Early  specimens  of  printing  from  electrotype  plates  are  the 
London  Journal  for  Apr.  1840,  and  Mapes's  Magazine  in  the 
U.  S. ;  plates  for  the  latter  were  produced  by  Joseph  A.  Ad- 
ams, a  wood  engraver " 

R.  M.  Hoe  of  New  York  invents  the  "  type-revolving  printing- 
machine,"  or  lightning  press,  first  used  by  the  Public  Ledger 

of  Philadelphia 1846 

Hoe  rotary  press  introduced  into  Paris,  France 1848 

Papier  mach 6  stereotyping  first  used  in  Paris  for  books " 

Bullock's  web-perfecting  press,  which  prints  on  both  sides 
from  a  continuous  roll  or  web  of  paper,  self-feeding,  patented 

by  William  Bullock  of  Pittsburg,  Pa 14  Apr.  1863 

The  linotype,  a  type-casting  machine,  operated  by  a  lettered 
key-board,  the  invention  of  Ottmar  Mergenthaler  of  Balti- 
more, Md.,  and  covered  by  numerous  patents,  is  perfected. .  1888 

[This  machine  sets  up  the  type  matrices,  justifies  each 
line,  makes  metal  casts  for  printing,  and  distributes  the  ma- 
trices at  the  rate  of  from  3600  to  6000  ems  per  hoar.] 
Printing  was  introduced  into  the  13  original  states  of  the  U.S. 
by  the  following  nanoed  persons  at  the  tinoe  and  place  noted: 

Massachusetts Cambridge Stephen  Daye 1639 

Virginia. Williamsburg John  Buckner 1680-82 

Pennsylvania near  Philadelphia.. William  Bradford 1685 

New  York New  York  city William  Bradford 1693 

Connecticut New  London Thomas  Short 1709 

Maryland Annapolis William  Parks 1726 

South  Carolina Charleston Eleazer  Phillips 1730 

Rhode  Island Newport James  Franklin 1732 

New  Jersey .....  Woodbridge James  Parker 1751 

North  Carolina New-Berne James  Davis 1749 

New  Hampshire Portsmouth Daniel  Fowle 1756 

Delaware Wilmington James  Adams 1761 

Georgia Savannah James  Johnston 1762 


printings  In  eolor§  was  first  done  with  blocks  tl 
imitate  the  initial  vari-colored  letters  of  MSS.,  as  in  Coster'j 
"Speculum  Humanjc  Salvationis"  of  1438,  and  the  Ment 
"Psalter"  of  Faust,  1455.  Stenochromy,  or  printing  in  8ev< 
eral  colors  at  one  impression,  and  chromo-lithography,  printing 
from  a  number  of  separate  stones,  one  for  each  color,  are  the 
processes  of  color-printing  in  general  use.  The  latter  ha 
reached  high  perfection.  Prang,  in  the  famous  chrome 
"Family  Scene  in  Pompeii,"  used  43  separate  stones. 
"Hints  on  Color-printing,"  illustrated  by  printed  imitations 
of  chiaroscuro  and  of  colored  drawings,  giving  details  of  the 

process,  written  and  published  by  William  Savage 1819- 

Parisian  named  Lacroix  exhibits  at  the  Paris  industrial  fair 
specimens  of  female  heads  printed  in  tints  of  difierenl  colors, 

by  a  process  which  he  calls  lithochromy 182 

George  Baxter  issues  a  "Pictorial  Album,"  using  as  many  as 

20  diflerent  blocks  for  a  single  picture 18 

Storch  and  Kramer  of  Berlin  successfully  reproduce  oil  paint- 
ings by  chromo  lithography 1840 

Adams  poly-chromatic  press,  producing  a  number  of  colors  at 

1  impression  by  separate  inking  fountains,  invented ig 

Chromo-lithography  introduced  into  Philadelphia,  where  are 

produced  chromos  of  Washington  and  Lafayette 1849 

G.  C.  Leighton  begins  color-printing  by  machinery 1861 

Large  colored  prints  of  the  Illustrated  London  News  first  is- 
sued  Dec.  If 

Rubber  stamps.  Hand-stamps,  made  of  vulcanized  india-rubber, 

by  John  Leighton,  F.S.  A.,  about  1862,  and  patented 18645 

Bible  and  Books  for  early  records. 

priories,  religious  houses  next  in  dignity  below  abbeys, 
and  at  first  were  dependent  on  them,  are  mentioned  in  722  in 
England.  Abbeys.  Alien  priories  were  seized  by  the  king 
(Edward  I.)  in  1285,  and  in  succeeding  reigns  on  the  breaking 
out  of  war  with  France;  but  were  usually  restored  on  the  con- 
clusion of  peace.  These  priories  were  dissolved,  and  their 
estates  vested  in  the  crown,  3  Hen.  V.  l41-i.—Ei/mer'is  Fcedera. 
PriscillianiitS,  disciples  of  Priscillian,  a  Spanish 
bishop  who  was  accused  of  teaching  gnosticism  and  mani- 
chaeism,  372.  When  condemned  he  appealed  from  the  pope 
to  the  emperor,  but  was  beheaded  at  Treves,  385. 

prisoners,  Kulers  of  nations  as  noted  : 
Harold,  afterwards  II.  of  England,  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  France, 
1063(?);  imprisoned  by  count  Guy  of  I'onthieu.  who  at  the  request 
of  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  afterwards  William  I.  of  England, 
gave  Harold  to  him.     Harold,  to  gain  his  liberty,  swore  ou  holy 
relics  to  support  William's  claim  to  the  crown.     Hastings. 
Richard  I.  of  England,  returning  from  the  crusade  incognito,  taken 
prisoner  by  Leopold  V.,duke  of  Austria,  1192,  and  .sold  to  Henry 
VI.  of  Germany.     England  paid  300,000^.  for  his  release,  1194. 
David  II.  of  Scotland  captured  at  the  battle  of  Durham.  1346,  and 

detained  a  prisoner  for  11  years  by  Edward  HI.  of  England. 
John  II.  king  of  France,  taken  prisoner  by  the  Black  Prince  at  the 
battle  of  Poictiers,  1356;  gained  his  liberty,  1360;  his  son,  left  as 
hostiige,  having  fled,  John  returned  voluntarily  to  captivity,  and 
died  in  London,  1364. 
James  I.  of  Scotland,  captured  on  his  way  to  France,  when  11  years 
old,  by  Henry  IV.  of  England,  1405,  and  remained  a  captive  until 
1424,  when  liberated  by  Henry  V.,  the  Scots  paying  40,000/.  as  the 
cost  of  his  maintenance  while  a  prisoner. 
Francis  I.  of  France,  prisoner  to  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  cnptured  at 
the  battle  of  Pavia,  1525,  only  regains  his  liberty  by  ceding  to 
Charles  Burgundy  and  Milan,  21  Feb.  1626. 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  passing  voluntarily  into  England,  1.568,  im- 
prisoned 19  years,  and  executed  by  order  of  Elizabeth,  H  P'eb.  1587. 
Napoleon  I.  of  France,  surrendering  to  the  English,  1815,  impris- 
oned by  them  on  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  where  he  d.  1821. 

prisoners  of  war,  among  the  ancient  nations,  when 
spared,  were  usually  enslaved.     About  the  13th  century,  civ- 
ilized nations  began  to  exchange  their  prisoners. 
Spanish,  French,  and  American  prisoners  of  war  in  England 

were  12,000  in  number 30  Sept.  1779 

Number  exchanged  by  cartel  with  France,  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  then  war.  was  44,000 June,  1781 

English  prisoners  in  France  estimated  at  6000,  and  the  French 

in  England  27,000 Sept.  1798 

English  in  France  amounted  to  10,300,  and  the  French,  etc., 

in  England  to  47,600 1811 

Great  numbers  made  by  the  Germans  in  the  war 1870-71 

AMERICAN  CIVIL  WAR. 
No  official  record  of  the  number  of  prisoners  captured  or  exchanged 
during  the  civil  war  has  at  this  writing  (1894)  been  compiled. 
Complete  figures  are  promised  in  series  2  of  the  official  records 
of  the  war  department,  now  being  published.  Early  in  1864  the 
secretary  of  war  reported  the  number  of  captures  during  the  war 
as  follows:  1  lieutenant-general,  5  major-generals,  25  brigadier- 
generals,  186  colonels,  146  lieutenant-colonels,  244  majors,  2497 
captains,  5811  lieutenants,  16,563  non-commissioned  officers, 
121,156  privates,  and  5800  citizens,  a  total  of  152,434.  There  had 
been  exchanged  up  to  that  time  121,937  confederates,  against 
110,866  Union  soldiers  returned.  On  14  June,  1862,  a  conference 
was  held  on  the  banks  of  the  Chickahominy,  between  col.  Thomas 


PRI 

M.  Key  and  gen.  Howell  Cobb,  regarding  the  exchange  of  prisoners 
of  war.  A  cartel  was  signed  by  maj.-gen.  John  A.  Dix,  U.  S.  A., 
and  maj.-gen.  D.  H.  Hill,  C.  S.  A.,  at  Haxall's  Landing,  on  the 
James  river,  Va.,  22  July,  and  announced  in  public  order  25  Sept. 
The  value  of  prisoners  was  to  be  rank  for  rank,  or  60  privates  for 
a  commanding  general-in-chief,  40  for  a  major-general,  20  for  a 
brigadier-general,  15  for  a  colonel,  10  for  a  lieutenant-colonel,  etc. 
An  act  of  the  Confederate  Congress,  1  May,  1863,  to  punish  by 
death  or  otherwise,  commanders  of  negro  troops  captured  in  bat- 
tle, stopped  exchanges  except  by  agreement  between  generals  in 
the  field.  The  matter  was  placed  in  charge  of  lieut. -gen.  Grant, 
15  Oct.  1864,  and  negotiations  renewed  for  exchange  of  all  prison- 
ers. Between  1  Jan.  and  20  Oct.  1865,  there  were  in  the  custody 
of  the  U.  S.  98,802  prisoners  of  war;  of  these  1955  enlisted  in  the 
service  of  the  U.  S.,  63,442  were  released  after  cessation  of  hostili- 
ties, and  33,127  were  exchanged;  besides  these,  174,223  prisoners 
surrendered  in  the  Confederate  armies,  and  were  released  on 
parole. 

pri§OIl§  and  penitCIltiarie§.     Prison  reform  in 
England  began  with  the  efforts  of  John  Howard  (1726-90), 
who  was  appointed  sheriff  of  Bedford  in  1773,  and  made  a 
personal  investigation  of  English  prisons.     Between  1775  and 
1783  Howard  travelled  on  the  Continent,  finding  the  prisons 
there  on  the  whole  superior  to  those  of  England.     At  Augs- 
;  burg  he  found  instruments  of  torture  and  dungeons  for  people 
convicted  of  witchcraft.     In  Russia  he  saw  the  different  in- 
;  struments  of  death  and  torture:  the  axe  and  block,  a  machine 
f  for  breaking  arms  and  legs,  a  knife  for  slitting  noses,  the  cat, 
t  knout,  etc.     Of  the  prison  at  Venice,  the  best  he  could  say 
i  was,  "  Mercifully  there  were  no  irons,  happily  there  was  no 
i  fever."     Holland   was   in    advance   in   reform,  and  Howard 
writes,  "  I  know  not  which  to  admire  most :  the  neatness  and 
■  cleanliness  appearing  in  the  prisons,  the  industry  and  regu- 
i  lar  conduct  of  the  prisoners,  or  the  humanity  and  attention  of 
I  the  magistrates  and  governors."     Howard  died  at  Kherson, 
'  southern  Russia,  on  his  way  to  Constantinople.     Of  English 
!  prisons  at  this  period,  Joseph  Kingsmill,  chaplain  of  the  Pen- 
•■  tonville  prison,  says :  "  The  state  of  prisons  in  England  when 
!  the  illustrious  Howard  began  his  work  of  inspection  was  in 
:  the  highest  degree  disgraceful  to  the  nation.     A  committal 
!  to  prison  was,  in  fact,  equivalent  in  many  cases  to  a  sentence 
I  of  death  by  some  frightful  disease;  and  in  all,  to  the  utmost 
•  extremes  of  hunger  and  cold.     One  of  these  diseases,  gener- 
ated by  the  want  of  proper  ventilation,  warmth,  cleanliness,  and 
;  food,  became  known  as  the  jail-fever.     It  swept  away  hundreds 
jevery  year,  and  sent  out  others  on  their  liberation  miserably 
{enfeebled.     The  keeper  cared  for  none  of  these  things;  his 
;  highest  duty  was  to  keep  his  prisoners  safe,  and  his  highest 
aspiration  the  fees  squeezed  out  of  their  miserable  relatives." 
lEnglish  Parliament  enacts  laws  abolishing  prison  fees,  and  for 

I    improving  the  sanitary  condition  of  jails 1774 

(Prison  built  at  Horsham',  on  Howard's  plan,  by  duke  of  Rich- 

:    mond 1776 

iFirst  of  John  Howard's  works  on  prisons,  ''The  State  of 

1    Prisons  in  England  and  Wales,"  pub 1777 

iGloucester  jail,  England,  on  the  solitary  plan,  completed 1792 

;Elizabeth  Fry  begins  her  mission  to  the  female  prisoners  in 

1    Newgate about  1813 

IPrison  Discipline  Society  of  England,  for  the  amelioration  of 
jails,  the  classification  and  employment  of  prisoners,  and  the 

I    prevention  of  crime,  instituted 1815 

IRoyal  Prison  Society  of  France  organized 1819 

iPenitentiary  at  Millbank,  on  plan  of  Jeremy  Bentham  in  his 

'    "Panopticon;  or,  the  Inspection  House,"  completed 1821 

jricket-of-leave  legalized  by  statute  in  England 1834 

Separate  system  of  imprisonment  first  tried  in  the  prisons  of 

Ghent 1835 

Juvenile  prison  at  Parkhurst,  in  the  isle  of  Wight,  opened 1838 

jCellular  prison  at  Pentonville,  England,  opened 1842 

iPirst  prison  congress,  proposed  by  DucpiStiaux,  inspector  gen- 

'    eral  of  prisons  in  Belgium,  meets  at  Frankfort-on-the  Main,  1845 

International  prison  congress  at  Brussels 1846 

*^ew  system  of  imprisonment  in  England,  under  which  con- 
victs pass  through  the  prisons  of  Pentonville,  Millbank,  and 
Portsmouth  before  being  conditionally  released,  is  adopted. .  1847 
[rish  convict,  or  Crofton  system,  attributed  to  Alexander  Mac- 
;   onochie  in  1840,  introduced  by  sir  Walter  Crofton  into  Ire- 
land   1854 

nternatioual  prison  congress  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main 1857 

Joward  Association  in  England  instituted 1866 

'arole  system  adopted  in  the  German  empire 1871 

^irst  International  prison  congress  meets  in  London. .  .3  July,  1872 

''arole  system  adopted  in  Japan " 

,'ontrol  of  jails  in  England  vested  in  a  body  of  prison  com- 

;  missioners  appointed  by  the  home  secretary,  by  act  of. 1877 

nternatioual  prison  congress  meets  at  Stockholm 1878 

I'risoners'  aid  societies;  Prison  Charities  act  passed  by  British 

;  Parliament 1882 

'arole  system  adopted  in  France 1885 

nternatioual  prison  congress  meets  at  Rome " 

Centenary  of  the  death  of  John  Howard  celebrated 20  Jan.  1890 


661 


PRI 

International  prison  congress  at  St.  Petersburg,  19  June  et  seq.  1890 
Receiving  house  for  discharged  prisoners  was  opened  by  gen. 
Booth  at  30  Argyle  square,  London 1891 

prisons  and  penitentiaries  in  the  United  States. 
The  tirst  prison-reform  association  in  the  world,  called  the 
"Philadelphia   Society  for  Assisting  Distressed  Prisoners," 
was  formed  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  2  Feb.  1776,  but  owing  to  the 
Revolution  dissolved  the  following  year;  was  reorganized  8 
May,  1787,  and  is  still  in  existence.     The  next  oldest  existing 
prison  association  is  that  of  New  York  state,  founded  in  1846. 
It  was  through  the  efforts  of  its  secretary,  rev.  dr.  E.  C.  Wines, 
inspired  by  count  Sollohub  of  Russia,  that  the  international 
prison  congress  now  existing  was  organized  ;  the  first  meeting 
held  at  Middle  Temple,  London,  3  July,  1872. 
Congress  recommends  to  the  several  states  to  make  it  the 
duty  of  keepers  of  jails  to  receive  prisoners  committed  un- 
der authority  of  the  U.  S 23  Sept.  1789 

Law  passed  by  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  to  try  the  system 

of  solitary  confinement  of  prisoners  at  hard  labor 1790 

Society  for  the  improvement  of  prison  discipline  and  for  the 

reformation  of  juvenile  offenders,  organized  in  Boston 1815 

Construction  of  Auburn  (N.  Y.)  prison  begun,  1816,  and  the 

congregate  system  established  there  by  capt.  Elam  Lynde. . .  1824 
House  of  Refuge  on  BlackwelPs  island,  the  first  institution  for 

juvenile  delinquents  in  the  U.  S.,  opened 1825 

Eastern  penitentiary  in  Philadelphia,  on  the  solitary-confine- 
ment plan,  which  was  taken  as  a  model  for  the  English  prison 
at  Pentonville,  and  of  prisons  in  Paris,  Belgium,  Holland, 
Germany,  Sweden,  Norwav,  Denmark,  etc.,  authorized  by 

legislature  of  1821,  and  opened 25  Oct.  1829 

First  boys'  reformatory  in  the  U.  S.,  upon  the  family  or  cot- 
tage system,  established  at  Lancaster,  0 1858 

Hospital  for  insane  criminals,  the  first  in  the  U.  S.,  established 

at  Auburn,  N.  Y '« 

Act  of  Congress  passed  directing  marshals  to  be  appointed  and 
prisons  to  be  established  for  American  prisoners,  1  in  Japan, 

4  in  China,  1  in  Turkey,  and  1  in  Siam 22  June,  1860 

Contract  system  of  leasing  prisoners  in  southern  prisons  to 
private  parties,  begins  with  the  Mississippi  penitentiary, 

21  Feb.  1867 
National  Prison  Association  organized  at  Cincinnati,  0.,  Ruth- 
erford B.  Hayes  presiding 12  Oct.  1870 

Territorial  penitentiaries  i)laced  under  control  of  the  U.  S. 
marshal,  and  U.  S.  attorney-general  authorized  to  prescribe 

rules  for  their  government  by  act  of  Congress 10  Jan.  1871 

U.  S.  military  prison  established  at  fort  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  by 

act  of  Congress 21  May,  1874 

U.  S.  jail  located  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  by  act  of. 16  Mch.  1886 

Contract  labor  in  prisons  of  New  York  state  abolished July,  1888 

Congress  authorizes  3  U.  S.  prisons:  1  north  and  1  south  of 
39°  N.  lat.  and  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  the  other  west 
of  the  Rocky  mountains 3  Mch.  1891 


Year. 
1850 


U.  S.  PKISON    STATISTICS. 

No.  of  prisonerB. 


Ratio  to  population. 

737 1  out  of  3422 

1860 19,086 ; 1    "     "   1647 

1870 32,901 1    "     "  1171 

1880 68,609 1    "     "     855 

1890 79,621 1    "     "  786.5 

["  It  is  estimated  by  the  best  authorities  that  not  over  one  third 
of  the  criminals  are  in  prison  at  any  one  time." — Boies,  Prisons 
and  Paupers,  p.  87.] 

privateer,  an  armed  ship  of  private  owners,  licensed 
(letter  of  marque)  by  a  government  at  war,  to  seize  and  plunder 
the  ships  of  the  enemy.  The  practice,  said  to  have  been  adopted 
by  Edward  I.  against  the  Portuguese  in  1295,  was  general  dur- 
ing the  war  between  Spain  and  the  Netherlands  in  the  17th 
century,  and  during  the  last  Anglo-French  war.  During  the 
war  of  1812-15  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
the  American  privateers  did  great  damage  to  British  com- 
merce, having  taken,  burned,  and  destroyed  about  1780  British 
merchantmen  of  all  classes,  while  the  British  captured  about 
500  of  the  American  merchantmen.  The  American  privateers 
numbered  250,  46  of  which  were  letters  of  marque.  Priva- 
teering was  abolished  by  the  great  sovereigns  of  Europe  by 
treaty,  30  Mch.  1856.  The  U.  S.  government  refused  to  agree 
unless  the  right  of  blockade  was  also  given  up.  The  British 
government  declined  this,  asserting  "  that  the  system  of  com- 
mercial blockade  was  essential  to  its  naval  supremacy."  On 
17  Apr.  1861,  Jefferson  Davis,  president  of  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy, announced  his  intention  of  issuing  letters  of  marque, 
and  on  the  19th  pres.  Lincoln  proclaimed  that  all  southern 
privateers  should  be  treated  as  pirates.  This  decree  was  not 
carried  out.  All  the  great  powers  forbade  privateering  during 
the  American  civil  war.  Among  the  principal  Confederate 
privateers  were  the  following:  The  Savannah  ran  the  block- 
ade at  Charleston,  S.  C,  2  June,  1861,  captured  4  June;  the 
Sumter  ran  the  blockade  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  July,  1861,  sold 


PRI 


662 


PRO 


Apr.  1862 ;  the  Jeff.  Davis  escaped  from  Charleston,  July,  1861, 
wrecked  in  Aiij^. ;  the  Nashville  escaped  from  Charleston,  Oct. 
1861,  destroyed  by  the  Montauk,  1  Mch.  1863;  the  FloHda, 
built  at  Birkenhead,  near  Liverpool,  received  her  armament  at 
sea,  entered  Mobile  harbor,  Aug.  1862,  escaped  from  that  port, 
Jan.  1863,  captured  by  the  Wachusett,  Oct.  1864,  and  after- 
wards sunk  by  collision  in  Hampton  Koads;  the  Alabama^ 
built  at  Liverpool,  escaped  29  July,  1862,  destroyed  by  the 
Kearsarye,  19  June,  1864.  It  is  estimated  that  during  the  war 
30  vessels  of  all  description  were  employed  by  the  confederates. 
Alabama  claims.  By  the  treaty  of  Washington  privateer- 
ing was  prohibited. 

privy  COUIieil  of  England.  A  council  was  instituted 
by  Alfred,  895.  The  number  of  the  council  was  about  12  when 
it  discharged  the  functions  of  state,  now  confined  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  cabinet ;  but  it  had  become  unwieldy  in  number 
before  1679,  when  it  was  remodelled  upon  sir  William  Temple's 
plan,  and  reduced  to  30  members,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  being  president.     The  number  is  now  unlimited. 

privy  §cal,  the  lord,  the  5th  great  officer  of  the  British 
empire,  has  the  custody  of  the  privy  seal,  which  he  must  not 
put  to  any  grant  without  good  warrant  under  the  sovereign's 
signet.  This  seal  is  used  by  the  sovereign  to  all  charters, 
grants,  and  pardons  signed  before  they  come  to  the  great  seal. 

prize-flglltillgr*     Boxing. 

prize-money,  arising  from  captures  made  from  the 
enemy,  was  decreed  by  the  English  government  to  be  divided 
into  8  equal  parts,  and  distributed  by  order  of  ranks,  17  Apr. 
1703.  The  distribution  of  army  prize-money  is  regulated  by 
an  act  passed  in  1832.  Naval  prize-money  is  now  regulated 
by  royal  proclamation ;  the  last,  19  May,  1866.  In  the  United 
States  Congress  decreed  in  1812  that  in  the  distribution  of 
prize-money  arising  from  the  captures  by  national  vessels,  one 
half  should  go  to  the  government,  and  the  other  half,  divided 
into  20  equal  parts,  should  be  distributed  by  order  of  rank. 

probability,  Theory  of  (termed  by  Butler,  "  the  guide 
of  life ;"  by  Laplace,  "  good  sense  reduced  to  calculation  "),  was 
originated  by  Pascal,  and  taken  up  by  Fermat,  in  their  corre- 
spondence in  1654. 
Its  object  is  "  the  determination  of  the  number  of  ways  in  which  an 

event  may  ha|)pen  or  fail,  in  order  that  we  may  jiklge  whether 

the  chances  of  its  happening  or  failing  are  greater." — Jevons. 
It  has  been  treated  upon  by  the  most  eminent  mathematicians— viz. , 

the  Bernouillis,  De  Moivre,  D'Alembert,  Ealer,  Lagrange,  Laplace, 

and  Quetelet. 
Isaac  Todhunter's  copious  "  History  of  Probability,"  pub.  1865. 

proeoi1§lll,a  Roman  consul,  whose  tenure  of  office  was 
extended  beyond  his  legal  term.  Q.  Publilius  was  the  first  pro- 
consul appointed  during  the  Parthenope  war,  327  b.c.  The 
name  was  afterwards  given  to  the  governors  of  provinces. 

I*rocru§te§,  a  famous  mythical  robber  of  Attica,  killed 
by  Theseus.  His  method  of  bringing  all  travellers  captured  to 
the  length  of  his  bed,  by  cutting  off  their  limbs  if  too  long,  or 
stretching  them  if  too  short,  originated  the  word  procrustean, 
for  reducing  by  violence  to  strict  conformity  to  a  law,  measure, 
or  model ;  producing  uniformity  by  deforming  force. 

proctor  (from  procurator),  an  office  in  English  ecclesi- 
astical courts,  corresponding  to  that  of  an  attorney  or  solicitor 
in  courts  of  common-law.  It  was  abolished  by  the  Judicature 
act,  1873.  The  persons  chosen  to  represent  the  clergy  in  con- 
vocation are  termed  proctors.  The  university  proctors  enforce 
discipline. 

profiles.  The  first  profile  taken,  as  recorded,  was  that 
of  Antigonus,  who,  having  but  one  eye,  his  likeness  was  so 
taken,  330  ^.c.—Ashe.  "  Until  the  end  of  the  3d  century  I 
have  not  seen  a  Roman  emperor  with  a  full  face ;  they  were 
always  painted  or  appeared  in  profile,  which  gives  us  the  view 
of  a  head  in  a  very  majestic  manner." — Addison.  Old  Man 
OF  THK  Mountain. 

prog^ressionist  theory  supposes  that  species  of 

animals  and  plants  were  not  originally  created,  but  were  grad- 
ually developed  from  one  simple  form.    Evolution,  Speciks. 

Prohibition  party.     Political  parties. 

pronuneiamen'to  (in  Spain  or  South  America),  a 
proclamation  or  formal  announcement  of  policy,  usually  by  a 
revolutionary  leader.     France,  Spain. 


Propaganda  fide,  Congregatio  de  (congregation 
for  the  propagation  of  the  faith  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church), 
was  constituted  at  Rome  by  Gregory  XV.  in  1622 ;  the  college 
in  1627.  J 


prophets.    Jews. 
proprietaries, 
prose  writers. 
Protectionists. 


Pennsylvania,  1746,  '55,  '68,  '79.  , 

LlTEKATUKE.  ; 

Political   parties;   Tariff j 
United  States,  1790,  and  throughout.  ,, 

protectorates  in  England.  That  of  the  earl  of 
Pembroke,  19  Oct.  1216,  ended  by  his  death,  1218.  Of  Hum* 
phrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  began  31  Aug.  1422  ;  he  was  seized 
11  Feb.  1447,  and  found  dead  a  few  days  after.  Of  Richard^ 
duke  of  (iloucester,  began  May,  1483,  and  ended  by  his  as- 
suming the  royal  dignitj',  26  June,  the  same  year.  Of  Som- 
erset, began  28  Jan.  1547,  and  ended  by  his  resignation  in  1549, 
Of  Oliver  Cromwell,  began  16  Dec.  1653,  and  ended  by  hi| 
death,  3  Sept.  1658.  Of  Richard  Cromwell,  began  3  Sept.  1658, 
and  ended  by  his  resignation,  25  May,  1659.     England. 

pro'teine  (from  Gr.  irpuJTsiov,  principal),  a  chemicii 
terra  introduced  by  Mulder  about  1844  for  the  basis  of  albil* 
men,  fibrine,  and  caseine. 
Protestant  Episcopal  church.  Church. 
Protestants.  The  emperor  Charles  V.  called  a  diei 
at  Spires  in  1529  to  request  aid  from  the  German  princel 
against  the  Turks,  and  to  devise  means  for  allaying  the  relig- 
ious disputes  which  then  raged  owing  to  Luther's  opijosition 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy.  Against  a  decree  of  this  diet, 
to  support  the  doctrines  of  the  church  of  Rome,  6  Lutheran 
princes,  with  the  deputies  of  13  imperial  towns,  formally  and 
solemnly  protested,  19  Apr.  1529.  Hence  the  term  Protestants 
was  given  to  the  followers  of  Luther;  it  afterwards  included  Cal- 
vinists,  and  other  sects  separated  from  the  see  of  Rome.  The  6 
protesting  princes  were:  John,elector  of  Saxony;  George,  mar- 
grave of  Brandenburg ;  Ernest  and  Francis,  the  dukes  of  Lunen- 
burg; the  landgrave  of  Hesse;  and  the  prince  of  Anhalt.  These 
were  joined  by  the  citizens  of  Strasburg,  Nuremberg,  Ulm,  Con- 
stance, Heilbron,  and  7  other  cities.  Calvinists,  Church  of 
England,  Germany,  Huguenots,  Lutherans,  etc. 

Protestants  persecuted  in  Scotland  and  Germany 1546 

Edward  VL  established  Protestantism  in  England 1518 

Mary  re-establishes  Romanism, and  persecutes  the  Protestants: 

above  300  put  to  death 1553-58 

Ridley,  bishop  of  London,  and  Latimer,  bishop  of  Worcester, 
were  burned  at  Oxford,  16  Oct.  1555;  and  Cranmer,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury 21  Mch.  1556 

[During  3  years  of  Mary's  reign,  277  persons  were  brought 
to  the  stake;  besides  those  punished  by  imprisonment,  fines, 
and  confiscations.  Among  those  who  suffered  death  by  fire 
were  5  bishops,  21  clergymen,  8  lay  gentlemen,  84  tradesmen, 
100  husbandmen,  servants,  and  laborers,  55  women,  and  4 
children.  The  principal  agents  of  the  queen  were  the  bish- 
ops Gardiner  and  Bonner.] 

Elizabeth  restores  Protestantism 1558 

Protestant  settlements  formed  in  Ulster,  N.  Ireland 1608-11 

Protestant  union  of  princes  in  Germany,  4  May,  1608;  met  last, 

May,  1621 
Thirty  yeaks'  war  between  Romanists  and  Protestants  in 

Germany 1618-48 

Protestants  persecuted  at  Thorn,  in  Poland 1724 

Protestant  Association  (Gordon's  "No  Popery"  riots) 1780 

Pan-Protestant  conference  held  at  Worms  (about  1000  dele- 
gates)   31  May,  1869 

Meeting  of  a  general  synod  of  the  Reformed  church  of  France 
(M.  Guizot  present)  to  propose  return  to  early  doctrine  and 

discipline,  held  at  Paris 7  June,  1872 

pro'toplasin,  the  material  of  the  minute  ultimate  par- 
ticles of  all  animal  and  vegetable  tissues,  termed  "the  physi- 
cal basis  of  life  "by  Huxley  (1868).  The  protamoeba,  the 
lowest  form  of  life,  is  a  structureless  mass  of  protoplasm  ;  the 
amoeba,  a  similar  mass,  contains  a  nucleus.  Protoplasm  is 
composed  of  carbonic  acid,  water,  and  ammonia. 

Provence  {pro-voms'}  (the  Roman  Provincia),  a  prov- 
ince of  S.E.  France,  now  included  mostly  in  the  departments  of 
Alpes  Maritimes,  Bouches-du-Rhone,  and  the  Var,  was  made  a 
kingdom  by  the  emperor  Lothaire  for  his  son  Charles.  It  after- 
wards became  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Aries  as  a  feudal  fief,  and 
was  reunited  to  the  German  empire  in  1032  by  Conrad  IL  On 
the  fall  of  the  Hohenstaufens  it  was  acquired  by  Charles  of  An- 
jou,  who  married  the  heiress  of  the  count  in  1245,  and  became 
king  of  Naples  in  1268 ;  and  was  held  by  his  successors  till  its  an- 


I 


PRO 


G63 


PRU 


nexation  to  France  by  Charles  VIII.  in  1487.  In  this  region  in 
tlie  1 1  th  centurj'  Provencal  literature  first  made  its  appearance. 
It  look  a  poetic  form  and  gave  rise  to  the  Troubadour  poetry  and 
music  which  lasted  until  the  14th  century.     Troubadour. 

proverbs.  The  book  of  Proverbs  by  Solomon  is  dated 
about  1000  B.C.  The  latter  part  was  collected  by  order  of 
Hezekiah  about  700  b.c.  Ray's  collection  of  English  proverbs 
appeared  in  1672,  and  Bohn's  general  collection  in  1857.  Al- 
fred Henderson's  "  Latin  Proverbs,"  1869. 

provincial  a§§eilll>lie§,  congresses  and  conven- 
tions.    New  York,  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  1760-89. 

provisional  army.  The  course  of  the  French  gov- 
ernment (Directory)  towards  the  government  of  the  United 
States  became  so  aggressive  and  insolent  during  the  years 
1797-98  that  the  U.  S.  decided  to  take  measures  for  defence 
and  retaliation.  To  this  end,  therefore,  an  addition  to  the 
army  of  10,000  men  was  ordered  by  Congress  in  1798,  and 
officers  commissioned,  with  Washington  as  lieutenant-general 
and  commander-in-chief.  Although  commissions  were  issued 
to  the  officers,  the  men  were  never  called  out  and  no  money 
disbursed.  This  provisional  army  was  held  in  readiness  until 
the  summer  of  1800,  when  it  was  disbanded.  See  list  of  gen- 
eral officers  under  army.     Navy;  United  States,  1798. 

provisions,  prices  of,  in  England,  remarkable  state- 
ments concerning  them.  The  high  value  of  money  and  the 
non-existence  of  produce  and  stock  exchanges  at  the  time 
must  be  borne  in  mind. 

Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  act  passed  11  Aug.  1875. 
Wheat  for  food  for  100  men  for  1  day  worth  only  Is.,  and  a  sheep 
for  id.,  Henry  I.  about  1130.     The  price  of  wine  raised  to  6(1.  per 
quart  for  red  and  Sd.  for  white,  that  the  sellers  might  be  enabled 
to  live  by  it,  2  John,  1200. — Burton's  Annals. 
When  wheat  was  at  6s.  per  quarter  the  farthing  loaf  was  to  be  equal 
in  weight  to  24  ounces  (made  of  the  whole  grain)  and  to  16  the 
white.     \Vhen  wheat  was  Is.  6d.  per  quarter,  the  farthing  white 
loaf  was  to  weigh  64  ounces  and  the  whole  grain  (the  same  as 
standard  now)  96,  by  the  first  assize,  1202. — Mat.  Paris. 
A  remarkable  plenty  in  all  Europe,  1280. — Dufresnoy. 
Wheat  Is.  per  quarter,  14  Edw.  I.  \2m.—Stow. 
Price  of  provisions  fixed  by  the  common  council  of  London  as  fol- 
lows: 2  pullets,  3  halfpence;  a  partridge,  or  2  woodcocks,  3  half- 
pence; a  fat  lamb,  6d.  from  Christmas  to  Shrovetide,  the  rest  of 
the  year  4(i.,  29  Edw.  I.  1299.— Sftow. 
Price  of  provisions  fixed  by  Parliament:  at  the  rate  of  2^.  8s.  of  our 
money  for  a  fat  ox;  if  fed  with  corn,  %l.  12s. ;  a  shorn  sheep,  5s. ; 
2  dozen  of  eggs,  3d. ;  other  articles  nearly  the  same  as  fixed  by 
the  common  council  above  recited,  7  Edw.  II.  1313. — Rot.  Pari. 
Wine,  the  best  sold  for  20s.  per  tun,  10  Rich.  II.  1387. 
Wheat  at  Is.  Id.  the  bushel  in  1390,  was  deemed  so  high  that  it  is 

called  a  dearth  of  corn  by  the  historians  of  that  era. 
Be  'f  and  pork  settled  at  a  halfpenny  the  pound,  and  veal   3  far- 

tiiings,  by  act  of  Parliament,  24  Hen.  VIII.  1533. —Anderson. 
Document  from  a  "  Book  of  the  Joint  Diet,  Dinner  and  Supper,  and 
the  Charge  thereof,  for  Cranmer,  Latimer,  and  Ridley,"  kept  by 
the  bailiffs  of  Oxford,  while  they  were  in  their  custody : 

1   Oct.  1554.      DINNER. 

Bread  and  ale 2d. 

Oysters Id. 

Butter ; 2d. 


I^yng 

A  piece  of  fresh  salmon. 

Wine 

Cheese  and  pears.* 


8d. 
lOd. 
3d. 
2d. 


The  3  dinners 2s.    6d. 

Milk  sold  3  pints  ale-measure  for  1  halfpenny,  2  Eliz.  IZQO.—Stow' s 
Chronicle. 

provisions,  prices  of,  in  the  United  States.     Tarifp^, 
Wages. 

Prussia,  a  kingdom  of  central  Europe.  The  country 
A\  as  anciently  possessed  bj^  the  Veneti,  about  320  b.c.  They 
were  conquered  by  the  Borussi,  who  inhabited  the  Riphaean 
mountains;  and  from  these  the  country  was  called  Borussia. 
.Some  historians  deriv^e  the  name  from  Po,  signifying  near,  and 
[Russia,  The  Porussi  afterwards  intermixed  with  the  followers 
|of  the  Teutonic  knights,  and  latterly  with  the  Poles.  Hohen- 
zoLLERN.  The  constitution,  established  31  Jan.  1850,  was 
imodified  30  Apr.  1851 ;  21  May,  5  June,  1852  ;  7  and  24  May, 
,1853;  10  June,  1854;  30  May,  1855  ;  15  May,  1857;  17  May, 
jl867 ;  27  Mch.  1872 ;  5  Apr.  1873 ;  18  June,  1875 ;  19  Feb. 
|1879;  and  27  May,  1888.  Area,  1713,  43,400  sq.  miles,  pop. 
'rl,73l,000 ;  1797,  118,000  sq.  miles,  pop.  8,700,000 ;  1816,  106,- 
1^20  sq.  miles,  pop.  10,349,031 ;  1867,  134,463  sq.  miles,  pop. 
?3,971,,337  ;    1890,  134,463  sq.  miles,  pop.  29,955,281. 


St.  Adalbert  arrives  in  Prussia  to  preach  Christianity,  and  is 

slain about    997 

Boleslaus  of  Poland  revenges  his  death  by  dreadful  ravages. . .  1018 
Berlin  built  by  a  colony  from  the  Netherlands,  in  the  reign  of 

Albert  the  Bear 1163 

Teutonic  knights  returning  from  the  holy  wars,  undertake  the 

conquest  and  conversion  of  Prussia 1225 

Thorn  founded  by  them 1231 

KOnigsberg,  lately  built,  made  the  capital 1286 

[Largely  repeopled  by  German  colonists,  12th-13th  century.] 
Frederick  IV.  of  Nuremberg  (the  founder  of  the  reigning  fam- 
ily) obtains  by  purchase  from  Sigismund,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, the  margraviate  of  Brandenburg 1415 

Casimir  IV.  of  Poland  assists  the  natives  against  the  oppres- 
sion of  the  Teutonic  knights 1446 

Albert  of  Brandenburg,  grand-master  of  the  Teutonic  order, 
seizes  its  territories,  renounces  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
embraces  Lutheranism,  and  is  acknowledged  duke  of  East 

Prussia,  to  be  held  as  a  fief  of  Poland 1525 

University  of  Konigsberg  founded  by  duke  Albert 1544 

John  Sigismund  created  elector  of  Brandenburg  and  duke  of 

Prussia 16O8 

Principality  of  Halberstadt  and  the  bishopric  of  Minden  trans- 
ferred to  the  house  of  Brandenburg 1648 

Poland  obliged  to  acknowledge  Prussia  as  an  independent  state, 

under  Frederick  William,  surnamed  the  Great  Elector 1657 

Order  of  Concord  instituted  by  Christian  Ernest,  elector  of 
Brandenburg  and  duke  of  Prussia,  to  commemorate  the  part 

he  had  taken  in  restoring  peace  to  Europe 1660 

Frederick  III  ,  in  an  assembly  of  the  states,  crowns  his  own 
head  and  his  consort's;  is  proclaimed  king  of  Prussia  as 
Frederick  I.,  and  institutes  Order  of  the  Black_Eagle .  18  Jan.  1701 

Gueldres  taken  from  the  Dutch 1702 

Frederick  I.  seizes  NeufcH&tel  or  Neunburg,  and   purchases 

Tecklenburg 1707 

Principality  of  Meurs  added  to  Prussia 1712 

Frederick  IL  the  Great,  king,  who  made  the  Prussian  mon- 
archy rank  among  the  first  powers  of  Europe 1740 

Breslau  ceded  to  Prussia 1741 

Silesia,  Glatz,  etc. ,  ceded 1742 

Seven  Years'  war  (Battlks) 1756-63 

Frederick  II.  victor  at  Prague,  6  May;  defeated  at  Kolin,  18 

June;  victor  at  Rossbach .' 5  Nov.  1757 

Gen.  Lacy,  with  an  Austrian  and  Russian  army, marches  to  Berlin ; 

city  is  laid  under  contribution,  etc. ;  magazines  destroyed,  Oct.  1760 
Peace  of  Hubertsburg  ends  Seven  Years'  war;  part  of  Silesia 

gained  by  Prussia 15  Feb.  1763 

Shares  in  the  first  partition  of  Poland 1772 

Frederick  the  Great  d 17  Aug.  TTSfi-- 

Frederick  William  II.  invades  France 1792 

Joins  the  coalition  against  France 1793 

Shares  in  the  second  and  third  jiartition  of  Poland 1793-95 

Prussians  seize  Hanover 1801  and  1806 

Prussia  joins  the  allies  of  England  against  France 6  Oct.     " 

Fatal  battles  of  Jena  and  Auerstadt 14  Oct.     " 

[Nearly  all  the  monarchy  subdued  by  France.] 

Berlin  decree  promulgated 20  Nov.     " 

Peace  of  Tilsit 9  July,  1807 

Formation  of  the  Tugendbund,  a  patriotic  society  (promoted 

by  Von  Stein) " 

Convention  of  Berlin 5  Nov.  1808 

Schaunhorst  secretly  restores  the  army  by  the  system  of  re- 
serves, forming  a  nation  of  soldiers 1809-13 

People  rise  to  expel  the  French  from  Germany  at  the  king's 

appeal,  and  form  the  "  landwehr  "  or  militia 17  Mch.  1813 

Treaty  of  Paris 11  Apr.  1814 

Congress  of  Carlsbad 1  Aug.  1819 

Blucher  d.  in  Siles  a,  aged  77 12  Sept.     " 

[From  this  time  Prussia  pursued  a  peaceful  and  undis- 
turbed policy  until  1848.] 
Government    disputes   with    Roman    Catholic    clergy    begin, 

through  ultramontanism  of  the  Radziwill  family  since  1830..  1840 
Serious  attempt  made  on  the  life  of  the  king  by  an  assassin 

named  Tesch,  who  fired  2  shots  at  him 26  July,  1844 

Insurrection  in  Berlin 18  Mch.  1848 

Berlin  declared  in  a  state  of  siege 12  Nov.     " 

Constituent  assembly  dissolved;  the  king  issues  a  new  consti- 
tution  5  Dec.     " 

German  National  Assembly  elect  the  king  of  Prussia  "heredi- 
tary emperor  of  the  Germans  " 28  Mch.  1849 

King  declines  the  imperial  crown 29  Apr.     " 

Kingdom  put  under  martial  law 10  May,     " 

Bavaria  declares  for  an  imperial  constitution  with  the  king  of 

Prussia  at  its  head 8  Sept.     " 

Austria  protests  against  the  alliance  of  Prussia  with  the  minor 

states  of  Germany 12  Nov.     " 

New  constitution,  31  Jan. ;  the  king  takes  the  oath  required  by 

it 6  Feb.  1850 

Hanover  withdraws  from  the  Prussian  alliance 25  Feb.     " 

Treaty  signed  at  Munich  between  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony, 

and  Wiirtemberg  to  maintain  the  German  union 27  Feb.     " 

Wurtemberg  denounces  the  insidious  ambition  of  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  announces  a  league  with  Bavaria,  and  Saxony, 

under  the  sanction  of  Austria 15  Mch.     " 

Hesse- Darmstadt  withdraws  from  the  Prussian  league,  30  June,     " 
Convention  of  Olmutz  for  the  pacification  of  Germany,  29  Nov.     " 
150th  anniversary  of  the  Prussian  monarchy  celebrated,  18  Jan.  1851 
King  revives  the  council  of  state  as  it  existed  before  the  revo- 
lution of  1848 12  Jan.  1852 

Agrees  to  a  protocol  for  preservation  of  the  integrity  of  Tur- 
key, which  is  signed  at  Vienna .7  Apr.  1854 


PRU 

Declares  neutrality  in  the  war C  Sept.  and  Oct. 

E.xcluded  from  the  conferences  at  Vienna Feb. 

Disputes  with  Switzerland  (Nki'fch.\tkl)  . .  .Nov.  1856,  to  May, 

Mental  illness  of  the  king;  the  prince  of  Prussia  appointed  re- 
gent.   '-^3  Oct. 

Prince  of  Prussia  permanent  regent 7  Oct. 

Italian  war— Prussia  declares  its  neutrality,  but  arms  to  pro- 
tect Germany May  and  June, 

Kegent  announces  that  "the  Prussian  army  will  be  in  future 
the  Prussian  nation  in  arms  " 12  Jan. 

Regent  and  several  German  sovereigns  meet  the  emperor  of 
the  French  at  Badbn 15-17  June, 

Death  of  Frederick  William  IV.    Accession  of  William  I.,  2  Jan. 

Attempted  assassination  of  the  king  by  Becker,a  Leipsic  student, 
14  July ;  who  is  sentenced  to  20  years'  imprisonment,  23  Sept. 

King  and  queen  crowned  at  KOnigsberg;  he  declares  that  he 
will  reign  by  the  "grace  of  God" 18  Oct. 

Bill  for  making  the  ministry  responsible  passed 6  Mch. 

Chamber  of  Representatives  opposes  the  government  as  to 
length  of  military  service,  6  Mch. ;  and  resolves  to  discuss 
items  of  the  budget;  ministry  resigns;  king  will  not  accept 
the  resignation,  but  dissolves  the  chambers 11  Mch. 

Mmistry  (liberal)  resigns,  and  a  reactionary  Ciibinet  formed  un- 
der Van  der  Heydt 18  Mch. -12  Apr. 

Elections  go  against  the  government;  only  one  minister  elect- 
ed  ^fay. 

Van  der  Heydt  resigns;  succeeded  as  premier  by  the  count 
Bismarck-SchOnhausen,  23  Sept. ;  who  informs  the  chamber 
that  the  budget  is  deferred  till  1863;  the  chamber  protests 
against  this  as  unconstitutional 30  Sept. 

Chamber  of  Peers  passes  the  budget  without  the  amendments 
of  the  Chamber  of  RepresentJitives;  which  (by  237  against  2) 
resolves  that  the  act  is  unconstitutional 11  Oct. 

King  closes  the  session  (65th)  saying,  "The  budget  for  the 
year  1862,  as  decreed  by  the  Chamber  of  Representatives, 
having  been  rejected  by  the  Chamber  of  Peers  as  insufficient, 
the  government  is  under  the  necessity  of  controlling  the 
public  afl'airs  outside  the  constitution  " 13  Oct. 

Agitation  in  favor  of  the  constitution  proceeding;  passive  re- 
sistance adopted;  several  liberal  papers  suppressed Nov. 

Chambers  reassemble;  unconciliatory  address  from  the  king, 
U  Jan. ;  bold  reply  of  the  deputies;  adopted 23  Jan. 

They  recommend  neutrality  in  the  Polish  insurrection,  28  Feb. 

Violent  dissension  between  the  deputies  and  the  ministry,  May, 

Chamber  of  Deputies  address  the  king  on  their  relation  with 
the  ministry  and  the  state  of  the  country,  22  May;  the  king 
replies  that  his  ministers  possess  his  confidence,  and  ad- 
journs the  session 27  May, 

King  resolves  to  govern  without  a  parliament 

Press  severely  restricted,  1  June;  the  crown-prince  in  a  speech 
disavows  participation  in  the  recent  acts  of  the  ministry, 
5  June;  and  censures  them  in  a  letter  to  the  king,  6  July; 
reconciled  to  the  king 8  Sept. 

Motion  in  favor  of  the  rights  of  the  duchies  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein,  carried  2  Dec. ;  but  the  chamber  refuses  to  assent 
or  to  defray  the  expenses  of  war Dec. 

Chambers  dissolved Jan. 

[For  the  events  of  the  war,  Denmark.] 

Peace  with  Denmark  signed 30  Oct. 

Opening  of  the  chambers,  14  Jan. ;  revival  of  the  constitution- 
al agitation  for  control  over  the  army  budget 16  Jan. 

Deputies  having  rejected  the  budget,  the  bills  for  reorganizing 
the  army  and  increasing  the  fleet,  and  meeting  the  expense 
of  the  war  with  Denmark,  the  chamber  is  prorogued;  the 
government  will  rule  without  it 17  June, 

King  at  Carlsbad  issues  a  despotic  decree  appropriating  and  dis- 
posing of  the  revenue 5  July. 

Political  dinner  of  the  Liberal  deputies  prohibited  at  Cologne, 
and  forcibly  prevented  at  Overlahnstein,  in  Nassau.  .24  July, 

Convention  at  Gastein  signed 14  Aug. 

King  takes  possession  of  Lauenburg,  purchased  from  Austria 
with  his  own  money 15  Sept. 

Decree  asserting  Prussian  jurisdiction  over  Holstein. .  .11  Mch. 

Prussian  circular  asking  German  states  whether  they  will  sup- 
port Austria  or  Prussia  (they  profess  neutrality) 24  Mch. 

Prussia  prepares  for  war 27  Mch. 

French  government  professes  neutrality Apr. 

Austria  demands  the  demobilization  of  the  Prussian  army,  7 
Apr. ;  Bismarck  proposes  a  German  parliament 9  Apr. 

Great  meeting  at  Berlin  in  favor  of  peace 15  Apr. 

Blind's  attempt  to  assassinate  Bismarck  fails 7  May, 

Recriminatory  correspondence  between  Mendsdorfl"  (Austrian) 
and  Bismarck,  calling  for  disarmament April-May, 

Alliance  with  Italy May, 

Prussians  enter  Holstein ;  Austrians  retire 7  June, 

Meeting  of  the  Federal  diet  at  Frankfort;  the  demobilization  of 
the  Prussian  army  proposed  by  Austria;  voted  for  by  Bavaria, 
Saxony,  Hanover,  Hesse-Cassel,  Nassau,  and  others;  Prussia 
declares  the  Germanic  confederation  to  be  dissolved,  14  June, 

Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse  appointed  to  command  the  Federal 
army June, 

Prussians  declare  war  against  Hanover  and  Saxony. .  .15  June, 

Justificatory  manifestoes  issued  by  Austria  and  Prussia,17  June, 

Prussia  declares  war;  royal  manifesto  to  the  people.  .18  June, 

Prussians  occupy  Hanover  and  Hesse-Cassel,  Saxony  and  Nas- 
sau  16-20  June, 

Austrian  northern  army  enters  Silesia,  18  June;  joined  by  the 
Saxons about  19  June, 

Nearly  all  the  northern  states  join  Prussia about  23  June, 

Prince  Frederick  Charles  and  the  first  army,  and  the  army  of 
the  Elbe,  enter  Bohemia,  23  June;  victorious  in  severe  en- 


664 


PRU 


1854 
1855 
1857 


1858 
1859 
1860 

1861 


1866 


gagementsat  Liebenau,TQrnau,andPodoll,  26  June;  Huhner- 
wasser,  27  June;  MQnchengratz,  28  Juno;  Gitschin,  29  June,  186( 

Crown-prince  and  the  second  army  (of  Silesia)  enter  Bohemia, 
22  June;  repulsed  at  Trautenau,  27  June;  victorious  at  Soor 
and  Trautenau,  28  Juno;  KOniginhof. 29  June, 

Left  column  of  the  crown-prince's  army  defeat  the  Austrians  at 
Nachod,  27  Juno;  Skalicz,  28  June;  Scliweinschadel.29  June, 

Fruitless  victory  of  the  Hanoverians  at  Langensalza,  27  June; 
they  capitulate  to  the  Prussians 29  June, 

Communications  opened  between  the  2  armies 30  June, 

Command  assumed  by  the  king 1  July, 

Battle  of  KOniggratz,  or  Sadowa;  total  defeat  of  the  Austrians 
under  Benedek 3  July, 

Benedek  superseded  by  the  archduke  Albrecht 8  July, 

Campaign  of  the  army  under  Vogel  von  Falkenstein  against  the 
army  of  the  confederation,  under  princes  Charles  of  Bavaria 
and  Alexander  of  Hesse;  Prussian  victories  at  Wiesenthal  and 
Dermbach,  4  July;  Hammelburg  and  Kissingen 10  July, 

Advance  of  the  united  armies  under  the  king;  cavalry  skirmish 
at  Saar;  Austrians  retire 10  July, 

Prince  Frederick  Charles  enters  Brunn,  capital  of  Moravia, 

12  July, 

Campaign  on  the  Main  :  Prussian  victories  at  Laufach,  13  July, 
and  Aschullenburg 14  July, 

Members  of  German  diet  retire  from  Frankfort  on  the- Main  to 
Augsburg 13  July, 

Austrians  defeated  at  Tobitschau 15  July, 

Frankfort  occupied  by  Falkenstein 16  July, 

Fight  at  Blumenau  stopped  by  news  of  an  armistice.  ..22  July, 

Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at  Nikolsburg 26  July, 

Prussians  occupy  Wiesbaden,  18  July;  victorious  at  Tauberbi- 
schofsheim,  Hochhausen,Werbach,  24  July;  Neubrunn,  Helm- 
stadt,  Germersheim,  25  July;  W^urzburg,  28  July;  armistice 
granted * 30  July, 

Army  reviewed  by  the  king  15  miles  from  Vienna,  31  July;  be- 
gin their  return  home 1  Aug. 

Franconia  occupied  by  the  Prussian  reserve  under  grand-duke  ot 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  23  July-1  Aug. ;  armistice.  .1-3  Aug. 

Diet  at  Augsburg  recognized  the  dissolution  of  the  Germanic 
confederation 4  Aug. 

Bohemia  and  Moravia  cleared  by 18  Aug. 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Prague 23  Aug. 

Meeting  of  special  committee  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies;  cost 
of  the  war  stated,  $88,000,000 29  Aug. 

Peace  with  Wurtemberg  concluded,  13  Aug. ;  with  Baden,  17 
Aug. ;  with  Bavaria,  22  Aug.  ;  with  Hesse- Darmstadt  (ceding 
Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse  Homburg,  etc.) 3  Sept. 

Formation  of  the  North  German  confederation  (Germany).  Aug. 

Entry  of  the  army  into  Berlin ;  enthusiastic  reception.  .20  Sept. 

Decree  for  the  annexation  of  Hanover,  Electoral  Hesse,  Nassau, 
and  Frankfort 20  Sept. 

Possession  taken  of  Hanover,  6  Oct. ;  of  Hesse,  Nassau,  and 
Pf^nkfort 8  Oct. 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Saxony 21  Oct. 

Electoral  law  for  new  German  parliament  promulgated  at  Ber- 
lin. . . .  s 23  Oct. 

Schleswig  and  Holstein  incorporated  with  Prussia  by  decree; 
promulgated 24  Jan.  1867 

North  German  parliament  meet  at  Berlin,  24  Feb. ;  adopt  a 
federal  constitution;  closed 17  Apr.     " 

Prussian  chambers  opened  by  the  king , 29  Ai)r.     " 

They  accept  the  North  German  constitution  (sacrificing  Prus- 
sian civil  rights  to  German  unity) 8  May,     " 

Luxemburg  question  settled  by  a  conference  at  London  (Lux- 
emburg)   7-11  May,      ■ 

Prussian  chambers  approve  North  German  constitution;  closed 
by  the  king 24  June,      ' 

Treaty  with  the  U.  S.  respecting  naturalization  of  aliens  signed 
at  Berlin 22  Feb.  1868 

Much  of  the  king  of  Hanover's  property  sequestrated,  on  ac- 
count of  his  maintaining  a  Hanoverian  legion,  etc Mch.     " 

All  property  of  king  of  Hanover  sequestrated 15  Feb.  1869 

Prince  Leopold  of  HoheuzoUern  Sigmaringen  consents  to  be- 
come candidate  for  the  throne  of  Spain about  5  July,  1870 

In  consequence  of  opposition  by  Francej'tie,  with  the  king's 
consent,  relinquishes  the  candidature 12  July,     " 

French  government  requiring  guarantees  from  the  king  against 
the  future,  the  king  repulses  and  declines  to  receive  the 
French  minister,  Benedetti,  13  July;  and  issues  a  circular  to 
his  representatives  at  foreign  courts 15  July,     " 

Emperor  of  the  French  declares  for  war " 

North  German  parliament  meet,  and  vote  to  support  Prussia, 

19  July,     " 

Proclamation  of  the  king,  granting  "amnesty  for  political  of- 
fences," and  "accepting  the  battle  for  the  defence  of  the 
fatherland,"  31  July;  and  to  the  army,  undertaking  the  com- 
mand of  the  whole  army 3  Aug.     *' 

[For  the  events  of  the  war,  Franco-Pkussian  war.] 

Order  of  the  "  Iron  Cross  "  (distributed  in  the  war  of  1813)  re- 
vived; given  to  the  crown-prince  for  his  victory  at  Wissem- 
bourg  on 4  Aug.     " 

Prussian  bishops  protest  against  infallibility  of  the  pope, 

end  of  Aug.     *' 

Berlin,  etc.,  rejoice  at  the  surrender  of  Napoleon 3  Sept.    " 

Munich,  Stuttgart,  and  other  southern  cities  demand  union  with 
North  Germany 6  Sept.     ' 

King  proclaimed  emperor  of  Germany  at  Versailles 18  Jan.  1871 

Emperor  arriyes  at  Berlin 17  Mch.     "^ 

Bismarck  created  a  prince 22  Mch, 

Triumphal  entry  of  the  German  army  into  Berlin;  inaugura- 
tion of  the  statue  of  Frederick  William  III 16  June, 


PRU 

Bishop  of  Erm eland  excommunicates  dr.  Wollner  for  denying 
the  pope's  infallibility,  5  July;  similar  acts  disapproved  by 

the  government -Tuly,  1871 

Law  for  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  pub 5  July,  1872 

Government  disputes  with  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy  support- 
ing papal  infallibility;  the  bishop  of  Ermeland's  salary  or- 
dered to  be  suspended  from 1  Oct.     ' ' 

Subiection  of  the  church  to  the  state  affirmed  by  the  legis- 
lature  12  Mch.  1873 

Laws  introduced  by  M.  Falk,  minister  of  public  worship,  estab- 
lishing a  royal  tribunal  of  ecclesiastical  affairs,  in  opposition 

to  the  authority  of  the  pope,  9  Jan. ;  passed 11  May,     " 

Emperor  recognizes  the  "  Old  Catholic  "  bishop  Reinkens, 

about  Aug.     " 
Letter  from  the  pope  to  the  emperor  complaining  of  the  eccle- 
siastical prosecutions,  and  asserting  his  authority  over  all 
baptized   persons,  7  Aug. ;   the  emperor  replies,  justifying 
them,  and  asserting  that  there  is  no  mediator  between  God 

and  man  but  Jesus  Christ 3  Sept.     " 

Archbishop  Ledochowski  of  Poseu  fined  for  threatening  to  ex- 
communicate a  professor;  and  archbishop  Melchers  fined  for 

instituting  priests  without  government  permission Oct.     " 

Pope  (by  letter)  encourages  archbishop  Ledochowski  to  resist, 

3  Nov.      " 
New  oath  of  implicit  obedience  to  the  state  proposed  for  the 

clergy;  the  Civil  Marriage  bill  passed Dec.     " 

Arrest  of  count  Harry  Arnim  and  confinement  in  Berlin  for  re- 
taining documents  sent  him  us  ambassador,  i  Oct. ;  for  ill- 
ness released  on  bail,  28  Oct. ;  again  arrested 12  Nov.  1874 

Arnim's  trial,  9  Dec. ;  convicted  of  making  away  with  ecclesio- 
political  documents;  acquitted  of  other  charges;  sentence,  3 

months'  imprisonment 19  Dec.     " 

Civil  marriage  adopted  by  the  parliament 25  Jan.  1875 

Encyclical  of  the  pope  to  the  bishops  encouraging  firmness; 

the  Roman  Catholic  deputies  of  parliament  protest 5  Feb.     " 

Count  Arnim's  new  trial,  15  June;  sentence  confirmed.  .20  Oct.     " 
Letter  from  count  Arnim  rebutting  accusations  in  the  Times  of 

19  Nov.      " 
jHe  is  to  be  prosecuted  for  treason  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Pro 

Nihilo,"  published  at  Zurich Nov.     " 

i Berlin  conference  on  Eastern  question  (emperor  of  Russia, 

'    prince  Gortschakoff,  and  count  Andrassy;  Berlin),  11-12  May,  1877 

'Count  Arnim  publishes  "  Quid  faciamus  nos  ?" Jan.  1879 

iMarriage  of  princess  Louise  Margaret  of  Prussia  to  the  duke  of 

i    Connaught 13  Mch.     " 

[Discussion  on  the  social  movement  against  the  Jews  through 

J    jealouisy ;  no  vote 20-22  Nov.  1880 

lAnti-Semitic  league  very  active;  much  opposed  by  the  prince 

I    imperial  and  others Jan.  1881 

IDeath  of  count  Arnim  at  Nice 19  May,     " 

For  continuation,  Germany. 

MARGRAVES,  ELECTORS,  DUKES,  AND    KINGS. 

MARGRAVES   OR   ELECTORS  OF   BRANDENBURG. 

1134.  Albert  I.,  the  Bear,  first  elector  of  Brandenburg. 

1170.  Otho  I. 

■mi.  Otho  II. 

1206.  Albert  II. 

!r221.  John  I.  and  Otho  III. 

'1266.  John  II. 

1282.  Otho  IV. 

1309.  Waldemar. 

1319.  Henry  I.,  the  Young. 

1320.  [Interregnum.] 
'1323.  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria. 
1352.  Louis  II.,  the  Roman. 
1365.  Otho  v.,  the  Sluggard. 
11373.  Wenceslas  of  Luxemburg. 
1378.  Sigismund  of  Luxemburg. 
jl388.  Jossus,  the  Bearded. 
iL411.  Sigismund  again  emperor. 

,1415.  Frederick  I.  of  Nuremberg  (of  the  house  of  Hohenzollern). 
tl440.  Frederick  II.,  surnamed  Ironside. 
,1470.  Albert  III.,  surnamed  the  German  Achilles. 
L476.  John  III.,  his  son,  as  margrave;  styled  the  Cicero  of  Germany. 
I486.  John  III. ,  as  elector. 
;.499.  Joachim  I.,  son  of  John. 
..535.  Joachim  II.,  poisoned  by  a  Jew. 
|.571.  John  George. 

.598.  Joachim  Frederick. 

j.608.  John  Sigismund. 

1  DUKES  OF   PRUSSIA. 

|618.  John  Sigismund. 

.619.  George  William. 

640.  Frederick  William,  his  son,  the  "  Great  Elector." 

688.  Frederick  IIL,  son  of  the  preceding;  crowned  king,  18  Jan. 

1701. 

KINGS  OF  PRUSSIA. 
701.  Frederick  I. ;  king;  b.  1657;  d.  27  Feb.  1713. 
713.  Frederick  William  L,  son  of  Frederick  I;  b.  1688;  d.  31  May, 

1740. 
TiO.  Frederick  II.  (or  Frederick  III. ;  styled  the  Great),  son;  made 

Prussia  a  military  power;  b.  24  Jan.  1712;  d.  17  Aug.  1786. 
'"^6.  Frederick  William  II.,  nephew  of  the  preceding;  b.  1744;  d. 

K)  Nov.  1797. 
'7'.»7.  Frederick  William  III.  (he  had  to  contend  against  the  might 

of  Napoleon,  and,  after  extraordinary  vicissitudes,  he  aided 

England  in  his  overthrow);  b.  3  Aug.  1770;  d.  7  June,  1840. 
'40.  Frederick  William  IV.,  son;  b.  15  Oct.  1795;  d.  2  Jan.  186L 


665  puL 

1861.  William  I.,  brother  (b.  22  Mch.  1797);  proclaimed  emperor  of 
Germany  at  Versailles,  18  Jan.  1871;  married  princess  Au- 
gusta of  Saxe- Weimar,  11  June,  1829;  golden  wedding  kept, 
11  June.  1879;  d.  9  Mch.  1888;  queen  d.  7  Jan.  1890. 
1888.  Frederick  III.  (William),  son ;  b.  18  Oct.  1831  (married  Victoria, 
princess-royal  of  England,  25  Jan.  1858) ;  d.  15  June,  1888. 
"     William  II.,  son;  b.  27  Jan.  1859;  married  princess  Augusta 
Victoria  of  Schleswig  Holstein,  27  Feb.  1881. 
Heir:  William;  b.  6  May,  1882.     Germany. 

prus§ie  acid  (sym.  HCN  or  HCy)  (hydrocyanic  acid), 
accidentally  discovered  by  Diesbach,  a  German  chemist,  in 
1709,  and  first  obtained  in  a  separate  state  by  Scheele  about 
1782.  It  is  colorless,  smells  like  peach  flowers,  freezes  at  5° 
Fahrenheit,  is  very  volatile,  and  turns  vegetable  blues  into 
red.  Simple  water  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  lauro- 
cerasus  first  ascertained  to  be  a  most  deadly  poison  by  dr. 
Madden  of  Dublin.     Blue,  Cyanogen. 

p§alins  of  David  were  collected  by  Solomon,  1000 
B.C.;  others  added,  580  and  515  b.c.     The  church  of  England 
Old  Version  in  metre  by  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  was  published 
in  1562;  the  New  Version  by  Tate  and  Brady  in  1698. 
The  version  of  Francis  Rous,  provost  of  Eton,  first  pub.  1641,  was  or- 
dered to  be  used  by  Parliament  in  1646.     It  is  the  basis  of  the 
Scotch  version  which  appeared  in  1650.    The  marquess  of  Lome 
published  a  version  in  1877.    Many  otber  versions  published. 

pseu'doscope  (from  Gr.  -^tv^oQ,  false),  a  name  given 
by  prof.  Wheatstone  (1852)  to  the  stereoscope,  when  em- 
ployed to  produce  "conversions  of  relief,"  i.  e.,  the  reverse 
of  the  stereoscope;  a  terrestrial  globe  appears  like  a  hollow 
hemisphere. 

Psychical  Research,  Society  for.  Spiritualism. 

psychol'Ogy,  the  science  of  the  soul  and  its  phenom- 
ena, studied  by  Aristotle,  Plato,  Descartes,  Leibnitz,  Locke, 
Hume,  James  Mill,  J.  S.  Mill,  Spencer,  sir  William  Hamilton, 
Alexander  Bain,  and  others. 

Society  for  Psychological  Research  founded 1882 

International  Congress  of  Experimental  Psychology,  Paris,  1889 ; 

London 1  Aug.  1892 

Prof  William  James's  "  Principles  of  Psychology  " '( 

psych  roni'eter  (from  Gr.  ■<1^vxp6q,  cold),  an  appara- 
tus for  measuring  the  amount  of  elastic  vapor  in  the  atmos- 
phere ;  invented  by  Gay-Lussac  (d.  1850),  and  modified  by 
Regnault  (about  1848).  An  electric  psych rometer  was  de- 
scribed by  Edmond  Becquerel,  4  Feb.  1867. 

Ptolema'ic  system.  Claudius  Ptolemy  of  Pelu- 
sium,  in  Egypt  (about  140  a.d.),  supposed  that  the  earth  was 
fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  that  the  sun,  moon, 
and  stars  moved  around  it  once  in  24  hours.  The  system  (long 
the  official  doctrine  of  the  church  of  Rome)  was  universally 
taught  till  that  of  Pythagoras  (500  b.c.)  was  revived  by 
Copernicus,  1530  a.d.,  and  demonstrated  by  Kepler  (1619)  and 
Newton  (1687).     Astronomy,  Copernican  system. 

public  land.     Land,  Revenue. 
public-land  strip.     Neutral  ground.  • 

Public  Safety,  Committee  of,  was  established  at 
Paris  during  the  French  revolution  on  6  Apr.  1793,  with  ab- 
solute power,  in  consequence  of  the  coalition  against  France. 
The  severe  government  of  this  committee  is  termed  the 
"  Reign  of  Terror,"  which  ended  with  the  execution  of  Robes- 
pierre and  his  associates,  28  July,  1794.  A  similar  commit- 
tee was  established  at  Paris  by  communists,  Mch.-May,  1871. 

pub'licans,  farmers  of  the  state  revenues  of  Rome. 
Soon  after  the  battle  of  Cannae  they  were  so  wealthy  as  to  be 
able  to  advance  large  sums  to  the  government,  payable  at  the 
end  of  the  war.    No  magistrate  was  permitted  to  be  a  publican. 

publishers.     Books,  Magazines,  Newspapers. 

pugilism.     Boxing. 

Pulaski's  banner.  Count  Casimir  Pulaski,  a  Pole, 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1777,  and  fought  under  Wash- 
ington at  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  and  soon  after  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  in  the  Continental  army.  In  1778 
he  organized  an  independent  legion  in  Maryland,  and  when 
about  to  take  the  field  in  the  south  the  "  Moravian  nuns,"  or 
single  women  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  sent  him  a  banner  wrought 
by  them,  which  he  received  with  grateful  acknowledgments, 
and  which  he  bore  until  he  fell  at  Savannah  in  1779.  This 
event  is  commemorated  in  Longfellow's  "  Hymn  of  the  Mora- 


\ 


PUL 

vian  Nuns."  This  banner  is  now  in  possession  of  the  Mary- 
land Historical  Society.     Makyland,  1778. 

Pulaski,  Fort.     Fort  Pulaski. 

pulley,  a  wheel  with  a  broad  or  grooved  rim  for  carry- 
ing a  rope  or  other  line  or  belt  for  the  purpose  of  transmitting 
power,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Archytas  of  Tarentum, 
about  400  B.C.,  or  by  Archimedes,  287-212.  A  single  fixed 
pulley  gives  no  increase  of  power,  but  in  a  single  movable 
pulley  the  power  is  doubled,  but  what  is  gained  in  power  is 
lost  in  time;  in  a  continued  combination  the  power  is  equal 
to  the  number  of  pulleys,  less  one,  doubled. 

Pullman  cars.     Railways. 

PultOlV'a,  a  country  and  city  of  Russia,  where  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden  was  entirely  defeated  by  Peter  the  Great  of 
Russia,  8  July,  1709.     He  tied  to  Bender,  in  Turkey. 

PultUSk,  a  town  of  Poland,  where  a  battle  was  fought 
between  the  Saxons,  under  their  king  Augustus,  and  the 
Swedes,  under  Clmrles  XII.,  in  which  the  former  were  sig- 
nally defeated,  1  May,  1703.  Here  also  the  French,  under 
Napoleon,  fought  the  Russian  and  Prussian  armies ;  both  sides 
claimed  the  victorj',  but  it  inclined  in  favor  of  the  French,  26 
Dec.  1806. 

pump,  an  apparatus  for  lifting  a  fluid.  Ctesibius  of 
Alexandria  is  said  to  have  invented  pumps  (with  other  hy- 
draulic instruments),  about  224  b.c.,  although  the  invention  is 
ascribed  to  Danaus,  at  Lindus,  1485  b.c.  Pumps  were  in  gen- 
eral use  in  England,  1425  a.d.  An  inscription  on  the  pump  in 
front  of  the  late  Royal  Exchange,  London,  stated  that  the  well 
was  sunk  in  1282.  The  air-pump  was  invented  by  Otto  Gue- 
ricke  in  1654,  and  improved  by  Bojde  in  1657.     Air,  Wells. 

Pumpkinvine    Creek,  Battle   of.     Atlanta 

CAMPAIGN. 

Punell,  the  puppet-show,  borrowed  from  the  Italian 
Polichinello,  is  descended  from  a  character  well  known  in  the 
theatres  of  ancient  Rome.— Fosbroke.— The  satirical  weekly 
publication,  Punch,  or  the  London  Charivari,  was  established 
by  Henry  Mayhew,  Mark  Lemon,  Douglas  Jerrold,  Gilbert  a' 
Beckett,  and  others ;  first  pub.  17  July,  1841.  Mark  Lemon, 
the  first  editor,  died  23  May,  1870  ;  2d,'Shirley  Brooks,  died  23 
Feb.  1874 ;  3d,  Tom  Taylor,  died  July,  1880 ;  4th,  Francis  Cow- 
ley Buruand.     Caricatures,  "  Charivari." 

punetuation.  The  ancients  do  not  appear  to  have 
had  any  system.  The  period  (.)  is  the  most  ancient ;  the 
colon  (:)  was  introduced  about  1485 ;  the  comma  (,)  was  first 
seen  about  1521 ;  and  the  semicolon  (;)  about  1570.  In  sir 
Philip  Sidney's  "  Arcadia  "  (1587)  they  all  appear,  as  well  as 
the  note  of  interrogation  (?),  asterisk  (*),  and  parentheses  ( ). 
Punic  (Lat.  Punicus,  from  Puni  or  Pcani,  Carthaginian) 
lirar§.     Carthage  ;  Rome,  264  b.c. 

punishment  (Gr.  ttoiv/?— strictly,  quit-money  or  fine 
for  blood  spilled),  any  penalty  inflicted  on  a  person  for  a  crime 
or  offence  committed.  "  Cruel  and  unusual  punishments 
shall  not  be  inflicted,"  Art.  VIII.,  Amendments  to  the  United 
States  Constitution.  Beheading,  Blinding,  Boiling  to 
death,  Burning  alive,  Burying  alive,  Drowning,  Flog- 
ging, Roasting,  Starving,  Torture. 

Punjab,  a  province  forming  N.W.  Hindostan,  was  t-rav- 
ersed  by  Alexander  the  Great,  327  b.c.  ;  by  Tamerlane,  1398 
A.D. ;  by  Mahmoud  of  Ghizni,  about  1000.  It  was  an  inde- 
pendent state  under  Runjeet  Sing,  1791-1839.  English  wars 
with  the  Sikhs  began  here,  14  Dec.  1845,  and  were  closed  on 
29  Mch.  1849,  when  the  Punjab  was  annexed.  India.  The 
Punjab  has  since  greatly  flourished,  and  on  1  Jan.  1859,  was 
made  a  distinct  presidency  (to  include  the  Sutlej  states  and 
the  Delhi  territorv).  Area,  150,315  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891, 
25,063,690. 

puppets  (Ital.  puppi ;  Fr.  marionnettes),  of  which  the 
eyes,  arms,  etc.,  were  moved  by  strings,  were  used  by  the 
ancients,  and  are  mentioned  by  Xenophon,  Horace,  and  others. 
Skilful  theatrical  performances  with  puppets  have  been  sev- 
eral times  given  in  London  (at  the  Adelaide  gallery,  1852). 
A  performance  with  puppets  as  large  as  life  began  at  St. 
James's  hall,  July,  1872.  Ch.  Magnin  published  a  "  Histoire 
des  Marionnettes,"  1852. 


666 


PYR 


Pur&'na  (Sanskrit = old,  ancient;  from  p«ra,  old,  past), 
the  last  great  division  of  Hindu  sacred  literature.  18  princi- 
pal Puranas  are  mentioned,  but  none  are  dated,  and  do  not  ap- 
pear older  than  the  9th  century  a.d.  The  most  celebrated 
are  the  Vishnft  and  the  Bhagavat  Puranas.  They  are  full 
of  legends  relating  to  holy  places  and  ceremonials,  with  mi- 
nute  fragments  of  history.  Modern  Hinduism  is  largely 
founded  on  these  compositions.  There  are  other  Puranas  of 
less  importance. 

purchase  system  of  commissions  in  the 

British  army.  The  payment  of  a  present  or  gratuity  for  a 
commission  was  prohibited  by  William  III.,  1693  ;  but  in  1702 
purchase  was  legally  recognized.  In  1711  the  sale  of  com- 
missions was  forbidden  without  the  royal  permission ;  in 
1719-20  regulations  were  issued ;  and  a  fixed  scale  of  prices 
was  adopted  in  consequence  of  a  commission  in  1765.  Large 
over-regulation  payments  continued  to  be  made.  Commissions 
of  inquiry  were  held  frequently  since  1858;. and  in  1871  the 
system  was  abolished,  with  compensation,  bj*  royal  warrant, 
20  July,  1871,  the  bill  for  the  purpose  having  been  rejected  by 
the  House  of  Lords. 

purgatives  of  the  mild  species  (aperients),  particularly 
cassia,  manna,  and  senna,  are  ascribed  to  Actuarius,  a  Greek 
physician  of  Constantinople,  1245. 

pur'gatory,  the  supposed  middle  place  between  heaven 
and  hell,  where,  it  is  believed  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  the  soul 
passes  through  the  fire  of  purification  before  it  enters  the  king- 
dom of  God.  The  doctrine  was  known  about  250  a.d.  ;  was 
introduced  into  the  Roman  church  in  the  5th  century,  and 
made  a  religious  dogma  by  Gregory  I.,  590-604.  It  was  first 
set  forth  by  a  council  at  Florence,  1439  ;  enforced  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent,  Dec.  1563.     Hades,  Indulgences. 

purification,  after  childbirth,  was  ordained  by  the 
Jewish  law,  1490  B.C.  (Lev.  xii.).  The  feast  of  the  purifica- 
tion was  instituted  542,  in  honor  of  the  Virgin  Mary's  going 
to  the  temple  (Luke  ii.).  Pope  Sergius  I.  ordered  the  pro- 
cession with  wax  tapers,  whence  Candlemas-day. 

Pu'ritans,  the  name  first  given,  it  is  said,  about  15( 
to  persons  who  aimed  at  greater  purity  of  doctrine,  holin 
of  living,  and  stricter  discipline  than  others.  They  withdrew 
from  the  established  church,  professing  to  follow  the  word 
God  alone,  and  maintaining  that  the  church  retained  man; 
human  inventions  and  popish  superstitions.     Cathari,  Co; 

GREGATIONALISTS,  NON-CONFORMISTS,  PRESBYTERIANS. 

purple,  a  mixed  tinge  of  scarlet  and  blue,  discovered 
Tyre.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  by  a  dog's  having  b; 
chance  eaten  a  shell-fish,  called  murex,  or  purpura ;  upon 
turning,  his  master,  Hercules  Tyrius,  observed  his  lips  ting( 
and  made  use  of  the  discovery.  Purple  was  anciently  used 
the  princes  and  great  men  for  their  garments.  It  was  restrict 
to  the  emperor  by  Justinian  I.  532,  and  Porphyrogenitui 
attached  to  the  names  of  some  emperors,  signifies  "  born 
the  purple." 

purveyance,  an  ancient  prerogative  of  the  soverei 
of  England  of  purchasing  provisions,  etc.,  without  the  consei 
of  the  owners,  led  to  much  oppression.     It  was  regulated  b; 
Magna  Charta,  1215,  and  other  statutes,  and  was  only  surrei 
dered  by  Charles  II.,  in  1660,  for  a  compensation. 

Puseyism,  a  name  attached  to  the  views  of  certai 
clergymen  and  lay  members  of  the  church  of  England,  w' 
proposed  to  restore  practices  in  the  church  of  England  whid 
they  believed  to  be  required  bj'^  her  liturgy  and  rubrics,  bi 
which  were  considered  by  their  opponents  to  be  of  a  Roraisl 
tendency.  The  term  was  derived  from  the  name  of  the  pro 
fessor  of  Hebrew  at  Oxford,  Dr.  Pusey.  The  heads  of  house 
of  the  university  of  Oxford  passed  resolutions,  15  Mch.  1841 
censuring  dr.  Pusey's  attempts  to  renew  practices  which 
now  obsolete ;  and  his  celebrated  sermon  was  condemned  bj 
the  same  body,  30  May,  1843.  Dr.  Pusey  died  16  Sept.  1882, 
aged  82  years.     Ritualism,  Tractarians. 

Pyd'na,  a  city  of  Macedon,  where  Perseus,  the  last  kin| 
of  Macedon,  was  defeated  and  made  prisoner  by  the  RomanSj 
commanded  by  ^milius  Paulus,  22  June,  168  b.c.    PhalAnX 

pyr'amidS  of  Eg^ypt.  The  3  principal  are  situate^ 
on  a  rock,  at  the  foot  of  some  high  mountains  which  bound 


PYR 


667 


QUA 


the  Nile.  The  first  building  commenced,  it  is  supposed,  about 
1600  B.C.  The  greatest  is  said  to  have  been  erected  by  Cheops, 
1082  B.C.,  but  earlier  dates  are  assigned.  The  largest,  near 
Gizeh,  is  461  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  with  a  platform  on 
the  top  32  feet  square,  and  the  length  of  the  base  is  746  feet. 
It  occupies  about  12  acres  of  ground,  and  is  constructed  of 
stupendous  blocks  of  stone.  There  are  many  other  smaller 
pyramids  to  the  south  of  these.  They  have  been  visited  and 
described  by  Belzoni,  1815;  Vyse,  1836;  C.  Piazzi  Smyth,  and 
others.  Some  11  pyramids  at  Sakkara  have  been  explored  by 
M.  Maspero,  1880  et  seq.  The  Battles  of  the  Pyramids,  when 
B()naparte  defeated  the  Mamelukes  and  thus  subdued  Lower 
Egypt,  took  place  13  and  21  July,  1798.  C.  Piazzi  Smyth's 
"Life  and  Work  at  the  Great  Pyramid,"  with  full  description 
of  the  facts,  3  vols.,  Edinburgh,  1867. — "  Our  Inheritances  in 
the  Great  Pyramids,"  C.  Piazzi  Smyth,  London,  1880.  Egypt. 
Pyrei*ee§  (ph-'-e-mz),  a  lofty  mountain-chain,  forming 
the  boundary  between  France  and  Spain.  After  the  battle  of 
Vittoria  (fought  21  June,  1813),  Napoleon  sent  Soult  to  super- 
sede Jourdan,  with  instructions  to  drive  the  allies  across  the 
Ebro;  Soult  retreated  into  France  with  a  loss  of  more  than 
20,000  men,  having  been  defeated  by  Wellington  in  a  series  of 
engagements  from  25  July  to  2  Aug. ;  one  at  the  Pyrenees  on 
28  July.  A  railway  through  the  Pyrenees  (from  Bilbao  to  Mi- 
randa) was  opened  21  Aug.  1862.  The  Peace  of  the  Pyrenees 
was  concluded  between  France  and  Spain,  by  cardinal  Mazarin 
for  the  French  king,  and  don  Louis  de  Haro  on  the  part  of 
Spain,  in  the  island  of  Pheasants,  on  the  Bidassoa.     By  this 

;  treaty  Spain  yielded  Roussillon,  Artois,  and  her  right  to  Alsace ; 

I  and  France  ceded  her  conquests  in  Catalonia,  Italy,  etc.,  and 

!  engaged  not  to  assist  Portugal,  7  Nov.  1659. 

I     pyrol'der,  a  mechanical  and  chemical  apparatus  for 

i  extinguishing  fires,  especially  in  ships,  invented  by  dr.  Paton  ; 

I  tried  at  Greenhithe,  and  reported  successful,  1  June,  1875. 

i     pyrom'eter  ("  fire-measurer  "),  an  apparatus  employed 

I  to  ascertain  the  temperature  of  furnaces,  etc.,  where  thermom- 
eters cannot  be  employed;  Muschenbroek's  pyrometer  (a  me- 
tallic bar)  was  described  by  him  in  1731.   Improvements  were 

imade  by  Ellicott  and  others.    Wedgwood  employed  clay  cyl- 

jinders,  1782-86.  In  1830  prof.  Daniell  received  the  Rumford 
I  medal  for  an  excellent  pyrometer  made  in  1821.  Mr.  Erics- 
j son's  pyrometer  appeared  in  the  great  exhibition  of  1851. — 
[Eng.  Cyc.  C.  W.  Siemens  employed  electric  resistance  in  his 
tpyrometers,  exhibited  in  1871. 


py'roplione  (Gr.  -Kvp,  fire  ;  (povi},  voice),  a  musical  in- 
strument, invented  by  Frederic  Kastner  of  Paris.  It  consists 
of  glass  tubes  of  various  lengths ;  the  tones  being  produced 
by  what  are  termed  "  singing  flames."  It  is  based  upon  the 
"chemical  harmonicon."  Keys  are  attached  for  playing,  as 
in  the  piano.  The  invention  was  reported  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  17  Mch.  1873 ;  exhibited  at  Vienna,  same 
year ;  and  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  London,  17  Feb.  1875. 

pyrox'yiill,  the  chemical  name  of  gun-cotton. 

pyrrllic  dance  (Gr.  iryppixv),  a  warlike  dance  said 
to  have  been  introduced  by  Pyrrhus,  son  of  Achilles,  to  grace 
his  father's  funeral.  Probably  described  by  Homer  in  his  de- 
scription of  the  shield  of  Achilles : 

"  And  the  illustrious  Vulcan  also  wrought 
A  dance— a  maze  like  that  which  Daedalus, 
In  the  broad  realm  of  Gnossus  once  contrived 
For  fair-haired  Ariadne."    .     .     . 

—BryanVs  "Trans.  Homer,"  bk.  xviii.  line  731,  etc. 
"  You  have  the  Pyrrhic  dance  as  yet 
Where  is  the  Pyrrhic  phalanx  gone  ?" 

— Byron's  "  Don  Juan,"  canto  iii.  stanza  Ixxxvi.  song. 

pyrrho'llism.     Sceptics,  Philosophy. 

PythagO'reail  plliloiopliy.     Philosophy. 

Pytll'iail  g[aine§  (so  named  from  Gr.  rTt-Qw,  that  part 
of  Phocis  in  which  Delphi  jay),  one  of  the  4  great  national  fes- 
tivals of  ancient  Greece,  celebrated  every  5th  j-ear  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  near  the  temple  of  Delphi;  asserted  to  have  been  in- 
stituted by  himself,  in  commemoration  of  his  victory  over  the 
serpent,  Python.  Also  said  to  have  been  established  by  Aga- 
memnon, or  Diomedes,  or  Amphictyon,  or,  lastly,  by  the  coun- 
cil of  the  Amphictyons,  1263  b.c.     They  lasted  till  394  a.d. 

pyx,  the  casket  in  which  Catholic  priests  keep  the  conse- 
crated wafer.  In  the  ancient  chapel  of  the  pyx,  at  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  are  deposited  the  standard  pieces  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver, under  the  joint  custody  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury  and 
the  comptroller-general.  The  "trial  of  the  pyx"  signifies  the 
verification  by  a  jury  of  goldsmiths  of  the  coins  deposited  in 
the  pyx  or  chest  by  the  master  of  the  mint ;  this  took  place 
on  17  July,  1861,  at  the  exchequer  ofiice.  Old  Palace  yard,  Lon- 
don, in  the  presence  of  12  privy-councillors,  12  goldsmiths,  and 
others,  and  on  15  Feb.  1870.  This  trial  is  said  to  have  been 
ordered  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  1154—89;  king  James  was 
present  at  one  in  1611.  The  first  annual  trial  of  the  pyx,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Coinage  act  of  1870,  took  place  18  July,  1871. 


a 


I  ^,  the  17th  letter  of  our  alphabet,  from  the  Egyptian, 
.Phoenician,  and  Greek ;  lost  for  a  time  to  the  Greek,  where  it 
iis  often  represented  by  k,  it  reappeared  in  the  Latin  alphabet. 
[The  latter  is  absent  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  the  same  being 
(expressed  by  cw,  as  cwen,  queen,  and  cwic  for  quick,  etc.  It 
made  its  full  appearance  about  1160;  at  first  used  onl}'-  in 
Latin  and  French  words,  as  quarter  and  quarrel.  By  the 
jlose  of  the  13th  century  it  was  adopted  in  English  words. 
|[n  English  it  is  always  followed  by  u. 

'  Quadragei'ima  iSunday,  first  Sunday  in  Lent 
uid  40th  day  before  Good  Friday.     Lent,  Quinquagesima. 

;  quadrant,  a  mathematical  instrument  for  measuring 
iltitudes,  in  the  form  of  a  quarter  of  a  circle,  whose  arch  is 
livided  into  degrees  and  minutes.  The  solar  quadrant  was 
ntroduced  about  290  b.c.  The  Arabian  astronomers  under 
;he  caliphs,  in  995,  had  a  quadrant  of  21  feet  8  inches  radius, 
ind  a  sextant  59  feet  9  inches  radius.  Davis's  quadrant  for 
neasuring  angles  was  produced  about  1600;  Hadley's  quad- 
ant  about  1731.     Navigation. 

quadrature  of  tlie  circle.    Circle. 

quadrilat'eral  or  quadran'gle,  terms  applied 

,0  4  strong  fortresses  in  N.  Italy,  long  held  by  the  Austrians, 
lut  surrendered  to  the  Italians  Oct.  1866 :  Peschiera,  on  an 
^land  in  the  Mincio;  Mantua,  on  the  Mincio;  Verona  and 
iCgnago,  Ijpth  on  the  Adige.     Fortifications. 


Turkish  quadrilateral  was  Shumla,  Varna,  Rustchuk,  and  Silistria, 
lost  to  the  sultan  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin,  which  established  the 
autonomy  of  Bulgaria. 

quadrille  (kwa-drW),  a  dance  (originally  quadrille  de 
contre  danse,  introduced  into  French  ballets  about  1745),  in  its 
present  form  became  popular  in  France  about  1804,  It  was  in- 
troduced into  England  about  1808  {Miss  Berry),  and  promoted 
by  the  duke  of  Devonshire  and  others  in  1813. — Raikcs. 

quadrivium.    Arts. 

quadruple  alliance.  That  between  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  and  Austria  (signed  at  London,  22  July,  1718); 
was  so  called  after  Holland  joined  it,  8  Feb.  1719.  It  guaran- 
teed the  succession  to  the  thrones  of  Great  Britain  and  France, 
settled  the  partition  of  the  Spanish  possessions,  and  led  to  war. 

quadruple  treaty,  concluded  in  London,  22  Apr. 
1834,  between  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal, guar- 
anteed her  throne  to  Isabella  II.,  the  young  queen  of  Spain. 

quadruplex  telegraphy.     Electricity. 

quee;§tor,  in  ancient  Rome,  was  the  public  treasurer; 
appointed  about  484  b.c.  It  was  the  first  office  thrown  open 
to  the  common  people,  and  gave  a  seat  in  the  senate.  At  first 
there  were  2  quaestors,  afterwards  8.  2  were  added  in  409 
B.C.  Sulla  raised  tlie  number  to  20 ;  Julius  Caesar  to  40.  2 
were  called  peregrini,  2  (for  the  city)  urbani. 

Quaker  Hill,  Battle  of.     At  Quaker  Hill,  near  the 


i 


QUA  < 

north  end  of  Rhode  Island,  on  29  Aug.  1778,  the  Americans 
under  geu.  Sullivan,  invading  the  island,  drove  back  the  Brit- 
ish (then  occupying  it)  under  gen.  Pigot;  but  Sullivan  thought 
it  prudent  to  withdraw.  The  Americans  lost  in  the  expedi- 
tion about  200  men ;  the  British  about  220. 
Quakers  or  Society  of  Friends,  originally 

called  Seekers  (of  the  truth),  and  afterwards  Friends  (3  John 
14).     Justice  Bennet,  of  Derby,  called  them  Quakers  in  1650, 
because  George  Fox  admonished  people  to  quake  at  the  word 
of  the  Lord.    This  sect  was  founded  in  England  about  1646  by 
George  Fox  (then  aged  22),  who  was  joined  by  George  Keith, 
William  Penn,  and  Robert  Barclay,  of  Ury,  and  others.     Fox 
rejected  all  religious  ordinances,  explained  away  the  commands 
relative  to  baptism,  etc.;  discarded  the  ordinary  names  of  days 
and  months,  and  used  thee  and  thou  for  you,  as  more  consonant 
with  truth.     He  published  a  book  of  instructions  for  teachers 
and  professors,  visited  America  in  1672,  and  died  in  London, 
13  Jan.  1691.  The  first  meeting-house  in  London  was  in  White 
Hart  Court,  Gracechurch  street.     Pennsylvania. 
It  was  asserted  in  Parliament  that  2000  Friends  had  endured 
sufferings  and  imprisonment  in  Newgate;  and  164  Friends 
offered,  by  name,  to  be  imprisoned  in  lieu  of  an  equal  num- 
ber in  danger  (from  conflnement)  of  death 1659 

Fifty  Qve  (out  of  120  sentenced)  were  transported  to  America 

by  an  order  of  council 1664 

[For  treatment  of  Quakers  by  the  early  colonists,  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Yokk,  etc.,  1656-65.] 
First  meeting  of  Quakers  in  Ireland,  in  Dublin,  in  1658;  first 

meeting-house  opened  in  Eustace  street 1692 

Quakers  permitted  by  law  to  affirm  in  England  in  courts  where 

oaths  are  required  from  others  (.Affirmation) 1696 

John  Archdale,  a  Quaker,  elected  M.P.  for  Chipping  Wycombe; 

refused  to  take  the  oaths,  and  his  election  was  declared  void,  1699 
At  Philadelphia  the  society  in  the  U.  S.  separated  into  2  bodies, 
the  Liberal  or  Hicksite,  named  from  their  leader,  Elias  Hicks, 

and  the  Orthodox 1827 

Joseph  Pease,  a  Quaker,  was  admitted  to  Parliament  on  his  aflQr- 

mation 15  Feb.  1833 

Yearly  meeting  recommends  that  mixed  marriages  be  per- 
mitted, and  that  many  peculiarities  in  speech  and  costume 

be  no  longer  insisted  on 2  Nov.  1858 

Act  authorizing  Quaker  marriages  when  one  party  is  a  Quaker, 

May,  1860 
In  the  U.  S.  they  numbered  995  meetings,  with  a  membership 
of  107,208,  including  the  4  branches.  Orthodox,  Hicksites,Wil- 
burites,  and  Primitive 1890 

<iuarailtine  (kwor-an-teen' ;  Fr.  ^-warmztowe,  a  period 
of  40  days),  a  custom  at  Venice  as  early  as  1127,  whereby  all 
merchants  and  others  from  the  Levant  must  remain  in  the 
house  of  St.  Lazarus,  or  the  Lazaretto,  40  days  before  entering 
the  city.  Various  cities  of  southern  Europe  have  now  laza- 
rettos ;  that  of  Venice  is  built  in  the  water.  In  times  of  plague, 
all  nations  impose  a  quarantine  on  vessels  and  persons  from 
infected  places  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  In  Sept.  1892,  the 
president  of  the  United  States  proclaimed  a  quarantine  of  20 
daj's,  on  account  of  cholera,  for  ships  entering  New  York  from 
infected  ports. 

quarter  sessions  were  established  25  Edw.  IIL 
1350-51.  The  days  of  sitting  were  appointed  2  Hen.  V.  1413. 
Various  changes  since. 

"  Quarterly  Revievr,"  organ  of  the  Tory  party 
in  England,  first  appeared  in  Feb.  1809,  with  William  Gilford, 
translator  of  Juvenal,  as  editor.  He  died  31  Dec.  1826.  Mag- 
azines and  Reviews. 

quasi  modo,  a  name  given  to  Low  Sunday  (the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter)  from  the  first  words  of  a  hymn  sung  on 
that  day. 

quater'nions,  a  mathematical  method  or  calculus, 
invented  by  sir  William  Rowan  Hamilton,  about  1843.  It  is 
based  upon  the  separation  of  multiplication  from  addition,  and 
its  fundamental  conception  is  the  representation  of  motion,  in 
extent  and  direction,  by  lines  called  vectors.  He  attributed  to 
addition  motion  from  a  point ;  to  multiplication  motion  about 
a  point.  4  numbers  are  generally  involved ;  hence  the  name 
quaternion.  Hamilton's  "Lectures  on  Quaternions"  was  pub. 
1853  ;  his  "  Elements,"  1866.  Other  works  by  profs.  Kelland 
and  Tait  pub.  since.  Also  4  parts,  series,  etc.,  applied  to  the 
elements  considered  as  4,  air,  earth,  fire,  and  water. 
"Air  and  ye  elements,  the  eldest  birth 
Of  Nature's  womb,  that  in  quaternion  run." 

— Milton,  "Paradise  Lost,"  bk.  v.  lines  180-1. 

Quatre  Bras  (kafr  brar'),  a  village  of  Belgium.   Here 


1 


«  QUE  y 

on  16  June,  1815,  2  days  before  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  th 3 
British  and  allied  armies,  under  the  duke  of  Brunswick,  tha 
prince  of  Orange,  and  sir  Thomas  Picton,  fought  the  Frencli 
under  marshal  Ney.  The  British  fought  intrepidly,  thougli 
outnumbered  and  fatigued  by  marching  all  night.  The  42 1 
regiment  (Royal  Highlanders)  suffered  severely  while  pur- 
suing a  French  division  from  cuirassiers  in  ambush  behind 
growing  corn.     The  duke  of  Brunswick  was  killed. 

Quel>ee',one  of  the  provinces  of  the  dominion  of  Can- 
ada. Area,  227,500  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1891,  1,488,586.— City  ol, 
pop.  1890,  70,000.  For  history  of  city  and  province,  Canada, 
French  in  America,  New  York. 

queen  (Sax.  cwen ;  Ger.  Konigin).  The  first  woman  with 
sovereign  authority  was  Semiramis,  queen  of  Assyria,  2017  b.c. 
An  act  of  England  of  1554  declares  "  that  the  regall  power  of 
this  realme  is  in  the  queues  majestic  [Marj']  as  fully  and 
absolutely  as  ever  it  was  in  any  of  her  moste  noble  progeni- 
tours  kinges  of  this  realme."  The  Hungarians  called  a  queen- 
regnant  king.     Hungary,  Sauc  law. 

Queen  Anne's  farthing's.    The  popular  stories 

of  the  value  of  this  coin  in  England  are  fabulous,  though  thosi; 
of  a  few  dates  have  been  purchased  at  high  prices.  The  cur- 
rent farthing  with  the  broad  brim,  in  fine  preservation,  is  wortli 
1/.  The  common  patterns  of  1713  and  1714  are  worth  1/.  Th(! 
2  patterns  with  Britannia  under  a  canopy,  and  Peace  on  a  car 
R  R  R,  are  worth  21.  2s.  each.  The  pattern  with  Peace  in 
car  is  more  valuable  and  rare,  and  worth  bl. — Pinkerton 
1826). 

Queen  Anne's  war,  1702-13.  In  this  war,  known 
in  Europe  as  the  war  of  the  "Spanish  Succession,"  the 
New  England  colonies  suffered  from  frequent  inroads  of  French 
and  Indians  from  Canada,  while  the  New  York  colony  was 
protected  by  the  barrier  of  the  Five  Nations,  then  at  peace 
with  the  English.  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  Hamp- 
SHIRE,  New  York. 

queen  Caroline's  trial,  etc. 

Caroline  Amelia  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of  Charles  "William 
Ferdinand,  duke  of  Brunswick,  b.  17  May,  1768;  married  to 

George,  prince  of  Wales 8  Apr.  1795 

Their  daughter,  princess  Charlotte,  b 7  Jan.  1796 

"  Delicate  investigation" 22  May,  1806 

Charges  against  her  again  disproved 1813 

Princess  embarks  for  the  continent Aug.  1814 

Becomes  queen,  20  Jan. ;  arrives  in  England 6  June,  1820 

A  secret  committee  of  lords  appointed  to  examine  papers  on 

charges  of  incontinence 8  June,     " 

Bill  of  pains  and  penalties  introduced  by  lord  Liverpool,  5  July,     " 

Queen  removes  to  Brandenburg  House 3  Aug.     " 

Receives  an  address  from  the  married  ladies  of  the  metropolis 

(many  others  afterwards) , 16  Aug.     " 

Her  trial  commences 19  Aug.     " 

Last  debate  on  the  bill  of  pains  and  penalties,  report  approved 
by  108  against  99;  the  majority  of  9  being  the  ministers 
themselves.  Lord  Liverpool  moves  that  the  bill  be  recon- 
sidered that  day  6  months 10  Nov.    '* 

Great  public  exultation;  illuminations  for  3  nights  in  London, 

10,  11, 12  Nov.     " 

Queen  goes  to  St.  Paul's  in  state 29  Nov.    " 

She  protests  against  her  exclusion  from  the  coronation,  19 
July ;  taken  ill  at  Drury-lane  theatre,  30  July ;  dies  at  Ham- 
mersmith  7  Aug.  1821 

Her  remains  en  route  to  Brunswick;  alarming  riot,  affray  with 
guards;  2  persons  killed. 14  Aug.     " 

queen  of  England,  title  of:  Her  majesty  Vic- 
toria, by  the  grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  queen,  defender  of  the  faith,  empress  of 
India  (in  India,  Kaisar-i-Hind). 

Queen's  eolleg^e,  now  Rutgers. 

queens  of  Eng^land.    England. 

Queensland,  Moreton  Bay,  a  British  colony,  com- 
prising all  northeastern  Australia ;  was  separated  from  New 
South  Wales  as  a  distinct  colony,  in  1859,  when  Brisbane,  the 
first  settlement  and  capital,  founded  by  Oxley,  1823,  was  made 
a  bishopric.  Chinese  immigrants  are  virtually  excluded. 
Area  estimated  at  668,497  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1891, 393,718 ;  pop. 
Brisbane,  50,000. 

QueenstOirn,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  formerly 
"  Cove  of  Cork,"  received  its  present  name  on  the  visit  of  queen 
Victoria  in  1849.  It  is  a  calling  station  for  American  mail 
steamers. 


QUE  6 

Queeiif^towii  or  Queenston  Heig^hts,  fiat- 
tie  of.  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  with  about  3500  regulars  and 
2500  militia,  stationed  along  the  Niagara  frontier  from  Buffalo 
to  fort  Niagara,  attempted  to  invade  Canada  by  crossing  the 
river  at  Lewiston,  opposite  Queenston.  Without  waiting  to 
concentrate  his  forces,  he  pushed  a  few  hundred  men  across 
the  river  early  on  13  Oct.  1812.  The  British  were  at  first 
driven  from  the  heights  with  the  loss  of  their  commander, 
maj.-gen.  sir  Isaac  Brock,  but  being  reinforced  they  again  ad- 
vanced. Van  Rensselaer  meanwhile  hastened  to  the  American 
side  to  forward  troops,  but  the  militia  refused  to  cross,  being 

'  required  to  serve  only  in  the  state.  The  Americans  who  had 
crossed  were   compelled   to  surrender;  loss,  190   killed  and 

I  wounded,  and  900  prisoners.     The  British  loss  was  130  in  all. 

i  Among  the  captured  Americans  was  col.  Winfleld  Scott,  while 

'  capt.  Wool,  afterwards  gen.  Wool,  was  among  the  wounded. 
On  these  heights  a  monument  was  erected  to  mark  the  spot 
of  Brock's  fall  and  burial.  In  1840  it  was  maliciously  de- 
stroyed by  one  Lett ;  since,  another  has  been  built,  186  feet 
high  surmounted  by  a  dome  of  9  feet. 

I  QuCIltin  (hen-tan'),  St.,  a  village  of  N.  France.  The 
J  duke  of  Savoy,  with  the  army  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  assisted 
i  by  the  English,  defeated  the  French  under  the  constable  De 
!  Montmorency,  at  St.Quentin,  10  Aug.  1557.  In  fulfilment  of  a 
(vow  made  before  the  victory,  the  king  built  the  monastery, 
j  palace,  etc.,  the  Escurial,  considered  by  the  Spaniards  the 
^eighth  wonder  of  the  world.  The  French  army  of  the  north, 
under  Faidherbe,  was  defeated  here  by  the  Germans  after  7 
hours'  fighting,  on  19  Jan.  1871;  total  loss  about  15,000; 
I  German  loss  about  3100. 

I  Queretaro  (hay-ray' -ta-rd),  capital  of  Queretaro, 
'Mexico,  was  besieged  and,  through  the  treacherj-  of  Lopez, 
;forced  to  surrender  to  the  Liberal  general  Escobedo,  15  May, 
(1867.  The  emperor  Maximilian  and  his  generals  Miramon 
iand  Mejia  were  taken  prisoners,  and,  after  trial,  were  shot, 
|19  June  following. 

quern  or  handmill  for  grinding  grain  is  of  Roman, 
ior,  as  some  say,  of  Irish  invention ;  so-called  Roman  querns 
(have  been  found  in  Yorkshire. 

j  Quesnoy  (hay-nwa'),  a  town  of  N.  France,  was  taken  by 
the  Austrians,  11  Sept.  1793,  but  was  recovered  by  the  French, 
'l6  Aug.  1794.  It  surrendered  to  prince  Frederick  of  the  Neth- 
:erlands,  29  June,  1815,  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  Here 
.cannon  were  first  used  (called  bombards). — Henault. 

i  Quiberoil  ( heeb-ron' )  bay,  W.  France.  A  British 
force  landed  here,  Sept.  1746,  but  was  repulsed.  In  the  bay 
ladm.  Hawke  routed  the  French  adm.  Conflans,  preventing  the 
iinvasion  of  Great  Britain,  20  Nov.  1759.  Quiberon  was  taken 
by  some  French  regiments  in  the  pay  of  England,  3  July, 
1795 ;  but  on  21  July,  through  treachery,  French  republicans, 
junder  Hoche,  retook  it  by  surprise,  and  many  emigrants  were 
3xecuted.  About  900  troops,  and  nearly  1500  royalist  inhab- 
'itants  who  had  joined  the  regiments  in  the  pay  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, escaped  by  the  ships. 

I  4llick§ilTer,  a  metal,  also  called  mercury,  which  has 
1  bright  metallic  lustre,  and  retains  the  liquid  state  at  ordi- 
lary  temperatures.  Its  use  in  refining  silver  was  discovered 
1540.  There  are  mines  of  it  in  various  countries ;  the  most 
Tamous  are  at  Almaden,  in  Spain,  and  at  Idria,  in  lUyria ;  the 
atter,  discovered  by  accident  in  1497,  for  several  years  yielded 
1200  tons  a  year.  A  mine  was  discovered  at  Ceylon  in  1797  ; 
ind  at  New  Almaden  and  other  places  in  California.  Quick- 
silver was  congealed  in  winter  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1759.  It 
tvas  congealed  in  England  by  a  chemical  process,  without 
mow  or  ice,  by  Mr.  Walker,  in  1787.  Corrosive  sublimate, 
I  deadly  poison,  is  a  combination  of  mercury  and  chlorine. 
Ualomel. 

Qui'eti§t§,  followers  of  Miguel  Molinos,  a  Spaniard 
1627-96),  whose  work,  the  "  Spiritual  Guide,"  pub.  1675,  was 
he  foundation  of  the  sect  in  France.  He  held  that  religion 
'.onsisted  in  an  internal  silent  meditation  on  the  merits  of 
phrist  and  the  mercies  of  God.  Madame  de  la  Mothe-Guyon, 
;iQuietist,  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  for  visions  and  proph- 
ecies, but  released  through  the  interest  of  Fenelon,  archbishop 
>f  Cambraj',  between  whom  and  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux, 


9  QUO 

arose  a  controversy,  1697.     Quietism  was  finally  condemned 
by  pope  Innocent  XII.  in  1699. 

qilill§  are  said  to  have  been  first  used  for  pens  in  653, 
some  say  not  before  635. 

quince,  the  Fytus  cydonia,  taken  to  England  from 
Austria,  before  1573.  The  Japan  quince,  or  Pyriis  japonica, 
taken  there  from  Japan,  1796. 

quindecem'viri,  15  men  chosen  to  keep  the  Sibyl- 
line books.  The  number,  originally  2  (duumviri)  about  520 
B.C,,  was  increased  to  10  in  365  b.c.,  and  afterwards  (probably 
by  Sulla)  to  16,  about  82  b.c.  Julius  Caesar  added  1 ;  but  the 
precedent  was  not  followed. 

quinine  {he-men'  or  qui -nine)  orquinia,an  alkaloid 
(much  used  in  medicine),  discovered  in  1820  by  Pelletier  and 
Caventou.  Its  manufacture  was  begun  at  Philadelphia  by 
John  Farr  in  1820.  There  never  were  more  than  4  manufact- 
urers of  it  in  the  United  States,  and  after  the  removal  of  the 
duty  in  1879  the  business  ceased  to  be  remunerative.  Its 
price  has  been  decreasing  ever  since  1823,  when  it  sold  for 
$20  an  ounce,  while  it  is  now  quoted  at  50c.  It  is  a  prob- 
able constituent  of  all  genuine  chinchona  barks,  especially 
of  the  yellow  bark.  Chinchona.  Artificial  quinine  was 
prepared  (synthetically)  by  W.  L.  Scott,  Oct.  1865.  Fluores- 
cence. 

Quinquagesima  Sunday.  The  observation  is 
said  to  have  been  appointed  by  Gregory  the  Great  (pope,  590- 
604).  The  first  Sunday  in  Lent  having  been  termed  Quadra- 
gesima,  and  the  3  weeks  preceding  having  been  appropriated 
to  the  gradual  introduction  of  the  Lent  fast,  the  3  Sundays 
of  these  weeks  were  called  bj'  names  significant  of  their  posi- 
tion in  the  calendar;  and,  reckoning  by  decades  (lOths),  the 
Sunday  preceding  Quadragesima  received  its  present  name, 
Quinquagesima,  the  second  Sexagesima,  and  the  third  Septua- 
gesima. 

Quintirians,  heretics  in  the  2d  century,  the  disciples 
of  Montanus,  who  took  their  name  from  Quintilia,  a  lady  de- 
ceived by  his  pretended  sanctity,  whom  thej'  regarded  as  a 
prophetess.  They  made  the  eucharist  of  bread  and  cheese, 
and  allowed  women  to  be  priests  and  bishops. — Pardon. 

Quiri'nus,  a  Sabine  god,  afterwards  identified  with 
Romulus.  L.  Papirius  Cursor,  general  in  the  Roman  army, 
first  erected  a  sundial  in  the  temple  of  Quirinus,  from  which 
time  the  days  began  to  be  divided  into  hours,  293  B.c. — A  spin. 
The  sundial  was  sometimes  called  the  Quirinus,  from  the  orig- 
inal place  in  which  it  was  set  up. — Ashe. 

Quiri'tes,  a  name  given  to  the  Sabines  who  united 
with  the  Romans,  and  extended  in  time  indifferently  to  all 
citizens  of  Rome.     Rome,  747  b.c. 

Quito  (kee'-to),  capital  of  Ecuador,  South  America,  situ- 
ated on  a  plateau  about  10,000  feet  above  the  sea-level,  cele- 
brated as  the  scene  of  the  measurement  of  a  degree  of  the 
meridian,  by  French  and  Spanish  mathematicians,  1736-42. 
40,000  persons  perished  by  an  earthquake  in  the  city  of  Quito, 
4  Feb.  1797.  Since  then  less  violent  shocks  occurred;  by  one, 
on  22  Mch.  1859,  about  5000  persons  were  killed.  Pop.  1894 
about  80,000.     Earthquake,  Ecuador. 

Quo  Warran'tO  act,  passed  in  England  in  1289. 
By  it  a  writ  may  be  directed  to  any  person  to  inquire  by 
what  authority  he  assumes  to  hold  any  office  or  franchise. 
Charles  II.  directed  a  writ  against  the  corporation  of  London 
in  1683,  and  the  court  of  King's  Bench  declared  their  charter 
forfeited.  The  decision  was  reversed  in  1690.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  James  II.  he  planned  to  procure  a  surrender  of  the 
patents  of  the  New  England  colonies  and  to  form  northern 
America  into  12  provinces  with  a  governor-general  over  all. 
Writs  of  quo  warranto  were  issued  July,  1686,  requiring  the 
several  colonies  to  appear  by  representatives  before  the  coun- 
cil to  show  by  what  right  they  exercised  certain  powers  and 
privileges.  Notwithstanding  petitions  and  remonstrances  the 
charters  were  annulled,  and  sir  Edmund  Andros  appointed  gov- 
ernor-general.    Connecticut,  1687. 

quoits,  a  game  said  to  have  originated  with  the  Greeks, 
and  to  have  been  first  played  at  the  Olympic  games,  by  the 
Idaei  Dactyli,  60  years  after  the  deluge  of  Deucalion,  1453  b.c. 


QUO 

Perseus,  the  grandson  of  Acrisius  by  Danae,  having  inadver- 
tently slain  his  grandfather,  when  throwing  a  quoit,  exchanged 
the  kingdom  of  Argos,  to  which  he  was  heir,  for  that  of  Tiryn- 
thu8,and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Mycense,  about  1313  b.c. 
"And  there  a  town  within  a  while  ho  built 
Men  called  Mycense." 

—  iVilliam  Morris,  "The  Doom  of  King  Acrisius." 

quotations.    Athenaeus's  "  Deipnosophistae "  or  "  Ban- 
quet of  the  Learned"  (compiled  about  228),  and  Burton's 


670 


RAO 


"Anatomy  of  Melancholy  "  (1621),  contain  masses  of  extracts. 

Henry  Ainsworth's  (d.  1622)  "Communion  of  Saints"  is  a 

mosaic  of  Scripture  quotations. 

Macdonncl's  "  Dictionary  of  Quotations,"  1796;  Moore's 18S1 

Riley's  "Dictionary  of  Latin  Quotations,"  with  a  Selectioi;  of 
Greek,  published  by  H.  Bohn 18£6 

Collections  of  English  quotations  are  now  numerous: 

Adams's  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Poetical  Quotations  " 18f  3 

Friswell's  "Familiar  Words,"  2d  ed 18(G 

Bartlett's  "Familiar  Quotations" 18(o 


R 


R,  the  18th  letter  of  our  alphabet,  from  the  Egyptian, 
Phoenician,  and  the  P  of  the  Greeks,  being  the  17th  letter  of 
that  alphabet.  When  beginning  a  Greek  word  it  was  sound- 
ed as  rho  (aspirated).  It  was  callefl  by  the  ancients  the 
"dog  letter,"  from  some  fancied  resemblance  in  its  pronuncia- 
tion to  the  snarling  of  a  dog.  It  is  the  last  letter  that  most 
children  learn  to  pronounce,  using  w  instead— as  vewy  for  very, 
and  Wobert  for  Robert,  etc.  The  Chinese  invariably  use  1  in 
the  place  of  r,  which  they  cannot  pronounce. 

Ra,  one  of  the  primary  Egyptian  divinities,  worshipped 
as  the  sun;  second  only  to  Osiris  in  importance.  Usually 
represented  as  a  hawk-headed  man. 
rabies.  Hydrophobia. 
races  of  mankind.  Ethnology. 
racingC  was  one  of  the  ancient  sports  of  Greece.  Chak- 
lOTS.  Horse-races  were  early  known  in  England,  being  men- 
tioned in  the  days  of  Henry  II.  (1154-89).  James  I.  pur- 
chased the  first  Arab  sire  ever  imported  into  England,  a  small 
bay,  known  as  the  "  Markham  "  Arabian.  During  his  reign 
Croydon  in  the  south  and  Garterly  in  the  north  were  cele- 
brated courses.  Near  York  there  were  races  and  the  prize 
was  a  little  golden  bell,  1607.  In  the  end  of  Charles  I.'s  reign 
races  were  performed  at  Hyde  park.  Charles  II.  patronized 
them,  and,  instead  of  bells,  gave  a  silver  cup  valued  at  100 
guineas.     William  III.  founded  a  riding  academy. 

Racing  established  at  Newmarket  by  Charles  II 1667 

[Barley  Arabian,  imported  from  the  East  during  the  reign 
of  Queen  Anne.] 
Races  at  Ascot,  begun  by  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  uncle  to 

George  III. ,  mentioned 1727 

First  racing  calendar  said  to  have  been  pub " 

Races  begun  at  Epsom,  Surrey,  about  1711,  by  Mr.  Parkhurst, 

and  held  annually  since. 1730 

Flying  Childers,  bred  in  1715  by  the  duke  of  Devonshire,  and 
who  ran  4  miles  under  saddle  in  6  minutes  48  seconds,  at 

Newmarket,  d.  aged  26  years 1741 

Jockey  club  founded 1750 

•'Tattersall's,"  the  great  exchange,  which  existed  nearly  100 
years,  established  by  Richard  Tattersall,  near  Hyde  Park 

corner,  for  the  sale  of  horses 1766 

St.  Leger  stakes  founded,  and  races  established  on  Doncaster 
Town  Moor  in  1776,  and  so  named  in  honor  of  lieut.-gen. 
Anthony  St.  Leger  of  Park  Hill,  1778;  first  won  by  lord  Rock- 
ingham's Sampson 1776 

[Distance  now,  1  mile,  6  furlongs,  132  yards.     Usually  run 

on  second  Wednesday  in  Sept.] 

The  Oaks  (named  from  Lambert's  oaks,  parish  of  Woodman- 

sterne,  near  Epsom),  a  race  run  on  Friday  of  the  Epsom 

meeting,  begun  by  the  12th  earl  of  Derby,  and  first  won  by 

his  BHdget 1779 

One  mile  Derby  race  at  Epsom,  first  run  and  won  by  sir 

Charles  Banbury's  Diomed 4  May,  1780 

Derby  race  increased  to  ix  miles,  weight  115  lbs.  for  colts  and 

112  for  fillies 1784 

Eclipse,  race-horse  never  beaten,  d.  aged  25  years Feb.  1789 

Races  begun  by  the  duke  of  Richmond  in  his  park  at  Good- 
wood    1802 

New  horse-market  at  Brompton  opened 10  Apr.  1865 

John  Scott,  eminent  trainer,  d.  aged  77 Oct.  1871 

Present  course  first  used  for  Derby  races,  and  weight  increased 

to  126  lbs.  for  colts  and  121  for  fillies 1872 

Lieut.  Lubowitz,  Hungarian,  riding  from  Vienna  reaches  Paris 

on  his  horse  Caradoc  in  15  days,  winning  a  wager 9  Nov.  1874 

Metropolitan  Race-course  act,  to  check  gate-meetings  (races 

held  in  fields  by  publicans  and  others)  passed 3  July,  1879 

C.  H.  Anderson  rode  1304  miles  in  90  hours,  15  hours  daily, 
changing  mustangs  at  will,  at  Bay  District  Track,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal 15-21  May,  1880 

Count  Stahrenberg,  Austrian  officer,  rode  1  horse  from  Vi- 
enna to  Berlin,  Ger.,  400  miles,  71  hours.  34  minutes, 

2-5  Oct.  1892 


BEST  DEKBY    RECORDS   SINCE   1850. DeRBY-DAY. 

Time. 

m.     t.  Horse. 

2    50.. Lord  Zetland's  Voltigeur 1850 

2    45..WrAnson's  Blink  Bonny 1857 

X   43.. Col.  Towneley's  Kettledrum 1861 

2    43.  .Mr.  Abingtou's  Merry  Hampton 1887 

2    43. .  Duke  of  Portland's  Ayrshire 1888 

THE  OAKS,  BEST   RECORD   SINCE   1850. 
lime.  ' 

m.     3.  Winning  horse. 

2    56     .  .Mr.  Hobson's  Rhedycina 1850 

2    52     ..Lord  Stanley's  Iris 1851 

2    50     ..W.  r Anson's  Blink  Bonny 1857 

2    44     ..J.  Saxon's  Brown  Duchess 1861 

2    43.4.  .Lord  Cadogan's  Lonely 1885 

2    42.8.  .Lord  Calthorpe's  Seabreeze 188-( 

2  40.8..Dukeof  Portland's  Memoir 1890 

THE    ST.   LEGER,  BEST   RECORD    SINCE   1850. 
Time, 
m.     s.  Winning  horse. 

3  24. .  Lord  Zetland's  Voltigeur 1850 

3    20.  .A.  Nichol's  Newminster 1851 

3    14.. W.  I' Anson's  Caller  On 1861 

3    10. . Mr.  Launde's  Apology 1874 

Trotting,  the  favorite  form  of  horse-racing  in  the  United 

States,  belongs  to  the  present  century,  the  first  recorded  pub- 
lic trotting  race  taking  place  in  1818  at  Boston,  when  Boston 

Blue  trotted  a  mile  within  3  minutes.     No  regular  turf  regis- 
ter was  kept  until  1829. 

Selima,  mare  sired  by  Godolphin  Arabian,  imported  into  Mary- 
land by  col.  Tasker 1750 

Fearnaught,  foaled  in  1755,  imported  into  Virginia  from  Eng- 
land by  col.  John  Baylor 1764 

Wildair  and  Lath,  imported  into  the  colonies  by  col.  Delancy 
of  Kingsbridge,  N.  Y 1764-65 

A  4-mile  running  race  for  purse  of  100  guineas  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  in  1767;  Selim  ran  the  first  heat  in  8  min.  2  sec. ;  re- 
corded in  the  Maryland  Gazette 22  Oct.  1767 

Messenger,  foaled  in  1780,  imported  from  England  by  Mr.  Ben- 

ger  of  Philadelphia 1788 

[It  is  conceded  that  this  horse  was  the  most  valuable 
one  ever  brought  to  the  U.  S.  In  him  the  blood  of  the 
best  Arabs  and  Barbs  mingled  with  the  best  race  stock  in 
England.  His  direct  sire  was  Mambrino,  2d  Engineer,  3d 
Sampson,  4th  Blaze,  5th  Flying  Childers,  6th  Barley  Ara- 
bian. ] 

Justin  Morgan,  progenitor  of  the  Morgans,  foaled  at  Spring- 
field, Mass 1793 

Biomed,  winner  of  the  first  Derby  race  in  England,  is  im- 
ported   1799 

First  racing  club  to  hold  regular  meetings  at  the  Newmarket 
course  in  Suffolk  county,  N.  Y.,  organized 1804 

Buroc,  sired  by  Biomed,  and  bred  by  Wade  Mosby  of  Powha- 
tan county,  Va.,  foaled 4  June,  1806 

Grand  Bashaw,  progenitor  of  the  Clay  and  Bashaw  families, 
imported  from  Tripoli 1820 

Trotting-horse  Bellfounder,  imported  from  England  by  James 
Boott  of  Boston,  arrives 11  July,  1822 

New  York  Trotting  club  organized  in  1825,  and  first  races  held 
at  the  club's  course 16  May,  1826 

Hunting  Park  association,  for  encouragement  of  the  breeding 
of  trotters,  organized  at  Philadelphia 8  Feb.  1828 

First  sporting  paper  in  America,  the  American  Turf  Register, 
begins  publication 1  Sept.  1829 

Pilot,  the  Canadian  pacer,  bought  by  D.  Heinshon  of  Louis- 
ville, Ky about  1832 

Stallion  St.  Lawrence,  bred  near  Montreal,  is  bought  by  Joseph 
Hall  of  Rochester,  N.  Y 1848 

Lady  Suffolk,  purchased  from  a  farmer  in  Suflblk,  L.  I., for  $90 
in  1836,  trots  a  mile  under  saddle  in  2.26  on  the  Cambridge 
course 14  June,  1849 

Flora  Temple,  foaled  near  Utica  in  1845,  and  sold  at  4  years 
old  for  $13,  trots  her  first  race  on  the  old  Red  House  track. .  1850 

Flora  Temple  sold  to  Mr  McDonald  of  Baltimore  for  $8000  (d. 
near  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  21  Dec.  1877) 1858 

Robert  Bonner  drives  Lady  Palmer  and  Flatbush  Maid  2  miles 
in  5  min.  1^  sec,  on  Fashion  course,  L.  1 29  May,  1862 


Jl 


RAC 


671 


RAI 


Young  Pocahontas  sold  to  Mr.  Bonner  for  $25,000. 1866 

Hiram  W.  Woodruff,  trainer,  andauthor  of  "The  Trotting  Horse 

of  America,"  d.  at  Jamaica  Plains,  L.  1 15  Mch.  1867 

Dexter  sold  to  Robert  Bonner  for  $33,000  (d.  1888) " 

Hambletonian    (Rysdyk's),   sired    by  Abdallah,   foaled    1849, 

Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  d 1876 

Rarus  purchased  by  Robert  Bonner  for  $36,000 1879 

Maud  S.  purchased  from  William  H.  Vanderbilt  by  Robert  Bon- 
ner for  $40,000 1885 

Kite  shaped  track  at  Stockton,  Cal.,  opened 1891 

Pneumatic  tire  sulkies  come  into  use 1892 

BEST   1   MILE   TROTTING   RECORD  TO   1850. 


Time. 

Horse. 

Place. 

How  trotted. 

I  Year. 

' 

3-  r.  .. 

Boston  Blue 

Boston,  Mass... 

In  harness. 

i  1818 

2    40     .. 

Albany  Pony . . . 

Long  Island 

To  saddle.. 

1824 

2    31)4.. 

Edwin  Forrest.. 

Long  Island 

" 

;  1834 

2    28     .. 

Dutchman 

Beacon  course.. 

•' 

1839 

2    27     .. 

Highland  Maid.. 

Long  Island 

In  harness. 

1847 

2    26     .. 

Lady  Suffolk.... 

Cambridge 

To  saddle.. 

1  1849 

BEST  TROTTING   RECORDS   SINCE   1850. 
1   MILE   IN  HARNESS. 


2  25)4 
2  193^ 
2  17M 
2  163^ 
2  14 
2  133^ 
2  »X 
2  8M 
2  4 
2    3X 


2  25)4 
2  223^ 
2  21 
2  18 
2  153i 


2  241^ 
^24 
2  16X 
U  15 
2  14"^ 


3  16 
3  11 

[3  .. 

•2  :m< 


|8  8y, 
8  2M 
)1  2'dX 

'■)  15 


,3  25 


Lady  Mac 

Flora  Temple 

Dexter 

Occident 

fioldsmithMaid. . 

Rarus 

MaudS 

Sunol 

Nancv  Hanks 

Alix..' 


Place. 


New  Orleans,  La 

Kalamazoo,  Mich 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Sacramento,  Cal 

Mystic  park,  Boston 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Cleveland,  0 

Stockton,  Cal.  (kite  track), 

Terre  Haute,  Ind , 

Galesburg,  111 , 


Tacony  

Rockingham  . . , 
General  Butler. , 

Dexter 

Great  Eastern  . , 

Flora  Temple. ., 

Dexter 

Alfred  S , 

Allerton 

Greenlander 


19  Nov.  1850 
15  Oct.  1859 
14  Aug.  1867 
17  Sept.  1873 

2  Sept.  1874 

3  Aug.  1878 
30  July,  1885 

20  Oct.  1891 
28  Sept.  1892 
19  Sept.  1894 

MILE   TO   SADDLE. 

.  Philadelphia,  Pa 2  June,  1853 

.  Fashion  course,  L.  1 31  Oct.    1862 

.  Fashion  course,  L.  1 24  June,  1863 

.  Buffalo,  N.  Y 18  Aug.  1866 

.  Fleetwood  park,  N.  Y 22  Sept.  1877 

MILE   TO  WAGON. 

.  I  Union  course,  L.  I. . 
,  Fashion  course,  L.  I. 

•  Philadelphia,  Pa 

■  Independence,  la 

,  Terre  Haute,  Ind 


2  Sept.  1856 
7  June,  1867 
4  Sept.  1890 
25  Sept.  1891 
10  Nov.  1893 


MILES   IN  HARNESS. 

.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

.  Detroit,  Mich 

.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
.  Oakland.  Cal 


Fillmore 

Morrissey 

Lady  Mac 

Bishop  Hero.. 

10   MILES   IN   HARNESS. 

Prince [Union  course,  L.  I. 

John  Stewart 'Riverside,  Boston. . 

Controller San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Pascal New  York  city 


18  Apr.  1863 
26  Aug.  1868 
2  Apr.  1874 
14  Oct.    1893 


11  Nov.  1853 
30  June,  1868 
23  Nov.  1878 
2  Nov.  1893 


'20  MILES   IN   HARNESS. 

)tain  McGowan: Riverside,  Boston [18  Oct.    1865 


MISCELLANEOUS  TROTTING  RECORD. 

50   MILKS  IN  HARNESS. 


I^e. 

Horse. 

Place. 

Date. 

Iln..  8. 
000  57 

Black  Joke... 

July,  1835 

38  34|Fanny  Jenks 

53  Conqueror ICentreville,  L.  I, 


100  MILES  IN   HARNESS. 

Albany,  N.  Y. 


I  5  May,  1845 
12  Nov.  1863 


H 

DOUBLE  HARNESS,   1    MILE. 

Poime. 

Team. 

Place. 

Date. 

1     32 

(Jessie  Wales  and) 
1  Ben  Franklin...  ) 
(Jessie  Wales  and) 
i     Honest  Allen....  1 

Kirkwood  and  Idol.. 
I  George  Wilkes  and ) 
\  Honest  Allen....  ( 
( Joe  Clark  and  Mol- ) 
1     lie  Morris ) 

MaudS. and  Aldine.. 
(Belle  Hamlin  and) 

\     Justina ) 

(Belle  Hamlin  and) 
(     Globe 1 

20  Sept.  1867 

30  Sept.  1869 

31  May,  1870 
4  July,  1871 

3  Sept.  1874 
15  June,  1883 
24  Oct.    1890 

4  July,    1892 

1     29% 

I  ^^ 

II  ^^ 
1   ^^>^ 
1    ^^^ 

1    ^^ 

1    12  " 

Brooklyn 

Boston 

Boston 

New  York 

Independence,Ia. 

Kirkwood,  Del... 

8>^ 


WITH   RUNNING  MATE,  1   MILE. 

Ayres  P.  and  Tele- )  I  b-j-i,^^-.^   r>  i 
phone }     Kirkwood,  Del. 


4  July,    1893 


BEST   PACING   RECORD. 

One  mile  in  harness  : 

Direct  at  Nashville,  Tenn. ;  time.  2 :  05>^ 8  Nov.  1892 

Mascot  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  tirrie,  2 :  04 29  Sept.     " 

Hal  Pointer  at  Chicago  (pneumatic  sulky);  time,  2:05^, 

17  Aug.     " 

Flying  Jib  at  Chicago,  III,  fastest  consecutive  heats  on 
record;  time,  2:04,  2:05%,  2: 06%,  2:08>^,  2:08^^, 

15  Sept.  1893 

Robert  J.  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  time,  2: 01>^ 14  Sept.  1894 

Three  miles  in  harness  : 

James  K.  Polk  at  Centreville,  L.  I. ;  time,  7 :  44 13  Sept.  1847 

Joe  Jefferson  at  Knoxville,  la. ;  time,  7 :  333^ 6  Nov.  1891 

One  mile  to  wagon  : 

Roy  Wilkes  at  Independence,  la. ;  time,  2 :  13 30  Oct.     " 

Three  miles  to  wagon  : 

Longfellow  at  Sacramento,  Cal. ;  time,  7 :  53 7  Sept.  1869 

Five  miles  to  wagon: 

Lady  St.  Clair  at  San  Francisco,  Cal. ;  time,  12:54%, 

11  Dec.  1874 
One  mile  to  saddle  : 

Johnston  at  Cleveland,  0. ;  time,  2 :  13 3  Aug.  1888 

Three  miles  to  saddle  : 

Oneida  Chief  at  Hoboken,  N.  J. ;  time,  7 :  44 15  Aug.  1843 

One  mile  in  double  harness  : 

Daisy  D.  and  Silver  Tail  at  East  Saginaw,  Mich. ;  time,  2 :  18>^, 

15  July,  1887 
With  running  mate: 

Westmont  at  Chicago,  111. ;  time,  2 :  01% 10  July,  1884 

rack.     Torture. 

radiom'eter  (terrned  a  Ught-miir),  an  instrument 
constructed  by  William  Crookes,  F.R.S.,  1873-76.  2  little 
disk-arms,  mounted  on  a  pivot  placed  in  an  exhausted 
glass  bulb,  revolve  when  placed  in  bright  light.  The  mo- 
tion has  been  variously  explained  as  due  to  the  impact  of 
rays  of  light,  or  to  heat-absorption,  but  is  now  ascribed  to 
residual  molecules  of  air,  set  in  vibration  by  the  irregularly 
warmed  bulb. 

Raditadt,  a  village  of  Salzburg,  Austria.  Here  the 
French  under  gen.  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians,  5  July, 
1796. 

Raid  of  Ruthven.    Ruthven. 

raids.     Morgan's  raid;  United  States,  1862-64. 

railways.  The  length  of  the  world's  railways  in  1835 
was  1600  miles;  in  1845  it  had  increased  to  10,000  miles;  in 
1855  to  41,000;  in  1865  to  90,000;  in  1875  to  185,000,  and  in 
1890  there  were  over  354,000  miles. 

railn^ays,  English  and  foreign.  Of  Tram-roads,  laid 
in  and  about  Newcastle,  Engl.,  by  Mr.  Beaumont  as  early  as 
1602,  Roger  North  wrote  in  1676  as  follows:  "  The  manner  of 
the  carriage  is  by  laying  rails  of  timber  from  the  colliery  to 
the  river  exactly  straight  and  parallel;  and  bulky  carts  are 
made  with  4  rollers  fitting  those  rails,  whereb}-  the  carriage  is 
so  easy  that  1  horse  will  draw  down  4  or  5  chaldron  of  coals, 
and  is  an  immense  benefit  to  the  coal  merchants." 
An  iron  railway  built  near  Sheffield,  by  John  Curr  (destroyed 

by  the  colliers) 1776 

First  iron  railway  sanctioned  by  Parliament  was  the  Surrey, 
from  the  Thames  at  Wandsworth  to  Croydon,  operated  by 

horses 1801 

William  Hedley  of  Wylam  colliery  makes  the  first  travel- 
ling engine  or  locomotive;  substituted  for  horses  in  a  coll- 
iery    1813 

First  locomotive,  by  George  Stephenson,  travels  6  miles  per 

hour 

Stockton  and  Darlington  railway,  built  by  Edward  Pease 
and  George  Stephenson,  first  opened  for  passengers, 

27  Sept. 
Daily  passenger  coach,  called  the   "Experiment,"  carrying 
6  passengers,  put  on  Stockton  and  Darlington  railway, 

10  Oct. 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  (4  ft.  8>^  in.  gauge)  begun, 

Oct. 
Stephenson's  locomotive,  the  "Rocket,"  weighing  4  tons  5 
cwt.,  attains  a  speed  of  293^  miles  per  hour  at  the  Rain- 
hill  trial,  and  secures  the  prize  of  500/.  offered  by  the  di- 
rectors of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  company, 

6  Oct. 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  opened  (accident  occurs,  see 

below) 15  Sept. 

First  railroad  in  Russia,  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Charsko  Seio, 

opened 

Railway  mania  and  panic  year;  272  railway  acts  pass  in  Eng- 


1814 
1825 


land. 


George  Stephenson  d 12  Aug. 

Panama  railroad  opened 28  Jan. 

System  of  interlocking  switches,  begun  in  England  in  1846, 
perfected 


1837 

1846 
1848 
1855 


RAI 


672 


RAI 


FJrtt  r»Uw»y  In  Egypt,  fh>m  Alexandria  to  Cairo,  opened 1856 

Fim  »l»«I  rmll«  made  al  the  Ebwy-Vale  Iron  company's  works 

In  South  Wale« 1857 

UBdergrouud  railway  In  London  opened 1862 

Welah  railway  train,  about  to  surt,  is  seised  for  debt, 

27  Nov.  1866 

ttO  men  strike  on  I/>ndon  and  Brighton  railway. .  .25-27  Mch.  1867 

Strike  of  500  men  on  Northeastern  railway,  11  Apr. ;  overcome 
by  the  company 26  Apr.     " 

Looomotivefi  for  mountain  climbing,  by  a  central  mil,  first 
tried  on  High  I'cuk  railway,  Sept.  1803.  A  climbing  locomo- 
tive asccDilod  mount  Ceuis  in  1865;  Mount  Cen is  railway 
opened  for  traffla 15  June,  1868 

Midland  railway  station  opened 1  Oct.     " 

Mr.  Fairlie  builds  a  locomotive  called  "  Little  Wonder,"  to  run 
on  a  horse  tram-way  of  2-foot  gauge,  in  Wales,  since  called 
the  Festiniog  railway;  first  of  modern  narrow-gauge  rail- 
ways.   1869 

Railway  association  of  directors  and  ghareholdors  to  watch 
li^isUtion  esUblished  in  Kngland July,  1870 

RIgl  Mountain  railway  (up  to  4000  feet  above  sea-level)  opened, 

23  May,  1871 

0«orge  Hudson  of  England,  since  1844  styled  "the  railway 
king,"  d.  aged  71 14  Dec.     " 

First  railway  in  Japan  opened 12  June,  1872 

Thomas  Brassey  of  England,  who  built  6600  miles  of  rail- 
way, d " 

One-rail  railway  built  at  Paris  by  M.  Larmenjat Aug.     " 

First  railway  in  Persia  begun  at  Resht 11  Sept.  1873 

Pullman  palace  cars  introduced  into  England  on  Midland  rail- 
way  21  Mch.  1874 

Railway  Travellers'  Protection  Society  organized  in  England, 
duke  of  Mauchester  president 23  July,     " 

Trial  of  continuous  railway  brakes  on  Midland  railway, 
Engl. ;  Westingliouse  automatic  brake  considered  the  best, 

June,  1875 

Jnbilee  of  Stockton  and  Darlington  railway  celebrated,  and 
statue  of  Joseph  Pease  unveiled  at  Darlington 27  Sept.     " 

Communication  between  passenger  carriages  on  English  trains 
by  bell-cords  first  comes  into  general  use about  1877 

First  railway  in  China,  constructed  by  Europeans,  from 
Shanghai  to  Oussoon  (11  miles),  at  first  opposed,  opened 
30  June,  1876.  Operation  stopped  and  plant  taken  to  For- 
mosa.  1877-78 

Unsuccessful  strike  of  goods-guards  on  Midland  railway  of 
England 3-20  Jan.  1879 

First  electric  railway,  constructed  by  Siemens  and  Halse  of 
Berlin,  at  the  exhibition  in  that  city " 

Electric  railway  at  Berlin  opened  to  the  public 16  May,  1881 

Centenary  of  Gieorge  Stephenson's  birth  celebrated  throughout 
England .9  June,     " 

International  railway  congress  for  unification  of  rolling-stock 
opens  at  Berne 16  Oct.  1882 

Strike  on  Caledonian  railway  at  Glasgow,  etc.,  compromised, 

15-21  Jan.  1883 

First  railroad  train  ftorn  Buenos  Ayres  crosses  the  Andes  in 
Chili 15  Feb.  1884 

M.  Lartigue's  balance  railway  (single  rail)  reported  successful 
in  Normandy,  June,  1884;  and  experimental  line  built  in 
London Sept.  1886 

Zone  railway  system,  or  Regional  passenger  tarifl",  introduced 
in  Hungary,  1  Aug.  1889,  and  in  Austria. 1  June,  1890 

Brienzer  Rothhornbahn,  Alpine  railway,  ascending  5606  feet, 
the  highest  in  Europe,  is  opened 1891 

Czarowitz  drives  the  first  spike  for  the  great  Siberian  railway 

at  Vladivostok  on  the  Japan  sea 24  May,     " 

[Total  length  to  the  Ural  mountains  over  5000  miles.] 

railliray§,  United  States.  First  tram-road  viras  built 
from  the  granite  quarries  at  Quiiicy,  Mass.,  to  the  Neponset 
river  in  1826.  The  following  year  a  gravity  road  for  the 
transportation  of  coal  was  constructed  at  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa. 
The  first  road  built  expressly  for  transporting  freight  and 
passengers  was  the  Baltinaore  and  Ohio,  commenced  in  1828, 
and  for  a  time  run  as  a  horse-railroad. 

INCREASE   IN  RAILROAD  MILEAGE. 


I 


1831.. 
1832.. 
1833.. 
1834. 


1836.. 
1837.. 
1838.. 
1839.. 
1840.. 


Toul 
mileage. 


23 


95 

72 

229 

134 

380 

151 

633 

253 

1098 

465 

1273 

175 

1497 

224 

1913 

416 

2.302 

389 

2818 

516 

1850. 


1870. 
1880. 
1890. 


Total 
Mileage. 


9,021 
30,626 
52,922 
93,296 
166,817 
171,804 

[The  U.  S.  has  more  than  6 
times  the  mileage  of  any  other 
country.] 


Averafce 
yearly  ■ 
increase. 


620 
2160 
2229 
4037 
7352 


Experimental  trip  of  the  first  locomotive  used  in  the  U.  S., 
"The  Stourbridge  Lion,"  built  in  England,  and  run  by 
Horatio  Allen  on  the  Honesdale  and  Carbondale  rail- 
road, built  by  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  company  in 
1827.    It  was  found  too  heavy  for  the  tracks  (weight  6  tons), 

9  Aug    1829 

First  14  miles  of  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  opened.  .24  May,  1830 


Peter  Cooper  of  New  York  builds  a  locomotive,  and  on  a 
trial  trip  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  beats  a  horse-car, 

28  Aug.  183 

Locomotive  called  "The  Best  Friend,"  built  at  the  West  Point 
foundry  (weight  4^  tons)  for  the  South  Carolina  railroad, 
which  was  opened 2  Nov. 

Swivelling  truck  for  locomotives  first  suggested  by  Ho- 
ratio Allen  for  the  South  Carolina  railroad  in  1831, 
and  put  in  practical  use  on  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rail- 
road   183 

South  Carolina  railroad  from  Charleston  to  Hamburg,  oppo- 
site Augusta,  Ga.,  135  miles,  then  the  longest  continuous 
line  in  the  world,  completed 183 

Bogie  cars,  or  cars  with  trucks  and  aisles  through  the  centre 
first  put  in  general  use  on  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad, 

about  183 

Cars  with  "  monitors, "  or  raised  roofs  with  ventilators,  used  on 
Philadelphia  and  Germantown  railroad 183 

Car  fitted  with  berths,  and  in  use  until  1848,  is  put  on  the 
Cumberland  Valley  railroad  of  Pennsylvania  between  Har- 
risburg  and  Chambersburg 

Fish-plates  for  joining  rails  (now  universal)  first  tried  at  New 
castle,  Del 184 

First  state  railroad  commission  established  in  New  Hamp 
shire 184 

Continuous  railroad  connects  Boston  and  New  York 1  Jan.  184 

Hodge  hand-brakes  introduced 

Stevens's  brake  introduced 18fi 

The  Cleveland  and  Toledo  railroad  completes  a  continuous  line 
of  1000  miles  between  Boston  and  Chicago 188 

Chicago  and  Rock  Island  railroad,  connecting  Chicago  with 
the  Mississippi  river,  completed Feb.  185 

Wagner's  sleepers  introduced,  4  in  operation 188 

Railway  system  reaches  the  Missouri  river  by  completion  of 
the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  railroad 18^ 

Cars  with  seats  that  could  be  turned  into  beds  used  in  1845; 
sleeping-cars  with  3  tiers  of  bunks  used  on  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad  in  1850;  patent  granted  George  W.  Pull- 
man for  sleeping-cars " 

Miller  car-coupler  and  buffer  patented 1863 

Railroad  built  up  mount  Washington,  N.  H 1866-69 

Wagner's  Palace-car  company  incorporated 1867 

[Pullman  sleepers  mostly  used  west  and  southwest;  Wag- 
ner's, east  and  south.]  M 

Pullman  sleeper,  the  "  Pioneer,"  built  at  a  cost  of  $18,000,  put  9 
on  the  Chicago  and  Alton  railroad  in  1865,  and  Pullman  Car  ^ 
company  organized " 

First  hotel-car,  the  "President,"  put  on  the  Great  Western 
railway  of  Canada " 

First  dining-car,  the  "  Delmonico,"  begins  running  on  the  Chi- 
cago and  Alton  railroad 1868 

Dr.  Thomas  Durant  and  gov.  Leland  Stanford  drive  the  last 
spikes  connecting  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  railroads 
at  Promontory  Point,  Utah,  completing  line  across  the  con- 
tinent (Pacific  railroads) 10  May,  1869 

First  narrow-gauge  locomotive  built  in  the  U.  S.,  shipped  from 
the  works  of  M.  Baird  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  to  the  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande  railroad  (3  ft.  gauge) 13  July,  1871 

First  narrow-gauge  railroad  in  the  U.  S.,  the  Denver  and  Rio 
Grande,  opened  to  Pueblo,  118  miles June,  1872 

Westinghouse  air-brakes  first  applied  to  passenger  trains  (1868), 
and  triple  valve  attachment  introduced " 

Trial  trip  on  the  Metropolitan  (first  called  Gilbert)  elevated 
railroad  in  New  York  city 30  Apr. 

System  of  competitive  examinations,  prizes  awarded  to  super- 
visors and  foremen  for  best  kept  division,  devised  and  put 
in  operation  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  by  Frank  Thom- 
son, general  manager 

Locomotives  with  speed  of  70  miles  per  hour  built  in  the 
U.  S 1882 

Northern  Pacific  railroad  completed  (last  spike  driven  at  In- 
dependence Gulch,  Montana) 8  Sept.  1883 

Unsuccessful  railroad  strike  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroad 
and  connections 6  Mch. -3  May,  1886 

First  vestibuled  train  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad June,     " 

Special  newspaper  train  on  New  York  Central  runs  from 
Syracuse  to  Buffalo,  148.77  miles,  at  average  .speed  of 
65.6  miles  per  hour;  10  miles  run  at  75  miles  per  hour. 

18  Aug.     " 

Train  on  the  Canada  Southern  railroad  runs  from  St.  Clair 
junction  to  Windsor,  Ont.,  107  miles,  in  97  minutes,  including 
2  or  3  stops.     Average  speed  about  69  miles  per  hour, 

16  Nov.     " 

Brake  trials  at  Burlington  before  Master  Car-builders'  Associa- 
tion  1886-87 

Westinghouse,  by  modifying  his  triple  valve  and  train-pipe, 
succeeds  in  applying  the  brakes  throughout  a  50-car  train  in 
2  seconds.  Exhibition  trip  (3000  miles)  made  with  special 
train  throughout  the  country Oct. -Nov.  1887 

Train  on  the  New  York  Central  runs  from  New  York  to 
East  Buffalo,  436.5  miles,  in  7  h.  19  m.  30  sec.  includ- 
ing 3  stops,  or  7  h.  5  m.  15  sec.  in  motion,  averaging  61.56 
miles  per  hour,  the  fastest  time  for  so  long  a  distance, 

14  Sept.  1891 

Last  spike  in  construction  of  the  Great  Northern's  extension 
to  the  Pacific,  the  5th  transcontinental  line,  driven,  in  the 
Cascade  mountains 6  Jan.  1893 

Fastest  time  on  record  made  by  the  Empire  State  express  on 
New  York  Central,  locomotive  999,  engineer  Charles  Hogan, 
being  1  mile  in  32  sec.  from  Crittenden,  west,  or  at  the  rate 
of  112.5  miles  an  hour 11  May,     "^ 


1878 


1879 


f: 


RAI 


673 


RAI 


PRINCIPAL  RAILROAD  SYSTEMS,  TERRITORY,  AND  NUMBER  OF  MILES  IN  EACH  ROAD  IN  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


General  location  of  main  line  and  branches. 


Number  of 

miles  of  main 

line  and 

branches. 


Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  F€ 

Atlantic  Coast  Line 

Baltimore  and  Ohio. 

Boston  and  Albany 

Boston  and  Maine 

Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids,  and  Northern 

Canadian  Pacific 

Central  of  Georgia 

Central  of  New  Jersey 

Central  of  Vermont 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio 

Chicago  and  Alton 

Chicago  and  Northwestern  (including  the 
Northwestern  line) 

Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quiucy  ("  Burling 
ton  Route,"  including  the  Burlington  and 
Missouri  River  in  Nebraska 

Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul 

Chicago  Great  Western ; 

Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and  Pacific 

Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  and  St.  Loufs) 
("Big  Four  "  route) ) 

Delaware  and  Hudson 

Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western 

Denver  and  Rio  Grande 

Duluth,  South  Shore,  and  Atlantic 

East  Tennessee,  Virginia,  and  Georgia 

Evansville  Route 

Florida  Central  and  Peninsular 

Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana 

Grand  Trunk  of  Canada , . . . 

dreat  Northern 

_  Illinois  Central 

"  Intercolonial  of  Canada 

International  and  Great  Northern 

Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott,  and  Memphis. 

Luke  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern 

Lake  Erie  and  Western. 

Lehigh  Valley 

Long  Island 

Louisville  and  Nashville 

Maine  Central 

Michigan  Central 

Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas 

Missouri  Pacific 

Mobile  and  Ohio 

Nashville,  Chattanooga,  and  St.  Louis  ("The  ) 

Lookout  Mountain  Route") ) 

New  York  and  New  England 

New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River 

New  York,  Chicago,  and  St.  Louis  ("Nickel) 

Plate  "  line) / 

New  York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Western 

New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford 

Norfolk  and  Western 

Northern  Pacific 

Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia  and  Reading 

Plant  System  (including  several  railroads,  the ) 
principal  being  Savannah,  Florida,  and  J 
Western) ) 

Queen  and  Cresent  System 

Richmond  and  Dansville 

Rome,  Watertown,  and  Ogden 

Seaboard  Air  Line 

Southern  Pacific 

St.  Louis  Southwestern  ("  Cotton- Belt "  route) 

Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis 

Texas  and  Pacific 

Tnion  Pacific  (the  Overland  route) 

Wabash 

Western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania! ....... 

Wisconsin  Central 

Yhzoo  and  Mississippi  Valley  (Illinois  com-V 
plete  system) ( 


( Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  Indian) 
i     Territory,  Texas,  Colorado,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  California .' ) 

Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina 

j  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Vir- 1 
(    ginia.  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois j 

New  York  and  Massachusetts 

Massachusetts,  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  Quebec 

[owa,  Minnesota,  South  Dakota 

I  New  Brunswick,  Maine,  V^ermont,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Michigan,  Manitoba, ) 
(     Assiniboia,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  B.  C.  (steamer  to  China,  Japan,  Australia  j 

Georgia  and  Alabama 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania 

Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  New  York,  Quebec 

Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Ohio 

Illinois  and  Missouri 

I  Michigan,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  South  Dako-> 
(     ta,  Nebraska,  Wyoming / 

(Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,) 

1     South  Dal«ota / 

J  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Iowa.  Missouri,  North  Dakota,) 
\    South  Dakota j 

Illinois,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Missouri 

(Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Minnesota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas.  Okla-  ) 
\    homa,  Indian  Territory,  Colorado j 

Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois 

Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Vermont .* 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania 

Colorado  and  New  Mexico 

Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan 

North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi, Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Louisiana. 

Indiana  and  Illinois 

South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida 

Michigan  and  Indiana 

Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Michigan 

Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  Washington 

Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  Louisiana. . . 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec 

Texas 

Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Kansas 

New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan 

Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania 

Long  Island,  N.  Y 

j  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Mis) 
I     sissippi I 

Mainej  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Quebec 

New  York,  Ontario,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois 

Missouri,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  Texas 

Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Indian  Territory. 

Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Illinois 

Georgia,  Alabama,  Tennessee 

Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York 

New  York  and  Pennsylvania 

New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois 

Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut.  New  York 

Maryland,  West  Virginia,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Ohio 

(Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  Washington,  Oregon,  Manitoba  1 

\    (steamer  from  Tacoma,  Wash.,  to  China  and  Japan) ) 

(New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  District  of  Co- 1 
\    lumbia,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan ) 

New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Florida 

Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Texas 

Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi 

New  York 

Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia 

Louisiana,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  California,  Nevada,  Oregon,  Utah. . . 

Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Texas 

Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan 

Louisiana  and  Texas 

/Kansas,  Nebraska,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Utah,  Idaho,) 
\    Montana,  Oregon,  Washington j 

Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Iowa 

New  York  and  Pennsylvania 

Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota 

Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Tennessee 


9346 

1280 

2097 

388 
1239 
1134 

7008 

1384 


1365 
843 

7952 


5604 

6076 

904 

3572 

2290 

757 

946 

1687 

594 

2943 

876 

920 

585 

3510 

4413 

3808 

1114 

825 

1179 

1608 

725 

1039 

367 

3164 

804 
1662 
2023 
5415 

688 

1016 

566 
t2627 

523 

2063 
1630 
1477 

4495 

7916 
891 

1492 

1272 
2446 
685 
926 
6586 
1226 
675 
1490 

8034 

2124 
655 
765 


MEMORABLE 


RAILROAD    ACCIDENTS    IN    THE    U 
CANADA. 

"'  In  proportion  to  the  whole  number  carried,  the  accidents 
to  passengers  in  '  the  good  old  days  of  stage-coaches '  were,  as 
compared  to  the  present  tinoe  (1879),  about  as  60  to  1.  In 
Massachusetts,  between  1871  and  1879,  303,000,000  passenger 
journeys  of  13  miles  each  were  made.  The  average  distance 
22 


t  With  West  Shore,  etc, 
AND 


travelled  by  all  before  death  happened  to  any  one  was  about 
80,000,000  miles." — Charles  Francis  Adams,  Jr. 
Express  train  from  New  York  runs  into  an  open  draw  at  Nor- 

walk,  Conn.;  46  killed,  30  injured 6  May,  1863 

Collision  between  passenger  and  gravel  train  on  the  Great 

Western  railway  of  Canada,  between  Chatham  and  Detroit; 

47  killed,  80  injured 25  Oct.  1854 

Bridge  over  Gasconade  on  Pacific  railroad  of  Missouri  gives 

way  under  an  excursion  train;  22  killed,  50  injured..  1  Nov.  185^ 


RAI 

^  »l  CamubtU  •Ution,  about  U  miles  nrom  Pbiladel- 
Dhla:  excurtlon  timin  carrying  over  1000  Sunday-school  chil- 
Srao;  ft  cart  burned;  66  killed,  over  100  itvjured. ...  17  July, 
DwAiM  engine  breaks  through  a  bridge  over  the  Des  Jardines 
wynai  on  Ureat  Western  rallwny  of  Canada;  out  of  90  iwssen- 
gw«  60  are  killed .....17Mch. 

Two  cars  derailed  and  hurled  down  a  30  fool  embankment  at 
Port  Jervis,  N.  Y. ;  6  killed,  60  ii\Jured 17  June, 

Emigrant  train  on  Grand  Trunk  of  Canada  runs  into  an  open 
draw  at  Richelieu  river,  near  Beloeil;  over  8U  killed  and 
hundreds  Injured 'iUJune, 

Collision  on  Erie  railroad,  ao  miles  west  of  I'ort  Jervis;  train 
of  18 cars oarryingSfiO Confederate  soldiers;  60  killed,  120  in- 
jured  15  July, 

Rear-end  collision  at  Bristol,  30  miles  from  Philadelphia;  60 
killed  or  iivjured 7  Mch. 

Rear-end  collision  on  Housatonic  railroad  of  Connecticut;  11 
kiUed,  17  iniand 16  Aug. 

Train  derailed  and  cars  hurled  from  bridge  at  Angola,  N.  Y. ; 
wreck  takes  flr«;  41  killed 18  Dec. 

Spreading  of  rails;  cars  thrown  down  an  embankment  at  Carr's 
Rock,  near  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y. ;  wreck  takes  Are;  26  killed,  62 
iiOured 1*  Apr. 

Collision  on  Missouri  Pacific,  near  Eureka,  Mo. ;  25  killed,  41 
iivJured 12  May, 

Pacific  express  runs  into  a  disabled  oil  train  on  bridge  at  New 
Hamburg,  near  Poughkeepeie,  N.  Y. ;  cars  take  fire;  21 
killed 6  Feb. 

Expresslrain  runsintoaccommodationat  Revereon  Eastern  rail- 
road, between  Boston  and  Lynn ;  29  killed,  57  injured.  26  Aug. 

Train  derailed  on  Grand  Trunk  of  Canada,  near  Belleville; 
about  30  killed;  many  burned  and  scalded 22  June, 

Trestle  bridge  gives  way  under  passenger  train  near  Prospect, 
N.  Y. ;  cars  lake  flre ;  19  killed 24  Dec. 

Bridge  over  ravine  at  AshUbula,  0.,  breaks  as  Pacific  express 
is  crossing  during  a  violent  snow-storm ;  over  80  killed,  more 
than  half  of  them  burned,  and  over  60  injured,  night  29  Dec. 

Bridge  over  Farmingtou  river,  near  TariflVille,  Conn.,  breaks 
under  an  excursion  train;  13  killed,  33  injured 15  Jan. 

Train  derailed  on  Old  Colony  railroad,  near  Wollston,  Mass. ; 
19  killed,  60  injured 8  Oct. 

Collision  on  Hudson  River  railroad,  near  Spuyten  Duyvil, 
N.  Y;  9  killed J3  Jan. 

Wreck  on  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  near  Tehichipa,  Gal. ;  15 
killed 19  Jan. 

Cincinnati  Southern  railroad,  near  Mason's  Station,  0. ;  53  in- 
jured, a  number  fatally 30  Mch. 

Northern  Pacific  railroad  in  Montana;  18  Chinamen  killed, 

26  June, 

Near  Grayville,  111. ;  9  killed 4  Sept. 

Collision  on  Grand  Trunk,  near  Toronto,  Ont. ;  25  killed,  2  Jan. 

Train  thrown  into  White  River,  near  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  6 
kiUed 31  Jan. 

Collision  near  Connellsville,  Pa.;  14  killed 14  May, 

Wreck  near  Hackensack,  N.  J. ;  9  killed 18  Oct. 

Collision  near  Austell,  Ga. ;  11  killed 15  Dec. 

Train  derailed  near  Deerfield,  Mass. ;  12  killed , 7  Apr. 

DerailmentnearSanteeswamp.S.C. ;  7 killed,  13 injured,  7  June, 

Runaway  train  near  Saluda,  N.  C. ;  5  killed,  8  injured.  .25  Aug. 

Collision  on  Nickel  Plate  railroad  at  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y. ;  13 
killed,  20  iiyured  (7  fatally) 14  Sept. 

Twenty-two  persons  burned  to  death  in  railway  wreck  near 
Rio,  Wis 28  Oct. 

Collision  near  Republic,  0. ;  wreck  takes  fire;  13  killed.  .4  Jan. 

Train  derailed  near  White  River  junction,  Vt. ;  cars  take  flre; 
30  killed,  37  injured 5  Feb. 

Bridge  breaks  under  train  near  Boston,  Mass. ;  24  killed,  115 
injured 14  Mch. 

Collision  at  St.  Thomas,  Ont.,  between  excursion  train  and  oil 
car;  wreck  takes  fire;  13  killed,  over  100  injured..  ..15  July, 

Collision  near  Hopedale.  111. ;  9  killed,  15  injured 27  July, 

Excursion  train  breaks  through  a  burning  bridge  near  Chats- 
worth,  IlL  ;  80  killed,  about  200  injured 10  Aug. 

Collision  near  Kout,  Ind.;  10  killed 10  Oct. 

Collision  near  Greenwood,  Ky. ;  wreck  burns;  6  killed,  21  in- 
jured  31  Dec. 

Wreck  from  broken  wheel,  near  Haverhill,  Mass. ;  9  killed,  13 
injured 10  Jan. 

Train  derailed  and  bridge  breaks  near  Blackshear,  Ga. ;  27 
killed,  35  injured 17  Mch. 

Derailment  and  broken  bridge  near  Orange  Court-house,  Va. ; 

9  killed,  22  injured 12  July, 

Collision,  excursion  train  near  Mud  Run,  Pa. ;  63  killed,  23  in- 
jured  10  Oct. 

Collision  near Tamanend switch. Pa. ;  10  killed,23  injured,  16 Oct. 

Collision  near  Tallmadge,  0. ;  wreck  takes  fire;  8  killed,  6  in- 
jured.   14  Jan. 

Train  derailed  near  St.  George,  Ont. ;  10  killed,  30  injured,  27  Feb. 

Collision  near  Latrobe,  Pa.;  wreck  takes  flre;  12  killed.  6  in- 
jured  26  June, 

Derailment  22  miles  south  of  Knoxville,  Tenn. ;  first  train  over 
the  road;  5  killed,  26  injured 23  Aug. 

Collision  near  Auburn  Park,  III.;  drunken  engineer;  6  killed, 

10  injured 24  Sept. 

Train  bresiks  on  down  grade;  rear  end  collides  with  forward 

section,  near  Bay  View,  N.  Y. ;  6  killed,  17  injured. .  .6  Mch. 
Train  runs  into  open  draw -bridge  near  Oakland,  Cal. ;    13 

drowned 30  May, 

Collision  near  Warrenton,  Mo. ;  8  killed,  11  injured 9  June, 

Train  derailed  near  King's  M  ills,  0.;  9  killed,  32  injured,  11  July, 
Derailment  near  Quincy,  Mass. ;  20  killed,  31  iiyured..  .19  Aug. 


674 


RAI 


1866 
1867 


1864 


1867 

1868 
1870 

1871 
1872 

1876 

1878 

1882 
1883 


1884 


1885 


1887 


1890 


189* 


Collision  near  Florence,  Col. ;  5  killed,  33  injured 7  Sept 

Collision  near  Sloan's  Valley,  Ky. ;  7  killed,  10  injured.  .22  Oct. 

Explosion  on  construction  train  near  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. ;    13 
killed,  22  injured 19  May, 

Train  wrecked  near  Aspen  junction.  Col. ;  9  killed,  6  injured, 

5  July. 

Excursion  train  wrecked  near  Middletown,  0. ;  7  killed,  many 
injured 25  July, 

Train  wrecked  near  Louisville,  Ky. ;  13  killed,  18  injured,  31  July, 

Collision  near  Zelinpole,  Pa. ;  8  killed,  5  injured 24  Sept. 

Train  wrecked  near  Toledo,  O. ;  9  killed,  20  injured 28  Nov. 

"  "  "    Hastings,  N.  Y. ;  15  killed,  7  injured,  24  Dec. 

"  »  "     Milwaukee,  Wis.,;  7  killed 1  Mch. 

"  *'  "    Revere,  Mo. ;  7  killed 6  May, 

"  "  "    Cloves,  0. ;  7  killed 15  May, 

"  «'  "    Cotton  Belt  railroad;  7  killed 21  May, 

"  "  "    Lonesome  Hollow,  Ky. ;  7  killed..  14  Juno, 

"  "  «'    Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  12  killed 25  Juno, 

"  "  "    Cochocton,  O. ;  6  killed 16  Aug. 

Collision  of  trains  near  Eckenrode  Mills,  Pa. ;  14  killed,  7  Sept. 

Train  wrecked  near  West  Cambridge,  Mass.  ;  6  killed,  11  Sept. 

"  "  "    West  Manchester,  Pa. ;  7  killed 24  Oct. 

♦'  "  "    Phillipsburg,  Mo. ;  6  killed 25  Oct. 

"  "  "    Grand  Island,  Neb. ;  7  killed 1  Nov. 

"  "  "    Nelson,  Minn. ;  8  killed 18  Dec. 

Trains  collide  near  Alton,  111. ;  9  killed,  12  fatally  injured,  21  Jan. 
"         "         "     Somerset,  Pa. ;  5  killed 25  Apr. 

Train  wrecked  near  Lafayette,  Ind. ;  10  killed 7  May, 

"  "  "    Parkville,L.L;  8killed, 29  injured, 20  June, 

"  "  "    Patterson,  N.  J. ;  5  killed 24  June, 

"  "  "    Newburg,  N.  Y. ;  5  killed 13  July, 

"  "  "    Melton,  Va. ;  7  killed 16  Aug.     " 

"  "  "    Berlin,  L.  L  ;  16  killed,  50  badly  injured, 

26  Aug.     " 

Train  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  railroad  goes  through  a  bridge 
near  Chester,  Mass. ;  15  killed  and  15  injured 31  Aug.     " 

Train  wrecked  near  Colehour,  111. ;  11  killed 7  Sept.     " 

"  "  "    Manteno,  111. ;  8  killed 19  Sept.     " 

Trains  collide  near  Wabash,  Ind. ;  11  killed 22  Sept.     •' 

Michigan  Central  excursion  train,  2d  section  runs  into  1st  sec- 
tfon  at  Jackson,  Mich. ;  13  killed  and  40  injured 13  Oct.     " 

Trains  collide  near  Battle  Creek,  Mich. ;  26  killed,  many  fatally 
hurt 20  Oct.     " 

NUMBER  OF  PEKSONS  KILLED  IN  TRAIN  ACCIDENTS  ON  TJIK 
DIFFERENT  RAILROADS  IN  THE  U.  S.  FOR  THE  YEARS. 
1891,  '92,  '93. 


1893 


Year. 

Passengers. 

Trespassers. 

Employees. 

Total. 

1891 

177 
121 
178 

63 
61 

89 

550 
490 
424 

790 

1892 

672 

1893  .  - 

691 

Total 

476 

213 

1464 

2153 

Average  for  the  past  14  years  (1880  to  1893  inclusive)  is  573.4. 

MEMORABLE    RAILROAD   ACCIDENTS,  ENGLISH   AND    FOREIGN.. 

In  1846,  in  England,  was  passed  the  Campbell  act,  to  compel 
railway  companies  to  make  compensatiou  for  inj'uries  by  culpa- 
ble accidents  (9and  10  Vict.  c.  93).  The  statistics  of  railway  ac- 
cidents in  Great  Britain  for  one  year  (1889)  show — Killed  :  pa.s- 
sengers,  183;  employes, 435;  trespassers, 351;  various,170;  total,. 
1139,  Injured:  passengers,  1829;  employes,  2769;  trespassers,, 
122;  various,  53;  total,  4773;  total  killed  and  injured,  6912. 
W.  Huskisson,  M.  P.,  killed  at  the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and 

Manchester  railway 15  Sept.  1830 

Derailment  of  engine  at  Sonninghill  cuLnear  Reading;  8  killed, 

24  Dec.  1841 
Railway  train  takes  fire  at  Versailles,France;  passengers  locked 

in.     Over  50  lives  lost,  including  adm.  d'Urville;   over  40 

injured 8  May,  1842 

Collision  on  Great  Southern  and  Western  near  Strafian,  Ireland ; 

13  killed 5  Oct.  1853 

Collision  near  Moret  in  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  16  killed,  23  Oct.  1855 
Collision  at  Kirby,  between  Liverpool  and  Blackpool;  200  in- 
jured, none  killed 27  June,  1857 

Collision  at  Lewisham,  near  London;  11  killed 28  June,     " 

Wreck  near  Mons,  Belgium ;  21  killed June,  1858 

Collision  of  excursion  train  about  10  miles  from  Birmingham, 

near  Round  Oak  station 23  Aug.     " 

Collision,  excursion  train  at  Helmshore,  near  Manchester;  11 

killed 4  Sept.  1860 

Collision  of  mail  and  cattle  train  on  Northwestern  railway  at 

Atherstone;  11  killed 16  Nov.     " 

Collision  in  Clayton  tunnel,  on  London  and  Brighton  railway; 

23  killed,  176  injured 25  Aug.  1861 

Wreck  at  Kentish  Town,  near  London;  16  killed,  320  injured,  | 

2  Sept.     "    j 
Collision  near  Winchburgh,  on  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  railway ;  i 

15  killed,  100  injured 13  Oct.  1862  ! 

Train  derailed  near  Rednall  on  branch  of  Great  Western  rail-  { 

way;  13  killed,  about  40  injured 7  June,  1865  , 

Derailment  near  Staplehurst,  on  Southeastern  railway;  10  killed,  ; 

about  50  injured 9  June,     "    { 

Collision  between  Irish  mail  train  and  freight,  Abergele,  N.Wales.  \ 

Barrels  of  petroleum  ignite;  33  burned  to  death 20  Aug.  1868  j 

Derailment  on  Great  Indian  Peninsular  railway,  near  Khan-  j 

dalla,  Bombay;  about  18  killed 26  Jan.  1869i 


1870 


1871 
1873 


1874 


RAI  675 

Collision  between  excursion  train  and  derailed  freight  near 
Newark,  on  the  Great  Northern  railway;  19  killed.  .21  June, 

Collision  near  Barnsley;  14  killed 12  Dec. 

Railway  accident  near  St.  Nazaire,  France;  explosion  of  gun- 
powder; 60  killed 25  Feb. 

Train  derailed  near  Festh,  Hungary ;  21  killed May, 

Train  derailed  at  Wigan,  17  miles  from  Manchester;  13  killed, 
including  sir  John  Anson 23  Aug. 

Collision  between  London  express  and  a  mineral  train  near 
Manuel  and  Bo'ness  Junction,  between  Edinburgh  and  Glas- 
gow ;  16  killed 27  Jan. 

Two  passenger  trains,  through  the  carelessness  of  telegraph 
operators,  collide  at  Thorpe,  near  Norwich;  26  killed,  50  in- 
jured  10  Sept.     " 

Broken  wheel  throws  train  over  an  embankment  at  Shipton, 
near  Oxford;  34  killed,  about  70  injured 24  Dec.     " 

Train  hurled  from  embankment  near  Odessa,  Russia ;  about 
68  killed 8  Jan.  1876 

Double  collision,  Scotch  express  with  coal  train,  and  Leeds  ex- 
press from  London,  near  Huntingdon  on  Great  Northern  rail- 
way; 14  killed 21  Jan.     " 

Collis'ion  of  excursion  trains  about  4  miles  from  Bath,  on  branch 
of  Great  Western;  14  killed 7  Aug.     " 

Cnllision  near  Fontypridd  Junction,  Rhondda  branch  of  Taflf 
Valley  line,  Wales;  13  killed,  about  40  injured 19  Oct.  1878 

Tay  bridge,  Dundee,  with  passenger  train  on  it,  blown  into  the 
river;  all  perish,  about  74  passengers 28  Dec.  1879 

Train  falls  into  the  San  Antonio  river  through  a  bridge  near 
Cuartla,  on  Morelos  railway,  Mexico;  about  200  lives  lost, 

night  of  24  June,  1881 

Express  train  on  Great  Western  railway  runs  into  freight  at 
Slough;  12  killed 24  Dec.      " 

Eight  cars  derailed  between  Tcherny  and  Bastigeur,  Russia; 
about  178  killed • 13  July,  1882 

Excursion  train  derailed  at  Hugstetten,  between  Freiburg  and 
Colmar,  Baden;  70  killed,  150  injured 7  Sept.     " 

Railway  accident  at  Steglitz,  near  Berlin;  40  killed 2  Sept.  1883 

Crank  axle  of  locomotive  breaks,  throwing  express  train  over 
an  embankment  at  Bullhouse  bridge,  near  Penistone;  24 
killed 16  July,  1884 

Bridge  near  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  gives  way  under  a  pas- 
senger train;  40  lives  lost 30  Jan.  1885 

Collision  at  Doncaster,  Engl. ;  28  killed,  70  injured 16  Sept.  1887 

Collision  on  Moscow  and  Kursk  railway,  in  Russia;  11  killed, 

15  May,  1888 

Collision  neac^Tampico,  Mexico;  18  killed,  41  injured.  .4  June,     " 

Railway  bridge  breaks  near  Groenandael,  Belgium;  14  killed, 

3  Feb.  1889 

Excursion  train  wrecked  near  Armagh,  Ireland;  76  killed, 

12  June,     " 

Collision  near  Ciulnita,  Bulgaria;  15  killed 9  July,     " 

Train  derailed  near  Stuttgart,  Germany;  10  killed,  50  injured, 

2  Oct.     " 

Collision  on  Great  Western  railway  near  Norton  Fitzwarren; 
10  killed,  8  injured 11  Nov.  1890 

Railway  accident  near  Basel,  Switzerland;  100  killed,  150  in- 
jured  14  June,  1891 

Collision  of  express  trains  at  St.  Maud6,  near  Paris;  50  killed, 
over  100  injured 25  July, 

Train  wrecked  near  Berne,  Switzerland;  14  killed,  many  in- 
jured  17  Aug. 

TraincoUision  near  Burgos,  Spain;  14  killed,  24  injured,  24 Sept. 

Train  wrecked  near  Moirans,  France ;  15  kil]ed,50  injured,26  Oct. 

Trains  collide  near  Lahore,  India;  30  killed,  many  injured, 

7  Nov. 

Trains  collide  near  Thirsk,  Scotland;  10  killed 2  Nov. 

Train  wrecked  on  the  TalTvale  line,  Wales  ;  12  killed,  60  in- 
jured  12  Aug. 

Trains  collide  near  Milan,  Italy;  13  killed,  22  injured.  .28  Nov. 

GROWTH   OF   RAILROADS   IN  THE  WORLD. 


RAN 


Country. 


Opened. 


Great  Britain 1825 

United  States 1827 

France 1828 

Germany 1835 

Belgium I  1835 

1837 
1838 
1839 
1839 
1844 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1851 
1851 
1854 
1856 
1857 


Austria  (proper;... 
Russia  in  Europe . . 

Italy 

Holland 

Switzerland 

Hungary , 

Denmark 

Spain 

Chili : 

Brazil 

Norway 

Sweden , 

Argentine  Republic 
Turkey  in  Europe. 

Peru 

Portugal 

Greece .1869 

Uruguay i  1869 

Mexico :  1868 

Roumania j 

Japan I  1874 


Miles  of  road  completed. 


1857 
2818 


6621 

9021 

1714 

3637 

554 

817 

310 

265 

110 

15 

137 

20 

1 


1860. 


10,433 

30,626 

5,700 

6.979 

1.074 

1,813 

988 

1,117 

208 

653 

1,004 

69 

1,190 

120 

134 

42 

375 

"41 

47 
42 


1870. 


15,537 

52,922 

11.142 

11,729 

1,799 

3,790 

7,098 

3,825 

874 

885 

2,157 

470 

3,400 

452 

504 

692 

1,089 

637 

392 

247 

444 

6 

61 

215 

152 


17,933 

93,296 

16,275 

20,693 

2, 

7,083 

14,026 

5, 

1,143 

1,596 

4,421 

975 

4,550 

1,100 

2,174 

970 

3,654 

1,536 

727 

1,179 

710 

7 

268 

655 

859 

75 


19,943 
160,544 

2i,899 

24,845 
2,776 
9,345 

17,534 
7,830 
1,632 
1,869 
6,751 
1,217 
5.951 
1,801 
5,546 
970 
4,899 
4,506 
1,024 
1,836 
1,188 
416 
399 
5,012 
1,537 
542 


rain.  The  exact  manner  in  which  rain  fornos  is  un- 
known. Blanford  advanced  the  general  law  that  "  however 
vapor-laden  may  be  any  current  of  air,  however  saturated, 
it  does  not  bring  rainfall  so  long  as  it  preserves  a  horizontal 
movement."  "Either  increased  elevation  or  eddies  from  in- 
crease of  friction,  or  the  convection  around  borders  of  a  baro- 
metric depression  causes  formation  of  clouds  and  rain." — 
Greely.  Places  having  a  great  annual  fall  of  rain  are  :  Cher- 
apoonjee,  Hindostan,  592  in.;  Matouba,  Guadeloupe,  292 
in. ;  Maranhao,  Brazil,  280  in. ;  Uttray  Mullay,  Hindostan, 
267  in.;  and  Mahabalishwar,  Hindostan,  254  in.  Lima 
(Peru),  Thebes  (Egypt),  Tatta  (north  Africa)  are  said  to  be 
rainless;  other  places  having  a  small  annual  rainfall  are: 
Cairo,  Egypt,  1.31  in. ;  Karachi,  India,  1.5  in. ;  Camp  Mohave, 
Arizona,  1.85  in.;  Mammoth  Tank,  San  Diego  co.,  Cal.,  1.88 
in. ;  BLshop  Creek,  Inyo  co.,  Cal.,  2.02  in. ;  and  Yuma,  Ariz., 
2.81  in.  From  observations  made  by  Charles  Pierce,  resi- 
dent of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1793,  and  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  from 
1813,  the  smallest  rainfall  in  any  one  year  in  Philadelphia 
from  1797  to  1846,  was  23.25  in.  in  1819,  and  the  greatest, 
55.5  in.  in  1841.  Records  at  Central  Park  observatory.  New 
York  city,  show  a  rainfall  in  1889  of  55  in.,  the  largest  record- 
ed in  2ryears.  In  New  England,  from  11  to  13  Feb.  1886,  5 
in.  of  rain  fell  over  nearly  5000  sq.  miles  of  territory,  and  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  rainfalls  recorded  in  the  U.  S.  oc- 
curred at  Alexandria,  La.,  15-16  June,  1886,  when  21.4  in.  fell 
in  24  hours.  Numerous  authenticated  instances  of  red  rain, 
or  "  showers  of  blood,"  have  been  collected  by  M.  Grellois,  be- 
ginning with  one  which  occurred  in  and  around  Paris,  referred 
to  by  (Gregory  of  Tours,  582  a.d.  Some  of  the  most  celebrated 
instances  are:  in  France  and  Germany,  1181 ;  at  Genoa,  1744; 
at  Naples,  14  Mch.  1813;  at  Beauvais,  1  May,  1863;  near 
Rome,  13  Feb.  1870,  etc.  Yellow  rains,  owing  to  pollen  of  pine- 
trees  floating  in  the  air,  have  been  observed  in  the  U.  S. ;  a 
noticeable  instance  occurred  at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  21  Mch.  1879. 
The  absolute  range  of  barometric  readings  in  the  U.  S.  varies 
from  1.014  in.  at  San  Diego,  Cal.,  and  1.176  in.  at  Key  West, 
Fla.,  to  2.201  in.  at  New  York,  and  2.523  in.  at  Eastport,  Me. 
Storms,  Cloudbursts  and  Rainfalls. 

rainbow  (mentioned  Gen.  ix.  13-16),  a  luminous  bow 
or  arch  formed  by  the  prismatic  dispersion  of  rays  of  sunlight 
passing  through  falling  rain-drops.  It  exhibits  the  7  prismatic 
colors  in  the  order  of  the  spectrum.  Its  theory  was  (ieveloped 
by  Kepler  in  1611,  and  by  Rene  Descartes  in  1629.    Spectrum, 

Raleigh's  seUiement§  on  the  Atlantic 
COa§t.     Virginia,  1585. 

Ramadan,  the  Mahometan  month  of  fasting,  in  1865, 
28  Jan.  to  27  Feb. ;  and  from  27  Dec.  1867  to  30  Jan.  1868  in- 
clusive. It  is  followed  by  the  festival  of  Bairam.  Mahom- 
etan YEAR. 

Ranibouillet  {ram-hoo-eeyea'),  a  royal  chateau, 
about  25  miles  from  Paris.  Here  Francis  I.  died,  31  Mch.  1547  ; 
and  here  Charles  X.  abdicated,  2  Aug.  1830.  After  belonging 
to  the  count  of  Thoulouse  and  the  due  de  Penthievre,  it  was 
bought  by  Louis  XVI.  1778.  Rambouillet  decree,  United 
States,  1810. 

ramie,  a  Javanese  name  now  adopted  in  the  United 
States  for  the  Chinese  grass,  a  plant  of  the  order  Urticacem  or 
nettle.  The  fibre  can  be  manufactured  into  a  fabric  resem- 
bling silk.  The  climate  of  the  southern  U.  S.  is  favorable  to 
its  cultivation. 

Ramillies  {ram'-e-leez),  a  village  of  Belgium,  the  site 
of  one  of  the  battles  and  victories  in  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
succession,  gained  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough  over  the 
French,  commanded  by  the  elector  of  Bavaria  and  marshal  de 
Villeroy,  on  Whitsunday,  23  May,  1706.  The  French  were 
seized  with  a  panic  and  routed :  about  4000  of  the  allies  were 
slain.     This  accelerated  the  fall  of  Louvain,  Brussels,  etc. 

Ramona.     Indian  education  ;  New  Mexico,  1885. 

RanSfOOn',  maritime  capital  of  the  Burmese  empire, 
on  the  Irrawaddy,  built  by  Alompra,  1753,  was  taken  by  a 
British  force  under  sir  A.  Campbell  on  1 1  May,  1824.  In  Dec. 
1826,  it  was  ceded  to  the  Burmese  on  condition  of  payment  of 
a  sum  of  money,  the  reception  of  a  British  resident  at  Ava, 
and  freedom  of  commerce.  Oppression  of  the  British  mer- 
chants led  to  the  second  Burmese  war,  1852.     Rangoon  was 


RAN 

taken  bv  storm  by  gen.  Godwin,  14  Apr.,  and  annexed  to  the 
British  'dominions  in  Dec.  An  English  bishopric  founded, 
1877.     Pop.  1890,  182,000.     Bukmah. 

RaiiHome'ii  artificial  stone,  invented  by  Fred, 
Ransome,  1848,  is  made  by  dissolving  Hint  (silica)  in  heated 
caustic  alkali,  adding  fine  sand.  The  mixture  is  pressed  into 
moulds  and  heatetl  to  retlneas. 

rape  was  punished  with  death  by  Jews,  Romans,  and 
(ioths;  bv  mutilation  and  loss  of  eyes  in  William  I.'s  reign. 
This  was'mitigateil  by  the  statute  of  Westminster  1,3  Edw.I. 
1274.  Made  felony  by  stat.  Westminster  2,  12  Edw.  III.  1338 ; 
and  without  benefit  of  clergy,  18  Eliz.  1576.  Rape  made  pun- 
ishable bv  trans|>ortation  in  1841 ;  by  penal  servitude  for  life, 
or  a  less  periml,  1861.  In  the  United  States  the  punishment 
diflfers  according  to  the  laws  of  the  several  states ;  but  in  most 
of  them  the  sentence  may  be  for  10  to  20  years  of  imprison- 
ment at  hanl  labor. 

Rapilia,  a  port  of  Palestine.  Here  Antiochus  III.  of 
Syria  was  defeated  by  Ptolemy  Philopator,  king  of  Egypt, 
2i7  B.C. 

Rappahannoeii,  a  river  in  Virginia,  about  halfway 
between  Washington  and  Richmond,  along  the  line  of  which, 
or  near  it,  were  fought  some  of  the  great  battles  of  the  civil 
war.  as  Chancellors ville,  Fredericksburg,  and  the  Wilderness; 
while  several  severe  minor  engagements,  namely,  Kelly's  Ford, 
Beverly  Ford,  Rappahannock  Station,  etc.,  might  well  entitle 
it  to  the  name  of  "  Bloody  River."     United  States,  1863. 

raspberry.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

Rateliffe  Ilig^il-lV-ay  (now  St.  George's  street),  East 
London.  Mr.  Marr,  a  shopkeeper  here,  with  his  wife,  child, 
and  boy,  were  murdered  in  a  few  minutes,  7  Dec.  1811.  In 
the  same  neighborhood,  on  11  Dec,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williamson, 
their  child  and  servant,  were  also  murdered.  A  man  named 
Williams,  arrested  on  suspicion,  committed  suicide,  15  Dec. 
(graphically  depicted  by  De  Quincey  in  "  Three  Memorable 
Murders."     England,  1886. 

ra'tioiialism,  the  doctrine  which  rejects  divine  reve- 
lation and  admits  no  way  to  truth  but  experience  and  reason. 
The  leading  writers  are  Reimarus  of  Hamburg  (d.  1768), 
Paulusof  Heidelberg  (1761-1851),  Eichhorn,  Reinhard,  Strauss, 
Frederick  Henry  Jacobi,  and  Schleiermacher.  W.  Lecky's 
"  History  of  Rationalism  in  Europe  "  appeared  July,  1865 ;  and 
dr.  J.  Hurst's,  Apr.  1867.     Philosophy. 

Ratisbon  or  Regensburg,  in  Bavaria,  was  made 
a  free  imperial  city  about  1200.  Several  diets  have  been  held 
here.  A  peace  was  concluded  here  between  France  and  the 
emperor  of  Germany  ending  the  war  for  the  Mantuan  succes- 
sion, 13  Oct.  1630.  In  a  diet  held  here',  the  German  princes 
seceded  from  the  Germanic  empire,  to  accept  the  protection 
of  the  emperor  Napoleon,  1  Aug.  1806.  Ratisbon  was  made 
an  archbishopric  in  1806;  secularized  in  1810;  ceded  to  Ba- 
varia in  1815 ;  became  again  an  archbishopric  in  1817. 

RaueOUX  {ro-coo''),  a  village  of  Belgium.  Here  the 
French  army  under  marshal  Saxe  totally  defeated  the  allies 
under  prince  Charles  of  Lorraine,  11  Oct.  1746. 

Ravailiac's  (ra-vdl-ydc'')  murder  of  Henry  rv. 
of  France,  14  May,  1610.  The  execution  of  the  assassin  on 
27  May  was  accompanied  by  horrible  tortures.     Torture. 

Raven'na,  on  the  Adriatic,  a  city  of  the  Papal  States, 
founded  by  Greek  colonists,  fell  under  Roman  power  about 
234  B.C.  It  was  favored  and  embellished  by  the  emperors, 
and  Honorius  made  it  capital  of  the  Western  Empire  about 
404  A.D.  In  568  it  became  capital  of  an  exarchate.  It  was 
subdued  by  the  Lombards  in  752,  and  their  king,  Astolphus, 
in  754  surrendered  it  to  Pepin,  king  of  France,  who  gave  it  to 
pope  Stephen,  founding  the  temporal  power  of  the  Holy  See. 
On  11  Apr.  1512,  a  battle  was  fought  between  French,  under 
Gaston  de  Foix  (duke  of  Nemours  and  nephew  of  Louis  XII.), 
and  Spanish  and  papal  armies.  De  Foix  perished  in  the  mo- 
ment of  victory,  and  his  death  closed  the  good-fortune  of  the 
French  in  Italv.  Ravenna  became  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy  in  1860.  " 

Raymond,  Miss.,  Battle  of.    Vicksbukg  campaign. 

readers,  a  new  order  of  ministrants  in  the  church  of 


676 


REB 


England,  received  the  assent  of  the  archbishops  and  bishops 
in  July,  1866.  They  were  not  to  be  ordained  or  addressed  as 
reverend. 

Readings  (rid'ing),  a  borough  of  Berkshire,  Engl. 
Here  Alfred  defeated  the  Danes,  871.  The  abbey  was  founded 
in  1121  by  Henry  I.  The  last  abbot  was  hanged  in  1539  for 
denving  the  king's  supremacv.  The  palace  prison  was  erected 
1850. 

Real  Presenee.    Transubstantiation. 
Realists*     Nominalists,  Philosophy. 
Reams'S  Station,  Affair  at.     Grant's  campaign 
in  Virginia. 

reaping^-maehines.  The  gathering  of  grain  with 
a  sickle  is  as  old  as  history.  Cradles,  or  scythes  with  a  gath- 
•ering  frame  of  4  or  5  wooden  fingers  above  the  blade  and  par- 
allel to  it  are  still  in  use,  and  as  late  as  1848,  at  a  trial  of 
reaping-machines  held  at  the  state  fair  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  the 
decision  was  in  favor  of  cradles.  A  heading-machine,  which 
caught  the  heads  of  grain  by  sharp  teeth  set  on  the  edge  of  a  re- 
ceiving box  pushed  against  the  grain  by  an  ox  in  harness,  was 
used  in  Gaul  as  early  as  60  a.d.  This  principle  of  pushing  was 
followed  out  in  modern  reapers  up  to  1820;  in  only  one  case, 
a  machine  invented  in  1806,  were  the  horses  attached  in  front. 
Reaper  with  rows  of  combs  or  ripples  on  a  cylinder,  which 
tore  off  the  heads  and  discharged  them  into  a  box,  was  in- 
vented by  Pitt  in  England 1786 

First  reaper  patented  was  by  Boyce  of  England,  and  had  a 

vertical  shaft  with  6  rotating  scythes 1799 

Gladstone  of  England  patents  a  side-cutting  reaper  with  re- 
volving knife,  finger  gathering  bar,  and  front  draft 1806 

Bailey's  American  mowing  machine,  the  first  patented  in  the 

U.  S.,  made  with  a  horizontal  rotary  circular  blade 1822 

Ogle  of  England  invents  a  reaper  with  front  draft,  side  cut, 

grain  platform,  and  gathering  reel " 

Reaper  invented  by  rev.  Patrick  Bell,  and  tried  near  Forfar, 
Scotland,  had  a  reel  and  travelIing-ai)ron  to  deliver  the  cut 

grain  at  the  side,  and  was  pushed  by  horses 1828 

Obed  Hussey,  then  of  Cincinnati,  0.,  patents  a  mower  and 
reaper  with  front  draft,  side  cut,  triangular  sectional  knife. 

and  guards 1833 

Cyrus  H.  McCormick  of  Virginia  patents  his  reaping-machine,  1834 
Public  trial  of  Hussey's  reaper  before  the  Maryland  Agricult- 
ural Society 12  July,  1837 

[During  the  season  this  machine  cut  180  acres  of  oats  ou 
a  farm  in  Maryland.  J 
First  reaping-machine  with  a  platform  to  receive  the  gavels 

and  carry  the  binder  invented  by  Mr.  Lamb,  in  the  U.  S 1840 

Header  invented  by  Jonathan  Haines  of  Illinois 1849 

W.  H.  Seymour  of  New  York  invents  a  self-raking  attachment 

for  reapers 1851 

Watson's  automatic  binder  patented " 

At  trial  of  American  reapers  on  farm  of  Mr.  Mechi,  45  miles  from 

London,  the  McCormick  reaper  receives  a  prize  medal.  July,  " 
Trial  of  reaping-machines  held  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  1848;  trial  of  9 

competing  reaping-machines  at  Geneva,  N.  Y 1852 

American  reapers  receive  the  prize  at  trial  made  on  the  farm 

of  M.  Dailley,  postmaster-general  of  France,  at  La  Trappe...  1855 
Owen  Dorsey  of  Maryland  invents  a  combined  reel  and  rake 

for  reapers 1856 

Automatic  self-binding  harvesters  come  into  use  in  the  U.  S. ..  1871 
McCormick's  self-binding  harvester  takes  gold  medal  at  Royal 
Agricultural  Society's  competition  at  Bristol,  Engl 6  Aug.  1878 

reason  was  decreed  to  be  worshipped  as  a  goddess  by 
the  French  republicans,  10  Nov.  1793,  and  was  personified  by 
an  actress,  madame  Maillard. — Thomas  Paine's  "  Age  of  Rea- 
son" was  published  in  1794-95;  Immanuel  Kant's  "Critique 
of  Pure  Reason  "  ("  Kritik  der  reinen  Vernunft "),  1781.  Lrr- 
ERATUEE,  Philosophy. 

Rebecca,  Lady  (Pocahontas).     Virginia,  1613. 

retoecfe,  the  English  name  of  a  3-stringed  musical  in- 
strument of  Arabian  or  Persian  invention.  This  instrument 
gradually  assumed  the  form  of  the  viol,  of  which  it  was  the 
origin.  <'  when  the  merry  bells  ring  round 

And  the  jocund  rebecks  sound." 

— Jft«o»,  "L' Allegro." 

rebellions  or  insurrections  in  Britisli 
history.  Details  of  many  are  given  in  separate  articles. 
Conspiracies. 

Against  William  the  Conqueror,  in  favor  of  Edgar  Atheling,  aided 

by  the  Scots  and  Danes,  1069. 
Odo  of  Bayeux  and  others,  against  William  XL,  in  favor  of  his  brotli- 

er  Robert,  1Q88 ;  suppressed,  1090. 
In  favor  of  the  empress  Maude,  1139;  ended,  1153. 
Of  prince  Richard  against  his  father  Henry  II.,  1189. 
Of  the  barons,  Apr.  1215.     Compromised  by  the  grant  of  Magna 

Charta,  15  June  following. 


REC  677 

Of  the  Barons,  1261-67. 

Of  lords  spiritual  and  temporal  against  Edward  II.  on  account  of  his 
favorites,  the  Gavestons,  1312.  Again,  on  account  of  the  Spen- 
cers, 1321. 

Of  Walter  the  Tyler,  of  Deptford,  vulgarly  called  Wat  Tyler;  occa- 
sioned by  the  brutal  rudeness  of  a  poll-tax  collector  to  his  daugh- 
ter. He  killed  the  collector  in  his  rage,  and  raised  a  party  to  op- 
pose the  tax,  1381.     Tylkk. 

In  Ireland,  when  Roger,  earl  of  March,  the  viceroy  and  heir  pre- 
sumptive to  the  crown,  was  slain,  1398. 

Of  Henry,  duke  of  Lancaster,  who  caused  Richard  II.  to  be  deposed, 
1399. 

Against  king  Henry  IV.  by  a  number  of  confederated  lords,  1402-3. 

Against  Henry  V.  by  earl  of  Cambridge  and  other  lords,  1415. 

Of  Jack  Cade,  against  Henry  VI.,  1450.     Cade's  Insurrection. 

In  favor  of  the  house  of  York,  1452,  ending  in  imprisonment  of 
Henry  VI.  and  seating  Edward  IV^  of  York  on  the  throne,  1461. 

Under  Warwick  and  Clarence,  1470,  ending  in  expulsion  of  Edward 
IV.  and  restoration  of  Henry  VI.  the  same  year. 

Under  Edward  IV.,  1471,  ending  with  death  of  Henry  VI. 

Earl  of  Richmond,  against  Richard  III.,  1485,  which  ended  with  the 
death  of  Richard. 

Under  Lambert  Simnel,  1486,  who  pretended  to  be  Richard  III.'s 
nephew,  Edward  Plantagenet,  earl  of  Warwick;  his  army  was  de- 
feated, leaders  slain,  and  he  was  discovered  to  be  a  baker's  son; 
he  was  pardoned,  and  employed  by  the  king  as  a  menial. 

Under  Perkin  Warbeck,  1492;  defeated;  executed  1499. 

Under  Thomas  Flammock  and  Michael  Joseph,  in  Cornwall,  against 
taxes  levied  to  pay  the  Scottish  war  expenses.  They  marched 
towards  London,  and  lord  Audley  took  the  command  at  Wells. 
They  were  defeated  at  Blackheath,  22  June,  and  the  3  leaders 
were  executed,  28  June,  1497. 

"Pilgrimage  of  Grace,"  against  Henry  VIII.,  1536-37. 

Of  the  English  in  the  west,  to  restore  the  ancient  liturgy,  etc.,  1549; 
suppressed  same  year. 

In  Norfolk,  headed  by  Ket  the  tanner,  but  soon  suppressed,  Aug. 
1549. 

For  lady  Jane  Grey,  against  queen  Mary.  Lady  Jane  was  pro- 
claimed queen  on  the  death  of  Edward  VL,  10  July,  1553;  but  re- 
signed the  crown  to  Mary  after  a  few  days,  and  beheaded  for  high- 
treason,  in  the  Tower,  12  Feb.  1554,  aged  17. 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  son  of  the  poet,  and  others,  against  queen  Mary's 
marriage  with  Philip  of  Spain,  etc. ;  fails;  he  is  beheaded,  11  Apr. 
1554. 

Of  the  Roman  Catholic  earls  of  Northumberland  and  Westmoreland 
against  queen  Elizabeth,  Nov.  and  Dec.  1567.  The  former  fled  to 
Scotland,  but  was  given  up  by  the  regent  Morton  and  executed. 

Irish  under  the  earl  of  Tyrone,  1599;  suppressed  1601. 

Earl  of  Essex,  against  queen  Elizabeth,  1600 ;  he  d.  1601. 

Of  the  Irish  under  Roger  More,  sir  Phelim  O'Neil,  etc.,  against  the 
English  in  Ireland,  1641-45. 

"Great  Rebellion,"  1641-60. 

Rebellion  of  the  Scots  Covenanters,  1666;  soon  put  down. 

Under  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  1685;  executed  15  July. 

Of  Scots  for  the  Old  Pretender,  1715;  quelled  1716. 

Of  the  Scots  under  the  Young  Pretender,  1745;  suppressed  in  1746; 
lords  Lovat,  Balmerino,  and  Kilmarnock  beheaded. 

Of  the  Americans  on  account  of  taxation,  1774.  This  rebellion  lost 
to  England  her  chief  North  American  colonies,  which  became  the 
United  States,  1782. 

In  Ireland,  the  "Great  Rebellion,"  great  numbers  taking  arms,  be- 
gan 24  May,  1798;  suppressed  next  year. 

Again  in  Ireland,  under  Robert  Emmett,  a  gifted  enthusiast,  23  July, 
1803,  when  lord  Kilwarden  was  killed,  with  several  others,  by  the 
insurgents. 

Canadian  insurrection,  Dec.  1837  to  Nov.  1838.     Canada. 

Of  Chartists  at  Newport,  Engl.,  4  Nov.  1839. 

Smith  O'Brien's  rebellion;  ended  by  defeat  and  dispersion  of  his 
followers,  by  sub-inspector  Trant  and  about  60  police  constables, 
on  Boulagh  common,  Ballingary,  county  Tipperary,  29  July,  1848. 
Ireland. 

Sepoy  mutiny  in  India,  1857-58. 

Of  Fenians  in  Ireland,  1865-67. 

For  the  United  States,  Dorr's,  Shays's,  and  Whiskey  re- 
bellion, and  for  the  Southern  states,  United  States,  1860- 

1866. 

Rech'at>ite§,  Independent  Order  of,  a  temperance  so- 
ciety introduced  into  the  United  States  in  1842  from  England, 
where  it  had  existed  since  1835.  The  order  takes  its  name 
from  the  Rechabites  of  Scripture  (Jer.  xxxv.),  and  at  one  time 
had  over  100,000  members.  50th  anniversary  of  the  order 
held  at  Washington,  D.  C,  2  Aug.  1892. 

recitative,  a  species  of  singing  differing  little  from 
ordinary  speaking,  and  used  for  narratives  in  operas,  is  said 
to  have  been  first  employed  at  Rome  by  Emilio  del  Cavaliere, 
who  disputed  the  claim  of  Rinuccini  to  the  introduction  of 
the  opera,  1600.     Operas. 

Recon§tructioil  period  embraced  the  adminis- 
trations of  Johnson  and  Grant.     United  States,  1865-77. 

recor€l§,  Public,  in  England,  first  regularly  preserved 
m  1100  by  order  of  Henry  I.  The  repositories  of  ancient 
materials  most  interesting  to  historians  were  the  Chapter- 
house of  Westminster  Abbey,  the  Tower  of  London,  the  Rolls 


RED 

Chapel,  and  the  Queen's  Remembrancer's  offices  of  the  ex- 
chequer. The  early  records  of  Scotland,  going  from  London, 
were  lost  by  shipwreck  in  1298.  In  Ireland,  the  council- 
chamber  and  most  of  the  records  were  burned,  1711.  Public 
Records  act,  2  Vict.  c.  94  (10  Aug.  1838).  F.  Thomas's  valua- 
ble "  Handbook  to  the  Public  Records  "  was  pub.  in  1853  ;  Mr. 
Ewald's  "Our  Public  Records"  in  1873. 

Recovery,  fort.  Defence  of.  Gen.  Wayne  succeeded 
St.  Clair  in  command  of  the  troops  in  the  Northwest,  and  on 
the  site  of  the  latter's  defeat  (Ohio,  1791)  he  erected  a  fort, 
and  called  it  Recovery.  In  June,  1794,  the  garrison,  under 
maj.  William  M'Mahon,  were  attacked  by  many  Indians. 
M'Mahon  and  22  others  were  killed,  and  30  were  wounded. 
The  Indians  were  repulsed.  On  20  Aug.  the  Indians  were 
defeated  by  Wayne  at  the  Maumee  rapids. 

recu'§ailt§,  persons  in  England  who  refuse  to  attend 
church,  1  Eliz.  c.  2,  1559 ;  dissenters  relieved  from  this  act, 
1689 ;  it  was  repealed,  1844. 

Red  Bank,  the  site  of  fort  Mercer,  on  the  New  Jersey 
shore  of  the  Delaware  river.     Fort  Mercer. 

red  crag",  deposits  of  fossil  remains  on  the  coast  of  Es- 
sex and  Suffolk,  England,  so  called  by  Edward  Charlesworth 
about  1835  ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fertilizer. 

Red  Cross.  Tlie  Red  Cross  is  "a  confederation  of 
societies  in  different  countries  for  the  amelioration  of  the  con- 
dition of  wounded  soldiers  in  the  armies,  in  campaigns  on 
land  or  sea."  It  carries  on  its  work  under  the  sign  of  a  red 
cross  on  a  white  ground  used  as  a  flag,  always  with  the  na- 
tional flag  or  as  an  arm  badge.  By  article  7  of  the  Geneva 
convention  this  sign  protects  its  wearers  as  neutral.  The 
society  originated  with  Henri  Dunant  (Swiss)  after  the  battle 
of  Solferino,  1859,  ably  seconded  by  dr.  Louis  Appia  and  Gus- 
tave  Moynier  of  Geneva.  The  latter,  president  of  the  "  So- 
ciety of  Public  Utility  of  Switzerland,"  called  a  meeting  "  to 
consider  the  formation  of  permanent  societies  for  the  relief  of 
wounded  soldiers,"  which  was  held  9  Feb.  1863,  and  resulted 
in  an  international  meeting  26  Oct.  following,  and  a  treaty 
between  12  European  governments,  assuring  neutralitj'  and 
protection  to  all  working  under  the  Red  Cross.  This  treaty  is 
known  as  the  Geneva  Convention,  and  was  concluded  at  Ge- 
neva, 22  Aug.  1864.  It  was  adopted  by  Great  Britain,  18 
Feb.  1865;  Prussia,  22  June,  1865 ;  Turkey,  5  Julj^  1865  ;  and 
Russia,  22  May,  1867.  The  United  States  Senate  acceded  to 
it,  16  Mch.  1882,  and  it  was  proclaimed  by  pres.  Arthur,  26 
July,  1882.  The  treaty  is  now  generally  adopted  by  civilized 
governments  of  the  world.  The  American  (National)  Asso- 
ciation of  the  Red  Cross  was  organized  at  Washington,  D.C., 
21  May,  1881,  and  was  incorporated  for  20  years,  1  July,  1881. 
Miss  Clara  Barton  was  elected  first  president.  Associate  socie- 
ties in  the  various  states  have  done  noble  work  in  aiding  suf- 
ferers by  calamity  from  forest  fires,  floods,  fevers,  etc. 

Red  River  campaig^n  of  1S64.    After  the 

capture  of  Port  Hudson,  gen.  Halleck  urged  upon  Banks  (6 
Aug.)  the  necessity,  for  diplomatic  reasons,  of  occupying  Tex- 
as. There  was  some  difference,  Halleck  preferring  an  ad- 
vance upon  Shreveport,  and  Banks  a  descent  upon  the  coast 
and  thence  into  the  interior.  An  expedition  against  Sabine 
Pass  started  from  New  Orleans  5  Sept.  1863,  but  failed.  Bra- 
zos Santiago,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  was  occupied 
2  Nov.  During  that  month  nearly  the  entire  Texan  coast 
was  occupied  by  Banks's  forces.  He  was  about  to  attack 
Galveston,  when  Halleck  recalled  him  to  the  original  plan  for 
an  advance  up  the  Red  river  to  Shreveport,  La.  On  25  Mch. 
1864,  his  army  was  concentrated  at  Alexandria ;  it  advanced 
to  Natchitoches  (2,  3  Apr.)  and  to  Pleasant  Hill  (7  Apr.).  On 
8  Apr.  was  fought  the  battle  of  Sabine  Cross-roads,  in  which 
Banks's  advance  was  forced  to  retire  by  Kirby  Smith  and 
Dick  Taylor  with  about  20,000  men.  Banks  fell  back  3  miles 
to  Pleasant  Grove,  where  the  confederates  were  checked  by 
Emory's  division  of  the  19th  corps  until  nightfall,  when  the 
retreat  was  continued  15  miles  to  a  strong  position  at  Pleasant 
Hill.  Here  the  federals,  about  15,000  men,  were  joined  by 
A.  J.  Smith's  corps,  10,000  strong.  The  confederates  attacked 
about  4  P.M.  on  the  9th,  in  full  force,  but  were  repulsed.  On 
the  10th  Banks  continued  his  retreat  to  Grand  Ecore  unas- 
sailed.     The  fleet  under  adm.  Porter,  which  had  followed  the 


RED 


678 


REF 


army  with  difficulty  from  Alexandria  to  Grand  Ecore,  found 
it  still  mor«  difficult  to  return,  the  river  constantly  falling. 
Most  of  the  rtcet  reached  Alexandria,  but  here  coulil  not  pass 
the  rapids  until  lieut.-col.  Joseph  Bailey,  of  the  4th  Wisconsin 
infantry,  succeeded  in  damming  the  river,  a  brilliant  feat  of 
engineering.  The  rapids  were  over  a  mile  long  and  from  700 
to  1000  ft.  wiile,  with  a  current  10  miles  an  hour.  The  work 
began  30  Apr.,  and  by  12  May  the  entire  fleet  had  passed 
aafely  through  the  chute  to  the  waters  below  the  rapids. 
Over  3000  men  were  engaged  day  and  night  on  the  work. 
The  expedition  from  first  to  last  was  mismanaged;  and  even 
if,  with  Porter's  co-operating  fleet,  it  had  reachetl  Shreveport, 
that  position  could  not  have  been  maintained,  and  the  fleet 
would  have  been  captured  or  destroyed.  Gen.  Steele,  who 
marched  a  co-operative  column  from  Little  Rock  against  Kirby 
Smith,  encountered  great  difficulties  in  his  movement ;  and 
before  he  could  be  of  any  assistance  Banks  had  already  re- 
treated. The  Federal  losses  during  the  whole  expedition  were 
between  5000  and  6000  men,  of  whotn  4000  were  lost  during 
the  battles  of  8  and  9  Apr. 

Red  River  §eUleineilt§.  a  name  given  to  part 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  settlements,  now  Manitoba. 

Re<l  §eB,  an  extensive  inland  sea,  over  1300  miles  in 
length,  and  greatest  width  205  miles.  It  is  connected  with 
the  Mediterranean  sea  by  the  Sukz  -canal,  which  passes 
through  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  and  it  communicates  with 
the  Indian  ocean  by  the  strait  of  Bab  -  el  -  Mandeb,  13^ 
miles  in  width.  In  1826,  Ehrenberg  discovered  that  the 
color  was  due  to  marine  plants,  the  Trichodesmium  erythrcBum. 
Egypt. 

red'OUVa,  a  Bohemian  dance  in  f  time,  introduced  in 
1846  or  1847  at  Paris,  and  soon  after  in  London. 

Reformation,  The.  Generally  applied  to  the  time 
and  labors  of  Martin  Luther,  although  other  efforts  for  the 
reformation  of  the  church  may  be  traced  to  the  reign  of 
Charlemagne,  when  Paulinus,  bishop  of  Aquileia,  employed 
his  voice  and  pen  to  accomplish  it ;  to  Wickliffe,  Huss,  Jerome 
of  Prague,  Savonarola,  Erasmus,  Zuinglius,  Tyndal,  Calvin, 
Melanchthon,  Cranmer,  Latimer,  Knox,  and  Browne.  Luther 
thus  characterized  himself  and  his  fellow-reformers:  "Res 
non  Verba— LuMer."  "  Verba  non  li&s—Ei-asmus"  " Res  et 
Verba  —  Melanchthon:'  "Nee  Verba  nee  'Res—Carlstadt" 
Calvinists,   Lutherans,    Presbyterians,   Protestants, 

WlCKUFFITES,  etc. 

eras  of  the  reformation 

In  Fr&nce  (Albigenses) about  1177 

Iq  England  ( Wickliffe) 1360 

In  Bohemia  (Huss) 1405 

In  Italy  (Savonarola) 1498 

In  France  {Farel) before  1512 

In  Germany  (Luther) 1517 

In  Switzerland  (Zuinglius) 1519 

In  Denmark  {Andreas  Bodenstein) 1521 

In  Prussia I527 

In  France  {Calvin) 1529 

Protestants  first  so  called " 

In  Sweden  (Petri) '. [\\  1530 

In  England  {Henry  VIII.) ...'.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.  1534 

In  Ireland  (archbishop  George  Brovme) I535 

In  England,  completed  (Cranmer,  Bucer,  Fagius,  etc.)  1547; 

annulled  by  Mary,  1553;  restored  by  Elizabeth 1558 

In  Scotland  (Knox),  established 1560 

In  the  Netherlands,  established 1562 

reformatorie§.  Pope  Clement  XL  founded  at 
Rome  (1704)  the  first  reformatory  institution  established  by  a 
government  — the  prison  of  St.  Michael,  for  boys  and  young 
men.  On  its  wall  was  inscribed :  "  It  is  of  little  use  to  re- 
strain criminals  by  punishment,  unless  you  reform  them  by 
education." 

Reformatory  prison  founded  at  Ghent  under  Viscount  Vilain 
XIV 1775 

First  English  Reform  school  founded  by  the  Philanthropic  Soci- 
ety near  London 1788 

First  permanently  successful  reformatory  for  criminal  youth 
in  the  world,  established  by  John  Falk  at  Weimar,  Germany,  1813 

First  Reform  school,  with  farm  and  out-door  labor  for  training 
inmates,  opened  in  Warwickshire,  Engl I8I8 

Rauhe  Haus,  near  Hamburg,  Germany,  a  reform  school  with 
family  groups  and  agricultural  labor,  established  by  dr 
Wichern ,'  1333 

Act  passed  in  England  for  a  separate  prison  at  Parkhurst,  Isle 
of  Wight,  for  offenders  under  16,  with  discipline  educational 
and  reformatory 1838 


Milwaukee,  Wis. 


Agricultural  colony  reformatory  at  Mettray,  France,  established 

by  MM.  de  Metz  and  de  |{ivtignf;res 183 

Foundation  of  Reformatory  school,  Redhill.  Surrey,  laid,  30  Apr.  184 
Act  passed  in  England  for  committing  juvenile  offenders  to  re- 

formatories 135, 

First  conference  of  National    Reformatory   Union  of  Great 

Britain Aug.  186« 

International  exhibition  of  works  of  Reform  schools,  held  at 

Agricultural  Hall,  Islington,  near  London 

[In  1890,  there  were  in  England  46  Reforinalorv  schools 

with  4183  inmates  under  16,  and  133  Industrial  schools  with 

16,156  inmates.] 

reforniatoriei  in  the  United  States.  The  Hou8< 
of  Refuge  on  Randall's  island,  the  oldest  reformatory  in  th( 
U.  S.,  was  the  first  founded  and  controlled  by  legislation,  h 
was  conceived  by  Edward  Livingston,  authorized  by  law  21 
Mch.  1824,  and  opened  1825.  Juvenile  reformatories  wen 
made  public  penal  institutions  in  Massachusetts  in  1848 
principal  reform  schools. 

Name.  Location.  Opened 

House  of  Refuge  (Randall's  island).  Harlem,  N.  Y 182i 

House  of  Refuge Philadelphia,  Pa I82j 

Boys'  House  of  Refuge New  Orleans,  La I84i 

Lyman  School  for  Boys Westborough,  Mass 

State  Industrial  School Rochester,  N.  Y 1841 

Sockanosset  School  for  Boys Howard,  R.  1 1861 

Cincinnati  House  of  Refuge Cincinnati,  O 

New  York  Juvenile  Asylum New  York  city 1851 

Lowell  Reform  School Lowell,  Mass " 

State  Reform  School Portland,  Me 1863 

State  Reform  School Meriden,  Conn "  • 

Pennsylvania  Reform  School Morganza,  Pa 181 

House  of  Refuge St.  Louis,  Mo 

Cambridge  Truant  School North  Cambridge,  Mass 

Reform  School Lansing,  Mich 1) 

State  Industrial  School  for  Girls. . .  Lancaster,  Mass 1 

Brooklyn  Truant  Home Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

Boys'  Industrial  School Lancaster,  0 1 

State  Industrial  School Manchester,  N.  H 

Industrial  School San  Francisco,  Cal I 

Wisconsin  Industrial  School  for) 

Boys ] 

Detroit  House  of  Correction Detroit,  Mich 186-2 

Worcester  Truant  School Worcester,  Mass 1863 

New  York  Catholic  Protectory  .    . .  Westchester,  N.  Y " 

V'ermont  Reform  School Vergennes,  Vt 1865 

^'Boys^'.'  .^.".'!"!'.''.'!'!  .^?!'.''.''.\  .^?' !   Carroll,  Md 1866 

MassachusettsStatePrimarySchool  Palmer,  Mass " 

Convent  of  the  Good  Shepherd Newport,  Ky '• 

New  Jersey  State  Reform  School)    t„.««oi    ,    xt  t  laan 

for  Boys. |  Jamesburg,  N.  J 1867 

Minnesota  State  Reform  School.. . .  St.  Paul,  Minn 1863 

Indiana  Reform  School  for  Boys. . .  Plainfleld,  Ind " 

Truant  School Boston,  Mass 1869 

Plummer  Farm  School Salem,  Mass 1870 

Reform  School,  Dist.  of  Columbia. ..  AVashington,  D.  C " 

State  Industrial  School  for  Girls. . .  Trenton,  N.  J 1871 

Reform    School    for   Girls    and)    t«^-  „„  «iv,  t  ^  iq-to 

Woman's  Prison }  Indianapolis,  Ind 1873 

Iowa  Industrial  School,  Girls' De- )    Tir-,„i,^„  ,„„  t„  ,q,. 

partment )   Mitchellville,  la 1874 

Lawrence  Industrial  School Lawrence,  Mass 

Newark  City  Home Verona,  N.J 

^S'*'! .^.°'!"!'."'!  ^.':^?!'!. T.  }   Milwaukee,  Wis 1875 

New  York  State  Reformatory Elmira,  N.  Y 1876 

State  House  ofCorrection  and  Re-)    t^„„  .r-,  ,q,„ 

formatory )   lona,  Mich 1877 

Marcella  Street  Home Boston,  Mass " 

Illinois  Industrial  School  for  Girls.  South  Evanston,  111 1878 

New  Bedford  Truant  School New  Bedford,  Mass 1879 

State  Industrial  Home  for  Girls...  Adrian,  Mich " 

State  Industrial^chool Golden,  Col 1880 

Kansas  State  Reform  School Topeka,  Kan 1881 

State  Industrial  School  for  Juve->    !?-„„..„„„  xt„k  u 

nile  Offenders J"  Kearney,  Neb 

Massachusetts  Reformatory Concord.  Mass 1884 

Pennsylvania  Reformatory Huntington,  Penn 1885 

Burnham  Industrial  Farm Canaan  Four  Corners.  N.  Y.  1887 

Dakota  Reform  School Plankinton,  S.  Dak. 1889 

Reformed  church  in  America.  The  Reformed 
Protestant  Dutch  church  arose  in  the  Netherlands  early  in  the 
16th  century.  "The  Belgic  Confession,"  published  in  1561  by 
Guido  de  Bres,  was  adopted  by  the  first  synod  at  Wesel,  on 
the  Rhine,  in  1568.  The  Reformed  church  in  America  was 
organized  on  Manhattan  island  by  rev.  Jonas  Michaelius, 
with  about  50  members,  in  1628. 
Michaelius  succeeded  by  rev.  Everardus  Bogardus,  and  a  small 

church  erected  in  Broad  street.  New  York  city 1633 

Second  church  erected  within  the  walls  of  Fort  Amsterdam. . .  1642 

English  language  introduced  in  the  church  service 1763 

Rutger's  college,  near  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  established 1770 

Reformed  Dutch  church  in  America  adopts  a  constitution  em- 
bracing the  church  orders  of  the  synod  of  Dort 1794 


REF  6^^ 

Christian  ItUHlig^neer,  organ  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church, 
established  in  Xew  York  city 1828 

Beformed  churchestablished  in  the  western  states,  and  strength- 
ened by  colonists  from  the  Netherlands about  1835 

Hope  college,  Holland,  Mich.,  established 1865 

Word  '•  Dutch  "  dropp)ed  from  the  corporate  name  at  general 
svnod  held  at  Geneva,  X.  Y 20  Nov.  1867 

Present  strength  of  Reformed  church  of  America-  570  churches, 
582  ministers,  94,323  members June,  1891 

Reformed  Clllireb  in  the  United  States,  formerly 
known  as  the  German  Reformed  church,  was  formed  princi- 
pally of  peasants  of  the  Palatinate,  driven  from  their 
homes,  and  sent  to  Aiqerica  by  charity  of  queen  Anne,  1689- 
1697.  They  settled  mostly  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  and 
the  first  coetus,  or  ministerial  conference,  of  the  church  was  held 
at  Philadelphia  in  1746. 

First  synod  at  Lancaster,  Pa 1793 

Classes  or  presbyteries  introduced. 1820 

first  theological  seminary  opened  at  Carlisle,  Pa. 1«26 

Marshall  college  founded  at  Mercersburg.  Pa 1835 

Rev.  dr.  Philip  Schaff  of  Berlin  installed  professor  of  church 

history  and  biblical  literature  in  Marshall  college 1844 

Marehali  college  united  with  Franklin  college  at  Lancaster,  Pa.  1853 

Word  •  •  German " "  erased  from  church  title 1869 

Theological  seminary  at  Mercersburg  removed  to  Lancaster,  Pa.  1871 
Society  numbered  8  synods,  55  classes,  835  ministers,  1554  con- 
gregations, 20O,5O«:>  members  in 1890 

Reformed  Epi§copal  church,  founded  in 

the  United  States  in  1873  ;  introduced  into  England  18/  /. 
Dr  Cummins,  assistant  bishop  of  Kentucky,  after  revising  the 

I'raver-book,  consecrated  Oridge,  Gregg,  Cheney,  and  others, 

usbi-shops. 1873 

Dr.  Gregg  and  others  ordained  presbyters  and  formed  churches 

here,  .July,  1877 ;  said  to  have  10.000  members .April,  1878 

Another  bishop  consecrated  by  dr.  aregg  at  Southend. .  .5  Nov.     " 
■••  Book  of  Common  Prayer "  modified,  issued  by  dr.  Gr^g 

early  in ,' 1879 

regalia.    Crowx. 

Wiegency,  Albany  (first  so  called  by  Tburlow  Weed),  a 
strong  political  Democratic  combination,  which  largely  con- 
trolled not  only  the  nominating  conventions  and  other  ma- 
chinery of  that  party  in  the  state  of  New  York  from  1820  to 
1850,  but  was  almost  as  potential  in  national  politics  as  welL 
Among  its  members  were  Martin  Van  Buren,  William  L. 
Marcy,  Samuel  L,  Talcott,  John  A.  Dix,  A.  C.  Flagg,  Silas 
Wright,  and  others,  with  the  Albany  Argus  to  enforce  its 
views. 

Reg^ency  bill§  of  the*  English  government.  One 
■was  passed  1751.  One  was  proposed  to  Parliament  in  con- 
aequence  of  the  mental  illness  of  George  IIL,  and  debated  10 
Dec.  1788.  It  was  relinquished  on  his  recovery,  26  Feb.  1789. 
The  return  of  the  malady  led  to  the  prince  of  Wales  (after- 
wards George  IV.)  being  sworn  in  before  the  privy  conncil  as 
regent  of  the  kingdom,  5  Feb.  1811.  The  Regency  bill  pro- 
viding for  the  administration  of  the  government,  shoidd  the 
crown  descend  to  the  princess  Victoria  while  under  18  years  of 
age,  passed  1  Will  IV.  23  Dec.  1830.  A  Regency  bill  appoint- 
ing prince  Albert  regent  in  the  event  of  the  demise  of  the 
queen,  should  her  next  lineal  successor  be  imder  age,  passed  4 
Aug.  l&W. 

reg'icides  (Lat.  rex,  a  king,  and  caedere,  to  kill,  the 
killing  or  murder  of  a  king),  those  who  put  a  king  to  death. 
In  English  historj',  150  commissioners  appointed  to  try  king 
Charles  I.,  of  whom  70  acted,  and  59  signed  the  death-warrant, 
Jan,  1649.     Of  these  29  were  tried,  and  13  executed :  Harri- 
son, 13   Oct. ;    Carew,  15  Oct. ;    Cook  and  Peters,  16  Oct, , 
^  jtt.  Scroop,  Clement,  and  Jones,  17  Oct, ;  Axtell  and  Hac- 
-.  19  Oct.  1660.     Barkstead,  Corbet,  and  Okey  arrested  at 
Hague,  Holland,  and  executed  19  Apr.  1662.'   3  of  them, 
3"e,  Whalley,  and  Dixwell,  came  to  the  New  England  colo- 
s,  and  were  successfully  concealed  from  arrest,     Massa- 
'•SKTTS,  1660-75.    Others  were  imprisoned.     More  than  20 
.0  were  dead  were  tried,  and  3  of  them,  Cromwell,  Ireton, 
and  Bradshaw,  were  exhumed  and  hung  at  Tyburn. 

OTHEB   REGICIDES. 

"  'nes  L  of  Scotland,  by  nobles 20  Feb.  1437 

®sIIL         '•  "        llJane,  1488 

ryllL  of  France,  by  Oement.  1  Aug.,  d 2  Aug.  1589 

-^rjy  IV.  '•        by  Ravaillac 14  May,  1610 

i  l^is  XVL        "        by  eonventioiL 21  Jan.  1793 

IGusjavus  in.  of  Sweden,  by  Ankarstrom,  16  Mch. ;  d. .  .29  Mch.  1792 

i'aul  of  Rossia,  by  nobles 24  Mch.  1801 

exanderlLofBnasia,  by  nihilists 14  Mch.  1881 


REI 

reg1nieilt§  of  infantry-,  bodies  of  foot  -  soldiers  com- 
manded by  a  colonel,  now  usually  divided  into  10  companies, 
were  formed  in  France  about  1588.  Infantry.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  approximate  dates  of  the  establishment  of  several 
British  r^ments: 

CAVALRY. 

Oxford  Blues  are  erroneonsly  ascribed  to  the  reign  of  Henry 
\1II. ;  named  for  their  colonel,  the  earl  of  Oxford,  in 1661 

Three  Hindu  regiments  (19th,  20th,  and  21st)  added. Aug.     " 

Dragoon  Guards,  the  Royal  Irish,  and  the  Scots  Greys  were 
formed  by  James  II...'. about  1684-86 

Several  regiments  of  Light  Dragoons  were  armed  with  lances 
and  termed  "Lancers" Sept.  1816 

ixfaxtby. 
Ist  Royal  or  Royal  Scots  r^ment,  1633;  tbe(dd  title  resumed, 

Dec.  1871 

Coldstream  Guards,  established  by  Monk  in 1660 

3d  Bofls,  represent  London  train-bands,  and  have  special  privi- 
leges.       " 

2dQueen"8  RoyaL 1661 

4th  King's  Own 1685 

5th  Northumberland  Fusiliers " 

26th  Cameronian 1689 

lOOthCanadian 1858 

lOlst  to  109th  (Hindu)  added Auk-  1861 

Highland  regiments  are  the42d,  7l8t,  72d,  78th,  79th,  92d.  and  93d. 
For  the  United  States,  Arjct. 

regium  donum  ("  royal  gift "),  an  allowance  from 
the  sovereign  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Presbyterian  ministers 
in  Ireland,  commenced  by  Charles  II.  in  1672,  and  revived  by 
William  III.  in  1690,  was  commuted  by  the  Irish  Church  act 
passed  June,  1871.  The  allowance  to  certain  Protestant  dis- 
senting ministers  in  Ireland  was  given  up  by  them  in  1857, 
in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  English  dissenters. 

Regulators.     North  Carolina,  1768-71. 

Rei  ell  en  bach  (ri'ken-bdk),  a  town  in  Prussian  Si- 
lesia. Here  Duroc,  Napoleon's  chief  of  staff,  was  killed  during 
the  conflicts  between  the  French  and  the  allies,  22  May,  1813. 
Bautzen.  Here  was  signed  a  subsidy  treaty  between  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  England,  whereby  the  last  engaged  to  provide 
means  for  carrj-ing  on  the  war  against  Napoleon  I.  on  cer- 
Uin  conditions,  14-15  June,  1813.  Aostria  joined  the  alliance 
soon  after. 

Reicll§ratll  (rUa'rat\  the  representative  council  of 
the  empire  of  Austria,  several  times  changed ;  reconstituted  by 
decree  5  Mch.,  met  on  31  May,  1860.  In  May,  1861,  the  upper 
house  consisted  of  17  spiritual,  55  hereditary,  and  39  peers.  The 
lower  house  consbted  of  136  elected  deputies.  No  representa- 
tives came  from  Hungary,  Transylvania,  Venetia,  the  Banat, 
Slavonia,  Croatia,  and  Istria.  The  Reichsrath  was  abolished 
by  a  rescript,  21  Sept.  1865,  with  the  view  of  restoring  auton- 
omy to  Hungary  and  other  provinces.  It  again  met  20  May, 
1867.  Now  constituted  (1894)  of  2  houses,  upper  and  lower. 
The  upper  house  consists  of  members  of  the  royal  family  over 
19  years  of  age,  of  the  nobility,  of  church  dignitaries  (arch- 
bishops and  bishops),  of  distinguished  scientists  nominated  by 
the  emperor;  in  all,  113  members.  Lower  house,  elected  by 
the  peopIefor6year8,numbers353  members.  The  emperor  nom- 
inates president  and  vice-president  of  the  upper  house ;  the  low- 
er house  elects  its  own  oflicers.  Bills  to  become  laws  must  pass 
both  houses,  and  receive  the  sanction  of  the  head  of  the  state. 

Reichstag  {rik'stag),  diet  or  parliament  of  the  Ger- 
man empire,  is  composed  of  397  deputies  elected  by  luiiversal 
suffrage  for  the  term  of  5  years. 

rcigU  of  terror.  Maximilien  Robespierre  headed 
the  populace  in  the  Champ  de  Mars,  in  Paris,  demanding  the 
dethronement  of  the  king,  17  July,  1791.  He  was  trium- 
phant in  1793,  and  numbers  of  eminent  men  and  citizens  were 
sacrificed  during  his  sanguinary  administration.  Biliaud  Va- 
rennes  denounced  the  tyranny  of  Robespierre  in  the  tribune, 
27  July,  1794.  The  next  day  Robespierre  suffered  death,  with 
many  of  his  companions.  French  revolution.  Thb  has 
been  termed  the  Red  Terror.  The  reaction  after  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  1815,  disgraced  by  many  atrocious  acts 
of  wanton  cruelty,  has  been  termed  the  White  Terror.  The 
Jesuits  were  conspicuous  in  the  destruction  of  their  enemies. 

reigning;  families  of  Europe.     Nations  separately. 

reigns  of  SOTCreigns.  The  average  duration,  ac- 
cording to  Newton,  is  19  years ;  according  to  Hales,  22|  years; 


REL 


680 


REP 


that  of  the  sovereigns  of  England,  23J  years,  and  that  of  the 
popes  7^  years.  Tradition  ascribes  to  St.  Peter  a  reign  as  pope 
of  26  years,  and  Pius  IX.  was  the  first  pope  who  reached  and 
aorpassed  "  the  years  of  Peter"  (1846-78).  England,  Franck, 
«tc. 

religion  (Lat.  rf/i^'o,  conscientious  obligation)  compre- 
hends the  entire  range  of  beliefs  connected  with  supernatural 
beings,  and  the  duties  growing  out  of  them.  The  Jewish  relig- 
ion is  set  forth  in  the  Old  Testament,  the  Christian  religion  in 
the  New.  The  population  of  the  globe  is  claimed,  in  1890,  as : 
(1)  Non-Christian :  ^  ^^^  ^^ 

Buddhists 400,000.000 

Brahmins 260,000.000 

Mahomelana l*^^'^'^ 

je^ 8,000,000 

Fetish  wor8hipi>er8 160,000,000 

Various 62,000,000 


1,060,000,000 


(2)  Christian : 

Roman  Catholics 175,000,000 

Protestants 110,000,000 

Greek  Church 90,000,000 

Various 25,000,000 


400,000,000 


Total 1,450,000,000 

[For  the  various  religions,  see  under  separate  articles,  sects,  etc.] 

relig^ion  of  humanity.  Positive  philoso- 
phy. Secularism. 

rell^iou§  denoiiiination§.    Sects. 

Renai§8aiice  {re-nd-sam'),  the  revival  of  the  classic 
style  of  art  in  the  16th  and  16th  centuries,  under  the  Medici 
and  others.     Painting,  Sculpture. 

Rend§'burgp,  a  town  of  Holstein,  was  taken  by  the 
imperialists  in  1627;  by  Swedes  in  1643;  and  by  Prussians 
and  confederate  troops  in  1848.  The  first  diet  of  Schleswig 
and  Holstein  met  here,  3  Apr.  1848.     It  was  reoccupied  by 


the  Danes  in  1852,  and  taken  by  Prussians  after  a  conflict,  21 
July,  1864. 

Ren'nC!*,  capital  of  Brittany,  N.W.  France.  Here  was 
established,  by  Henry  II.,  in  1553,  the  parliament  so  celebrated 
for  its  independence,  especially  in  its  struggle  with  the  coiirr, 
1788-89.  On  20  May,  1788,  it  declared  infamous  every  one 
who  should  take  part  in  the  cour  pleniere  then  proposed,  l)iit 
afterwards  suppressed. 

Ren§§elacr  manor.  New  York,  1630,  1844; 
Anti-rentism. 

rent,  a  definite  compensation  for  the  possession  and  use 
of  property,  reserved  by  a  lease  payable  at  stated  times. 
Rents  in  England  are  said  to  have  been  first  made  payable  in 
money,  instead  of  in  kind,  about  1135.  "Rent  is  said  to  be 
due  at  the  first  moment  of  the  day  appointed  for  payment, 
and  in  arrears  at  the  first  moment  of  the  day  following."- — 
Encyc.  Brit.  9th  ed.  xiv.  p.  275. 

reporting^.  The  publication  of  the  English  debates  in 
Parliament  is  forbidden  as  a  breach  of  privilege,  but  was  virtu- 
ally conceded,  after  a  severe  struggle,  in  1771.  Inaccurate  re- 
ports of  parliamentary  debates  were  inserted  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  and  other  periodicals  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 
Miller,  printer  of  the  London  Evening  Mail,  was  arrested  in  the 
city  of  London,  by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons,  for  publish- 
ing the  debates,  but  was  discharged  by  the  lord  mayor,  who  for 
doing  this  was  sent  to  the  Tower  until  the  end  of  the  session. 
No  opposition  was  made  to  the  publication  of  debates  the  next 
session,  1772.  By  the  verdict  for  the  defendant  in  the  case  of 
Wason  V.  the  Times  (for  libel),  reports  of  parliamentary  debates 
were  decided  to  be  privileged,  Nov.  1868.  The  unfettered  lib- 
erty of  reporting  is  essential  to  freedom  and  good  government. 

Reprc§entatives,  House  of,  United  States.  Mem- 
bers elected  for  2  years.  For  speakers,  see  each  Congress  un- 
der United  States. 


RATIO  OF  REPRESENTATION  UNDER  EACH  CENSUS,  NUMBER  OF  STATES,  YEARS,  AND  ORDER  OF  ADMISSION,  IN  WHICa 
CONGRESS  FIRST  REPRESENTED,  NUMBER  OF  MEMBERS  FROM  EACH  STATE  UNDER  THE  DIFFERENT  APPOR- 
TIONMENTS, AND  TOTAL  IN  CONGRESS. 


Yeiir  of 
admission. 


Del... 
Penn. 

N.  J.. 
Ga.... 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Md. . . 
S.  C. 
N.  H. 
Va... 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 
R.  I.. 
Vt.... 
Ky... 
Tenn. 
Ohio.. 
La.... 
Ind,. 
Miss.. 
111..., 


Me 

Mo 

Ark 

Mich.... 
Fla....i. 

Tex. 

la 

Wis 

Cal 

Minn.... 

Ore 

Kan 

West  Va. 

Nev 

Neb 

Col 

N.  Dak. . 
S.  Dak. . . 

Mon 

Wash.... 
Idaho.... 
Wyo 


1787 
1787 
1787 
1788 
1788 
1788 
1788 
1788 
1788 
1788 
1788 
1789 
1790 
1791 
1792 
1796 
1803 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 


In  which 
CongresE 
first  repre- 
sented. 


1st 


1837 

26 

" 

1845 

27 

29th 

1845 

28 

" 

1846 

29 

«' 

1848 

30 

30th 

1850 

31 

3l8t 

1858 

32 

35th 

1859 

33 

«' 

1861 

34 

37th 

1863 

35 

38th 

1864 

36 

" 

1867 

37 

40th 

1876 

38 

44th 

1889 

39 

51st 

1889 

40 

" 

1889 

41 

" 

1889 

42 

" 

1890 

43 

52d 

1890 

44 

" 

2d 

4th 
8th 
12th 
14th 
15th 

16lh 

17th 
24th 


Ratio  of  representation,  and  number  of  members  from  each  state  under  each 


1789. 
:  30,000 


Total  representatives. 


105 


141 


181 


;:  !  :: 


213  I  240  i  223  '  237 


1873.  1883.  1893. 

1  :  131,425    1:151,911    1:173,901 


293       I      325 


REP 


681 


REV 


Republican§.  Political  parties  ;  Popular  vote  ; 

United  States,  1856,  etc. 

republics.  Athens;  France,  1792,  1848,  1870; 
■Genoa;  Kome;  Spain,  1873 ;  United  States;  Venice. 

re'quiem,  a  solemn  mass,  sung  on  2  Nov.,  All-Souls'  Day, 
so  called  from  the  introit  "  Requiem  ^ternam,"  etc.  Pales- 
trina's  requiem  was  printed  at  Rome,  1591 ;  Vittoria's  at  Ma- 
drid, 1605.     Mozart's  last  work  was  a  requiem,  1791. 

Re§a'ca,  Ga.,  Battle  of.     Atlanta  campaign. 

Re§a'ca  de  la  Palma,  Battle  of,  between  the 
U.  S.  troops  under  gen.  Taylor  and  the  Mexicans  under  gen. 
Arista,  occurred  9  May,  1846,  the  day  after  the  conflict  at 
Palo  Alto.  It  was  shorter,  but  more  sanguinary  than  that. 
The  U.  S.  forces  lost,  in  killed  and  wounded,  110  men.  The 
Mexican  loss  was  estimated  at  1000,  and  100  prisoners;  among 
them  gen.  La  Vega.     Mexican  war. 

reservations,  Indian,  United  States  (area  being  rap- 
idly diminished). 


Area. 

Sq.  miles. 

Acres. 

,  . 

10,317 

772 

1,710 

3,552 

40,411 

2 

159 

42 

3,523 

16,549 

214 

1,490 

15,629 

137 

102 

9,158 

20,770 

3,242 

18,221 

6*267 

6,321 

800 

3,660 

6,603,191 

494,045 

1.094,400 

2,273,421 

25,863,372 

1,258 

102,026 

Michigan          

27,319 

Minnesota         

2,254,781 

Montana                  

10,591,360 

136,947 

Nevada  

954,135 

Kpw  Mpvip.n                              .           

10,002,525 
87,677 

New  York 

65,211 

5,861,120 

13.292,668 
2,075,240 

11,661,360 

Texas                   

Utah                   

3,972,480 

4,045,284 

512  129 

Washington         

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

2,342,400 

Total 

162,988 
12,757 

104,314,349 

Reduced  by  extinguishment  of  Indian 
title  by  purchase  by  the  U.  S.,  1891,  in 
Oklahoma,  Idaho,  North  Dakota, South 
Dakota  Montana      

8,164,766 

Total,  1892 

150,231 
241,800 

96,149,583 
154,741,349 

Total  1880 

Reduction  of  total  area  of  Indian  reser-) 
rations  in  12  years j 

91,569 

58,591,766 

[For  location  of  Indian  tribes,  population,  etc.,  Indians.] 
resolutions  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia  of  1798.  These 
resolutions  of  the  legislatures  expressed  dissatisfaction  with 
the  passage  of  the  Alien  and  Sedition  laws,  declaring  them 
unconstitutional,  while  setting  forth  the  state-rights  theory. 
The  Kentucky  resolutions  asserted  the  right  of  any  state  to 
nullify  any  act  of  Congress  deemed  unconstitutional.  The 
Virginia  resolution  was  drawn  by  Madison,  the  Kentucky  res- 


olution by  Jefferson,  with  the  understanding  that  his  name 
was  not  to  be  divulged. 

res'onator,  a  small  apparatus,  placed  in  the  mouth  to 
increase  tha  volume  of  the  voice  in  singing,  invented  by  signor 
Alberto  Bach,  who  exhibited  it  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Mu- 
sic, 29  June,  1880. 

restoration,  The,  of  king  Charles  II.  to  the  crown 
of  England,  after  an  interregnum  of  11  years  and  4  months, 
between  30  Jan,  1649,  when  Charles  I.  was  beheaded,  and  29 
May,  1660,  when  Charles  II.  entered  London  amid  acclama- 
tions. The  annual  form  of  prayer,  with  thanksgiving,  then 
appointed,  was  abolished  by  22  Vict.  c.  2,  25  Mch.  1849. 
France,  1814-15. 

retreat  of  the  French  from  Moscow  (1812),  the  most 
disastrous  known  to  history.  Beresina,  France,  Moscow, 
Russia. 

retreat  of  the  ten  thousand  Greeks,  who  had  joined 
the  3'ounger  Cyrus  in  revolt  against  his  brother,  Artaxerxes 
Mnemon.  The  Greeks  were  victors,  but  Cyrus  was  defeated 
and  slain  at  the  battle  of  Cunaxa,  401  b.c.  Artaxerxes  hav- 
ing enticed  the  Greek  leaders  into  his  power  and  killed  them, 
Xenophon  was  called  to  command.  Under  continual  alarms 
from  sudden  attacks,  Ije  led  them  across  rapid  rivers,  through 
deserts,  over  mountains,  to  the  sea.  The  march  of  1155  para- 
sangs  or  leagues  (3465  miles)  was  performed  in  215  days. 
This  retreat  has  been  immortalized  by  Xenophon's  account, 
the  "  Anabasis  Cyri "  (Expedition  of  Cyrus). 

Revelation.     Apocalypse. 

revenue,  in  this  connection,  the  annual  income  of  a 
state  derived  from  taxation,  customs,  and  other  sources,  to  be 
appropriated  to  governmental  expenditures.  In  England,  the 
revenue  collected  for  the  civil  list  and  the  other  charges  of 
government,  ordinary  and  extraordinary,  was  1,200,000^.  per 
annum  in  1660,  the  flrst  after  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
In  1690  it  was  6,000,000/.,  every  branch  of  the  revenue  being 
anticipated;  this  was  the  origin  of  the  funds  and  the  national 
debt,  2  William  and  Mary.— Salmon.  The  revenue  laws  were 
amended  in  1861,  and  frequently  since. 

total  public  yearly  revenue  of  ENGLAND  UP  TO  THE 
UNION  FOR  THE  REIGNS  SHOWN,  AND  OF  THE  UNITED 
KINGDOM  OF   GREAT   BRITAIN   FOR   THE   YEARS  GIVEN. 

George  IV.,  1825 £62,871,300 

William  IV.,  1835. . . .    50,494,732 

Victoria,  1845 53,060,354 

"        1855 63,364,605 

"        1865 70,313,437 


William  I £400,000 

Henry  VI 64,976 

Elizabeth 500,000 

Charles  1 900,000 

Commonwealth 1,517,247 

William  III 4,000,000 

Anne  at  the  Union 6,000,000 

George  III.,  1788 15,572,971 

George  III.,  1800 38,000,000 

George      IV.,     1820, 
United  Kingdom . . .  .65,599,570 

revenue  of  the  United  States.  The  principal  sources 
of  revenue  in  the  U.  S.  are,  customs,  internal  revenue,  sale  of 
public  lands,  and  miscellaneous  receipts ;  premiums  on  bonds 
sold  were  also  counted  as  revenue  from  1864  to  1873.  Ex- 
penditures, Income-tax,  Tariff  and  Tax. 


1875 74,921,873 

1882 85,100,000 

1887 89,869,000 

1891 87,610,000 


RECEIPTS  FROM   EACH  SOURCE  IN  EACH  OF  THE  YEARS  NAMED,  ALSO  GROWTH  OF  REVENUE   FROM   1789. 


Internal  revenue. 


Sale  of 
public  lands. 


Miscellaneous. 


Others. 
Direct   tax,  inter- 
est, dividends. 


Total  revenue. 


1789. , 
1800. 
1810. 
1820. , 
1830. 
1840. , 
1850, 
1860. 
1870. 
1880. 
1890. 


$4,390,473 

9,080,933 

8,583,309 

15,005,612 

21,922,391 

13,499,502 

39,668,686 

53,187,512 

194,538,374 

186,522,065 

229,668,585 


$809,397 

7,431 

106,261 

12,161 

1,682 


184,899,756 
124,009,375 
142,606,706 


$444 
696,549 
1,635,872 
2,329,356 
3,411,819 
l,-859,894 
1,778,558 
3,350,482 
1,016,507 
6,358,273 


$40,000 


10,550 

10,008 

15,295,644 

110 


$10,478 

152,712 

84,477 

61,338 

73,228 

2,567,112 

2,064,308 

1,088,530 

12,942,118 

21,978,525 

24,447,420 


$805,264 

12,449 

1,031,587 

506,981 


229,103 
31 


$4,409,951 

10,848,749 

9,384,214 

17,840,670 

24,844,117 

19.480,115 

43;592,889 

56,064,008 

411,255,478 

333,526,611 

403,080,983 


REVENUE   RECEIPTS   FROM  1789  TO   1891   INCLUSIVE. 
I  6,751,088,381  |  4,111,760,798  |      280,505,641  |      204,259,221  [      679,565,471 


38,337,350  I  12,065,416,863 


Revere's,  Paul,  ride.  Massachusetts, Apr.  1775. 
reverend,  an  honorary  appellation  given  to  the  clergy 
since  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 

22* 


In  Tamworth  parish  register  the  minister  is  first  styled  "rev- 
erend "  in  1657,  occasionally  afterwards;  regularly  after  1727. 
It  first  appears  in  the  registry  of  All-Hallows,  Barking 1732 

Prefix  on  a  family  tombstone  was  refused  to  Mr.  Keet,  a  Wes- 


REV 


682 


RHO 


leyan  preacher,  by  the  bishop  of  Lincoln,  but  permitted  by 

the  archbishop  of  Canterbury. ......................... . .  •  1874 

On  trial  Waller  G.  F.  I'hillimore,  the  chancellor  of  Lincoln, 
dflolded  against  Mr.  Keet,  who  gave  notice  of  appeal,  3  June 
Sir  R  PSiUlraor«  gave  a  similar  decision  in  the  Court  of 

Archflfl.      ^^  July,  1875 

On  appeal  to  the  pf'^T  council,  it  was  decided  that  there  is 
no  law  or  usage  restricting  the  epithet  to  ministers  of  the 

Church  of  England;  it  is  merely  complimentary 21  Jan.  1876 

rCVlC'WS,  periodicals  established  for  the  purpose  of  criti- 
cally oxanoining  new  publications,  or  topics  of  science,  art,  etc. 
The  Jotinuililes  Sgavam,  published  on  5  Jan.  1665,  by  Denis  de 
Salo,underthenaraeofHedouville,wastheparentof  critical  jour- 
nals. It  was  imitated  throughout  Europe,  was  translated  into 
various  languages,  and  is  still  published.  The  Bibliotheque  A  n- 
glaise  carae  out  1716-27.  Critics,  Magazines  and  Rkviews. 
revivals  of  religion,  a  sudden  increase  of  spiritual  ac- 
tivity in  the  Protestant  church  of  English-speaking  people. 
In  Scotland.  1625,  '30,  '42;  Wesley  and  Whitefield,  1738-42; 
Massachusetts,  1734 ;  the  "  Great  Awakening  "  throughout  the 
American  colonies,  1740;  and  again  in  1797-1808,  principally 
in  New  England ;  and  a  third  throughout  the  United  States, 
1857-58 ;  a  fourth,  national  revival  under  the  leadership  of 
Moody  and  Sankey,  1875-76. 

Revolution,  American.  Connecticut;  Massachu- 
setts; New  York,  etc.;  United  States,  1775-82. 

Revolution,  American,  Last  survivors  of: 
Lemuel  Cook,  b.  Plymouth,  Litchfield  county,  Conn.,  1764;  d.  Clar- 
endon, Orleans  county,  N.  Y.,  1866. 
William  Hutchiugs,  b.  York,  Me.,  1764;  d.  York,  Me.,  1866. 
Samuel  Downing,  b.  1766;  d.  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  1867. 
John  Gray,  b.  1764;  d.  Noble  county,  0.,  1869. 
Daniel  F.  Bakeman,  b.  1760;  d.  Cattaraugus  county,  N.  Y.,  1869. 

revolutionary  calendar.    Calendar,  French 

revolution. 

revolutionary  tribunal,  established  at  Paris, 

Aug.  1792. 

By  27  July,  1794,  when  Robespierre  was  deposed,  it  had  put  to  death 
2774  persons,  including  queen  Marie  Antoinette,  the  princess  Eliza- 
beth, and  a  large  number  of  nobility  and  gentry,  male  and  female. 
The  oldest  victim  was  counsellor  Dupin,  aged  97;  the  youngest, 
Charles  Dubost,  aged  14.  From  27  July  to  15  Dec.  1794,  only 
Robespierre  and  his  accomplices  (about  100)  suffered  by  it. 

revolution§,  armed,  concentrated,  and  successful  re- 
sistance against  existing  government,  producing  a  radical 
change  in  governmental  conditions. 
Assyrian  empire  destroyed,  and  that  of  the  Medes  and  Per-  b.c. 

sians  founded  by  Cyrus  the  Great 536 

Macedonian  empire  founded  on  the  destruction  of  the  Persian 

of  Darius  Codomanus  by  Alexander  the  Great 331 

Roman  empire  established  on  the  ruins  of  the  republic  by 

Julius  Caesar 47 

A.D. 

Empire  of  the  western  Franks  begun  under  Charlemagne 800 

In  Portugal 1640 

In  England 1649  and  1688 

In  Russia 1730  and  1762 

In  North  America  (Revolution,  American) 1775 

In  Venice 1797 

In  Sweden 1772  and  1809 

In  Holland,  1795 ;  counter-revolution 1813 

In  Poland 1704,  1795,  and  1830 

In  the  Netherlands " 

In  Brunswick <* 

In  Brazil 1831,  1889 

In  Hungary 1848 

In  Rome 1798  and  1848 

In  France 1789,  1830,  1848,  1851,  1870,  and  1871 

In  Italy 1859  and  1860 

In  Danubian  principalities 1866 

In  Papal  States,  suppressed Oct.  1867 

In  Spain Sept.  1868  and  Dec.  1874 

[See  each  country.] 

revolver§.     Pistols. 

"  Revue  des  Deux  mondes,"  a  French  liter- 
ary and  historical  periodical  published  on  the  1st  and  15th  of 
each  month,  first  appeared  in  1831.  Its  contributors  are  the 
most  eminent  writers  in  France. 

Reynard  the  Fox,  "Reineke  Fuchs,"  a  satirical 
epic  in  Low  German,  in  which  beasts  are  actors  and  speak- 
ers, was  first  printed  as  "  Reineke  Vos,"  at  Lubeck,  in  1498, 
and  professes  to  be  written  by  Hinreck  van  Alkmer.  It  lias 
been  frequently  translated.  Goethe's  version  in  High  (or  liter- 
ary) German  hexameters  appeared  in  1794.  Jacob  Grimm  has 
shown  that  the  subject-matter  of  this  "  Thier-sage  "  or  "  beast- 


fable"  is  ancient,  many  incidents  being  found  in  Pilpay  and  other 
Oriental  writers.  The  early  French  had  a  "  Roman  de  Renart," 
and  "  Renart  le  Nouvel."  A  poem  entitled  "  Der  Reinaert,"  in 
Flemish,  was  known  in  the  11th  century ;  Caxton's  translation 
in  English  prose  was  printed  1481 ;  a  poetic  English  transla- 
tion of  Goethe's  version,  by  T.  J.  Arnold,  in  1855. 

Rlltc'tia  or  Rse'tia,  an  ancient  Alpine  country,  com- 
prising the  modern  Grisons,  Tyrol,  and  part  of  Lombardy,  in- 
habited by  a  wild,  rapacious  people.  After  a  long  struggle  it 
was  conquered  by  Drusus  and  Tiberius,  15  b.c. 

Rliea.     Mythology. 

Rlie'gium,  now  Reggio,  S.  Italy,  a  Greek  colony,  flour- 
ished in  the  6th  century  b.c.  It  was  held  by  the  Campanian 
legion,  281-271,  afterwards  punished  for  rebellion.  Reggio 
was  taken  by  Garibaldi,  Aug.  1860. 

Rlieini§  (reemz),  or  Reiin§  (rans),  a  city  of  N.  France. 
The  principal  church  here,  built  before  406,  rebuilt  in  the  12th 
century,  is  very  beautiful.  The  corpse  of  St.  Reray,  the  arch- 
bishop, is  behind  the  high-altar,  in  a  magnificent  shrine.  The 
kings  of  France  were  crowned  at  Rheims — probably  because 
Clovis,  founder  of  the  French  monarchy,  when  converted  from 
paganism,  was  baptized  in  the  cathedral  in  496.  Several  ec- 
clesiastical councils  have  been  held  here.  The  city  was  taken 
and  retaken  several  times  in  the  last  months  of  the  Napoleonic 
war,  1814.  University  founded  by  cardinal  Lorraine,  1647, 
suppressed  about  1790. 

rhetoric  (Gr.  prjropixr),  from  psio,  to  flow,  to  speak, 
fluently;  hence  pijTOjp,  a  speaker,  orator,  etc.).  The  art  of 
constructing  and  applying  discourse.  Rhetorical  points  and 
accents  were  invented  by  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium,  200  b.c» 
Rhetoric  was  first  taught  in  Latin  at  Rome  by  Photius  Gallus, 
about  87  B.C.  He  taught  Cicero,  who  said,  "  We  are  first  to 
consider  what  is  to  be  said  ;  secondly,  how ;  thirdly,  in  what 
words;  and  lastly,  how  it  is  to  be  ornamented."  A  regiua 
professor  of  rhetoric  was  appointed  in  Edinburgh,  20  Apr» 
1762,  dr.  Blair  being  first  professor. 

Rhine  (Lat.  Rhenus,  Ger.  Rhein,  Fr.  Rhin),  a  river, 
about  760  miles  long,  rising  in  Switzerland,  receiving  the  Mo- 
selle, Marne,  Neckar,  and  other  rivers,  branching  into  many 
arms  in  Holland,  and  falling  into  the  German  ocean.  On 
its  banks  are  Constance,  Basel,  Strasburg,  Spires,  Mannheim, 
Cologne,  Dlisseldorf,  Utrecht,  and  Leyden.  The  banks  of  the 
Rhine  have  been  the  cause  of  many  wars,  and  it  has  been 
crossed  by  French  armies  more  than  20  times  in  a  century.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  French  revolution,  Custine  invaded  Ger- 
many by  crossing  it  in  1792 ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  in 
1815  France  retained  the  left  bank,  but  lost  it  by  the  Franco- 
Prussian  WAR,  1870-71.  A  navigation  treaty  with  other 
powers  was  signed  by  France,  17  Oct.  1868.  A  central  com- 
mittee for  navigation  consists  of  members  for  Alsace,  Lorraine, 
Baden,  Bavaria,  Hesse,  Holland,  and  Prussia. 
Becker's  German  song,  "They  shall  not  have  it,  the  free^German 

Rhine,"  and  Alfred  de   Mussel's  reply,  in   French, 

had  it,  your  German  Rhine,"  appeared  in  1841 

burger,  author  of  -'The  Watch  on  the  Rhine," 

popular  during  the  war,  1870-71. 

rhine- Stone,  an  imitation  stone  made  of  paste,  in- 
vented at  Strasburg  in  1680,  extensively  used  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  18th  century. 

Rhode  Island,  one  of  the  13  original  states  of  the 
Union,  and  the  smallest  of  the  United  States,  is  bounded  on 
the  north  and  east  by  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  west  by  Con- 
necticut, and  on  the  south  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  Block  isl- 
and, about  9  miles  from  the 
mainland,  is  a  portion  of  the 
state's  territory.  Area,  1250 
sq.  miles ;  pop.  1890,  846,506. 
Capitals,  Providence  and  New- 
port. 

Roger  Williams,  banished 
from  Plymouth  colony, 
with  5  companions  settles 
at  a  spot  which  he  calls 

Providence June,  1636 

Aquedneck  island  settled  by  18  proprietors  at  Portsmouth,  now 
New  Town,  first  called  Pocasset 1<537 


We  have 
Max  Schnecken- 
d.  1851.    All  were 


RHO  t» 

Canonicus  and  his  nephew  Miiintinorno,  sachems  of  the  Narra- 
gansetts,  deed  to  Roger  Williams  all  lands  between  the  Paw- 
tucket  and  Pawtuxet  rivers 24  Mch.  1638 

Roger  Williams  and  gov.  Wiuthrop  make  a  joint  purchase  of 
Prudence  island 10  Nov.     " 

First  general  training  or  militia  muster  in  Rhode  Island  held 
at  Portsmouth 12  Nov.     " 

First  Baptist  church  in  America  founded  in  Providence 1639 

John  Clarke  and  several  proprietors  of  Aquedneck  remove  to 
the  southern  part  of  tlie  island  and  found  Newport " 

First  Baptist  church  in  Newport  founded " 

Aquedneck  purchased  from  the  Indians  by  "  William  Codding- 
ton  and  his  friends  " 22  Nov.     " 

Form  of  government,  12  articles  of  agreement,  framed  and 
adopted  by  the  inhabitants  of  Providence 27  July,  1640 

Rev.  Robert  Lenthel  called  by  vote  to  open  a  public  school  in 
Newport " 

General  Assembly  asserts  Rhode  Island  to  be  a  democracy, 
saving  only  the  right  of  the  king,  and  grants  freedom  of  re- 
ligious opinions Mch.  1641 

Four  land-holders,  3  of  them  original  proprietors,  at  Pawtuxet 
dissatisfied  with  the  opposition  of  one  Samuel  Gorton  and  his 
partisans  to  the  government,  offer  themselves  and  their  lands 
to  Massachusetts,  and  are  received  by  the  general  court, 

8  Sept.  1642 

Samuel  Gorton  and  his  companions  remove  to  Shaworaet, 
where  they  had  purchased  lands  from  the  Indians,  and  com- 
mence the  settlement  of  Warwick  {Massachusetts,  1643-48), 

12  Jan.  1643 

Roger  Williams  is  sent  to  England  as  agent  for  Providence, 
Aquedneck,  and  Warwick,  to  secure  a  charter  from  the  king,     " 

Patent  granted  by  Robert,  carl  of  Warwick,  governor-in-chief 
and  lord-high  admiral,  and  commissioners,  to  planters  of  the 
towns  of  Providence,  Portsmouth,  and  Newport,  for  incorpo- 
ration of  Providence  plantations  in  Narragansett  bay, 

14  Mch.      " 

General  court  changes  the  name  of  Aquedneck  to  the  "  Isles 
of  Rhodes  "  or  Rhode  Island 13  Mch.  1644 

Grant  to  John  Smith  to  establish  a  gristmill  above  Mill  bridge 
in  Providence,  the  first  in  Rhode  Island 1646 

Committees  from  Providence,  Portsmouth,  Newport,  and  War- 
wick at  Portsmouth,  adopt  the  charter  of  1643,  choose  John 
Coggeshall  president  of  the  colony,  and  give  a  tax  of  lOOZ.  to 
Roger  Williams  for  obtaining  the  charter 19-21  May,  1647 

Canonicus,  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts,  d 4  June,     " 

William  Coddington  receives  from  the  council  of  state  in  Eng- 
land a  commission,  signed  by  John  Bradshaw,  to  govern 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  during  his  life,  with  a  council 
of  6,  to  be  named  by  the  people  and  approved  by  himself. 
Authority  procured  3  Apr.  1651,  and  asserted Aug.  1651 

Roger  Williams  sent  as  agent  of  Providence  to  obtain  a  confir- 
mation of  their  charter,  and  dr.  John  Clarke,  agent  of  Ports- 
mouth and  Newport,  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  Coddington's  com- 
mission, sail  for  England Oct.     " 

Island  towns  submit  to  Coddington,  but  the  mainland  towns, 
in  legislative  session,  elect  John  Smith  president,  and  ap- 
point other  officers.  They  enact  that  no  man,  negro  or 
white,  shall  be  held  to  service  more  than  10  years  after 
coming  into  the  colony May,  1652 

General  Assembly  in  Providence  passes  a  libel  law,  also  an 
alien  law;  no  foreigner  to  be  received  as  a  freeman  or  to 
trade  with  Indians  but  by  consent  of  assembly Oct.     " 

William  Dyer,  secretary  of  the  province,  and  husband  of  Mary 
Dyer  (afterwards  executed  in  Boston  as  a  Quaker),  arrives 
from  England  with  news  of  the  repeal  of  Coddington's  power, 

18  Feb.  1653 

Assembly  of  island  towns,  Portsmouth  and  Newport,  restore 
code  of  1647,  and  elect  John  Sandford  as  president, 

17-18  May,     " 

Providence  and  Warwick  with  Portsmouth  and  Newport  in 
one  general  assembly  re-establish  code  of  1647,  forbid  sale 
of  liquors  to  Indians,  and  prohibit  French  and  Dutch  trade 
with  them 31  Aug.  1654 

Pawtuxet  men  withdraw  allegiance  to  Massachusetts,  given  in 
1642,  and  transfer  it  to  Rhode  Island 26  May,  1G58 

Block  island  is  granted  for  public  services  to  gov.  Endicott  and 
3  others,  19  Oct.  1658,  who  sell  it  to  Simon  Ray  and  8  associ- 
ates in  1660 ;  they  begin  a  settlement 1661 

Settlement  of  Misquamicut,  now  Westerly,  begun " 

Charter  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  obtained 
from  Charles  II.  by  John  Clarke,  agent  for  the  colony, 

8  July,  1663 
[This  charter  continued  in  force  till  1843—180  years.] 

John  Clarke  presented  with  1001.  and  payment  of  his  expenses 
attendant  upon  the  procuring  of  the  charter 24  Nov.     " 

Boundary  dispute  between  Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut  settled  by  a  royal  commission 1664 

Westerly  incorporated  as  a  town May,  1669 

Seventh-Day  Baptist  church  established  at  Newport 1671 

George  Fox,  Quaker,  preaches  in  Newport,  1672,  and  Roger 
Williams,  73  years  old,  holds  a  controversy  with  3  disci- 
ples of  Fox  at  the  Quaker  meeting  house  at  Newport, 

9-12  Aug.  1672 

Block  island  incorporated  by  the  General  Assembly,  and  at  the 
request  of  the  inhabitants  named  New  Shoreham 6  Nov.     " 

King  Philip's  war  opens  by  an  Indian  massacre  at  Swanzey, 
Mass 24  June,  1675 

Troops  repulsed  by  king  Philip,  intrenched  in  a  swamp  at  Po- 
casset,  and  he  withtlraws  into  Massachusetts 18  July,     " 

First  event  of  King  Philip's  war  in  Rhode  Island  is  the  massa- 
cre of  15  persons  at  Bull's  garrisoned  house  in  South  Kings- 


i  RHO 

ton  about  15  Dec.  1675.  Troops  under  gov.  AVinslow  attack 
the  fort  of  the  Narragansetts  in  a  swamp  in  South  Kingston, 
and  after  about  3  hours'  fighting  enter  in  the  rear  and  fire  the 
fort  and  wigwams  (Massachusetts) 19  Dec.  1675 

Warwick  destroyed  by  Indians,  except  one  stone  house, 

16  Mch.  1676 

Canonchet,  chief  of  the  Narragansetts,  captured,  refuses  to  ran- 
som his  life  by  making  peace,  is  turned  over  for  execution  to 
friendly  Indians,  who  send  his  head  "as  a  token  of  love  and 
loyalty  "  to  the  commissioners  at  Hartford 4  Apr.     " 

Massacre  in  a  cedar  swamp  near  Warwick  of  171  Indians  by  a 
party  of  English  who  did  not  lose  a  man 3  July,     " 

King  Philip  shot  through  the  heart  by  an  Indian  while  at- 
tempting to  escape  from  a  swamp  near  mount  Hope, 

12  Aug.     " 

Gov.  Benedict  Arnold  d.  20  June,  1678,  and  is  succeeded  by 
William  Coddington 28  Aug.  1678 

Gov.  Coddington  d.  1  Nov.  1678,  and  is  succeeded  by  deputy- 
gov.  John  Cranston 15  Nov.     " 

Maj.  Peleg  Sandford  succeeds  Cranston  as  governor,  who  d., 

12  Mch.  1680 

Custom-house  established  at  Newport  to  enforce  the  navigation 
acts  published  by  the  beat  of  drums 1  Apr.  1681 

Assembly  first  meets  at  Providence  under  new  charter, 

26  Oct.      " 

Roger  Williams  set.  84th  and  is  buried  in  Portsmouth 1683 

Royal  government  established  in  Narragansett,  with  a  court 
of  records,  civil  and  military  officers,  and  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island  excluded  from  jurisdiction June,  1686 

The  "  Atherton  claim"  to  land  purchased  near  AVarwick  from 
the  Indians  by  Humphrey  Atherton.  John  Winthrop,  and 
others  in  1659,  is  thrown  out  by  gov.  Andros;  but  other  lands 
are  granted  the  company  by  the  royal  council 1687 

Gov.  sir  Edmund  Andros,  stopping  at  Newport  for  the  charter 
of  Rhode  Island,  is  foiled  by  gov.  Clarke,  who  sends  the  char- 
ter to  his  brother  to  be  hidden.  Andros  destroys  the  seal 
of  the  colony  and  departs Nov.     " 

Learning  of  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary,  Rhode  Island 
resumes  the  charter  government 1  May,  1689 

Sir  Edmund  Andros,  who  had  fled  to  Rhode  Island  from  Boston, 
is  captured  by  maj.  Sandford  at  Newport,  sent  back,  and  is 
again  imprisoned 3  Aug.      " 

Seven  French  privateers  capture  Nantucket,  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, and  Block  island,  but  part  of  the  fleet  entering  the  har- 
bor of  Newport  by  night,  fails  in  its  surprise 14  July,  1690 

Capt.  Thomas  Paine,  from  Newport,  attacks  5  French  privateers 
near  Block  island,  who  withdraw  after  several  hours'  fighting, 

21  July,     •' 

Admiralty  act  passed,  conferring  power  of  admiralty  court  on 
the  general  council  of  Rhode  Island 7  Jan.  1695 

Law  dividing  the  legislature  into  an  upper  house,  the  council, 
and  a  lower  of  delegates  from  the  people May,  1696 

Yearly  meeting  of  Friends  established  at  Newport 170O 

Boundary  with  Connecticut  established  from  the  head  of  the 
Pawcatuck  to  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Warwick  purchase, 
and  thence  due  north  to  Massachusetts 12  May,  170J 

Two  sloops  manned  by  120  men,  captain  John  Wanton,  capt- 
ure a  French  privateer  with  its  prize,  a  sloop  loaded  with 
provisions  captured  the  day  before  near  Block  island..  .June,  1706' 

Colony  of  Rhode  Island  first  issues  paper  money  (5000/.)  to  de- 
fray the  expenses  of  war 16  Aug.  1710 

Latin  school  in  Newport  opened  by  Mr.  Galloway 1711 

First  Quarantine  act,  against  small-pox " 

First  edition  of  the  laws  of  Rhode  Island  printed  in  Boston 1719 

Thirty-six  pirates,  captured  by  capt.  Solgard  of  British  ship 
Greyhound,  off  the  southeast  coast  of  Long  Island,  are  brought 
to  Newport,  tried,  and  26  sentenced  and  hung  on  Gravelly 
Point,  opposite  the  town 12  July,  1723 

First  almshouse  in  Rhode  Island  erected  at  Newport *' 

Property  qualification  for  suffrage  established,  requiring  a  free- 
hold of  value  of  1001.  or  an  annual  income  of  2i 18  Feb.  1724 

Mainland  towns  empowered  by  Assembly  to  build  a  house  of 
correction  for  vagrants  and  "to  keep  mad  persons  in," 

15  June,  1725 

Boundary-line  with  Connecticut  run  by  a  joint  commission, 
and  final  agreement  signed  at  Westerly 27  Sept.  1728 

George  Berkely,  dean  of  Derry,  afterwards  bishop  of  Cloyne, 
arrives  in  Rhode  Island  and  purchases  a  farm  in  Middletown 

near  New  York 23  Jan.  1730 

[After  ix  years  he  returned  to  England,  giving  his  farm 
and  a  collection  of  books  to  Yale  college.— Hildreth's  "Hist. 
U.  S.,"vol.  ii.  p.  349.] 

Assembly  passes  an  act  for  the  relief  of  poor  sailors;  6d.  a 
month  to  be  deducted  for  the  purpose  from  the  wages  of 
every  Rhode  Island  seaman May,     " 

Rhode  Island  Gazette  published  by  James  Franklin,  brother  of 
Benjamin,  for  7  months  at  Newport;  first  in  the  state;  first 
issue 27  Sept.  1732 

A  private  company  petitions  the  legislature  to  sanction  a  lot- 
tery; it  suppresses  by  statute  under  a  penalty  of  500/.,  andlO/. 
for  any  one  who  takes  a  ticket 23  Jan.  1733 

Sloop  Pelican,  the  first  regularly  equipped  whaling  vessel  from 
Rhode  Island,  arrives  at  Newport  with  114  bbls.  of  oil  and 
200  lbs.  of  whalebone June,     " 

Assembly  meets  at  Greenwich  for  the  first  time 18  Feb.  1734 

Newport  artillery  incorporated  by  act  of  Assembly 1  Feb.  1742 

Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  born  at  Potowamet  in  township  of  War- 
wick  22  May,     " 

Legislature  resolves  to  raise  150  men  and  to  fit  out  the  colony 
ship  Tartar  for  the  siege  of  Louisburg May,  1745 

Two  large  privateers,  with  400  men,  sail  from  Newport  into  a 


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DorthaMtSQOwstorm,  wre  lost,  aud  nearly  200  women  in  New- 
|)orl are  raaUe widows ..••.- 2*  »ec. 

RagMni  boundary  of  Rhode  Island,  disputed  by  Massachusetts 
and  settied  by  a  royal  commission  in  1741,  is  conflrmed  by 
royal  decree  received 11  Nov. 

Company  of  the  Redwood  Library,  formed  in  1736  at  Newport, 
receives  a  charter  nx)ra  the  colony Aug. 

l»roviileuce  Library  Association  chartered  by  the  General  As 
scmbly 26  Feb. 

yttciMtrt  il'-rcurjf  first  published  by  James  Franklin 

Masonic  society  in  Newport  incorporated  as  "The  Master  Ward- 
ens and  Society  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons  " 11  Juno, 

A  lottery  for  raising  $'2400  is  granted  to  erect  a  Masonic  hall, 
and  the  first  public  celebration  of  the  order  ever  held  in 
Rhode  Island  takes  place  this  year 

rrt>i)crty  quuliflcation  for  right  of  suffrage  modified  to  $134 
l^eeholU  or  $7.  ftO  annual  rent 

yVoriJcMtY  OazftU  and  Country  Journal  published  in  Provi- 
dence by  William  Goddard ;  first  issue 20  Oct. 

Jewish  synagogue,  erected  in  Newport  the  year  previous,  is 
dedicated 

Brown  university,  chartered  in  1764  as  the  college  of  Rhode 
Island,  is  opened  at  Warren 

Maidstow,  a  British  vessel,  impresses  seamen  in  Newport  har- 
bor; 600  sailors  and  boys  seize  one  of  her  boats,  drag  it  to  the 
Commons,  and  burn  it 4  June, 

Augustus  Johnston.  Martin  Howard,  jr.,  and  dr.  Moffat,  who 
had  advocated  the  Stamp  act,  are  hung  and  burned  in  efflgy 
at  Xew|K)rt 27  Aug. 

Samuel  Ward  of  Rhode  Island,  alone  of  royal  governors,  refuses 
the  oath  to  sustain  the  Stamp  act  taking  efiect 1  Nov. 

Societv  "The  Daughters  of  Liberty"  organized  by  18  young 
ladies  at  dr.  Kphraim  Bowen's  house  in  Providence. .  .4  Mch. 

British  armed  sloop  Liberty,  fitted  out  to  enforce  the  revenue 
laws  in  Newport  harbor,  making  an  unprovoked  assault  on 
a  Connecticut  brig  which  had  been  seized  and  brought  into 
Newport,  the  people  of  Newport  dismantle  and  scuttle  the 
Liberty  and  set  her  adrift 17  July, 

College  of  Rhode  Island  (Brown  university)  removed  to  Provi- 
dence   

British  schooner  Gaspee,  of  8  guns,  capt.  William  Duddington, 
stationed  at  Newport,  destroyed  by  a  body  of  armed  men 
(Gaspkk,  Affair  of ) night  of  9  June, 

County  jail  built  at  Newport 

Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins  and  rev.  Ezra  Stiles  of  Newport  issue  a 
circular  inviting  subscriptions  to  colonize  free  negroes  on  the 
western  shores  of  Africa.  This  was  the  inception  of  the 
American  Colonization  Society Aug. 

People  of  Newport  in  town-meeting  resolve  that  any  one  aiding 
or  abetting  the  unloading,  receiving,  or  vending  of  tea  sent 
by  the  East  India  company  or  others  while  subject  to  duty 
in  America,  is  an  enemy  to  his  country 12  Jan. 

General  Assembly  at  Newport  elects  Stephen  Hopkins  and 
Samuel  Ward  delegates  to  Continental  Congress 15  June, 

Act  of  22  May,  1744,  creating  the  "  Artillery  Company  of  the 
County  of  Providence,"  amended  by  changing  the  name 
to  "The  Cadet  Company  of  the  County  of  Providence," 

June, 

Three  hundred  pounds  of  tea  publicly  burned  in  Market  square 
at  Providence,  with  copies  of  ministerial  documents  and 
other  obnoxious  papers 2  Mch. 

Gov.  Joseph  Wanton  suspended  from  office,  to  which  he  had 
just  been  elected  for  the  7th  time,  for  upholding  the  action 
of  the  British  government 3  May, 

Adm.  Wallace,  commanding  British  fleet  in  Rhode  Island,  bom- 
bards Bristol,  plunders  the  people,  and  burns  gov.  Bradford's 
house  and  17  others,  together  with  2  churches 7  Oct. 

Charles  Dudley,  the  king's  collector  of  customs  for  Rhode  Island, 
flees  for  refuge  on  board  a  ship  of  war 15  Nov. 

British  troops,  250,  lauded  at  Providence,  are  driven  to  their 
ships  by  troops  from  Warren  and  Bristol 13  Dec. 

A  false  alarm  brings  troops  under  gens.  Greene,  Sullivan,  and 
Washington  to  Providence,  Washington  returning  to  New 
York 7  Apr. 

Last  Colonial  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  at  Providence,  1  May, 
1776;  abjures  allegiance  to  the  British  crown,  substituting 
the  words  "The  governor  and  company  of  the  English  colo- 
ny of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,"  in  place  of 
the  name  and  authority  of  the  king May, 

Declaration  of  Independence  celebrated  in  Rhode  Island,  which 
the  Assembly  names  "The  State  of  Rhode  Island  and  Provi- 
dence Plantations  " July, 

William  Ellery  and  Stephen  Hopkins,  representing  Rhode 
Island,  sign  the  Declaration  of  Independence 

Eight  thousand  British  troops  land  and  take  possession  of 
Rhode  Island 28  Nov. 

Gen  John  Sullivan,  appointed  by  Washington  to  succeed  gen. 
Joseph  Spencer  in  command  in  Rhode  Island,  arrives  at 
Providence 17  Apr. 

Col.  William  Barton  of  Providence,  with  40  men,  guided  by  a 
negro,  Quako  Honeyman,  captures  gen.  Richard  Prescott  at 
his  quarters,  about  5  miles  from  Newport,  and  brings  him  to 

the  American  camp,  on  the  night  of 10  July, 

[Prescott  is  afterwards  (May,  1778)  exchanged  for  gen. 
Charles  Lee,  captured  by  the  British  in  New  Jersey,  Dec. 
1776.] 

Articles  of  Confederation  adopted  by  Rhode  Island 9  Feb. 

British  commander  at  Newport  sends  out  500  men,  who  de- 
stroy some  70  flat-bottoraed  boats  and  property  on  the  Kicke- 
muit  river,  and  burn  the  church  and  a  number  of  houses  at 
Warren 25  May, 


684 


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1746 

1747 


1764 
1768 


1759 


1763 
1765 


1769 
1771 

1772 


1773 


1775 


1776 


1777 


1778 


William  Rllery,  Henry  Marchant,  aud  John  Collins  sign  the  Ar- 
tides  of  Confederation 9  July,  1778 

French  fleet  of  11  sail  of  line  ships,  under  count  d'Estaing, 
appearing  off  Brenton's  reef,  6  British  war  vessels  attempt 
to  leave  the  harbor.  Thoy  are  pursued,  and  are  run  ashore 
and  set  on  fire  l)y  their  crews 5  Aug.     " 

While  the  French  fleet,  dispersed  by  storms,  refits  at  Boston, 
occurs  the  battle  of  Rhode  Island.  The  British  forces  from 
Quaker  hill  attack  the  Americans  on  Butts  hill;  the  Amer- 
icans lose  211  men,  the  British  somewhat  more 29  Aug.     " 

Americans  under  gen.  Sullivan  retreat  from  Rhode  Island  to 
Tiverton,  30  Aug.  1778,  and  the  British  fleet  with  the  army  of 
sir  Henry  Clinton  arrives  at  Newport 31  Aug.     " 

Maj.  Silas  Talbot,  with  the  sloop  Hawk,  captures  the  Pigot,  a 
British  galley  which  blockaded  the  eastern  passage. .  .28  Oct.     " 

General  Assembly  grants  5001.  for  distressed  inhabitants  of 
Newport,  besides  contributions  from  adjoining  states Jan.  1779 

British  embark  for  New  York 11-25  Oct.     " 

French  army  lands  at  Newport  (United  States) 10  July,  1780 

Public  reception  given  to  gen.  Washington  in  Newport, 

6  Mch.  1781 

General  Assembly  authorizes  manumission  of  slaves,  makes  free 
negroes  or  mulattoes  born  in  the  state  after  1  Mch.  1784,  and 
repeals  slavery  act  of  1774 23  Feb.  1784 

Marine  Society  instituted  in  1754  under  the  name  of  "The  Fel- 
lowship Club,"  is  chartered  by  act  of  legislature June,  1785 

Stephen  Hopkins  dies  near  Providence 13  July,     " 

First  spinning  jenny  in  theU.  S.  made  and  put  in  operation  by 
Daniel  Jackson  of  Providence 1786 

Act  passed  for  emitting  100,000/.  in  bills  of  credit, and  making 
the  same  a  legal  tender  at  par '« 

Newport,  incorporated  as  a  city,  1  June,  1784,  resumes  its  old 
form  of  town  government 27  Mch.  1787 

African  slave-trade  forbidden,  with  penalties  of  1001.  for  each 
person  imported  from  Africa,  and  1000/.  for  the  vessel, 

29  Oct.     *' 

Motion  made  in  the  General  Assembly  for  the  appointment  of 
delegates  to  the  general  convention  of  the  colonies  at  Phila- 
delphia is  lost  by  a  majority  of  23  votes " 

Providence  Association  of  Mechanics  and  Manufacturers  incor- 
porated  Mch.  1789 

Congress  subjects  to  duty  all  goods  from  Rhode  Island  not  of 
her  own  production May,     *' 

Assembly  addresses  the  president  and  Congress  of  the  11  states, 
assigning  reasons  for  opposing  the  Constitution,  setting  forth 
its  attachment  to  its  democratic  charter,  and  the  fear  that 
it  would  be  limited  by  the  new  Federal  system Sept.      " 

Act  passed  repealing  the  Legal  Tender  act  of  1786,  and  promising 
to  redeem  the  paper  at  the  rate  of  15  to  1 12  Oct.     " 

After  long  and  bitter  opposition  the  convention  assembled  at 
Newport,  first  in  the  state-house  and  adjourned  to  the  Second 
Baptist  church,  adopts  the  Federal  Constitution  and  Bill  of 
Rights  by  34  to  32,  5  p.m.  Saturday 29  May,  1790 

Providence  bank,  the  oldest  in  the  state,  goes  into  operation. .  1791 

First  known  copyright  granted  under  the  U.  S.  law  is  made  to 
rev.  William  Patten  of  Newport  for  a  book  entitled  "Chris- 
tianity the  True  Theology  " 9  May,  1795 

Marine  corps  of  artillery  chartered  at  Providence 1801 

College  of  Rhode  Island  changed  to  Brown  university  in  honor 
of  Nicholas  Brown 1804 

British  occupy  Block  island 1813 

Com.  Oliver  H.  Perry  leaves  Newport  with  a  detachment  of  sea- 
men from  the  gunboats  in  the  harbor,  to  take  command  of 
the  American  squadron  on  lake  Erie " 

Friends'  school  at  Portsmouth  established  in  1784,  but  discon- 
tinued after  4  years,  is  revived  and  established  at  Providence,  1814 

Pres.  James  Monroe  visits  Rhode  Island,  arriving  at  Provi- 
dence  30  June,  1817 

Newport  asylum  for  the  poor  on  Coaster's  Harbor  island  com- 
pleted and  occupied 1822 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Society  incorporated " 

Reception  given  gen.  Lafayette  at  Providence 23  Aug.  1824 

Com.  Perry  died,  aged  34,  of  yellow-fever  on  the  U.  S.  schooner 
Nonesuch  in  the  harbor  of  Port  Spain,  island  of  Trinidad; 
buried  with  military  honors  at  Newport 4  Dec.  1826 

General  Assembly  o'f  Rhode  Island  passes  an  act  establishing 
public  schools  throughout  the  state Jan.  1828 

Dexter  asylum  for  the  poor  erected  at  Providence  with  funds 
devised  by  Ebenezer  Knight  Dexter,  who  d.  10  Aug.  1824; 
asylum  opened " 

Race  riot  in  Providence  begins  between  sailors  and  negroes, 
military  aid  is  called  in  and  the  Riot  act  read 21-24  Sept.  1831 

City  of  Providence  incorporated 22  Nov.  1832 

Company  incorporated  to  construct  a  railroad  from  Providence 
to  Stonington  in  1832,  and  railroad  building  commenced 1835 

State  prison  at  Providence  completed 1838 

Fort  Adams  in  Newport  harbor,  begun  in  1824,  is  completed. . .  1839 

Convention  of  delegates  elected  by  friends  of  extension  of  suf- 
frage, without  regard  to  the  law  regulating  the  right  of  vot- 
ing, at  Providence,  4  Oct.  1841,  forms  a  "people's  constitu- 
tion, "and  declares  it  adopted  by  a  vote  of  the  people, 

27-29  Dec.  1841 

Thomas  W.  Dorr  elected  governor  under  the  people's  constitu- 
tion  18  Apr.  1842 

Dorr  government  attempts  to  organize,  3  May,  1842,  but  is 
resisted  by  legal  state  government  (Dorr's  rebellion), 

3  May,     " 

Constitution  to  supersede  the  charter  of  1663  is  framed  by  a 
convention  which  meets  at  Newport,  12  Sept.  1842,  adjourns 
to  East  Greenwich,  and  completes  its  labors  5  Nov. ;  consti- 
tution ratified  by  vote  of  the  people,  7032  to  59. .  .21-23  Nov.     " 


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Franklin  lyceum,  formed  in  1831,  is  incorporated  at  Providence,  1843 

Dorr  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life 25  June,  1844 

Butler  hospital  for  the  insane  on  the  Seekonk  river  in  Provi- 
dence opened 1847 

Sockanosset  school  for  boys  at  Howard  (a  reform  school)  is 
opened 1  Nov.  1850 

T.  W.  Dorr,  released  from  prison  under  an  act  of  general  am- 
nesty in  1847,  is  restored  to  civil  and  political  rights 1851 

Rhode  Island  adopts  the  Maine  liquor  law 7  May,  1852 

Newport  incorporated  as  a  city 20  May,  1853 

Statue  of  Franklin,  the  first  public  statue  in  Rhode  Island,  is 
unveiled  at  Providence 19  Nov.  1858 

Legislature  repeals  the  Personal  Liberty  bill Jan.  1861 

On  news  of  the  fall  of  fort  Sumter,  the  governor  tenders  the 
U.  S.  government  1000  infantry  and  a  battalion  of  artillery. 
He  convenes  the  legislature  in  extra  session,  17  Apr.,  and  the 
Rhode  Island  Marine  Artillery  pass  through  New  York  on 
their  way  to  Washington 20  Apr.     " 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XIII. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion   1865 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XlV.th  Amendment 7  Feb.  1867 

Board  of  State  Charities  and  Correction  established 1869 

State  farm,  421  acres  in  town  of  Cranston,  afterwards  site  of 
State  house  of  correction.  State  work-house,  State  asylum  for 
incurable  insane,  and  State  alms-house,  is  purchased ^.      " 

Rhode  Island  Woman  Suffrage  Association  holds  a  convention 
at  Providence Oct. 

State  Teachers'  Institute  held  at  East  Greenwich,  which  ex- 
presses the  need  of  State  Normal  schools 22-23  Oct.     " 

XV. th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  is  ratified, 

18  Jan.  1870 

Cove  lands  ceded  to  the  towns  by  the  colony,  28  May,  1707,  are 
conveyed  to  the  city  of  Providence  by  the  state  on  payment 
of  $200,000 " 

Legislature,  by  56  to  2,  abolishes  imprisonment  for  debt " 

Marble  statue  of  Roger  Williams,  executed  for  the  state  by 
Franklin  Simmons  in  Italy,  is  received  and  presented  to  the 
Federal  government  to  be  placed  in  the  capitol Mch.  1871 

Free  public  library,  art  gallery,  and  museum  for  the  city  of 
Providence  chartered  under  the  combined  auspices  of  the 
Providence  Franklin  Society,  the  Association  of  Mechanics 
and  Manufacturers,  the  Franklin  Lyceum,  and  the  Rhode 
Island  Horticultural  Society  and  Society  for  the  Encourage- 
ment of  Domestic  Industry " 

Rhode  Island  State  Normal  school  at  Providence  opened.6  Sept.     " 

Prohibition  party  in  the  state  adopt  the  Republican  candidate 
for  governor,  Henry  Howard 1873 

State  convention  of  the  Prohibition  party  at  the  state-house  in 
Providence  nominates  "a  distinct,  separate,  teetotal  pro- 
hibition ticket  for  state  officers, "  with  Henry  Howard  for  gov- 
ernor, 26  Feb.  1874.  The  Republican  party  adopt  Howard  by 
acclamation,  11  Mch.  The  Democratic  convention  at  Provi- 
dence, 23  Mch.,  adjourns  without  platform  or  ticket,  23  Mch.  1874 

Stringent  prohibition  law  is  passed,  and  a  constabulary  act  pro- 
viding for  the  appointment  by  the  governor  of  a  state  con- 
stable with  7  deputies  for  enforcing  it May,     " 

Vote  for  governor  at  election  7  Apr.  1875  :  Rowland  Hazard, 
of  the  National  Union  Republican  and  Prohibition  parties, 
8724;  Henry  Lippitt,  Republican,  8368;  Charles  B.  Cutler, 
Democrat,  5166.  There  being  no  choice,  the  legislature  elects 
Lippitt  by  70,  to  36  for  Hazard 25  May,  1875 

Constabulary  act  repealed,  and  an  act  "  to  regulate  and  restrain 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  "  passed  in  its  place " 

Corliss  engine  of  1400  horse-power,  and  weighing  700  tons,  de- 
signed to  furnish  power  in  Machinery  hall,  by  George  H. 
Corliss  of  Providence,  is  set  in  motion  at  the  opening  of  the 
Centennial  exhibition  in  Philadelphia  by  pres.  U.  S.  Grant 
and  dom  Pedro  II.,  emperor  of  Brazil 10  May,  1876 

There  being  no  choice  for  governor  at  the  April  election,  Henry 
Lippitt,  Republican,  is  chosen  by  the  legislature 30  May,     " 

First  Board  of  Harbor  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor  14  June,     " 

State  school  for  the  deaf  at  Providence  opened 2  Apr.  1877 

Prisoners  removed  from  the  old  state  prison  to  the  new  build- 
ing at  Cranston 1878 

State  Board  of  Health  established " 

Legislature  elects  Alfred  H.  Littlefield,  Republican,  governor, 
there  being  no  choice  at  the  election  in  April 25  May,  1880 

Act  passed  abolishing  the  tribal  authority  and  relation  of  the 
Narragansett  Indians " 

Congress  awards  the  first-class  gold  medal  to  Mrs.  Ida  Lewis 
Wilson,  keeper  of  Lime  Rock  lighthouse,  who,  since  1859, 
had  saved  13  lives  at  the  risk  of  her  own 1881 

Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  b.  Liberty,  Ind.,  1824,  gov.  of  Rhode 
Island,  1866-69,  and  U.  S.  senator  at  the  time  of  his  death 

(Fredericksburg) 3  Sept.     " 

Colored  voters  of  Rhode  Island,  in  convention  at  Newport,  re- 
solve hereafter  to  act  independently  of  the  Republican  party, 

18  Oct.  1882 
State  home  and  school  for  neglected  and  dependent  children 

opened  at  Providence Apr.»1885 

Amendment  to  the  state  constitution  prohibiting  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  as  a  beverage,  goes 

into  effect 1  July,  1886 

Compulsory  Education  act  passed  requiring  at  least  12  weeks 
of  school  attendance,  6  of  them  consecutive,  by  all  children 

between  7  and  15  yfears  of  age 1887 

Arbor  day  established  as  a  legal  holiday " 

City  of  Woonsocket  incorporated 1888 

Bourn  amendment  to  the  state  constitution,  abolishing  prop- 
erty qualification  for  electors,  proclaimed  by  governor. .  Nov.     " 


>  RHO 

State  agricultural  school  established  by  act  of  legislature. , .   . 
Vote  at  April  election  for  governor:  John  W,  Davis,  Democrat, 

21,289;  H.W.  Ladd,  Republican,  16,870;  James  H.  Chace,  Law 

Enforcement  party,  3597 ;  H.  H.  Richardson,  Prohibition,  1346. 

There  being  no  choice,  the  legislature  chose  H.  W.  Ladd, 

28  May, 
Prohibitory  amendment  rescinded  at  a  special  election,  20  June, 

1889,  and  a  high-license  law  passed l  Aug'. 

Australian  ballot-reform  law  passed 

First  state  convention  of  the  Union  Reform  party  held,  and 

Arnold  B.  Chace  nominated  for  governor 25'Feb. 

Australian  ballot  system  introduced  at  state  election 2  Apr. 

John  W.  Davis  elected  governor  by  the  legislature,  there  being 

no  choice  by  the  people May 

Celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  introduction  of  cotton 

spinning  into  America  begins  at  Providence 29  Sept 

Monument  to  Samuel  Smith  CoUyer  dedicated  at  Pawtucket 

at  close  of  Cotton  Centennial  celebration 4  Oct. 

Vote  for  governor:  Davis,  Democrat,  22,249;  Ladd,  Republican 

20,995;  Larry,  Prohibition,  1829;  Burton,  National,  384.1  Apr.' 

Soldiers'  home  at  Bristol  dedicated 21  May, 

Herbert  W.  Ladd,  Republican,  elected  governor  by  the  legislat- 
ure  26  May, 

Ex-gov.  Henry  Lippitt  dies  at  Newport,  aged  73 5  June, 

D.  Russell  Brown  reelected  governor Apr! 

GOVERNORS. 

PORTSMOUTH. 

Wm.  Coddington 7  Mch.  1638 

Wm.  Hutchinson. ..  30  Apr.  1639 
Wm.  Coddington...  12  Mch.  1640 


1890 


NEWPORT. 

William  Coddington, 

28  Apr.  1639-47 


PRESIDENTS    UNDER   THE   PATENT. 

PROVIDENCE,  WARWICK,  PORTSMOUTH,  AND   NEWPORT. 

John  Coggeshall May,  1647  I  John  Smith May,  1649 

Wm.  Coddington May,  1648  |  Nicholas  Easton May,  1650 


PORTSMOUTH   AND   NEWPORT. 

John  Sandford,  sr May,  1653 


PROVIDENCE  AND   WARWICK. 

Samuel  Gorton Oct.  1651 

John  Smith May,  1652  I 

Gregory  Dexter May,  1653  | 

4  TOWNS   UNITED. 

Nicholas  Easton May,  1654  I  William  Brenton May, 

Roger  Williams Sept.      "    |  Benedict  Arnold May,  1662 

Benedict  Arnold May,  1657 


GOVERNORS    UNDER 


Benedict  Arnold 

William  Brenton 

Benedict  Arnold 

Nicholas  Easton 

William  Coddington. . . 

Walter  Clarke 

Benedict  Arnold 

Wm.  Coddington...  28 

John  Cranston 

Peleg  Sandford 16 

Wm.  Coddington,  jr.  . . 

Henry  Bull 

Walter  Clarke 

Henry  Bull 27 

John  Easton 

Caleb  Carr 

Walter  Clarke 

Samuel  Cranston 

Joseph  Jenckes 

William  Wanton 

John  Wanton 

Richard  Ward 15 

William  Greene 

Gideon  Wanton 

William  G  reene 


Nov. 
May, 


Aug. 
Nov. 
Mch. 
May, 


Feb. 
May, 


.Jan. 
May, 


July, 
May, 


1663 
1666 
1669 
1672 
1674 
1676 
1677 
1678 

1680 
1683 
1685 
1686 
1690 

1695 


1727 
1732 
1734 
1740 
1743 
1745 
1746 


ROYAL  CHARTER. 

Gideon  Wanton 

William  Greene 

Stephen  Hopkins 

William  Greene 

Stephen  Hopkins.  ..14 

Samuel  Ward 

Stephen  Hopkins 

Samuel  Ward 

Stephen  Hopkins 

Josias  Lyndon 

Joseph  Wanton 

Nicholas  Cooke 

William  Greene • 

John  Collins 

Arthur  Fenner 

James  Fenner 

William  Jones 

Nehemiah  R. Knight.. 

William  C.  Gibbs 

James  Fenner 

Lemuel  H.  Arnold 

John  Brown  Francis. . 

William  Sprague 

Samuel  Ward  King  . . . 


May, 


Mch. 
May, 


Nov. 
May, 


GOVERNORS   UNDER  THE   STATE  CONSTITUTION, 

James  Fenner 

Charles  Jackson 

Byron  Diman 

Elisha  Harris 

Henry  B.  Anthony 

Philip  Allen 

William  Warner  Hoppin 

Elisha  Dyer 

Thomas  G.  Turner 

William  Sprague 

William  C.  Cozzens 3  Mch. 

James  Y.  Smith 

Ambrose  E.  Burnside 

Seth  Padelford 

Henry  Howard 

Henry  Lippitt 

Charles  C.  Van  Zandt  (Republican) 29  May, 

Alfred  H.  Littlefield  (Republican) 25  May, 

Augustus  0.  Bourn  (Republican) 29  May, 

George  P.  Wetmore  (Republican) May, 

John  W.  Davis  (Democrat) " 

Royal  C.  Taft  (Republican) " 

H.  W.  Ladd  (Republican) " 

John  W.  Davis  (Democrat) " 

H.  W.  Ladd  (Republican) " 

D.  Russell  Brown  (Republican ;  re-elected  1S93-94) " 


1747 
1748 
1755 
1757 
1758 
1762 
1763 
1765 
1767 
1768 
1769 
1775 
1778 
1786 
1790 
1807 
1811 
1817 
1821 
1824 
1831 


1843 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1849 
1851 
1854 
1857 
1859 
1860 
1863 

1866 
1869 
1873 
1875 
1877 


1890 
1891 


roNi 


RHO  W8  RIO 

UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF   RHODE  ISLAND. 


Nmim. 

No.orCoiiicren. 

Dkt«. 

Remarks. 

Theodore  Foster 

iBt  to  8tb 
l8t  "  3d 
3d  "  6th 
6th   "  7th 
7th  "  9th 

8th 
8th  to  11th 
9th  "  10th 
10th  "  12th 

11th 
11th  to  12th 
12th  "  17th 
12th  "  16th 
16th  "  16th 
16th  "  27th 
17th  "  20th 
20th  "  26th 
26th  "  27th 
27th  "  28th 
27th  "  30th 

28th 
29th  to  33d 
30th  •'  33d 
32d     "  35th 
33d    "  36th 
35th  "  37th 

36th  "  48th 

37th 
38th  to  44th 
44th  "  47  th 

47th  "  

48th  "  

49th  "  51st 
5l8t    "  54th    1 
54th   "  

1789  to  1803 
1789  "  1793 
1793  "  1797 
1797  "  1801 
1801  "  1806 

1803  "  1804 

1804  "  1809 

1805  "  1807 
1807  "  1811 

1809 

1810  to  1811 

1811  "  1821 
1811  "  1817 
1817  "  1820 

1820  "  1841 

1821  "1825 
1825  "  1839 
1839  "  1842 
1842  "  1844 
1841  "  1847 

1844  "  1845 

1845  "  1851 
1847  "  1853 
1851  "  1857 
1853  "  1859 
1357  "  1862 

1859  "  1884 

1862  "  1863 

1863  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 
1881  "  

1884  "  1885 

1885  "  1889 
1889  "  1895 
1895  " 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  6  July,  1797.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  i)liico  of  Bradford.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Greene. 

Died. 

Elected  in  place  of  Potter. 

Elected  governor. 

Elected  in  place  of  Fenuer. 

Died  4  June,  1809. 

Resigned. 

Died  25  Dec.  1820. 

Elected  in  place  of  Burrell. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  D'WoU. 

Died  29  Jan.  1842. 

Elected  in  place  of  Dixon.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Sprague. 

Resigned. 

(Elected  president  pro  tern.  23  Mch.  1869;  10  Mch.  1871. 
\     Sept.  1884. 

Elected  in  place  of  Simmons. 

Died  3  Sept.  1881. 

Elected  in  place  of  Burnside.    Term  expires  1899. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Anthony. 

Resigned. 

Klected  in  place  of  Chace. 

Term  expires  1901. 

■1M 

w 

'■-, 

Jeremiah  B  Howell 

Jannes  Burrell  jr 

Nehemiah  R  Knight    

^ 

James  I)'  Wolf    

Asher  Bobbins    

Nathan  F.  Dixon 

, 

\ 

Albert  C.  Greene 

John  H.  Clark 

Philip  Allen 

Henry  B  Anthony 

Died  2 

Samuel  G.  Arnold 

William  Sprague 

Ambrose  E  Burnside 

Nelson  W.  Aldrich 

William  P  SheflQeld 

Nathan  F.  Dixon 

George  P.  Wetmore 

RllOde§,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  is  said 
to  have  been  peopled  from  Crete,  as  early  as  916  B.C.  The 
Rhodians  were  great  navigators,  and  institutors  of  a  maritime 
code  afterwards  adopted  by  the  Romans.  The  city  was  built 
about  432,  and  flourished  300-200  b.c.  Colossus  of  Rhodes. 
Rhodes,  long  an  ally  of  the  Romans,  was  taken  by  the  emperor 
Vespasian,  71  a.d.  It  was  held  by  Knights  Hospitallers  from 
1309  to  1522,  when  it  was  conquered  by  Turks,  who  still  re- 
tain it.  The  knights  retired  to  Malta.  Rhodes  sufifered  by 
an  earthquake  on  22  Apr.  1863. 

rho'dium,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  in  platinum  ore  by 
dr.  WoUaston  in  1804,  has  been  used  for  points  of  metallic  pens. 

rhu'barb.  This  plant  was  first  cultivated  for  its  stalks 
as  food  by  Mr.  Myall,  of  Deptford,  Engl.,  about  1820,  and  soon 
after  came  into  general  use.     Flowers  and  Plants. 

RiartO.     Bridges. 

RibboiliMin,  the  principles  of  a  secret  society  in  Ireland, 
organized  about  1820,  to  retaliate  on  landlords  who  injured  ten- 
ants. To  the  ribbonmen  are  attributed  many  agrarian  murders, 
1858-71-79.    An  act  was  passed  to  repress  them,  16  June,  1871. 

rice,  the  Oryza  saliva  of  botanists,  in  husk  termed 
paddy  ;  largely  grown  in  intertropical  regions,  occupying  the 
same  place  as  wheat  in  warmer  parts  of  Europe.  It  was 
brought  to  South  Carolina  from  the  island  of  Madagascar  in 
1695,  and  its  cultivation  greatly  increased. 

Rich  Mountain,  West  Virginia,  Battle  of.  Here 
gen.  Rosecrans  defeated  the  confederates,  11  July,  1861,  capt- 
uring 600  men.  The  strategic  operations  of  which  this  battle 
was  the  culmination  deprived  the  confederates  of  all  hope  of 
holding  or  drawing  strength  from  West  Virginia. 

Richmond,  a  town  of  Surrey,  anciently  iShcen  (i.  e., 
in  Saxon,  resplendent).  Here  stood  a  palace  in  which  Edward 
I.  and  II.  resided,  and  Edward  III.  died,  1377.  Here  also  died 
Anne,  queen  of  Richard  II.,  1394.  The  palace  was  repaired  by 
HenryV.,  who  founded  3  religious  houses  near  it.  In  1497  it  was 
burned,  but  Henry  VII.  rebuilt  it,  and  called  the  village  Rich- 
mond, from  his  title,  earl  of  Richmond  (Yorkshire)  before  he  ob- 
tained the  crown ;  and  here  he  died  in  1509.  Queen  Elizabeth 
was  prisoner  in  this  palace  for  a  short  time  during  Mary's  reign. 
When  she  became  queen  it  was  one  of  her  favorite  places  of 
residence;  and  here  she  died,  24  Mch.  1603.  It  was  afterwards 
the  residence  of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales.  The  beautiful  park 
and  gardens  were  enclosed  by  Charles  I.  The  observatory 
wasbuillby  sir  W.Chambers  in  1769.  In  Richmond, Thomson 
"sang  the  Seasons  and  their  change;"  and  died  27  Aug.  1748. 


Richmond,  Va.  Virginia,  1679,  1742,  '79,  1811, 
1861,  '65,  '76.     Pop.  1890,  81,388. 

Richmond,  Ky.,  Battle  of.  Here  Kirby  Smith  de- 
feated the  federals  under  gen.  Manson,  30  Aug.  1862.  Federal 
loss  about  5000 ;  confederate,  about  the  same.  Bragg's  Ken- 
tucky campaign. 

rifle§.     Fire-arms. 

rights.  Bill  of.  To  the  petition  of  rights,  preferred  17 
Mch.  1627-28,  Charles  I.  answered,  "  I  will  that  right  be  done 
according  to  the  laws  and  customs  of  the  realm."  Both 
houses  addre.ssed  the  king  for  a  fuller  answer  to  the  petition 
of  rights,  whereupon  he  gave  them  an  answer  less  evasive, 
"  Soit  droit  fait  comme  il  est  c?mVe,"  7  June,  1628.  The  peti- 
tion thus  became  a  statute,  13  Car.  I.  c.  1.  An  important 
declaration  was  made  by  the  lords  and  commons  of  England 
to  the  prince  and  princess  of  Orange  on  13  Feb.  1689,  in  an 
act  "  declaring  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  subject,  and  set- 
tling the  succession  of  the  crown."     Bill  of  rights. 

Rig  Veda.    Vedas. 

Rimnik,  a  town  near  Martinesti,  Wallachia.  Here 
the  Austrians  and  Russians,  under  prince  Coburg  and  gen. 
Suwarrow,  crushed  the  Turks,  22  Sept.  1789. 

Ring  der  IVibelungen  (ne-hel-oong'en).     NiBKL- 

UNGENOT. 

rings  anciently  held  an  engraved  seal  or  signet,  to  seal 
writings,  and  they  are  so  used  to  this  day.  In  Gen.  xli.  42  it 
is  said  that  Pharaoh  gave  Joseph  his  ring.  A  ring  is  now 
put  upon  a  woman's  third  finger  at  marriage ;  but  the  Jews 
used  them  at  the  espousal  before  marriage. 

Rio  Janeiro  (ree-o'  ja-nee'r6),  a  city  and  seaport  of 
Brazil,  South  America,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in  the  world,  discovered  by  De  Sousa,  1  Jan.  1531. 
Made  the  capital  of  Brazil  1807.     Pop.  1892,  800,000. 
Disturbance  between  2  rival  factions  in  the  government  of 
Brazil;   one  party  headed  by  adm.  Custodio  de  Mello  and 
later  by  adm.  de  Gama,  the  other  by  pres.  Peixoto,  represent- 
ing the  regular  government,  begins  active  warfare  in  Rio 

Gpnde  do  Sul June-July,  1893 

Adm.  de  Mello,  with  a  fleet,  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  Janeiro. .  Aug.  " 
Foreign  admirals  decide  to  prevent  bombardment  of  city,  8  Sept.  " 
Bombardment  of  forts  in  the  harbor  and  bay  of  Rio  Janeiro 

commences 14  Sept.     " 

[This  is  kept  up  at  intervals  during  the  occupancy  of  the 
harbor,  14  Sept.  1893-14  Mch.  1894.] 
Com.  Oscar  F.  Stanton,  comm.anding  the  South  Atlantic  squad- 
ron, arrives  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  Janeiro  and  salutes  both 
tlie  flag  of  the  Brazilian  government  and  that  of  the  rebels; 

recalled  by  the  U.  S.  government Oct      " 

[Rearadm.  Benham  succeeds.] 


RIO  687 

U  S.  cruiser  San  Francisco,  with  rear-adm.  Benham,  arrives  in 
the  harbor 12  Jau.  1894 

Rebel  fleet  attempt  to  prevent  the  unloading  the  cargo  of  an 
American  merchantman;  U.  S.  war-ship  Detroit  js  ordered 
byadm.  Beuham  to  support  the  merchantman;  rebels  desist; 
cargo  unloaded ' 30  Jan.     " 

Rebellion  fails;  officers  of  insurgent  fleet  escape  from  the 
harbor 14  Mch.     " 

U.  S.  cruiser  San  Francisco,  with  rear-adm.  Benham,  sail  from 
Rio  Janeiro  for  Blueflelds,  Nicaraugua 18  Mch.     " 

riot§  in  the  United  States. 

BOSTO-V  MASSACRE 1770 

"  Doctor's  mob,"  New  York 1788 

At  Baltimore,  Md.  (United  States) 1812-61 

Alton,  111 1837 

Philadki>phia 1844 

Astor  Place  riots  in  New  York,  growing  out  of  rivalry  between 

the  actors  Forrest  and  Macready  (Nkw  York  City).  .10  May,  1849 
Draft  riot  in  New  York;  mob  in  possession  of  the  city  (New 

York) 13-17  July,  1863 

Orange  riot  in  New  York  between  Catholic  and  Protestant 

Irish ;  60  persons  killed  (Orangemen) 12  July,  1871 

Anarchists  in  Chicago,  111.  (Illinois) 4  May,  1886 

For  railroad  riots  or  strikes,  Strikes. 

Most  important  of  the  many  riots  in  England  were : 

Gordon's  "  No-popery  "  riots ...10  May-9  June,  1780 

* '  Field  of  Peterloo  ' '  at  Manchester 16  Aug.  1819 

Ritliali§t$,  a  name  given  in  1866  to  a  party  in  the 
church  of  England,  largely  resembling  the  Puseyites,  and 
seeking  to  give  a  more  imposing  character  to  public  worship, 
by  colored  vestments,  lighted  candles,  incense,  etc.,  professing 
to  go  back  to  the  practices  of  the  church  in  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward VI.  An  exhibition  of  these  things  was  held  during  the 
oliurch  congress  at  York  in  Oct.  1866,  but  was  not  officially 
connected  with  it.  The  practices  of  Ritualists  (said  by  Mr. 
Disraeli  to  be  symbolical  of  doctrines  they  were  bound  to  re- 
nounce) were  censured  in  Episcopal  charges  in  Dec.  1866  ;  in 
2  reports  of  the  Ritualistic  commission,  19  Aug.  1867  and  Apr. 
1868,  and  by  the  judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council  on 
appeal,  23  Dec,  1868.  At  a  convocation  of  the  American 
Episcopal  church  at  Philadelphia,  27,  28  Oct.  1868,  a  warm 
discussion  on  Rituali.sm  was  held,  and  renewed  at  the  convo- 
cation 10  Oct.  1874,  and  the  Ritualists  were  beaten  by  the 
Evangelical  party,  a  stringent  canon  on  ceremonies  being 
passed  27  Oct.  The  Public  Worship  Regulation  act  was 
passed  7  Aug.  1874,  for  the  repression  of  Ritualism  in  England. 

River  and  Harbor  bill§.    The  first  bill  for 

harbor  improvements  in  the  United  States  was  passed  3  Mch. 
1823.  Polk  in  1846  and  Pierce  in  1854  vetoed  such  bills.  In 
1870  a  $2,000,000  appropriation  was  made,  the  largest  amount 
up  to  that  time.  In  1882  pres.  Arthur  vetoed  a  $19,000,000 
appropriation  bill  which  was  ultimately  passed  over  his  veto. 

River  Rai§il1,  Mich.,  is  remarkable  in  history  as  the 
place  of  a  massacre  on  23  Jan.  1813.  Gen.  Winchester,  with 
about  800  Americans,  was  encamped  on  that  river,  and  at  dawn, 
on  22  Jan.,  gen.  Proctor,  with  1500  British  and  Indians,  fell  upon 
them.  After  a  severe  action  Winchester  surrendered,  under 
promise  of  protection  from  the  Indians.  But  Proctor  marched 
off,  leaving  no  guard  for  the  Americans.  His  Indians  re- 
turned, and  killed  and  scalped  a  large  number  of  them.  The 
American  loss  was  over  300  killed  (mostly  after  the  fight), 
and  the  rest  were  made  prisoners.  The  British  lost  24  killed 
and  158  wounded.     Michigan,  1818. 

Rivoli  (ree'vo-lee),  a  village  near  Verona,  N.  Italy.  Near 
here  the  Austrians  defeated  the  French,  17  Nov.  1796;  and 
were  defeated  by  Bonaparte,  14, 15  Jan.  1797.  Massena  was 
made  duke  of  Rivoli  for  his  share  in  the  actions. 

roads.  The  ancient  Egyptians  raust  have  had  substan- 
tial paved  roads.  Highways  mentioned  in  Judges  v.  6.  The 
Persians,  Greeks,  and  Carthaginians  were  excellent  road- 
makers,  but  to  the  Romans  belongs  the  honor  of  being  the 
greatest  and  best  road  -  builders  of  ancient  times.  At  the 
zenith  of  her  greatness  there  centred  at  Rome  29  superior 
roads,  some  of  them  extending  into  Spain,  Gaul,  Illyria,  and 
Thrace.  Thence  road-making  passed  into  Asia  Minor,  Pontus, 
^the  East,  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Britain.  The  empire  was  di- 
vided into  11  districts  and  113  provinces,  united  by  372  great 
"3ads.  According  to  the  survey  of  Antoninus  Pius,  138- 
161  A.D.,  their  entire  distance  covered  52,964  Roman  miles. 
The  principal  Roman  roads  in  Italy  were  (1)  Via  Appia,  the 
Lppian  way,  called  Regina  Viarum,  the  first  of  Roman  roads 


ROB 


in  time  and  celebrity.  It  was  commenced  by  Appius  Claudius 
Caecus,  312  b.c.,  and  extended  to  Capua,  120  miles  from  Rome; 
completed  to  Brundisium,  320  miles,  30  b.c.  Its  centre,  16  feet 
wide,  was  intended  for  infantry;  its  side  tracks,  8  feet  each, 
for  horsemen  and  carriages ;  in  all  from  32  to  36  feet  in  width. 
(2)  Via  Numicia  traversed  the  northefn  part  of  Samnium, 
communicated  with  the  Appian  way,  and  united  with  the  Via 
Aquilia  in  Lucania.  (3)  Via  Flaminia,  constructed  by  C. 
Flaminius  when  censor,  533  A.u.c.  (221  b.c),  extended  from 
Rome  to  Arminium.  (4)  Via  Aurelia,  extending  along  the 
coast  of  Etruria.  (5)  Via  Cassia,  extending  to  Modena. 
(6)  Via  Emilia  Lepida,  built  by  M.  ^milius  Lepidus  when 
consul,  187  B.C.,  a  continuation  of  the  Via  Flaminia  through 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  (7)  Via  Latina,  from  Rome  to  Brundisium. 
The  smaller  roads  were  Via  Praenestina,  Via  Tiburtina  to 
Tivioli,  Via  Ostiensis  to  Ostia,  Via  Laurentina,  Via  Salaria, 
etc.  Roman  roads  in  England.  The  empire  of  Peru  at 
the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  was  traversed  by  excellent 
roads.  The  Moguls  in  India  built  several  extended  and  ex- 
cellent roads.  Highways  first  made  public  in  Britain  by  the 
Romans.  Greatly  improved  by  Edward  I.  Tolls  granted  on 
one  in  London,  1346.  Parishes  made  answerable  for  their 
condition  in  1553.  During  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  turnpike 
roads  established  in  various  parts  of  England.  Toll-gates 
erected  in  1663.  Roads  were  commenced  through  the  high- 
lands of  Scotland  by  gen.  Wade  in  1726 ;  afterwards  continued 
by  Mr.  Telford,  who  also  built  an  excellent  road  from  (Jlasgow 
to  Carlisle,  and  from  Holyhead  to  Shrewsbury.  Simplon 
road  built,  1801-7.  Road-making  in  the  United  States  has 
never  received  the  attention  it  deserves  either  by  the  local, 
state,  or  U.  S.  government,  and  probably  no  nation  with  the 
intelligence,  wealth,  etc.,  of  the  U.  S.  has  so  poor  public  roads. 
CuMBEKLAND  ROAD  commenced  1806.    Macadamizing. 

Roanoke  island,  N.  C,  discovered  by  sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  1584,  and  settled  by  him,  1585,  without  success. 
Other  settlers  also  failed.  Virginia.  During  the  civil  war 
Roanoke  island  was  early  occupied  by  the  confederates  under 
gen.  Wise  with  2500  men.  On  the  north  shore  were  3  forts-^ 
Barton,  Huger,  and  Blanchard.  A  federal  expedition  against 
the  island  left  Hampton  Roads,  11  Jan.  1862 — a  fleet  of  20  ves- 
sels, 50  guns,  under  flag-officer  L.  M.  Goldsborough,  and  nearly 
15,000  men  under  gen.  A.  E.  Burnside.  The  forts  were  bom- 
barded 7  Feb.,  and  under  cover  of  this  bombardment  the  troops 
were  landed.  On  the  8th,  after  a  short  conflict,  Wise's  com- 
mand surrendered.  The  Federal  loss  amounted  to  260.  On 
the  Confederate  side  a  son  of  gen.  Wise  was  killed. 

roasting  to  death.  An  early  instance  is  that  of 
Bocchoris,  king  of  Egypt,  by  order  of  Sabacon  of  Ethiopia, 
737  B.C. — Leriglet.  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  lord  Cobham,  was  thus 
put  to  death  in  1418,  and  Michael  Servetus  for  heresy,  at 
Geneva,  27  Oct.  1553.     Burning,  Martyrs. 

robbers  and  highwaymen  were  punished  with 
death  by  Edmund  I.'s  laws,  which  directed  that  the  eldest 
robber  should  be  hanged.  Remarkable  robbers  in  England 
■were  Robin  Hood,  1189,  and  Claud  Du  Val,  "  executed  at 
Tyburn,"  says  an  historian,  quaintly,  "  to  the  great  grief  of 
the  women,"  Jan.  1670.  In  Ireland,  MacCabe  was  hanged 
at  Naas,  19  Aug.  1691.  Galloping  Hogan,  the  rapparee,  flour- 
ished at  this  period.  Jack  Sheppard  hanged  at  Tyburn,  16 
Nov.  1724,  and  Dick  Turpin  at  York,  10  Apr.  1749.  Freney, 
the  highwayman,  surrendered  himself,  10  May,  1749.  Bar- 
rington  was  transported,  22  Sept.  1790.     Trials. 

Robin  Oood-fellOIV,  the  brownie  of  Scotland, 
the  kobold  of  Germany,  Puck,  etc. 

"Either  I  mistake  your  shape  and  making  quite, 
Or  else  you  are  that  shrewd  and  knavish  sprite, 
Call'd  Robin  Good-fellow;  .  .  . 
Those  that  Hobgoblin  call  you,  and  sweet  Puck, 
You  do  their  work."  etc. 
— Shakespeare,  "Midsummer-Night's  Dream,"  act  ii.  so.  i. 

Robin  Hood,  captain  of  a  band  of  about  100  robbers, 
in  Sherwood  forest,  Nottinghamshire,  robbing  the  rich  and 
protecting  the  poor ;  traditionally  said  to  have  been  the  earl 
of  Huntingdon,  disgraced  and  banished  the  court  by  Richard 
I.  at  his  accession  (1189).  Robin  Hood,  Little  John,  Will 
Scarlet,  Friar  Tuck,  and  Maid  Marian  were  the  famous  char- 
acters of  the  band  in  the  ballads  of  that  day.     The  band  is 


ROB  ' 

Mid  to  have  contiimeii  its  depreilations  till  1247,  when  Robin 
tlml—Sfoir. 

**  R4»billMOll  Crusoe,"  by  Daniel  De  Foe;  the  first 
part  ap|M;areil  in  1719.  Juan  Feknandkz.  Three  old  ladies, 
Man*  Ann,  Jane  Amelia,  and  Sarah  Frances  De  Foe,  lineally 
dcaci'ndcti  fnira  De  Foe,  pensioned  by  queen  Victoria,  May,  1877. 

*^  RobillMOIl,  SmtIss  Family,"  by  Johann  Ru- 
dolph \Vys«,  pub.  1818. 

Roohcfort  {rosh-Jor'),  W.  France,  a  seaport  on  the 
Charente,  made  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1666.  In  Aix- roads  or 
liasipie-roads,  near  Rochefort,  capt.  lord  Cochrane  attacked 
the  French  fleet  and  destroyed  4  ships,  11,  12  April,  1809. 
Near  Rochefort,  Napoleon  surrendered  himself  to  capt.  Mait- 
land  of  the  Bellerophon,  15  July,  1815. 

Rochclle  (ro^hel'),  W.  France,  a  seaport  on  the  At- 
lantic, long  English,  but  surrendered  to  the  French  leader,  Du 
Guesclin,  in  1372.  As  a  stronghold  of  Calvinists,  it  was  vainly 
besieged  by  the  duke  of  Anjou  in  1573 ;  and  taken  after  a  siege 
of  13  months  by  cardinal  Richelieu  in  1628.  The  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham was  sent  with  fleet  and  army  to  relieve  it ;  but  the 
citizens  declined  to  admit  him.  He  attacked  the  Isle  of  Rhe, 
near  Rochelle,  and  failed,  22  July,  1627.  He  was  repulsed  8 
Nov.  following. 

rockets,  an  invention  of  sir  William  Congreve  about 
1803,  are  of  2  kinds — signal  or  sky  rockets  and  tear  rockets. 
The  case  of  the  former  is  generally  made  of  paper  with  a  stick 
attacbe<l  to  its  side,  with  one  large  vent  in  the  centre  of  the 
case.  This  case  contains  combustibles,  the  burning  of  which 
produces  gases  so  rapidly  that  their  expansion  drives  the  case 
upward  with  swiftness  to  a  great  height,  where  it  usually  ex- 
plodes. In  the  war  rocket  the  stick  is  in  the  centre  of  the 
barrel  or  case,  and  the  vents,  of  which  there  are  several,  are 
near  the  edge.  For  military  purposes  the  rocket  has  never 
been  considered  a  success.  Rockets  are  now  largely  used  in 
the  Life-saving  service  for  line-carrying  and  oil-distributing. 
The  rocket  was  greatly  improved  by  Hales  in  1846. 

*'  Rock  of  Ages,"  a  celebrated  hymn,  by  Augustus 
Montague  Toplady,  1740-78,  pub.  1776. 

Rock  of  Chickamauga,  a  term  applied  to  gen. 
Geo.  H.  Thomas  for  his  conduct  in  that  battle.  Chickamauga. 

Rocky  Mount,  S.  C.  Here  gen.  Sumter  attacked 
a  British  post,  30  July,  1780,  and  was  repulsed  with  small  loss. 

Rocroy  {ro-krwa'),  N.  France.  Here,  19  May,  1643,  the 
Spaniards  were  defeated  by  the  French,  commanded  by  the 
great  Conde. 

Rodman  gun,  so  named  from  the  inventor  of  this 
method  of  casting  the  gun,  gen.  Thomas  J.  Rodman.    The  first  I 
gun  cast  (15  inch)  was  at  the  Fort  Pitt  foundry,  Pitts-  j 
burg.     A  second  one  of  20  inches  was  successfully  cast  at  the 
same  place  in  1863,  and  many  since.     Cannon. 

Rodney's  victories.  Adm.  Rodney  fought,  near 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  the  Spanish  adm.  don  Langara,  whom  he 
defeated  and  captured,  with  6  ships,  1  of  which  blew  up, 
16, 17  Jan.  1780.  On  12  Apr.  1782,  he  met  a  French  fleet  in 
the  West  Indies,  under  count  de  Grasse,  took  5  ships  of  the 
line,  and  sent  the  French  admiral  prisoner  to  England.  Rod- 
ney was  raised  to  the  peerage,  June,  1782. 

Roga'tion  iveek.  Rogation  Sunday,  the  Sunday 
before  Ascension  Day,  named  from  the  Monday,  Tuesday,  and 
Wednesday  following  it,  called  Rogation  days  (from  Lat, 
rogare,  to  beseech).  Extraordinary  prayers  and  supplications 
for  these  3  days  are  said  to  have  been  appointed  in  the  3d 
century,  as  preparation  for  celebrating  our  Saviour's  ascension 
on  the  next  day.  Holy  Thursday  or  Ascension  Day.  The 
whole  week  is  styled  Rogation  week,  and  sometimes  Crop 
week,  Grass  week,  or  Procession  week.  The  perambulations 
of  parishes  have  usually  been  made  in  this  week. 

Roiian,  an  illustrious  family,  descended  from  ancient 
sovereigns  of  Brittany.  Henri  de  Rohan,  son-in-law  of  the 
great  Sully,  after  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  (14  May,  1610),  be- 
came head  of  the  Protestant  party,  fought  3  wars  against 
Louis  XIII.,  but  later  entered  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Saxe- 
Weimar,  and  died  of  wounds  received  in  battle  in  1638.  Of 
this  family  was  the  cardinal  de  Rohan.     Diamonds. 


»  ROM 

Rollllcund',  a  tract  of  N.E.  India,  was  conquered  by 
the  Rohillas,  an  Afghan  tribe,  who  settled  here  about  1747. 
After  aiding  the  sovereign  of  Oude  to  overcome  the  Mahrat- 
tas,  they  were  treated  treacherously  by  him  and  nearl}'  exter- 
minated. Rohilcund  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1801.  After 
the  great  mutiny,  Rohilcund  was  tranquillized  in  July,  1868, 

rolling-mills,  in  the  metal  manufactories,  were  in  use 
in  England  in  the  17th  century,  and  in  1784  Mr.  Cort  patented 
his  improvements. 

Romagna  (ro-man'yit),  a  province  of  the  former  Papal 
States,  com  prised  in  the  legations  ofForli  and  Ravenna.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  Lombards ;  but  taken  from  them  by  Pepin,and 
given  to  the  pope,  753.  Caesar  Borgia  held  it  as  a  duchy  in 
1501,  but  lost  it  in  1503.  In  1859  the  Romagna  threw  off  the 
temporal  authority  of  the  pope,  and  declared  itself  subject  to 
the  king  of  Sardinia,  who  accepted  it  in  Mch.  1860.  It  now 
forms  part  of  the  province  of  j^^milia,  in  the  new  kingdom  of 
Italy.     Rome,  1859. 

Romainville'  and  Belleville,  heights  near  Par- 
is,  where  Joseph  Bonaparte,  Mortier,  and  Marmont  were  de- 
feated by  the  allies  after  a  vigorous  resistance,  30  Mch.  1814^ 
The  next  day  Paris  capitulated. 

Roman  Catholicism,  Development  of. 

Prayer  for  the  dead  began 20O 

Paul  the  first  hermit 251 

Constantine  makes  Sunday  the  Christian  Sabbath 32] 

First  general  council  at  Nicea  in  Bithynia 325- 

Celibacy  of  the  clergy  recommended " 

Scriptures  called  the  Bible  by  Jerome 340- 

Adoration  of  saints,  martyrs,  and  angels 360 

Christmas  day  a  religious  festival 375 

Bells  used  in  church 390 

Nicene  creed  introduced 391 

[Except  the  words  ''  dead  "  and  "communion  of  saints. "] 

Mary  called  the  mother  of  God 431 

Sprinkling  of  ashes  in  I.ent  (Felix  III. ) 487 

Canon  of  Scriptures  completed 494 

Priests  began  to  wear  a  distinctive  dress 500 

Stone  altars  enjoined 506 

Extreme  unction  introduced  by  Felix  IV 525 

Lenten  fast  extended  to  40  days,  by  council  of  Orleans 547 

Prayers  addressed  to  the  Virgin  Mary 593 

Title  of  pope  and  papal  supremacy  first  assumed  by  Boniface  III. ,     606 

All-saints'  day  introduced 625 

Athanasian  creed  introduced 670 

Holy  water  introduced 682 

Kissing  the  pope's  toe  introduced  (abolished  in  1773) 708^ 

Veneration  of  images  imposed 788^ 

Tithes  exacted 789^ 

Rogation  days  established  by  Leo  III 801 

Assumption  festival  introduced 813 

Cardinals  created 817 

Filioque  dogma  introduced 821 

Baptism  of  bells  introduced 965 

Canonization  of  saints  (pope  John  XVI.) 993 

All  souls'  day  appointed 998 

Advent  Sunday  appointed lOOO' 

Celibacy  of  priests  made  obligatory  " 

Prayer  for  souls  in  purgatory  introduced " 

Indulgences  first  bestowed  by  Ponce,  bishop  of  Aries 1002 

Interdicts  introduced 1073 

Infallibility  of  the  Roman  church  taught " 

Excommunication  introduced  by  Gregory  VII 1077 

Sale  of  indulgences  sanctioned 1087 

Plenary  indulgences  in  this  life  and  in  the  life  to  come  author- 
ized by  the  council  of  Clermont 1095 

Transubstantiation  made  a  church  dogma 1215 

AuricHlar  confession  officially  imposed " 

Adoration  of  the  Host  enjoined 1218 

Inquisition  established 1229' 

Cup  withheld  from  the  laity 126* 

"  Angelus  "  announced  by  a  bell 1316 

Dogma  of  purgatory  officially  recognized 1439 

Holy  oil  in  chrism  first  used 1540- 

Veneration  of  relics  enjoined  by  council  of  Trent • 1563 

Marriage  made  a  sacrament " 

Confirmation  made  a  sacrament " 

Immaculate  conception  proclaimed 1854 

Papal  infallibility  proclaimed 1870 

Church;  Popes. 

Roman  CatllOlic§  in  England  and  the  British 
empire.  Their  religion  was  established  in  Britain  until  the 
Reformation;  when  first  introduced  is  conjectural.  Bede 
says,  Lucius  Verus,  king  of  Britain,  was  made  a  Christian  at 
his  own  request  by  Eleutherius,  156  a.d,,  and  the  Britons  re- 
ceived the  faith  unto  the  time  of  Diocletian. — "  Ecclesiastical 
History,"  chap.  v.  The  church  of  England  is  always  put  on 
an  equality  with  the  church  of  Spain  aiid  Gaul,  and  at  the 
council  of  Aries,  314,  the  names  of  3  British  bishops  are  met 


ROM 


689 


ROM 


•whh.—Tyingard.  Pope  Celestine  I.  sent  missionaries  to  Ire- 
land, 422(?).  "  A  band  of  Roman  missionaries  carried  Chris- 
tianity to  distant  England,  and  in  England  first  was  founded 
a  church  which  owed  its  existence  to  the  zeal  of  the  Roman 
bishop"  (pope  Gregory  I.,  590-604:).— Creighton.  From  1558 
the  power  of  the  Romish  church  over  the  English  government 
was  lost,  and  severe  laws  were  made  against  Roman  Catholics, 
since  repealed.  As  early  as  1602,  they  were  excluded  from  cor- 
porate offices  and  from  Parliament,  forbidden  to  marry  Prot- 
estants, to  possess  arms,  to  go  beyond  5  miles  from  their 
homes  without  a  permit,  etc.  In  England,  from  1623  to  3850, 
the  Roman  Catholics  were  under  bishops,  as  vicars-apostolic, 
with  first  1  and  then  4,  and  afterwards  8  vicariates ;  in  1850, 
the  hierarchy  was  restored,  now  including  1  archiepiscopal 
and  14  episcopal  sees.  In  Scotland,  the  hierarchy  was  re- 
stored in  1878,  including  2  archiepiscopal  and  4  episcopal  sees. 
In  Ireland,  the  hierarchy  has  been  uninterrupted,  with  4  archie- 
piscopal and  23  episcopal  sees.  Besides  the  United  Kingdom, 
there  are  hierarchies  in  Canada,  India,  Australia,  and  Africa— 
in  all  numbering  28  archiepiscopal  and  97  episcopal  sees,  and 
23  vicariates  and  10  prefectures  apostolic. 

Persecutions  of  Diocletian ;  St.  AlUans  put  to  death 304 

Germanus  of  Auxerre  visits  Britain,  once  429  and  again 446 

Augustin  lands  in  the  isle  of  Thanet 596 

Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  baptized 597 

Dunstan  promotes  monachism  and  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,    952 

Canute  makes  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome 1028 

Edward  the  Confessor  a  devotee  to  the  church  of  Rome 1042-66 

Pope  Alexander  II.  approves  of  William  duke  of  Normandy's 

claim  on  England,  and  sends  a  consecrated  banner 1066 

Stigand,  the  last  Anglo  Saxon  bishop,  deposed  by  Rome 1050-69 

Rome  deposes  the  English  prelates,  and  appoints  Norman  Lan- 

franc  archbishop  of  Canterbury 1070 

Nicholas  Brakespeare,  Adrian  IV. ,  pope 1154-59 

Constitutions  of  Clarendon  enacted 1164 

Annulled  by  the  pope 1174 

England  under  the  interdict  of  Rome 1208 

King  John  excommunicated 1209 

"  deposed  by  the  pope 1213 

"  swears  fealty  to  the  pope 13  Nov.     " 

Charter  annulled  by  pope  Innocent  III 1215 

First  statute  of  Pr^munire  enacted  by  Edward  1 1306 

Abolition  of  the  order  of  the  Templars — inquisition  introduced,  1308 
["Thus  for  once  the  papal  inquisition  found  a  foothold  in 
England." — Lea's  "History  of  the  Inquisition."] 

Irish  memorial  to  the  pope 1317 

Second  statue  of  praemunire  enacted  by  Edward  III 1353 

Attempted  reformation  of  Wickliffe 1380-1414 

Wickliffe  dies 1384 

Sir  John  Oldcastle  (lord  Cobham)  leader  of  the  Lollards,  roasted 

to  death 1418 

Henry  VIII.  wins,  as  the  defender  of  Roman  doctrines  against 

Luther,  the  title  of  " Defender  of  the  Faith" 1521 

Henry  VIII.  declared  head  of  the  English  church  by  Parliament, 

3  Nov.  1534 

Excommunicated  by  the  pope 30  Aug.  1535 

Bishop  Fisher,  sir  Thomas  More,  and  others  executed  for  deny- 
ing the  king's  supremacy " 

Catholics  absolved  from  allegiance  to  the  king  by  Paul  III " 

Suppression  of  the  monasteries  (Pilgrimage  of  Grace) 1536-38 

Queen  Mary  marries  Philip  II.  of  Spain July,  1554 

Accession  of  Elizabeth  (England  becomes  Protestant) 1558 

Armada 1588 

Gunpowder  plot 1605 

Catholics  suffer  by  Oates's  fictitious  popish  plot 1678 

They  are  excluded  from  the  throne 1689 

Henry  Stuart  created  cardinal 1747 

[The  first  cardinal  since  the  reign  of  queen  Mary.     Cardi- 
nals.] 

They  suffer  by  the  Gordon  riots June,  1780 

Various  disabilities  removed  in 1780  and  1791 

Mr.  Pitt  proposes  further  relief,  but  gives  it  up 1801-4 

Roman  Catholic  association  organized  in  Ireland,  to  agitate 

against  political  and  civil  disabilities 1824 

Bills  to  remove  these  often  introduced  from 1813  to  1828 

Act  passed  to  suppress  the  Catholic  association  (it  had  voted 

to  dissolve,  12  Feb. ) 5  Mch.  1829 

Duke  of  Wellington  and  sir  Robert  Peel  carry  Catholic  emanci- 
pation bill  (10  Geo.  IV.  c.  7)  in  commons,  30  Mch. ;  in  lords, 

10  Apr. ;  approved 13  Apr.     " 

Duke  of  Norfolk  and  lords  Dormer  and  Clifford,  the  first  Cath- 
olic peers,  take  their  seats 28  Apr.     " 

First  English  Catholic  member  returned,  the  earl  of  Surrey,  for 

Horsham 4  May,     " 

Mr.  O'Connell  elected  for  Clare,  1828;  takes  his  seat  (first  Ro- 
man Catholic  M.  P.  since  1689) Aug.      " 

Alexander  Raphael,  first  Catholic  sheriff  of  London 28  Sept.  1834 

Sir  Michael  O'Loghlen,  the  first  Catholic  judge  (as  Master  of  the 

Rolls  in  Ireland),  appointed 30  Oct.  1836 

St.  George's  cathedral,  Southwark,  erected  by  A.  W.  Pugin; 

founded 1840 

Tablet  newspaper  established " 

Mr.  O'Connell  elected  first  Catholic  lord  mayor  of  Dublin 1841 

"Catholic  Poor  School  Committee  "  established 1847 


Cardinal  Nicholas  Wiseman  appointed  archbishop  of  Westmin- 
ster  30  Sept.  1850 

Catholic  university,  Dublin,  originated 5  May,  1851 

Universe  newspaper  established 18G0 

Agitation  in  favor  of  the  pope 1860-62 

Missionary  college  founded  at  Drumcondra,  Ireland 20  July,  1862 

Catholic  chaplains  permitted  for  jails,  by  Prison  Ministers  act, 

July,  1863 
Sergeant  William  Shee  made  a  justice  of  the  Queen's  Bench ;  first 

Catholic  judge  since  the  Reformation  (d.  19  Feb.  1868),  15  Dec.     " 
Death  of  cardinal  Wiseman,  aged  63;   5th  English   cardinal 

since  the  reign  of  queen  Mary 15  Feb.  1865 

Henry  Manning  (formerly  archdeacon  in  the  English  church) 

consecrated  archbishop  of  Westminster 8  June,     " 

Conference  of  Catholic  bishops  at  Dublin;  by  resolution  decline 
state  help  (under  papal  injunctions,  1801  and  1805),  and  con- 
demn mixed  education  and  secret  societies 17  Oct.  1867 

In  Great  Britain  1639  Catholic  priests  ;  1283  chapels  and 
churches;  227  convents  for  women  (principally  educational); 

21  colleges  and  large  schools Dec.     " 

Derby  government  proposes  to  endow  a  Catholic  university  for 
Ireland,  Oct.  1867 ;  fails  because  Catholic  bishops  claim  en- 
tire practical  control 31  Mch.  1868 

Justice  Thomas  (aft.  lord)  O'Hagan  appointed  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland,  the  first  Catholic  in  that  office  since  the  revolution 

of  1688-89 Dec.     " 

A  Roman  Catholic  made  M.A.  at  Oxford,  after  abolition  of  the 

test 22  June,  1871 

Catholics  opposing  the  dogma  of  papal  infallibility  term  them- 
selves ' '  Old  Catholics  " " 

Ecclesiastical  Titles  act  repealed 24  July,     " 

Pastoral  issued  by  the  Catholic  bishops  in  Ireland  claiming  en- 
dowment for  colleges,  etc.,  under  their  sole  control Oct.     " 

"  Catholic  Education  Crisis  Fund  "  established " 

Two  Roman  Catholic  bishops  consecrated  at  Salford 28  Oct.  1872 

"  Catholic  Union,"  Dublin,  reorganized  to  obtain  education  un- 
der ecclesiastical  control about  4  Dec.  1873 

Roman  Catholic  university  senate  meet 21  May,  1874 

Archbishop  Manning  made  a  cardinal 1875 

Catholic  congress  at  Venice  met 12  June,     " 

Marquess  of  Ripon  becomes  a  Catholic .7  Sept.     " 

Catholic  university  college,Kensington :  monsignor  Capel,  prin- 
cipal ;  opened 15  Oct.     " 

Several  English  clergymen  secede  to  Rome Oct.      " 

New  Catholic  club  opened  in  London  by  duke  of  Norfolk,  lords 

Denbigh  and  Petre,  and  others 27  Nov.     '' 

Mr.  Gladstone's  pamphlet,  "The  Vatican  Decrees,"  occasions 
declarations  from  archbishop  Manning,  M.  Capel,  the  Catho- 
lic union,  and  others,  for  papal  infallibility;  from  lords  Acton, 

Camoys,  and  sir  George  Bowyer,  against  it Nov.     " 

Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  re-established  in  Scotland  by  pope 

Leo  XIII 4  Mch.  1878 

[For  dissension  between  church  and  state  respecting  papal 
infallibility,  Germany,  Prussia.]. 
Lord  Petre,  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  takes  his  seat  in  the 

house  of  lords 3  Nov.  1884 

Stuart  Knill,  Roman  Catholic,  elected  lord  mayor  of  London. .  1891 

Roman  law.    Codes. 

Roman  literature.  Litekature,  Latin  lan- 
guage. 

Roman  road§  in  England.  "The  Romans,"  says 
Isidore,  "  made  roads  almost  all  over  the  world,  to  march  in 
straight  lines  and  to  employ  the  people;"  and  criminals  were 
frequently  condemned  to  work  at  such  roads,  as  we  learn  from 
Suetonius,  in  his  "  Life  of  Caligula."  They  were  commenced 
and  completed  at  various  periods,  between  the  2d  and  4th  cen- 
turies, and  the  Roman  soldiery  were  employed  on  them,  that  in- 
activity might  not  be  opportunity  for  disturbances. — Bede.  The 
4  principal  great  roads  built  in  England  by  the  Romans  were : 
1st,  Watling  street,  so  named  from  Vitellianus,  who  is  supposed  to 

have  directed  it,  the  Britons  calling  him  in  their  language  Gne- 

talin  (from  Kent  to  Cardigan  bay). 
2d,  Ikeneld  or  Ikenild  street,  from  its  beginning  among  the  Iceni 

(from  St.  David's  to  Tynemouth). 
3d,  Fosse  or  Fosse  Way,  probably  from  its  being  defended  by  a  fosse 

on  both  sides  (from  Cornwall  to  Lincoln). 
4th,  Ermin  street,  from  Irmunsul,  a  German  name,  under  which  the 

German  ancestors  worshipped  Mercury  (from  St.  David's  to  South- 
ampton).    Roads. 

Roman  walls  in  England.  One  was  erected  by  Agric- 
ola  (79  to  85)  to  defend  Britain  from  incursions  of  Picts  and 
Scots.  The  first  wall  extended  from  the  Tyne  to  the  Solway 
Firth  (80  miles) ;  the  second  from  the  Firth  of  Forth,  near  Edin- 
burgh, to  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  near  Dumbarton  (36  miles).  The 
former  was  renewed  and  strengthened  by  the  emperor  Hadrian 
(121),  and  by  Septimus  Severus  (208).  It  commenced  at  Bow- 
ness,  near  Carlisle,  and  ended  at  Wallsend,  near  Newcastle.  It 
had  battlements  and  towers  to  contain  soldiers.  Hadrian's 
WALL.  The  more  northern  wall  was  renewed  by  Lollius  Ur- 
bicus,  in  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  about  140.  Many  re- 
mains of  these  walls  still  exist,  particularly  of  the  southern 
one.— Bruce,  "  Roman  Wall,"  pub.  1853-68. 


ROM 


690 


ROM 


romance,  originally  a  composition  in  the  Romance  or 
ProvenvHl  idiom.  The  term  in  the  midtlle  ages  was  extended 
tu  namiiive  poetry  in  general.  Heliodorus,  a  bishop  of  Tricca, 
in  Thessalv,  about  898,  was  the  author  of  "  iEthiopica  "  (re- 
lating to  the  loves  of  Theagenes  and  Charicleia),  the  first  work 
of  this  kind.  The  first  part  of  the  "  Koman  de  la  Rose  "  was 
written  by  Guillaurae  de  Lorres  (1226-70) ;  the  second,  a  sep- 
arate poem,  by  Jean  de  Meung  (1285-1314);  the  '*  Decameron  " 
of  Boccaccio  was  pub.  1358;  "Don  Quixote,"  by  Cervantes, 
1605;  "Gil  Bias,"  by  Le  Sage,  1715.  Dunlop's  "History  of 
Fiction  "  pub.  1814.  "  Story  of  Saneha,"  an  Egyptian  romance 
discovered  in  a  tomb  near  Thebes,  1886,  by  M.  Maspero,  and 
translated  by  him,  is  said  to  be  many  centuries  older  than  the 
time  of  Moses.    Litkrature,  English,  French,  German,  etc. 

Romantic  School   of  Oermany,  isoo-io. 

Founder:*.  Schlegel,  Novalis  (Friedrich  von  Hardenberg),  Lud- 
wig  Tieck,  Iloflfmann,  De  la  Motte-Fouqu6,  and  Charmise,  au- 
thor of"  Peter  Schlemil,  the  Shadowless  Man."  Literature, 
German. 

Rome,  the  most  celebrated  city  in  the  world,  the  capi- 
tal of  Italy,  stands  upon  the  river  Tiber,  about  14  miles  from 
its  mouth.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  unknown;  in  the  old- 
est form  known  to  us  the  inhabitants  are  not  called  Romans, 
but  Ramnians  {Rarmies),  possibly  meaning  "foresters"  or 
"  bushmen."  I^ng  before  a  city  was  built  the  3  tribes,  Ram- 
nians, Titles,  and  Luceres  probably  had  habitations  on  the  7 
hills,  the  Aventine,  Capitoline,  Coelian,  Esquiline,  Palatine, 
Quirinal,  and  Viminal.  From  these  settlements  the  later  Rome 
originated.— ilfoTOwwew,  "  Hist,  of  Rome,"  bk.  i.  chap.  iv.  Le- 
gend ascribes  the  foundation  of  the  city  to  Romulus,  and,  accord-, 
ing  to  Varro,  it  was  laid  on  the  20  Apr.,  in  the  year  3961  of  the 
Julian  period  (3251  years  after  the  creation  of  the  world,  753 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  431  years  after  the  Trojan 
war,  and  ill  the  4th  year  of  the  6th  Olympiad,  Other  dates 
given :  Gate,  751 ;  Polybius,  750 ;  Fabius  Pictor,  747  ;  Cincius, 
728  B,c.).  Rome  in  her  best  days  politically  (reign  of  Trajan, 
98-117  A.D.)  dominated  the  known  world:  From  Italy  west  to 
the  Atlantic,  east  to  the  Caspian  sea  and  Euphrates  river,  south 
to  the  waters  of  the  Mediterranean  and  the  entire  northern  coast 
of  Africa,  including  Egypt  to  Ethiopia,  north  to  the  Firth  of 
Forth  or  Edinburgh,  thence  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  which 
may  be  termed  its  eastern,  and  the  Danube  its  northern  bound- 
aries in  Europe,  although  her  Dacian  possessions  extended  to 
the  northern  shores  of  the  Euxine  sea.  To  the  question  why 
Rome  so  early  attained  supremacy,  first  in  Italy  and  then  in  the 
world,  the  answer  may  be :  because  the  Roman  had  such  com- 
plete control  over  himself.'  When,  where,  or  how  this  Roman 
characteristic  began,  history  does  not  reveal,  but  it  was  con- 
spicuous from  the  first,  from  the  traditionary  Romulus  suckled 
by  the  wolf,  to  the  Cato  of  the  later  republic.  And,  further,  no 
nation  before  or  since  has  exhibited  such  courage  and  resolution 
under  reverses,  such  stern,  unyielding  determination  to  uphold 
the  laws,  however  destructive  to  individual  feeling  or  interests, 
such  heroic  patriotism,  as  the  deed  of  Marcus  Curtius,  362  b.c., 
and  that  of  Publius  Decius  at  the  battle  of  Sentinum,  295  b.c., 
and  many  other  instances,  witness.  These  characteristics  suf- 
fice to  explain  how  the  Roman  dominated  and  controlled  the  an- 
cient world.  Rome  has  long  since  lost  its  republican  simplicity, 
imperial  splendor, and  national  name,  and  is  again  but  a  city,  of 
less  significance  in  the  world  of  politics  and  war  than  it  was  be- 
fore Caesar  began  his  conquests.  Pop.  1872,  about  240, 000;  1877, 
250,000;  1881,273,268;  1890,423,217.  Chiefly  through  the  ex- 
ertions of  John  Henry  Parker  of  Oxford,  the  Roman  explora- 
tion fund  was  established,  for  preserving  ancient  architectural 
remains.  His  "Archaeology  of  Rome  "(with  many  photographs) 
pub.  1874-78.  The  Italian  government  votes  $6000  a  year  for  a 
similar  purpose.  3  ^ 

Foundation  of  the  city  by  Romulus 753 

Romans  seize  on  the  Sabine  women  at  a  public  spectacle,  and 

detain  them  for  wives 750 

Cseninians  defeated,  and  first  triumphal  procession 748 

Rome  taken  by  the  Sabines;  the  Sabines  incorporated  with  the 

Romans  as  one  nation 747 

Romulus  sole  king  of  the  Romans  and  Sabines 742 

CiRCEXsiAN  games  established  by  him 732 

Romulus  murdered  by  senators 716 

Numa  Pompilius  elected  king,  715;  institutes  the  priesthood, 

the  augurs  and  vestals 710 

Roman  calendar  of  10  months  reformed  and  made  12  (Decem- 
ber)        " 


Romans  and  Albans  agree  to  choose  3  champions  each  to  de- 
cide their  contest.     The  Horatii,  Roman  knights,  overcome  ^■^• 

the  Curiatit,  Albans,  and  unite  Alba  to  Home about  669 

War  with  the  Kideimtes;  the  city  of  Alha  Longa  destroyed. . .  665 

Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  built 627 

Capital  founded 615 

First  census  of  the  Roman  state  taken 566 

Political  institutions  of  Servius  Tullius 550 

Rape  of  Lucretia  by  Sextus,  son  of  Tarquin 510 

Royalty  abolished:  the  patricians  establish  an  aristocratical 

commonwealth 509 

Junius  Brutus  and  Tarquinius  Collatinus  first  consuls;  first  al- 
liance of  the  Romans  with  Carthage 508 

Capitol  dedicated  to  Jupiter  Capitolinus 507 

First  dictator  Titus  I,artius 501 

Latins  and  the  Tarquins  declare  war  against  the  republic,  501; 

defeated  at  lake  Regillus 498  or  496 

Secession  of  plebeians  to  the  sacred  mount;  establishment  of 

tribunes  of  plebeians 494 

C.  Martius  Coriolanus  banished 491 

He  (with  the  V^olsci)  besieges  Rome,  but  withdraws  at  the  suit 

of  his  wife  and  mother 488 

Contests  between  patricians  and  plebeians  on  agrarian  laws. .  486 

Spurius  Cassius,  advocate  of  the  law,  put  to  death  by  patricians,  485 

Quaestors  appointed about  484 

Fabii  slain 477 

Ciucinuatus,  dictator,  defeats  the  ^qui 

Secular  games  first  celebrated 456 

Decemviri  created 451 

Virginius  kills  his  daughter,  Virginia,  to  save  her  from  the  de- 
cemvir Appius  Claudius  (Appius  kills  himself  in  prison; 

decemviral  government  abolished) 449 

Canuleian  law  permitting  patricians  to  marry  plebeians 445 

Military  tribunes  first  created 444 

OflQce  of  censor  instituted 443 

Famine  in  Rome;  many  drown  themselves  in  the  Tiber 440 

Veientes  defeated,  and  their  king  Tolumnus  slain 437 

War  with  the  Tuscans 434 

Temple  dedicated  to  Apollo  on  account  of  a  pestilence 431 

^qui  and  Volsci  defeated  by  Tubertus,  dictator " 

Two  more  quaestors  appointed 421 

Another  famine  at  Rome 411 

Three  quaestors  first  chosen  from  plebeians 409 

Lectisternian  festival  instituted  on  account  of  a  pestilence 399 

Veii  taken  by  Camillus  after  10  years'  siege  (Etruria) 396 

Banishment  of  Camillus 391 

Gauls,  under  Brennus,  besiege  Clusium 390 

They  are  expelled  by  Camillus 389 

Rome  burned  by  the  Gauls,  who  besiege  the  capital 387 

Rebuilt;  Capitoline  games  instituted  (Capitol) " 

M.  Manlius  Capitoline  thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock  on  a 

charge  of  aiming  at  sovereign  power 384 

First  appointment  of  curule  magistrates 371 

Lucius  Sextus,  the  first  plebeian  consul  (Licinian  laws) 366 

Marcus  Curtius  leaps  into  a  gulf  opened  in  the  forum 362 

Gauls  defeated  in  Italy 350 

Treaty  with  Carthage  to  repress  Greek  piracy 348 

War  with  the  Samnites  (with  Intermissions)  51  years 343 

Latin  war 340-38 

Embassy  to  Alexander  the  Great 324 

Defeat  at  the  Caudine  Forks 321 

Appian  way  began  (Roads) 312 

Etruscans  defeated  at  lake  Vadimonis 310 

Priests  first  elected  from  the  plebeians 300 

Etruscans  and  Samnites  defeated  at  Sentinum  by  Fabius 295 

End  of  3d  Samnite  war 290 

HoRTENSiAN  LAW  passed 286 

Gauls  invade  Roman  territory ;  siege  of  Arezzo 284 

Etruscans  again  defeated  at  lake  Vadimonis 283 

Pyrrhus  of  Epirus  invades  Italy,  281 ;  defeats  Romans  at  Pan- 

dosia,  280;  and  at  Asculum,  279;  defeated  at  Benevento 275 

All  Italy  subdued  by  Rome 266 

First  Punic  war  commenced  (Carthage) 264 

First  Roman  fleet  built 260 

Attilius  Regulus  put  to  a  cruel  death  by  the  Carthaginians 255 

End  of  first  Punic  war;  Sicily  annexed 241 

Temple  of  Janus  closed 235 

Corsica  and  Sardinia  annexed 231 

First  Roman  embassy  to  Greece 228 

Invasion  of  the  Gauls ;  beaten  by  the  consuls 225 

Second  Punic  war  breaks  out .,,.^ 218 

Hannibal  enters  Italy  over  the  Alps 

Romans  are  defeated  at  Thrasymene,  217 ;  Cannae 2 

Hannibal  occupies  Capua  during  the  winter  of 21i 

Syracuse  taken  by  Marcellus 21 

Marcellus  slain  by  Hannibal's  scouts,  near  Venusia. 

Battle  of  Metaurus 207 

Hannibal,  recalled  to  Carthage,  leaves  Italy 203 

Scipio  defeats  Hannibal  at  Zama,  in  Africa 202 

Macedonian  wars  with  Philip  begin,  213  and  200;  his  defeat  at  , 

Cynoscephalae ly 

Death  of  Scipio  Africanus  the  elder. Iw 

Third  Macedonian  war  begins,  171;  Perseus  beaten  at  Pydna;  / 

Macedon  annexed 1^° 

First  public  library  erected  at  Rome "67 

Philosophers  and  rhetoricians  banished  from  Rome 161 

Third  Punic  war  begins 1^^ 

Corinth  and  Carthage  destroyed  by  the  Romans 146 

I  Celtiberianand  Numantine  war  in  Spain 153-33 

Attains  III.  of  Pergamus  bequeaths  his  kingdom  and  riches  to 

I       the  Romans 133 


ROM 


691 


ROM 


Servile  war  in  Sicily B.C.  132 

Two  i)lebeiaii  consuls  chosen " 

Agrarian  disturbances ;  Gracchus  slain 121 

JUGURTHINK  WAR 112-106 

MiTHRIDATIC  WAR 108-63 

Airibrones  defeated  by  Marius 102 

Social  war 90-88 

Rome  besieged  by  4  armies  (viz.,  those  of  Marius,  Cinna,  Carbo, 

and  Sertorius)  and  taken 87 

Sulla  defeats  Marius;  becomes  dictator;  sanguinary  proscrip- 
tions, 82;  abdicates 79 

Bithynia  bequeathed  to  the  Romans  by  king  Nicomedes 74 

Revolt  of  Spartacus  and  the  slaves 73-71 

Syria  conquered  by  Pompey 65 

Catiline  conspiracy  suppressed  by  Cicero 63 

First  triumvirate :  Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus 60 

Caesar's  campaigns  in  Gaul,  58 ;  in  Britain 55 

Romans  defeated  at  Carrhae  by  the  Parthians;  Crassus  killed..  53 

Gaul  conquered  and  made  a  province  by  Julius  Caesar 51 

War  between  Csesar  and  the  Senatorial  party 50 

Pompey  defeated  at  Pharsalia 48 

Csesar  defeats  Pharnaces  at  Zela;   and  writes  home,  "Veni, 

vidi,  vici  " 47 

Cato  kills  himself  at  Utica;  Csesar  dictator  for  10  years 46 

Csesar  assassinated  in  the  senate-house 15  Mch.  44 

Second  triumvirate:  Octavius,  Antony,  and  Lepidus 43 

Cicero  proscribed  by  Antony ;  killed " 

Battle  of  Philippi;  Brutus  and  Cassius  defeated 42 

Lepidus  ejected  from  triumvirate,  36;  war  of  Octavius  and  An- 
tony, 32 ;  Antony  defeated  at  Actium 2  Sept.  31 

Octavius  emperor,  as  Augustus  Csesar 27 

Empire  at  peace  with  the  world;  temple  of  Janus  shut.. 4  Apr.  5 
Jesus  Christ  born  (Jkws).                                                                 a.d. 

Varus  defeated  by  the  Germans  under  Arminius 9 

Ovid  banished  to'Tomi '• 

Death  of  Ovid  and  Livy 18 

Tiberius  retires  to  Capr^ ;  tyranny  of  Sejanus 26 

Census  taken  by  Claudius,  emperor  and  censor;  Rome  said  to 
have  6,944,000  people  (probably  less  than  1,000,000  within 

the  walls) 48 

Caractacus  brought  from  Britain  in  chains  to  Rome 50 

St.  Paul  arrives  in  bonds  at  Rome 62 

Christians  charged  with  the  crime  of  burning  Rome  by  Nero. .  64 

Seneca,  Lucan,  etc.,  put  to  death  by  Nero 65 

Peter  and  Paul  said  to  be  put  to  death 67 

Jerusalem  levelled  to  the  ground  by  Titus 8  Sept.  70 

Coliseum  founded  by  Vespasian 75 

Dacian  war  begins  (continues  15  years) 86 

Pliny,  jr.,  proconsul  in  Bithynia,  sends  Trajan  his  celebrated  ac- 
count of  the  Christians 102 

Trajan's  expedition  into  the  East  against  the  Parthians,  etc. ; 

subdues  Uacia 106 

Trajan's  column  erected  at  Rome 114 

Hadrian  resides  in  Britain,  and  builds  the  wall 121 

Byzantium  taken ;  its  walls  razed 196 

Goths  take  tribute 222 

[The  Goths,  Vandals,  Alani,  Suevi,  and  other  northern  na- 
tions attack  the  empire.] 

Pompey "s  amphitheatre  burned 248 

Invasion  of  the  Goths 250 

Pestilence  throughout  the  empire 252 

Great  victory  over  the  Goths  by  Claudius  II. ;  300,000  slain.. . .  269 

Dacia  relinquished  to  the  Goths 270 

Palmyra  taken  by  Aurelian;  queen  Zenobia  carried  to  Rome, 

and  Longinus  put  to  death. '. 273 

Era  of  martyrs,  or  of  Diocletian 284 

Franks  settle  in  Gaul  (Freret) 287 

Constantius  dies  at  York 306 

Four  emperors  reign  at  one  time 308 

Constantine  the  Great,  it  is  said,  in  consequence  of  a  vision, 

places  the  cross  on  his  banners  and  favors  Christians 312 

Constantine  defeats  Licinius  at  Chrysopolis,  and  reigns  alone, 

18  Sept.  323 

He  tolerates  the  Christian  faith " 

Puts  his  son  Crispus  to  death 324 

Constantine  convokes  the  first  general  council  of  Christians  at 

Nicea 325 

Seat  of  empire  removed  from  Rome  to  Byzantium,  321;  dedi- 
cated by  Constantine 330 

Constantine  orders  the  heathen  temples  to  be  destroyed " 

Revolt,o£300,000  Sarmatian  slaves  suppressed 334 

DeaWf^f  Constantine,  soon  after  being  baptized 337 

Army  under  Julian  proclaims  him  emperor 360 

Julian,  educated  for  the  priesthood,  after  often  officiating,  ab- 
jures Christianity  and  reopens  heathen  temples 361 

Julian   killed  in  battle  in  Persia.;   Christianity  restored  by 

Jovian 363 

Empire  divided  into  Eastern  and  Western  by  Valentinian 
and  Valens,  brothers;  the  former  has  the  western  portion, 

or  Rome 364 

Final  division  of  the  empire  (Italy,  Eastern  and  Western 

empires) 395 

Rome  placed  under  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna 404 

Taken  by  Alaric 24  Aug.  410 

Taken  and  pillaged  by  Genseric 15  July,  455 

Odoacer,  king  of  the  Heruli,  takes  Rome,  and  becomes  king 

of  Italy 476 

Theodoric,  king  of  the  East  Goths,  receives  commission  from 
the  Greek  emperor  Zeno,  at  Constantinople,  to  assume  con- 
trol of  Italy 488 

Rome  recovered  for  Justinian  by  Belisarius 536 


Retaken  by  Totila  the  Goth,  546;  recovered  by  Belisarius,  547; 

seized  by  Totila 549 

Recovered  by  Narses;  annexed  to  Eastern  empire;  senate  abol- 
ished      553 

Rome  at  her  lowest  state about    GOO 

Rome  independent  under  the  popes about    728 

Pepin  of  France  compels  Astolphus,  king  of  the  Lombards,  to 

cede  Ravenna,  etc.,  to  the  church 755 

Confirmed  and  added  to  by  Charlemagne 774 

Charlemagne  crowned  emperor  of  the  West  by  the  pope  at 

Rome 25  Dec.    800 

Rome  taken  by  Arnulf  and  the  Germans 896 

Otho  I.  crowned  at  Rome 2  Feb.    962 

Emperor  Henry  IV.  takes  Rome Mch.  1084 

Arnold  of  Brescia,  seeking  to  reform  church  and  state  and  to 

establish  a  senate,  is  slain  as  a  heretic 1155 

Pope  removes  to  Avignon 1309 

Nicola  di  Rienzi,  tribune  of  the  people,  establishes  a  republic, 

20  May ;  compelled  to  abdicate 15  Dec.  1347 

Returns;  made  senator,  1  Aug. ;  assassinated 8  Oct.  1354 

Pai)al  court  returns  to  Rome 1377 

Rise  of  the  families  Colonna,  Orsini,  etc about     " 

Pope  Julius  II.  conquers  Romagna,  Bologna,  and  Perugia 1503-13 

Rome  greatly  embellished  by  pope  Leo  X 1513-21 

Captured  by  constable  de  Bourbon,  who  is  slain 6  May,  1527 

Ferrara  annexed 1597 

Execution  of  the  Cenci- Beatrice  and  others,  whereby  the  Rom- 
ish Church  secured  all  the  property  of  that  family,  and  for 

which  purpose  they  were  put  to  death 1599 

St.  Peter's  dedicated 18  Nov.  1626 

Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits 16  Aug.  1773 

[Harassed  by  French,  German,  and  Spanish  factions  from 
the  16th  to  the  18th  (jentury.] 
French  invasion;    the  Legations  incorporated  with  the  Cis- 
alpine republic 1796 

French  proclaim  the  Roman  republic 20  Mch.  1798 

Recovered  for  the  pope  by  the  Neapolitans.. Nov.  1799 

Retaken  by  the  French.  1800;  restored  to  Pius  VII July,  1801 

Annexed  by  Napoleon  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  declared 

second  city  of  the  empire May,  1808 

Restored  to  the  pope,  who  returns 23  Jan.  1814 

He  re-establishes  the  Inquisition  and  the  Jesuits 7  Aug.     " 

Papal  government  seeks  to  annul  innovation-s,  provoking  much 

opposition ;  Carbonari  increase  in  numbers 1815-17 

Political  assassinations  in  the  Romagna 1817 

"Young  Italy"  party  established  by  Joseph  Mazzini;  insur- 
rections at  Bologna  suppressed  by  Austrian  aid 1831 

Election  of  Pius  IX 16  June,  1846 

He  proclaims  amnesty;  authorizes  a  national  guard  and  mu- 
nicipal institutions 1847 

Romans  desire  to  join  the  king  of  Sardinia  against  the  Aus- 
trians;  the  pope  hesitates;  the  Antonelli  ministry  retires; 

the  Mamiani  ministry  formed 1848 

Count  Rossi,  papal  minister  of  justice,  assassinated  on  the 

staircase  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  at  Rome 15  Nov.     " 

Insurrection  at  Rome,  the  populace  demand  a  democratic  min- 
istry and  proclamation  of  Italian  nationality;  the  pope  (Pius 
IX.)  hesitates,  Romans  surround  the  palace,  and  a  conflict 
ensues.     Pope  accepts  a  ))opular  ministry  (cardinal  Palma, 

the  pope's  secretary,  shot  in  the  conflict) 16  Nov.     " 

A  free  constitution  published 20  Nov.     " 

Pope  escapes  in  disguise  from  Rome  to  Gaeta 24  Nov.     " 

Roman  National  Assembly  divests  the  pope  of  temporal  power, 

and  adopts  republican  government 8  Feb.  1849 

Pope  appeals  to  Catholic  powers 18  Feb.     " 

Civita  Vecchia  occupied  by  French  under  marshal  Oudinot, 

26  Apr.     " 

French  under  marshal  Oudinot  attack  Rome 3  June,     " 

Romans  capitulate  to  the  French  army 30  June,     " 

Re-establishment  of  the  pope's  authority  proclaimed  at  Rome, 

15  July,     " 
Oudinot  by  general  order  states  that  the  pope  (or  his  represent- 
ative) now  repossesses  the  administration,  but  that  public 
security  in  his  dominions  remains  under  the  special  guaran- 
tee of  the  French  army 3  Aug.     " 

Pope's  bull  establishing  a  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy  in  Eng- 
land  24  Sept.  1850 

Important  concordat  with  Austria 18  Aug.  1855 

Pope  appeals  to  Europe  against  Sardinia 12  July,  1859 

Assembly  at  Bologna  vote  annexation  to  Piedmont,  7  Sept. ;  the 
king  engages  to  support  them  before  the  great  powers,  16  Sept. ; 
the  pope  annuls  the  acts  of  the  assembly  at  Bologna;  pro- 
claims punishment  of  those  who  attack  the  holy  see,  26  Sept. ; 
and  dismisses  the  Sardinian  charge  d'affaires  at  Rome,  1  Oct.  " 
Romagna,  Modena,  and  Parma  formed  into  a  province,  to  be 

called  Emilia  (Italy,  1859-60) 24  Dec.     " 

Sardinian  government  annul  the  Tuscan  and  Lombard  con- 
cordats  27  Jan.,  20  Mch.  1860 

Pope  excommunicates  all  rebels  in  his  states 26  Mch.     " 

Insurrection  in  the  Marches,  8  Sept. ;  Fossembrone  subdued 
by  papal  troops;  the  people  appeal  to  the  Sardinian  govern- 
ment, whose  troops,  under  Cialdini  and  Fanti,  enter  the  Pa- 
pal States 11  Sept.     " 

Allocution  of  the  pope  against  France  and  Sardinia;  he  ap- 
peals to  Europe  for  help 28  Sept.     " 

Subscriptions  for  the  pope  in  various  countries;  forbidden  in 

France  and  Belgium;  permitted  in  England... Nov.     " 

Monastic   establishments    suppressed   in    legations  ;    monks 

pensioned ;  educational  institutions  founded Dec.     " 

Publication  of  Rome  et  les  Eveques,  6  Jan. ;  and  of  Za  France, 
Rome  et  V Italic,  15  Feb. ;  earnest  advocacy  of  pope's  tem- 


ROM 

ponU  government  (attacked  by  prince  Napoleon)  in  French 
chambers. Wn^.^u' 

favour  claims  Rome  as  capital  of  luly 27  Mch. 

Emperor  of  France  dcclinos  union  with  Austria  and  Spain  to 
support  pt>i>e"8  tcmponil  i>ower June, 

Ca.ho.x«atio.n  of  27  Jai>ancso  martyrs. 8  June, 

Pope  issues  an  allocution  against  the  Italians. 0  June, 

Garibaldi  calls  for  volunteers,  taking  as  his  watchword  "  Rome 
or  death!" 19  July, 

Railway  between  Rome  and  Naples  completed;  its  opening 
opposed  by  papal  government Nov. 

Earl  Kusself's  otTcr  to  the  pope  of  a  residence  at  Malta,  26 
Oct. ;  deciiued 11  Nov. 

Encyclical  letter  of  the  pope,  publishing  a  "syllabus,"  cen- 
suring 80  errors  in  religion,  philosophy,  and  politics  (causes 
much  dissatisfaction,  forbidden  to  be  read  in  churches  in 
France  and  other  countries) 8  Dec. 

Jews  persecuted  at  Rome Dec. 

Pope's  allocution  against  secret  societies  (Freemasons,  Feni- 
ans, etc) 26  Sept. 

Merode,  jvipal  minister  of  war,  dismissed 20  Oct. 

Part  of  the  French  troops  leave  the  papal  dominions Nov. 

Pope  invites  all  Catholic  bishops  to  Rome  to  celebrate  the  18th 
centenary  of  the  martyrdom  of  I'eter  and  Paul 8  Dec. 

Pope's  blessing  given  to  French  troops,  6  Dec,  who  all  quit 
Rome 2-12  Dec 

Law  prohibiting  Protestant  worship  in  Rome,  except  at  embas- 
sies, enforced 31  Dec. 

Five  hundred  and  ninety-nine  bishops  and  thousands  of  priests 
present  at  the  pope's  allocution,  26  June;  and  canonization 
of  25  martyrs 29  June, 

Attempt  at  insurrection  in  Rome  suppressed,  22  Oct. ;  siege 
proclaimed;  Garibaldi  within  20  miles  of  Rome,  24  Oct.; 
talces  Monte  Rotondo 26  Oct. 

French  brigades  enter  Rome 30  Oct. 

Italian  troops  cross  the  fi-ontier,  30  Oct ;  occupy  several  posts, 

1  Nov. 

Garibaldians  defeated  by  papal  and  French  troops  at  Mentana, 

3  Nov. 

Italian  troops  retire  from  Papal  States Nov. 

Pope's  short  allocution  (thanliing  and  blessing  the  French 
government) 19  Dec. 

New  cardinals  made;  Lucien  Bonaparte  one 13  Mch. 

Pope,  in  an  allocution,  censures  the  Austrian  new  civil-mar- 
riage law 22  June, 

Encyciicjil  letter  of  the  pope,  summoning  an  oecumenical 
council  at  Rome  on  8  Dec  1869,  and  inviting  ministers  of 
the  Greek  and  other  churches 13  Sept. 

Patriarch  of  the  Greek  church  declined  to  attend,  .about  3  Oct, 

Pope  asserts  in  a  letter  to  archbishop  Manning  that  no  dis- 
puted points  can  be  discussed  at  the  council 4  Sept. 

Council  XXI.  opened  (Councils  of  the  Church) 8  Dec. 

British  and  American  bishops  protest  against  discussing  the 
dogma  of  papal  infallibility  in  the  council,  11  Apr. ;  the  dis- 
cussion t)egins 14  May, 

Count  Arnim,  for  North  German  confederation,  protests 
against  the  dogma May, 

Papal  infallibility  approved  by  the  council  and  promulgated 
(533  for,  2  against;  many  retire);  the  council  adjourns  to 
11  Nov 18  July, 

Rome  evacuated  by  French  because  of  war;  8  mortars  and 
15,000  shells  said  to  be  ceded  to  the  pope,  8  Aug. ;  the  troops 
sent  ft"om  Civita  Vecchia 21  Aug. 

Pope  refuses  terms  olTered  by  king  of  Italy  (sovereignty  of 
Leonine  city  and  retention  of  his  income) 11  Sept. 

Gen.  Cadorna  crosses  Tiber  at  Casale;  sends  flags  of  truce  to 
gen.  Kanzler,  commanding  the  Zouaves,  who  refuses  to  sur- 
render; baron  Arnim  in  vain  negotiates 17  Sept. 

Italians  occupy  Civita  Vecchia  without  resistance, 

about  15  Sept. 

Letter  from  pope  to  gen.  Kanzler  directing  merely  formal  de- 
fence at  Rome,  to  avoid  bloodshed 19  Sept. 

Afler  brief  resistance  from  foreign  papal  troops,  stopped  by 
the  pope,  Italian  troops  under  Cadorna  make  a  breach  and 

enter  Rome  amid  acclamations 20  Sept. 

[Reported  Italian  loss,  about  22  killed,  117  wounded;  papal 
troops,  55  killed  and  wounded.] 

Papal  troops  surrender  arms;  about  8600  foreigners  march 
out  with  honors  of  war 22  Sept. 

About  10,000  persons  meet  in  the  Coliseum;  choose  44  men 
for  a  provisional  government  (giunta) 22  Sept. 

Protest  of  pope 26  Sept. 

Castle  of  St.  Angelo  occupied  by  Italian  troops  at  pope's  re- 
quest  28  Sept. 

Circular  letter  from  pope  to  cardinals  complaining  of  invasion 
loss  of  liberty,  and  interference  with  private  mail. .  .29  Sept.' 

Giunta  of  14  (duke  Gaetani  chief)  selected  from  the  44  names 
chosen ;  approved  by  Cadorna 30  Sept. 

Gen.  Masi  in  command  of  Rome  and  the  provinces;  S.P.Q.R. 
appears  on  proclamations 30  Sept. 

Plebiscite:  only  167,548  vote;  133,681  for  union  with  the 
kingdom  of  Italy,  1507  against 2  Oct. 

Pope  said  to  have  accepted  50,000  crowns  (his  monthly  civil 
list)  from  Italian  government 4  Oct. 

Result  of  the  plebiscite  sent  to  the  king,  8  Oct. ;  Rome  and 
provinces  incorporated  with  kingdom  by  royal  decree,  9  Oct. 

Gen.  La  Marmora  enters  Rome  as  viceroy;  guarantees  pope 
his  sovereign  powers  as  head  of  the  church 11  Oct. 

Roman  provinces  united  into  one  by  decree 19  Oct. 

Pope  issues  encyclical  letter  adjourning  the  council 20  Oct. 

Bill  introduced  into  the  Italian  parliament  for  transfer  of  gov- 


1861 
1862 

1864 
1866 

1866 

(( 
1867 


1869 


«  ROM 

ernment  to  Rome  in  about  G  months,  preserving  spiritual  and 

temporal  sovereignty  of  the  pope about  12  Dec  1870 

Law  guaranteeing  pope  personal  liberty  and  honors,  a  revenue 
of  3,225,000  livres,  etc,  13  May;  rejected  by  pope  in  allo- 
cution  15  May,  1871 

Pope  celebrates  a  jubilee  on  25th  anniversary  of  his  election, 

16  June, 

Italian  government  removes  to  Rome 2,  3  July, 

King  opens  parliament,  saying,  "The  work  to  which  we  have 

consecrated  our  life  is  completed" 27  Nov. 

Commission  appointed  to  dredge  the  Tiber  for  antiquities,  Dec 
American  Protestant  church  dedicated  to  St.  Paul ;  founded, 

25  Jan.  18731 

First  Anglican  church  within  the  walls  opened 25  Oct.  1874 

Reinterment  on  the  Janiculuui  of  remains  of  .Angelo  Bru- 
netti  (termed  Ciceruacchio)  and  other  unarmed  Italian  pa- 
triots (shot  by  Austrians,  10  Aug.  1849) 12  Oct.  1879 

2634th  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  kept 21  Apr.  1880 

Sale  of  part  of  Castellan!  collection,  21  days,  about  $240,000  real- 
ized  Apr. 

Italy,  Popes. 

B.C.  KINGS   OF    ROME. 

735.  Romulus;  murdered  by  the  senators. 

[Tatius,  king  of  the  Sabines,  had  removed  to  Rome  in  747,  and 
ruled  jointly  with  Romulus  6  years.] 

716.  [Interregnum.] 

716.  Numa  Pompilius.  son-in-law  of  Tatius  the  Sabine,  elected;  died 
at  the  age  of  82. 

673.  Tullus  Hostilius;  murdered  by  his  successor,  who  set  his  pal- 
ace on  fire;  his  family  burned. 

640.  Ancus  Martins,  grandson  of  Numa. 

616.  Tarquinius  Prisons,  son  of  Demaratus,  a  Corinthian  emigrant, 
chosen  king. 

578.  ServiusTullius,  a  manumitted  slave;  married  the  king's  daugh- 
ter, and  succeeded  by  united  suffrages  of  army  and  people. 

634.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  grandson  of  Tarquinius  Priscus;  assassi- 
nates his  father-in-law,  and  usurps  the  throne. 

610.  [Rape  of  Lucretia,  by  Sextus,  son  of  Tarquin,  and  consequent 
insurrection,  causing  abolition  of  royalty  and  establishment 
of  consulate.] 

RKPUBLIC. 

510-82.  First  period.     From  the  expulsion  of  Tarquin  to  the  dicta- 
torship of  Sulla, 
82-27.  Second  period.     From  Sulla  to  Augustus. 

48.  Caius  Julius   Caesar  perpetual  dictator;    assassinated,   15 

Mch.  44  B.C. 
31.  Octavianus  Csesar. 

EMPERORS. 

27.  Augustus  Imperator;  d.  19  Aug.  14  a.d. 

A.D. 

14.  Tiberius  (Claudius  Nero). 

37.  Caius  Caligula;  murdered  by  a  tribune. 

41.  Claudius  I.  (Tiberius  Drusus);  poisoned  by  his  wife,  Agrippina, 

to  make  way  for 

54.  Claudius  Nero;  deposed;  kills  himself,  68. 

68.  Servius  Sulpicius  Galba;  slain  by  the  praetorians. 

69.  M.  Salvius  Otho;  stabbed  himself 

"    Aulus  Vitellius;  deposed  by  Vespasian,  and  put  to  death. 
"    Titus  Flavins  Vespasian. 
79.  Titus  (Vespasian),  his  son. 
81.  Titus  Flavins  Domitian,  brother  of  Titus;  last  of  the  twelve 

Caesars;  assassinated.    C^sars,  the  twelvk. 
96.  Cocceius  Nerva. 
98.  Trajan  (M.  Ulpius  Crinitus). 
117.  Adrian,  or  Hadrian  (Publius  yElius). 
138.  Antoninus  Titus,  surnamed  Pius. 

161.  Marcus  Aurelius  (a  philosopher)  and  Lucius  Verus,  his  son-in- 
law;  the  latter  died  in  169. 
180.  Commodus  (L.  Aurelius  Antoninus),  son  of  Marcus  Aurelius; 

poisoned  by  his  favorite  mistress,  Martia. 
193.  Publius  Helvius  Pertinax;  killed  by  praetorian  band. 

[4  emperors  start  up:  Didianus  Julianus,  at  Rome;  Pescennius 
Niger,  in  Syria;  Lucius  Septimius  Severus,  in  Pannonia;  and 
Clodius  Albinus,  in  Britain.] 
"  Lucius  Septimius  Severus;  died  at  York,  in  Britain,  in  211; 
succeeded  by  his  sons, 
211.  M.  Aurelius  Caracalla  and  Septimius  Geta.  Caracalla  murders 
Geta,  212;  is  slain  by  his  successor, 

217.  M.  Opilius  Macrinus,  prefect  of  the  guards;  beheaded  in  a  mu- 

tiny. 

218.  Heliogabalus  (M.  Aurelius  Antoninus),  a  youth;  put  to  death 

for  enormities. 
222.  Alexander   Severus;    assassinated  by  soldiers  corrupted  by 

Maximinus, 
235.  Caius  Julius  Verus  Maximinus;  assassinated  in  his  tent  before 

the  walls  of  Aquileia. 

237.  M.  Antonius  Gordianus  and  his  son;  the  latter  falling  in  battle 

with  partisans  of  Maximinus,  the  father  strangled  himself  in 
despair,  at  Carthage,  in  his  80th  year. 

238.  Balbinus  and  Pupienus;  put  to  death. 

"     Gordian  III.,  grandson  of  the  elder  Gordian,  in  his  16th  year 

assassinated  by  guards,  instigated  by 
244.  Philip  the  Arabian;  assassinated  by  his  soldiers;  his  son  Philip 

murdered  at  the  same  time,  in  his  motiier's  arms. 
249.  Metius  Decius;  he  perished  with  2  sons  and  their  army,  in 

battle  with  Goths. 
251.  Gallus  Hostilius,  and  his  son  Volusianus;  both  slain  by  soldiers. 
253.  .(Emilianus;  put  to  death  after  reign  of  4  months. 
"     Valerianus,  and  his  son  Gallienus;  the  first  was  taken  prisoner 

by  Sapor,  king  of  Persia,  and  flayed  alive. 


RON  < 

260.  Gallienus  alone. 

[About  this  time  30  pretenders  to  imperial  power  arose  in  dii- 
ferent  parts  of  the  empire;  of  these  Cyriades  was  the  first, 
but  he  was  slain.] 

268.  Claudius  II.  (Gallienus  having  been  assassinated  by  the  officers 
of  the  guard)  succeeds;  dies  of  the  plague. 

270.  Quintillus,  his  brother,  elected  at  Rome  by  the  senate  and 
troops;  Aurelian  by  the  army  in  Illyricum.  Quintillus,  de- 
spairing of  success,  his  rival  marching  against  him,  opened 
his  veins  and  bled  to  death. 
"  Aurelianus;  assassinated  by  soldiers  on  march  against  Persia, 
in  Jan.  275. 

275.  [Interregnum  of  about  9  months.] 

"     Tacitus;  elected  25  Oct. ;  died  at  Tarsus,  inCilicia,  13  Apr.  276. 

276.  Florianus,  his  brother;  not  recognized  by  senate. 

"     M.  Aurelius  Probus;  assassinated  by  troops  at  Sirmium. 

282.  M.  Aurelius  Carus;  killed  at  Ctesiphon  by  lightning;  succeeded 

by  his  sons, 

283.  Carinus  and  Numerianus;  both  assassinated. 

284.  Diocletian;  who  took  as  his  colleague 

286.  Maximianus  Hercules;  the  two  resign  in  favor  of 

305.  Constantius  1.  Chlorus  and  Galerius  Maximianus;  the  first  died 

at  York,  in  Britain,  in  306,  and  the  troops  saluted  as  emperor 
his  son, 

306.  Constantine,  afterwards  styled  the  Great;  while  at  Rome,  the 

prajtoriau  band  proclaimed 
"     Maxentius,  son  of  Maximianus  Hercules.    Besides  these  were 
"     Maximianus  Hercules,  who  endeavored  to  recover  his  abdi- 
cated power; 
"     Flavins  Valerius  Severus,  murdered  by  the  last-named  pre- 
tender; and 

307.  Flavius  Valerianus  Licinius,  the  orother-in-law  of  Constantine. 
[Of  these,  Maximianus  Hercules  was  strangled  in  Gaul  in  310; 

Galerius  Maximianus  died  wretchedly  in  311;  Maxentius  was 
drowned  in  the  Tiber  in  312;  and  Licinius  was  put  to  death 
by  order  of  Constantine  in  324.] 
Constantine  the  Great  alone ;  died  on  Whitsunday,  22  May,  337. 


f  Constantine  II. 
Constaus. 
Constantius  II. 


323.  ,  .,  ., 

Sons  of  Constantine;  divided  the  empire; 
the  first  was  slain  in  340,  the  second  mur- 
dered in  350,  when  the  third  became  sole 
emperor. 

360.  Julian  the  Apostate,  who  abjured  Christianity,  though  edu- 
cated for  the  priesthood;  mortally  wounded  in  battle  with 
Persians,  363. 

363.  Jovian;  reigned  8  months;  found  dead  in  his  bed,  supposed 

from  fumes  of  charcoal. 

364.  Valentinian  and  Valens. 

375.  Valens  with  Gratian  and  Valentinian  II. 
379.  Theodosius  I.,  etc. 
392.  Theodosius  alone. 

395.  The  Roman  empire  divided.  Eastern  empire,  Italy,  Popes, 
Western  empire. 

Ronee§val'le§  (Sp.  pron.  ronce'val),  a  frontier  village 
of  Spain,  in  the  Pyrenees,  where,  it  is  said,  Charlemagne's  pala- 
i   din,  Roland  o  Orlando,  was  surprised,  defeated,  and  slain  by  the 
!   (iascons,  778.     "O  for  a  blast  of  that  dread  horn 
On  Fontarabian  echoes  borne. 

That  to  king  Charles  did  come, 
When  Roland  brave  and  Olivier 
And  every  paladin  and  peer 
On  Roncesvalles  died. "— Sfco«,  "Marmlon." 

I  roof.  The  largest  in  the  world  was  said  to  cover  a  rid- 
I  ing-school  at  Moscow,  erected  in  1791,  235  ft.  in  span.  That 
:  of  the  London  station  of  the  Midland  railway,  Euston  road, 
1  London,  N.  W.,  is  240  ft.  wide,  690  ft.  long,  125  ft.  high,  and 
I  covers  about  165,000  sq.  ft.    World's  Fair. 

I  Rorke'S  Drift,  boundary  of  British  territory  of  Na- 
!  tal,  in  South  Africa  and  Zululand.  Behind  extemporized 
,  trenches,  a  handful  of  British  soldiers  here  successfully  re- 
1  sisted  a  large  Zulu  army,  and  probably  saved  the  colony,  22 
I  Jan.  1879.     Zululand. 

j      Rosainond'§  Ro\wer.     Rosamond  was  daughter 

i  of  lord  Walter  Clifford  of  Hertfordshire,  mistress  of  Henry 

'  11.,  and  mother  of  William  Longsword.    The  story  of  Henry's 

j  keeping  her  in  a  labyrinth  at  Woodstock,  where  his  queen, 

!  Eleanor,  it  is  said,  discovered  her  apartments  by  the  clew  of 

!  a  silk  thread  and  poisoned  her,  is  probabl}'  a  mere  invention 

of  romance,  as  she  retired  to  the  convent  of  Godestow,  near 

Oxford,  where  she  died,  and  from  whence  Hugh,  bishop  of 

Lincoln,  had  her  ashes  removed,  1191. 

ro§ary.     Beads. 
A  brief  of  pope  Pius  IX.  30  Sept.  1852  asserted  that  40  repetitions  on 
a  rosary  of  40  beads  of  "  Sweet  heart  of  Mary,  be  my  salvation  !" 
will  obtain  many  days  of  indulgence  for  souls  in  purgatory  (23,- 
300  days  calculated). 

'  Ro'sa§,  Bay  of,  N.E.  Spain,  where  a  naval  action  was 
fought  by  the  boats  of  the  Tiffre,  Cumberland,  Volontaire, 
l^pollo,  Topaze,  Philomel,  Scout,  and  Tuscan,  led  by  lieut. 
John  Tailour  of  the  Tigre,  which  ended  in  the  capture  or  de- 
struction of  11  armed  vessels,  1  Nov.  1809.    Lord  Collingwood 


'**  ROS 

had  organized  the  expedition  commanded  by  capt.  Hallowell 
for  this  purpose.  Rosas  was  gallantly  defended  by  lord  Coch- 
rane, 27  Nov. ;  but  surrendered,  4  Dec.  1809. 

Ro§'bacll  or  Rosbec'qu,  a  village  of  Flanders 
(Belgium).  Here  Charles  VI.  of  France  subdued  the  Flemings, 
who  had  revolted  against  their  count,  27  Nov.  1382. 

Ro§Cius    {rosh'i-us)    Infant,    Wm.   Henrj'   West 
Betty,  born  13    Sept.   1791.     So  called  after  an    illustrious 
Roman  actor  in  the  time  of  Cicero.    After  acting  at  Belfast,  16 
Aug.  1803,  and  at  other  places,  with  much  applause,  he  ap- 
peared at  Covent  Garden,  1  Dec.  1803,  as  Selim,   in  "Bar- 
barossa,"  and  is  said  to  have  gained  in  his  first  season  11,2101. 
After  several  years'  retirement,  he  reappeared,  but  soon  left  the 
stage,  not  being  successful.     He  retired  on  the  fortune  he  had 
amassed,  and  died  Aug.  1874.     His  portrait  may  be  seen  at  the 
Garrick  club,  London. 

ro§e.  The  rose,  a  symbol  of  silence,  gave  rise  to  the 
phrase  sub  rosd,  "  under  the  rose,"  as  Italian  writers  say,  be- 
cause the  pope  gave  consecrated  roses,  which  were  placed 
over  the  confessionals  at  Rome,  to  denote  secrecy,  1526.  The 
pope  sent  a  golden  rose  to  the  queen  of  Spain,  which  was  giv- 
en to  her  with  much  solemnity,  8  Feb.  1868.  A  "  national 
rose  society  "  opened  its  first  annual  show,  St.  James's  hall, 
London,  4  July,  1877.     Flowers  and  plants. 

Rose§,  Wars  of  the,  between  the  Lancastrians  (who 
chose  the  red  rose  as  their  emblem)  and  the  Yorkists  (who 
chose  the  white  rose),  1455-85.     It  is  asserted  that  in  the 
Wars  of  the  Roses  12  princes  of  the  blood,  200  nobles,  and 
100,000  gentry  and  common  people  perished.     The  union  of 
the  houses  was  effected  by  the  marriage  of  Henry  VII.  to 
the  princess  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Edward  IV.,  1486. 
Richard  II.,  who  succeeded  his  grandfather  Edward  III.   in 
1377,  was  deposed  and  succeeded  in  1399  by  his  cousin  Hen- 
ry IV.  (son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster,  the  fourth 
son  of  Edward  III.),  in  prejudice  to  the  right  of  Roger  Mor- 
timer (grandson  of  Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  Edward's  third 

son),  declared  presumptive  heir  to  the  throne  in 1385 

Roger's  grandson,  Richard,  duke  of  York,  first  openly  claimed 

the  crown  in 1449 

Attempts  at  compromise  failed;  war  began  in 1455 

Lancastrians  defeated  at  St.  Alban's ;  protector  Somerset  slain  ; 

truce  made ;  Richard  declared  successor  to  Henry  VI.. 23  May,     " 
War  renewed;  Lancastrians  defeated  at  Bloreheath.. .  .23  Sept.  1469 
Yorkists  eventually  dispersed;  the  duke  was  attainted. 
He  defeated  his  opponents  at  Northampton,  took  Henry  pris- 
oner, and  was  declared  heir  to  the  crown  ;  but  was  killed  in 

an  ambuscade  near  Wakefield 31  Dec.  1460 

His  son  (Edward)  continued  the  struggle  ;  was  installed  as 

king 4  Mch.  1461 

Defeated  Lancastrians  at  Towton 29  Mch.     " 

Was  deposed  by  Warwick,  who  restored  Henry  VI Sept.  1470 

Edward  defeated  Lancastrians  at  Barnet,  14  Apr. ;  finally  at 

Tewkesbury 4  May.  1471 

Richard  III.  overthrown  and  killed  at  Bosworth 22  Aug!  1485 

Rosetta  (ro-zet'ta),  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  taken  by 
the  French  in  1798 ;  and  by  the  British  and  Turks,'  19  Apr.  1801. 
The  Turks  repulsed  the  British  here,  22  Apr.  1807.  Near  Ro- 
setta  was  fought  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  1  Aug.  1798.  Nile. 
Mehemet  Ali  rendered  great  service  to  his  country  by  construct- 
ing a  canal  between  Rosetta  and  Alexandria. — The  Rosetta 
stone,  discovered  by  the  French  in  1799,- was  brought  from 
Rosetta  in  a  French  vessel,  from  whence  it  was  taken  by  Wm." 
R.  Hamilton,  who  deposited  it  in  the  British  museum.  In 
1841,  Mr.  Letronne  published  the  text  and  a  translation  of  the 
Greek  inscription.  It  is  a  piece  of  black  basalt,  about  3  ft. 
long  and  2^  ft.  wide,  with  an  inscription  in  3  languages— viz., 
hieroglyphics,  modified  hieroglyphics  (enchorial),  and  Greek, 
setting  forth  the  praises  of  Ptolemy  Epiphanes  (about  196  B.C.). 
It  has  been  studied  by  dr.  T.  Young  and  Champollion. 

Rosicru'cian§,  a  sect  of  mystical  philosophers  who 
appeared  in  Germany,  alleged  to  have  been  founded  bj'  a 
German  noble.  Christian  Rosenkreuz,  1388.  They  pretend- 
ed to  be  able  to  transmute  metals,  prolong  life,  and  to  know 
what  was  passing  in  distant  places.  Thej'  died  out  in  the  18th 
century  and  their  secret  with  them.  The  "  Confessio  Roseae 
Crucis,"  1615,  is  attributed  to  Valentine  Andreas.  It  is  also 
affirmed  that  the  ancient  philosophers  of  Egypt,  the  Chaldae- 
ans.  Magi  of  Persia,  and  Gymnosophists  of  the  Indies  taught 
the  same  doctrine.  This  society  hag  given  rise  to  much  con- 
troversy, some  asserting  that  it  never  existed.  It  was  also 
known  as  the  B7~others  of  the  Rosy  Cross,  it  being  supposed  that 
the  term  RosicrucianwsLS  derived  from  crux,  cross,  and  7-osa,  rose. 


ROS  ^ 

ROftM'bach,  a  village  of  Prussia.  Here  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  Prmwians,  under  Frederick  the  Great,  and 
the  coiubineil  French  and  Austrians,  and  the  latter  were  de- 
feated, 5  Nov.  1767. 

Rotliscllild  ((»erno.  pronounced  i^th'sheeld,  but  in  Eng- 
land called  ros'child)  flitlllll)'.  Meyer  Amschel,  or  Anselm, 
a  Jew,  was  burn  at  No.  148  Judenga.sse  (Jew  lane),  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  in  1743.  In  1772  he  began  business  as  a  money- 
lender and  dealer  in  old  coins,  in  the  same  house,  over  which 
he  placed  the  sign  of  the  red  shield  (in  German,  Roth  Schild). 
He  had  dealings  with  the  landgrave  of  Hesse,  who  intrusted 
him  with  his  treasure  (said  to  have  been  250,000/.)  in  1806, 
when  the  French  held  his  country.  With  this  capital  Anselm 
traded  and  made  a  large  fortune,' and  restored  the  250,000/.  to 
the  landgrave  in  1815.  At  his  death  his  sons  continued  the 
business  as  money-lenders.  His  son  Nathan  began  at  Manches- 
ter in  1798,  removed  to  London  in  1803,  and  died  immensely 
rich,  28  Julv,  1836.  The  baron,  James,  head  of  the  family, 
died  at  Paris,  15  Nov.  18G8. 

Rot'terdam,  the  second  city  in  Holland.  Its  impor- 
tance dates  from  the  13th  century.  The  commerce  of  Ant- 
werp was  transferred  to  it  in  1509.  In  1572  Rotterdam  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  by  stratagem,  and  cruelly  treated.  It 
suffered  much  from  French  revolutionary  wars,  and  from  in- 
undations in  1775  and  1825.  Desiderius  Erasmus  was  born 
here  in  1467.  The  mu.seum  and  picture-gallery  were  de- 
stroyed at  the  fire  of  the  Schieland  palace,  16  Feb.  1864. 

Rouen  {roo-an'),  N.  France,  an  archbishopric,  260,  be- 
came the  capital  of  Normandy  in  the  10th  century.  It  was 
held  by  the  English  kings  till  1204 ;  and  was  retaken  by  Henry 
v.,  19  Jan.  1419.  Joan  of  Arc,  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  was  burned 
here,  30  May,  1431.  It  was  taken  by  Charles  VII.  of  France 
in  1449;  and  by  the  duke  of  Guise  from  the  Huguenots,  Oct. 
1562  and  1591.  Rouen,  after  slight  resistance,  4,  5  Dec.  1870, 
surrendered  to  gen.  von  Goben,  6  Dec.  It  was  ordered  to  pay 
a  contribution  of  17,000,000  francs. 

Rouma'llia,  the  name  assumed  by  the  Danubian 
PRINCIPALITIES  on  23  Dec.  1861,  when  their  union  was  pro- 
claimed at  Bucharest  and  Jassy.  Area,  48,307  sq.  miles ;  pop. 
1887, 5,500,000.  The  language  is  a  Latin  dialect  introduced  by 
the  Roman  colonists,  who  settled  in  Dacia  in  the  time  of  Trajan. 
M.  Catargi,  president  of  council  of  ministers,  assassinated  while 

leaving  Chamber  of  Deputies 20  June,  1862 

United  chambers  of  the  2  principalities  meet  at  Bucharest, 

5  Feb.     " 
CJoup  d'6tat  of  prince  Couza  against  aristocrats  ;  plebiscite  for 

a  new  constitution,  2  May ;  adopted 28  May,  1864 

Law  passed  enabling  peasants  to  hold  land Aug.     ' ' 

Revolt  at  Bucharest  suppressed,  15  Aug. ;  amnesty 11  Sept.  1865 

Revolution  at  Bucharest;  forced  abdication  of  prince  Couza; 

provisional  government  established 22  Feb.  1866 

Oflered  crown  declined  by  count  of  Flanders,  Feb. ;  prince 
Charles  of  Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen  elected  hospodar  by 
plebiscite,  20  Apr. ;  welcomed  at  Bucharest,  22  May ;  swears 

to  the  constitution 12  July,     " 

Recognized  hereditary  hospodar  by  sultan;  received  at  Con- 
stantinople  24  Oct.     " 

Roumania  unsettled;  "nationality  "  projects Nov.  1867 

Legislature  repudiates  just  claims  of  German  shareholders  in 
Roumanian  railways  ;  prince  assents  reluctantly  ;  Bismarck 
appeals  to  the  Porte,  which  declines  to  interfere. . .  July-Aug.  1871 

Peace  between  prince  and  chambers Nov.     " 

Austria,  Germany,  and  Russia  assert  the  right  to  conclude  sep- 
arate treaties  with  Roumania;  sultan  objects Oct.  1874 

Convention  with  Russia,  giving  permission  to  cross  Roumania, 

signed  16  Apr. ;  Russians  enter  Moldavia 24  Apr.  1877 

Senate  declares  independence  and  war  with  Turkey. .  .21  May,     " 
Roumanians  actively  engaged  before  Plevna  (Russo- Turkish 

WARS) " 

Roumania  declared  independent  by  treaties  of  San  Stefano  (3 
Mch.)  and  of  Berlin  (exchanging  part  of  Bessarabia  acquired 
in  1856  for  the  Dobrudscha) 13  July,  1878 

Independence  recognized  by  England,  France,  and  Germany, 

20  Feb.  1880 

Prince  and  princess  crowned  king  and  queen 23  May,  1881 

Constitution  modified 1884 

PRINCES  AND   KING  OF  ROUMANIA. 

1869.  Alexander  Couza;  abdicated  1866. 

1866.  Charles  I.  (of  Hohenzollern -Sigmaringen);  b.  20  Apr.  1839; 
elected  20  Apr.  1866;  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  prince 
Hermann  von  Wied,  15  Nov.  1869;  nominated  king,  26  Mch. 
1881 ;  crowned  with  the  queen,  23  May,  1881. 

Roome'lia  or  Roma'nia,  Turkey,  part  of  Thrace. 
The  Roumelian  railway  opened  17  June,  1873. 
By  treaty  of  Berlin,  the  province  of  Eastern  Roumelia  consti- 


4  ROY 

tuted.  partly  autonomous,  with  a  Christian  governor,  nomi- 
nated by  sultan 13  July,  1878 

SirH.  D.  Wolfl  appointed  H.M.'s  European  commissioner  for 
organization  of  the  province 10  Aug. 

Russian  prince  Dondoukoff  Khorsakoff  rules  here. . .  July-Nov. 

Scheme  for  government  of  province  approved  by  sultan  and 
allied  commissioners Nov. 

Russian  evacuation  begins 5  May,  1 

Aleko  Pach^  (prince  Alexander  Vogorides,  a  Bulgarian)  in- 
stalled as  governor  at  Philippopolis 30  May, 

Great  prosperity  reported 1 

M.  Crestovitch  appointed  gov. -gen  by  the  Porte May,  1884 

Roiindliead§.  In  the  civil  war  which  began  in  1642, 
the  adherents  of  Charles  I.  were  called  Cavaliers  and  the  friends 
of  the  parliament  Roundheads.  The  terra,  it  is  said,  arose 
from  the  practice  of  putting  a  round  bowl  or  dish  on  the  hea^^H 
and  cutting  the  hair  to  the  edge  of  the  bowl.     Cavaliers. 

round  table,  according  to  romance,  a  circular  table 
around  which  were  wont  to  sit  king  Arthur  of  Britain  and  his 
knights,  hence  called  "  knights  of  the  round  table."  It  was 
fitted  to  seat  13,  in  memory  of  the  13  disciples;  but  12  seats 
were  occupied,  that  of  Judas  being  vacant.  The  most  famous 
of  the  knights  were :  Sirs  Bedivere,  Bors,  Gaheris,  Galahad, 
Gareth,  Gawain,  Geraint,  Kay,  Launcelot,  Launfal,  Meliadus, 
Modred,  Pelleas,  Percivale,  and  Tristram.  Most  of  these  a 
often  mentioned  in  Tennyson's  "  Idylls  of  the  King." 

ro\¥illg.     Boat-races. 

Ro^Vley  {rou'ly\  Thomas,  a  priest  of  Bristol,  Engl., 
during  the  time  of  Edward  III.,  a  creation  of  Chatterton's,  to 
whom  he  ascribed  the  authorship  of  the  poems  which  he  had 
written  himself,  and  which  he  endeavored  to  pass  off  as  pro- 
ductions of  Rowley  in  the  13th  centur3\  The  MSS.  were  said  to 
have  been  found  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Redcliffe  at  Bristol. 
These  poems  have  variety  and  merit,  and,  though  crude  as  for- 
geries of  an  earlier  age,  their  brilliancy  and  numbers  deceived 
many  scholars  at  that  day.     Literature,  Forgeries  of. 

Royal  Academy.  A  society  of  artists  met  in  St. 
Peter's  court,  St.  Martin's  lane,  London,  about  1739,  which 
Hogarth  formed  into  the  Society  of  Incorporated  Artists,  who 
held  their  first  exhibition  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  Adelphi,  21 
Apr.  1760.  From  this  sprang  the  Royal  Academy,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  dispute  between  the  directors  and  the  fellows.  On 
10  Dec.  1768,  the  institution  of  the  present  Royal  Academy 
was  completed  under  patronage  of  George  III. ;  and  sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  knighted  on  the  occasion,  was  appointed  first  presi- 
dent.— Leigh.  The  first  exhibition  of  academicians  (at  Pall 
Mall)  was  on  26  Apr.  1769,  when  136  works  appeared.  In 
1771  the  king  granted  them  apartments  in  old  Somerset 
House,  and  afterwards,  in  1780,  in  new  Somerset  House,  where 
they  remained  till  1838,  when  they  removed  to  the  National 
gallery.  From  the  honorary  members,  professors  of  ancient  lit- 
erature and  ancient  history  are  appointed.  Among  tliem  have 
been  Johnson,  Gibbon,  Goldsmith,  Scott,Macaulay,and  Hallara. 
Turner,  the  painter,  gave  20,000^.  to  the  academy  at  his  death, 
1851.  A  commission  of  inquiry  into  the  affairs  of  the  academj'-, 
appointed  in  1862,  recommended  changes  in  July,  1863,  which 
were  carried  into  effect.  The  hundredth  anniversary  of  its 
foundation  was  celebrated  10  Dec.  1868.  The  Royal  Academy 
held  its  first  exhibition  in  the  new  building,  3  May,  1869.  An 
annual  exhibition  of  pictures  by  the  old  masters,  with  some 
British,  began  3  Jan.  1870.  The  money  received  has  been 
used  to  endow  a  professorship  of  chemistry,  a  laboratory,  etc. 
In  1874  the  exhibition  included  many  of  Landseer's  pictures. 

PRESIDENTS. 

1768.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 
1792.  Benjamin  West. 

1805.  James  Wyatt. 

1806.  Benjamin  West. 
1820.  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence. 
1830.  Sir  Martin  A.  Shee. 

1850.  Sir  Charles  Eastlake,  d.  23  Dec.  1865. 

1866   Sir  Edwin  Landseer  elected;  declines,  24  Jan. 

"      Sir  Francis  Grant,  1  Feb. ;  d.  5  Oct.  1878. 
1878.  Sir  Frederick  Leighton,  13  Nov. 

Royal  exchange  {Cambium  Regis),  London.  The 
foundation  of  the  original  edifice  was  laid  by  sir  Thomas 
Gresham,  7  June,  1566,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tun  prison. 
Queen  Elizabeth  opened  it  on  23  Jan.  1571,  and  her  herald 
named  it  the  Royal  exchange.— J^M/ree.  It  was  destroyed  by 
the  great  fire,  Sept.  1666.  Charles  II.  laid  the  foundation- 
stone  of  the  next  edifice,  23  Oct.  1667,  which  was  completed 


ROY 


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by  Mr.  Hawkesmore,  a  pupil  of  sir  Christopher  Wren,  in  about 
3  years  ;  it  was  repaired  and  beautified  in  1769.  This  also  was 
burned,  10  Jan.  1838.  New  Royal  exchange,  erected  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Tite,  opened  by  queen  Victoria  28  Oct.  1844. 

Royal  exchange,  Dublin,  commenced  1769;  opened 
1779. 
Royal  George.  Wrecks,  1782. 
Royal  In§titlltion  of  Great  Britain,  the  earliest 
of  the  kind  in  London,  was  founded  9  Mch.  1799,  by  count 
Rumford,  sir  Joseph  Banks,  earls  Spencer  and  Morton,  and 
other  noblemen, and  gentlemen.  It  was  favored  by  George 
III.,  and  incorporated  13  Jan.  1800,  by  royal  charter,  as  "  The 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  for  the  diffusing  knowl- 
edge and  facilitating  the  general  introduction  of  useful  me- 
chanical inventions  and  improvements,  and  for  teaching,  by 
courses  of  philosophical  lectures  and  experiments,  the  applica- 
tion of  science  to  the  common  purposes  of  life."  It  was  en- 
larged and  extended  by  act  of  Parliament  in  1810;  the  origi- 
nal plan,  as  drawn  up  by  count  Rumford  in  1799,  having  been 
modified.  The  members  are  elected  by  ballot,  and  pay  10 
guineas  on  admission  and  5  guineas  annually,  or  a  composi- 
tion of  60  guineas.  Members,  July,  1881, 1054.  "  The  Royal 
Institution,  Its  Founder,  and  Its  First  Professors,"  by  dr.  Bence 
Jones,  hon.  secretary,  pub.  1871. 

House  (in  Albemarlfe  street,  Piccadilly)  was  purchased  in  June,  1799, 
and  the  present  front  was  added  by  subscription  in  1838.   The  lect- 
ure theatre  was  erected  in  1803,  under  the  superintendence  of  T. 
Webster. 
Laboratory  established  in  1800;  was  rebuilt,  with  the  modern  im- 
provements, 1872. 
Library  was  commenced  in  1803,  by  munificent  subscriptions  of 
proprietors    of  the    institution.      In   1881   it    comprised    about 
42,000  volumes.     Classified  catalogues  (by  W.  Harris)  were  pub- 
lished in  1809  and  1821;  new  ones  (by  B.  Vincent)  in  1857  and 
1881. 
JlfMsewm  contains  original  philosophical  apparatus  of  Young,  Caven- 
dish, Davy, and  Faraday. 
First  lecture  was  delivered  4  Mch.  1801,  by  dr.  Garnett,  the  first  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry. 
Succeeded  in  1802  by  dr.  Thomas  Young,  celebrated  for  researches  in 
optics,  showing  the  interference  of  light  and  proving  the  undula- 
tory  theory.     His  "Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy  and  the  Me- 
chanical Arts,"  first  published  in  1807,  are  still  a  text-book  of 
physical  science.     His  antiquarian  works  (hieroglyphic  inscrip- 
tions, etc.)  are  also  esteemed. 
In  Feb.  1801,  Mr.  (afterwards  sir  Humphry)  Davy  was  engaged  as 
assistant  lecturer  and  director  of  the  laboratory,  and  on  31  May, 
1802,  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry.      His  lectures  were 
successful,  and  his  discoveries  in  chemistry  and  electricity  have 
honored  the  institution.     He  discovered  tlie  alkaloids  potassium 
and  sodium  in  1807;  the  nature  of  chlorine  in  1810,  and  invented 
the  safety-lamp  in  1815. 
William  Thomas  Brande  succeeded  sir  Humphry  as  professor  of 
chemistry  in  1813,  and  resigned  in  1852,  continuing  to  be  honorary 
professor  till  his  death  (Feb.  18G(;).    From  1816  to  1850  he  delivered, 
in  the  laboratory  of  this  institution,  chemical  lectures  to  students. 
In  1813  Michael  Faraday  (b.  22  Sept.  1791),  on  the  recommendation 
of  sir  H.  Davy,  was  engaged  as  assistant  in  the  laboratory,  and 
in  1825  as  director;  in  1827  he  became  a  permanent  lecturer.     In 
1820  he  commenced  researches  in  electricity  and  magnetism  which 
form  an  era  in  science.    In  1823-24  he  discovered  the  condensabil- 
ity of  chlorine  and  other  gases;   in  1831  he  obtained  electricity 
from  the  magnet;  in  1845  he  exhibited  the  twofold  magnetism  of 
matter,  comprehending  all  known  substances,  the  magnetism  of 
gases,  flame,  etc. ;  in  1850  he  published  researches  on  atmospheric 
magnetism ;  d.  25  Aug.  1867. 
Jolin  Tyndall,  F.R.S.,  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  first  elected 
in  July,  1853,  eminent  for  researches  on  magnetism,  heat,  glaciers, 
etc. ;  d.  4  Dec.  1893. 
Edward  Frankland,  F.R.S.,  professor  of  chemistry,  1863-68,  eminent 
for  his  discoveries  in  organic  chemistry. 

■Fund  for  the  Promotion  of  Experimental  Researches"  was  found- 
ed, 6  July,  1863,  by  sir  Henry  Holland,  prof  Faraday,  sir  R.  I. 
Murchison,  dr.  Bence  Jones,  and  others. 
The  first  officers  were  sir  Joseph  Banks,  president,  till  the  charter 
was  granted,  afterwards  theearlof  Winchelsea;  Mr.  (afterwards  sir 
Thomas)  Bernard,  treasurer;  rev.  dr.  Samuel  Glasse,  secretary. 
Algernon,  duke  of  Northumberland,  K.G.,  elected  president,  1842; 
succeeded  by  sir  Henry  Holland  in  1865  (d.  27  Oct.  1873);  by  Al- 
gernon George,  duke  of  Northumberland,  1873.  W.  Pole,  esq., 
treasurer,  elected  1849;  succeeded  by  Wm.  Spottiswoode,  esq.,  in 
1865;  by  George  Busk,  esq.,  1873.  Rev.  John  Barlow,  secretary, 
elected  1842;  succeeded  by  Henry  Bence  Jones,  M.D.,  1860;  by 
Wm.  Spottiswoode,  1873;  by  Warren  de  la  Rue,  1879.  Librarians: 
Wm.  Harris,  1803-23 ;  S.  Weller  Singer,  1826-35 ;  Wm.  Mason,1835- 
1848;  Benjamin  Vincent,  1849. 

Royal   Society,  London.     In  1645  several  learned 

men  met  in  London  to  discuss  philosophical  questions  and  re- 

'  port  experiments;  the-'*  Novum  Organum  "  of  Bacon,  pub.  in 

1620,  having  stimulated  such  pursuits.     Some  of  them  (drs. 

Wilkins,  Wallis,  etc.),  about  1648-49,  removed  to  Oxford,  and 


with  dr.  (afterwards  bishop)  Seth  Ward,  the  hon.  Robert 
Boyle,  dr.  (afterwards  sir)  W.  Petty,  and  several  doctors  of 
divinity  and  physic,  often  met  in  the  apartments  of  dr.  Wil- 
kins, in  Wadham  college,  Oxford.  They  formed  what  has  been 
called  the  Philosophical  Society  of  Oxford,  which  only  lasted 
till  1690.  The  members  were,  about  1658,  called  to  various 
parts  of  the  kingdom  by  professional  duties  ;  and  the  majority 
coming  to  London,  constantly  attended  lectures  at  Gresham 
college,  and  met  occasionally  till  the  death  of  Oliver  Cromwell, 
3  Sept.  1658.     Socikties. 

Society  was  organized  in  1660,  and  constituted  by  Charles  11.  a  body 
politic  and  corporate,  as  "The  President.  Council,  and  Fellowship 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  for  Improving  Natural  Knowl- 
edge," 22  Apr.  1662, 
Evelyn  records  the  first  anniversary  meeting,  St.  Andrew's  day,  30 

Nov.  1663. 
Philosophical  Transactions  begin  6  Mch.  1664-65. 
In  1668  Newton  invented  his  reflecting  telescope  (now  owned  by  the 
society),  and  on  28  Apr.  1686,  presented  the  society  in  MS.  his 
"Principia,"  which  the  council  ordered  printed.     This  was  done 
under   the  superintendence  and   at  the  expense  of  Halley  the 
astronomer,  then  clerk  to  the  society. 
Society  met  for  some  years  at  Gresham  college,  and  afterwards  at 
Arundel  house  (1666),  where  it  came  into  possession  of  a  valuable 
library,  presented  by  Mr.  Howard,  grandson  of  its  collector,  the 
earl  of  Arundel.     After  various  changes  the  fellows  returned  to 
Gresham  college,  where  they  remained  till  their  removal  to  Crane 
court,  in  a  house  purchased  by  themselves.  8  Nov.  1710. 
Bakerian  lecture  was  established  by  Henry  Baker,  1774. 
First  Copley  medal  was  a\j-arded  to  Stephen  Gray  in  1731 ;  the  royal 
medal  to  John  Dalton,  1826;  the  Rumford  medal  (instituted  in 
1797)  to  count  Rumford  himself  in  1800. 
Society  removed  to  apartments  granted  in  Somerset  house,  1780;  to 

apartments  in  Burlington  hou.se,  Piccadilly,  1857. 
Parliament  votes  annually  lOOOZ.  to  the  Royal  Society  for  scientific 

purposes. 
Regulations  by  which  15  fellows  are  annually  elected,  who  pay  101. 
on  admission,  and  U.  annually,  or  a  composition  of  60^.,  Mch. 
1847.  In  consequence,  the  number  of  fellows  was  reduced  from 
839  in  1847,  to  626  in  1866 ;  to  567  in  1875 ;  to  552  in  1877.  Entrance 
fee  abolished,  and  the  annual  payment  reduced  to  31.,  Nov.  1878. 


1660.  Sir  Robert  Moray. 
1663.  Lord  Brouncker. 
1677.  Sir  Joseph  Williamson. 
1680.  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

1682.  Sir  John  Hoskyns. 

1683.  Sir  Cyril  Wyche. 

1684.  Samuel  Pepys. 

1686.  John,  e&vl  of  Carbery. 

1689.  Thomas,  earl  of  Pembroke, 

1690.  Sir  Robert  Southwell. 
1695.  Charles    Montague    (after 

wards  earl  of  Halifax). 
1698.  John,  lord  Somers. 
1703.  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 
1727.  Sir  Hans  Sloane. 
1741.  Martin  Folkes. 
1752.  George,earl  of  Macclesfield, 
1764.  James,  earl  of  Morton. 
1768.  James  Burrow. 
"     James  West. 


PRESIDENTS. 
1772. 


1778. 
1820. 

1827. 
1830. 
1838. 
1848. 
1854. 
1858. 
1861. 

1871. 
1873. 

1878. 
1883. 
1885. 
1890. 


James  Burrow. 

Sir  John  Pringle. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Wollaston. 

Sir  Humphry  Davy. 

Davies  Gilbert. 

Duke  of  Sussex. 

Marquess  of  Northampton 

Earl  of  Rosse. 

Lord  Wrottesley. 

Sir  Benjamin  C.  Brodie. 

Maj.-gen.  sir  Edward  Sa- 
bine. 

Sir  G.  B.  Airy. 

Dr.  (afterwards  sir)  Joseph 
Dalton  Hooker. 

William  Spottiswoode. 

T.  H.  Huxley. 

Sir  Geo.  G.  Stokes. 

Sir  Wm.  Thomson. 


Ru'bicon,  a  small  river  flowing  into  the  Adriatic  sea, 
separated  Cisalpine  Gaul  from  Italy  proper.  Roman  generals 
were  forbidden  to  pass  this  river  at  the  head  of  an  army. 
Julius  Caesar  did  so,  Jan.  49  b.c.,  beginning  the  civil  war. 

mbidi  11111,  an  alkaline  metal,  discovered  by  Bunsen  by 
spectrum  analysis,  made  known  in  1861. 

ru'brici,  directions  in  church  offices,  often  printed  in 
red.  New  ones  for  the  English  service  agreed  to  by  convoca- 
tion, 4  July,  1879. 

ruffles  became  fashionable  about  1520;  and  went  out 
about  1790. 

Rugby  sellOOl,  Warwickshire,  was  founded  in  1567 
by  Lawrence  SheriflF,  a  London  tradesman ;  its  arrangements 
were  affected  by  the  Public  Schools  act,  1868.  Dr.  Thomas 
Arnold,  the  historian,  took  charge  as  head-master  in  Aug. 
1828,  and  under  him  the  school  prospered.  He  died  12  June, 
1842.  New  Rugby.  "Tom  Brown's  School  Days  at 
Rugby,"  by  Thomas  Hughes,  pub.  1857. 

"  Rule,  Britannia."  Nearly  all  the  words  are  by 
James  Thomson ;  the  music,  ascribed  to  dr.  Arne,  is  said  by 
Schoelcher  (in  his  life  of  Handel)  to  have  been  taken  from  an 
air  in  Handel's  "  Occasional  Oratorio,"  composed  1746. 

rule  of  the  road.    Seas. 

ruler.  The  emperor,  king,  governor,  or  sovereign  of  a 
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ruling-machines  for  ruling  paper  with  faint  lines, 
for  merchants'  account-books,  etc.,  were  invented  by  a  Dutch- 
man, resident  in  London,  in  1782,  and  much  improved  by 
Woodmason,  Payne,  Brown,  and  others.  They  were  im- 
proved in  Scotland  in  1803.  A  recent  invention  numbers  the 
pages  of  account-books  with  type,  instead  of  a  pen,  so  that  a 
page  cannot  be  torn  out  from  one  without  discovery. 

rum  (Fr.  rkum),  ardent  spirit  distilled  from  sugar  lees 
and  molasses,  deriving  its  flavor  from  a  volatile  oil.  Rum  is 
principally  made  in  the  West  Indies. 

Rumford,  Count,  Benjamin  Thompson  (count  Rum- 
ford)  was  born  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  1753.  In  1772  he  taught  an 
academy  at  Rumford  (now  Concord),  N.  H.  While  sharing 
the  feelings  of  the  colonists  towards  England,  his  sympathies 
were  not  strong.  In  1776  he  joined  the  British  army  and  re- 
mained in  its  service  until  the  close  of  the  war,  when,  on  his 
return  to  England,  he  was  knighted.  In  1784  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  Elector  of  Bavaria,  by  whom  he  was  made  a 
count,  taking  the  name  of  Rumford  from  his  old  New  Hamp- 
shire residence.  He  died  at  Auteuil,  France,  1814.  His  con- 
tributions to  science  were  numerous  and  important.  The 
Rumford  medal  instituted  by  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
1797.     Royal  Institution  and  Royal  Society. 

Rump  parliament.    Pride's  purge. 

Run'nymede  (council-mead),  a  meadow  near  Egham, 
Surrey.    Here  king  John  granted  Magna  Charta,  15  June,  1215. 

Rupert'§  Land,  North  America,  or  Red  River  Settle- 
ment, formerly  territory  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  company,  was 
made  a  bishopric,  1849.    Canada,  Hudson's  ska,  Manitoba. 

Rus§ell  trial.  William,  lord  Russell's  trial  for  com- 
plicity in  the  Rye-house  plot  was  marked  by  a  most  touching 
scene.  When  he  requested  to  have  some  one  near  him  to 
take  notes  to  help  his  memorv,  he  was  answered  that  any  of 
his  attendants  might  assist  him,  upon  which  he  said,  "My 
wife  is  here,  and  will  do  it  for  me."  He  was  beheaded  in 
Lincoln's-inn  fields,  21  July,  1683.  Lady  Russell  survived 
him  40  years,  dying  29  Sept.  1723,  in  her  87th  year.  His  at- 
tainder was  reversed,  1  Will.  III.  1689. 

Russia  (rush'a),  formerly  called  lHusCOVy,  the  larg- 
est country  in  the  world,  comprising  the  whole  of  N.  Europe 
and  Asia  between  lat.  38°  20'  and  78°  N.,  and  extending  172° 
20'  east  from  Ion.  17°  40'  E.  The  name  is  generally  derived  from 
the  Roxolani,  a  Slavonic  tribe.  Ruric,  a  Varangian  chief,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  first  to  establish  a  government,  862.  His 
descendants  ruled  amid  many  vicissitudes  till  1698.  The  rapid 
progress  of  Russian  power  under  Peter  the  Great  and  Catherine 
II.  is  unequalled.  The  established  religion  of  Russia  is  the 
Greek  church,  with  toleration  of  other  sects,  even  Mahometans. 
The  points  in  which  the  Graeco-Russian  church  diflFers  from 
the  Roman  Catholic  faith  are  its  denial  of  the  spiritual  su- 
premacy of  the  pope,  its  not  enforcing  the  celibacy  of  the 
clergy,  and  its  authorizing  all  to  read  and  study  the  Script- 
ures in  the  vernacular.  The  emperor  is  head  of  the  church, 
although  he  has  never  claimed  to  decide  theological  and  dog- 
matic questions.  The  government  of  Russia  is  an  absolute 
hereditary  monarchy.  The  whole  legislative,  executive,  and 
judicial  power  is  united  in  the  emperor,  whose  will  alone  is 
law.  Succession  to  the  throne  is  by  regular  descent  with 
right  of  primogeniture,  with  preference  of  male  over  female 
heirs.  Every  sovereign  of  Russia,  with  his  consort  and  chil- 
dren, must  be  a  member  of  the  Orthodox  Greek  church.  The 
princes  and  princesses  of  the  imperial  house  must  obtain  con- 
sent of  the  emperor  to  marriage,  or  their  issue  cannot  inherit 
the  throne.  By  an  imperial  ukase  in  1802,  6  universities 
were  established,  viz.,  at  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  Wilna, 
Dorpat  (in  Livonia),  Charcov,  and  Kasan,  and  3  have  since 
been  added,  besides  one  in  Finland.  Literature  made  little 
progress  till  the  present  century,  the  native  publications 
being  few,  and  the  best  books  being  translations.  In  1889 
8699  books,  with  an  aggregate  of  24,780,423  copies,  were  pub- 
lished, and  periodicals  to  the  number  of  694  were  published 
in  1890.  The  Russian  language,  though  not  devoid  of  ele- 
gance, is,  to  a  foreigner,  difficult  of  pronunciation ;  the  num- 
ber of  letters  and  diphthongs  is  42.  The  area  of  the  em- 
pire, including  its  internal  waters,  is  8,660,282  sq.  miles.  In 
1722  its  population  was  14,000,000;   1815,45,000,000;  1869, 


RUS 


700 


RUS 


style). 


1700 


74,000.000;  1867,  81,696,966 ;  1872,86,451,413;  1882,  102,970,- 
881;  1887,  118,864,tH9;  1890,  117,568,874;  1893,  126,000,000, 
wtimated.  Of  this  last  miniber  about  96,000,000  are  inhabit- 
•nta  of  Euro|)ean  Russia.  Revenue  in  1890,  about  913,686,770 
rubles,  or  «i471,842,886;  expenditures,  854,165,080  rubles,  or 
f427,077,540.     For  defence,  Army,  Navy.  ^p 

Russia  Invaded  by  the  Huns 376 

Rurio  the  Norman,  or  Varangian,  arrives  at  Novgorod  (or  New 
City),  and  becomes  grand-duke  (auuiversury  kept  20  Sept. 

1862) 862 

OlofC  successfully  invades  the  Greek  empire 907 

Baptism  of  Olga,  widow  of  duke  Igor,  at  Consluutinoplo,  about  955 
Vladimir  the  Great  marries  Anne,  sister  of  the  emperor  Basil 

1 1. ,  and  18  baptized 988 

Golden  Honle  of  Tartars  conquer  a  large  part  of  Russia  .  .about  12'23 

Grand^uke  June  killed  in  battle 1237 

Alexander  Newski  defeats  the  invading  Danes 1241 

Tartars  establish  the  empire  of  the  khan  of  Kaptschak,  and 

exorcise  great  iutlueuce  in  Kussia 1242 

Ho  is  made  grand-duke  of  Kussia  by  the  Tartars 1252 

Moscow  made  the  capital 1300 

Tartar  war,  1380;  Moscow  burned 1383 

Tamerlane  invades  Russia,  but  retires 1395 

Accession  of  Ivan  III.  the  Great;  able  and  despotic,  founds  the 

present  monarchy 1462 

Ivan  introduces  flre-arhis  and  cannon  into  Russia 1475 

Great  invasion  of  the  Tartars ;  consternation  of  Ivan 1479 

His  general,  Svenigorod,  annihilates  their  power 1481 

War  with  Poland 1506-23 

English  ''Russian  company"  established 1553 

Ricnard  Chancellor  sent  to  open  the  trade 1554 

Discovery  of  Siberia " 

Royal  body-guard  (the  Strelitz)  established 1568 

Ivan  solicits  the  hand  of  queen  Elizabeth  of  England 1579 

Murder  of  Feodor  I.,  Isist  of  the  race  of  Rurio,  which  had  gov- 
erned Russia  for  700  years 1598 

Imposit  on  of  Demetrius  (Impostors);  Matins  of  Moscow, 

29  May,  1606 
Michael  Fedorovitz.  of  the  house  of  Romanoff,  ascends  the  I 

throne 1613 

Finland  ceded  to  Sweden 1617 

Russian  victories  in  Poland 1654 

Subjugation  of  the  Cossacks 1671 

Reign  of  Ivan  and  Peter  I.  or  the  Great 1682 

Peter  sole  sovereign 1689 

He  visits  Holland  and  England,  and  works  in  the  dock-yard 

at  Deptford 1697 

Recalled  by  a  conspiracy  of  the  Strelitz,  which  he  cruelly  sup- 
presses; 2000  tortured  and  slain;  he  beheads  many  with  his 

own  hand 1698 

Russians  begin  their  new  year  from  1  Jan.  (but  retain  the  old 


War  with  Sweden;  Peter  totally  defeated  by  Charles  XII.  at 

Narva 30  Nov.     " 

Peter  founds  St.  Petersburg  as  a  new  capital 27  May,  1703 

Strelitz  abolished 1704 

Charles  XII.  totally  defeated  by  Peter  at  Pultowa,  and  flees  to 

Turkey 8  July,  1709 

Fourteen  thousand  Swedish  prisoners  sent  to  Siberia " 

War  with  Turkey;  Peter  and  army  cross  the  Pruth,  are  sur- 
rounded by  Turks,  and  escape  by  energy  of  empress  Cath- 
erine, who  obtains  a  truce June,  1711 

Esthonia,  Livonia,  and  a  large  part  of  Finland  added  to  the 

empire 1715 

Peter  visits  Germany,  Holland,  and  France " 

Je.'suits  expelled 1718 

Conspiracy  and  mysterious  death  of  prince  Alexis 7  July,     " 

Peter  II.  (last  of  the  Romanoffs)  deposed,  and  the  crown  given 

to  Anne  of  Courland 1730 

Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  I.,  reigns,  in  prejudice  of  Ivan  VI., 

an  infant,  who  is  imprisoned  for  life 1741 

Peter  III.,  dethroned  and  murdered,  succeeded  by  Catherine, 

his  wife 1762 

Ivan  VI.,  rightful  heir,  till  now  immured,  put  to  death 1764 

Treaty  of  Kutschouc  Kainardji;  independence  of  the  Crimea 

and  freedom  of  the  Black  sea July,  1774 

Rebellion  of  the  Cossacks,  1774 ;  suppressed .'  1775 

Successful  invasions  of  the  Crimea 1769-84*, 

Dismemberment  of  Poland;  commenced  by  Catherine,  1772- 

completed I  I795 

Catherine  gives  her  subjects  a  new  code  of  laws;  abolishes  tort- 
ure in  punishing  criminals:  d 1796 

Unsuccessful  war  with  Persia .'.**'     " 

Russian  treaty  with  Austria  and  England...'.'."..*.!'.*.'.!  .'.",''..*.  1798 
Suwarrow,  with  an  army,  joins  the  Austrians,  and  checks  the 

French  in  Italy 1799 

Mental  derangement  of  Paul,  1800 ;  murdered ! !  !24  Mch.  1801 

Alexander  I.  makes  peace  with  England May,     " 

He  joins  the  coalition  against  France 11  Apr.  1805 

Allies  defeated  at  Austerlitz 2  Dec.     " 

Treaty  of  Tilsit  with  France 7  July,  1807 

Russians  defeated  by  the  Turks,  near  Silistria 26  Sept.  1809 

War  with  France June,  1812 

Russians  defeated  at  Smolensko,  17  Aug. ;  and  at  the  Borodino, 

7  Sept.     " 
Moscow  burned  by  the  Russians,  14  Sept. ;  retreat  of  the  French 

hegina 15  Oct.     ' ' 

Alexander  present  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  Oct  1813;  enters 
Pa"8 Mch.  1814 


He  visits  England June,  1814 

Forms  the  Holy  Alliance I815 

Grand-duke  Constantine  renounces  the  succession 26  Jan.  1822 

Death  of  Alexander,  1  Dec. ;  Pestal's  conspiracy  against  Nich- 
olas I. ;  insurrection  of  troops  at  Moscow;  suppressed, 

26-29  Dec.  1825 

Nicholas  crowned  at  Moscow 3  Sept.  1826 

War  against  Persia 28  Sept.     " 

Nicholas  visits  England;  receives  the  order  of  the  Garter, 

9  July,  1827 

Peace  between  Russia  and  Persia 22  Feb.  1828 

War  between  Russia  and  the  Ottoman  Porte  declared  (Battles, 

Tl'rkky) 26  Apr.     " 

Peace  of  Adrianople 14  Sept.  1829 

War  for  the  independence  of  Poland  against  Russia. .  .29  Nov.  1830 

P^ailure  of  expedition  against  Khiva Jan.  1840 

Treaty  of  London  (Syria) 15  July,     " 

Grand-duke  Constantine  arrives  at  Portsmouth  in  the  Inger- 

manland  of  74  guns 9  June,  1846 

[For  Russia  in  the  Hungarian  war  of  1848-49,  Hungary.] 
Russia  demands  the  expulsion  of  the  Hungarian  and  Polish 

refugees  from  Turkky 5  Nov.  184!) 

They  are  sent  to  Konieh  in  Asia  Minor Jan.  1850 

Harbor  of  Sebastopol  completed Feb.     " 

Emperor  decrees  enrolment  of  7  men  in  each  thousand  in 

western  Russia ;  total  increase,  180,000  soldiers Aug.     '« 

St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  railway  begun 1851 

Czar  concentrates  forces  on  frontiers  of  Turkey Feb.  1853 

Origin  of  the  Russo-Turkish  war  (Holy  places) Mch.     " 

Czar  issues  a  manifesto  to  his  subjects;  he  will  combat  only 

for  the  faith  and  Christianity 23  Apr.  1854 

Death  of  czar  Nicholas;  accession  of  Alexander  II. ;  no  change 

of  policy 2  Mch.  1855 

Treaty  of  peace  at  Paris 30  Mch.  1856 

Amnesty  granted  to  the  Poles,  27  May;  5  political  offenders, 

etc. ;  Alexander  II.  crowned  at  Moscow 7  Sept.     " 

St.  Petersburg  and  Warsaw  railway  begun  by  government, 
1851 ;  ceded  to  Great  Russian  Railway  company  (about  335 

miles;  the  half  completed) " 

Partial  emancipation  of  serfs  on  imperial  domains 2  July,  1858 

Russian  naval  station  established  at  Villa  Franca,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, creates  political  excitement Aug.     " 

Czar  protests  against  the  recognition  of  the  sovereignty  of 

peoples 13  Feb.  1860 

Treaty  with  China  for  enlargement  of  commerce 1  Jan.  1861 

Decree  for  the  total  emancipation  of  serfs  (23,000,000)  through- 
out the  empire  in  2  years  (19  Feb.) 3  Mch.     " 

Demonstrations  and  repression  in  Poland Feb. -Apr.     " 

Disturbances  in  S.  Russia,  cauS'ed  by  an  impostor  claiming  to 
be  a  descendant  of  Peter  III. ;  many  peasants  shot  or  flogged, 

May  and  June,     " 

Nobles  sign  a  petition  for  a  political  constitution Nov.     " 

Increased  privileges  granted  to  the  Jews 26  Jan.  1862 

Russia  recognizes  the  kingdom  of  Italy 10  July,     " 

1000th  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  the  Russian  monarchy 

at  Novgorod  celebrated 20  Sept.     " 

Reorganization  of  the  departments  of  justice  decreed;  juries 

to  be  employed  in  trials,  etc 14  Oct.     " 

Insurrection  in  Poland 22-24  Jan.  1863 

[For  events,  Poland.] 

Termination  of  serfdom 3  Mch.     " 

Provincial  institutions  established  throughout  Russia.  .13  Jan.  1864 
Great  victory  over  the  Oubykhs  in  the  Caucasus,  31  Mch. ; 
emigration  of  the  Caucasian  tribes  into  Turkey,  Apr. ;  sub- 
mission of  the  Aibgas;  the  war  declared  at  an  end. .  .2  June,     " 
Czarowitz  betrothed  to  princess  Dagmar  of  Denmark.  .28  Sept.     " 
Serfdom  abolished  in  the  Transcaucasian  provinces;  new  judi- 
cial system  promulgated Dec.     " 

Russian  nobles  request  emperor  to  establish  2  houses  of  repre- 
sentatives (declined) 24  Jan.  18G5 

New  province,  "Turkestan,"  in  central  Asia,  created,  14  Feb.     " 

Czarowitz  Nicholas  d.  at  Nice 24  Apr.     " 

Rupture  with  the  pope  on  account  of  Russian  severity  to 

Polish  clergy Jan.  and  Feb.  1866 

Inauguration  of  trial  by  jury  in  Russia. . . ; 8  Aug.     " 

Karakozow  attempts  to  assassinate  the  czar,  16  Apr. ;  after 

long  investigation  he  is  executed 15  Sept.     " 

War  with  Bokhara;  conflicts  with  varying  results;  Russians 

advance  in  May  et  seq. ;  ended Nov.     " 

Marriage  of  prince  Alexander,  heir  to  the  crown,  to  princess 

Dagmar  of  Denmark .9  Nov.     " 

Emancipation  of  many  state  serfs  in  Poland 11  Nov.     " 

Three  decrees,  abolishing  remains  of  Polish  nationality.  .1  Jan.  1867 

Congress  of  Slavonian  deputies  at  Moscow 5  May,     " 

Russian  America  sold  to  U.  S.  for  $7,200,000,  by  treaty,  13  Mch. ; 

ratified 15  May,     " 

Amnesty  in  favor  of  the  Poles 29  May, 

Czar  escapes  assassination  by  Berezowski,  a  Pole 6  June, 

Decree  for  Russian  language  in  Baltic  provinces 7  July, 

A  Romanist  college,  to  replace  the  authority  of  the  pope,  es- 
tablished at  St.  Petersburg 2  Aug.     •• 

Separate  interior  government  in  Poland  suppressed 29  Feb.  1868 

Samarcand  taken  by  Kaufmann 26  May,     " 

Polish  language  interdicted  in  public  places  in  Poland — July,     " 
Government  Messenger,  oflacial  journal,  published  at  St.  Peters- 
burg  13  Jan.  1869 

Socialist  secret  conspiracy  of  students,  headed  by  Sergius 

Netschajew,  detected;  informer  assassinated Jan.  1870 

Burlingame,  Chinese  envoy,  arrives 2  Feb.     " 

Dies  at  St.  Petersburg 22  Feb.     " 

Schamyl,  the  Circassian  chief,  d about  Apr.  1871 


1871 
1872 


1874 
1875 


1876 


1877 


RUS  701 

Electric  telegraph  between  St.  Petersburg  and  Nagasaki,  Japan, 
completed Nov. 

200th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Peter  the  Great,  30  May,  1672 
(o.s.),  celebrated  by  court  and  nation 11  June, 

Russian  encyclopaedia  undertaken  by  prof.  Beresina.  .autumn, 

Reconnoitring  expedition  to  Khiva;  defeat  of  gen.  Markosofif 
announced Dec. 

E.xpeditions  against  Khiva  start Mch. 

Khiva  surrenders,  10  June;  a  rebellion  suppressed July, 

Jumuden  Turcomans  defeated  at  Tschandyr 25,  27  July, 

New  treaty  with  Bokhara  published Dec. 

Grand  duchess  Marie  marries  duke  of  Edinburgh 23  Jan. 

War  with  Khokand i  Sept. -Oct. 

Baltic  provinces  (formerly  a  provincial  federation  with  a  gov- 
ernor) incorporated  with  empire  under  the  ministry  of  the 
interior,  on  death  of  governor  Bagration 29  Jan. 

Khokand  formally  annexed  (as  Ferghana) 29  Feb. 

Persecution  of  the  sect  "White  Doves  "  (Skoptzi) Apr. 

Many  Russian  volunteers  in  Servian  army July-Sept. 

Depression  through  Servian  defeats Oct. 

Enthusiasm  for  Bulgarians;  partial  mobilization  of  the  army 
ordered about  14  Nov. 

Great  enthusiasm  for  Bulgarians;  war  declared  and  begun  (Tur- 
key and  Russo-TuRKiSH  wars,  1877) 24  Apr. 

Great  trial  of  Nihilists  for  revolutionary  propagandism  begun, 

about  31  Oct.     " 

Russian  loan  of  15,000,000^.  at  5  per  cent,  announced.  .12  Nov.     " 

Nihilist  trial  ended;  about  160  sentenced  to  hard  labor;  about 
90  acquitted about  9  Feb.  1878 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Turkey  signed  at  San  Stefano;  Europe 
dissatisfied 3  Mch.     " 

Vera  Zasulitch  (or  Sassulitchj,  a  young  woman  who  acknowl- 
edged firing  at  gen.  Trepoff,  prefect  of  St.  Petersburg  (5  Feb. ), 
for  severity  to  prisoners,  acquitted  by  jury 12  Apr.     " 

Reported  spread  of  Nihilism  in  Kief,  Moscow,  etc Apr.     " 

Public  depression:  feeling  against  Bulgarians;  desire  to  get 
quit  of  the  Eastern  question May-,Iune,     " 

Conference  at  Berlin  meets  13  June;  treaty  signed,  13  July,     " 

Gen.  Kaufmann's  advance  on  the  Oxus  to  occupy  Balkh  re- 
ported  Aug.     " 

Nihilists  tried  and  condemned  at  Odessa;  riots  ensued.  .5  Aug.     " 

General  disaffection  to  the  government;  gen.  de  Mesentzofif, 
chief  of  police,  assassinated  in  the  street  in  St.  Petersburg, 

16  Aug.     " 

New  5-per-cent.  loan  (300,000,000  rubles)  issued,  29,  30,  31  Aug.     " 

Ukase,  state  oflences  to  be  punished  by  military  law, 

end  of  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Drentelen  made  chief  of  police 6  Oct.     " 

Prince  Demetrius  Krapotkine,  governor,  assassinated  returning 
from  a  ball  at  Kharkoff". 21  or  22  Feb.  1879 

Attempted  assassination  of  Drentelen,  25  Mch. ;  and  of  czar  by 
Alexander  SoloviefT,  a  school- master,  with  a  revolver,  14  Apr.     " 

Poll-tax  abolished  by  ukase Apr.     " 

Ukase,  martial  law  ordained  in  provinces  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Moscow,  Kief,  Odessa,  and  Warsaw 17  Apr.     " 

Land  and  Liberty,  a  Nihilist  newspaper,  freely  yet  surrepti- 
tiously circulated Apr.     " 

SoloviefT  condemned,  7  June;  executed 9  June,     " 

Trials,  convictions,  and  executions  of  Nihilists  at  Kief  and 
Odessa May-Aug.     " 

Gen.  Lazareff,  commander  of  expedition  against  the  Tekkd 
Turcomans,  d.  at  Tchat about  13  Aug.     " 

Gen.  Lomakine  succeeds  in  command;  severe  battle  at  Geok 
Tep6  or  Dengli  Tepe ;  Russians  said  to  be  victorious,  yet  re- 
treat with  heavy  loss 9  Sept.     " 

Tergukasoff  succeeds  Lomakine  in  command 25  Sept.     " 

Leon  Mirsky  condemned  to  death  for  attempted  assassination 
of  gen.  Drentelen,  chief  of  police 27,  28  Nov.     " 

Attempted  assassination  of  czar  by  undermining  railway  train 
near  Moscow ;  none  hurt ;  baggage  carriages  destroyed,  1  Dec.     " 

Proclamation  of  the  executive  revolutionary  committee  justify- 
ing the  attempted  assassination  on  1  Dec 4  Dec.     " 

Plot  to  blow  up  the  Winter  palace,  St.  Petersburg,  discovered, 

12  Dec.     " 

Will  of  the  People,  revolutionary  paper,  freely  circulated, 

Nov.,  Dec.     " 

Explosion  in  a  guard-room  filled  with  dynamite  and  gun-cotton 
under  the  dining-room  of  the  Winter  palace,  St.  Petersburg; 
czar  and  family  escape,  being  late  for  dinner;  11  soldiers 
killed,  47  wounded;  between  6  and  7  p.m 17  Feb.  1880 

Hartmann,  owner  of  a  house  near  the  explosion,  arrested  at 
Paris about  20  Feb.     " 

Panic  at  St.  Petersburg;  ukase  issued,  appointing  supreme  ex- 
ecutive commission,  gen.  Loris  Melikoff  president,  with  ex- 
tensive powers;  virtual  dictator 24  Feb.     " 

Extradition  of  Hartmann  requested  by  Russia;  declined.. Mch.     " 

Twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  czar's  accession  celebrated  at 
St.  Petersburg 2  Mch.     " 

Hippolyte  Molodzoff'(Mladetsky,  or  Wladitsky.  or  Mlodecki),  a 
converted  Jew,  fires  at  gen.  Loris  Melikoff,  4  Mch. ;  hanged, 

5  Mch.     " 

Hartmann  expelled  from  France;  goes  to  England;  prince  Or- 
loff,  ambassador,  quits  France about  6  Mch.     " 

Nihilist  trials  at  St.  Petersburg;  sentences  to  death  and  im- 
prisonment (dr.  Weimar  and  others) ;  commuted May,     " 

Death  of  the  empress  after  a  long  illness 3  June,     " 

Twenty-one  extreme  Nihilists  convicted  at  Kief  (capital  sen- 
tences remitted) ' about  7  Aug.      " 

I'kase  of  24  Feb.  superseded;  Melikoff",  who  had  governed  well, 
appointed  minister  of  the  interior,  with  charge  of  the  police, 

18  Aug.     " 


RUS 

Melikofl^'s  scheme  for  administrative  reform  sanctioned  by  the 
czar;  announced  3  Oct. ;  put  into  action 25  Oct.  et  seq. 

Russia,  new  national  daily  paper,  published Oct. 

.Nihilists  tried  at  St.  Petersburg  for  assassinations,  explosion  at 
Winter  palace,  etc. ;  Kviatofsfci  and  4  others  condemned  to 
death;  8  men  and  3  women  to  imprisonment 10  Nov. 

Kviatofski  and  Priessnakofl"  hanged 16  Nov. 

Gen.  Skobeleff"'s  expedition  into  central  Asia 24  Dec. 

Severe  conflicts  with  the  Tekke  Turcomans 14  Jan. 

Geok  Tep6  besieged ;  taken 24  Jan. 

Assassination  of  the  czar  Alexander  II.  by  explosion  of  a  bomb ; 
assassin  himself  killed;  Risakofi"  seized 2  p.m.  13  Mch. 

Mine  for  explosion  discovered  in  the  middle  of  St.  Petersburg, 

about  15  Mch. 

Circular  of  the  new  czar  Alexander  III.  to  foreign  powers;  he 
will  aim  at  moral  and  material  development  of  Russia,  and 
a  pacific  foreign  policy 16  Mch. 

Manifesto  from  the  Nihilist  executive  committee  to  the  czar 
ofi'ering  peace,  for  amnesty  with  a  legislative  assembly 
elected  by  universal  suffrage,  free  press,  etc 22  Mch. 

Trial  of  Risakoff",  Sophie  Perofl"skaja,  Jelabofi",  Jessie  or  Hessie 
Heljmann,  Kibaichick,  and  Michailoff  (4  men  and  2  women), 
all  condemned  to  death 8,  9  Apr. 

Tekk^s  submit;  maraudings  cease;  object  of  Skobeleff^'s  expedi- 
tion accomplished;  announced 9  Apr. 

Risakoff'and  others  banged;  Heljmann  {enceinte)  reprieved, 

15  Apr. 

Changes  in  ministerial  offices;  tendency  to  reduce  autocracy 
of  the  czar  announced ". about  4  May, 

Ukase  supplementary  to  that  of  19  Feb.  1861,  for  emancipating 
serfs,  remitting  payments  to  many  peasant  proprietors,  an- 
nounced  early  May, 

Reactionary  proclamatioiis  in  favor  of  autocracy  (29  Apr.),  11 
May;  resignation  of  count  Loris  Melikoflf  and  other  liberal 
ministers  soon  after about  13  May, 

Gen.  IgnatiefT.  chief  minister,  issues  manifesto  declaring  for 
suppression  of  rebellion,  and  promising  reforms;  manifesto 
from  Nihilists  offering  peace  if  reforms  be  granted. .  .23  May, 

Nihilist  trials  at  St.  Petersburg;  10  sentenced  to  death,  28  Feb. ; 
sentence  commuted  to  penal  servitude  (except  as  to  Sucha- 
noff,  who  is  to  be  shot) Mch. 

Gen.  Strelnikoff,  public  prosecutor,  assassinated  at  Odessa  by  2 
students,  30  Mch. ;  students  executed 3  Apr. 

Retirement  of  Gortschakoff,  succeeded  by  De  Giers  as  chancel- 
lor and  foreign  minister about  9  Apr. 

Mine  discovered  under  Moscow  cathedral;  80  workmen  ar- 
rested   about  15  Apr. 

Decree  for  the  gradual  abolition  of  the  poll-tax  (imposed  by- 
Peter  the  Great) beginning  June, 

Ignatieff"  resigns,  succeeded  by  count  Tolstoi about  12  June, 

Death  of  gen.  Skobeleff,  the  hero  of  Plevna,  aged  39 7  July, 

Death  of  prince  GortschakofT,  aged  85 11  Mch. 

Trial  of  Nihilists  at  St.  Petersburg;  some  sentenced  to  death 
(remitted),  others  to  imprisonment 19  Apr. 

Emperor  and  empress  crowned  at  Moscow 27  May, 

Poll-tax  abolished  for  the  poorest,  reduced  for  others  (1  Jan. 
1884)  on 8  June, 

Foundation  of  memorial  church  at  the  place  where  Alexander 
II.  was  assassinated  at  St.  Petersburg,  laid  by  the  czar,  16  Oct. 

Sixty-three  Nihilists  sentenced  to  Siberia 19  Oct. 

Lieut.  Sudeikin,  chief  of  secret  police,  and  his  nephew,  M.  Sa- 
dovsky,  assassinated  at  St.  Petersburg;  attributed  to  Nihi- 
lists aided  by  Jablonsky,  a  subordinate,  whose  life  Sudeikin 
had  saved night  of  28-29  Dec. 

Thirty-seven  students  at  Moscow  arrested;  announced.  .9  Jan. 

Loyal  address  of  the  nobles  to  the  czar,  advocating  union  of 
nobles  and  peasantry 25  Jan. 

Surrender  of  Merv  to  Russia,  effected  by  gen.  Komaroff,  an- 
nounced  14  Feb. 

Convention  with  Persia  for  cession  of  Sarakhs  (threatening  to 
Afghanistan)  reported 6  May, 

Majority  of  the  czarowitz  (aged  16)  declared 18  May, 

Death  of  gen.  Todleben,  born  1818 1  July, 

Maria  Wassilieona  Kaliouchnaia,  at  Odessa,  sentenced  to  20 
years'  hard  labor  for  attempt  to  shoot  col.  Katensky, 

about  11  Sept. 

Letters  of  "  Stepniak  "  and  others  expose  cruel,  dishonest,  and 
unscrupulous  conduct  of  government  officials  in  prohibiting 
diffusion  of  knowledge  and  literature;  proposed  united  op- 
position of  nobility  and  peasantry Sept. -Oct. 

Circulation  of  many  religious  books  prohibited 

Fourteen  Nihilists  (including  6  officers  and  3  women,  one, 
Mary  F.  Figner)  convicted  by  secret  court-martial;  8  sen- 
tenced to  death  at  St.  Petersburg,  11  Oct. ;  2  men  executed, 

18  Oct 

Nihilist  journal,  Narodnaia  Volia,  reappears about  27  Oct. 

Mission  of  M.  Lessar,  engineer -diplomatist,  to  London  re- 
specting central  Asian  boundaries Feb. 

Ship-canal  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Cronstadt  completed " 

Russians  advance  to  about  90  miles  from  Herat,  and  hold  Zul- 
fikar  pass Feb. 

Three  courses  before  them:  to  retire;  to  remain  and  negoti- 
ate ;  to  make  war 1  Mch. 

Agreement,  no  farther  advance  on  "debated  or  debatable 
ground  "  by  Russians  or  Afghans  (since  termed  a  "solemn 
covenant") 16  or  17  Mch. 

Gen.  Komaroff  attacks  the  Afghans  at  Ak-tepe,  oh  the  river 
Kushk,  alleging  provocation;  hundreds  of  Afghans  killed, 
others  perish  from  exposure,  and  the  rest  retire  from  their 
camp;  53  Russians  killed  and  wounded,  30  Mch. ;  his  state- 
ments controverted  by  sir  Peter  Lumsden 14  Apr. 


1884 


1885 


RUS  702 

RoMian  nn.  Komaroff,  near  the  Kushk  and  Murghab  rivers, 
ooromands  Afjjlinus  to  retire;  on  refusal,  dofoats  thorn  at 
Ak  up*  (or  Ak  io|K)  or  Pul  i-khus  khusti),  near  l'oi\jdch,  and 
captures  artillorv  and  stores  ;  many  Afghans  perish  in  re- 
treat through  oxiKwure,  30  Mch. ;  sir  Peter  Lumsden  reports 
the  attack  unprovoked about  21  Apr.  1886 

Brtiisli  government  announces  agreenaent  to  arbitration  (by 
lK«nm»rk) 4  May,  et  seq.     " 

BriUin  pre|>aros  for  war  with  energy,  strongly  supported  by 
the  colonies  and  Indian  princes May,     " 

British  government  sUtement;  new  agreement  with  Russia; 
arbitration  respecting  fight  on  30  Mch.  accepted  i  May; 
Denmark  accepts  work  of  arbitration May,     " 

Agreement  on  dellmiution  settled  by  earl  Granville  and  earl 
of  Kimborley,  with  MM.  de  Staal  and  Lessar;  approval  re- 
ported  30  May,     " 

Tchesmi,  ironclad,  launched  by  the  czar  at  Sobastopol  (other 
Teasels  constructing) 18  May,  1886 

Russia  violates  treatv  of  Berlin  by  declaring  Batoum  not  to  be 
a  nree  port July,      ' 

Russian  interference  in  Bitloaria Sept-Dec.     " 

Plot  against  the  czar;  students  with  dynamite  and  other  ex- 
plosives detected,  13  Mch. ;  200  arrested Mch.  1887 

Three  plotters  executed,  31  Mch. ;  7  political  otfonders  sentenced 
to  death,  the  rest  to  various  terms  of  imprisonment,  1  May; 
more  arrests  about  18  May ;  5  executed 16  May,     " 

Prince  Nicholas,  the  czarowitz.  made  chief  ataman  (hetman) 
of  all  the  Cossacks  at  Novo-Tcherkask 18  May,     " 

Baron  Hirschs  present  of  2,000,000/.  for  primary  Jewish 
schools  in  Russia  accepted  by  the  czar;  to  be  paid  into  the 
bank  of  England;  trustees,  barons  Rothschild  and  Henry  de 
Worms,  announced  Nov. ;  said  to  be  premature Dec.     " 

Stringent  restrictions  on  studies  of  universities;  insubordina- 
tion among  students,  and  severe  punishment;  universities 
of  Moscow,  St  Petersburg,  Odessa,  and  many  other  academi- 
cal institutions  closed;  nearly  all  undergraduates  in  rebel- 
lion  Nov.-Dec.     '' 

Highest  courts  of  law  reject  the  claim  of  prince  Hohenlohe  to 
inherit  the  Wittgenstein  estates  in  Lithuania,  as  a  foreigner 
(in  accordance  with  the  ukase,  14  Mch.  1887) Mch.  1888 

Central  Asian  (or  Transcaspian)  railway  opened;  promoted  by 
gen.  Anhenkoff May,     " 

Ninth  centenary  of  the  introduction  of  Christianity  celebrated 
at  Kieflf. 27  July,     ' ' 

Grand  council  disapproves  administrative  changes  proposed 
by  count  Tolstoi  substituting  centralization  for  local  self-gov- 
ernment, which  the  czar  had  approved  (1888) ;  the  Zemtvo, 
established  about  1864,  being  virtually  abolished Feb.  1889 

Death  of  count  Tolstoi,  minister  of  the  interior 7  May,     " 

Czarowitz,  aged  21,  appointed  to  military  and  political  office, 

18  May,     " 

Marriage  of  the  grand-duke  Paul  and  the  princess  Alexandra  of 
Greece 17  June,     " 

Count  Tolstoi's  administrative  changes  eCTected,  with  increased 
Russiflcation  of  the  German  provinces  and  Finland Feb.  1890 

Man  chosen  to  assassinate  the  czar,  by  lot,  commits  suicide, 
leaving  a  letter  incriminating  associates 31  Mch.     '• 

Czar  threatened  by  a  letter  from  Maria  Tshebrikova,  a  popular 
writer  on  education,  for  continuing  to  suppress  liberty, 
5  Mch. ;  she  is  arrested  and  transported  to  the  Caucasus,  Apr.     " 

Revival  of  severe  edicts  against  the  Jews July,     " 

Great  protest  against  persecution  of  Jews;  headed  by  count 
Leon  Tolstoi;  publication  forbidden  by  government Nov.     " 

Decree  for  the  revision  of  all  foreign  titles  of  nobility  .  .15  Dec.     " 

New  law  for  the  legitimatizing  of  bastards  promulgated. . .  Apr.  1891 

Rescript  from  the  czar  placing  the  Siberian  railway  under  the 
direction  of  the  czarowitz  (Railroads) 24  May,     " 

Count  Tolstoi's  administrative  changes  relative  to  the  peasant- 
ry effected  at  St  Petersburg  and  other  provinces July,     " 

Czarowitz  returns  to  Moscow  after  a  tour 16  Aug.     " 

[He  visited  Vienna,  6  Nov. ;  at  Athens,  12  Nov. ;  at  Cairo, 
23  Nov.;  at  Bombay,  23  Dec.  1890;  received  by  the  viceroy 
at  Calcutta,  26-28  Jan.  1891 ;  at  Madras,  6  Feb. ;  Ceylon,  13 
Feb. ;  Bangkok,  Siam,  26  Mch. ;  travels  in  China,  Japan,  Apr., 
May;  at  Otsu,  in  Japan,  he  is  wounded  by  a  fanatical  officer 
in  a  theatre,  11  May;  traverses  Siberia,  June,  July,  1891.] 

Disputes  with  Great  Britain  respecting  the  Pamir  ridge  . .  Aug.     " 

Great  distress  through  famine  in  certain  districts  of  the  Volga 
and  other  places about  2  Sept  et  seq.     " 

Ivan  Alexandrovitch  Gontcharoflf,  popular  novelist,  aged  80,  d., 

27  Sept     " 

In  order  to  relieve  famine,  the  czar  forbids  all  state  balls  and 
festivities;  great  economy  adopted  by  all  classes Oct     " 

Famine  very  severe  in  the  central  and  eastern  provinces.  .Oct     " 

Decree  issued  prohibiting  the  exportation  of  wheat  and  all  its 
products 22  Nov.     " 

Czarowitz  president  of  a  committee  to  deal  with  the  famine  by 
private  charity,  the  ministry,  the  holy  synod,  and  others,  5 
Dec. ;  public  relief  works  established Dec.     " 

Grand-duke  Constantino  (brother  of  Alexander  II.),  learned, 
able,  and  liberal,  sometime  viceroy  of  Poland,  removed  on 
suspicion  of  favoring  the  Poles,  1886;  dies,  aged  64. .  .24  Jan.  1892 

Count  Tolstoi  (novelist)  relieves  distressed  people. .  .early  Mch.     " 

Russian  Jewish  emigrants  excluded  from  Germany 25  Mch.     " 

Large  supplies  of  American  wheat,  flour,  and  provisions,  trans- 
mitted for  the  relief  of  the  famine  by  the  citizens  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  the  Indiana;  from  Minnesota,  in  the  Missouri, 
arrive  at  Libau,  Courland,  Mch.,  Apr.;  transmitted  to  the 
distressed  districts 4  Apr.     " 

About  125,370,500  rubles  expchded  in  relief  of  the  sufferers  by 
famine,  Dec.  1891-May,  1892 ;  reported 13  June,     " 


RUS 

Removal  of  the  restrictions  on  the  exportation  oi  grair'.,  except 

rye,  21  June ;  of  rye .'23  Aug.  1892 

Cholera  severe  during Aug.  and  Sept     " 

Ukase  issued  expelling  the  Jews  from  the  Asiatic  provinces, 

19  May,  1893 
M.  Jablochkoff,  inventor  of  the  electric  candle,  dies  at  SaratofI, 

6  Apr.  1894 

Czar  Alexander  III.  dies  at  Livadia  in  the  Crimea 1  Nov.     " 

Nicholas  II.  proclaimed  Cziir 2  Nov.     " 

SOVEUEIGNS   OF   RUSSIA. 
DUKKS   OF   KIKF. 

850  ?  Ruric. 

879.  Oleg. 

913.  IgorL 

945.  Olga,  widow-  regent 

955.  Swiatoslaw  I.,  the  Victorious. 

973.  Jaropalk  I. 

980.  Vladimir,  orWladimir,  the  Great 
1015.  Swiatopalk. 
1018.  Jaraslaw,  or  Jaroslaf,  I. 
1054.  Isiaslaw  I. 
1073.  Swiatoslaw  II. 
1078.   WsewolodL 
1093.  Swiatopalk  IL 
1113.  Vladimir  IL 
1125.  Mitislaw. 
1132.  Jaropalk  II. 

1138.  ( Wiatschelaw. 

1139.  \  Wsewolod  II. 
1146.  ( Isiaslaw  II.  and  Igor  II. 
1153.  \Rostislaw. 
1149.  Jurie,  or  George,  I. ;  the  city  of  Moscow  was  built  by  this  duke. 

GRAND-DUKES  OF    WLADIMIR. 

1157.  (Andrew  I.  until  1175;  first  grand-duke. 

1175.  \  Michael  I. 

1177.  Wsewolod  IIL 

1213.        /Jurie,  or  George,  II. 

1217-18.  (Constantine. 

1238.  Jaraslaw  II.;  succeeded  by  his  son. 

1245.  Alexander-Nevski,  or  Newski,  the  Saint 

1263.  Jaraslaw  III. 

1270.  Vasali,  or  Basil,  I. 

1275.  Dmitri,  or  Demetrius,  I. 

1281.  Andrew  II. 

1294.  Daniel-Alexandrovitz. 

1303.  Jurie,  or  George,  III. ,  deposed. 

1305.  Michael  in. 

1320.  Vasali,  or  Basil,  II. 

1325.  Jurie,  or  George,  III. ;  restored. 

1327.  Alexander  II. 
[The  dates  are  doubtful,  owing  to  the  difficulty  that  occurs 

at  every  step  in  early  Russian  annals.] 

GRAND-DUKES  OF  MOSCOW. 

1328.  Ivan,  or  John,  I. 
1340.  Simeon  the  Proud. 
1353.  Ivan,  or  John,  II. 
13.59.   Demetrius  IT.,  prince  of  SusdaL 
1362.  Demetrius  III.  Donskoi. 
1389.  Vasali,  or  Basil,  III.  Temnoi. 
1425.  Vasali,  or  Basil,  IV. 

CZARS   OF  MUSCOVY. 
1462.  Ivan  (Basilovitz),  or  John,  III. ,  took'the  title  of  czar,  1482. 
1505.  Vasali,  or  Basil,  V.  obtained  the  title  of  emperor  from  Maxi 

railian  I. 
1533.  Ivan  IV.  the  Terrible;  a  tyrant 
1584.  Feodor,  or  Theodor,  I. ;  and  his  son,  Demetrius,  murdered  by 

his  successor, 
1598.  Boris-Godonof,  who  usurped  the  throne. 

1605.  Feodor  II. ,  murdered. 

1606.  Demetrius  the  Impostor,  a  young  Polish  monk;  pretended  to 
be  the  murdered  prince  Demetrius;  put  to  death. 

"      Vasali-Chouiski,  or  Zouinski. 
1610.  Ladislaus  of  Poland;  retired  1613. 
1613.  Michael-Feodorovitz,  of  the  house  of  Romanoff,  descended 

from  the  czar  Ivan  Basilovitz. 
1645.  Alexis,  son;  styled  the  father  of  his  country. 
1676.  Feodor,  or  Theodor,  II. 

ifiS9  i^^'<^^  V-  and 

loo^.  -^pg^gp  i^  brothers  of  the  preceding. 

EMPERORS  AND  EMPRESSES. 

1689.  Peter  I.  the  Great,  alone;  took  the  title  of  emperor  22  Oct 

1721;  founded  St.  Petersburg. 
1725.  Catherine  I.,  his  widow;  at  first  the  wife  of  a  Swedish  dra 

goon,  said  to  have  been  killed  on  the  day  of  marriage. 
1727.  Peter  II.,  son  of  Alexis  Petrovitz,  and  grandson  of  Peter  the 

Great;  deposed. 
1730.  Anne,  duchess  of  Courland,  daughter  of  the  czar  Ivan. 

1740.  Ivan  VI.,  an  infant,  grand-nephew  to  Peter  the  Great;  im- 
mured in  a  dungeon  for  18  years;  murdered  in  1764. 

1741.  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great,  reigned  during  Ivan's 
captivity. 

1762.  Peter  III.,  son  of  Anne  and  of  Charles  Frederick,  duke  of 
Holstein-Gottorp;  deposed,  and  died  soon  after;  supposed 
to  have  been  murdered. 
"      Catherine  IL,  his  consort;  a  great  sovereign;  extended  the 
Russian  territories  on  all  sides;  d.  17  Nov.  1796. 


I 


RUS 


703 


RUS 


1796.  Paul,  her  son ;  murdered  24  Mch.  1801. 

1810.  Alexande.  I.,  son;  b.  28  Dec.  1777;  d.  1  Dec.  1825. 

1825.  Nicholas  I.,  brother;  b.  25  June,  1796;  d.  2  Mch.  1855. 

1855.  Alexander  II.,  son  ;  b.  29  Apr.  1818  ;  married  28  Apr.  1841, 
Mary,  princess  of  Hesse  (d.  3  June,  1880);  said  to  have  mar- 
ried (morganatic)  princess  Dolgourouki,  19  (31)  July;  mar- 
riage announced,  Oct.  1880;  assassinated  at  St.  Petersburg, 
2  p.m.,  13  Mch.  1881. 

1881.  Alexander  III.,  b.  10  Mch.  1845;  d.  1  Nov.  1894;  married  Mary 
(formerly  Dagmar),  princess  of  Denmark,  9  Nov.  1866. 

1894.  Nicholas  11.,  son;  b.  18  May,  1868;  married  princess  Alix  of 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  26  Nov.  1894. 

Ru§§o- Turkish  (Crimean)  war— 1S53-56. 

In  1844,  czar  Nicholas  in  England  conversed  with  the  duke 
of  Wellington  and  lord  Aberdeen  (whom  he  had  known  many 
years)  respecting  dissolution  of  the  Turkish  empire ;  and  on 
return  embodied  his  views  in  a  memorandum  drawn  up  by 
count  Nesselrode,  which  was  transmitted  to  London,  but  kept 
secret  till  Mch.  1854.  In  Jan.  and  Feb.  of  that  year  the  czar 
had  several  conversations  on  the  subject  with  the  British 
envoy  at  St.  Petersburg,  sir  G.  H.  Seymour,  in  one  of  which 
(14  Jan.)  he  compared  Turkey  to  a  "sick  man  "  in  a  state  of 
decrepitude,  on  the  point  of  death,  and  made  proposals  to  the 
British  government  for  the  disposal  of  his  property.  He  stated 
frankly  that  he  would  not  permit  the  British  to  establish  them- 
selves at  Constantinople;  but  said,  in  another  conversation,  he 
would  not  object  to  their  possessing  Egypt.  The  purport  of 
these  conversations  was  conveyed  in  despatches  to  lord  John 
Russell,  who  replied  that  the  British  government  declined  to 
make  any  provision  for  the  contingency  of  the  fall  of  Turkey. 
The  czar  made  similar  proposals  to  the  French  government, 
with  the  same  result.  The  Russian  and  French  governments 
having  each  taken  a  side  in  the  dispute  between  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches  as  to  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  Holy 
PLACES  in  Palestine,  the  Porte  advised  a  mixed  commission, 
which  decided  in  favor  of  the  Greeks ;  and  a  firman  was  pro- 
mulgated accordingly,  9  Mch.  1853.  To  this  decision  the 
French  acceded,  although  dissatisfied. 
Russians  make  further  claims,  and  prince  Mcnschikoff  (who 
arrived  at  Constantinople  28  Feb.  1853),  by  various  notes  (be- 
tween 22  Mch.  and  18  May)  demands  that  the  sultan  sign  a 
convention  granting  the  czar  such  a  protectorate  over  the 
Greek  Christians  in  Turkey  as  the  sultan  considered  inimi- 
cal to  his  own  authority 22  Mch. -18  May,  1853 

Demand  rejected;  Menschikoft' quits  Constantinople.  ..21  May,     " 
Sultan  issues  a  hattischerif  confirming  rights  and  privileges 

of  Greek  Christians,  and  appeals  to  his  allies 6  June,     " 

English  and  French  fleets  anchor  in  Besika  bay 13  June,     " 

Russians,  under  gen.  Luders,  cross  the  Pruth  and  enter  Mol- 
davia  2  July,     " 

Circular  of  count  Nesselrode  in  justification,  2  July;  lord  Clar- 
endon's reply 16  July,     " 

Representatives  of  England,  France,  Austria,  and  Prussia  meet 
at  Vienna;  agree  to  a  note,  31  July;  accepted  by  czar,  10 
Aug. ;  sultan  requires  modifications,  19   Aug. ;   which   the 

czar  rejects 7  Sept.     " 

Two  English  and  2  French  ships  enter  Dardanelles 14  Sept.     " 

Sultan  (with  consent  of  a  great  national  council)  declares  war 

against  Russia 5  Oct.     " 

Turkish  fortress  at  Issaktocha  fires  on  a  Russian  flotilla  (the 

first  act  of  war) 23  Oct.     " 

Turks  cross  the  Danube  at  Widdin  and  occupy  Kalafat, 

28  Oct. -3  Nov.     " 

Russia  declares  war  against  Turkey 1  Nov.     " 

English  and  French  fleets  enter  Bosporus 2  Nov.     " 

Russians  defeated  at  OUenitza 4  Nov.     " 

Turks  (in  Asia)  defeated  at  Bayandur,  Atskur,  and  Achaltzik, 

14, 18,  26  Nov.     " 

Turkish  fleet  destroyed  at  Sinope 30  Nov.     " 

Collective  note  from  the  4  powers,  demanding  on  what  terms 

the  Porte  will  negotiate  for  peace 5  Dec.     " 

Contests  at  Kalafat 31  Dec.  1853  to  9  Jan.  1854 

At  the  request  of  Porte  (5  Dec),  allied  fleets  enter  the  Black 

sea 4  Jan.     " 

Russians  defeated  at  Citate 6  Jan.     '* 

Reply  of  Porte  to  note  of  5  Dec.  proposes  4  points  as  bases  of 
negotiation  — viz. :  1.  Prompt  evacuation  of  the  principali- 
ties. 2.  Revision  of  the  treaties.  3.  Maintenance  of  relig- 
ious privileges  to  communities  of  all  confessions.  4.  A  de- 
finitive settlement  of  the  convention  respecting  Holy  Places 

(dated  31  Dec),  approved  by  the  4  powers 13  Jan.     " 

Vienna  conferences  close 16  Jan.     " 

Kalafat  Invested  by  the  Russians 28-31  Jan.     " 

Proposal  in  a  letter  from  the  emperor  of  the  French  to  the 

czar  (29  Jan.)  declined 9  Feb.     " 

Turkish  flotilla  at  Rustchuk  destroyed  by  the  Russians  under 

Schilders 15  Feb.     " 

Ultimatum  of  England  and  France  sent  to  St.  Petersburg,  27  Feb.     " 

Czar  "did  not  judge  it  Citable  to  give  an  answer  " 19  Mch.     " 

Baltic  fleet  sails,  under  sir  C.  Napier. 11  Mch.     " 

Treaty  between  England,  France,  and  Turkey 12  Mch.     " 


Russians  under  Gortschakofl"  pass  the  Danube  and  occupy  the 

Dobrudscha;  conflicts;  the  Turks  retire 23,  24 'Mch.  18.54 

France  and  England  declare  war  against  Russia 27,  28  Mch.  •■ 

Rupture  between  Turkey  and  Greece 28  Mch. 

Gen.  Canrobert  and  French   troops  arrive  at  Gallipoli,  soon 

after  followed  by  the  English 31  Mch.  "• 

English  vessel  Furious,  with  a  flag  of  truce,  fired  on  at  Odessa, 

8  Apr.  "■ 
Austria,  England,  France,  and  Prussia  sign  a  protocol  at  Vienna 
guaranteeing  the  integrity  of  Turkey  and  civil  and  religious 

rights  of  her  Christian  subjects 10  Apr.  "• 

Russians  defeated  at  Kostelli  by  Mustapha  Pacha "  " 

Offensive  and  defensive  alliance  between  England  and  France, 

10  Apr.  " 

Treaty  between  A ustria  and  Prussia 20  Apr.  ' ' 

Bombardment  of  Odessa  by  allied  fleet 22  Apr.  "• 

Russiaus,  under  gen.  Schilders,  assault  Kalafat;  repulsed;  the 

blockade  raised 19-21  Apr.  '♦• 

Steamer  Tiger  run  aground  near  Odessa;  captured  by  the  Rus- 
sians  12  May,  "^ 

Russians  defeated  at  Turtiikai 13  May,  '* 

Siege  of  Silistria  begun 17  May,  '*■ 

Allied  armies  disembark  at  Varna 29  May,  "■ 

Russians  defeated  by  theTurks  at  Karakai 30  May,  "■ 

Mouths  of  the  Danube  blockaded  by  allied  fleets 1  June,  "■ 

Russians  repulsed  at  Silistria;  Paskiewitsch  and  many  officers 

wounded 5  June,  "■ 

Turks  defeated  at  Ozurgheti  (in  Asia) 16  June,  '* 

Severe  conflict  before  Silistria;  the  siege  raised 18-26  June,  "■ 

Batteries  at  the  Sulina  mouths  destroyed 26,  27  June,  '^ 

Russians  defeated  at  Giurgevo 7  July,  "• 

French  troops  (10,000)  embark  at  Boulogne  for  the  Baltic,  15  July,  "^ 
Turks  defeated  at  Bayazid  in  Armenia,  29,  30  July;  and  near 

Kars .* 5  Aug.  '«■ 

Surrender  of  Bomarsund 16  Aug.  •'- 

[In  July  and  August  the  allies  suffered  severely  from  cholera.] 

Russians  defeated  by  Schamyl  in  Georgia about  28  Aug.  "■ 

They  evacuate  the  principalities Aug. -20  Sept.  "^ 

By  virtue  of  a  treaty  with  Turkey  (June  14)  the  Austrians,  un- 
der count  Coronini,  enter  Bucharest 6  Sept.  "• 

Allies  sail  from  Varna,  3  Sept.,  and  land  at  Old  Fort,  near  Eupa- 

toria 14  Sept.  "^ 

Skirmish  at  the  Bulganac- 19  Sept.  " 

Battle  of  the  Alma 20  Sept.  "■ 

Russians  sink  part  of  their  fleet  at  Sebastopol 23  Sept.  "■ 

Allies  occupy  Balaklava 26  Sept.  "■ 

Death  of  marshal  St.  Aruaud 29  Sept.  "^ 

Gen.  Canrobert  his  successor 24  Nov.  "• 

Siege  of  Sebastopol  begins;  grand  attack  unsuccessful.  .17  Oct.  "■ 
Battle  of  Balaklava  ;  charge  of  the  light  cavalry,  with  severe 

loss 25  Oct.  '*■ 

Sortie  from  Sebastopol  repulsed  by  gens.  Evans  and  Bosquet, 

26  Oct.  '* 

Russian  attack  at  Inkerman ;  defeated 5  Nov.  "■ 

Miss  Nightingale  and  nurses  arrive  at  Scutari 6  Nov.  " 

Great  tempest  in  the  Black  sea,  loss  of  the  Prince  and  store 

vessels 14-16  Nov.  " 

Treaty  of  alliance  between  England,  France,  Austria,  and  Prus- 
sia; a  commission  to  meet  at  Vienna;  signed 2  Dec.  '• 

Russian  sortie 20  Dec.  " 

Omar  Pacha  arrives  in  the  Crimea  (followed  by  the  Turkish 

army  from  Varna) 5  Jan.  1855 

Sardinia  joins  England  and  France 26  Jan.  " 

Great  sufferings  in  the  camp  from  cold  and  sickness.  Jan.-Feb.  " 

Russians  defeated  by  the  Turks  at  Eupatoria 17  Feb.  " 

Death  of  emperor  Nicholas;  accession  of  Alexander  II.  (no 

change  of  policy) 2  Mch.  ' ' 

Sortie  from  the  Malakhoff  tower 22  Mch.  " 

Capture  of  Russian  rifle-pits 19  Apr.  " 

Arrival  of  Sardinian  contingent 8  May.  "■ 

Resignation  of  gen.  Canrobert,  succeeded  by  gen.  Pelissier, 

16  May,  '^ 

Desperate  night  combats 22-24  May,-  "^ 

Expedition  into  sea  of  Azof  (under  sir  E.  Lyons  and  sir  G. 
Brown) ;  destruction  of  Kertch  and  large  amount  of  stores, 

24  May-3  June,  " 

Taganrog  bombarded 3  June,  "^ 

Massacre  of  an  English  boat's  crew  with  flag  of  truce  at  Hango, 

5  June,  " 

Russians  evacuate  Anapa "  '* 

White  Works  and  Mamelon  Vert  taken 6,  7  June,  " 

Unsuccessful  attack  on  Malakhoflf  tower  and  Redan. . .  18  June,  '* 

Death  of  lord  Raglan ;  succeeded  by  gen.  Simpson 28  June,  '* 

Russians  invest  Kars  in  Armenia,  defended  by  gen.  Williams, 

15  July,  '^ 

Bombardment  of  Sweaborg 9  Aug.  " 

Defeat  of  the  Russians  at  the  Tchernaya 16  Aug.  "■ 

Ambuscade  on  the  glacis  of  the  Malakhoff  taken ;  Russian  sortie 

repulsed 18  Aug.  '* 

French  take  the  Malakhoff  by  assault;  English  assault  the 
Redan  without  success;  Russians  retire  from  Sebastopol  to 
the  North  Forts,  and  the  allies  enter  the  city;  Russians  de- 
stroy or  sink  the  remainder  of  their  fleet 8  Sept.  et  seq.  " 

Tanan  and  Fanagoria  captured 24  Sept.  " 

Russians  assaulting  Kars  are  defeated 29  Sept.  " 

Kinburn  taken 17  Oct.  " 

Russians  blow  upOczakoff 18  Oct.  " 

Defeat  of  the  Russians,  and  passage  of  the  Ingour  by  the  Turks, 

under  Omar  Pacha 6  Nov.  " 

Czar  visits  his  army  near  Sebastopol 10  Nov.  '* 

Sir  Wm.  Codrington  relieves  gen.  Simpson 14  Nov.  '' 


RUS 


704 


RUS 


Exploalon  of  lOO.OOO  lbs.  of  powder  In  tho  French  siege-train 

at  lukerroan;  grwii  loss  of  life 15  Nov.  1866 

Sweden  Joins  tUo  allies  by  a  treaty '21  Nov.     " 

CaullulHtion  of  Kara  to  gen.  Mouravlefl".  altera  gallant  defence 

by  gen.  Williams 2«  Nov.     " 

Kiitwian  utUick  on  the  French  \K>stB  at  Baldar  repulsed.  .8  Dec.     " 
Fru|K»(«U3  of  jwace  from  Austria,  with  the  consent  of  the  allies, 

scul  to  St.  Petersburg 12  Dec.     " 

Centre  dock  at  Sebasto[)ol  blown  up  by  the  English 2  Jan.  1866 

Council  of  war  at  Paris. 11  Jan.     " 

Prut04-«)1  signed  accepting  Austrian  propositions  as  basis  of  ne- 
gotiation  1  Feb.     " 

Destruction  of  Sebastopol  docks "         " 

Ke|)ort  of  sir  John  M'Nolll  and  col.  Tulloch  on  state  of  the 

army  before  Selnislopol,  pub 5  Feb.     " 

Peace  conferences  o|)en  at  Paris ;  an  armistice  till  31  Mcb. 

agreed  on 25  Feb.     " 

Susiwnsion  of  hostilities 29  Feb.     " 

Treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  Paris. 30  Mch.     " 

IToclamation  of  peace  In  Crimea,  2  Apr. ;  In  London. .  .29  Apr.     " 

Crimea  evacuated 9  July,     " 

The  Knglish  lost:  killed  in  action  and  died  of  wounds,  about  3500; 
died  of  cholera,  4244;  of  other  diseases,  nearly  16,000;  total  loss, 
nearly  24,000  (including  270  officers);  2873  were  disabled.  The  war 
added  to  the  national  debt  41,041,000^.  The  French  lost  about 
63,600  men ;  the  Russians  about  half  a  million.  The  array  suffered 
greatly  by  sickness. 

Rus§0-Tlirki§ll  War,  1877.     For  the  insur- 
rections, Servian  war,  and  the  negotiations,  Turkey. 
Czar  addresses  the  army  near  Kischeneff,  saying  that  "  he  has 
done  everything  in  his  power  to  avoid  war,  and  patience  is 
exhausted";"  Russian  embassy  quits  Constantinople.  .23  Apr.  1877 
War  declared;  czar's  manifesto  says  that  be  is  compelled,  by 
the  haughty  obstinacy  of  the  Porte,  to  proceed  to  decisive 
acts;  a  jusliflcatory  circular  to  foreign  powers  sent  out  by 
prince  Gortschakoff;  Russians  enter  Turkish  dominions  in 

Koumania  and  Armenia 24  Apr.     " 

Sultan's  circular  protests  against  the  war,  and  refers  to  his  re- 
forms and  the  treaty  of  Paris 25  Apr.     " 

[Russian  general-in-chief  in  Bulgaria,  grand-duke  Nicholas; 
in  Armenia,  grandduke  Michael.  Turkish  generals:  Abdul- 
Kerim  in  Europe;  Mukhtar  Pacha  in  Asia  Minor.] 

Russians  defeated  at  Tchuruk  Sou,  near  Batoum 26  Apr.     " 

Russians,  under  grand-duke  Michael  and  Loris  Melikoff,  advance 
into  Armenia,  defeat  Turks,  and  occupy  Bayazid  (deserted), 

29,  30  Apr.     " 
Earl  of  Derby  replies  to  Russian  circular  ;  he  refers  to  the 
treaty  of  1856  as  broken ;  does  not  consider  that  the  war  will 
benefit  Christians,  and  asserts  that  Russia  has  separated  her- 
self from  European  concert;  the  British  government  gives 

neither  concurrence  nor  approval  to  the  war 1  May,     " 

Turks  stop  the  passage  of  the  Danube,  and  blockade  the  Black 

sea 3  May,     *' 

Kalafat  occupied  by  Roumanians "         " 

Russians  defeated  in  attacking  Batoum 4  May,     " 

Turkish  monitor  Lufli  -  Djelil,  with  300  men,  blown  up  near 
Ibraila,  or  Braila,  on  the  Danube  (said  to  be  by  Russian 

shells) 11  May,     ' ' 

Sukhum  Khaleh,  Russian  fortress  in  the  Caucasus,  captured  by- 
Turks 14  May,     " 

Ardahan,  near  Kars,  Armenia,  stormed  by  Melikoff 17  May,     " 

Insurrection  in  Caucasus  supported  by  the  sultan, 

18  May  et  seq.     " 
Explosion  of  Turkish  monitor  I>ar-J/a<oin,  by  lieuts.  T.  Daubas- 

soff  and  Sheshlakoff,  with  torpedoes 26  May,     " 

Neutrality  of  Suez  canal  assured;  correspondence.  .May- June,     " 

Kars  invested  by  Russians 3  June,     " 

Czar  arrives  at  Plojesto  (Ployesto)  in  Roumania 6  June,     " 

Turks  defeated  at  Tahir,  or  Taghir,  Armenia 16  June,     " 

Turks  victors  at  Zewin  Dooz,  Eshek  -  Khalian,  Delibaba,  and 

other  places;  Russians  retreating 20  June,     ♦' 

Turks  successful  in  Montenegro  ;  country  reported  subdued, 

12-20  June,     " 
Russians  cross  Lower  Danube  by  bridges  at  Galatz  and  Braila; 
6  hours'  conflict  ensues ;  Turks  retire,  22  June ;  Russians 

occupy  Matchin,  23  June ;  and  Hirsova 25,  26  June,     " 

Grand-duke  Nicholas  crosses  the  Danube  at  Simnitza  by  208 
pontoons,  and  enters  Bulgaria;  Turks  retire  after  severe  con- 
flicts; 289  Russians  said  to  be  killed 27  June,     " 

Czar,  in  proclamation  to  Bulgarians,  encourages  Christians  and 

warns  Mahometans 28  June,     " 

Simnitza  bridge  destroyed  by  a  storm  or  by  Turks, 

about  30  June,     " 

British  fleet  arrives  at  Besika  bay 3  July,     " 

Biela,  Bulgaria,  taken  by  Russians about  5  July,     " 

Plevna,  Bulgaria,  occupied  by  Russians 6  July,     " 

Tirnova,  ancient  capital  of  Bulgaria,  captured  by  Russians  un- 
der gen.  Gourko 6,  7  July,     " 

Bayazid  reoccupied  by  Turks 12  July,     " 

Russians  forced  from  Kars  by  Mukhtar  Pacha 13  July,     " 

Invasion  of  Armenia  considered  a  failure July,     " 

Gourko  crosses  the  Balkans  and  enters  Roumelia,  13  July  (this 

movement  censured) ;  several  skirmishes 14, 15,  20  July,     " 

Nicopolis  (Nikopol)  surrenders  (after  severe  conflicts,  12-14 
July);  capture  of  2  pachas,  6000  men,  2  monitors,  and  40 

guns 15,  16  July,     " 

Turkish  commander,  Abdul-Kerim,  replaced  by  Mehemet  Ali 
(Jules  Detroit,  of  French  extraction);  Russians  retreating, 

July,     '< 


Suleiman   Pacha  brought  from  Montenegro  to  the  Schipka 

passes about  21  July, 

Aziz  Pacha  (able  and  popular)  killed  in  a  rash  conflict  at  P^sirje, 

near  Rasgrad 26  or  28  July, 

Russians  severely  defeated;  Plevna  retaken  by  Osman  Pacha, 

19,  20  July ;  Russians  again  defeated 30,  31  July, 

Hostilities  revived  in  Montenegro ;  the  Turkish  fortress  Nik- 

sich  besieged July, 

Severe  conflicts  between  Russians  and  Suleiman  Pacha  ;  the 

Turks  eventually  victors:  Eski  Saghra  and  Yeni  Sagra,  July; 

Kezanlik  and  Kalofer 30  July  et  seq. 

Roumanian  army  joins  the  Russians 9  Aug. 

Russians  under  Gourko  expelled  from  Roumelia;  retreat  to 

Schipka  passes about  11  Aug. 

Russians  in  the  Schipka  passes  relieved  by  Radetzky.  .21  Aug. 
Russians  defeated  at  Kara  Silar,  near  Osman  Bazar,  14  Aug. ; 

in  the  valley  of  the  Lom,  by  Mehemet  Ali.  .about  22-24  Aug. 
Russians  defeated  by  Mukhtar  Pacha  at  Kurukdara,  or  Kizil 

Tep€,  between  Kars  and  Alexandropol 24,  25  Aug. 

Desperate  fruitless  attempts  of  Suleiman  Pacha  to  gain  the 

Schipka  pass  held  by  Gourko  and  Radetzky 20,  27  Aug. 

Severe  12  hours'  battle  in  the  valley  of  the  Lom,  near  Szedina; 

Karahassankoi  taken  and  retaken  6  times  ;   Russians  (un- 
der the  czarowitz)  retire  in  good  order 30  Aug. 

Prince  Charles  with  Roumanians  crosses  the  Danube, 

about  31  Aug. 
Lovatz  or  Luftcha  captured  by  prince  Imeritinsky  and  Russians 

after  a  sharp  conflict 3  Sept. 

Further  successes  of  Mehemet  Ali  on  the  Lom  at  Katzelevo,  Ab- 

lava,  etc 4  Sept. 

Niksich  (left  by  Turks)  captured  by  Montenegrins 7  Sept. 

Sanguinary  conflicts  at  Plevna,  greatly  strengthened  by  Osman 

Pacha;  artillery  duel 7-10  Sept. 

Fierce  assault  by  Russians  and  Roumanians;   they  gain  the 

strong  Gravitza  redoubt  (with  others,  which  are  retaken) ;  the 

czar  present;  Russian  loss  about  20,000 11,  12  Sept. 

Fort  St.  Nicholas  in  Schipka  pass  taken  by  Suleiman  Pacha 

and  quickly  lost  ;  much  bloodshed 17  Sept. 

Russian  losses,  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  47,400  reported 

up  to 20  Sept. 

Mehemet  Ali  repulsed  in  his  attack  on  positions  at  Tchercovna, 

15  miles  from  Biela 21  Sept. 

Siege  of  Plevna  ;  Chefket  Pacha  enters  with  reinforcements 

after  several  skirmishes 22  Sept. 

Montenegrin  successes  continued Sept. 

Mehemet  Ali  retires  to  Kara  Lom about  25  Sept. 

Gen.  Todleben  made  chief  of  staff  before  Plevna 28  Sept. 

Battles  of  the  Yagni;  severe  conflicts ;  Russians  repulsed  near 

Ardahan,  Asia about  27,  30  Sept. 

Mehemet  Ali  replaced  by  Suleiman  Pacha;  Raouf  Pacha  sent 

to  Schipka 2,  3  Oct. 

Battles  near  Kars;  army  of  grand-duke  Michael  attacks  Turks 

under  Mukhtar  Pacha;  severely  defeated 2-4  Oct. 

Turkish  monitor  in  the  Danube  exploded  by  torpedoes, 

8  Oct. 
Relief  and  supplies  received  by  Turks  at  Plevna. .  .about  9  Oct. 
Battle  of  AladjaDagh  before  Kars;  Russians,  under  grand-duke 

Michael  and  gens.  Loris  Melikoff,  Lazareff,  and  Heimann, 

defeat  Ahmed  Mukhtar,  taking  10,000  prisoners. .  .14,  15  Oct. 
Gravitza  battery,  near  Plevna,  captured  by  Roumanians,  is 

quickly  retaken 19,  20  Oct. 

Battle  at  Gornij  Dubnik,  near  Plevna;  losses  about  equal  (2500), 

24  Oct. 
Battle  of  Sofia  Road,  near  Plevna;  Turkish  position  at  Teliche 

captured 28  Oct. 

Mukhtar  Pacha  defeated  by  Heimann  and  Tergukasoff  at  Deve- 

Boyun,  Armenia,  after  9  hours'  conflict 4  Nov. 

Russians   defeated   at   Azizi,  before   Erzeroum,  by   Mukhtar 

Pacha 9  Nov. 

Change  in  Turkish  generals;  Suleiman  ordered  to  command 

the  army  of  Roumelia,  replaced  by  Azli  Pacha;  Mehemet 

Ali  organizes  army  to  relieve  Plevna early  in  Nov. 

Russian  attack  on  Plevna  repulsed 12  Nov. 

Turks  thrice  repulsed  near  Plevna 15  Nov. 

Plevna  thoroughly  invested  (30  miles  round,  with  120,000  men), 

Nov. 

Osman  Pacha  refuses  to  surrender  Plevna about  16  Nov. 

Kars  taken  by  storm;   Russians  climb  steep  rocks;   struggle 

from  8  P.M.  to  8  a.m.  ;  300  guns  and  10,000  prisoners  taken; 

about  5000  Turks  killed  and  wounded;   Russian  loss  about 

2500 ;  grand-duke  Michael  present 17, 18  Nov. 

Rahova  on  the  Danube  taken  by  Roumanians 21  Nov. 

Entrepol  (fortified)  near  Plevna  taken  by  Russians 24  Nov. 

Indecisive  fighting  in  the  valley  of  the  Lom  between  the  czar- 
owitz and  Mehemet  Ali 30  Nov, 

Turks  capture  Elena  with  guns  and  prisoners,  after  sharp  coU'^ 

flict 4  D<   ^ 

Skirmishing  on  the  Lom .4-6  Dec.| 

Osman  Pacha  endeavors  to  break  out  of  Plevna,  about  7  p.i 

9  Dec;  6  hours'  fierce  conflict;  surrounded;  unconditions 

surrender;  said  to  be  30,000  prisoners,  128  officers,  100  gunB| 

great  slaughter  both  sides 10  " 

Turkish  circular  note  to  the  great  powers,  requesting  medi 

tion,  12  Dec. ;  acknowledged,  action  declined,  .about  12  De 
Servians  declare  war  against  Turkey,  12  Dec. ;  cross  the  fron-^ 

tier  and  capture  villages 15  Dec.  et  se 

Montenegrins  successful Pe<j,| 

Suleiman  mad«  general  of  the  army  of  Roumelia;  and  Todle 

ben  of  that  of  Rustchuk about  19  DeO,j 

Suleiman  retires  on  the  quadrilateral;  visits  Constantinoplejf 

armies  concentrating  near  Adrianople about  20  De 


1877 


RUS 

Erzeroum,  Armenia,  nearly  invested  ;    brave  resistance  by 

Mukhtar  Pacha about  24  Dec.  1877 

Many  Turkish  wounded  prisoners  perish  from  cold  during  re- 
moval   • Dec. 

Alleged  Russian  losses,  80,435  men;  Turkish  many  more,  and 

80,000  prisoners Dec.     " 

Muk-htar  Pacha  recalled  to  Constantinople about  29  Dec.     " 

Sultan  requests  mediation  of  England;  the  British  government 
only  convey  to  Russia  the  sultan's  desire  to  make  peace; 

Russia  declines  mediation 26-31  Dec.     " 

Gourko  crosses  the  Balkans,  advances  on  Sofia. .  .about  31  Dec.     " 
Col.  Baker  gallantly  protects  the  retreating  Turkish  army,  de- 
feating the  Russians 1  Jan.  1878 

Sofia  taken  by  Russians  after  an  engagement 3  Jan.     '' 

Servians  defeated;  KursChumli  reoccupied  by  Turks.  .6,  7  Jan.     " 
Nisch  taken  by  the  Servians;  Antivari  by  the  Montenegrins, 

about  10  Jan.     " 
Gen.  Radetzky  crosses  the  Balkans;  the  Trojan  pass  taken 
about  9  Jan. ;  Turkish   army   (about  32,000)  and   cannon 
taken  by  Skobeleflf  and  Radetzky,  after  conflicts,  8,  9,  10 
Jan.  (Sknova);  Gourko  advances  towards  Adrianople, 

11  Jan.     " 
Russians  advance  successfully  ;  Turkish  envoys  proceed  to 

treat  for  peace about  16-18  Jan.     " 

Gourko  advances  towards  Philippopolis;  totally  defeats  Sulei- 
man Pacha,  who  retreats  to  the  sea,  losing  prisoners  and 

cannon 16, 17  Jan.     ' ' 

Adrianople  abandoned;  occupied  by  Russians 19,20  Jan.     " 

Suleiman  with  remains  of  his  army  at  Karala  on  the  -^Egean 

transporting  his  troops about  21  Jan.     " 

Servians  occupy  nearly  all  Old  Servia 29  Jan.     " 

Russian  attack  on  Batoum  defeated 30  Jan.     " 

An  armistice  signed  at  Adrianople 31  .Jan.     " 

Russian  losses  announced— 89,879  men Feb.     " 

Continued  advance  of  Russians  towards  Constantinople;  panic 

of  Turks;  great  suderings Jan. -Feb.     " 

Part  of  British  fleet  ordered  to  Constantinople  to  protect  Brit- 
ish life  and  property,  8  Feb.;  enters  Dardanelles  without 

permission  of  Porte 13  Feb.     " 

Erzeroum  evacuated  by  Turks 17-21  Feb.     " 

Rustchuk  occupied  by  Russians 20  Feb.     " 

War  lasted  322  days 12  Apr.  1877  to  3  Mch.      " 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  San  Stefano,  3  Mch. ;  ratified  at  St. 

Petersburg 17  Mch.     " 

Long  negotiation  respecting  a  European  congress  . .  Mch. -May,     " 
Grand-duke  Nicholas  in  Roumelia  replaced  by  gen.  Todleben, 

who  assumes  command 30  Apr.     " 

Conference  at  Berlin,  meets  13  June;  treaty  signed  13  July; 

ratified  (Rustchuk) 3  Aug.     " 

Grand  review  of  80,000  Russians  near  Constantinople, 

17  Aug.     " 

Forty  thousand  Russians  sail  for  home 12  Sept.     " 

Definitive  treaty  of  peace  with  Turkey  signed  at  Constantino- 
ple  8  Feb.  1879 

Estimated  cost  of  the  war  to  Russia,  120,000,000^ 

RuStcIlllk',  a  Turkish  town  on  the  Danube,  one  of  the 


705 


SAB 


QuADRiLATERAT.  fortrcsses  lost  to  Turkey  with  Bulgaria  by 
treaty  of  Berlin,  13  July,  1878. 

Rutg'ers  college,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  was  char- 
tered in  1766  as  Queen's  college,  and  was  first  opened  in  1771 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  church.  The  build- 
ings were  burned  by  the  British  during  the  Revolution.  Its 
first  president  was  rev.  dr.  J.  R.  Hardenburg.  It  received  the 
name  of  Rutgers  college  in  1825,  when  col.  Henry  Rutgers 
gave  it  f  5000.  In  1865  the  State  College  of  Agriculture  and 
the  Mechanic  Arts  was  opened  as  a  department  of  this  college 
with  $116,000  from  the  U.  S.  land-grant.  It  numbered  about 
26  teachers  and  222  students  in  1890. 

riltlie'lliuill,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  in  the  ore  of 
platinum  by  M.  Claus  in  1845. 

Rllttiveil,  Raid  of,  a  term  applied  to  the  seizure  of  the 
person  of  James  VI.  of  Scotland  by  William  Ruthven,  earl  of 
Gowrie,  and  other  nobles,  in  1582,  to  compel  the  king  to  dis- 
miss his  favorites,  Arran  and  Lennox.  Ostensibly  for  this, 
Gowrie  was  judicially  put  to  death  by  his  2  opponents  in  1584. 

rye,  a  grain  of  the  order  Gramineae,  botanical  name  Secale 
(from  Celtic  sega,  a  sickle)  cereale — native  country  unknown. 
It  comes  nearer  to  wheat  in  bread-making  qualities  than  any 
other  grain,  although  very  inferior  to  it.  It  is  the  principal 
bread-grain  of  Northeru  and  Central  Europe.    Agricultuue. 

Rye-llOUSe  plot,  a  plot  (some  think  pretended)  to 
secure  the  succession  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth  to  the  British 
throne  in  preference  to  the  duke  of  York  (afterwards  James  II.), 
a  Roman  Catholic.  Someoftheconspiratorsaresaidtohave  pro- 
jected the  assassination  of  the  king,  Charles  II.,  and  his  brother. 
This  design  is  said  to  have  been  frustrated  by  a  fire  in  the  king's 
house  at  Newmarket,  which  hastened  the  royal  party  away  8 
days  before  the  plot  was  to  take  effect,  22  Mch.  1683.  The  plot 
was  discovered  12  June  following.  Lord  William  Russell  on  21 
July,  and  Algernon  Sidney  on  7  Dec.  following,  suffered  death 
as  conspirators.  The  name  was  derived  from  the  conspirators' 
place  of  meeting,  the  Rye-house  at  Broxbourne,  Hertfordshire. 

Rysiviek  (riz'wik),  a  village  of  Holland,  where  the 
celebrated  peace  was  concluded  between  England,  France, 
Spain,  and  Holland,  signed  by  their  representatives,  20  Sept, 
and  by  the  emperor  of  Germany,  30  Oct.  1697.  The  war 
which  this  treaty  ended  was  begun  in  1689  by  Louis  XIV. 
of  France  to  restore  James  II.  of  England. 


S,  the  nineteenth  letter  and  fifteenth  consonant  of  the 
English  alphabet,  the  Greek  sigma  (2),  known  to  the  Phoeni- 
cians and  Egyptians. 

Saar'toriick,  the  Roman  Augusti  Muri,  or  Sarce  pom, 
an  open  town  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Saar,  in  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, founded  in  the  10th  century,  long  subject  to  the  bishops 
of  Metz;  afterwards  ruled  by  counts  (about  1237),  and  by  the 
house  of  Nassau  about  1380.  It  was  captured  by  the  French 
and  retaken  by  the  Germans  1676,  reunited  to  France  1794- 
1814,  and  ceded  to  Prussia  1815.  On  2  Aug.  1870,  it  was  bom- 
barded by  the  French  under  Frossard  (between  11  and  1  in  the 
daytime) ;  the  few  Prussians  were  dislodged,  and  the  town  occu- 
pied by  the  French  general  Bataille.  The  mitrailleuses  were  said 
to  be  very  effective.  The  emperor  Napoleon,  who  was  present 
with  his  son,  said  in  a  telegram  to  the  empress,  "Louis  has  gone 
through  his  baptism  of  fire.  He  has  not  been  in  the  least  startled. 
We  stood  in  the  foremost  rank,  and  the  rifle-balls  were  dropping 
at  our  feet,  and  Louis  picked  up  one  that  fell  near  him.  His 
bearing  was  such  as  to  draw  tears  from  the  soldiers'  eyes."  On 
6  Aug.  the  Prussian  generals  (ioeben  and  Von  Steinmetz,  with 
the  first  army,  recaptured  Saarbrlick,  after  a  sanguinary  conflict 
at  the  village  of  Spicheren.  The  heights  taken  by  the  French 
on  the  2d  are  in  Germany,  those  taken  by  the  Germans  on  the 
6th  are  in  France,  and  both  battles  were  fought  between  Saar- 
brlick and  the  town  of  Forbach,  which  was  captured,  and  has 
given  a  name  to  the  second  conflict.  The  loss  was  great  on  both 
23 


sides,  and  the  French  2d  corps  under  Frossard  nearly  destroyed. 
The  French  retreated  to  Metz.     Franco-Pkussian  war. 

^abt>ata'rian§.  Traces  exist  of  Sabbatarii,  or  Sab- 
bathaires,  among  the  sects  of  the  16th  century  on  the  European 
continent.  Upon  the  publication  of  the  "  Book  of  Sports  "  in 
1618,  a  violent  controversy  arose  among  English  divines  on  2 
points :  first,  whether  the  4th  commandment  is  in  force  among 
Christians;  and,  secondly,  whether,  and  on  what  ground,  the 
first  day  of  the  week  ought  to  be  distinguished  and  observed 
as  "  the  Sabbath."  In  1628,  Theophilus  Brabourne,  a  clergy- 
man, published  the  first  defence  of  the  7th  day,  or  Saturday,  as 
the  Christian  Sabbath.  He  and  others  were  persecuted  for 
this  doctrine ;  but  after  the  Restoration  3  or  4  congregations 
in  London  kept  Saturday  as  their  holy  day,  and  7  or  8  in  the 
country  parts  of  England.  In  1851  there  were  3  Sabbatarian 
or  Seventh-day  Baptist  congregations  in  England ;  but  in 
America  (especially  in  the  New  England  states)  they  are  more 
numerous.  Joseph  Davis  suffered  imprisonment  in  1670.  He 
and  his  son  bequeathed  property  to  maintain  the  sect ;  and 
litigation  respecting  its  disposal  was  settled  by  vice-chancel- 
lor Stuart  in  conformity  with  their  intentions  in  June,  1870. 
Very  few  Sabbatarians  then  remained. 

Sabbatll,  the  7th  day  of  the  week ;  a  sacred  day  of 
I  rest  ordained  by  God,  Gen.  ii. ;  Exod.  xx.  8 ;  Isa.  Iviii.  13. 
i  Jews  observe  the  7th  day  in  commemoration  of  the  creation 
[  of  the  world,  and  of  their  redemption  from  the  bondage  of  the 


SAB 

Egyptians;  Christians  observe  the  first  day  of  the  week  in 
commemoration  of  the  resurrection  of  Christ  from  the  dead 
and  the  rcdempiion  of  men.    Sunday. 

$^ablMltll-Mellool§.     Sunday-schools. 

S^bbat'U'nl  year,  a  Jewish  institution,  1491  B.C., 
Kxod.  xxiii.  Dtirinjc  every  7th  year  the  very  ground  had 
rest,  and  was  not  tilled ;  and  every  4yth  year  all  debts  were 
forgiven,  slaves  set  at  liberty,  and  estates,  etc.,  that  were  be- 
fore sold  or  mortgaged,  returned  to  their  original  families,  etc. 

SabC'Ism,  worship  of  sun,  moon,  and  stars;  so  called 
firom  the  Sabeans,  a  people  of  Arabia  Felix,  now  Yemen. 

{■iaberilailisill,  from  Sabelllus  (of  Ftolemais,  Egypt), 
who  flourisheil  in  the  3d  century,  and  who  taught  that  there  was 
but  one  person  in  the  Godhead,  whose  3  names  were  the  Trinity. 
This  doctrine  was  condemned  at  a  council  at  Rome,  260. 

Sabine  CrOiS-roads,  La.,  Battle  of.     Red  River 

CAMPAIGN. 

Sabine  Pa§§,  Texas.  Here  a  small  body  of  confed- 
erates repulsed  a  naval  force  and  prevented  a  further  advance 
of  a  land  force  under  maj.-gen.  Franklin,  Sept.  8, 1863. 

Sabine§,  an  indigenous  tribe  of  Italy,  northeast  of  Rome, 
fn>m  whom,  according  to  tradition, the  Romans,  under  Romulus, 
tooktheirdaughter3byforce,havinginvitedtheratopublicsports 
or  shows  for  the  purpose.  When  the  Sabines  sought  revenge,  the 
women  mediated  for  their  husbands,  the  Romans,  and  secured  a 
lasting  peace, 750  B.C.  After  many  conflicts  the  Sabines  became 
a  part  of  the  Roman  people,  about  266  b.c.  One  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical provinces  is  still  called  Terra  Sabina;  chief  town,  Magliano. 

§aecliarlni'eter,  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
amount  of  sugar  in  solution.  Soleil,  an  optician  of  Paris,  in 
1847  made  use  of  rotary  polarized  light  for  this  purpose  in  a 
saccharimeter,  since  improved  by  Dubosc. 

Saekett'§  Harbor,  British  repulsed.  New  York, 
1812  and  1813. 

sac'rament  (from  sacrammtum,  an  oath,  obligation ; 
also  mystery).  The  Christian  sacraments  are  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  supper.  The  council  of  Trent,  in  1547,  following  the 
schoolmen,  recognized  7  sacraments:  baptism,  the  Lord's  sup- 
per, contirmation,  penance,  holy  orders,  matrimony,  and  ex- 
treme unction.  The  name  was  given  to  tlie  Lord's  supper 
by  the  Latin  fathers.  The  wine  was  laid  aside,  and  com- 
munion by  the  laity  under  one  form  alone,  that  of  bread,  took 
its  rise  in  the  West,  under  pope  Urban  II.,  1096.— ilf.cfe  Marca. 
Communion  in  one  kind  was  authoritatively  sanctioned  by  the 
council  of  Constance  in  1414.— Z>r.  Flook.  Henry  VII.  of  Ger- 
many was  poisoned  by  a  priest  in  the  consecrated  wafer,  24  Aug. 
1313.  The  sacramental  wine  was  poisoned  by  the  grave-digger 
of  the  church  at  Zurich,  by  which  sacrilegious  deed  a  number  of 
persons  lost  their  lives,  4  Sept.  1776.  In  1614  members  of  both 
houses  of  Parliament  were  ordered  to  take  the  sacrament,  as  a 
guard  against  the  introduction  of  Roman  Catholics.  In  1673  the 
Test  ace  was  passed:  repealed  in  1828.   Tkansubstantiation. 

Sacramento  Pas§,  Battle  of.  Mkxican  war,  1847. 

Sacra  Via  (holy  street),  a  celebrated  street  of  Rome, 
fabled  scene  of  a  treaty  of  peace  and  alliance  between  Romulus 
and  Tatius.  It  led  from  the  amphitheatre  to  the  capitol,  and 
was  the  principal  street  for  triumphal  processions. 

Sacred  Baud.    Thebes. 

§acred  boolc§  of  the  Ea§t.     The  publication 

of  translations  of  the  sacred  books  of  the  religion  of  the  Brah- 
mins, Buddhists,  and  Mahometans,  and  of  the  followers  of 
Khung-fu-tze  and  Lao-tze,  edited  by  prof.  Max  MuUer,  began 
in  1879.     8  volumes  have  been  published,  1881. 

Sacred  Heart  of  Je§U§,  a  form  of  devotion  said 
to  have  been  instituted  in  England  in  the  17th  century,  and 
much  promoted  by  Marguerite  Marie  Alacoque,  an  enthusiastic 
French  nun,  who  asserted  that  Christ  had  appeared  to  her,  and 
taken  out  her  heart,  placed  it  in  his  own,  glowing  in  flame,  and 
then  returned  it.    She  died  in  1690. 

Her  book,  ''Devotion  au  Coeur  de  J^sus,"  published  in  1698, 
much  advocated  by  father  Joseph  Gallifet  about  1726;  and 

introduced  into  France  by  request 1765 

A  pilgrimage  from  England,  blessed  by  the  pope  and  headed 
by  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  to  the  shrine  of  Marguerite  at  Paray- 
le-Monial .1-6  Sept.  1873 


706 


SAG 


H.  C.  diocese  of  Salford  dedicated  to  the  Sacred  Heart,  4  Sept. 
1873;  and  a  church  at  Montmartrc,  near  Paris,  founded  for 
llie  same  purpose ^ 16  June,  1876 

Pope  dodicatod  the  uuiversal  church  to  "the  Sacred  Heart," 

15  Juue, 

Macrecl  standard,  The,  of  green  silk,  unfolded  by 
the  Mahometans  in  time  of  imminent  danger.  This  stand- 
ard went  to  the  Osmanlis  in  1517,  when  Selim  I.  conquered 
Egypt;  displayed  in  1597  in  the  war  with  Hungary.  It  was 
confliled  to  the  care  of  300  emirs ;  again  displayed  in  1828  by 
the  sultan  of  Turkey,  at  war  with  Russia. 

sacred  U^ar§.  (l)  Declared  by  the  Amphictyona^ 
against  Cirrha,  near  Delphi,  for  robbery  and  outrage  to  the 
visitors  to  the  oracle,  595  b.c.  Cirrlia  was  razed  to  the  ground, 
586.  (2)  Between  the  Phocians  and  Delphians  for  the  posses- 
sion of  the  temple  at  Delphi,  448,  447.  (3)  The  Phocians,  on 
being  fined  for  cultivating  the  sacred  lands,  seized  tlie  temple, 
357.  They  were  conquered  by  Piiilip  of  Macedon,  and  theijj 
cities  depopulated,  346.     Crusades. 

§ac'riflce,  an  offering  to  God  or  to  any  supposed  deity' 
or  divinity  as  an  atonement  for  sin,  or  to  procure  favor  or 
express  thankfulness.  Sacrifice  was  offered  to  God  by  Abel, 
3875  B.C.  Sacrifices  to  the  gods  were  introduced  into  Greece 
by  Phoroneus,  king  of  Argos,  1773  b.c.  Human  sacrifices 
seem  to  have  originated  with  the  Chaldaeans,  from  whom  the 
custom  passed  to  many  other  Eastern  nations.  All  sacrifices 
to  the  true  God  were  to  cease  with  the  sacrifice  of  Christ, 
33  A.u.  (Heb.  x.  12-14).  Pagan  sacrifices  were  forbidden  by 
the  emperor  Constantius  II.  341. 

sac'rilegce,  the  crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sacred 
things.  In  1835,  the  punishment  (formerly  death)  in  Great] 
Britain  was  made  transportation  for  life.  By  23  and  24  Vict.: 
c.  96,  s.  50  (1861),  breaking  into  a  place  of  worship  and  stealing ' 
therefrom  was  made  punishable  with  penal  servitude  for  life. 

Sacripor'tUi,  a  place  in  Latium,  Italy.  Here  Sulla 
defeated  the  younger  Marius  and  Papirus  Carbo  with  great 
slaughter,  82  b.c,  and  became  dictator,  81. 

Sac§  and  Foxe§.     Indians. 

saddles.  In  the  earlier  ages  the  Romans  used  neither  sad- 
dles nor  stirrups.  Saddles  were  in  use  in  the  3d  century,  and  are 
mentioned  as  made  of  leather  in  304,  and  were  known  in  England 
about  600.  Stirrups  were  not  known  before  the  5th  century,  and 
not  in  general  use  before  the  1 2th.  Side-saddles  for  ladies  were 
introduced  by  Anne,  queen  of  Richard  II.,  in  1388. — Stmv. 

have  been  founded 

c,  who,  misin- 

re  was  neither 

soul  was  mortal, 

body.     The  Sad- 

the  Pharisees; 


^  Humphrj' 

I  founded 

re  mesh- 

s.     The  fa' 


Sad'dUCees,  a  Jewish  sect,  sa 
by  Sadoc,  a  scholar  of  Antigonus,  ab 
terpreting  his  master's  doctrine,  taugh" 
heaven  nor  hell,  angel  nor  spirit;  th 
and  that  there  was  no  resurrection  of 
ducees  rejected  the  oral  law,  maintainel 
see  Matt.  xxii.  23 ;  Acts  xxiii.  8. 

Sado^Ava.    KoniggrXtz. 

safety-lamp.  That  invented  in  18' 
Davy,  to  prevent  accidents  in  coal  and  othe 
on  the  principle  that  flame,  in  passing  throu 
es,  loses  heat,  and  will  not  ignite  inflamraab' 
ther  of  all  safety-lamps  was  dr.  Reid  Clanny,  of  Sunderland, 
whose  invention  and  improvements  are  authenticated  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Arts  for  1817.  The  "  Geordy," 
constructed  by  George  Stephenson,  the  engineer,  in  1815,  is  said 
to  be  the  safest.  A  miner's  electric  light,  by  MM.  Dumas  and 
Benoit,  was  exhibited  in  Paris  on  8  Sept.  1862.  On  14  Aug. 
1867,  safety-lamps  were  rigidly  tested  by  several  mining  engi- 
neers, and  serious  doubts  thrown  upon  their  complete  efficacy. 
Col.  Shakespeare's  safety-lamp  (light  extinguished  by  open- 
ing) exhibited  at  Royal  institution,  London,  etc..  May,  1879. 

saffron  (Fr.  saffran ;  It.  saffrano),  the  flower  of  crocus, 
was  first  taken  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Edward  HI.  by  a  pil- 
grim, about  1339 ;  probably  from  Arabia,  as  the  word  is  from  the 
Arabic  suphar. — ^filler.    It  was  cultivated  in  England  in  1582. 

sagas  (Icel.  saga,  a  tale;  Anglo-Sax.  saffu,  a  saying), 
poetical  compositions  by  scalds  or  Scandinavian  bards,  com- 
posed or  collected  from  the  11th  to  the  16th  centuries.  Sub- 
jects :  mythological  and  historical  traditions  of  Norway, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Iceland.     The  most  remarkable  are 


SAG 


707 


those  of  Lodbrok,  Hervara,  Vilkina,  Volsunga,  Blomsturvalla, 
ynglinga,  Olaf  Tryggva-Sonar,  Jomsvikingia,  and  of  Kny- 
thinga  (which  contains  the  legend.'ry  history  of  Iceland),  the 
Heims-kringla,  and  New  Edda  of  Snorri  Sturlusou.  Eddas, 
LiTEKATLiRE,  Scandinavian.     Nibelungenot. 

sag'C  (Fr.  sauge  ;  Lat.  salvia),  a  wholesome  herb,  com- 
fortable to  the  brain  and  nerves. — Mortimer.  A  species  of 
this  garden  plant  grew  early  in  England,  and  some  varieties 
were  imported.  The  Mexican  sage,  Salvia  inexicana,  was 
brought  from  Mexico,  1724.  The  blue  African  sage.  Salvia 
africana,  and  the  golden  African  sage.  Salvia  aurea,  were 
taken  to  England  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1731. 
Flowers  and  Plants. 

j^agun'tum  or  Zacyn'tliu§,  now  IWurvie- 

dro  {moor-ve-a'dro),  a  fortified  town  of  Valentia,  E.  Spain, 
renowned  for  the  dreadful  siege  it  sustained,  219  b.c.,  against 
the  Carthaginians  under  Hannibal.  The  citizens,  allies  of 
Rome  and  under  her  protection,  after  performing  incredible  acts 
of  valor  for  8  months,  chose,  rather  than  surrender,  to  burn 
themselves,  with  their  houses,  and  the  conqueror  became  mas- 
ter of  a  pile  of  ashes,  218  b.c. 

§alia'ra,  the  immense  region  in  Africa  lying  between 
the  Nile  valley  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  from  the  inner 
slope  of  the  Barbary  plateau  south  on  an  average  of  1200 
miles.  Area,  2,500,000  sq.  miles.  The  term  Sahara  is  modi- 
fied from  the  Arabic  Sara  or  Zaharah,  meaning  desert.  The 
interior  of  this  desert  consists  in  great  part  of  table -lands 
called  hammada,  with  here  and  there  a  few  green  habitable 
spots  termed  "oases."  Hot  winds,  blowing  outward,  occur 
during  the  year  ■  in  Egypt  from  April  until  June,  called 
Khamsin ;  in  Algeria  and  South  Italy,  July,  the  Sirocco ;  in 
Morocco,  the  Shume;  and  along  the  Atlantic  and  Guinea 
coast,  the  Harmattan.  This  region,  with  its  thinly  scattered 
inhabitants,  has,  since  1890,  come  within  the  influence  of 
France  and  somewhat  under  her  protection.  A  project  for 
making  an  inland  sea  here  was  entertained  in  1883,  and  the 
construction  of  a  railway  from  Algeria  south  was  proposed 
Oct.  1890.  A  large  natural  reservoir  of  water  was  discovered 
at  El  Golea  in  the  desert  in  1891.     Africa. 

sailing',  a  vessel  moving  on  the  water  by  the  use  of 
sails,  as  well  as  the  art  of  navigating  it.  William  of  Orange 
(about  1570)  was  a  yachtsman;  and  a  small  sail-boat  was 
maintained  on  the  Thames  by  Charles  II.  Sailing  as  a  sport 
was  greatly  stimulated  in  the  United  States  by  the  winning  of 
the  "Royal  Yacht  Squadron  Cup"  by  the  America  in  a  race 


round  the  Isle 
The  America  v 
England  after 
durijag  the  civ 
Savannah  river , 
U.  S.  Naval  acad 
1867.     The  sail 
most  popular 
Hudson  River 
world,  ow 
Cornwall 
Royal  YaclT 
Hoboken 


,  at  Cowes  regatta,  open  to  all  comers. 

by  George  Steers  in   1851;   sold  in 

tor}',  and  used  as  a  blockade-runner 

She  was  sunk  by  a  U.  S.  cruiser  in 

and  used  as  a  practice-boat  for  the 

and  purchased  bj'  gen.  B.  F.  Butler  in 

ice-boats  is  a  modern  sport  in  the  U.  S., 

Hudson  river  and  in   Canada.     "  The 

is  the  largest  ice-yacht  association  in  the 

50  boats. 


stablished  at  Falmouth,  Eng 1720 

1,  at  Cowes,  Eng.,  organized 1815 

club,  the  first  in  America,  organized 1840 

Royal  London  Yacht  club,  established  as  Arundel  Yacht  club 
in  1838,  assumes  its  present  name 1849 

America''s  cup,  won  in  1851,  presented  by  the  owners  to  the 
New  York  yacht  club  as  a  perpetual  international  challenge 
cup 8  July,  1857 

Ice-boats,  fitted  up  with  long  blades  of  iron,  like  skates,  and  sails, 
"  tacking  and  beating  to  windward  as  if  they  were  in  the 
water,"  are  mentioned  as  in  use  on  Boston  harbor,  then 
frozen  over,  at  the  time  the  Atlantic  mail-steamer  Britonma 
was  released  by  cutting  a  channel  7  miles  long  and  100  feet 
wide  througli  ice  over  2  feet  thick Feb.  1844 

Ice-yacht  Dreadnought  sails  1  mile  in  1  min.  10  sec.  at  Red 
Bank,  N.  J 26  Jan.  1884 

Ice-yacht  race  for  championship  of  America,  sailed  at  Orange 
lake  over  a  20-mile  coarse,  and  won  bv  the  Scud,  of  the 
Shrewsbury  Ice  Yacht  club '. .16  Jan.  1891 

WINNERS  OF   TRANSATLANTIC  YACHT   RACES. 

Henrietta.  J.  G.  Bennett,  owner,  in  race  with  the  Fleetwing  and 
Vesta,  crosses  the  ocean  in  13  days,  21  h.  55  min.,  sailing  3106 
miles  (the  quickest  voyage  ever  made  in  a  sailing-vessel),  Dec.  1866 

Cambria,  James  Ashbury,  owner,  in  race  with  the  Dauntless, 
crosses  the  ocean  in  23  days,  5  h.  17  min.,  sailing  2881  miles,  1870 

Coronet,  R.  T.  Bush,  owner,  in  race  with  the  Dauntless,  crosses 
the  ocean  in  14  days,  23  h.  30  min.,  sailing  2949  miles 1887 


SAI 


RACES    FOR  AMERICA'S  CUP. 


Winners  (all 
American). 

Losers. 

Waters. 

Date. 

America, .. . 

Aurora,  England 

English .... 
American . . 

22  Aug.   1851 
8  Aug.  1870 
16  Oct     1871 

Magic 

Cambria,       "      

Columbia. . . 

Livonia,        "      

Sappho 

21  Oct       " 

Madeline.... 

Mischief. . . . 

Puritan 

Mayflower.. . 
Volunteer. , . 

Countess  of )  r,„„„j 

Dufferin,    )  Canada 

Atalanta,  Canada 

Genesta,  England 

Galatea,         "       

Thistle,  Scotland 

11  Aug.  1876 

9  Nov.  1881 
14  Sept.  1885 

7  Sept.  1886 
27  Sept.  1887 
30  Sept.     " 
13  Oct.    1893 

Vigilant 

Valkyrie,  England 

^ailor'§  Creek,  Va.,  Aflfair  at.  Grant's  campaign 
IN  Virginia. 

§aillt,  a  person  sanctified ;  one  eminent  for  piety.  For 
many  names  with  this  prefix,  see  the  names  themselves 
throughout  the  book. 

St.  Clair's  defeat.    Ohio,  1791. 

St.  LiOUiS,  known  as  the  "Mound  City,"  covers  61.35 
sq.  miles  (1890)  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
about  15  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  Lat.  38°  38' 
N. ;  Ion.  90°  21'  W.  When  St.  Louis  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  United  States,  10  Mch.  1804,  there  were  only  2 
American  families  in  frhe  place,  and  925  inhabitants  in  alL 
There  were  about  150  houses  and  3  streets :  La  Rue  Princi- 
pale  (Main  St.),  La  Rue  de  L'Eglise  (Second  st.),  and  La  Rue 
des  Granges  (Third  st.)  ;  the  whole  encircled  by  fortifications. 
The  population  by  the  U.  S.  census  shows  as  follows:  1810, 
1400;  1820,  4598;  1830,  6694;  1840,  16,469;  1860,  77,860; 
1860,  160,773  ;  1870,  310,864 ;  1880,  350,518 ;  1890, 451,770. 
Pierre  Ligueste  Laclede  establishes  the  chief  post  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Fur  company,  and  names  it  St.  Louis 15  Feb.  1764 

St.  Ange  de  Bellerive,  French  commandant  at  fort  De  Chartres, 

arrives,  and  is  invested  with  civil  and  military  power. .  .Oct.  1765 
Spanish  troops  under  capt.  Rios  take  possession  in  the  name  of 
the  king  of  Spain,  11  Aug.  1768,but  exercise  no  civil  functions, 

and  retire 17  July,  1769 

Pontiac,  visiting  St.  Louis  as  a  friend  of  St.  Ange,  is  murdered  at 

afeast,  nearCahokia,  and  buried  near  "Walnut  and  Fourth  sts.,     " 
Don  Pedro  Piernas,  Spanish,  made  lieutenant  governor  and  mili- 
tary commandant  of  upper  Louisiana,  with  headquarters  at 

St.  Louis,  takes  possession 20  May,  1770 

Log  church  erected  by  Piernas  on  west  side  of  Second,  between 

Market  and  Walnut  sts.,  and  dedicated 24  June,     " 

St.  Ange  dies,  and  is  buried  near  Pontiac's  grave Sept.  1774 

Francis  Cruzat  succeeds  Piernas  as  governor May,  1775 

Cruzat  succeeded  by  don  Ferdinando  Leyba 1778 

Laclede  dies;  buried  near  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  20  June,     " 
Wall  of  brush  and  clay  5  ft.  high  built  around  the  town,  and 
a  small  fort  called  La  Tour  built  on  Fourth  St.,  near  Wal- 
nut   1779 

About  1500  savages,  led  by  British  regulars  from  fort  Michili- 
mackinac,  surprise  a  number  of  people  outside  the  stockade, 

and  kill  15  or  20;  the  town  successfully  defended 26  May, 

Leyba  commits  suicide,  and  is  succeeded  by  Cruzat 

Great  flood;  the  year  called  "  L'Anne  des  Grandes  Eaux,"  June, 
Cruzat  succeeded  by  Manuel  Perez  as  commander  of  the  post. , 

Perez  succeeded  by  Zenon  Trudeau 

Trudeau  succeeded  by  Charles  Dehault  Delassusde  Delusi^re. . 

Delassus,  at  St.  Louis,  transfers  Louisiana  to  Amos  Stoddard, 

representing  France,  9  Mch.,  and  Stoddard  transfers  it  to  the 

U.  S 10  Mch. 

First  session  of  Court  of  Common  Pleas  held  in  the  old  fort 
(cor.  Fourth  and  Walnut  sts.);  Supreme  court  organized  and 

postmaster  appointed 

First  English  school  established 

Aaron  Burr  visits  St.  Louis July, 

First  newspaper  printed  west  of  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri 

Gazette,  issued  by  Joseph  Charless  at  St.  Louis 12  July, 

Young  man  hung  for  murder;  the  first  execution  of  a  white 

man  in  the  territory  of  Louisiana 16  Sept. 

St.  Louis  incorporated  as  a  town 9  Nov. 

First  market  built  on  Centre  square,  between  Market  and  Wal- 
nut sts.,  Main  st.,  and  the  river  (the  town  contained  12 

stores,  2  schools,  and  a  printing-office) Jan. 

First  Territorial  General  Assembly  meets  at  the  house  of  Joseph 

Robidoux,  between  Walnut  and  Elm  sts 7  Dec. 

First  brick  house  built 

Bank  of  St.  Louis  chartered 21  Aug. 

General  Pike,  the  first  steamboat  to  ascend  from  the  Ohio, 

lands  near  the  foot  of  Market  st 2  Aug. 

Bank  of  Missouri  chartered 

Duel  in  which  Thomas  H.  Benton  kills  Charles  Lucas.  .27  Sept. 
First  paving  wnth  stone  on  edge  done  by  Wm.  Deckers  on  Mar- 
ket, between  Main  and  Water  sts 

Log  church  torn  down  and  a  brick  cathedral  erected 

Baptist  society  begins  a  church  at  cor.  Market  and  Third  sts. . 

Harriet,  capt.  Armitage,  the  first  steamboat,  arrives  from  New 

Orleans  in  27  days 2  June, 


1780 

1785 
1788 
1793 
1798 


1804 


1811 

1812 
1814 
1816 


1819 


SAI 


708 


SAL 


Wutem  jnipfM*^,a8teaml>oat  constructed  for  Long's  expedition 

to  the  mouth  of  Yellowstone  river,  leaves  St.  Louis,  21  June,  1819 
First  legislature  umlor  the  Constitution  meets  in  the  Missouri 

hotel,  ror.  Main  and  Morgan  sts 19  Sept.  1820 

First  brick  iMved  sidewalk  laid  on  Second  st. 1821 

First  Methodist  church  erortod " 

First  directory  pub " 

First  lire  engine  purchased 1822 

St  lAiuis  incorporated  as  a  city ;  area,  386  acres •' 

Main  St,  graded  and  paved 1823 

Flr«tl*re8byterian  church  built  at  cor.FourthandSt.Charlesst8.,  1824 
First  Kpiscopal  church  erected  at  cor.  Third  and  Chestnut  sts.    1825 

Gen.  lAfayeite  visits  St.  Louis,  arriving 29  Apr.     " 

Old  brick  court  house  built 1827 

Old  market  building  erected " 

Branch  of  the  U.  S.  mint  esUblished  at  St.  Louis. 1829 

First  water-works  built,  1830,  and  water  supplied 1832 

Central  Fire  company,  a  volunteer  organization,  founded " 

Cholera  appears,  destroying  about  i  per  cent,  of  the  population 

within  a  month 25  Sept.     " 

St  I.«uis  university  opened,  1829;  chartered Dec.     " 

First  school  board  elected  under  the  new  charter 1833 

First  daily  paper,  the  Herald,  pub.  by  Treadway  &  Albright. . .   1834 

New  city  charter 26  Feb.  1835 

UnQnished  brick  cathedral  and  other  buildings,  including  about 

60  residences,  destroyed  by  Are Apr.     " 

Daily  Republic  esUiblished " 

Old  St  Ix)ui8  theatre,  on  cor.  Third  and  Olive  sts.,  afterwards 
occupied  by  the  custom-house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $60,000 . .  1836 

First  daily  mail  to  and  ft-om  the  East Sept.     " 

Daniel  Webster  visits  St  Louis,  and  a  "  barbecue  "  is  tendered 
him,  in  a  grove  west  of  Ninth  st,  near  where  Imcas  market 

afterwards  stood. 1837 

New  city  charter. 11  Feb.  1839 

Area  of  the  city  increased  to  2630  acres  by  act 15  Feb.  1841 

Historic  mansion,  occupied  by  Laclede  and  col.  Auguste  Chou- 
teau, pulled  down,  and  grounds  divided  into  city  lots;  after- 
wards the  site  of  Barnum's  hotel Oct     " 

First  steamboat  built  entirely  in  St  Louis  launched Apr.  1842 

Post  despatch  established " 

Health  department,  harbor  -  master,  street- commissioner,  and 

inspectors  created 1843 

Lafayette  park,  29.94  acres,  acquired  by  the  city 1844 

First  omnibuses  run  from  Market  st  to  Upper  ferry,  the  arse- 
nal, and  the  Camp  spring " 

River  flood  began  about  8  June, and  drove  400  or  500  persons  from 
their  homes,  rising  7  ft  7  in.  above  the  city  directrix,  24  June,     " 

First  public  school  building  erected  and  opened 1846 

St  Louis  Mercantile  library  founded " 

Pork-packing  business  established " 

Gascompany  incorporated  1841;  city  first  lighted  with  gas,4  Nov.  1847 

City  hospital  opened " 

First  line  oftelegraph  from  the  East  reaches  E.  St  Louis,  20  Dec.      " 
Shot- tower  completed  and  shot  manufactured  by  Kennett, 

Simonds  &  Co 1848 

Fire  breaks  out  on  the  steamboat  White  Cloud,  near  the  foot  of 
Cherry  st ;  23  steamboats,  3  barges?  1  canal-boat  burned,  and 
spreading  to  the  city,  400  buildings  destroyed ;  loss  estimated 

at  $2,750,000 night  of  17  May,  1849 

Over  4000  deaths  by  cholera  occur  between  30  Apr.  and  16 

Aug.,  the  mortality  reaching  160  per  day July,     " 

Bellefontaine  cemetery  incorporated  1849;  dedicated.  .15  May,  1850 

First  underground  sewer  built " 

Ground  broken  for  the  Pacific  railway  at  St  Louis  by  hon. 
Luther  M.  Kennett,  mayor,  on  south  bank  of  Chouteau's 

pond,  west  of  Fifteenth  st. 4  July,     " 

Missouri  school  for  the  blind  opened 1851 

Boiler  of  steamer  Glencoe  explodes  at  the  landing,  foot  of  Chest- 
nut st ;  steamer  burns;  many  lives  lost 3  Apr.  1852 

Globe-Democrat  established " 

"Marble  building,"  cor.  Fourth  and  Olive  sts.,  then  the  finest 

in  St  Louis,  built 1853 

First  division  of  the  Pacific  railroad  opened  to  Franklin,  38 

miles July,      " 

Mercantile  Library  hall,  cor.  Fifth  and  Locust  sts.,  erected " 

College  of  Christian  Brothers,  opened  1851 ;  chartered 1865 

Excursion  train,  on  the  opening  of  the  Pacific  railroad  to  Jef- 
ferson City,  breaks  a  temporary  bridge  over  the  Gasco- 
nade river:  22  killed,  50  injured ;  many  from  St  Louis,  1  Nov.     " 

Library  of  the  Academy  of  Science  founded 1856 

Merchants'  Exchange  building  on  Main,  between  Market  and 

Walnut  sts. ,  erected 1856-57 

St  Louis  Normal  school  opened 1857 

Paid  fire  department  established " 

First  overland  mail  for  California  leaves  St  Louis 16  Sept  1858 

First  overland  mail  from  California,  24  days,  18^  hours  from 

San  Francisco,  arrives  at  St  Louis 9  Oct     " 

Fire-alarm  telegraph  put  in  operation *' 

St  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  railroad  opened  to  Pilot  Knob,  85 

miles " 

Washington  university  chartered,  1853;  opened ", 1859 

Three  street-railway  lines  opened  in  the  city " 

Metropolitan  police  force  established  by  act  of  legislature 1861 

Camp  Jackson,  at  Lindell's  grove,  in  the  western  suburbs  of  the 

city,  organized  3  May,  1861,  and  captured 10  May,     " 

Martial  law  proclaimed,  and  citizens  forbidden  to  leave  the 
limits  without  a  pass,  by  provost-marshal  gen.  J.  McKins- 

try 30  Aug.     " 

Court-house,  on  block  bounded  by  Chestnut,  Market,  Fourth,  and 

Fifth  sts.,  begun  1839,  finished  (cost  about  $1,200,000)  July,  1862 
Missouri  Historical  Society  established 1865 


St  Louis  public  library  founded 18 

Lindell  hotel,  opened  19  Oct  1863,  burned 31  Mch.  18671 

New  water- works,  begun  IHiiS,  completed  1872,  come  under  con- 
trol of  Water-works  commissioners May, 

Legislative  act  passed,  incorporating  Carondelet  with  St  Louis, 

Foundation  of  eastern  pier  of  Eads's  Mississippi  river  bridge 
laid 27  Oct 

Monument  to  Thomas  H.  Benton  in  Lafayette  square,  raised  at 
instance  of  the  state  government  and  at  public  expense,  un- 
veiled  27  May, 

Tower  Grove  park,  276.76  acres,  donated  to  the  city 

St  Louis  made  a  port  of  entry  under  act  of 1870] 

New  city  charter,  obtained  in  1867,  bringing  Carondelet  into 
St  Louis,  goes  into  eff'ect Apr.  1871 J 

Headquarters  of  the  U.  S.  army  established  at  St.  Louis 1874J 

Eads's  tubular  steel  bridge  across  the  Mississippi  completed  and 
opened  (Bridges) 4  July, 

New  constitution  divides  city  from  county  of  St  Louis,  and  ex- 
tends city  to  include  nearly  40,000  acres,  bordering  on  the 
river  17  miles 1875^ 

Carondelet  park  (180  acres).  Forest  park  (1371.94  acres),  and 
O'Fallon  park  (158.32  acres)  acquired  by  the  city 

Court  of  Appeals  decides  the  new  separate  charter  for  St  Louis 
(1875)  adopted 5  Mch.  18771 

Burning  of  the  Southern  hotel;  11  lives  lost 11  Apr. 

St  Louis  day-school  for  the  deaf  opened 187Sj 

St  Louis  Manual  Training  school  established 1879J 

Daily  Chronicle  established 

Evening  Star  Sayings  established 

Maria  Consilia  Institute  for  the  Deaf  opened 

Planters'  House  burned;  4  lives  lost 3  Apr.  1886J 

Railroad  strike;  sheriflf's  officers  at  East  St  Louis  fire  into  a 
crowd  of  supposed  strikers,  killing  6  persons,  including  1 
woman 9  Apr. 

Merchants'  bridge  across  the  Mississippi,  commenced  24  June, 
1889  (2420  ft  long;  cost  $6,000,000),  completed 3  May,  18901 

Street-railway  mail  car,  the  first  in  the  world,  begins  collecting, 
sorting,  and  distributing  mail  in  transit  here 11  Dec.  1892i 

CHAIRMEN  OF   BOARD   OF    TRUSTEES. 


Auguste  Chouteau 1810 

Charles  Gratiot 1811 

Clement  B.  Penrose 1814 

Elijah  Beebe 1815 


William  Carr  Lane 1823 

Daniel  D.  Page 1829 

John  W.  Johnson 1834 

John  F.  Darby 1835 

William  Carr  Lane 1838 

John  F.  Darby 1840 

John  D.  Daggett 1841 

George  Maguire 1842 

John  M.  Wimer 1843 

Bernard  Pratte 1844 

Peter  G.  Camden 1846 

Byran  Mullanphy 1847 

John  M.  Krum 1848 

James  G.  Barry 1849 

Luther  M.  Kennett 1850 

John  How 1853 


Thomas  F.  Riddick 18181 

Peter  Ferguson 1818 

Pierre  Chouteau,  sen 182 

Thomas  McKnight 1822' 


Washington  King 1855 

John  How 1856 

John  M.  Wimer 1857 

Oliver  D.  Filley 1858 

Daniel  G.  Taylor 1861 

Chauncey  I.  Filley 1863 

James  S.  Thomas 1864 

Nathan  Cole 1869 

Joseph  Brown 1871 

Arthur  B.  Barret 1875 

Henry  Ovestoltz 1876 

William  L.  Ewing 1881 

D.  R.  Francis 1885 

E.  A.  Noonan 1889 

C.  P.  Walbridge 1893 


St.  Philip,  Fort.     Fort  St.  Philip. 

Sakya  muni.     Buddhism. 

SUlads  are  stated  to  have  been  used  in  the  middle  ages. 
Lettuces  are  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  England  from 
the  Low  Countries,  1520-47. 

Salamail'ca,  a  city  of  W.  Spain,  taken  from  the  Sara- 
cens 861.  The  university  was  founded  1240,  and  the  cathedral 
built  1513.  Here  a  council,  mostly  of  ecclesiastics,  called  (1487) 
to  confer  with  Columbus,  examine  his  design,  and  hear  his  ar- 
guments for  reaching  the  Indias  by  sailing  west,  decided  that 
the  project  was  vain  and  impracticable.  Near  here  the  British 
and  allies,  commanded  by  lord  Wellington,  totally  defeated  the 
French  army  under  marshal  Marmont,  22  Jul}',  1812.  The  loss 
of  the  victors  was  most  severe,  amounting  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing  to  nearly  6000  men.  Marmont  left  in  the  victors' 
hands  7141  prisoners,  11  pieces  of  cannon,  6  stands  of  colors,  and 
2  eagles.    This  victory  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Madrid. 

Sal'ainii,  an  island  near  Atbens.  In  a  great  sea-fight 
here,  20  Oct.  480  b.c.,  Themistocles  and  Eurybiades,  the  Greek 
commanders,  with  only  366  sail,  defeated  the  fleet  of  Xerxes, 
king  of  Persia,  which  consisted  of  2000  sail.  Near  Salamis,  in 
Cyprus,  the  Greeks  defeated  the  Persian  fleet,  449  b.c.  ;  and 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes  defeated  the  fleet  of  Ptolemy  and  hi& 
allies,  306  b.c. 

§alary  (Lat.  salarium;  from  sal,  salt,  originally  salt- 
money — money  given  the  Roman  soldiers  for  salt,  which  was 
part  of  their  pay),  stipulated  amount  paid  to  a  person  for  ser- 
vices or  for  the  duties  of  an  office.     Fixed  salaries  belong  al- 


SAL 


most  exclusively  to  the  more  enlightened  nations  and  those 
of  stable  governments;  in  earlier  times,  or  among  the  less  civ- 
ilized nations,  the  emoluments  of  a  public  office  depend  on  the 
caprice  of  rulers. 

SUMMARY  OF    SALARIES   PAID    TO   THE    PRINCIPAL    GOVERN- 
MENT OFFICIALS   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

UNITED   STATES   GOVERNMENT. 

Per  annum.  I  Per  annum^ 

President $50,000 1  Vice-president f»000 

Slate  Department. 

.$8000  I  Chief  clerk $2500 

.  3500  I  Chief  of  the  bureaus 2100 


709  SAL 

CONGRESS. 
Per  annam.  ,  Per  annum. 

Members  of  the  Senate $5000  1  Speaker  of  the  House $8000 

"  . .   5000  I 

GOVERNORS  OP  THE  STATES. 


Secretary  of  state — 
Assistant  secretaries. 


Treasury  Department. 


5000 


Comptroller  of  currency. . .  .$5000 

Solicitor  of  treasury 4500 

Superintendent  life-sav-)      ^qqq 

ing  service / 

Chiefof  bureau  of  engraving  4500 
Chief  of  light-house  board. .  5000 

Supervising  architect 4500 

Commissioner  of  internal)     qqqq 

revenue j 

Sup't  of  immigration 4000 


Secretary  of  treasury $8000 

Assistant  secretaries 4500 

First  and  second  comp- 
trollers   

Six  auditors 3600 

Director  of  the  mint 4500 

Treasurer  of  the  U.  S 6000 

Superintendent  coast  sur- 1  gQQQ 

vev ) 

Register 4000 

War  Department. 

Secretary  of  war $8000  Chief  clerk $2700 

Assistant  secretaries 4500  i 

[As  the  different  branches  of  the  department  are  under 
U.  S.  army  officers  ranking  as  brigadier-generals,  see  Army 
for  salaries.  ]  ^^^y  Department 

Secretary  of  navy $8000  i  Chiefs    of    the    different 

Assistant  secretaries 4500 1     branches $5000 

Post-office  Department. 

Postmaster-general $8000  I  Assistant  postmaster  -  gen- 

I     erals $*000 

Department  of  Interior. 


Commissioner  of  railroads.  .$4500 
"     Indian)     ^q^q 

affairs ) 

Commissionerof  education.. 
"           "  land  office. 
Chief  architect  of  U.  S.) 
capitol ) 


3000 
5000 

4500 


Secretary  of  interior $8000 

First  assistant  secretary...   4500 

Assistant  secretaries 4000 

Commissioner  of  pensions. .  5000 

"  "    patents...  5000 

Superintendent  of  census. . .  6000 

Director  of  geological  survey.  6000 

Department  of  Agriculture. 

Secretary  of  agriculture. . . .  $8000 1  Chief  of  weather  bureau $4500 

Assistant  secretaries 4500  I 

Department  of  Justice. 

Attorney- general $8000  I  Assistant  attorney-generals. $5000 

Sohcitor-general 7000 1 

Judiciary. 
Courts  of  the  United  States. 

Miscellaneous. 


Commissioner     of    civil 

service 

Government  printer 4500 

Librarian  of  Congress 4000 


fer 


Commissioners  of  inter-)  j-tkoo 

state  commerce )  * 

Commissioner  of  labor 5000 

"  "  fish  and)     -nnn 

fisheries }    ^^^1 

TOITED  STATES  AMBASSADORS,  ENVOYS  EXTRAORDINARY,   ETC. ,  TO   THE 
PRINCIPAL  NATIONS.  Per  annum. 

France,  ambassador-extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary 

Great  Britain,  "  " 

Germany,         "  ''                -                             •  ••  •  U17,500 

Italy,                "  "               "                              ..,     "     ' 

Russia, envoy  extraordinary  and  minister-plenipotentiary 

Mexico,              "  "  " 

Austria-Hun-)  ^  ti  u 

gary i 

Brazil,                "  "  " 

China,                "  "  " 

Japan,               "  "  " 

Spain,                "  "  " 

Argentine  Re-)  (I  u  u 

public J 

Chili,                  "  "'  « 

Colombia,           "  "  " 

Costa  Rica,        ''  "  " 

Guatemala,        "  "  " 

Honduras,         "  "  '* 

Nicaragua,        "  "  " 

Peru,                 "  "  " 

Salvador,           "  ♦'  " 

Turkey,              "  "  " 

Belgium,            "  "  " 

Denmark,          "  "  " 

Hawaii,              "  '•  " 

Netherlands,      "  "  " 

Paraguay  and )  u  ^^  u                          ^     7,500 

Uruguay. . .  )  " 

Sweden   and)^ 

Norway ) 

Venezuela,         " 


i  12,000 


10,000 


New  York ) 

New  Jersey [  $10,000 

Pennsylvania. ) 

Massachusetts | 

Ohio \ 

California \ 

Illinois ) 

Colorado ] 

Indiana 

Kentucky 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nevada 

Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Maryland .'.     4,500 

Connecticut 

Louisiana 

Michigan 

Mississippi 


8,000 
6,000 


5,000 


4,000 


Texas. 

Washington. 
Arkansas . 
Florida. 
South  Carolina. 
Alabama. 
Georgia. 
Idaho . 

Iowa 

Kansas 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota. . 
Rhode  Island  . . 

West  Virginia .'.     2,700 

Nebraska ) 

South  Dakota. .. 

Wyoming 

Delaware 

Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Oregon | 

Vermont ) 


$4,000 


3,000 


2,500 


2,000 


1,500 


TERRITORIES. 

Alaska $3000   Oklahoma )    *„  roo 

Arizona 3500   Utah f  *'''^"" 

New  Mexico 2600  I 

MEMBERS  OF   THE   STATE   LEGISLATURES. 


Alabama $4  per  diem. 

Arkansas 6         " 

California 8         " 

Colorado 6         " 

Connecticut 300  per  annum. 

Delaware 3  per  diem. 

Florida 6         " 

Georgia 4        '* 

Idaho 5         " 

Illinois 5         " 

Indiana 6         " 

Iowa 500  per  annum. 

Kansas 3  per  diem. 

Kentucky 5         " 

Louisiana 4        " 

Maine 150  per  annum. 

Maryland 5  per  diem. 

Massachusetts..  750  per  annum. 


Michigan.. 
Minnesota. 


Missouri. 


3  per  diem 
5         " 
300  per  annum. 
5  per  diem. 


Montana $6  per  diem. 

Nebraska 5         " 

Nevada 8         " 

New  Hampshire    200  per  annum. 

New  .Jersey 500         " 

New  York 1500         " 

North  Carolina.        4  per  diem. 
North  Dakota. .        5         " 

Ohio 600  per  annum. 

Oregon 3  per  diem. 

Pennsylvania. .  1500  per  annum. 


Rhode  Island. . . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota . . 


1  per  diem. 
5 
5 
4 
5 
3 

50  per  annum. 
5  per  diem. 
4         " 


Texas  

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington — 
West  Virginia. . 

Wisconsin 500  per  annum. 

Wyoming 5  per  diem. 

SALARIES    OF    THE   PRINCIPAL  OFFICES   OF    GREAT    BRITAIN, 
IRELAND,  AND   COLONIES. 

(No  office  under  a  salary  of  £2000  given.) 

Lord  high  chancellor £10,000 

7,000 

and  fees  usually  about  5,000 

6,000 


$50,000 
35,000 
25,000 
30,000 
15,000 

25,000 


Attorney-general 

Solicitor-general s        ^           ^           u  3000. 

First  lord  of  the  treasury  and  lord  of  the  privy)  g  qqq 

seal f  ' 

Lord  president  of  the  privy  council "              " 

Home  secretary "               " 

Foreign  secretary "               " 

Colonial  secretary "               " 

War  secretary "               " 

Chancellor  of  the  exchequer. "              " 

First  lord  of  the  admiralty 4,500. . . .  22,500 

Postmaster-general 2.500. . . .  12,500 

President  of  the  Board  of  Trade 2,000....  10,000 

President  of  the  Local  Government  Board "               " 

Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster. "              " 

President  of  the  Council  of  Education "              " 

First  commissioner  of  public  works "               " 

Chiefcharity  commissioner  of  England  and  Wales.  "               " 

President  Board  of  Agriculture "              " 

Surveyor-general  of  prisons "              " 

Law. 
Lord  high  chancellor,  see  above. 
Lords  of  appeal  in  ordinary  (4),  each 6,000 30,000 

Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  (Court  of  Appeal). 

Master  of  the  rolls 6,000....  30,000 

Lords  justices  (5),  each 5,000 25,000 

High  Court  of  Justice  (Chancery  division). 

Justices  (.5),  each 5,000....  25,000 

Queen^s  Bench. 

Lord  chief-justice  of  England • 8,000. . . .  40,000 

Justices  (14),  each 5,000....  25,000 

Probate,  Divorce,  and  Admiralty. 

Justices  (2),  each 5,000....  25,000 

Court  of  Arches. 

One  judge 5,000. . . .  25,000 


SAL 


710 


SAL 


Par  knnnm. 

£20,000... 1100,000 

40,000 

20,000 

26,000 


IRKLAND. 

L»rd-li«atenai)t 

Lord- chancel  lor 8,000 

Lortl  vlcechancollor 4,000 

Chief-Justice,  Queen's  Bench 6,000 

Attorney  general " 

Chlefeecroury  and  keeper  privy  seal 4,425  —  22, 125 

Master  of  the  rolls 4,000....  20,000 

Undersecretary 2,500....  12,500 

Other  Judges  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice 3,500 —  17,600 

LONDON. 

Ix)rd  mayor £10,000.... $50,000 

Recorder 3,500....  17,500 

Town-clerk "              " 

Judge  of  the  city 3,200....  16,000 

Chamberlain 2,500 12,600 

Sergeant 2,250. . . .  11,250 

Remembrancer 2,000....  10,000 

Solicitor " 

OOTXRKORS  OP   BRITISH   CX)L0NIHS. 

Gov.  general  of  India. . .  .£25,000,  and  £12,000  additional. .  .$185,000 
"        Canada. £10,000....  50,000 

Governorof  Victoria,  Australia "              " 

•  Cape  of  Good  Hope 9,000. . . .  45,000 

"       ••  Ceylon 8,000....  40,000 

"  New  South  Wales,  Australia 7,000. . . .  35,000 

•«       "  Hong-Kong, China 6,500....  32,500 

♦'       *' Jamaica 6,000....  30,000 

*♦       "Gibraltar 5,000 25,000 

"       "Malta "               " 

•«       «'  British  Guiana "               " 

"       "Trinidad "              " 

"       "  New  Zealand "               " 

"       "  Queensland,  Australia "              " 

"       "  South  Australia "               " 

'*       "Tasmania '. "               " 

"       "  Cyprus 4,000. . . .  20,000 

"       "  Natal,  S.  Africa "               " 

"       "  Barbadoes 3,600 18,000 

"       "Bermuda 3,000....  15,000 

"       "  Leeward  Islands "               '• 

"       "  Western  Australia "              " 

'»       "  Newfoundland 2,500. . . .  12,500 

"       "  Windward  Isles "              " 

"       "Honduras 2,400. 

*'       "  Bahamas 2,000. 


BRITISH  AMBASSADORS,  ENVOYS,  ETC.,  TO  THE  POLLOWING 

Austria-Hungary ambassador £8000. 

Brazil m inister 4500 . 

Chili "        2000. 

China "        5500. 

Denmark "        3000. 

Egypt consul-general,  etc 6000. 

France ambassador 9000. 

Germany "          7500. 

Gold  Coast minister 3500 . 

Greece "        " 

Italy ambassador 7000. 

Japan minister 4000. 

Mexico "        3750. 

Netherlands "        4000. 

Persia "        5000. 

Peru "        2300. 

Portugal "        3750. 

Russia ambassador 7800 . 

Spain "         5500. 

Sweden minister 3400. 

Turkey ambassador 8000. 

^^'^.^  SUtes {consul-general;  N.y:::::  'S. 

SALARIES    OF    THE     PRESIDENTS,    ETC.,   OF    THE     PRINCIPAL 
REPUBLICS. 

'  President $36,000 


...  12,000 

...  10,000 

NATIONS  : 

. .  .$40,000 

...  22,500 

...  10,000 

...  27,500 

...  15,000 

...  30,000 

...  45,000 

...  37,500 

...  17,500 

...  35,000 

...  20,000 

...  18,750 

...  20,000 

...  25,000 

...  11,500 

...  18,750 

...  39,000 

...  27,500 

...  17,000 

...  40,000 

...  30,000 

...  18,300 


Argentine  Republic. 


Bolivia. 


Vice-president 18,000 

Cabinet  members each  12,000 

Senate  and  House  ...    "       8,400 

President 24,000 

Ist  vice-president 6,000 

2d      "  "        5,000 

^^  ,  .Cabinet each    5,000 

Chili President is  OOO 

(       "         600,000  fr.) 

France ]     and  allowed  an  addi-  J  240,000 

(     tional  600,000  fr ) 

Hayti President 24,000 

„     .  (       "  30'.000 

Mexico JCabinet each    8,000 

( Senate  and  House "       3,000 

(■President 3,000 

Switzerland <  Vice-president  and  mem- 

(     bers  of  the  council,  each    2,400 

Salem.     Massachusetts,  1626,  '29,  '31,  '34,  '71,  '92. 

Saler'no,  anciently  iSaler'nuin,  S.  Italy,  an  ancient 
Roman  colony.  Its  university,  with  a  celebrated  school  of  med- 
icine, reputed  to  be  the  oldest  in  Europe,  was  founded  by 


Robert  Guiscard  the  Norman,  who  seized  Salerno  in  1077 
Salerno  suffered  much  in  the  wars  of  the  middle  at;os. 

Sallque  (sa-leet)  or  Italic  law,  by  which  femal( 
were  excluded  ^rom  inheriting  the  crown  of  France,  is  said  U 
have  been  instituted  by  Pharamond,  424,  and  ratified  in 
council  of  state  by  Clovis  I.,  the  real  founder  of  the  Frencl 
monarchy,  in  511. — Henault.  This  law,  introduced  into  Spaii 
by  the  Bourbons,  1700,  was  formally  abolished  by  decree,  21 
Mch.  1830  ;  and  on  the  death  of  Ferdinand  VII.  his  daughtei 
succeeded  as  Isabella  II.,  29  Sept.  1833.  Bourbons,  Spain 
By  this  law  also  Hanover  was  separated  from  England,  whei 
queen  Victoria  ascended  the  English  throne,  1837. 

Sali§bury  (sawlz'ber-e),  a  city  of  Wilts,  Engl.,  founde( 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  on  the  removal  of  th< 
cathedral  hither  from  Old  Sarum.  National  councils  or  parlia- 
ments  were  repeatedly  held  at  Salisbury,  particularly  in  12961 
by  Edward  I. ;  in  1328,  by  Edward  III. ;  and  in  1384.  Ilenrj 
Stafford,  duke  of  Buckingham,  was  executed  here,  by  order  of 
Richard  III.,  in  1483.  On  Salisbury  plain  is  Stonehengh) 
This  plain  was  estimated  at  500,000  acres.  On  it  were  man 
cross-roads,  and  few  houses  to  take  directions  from,  so  Thorn 
as,  earl  of  Pembroke,  planted  a  tree  at  each  mile-stone  fron 
Salisbury  to  Shaftesbury  as  a  traveller's  guide.  The  cathe 
dral  was  begun,  28  Apr.  1220,  and  completed  in  1258.  It  i 
one  of  England's  finest  ecclesiastical  edifices.  Its  spire,  th 
loftiest  in  the  kingdom  (404  ft.),  was  considered  in  danger  ii 
Apr,  1864,  and  subscriptions  were  begun  for  its  immediate  re 
pair.  The  choir  was  reopened,  after  restoration  by  sir  G.  G 
Scott,  1  Nov.  1876. 

Salleilti'ni,  allies  of  the  Saranites,  the  only  Italian  tribe^ 
not  subject  to  Rome,  were  overcome  in  war  in  267  and  266  b.c. 
and  Brundisium,  their  port,  taken. 

§alinoil  fislieries.  A  salmon  -  fishery  congress 
opened  at  South  Kensington,  Engl.,  7  June,  1867.  Salmon 
eggs  sent  to  New  Zealand,  Jan.  1878.  Salmon  were  very 
abundant  in  all  the  New  England  rivers  at  the  time  of  the 
first  settlement  of  the  country,  but  the  many  dams  built  upon 
some  of  these  rivers — notably  the  Merrimac — have  excluded 
the  fish.  A  large  supply  for  American  markets  comes  now 
from  the  Kennebec  river  in  Maine,  and  from  Canadian 
streams.  Considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  the  re- 
stocking of  American  streams  with  salmon  by  the  United 
States  Fish  Commission.  In  Nov.  1871,  the  Russian  method 
of  artificial  propagation  was  tried  in  the  Penobscot  region 
with  success.  Tlie  hatching  of  eggs  and  stocking  rivers  with 
salmon  has  since  been  steadily  prosecuted  with  good  results. 
The  lower  Columbia  river,  Oregon,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant salmon  fisheries  in  the  world,  over  600,000  cases  be- 
ing put  lip  annually.  To  keep  up  the  supply  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment hatchery  puts  5,000,000  young  salmon  in  the  river 
every  year. 

salt  (chloride  of  sodium,  a  compound  of  the  gas  chlorine 
and  the  metal  sodium)  is  procured  from  salt-rocks,  from  salt- 
springs,  and  from  sea-water.  The  famous  salt-mines  of  Wie- 
liczka,  near  Cracow  in  Galicia,  have  been  worked  600  years. 
The  salt-works  in  Cheshire,  called  the  Wiches  (Naiitwich, 
Northwich,  and  Middlewich),  were  important  during  the  Sax- 
on heptarchy.  The  salt-mines  of  Staffordshire  were  discovered 
about  1670.  Salt-duties  were  first  exacted  in  England  in  1702 ; 
they  were  renewed  in  1732 ;  reduced  in  1823,  and  in  that  year 
were  ordered  to  cease  in  1825.  During  the  French  war  the  duty 
reached  to  BOl.  per  ton.  For  the  salt-tax  in  France,  Gabelle. 
The  government  salt  monopoly  in  India  was  abolished  in 
May,  1863,  by  sir  C.  Trevelyan.  Since  1810,  23  states  of  the 
United  States  have  produced  salt  for  market.  Virginia  salt- 
works were  in  operation  before  1620.  Salt  was  made  in  South 
Carolina  in  1689, and  acts  to  encourage  the  manufacture  were 
passed  in  1725.  The  Onondaga  salt-springs,  in  New  York, 
were  worked  by  the  Indians.  First  discovered  in  central  New 
York  by  father  Le  Moyne,  1654.  Salt  was  first  made  near 
Syracuse  by  white  men  in  1788.  The  state  of  New  York 
owns  the  salines,  and,  until  1846,  charged  a  royalty  of  6  cents 
a  bushel  for  salt  made  from  the  water.  In  that  year  the  roy-  ' 
alty  was  reduced  to  1  cent  a  bushel.  Rock  salt  first  discov-  j 
ered  in  New  York  state,  4  miles  from  Warsaw,*  Wyoming 
county,  1878.     New  York.     Salt  was  first  made  in  Ohio  in 


SAL 

1798;  in  Michigan  about  1859.  Since  1797  salt  has  been 
largel}'  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  chloride  of  sodium  or 
bleaching  powder  (by  obtaining  its  chlorine)  and  soap  (by 
obtaining  its  soda).  For  these  purposes  the  chemical  works  of 
Cheshire,  Lancashire,  and  other  places  are  operated.  Alka- 
lies. 

I^altaire.    Alpaca. 

Salt  Lake.     Grkat  Salt  Lake. 

Salt  Lake  City.    Utah. 

saltpetre  (from  sal  petrae,  salt  of  the  rocks),  or  ni- 
tre, is  a  compound  of  nitric  acid  and  potash  (nitrogen,  oxy- 
gen, and  potassium),  properly  called  nitrate  of  potash.  It  is 
the  explosive  ingredient  in  gunpowder,  many  detonating 
powders,  and  lucifer- matches.  Boyle,  in  the  17th  century, 
demonstrated  that  saltpetre  is  composed  of  aquafortis  (nitric 
acid)  and  potash ;  the  discoveries  of  Lavoisier  (1777)  and 
Davy  (1807)  showed  its  real  composition.  Its  manufacture 
in  England  began  about  1625.  During  the  French  Revolu- 
tion the  manufacture  was  greatly  increased  by  the  researches 
of  Berthollet. 

§alute  at  §ea.  It  is  a  received  maxim  at  sea  that 
he  who  returns  the  salute  always  fires  fewer  guns  than  he  re- 
ceives, even  between  ships  of  princes  of  equal  dignity ;  but 
the  Swedes  and  Danes  return  the  compliment  without  regard 
to  the  number  of  guns  fired  to  them.  The  English  claim  the 
right  to  be  saluted  first  in  all  places,  as  sovereigns  of  the  seas; 
the  Venetians  claimed  this  honor  within  their  gulf,  etc.  The 
English  admiralty  issued  a  code  of  rules  for  salutes,  Dec.  1876. 
Flag,  Naval  salute. 

Sal'vador,  San,  one  of  the  Bahamas  and  the  first  point 
of  land  discovered  in  the  West  Indies  or  America  by  Colum- 
bus. It  was  previously  called  Guanahani,  or  Cat's  isle ;  but 
Columbus  (in  acknowledgment  to  God  for  deliverance)  named 
it  San  Salvador,  11  Oct.  1492.  The  capital,  San  Salvador, 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  16  Apr.  1854,  and  is  now 
abandoned. 

Sal'vador,  San,  a  republic  of  Central  America,  inde- 
pendent since  1853,  with  a  constitution  proclaimed  24  Jan. 
1859.  Gen.  Barrios,  elected  president  1  Feb.  1860,  was  com- 
pelled to  flee  in  Oct.  1863,  when  Francis  Duenas  became  pro- 
visional president;  his  formal  election  took  place  Apr.  1865. 
The  ex-president,  Gerard  Barrios,  was  surrendered  by  Nica- 
ragua, tried,  and  shot,  Aug.  1876.  A  re-attempted  revolution 
failed,  1872.  The  capital,  San  Salvador,  founded  1528,  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  19  Mch.  1873;  about  50 
persons  perished;  suffered  again  severely,  1879.  Area,  7225 
sq.  miles;  pop,  1891,  about  777,900. 

Salvation  army,  a  quasi-military  organization  for 
mission  work,  using,  as  special  means,  a  uniform,  out-door  pro- 
cessions, with  banners  and  music,  and  religious  talks  in  the 
streets,  public  halls,  theatres,  etc.  The  army  is  an  outgrowth 
of  the  East  London  Christian  Revival  Society,  or,  as  afterwards 
called,  the  "  Christian  Mission,"  established  in  London  by  rev. 
Wra.  Booth  in  1865.  Its  aims  are :  1st,  to  go  to  the  people 
with  the  message  of  salvation ;  2d,  to  attract  the  people ;  3d, 
to  save  the  people;  4th,  to  employ  the  people  in  salvation 
work.  Their  motto  is  "  Blood  and  Fire."  The  army  is  now 
established  in  32  countries,  with  about  10,780  officers,  and 
holds  about  13,000,000  religious  meetings  every  year.  It  pub- 
lishes 33  weekly  newspapers  and  15  monthly  magazines,  with 
a  total  annual  circulation  of  43,826,000  copies.  They  support 
40  Rescue-homes  for  fallen  women  and  58  "  slum-posts." 
William  Booth  holds  his  first  open-air  meeting  at  the  Mile 
End  Waste,  London,  from  which  his  hearers  "procession  "  to 

a  large  tent  near  Baker's  Row,  Whitechapel 5  July,  1865 

Work  of  the  Christian  Mission  first  introduced  temporarily  in 
the  United  States,  at  Cleveland,  O.,  by  a  London  cabinet- 
maker    1872 

First  2  hallelujah  lasses  (women  evangelists)  leave  King's  Cross, 

Engl.,  for  Felling-on-Tyne 30  Mch.  1878 

First  "war  congress"  held,  and  "Salvation  army"  formally 

organized,  with  50  stations  under  88  evangelists Aug.     " 

War  Cry,  a  weekly  newspaper,  first  issued 1879 

Salvation  Army  corps  established  in  Philadelphia  by  the  fam- 
ily of  Mr.  Shirley,  from  Coventry,  Engl " 

Meeting  held  in  Castle  Garden,  New  York,  and  at  "Harry 
Hill's,"  by  commissioner  Roilton  and  7  hallelujah  lasses 
sent  over  from  England  (the  first  uniformed  corps  sent  out), 

■                                                                            spring,  1880 
rirst  American  headquarters  opened  in  Philadelphia " 


711  SAM 

Expedition  to  Australia  under  capt.  Sutherland,  commonly 
called  Glory  Tom 1881 

Miss  Booth,  eldest  daughter  of  gen.  William  Booth,  with  Miss 
Soper  and  2  others,  land  in  France Mch.      " 

First  Training-home  for  Women  opened  at  Gore  road.  Hack- 
ney, Engl Nov.     " 

Devonshire  House  Training-home  for  Salvation  lads,  opened. . .  1882 

Salvation  army  established  in  Gothenburg,  Sweden,  by  Miss 
Ouchterlonej " 

Three  officers  despatched  to  Toronto  to  commence  an  attack 
on  Canada July,     " 

Col.  Tucker  leaves  England  for  India,  with  his  wife  and  a  few- 
English  officers 23  Aug.     " 

Maj.  Simmonds,  his  wife  and  lieut.  Teager,  sail  from  the  Thames 
to  establish  the  army  in  Cape  Colony,  Africa 30  Jan.  1883 

Miss  Booth  and  other  army  leaders,  expelled  from  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  set  out  for  Neufchatel .12  Feb.     " 

Miss  Booth  and  other  leaders  arrested  while  holding  a  meeting 
in  the  Jura  forest,  5  miles  from  Neufchatel,  but  released  under 
bail,  9  Sept.  1883.  They  are  tried  at  Bondy  and  acquitted,  29 
Sept.,  but  forced  by  the  people  to  leave  the  canton 11  Oct.     " 

Battle  between  the  Salvation  army  and  the  "Skeleton  army," 
organized  to  oppose  their  work,  at  Gravesend,  Engl. . .  15  Oct.     " 

First  Rescue-home  in  England  begun  under  the  direction  of 
Bramwell  Booth 1884 

Lyons,  France,  invaded 1885 

Death  of  Mrs.  Catharine  Booth,  wife  of  gen.  Booth,  at  Clacton- 
on-Sea 4  Oct.  1890 

Gen.  Booth  publishes  his  book,  "In  Darkest  England,  and  the 
Way  Out" Oct.     " 

Mrs.  David  Bell  bequeaths  about  $300,000  to  gen.  Booth  in  sup- 
port of  his  work May,  1892 

Continental  congress  of  Salvation  army  of  the  U.  S.  begins  its 
session  in  New  York  city 21  Nov.     " 

Through  a  syndicate  the  Salvation  army  purchase  200,000  acres 
in  Chiapa,  South  Mexico,  for  settlement  under  direction  of 
the  army 22  Feb.  1894 

Salz'bacll,  a  town  of  Baden.  Here  the  French  general 
Turenne  was  killed,  at  the  opening  of  a  battle,  27  July,  1676. 

Samaj  (sa-ml')  or  SomaJ.     Buaumo  Somaj. 

Samareand',  a  city  of  Tartary,  was  conquered  by  the 
Mahometans,  707;  by  Genghis  Khan,  1220;  and  by  Timur, 
or  Tamerlane,  who  ruled  here  in  great  splendor.  Samarcand 
was  occupied  by  the  Russians  under  Kanfmann,26  May,  1868, 
after  a  conflict  on  the  previous  day.  The  garrison  resisted 
a  fierce  siege  till  relieved  by  Kaufmann,  13-20  June,  1868. 

Samar'itan§.  Samaria  was  built  by  Omri,  925  B.C.; 
and  became  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel.  On  the 
breaking-up  of  that  kingdom  (721  b.c.),  the  conqueror  Shal- 
raaneser  placed  natives  of  other  countries  at  Samaria.  The 
descendants  of  these  mixed  races  were  abominable  to  the 
Jews,  and  especially  so  because  of  the  rival  temple  built  on 
Mount  Gerizim  by  Sanballat  the  Samaritan,  332  B.C.,  which 
was  destroyed  by  John  Hyrcanus,  130  b.c.  (see  John  iv.  and 
viii.  48,  and  Luke  x.  33).  The  Samaritan  Pentateuch  (of 
uncertain  origin)  was  published  in  his  Polyglot  by  Morinus, 
1632. 

Sani'nite§,  a  warlike  people  of  S.  Italy,  who  strenuous- 
1}'  resisted  the  Roman  power,  and  were  only  sulyugated  after 
3  sanguinary  wars,  from  343  to  292  b.c.  Their  brave  leader, 
Caius  Pontius,  who  spared  the  Romans  at  Caudium,  320.  hav- 
ing been  taken  prisoner,  was  basely  put  to  death,  292.  They 
did  not  acquire  citizenship  till  88  b.c.     Caudine  Forks. 

Samo'an  or  ]Vavig'ator'§  isles  (nine  inhabited), 
near  the  Fiji  islands;  christianized  by  rev.  John  Williams, 
1830.  King  Malietoa  succeeded,  8  Nov.  1880.  The  isles 
have  a  political  constitution.  At  a  Samoan  conference  at  Ber- 
lin, 1889,  between  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  the  United 
States,  an  act  was  signed  14  June,  guaranteeing  the  neutrality 
of  the  islands,  in  which  the  3  nations  have  equal  rights  of  res- 
idence, trade,  and  protection.  The  independence  of  the  Sa- 
moan government  was  also  recognized,  with  Malietoa  as  king. 
Area,  1701  sq.  miles ;  pop.  about  36,000.  Apia,  in  the  island 
of  Upola,  is  the  capital. 
King  Malietoa  deposed  by  the  Germans  and  replaced  by  Tama- 

tese 8  Sept.  1887 

Mataafa"s  insurrection  and  victory  over  Tamatese. .  .Oct. -Nov.  1888 
Germans  interfere  in  favor  of  Tamatese,. and  are  beaten;  16 

killed 18  Dec.     ' ' 

Conflicting  interests  arise  between  the  German,  British,  and 

United  States  governments Jan.  1889 

Germans  oppose  Mataafa "       " 

Bismarck  yields  to  the  claims  of  the  U.  S Feb.      " 

Three  U.  S.  war- vessels,  Nipsic,  Vandalia,  and  Trenton,  and  3 

German,  driven  ashore  at  Apia,  on  the  island  of  l^ola,  and 

destroyed,  in  a  great  storm 15-16  Mch.     " 

[50  lives  were  lost  from  the  U.  S.  ships  and  96  from  the 


SAM 

Oerinaa.    Tho  BritiBh  war-ship  CaUiope  escaped  by  steam- 
ing out  of  tho  harbor.     For  his  skill  and  seamanship  in  ac- 
complishing this  iho  captain  of  tho  Calliopt  was  thanked  by 
the  British  ttilmiralty  J 
Owing  to  disturlmnoo  nud  war  Mataafk  is  exiled  to  Kakaofo  and 

order  rosloroil Aug.  1894 

Sninoii,  an  island  on  the  west  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  Col- 
onized by  lonians  about  1043  b.c.  The  city  was  founded 
about  986.  Polycrates,  ruler  of  Samoa  (532-522  b.o.),  was  one 
of  the  most  able,  fortunate,  and  treacherous  of  the  Greek  ty- 
rantii,  and  possessed  a  powerful  fleet.  He  patronized  Pythag- 
oras (born  here)  and  Anacreon.  Samos  was  taken  by  the 
Athenian*,  440;  and,  with  Greece,  became  subject  to  Home, 
146.  It  was  taken  by  the  Venetians,  1125  a.d.,  who  liere 
raatle  velvet  (^samet),  and  became  subject  to  the  Turks  about 
1459.  It  i«  now  a  principality  under  the  sovereignty  of  Tur- 
kev,  guaranteed  by  France,  Great  Britain,  and  Russia  from 
1832.  Area,  180  sq".  miles;  pop.  1890,44,661. 
Sainosct.  Massachusetts,  1621.  . 
SailOllluricS.  The  privilege  of  refuge  for  offenders 
was  granted  in  ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  but  especially 
among  the  Jews.  These  places  were  generally  (particularly 
in  Greece  and  Rome)  some  temple,  sacred  grove,  or  place 
sacred  to  some  deity.  Under  Constantine  the  Great,  all 
Christian  churches  were  sanctuaries,  and  later  in  France  and 
Spain  it  was  favored,  but  in  Germany  the  custom  was  never 
very  effective.  It  is  said  to  have  been  granted  by  Lucius, 
king  of  the  Britons,  to  churches  and  their  precincts.  St. 
John's  of  Beverley  was  thus  privileged  in  the  time  of  the 
Saxons.  St.  Burian's,  in  Cornwall,  was  privileged  bj'^  Athel- 
stan,  935;  Westminster,  by  Edward  the  Confessor ;  St.  Mar- 
tin's-le-Grand,  1529.  Being  much  abused,  the  privilege  of 
sanctuary  was  limited  by  the  pope  in  1503  (at  the  request  of 
Henry  VII.),  and  much  more  in  1540.  In  London,  persons 
were  .secure  from  arrest  in  certain  localities:  these  werfe  the 
Minories,  Salisbury  court,  Whitefriars,  Fulwood's  rents,  Mitre 
court,  Baldwin'.s  gardens,  the  Savoy,  Clink,  Deadman's  place, 
Montague  close,  and  the  Mint.  This  security  was  legally  abol- 
iahtd  1696,  but  lasted  in  some  degree  till  the  reign  of  George 
II!^1727).     Asylums,  CiTiKS  OF  Rkfugk. 

§and-filto§t.  Gen.  B.  C.  Ti'ighman*bf  Philadelphia, 
invented  a  method  of  cutting  stone  or  harc^metal  by  a  jet 
of  quartz  sand  impelled  by  compressed  air  or  steam.  A  hole 
of  IJ  inches  diameter  and  1^  inches  deep  was  bored  through 
a  block  of  corundum,  nearly  as  hard  as  diamond,  in  25  minutes. 
The  invention  was  Siibmitted  to  the  Franklin  Institute,  Phil- 
adelphia, 15  Feb.  1871.  It  is  now  employed  in  the  arts  for 
decorating  and  etching  glass,  etc. 

Sandema^nians.    Glasitks. 

Sander's  Creek,  Battle  of.     Camden. 

Sander's  fort.     Fort  Sanders. 

Sandusky.  Expedition  against  the  Indians  there. 
Ohio,  1782. 

Sandwich  islands.    Hawaii. 

Sandy  Creek,  near  Sackett's  harbor,  lake  Ontario, 
Battle  at.  Here  a  British  force  of  160  men  attacked  120 
Americans  with  a  few  Indian  allies,  30  May,  1814.  70  of  the 
British  were  killed,  the  rest  captured. 

San  Francisco,  commercial  metropolis  of  California. 
On  17  June,  1776,  two  friars,  Francisco  Palou  and  Benito  Cam- 
bon,  left  Monterey  with  7  civilians  and  17  dragoons  and  their 
families,  reaching  27  June  the  place  where  they  established  the 
Spanish  mission  of  San  Francisco,  8  Oct.  1776. '  The  settlement 
by  Americans  dates  from  1836,  when  Jacob  P.  Leese,  an  Amer- 
ican residing  in  Los  Angeles,  obtained  from  gov.  Chico  a  grant 
of  land  in  Verba  Buena,  and  built  a  small  frame  house  on  pres- 
ent south  side  of  Clay  street  west  of  Dupont,  celebrating  its 
completion  by  raising  the  American  flag,  4  July,  1 836.  In  1840 
there  were  4  Americans,  4  Englishmen,  and  6  other  Europeans 
in  Verba  Buena.  In  Jan.  1847  the  name  was  changed  to  San 
Francisco.  In  Aug.  1847  the  population  was  459,  and  increased 
to  36.154  in  1852,  owing  to  the  discoverv  of  gold.  In  1860  it 
was  56,802;  1870,  149,473;  1880,233,959;  1890,298,997.  It 
is  the  8th  city  in  the  U.  S.  in  population.  In  1890  the  city 
covered  41|  sq.  miles ;  lat.  37°  36'  N.,  Ion.  122°  26'  W. 
Wiiliam  A.  Richardson,  an  Englishman  who  settled  in  Califor- 


712 


SAN 


1848 


nia  in  1822,  moves  to  Yorba  Buona  and,  in  a  tent  on  what  is 

%,jlow  Dupont  street,  begins  dealing  in  hides  and  tallow 1835 

Jacob  P.  Leese  arrives  at  the  mission Juno,  1836 

First  house  at  Verba  Buena  completed  by  Mr.  Leese 4  July,     " 

First  child  born  in  Verba  Buena,  a  daughter  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

Leese Apr.  1838 

First  survey  made  by  Jean  Vioget i839 

Messrs.  Spear  and  Hinckley,  Americans,  build  a  sawmill  in 

Verba  Buena i84i 

Capt.  Montgomery,  of  the  war -sloop  Portsmouth,  hoists  the 

American  flag  on  what  is  now  Portsmouth  square 8  July,  1846 

Ship  Brooklyn,  from  New  York,  with  200  Mormon  immigrants, 

arrives  at  Verba  Buena July,     <« 

California  Star  first  issued  as  a  weekly 9  Jan.  1847 

Name  Verba  Buena  changed  to  San  Francisco  by  decree  of  tho 

alcalde Jan.     " 

Private  school  opened  by  a  Mr.  Marston  on  Dupont  St.,  between 

Broadway  and  I'aciflc Apr.     "' 

City  hotel,  the  first  in  San  Francisco,  a  story-and-a-half  adobe 

building  on  southwest  cor.  Clay  and  Kearny  sts.,  opened " 

New  survey  of  the  town  made  by  Jasper  O'Farrell 

Committee  appointed  to  establish  a  public  school 24  Sept.     •' 

Public  Institute  built  on  Portsmouth  square,  and  school  opened 

by  Thomas  Douglas 3  Apr. 

First  steamer  of  the  Pacific  Mail  company,  the  California,  ar- 
rives  28  Feb.  1849 

Oregon  brings  John  W.  Geary,  first  postmaster  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  the  first  U.  S.  mail  to  the  Pacific  coast 31  Mch.     " 

St.  Francis  hotel  opened;  a  3  story  wooden  structure  on  south- 
west cor.  Clay  and  Dupont  sts " 

First  Presbyterian  church  in  San  Francisco  organized  by  Al- 
bert Williams;  services  in  a  tent  on  Dupont  st 20  May,     « 

First  Baptist  church  organized  by  0.  C.  Wheeler 24  June,     " 

First  Congregational  church  organized;  rev.  T.  D.  Hunt,  pastor, 

July,     « 
First  steamboat  to  make  regular  trips  between  San  Francisco 

and  Sacramento,  the  McKim,  arrives 3  Oct.     " 

Upon  the  discovery  of  gold  the  population  of  California  in- 
creases 6  to  8  fold;  at  one  time  there  are  400  ships  in  the 

harbor  deserted  by  their  crews '« 

First  great  fire  occurs 21  Dec.     " 

Daily  Alta  California  first  issued 22  Jan.  1850 

Jenny  Lind  theatre  opened " 

San  Francisco  incorporated  as  a  city,  and  JohnW.  Geary  elect- 
ed first  mayor l  May,     " 

Second  great  fire,  burning  over  3  blocks,  4  May,  and  third, 
which  burns  everything  between  Clay,  California,  and  Kearny 

sts.  and  the  water  front 14  June,     '• 

Society  of  California  pioneers  organized Aug.     " 

Steamboat  Sagamore  explodes ;  80  persons  killed  and  wounded, 

Oct.     " 

San  Francisco  Protestant  orphan  asylum  organized 31  Jan.  1861 

P'oiirth,  called  the  great  fire,  burns  16  blocks,  more  than  1500 
houses,  the  burned  district  being  %  mile  long,  X  in'le  wide, 

4  May,     " 

Vigilance  committee  organized June,     " 

Fifth  large  fire,  entailing  a  loss  of  $2,000,000,  begins  on  Pacific 

St.  near  Powell,  burning  8  blocks 22  June,     " 

James  Stuart,  professional  murderer  and  robber,  hung  by  the 

Vigilance  committee  on  Market  Street  wharf 11  July,     '• 

Samuel  Whittaker  and  Robert  McKenzie  hung  by  Vigilance 
committee  oh  Battery  st.,  between  Pine  and  California, 

24  Aug.     « 
City  divided  into  7  school  districts,  and  free  schools  under  the 

school  law  provided  for  in  each  district 25  Sept.     " 

Chamber  of  Commerce  organized  1  May,  1850;  incorporated 

3  Nov.     " 
Jenny  Lind  theatre  bought  for  a  city-hall  and  court  house  for 

1200,000 1852 

Verba  Buena  cemetery  opened " 

Pacific  club  organized " 

Streets  first  lighted  with  90  oil-lamps " 

First  Unitarian  church  on  Stockton  st.,  between  Clay  and  Sac- 
ramento; and  First  Congregational  church  and  St.  Mary's 
cathedral,  on  opposite  sides  of  Dupont  and  California  sts., 

completed 1853 

Evening  Post  established " 

Mercantile  library  founded " 

First  telegraph  line  to  Marysville  opened 24  Oct.     " 

Streets  lighted  with  gas Feb.  1854 

U.  S.  Branch  Mint  opened 3  Apr.      " 

Failure  of  Henry  Meigs  for  $800,000;  after  forging  city  war- 
rants, promisfsory  notes,  and  shares  in  a  lumber  company  to 

the  amount  of  $200,000,  he  flees  to  Chili 6  Oct      ' 

Montgomery  and  "Washington  sts.  partly  paved  with  cobble-.^ 

stones 

Lone  Mountain  cemetery  opened 

Failure  of  Adams  &  Co.  's  bank 23  Feb.  li 

[A  financial  crisis  followed,  with  197  failures  during  the 
year,  with  liabilities  of  over  $8,300,000.] 

Mechanics'  Institute  library  founded " 

Evening  Bulletin  first  issued 8  Oct.     " 

Vigilance  committee  organizes 15  May,  1856 

James  King  of  William,  editor  of  the  Bulletin,  shot  by  James 
P.  Casey,  whom  King  had  accused  of  election  frauds,  14  May, 

d 20  May, 

Casey  and  Charles  Cora,  the  latter  murderer  of  U.  S.  marshal 

Richardson,  hung  by  the  Vigilance  committee 22  May,     " 

Morning  Call  founded ' Dec.     " 

First  savings  bank  opened 1857 

San  Francisco  Water- works  company  organized " 


i 


SAN  713 

.first  Industrial  Fair  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute  held  on  site  of 

the  Lick  house 1857 

.Spring  Valley  Water- works  company  organized June,  1858 

First  overland  mail  from  St.  Louis  arrives Sept.     " 

:St.  Ignatius  college  opened,  1855 ;  chartered 1859 

Industrial  school  opened " 

Bancroft  Pacific  library  founded " 

Diiel  between  David  S.  Terry  and  David  C.  Broderick  in  San 
Mateo  county,  10  miles  from  San  Francisco,  13  Sept.  1859; 
Broderick  dies  from  a  pistol-shot  in  the  left  lung. .  .18  Sept.     " 
First  pony-express  arrives,  9  days  en  route  from  St.  Joseph,  Mo., 

1  A.M.  14  Apr.  1860 
:Steam- railroad  constructed  on  Market  and  Valencia  sts.  to  the 

Mission  and  Hayes  valley July,     " 

;San  Francisco  connected  with  New  York  by  telegraph,  23  Oct.     " 
Famous  oration  on  the  rights  of  freedom,  etc.,  by  Edward  D. 

Baker  at  the  American  theatre 29  Oct.     " 

Examiner  established 1862 

-Cars  of  the  Omnibus  street  railroad  begin  running " 

Kuss,  Lick,  and  Occidental  hotels  opened " 

•San  Francisco  Stock  and  Exchange  Board  organized.  .12  Sept.     " 

Railroad  to  San  Jose  opened 1863 

Union  club  established 1864 

Long  bridge  across  Mission  cove,  on  line  of  Fourth  and  Ken- 
tucky sts.,  completed " 

Daily  Examiner  established 1865 

Chronicle  first  issued  as  an  advertising  sheet  for  the  theatre..     " 

•■San  Francisco  Law  library  founded " 

Mountain  View  cemetery  established " 

Electric  fire-alarm  telegraph  introduced " 

Severe  earthquake 8  Oct.     " 

Kearny  street  widened  on  the  west  side,  from  Market  st.  to 

Broadway,  at  a  cost  of  |579,000 1866 

Paid  Fire  department  established,  and  hand-engines  replaced 

by  steam " 

Volunteer  Fire  department  abolished Dec.     " 

Bank  of  California  and  Merchants'  Exchange  completed 1867 

Horse  cars  substituted  for  steam  on  Market  st " 

Alms-house  completed " 

'Trinity  church  completed " 

^Severest  earthquake  yet  recorded 8  a.m.  21  Oct.  1868 

Grand  hotel  completed 1869 

■St.  Patrick's  church  completed 1870 

Improvement  of  Golden  Gate  park  commenced " 

Blossom  Rock,  %  of  a  mile  from  North  Point,  blown  up  .23  May,     " 

Evening  Post  established 1871 

"Corner-stone  of  city-hall  laid Feb.  1872 

■Clay  St.  cable  railway,  the  pioneer  cable  road  of  the  world,  put 

in  operation Sept.  1873 

IJew  U.  S.  mint  on  Fifth  st.  opened 1874 

Work  begun  on  Palace  hotel,  1874;  building  completed 1875 

Montgomery  avenue  opened " 

Pacific  Stock  Exchange  holds  its  first  meeting 7  June,     " 

Bank  of  California  fails,  and  pres.  Ralston  dies  the  same  day; 
verdict,  congestion  of  the  lungs  and  brain,  caused  by  a  bath 

in  the  bay  at  North  Beach 26  Aug.     " 

Ifew  Pacific  Stock  Exchange  on  LeidesdorfT  st.  opened,  15  May,  1876 

Normal  department  of  Girls'  High-school  established " 

Centennial  celebration  of  the  establishment  of  the  mission  at 

San  Francisco 8  Oct.     " 

Baldwin  hotel  completed 1877 

Anti-Chinese  riot  breaks  out;  subdued  by  the  Vigilance  com- 
mittee of  1856,  reorganized 23  July,     " 

■Building  of  San  Francisco  Stock  and  Exchange  Board  on  Pine 

8t.  completed  and  occupied " 

Pupont  St.  widened " 

Hall  of  Records  in  new  city-hall  opened <' 

Telephone  introduced " 

•San  Francisco  free  public  library  founded 1879 

A  large  number  of  poor  people  settled  on  a  tract  called  the 
Mussel  Slough  district  (Sand-lots);  this  district  came  into 
possession  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  1867-77.  The  set- 
tlers refusing  to  vacate,  the  dispute  was  carried  to  the  U.  S. 
court.  The  decision  of  the  court  being  against  the  settlers, 
efforts  were  made  to  dispossess  them,  which  led  to  a  conflict 

in  which  several  were  killed 1880 

Dennis  Kearney,  a  leader  of  the  Labor  or  Sand-lot  party,  ar- 
rested and  found  guilty  of  misdemeanor  and  sentenced  to  6 
months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  $1000, 16  Mch. ;  decision 

and  sentence  reversed  by  State  Supreme  court 27  May,     " 

Severe  gale;  extensive  damage 19  Jan.  1886 

tJelebration  of  Arbor  day  inaugurated ;  school  children  set 
out  40,000  young  trees,  supplied   by  Adolph  Sutro, 

27  Nov.     " 
fanic  in  the  Stock  Exchange,  and  failure  of  14  leading  stock 

brokers 2  Dec.     " 

Monument  to  Francis  Scott  Key  unveiled  in  Golden  Gate  park, 

4  July,  1888 
■Cogswell  Polytechnic  college  opened •  " 

Metropolitan  electric  railroad  opened ;  first  in  the  city May,  1892 

Train  carrying  $20,000,000  in  gold  leaves  the  city  for  New  York, 

5  Aug.     " 

Midwinter  Exposition  opened 27  Jan.  1894 

•Col.  Jonathan  D.  Stevenson,  a  pioneer  of  '49,  d 14  Feb.     " 


SAN 


MAYORS. 


John  W.  Geary .  1850 

Charles  J.  Brenham 1851 

Stephen  R.  Harris 1852 

Charles  J.  Brenham " 

C.  K.  Garrison 1853 

23* 


S.  B.  Webb 1854 

James  Van  Ness 1855 

E.  W.  Burr 1856 

Henry  F.  Techemacher 1860 

H.  P.  Coon 1864 


Frank  McCoppiu 1868 

Thomas  H.  Selby 1870 

William  Alvord 1872 

James  Otis 1874 

George  Hewston 1875 

Andrew  J.  Bryant 1876 

Isaac  S.  Kalloch 1880 


Maurice  C.  Blake  (11  months), 

1882 

Washington  Bartlett 188:^ 

E.  B.  Pond 1887 

George  H.  Sanderson 1891 

L.  R.  Ellert 1893 

Adolph  Sutro 1895 

California,  1847. 


San  Oabriel,  Battle  of. 

San'liedriltl.  An  ancient  Jewish  council  of  the  high- 
est jurisdiction,  of  70,  or,  as  some  say,  73  members,  usually 
considered  to  be  that  established  by  Moses  (Numb.  xi.  16), 
1490  B.C.  It  was  yet  in  existence  at  the  time  of  Jesus  Christ 
(John  xviii.  31).  A  Jewish  Sanhedrim  was  summoned  by 
the  emperor  Napoleon  I.,  23  July,  1806.  The  Jewish  depu- 
ties met  18  Sept.,  and  the  Sanhedrim  9  Mch.  1807. 

Sanitary  €ommi§don  of  the  United  States.  On 
15  Apr.  1861,  a  woman  of  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  organized  a 
society  to  relieve  and  comfort  volunteers.  On  the  same  day 
Miss  Almena  Bates,  of  Charlestown,  Mass.,  established  another. 
The  city  of  Lowell  followed,  and  other  cities  rapidly.  This 
was  the  origin  of  the  commission.  On  9  June  the  secretary 
of  war  appointed  Henry  W.  Bellows,  prof.  A.  D.  Bache,  of 
the  coast  survey,  Jeffries  Wyman,  M.D.,  W.  H.  Van  Buren, 
M.D.,  R.  C.  Wood,  surg.-gen.  U.S.A.,  gen.  G.  W.  CuUum, 
and  Alex.  Shiras,  U.S.A.,  a  commission  of  inquiry  and  ad- 
vice in  respect  to  the.  sanitary  interests  of  the  U.  S.  forces. 
Board  organized  13  June  and  named  "U.  S.  Sanitary 
Commission."  The  object  of  the  commission  was  to  supple- 
ment government  deficiencies.  An  appeal  was  made  to  the 
people  with  gratifying  results.  This  commission  followed  the 
army  throughout  the  war  with  supplies  for  alleviating  the 
sufferings  of  the  soldiers.  It  is  estimated  that  in  money  and 
supplies  no  less  than  $25,000,000  was  contributed  during  the 
war.  The  archives  of  the  commission,  containing  a  full  record 
of  its  work,  were  deposited  in  the  Astor  Library  in  1878  as  a  gift. 
The  principal  branches  of  the  U.  S.  sanitary  commission  were : 

New  England  Woman's  Auxiliary  Association,  organized 1861 

Soldiers'  Aid  Society  of  Northern  Ohio,  organized 20  Apr.     " 

Woman's  Central  Association  of  Relief,  New  York,  organized, 

29  Apr.     " 

General  Aid  Society  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  organized Dec.      " 

Cincinnati  Branch,  organized " 

Woman's  Relief  Association  of  City  of  Brooklyn,  organized . . .  1862 

Northwestern  Branch,  Chicago '. " 

Philadelphia  Branch,  organized 1863 

Pittsburg  Branch '  < 

Pioneer  Sanitary  Fair  opened  at  Chicago 27  Oct.     " 

European  Branch,  organized  at  Paris 30  Nov.     " 

Auxiliary  Society,  organized  in  London  by  Americans.  .5  Mch.  1864 
Auxiliary  Relief  Corps  in  the  U.  S.,  organized May,     " 

sanitary  science.  Strict  cleanliness  is  enjoined  in 
the  Mosaic  law,  1490  b.c.  In  London,  Engl.,  a  law  was  passed 
to  keep  the  streets  clean  in  1297,  and  the  casting  of  filth  from 
houses  into  the  streets  was  made  punishable  in  1309.  In 
America  a  quarantine  law  was  passed  by  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  for  yellow-fever  in  1648.  Similar  laws  were 
passed  in  South  Carolina,  1698;  Pennsylvania,  1699;  Rhode 
Island,  1711;  New  Hampshire,  1714;  and  New  York,  1755. 
Great  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  public  health  in  France 
since  1802.  Tardieu  published  his  "  Dictionnaire  de  Hygiene," 
1852-54.  To  dr.  Southwood  Smith  is  ascribed  the  first  agita- 
tion on  the  subject  of  public  health  in  England  about  1832, 
his  "  Philosophy  of  Health  "  having  excited  much  attention. 
Venice  establishes  its  first  lazaretto  (1423)  and  creates  a  perma- 
nent health-magistracy 1485 

First  English  quarantine  law  passed 1664 

Quarantine  act  passed  by  Congress  of  United  States 1799 

Board  of  Health  established  in  London 20  June,  1831 

Public  vaccination  begun  in  London 1840 

City  Sewers'  act,  with  provision  for  the  sanitary  interests  of 

London,  passed 1848 

International  Sanitary  conference  held  at  Paris 1850 

Smoke  Nuisance  Abatement  act  passed  in  England 1853 

Crimean  Sanitary  Commission,  drs.  Sutherland,  Milroy,  and 

Mr.  Rawiinson,  established  by  British  government Apr.  1855 

After  the  British  Sanitary  Commission  was  formed  in  the  Cri- 
mea, sickness  in  the  army  was  reduced  to  less  than  3^,  and 

mortality  to  less  than  1/57  of  the  former  rate. 1855-56 

First  Quarantine  and  Sanitarv  convention  in  the  U.  S.,  held  at 

Philadelphia .' 13  May,  1857 

Efficacy  of  steam  as  a  purifier  and  preventive  of  contagion 
first  suggested  at  the  meeting  of  the  Quarantine  and  Sanitary 

convention  at  Boston,  Mass 14-16  June,  1860 

Sa.mtary  Commission,  U.  S.  ,  established 13  June,  1861 

Medical  act  passed  by  Congress  of  U.  S.,  appointing  a  special 
corps  of  8  sanitary  inspectors 16  Apr.  1862 


SAN 


714 


SAR 


SaniUry  Police  company,  not  to  exceed  10  persons,  appointed 

for  tbe  District  of  Columbia  by  act  of  Congress 16  July,  1862 

International  Sanitary  conrorenco  convenes  at  Geneva..  .26  Oct.  1863 

Metropolitan  Hoiilth  Board  ostublishod  in  New  York 1866 

New  Sanitary  act  f«>r  KnRlana  passed Aug.     " 

American  I'liblic  Hoaltli  .\88o<!iatiou  organized 1872 

National  Heultli  Society  founded  in  Kngland 1873 

International  Stmitary  con^refis  in  Vienna  closed 1  Aug.  1874 

New  Consolidatetl  Public  Health  ai-t  for  England  passed 1876 

'•  An  act  to  prevent  the  Introduction  of  contagious  or  Infectious 

diseases  in  the  United  SUtes  "  becomes  a  luw 2^)  Apr.  1878 

Pftfkes's  "Museum  of  Hygiene"  begun  at  University  college, 

London " 

National  Uojird  of  Health  (U.  S.)  or7  members,  to  be  appointed 
by  the  president,  not  more  than  one  from  a  state,  and  one 
medical  otHcer  fkx>m  the  army,  navy,  marine  hospital,  and 
department  of  justice,  authorized  by  act  of  Congress.. 3  Mch.  1879 
Sanitary  Assurance  Association  of  England,  formed  by  sir 
Joseph   Favrer,  drs.  Andrew  Clark,  CorQeld,  Tyndall,  and 

others,  constituted U  Dec.  1880 

International  Sanitary  conference  assembles  at  Washington  on 
invitation  of  the  government  of  U.  S.  to  the  maritime  pow- 
ers of  the  world 5  Jan.  1881 

London  Sanitary  Protection  Association  founded  by  sir  William 

W.  Gull,  prof  Huxley,  and  others. " 

International  Sanitary  exhibition  held  at  Royal  Albert  Hall, 

Kensington.  Enjgl 16  July-13  Aug.      " 

International  Sanitary  congress  at  Geneva 1882 

Nation.ll  Health  Society's  exhibition  opened  in  England,  2  June,  1883 
International  Health  exhibition  held  in  England.. 8  May-30  Oct.  1884 
Fifth  International  Sanitary  conference  at  The  Hague,  21  Aug.     " 
International  Sanitary  conference  at  Rome  (28  states  repre- 
sented)  20  May-13  June,  1885 

National  quarantine  stations  established  in  the  U.  S.,  at  Chan- 
deleurisland.  Gulf  of  Mexico;  near  Key  West,  coast  of  Georgia; 
at  entrance  to  Chesapeake  bay;  mouth  of  Delaware  bay;  San 
Diego,  Cal. ;  San  Francisco,  and  Port  Townsend,  Wash.  1  Aug.  1888 
State  Boards  of  Health  have  been  established  in  the  U.  S.  as 
follows  :  Massachusetts,  1869  ;  California,  Virginia,  District 
of  Columbia,  1871;  Minnesota,  1872;  Louisiana,  Michigan, 
1873;  Alabama,  Georgia,  Maryland,  1875;  Colorado,  New  Jer- 
sey, Wisconsin,  1876;  Illinois,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  1877; 
Connecticut,  Kentucky,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  1878; 
Delaware,  North  Carolina,  1879;  Iowa,  New  York,  1880;  Ar- 
kansas, Indiana,  New  Hampshire,  West  Virginia,  1881;  Tex- 
as, 1882;  Missouri,  1883;  Kansas,  Maine,  Pennsylvania,  1885; 

Ohio,  1886;  Vermont " 

Congress  of  Hygiene  met  at  Paris 4  Aug.  1889 

san'itas  ("health"),  a  new  antiseptic  and  disinfectant, 

invented  by  C.  T.  Kingzett,  about  1875. 

Having  discovered  that  the  salubrity  of  the  air  surrounding  certain 
trees,  such  as  the  Eucalyptus  globulus  and  pines,  is  due  to  volatile 
oils  producing  peroxide  of  hydrogen  and  camphoric  acid,  he  de- 
vised a  method  for  procuring  these  re-agents  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  common  turpentine,  and  in  1877  they  were  manufactured 
and  sold  as  "sanitas." 

San  Jacin'tO,  Tex.,  Battle  of.     Texas,  1836. 

San  Juan  island.    Juan. 

San  Mari'no,  a  republic  in  Italy,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
states  in  Europe.  Its  origin  is  ascribed  to  St.  Marinus,  a 
hermit  who  resided  here  in  the  6th  century.  Its  indepen- 
dence was  lost  for  a  short  time  to  Caesar  Borgia,  1503,  and  to 
the  pope,  1739 ;  was  confirmed  by  pope  Pius  VII.  in  1817  ;  in 
1872  it  concluded  a  treaty  of  protective  friendship  with  the 
kingdom  of  Italy.     Area,  32  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1891,  about  8000. 

San  Salvador'.    Salvador. 

San'§crft,  the  language  of  the  Brahmins  of  India,  at 
least  as  ancient  as  the  time  of  Solomon,  has  been  much  studied 
of  late  years.  Sir  Wm.  Jones,  who  published  a  translation  of 
the  poem  "Sakuntala"  in  1783,  discovered  that  a  complete 
literature  had  been  preserved  in  India,  compri.sing  sacred  books 
(the  Vedas),  history  and  philosophy,  lyric  and  dramatic  po- 
etry. Texts  and  translations  of  many  works  have  been  pub- 
lished by  the  aid  of  the  East  India  company,  the  Oriental 
Translation  fund,  and  private  liberality.  The  professorship 
of  Sanscrit  at  Oxford  was  founded  by  col.  Boden.  The  first 
professor,  H.  H.  Wilson,  appointed  in  1832,  translated  part  of 
the  "  Rig- Veda  Sanhita,"  the  sacred  hymns  of  the  Brahmins, 
several  poems,  etc.  Prof  Monier  Williams  (elected  i860)  pub- 
lished an  English  and  Sanscrit  dictionary,  1861,  and  a  Sanscrit 
grammar.  Prof.  Max  MuUer  published  his  "  History  of  San- 
scrit Literature  "  in  1859,  has  edited  the  original  text  of  the 
Vedas,  and  the  more  important  works  of  Indian  literature,  un- 
der the  title,  "  The  Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  of  which 
about  40  8vo  volumes  have  appeared  (1894).  Prof.  William  D. 
Whitney,  of  Johns  Hopkins  university,  issued  a  very  valuable 
Sanscrit  grammar.  The  Sanscrit  belongs  to  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean or  Aryan  group  of  languages,  which  includes  also  the 


1 


Persian,  Greek,  Latin,  Teutonic,  Slavonian,  Celtic,  and  Scan- 
dinavian languages. 

San§-eulottC§  (snn(/-cu-lot'),aterm  of  reproach  applied 
to  the  leaders  of  the  French  republicans  about  1790,  on  ac- 
count of  their  negligence  in  dress,  and  afterwards  assumed  by 
them  with  pride.  The  complementary  days  of  their  new  cal- 
endar were  named  by  the  Mountain  \mxty' Sam-culotticks. 

San  Sterano.    Stefano. 

Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe',  the  capital  city  and 
chief  commercial  port  of  the  Canaries.  Here  adm.  Blake,  with 
daring  bravery,  entirely  destroyed  16  Spanish  ships,  secured 
with  great  nautical  skill,  and  protected  by  the  castle  and  forts- 
on  the  shore,  20  Apr.  l%bl .—Clarendon.  In  an  unsuccessful 
attack  made  upon  Santa  Cruz  by  Nelson,  several  officers  and 
141  men  were  killed,  and  the  admiral  lost  his  right  arm,  24- 
July,  1797.     Virgin  isles. 

Santa  F^.     New  Mexico,  1606,  etc. 

Santa  lHarie.     America,  1492. 

Santiago  (san-tee-ah^ff 6),  the  capital  of  Chili,  South 

America,  founded  by  Valdiiia  in   1541,  has  suffered  macb; 

by  earthquakes,  especially  in   1822   and  1829.      Pop.  1885, 

237,000. 

About  7  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  8  Dec.  1863,  the  feast  of  the  Im- 
maculate Conception  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  the  last  day  of  a  se- 
ries  of  religious  celebrations  in  the  "  month  of  Mary,"  the  church 
of  the  Campania,  when  brilliantly  illuminated,  was  burned  down, 
the  fire  beginning  amid  the  combustible  ornaments,  and  more 
than  2000  persons,  principally  women,  perished;  the  means  of 
egress  being  utterly  insufficient. 

On  20  Dec.  the  government  ordered  the  church  to  be  razed  lo  the 
ground,  and  much  public  indignation  was  excited  against  the  fa- 
natical priesthood. 

Santiag[o  de  Compostel'ia,  a  town  of  N.  w. 
Spain,  was  sacked  by  the  Moors,  995,  and  held  by  them 
till  it  was  taken  by  Ferdinand  III.,  1235,  The  order  of  San- 
tiago, or  St.  James,  was  founded  about  1170  to  protect  pilgrims' 
to  the  shrine  of  St.  James,  said  to  be  buried  in  the  cathedraU 
The  town  was  taken  by  the  French,  1809,  and  held  till  1814. 

Sapphic  {safih)  verse,  invented  by  Sappho,  the 
lyric  poetess  of  Mitylene.  She  was  celebrated  for  her  poetry, 
beauty,  and  a  hopeless  passion  for  Phaon,  a  youth  of  her  native 
country,  on  whose  account  it  is  said  she  threw  herself  into 
the  sea  from  mount  Leucas,  and  was  drowned,  about  590  b.c. 
The  Lesbians,  after  her  death,  paid  her  divine  honors,  and 
called  her  the  10th  muse.     Some  consider  the  storj'  fabulous. 

sapphire  (saf'lr),  a  precious  stone,  azure  in  color,  and 
transparent;  in  hardness  it  exceeds  the  ruby,  and  is  next  to  the 
diamond.  One  was  placed  in  the  Jewish  high-priest's  breast- 
plate, 1491.  Aaron's  breastplate.  Thamas  Kouli  Khan 
is  said  to  have  possessed  a  sapphire  valued  at  300,000/.,  1733^ 
They  are  found  in  Burmah,  British  India,  Ceylon,  AustraHa, 
North  Carolina,  and  Montana.  Artificial  sapphires  were  made 
in  1857  by  M.  Gaudin.  Equal  parts  of  alum  and  sulphate  of 
potash  were  heated  in  a  crucible. 

Sar'acens  (Arab.  SharhUn,  the  eastern  people,  from 
Sharq,  the  East),  a  term  applied  to  the  first  followers  of  Ma- 
homet, who  within  forty  years  after  his  death  (632)  had  sub- 
dued a  part  of  Asia  and  Africa.  They  conquered  Spain  in  711 
et  seq.,  but  were  defeated  at  Tours,  France,  by  Charles  Martel,. 
732;  and  (under  Abderahman)  established  the  caliphate  of 
Cordova  in  766,  which  gave  way  to  the  Moors  in  1237.  The 
empire  of  the  Saracens  closed  by  Bagdad  being  taken  by  the 
Tartars,  1258. 

SaragOS'sa,  a  city  of  N.E.  Spain,  anciently  Csesarea 
Augusta,  founded  27  B.C.,  was  taken  bv  the  Goths,  470 ;  by  the 
Arabs,  712;  by  Alfonso  of  Spain,  1118.  Here  Philip  V.  was 
defeated  by  the  archduke  Charles,  20  Aug.  1710.  On  17  Dec. 
1778,  400  of  the  inhabitants  perished  in  a  fire  at  the  theatre. 
Saragossa,  after  successfully  resisting  the  French  in  1808,  was 
taken  by  them  after  a  most  heroic  defence  by  gen.  Palafox,  20 
Feb.  1809.  The  inhabitants,  of  both  sexes,  resisted  until  worn 
out  by  fighting,  famine,  and  pestilence. 

SaratO'ga,  Battle  of.  Bemis's  Heights  ;  New  York; 
United  States,  1777. 

Sardin'ia,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  successively 


SAR 


715 


SAT 


possessed  by  the  Phoenicians,  Greeks,  Carthaginians  (about  500 
B.C.).  Romans  (238),  Vandals  (456  A.D.),  Saracens  (720-40), 
Genoese  (1022),  Pisans  (1165),  Aragonese  (1352),  and  Span- 
iards. From  settlers  belonging  to  these  various  nations  the 
present  inhabitants  derive  their  origin.  Victor  Amadeus,  duke 
of  Savoy,  acquired  Sardinia  in  1720,  with  the  title  of  king. 
Savoy.  "  Area,  9399  sq.  miles.  Pop.  of  Sardinia,  1875,  654,- 
432;  1890,  estimated,  726,522.  The  king  of  Sardinia  was  rec- 
ognized as  king  of  Italy  by  his  parliament  in  Feb.  1861.  Italy. 
Conquered  by  English  naval  forces,  under  sir  John  Leake  and 

gen  Stanhope 1708 

Ceded  to  the  emperor  Charles  VI 1714 

Kecovered  by  the  Spaniards 22  Aug.  1717 

Ceded  to  the  duke  of  Savoy  with  the  title  of  king,  as  an  equiv- 
alent for  Sicily 1720 

Victor  Amadeus  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  son 1730 

Attempting  to  recover  his  throne,  he  is  taken,  and  dies  In 

prison 1732 

Court  kept  at  Turin,  till  Piedmont  is  overrun  by  the  French. .  1792 
Charles  Emmanuel  yields  the  throne  to  his  brother,  the  duke  of 

Aosta 4  June,  1802 

Piedmont  annexed  to  Italy 26  May,  1805 

King  resides  in  Sardinia 1798-1814 

Piedmont  restored  to  its  king,  Genoa  added Dec.     " 

King  Charles  Albert  promulgates  a  new  code 1837 

Cavour  establishes  the  newspaper  II  Risorgimento  ("the  Re- 
vival ") 1847 

King  grants  a  constitution,  and  openly  espouses  Italian  regen- 
eration against  Austria 23  Mch.  1848 

Defeats  the  Austrians  at  Goito;  and  takes  Peschiera. .  .30  May,     " 
Incorporation  of  Lombardy  with  Sardinia,  28  June,  and  Venice, 

4  July,     " 

Sardinian  army  defeated  by  Radetzky 26  July,     " 

Sardinians  at  Milan  capitulate  to  Radetzky 5  Aug.     " 

Defeat  of  the  Sardinians  by  Austrians  at  Novara 23  Mch.  1849 

Charles  Albert  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  son,  Victor  Emmanuel, 

23  Mch.      " 

Death  of  Charles  Albert  at  Oporto 28  July,     " 

Treaty  of  Milan  between  Austria  and  Sardinia 6  Aug.     " 

Adoption  of  the  Siccardi  law,  which  abolishes  ecclesiastical 

jurisdictions 9  Apr.  1850 

Cavour  minister  of  foreign  affairs 1851 

Act  to  suppress  convents  and  support  clergy  by  the  state, 

2  Mch.  1855 
Convention  with  England  and  France;   15,000  troops  to  be  sup- 
plied against  Russia 10  Apr.      " 

Ten  thousand  troops   under  gen.  La  Marmora  arrive  in  the 

Crimea 8  May,     " 

Distinguished  in  the  battle  of  the  Tchernaya 16  Aug.     " 

King  visits  London,  etc 30  Nov.  et  seq.     " 

Important  note  on  Italy  from  Cavour  to  England 16  Apr.  1856 

Rupture  with  Austria;  subsequent  war.     Austria,  1857  et  seq. 

Cavour  declares  in  favor  of  free-trade June,  1857 

Prince  Jerome  Napoleon  marries  princess  Clotilde  (Italy), 

30  Jan.  1859 
Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at  Villa  Franca,  11  July;  Cavour 

resigns,  13  July;  Rattazzi  administration  formed 19  July,     " 

Emperor  Napoleon's  letter  to  Victor  Emmanuel  advocating  an 
Italian  confederation:   the  latter  declares  it  impracticable, 

and  maintains  his  engagements  with  the  Italians 20  Oct.     " 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Zurich Nov.     " 

Garibaldi  retires  to  private  life 17  Nov.     " 

Count  Cavour  returns  to  office 16  Jan.  1860 

Sardinian  government  refers  the  annexation  of  Tuscany,  etc. , 

to  the  vote  of  the  people 29  Feb.     " 

Annexation  of  Savoy  and  Nice  proposed  by  France;  Sardinia 

refers  it  to  the  people 25  Feb.     " 

Annexation  to  Sardinia  voted  almost  unanimously  by  Emilia, 

14  Mch  ;  by  Tuscany,  16  Mch. ;  accepted  by  Victor  Emman- 
uel   18-20  Mch.     ' ' 

Treaty  ceding  Savoy  and  Nice  to  France,  signed 24  Mch.      " 

Prussia  protests  against  Italian  annexations 27  Mch.     " 

New  Sardinian  parliament  opens 2  Apr.     " 

Annexation  to  France  almost  unanimously  voted  for  by  Nice, 

15  Apr. ;  by  Savoy 22  Apr.     " 

Government  disapproves  Garibaldi's  expedition  to  Sicily, 

18  May,     " 

Chambers  ratify  cession  of  Savoy  and  Nice 29  May,     " 

Sardinian  trooi)s  enter  papal  territories  (Italy,  Romk),  11  Sept.     " 

Victor  Emmanuel  enters  the  kingdom  of  Naples 15  Oct.     " 

Naples  and  Sicily  vote  for  annexation  to  Sardinia 21  Oct.     " 

Railway  from  Sassari  to  the  sea  opened 9  Apr.  1872 

[For  the  disputes  and  war  with  Austria,  and  the  events  of 
1859-61, 186G,  Austria,  France,  Naples,  Rome,  Sicily.  For 
later  history,  Italy,] 

KINGS  OF   SARDINIA.       (SaVOY.) 
1720.  Victor  Amadeus  I.  king  (as  duke  II.);  resigned,  in  1730,  in 

favor  of  his  son ;  d.  1732. 
1730.  Charles  Emmanuel  I.  (III.  of  Savoy),  son. 
1773.  Victor  Amadeus  II.,  son. 
1796.  Charles  Emmanuel  II. ,  son ;  resigned  his  crown  in  favor  of 

his  brother. 
1802.  Victor  Emmanuel  I.,  brother;  4  June. 
1805.  [Sardinia  merged  into  Italy;  Napoleon  crowned  king,  26  May, 

1805.] 
1814.  Victor  Emmanuel  restored;  resigned  in  Mch.  1821;  and  d.  1824. 
1821.  Charles  Felix. 


1831. 


Charles  Albert;  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son,  23  Mch.  1849, 
Died  at  Oporto,  28  July,  1849. 
1849.  Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  son;  born  14  Mch.  1820;  d.  9  Jan.  1878. 
Italy. 

iSardis.     Seven  churches. 

^Rrma'tia,  the  ancient  name  for  the  country  in  Asia 
and  Europe  between  the  Caspian  sea  and  the  Vistula,  includ- 
ing Russia  and  Poland.  The  Sarmatae,  or  Sauroraatae,  trou- 
bled the  early  Roman  empire  by  incursions.  After  subduing 
the  Scythians,  they  were  subjugated  by  the  Goths,  in  the  3d 
and  4th  centuries.  They  joined  the  Huns  and  other  barbari- 
ans in  invading  Western  Europe  in  the  5th  century, 

^aruin,  Old,  Wiltshire,  an  ancient  British  town,  the  ori- 
gin of  Salisbury.  Although  completely  decayed,  it  returned 
2  members  to  Parliament  till  1832. 

Sas§ail'ides,  descendants  of  Artaxerxes,  or  Ardishir, 
whose  father,  Babek,  was  the  son  of  Sassan.  He  revolted 
against  Artabanus,  the  king  of  Parthia ;  defeated  him  on  the 
plain  of  Hormuz,  226;  and  re-established  the  Persian  mon- 
archy. This  dynasty  was  expelled  by,the  Mahometans,  652. 
Persia. 

iSatan,  the  spirit  of  evil,  the  prince  of  devils.  According 
to  Swedenborg  pertaining  more  to  the  understanding  than  the 
will.  Mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  1  Chron.  xxi.  1 ;  Job 
i.  6,  ii.  1-2  ;  Ps.  cix.  6 ;  ^nd  more  frequently  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. Graphically  described  in  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost,"  of 
which  he  is  the  central  figure  :  book  i.  lines  285-300 ;  book  ii. 
lines  1-5,  706-710 ;  book  vi.  lines  245-255. 

Satellites.  Jupiter,  Mars,  Moon,  Neptune,  Plan- 
ets, Saturn. 

satire.  About  a  century  after  the  introduction  of  com- 
edy, satire  made  its  appearance  at  Rome  in  the  writings  of 
Lucilius,  called  the  inventor  of  it,  116  b.c. — Livi/.  The  Satires 
of  Horace  (35  b.c.),  Juvenal  (about  100  a.d.),  and  Persius 
(about  60  A.D.)  are  the  most  celebrated  in  ancient  times,  and 
tho.se  of  Churchill  (1761)  and  Pope  (1729)  in  modern  times. 
Butler's  "  Hudibras,"  satirizing  the  Presbyterians,  first  ap- 
peared in  1663.  "Satire  Menippee,"  a  celebrated  satirical 
pamphlet,  partly  in  verse  and  partly  in  prose,  attacking  the 
policy  of  the  court  of  Spain  and  the  league,  written  in  the 
style  of  the  biting  satires  of  the  cynic  philosopher  Menippus. 
The  first  part,  "  Catholicon  d'Espagne,"  by  Leroy,  appeared  in 
1593 ;  the  second,  "  Abrege  des  Etats  de  la  Ligue,"  by  Gillot, 
Pithou,  Rapin,  and  Passerat,  appeared  in  1594. — Bouillet. 

§at'rapies,  divisions  of  the  Persian  empire,  formed  by 
Darius  Hystaspis  about  516  b.c. 

Saturday,  the  last  or  7th  day  of  the  week  ;  the  Jew- 
ish Sabbath ;  Sabbath.  It  was  so  called  from  an  idol  wor- 
shipped on  this  day  by  the  Saxons ;  and,  according  to  Ver- 
stegan,  was  named  by  them  Saterne's  day. — Pardon.  It  is 
more  probably  from  Saturn,  dies  Saturni. 

Sat'liril,  a  planet,  taking  its  name  from  the  father  of 
the  gods  in  the  Roman  mythology,  about  900  millions  of  miles 
distant  from  the  sun,  with  mean  diameter  about  70,230  miles ; 
difference  between  its  polar  and  equatorial  diameters  is  7000 
miles.  Its  time  of  rotation  on  its  axis  is  10  hrs.  29  min.  17  sec. 
Its  revolution  around  the  sun  24,630  of  its  days  or  10,760  of 
ours,  or  29  years  167  days.  Its  volume  as  compared  with  our 
globe  is  as  744  to  1,  but  its  mass  only  as  90  to  1,  its  density 
being  something  less  than  water.  The  sun's  light  and  heat 
at  this  planet  are  but  -^^  as  intense  as  at  the  earth.  It  is  ac- 
companied by  8  satellites,  discovered  in  the  following  order : 


Name. 

Discoverer. 

Date. 

Titan 

Huyghens      

1655 

Japetus 

Cassini            

1671 

Rhea 

1672 

u 

1684 

u 

Enceladus 

Herschel         

1787 

Mimas 

1789 

Bond 

1848 

Of  these  satellites  Mimas  is  nearest  to  Saturn,  being  79,000 
miles  away,  while  Japetus,  the  most  distant,  about  2,150,000 
miles.  The  largest  of  these  satellites  is  Titan,  whose  diameter 
is  over  4000  miles.  Compared  with  our  moon  the  moons  of 
Saturn  give  but  very  little  light ;  all  full  together  they  would 


SAT 


716 


SAX 


give  but  ^  part  of  the  light  of  our  full  raoon.— /?.  A .  Proctor. 
The  ring  wan  observed  by  lialileo  about  1610 ;  its  annular 
form  determined  by  Huyghens  about  1655;  and  discovered  to 
be  twofold  by  messrs.  Ball,  13  Ocu  1665 ;  an  inner  ring  was  de- 
tected in  1850  by  Bonil  in  the  United  Sutes  (15  Nov.)  and  by 
Dawes  in  England  (29  Nov.).  The  exterior  diameter  of  the 
outer  ring  is  166,920  miles,  and  its  inner  diameter  147,670  miles ; 
ita  breadth  nearly  10,000  miles.  The  dimensions  of  the  middle 
ring  144,800, 109,100,  and  1 7,600  miles.  The  dark  ring's  breadth 
is  nearly  8700  miles,  making  the  entire  breadth  of  the  ring  sys- 
tem over  86,000  miles.  Its  thickness  is  probably  about  100  miles. 
The  rings  are  now  known  not  to  be  continuous,  but  to  consist 
of  innumerable  small  aggregations  of  more  or  less  solid  matter ; 
so  that  the  rings  as  a  whole  are  constantly  changing  shape. 
Their  equilibrium  seems  to  be  far  less  stable  than  that  of  any 
other  bodies  of  the  solar  system,  except  comets.    Astronomy. 

Saturn  (called  by  the  Greeks  KpovoQ),  a  son  of  Uranus 
and  Terra,  and  the  father  of  Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Pluto. 
Mythology, 

Saturiiaiia,  festivals  in  honor  of  Saturn,  father  of  the 
gods,  were  instituted  long  before  the  foundation  of  Rome,  in 
commemoration  of  the  freedom  and  equality  which  prevailed 
in  his  golden  reign.  Some,  however,  suppose  that  the  Satur- 
nalia were  first  observed  at  Rome  in  the  reign  of  TuUus  Hos- 
tilius  (673-740  B.C.),  after  a  victory  obtained  over  the  Sabines ; 
while  others  suppose  that  Janus  first  instituted  them  in  grati- 
tude to  Saturn,  from  whom  he  had  learned  agriculture.  Others 
assert  that  they  were  first  celebrated  after  a  victory  obtained 
over  the  Latins  by  the  dictator  Posthumius,  when  he  dedi- 
cated a  temple  to  Saturn,  497  b.c.  During  these  festivals  no 
business  was  allowed,  amusements  were  encouraged,  and  dis- 
tinctions ceased. — Lenglet. 

Savagre'§  Station,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Here  gen.  Sumner, 
with  the  divisions  of  gens.  Sedgwick,  Richardson,  Heintzel- 
man,  and  Smith,  repulsed  an  attack  of  the  confederates  under 
gen.  Magruder,  29  June,  1862.     Peninsular  campaign. 

Savan'nah,  Ga.     Georgia. 

§aYinjg;§ -banks.  The  first  was  instituted  at  Berne, 
in  Switzerland,  in  1787,  by  the  name  of  caisse  de  domestiques, 
intended  for  servants  only ;  another  in  Basel  in  1792,  open  to 
all  depositors.  The  rev.  Joseph  Smith  of  Wendover  began  a 
benevolent  institution  in  1799 ;  and  in  1803-4  a  "  charitable 
bank "  was  instituted  at  Tottenham  by  miss  Priscilla  Wake- 
field. The  rev.  Henry  Duncan  established  a  parish  bank  at 
Ruthwell  in  1810.  One  was  opened  at  Edinburgh  in  1814. 
The  benefit  clubs  among  artisans  having  accumulated  money 
for  their  progressive  purposes,  a  plan  was  adopted  to  identify 
these  funds  with  the  public  debt  of  the  country,  and  an  extra 
rate  of  interest  was  held  out  as  an  inducement ;  hence  were 
formed  savings-banks  to  receive  small  sums,  returnable  with 
interest  on  demand,  Rt.-hon.  George  Rose  developed  the  sys- 
tem, and  brought  it  under  parliamentary  control,  1816. 

§aving8-bank§  in  the  United  States.  The  first  sav- 
ings-bank established  in  the  U.S.  was  the  Philadelphia  Saving- 
fund  Society,  organized  1816.  It  still  exists  in  a  prosperous 
condition.  The  second  was  established  at  Boston  in  1816,  and 
the  third  at  New  York  in  1819.  The  system  now  extends  to 
all  parts  of  the  country.     For  statistics.  Banks,  table  6. 

Savo'na,  a  manufacturing  town  of  N.  Italy,  long  held  by 
the  Genoese ;  was  captured  by  the  king  of  Sardinia  in  1746 ; 
by  the  French  in  1809,  and  annexed ;  restored  to  Sardinia  at 
the  peace.  Pope  Pius  VII.  was  kept  here  by  Napoleon  I., 
1809-12.  Soap  is  said  to  have  been  invented  here,  and  hence 
its  French  name,  savon. 

Savoy',  the  ancient  Sapaudia  or  Sabaudia,  formerly  a 
province  in  N.  Italy,  east  of  Piedmont.  It  became  a  Roman 
province  about  118  b.c.  The  Alemanni  seized  it  in  395  a.d., 
and  the  Franks  in  490.  It  shared  the  revolutions  of  Switzer- 
land till  about  1048,  when  Conrad,  emperor  of  Germany,  gave 
it  to  Humbert,  with  the  title  of  count.  Count  Thomas  ac- 
quired Piedmont  in  the  13th  century.  Amadeus,  count  of 
Savoy,  having  entered  his  dominions,  solicited  Sigismund  to 
erect  them  into  a  duchy,  which  he  did  at  Cambray,  19  Feb. 
1416.  Victor  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  obtained  the  kingdom 
of  Sicily  from  Spain  by  a  treaty  in  1713,  but  afterwards  ex- 


changed it  with  the  emperor  for  the  island  of  Sardinia,  with 
the  title  of  king,  1720.  The  French  subdued  Savoy  in  1792 
and  made  it  a  department  of  France  under  the  name  of  Mont 
Blanc,  in  1800.  It  was  restored  to  the  king  of  Sardinia  in 
1814;  but  with  Nice  annexed  to  France  in  1860,  in  accordance 
with  a  vote  by  universal  suffrage,  23  Apr.  1860. 

dukes  of  savoy. 
1391.  Count  Amadeus  VIII.  is  made  duko  in  1416;  he  was  named 
pope,  as  Felix  V.  He  abdicated  as  duke  of  Savoy,  1439-  re- 
nounced the  tiara,  1449 ;  d.  1451.  ' 
1439.  Louis. 
14R5.  Amadeus  IX. 
1472.  Philibert  I. 
1482.  Charles  I. 
1489.  Charles  II. 

1496.  Philip  II. 

1497.  Philibert  II. 
1504.  Charles  III. 
1553.  Emmanuel  Philibert. 
1580.  Charles  Emmanuel  I. 
1630.  Victor  Amadeus  I. 

1637.  Francis  Hyacinthe. 

1638.  Charles  Emmanuel  II. 
1675.  Victor  Amadeus  II.  became  king  of  Sicily,  1713;  exchanged 

for  Sardinia  in  1720. 

saiir.  Invented  by  Daedalus.— P^^■?^y.  Invented  by  Talus. 
—Apollodorus.  Talus,  it  is  said,  used  the  jawbone  of  a  snake 
to  cut  through  a  piece  of  wood,  and  then  formed  an  instru- 
ment of  iron  like  it.  In  use  in  Egypt  long  before  it  was  in 
Greece.  Saw-mills  driven  by  water  at  Augsburg  1322,  and, 
according  to  a  13th-century  MS.,  saw-mills  had  then  been 
erected  at  Paris.  Saw-mills  erected  in  Madeira  in  1420;  at 
Breslau  in  1427.  Norway  had  the  first  saw-mill  in  1530. 
The  bishop  of  Ely,  ambassador  from  Mary  of  England  to  the 
court  of  Rome,  describes  a  saw -mill  there,  1555.  The  at- 
tempts to  introduce  saw-mills  in  England  were  violently  op- 
posed, and  one  erected  by  a  Dutchman  in  1663  had  to  be 
abandoned.  Saw-mills  were  erected  near  London  about  1770. 
The  excellent  saw  machinery  in  Woolwich  dockyard  is  based 
upon  the  invention  of  the  elder  Brunei,  1806-13.  Powis  and 
James's  band-saw  was  patented  in  1858. 

iSaxe-Coburg-Oo'tlia,  a  duchy  of  Central  Ger- 
many, capitals  Coburg  and  Gotha.  The  reigning  family  is  de- 
scended from  John  Ernest  (son  of  Ernest  the  Pious,  duke  of 
Saxony),  who  died  in  1729.    Pop.  1875, 182,599 ;  1890,  206,513. 

dukes. 
1826,  Ernest  I.,  duke  of  Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg  ;  b.  2  Jan.  1784;  mar- 
ried Louisa,  heiress  of  Augustus,  duke  of  Saxe-Gotha,  and 
became  by  convention  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotba,  12  Nov. 
1826;  d.  29  Jan.  1844. 

[His  brother  Leopold  married  the  princess  Charlotte  of 
England,  2  May,  1816;  became  king  of  the  Belgians,  12  July, 
1831 ;  and  Ferdinand,  the  son  of  his  brother  Ferdinand,  mar- 
ried Maria  da  Gloria,  queen  of  Portugal,  9  Apr.  1836.] 
1844.  Ernest  II. ,  son  of  Ernest  I.  and  brother  of  Albert,  prince-con- 
sort of  Great  Britain;  b.  21  June,  1818;  married  Alexau- 
drina,  duchess  of  Baden,  3  May,  1842;  no  issue.  He  entered 
into  alliance  with  Prussia,  18  Aug.  1866;  d.  23  Aug.  1893. 
1893  Prince  Alfred  of  England,  duke  of  Edinburgh;  b.  6  Aug.  1844 
(in  whose  favor  the  prince  of  Wales  resigned  his  rights,  19 
Apr.  1863). 

Saxe-mei'ning^en,  a  duchy  in  central  Germany.  The 
dukes  are  descended  from  Ernest  the  Pious,  duke  of  Saxony. 
The  first  duke,  Bernard  (1680),  died  in  1706.  Bernard  (duke,  24 
Dec.  1803)  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son,  George  II.,  20  Sept.  1866, 
who  professed  his  adhesion  to  the  Prussian  policy ;  he  was  born 
2  Apr.  1826.     Pop.  Dec.  1875, 194,494 ;  1890,  223,832. 

ISaxe-lVei'mar-Ei'senach,  a  grand-duchy  of 

Central  Germany.  The  grand-dukes  are  descended  from  John 
Frederic,  the  Protestant  elector  of  Saxony,  who  was  deposed 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1548.  Saxony.  The  houses 
of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Gotha,  Hilberghausen,  and  Saxe- 
Meiningen  also  sprang  from  him.  They  are  all  termed  the 
senior  or  Ernestine  branch  of  the  old  family.  Saxe- Weimar 
became  a  grand-duchy  in  1815.  The  dukes  have  greatly 
favored  literature,  and  their  capital,  Weimar,  has  been  called 
the  Athens  of  Germany.  Goethe  resided  here  from  1775. 
Pop.  of  the  duchy,  1875,  292,933 ;  1890,  326,091. 

sax-liorn,  a  musical  instrument  of  the  trumpet  kind, 
invented  by  Adolphe  Sax,  a  Frenchman,  about  1840. 

Sax'ony,  a  kingdom  in  N.  Germany.  The  Saxons  were 
a  fierce,  warlike  race ;  frequently  attacked  France,  and  con- 


SCA  7i7 

quered  Britain.  They  were  completely  subdued  by  Charle- 
magne, who  instituted  many  fiefs  and  bishoprics  in  their  coun- 
try. Witikind,  their  great  leader,  who  claimed  descent  from 
Woden,  professed  Christianity  about  785.  From  him  descend- 
ed the  first  and  the  present  ruling  family  (the  houses  of  Sup- 
plinburg,  Guelf,  and  Ascania  intervened  from  1106  to  1421) ; 
thus  the  royal  house  of  Saxony  counts  among  the  oldest  reign- 
ing families  in  Europe.  Saxony  became  a  duchy  880,  an  elec- 
torate 1180,  and  a  kingdom  1806.  It  was  the  seat  of  war, 
1813,  the  king  being  on  the  side  of  Napoleon.  In  the  conflict 
of  1866  the  king  took  the  side  of  Austria,  and  his  army  fought 
in  the  battle  of  Koniggratz,  3  July.  The  Prussians  entered 
Saxony  18  June.  Peace  between  Prussia  and  Saxony  was 
signed  21  Oct.  (subjecting  the  Saxon  army  to  Prussia),  and 
the  king  returned  to  Dresden  3  Nov.  Area,  5787  sq.  miles ; 
pop.  1890,  3,500,513. 

ELECTORS. 

1423.  Frederic  I.,  first  elector  of  the  house  of  Misnia. 
U28.  Frederic  II. 

[His  sons  Ernest  and  Albert  divide  the  states.] 


SCO 


U64.  Ernest.  1464.  Albert. 

1486.  Frederic  III.  1500.  George. 

1525.  John.  1539.  Henry. 

1541.  Maurice. 
1532.  John  Frederic;  deposed  by  the  emperor  Charles  V. ;  succeed- 
ed by 
1548.  Maurice  (of  the  Albertine  line). 
1553.  Augustus. 
1586.  Christian  I. 
1591.  Christian  II. 
1611.  John  George  I. 
1656.  John  George  11. 
1680.  John  George  III. 
1691.  John  George  IV. 

1694.  Frederic  Augustus  I.,  king  of  Poland,  1697. 
1733.  Frederic  Augustus  II.,  king  of  Poland. 
1763.  Frederic  Augustus  III. ,  becomes  king  1806. 
KINGS. 

1806.  Frederic  Augustus  I. ;  increased  his  territories  by  alliance  with 

France,  1806-9 ;  suffered  by  peace  of  1814. 
1827.  Anthony  Clement. 

1836.  Frederic  Augustus  II.,  nephew  (regent,  1830);  d.  9  Aug.  1854. 
1854.  John,  brother;  b.  12  Dec.  1801;  celebrated  his  golden  wedding 

(50  years),  10  Nov.  1872;  d.  29  Oct.  1873. 
1873.  Albert;  b.  23  Apr.  1828;   married,  18  June,  1853,  Caroline  of 

Heir  :  George,  his  brother ;  b.  8  Aug.  1832. 

§can'dalU]Il  mag^na'tum,  a  special  statute  in 
England  relating  to  any  wrong  done  to  high  personages,  such 
as  peers,  judges,  ministers  of  the  crown,  officers  in  the  state,  and 
other  great  public  functionaries,  by  the  circulation,  orally  or  in 
writing,  of  scandalous  statements,  false  news,  or  defaming  mes- 
sages, by  which  any  debate  or  discord  between  them  and  the 
commons,  or  any  scandal  to  their  persons,  might  arise. — Cham- 
bers.    This  law  was  first  enacted  2  Rich.  II.  1378. 

Scandina'via,  ancient  name  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and 
great  part  of  Denmark,  whence  proceeded  the  Northmen  or 
Normans,  who  conquered  Normand}'-  (about  900),  and  event- 
ually England  (1066).  They  were  also  called  Sea-kings,  or 
Vikings.  They  settled  Iceland  and  Greenland,  and,  it  is 
thought,  visited  the  northern  regions  of  America,  about  the 
9th  century.  A  "  National  Scandinavian  Society  "  has  been 
formed  at  Stockholm.     Literature. 

§Carlet,  or  kermes  dye,  was  known  in  the  East  in  the 
earliest  ages ;  cochineal  dye,  1518.  Kepler,  a  Fleming,  estab- 
lished the  first  dye-house  for  scarlet  in  England,  at  Bow,  1643. 
The  art  of  dyeing  red  was  improved  by  Brewer,  1667. — Beck- 
mann. 

Sceptic§,  the  sect  of  philosophers  founded  by  Pyrrho, 
about  334  b.c.  He  gave  10  reasons  for  continual  suspense  of 
judgment;  he  doubted  ever3'thing,  never  drew  conclusions, 
and,  when  he  had  carefully  examined  a  subject,  and  investi- 
gated all  its  parts,  he  concluded  by  still  doubting.  He  advo- 
cated apathy  and  unchangeable  repose.  Similar  doctrines  were 
held  by  Bayle  (d.  1706).     Philosophy. 

§ceptre,  a  more  aneient  emblem  of  royalty  than  the 
crown.  In  the  earlier  ages  the  sceptres  of  kings  were  long 
walking-staves;  afterwards  carved  and  made  shorter.  Tar- 
quin  the  elder  was  the  first  who  assumed  the  sceptre  among 
the  Romans,  abouf468  b.c.  The  French  sceptre  of  the  first 
race  of  kings  was  a  golden  rod,  481  a.d. — Le  Gendre. 

Scliaff'liauseil,  N.  Switzerland,  a  fishing  village  in 


the  8th  century,  became  an  imperial  city  in  the  13th ;  was 
subjected  to  Austria,  1330 ;  independent,  1415;  became  a  Swis& 
canton,  1501. 

Sclielial'lioil,  a  mountain  in  Perthshire,  Scotland^ 
where  dr.  Neville  Maskelyne,  the  astronomer-royal,  made  obser- 
vations with  a  plumb-line,  24  Oct.  1774,  from  which  Hutton  cal- 
culated that  the  density  of  the  earth  is  five  times  that  of  water. 

Scheldt  tolls  were  imposed  by  the  treaty  of  Munster 
(or  Westphalia),  1648.     The  tolls  were  abolished  for  a  com- 
pensation, 1867.     The  House  of  Commons  voted  175,000?.  fer 
the  British  portion  on  9  Mch.  1864.    The  Scheldt  was  declared 
free  on  3  Aug.  with  much  rejoicing  at  Antwerp  and  Brussels. 
Sclienec'tady,  Indian  massacre  at.  New  York,  1690» 
Scllipka  pas§e§,  on  the  Balkans,  Turkey.    Through 
these  the  Russian  general  Gourko  entered  Roumelia,  1877» 
After  his  retreat,  they  were  fortified,  and  desperately,  but  on 
the  whole  unsuccessfully,  assailed  by  the  Turks  under  Sulei- 
man Pacha,  with  great  slaughter  on  both  sides,  20-27  Aug. 
He  took  and  lost  fort  St.  Nicholas,  17  Sept.  1877.     The  Rus- 
sians re-entered  Roumelia,  Jan.  1878. 
SClli§Ill  (sism).     Heresy,  Popes. 
Scllles'wig".     Denmark,  Gastein,  Holstein. 
School  board.    Education. 
schoolmen  oi"  scholastic  philosophy  be- 
gan in  the  schools  founded  by  Charlemagne,  800-14  ;  and  pre- 
vailed in  Europe  from  the  9th  to  the  15th  century.    Doctors, 
Philosophy. 

schools.  Education,  Medical  science,  Painting, 
Philosophy. 

schooner  Pearl.  In  1848  capt.  Drayton  and  his 
mate  Sayles  attempted  to  carry  away  to  freedom,  from  the 
vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C,  77  fugitive  slaves  concealed  in 
this  schooner ;  as  the  schooner  neared  the  mouth  of  the  Poto- 
mac river,  she  was  overtaken  and  obliged  to  return.  These 
fugitive  slaves,  men,  women,  and  children,  were  immediately 
sold  to  the  cotton  planters  of  the  Gulf  states ;  while  Drayton 
and  Sayles,  with  difficulty  saved  from  death  by  mob-violence, 
were  brought  to  trial  in  Washington.  The  aggregate  bail  re- 
quired amounted  to  $228,000.  They  were  convicted  and  in 
prison  until  1852,  when,  through  the  influence  and  efforts  of 
Charles  Sumner,  pres.  Fillmore  granted  them  an  unconditional 
pardon;  but,  notwithstanding  this,  they  were  immediately  hur- 
ried out  of  the  city  and  sent  to  the  north  to  save  them  from 
violence  and  re-arrest. 

SchweiZ,  a  Swiss  canton,  which  with  Uri  and  Unter- 
walden  renounced  subjection  to  Austria,  7  Nov.  1307.     The 
name  Switzerland,  for  all  the  country,  dates  from  about  1440. 
scientific  surveying  expedition.   Deep  sea 
soundings.  Expeditions. 

Scilly  isles,  the  Cassiterides  or  Tin  islands,  southwest 
of  Land's  End,  Engl.,  consist  of  140  islets  and  many  rocks. 
They  held  commerce  with  the  Phoenicians,  and  are  mentioned 
by  Strabo.  They  were  conquered  by  Athelstan,  936,  and  given 
to  the  monks.  They  were  granted  bj'  Elizabeth  to  the  Godol- 
phin  family,  who  fortified  them ;  the  works  were  strengthened 
in  1649  by  the  royalists,  from  whom  Blake  wrested  them,  1651. 
Augustus  Smith,  the  owner,  termed  king  of  these  isles,  after  a 
long  paternal  rule,  died  in  Aug.  1872.  Area,  5770  acres ;  pop,, 
1880,  2090. 

A  British  squadron  under  sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  was  wrecked  here, 
returning  from  an  expedition  against  Toulon;  he  mistook  the 
rocks  for  land.  His  ship,  the  Association,  in  which  were  persons 
of  rank,  and  800  brave  men,  went  instantly  to  the  bottom.  The 
Eagle,  capt.  Hancock,  and  the  Romney  and  Firebrand,  were  also 
lost;  the  rest  of  the  fleet  escaped,  22  Oct.  1707.  Sir  Cloudesley's 
body  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where  a  monument 
stands  to  his  memory. 

Scinde.    Sinde. 

Scio  massacre,  il  Apr.  1822.    Chios. 

Scone,  near  Perth,  was  of  early  historical  importance. 
It  received  the  title  of  the  "  Royal  city  of  Scone  "  as  early  as 
906  or  909  a.d.  The  Scotch  coronation  chair  was  brought 
from  Scone  to  Westminster  Abbey  by  Edward  I.  in  1296.  Here 
Charles  II.  was  crowned,  1  JanT  1651. 

"He  is  already  nam'd;  and  gone  to  Scone,  to  be  invested." 
— Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  ii.  sc.  iv. 


SCO 


718 


SCO 


ScotI,  prehistoric  invaders  of  Ireland,  from  whom  the     ^^Zr^^r'.TJ':\o\^er^^^^ 


1567 


island  took  the  name  Scotia  and  retained  it  exclusively  from 
the  4th  to  the  11th  century.  The  Scoti  were  probably  a 
branch  »>f  the  Teutons  or  Scandinavians.  The  famous  Mile- 
sians were  Scoti.  It  was  not  until  invaded  by  Henry  II.  that 
the  island  was  known  as  Ireland.— //rew?*/^*-. 

Sco'tiMtii,  those  who  adopted  the  doctrines  of  John  Duns 
Scotus  (d.  8  Nov.  1308)  respecting  the  birth  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
etc,  strongly  opposed  by  the  Thomists,  disciples  of  St. Thomas 
Aquinas,  who  dietl  7  Mch.  1274. 

Scotland,  the  N.  division  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain; 
separateil  from  England  on  the  southeast  by  the  Tweed,  south- 
west by  the  Solway  Firth,  and  south  partly  by  the  Cheviot 
hills.  At  the  death  of  queen  Elizabeth,  24  Mch.  1603,  James 
VI.  of  Scotland,  as  the  most  immediate  heir,  was  called  to  the 
throne  of  England,  and  proclaimed  king  of  Great  Britain,  24 
Oct.  1604.  Each  country  had  a  separate  parliament  till  1707, 
when  the  kingdoms  were  united.  Area,  30,417  sq.  miles  in  33 
counties,  including  its  islands,  186  in  number.  Pop.  1891, 
4,033,103.  Albany,  Caledonia,  England. 
Camelon,  capital  of  the  Plots,  taken  by  Kenneth  II.  and  every 

living  creature  put  to  the  sword  or  destroyed 843 

Norwegians  occupy  Caithness,  9th  century. 

Scotland  ravaged  by  Athelstau 933 

Feudal  system  established  by  Malcolm  II 1004 

Invaded  by  Canute 1031 

Divided  into  baronies. 1032 

Danes  driven  out  of  Scotland 1040 

Duncan  I.  is  murdered  by  his  kinsman  Macbeth,  by  whom  the 

crown  is  seized " 

Malcolm  III.,  aided  by  Edward  the  Confessor,  defeats  Macbeth 

at  Dunsinane,  1054;  Macduff  kills  Macbeth 1056  or  1057 

Saxon- English  language  introduced  into  Scotland  by  fugitives 

from  the  Normans  in  England 1080 

Siege  of  Alnwick ;  Malcolm  111.  killed 1093 

Reign  of  David  I.,  a  legislator.   1124-53 

Scotland  invaded  by  Hacho,  king  of  Norway,  with  160  ships 

and  20,000  men;  invaders  are  defeated  by  Alexander  III., 

who  now  recovers  the  Western  isles 1263 

Margaret  of  Norway,  heiress  to  the  throne,  d 7  Oct.  1290 

John  Baliol  and  Robert  Bruce  claim  the  throne,  1291 ;  Edward 

I.  of  England,  as  umpire,  decides  in  favor  of  John Nov.  1292 

John  Baliol,  king  of  Scotland,  appears  in  his  own  defence  in 

Westminster  hall  against  the  earl  of  Fife 1293 

Edward,  wishing  to  annex  Scotland  to  England,  dethrones  John, 

ravages  the  country,  destroys  the  muniments  of  Scottish 

history,  and  seizes  the  proi>hetic  stone  (Coronation) 1296 

William  Wallace  defeats  the  English  at  Cambus  Kenneth,  and 

expels  them,  1297;    is  defeated  at  Falkirk,  22  July,  1298; 

taken  by  the  English,  and  executed  at  Smithfleld 23  Aug.  1305 

Robert  Bruce  crowned,  1306;  he  defeats  the  English,  1307;  and 

takes  Inverness,  1313;  defeats  the  English  at  Bannockburn, 

24  June,  1314 
Edward  Baliol  gains  the  throne  for  a  little  time  by  victories  at 

Dupplin,  11  Aug.  1332 ;  and  at  Halidon  hill 19  July,  1333 

David  II.  taken  prisoner  by  the  English  at  the  battle  of  Durham 

(and  detained  in  captivity  11  years) 1346 

Battle  of  Chevy  Chase,  between  Hotspur  Percy  and  earl  Doug- 
las (Otterbcrn) 10  Aug.  1388 

Murder  of  duke  of  Rothesay,  heir  of  Robert  III.,  by  starvation, 

3  Apr.  1401 

Scots  defeated  at  Homildon  Hill 14  Sept.  1402 

James  I.  captured  by  the  English  near  Flamborough  head  on 

his  passage  to  France 30  Mch.  1406 

St.  Andrews  university  founded  by  bishop  William  TurnbuU. . .  1451 

University  of  Aberdeen  founded 1494 

James  IV.  invades  England,  slain  at  Flodden  Field,  and  his 

army  cut  to  pieces 9  Sept.  1513 

James  V.  banishes  the  Douglases 1528 

He  establishes  the  court  of  session 1532 

Order  of  St.  Andrew,  or  the  Thistle,  is  revived 1540 

Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  b.  7  Dec. ;  succeeds  her  father,  James  V., 

who  d 14  Dec.     " 

Regent,  cardinal  Beaton,  persecutes  the  reformers,  1539,  1546; 

he  is  assassinated  at  St.  Andrews 29  May,  1546 

Scots  defeated  at  Pinkie 10  Sept.  1547 

Mary  marries  the  dauphin  of  France Apr.  1558 

Parliament  abolishes  the  jurisdiction  of  the  pope  in  Scotland, 

24  Aug.  1560 

Francis  II.  dies,  leaving  Mary  a  widow Dec.     " 

Reformation  in  Scotland,  by  John  Knox  and  others,  during 

the  minority  of  Mary between  1550  and     " 

Mary,  after  an  absence  of  13  years,  arrives  at  I^eith  from 

France 21  Aug.  1561 

Upon  an  inquisition,  which  was  officially  taken,  by  order  of 

queen  Elizabeth,  only  58  Scotsmen  were  found  in  London 

(Slow) • 1562 

Mary  marries  her  cousin,  Henry  Stuart,  lord  Darnley.  .29  July,  1565 
David  Rizzio,  her  confidential  secretary,  murdered  by  Darnley 

in  her  presence 9  Mch.  1566 

Lord  Darnley  blown  up  by  gunp«wder  in  his  house  (Mary  ac- 
cused of  conniving  at  his  death) 10  Feb.  1567 

James  Hepburn,  earl  of  Bothwell,  carries  off  the  queen,  who 

marries  him 15  May,     " 


Resigns 

ray  appointed  regent 22  July,      - 

Mary  escapes,  and  collects  a  large  army ;  is  defeated  by  regent 

Murray  at  I^ngside,  13  May;  enters  England 16  May,  1568 

Regent  Murray  murdered 23  Jan.  1570 

Earl  of  Lennox  appointed  regent 12  July,     " 

Earl  of  Lennox  murdered,  4  Sept. ;  earl  of  Mar  regent Sept.  1571 

Death  of  the  reformer  John  Knox 24  Nov.  1572 

[His  funeral  in  Edinburgh  is  attended  by  most  of  the  no- 
bility, and  by  tlie  regent  Morton,  who  exclaims,  "There  lies 
he  who  never  feared  the  face  of  man !"] 

University  of  Edinburgh  founded 1582 

Raid  of  RuTHVEN " 

Mary  takes  refuge  in  England,  16  May,  1568;  is,  after  a  long 

captivity,  beheaded  at  Fotheringay  castle 8  Feb.  1587  j 

Cowrie's  conspiracy  fails 5  Aug.  1600 

Crowns  of  Scotland  and  England  united  in  James  VI. .  .24  Mch.  1603  : 
James  proclaimed  "  king  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ire- 
land " 24  Oct.  1604  . 

Charles  I.  attempts  in  vain  to  introduce  the  English  liturgy; 

tumult  at  Edinburgh 23  July,  1637 

Solemn  league  and  covenant  subscribed  (Covenanters),  1  Mch.  1638 

A  Scotch  army  enters  England 1640 

Charles  joins  the  Scotch  army,  1646;  betrayed  into  the  hands 

of  the  English  parliament 30  Jan.  1647 

Marquis  of  Montrose  defeated  at  Philiphaugh,  13  Sept.  1645; 

executed  at  Edinburgh 21  May,  1650 

Charles  II.  crowned  at  Scone,  1  Jan. ;  defeated  at  Worcester, 

22  Aug.  1651 
Scotland    united   to    the  English  Commonwealth  by  Oliver 

Cromwell Sept.     " 

Charles  II.  revives  episcopacy  in  Scotland 1661 

Argyll  beheaded 27  May,     " 

Scottish  hospital,  London,  incorporated 1666 

Covenanters  defeated  on  the  Pentland  hills 1666 

Archbishop  Sharpe  murdered  near  St.  Andrews  by  John  Balfour 

of  Burley  and  others 3  May,  1679 

Covenanters  defeat  Claverhouse  at  Drumclog,  1   June;    are 

routed  at  Bothwell  bridge 22  June,     " 

Richard  Cameron's  declaration  for  religious  liberty...  .22  June,  1G80 

Karl  of  Argyll  beheaded 30  June.  1685 

Resolution  of  a  convention  in  favor  of  William  III. ;  re-estab- 
lishment of  presbytery 14  Mch.  1689 

Insurrection  of  Claverhouse ;  killed  at  Killiecrankie. .  .27  July,     " 

Massacre  of  the  Macdonalds  at  Glencoe 13  Feb.  1692 

Legislative  union  of  Scotland  with  England 1  May,  1707 

Insurrection  under  the  earl  of  Mar  in  favor  of  the  son  of 

James  IL  (Pretender) 1715 

Rebels  defeated  at  Preston,  12  Nov. ;   and  at  Dumblane  (or 

Sheriffmuir) 13  Nov.     " 

Capt.  Porteocs  killed  by  a  mob  in  Edinburgh 7  Sept.  1736 

Prince  Charles  Edward  proclaimed  at  Perth,  4  Sept.;  at  Edin- 
burgh, 16  Sept. ;  with  the  Highlanders  defeats  sir  John  Cope 
at  Prestonpans,  21  Sept. ;  takes  Carlisle,  15  Nov. ;  arrives  at 
Manchester,  28  Nov. ;  at  Derby,  4  Dec. ;  retreats  to  Glasgow, 

25  Dec.  1745 
Defeats  gen.  Hawley  at  Falkirk,  17  Jan. ;  is  totally  defeated  at 

Culloden 16  Apr.  1746 

Highland  dress  prohibited  by  parliament 12  Aug.     " 

Lords  Kilmarnock  and  Balmerino  executed  for  high-treason  on 

Tower  hill 18  Aug.     " 

Simon  Eraser,  lord  Lovat,  aged  80,  executed 9  Apr.  1747 

Heritable  jurisdictions  abolished  by  parliament " 

Thomson,  the  poet,  d 27  Aug.  1748 

Old  Pretender,  "Chevalier  de  St.  George,"  d.  at  Rome, 

30  Dec.  1765 
Prince  Charles  Edward  Louis  Casimir,  the  Young  Pretender,  d. 

at  Rome 31  Jan.  1788 

Death  of  Robert  Burns 21  July,  1796 

Scott's  "  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel"  pub 1806 

Cardinal  Henry,  duke  of  York  (last  of  the  Stuarts),  d. .  .31  Aug.  1807 

Royal  Caledonian  asylum,  London,  founded 1813 

Scott's  "  Waverley  "  pub.  (Literature) 1814 

Establishment  of  a  jury  court  under  a  lord  chief  commissioner,  1815 

Visit  of  George  IV.  to  Scotland Aug  1822 

Sir  Walter  Scott  d ".  .21  Sept.  1832 

Seven  ministers  of  the  presbytery  of  Strathbogie  are  deposed 
by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  church  of  Scotland  for  obey- 
ing the  civil  in  preference  to  the  ecclesiastical  law.  (Their 
deposition  was  formally  protested  against  by  the  minority 

of  ministers  and  elders,  headed  by  dr.  Cook) 28  May,  1841 

General  Assembly  condemn  patronage  as  a  grievance  to  the 

cause  of  true  religion  that  ought  to  be  abolished 23  May,  1842 

Secession  of  the  non-intrusion  ministers  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land (about  400)  at  the  General  Assembly 18  May,  1843 

Death  of  Francis  (lord)  Jeffrey,  principally  known  as  one  of  the 
founders  of  and  contributors  to  the  Edinburgh  Review,  and 

its  editor  for  26  years 26  Jan.  1850 

National  association  for  vindication  of  Scottish  rights  formed, 

Nov.  1853 

Salmon  Fisheries  act  passed July>  1864 

Scotch   Reform  bill  introduced  into  the  commons,  17  Feb.; 

passed 13  July,  1868 

Scotch  Reform  act  passed "     " 

liand  Registers  and  Titles  to  Land  act  passed July, 

Robert  Chambers,  author  and  publisher,  d.,  aged  69. .  .17  Mch.  1871 
Scott  centenary  celebrated  in  Edinburgh,  etc.  (Scott  b.  15  Aug. 

1771) 9  Aug.     " 

Return  of  owners  of  land  and  heritages,  1872-73  (a  kind  of 
Domesday  book),  published  by  government Apr.  1874 


SCO 


719 


Patronage  in  the  established  church  (see  1842)  abolished  by  act 

passed 7  Aug.  1874 

Scottish  Church  Disestablishment  Association;   first  annual 

meeting 8  Mch.  1875 

Romanist  hierarchy  revived  by  the  pope;  archbishop  of  Glas- 
gow, bishopric  of  Dunkeld,  etc.,  2  Mch. ;  the  Scotch  Protes- 
tant bishops  protest  against  this 13  Apr.  1878 

Movement  for  home  rule  begun 4  Apr.  1882 

Secretary  of  Scotland  act  passed 14  Aug.  1885 

Local  government  bill  for  Scotland  passed 26  Aug.  1889 

<Jreat  railroad  bridge  over  the  river  Forth  opened 4  Mch.  1890 

KINGS   OF   SCOTLAND. 
BEFORE    CHRIST. 

[The  early  accounts  of  the  kings  are  fabulous.    The  series  is 
carried  as  far  back  as  Alexander  the  Great.] 
330.  Fergus  I. :  ruled  25  years;  lost  in  the  Irish  sea. 

[Fergus,  a  brave  prince,  came  from  Ireland  with  an  army 
of  Scots,  and  was  chosen  king.  Having  defeated  the  Britons 
and  slain  their  king  Coilus,  the  kingdom  of  the  Scots  was 
entailed  upon  his  posterity  forever.  He  went  to  Ireland, 
and,  having  settled  his  affairs  there,  was  drowned  on  his 
return,  launching  from  the  shore,  near  the  harbor,  called 
Carrickfergtis  to  this  day,— Anderson.] 

AFTER   CHRIST. 

357.  EugeniusI.,sonof  Fincormachus;  slain  in  battle  by  Maximus, 

the  Roman  general,  and  the  Picts. 
'*^*  With  this  battle  ended  the  kingdom  of  the  Scots,  after  having 

existed  from  the  coronation  of  Fergus  I.,  a  period  of  706 

years;  the  royal  family  fled  to  Denmark.— .Boece,  Buchanan. 
[Interregnum  of  27  years.] 
404.  Fergus  II.  (I.),  great-grandson  of  Eugenius,  and  40th  king; 

slain  in  battle  with  the  Romans. 
420.  Eugenius  II.  or  Evenus;  reigned  31  years. 
451.  Dongardus  or  Domangard,  brother;  defeated  and  drowned. 
457.  Constantino  I.,  brother;  assassinated. 
479.  Congallus  I.,  nephew;  just  and  prudent. 
601.  Goranns,  brother;  murdered.— fioece.     Died  while  Donald  of 

Athol  was  conspiring  to  take  his  life. 
-535.  Eugenius  III.,  nephew;  "none  excelled  him  injustice." 
558.  Congallus  II.,  brother. 

569.  Kinnatellus,  brother;  resigned  for 

570.  Aidanus  or  Aldan,  son  of  Goranus. 
■605.  Kenneth,  son  of  Congallus  II. 
606.  Eugenius  IV.,  son  of  Aidanus. 

621.  Ferchard  or  Ferquhard  I.,  son;  confined  for  misdeeds  to  his 
palace,  where  he  slew  himself.— ^Sco^. 

€32.  Donald  IV.,  brother;  drowned  in  Loch  Tay. 

646.  Ferchard  II.,  son  of  Ferchard  I. ;  "most  execrable." 

■664.  Malduinus,  son  of  Donald  IV. ;  strangled  by  his  wife  for  sup- 
posed infidelity;  she  was  immediately  burned. 

684.  Eugenius  v.,  brother. 

■688.  Eugenius  VI.,  son  of  Ferchard  IL 

698.  Amberkeletus,  nephew;  fell  by  an  arrow  from  an  unknown 

hand. 

699.  Eugenius  VII., brother;  ruflians  designing  the  king's  murder, 

entered  his  chamber,  and,  in  his  absence,  stabbed  his  queen! 

Spontana,  to  death. — Scott. 
715.  Mordachus,  son  of  Amberkeletus. 
■730.  Etfinus,  son  of  Eugenius  Vn. 

761.  Eugenius  VIII.,  son  of  Mordachus;  sensual  and  tyrannous- 
put  to  death  by  his  nobles.  ' 
7G4.  Fergus  III.,  son  of  Etfinus;  killed  by  his  jealous  queen,  who 

afterwards  stabbed  herself  to  escape  a  death  of  torture. 
767.  Solvathius,  son  of  Eugenius  VIIL 
787.  Achaius;  just  and  wise. 
819.  Congallus  III. ;  a  peaceful  reign. 
*24.  Dongal  or  Dougal,  son  of  Solvathius;  drowned. 
831.  Alpine,  son  of  Achaius;  beheaded  by  the  Picts. 
^34.  Kenneth  IL,  son;  surnamed  Mac  Alpine;  defeated  the  Picts, 

slew  their  king,  united  them  with  the  Scots  as  first  sole 

monarch  of  all  Scotland,  843. 
*54.  Donald  v.,  brother;  dethroned;  committed  suicide. 
858.  Coustantine  IL,  son  of  Kenneth  II. ;  taken  in  battle  by  the 

Danes  and  beheaded. 
874.  Eth  or  Ethus,  surnamed  Lightfoot;  died  of  grief  in  prison; 

confined  for  sensuality  and  crime. 
876.  Gregory  the  Gre£tt ;  brave  and  just. 
893.  Donald  VI.,  son  of  Constantine  II. ;  excellent. 
904.  Constantine  IlL,  son  of  Ethus;  became  a  monk,  and  resigned 

in  favor  of 
944.  Malcolm  L,  son  of  Donald  VI. ;  murdered. 
■953.  Indulfus  or  Indulphus;  killed  by  the  Danes  in  an  ambus- 
cade. 
■961.  Duff  or  Duffus,  son  of  Malcolm;    murdered  by  Donald,  the 

governor  of  Forres  castle. 
965,  Cullen  or  Culenus,  son  of  Indulphus;  avenged  the  murder  of 

his  predecessor;  assassinated. 
970.  Kenneth  III.,  brother  of  Duffus;  murdered  by  Fenella,  the 

lady  of  Fettercairn. 
■994.  Constantine  IV..  son  of  Cullen;  slain. 
995.  Kenneth  IV.  or  Grimus,  the  Grim,  son  of  Duffus;  routed  and 

slain  in  battle  by  Malcolm,  the  rightful  heir  to  the  crown, 

who  succeeded. 
1003.  Malcolm  IL,  son  of  Kenneth  III. ;  assassinated  on  his  way  to 

Glamis;  the  assassins  in  their  flight  crossing  a  frozen  lake 

were  drowned. 
10.33.  Duncan  I.,  grandson;  assassinated  by  his  cousin. 
10:59.  Macbeth,  usurper;  slain  by  Macduff,  the  thane  of  Fife. 
**  Historians  so  differ  up  to  this  reign  in  the  number  of  kings. 


SCR 

dates  of  succession,  and  circumstances  narrated,  that  no  ac- 
count can  be  trusted. 
1057.  Malcolm  III.  (Canmore),  son  of  Duncan ;  killed  while  besieging 
Alnwick  castle. 

1093.  Donald  VII.  (Donald  Bane),  brother;  usurper;  fled  to  the  Heb- 

rides. 

1094.  Duncan  IL,  natural  son  of  Malcolm;  murdered. 
"      Donald  VIL  again;  deposed. 

1098.  Edgar,  son  of  Malcolm  (Henry  I.  of  England  married  his  sister 
Maud). 

1107.  Alexander  I.,  the  Fierce,  brother. 

1124.  David  L,  brother;  married  Matilda,  daughter  of  "Waltheof  earl 
of  Northumberland. 

1153.  Malcolm  IV. ;  grandson. 

1165.  William  the  Lion;  brother. 

1214.  Alexander  II. ,  son;  married  Joan,  daughter  of  John,  king  of 
England.  '       " 

1249.  Alexander  IIL,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  III.  of 
England;  dislocated  his  neck  when  hunting  near  King- 
horn. 

1285.  Margaret,  the  "Maiden  of  Norway,"  granddaughter  of  Alex- 
ander, "  recognized  by  the  states  of  Scotland,  though  a  fe- 
male, an  infant,  and  a  foreigner";  died  on  her  passage  to 
Scotland. 
A  competition  for  the  vacant  throne;  Edward  I.  of  England 
decides  in  favor  of 

1292.  John  Baliol,  who  afterwards  surrendered  his  crown,  and  died 
in  exile, 
[Interregnum.] 

1306.  Robert  (Bruce)  I. ;  a  great  prince. 

1329.  David  (Bruce)  II. ,  son;  Edward  Baliol  disputed  the  throne 
with  him. 

1332.  David  II.  again ;  a  prisoner  in  England,  1346-57  (Edward  Baliol 
king,  1332-34).    ' 

1371.  Robert  (Stuart)  IL,  nephew;  d.  19  Apr. 

1390.  Robert  (John  Stuart)  III. ;  son;  d.  4  Apr. 

1406.  James  I.,  second  son;  imprisoned  18  years  in  England;  set  at 
liberty  in  1423;  conspired  against,  and  murdered  at  Perth 
21  Feb. 

1437.  James  II. ,  son;  killed  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh  castle  by  a 
cannon  bursting,  3  Aug. 

1460.  James  III. ,  son ;  killed  in  a  revolt  of  his  subjects  at  Bannock- 
burn  fleld,  11  June. 

1488.  James  IV.,  son;  married  Margaret  Tudor,  daughter  of  Henry 
VII.  of  England;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Flodden,  9  Sept. 

1513.  James  V.,  son ;  succeeded  when  little  more  than  a  year  old;  a 
sovereign  possessing  many  virtues ;  d.  14  Dec. 

1542.  Mary,  daughter;  b.  7  Dec.  1542;  succeeded  14  Dec.  (see  Annals 
above). 

1567.  James  VI.,  son;  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England,  and  the 
kingdoms  were  united,  1603. 
England. 

^COtt  centenary  celebrated  in  London  and  through- 
out Scotland,  9  Aug.  1871.  Sir  Walter  Scott  was  born  15  Aug. 
1771.     Literature. 

"  Scouring  of  the  IVhlte  ilor§e."  Ash- 
down. 

screw,  a  cylinder  surmounted  by  a  spiral  ridge  or  groove, 
every  part  of  which  forms  an  equal  angle  with  the  axis  of  the 
cylinder;  one  of  the  6  mechanical  powers  known  to  the  Greeks, 
but  probably  not  to  the  Egyptians.  The  pumping-screw  of  Ar- 
chimedes, or  screw-cylinder  for  raising  water,  invented  about 
236  B.C.,  is  still  in  use.  It  is  asserted  that  with  the  screw  one 
man  can  press  down  or  raise  as  much  as  150  men  without  it. 

screw-propeller  consists  of  two  or  more  twisted 
blades,  like  the  vanes  of  a  windmill,  set  on  an  axis  running 
parallel  with  the  keel  of  a  vessel,  and  revolving  beneath  the 
water  at  the  stern.  It  is  driven  by  a  steam-engine.  The 
principle  was  shown  by  Hooke  in  1681,  and  since  by  Du  Quet, 
Bernouilli,  and  others.  Patents  for  propellers  w^ere  taken  out 
by  Joseph  Bramah  in  1784 ;  by  Wm.  Lyttelton  in.  1794 ;  and 
by  Edward  Shorter  in  1799.  But  these  led  to  no  useful  result. 
In  1836  patents  were  obtained  by  Francis  Pettit  Smith,  a  farm- 
er of  Eomney,  Engl,  (knighted  July,  1871 ;  d.  12  Feb.  1874) 
and  capt.  John  Ericsson,  and  to  them  the  successful  applica- 
tion of  the  screw-propeller  must  be  attributed.  The  first  ves- 
sels with  the  screw  were  the  A  rchimedes,  built  on  the  Thames 
in  1838  by  H.  Wimshurst,  and  the  ^a«^er,  built  in  the  United 
States  (1844),  and  tried  in  England  in  1845.  Double  screw- 
propellers  are  now  employed.  A  new  form  of  screw-pro- 
peller, invented  by  col.  W.  H.  Mallory,  of  the  U.  S.  army,  was 
tried  on  the  Thames  and  reported  successful,  Aug.  1878. 
Steam  navigation. 

Scrible'rus  club,  a  literary'  club,  founded  by  Swift 
in  1714,  included  among  its  members  Bolingbroke,  Pope,  Gay, 
and  Arbuthnot. 

scrofula.     King's  evil. 

Scrutin  (French  for  ballot).    In  scrutin  de  liste  the  voter 


sou 


720 


SOU 


writes  on  his  paper  as  many  names  as  there  are  persons  to  be 
elected;  for  instance,  for  the  whole  department.  In  scrutin 
iTarroHdissfment,  the  members  are  elected  separately.  These 
modes  were  much  discussed  in  France  in  1876.  The  conserva- 
tives prefer  the  latter,  the  radicals  the  former.  France,  Nov. 
1875.  The  scrutin  de  liste  was  adopted  in  the  elections  of 
1848, 1849, 1871,  and  1875. 

IL  Bajrdoux's  bill  for  scrutin  de  liste  (warmly  advocated  by  M. 
Gambett*)  passed  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  (243-235),  18 

May,  1881:  rejected  by  the  senate  (U8-1U) 9  June,  1881 

11.  Welbeck  Rousseau's  bill  for  the  scrutin  de  liste  passed  by 

the  French  deputies  (412-99) 24  Mch.  1885 

ScnUin  de  liste  adopted  by  the  Italian  chamber 14  Feb.  1882 

iCUlptlirc  is  much  older  than  history,  rude  figures  of 
men  and  animals  carved  in  stone  having  been  found  among  the 
relics  of  the  stone  age ;  but  the  first  artistic  sculpture  is  re- 
ferred to  the  Egyptians.  Bezaleel  and  Aholiab  built  the  tab- 
ernacle in  the  wilderness,  and  made  all  the  vessels  and  orna- 
ments, 1491  ac.,  and  their  skill  is  recorded  as  the  gift  of  God 
(Exod.  xxxi.  3).     Dipoenus  and  Scyllis,  statuaries  at  Crete, 


established  a  school  at  Sicyon.  Pliny  speaks  of  them  as  being- 
the  first  who  sculptured  marble  and  polished  it,  all  statues  be- 
fore their  time  being  of  wood,  5G8  u.c.  Phidias,  whose  statue 
of  Jupiter  passed  for  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world,  was  the- 
greatest  statuary  among  the  ancients.  His  statue  of  Minerva: 
in  the  Parthenon,  made  of  ivory  and  gold,  was  39  feet  ia 
height.  Lysippus  invented  the  art  of  taking  likenesses  in 
plaster  moulds,  from  which  he  afterwards  cast  models  in  wax.. 
Alexander  the  Great  gave  him  the  sole  right  of  making  his^ 
statues,  326  B.C.  He  left  no  less  than  600  pieces,  some  of 
which  were  so  highly  valued  in  the  age  of  Augustus  that  they 
sold  for  their  weight  in  gold.  Sculpture  did  not  flourish  among 
the  Romans,  and  in  the  middle  ages,  with  few  exceptions,  was- 
generally  degraded.  With  the  revival  of  painting,  it  revived 
also;  and  Donato  di  Bardi,  born  at  Florence  1383  a.d.,  was- 
the  earliest  professor  among  the  moderns,  while  Michael  An- 
gelo  was  the  greatest  artist.  Two  statues  of  Rameses  II.  and 
one  of  his  queen  (about  1322  b.c.)  were  discovered  at  Aboukir- 
by  Daninos  Pacha,  Oct.  1891. 


EMINENT    GREEK    (ANCIENT)    SCULPTORS. 


Flourished. 


Present  location. 


Agesander. 


Agasi; 
Alcan 


sias 

.icameoes 

ApoUonius 

Apollonius  and  Tauriscus. . 

Calamis 

Chares. 

Cleomenes 


Cresilas  ... 

Glycon  . . . . 

Lysippus . , 

Myron  . . . , 
Phidias 

Polycletus , 


Praxiteles. 


f450  B.C.  ?  i 
[or  70 A.D.  J 

B.O. 

400 
440 
300 
200 

480 


370 
445 


LaocoOn 


328 


440 
420 


364 


Fighting  Gladiator 

Venus  of  Melos 

Torso  of  Hercules 

Torso  Farnese 

( Apollo  Belvedere 

\  Head  of  Apollo 

Colossus  of  Rhodes 

Venus  de'  Medici 

( Wounded  Amazon 

I  Bust  of  Pericles 

(Dying  Gaul 

Farnese  Hercules 

(  Apoxyomenos 

}  Ludovisi  Mars 

( .(Esop 

Discobolus  (Disk  thrower). . . 

Sculptures  of  the  Parthenon. 

{Amazon 
Head  of  Juno 

(Cnidian  Venus. 
Thespian  Cupid 
Faun 
Niobe  group 


Vatican,  Rome. 

Louvre,  Paris. 

Vatican,  Rome. 
Museum,  Naples. 
Vatican,  Rome. 
Museum,  Basle. 
Destro5'ed. 
Ufflzi,  Florence. 
Capitol,  Rome. 
Glyptothek,  Munich. 
Capitol,  Rome. 
Museum,  Naples. 
Vatican,  Rome. 
Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome. 
Villa  Albani,  Rome. 
Palazza  Massini. 
British  museum. 
Museum,  Berlin. 
Museum,  Naples. 

Vatican,  Rome. 
Capitol,  Rome. 
Ufflzi,  Florence. 


RENAISSANCE    AND    MODERN    SCULPTORS. 
AMERICAN. 


Name. 


Flonrished. 


Present  location. 


Bailly,  Joseph  A , 
Ball,  Thomas  . . . . 


Bartholomew,  Edward  Shef- 
field  


Brown,  Henry  K... 
Calverley,  Charles.. 
Crawford,  Thomas. , 


Frazee,  John 

French,  Daniel  C 

Foley,  Margaret  E 

Gould,  Thomas  R. 

Greenough,  Horatio.... 

Greenough,  Richard  S., 

Hart,  Joel  T 


1825-83 
1819- 

1822-58 
1814-86 


1814-57 

1790-1852 

1850- 

(?)  -1877 
1818-81 
1805-52 

1819- 

1810-77 


Hosmer,  Harriet  6. 


Statue  of  Washington 

Statue  of  gen.  John  A.  Rawlins 

Equestrian  statue  of  Washington 

Emancipation  monument 

Statue  of  Daniel  Webster. 

Repentant  Eve 

Shepherd  Boy 

Sappho 

Equestrian  statue  of  Washington » 

Statue  of  Lincoln | 

Statue  of  gen.  Greene 

Equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Scott 

Angel  of  the  Resurrection 

Bust  of  Horace  Greeley 

"    "  John  Brown 

Orpheus 

Hebe  and  Ganymede 

Equestrian  statue  of  Washington 

Statue  of  Liberty 

Indian  chief 

Bust  of  judge  Marshall 

"    "  John  Jay 

Minute  Men  of  the  Revolution 

Statue  of  John  Howard. 

"       "  Thomas  Star  King. 

Bust  of  Theodore  Parker,  bust  of  Charles  Sumner, 

Excelsior,  etc. 
West  wind,  Cleopatra,  Timon  of  Athens. 

Bust  of  gov.  Andrew,  Mass 

Statue  of  Washington ) 

The  Rescue , ) 

Statue  of  Franklin 1 

Boy  and  Eagle ] 

Statue  of  gov.  Winthrop 

Statues  of  Henry  Clay 

Will- o' -the- Wisp 

Zenobia 

Beatrice  Cenci 

Statue  of  col.  Benton 


Philadelfihia,  Pa. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Central  park,  N.  Y.  city. 

Wadsworth  athenaeum,  Hartford,  Conn.. 

Wadsworth  athenaeum,  Hartford,  Conn- 
Union  square,  N.  Y.  city. 

Statuary  hall,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Greenwood  cemetery,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Union  League  club,  N.  Y.  city. 
Athenaeum,  Boston,  Mass. 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  Mass. 
Capitol  at  Richmond,  Va. 
Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Historical  Society,  N.  Y.  city. 
Academy  Fine  Arts,  Philadelphia,  Pa 
U.  S.  Supreme  court,  Washington,  D.  C 
Concord,  N.  H. 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Hingham  cemetery,  Mass. 
Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Louisville,  Ky. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  Mass. 

Collection  of  A.  W.  Griswold,  N.  Y.  city^ 

Mercantile  library,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Lafayette  park,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


sou  721  sou 

RENAISSANCE  AND  MODERN  SCULPTORS— (ConfmMed) 

AMERICAN. 


Beit  works. 


Present  location. 


MacDonald,  James  W.  A. 

Mead,  Larkin  G 

Milmore,  Martin 


Mills,  Clark 

Mozier,  Joseph 

Palmer,  Erastus  D. 

Perry,  John  D 

Plassmann,  Ernest 


1845-83 

1815- 

1812- 
1817- 
1845- 


Powers,  Hiram. 


Ream,  Vinnie  (Mrs. 

Hoxie). . . 

1850- 

Rimmer  William. . 

1821- 

Rhinehart,  William 

H 

1825-74 

Roberts  Howard    . 

1843- 

1825-92 

1829- 

Saint-Gaudens,  Augustus 

1848- 

1842- 

1815-82 

Stone,  Horatio 

1810-75 

Story,  William  W 

1819- 

Thompson,  Launt 

1833-94 

Turner,  William  Green 


Ward,  John  Q.  A. 


Head  of  Washington  Irving 

I  Statue  of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck 

i'     "       "  gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon. 

Statue  of  Lincoln 

"       "  Ethan  Allen 

"       "  Vermont 

"       "  Columbus 

'  Soldiers'  monument 


Statue  of  America 

Soldiers'  memorial , 

Equestrian  statue  of  Jackson 

"  "       "  Washington 

'  Statue  of  Freedom 

Esther,  Peri,  Pocahontas,  Silence  and  Truth,  Prodigal 
Son,  Jephtha's  Daughter. 
(The  Infant   Ceres,  Indian    Girl,  The  Sleeping  Peri, 
\     etc. 

(Bust   of  Horace    Greeley,  Beggar    Maid,  Christmas 
\     Morning,  etc. 

I  Statue  of  Franklin 

\  Statue  of  Vanderbilt 

r  Statue  of  Eve 

Greek  Slave 

I  Ginevra 

California 

Statue  of  Webster 

Statue  of  Jefferson 

La  Penserosa 

Calhoun, 

Statue  of  Lincoln 

adm.  Farragut 

Spirit  of  the  Carnival,  The  West,  etc. 

Statue  of  Alexander  Hamilton 

Falling  Gladiator,  Head  of  St.  Stephen. 

Clytie. 

Endy  mion 

Sleeping  Children 

Statue  of  chief-justice  Taney 

Hester  Prynne,  Premiere  Rose,  etc. 

(Statue  of  John  Adams 
"       "  William  H.  Seward 
Soldiers'  monument 
Angel  of  the  Resurrection 

{Slave  Auction,  The  Picket  Guard,  School  Days,  One 
More  Shot,  John  Alden,  etc.— small  plaster  groups. 

'  Statue  of  adm.  Farragut 

"       "  Lincoln 

"       "  The  PuriUn 

(Statue  of  Roger  Williams.. .  v , 
"       "  Oliver  P.  Morton , 
"       "  Longfellow 
Naval  monument , 

{Angel  of  the  Waters ) 
Statue  of  Columbus j 

Statue  of  Alexander  Hamilton 

(Beethoven 
Statue  of  George  Peabody 
Statue  of  Philip  Barton  Key 
"  "  Edward  Everett / 
Cleopatra  and  Semiramis 

(Bust  of  William  Cullen  Bryant , 
Statue  of  gen.  Scott 
"       "  Napoleon 
Bust  of  Rocky  Mountain  Trapper. 
Equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Burnside 

f  Transition 


Warner,  Olin  L 1844- 


Fisherman's  Daughter 

Rhoda,  etc. 

^  Statue  of  com.  0.  H.  Perry 

'  Statue  of  Washington 

The  Indian  Hunter 

Statue  of  Shakespeare 

Freedman 

Equestrian  statue  of  gen.  G.  H.  Thomas. . . 

Statue  of  com.  Perry 

Bronze  statue  of  Horace  Greeley  (sitting). 
I  Statue  of  gov.  Buckingham. 
'[     "       "  William  Lloyd  Garrison. 


Prospect  park,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Central  park,  N.  Y.  city. 

Lincoln  monument,  Springfield,  111. 

National  Art  gallery,  Washington,  D.  G, 

State  house,  Montpelier,  Vt. 

Capitol,  Sacramento,  Cal. 

Boston  Common. 

Roxbury,  Mass. 

Fitchburg,  Mass. 

Colby  university,  Waterville,  Me. 

Lafayette  square,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Washington  circle,  "  " 

On  dome  of  capitol,        "  " 


Printing  House  square,  N.  Y.  city. 
Freight  depot,  Hudson  square,N.  Y.  city 
Collection  of  A.  T.  Stewart,  N.  Y.  city. 

Corcoran  gallery,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Metropolitan  museum,  N.  Y.  city. 
State  house,  Boston,  Mass. 
Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Lenox  library,  N.  Y.  city. 

Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Peabody  institute,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Corcoran  gallery,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Annapolis,  Md. 

Mount  Auburn,  near  Boston,  Mass. 
Madison  square,  N.  Y.  city. 
Providence,  R.  I. 
Hartford,  Conn. 


New  York  city. 

Lincoln  park,  Chicago. 

Springfield,  Mass. 

National  Statuary  hall,  Washington, D.G 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Portland,  Me. 

Front  of  national  capitol,      "  " 

Central  park,  N.  Y.  city. 

NationalStatuary  hall,  Washington, D.C. 

Boston,  Mass. 

London,  Engl. 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  N.Y.  city. 

Central  park,  N.  Y.  city. 

Soldiers'  Home,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mr.  Pinchot,  Milford,  Pa. 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Philadelphia  Academy  of  Fine  Arts. 
[Collection  of  Mr.  Wolverton,  Philadel- 
[     phia.  Pa. 

Newport,  R.  I. 

U.  S.  Sub-treasury  building,  N.  Y.  city. 

Central  park,  N.  Y.  city. 

Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Newport,  R.  I. 

Front  of  Tribune  building,  N.  Y.  city. 


Thorwaldsen,  Bertel. 


Bacon,  John , 


1770-1844 


1740-99 


Jason 

Cupid  and  Psyche 

Night  and  Morning 

Ganymede  and  the  Eagle 

Dying  Lion 

Schiller  monument 

The  Last  Supper 

Equestrian  statue  of  Maximilian. 


ENGLISH. 

Monument  of  earl  of  Chatham 

"  "  John  Howard , 

"  "  dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Statue  of  Blackstone 


Thorwaldsen 
Denmark. 


museum,    Copenhagen^ 


Lucerne,  Switzerland. 
Stuttgart,  Germany. 
Copenhagen,  Denmark. 
Munich,  Germany. 


Westminster  abbey 
St.  PauFs,  London. 
All-Souls'  college,  Oxford. 


sou 


722  SOU 

RENAISSANCE  AND  MODERN  aCULFTOBS.— (Continued.) 
RNOLISH. 


Banks,  Thomas. 

Rebnes,  William 

Campbell,  Tbomas. 

Cbantrey,  Sir  Francis.... 

Cibb«r,  Calus  G 

Darner,  Anne  Seymour . . 

Flaxmao,  John 

Foley,  John  Henry 

Gibbons,  Grinling 

Gibson,  John. 

NoUekens,  Joseph 

Rossi,  John  Charles  F — 
Stevens,  Alfred  G 

Westmacott,  Sir  Richard. 

Westmacott,  Richard. . . . 
Wilton,  Joseph 

Woolner,  Thomas 

Wyatt,  Matthew  Cotes. . . 


1738-1806 

1801-64 
1790-1858 

1782-1841 

1630-1700 
1748-1828 

1765-1826 

1818-74 

1660-1721 
1791-1866 

1737-1823 

1762-1839 
1817-75 

1775-1856 

1799-1872 
1722-1803 

1825- 

1778-1862 


Beit  works. 


Auguler,  Francois 
Augaier,  Michel.. 


Bartholdi,  Fr^d^ric  Auguste. 

Baryg,  Antoine  L 

Bosio,  Francois  Joseph. . 

Bouchardon,  Edme 

€haudet,  Antoine  D 

Colomb,  Michael 

Cortot,  Jean  Pierre 

Coysevox,  Charles  A 

Dalou,  Jules 

David,  Pierre  Jean 

Duquesnoy,  Franpois 

Fremin,  R6n6 

Girardon,  Franf  ois 

Goujon,  Jean 


1612-86 


1834- 


1795-1875 


1769-1845 


1763-1810 
1431-1514 

1787-1843 

1640-1715 


1789-1856 
1594-1646 
1673-1745 
1628-1715 

1515-72 


Cupid  catching  a  Butterfly 

Caractacus  before  Claudius 

Monument  of  sir  Eyre  Coote 

Statue  of  Havolock 

"  dr.  Boll 

Statue  of  Mrs.  Siddons 

"       "  lord  Ben  ti  nek 

Statue  of  George  III 

Two  Sleeping  Children 

Statue  of  James  Watt 

'>       "  bishop  Heber 

u       11  Washington 

Figures  of  Raving  and  Melancholy  Madness 

"       "Faith  and  Hope 

Statue  (colossal)  of  George  III 

Bust  of  Nelson 

Bust  of  Bacchus 

Statue  of  Pitt ) 

"       "  sir  John  Moore J 

"       "  Robert  Burns , 

Archangel  Michael  and  Satan. 

Statue  of  Hampden 

"       "  father  Mathew 

"       "  John  Stuart  Mill. 

"      "  Burke  and  of  Goldsmith 

"  -     "  Stonewall  Jackson 

Figure  of  Prince  Consort 

Decorations  in  Wood-carving 

Mars  and  Cupid 

Psyche  borne  by  Zephyrs , 

Statue  of  queen  Victoria , 

Officers'  monument \ 

Medallion  of  Goldsmith J 

Tomb  of  bishop  Thomas ) 

Monument  of  lord  Cornwallis ) 

"         "  lord  Rodney | 

Monument  of  duke  of  Wellington 

Monument  of  Fox 

"         "  gens.  Pakenham  and  Glbbs , 

Statue  of  duke  of  Wellington 

WyclifTe  preaching  (bas-relief) 

David  with  head  of  Goliath,  Guardian  Angel,  Resig 

nation. 

Monument  to  gen.  Wolfe 

Statue  of  Macaulay 

"       "  lord  Bacon 

Busts   of  Darwin,  Tennyson,   Cobden,  Gladstone, ) 

Dickens,  Carlyle,  Kingsley ) 

Death  of  Boadicea,  etc. 

Equestrian  statue  of  Wellington 

Statue  of  George  III 

Monument  to  lord  Nelson 


Present  location. 


FRENCH. 


f  Monument  of  due  de  Rohan. 

( Marble  Crucifix 

f  Nativity 

I  Bust  of  Colbert 

1  Christ  on  the  Cross 

1^  Statues  of  Pluto,  Ceres,  Neptune,  and  Amphitrite. 

r  Lion , 

J  Malediction  of  Alsace 

1  Statue  of  Lafayette. 

1  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World 

f  Combat  of  the  Centaurs. 
Lion 


Jaguar  devouring  a  Hare 

Lion  and  Boa 

Tiger  fighting  a  Crocodile. 
[Collection  of  sculptures  (114  pieces). 


\  Marble  group 

( Statues  of  the  Apostles 

{ Cupid  and  Psyche ) 

( Girl  with  a  Stag f 

I  Shepherd  of  Polybus  carrying  away  (Edipus 

( Statue  of  Napoleon 

Bas  relief  of  St.  George  and  the  Dragon 

{Marble  group 
Crowning  of  Napoleon 

(  Bust  of  Richelieu 

\  Fame  and  Mercury 

I  Allegorical  group— The  Triumph  of  the  Republic 

( Etats-G^n6raux 

I  Statue  of  Jefferson 

\      "      "  Gutenberg 

( Groups  of  Children i 

\  Statue  of  St.  Andrew ] 

I  Saint  Sylvie,  Bas-relief  of  Notre  Dame,  Hercules, 
\     Minerva,  etc. 

( Rape  of  Proserpine 

\  Monument  of  Richelieu 

( Fountain  of  the  Innocents 

]  Statue  of  Diana » 

(  Four  Evangelists \ 


Russia. 
Stowe,  Engl. 
Westminster  abbey. 
Trafalgar  square,  London. 
Westminster  abbey. 

Cavendish  square,  London. 

London. 

Lichfield  chapel. 

Westminster  abbey. 

St.  Paul's,  London. 

State  house,  Boston,  Mass 

South  Kensington  museum,  London. 

Chapel,  Chatsworth. 

Register's  office,  Edinburgh. 

Guildhall,  Loudon. 

University  gallery,  Oxford. 

Glasgow,  Scotland. 

Edinburgh. 

Parliament  house. 
Cork. 

Glasgow,  Scotland. 

Richmond,  Va. 

Albert  memorial,  London. 

Chatsworth,  Engl. 

Collection  of  duke  Devonshire. 

"         "  sir  George  Beamont. 
Buckingham  palace. 

Westminster  abbey. 

St.  Paul's,  London. 

St.  Paul's,  London. 
Westminster  abbey. 
St.  Paul's,  London. 
Hyde  park,  London. 
Church,  Lutterworth. 


Westminster  abbey. 
Cambridge,  Engl. 
Oxford,  Engl. 

Westminster  abbey. 

Green  park  arch,  London. 

Pall  Mall. 

Liverpool. 


Louvre,  Paris. 

Church  of  the  Sorbonne,  Paris. 

Church  of  Val  de  Grace. 

Louvre,  Paris. 

St.  Roche,  Paris. 

Bel  fort. 
Paris. 

New  York  harbor. 

Colonnade  Juillet,  Paris. 
Luxembourg  gallery,  Paris. 
Tuileries. 

Corcoran  gallery,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Colonne  VendOme. 
Chapelle  Expiatoire,  Paris. 
St.  Sulpice,  Paris. 

Louvre,  Paris. 


Old  museum,  Berlin. 

Louvre,  Paris. 

Chapelle  Expiatoire,  Paris. 

Arc  de  I'fitoile. 

Louvre,  Paris. 

Garden  of  Tuileries. 

Paris. 

Hall  of  Statuary,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Strasburg,  Germany 

St.  Peter's,  Rome. 


Gardens,  Versailles. 

Church  of  the  Sorbonne,  Paris. 

Paris. 


Louvre,  Paris. 


sou  723  SOU 

RENAISSANCE  AND  MODERN  SCULPTORS.— (Con^mMed!.) 
FRENCH. 


Name. 

Guillain,  Simon 

Guillaume,  Jean  Baptiste 

Houdon,  Jean  Antoine. .. 

Juste,  Jean 

Lemaire,  Philippe  H 

Le  Mot,  Franf  ois  F , . 

Figalle,  Jean  Baptiste 

Pilon,  Germain 

Pradier,  Jacques 

Puget,  Pierre 

Rodin,  Auguste 

Roubiliac,  Louis  F 

Rude,  Franf ois 

Begas,  Rheinhold 

Dannecker,  John  Henry.. 

Drake,  Friedrich 

Kraflft,  Adam 

Kiss,  Augustus 


Flourished. 


Ranch,  Christian  D. 


Rietschel,  Ernst. 


Schadow,  John  Gottfried. 
Schievelbein,  Herman. . . 


Schwanthaler,  Ludwig  M. 

Stoss,  Veit 

Tieck,  Christian  F 

Vischer,  Peter 


1581-1658 
1822- 


1741-1828 

-1534 

1798-1880 
1773-1827 

1714-85 

1520-90 

1790-1852 

1622-94 
1840- 
1695-1762 
1784-1855 

1831- 

1758-1841 

1805- 

1430-1507 

1802-65 

1777-1857 


1804-61 


1764-1850 
1817-67 


Best  works. 


Present  location. 


1438-1533 
1776-1851 
1460-1529 


Algardi,  Alessandro 1598-1654 

Amadeo,  Giovanni  A 

Ammanati,  Bartolommeo. 
Bandinelli,  Baccio 


Bernini,  Giovanni  L. 


Bologna,  Jean  de. 


1400-74 
1511-89 
1487-1559 

1598-1680 


Bronze  statue  of  Louis  XIII 

Theseus. 

f  Statue  of  Voltaire 

"       "Washington ) 

Bust  of  Lafayette j 

"     "  Washington 

Monument  of  Louis  XIIL  and  Anne  of  Bretagne 

i  Last  Judgment 

\  Sculptures 

Bas-reliefs 

( Monument  of  marshal  Saxe 

I  Statue  of  Voltaire 

( Venus 

Monument  of  Henry  II.  and  Catherine  de'  Medici  . . . 

^Niobe  group .) 

I  Psyche ( 

( Marriage  of  the  Virgin 

(  Milo  of  Crotona 

I  Perseus  liberating  Andromeda 

(  Alexander  and  Diogenes 

i  Statue  of  Dante 

\  Decorates  the  entrance  of  the  Palace  of  Arts,  etc. . . 

(  Statue  of  sir  Isaac  Newton 

}  Monument  to  Handel 

( Mrs.  Nightingale 

I  Statue  of  Joan  of  Arc 

(     "       "  marshal  Ney 

GERMAN,  FLEMISH,  AND  DUTCH. 

(  Monument  to  Schiller 

I  Rape  of  the  Sabines. 

(Statue  of  Christ 
Bust  of  Schiller 
Bacchus 
Venus 

( Equestrian  statue  of  William  of  Prussia 

J  Allegorical  figure  of  Prussian  Provinces 

1  Statue  of  Melancthon 

[  Dying  Warrior 

( Seven  Stages 

I  Entombment 

Equestrian  statue  of  Frederick  the  Great 

Model  of  equestrian  statue  of  Frederick  the  Great . . 

Statue  of  Frederick  William  III 

Statue  of  queen  Louise 

Monument  of  Frederick  the  Great 

Statue  of  Albert  Durer 

"       "  Bliicher 

Victories 

[  Moses 

f  Statues  of  Goethe  and  Schiller 

Madonna  and  the  Dead  Christ 

I  Statue  of  Lessing 

•{  Luther  monument 

Quadriga 

I  Reliefs 

[  Morning,  Noon,  Evening,  and  Night 

Statue  of  Frederick  the  Great 

"       "  Bliicher 

"       "  Luther 

Pegasus  and  the  Horse 

Destruction  of  Pompeii 

Statue  of  Bavaria 

"       "  Mozart 

"       "  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter 

"       "  Goethe 

"       "  Christ  and  Evangelists 

Shield  of  Hercules 

Pediment  group 

High  altar 

Monument  of  Casimlr  the  Great 

Panel  of  roses 

Sculptures 

Tomb  of  S.  Sebald 

Monument  of  bishop  Ernst 

Statue  of  Apollo 


ITALIAN. 


1524-1608 


f  Flight  of  Attila 

( God  of  Sleep 

( Monument  of  Colleoni 

( Sculptures , 

Statues  of  the  Four  Seasons. . 

I  Hercules  and  Cacus 

( Adam  and  Eve 

{Apollo and  Daphne 
Tomb  of  Urban  VIII 
"      "  Alexander  VII , 
Rape  of  Proserpine 

f  Flying  Mercury 

Equestrian  statue  of  Cosmo  I. 

Rape  of  the  Sabines 

Crucifixion 

Bronze  doors 


Louvre,  Paris. 

Theatre  Frangais,  Paris. 

State  house,  Richmond,  Va. 

Collection  of  Hamilton  Fish,  N.  Y.  city. 
Abbey  church,  St.  Denis. 
Pediment  of  the  Madeleine,  Paris. 
Gallery  of  the  Luxembourg,  Paris. 
Fapade  of  Louvre,  Paris. 
Strasburg,  Germany. 
Institute  of  France,  Paris. 
Sans  Souci,  Potsdam. 
Abbey  church,  St.  Denis. 

Luxembourg  gallery,  Paris. 

Madeleine,  Paris. 

Louvre,  Paris. 


Paris. 

Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  Engl. 

Westminster  abbey. 

Garden  of  the  Luxembourg,  Paris. 

Berlin,  Germany, 

St.  Petersburg.  Russia. 
Museum,  Stuttgart,  Germany. 

New  Palace,  Stuttgart,  Germany. 

Cologne,  Germany. 
Palace,  Berlin,  Germany. 
Wittenberg,  Germany. 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Germany. 
Nuremberg,  Germany. 
Cemetery,  Nuremberg,  Germany. 
Breslau,  Germany. 

I  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts, 
(     Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Potsdam,  Germany. 
Sans  Souci,  Potsdam,  Germany. 
Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin,  Germany. 
Nuremberg,  Germany. 
Berlin,  Germany. 
Walhalla,  Ratisbon,  Germany. 
Potsdam,  Germany. 
Weimar,  " 

Potsdam,  " 

Brunswick,      " 
Worms,  " 

Portal  of  the  Palace,  Brunswick. 
Hall  of  University,  Leipsic. 
Dresden,  private  collection. 
Stettin,  Germany. 
Rostock,      " 
Wittenberg,  Germany. 
Old  museum,  Berlin. 
New  museum,    " 
Hall  of  Fame,  Munich. 
Salzburg,  Austria. 
Baireuth,  Germany. 

Frankfort-on-the-Main.  > 

Munich,  Germany. 
Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
Walhalla,  Ratisbon,  Germany. 
St.  Mary's,  Cracow,  Austria. 
Cracow,  Austria. 
Nuremberg,  Germany. 
Theatre,  Berlin,  Germany. 
Nuremberg,  Germany. 
Magdeburg,        " 
Nuremberg,        " 

St.  Peter's,  Rome. 
Villa  Borghese,  Rome. 
Chapel,  Bergamo. 
Certosa,  Pavia. 
Florence,  Italy. 

Palazzo  Vecchio,  Florence,  Italy. 

Villa  Borghese,  Rome. 

St.  Peter's,  Rome. 

Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome. 
UflBzi  gallery,  Florence. 
Florence. 
Loggia  de'  Lanzi. 

Cathedral,  Pisa. 


sou  724  SCU 

RENAISSANCE  AND  MODERN  SCVLVTOBS. -(Continued.) 

ITALIAN. 


Baonarotti,  Michael  Aogelo. 


Canova,  AntoDio . 


DonateUo  (Donato  di  Betto 
Bardi) 

Fieeole,  Mino  da 

Ghiberti,  Lorenzo 

Leopardo,  Alessandro 

Lombard!,  Alfonso 

Majano,  Benedetto  da. 

Pisano,  Niccola. 

Pisano,  Giovanni 

Porta,  Fra  Guglielmo  della. . 

Robbia,  Laca  della 

Rossellino,  Antonio 

Rossellino,  Bernardo 

Sansovino,  Andrea 

Sansovino,  Jacopo  Tatti 

Vela,  Vincenzo 

Verrocchio,  Andrea  del. . . . 


Martos,  Ivan  Petrovitch 

Alvarez,  Don  Jos6 

Berrugnete,  Alonzo 

Cano,  Alonzo 

Hernandez,  Gregorio  . . . 

Montanes,  Juan  M 

Roidan,  Pedro 


Flour!  th*d. 


1475-1S64 


1767-1822 


1386-1468 

1400-86 

1381-1455 

1450-1510 

1488-1537 
1444-98 

1207-78 

1240-1320 
1512-77 

1400-81 

1427-90 
1409-70 
1460-1529 

1477-1570 

1822-91 
1432-88 


B«tt  worki. 


Head  of  Faun 

Battle  of  Hercules  and  Centaurs 

Kneeling  Cupid 

Statue  of  David 

"       "  Christ 

Tombs  of  the  Medici 

Madonna  and  Child 

Captives 

Madonna  of  Bruges 

Tomb  of  the  archduchess  Christina  of  Austria. 

Daedalus  and  Icarus 

Theseus  conquering  the  Minotaur 

Perseus  

Venus  Victrix 

Hebe 

Psyche 

^  Statue  of  Napoleon 

"       "  Washington 

Venus  at  the  Bath 

Cupid  and  Psyche 

Monument  of  Alfleri 

Busts  of  eminent  Italians 

Head 

Relief  in  marble,  Dancing  Children 

Bronze  David 

"       Judith 

Equestrian  statue  of  Francesco  Gattamalota. . . 

Sculptures 

Monument  of  pope  Paul  II 

Marble  pulpit 

Ciborium 

Bronze  doors 

Statue  of  John  the  Baptist 

"       "  St.  Matthew 

"       "  St.  Stephen 

Statue  of  Colleoni 

Pedestals  of  the  Pillars  of  S.  Marco 

( Altar  in  Zeno  chapel 

I  Reliefs 

( Hercules  and  Hydra 

( Tomb  of  Filippo  Strozzi 

I  Marble  pulpit 


Fountain 

!  Statue  of  Madonna.. 
Marble  pulpit 


(Monument  of  pope  Paul  III 

( Statues  of  Peace  and  Plenty 

(Reliefs 
Bronze  door  of  sacristy 
Altar  in  terra-cotta 
Works  of  Luca  and  his  school 

S  Monument  of  Mary  of  Aragon 
Reliefs  upon  Pulpit 
Reliefs 

r  Monument  of  Leonardi  Bruni 

\        "  "  Beato  Villani , 

( Bust  of  St.  John 

(  Baptism  of  Christ 

]  Virgin  Child  and  St.  Anna 

( Statues  and  reliefs , 

(Bronze  reliefs 
Bronze  gates  of  the  sacristy 
Four  Evangelists 
Statue  of  St.  John 

Sparticus  and  The  Dying  Napoleon. 

(  Bronze  David 

{Equestrian    statue    of   Colleoni,  St.  Thomas,  and 
(     Christ , 


Present  location. 


UfBzi  gallery,  Florence. 

Casa  Buonarotti,  Florence. 

South  Kensington  museum,  London. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Florence. 

Rome. 

Florence. 

Louvre,  Paris. 

Cathedral,  Bruges. 

Church  of  the  Augustines,  Vienna. 

Pisani  palace,  Venice. 

Vienna. 

Vatican,  Rome. 

Borghese  gallery,  Rome. 

Museum,  Berlin. 

Royal  palace,  Munich. 

Apsley  house,  London. 

State  house,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Pitti  palace,  Florence. 

Villa  Carlotta,  Como. 

S.  Croce,  Florence. 

Palace  Conservator!,  Rome. 

Corcoran  gallery,  Washington,  D.  C, 

UfHzi  gallery,  Florence. 

Loggia  de'  Lanzi. 
Padua,  Italy. 
Badia,  Florence. 
St.  Peter's,  Rome, 
Cathedral,  Prato. 
Baptistery,  Volterra. 
"         Florence. 

San  Michele,     " 


San  Marco,  Venice. 

Cathedral,  Cesena. 
Palazzo  Publico,  Bologna- 
Florence. 

Baptistery,  Pisa. 
Cathedral,  Siena. 
Perugia,  Italy. 
Cathedral,  Florence. 

"         Pistoja. 

"         Pisa. 
St.  Peter's,  Rome. 
Farnese  palace,  Rome. 
Campanile,  Florence. 
Cathedral,         " 
S.  Apostili,        " 
Museum  Bargello,  Florence. 

Monte  Oliveto,  Naples. 

UflSzi  gallery,  Florence. 
S.  Croce,  Florence. 
S.  M.  Novella,  Florence. 
UflQzi  gallery,       " 
Baptistery,  " 

S.  Agostino,  " 

Casa  Santa,  Loreto. 

S.  Marco,  Venice. 

Font  S.  M.  die  Frari,  Venice. 

Museum  Bargello,  Florence. 
Venice,  and  San  Michele,  Florence. 


RUSSIAN. 

!  Statues  of  Minin  and  Pozharski I  Moscow,  Russia. 
Monument  of  prince  Potemkin Cherson,      " 


emperor  Alexander |  Taganrog, 


1768-1827 

1480-1561 

1601-67 
1566-1636 

-1650 

1624-1700 


SPANISH. 

Statue  of  Ganymede 

(Reliefs 

(Monument  of  cardinal  Tavera. 

Bas-relief,  Baptism  of  Christ,. 

{Conception 
Sculptures 

The  Entombment  of  Christ 


Academy  of  San  Fernando,  Madrid. 
Cathedral,  Toledo. 
Hospital  of  San  Juan. 

Museum  of  Valladolid. 
Cathedral,  Seville. 
Museum,         " 
Seville,  Spain. 


§ca'tage  or  es'CUag^e.     The  service  of  the  shield     services.     The  first  tax  levied  in  England  to  pay  an  army, 


(scutum)  in  England  is  either  uncertain  or  certain.  Escuage 
uncertain  is  where  the  tenant  by  his  tenure  is  bound  to  follow 
his  lord ;  and  is  called  castleward,  where  the  tenant  is  bound 
to  defend  a  castle.  Escuage  certain  is  wh^re  the  tenant  is  set 
at  a  certain  sum  of  money  to  be  paid  in  lieu  of  such  uncertain 


5  Hen.  II.  1169.— Cowel. 

Scu'tari,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  opposite  Constanti- 
nople, of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  It  was  anciently  called  Chry- 
sopolis,  golden  city,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  the  Persians 
having  established  a  treasury  here  when  they  attempted  the 


II 


SCY  725 

conquest  of  Greece.  Near  here  Constantine  finally  defeated 
Licinius,  323. 

Scytll'ia,  a  countrj'  situate  in  the  most  northern  parts 
of  Europe  and  Asia.  The  boundaries  were  unknown  to  the 
ancients.  The  Scythians  made  several  irruptions  upon  the 
more  southern  provinces  of  Asia,  especially  624  b.c.,  when 
they  remained  in  possession  of  Asia  Minor  for  28  years,  and 
at  different  periods  extended  their  conquests  in  Europe,  pen- 
etrating as  far  as  Egypt.     Tartary. 

§ea.  Lieut.  Maury,  U.  S.  N.,  first  published  his  "  Physical 
Geography  of  the  Sea "  in  1854,  and  other  important  works 
since ;  he  died  Feb.  1878.     Deep-sea  soundings. 

seals  or  sig^netS.  Engraved  gems  were  used  as  such 
by  the  Egyptians,  Jews,  Assyrians,  and  Greeks ;  see  Exod. 
xxviii.  14.  Ahab's  seal  was  used  by  Jezebel,  899  B.c.  (1  Kings 
xxi.  8).  The  Romans  in  the  time  of  the  Tarquins  (about  600 
B.C.)  had  gemmed  rings.  They  sealed  rooms,  granaries,  bags 
of  money,  etc.  The  German  emperor,  Frederick  I.  (1152  a.d.) 
had  seals  of  gold,  silver,  and  tin.  Impressions  of  the  seals  of 
Saxon  kings  are  extant ;  and  the  English  great  seal  is  attrib- 
uted to  Edward  the  Confessor  (1041-66).  "  A  seal  with  armo- 
rial bearings  before  the  11th  century  is  certainly  false." — 
Fosbroke.  The  most  ancient  English  seal  with  arms  on  it  is 
said  to  be  that  of  Richard  I.  or  John.  •  White  or  colored  wax 
was  used.  The  present  sealing-wax,  containing  shellac,  did 
not  come  into  general  use  in  Germany  and  England  until  about 
1556.  Red  wafers  for  seals  came  into  use  about  1624,  but  were 
not  used  for  public  seals  till  the  18th  century.     Great  seal. 

seas,  Sovereignty  of  the.  The  claim  of  England  to  rule 
the  British  seas  is  of  very  ancient  date.  Arthur  is  said  to 
have  assumed  it,  and  Alfred  afterwards  supported  this  right. 
It  was  maintained  by  Selden,  and  measures  were  taken  by 
the  English  government  in  consequence,  8  Caro  I.  1633.  The 
Dutch,  after  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  made  some  attempts  to 
obtain  it,  but  were  roughly  treated  by  Blake  and  other  ad- 
mirals. Russia  and  other  powers  of  the  north  armed  to  avoid 
search,  1780 ;  again,  1800.  Armed  neutrality,  Flag.  The 
international  rule  of  the  road  at  sea  was  settled  in  1862 ;  yet 
near  Great  Britain  alone  there  have  been  13,000  collisions  in 
six  years.  Wm.  Stirling  Lacon  proposes  to  reduce  the  rules 
from  749  words  to  144,  for  simplicity  and  security.  His  form 
had  been  9  times  before  Parliament,  1873. 

Sebastian,  St.,  a  town  of  N.  Spain,  was  taken  by 
the  French,  under  the  duke  of  Berwick,  in  1719.  It  was  be- 
sieged by  the  allied  army  under  Wellington.  After  a  heavy 
bombardment,  by  which  the  whole  town  was  laid  nearly  in 
ruins,  it  was  stormed  by  gen.  Graham  (afterwards  lord  Lyne- 
doch),  and  taken  31Aug.  1813.  On  5  May,  1836,  the  fortified 
works  were  carried  by  the  English  under  gen.  Evans.  The 
British  naval  squadron,  off  St.  Sebastian,  under  lord  John  Hay, 
aided  the  victors  in  this  contest.  An  assault  was  made  on  the 
lines  of  gen.  De  Lacy  Evans,  at  St.  Sebastian,  by  the  Carlists, 
1  Oct.  1836.  The  Carlists  were  repulsed.  The  loss  of  the 
Anglo-Spanish  force  was  376  men  and  37  officers,  killed  and 
wounded.     Leagues. 

Sebas'topol  or  SeTas'topol,  a  town  and  once  a 
naval  arsenal,  at  southwest  point  of  the  Crimea,  formerly  the 
little  village  of  Aktiar.  The  buildings  were  commenced  in 
1784,  by  Catherine  II.,  after  conquering  the  country.  The 
town  is  in  the  shape  of  an  amphitheatre,  on  the  rise  of  a  large 
hill  flattened  on  its  summit,  according  to  a  plan  laid  down  be- 
fore 1794,  which  has  been  since  adhered  to.  The  fortifications 
and  harbor  were  constructed  by  an  English  engineer,  col. 
Upton,  and  his  sons,  since  1830.  The  population  in  1834  was 
15,000.  This  place  underwent  11  months'  siege  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  French  in  1854  and  1855.  Immediately  after  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Alma,  20  Sept.  1854,  the  allied  army  marched  to  Se- 
bastopol,  occupied  the  plateau  between  it  and  Balaklava,  and 
the  attack  and  bombardment  commenced  17  Oct.  1854,  with- 
out success.  After  many  sanguinary  encounters  by  day  and 
night,  and  repeated  bombardments,  a  grand  assault  was  made 
on  8  Sept.  1855,  upon  the  Malakhoff  tower  and  the  Redans, 
the  most  important  fortifications  to  the  south  of  the  town. 
The  French  succeeded  in  capturing  and  retaining  the  Mala- 
khoff, but  the  attacks  of  the  English  on  the  great  Redan  and 
of  the  French  upon  the  little  Redan  were  repulsed  after  a  des- 


SEC 

perate  struggle.  The  French  lost  1646  killed,  of  whom  5  were 
generals,  24  superior  and  116  inferior  officers,  4500  wounded, 
and  1400  missing.  The  English  lost  385  killed  (29  being  com- 
missioned and  42  non-commissioned  officers),  1886  wounded, 
and  176  missing.  In  the  night  the  Russians  abandoned  the 
southern  and  principal  part  of  the  town  and  fortifications,  after 
destroying  as  much  as  possible,  and  crossed  to  the  northern  forts. 
They  also  sank  or  burned  the  remainder  of  their  fleet.  The  allies 
found  abundant  stores  when  they  entered  the  place,  9  Sept.  The 
works  were  utterly  destroyed  in  Apr.  1856,  and  the  town  was 
restored  to  the  Russians  in  July.     Russo-Turkish  wars. 

secession  ordinances  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States.  Confederate  States;  United  States. 
1861. 

secret  societies.  Assassins,  Fenians,  Ribbon- 
ism,  ROSICRUCIANS,  VehMIC  TRIBUNAL,  etC. 

secretaries  of  state.  The  earliest  authentic  rec- 
ord of  a  secretary  of  state  is  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  when 

John  Maunsell  is  described  as  "  Secretarius  Noster"  1253. 

Rymer.  Towards  the  close  of  Henry  VIII.'s  reign,  2  secreta- 
ries were  appointed ;  and  upon  the  union  with  Scotland,  Anne 
added  a  third  as  secretary  for  Scotch  affairs ;  this  appointment 
was  afterwards  laid  aside;  but  in  the  reign  of  George  IIL  the 
number  was  again  increased  to  3,  1  for  the  American  depart- 
ment. In  1782  this  last  was  abolished  by  act  of  Parliament ; 
and  secretaries  were  appointed  for  home,  foreign,  and  colonial 
affairs.  When  there  were  but  2  secretaries,  1  held  the  porte- 
feuille  of  the  northern  department,  comprising  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Poland,  Russia,  etc. ;  the 
other,  of  the  southern  department,  including  France,  Switzer- 
land, Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Turkey ;  the  affairs  of  Ireland 
belonging  to  the  elder  secretary ;  both  secretaries  then  equally 
directed  the  home  affairs. — Beatson.  The  British  government 
now  has  5  secretaries— home,  foreign,  colonial,  war,  and  (in 
1858)  India,  all  in  the  cabinet.  Administration.  For  the 
United  States,  Cabinet;  United  States  throughout. 

sects  in  religion  are  the  various  bodies  separated  from 
each  other  by  doctrinal  belief.  They  may  be  classified  as 
Christian,  Jewish,  Mahometan,  and  Heathen.  More  or  less 
extended  summaries  of  the  various  sects  in  the  list  here  given 
may  be  found  under  their  respective  titles. 

EARLY  christian  (Ist  to  7th  Century  a.d.). 
Jacobites. 


Abelians. 

Acacians. 

Adamites. 

.(Erians. 

Agnoitae. 

ApoUonarists. 

Aquarians. 

Arians. 

Armenians. 

Audiani. 

Cataphrygiaus. 

Cathari. 

Cyrenaic  sect. 

Docetse. 

Donatists. 

Ebionites. 

Encratites  (Aquarians), 

Eutychians. 

Greek  church. 


Manicheans. 

Marcionites. 

Maronites. 

Messalians. 

Millenarians. 

Monothelites. 

Montanists. 

Nazarenes. 

Nestorians. 

Novatians. 

Origenists. 

Paulianists. 

Pelagians. 

Priscillianists. 

Sabellians. 

Simonians. 

Water  Drinkers  (Aquarians). 

Zanzaleens. 


Abrahamites. 

Adamites. 

Albigenses. 

Apostolici. 

Berengarians. 

Bohemian  Brethren 

Calixtins. 


MEDIEVAL  CHRISTIAN. 

Lollards. 

Mystics. 

Paulicians. 

Scotists. 

Waldenses.. 

Wickliffltes. 


MODERN  CHRISTIAN  (Reformation  and  subsequent). 


Adventists. 
Anabaptists. 
Arminians. 
Baptists. 
Broad  church. 
Burghers. 
Calvinists. 
Cameronians. 
Camisards. 
Campbellites. 
Christian  Connection. 
Christian  Endeavor  Society. 
Congregationalists. 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  (Pres- 
byterian). 


Disciples  of  Christ 

Dutch  Reformed  (Reformed 

Church  in  America). 
Episcopalians  (Church). 
Evangelical  Association. 
Free-will  Baptists. 
Friends  (Quakers). 
German   Reformed    (Reformed 

Church  in  the  United  States). 
Glasites. 
Gospellers. 
Greek. 
Illuminati. 
Independents. 
Irvingites. 


SEC 


LatberuiB  (17  lynods  and  bodlee). 

MeanonltM  (I'i  divtsions,  gener- 
ally coniinunistio). 

Methodist  Episcopal. 

Millerites. 

Uohaists. 

Moravians. 

Mormons  or  Latter-day  Saints,  re- 
orpinized. 

Mugglrtouiana 

Nonjurors. 

Old  Ciithulica 

Plymouth  Brethren. 

Pietists. 

Pre  Adamites. 

Presbyterians. 

Puseyites. 

(Orthodox. 
Hicksites. 
Wilburitea 
Primitive. 
Quietists. 

Reformed  Church  in  America. 
*'  "       in  the  United 

Sutes. 


Reformed  Episcopal. 

Ritualists. 

Roman  Cathouos  (Church). 

Sabbutarians. 

Siindemauians  (Glabitbs). 

Se^mratists       (Conorkoational- 

1ST8). 

Seventh-day  Baptists  (Sabbata- 

ria.nb). 
Shakers. 
Sociiiians. 
Soulbcotter& 
Spirilualista 
Supnilapsarians. 
Swedenborgians. 
Tuiikers. 
Ubiquitarians. 
Unitarians. 
United  Brethem. 
United  Presbyterians. 
Universalists. 
Wesley  an  Methodists. 
Whiteflelditea 
Zoarites. 
Zwinglians. 


Karaites. 
Nasarenes. 


JKWISH. 

Phariseea 
Sadducees. 


MAHOMETAN. 

Fatamists  (Ali). 

Sbiites. 

Sonnites. 

Wahabees  or  Wababites. 


Ali. 

Alraobades. 

Almoravides. 

Babi-ists. 

Carmathians. 

For  heathen  religions  and  sects,  Brahmo  Somaj.  Brahmins,  Buddh- 
ists, GcBBRKS,  Jains,  Magi  or  Fire -worshippers,  Parsees,  and 
Tgzidbks  or  Devil- worshippers. 

For  the  various  schools  of  thought,  Atheism,  Deism,  Humani- 
tarians,   HCTCHINSONIANS,    MATERIALISM,    PANTHEISM,    PHILOSOPHY, 

Positivism,  Rationalism,  and  Secularism. 

For  doctrines  and  church  parties,  Antinomians,  Anti Trinitarians, 
Dissenters,  Latitudinarians,  Nonconformists,  Puritans,  Solifid- 
lANS,  Trinitarians,  and  Ultramontists. 

§ecillar  g;aine§  (ludi  sceculares),  very  ancient  Ro- 
man games,  celebrated  on  important  occasions.  Horace  wrote 
his  "  Carmen  Saeculare  "  for  their  celebration  in  the  reign  of 
the  emperor  Augustus  (17).  They  took  place  again  in  the 
reign  of  Claudius  (47),  of  Domitian  (88),  and,  for  the  last  time, 
in  that  of  Philip  (248),  when  it  was  claimed  that  2000  years 
had  elapsed  since  the  foundation  of  the  city. 

secularism,  a  name  given  to  the  principles  advocated 
by  G.  J.  and  Austin  Hol3'oake,  about  1846,  and  since  by  Mr. 
Bradlaugh.  Its  central  idea  is  free,  not  lawless,  thought,  and 
it  considers  scepticism  to  be  scrutiny.  It  advocates  liberty 
of  action  without  injury  to  others.  It  is  not  against  Christi- 
anity, but  independent  of  it.  Its  standard  is  utilitarian ;  it 
is  the  religion  of  the  present  life  only ;  teaching  men  to  seek 
morality  in  nature,  and  happiness  in  duty.  Austin  Holyoake 
and  other  secularists  repudiated  atheism ;  Mr.  Bradlaugh  and 
others  profess  it. 

Sedan',  an  ancient  fortified  city  in  the  valley  of  the 
Meuse,  N.E.  of  France,  the  seat  of  a  principality  long  held  by 
the  dukes  of  Bouillon.    On  6  July,  1641,  a  victory  was  gained 
at  La  Marfee,  near  Sedan,  by  the  count  of  Soissons  and  the 
troops  of  Bouillon  and  other  French  princes,  over  the  royal 
army  supporting  Richelieu;  but  the  count  was  slain  on  23 
June,  1642.     The  duke  was  arrested  in  the  midst  of  his  army, 
and  was  made  to  cede  Sedan  to  the  crown.     The  Protestant 
university  was  abolished  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  22  Oct.  1685.     Around  this  place  a  series  of  desperate 
conflicts  on  29,  30,  and  31  Aug.,  between  the  French  army  of 
the  north,  under  marshal  MacMahon  (about  150,000  men),  and 
the  greater  part  of  the  3  German  armies  under  the  king  and 
crown -prince  of  Prussia,  and  the  crown -prince  of  Saxony 
(about  250,000  men),  was  brought  to  a  close  on  1  Sept.  1870. 
The  battle  began  with  attacks  on  the  French  right  and  left  about 
5  A.M.,  and  was  very  severe  at  2  p.m.    At  4  p.m.  the  Germans  re- 
mained masters  of  the  field,  and  the  crown-prince  of  Prussia  an- 
nounced a  complete  victory,  the  chief  part  of  the  French  army 
retreating  into  Sedan.    The  emperor  Napoleon  was  present  dur- 
ing the  battle.     The  Germans  contracted  their  circle  close  round 
Sedan;  their  artillery  held  all  the  heights,  from  which  they  could 
destroy  the  town  and  the  army.    At  first  gen.  De  Wimpflfen  (called 
to  the  command  when  MacMahon  was  wounded)  rejected  the 
terms  offered  by  the  victor,  and  the  emperor  had  a  fruitless  in- 
terview with  count  Bismarck  to  endeavor  to  mitigate  them.    On 


726  SEL 

2  Sept.  the  emperor  wrote  in  autograph  to  the  king  of  Prussia, 
"Mon  frfere,  n'ayant  pu  mourir  &  la  tete  de  mes  troupes,  je  de- 
pose mon  6p6i}  au  pied  de  voire  majesty.— Napoleon."  A  capit- 
ulation of  Sedan  and  the  whole  army  therein  was  signed  by  gen 
erals  Von  .Mollko  and  De  Wimpflcn  at  the  chateau  of  Bellevue, 
near  Frenois,  at  11.30  a.m.,  2  Sept.  About  25,000  French  prison- 
ers were  taken  in  the  battle,  and  83,000  surrendered,  together  with 
70  mitrailleuses,  400  field-pieces,  and  150  fortress  guns.  The  French 
emperor  and  his  suite  arrived  at  WilhelmshOhe,  a  castle  near 
Cassel  appointed  for  his  residence  (formerly  inhabited  by  his  un- 
cle Jerome,  when  king  of  Westphalia),  on  the  evening  of  5  Sept, 
In  a  letter  dated  12  May,  1872,  the  emperor  Nai)oleon  took  upon 
himself  the  whole  responsibility  of  the  surrender  of  Sedan. 

Sedan'  ehairs  (so  called  from  Sedan)  were  first  seen 
in  England  in  1581.  One  used  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  by 
the  duke  of  Buckingham,  excited  indignation,  the  people  de- 
claring that  he  was  employing  fellow -creatures  to  do  the 
service  of  beasts.  Sedan  chairs  came  into  London  in  1634, 
when  sir  Francis  Duncomb  obtained  the  sole  privilege  to  use, 
let,  and  hire  a  number  of  them  for  14  years.  They  came  into 
general  use  in  1649. 

iSedg^emoor,  a  wild  country  of  Somersetshire,  Engl.^ 
where  the  duke  of  Monmouth  (natural  son  of  Charles  II.  by 
Lucy  Waters),  who  had  risen  in  rebellion  on  the  accession  of 
James  II.,  was  completely  defeated  by  the  royal  army,  6  July, 
1685.  The  duke,  in  the  disguise  of  a  peasant,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  ditch,  overcome  with  hunger  and  fatigue,  was  made 
a  prisoner.  He  was  tried  and  beheaded  on  15  July  following. 
Bloody  Assizes. 

sedition.  Sedition  acts  were  passed  in  England  in  the 
reign  of  George  III.  The  proclamation  against  seditious  writ- 
ings was  published  May,  1792.  The  celebrated  Sedition  bill 
passed  Dec.  1795.  Seditious  societies  were  suppressed  by  act, 
June,  1797.  The  Seditious  Meetings  and  Assemblies  bill 
passed  31  Mch.  1817.  In  Ireland,  during  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  Repeal  agitation,  acts  or  proclamations  against  sedition 
and  seditious  meetings  were  published  from  time  to  time  until 
1848.  Alien  and  Sedition  laws. 

Seekers.     Quakers. 

Seg^edin  {seg-ed-in')  or  Szeg^edin,  a  town  of  Hun- 
gary. Here  was  concluded  a  treaty  between  Ladislaus  IV. 
and  Amurath  IL,  12  July,  1444.  It  was  treacherously  annulled 
at  the  instigation  of  cardinal  Julian,  who  with  Ladislaus  per- 
ished in  the  fatal  battle  of  Varna,  10  Nov.  1444.     Varna. 

seisinom'eter  (from  auafioQ,  Greek  for  earthquake), 
an  apparatus  for  measuring  earthquake  shocks,  in  violence, 
duration,  and  amplitude  of  movement.  One  is  described  by 
Robert  Mallet  in  his  work  on  earthquakes,  pub.  1858. 

selection,  natural.     Species. 

selectmen,  the  eairliest  oflScers  of  the  townships  formed 
by  the  first  colonists  of  New  England,  1635.  Massachu- 
setts, 1635. 

sele'nium,  a  grayish  -  white  elementary  substance 
(chemically  resembling  sulphur),  discovered  in  the  stone  rio- 
lite  by  Berzelius  in  1817. 

The  variation  in  its  resistance  to  the  electric  current  when  sub- 
jected to  light  was  observed  by  Willoughby  Smith  in  1873,  and 
utilized  in  the  Photophonb.  Dr.  C.  William  Siemens  constructed 
a  "selenium  eye." 

Seleu'cia,  Syria,  made  the  capital  of  the  Syrian  mon- 
archy by  its  builder,  Seleucus  Nicator,  312  b.c.  On  the  fall 
of  the  Seleucidae,  it  became  a  republic,  65  b.c.  It  was  taken 
by  Trajan,  116  a.d.;  several  times  given  up  and  retaken; 
subjugated  by  the  Saracens,  and  united  with  Ctesiphon,  636. 

Seleu'cidse,  Era  of  the,  dates  from  the  reign  of  Se- 
leucus Nicator.  It  was  used  in  Syria  for  many  years,  and 
frequently  by  the  Jews  until  the  16th  century,  and  by  some 
Arabians.  Opinions  vary  as  to  its  commencement.  To  re- 
duce it  to  our  era  (supposing  it  to  begin  1  Sept.  312  b.c.),  sub- 
tract 31 1  years  4  months. 

self-denying^  ordinance,  that  no  member  of 

Parliament  should  hold  any  civil  or  military  office  or  com- 
mand conferred  by  either  or  both  of  the  houses,  or  by  author- 
ity derived  from  them,  was  passed  after  much  discussion,  3 
Apr.  1645,  by  the  influence  of  Cromwell,  who  thus  removed 
the  earl  of  Essex  and  other  Presbyterians  out  of  his  way.  A 
somewhat  similar  ordinance  was  adopted  by  the  parliament 
at  Melbourne  in  Australia,  in  1858.     The  name  was  given  to 


I 


SEL 


727 


SEP 


an  arrangement  made  respecting  British  naval  promotions 
and  retirements  in  1870. 

§ellO.'§i£l,  a  town  of  Laconia.  Here  the  Spartans,  un- 
der Cleomenes,  were  defeated  by  Antigonus  Doson  and  the 
Achaeans,  221  b.c. 

Seinina'ra,  a  town  of  Naples,  Near  here  Gonsalvo 
de  Cordova,  the  great  captain,  was  defeated  by  the  French, 
in  1495;  but  defeated  them,  21  Apr.  1503. 

JSemi'nole  war.  Florida,  1833-42;  United  States. 

Semit'iC,  a  sub-division  of  the  Caucasian  race,  so  called 
as  indicating  descendants  of  Shem,  a  son  of  Noah.  Alphabet, 
Ethnology,  Language. 

jSempacll  (sem'pak),  a  town  of  Switzerland.  Here  the 
Swiss  gained  a  great  victory  over  Leopold,  duke  of  Austria, 
9  July,  1386,  The  duke  was  slain,  and  the  liberty  of  their 
country  established.     The  day  is  still  commemorated. 

§emper  ea'dem  ("  always  the  same "),  one  of  the 
mottoes  of  queen  Elizabeth,  was  adopted  by  queen  Anne,  13 
Dec.  1702.  Many  suspected  this  motto  to  denote  her  Jaco- 
bitism,  and  it  ceased  to  be  used  after  her  reign. 

§enate  (Lat.  senatus).  In  the  ancient  republics  the  gov- 
ernment was  divided  between  the  senatus  (from  senis,  old ;  in 
Gr.  yepovffia,  from  ykpotv,  old),  an  assembly  of  the  elders, 
and  the  popular  assembly  (comitia,  Lat. ;  eKKXrtma,  Gr.),  the 
king  being  merely  the  executive.  The  Roman  senate,  said 
to  have  had  originally  100  members,  was  increased  to  300 
by  Tarquinius  Priscus ;  to  about  600  by  Sulla,  about  81  b.c.  ; 
and  to  900  by  Julius  Caesar.  It  was  reformed  and  reduced  to 
600  by  Augustus ;  and  gradually  lost  its  power  and  dignity 
under  the  emperors.  The  mere  form  existed  in  the  reign  of 
Justinian.  A  second  senate,  formed  at  Constantinople  by 
Constantine,  retained  its  office  till  the  9th  century.  S.P.Q.R. 
on  the  Roman  standard  stood  for  "  Senatus  Populusque  Ro- 
manus,"  "  the  senate  and  people  of  Rome."  A  senatus  con- 
sultum  was  a  law  enacted  by  the  senate.  The  French  senate 
was  created  by  the  constitution  of  the  year  8  of  the  Republic, 
promulgated  24  Dec.  1799,  to  watch  over  the  administration  of 
the  laws.  The  number  of  senators  was  raised  graduall}-  from 
60  to  137.  The  senate  was  replaced  by  the  chamber  of  peers 
in  1814 ;  re-established  by  Napoleon  IIL,  14  Jan.  1852 ;  and 
abolished,  5  Sept.  1870.  The  senate  as  now  constituted  by  act 
of  22  Feb.  1875,  consists  of  300  members,  225  elected  by  the  de- 
partments for  9  years,  one  third  retiring  every  3  years ;  75  for 
life,  elected  by  the  National  Assembly.  By  the  Senate  bill  of 
1884  it  was  enacted  that  vacancies  arising  among  life-senators 
should  be  filled  by  nine-year  senators. 

ISenate  of  the  United  l^tate^.  The  constitu- 
tion of  the  U.  S.  provides  that  Congress  shall  consist  of  a  senate 
and  a  house  of  representatives.  In  the  Senate,  representation 
is  by  states,  without  regard  to  population,  each  state  having 
2  senators  (chosen  by  their  state  legislatures  for  6  years),  one 
third  retiring  every  2  years.  The  executive  of  any  state  has 
the  power  to  make  a  temporary  appointment  of  a  senator  if  a 
vacancy  should  occur  in  that  state  during  the  recess  of  its  leg- 
islature. Senators  must  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  and  be  for 
9  years  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  The  vice-president  of  the  U.  S. 
is  president  of  the  Senate,  without  a  vote  on  questions  unless 
equally  divided.  Besides  its  legislative  capacity  the  Senate 
ratifies  or  rejects  all  treaties  made  by  the  president  with  foreign 
powers,  a  two-thirds  majority  of  senators  present  is  required 
for  ratification.  The  consent  of  the  Senate  is  necessary  to  all 
appointments  made  by  the  president,  and  its  members  constitute 
a  high  court  of  impeachment.  The  Senate  also  elects  the  vice- 
president  of  the  U.  S.  in  case  the  electors  fail  to  do  so.  For  list 
of  members  consult  each  state  record ;  United  States,  1868. 

Seil'eca§.     Indians,  Long  House. 

Seneffe  {se-nef),  a  village  of  Belgium,  Near  here  was 
fought  a  severe  but  indecisive  battle  between  the  Dutch,  un- 
der the  prince  of  Orange  (afterwards  William  IIL  of  Eng- 
land), and  the  French,  led  by  the  great  Cond6, 11  Aug.  1674, 
,  Sen'egal,  French  colonies  on  the  river  of  that  name 
m  Senegambia,  W.  Africa,  settled  about  1626 ;  several  times 
taken  by  the  British,  but  recovered  by  the  French,  to  whom 
they  were  finally  restored  in  1814.     Native  tribes  revolted, 


1885 ;  continued  war  of  the  French  with  the  natives,  1890- 
1892,  Area  of  Senegal  proper  about  54,000  sq.  miles,  with  a 
pop,  of  1,100.000,  1891.     Chief  town,  St.  Louis ;  pop.  20,000, 

§eil'esclial  (from  Goth,  sins,  old,  and  shalks,  a  servant, 
a  high-steward).  In  the  reign  of  Philip  I.  of  France,  1059, 
the  office  was  esteemed  the  highest  place  of  trust  in  the  royal 
household. 

teniae.     Hastings. 

Sen'one§,  a  people  of  Gallia,  defeated  by  Camillus,  867 
B.C.  They  defeated  Metellus,  the  consul  at  Arretium,  284, 
but  were  almost  exterminated  by  Dolabella,  283.  They  in- 
vaded Greece  in  279 ;  were  defeated  by  Antigonus  Gonatas, 
278 ;  and  sued  for  peace.     Gauls. 

Sen'ova,  near  Schipka,  in  the  Balkans.  Here  Sulei- 
man Pacha  and  the  Turks  were  defeated  by  the  Russian  gen- 
eral Skobeleff,  9  Jan.  1878.  This  victory  virtually  closed  the 
war,  and  opened  the  road  to  Adrianople.  About  26,000  Turks 
and  283  officers  were  made  prisoners,  with  40  Krupp  guns. 
About  8000  Turks  and  2000  Russians  were  killed  or  wounded. 

iSenti'nuin,  central  Italy.  The  site  of  a  great  victory 
of  the  Romans  over  the  Samnites  and  Gauls,  whose  general^ 
Gellius  Egnatius,  was  slain,  295  B,c. 

ISeparatlits.    Congregationalists. 

iSepliardiin',  thp  name  given  to  the  descendants  of 
the  highly  civilized  Jews  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  who  fled 
from  the  persecutions  of  the  Inquisition,  1492-1505.  The 
Jews  interpret  Sepharad,  in  Obadiah  20,  as  Spain. 

§epoys  (a  corruption  of  sipdhi,  Hindostanee  for  a  sol- 
dier), the  term  applied  to  the  native  troops  in  India.  Under 
able  generals,  they  greatly  aided  in  establishing  British  rule 
in  India.     India,  1857;  Mutinies. 

September,  the  7th  Roman  month,  reckoned '  from 
Mch.  (from  Septimus,  seventh).  It  became  the  9th  month 
when  January  and  February  were  added  to  the  year  by  Numa, 
713  B.C.  The  Roman  senate  would  have  given  this  month 
the  name  of  Tiberius,  but  the  emperor  opposed  it ;  the  em- 
peror Domitian  gave  it  his  own  name,  Germanicus ;  the  sen- 
ate under  Antoninus  Pius  gave  it  that  of  Antoninus ;  Com- 
modus  gave  it  his  surname,  Herculeus;  and  the  emperor 
Tacitus  his  own  name,  Tacitus.  "Sept.  4  government," 
France,  Sept.  1870. 

Septembriz'ers.  In  the  French  revolution,  a 
dreadful  massacre  took  place  in  Paris,  2-5  Sept.  1792.  The 
prisons,  especially  the  Abbaye,  were  broken  open,  and  the 
prisoners  butchered,  among  them  an  ex-bishop,  and  nearly 
100  non-juring  priests.  Some  accounts  put  the  number  of 
persons  slain  at  1200,  others  at  4000.  The  agents  in  this 
slaughter  were  named  Septembrizers. 

septennial  parliaments  (English).    Edward  I. 

held  but  one  parliament  every  2  years.  In  4  Edward  III. 
it  was  enacted  "that  a  parliament  should  be  holden  everj' 
year  once."  This  continued  to  be  law  till  the  act  of  16  Charles 
I.,  1641,  requiring  a  parliament  once  in  three  years  at  least; 
repealed  in  1664.  The  Triennial  act  was  re-enacted  in  1694. 
Triennial  parliaments  thence  continued  till  2  Geo.  I.,  1716, 
when,  in  consequence  of  the  allegation  that  "  a  popish  faction 
were  designing  to  renew  the  rebellion  in  this  kingdom,  and 
the  report  of  an  invasion  from  abroad,"  it  was  enacted  that 
"the  then  parliament  should  continue  for  7  years."  This 
Septennial  act,  entitled  "  An  Act  for  Enlarging  the  Continu- 
ance of  Parliaments"  (1715  in  the  statutes,  4to,  given  as  1 
Geo.  I.  Stat.  2,  c.  38),  was  passed  7  May,  1716.  Parliaments. 
Several  unsuccessful  motions  have  been  made  for  its  repeal ; 
one  in  May,  1837. 

Septuag^es'ima  Sunday,  13  Feb.  1881;  5  Feb. 

1882.  Septuagesima  is  the  season  between  Epiphany  and 
Lent.     Quadragesima  Sunday  and  Week. 

Sept'uagint  Version  of  the  Old  Testament,  made 
from  Hebrew  into  Greek  by  order  and  during  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king  of  Egypt  (283-247  B.C.).  King 
Ptolemy  to  Eleazer,  the  high-priest  ..."  I  have  determined 
to  procure  an  interpretation  of  your  law  and  to  have  it  trans- 
lated out  of  Hebrew  into  Greek,  and  to  be  deposited  in  my 
library.     Thou  wilt  therefore  do  well  to  choose  out  and  send 


SER 

to  me  men  of  a  good  character  who  are  now  elders  in  age  and 
6  in  number  from  every  tribe  to  make  accurate  interpretations 
of  them."  . .  .  — Eleazer,  the  high-priest,  to  king  Ptolemy  .  . . 
•♦  We  have  also  chosen  6  elders  out  of  every  tribe,  whom  we 
have  sent,  and  the  law  with  them."  .  .  .  "The  labor  of  in- 
terpretation came  to  its  conclusion  in  72  days." — Josephus, 
"  Antiquity  of  the  Jews,"  bk.  xii.  chap.  ii.  Whiston's  transla- 
tion. This  request  of  king  Ptolemy  was  accompanied  by  an 
immense  treasure  as  a  present. 

Scr'apis,  a  celebrated  Egyptian  deity,  introduced  into 
Greek  worship,  and  temples  were  erected  by  the  Romans  to 
Jupiter-Serapis.  A. temple  erected  to  him  at  Pozzuoli,  near 
Naples,  Italy,  had  its  roof  supported  by  46  columns  42  ft.  high 
and  6  ft.  in  diameter;  3  of  these  columns  are  now  standing,  and 
bear  evidence  of  having  been  at  some  time  submerged  to  half 
their  height  (12  ft.)  in  mud,  and  9  ft.  above  this  in  water.  The 
submerging  and  rising  of  this  temple  were  thoroughly  investi- 
gated by  Lyell,  being  a  subject  of  great  geological  interest. 

sera§'kier,  the  Turkish  minister  of  war. 

serr§.     Russia,  1861, 1863 ;  Slavery,  serfdom. 

§erifeailt§-at-law,in  the  English  courts,  are  plead- 
ers from  among  whom  the  judges  are  ordinarily  chosen,  and 
who  are  called  sergeants  of  the  coif.  The  judges  call  them 
brothers.  Coif.  Their  exclusive  rights  of  addressing  court 
of  Common  Pleas  suspended,  1834 ;  restored,  1840;  abolished, 
1846.  By  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  act,  judges  on 
their  appointment  need  not  be  made  sergeants,  1873.  Inns 
OF  Court. 

Sering^apatam',  S.  India,  the  capital  of  Hyder  Ali, 
sovereign  of  Mysore.  The  battle  of  Seringapatara,  called 
also  the  battle  of  Arikera,  in  which  the  British  defeated  Tip- 
poo  Sahib,  was  fought  15  May,  1791.  The  redoubts  were 
stormed,  and  Tippoo  was  reduced  by  lord  Cornwallis,  6  Feb. 
1792.  After  this  capture,  preliminaries  of  peace  were  signed, 
and  Tippoo  agreed  to  cede  one  half  of  Mysore,  and  to  pay 
33,000,000  rupees  (about  3,300,000^.)  to  England,  and  to  give 
up  to  lord  Cornwallis  his  2  eldest  sons  as  hostages.  In  a  new 
war,  the  Madras  army,  under  gen.  Harris,  arrived  before  Se- 
ringapatara, 5  Apr.  1799;  it  was  joined  by  the  Bombay  army, 
14  Apr. ;  and  the  place  was  stormed  and  carried  by  maj.-gen. 
Baird,  4  May,  same  year.  In  this  engagement  Tippoo  was 
killed. 

serpent,  an  ancient  wind  instrument,  parent  of  the 
cornet  family.  A  "contra  serpent"  in  the  London  exhibi- 
tion, 1851,  made  by  Jordan  of  Liverpool.  The  "  serpen tcleid  " 
was  produced  by  Beacham  in  JuUien's  orchestra  about  1840. 

Serpent  mound.  An  embankment  in  the  form  of 
a  serpent  many  rods  in  length,  in  Adams  county,  Ohio,  attrib- 
uted to  the  mound-builders.  This  mound,  with  the  surround- 
ing land,  belongs  to  Harvard  university. 

Ser'via,  an  hereditary  principality  south  of  Hungary, 
nominally  subject  to  Turkey  until  1878.  The  Servians  are 
of  Slavonic  origin.  They  embraced  Christianity  about  640. 
The  emperor  Manuel  subjugated  them  in  1150;  but  they  re- 
covered their  independence  in  1180,  and  were  ruled  by  princes, 
generally  named  Stephen,  till  their  country  was  finally  sub- 
dued by  the  sultan  Mahomet  II.,  in  1459.  Area,  18,855  sq. 
mUes;  pop.  in  1854, 985,000 ;  1873,1,338,505;  1876,1,366,923; 
1891,  2,162,759. 

An  empire  founded  by  king  Duschaw,  1340;  Lazar,  emperor, 
defeated,  15  June,  1389,  by  the  Turks  under  Amurath  I.  in 
the  plains  of  Cossova. 

Servia  subdued  by  Mahomet  II I459 

Ceded  to  Austria. 1718 

Regained  by  Turkey 1739 

Servians  aid  Austria  by  free  companies 1788-90 

Again  rebel,  and  capture  Belgrade 1806 

Kara  George  chosen  leader,  1801 ;  aided  by  the  Russians,  es- 
tablishes a  government 1807-11 

Turks  break  a  treaty,  and  Kara  George  flees 1814 

Their  governor,  Milosch,  rebels Mch.  1815 

Kara  George,  returning,  is  executed 1816 

Alexander  Milosch  1.  (Obrenovitch)  recognized  as  hereditary 

prince  by  the  sultan 15  Aug.  1829 

Milosch,  becoming  despotic,  made  to  abdicate,  and  a  new  con- 
stitution established 13  June,  1839 

His  son  and  successor,  Milan,  dies,  his  brother  Michael  retires; 

Alexander,  son  of  Kara  George,  chosen  prince 14  Sept.  1842 

Alexander,  becoming  unpopular,  made  to  abdicate  by  the  na- 
tional party;  Alexander  Milosch  re-elected 23  Dec.  1858 


728 


SES 


Plot  against  Milosch  frustrated,  11  July;  the  Servian  assem- 
bly meets 13  July,  1860 

Milosch  dies;  succeeded  by  his  son,  Michael  Obrenovitch  (b. 

4  Sept.  1825) 26  Sept.     " 

Movement  for  iudopendenco  against  Turkey Mch.  1861 

Servians  and  the  Turkish  garrison  at  Belgrade  quarrel,  leading 
to  bloodshed;  the  city  bombarded,  15  June;  submits,  17 

June ;  the  Turkish  pacha  dismissed 19  June,  1862 

Representatives  of  the  great  powers  meet  at  Constantinople, 
Aug. ;  the  Porte  agrees  to  liberal  concessions  to  the  Ser- 
vians, which  their  prince  accepts 7  Oct.     " 

Servians  demand  withdrawal  of  Turkish  garrisons  from  Bel- 
grade and  other  fortresses 5  Oct.  1866 

Which  are  evacuated,  Mch. ;  prince  Michael,  at  Constantino- 
ple, thanks  the  sultan 30  Mch.  1867 

Prince  Michael  assassinated  in  Belgrade 10  June,  1868 

Milan  IV'.,  grand-nephew  of  prince  Michael,  chosen  successor, 

22  June;  14  murderers  executed 28  July,     " 

Constitution  afflrmiug  the  hereditary  rights  of  the  Obrenovitch 

fam  ily 1869 

Prince  Karageorgevitch  accused  of  complicity  with  murder; 

imprisoned  at  Pesth,  Jan. ;  acquitted May,  1871 

Regents  surrender  the  government  to  prince  Milan  at  Bel- 
grade  22  Aug.  1872 

Insurrection  in  Herzegovina;  new  ministry,  hostile  to  Turkey, 
formed,  about  31  Aug. ;  resign ;  announced,  4  Oct. ;  peace 

ministry  formed 9  Oct.  1875 

Marriage  of  the  prince  to  Natalie  Keschko,  daughter  of  col. 

Keschko  of  the  Russian  Imperial  guard 17  Oct.     " 

Ristics,  premier,  opposed  to  Turkey July,  1876 

Turkey  for  the  war  declared 1  July,     " 

Milan  proclaimed  king  by  Tchernayeff  and  the  army  at  Deli- 

grad;  not  approved 16  Sept.     " 

Peace  with  Turkey  ratified 4  Mch.  1877 

[Servian  losses   in   the  war,   about  8000    killed,  20,000 
wounded.] 
Servians  again  declare  war  and  enter  Turkey  (Rcsso-Turkish 

WARS) 14, 15  Dec.     " 

Sultan  deposes  prince  Milan 22  Dec.     " 

Servia  declared  independent,  with  new  frontiers,  by  treaty  of 

San  Stefano,  3  Mch.,  and  of  Berlin 13  July,  1878 

Execution  of  Markovitch  and  other  rioters end  of  May,     " 

Proclamation  of  peace  and  national  independence  at  Belgrade, 

22  Aug.     " 

Ministry  remodelled  by  Ristics about  15  Oct.     " 

Resignation  of  Ristics  (virtual  dictator)  announced 25  Oct.  1880 

Milan  proclaimed  king  by  the  assembly 6  Mch.  1882 

Declares  war  against  Bulgaria 13  Nov.  1885 

Success  followed  by  disaster  and  retreat 14-24  Nov.     " 

Peace  signed  3  Mch. ;  ratified  by  the  sultan 13  Mch.  1886 

Milan  divorced  from  Natalie 24  Oct.  1888 

[He  favors  Austria,  she  Russia.] 
Queen  protests  against  the  divorce,  20  Aug.  and  30  Oct. ;  the 
divorce  decreed  by  the  metropolitan  Theodosius,  abp.  of 

Belgrade  (authority  questioned) Oct.     " 

Royal  commission  recommends  universal  sufi'rage;  all  electors 
eligible  to  the  skuptschina;  independence  of  the  church ;  all 
religions  free  and  protected ;  liberty  of  the  press,  etc.,  24  Oct.     *' 

Elections  annulled  by  the  king 26  Oct.     " 

New  elections  give  majority  to  the  radicals 16  Dec.     " 

Skuptschina  opened 30  Dec.     " 

New  constitution  passed  (494-73) 2  Jan.  1889 

Milan  abdicates,  proclaiming  his  son  Alexander  (b.  14  Aug.  1876) 
king,  under  a  regency  until  his  majority  (18  years). . .  .6  Mch.     " 

Elections;  great  radical  majority 1  Oct.     " 

Queen  Natalie  agitates  to  annul  her  isolation  from  her  son; 

her  petition  to  the  parliament  dismissed 8  Dec.  et  seq.  1890 

King  Milan  agrees  to  live  out  of  Servia  till  his  son's  majority, 

on  receipt  of  a  sum  of  money  and  a  pension 14  Apr.  1891 

Queen,  requested  by  the  government  to  leave  the  country,  re- 
fuses; attempted  expulsion  met  by  riots  and  resistance;  the 

queen  forcibly  conveyed  to  Semlin  in  Hungary 19  May,     " 

King  Milan  resigns  all  his  military  and  political  rights. .  .Nov.     " 
King  Alexander  arrests  his  regents  and  ministers  and  assumes 

the  government 14  Apr.  1893 

Ex-king  Milan  returns  to  Servia 21  Jan.  1894 

HEREDITARY    PRINCES. 

1829.  Milosch  (Obrenovitch)  I.,  recognized  by  Turkey,  15  Aug.  1833; 
abdicates,  13  June,  1839. 

1839.  Michael  II.,  son;  d.  1840. 

1840.  Michael  III.,  brother;  abdicates,  1842. 

1842.  Alexander  (Karageorgevitch),  son  of  Kara  George;  chosen, 

14  Sept. ;  deposed,  23  Dec.  1858. 
1858.  Milosch  (Obrenovitch)  re-elected,  23  Dec. ;  d.  1860. 
1860.  Michael  III.,  son;  succeeds,  26  Sept.;  assassinated,  10  June, 

1868. 
1868.  Milan  (Obrenovitch)  IV.,  grand-nephew;  again  proclaimed, 

2  July,  1868;  marries  Natalie  Keschko  (b.  1859),  17  Oct. 

1875 ;  abdicates,  6  Mch.  1889. 
1889.  Alexander  I.,  son;  b.  14  Aug.  1876. 

servile  war§,  insurrections  of  slaves  against  their 
masters.  2  were  quelled  in  Sicily,  after  much  slaughter,  132, 
99  B.C.     Spartacus. 

session  courts  in  England  were  appointed  to  be 
held  quarterly  in  1413,  and  the  times  for  holding  them  reg- 
ulated in  1831.  Court  of  Session,  Quarter  Sessions. 
The  kirk  session  in  Scotland  consists  of  the  minister  and  eld- 


SES 


729 


SEX 


ers  of  each  parish.     They  superintend  religious  worship  and 
I    -discipline,  dispense  money  collected  for  the  poor,  etc. 
;         Se§tO§,  on  the  Thracian  Chersonesus.     Near  Sestos  was 
I     the  western  end  of  Xerxes'  bridge  across  the  Hellespont,  480 
i     B.C.     Sestos  was  retaken  from  the  Persians  by  the  Athenians, 

478,  and  held  by  them  till  404,  giving  them  the  command  of 
i    the  trade  of  the  Euxine.     Hellespont. 

Settlement,  Act  of,  for  the  succession  to  the  British 
I    throne,  excluding  Roman  Catholics,  was  passed  in  1689.    This 

name  is  also  given  to  the  statute  by  which  the  crown,  after 
'  the  demise  of  William  HI.  and  queen  Anne,  without  issue, 
;  was  limited  to  Sophia,  electress  of  Hanover,  granddaughter  of 
;  James  I.,  and  her  heirs,  being  Protestants,  1702.  The  Irish 
i    Act  of  Settlement,  passed  in  1662,  was  repealed  in  1689.    Han- 

!      OVER. 

§ettleineilt8  in  America.  America,  French  in 
I    America,  and  each  state  of  the  United  States  separately. 

seven  brotliers  :  Januarius,  Felix,  Philip,  Silvanus, 
Alexander,  Vitalis,  and  Martial,  martyrs  at  Rome,  under  An- 
I    toninus ;  their  feast  is  kept  10  July. 

1  seven  champions  of  Christendom:  St. 

i  Oeorge,  the  patron  saint  of  England,  St.  Denis  of  France,  St. 

}  James  of  Spain,  St.  Anthony  of  Italy,  St.  Andrew  of  Scot- 

I  land,  St.  Patrick  of  Ireland,  and  St.  David  of  Wales. 

!  seven  churches  of  Asia,  to  the  angels  (minis- 
j  ters)  of  which  the  apostle  John  was  commanded  to  write  the 
i  epistles  contained  in  the  second  and  third  chapters  of  his  Rev- 
!  elation  —  viz.,  Ephesus,  Smyrna,  Pergamos,  Thyatira,  Sardis, 
I    Philadelphia,  and  Laodicea,  96. 

I  1.  Eph'ksus.  Paul  founded  the  chnrch  here,  57.  In  59,  he  was  in 
j  great  danger  from  a  tumult  created  by  Demetrius;  to  the  elders 
j  of  this  church  he  delivered  his  warning  address,  60  (Acts  xix.  xx. ). 
j  Ephesus  was  iu  a  ruinous  state  even  in  the  time  of  Justinian 
j        (527),  and  still  remains  so. 

I  2.  Smyrna.  An  ancient  Greek  city,  claiming  to  be  the  birthplace 
of  Homer;  was  destroyed  by  the  Lydians;  about  627  b.c.  rebuilt 
by  Antigonus  and  Lysimachus.     Its  first  bishop,  Polycarp,  was 

I       martyred  here  about  169.     It  has  been  frequently  captured.     It 
was  sacked  by  Tamerlane  in  1402 ;  and  finally  taken  by  the  Turks, 
1424.     It  is  now  the  chief  city  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  seat  of  the 
i       Levant  trade.      Earthquake  (above  2000  perish),  12  May,  1875. 
Pop.  1885,  186,510. 
8.  Per'gamos.     Capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  founded 
!       by  Philetserus,  whom  Lysimachus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
had  made  governor,  283  b.c.     He  was  succeeded  by  Eumenes  I., 
263;  Attalus  (who  took  the  title  of  king),  241;  Eumenes  II.  (who 
collected  a  great  library),  197.     Libraries.     Attalus  II.,  159;  At- 
talus III.,  138.     He  bequeathed  his  kingdom  to  the  Romans,  133. 
It  revolted,  was  subdued,  and  made  the  Roman  province,  Asia. 
Pergamos  is  still  an  important  place,  called  Bergamo.    Parch- 
ment is  said  to  have  been  invented  here. 
4.  Thyati'ra.     Now  a  mean  town  of  2000  houses,  called  Akhissar, 
"White  Castle." 
I    6.  Sardis.     Formerly  the  capital  of  Lydia,  the  kingdom  of  Croesus 
(560  B.C.);  taken  by  Cyrus,  548;  burned  by  the  Greeks,  499;  it 
flourished  under  the  Roman  empire;  was  taken  by  the  Turks, 
and  destroyed  by  Tamerlane  about  1462;  it  is  now  a  miserable 
village  named  Sart. 

6.  Philadel'phia  was  built  by  Attalus  (III.)  Philadelphus,  king  of 
Pergamos  (159-138  b.c);  was  taken  by  Bajazet  I.,  1390  a. d.  It 
is  now  called  Allah  Shehr,  "The  City  of  God,"  and  is  a  miserable 
town  of  3000  houses. 

7.  Laodice'a.  In  Phrygia,  near  Lydia;  has  suffered  much  from 
earthquakes.  It  is  now  a  deserted  place,  called  Eskehissar,  "  The 
Old  Castle." 

Seven  Days'  battles  around  Richmond,  Va.  A 
i  series  of  severe  conflicts  between  the  confederates  under 
j  Lee,  and  the  Federal  army  under  McClellan,  lasting  from  25 
i  June  to  1  July,  1862.  Peninsular  campaign,  United 
;    States. 

Seven  Pines  or  Fair  Oaks,  Va.,  Battle  of.    Pen- 
insular CAMPAIGN. 

seven  sag^es.     Greece,  590  B.C. 

seven  sleepers.  According  to  an  early  legend,  7 
;  youths,  in  251,  commanded  to  worship  a  statue  set  up  in  Eph- 
'  esus  by  the  emperor  Decius,  refused,  and  fled  to  a  cavern  in 
i  the  mountain,  where  they  were  enclosed,  and  slept,  accord- 
:  ing  to  Durandus,  for  300  years.  Other  writers  give  shorter 
periods,  and  various  accounts  of  the  awakening.  A  festival 
I  in  their  honor  is  kept  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  on  27 
i    July. 

Seven  "Weeks'  war.    Prussia,  1866. 


seven  vronders.    Wonders. 

Seven  Years'  war,  the  conflict  maintained  by 
Frederick  II.  of  Prussia  against  Austria,  Russia,  and  France, 
from  1756  to  1763.  He  gained  part  of  Silesia.  Battles, 
Prussia. 

Seventh-Day  Baptists.     Sabbatarians. 

Sev'llle,  S.W.  Spain,  the  Hispalis  of  the  Phoenicians 
and  the  Julia  of  the  Romans,  was  the  capital  until  Philip  II. 
Anally  established  his  court  at  Madrid,  1563.  It  opened  its 
gates  to  the  Saracens  in  712,  and  was  taken  from  them  by 
the  Christians  in  1247,  after  an  obstinate  siege.  The  peace 
of  Seville  between  England,  France,  and  Spain,  and  also  a  de- 
fensive alliance  to  which  Holland  acceded,  signed  9  Nov.  1729. 
In  the  Peninsular  war  Seville  surrendered  to  the  French,  1 
Feb.  1810;  and  was  taken  by  assault  by  the  British  and 
Spaniards,  after  the  battle  of  Salamanca,  27  Aug.  1812.  It  was 
besieged  but  not  taken  by  Espartero,  July,  1843.  Pop.  1887, 
143,182. 

Sevres  (sdvr).     Pottery. 

sewers  and  sewage.  Sir  A.  H.  Layard's  explora- 
tions in  Nineveh  disclose  an  elaborate  system  of  drainage  in 
connection  with  the  older  palace  of  Nirarod,  consisting  of  a 
square  brick  sewer,  with  pipe  drains  leading  from  almost  every 
chamber  of  the  palace.  Excavations  of  ancient  Jerusalem 
show  a  complex  and  perlect  system  of  reservoirs  and  drains. 
Agrigentum  was  provided  with  sewers,  marvels  of  workman- 
ship, named  from  Phaex,  the  city  architect,  who  built  them  in 
the  5th  century  b.c.  The  Cloaca  Maxima  at  Rome  still 
exists;  probably  referred  to  by  Strabo  as  one  of  the  sewers 
"  along  which  a  bay  cart  might  be  driven,"  and  an  elaborate 
system  of  sewers  connected  with  the  Colosseum  has  been  dis- 
covered. Modern  sewers  are  constructed  on  the  separate  or 
the  combined  system,  in  the  latter  case  being  large  enough  to 
carry  off  the  surface  or  storm  water.  The  utilization  of  dis- 
infected sewage  as  manure  is  now  much  advocated,  and  in 
many  places  in  the  United  States  and  England  sewage  is 
disposed  of  by  sub-surface  irrigation,  and  systems  for  dry- 
ing or  cremating  much  waste  matter,  which  would  other- 
wise find  its  way  into  the  sewers,  are  in  operation  in  many 
cities. 

First  legislative  enactment  providing  for  drainage  of  London. .  1225 
Hugues  Aubriot  covered  an  open  sewer  in  Paris  during  the 
reign  of  Charles  VI.,  originating  the  Paris  sewer  system, 
'  1380-1422 

Sewer  commissions  appointed  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Henry 

VI 1428-30 

!   Act  for  commissioners  of  sewers  in  all  parts  of  England 1532 

j  Sewer  in  Paris,  now  called  the  grand  egoul  de  ceinture,  walled 

and  covered 1740 

Covered  sewers  of  Paris  extended  by  Napoleon 1805-6 

Earthenware  pipes  for  refuse  drainage  tried  in  London  under 

royal  commissioners 1842 

Act  passed  requiring  the  London  house  sewers  to  empty  into 

public  sewers 1847 

Enlargement  of  sewer  system  of  London,  discharging  into  the 

Thames,  completed.  .^ 1855 

Present  system  of  Parisian  sewers  on  plan  of  M.  Belgrand,  dates 

from 1857 

New  sewer  system  for  London,  consisting  of  three  intercepting 
sewers  on  each  side  of  the  Thames,  running  parallel  with  it, 
and  discharging  into  gigantic  reservoirs  below  Barking  creek 

and  Erith  marshes,  completed 4  Apr.  186^ 

Commission  on  the  contamination  of  the  Thames  by  London 
sewage  advise  a  change,  combining  chemical  precipitation 

with  filtration  through  earth Dec.  1884 

William  "Webster's  method  of  decomposing  London  sewage  by 
electricity,  set  up  at  Crossness,  reported  successful  on  in- 
spection   Mch.  1889 

H.  Wollheim's  process, the  "amines, "or ammonia  compounds, 
reported  successful  at  Wimbledon  sewage  farm 18  Sept.     " 

sewlng'-machlne.  it  is  said  that  Thomas  Saint 
patented  one  for  boots  and  shoes  in  1790.  Similar  inventions 
are  ascribed  to  Duncan  (1804),  Adams  and  Dodge  (American, 
1818),  Thimonnier  (French,  1830)  ;  Walter  Hunt  of  New  York 
invented  one  that  made  a  lock-stitch,  1834,  but  did  not  apply 
for  a  patent  until  1854,  when  his  invention  was  essentially 
covered  by  a  patent  obtained  by  Elias  Howe  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  8  years  before  (Sept.  1846),  the  first  really  practical  sew- 
ing-machine ;  since  then  many  improvements  have  been  made 
by  American  inventors. 

Sexages'lma  Sunday.  Quadragesima  Sunday, 
Week. 


SEX 


780 


SHA 


•extant,  an  instrument  used  like  a  quadrant,  containing 
W  degf«ea>  or  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle,  invented  by  Tycho 
Brahe,  at  Augsburg,  in  1550.  Arabian  astronomers  are  said 
to  have  hail  a  sextant  of  69  feet  9  inches  radius,  about  995. 

Seychelles  (aa-shel')  Isles,  Indian  ocean,  settled  by 
the  French  about  1768 ;  captured  by  the  British,  1794 ;  ceded 
to  them,  1815.     Pop.  1890,  16,162. 

Shakers,  an  English  sect,  now  chiefly  found  in  the 
U.  S.,  arose  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  and  derived  its  name  from 
volunury  convulsions.  It  soon  disappeared,  but  was  revived 
by  Jameis  Wardley  in  1747,  and  more  successfully  by  Ann  Lee 
(or  Standless),  expelled  Quakers,  about  1757.  The  sect  emi- 
grated to  America,  May,  1772,  and  settled  near  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1774.  Nkw  Yokk,  1774-80.  They  have  several  communi- 
ties in  the  United  States;  they  hold  all  goods  in  common,  live 
uprightly,  and  are  noted  for  frugality,  industry,  integrity,  and 
thrift.  They  denounce  marriage  as  sinful,  regard  celibacy  as 
holy,  oppose  war,  disown  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper,  and 
use  a  sort  of  dancing  as  part  of  worship.— Marsden.  They 
are  also  called  Bible  Christians  and  Girlingites,  from  Mrs. 
Girling,  a  leader  among  them. 

Shakespeare  and  his  plays.  William  Shake- 
speare was  bom  at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  Warwickshire,  23 
Apr.  1564,  and  died  on  his  birthday,  1616.  In  1582  he  mar- 
ried Anne  Hathaway :  issue,  Susanna,  baptized  26  May,  1583 ; 
Hamnet  and  Judith,  twins,  baptized  2  Feb.  1585.  Hamnet 
died  11  Aug.  1596.  Susanna  married  dr.  John  Hall,  5  June, 
1607,  and  Judith  married  Thomas  Quiney,  vintner,  Feb.  1616. 
Lineage  of  Shakespeare  expired  with  Elizabeth  Hall,  grand- 
daughter, who  died  1670.  The  first  collected  edition  of  his 
works  is  dated  1623  (fac-simile  pub.  1862-65);  the  second, 
1632.  (In  1849,  J.  P.  Collier,  editor  of  Shakespeare,  purchased 
a  copy  of  this  folio,  on  which  were  written  in  pencil  correc- 
tions, supposed  to  have  been  made  soon  after  the  time  of  pub- 
lication. At  first  he  thought  little  of  these  marks ;  but  in 
1853  he  was  induced  to  publish  "Notes  and  Emendations," 
derived  from  this  volume.  Much  controversy  ensued  as  to 
the  authenticity  of  these  corrections ;  and  in  1859  it  was  gen- 
erally agreed  that  they  were  of  modern  date,  and  of  little 
value,  messrs.  Knight,  Halliwell,  and  Dyce  supporting  this  es- 
timate.) The  third  in  1664 ;  the  fourth,  1685 ;  all  in  folio. 
Rowe's  editions  appeared  in  1709, 1714;  Pope's,  1725-28;  The- 
obald's, 1733-40;  Hanmer's,  1740;  Warburton's,  1747;  John- 
son's, 1775;  Capell's,  1768;  Malone's,  1790;  Boy  dell's,  with 
numerous  plates,  was  published  in  9  vols,  fol.,  1802.  Since 
then  many  others,  notably,  Alexander  Dyce's,  Knight's,  Staun- 
ton's, White's,  Irving's,  Furness's  Variorum  edition,  1890, 
Wright's,  Rolfe's,  Hudson's,  Appleton  Morgan's  Bankside  edi- 
tion, 1888-94,  etc.  Ayscough's  "  Index  to  Shakespeare  "  was 
published  in  1790;  Twiss's  Index,  in  1805;  Mary  Cowden- 
Clarke's  Concordance,  1847.  "  Shakespeareana  Genealogica," 
compiled  by  Geo.  Russell  French,  1869.  "  Shakespeare's  Com- 
mentaries," prof.  G.  G.  Gervinus,  Heidelberg,  Ger.,  1875.  Mrs. 
Horace  H.  Furness,  "  Concordance  to  Shakespeare's  Poems," 
1875.  Alex.  Schmidt's  "  Shakespeare  Lexicon,"  Berlin,  1876. 
Halliwell-Phillipps's"  Outlines  of  the  Life  of  Shakespeare,"  1883. 
Charles  Cowden-Clarke's  "  Key  to  Shakespeare,"  1879.  John 
Bartlett's  "  Shakespeare  Concordance,"  pub.  in  Boston,  Mass., 
1881 ;  new  edition,  4to,  including  "  Concordance  to  Poems,"  New 
York  and  London,  1894.  Appleton  Morgan's  "  Shakespeare 
in  Fact  and  Criticism,"  1888.  F.  J.  Fumivall's  "  Introduction 
to  the  Leopold  Shakespeare,"  1889.  Mr.  Bartlett  has  also 
issued  a  "  Shakespeare  Phrase-Book."  Prof.  Wendell's  "  Shake- 
speare—a Study,"  1894. 
Shakespeare's    plays  abrangko   chronologically  as 

produced  and   printed,  according   to  rev.  henry 

P.    STOKES. 

Plays.                                                 Written. 
Titus  Andronicus dr.  1590 

1  King  Heury  VI cir.  1592 

2  King  Henry  VI cir.  1592 

3  King  Henry  VI cir.  1592 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona cir.  1591 

Comedy  of  Errors. 1591 

Romeo  and  Juliet 1591 

Ix)ve's  Labor's  Lost 1591-92 

King  Richard  III 1593-94 

Taming  of  the  Shrew before  1594 

King  Richard  II 1594. 


Published. 

...  1600 

. ..  1623 

...  1594 

...  1595 

. ..  1623 

'..'.  1597 

. ..  1598 


1594 
1597 


SHAKESPEARE'S  PLAYS. — {Continued.) 

Pl»y».  Writt«n. 

King  John 1593-94 

Midsummer-Night's  Dream 1595 

Merchant  of  Venice 1597-98 

1  King  Henry  IV 1597 

2  Ki ng  Hen ry  I V 1598-99 

Troilus  and  Cressida cir.  1599,  cir.  1602. 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor 1598-99 

As  You  Like  It 1599 

M  11(^1  Ado  About  Nothing 1599-1600 160( 

Hamlet 1599-lGOO 160; 


PubUtkad. 

...  162;; 
....  im 


..  mi 

.1601-'. 

162; 


160(> 
162;; 


162i 
160^ 


162£ 


King  Henry  V 1599. . . . 

Julius  Caesar 1599-1600. . . 

Twelfth  Night;  or,  What  You  Will. . .        1601 

Measure  for  Measure 1603-4 

All's  Well  that  Ends  Well cir.  1592,  cii 

Othello 1604. . . . 

King  Lear 1605. . . . 

Macbeth 1606 

Timon  of  Athens 1607 

Pericles 1607-8 

Antony  and  Cleopatra 1608 

Coriolanus 1610 •' 

Cymbeline 1610 " 

Tempest 1610-11 «' 

Winter's  Tale 1610-11 " 

King  Henry  VIII (1611?)  1613 " 

POEMS. 

Venus  and  Adonis 1593 

Lucrece 1594 

Passionate  Pilgrim 1599 

Sonnets 1609 

"An  essay  (The  Harness  essay,  1877)  on  the  'Chronological  Order 
of  Shakespeare's  Plays,'  by  the  rev.  Henry  P.  Stokes,  pub.  Ix)n- 
don,  1878,  is  one  of  the  best  that  has  yet  appeared,  "—//a toweW- 
Phillipps. 

PLAYS   THAT   APPEARED   IN   THE   FIRST    EDITION    OF   1623. 

COMEDIES  (order  of  publication). 


1.  Tempest. 

9.  Merchant  of  Venice. 

2.  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona. 

10.  As  You  Like  It. 

3.  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor. 

11.  Taming  of  the  Shrew. 

4.  Measure  for  Measure. 

12.  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well. 

5.  Comedy  of  Errors. 

13.  Twelfth  Night;  or,  What  You 

6.  Much  Ado  About  Nothing. 

Will. 

7.  Love's  Labor's  Lost. 

14.  Winter's  Tale. 

8.  Midsummer-Night's  Dream. 

HISTORIES. 

15.  King  John. 

20.  King  Henry  VI.,  Part  I. 

16.     "     Richard  II. 

21.     ..          ..      u         u    n. 

17.     "     Henry  IV.,  Part  I. 

22.     "          "      "         "    III. 

18.     "           "      "        "      II. 

23.     "     Richard  III. 

19.     "          "      V. 

24.     "      Henry  VIII. 

TRAGI 

:dies. 

25.  Troilus  and  Cressida. 

31.  Macbeth. 

26.  Coriolanus. 

32.  Hamlet. 

27.  Titus  Andronicus. 

33.  King  Lear. 

28.  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

34.  Othello. 

29.  Timon  of  Athens. 

35.  Antony  and  Cleopatra. 

30.  Julius  Caesar. 

36.  Cymbeline.                            | 

Pericles  was  not  added  to  Shakespeare's  collected  works  until  K 
in  the  3d  folio  edition. 

Shakespeare- Bacon  controversy.    T 

obscurity  resting  upon  the  early  life  of  Shakespeare  and  the 
wonderful  intelligence  and  culture  shown  b}'  his  works,  in  con- 
trast with  his  education  and  social  relations  as  far  as  known, 
have  puzzled  all  students.     The  first  attempt  to  refer 
plays  to  another  author  was  by  miss  Delia  Bacon  (b.  Ti 
madge,  O.,  1811,  d.  1859).     She  asserted  that  lord  Bacon  was 
the  author,  and  devoted  much  time  and  labor  to  prove  it. 
Wra.  H.  Smith  (English)  disputes  with  miss  Bacon  the  origin 
of  the  Baconian  theory.     Nathaniel  Holmes,  in  his  "  Authopjl 
ship  of  Shakespeare,"  follows  the  same  line  of  thought.     Mt^| 
Henry  Pott  attempted  to  show,  in  a  work  pub.  1883,  the  iden 
tity  of  expression  in  the  "  Promus  "  of  Bacon  with  the  plays 
of  Shakespeare.     In  1888  appeared  Ignatius  Donnelly's  work, 
"The  Great  Cryptogram,"  published  simultaneously  in  Chicago, 
New  York,  and  London,  a  volume  of  nearly  1000  pages,  an 
attempt  to  prove  that  Bacon's  authorship  is  avowed  under 
cipher  in  the  text  of  the  plays  in  the  folio  of  1 623.     No  Shab 
spearian  scholar  has  accepted  the  Baconian  theory. 

I^hakespeare  forgeries.     Literature,  For( 
ies  of. 

Shakespeare  fund,  established  in  Oct.  1861,  to 
purchase  Shakespeare's  garden,  birthplace  estate,  and  to  erect 
and  endow  a  public  library  and  museum  at  Stratford-upon< 
Avon.  The  catalogue  of  the  library  and  museum  was  puiw 
Feb.  1868. 


I 


wn,  I 

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I 

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SHA 


731 


SHE 


IShake§peare  gallery.    Boydell. 

Sliakespeare'§  Olobe  theatre,  London. 
Theatkes. 

Shakespeare'§  house.  In  1847,  a  number  of 
persons  of  distinction  interested  themselves  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  house  in  which  Shakespeare  was  born,  then  actu- 
ally for  sale.  They  held  a  meeting  at  the  Thatched-house 
tavern,  London,  26  Aug.  in  that  year,  and  promoted  a  sub- 
scription set  on  foot  by  the  Shakespearian  club  at  Stratford- 
upon-Avon  ;  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  carry  out  their 
object.  Li  the  end,  Shakespeare's  house  was  sold  at  the  auc- 
tion mart  in  London,  where  it  was  "  knocked  down  "  to  the 
United  Committee  of  London  and  Stratford  for  3000/.,  16  Sept. 
1847.  In  1856,  a  learned  Oriental  scholar,  John  Shakespeare 
(no  relation  of  the  poet),  gave  2500/.  to  purchase  the  adjoin- 
ing house,  that  it  might  be  pulled  down  in  order  to  insure  the 
poet's  house  from  the  risk  of  fire.  An  act  to  incorporate  the 
trustees  and  guardians  of  Shakespeare's  birthplace  was  passed 
26  Mch.  1891. 

Shakespeare  society  issued  20  volumes,  1841-63. 
Shakespeare   society,  New,  issues  works,  1874 

et  seq. 

Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York  pub.  the  "  Bankside  "  edi- 
tion   1888-94 

J.  0.  Hallivvell-Phillipps,  Shakespearian  scholar,  d 4  Jan.  1889 

His  "Shakespearian Rarities"  (portraits,  personal  relics, books, 
etc.)  oflfered  for  sale Jan.  1890 

shamrock.  It  is  said  that  the  shamrock  used  by  the 
Irish  as  a  national  emblem  was  adopted  by  Patrick  M'Alpine, 
since  called  St.  Patrick,  as  a  simile  of  the  Trinity,  about  432. 

Shang^-Ha'i,  incorrectly  Shailg^hac,  a  seaport  city 
and  foreign  settlement  of  China,  captured  by  the  British,  19 
June,  1842;  by  the  Tae-Ping  rebels,  7  Sept.  i853;  retaken  by 
the  imperialists,  1855.  The  rebels  were  defeated  near  Shang- 
Hai  by  the  English  and  French,  allies  of  the  emperor,  1  Mch. 
1862.     China. 

ShaiVlS,  of  Oriental  origin,  were  introduced  into  Paris 
after  the  return  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  from  Egypt,  1801. 
The  manufacture  was  introduced  by  Barrow  and  Watson  in 
1784,  at  Norwich.  It  began  at  Paisley  and  Edinburgh  about 
1805.— Ure. 

Shaw^inut.     Massachusetts,  1630. 

Shawnees.     Indians. 

Shays's  retoelliOll.  At  the  end  of  the  Revolution, 
the  United  States  were  burdened  with  a  heavy  foreign  and  do- 
mestic debt.  They  were  impoverished  by  the  long  war,  and 
could  not  meet  the  arrears  of  pay  due  the  soldiers  of  the  Rev- 
olution. On  the  recommendation  of  Congress,  each  state  en- 
deavored to  raise  its  quota  by  a  direct  tax.  Much  excitement 
followed  in  some  states,  and  in  1787  some  people  of  Massachu- 
setts openly  rebelled.  Daniel  Shays,  who  had  been  a  captain 
in  the  Continental  army,  marched  at  the  head  of  a  thousand 
men,  took  possession  of  Worcester,  and  prevented  a  session  of 
the  Supreme  court.  He  repeated  his  performance  at  Spring- 
field ;  and  the  insurrection  became  so  formidable  that  the  gov- 
ernor was  compelled  to  call  out  several  thousand  militia  under 
gen.  Lincoln  to  suppress  it.  This  was  speedily  accomplished. 
Though  some  of  the  insurgents  were  sentenced  to  death,  none 
were  executed.  A  free  pardon  was  finally  given  to  all.  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1787. 

sheep.  Abel  was  a  keeper  of  sheep  (Gen.  iv.  2).  The 
patriarch  Job  had  14,000  sheep,  and  Solomon  at  the  dedication 
of  the  temple,  about  1000  b.c.,  offered  a  sacrifice  of  120,000 
sheep.  America  has  no  indigenous  domestic  sheep,  the  first 
in  the  English  colonies  having  been  brought  by  colonists  to 
Jamestown,  Va.,  1607-10,  and  to  all  the  colonies  when  settled, 
although  few  sheep  were  raised  until  after  1800.  In  1810 
the  estimated  number  of  sheep  in  the  U.  S.  was  7,000,000. 
Of  the  English  domestic  breeds  the  Leicesters,  Cotswolds, 
Southdowns,  Shropshires,  Dorsets,  and  Cheviots  are  the  most 
noted.  ^D 

Columella  introduces  the  Tarentine  breed,  noted  for  fine  fleece 

(probable  progenitor^  of  the  Merino),  into  Spain  from  Ital}-. . .  41 
Edward  IV.  of  England  sends  a  present  of  Cotswold  rams  to 

Henry  of  Castile  (14(54)  and  to  John  of  Aragon 1468 

Merinos  from  Spain  introduced  into  Sweden  by  Mr.  Alstroe- 

mer 1723 


Two  hundred  Merinos,  bought  in  Spain  by  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, shipped  from  Cadiz May,  1766 

Empress  Maria  Theresa  of  Hungary  imports  several  hundred 
Merinos  from  Spai n 1776 

French  government  buys  376  Merino  ewes  and  lambs  in  Spain, 
and  sends  them  to  Rambouillet,  near  Paris 1786 

Frederick  II.  of  Prussia  imports  300  Merinos  from  Spain " 

A  few  Spanish  Merinos  imported  into  England  by  George  III. 
and  placed  on  his  farm  at  Kew 1787 

Otter  sheep,  with  a  long  body  and  short,  crooked  legs,  origi- 
nated in  Massachusetts  from  a  malformed  twin  ram.  Efforts 
were  made  to  preserve  this  sporadic  variety  on  account  of  its 
inability  to  run  and  jump,  and  thus  escape  from  an  enclosure. 
In  the  eastern  states  it  promised  to  become  a  distinct  species, 
but  it  has  disappeared.  Imagining  that  the  ewe  had  been 
frightened  by  an  otter  (then  occasionally  seen  in  the  vicinity), 
people  called  it  the  Otter  sheep 1791 

First  authentic  introduction  of  Merino  sheep  into  the  U.  S.  was 
a  ram,  sole  survivor  of  2  pair  imported  from  the  celebrated 
Rambouillet  flock  by  Mr.  Delessert,  a  French  banker,  and 
placed  on  his  farm  near  Kingston,  N.  Y 1801 

Flock  of  about  200  Merinos,  imported  from  Spain  by  gen.  David 
Humphreys  of  Connecticut " 

Chancellor  Livingston  of  New  York,  minister  to  France,  sends 
from  the  Rambouillet  flock  4  Merinos  to  New  York 1802 

Four  of  the  best  flocks  of  Merinos  in  Spain  confiscated  by  the 
Junta,  and  sold  at  Badajos  to  buyers  from  the  U.  S.  and 
England  chiefly,  after  the  second  invasion  of  the  French, 

Dec.  1808 

Hon.  William  Jarvis  ships  to  the  U.  S.  1400  Paulars,  1700 
Aqueirres,  200  Escurials,  100  Negrettis,  and  about  200  Montar- 
cos,  which  he  purchases  from  the  Junta  of  Spain,  1808 1809-10 

Merino  society  organized  in  England;  sir  John  Banks  at  the 
head  and  54  vice-presidents 1811 

First  large  importation  of  Saxon  Merinos  into  the  U.  S.,  made 
by  G.  &  T.  Searle  of  Boston ; 1824 

Twenty  ewes  and  2  rams,  selected  from  the  celebrated  Ram- 
bouillet flock,  imported  into  the  U.  S.  by  D.  C.  Collins  of 
Hartford,  Conn 1840 

I.eicesters  introduced  into  the  U.  S about  1825 

Merinos  introduced  into  Texas 1852 

NUMBER   AND   VAT>UE  OF   SHEEP   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Year. 

Number. 

Value. 

1850 

21,728,220 
22,471,275 
40.853,000 
40,765,900 
44,336,072 
44,938,365 
47,273,553 

I860  

1870     

$93  364  433 

1880     .           .      .             

90  230  537 

1890 

100,659,761 
116,121,290 
125,999,264 

1892 

1893 

Prior  to  1880  more  sheep  were  raised  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river  than  west,  but  in  1890  the  number  west  compared 
to  the  number  east  was  as  3  to  2.  According  to  the  U.  S. 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture  there  were  about  467,500,000 
sheep  in  the  world  in  1888,     Of  these  there  were : 

In  France 22,688,230 


"  Germany 19,189,715 

"  Spain 16,939,288 

"  Great  Britain  and )    no  -^i  tko 

Ireland ]   2y,4Ui,/DU 

Scattered 47,500,000 


In  United  States 43,544,755 

"  South  America 99,928,607 

"  Australasia 86,245,520 

"  Russia  in  Europe. .  46,724,736 

"  British  India 30,453,724 

'•  South  Africa 23,746,179 

Wool. 

Sheffield,  a  town  on  the  river  Sheaf,  West  Riding, 
Yorkshire,  Engl.,  renowned  for  cutlery,  plated  goods,  etc. 
Sheffield  thwytles  are  mentioned  by  Chaucer,  in  the  time 
of  Edward  III.  Sheffield  in  the  time  of  the  Conqueror 
was  obtained  by  Roger  de  Buisli,  and  has  since  been  held 
by  the  Lovetots,  Nevils,  Talbots,  and  Howards.  Pop.  1891, 
324,243. 

Sheffield  Scientific  §chool.    Yale  college. 

shell§.     Bombs. 

Shenando'ah  valley,  Operations  in.  Grant's 
CAMPAIGN  IN  Virginia. 

81ieridan'§    Begum   speech.     This   speech, 

made  by  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  during  the  impeachment 
trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  1788,  and  said  by  Macaulay  to  have 
produced  an  impression  such  as  has  never  been  equalled,  was 
on  the  charge  of  the  "  spoliation  of  the  Begums."  The  excite- 
ment of  the  house  was  so  great  at  its  close  that  no  other 
speaker  could  obtain  a  hearing,  and  the  debate  was  adjourned. 
It  is  said  of  Sheridan  that  he  wrote  the  best  comedy,  "  The 
School  for  Scandal,"  made  the  best  speech— as  above— and 
composed  the  best  convivial  song,  "  Here's  to  the  Maiden  of 
Bashful  Fifteen,"  in  the  English  language. 

Sheridan's  raids.  Grant's  campaign  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1864. 


SHE 


782 


glierilT,  or  ahirtf-reve^  governor  of  a  shire  or  county.  Lon- 
don had  its  sheriffs  prior  to  William  I.'s  reign,  but  some  say 
that  sheriffs  were  first  nominated  for  every  county  in  England 
by  William  in  1079.  According  to  other  historians,  Henry 
Comhill  and  Richard  Reynere  were  the  first  sheriffs  of  London, 
1  Rich.  L,  1189.  The  nomination  of  sheriffs,  according  to  the 
present  mode,  took  place  in  146L — Stow.  Anciently  sheriffs 
were  hereditary  in  Scotland,  and  in  some  English  counties, 
as  Westmoreland.  The  sheriffs  of  Dublin  (first  called  bail- 
iffs) were  appointed  in  1308,  and  obtained  the  name  of 
sheriff  by  an  incorjjoration  of  Edward  VL,  1548.  36  sheriffs 
were  fined,  and  U  excused,  in  one  year,  rather  than  serve 
the  office  for  London,  1734.  Bailiffs.  The  high  -  sheriffs 
of  the  counties  of  England  and  Wales,  except  Middlesex 
and  Lancaster,  are  nominated  on  the  morrow  of  St.  Martin, 
Nov.  12. 

Slicriflf^iiuir.    Dumblane. 


I  by  the  government, 
surrendered  on  26  Apr. 

ISIictlaiKl  isles. 


SHI 
United  States. 


Johnston's  army  was 


Orkneys. 


Slicrinaii'§  g^reat  march.    This  designates  the 

bold  and  important  movement  of  Sherman's  army  from  At- 
lanta to  Savannah,  and  thence  through  the  Carolinas  to  Golds- 
borough,  16  Nov.  1864  to  22  Mch.  1865.  When  Hood,  after 
the  loss  of  Atlanta,  moved  against  Sherman's  communications, 
the  latter  followed  him  with  nearly  his  entire  army,  to  protect 
the  railroad  until  it  should  have  served  his  purpose.  After 
the  Confederate  reverse  at  Allatoona  Pass,  Hood  evaded  a 
battle,  and  Sherman  gave  up  the  chase,  left  the  department 
of  the  Mississippi  virtually  in  Thomas's  hands  (Franklin, 
Battle  of),  and,  on  16  Nov.,  having  destroyed  Atlanta  and 
made  a  wreck  of  the  railroad  back  to  Dalton,  marched  east- 
ward for  the  Atlantic  coast  with  the  14th,  15th,  17th,  and  20th 
corps,  numbering  60,000  infantry  and  artillery,  and  about  6000 
cavalry.  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  commanded  the  right  wing, 
comprising  the  15th  corps,  gen.  P.  J.  Osterhaus,  and  the  17th, 
gen.  Frank  P.  Blair ;  the  left,  under  gen.  H.  W.  Slocum,  formed 
by  the  14th  corps,  gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  and  the  20th,  gen.  A.  S. 
Williams,  and  the  cavalry  under  gen.  Judson  Kilpatrick.  He 
destroyed  the  railroad  as  he  moved,  threatened  both  Macon 
and  Augusta,  thus  forcing  the  confederates  to  divide  their 
forces,  then  passed  both,  and  moved  down  the  peninsula  be- 
tween the  Ogeechee  and  Savannah  rivers.  About  the  middle 
of  Dec,  Sherman  stood  before  Savannah,  then  held  by  the  Con- 
federate general  Hardee,  almost  completely  invested  the  city, 
and  captured  fort  M'AUister  (13  Dec),  thus  gaining  access  to 
Dahlgren's  fleet.  Hardee  evacuated  Savannah  20  Dec,  and 
the  next  day  Sherman's  armj'  entered  that  city.  Over  200 
guns  were  captured  with  Savannah,  and  35,000  bales  of  cotton 
were  seized  as  a  legitimate  prize  of  war.  Sherman  transferred 
the  forts  and  city  to  gen.  Foster  (18  Jan.  1865),  and  began  his 
march  through  the  Carolinas.  He  threatened  at  once  Augusta 
and  Charleston,  and  passed  both.  On  12  Feb.,  Charleston,  evac- 
uated by  Hardee,  was  occupied  by  the  national  forces.  While 
Sherman  was  approaching  Goldsborough,  Hardee's  forces,  with 
the  remnants  of  Hood's  old  array  and  detachments  from  other 
sources,  were  gathered  together  in  North  Carolina  and  placed 
under  gen.  Johnston.  A  portion  of  this  force,  under  Hardee, 
contested  Sherman's  approach  to  Goldsborough  (16  Mch.)  at  Av- 
erysborough,  and  was  defeated.  Johnston's  entire  army  was  en- 
countered at  Bentonville  (18  Mch.),  but  Slocum  held  his  ground 
until  the  right  wing  came  to  his  support,  and  Johnston  retreated 
on  the  22d.  Terry  and  Schofield  in  the  meantime  joined  Sher- 
man. After  Lee's  surrender  (9  Apr.),  Johnston  and  Sherman 
entered  into  negotiations  for  surrender,  which  were  disproved 

TONNAPxE    OF    SAIL    AND    STEAM    VESSELS    OF    THE    MERCHANT   MARINE   OF  THE 

COASTWISE  TRADE   AND   IN  FISHERIES. 


sllib'bolctll,  the  word  by  which  the  followers  of  Jeph- 
thah  tested  their  opponents  the  Ephraimites,  on  passing  the 
Jordan,  about  1143  b.c.  (Judg.  xii.).  The  term  is  now  applied 
to  any  |)arty  watchword  or  dogma. 

Slli'ites,  the  Mahometan  sect  predominating  in  Persia. 
Mahometanism. 

ihillillgr.  The  value  of  the  ancient  Saxon  coin  of 
this  name  was  fivepence,  but  it  was  reduced  to  fourpence 
about  a  century  before  the  Conquest.  After  the  Contjuest 
the  French  solidus  of  12  pence,  in  use  among  the  Nor- 
mans, was  called  shilling.  The  true  English  shilling  was 
first  coined,  some  say,  in  small  numbers,  by  Henry  VII., 
1504 — Ruding.  A  peculiar  shilling,  value  9  pence,' but  to 
be  current  at  12,  was  struck  in  Ireland,  1560 ;  and  a  large 
but  very  base  coinage  in  England  for  the  service  of  Ire- 
land, 1598.  Milled  shillings  were  coined  13  Chas.  H.  1662. 
Coins. 


Pittsburg  Landing. 


^hi'loh,  Battle  of. 

Sllip-t>uildillg.     The  first  ship  (probably  a  galley) 

was  brought  from  Egypt  to  Greece  by  Danaus,  1485  b.c 

Blai7\  The  first  double-decked  ship  was  built  by  the  Tyri- 
ans,  786  ^.c.—Lenglet.  The  Romans  built  their  first  fleet  of 
boats  by  copying  a  Carthaginian  vessel  wrecked  on  their 
coast  260  B.C.  The  first  double-decked  one  built  in  Eng- 
land was  of  1000  tons'  burden,  by  order  of  Henry  VIL; 
was  called  the  Great  Harry,  and  cost  14,000/.— /S/ow.'  Port- 
holes and  other  improvements  were  invented  by  Descharges, 
a  French  builder  at  Brest,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XII.,  about 
1500.  Ship-building  was  first  treated  as  a  science  by  Hoste, 
1696. 

First  vessel  built  in  New  York  harbor 1614 

First  in  Massachusetts,  at  Plymouth  (small) 1624 

First  vessel  on  lake  Erie '. 1679 

First  ship  down  the  Ohio  to  the  ocean isoi 

A  prehistoric  ship,  cut  out  of  solid  oak,  48  ft.  long,  4  ft.  4  in. 
wide,  and  2  ft.  deep,  was  found  while  excavating  in  Lincoln- 
shire, Engl Apr.  1885 

France,  a  sailing-ship,  built  on  the  Clyde  by  messrs.  Henderson, 
5  masts,  360  ft.  long,  48  ft.  wide,  bowsprit  50  ft.  long,  tonnage 

over  6000  tons Sept.  1890 

Carrack,  Navy,  Shipping,  States  mentioned.  Steam  navigation, 
etc. 

§hip-inoney  was  first  levied  in  England  about  1007, 
to  form  a  navy  to  oppose  the  Danes.  This  impost,  levied  by 
Charles  I.  in  1634-36,  was  much  opposed,  and  led  to  the  revo- 
lution. He  assessed  London  in  7  ships  of  4000  tons,  and  1560 
men ;  Yorkshire  in  2  ships  of  600  tons,  or  12,000/. ;  Bristol  in  1 
ship  of  100  tons ;  Lancashire  in  1  ship  of  400  tons.  Among 
others,  John  Hampden  refused  to  pay  the  tax ;  he  was  tried] 
in  the  exchequer  in  1636.  The  judges  declared  the  tax  legal,! 
12  June,  1637.  Ship-money  was  one  of  the  grievances  com-l 
plained  of  in  1641.  The  5  judges  who  had  sustained  it  were] 
imprisoned.  Hampden  received  a  wound  in  a  skirmish  with] 
prince  Rupert,  at  Chalgrove,  18  June,  and  died  24  June,  1643. 

"Ship  of  Fools"  or"]Varren§cliiff."    An 

allegorical  satire  in  verse,  by  Sebastian  Brandt  of  Strasburg; 
pub.  1494 ;  very  popular  at  the  time.     Literature. 

shipping',  American.  The  following  tables  show  the  j 
various  statistics  regarding  the  vessels  and  tonnage  of  Ameri- 
can shipping  for  the  several  years  named : 

U.  S.  EMPLOYED    IN   FOREIGN  AND 


Year. 

Foreign  trade. 

Coastwise. 

Whale  fisheries. 

Other  fisheries. 

Sail. 

Steam. 

Total. 

Per  cent,  of 
increase  or 
decrease. 

1789 

tons. 

123,893 

346,254 

667,107 

981,019 

600,003 

762,838 

1.439,694 

2,379,396 

1,448,846 

1,314,402 

928,062 

tons. 

68,607 

103,775 

272,492 

405,347 

617,805 

1,176,694 

1,797,825 

2,644,867 

2,638,247 

2,637,686 

3.409,435 

tons. 

3,466 
3,589 
40,503 
136,927 
146,017 
166,841 
67,954 
38,408 
18,633 

tons. 
9,062 
28,348 
29,427 
34.828 
78,255 
104,305 
151,918 
162,764 
91,460 
77,538 
68,367 

tons. 

201,562 

478,377 

972,492 

1,424,783 

1,311,687 

1,978,425 

3,009.507 

4,485,931 

3,171,412 

2,856,476 

2,565,409 

tons. 

24' 879 

202,339 

525,947 

867,937 

1,075,095 

1,211,558 

1,859,088 

tons. 

201,562 

478,377 

972.492 

1,424,783 

1,336,566 

2,180,764 

3,535,454 

5,353,868 

4,246,507 

4,068,034 

4,424,497 

1790 . . . 

1800 

137.33 

1810 . 

1823 

3.52 
5.51 

1840 

.89 

1850 

4.02 

1860 

6.64 

1870 

4.06 

1880 

2.41 

1890 

—  2.42 
2.71 

SHI 


733 


SHR 


In  1861  the  foreign  trade  tonnage  reached  its  maximum  of 
2,643,628  tons,  including  the  whale  fisheries.  In  1858,  78  per 
cent,  of  the  exports  and  imports  was  carried  in  American 
ships;  in  1891,  less  than  13  per  cent. 

CLASS,   NUMBER,  AND    TONNAGE    OF   VESSELS   BUILT    IN    THE 
U.  S.  FROM   1820   FOR  THE  YEARS  GIVEN. 


Year. 

1 

n 

|i 

1 

Tons. 

1 

Tons. 

II 

Total 
tons. 

1820 

22 

60 

301 

152 

535 

47,784 

22 

3,610 

557 

51,394 

1830 

25 

56 

403 

116 

600 

51,491 

48 

7,068 

648 

58,560 

1840 

97 

109 

378 

224 

808 

106,518 

87 

14,685 

895 

121,203 

1850 

247 

117 

554 

307 

1225 

227,997  197 

51,258 

1422 

279,255 

1860 

no 

36 

372 

289 

807 

145,427  275 

69,370 

1082 

214,797 

1870 

73 

27 

519 

709 

1328 

206.332  290 

70,620 

1618 

276,953 

1880 

23 

2 

286 

243 

554 

78,556  348 

78,853 

902 

157,409 

1890 

10 

• 

347 

284 

641 

135,077  410 

159,045 

1051 

294,122 

NUMBER  AND  TONNAGE  OF  VESSELS  BUILT  IN   THE  DIFFER- 
ENT DISTRICTS  AND  YEARS  GIVEN. 


1857... 
1867... 
1877... 
1890.. . 


New  England 
coast. 


Tons. 


183,625 
135,189 
90,992 

78,577 


Entire 
seaboard. 


No. 


1008 
998 
708 
756 


Tons. 


285,453 
230,810 
132,996 
169,091 


Mississippi 

and 
tributaries. 
No.    Tons. 


41,854 
35,106 
34,693 
16,506 


No.     Tons. 


182  51,498 
296 1  39,679 
89  8,903 
191108,526 


1434 
1519 
1029 
1051 


378,805 
305,595 
176,592 
294,123 


Largest  number  of  ships  and  barks  built  in  any  year  since 
1789  (1855),  381;  brigs  (1815),  224;  schooners  (1816),  781; 
canal-boats  and  barges  (1873),  1221;  steam  -  vessels  (1864), 
620. 


NUMBER  OF  VESSELS  IN  THE  U.  S.  MERCHANT  MARINE,  1891. 

Engaged  in  foreign  trade. 

Number. 

Tons. 

Steamers 

263 
1,246 

'7 

236  070 

Sail-vessels 

749,968 

Canal-boats 

Barges i , 

2,680 

Total 

1,516 

5,945 
12,407 
1,146 
1,331 

988,718 

1,776,269 

1,339,530 

121,000 

373,077 

Engaged  in  home  trade. 

Canal-boats 

Barges 

Total 

20,829 

3,609,876 

Total  foreign  and  home. . . . 

22,345 

4,598,594 

shipping',  British.  Shipping  was  first  registered  in 
the  river  Thames  in  1786;  and  throughout  the  empire  in 
1787.  In  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  the  shipping  of 
England  was  but  500,000  tons— less  than  that  of  London 
now.  In  1830,  the  number  of  ships  in  the  British  empire  was 
22,785. 

NUMBER  OF  REGISTERED  SAILING  AND  STEAM  VESSELS  OF 
THE  UNITED  KINGDOM  ENGAGED  IN  HOME  AND  FOREIGN 
TRADE   FOR  THE  YEARS  GIVEN. 


Vessels. 


Sail... 
Steam. 


1871. 


Sail... 
Steam. 


Total. 


(Sail... 
{ Steam. 


Total. 


/Sail... 
1  Steam. 


(Sail... 
(Steam. 


Total. 


Number. 


19,288 


20,285 
19,650 
2,557 


22,207 
17,101 
3,218 


20,319 
12,292 
5,202 


17,494 
11,570 
5,855 


17,425 


Tons. 


,918,511 
441,184 


4,343,558 
1,290,003 


4,138,149 
1,977,489 


6,115,638 
3,054,059 
4,297,829 


7,351,888 
2,893,372 
5,021,764 


7,915,136 


In  1889  the  total  tonnage  of  the  British  merchant 
marine  was  9,472,060,  of  which  7,641,157  tons  were  of  the 
United  Kingdom ;  for  the  same  year  the  U.  S.  had  4,307,475 
tons. 


NUMBER    OF    VESSELS    BUILT    FOR    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM'S 
MERCHANT   MARINE   FOR  THE  YEARS  HERE  GIVEN. 


Vessels. 

Number. 

Tons 

(Sail 

269 
465 

75,696 
407,445 

*  (Steam... 

(Sail 

Total 

734 

277 
582 

483,141 
117,481 
554,024 

■  (Steam... 

(Sail 

Total 

859 
277 
581 

671,506 
123,224 
528,789 

•  (Steam... 

Total 

858 

652,013 

shipivrecks.    Wrecks. 

Sllirt§  are  said  to  have  been  first  generally  worn  in  the 
west  of  Europe  early  in  the  8th  century.— Dm  Fresnoy, 
Woollen  shirts  were  commonly  worn  in  England  nntil  about 
1253,  when  coarse  linen  (fine  coming  at  this  period  from 
abroad)  was  first  manufactured  in  England  by  Flemish  arti- 
sans.— Stow. 

shoddy,  woollen  goods,  manufactured  from  old  woollen 
rags,  or  refuse,  to  which  new  wool  is  added,  is  stated  to  have 
been  first  manufactured  about  1813,  at  Batley,  near  Dewsbury, 
Yorkshire.  Manufactured  and  sold  extensively  in  the  United 
States,  1863-73. 

shoes  among  the  Jews  were  made  of  leather,  linen,  rush, 
or  wood.  Moons  were  worn  as  ornaments  in  their  shoes  by 
Jewish  women  (Isa.  iii.  18).  Pythagoras  would  have  his  dis- 
ciples wear  shoes  of  the  bark  of  trees,  probably  to  avoid  the 
use  of  the  skins  of  animals,  as  they  refrained  from  taking  life. 
The  Romans  wore  an  ivory  crescent  on  shoes ;  and  Caligula 
enriched  his  with  precious  stones.  In  England,  about  1462, 
the  people  wore  the  beaks  or  points  of  their  shoes  so  long  as 
to  encumber  them  in  walking,  and  were  forced  to  tie  them  up 
to  their  knees ;  the  fine  gentlemen  fastened  theirs  with  chains 
of  silver  or  silver  gilt,  others  with  laces.  This  was  prohibited, 
on  the  forfeiture  of  20s.  and  on  pain  of  being  cursed  by  the 
clergy,  7  Edw.  IV.  1467.  Dress.  Shoes,  as  at  present  worn, 
were  introduced  about  1633.  The  buckle  Avas  not  used  till 
1668.— Stow ;  Mortimer.  Pieter  Camper,  an  eminent  Dutch 
surgeon,  published  a  treatise  on  the  best  form  of  the  shoe, 
1782.  The  buckle-makers  petitioned  against  the  use  of  shoe- 
strings  in  1791. 

shooting-Stars.     Meteorites. 

short-hand.     Stenography. 

"short- lived"   administration  —  that  of 

William  Pulteney,  earl  of  Bath,  lord  Carlisle,  lord  Winchel- 
sea,  and  lord  Granville— existed  from  10  Feb.  to  12  Feb. 
1746. 

Shoshones  (sho-sho'nes)  or  ISnake  Indians. 

shot.  In  early  times  various  missiles  were  shot  from 
cannon.  Bolts  are  mentioned  in  1413 ;  and  in  1418  Henry  V. 
ordered  his  clerk  of  ordnance  to  get  7000  stone  shot  made  at 
the  quarries  at  Maidstone.  Since  then  chain,  grape,  and 
canister  shot  have  been  invented,  as  well  as  shells ;  all  are  de- 
scribed in  Scoffern's  "  Projectile  Weapons  of  War,  and  Explo- 
sive Compounds,"  1868.     Bombs,  Cannon. 

Shrewsbury,  a  town  of  Shropshire,  Engl.,  arose  after 
the  ruin  of  the  Roman  town  Uriconium  (Wroxeter),  and  be- 
came one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  kingdom,  having  a  mint  till 
the  reign  of  Henry  III.  Here  Richard  II.  held  a  parliament 
in  1397. — On  23  July,  1403,  was  fought  a  sanguinary  battle  at 
Hately  field,  near  Shrewsbury,  between  the  army  of  Henry 
IV.  and  that  of  the  nobles,  led  by  Percy  (surnamed  Hotspur), 
son  of  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  who  had  conspired  to  de- 
throne Henry.  Henry  was  seen  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight, 
with  his  son,  afterwards  Henry  V.  The  death  of  Hotspur  by 
an  unknown  hand  gave  the  victory  to  the  king. — Hume. 

Prince  Henry.  Why,  Percy  I  killed  myself,  and  saw  thee  dead. 

Falstaff.  Didst  thou?— Lord,  lord,  how  this  world  is  given  to 
lying!  I  grant  you,  I  was  down,  and  out  of  breath;  and  so  was  he: 
but  we  rose  both  in  an  instant,  and  fought  a  long  hour  by  Shrews- 
bury clock.  —Shakespeare,  "Henry  IV. "  pt.  i.  act  v.  sc.  iv. 

Shrop'shire  (corrupted  from  Salop-shire),  Battle  of,  in 
which  the  Britons  were  subjugated,  and  Caractacus,  king  of 


SHR 

the  Silures,  became,  through  the  treachery  of  the  queen  of 
the  Brigautes,  a  prisouer  to  the  Romans,  60. 

Shrove  Tuesday,  the  day  before  Ash- Wednesday, 
the  first  day  of  the  Lent  fast,     Carnivau 

$tiaill%  a  kingdom  in  India,  bordering  on  the  Bnrmese 
empire.  Siam  was  rediscovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1511, 
and  a  trade  established,  in  which  the  Dutch  joined  about  1604. 
A  British  ship  arrived  about  1613.  In  1683  a  Cephalonian 
Greek,  Constantine  Phaulcon,  became  foreign  n)inister  of 
Siam,  and  opened  a  communication  with  France;  Louis  XIV. 
gent  an  embassy  in  1686  to  convert  the  king,  without  effect. 
After  several  attempts,  sir  John  Bowring  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing a  treaty  of  friendship  and  commerce  between  England  and 
Siam,  which  was  signed  30  Apr.  1866,  and  ratified  5  Apr.  1866. 
2  ambassadors  from  Siam  arrived  in  England  in  Oct.  1867, 
and  had  an  audience  with  queen  Victoria;  they  brought  with 
them  magnificent  presents,  which  they  delivered  crawling,  on 
16  Nov.  They  visited  Paris  in  June,  1861.  By  a  treaty  with 
France,  the  French  protectorate  over  Cambodia  was  recognized ; 
signed  16  July,  ratifieti  24  Oct.  1867.  The  king,  Khoulalon- 
korn,  born  2l'SepU  1863,  has  reigned  from  1  Oct.  1868;  the 
king  was  entertained  at  Calcutta,  7-12  Jan.  1872;  a  political 
constitution  was  decreed,  8  May,  1874.  Queen  Victoria  re- 
ceived the  order  of  the  White  Elephant  from  the  Siamese 
minister  at  Windsor,  2  July,  1880.  Area,  250,000  sq.  miles. 
Population  of  Siam  (1891)  about  9,000,000. 
King  Khoulalonkorn  (b.  21  Sept.  1853) ;  succeeded  his  father, 

Mongkout 1  Oct.  1868 

Changes  and  political  reforms  were  begun  by  the  king, 

16  Nov.  1873 
On  9  Oct.  1874,  he  invited  astronomers  to  Bangkok  to  view  the 

ecJiiwe  of 5  Apr.  1875 

Telegmphic  communication  with  France  opened 14  Jnly,  1883 

Gradual  abolition  of  slavery  nearly  completed 1886 

Bangkok- Pankam  railroad  commenced 16  July,  1891 

Prince  Damrong,  half-brother  of  the  king,  on  a  mission,  travels 

through  Europe 1891-92 

French  troops  occupy  Rhone  island  in  the  Mekong  river;  Sia- 
mese withdraw  without  resistance 9  Apr.  1893 

French  begin  active  hostilities;  gun-boats  fire  on  the  Pakim 
forts,  Bangkok  (Franck,  1893) " 

Siaine§e  tV^ins.  2  persons  born  about  1811,  with  all 
the  faculties  of  distinct  individuals,  though  united  by  a  short 
cartilaginous  band  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach.  They  were 
named  Chang  and  Eng,  and  were  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the 
Siam  river  by  an  American,  Robert  Hunter,  who  took  them  to 
New  York,  where  they  were  exhibited.     Capt.  Coffin  brought 


734  SIC 

instantly  murdered.  The  populace  ran  through  tho  city,  crying 
out,  "Let  tho  French  die!"  and,  without  distinction  of  rank,  age, 
or  sex,  slaughtered  all  of  that  nation  they  could  find,  to  tho  num- 
ber of  about  8000.  Even  the  churches  proved  no  sanctuary,  and 
tho  massacre  became  general  throughout  the  island. 

I  SIc'lly  (anciently  Trinacria,  three-cornered),  the  largest 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  which  mount  ^Etna  is  situated. 
The  early  inhabitants  were  the  Sicani,  who  probably  came 
from  Italy  about  1294  b.c.  Afterwards  the  Siculi,  according 
to  Niebuhr,  of  Pelasgian  origin,  dwelling  in  Latium  about  the 
Tiber,  crossed  to  the  island,  and  from  them  it  received  its 
name.  The  Phoenicians  and  Greeks  settled  some  colonies 
here  (736-682),  and  it  was  made  a  Roman  province  212  b.c 
In  the  production  of  wheat  the  Romans  considered  the  island 
one  of  their  best  granaries.  It  is  supposed  that  Sicily  was 
separated  from  Italy  by  an  earthquake,  and  that  the  strait  of 
Messina  was  thus  formed.  Its  government  has  frequently 
been  united  with  and  separated  from  that  of  Naples.  It 
now  forms  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Area,  11,289  sq. 
miles.  Pop.  in  1856,  2,231,020;  1871,  2,565,323;  1875,  2,698,- 
672;  1881,2,927,901;  1890,  estimated  3,286,472.  ^  (,. 

Syracuse  founded  (Eusebius) about    732  " 

Gela  founded  (Thucydides) 680  or  713 

Agrigkntum  founded 582 

Phalaris,  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  put  to  death  (Brazkn  Bull).  . .    549 

Law  of  Petalism  instituted 460 

Athenian  expedition  fails 413 

War  with  Carthage 409 

Uionysius  becomes  master  of  Syracuse,  makes  peace  with  the 

Carthaginians,  and  reigns 406-367 

Dionysius  II.  sells  Plato  for  a  slave,  who  is  ransomed  by  his 

friends 360 

Pionysius  expelled  by  Timoleon 343~ 

Who  governs  well ;  and  dies 337  ^ 

Agathocles  usurps  power  at  Syracuse,  317;  defeated  at  Himera 

by  Carthaginians,  310 ;  poisoned 289 

Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  invades  Sicily;  expels  most  of  the 

Carthaginians;  returns  to  Italy 278-277 

Hiero  II.  defeated  by  the  Romans 265 

Becomes  their  ally 264 

Romans  enter  Sicily  (Punic  wars) •' 

Agrigentum  taken  by  the  Romans 262 

Palermo  besieged  by  the  Romans 254 

Archimedes  flourishes about    236 

Hiero  II.  dies,  over  90  years  of  age 216 

Romans  take  Syracuse,  and  make  Sicily  a  province;  Archi- 
medes slain 212 

Carthaginians  lose  half  their  possessions,  241;  the  remain- 
der      " 

Servile  wars;  much  slaughter 135,  134,  132 

Tyrannical  government  of  Verres  (for  which  he  was  accused 
by  Cicero) 73-71 


them  to  England.     After  several  years  in  Britain,  they  went  I  ^'^'iLl'fJn  .^Y.S„"/  ^'^"P^*"^'  ^«"  ^^  ^^®  ^reat  Pompey,  42 

to  America,  where  they  settled  on  a  farm,  and  married  two  j 

sisters.     In  1865  they  were  in  North  Carolina  in  declining 

health.    Their  exhibition  in  London  began  again,  8  Feb.  1869. 

They  died  in  America,  within  2  hours  of  each  other,  16,  17 

Jan.  1874. 

Sibe'ria,  a  country  of  N.  Asia.  In  1580  the  conquest 
was  begun  by  the  Cossacks  under  Jerraak  Timofejew.  In  1710 
Peter  the  Great  began  to  send  prisoners  thither.  An  insurrec- 
tion broke  out  among  the  Poles  in  Siberia  in  June,  1866,  and 
was  soon  suppressed.  Area,  4,833,496  sq.  miles.  Pop.  4,484,- 
549.     Russia. 

sib'yii  (Lat.  sibyllce),  women  believed  to  be  inspired.  Plato 
speaks  of  1,  others  of  2,  Pliny  of  3,  ^lian  of  4,  and  Varro  of 
10,  as  follows :  The  Persian,  Libyan,  Delphian,  Cuncean,  Eryth- 
r(Ban,  Samian,  Cyma,  Hellesponiine,  Phrygian,  Tiburtine.  An 
Erjnhraean  sibyl  is  said  to  have  offered  to  Tarquin  II.  9  books 
containing  the  Roman  destinies,  demanding  for  them  300 
pieces  of  gold.  He  denied  her,  whereupon  the  sibyl  threw  3 
into  the  fire,  and  asked  the  same  price  for  the  other  6,  which 
being  denied,  she  burned  3  more,  and  again  demanded  the 
same  sum  for  the  rest;  when  Tarquin,  conferring  with  the 
pontiffs,  was  advised  to  buy  them.  Two  magistrates  were 
created  to  consult  them  on  all  occasions,  531  b.c.     Quindk- 

CEMVIKS. 

Sieiriail  Ve§per8,  the  term  given  to  the  massacre 
of  the  French  (who  had  conquered  Sicily,  1266)  which  began 
at  Palermo,  30  Mch.  1282. 
On  Easter  Monday  conspirators  assembled  at  Palermo,  and  while 

the  French  were  engaged  in  festivities  a  Sicilian  bride  passed 

with  her  train.     One  Drochet,  a  Frenchman,  used  her  rudely, 

under  pretence  of  searching  for  arms.     A  young  Sicilian  stabbed 

him  with  his  own  sword;  and,  a  tumult  ensuing,  200  French  were 


defeated ;  expelled 36 

Invaded  by  the  Vandals,  440  a.d.  ;  by  the  Goths,  493;  taken  for  a.d. 

the  Greek  emperors  by  Belisarius 535 

Conquered  l)y  the  Saracens 832-78 

Greeks  and  Arabs  driven  out  by  a  Norman  prince,  Roger 
I.,  son  of  Tancred,  1058;  who  takes  the  title  of  count  of 

Sicily 1061-90 

Roger  II.,  son  of  the  above-named,  unites  Sicily  with  Naples, 

and  is  crowned  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies 1131 

Charles  of  Anjou,  brother  of  St.  Louis,  king  of  France,  con- 
quers Naples  and  Sicily,  deposes  the  Norman  princes,  and 

makes  himself  king 1266 

French  massacred  (Sicilian  Vkspers) 1282 

Sicily  seized  by  a  fleet  sent  by  the  king  of  Aragon;  Naples  re- 
mains to  the  house  of  Anjou " 

Alphonso,  king  of  Aragon,  takes  possession  of  Naples 1435 

Kingdom  of  Naples  and  Sicily  united  to  the  Spanish  monarchy 

under  Ferdinand  the  Catholic 1501 

Victor,  duke  of  Savoy,  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  made  king  of 

Sicily 1713 

Which  he  gives  up  to  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  and  becomes 

king  of  Sardinia 1720 

Charles,  son  of  the  king  of  Spain,  becomes  king  of  the  Two 

Sicilies 1735 

Throne  of  Spain  becoming  vacant,  Charles,  who  is  heir,  vacates 
the  throne  of  the  Two  Sicilies  in  favor  of  his  third  son  Ferdi- 
nand, agreeably  to  treaty 1769 

Dreadful  earthquake  at  Messina,  in  Sicily,  which  destroys  40,- 

000  persons 1783 

French  conquer  Naples;  Ferdinand  IV.  retires  to  Sicily 1806 

Political  disturbances 1810 

New  constitution  granted,  under  British  auspices 1812 

French   expelled;    kingdom   of  Two   Sicilies   re-established; 

Ferdinand  returns  to  Naples;  abolishes  the  constitution 1815 

Revolution  at  Palermo  suppressed 1820 

Great  towns  in  Sicily  rise  and  demand  the  constitution;   a 

provisional  government  proclaimed 12  Jan.  1848 

King  nominates  his  brother,  the  count  of  Aquila,  viceroy,  17 

Jan. ;  promises  a  new  constitution 29  Jan.     " 

Sicilian  parliament  decrees  the  exclusion  of  the  Bourbon  fam- 
ily, 13  Apr. ;  and  invites  the  duke  of  Genoa  to  the  throne, 

11  July,     " 


SIC  735 

Messina  bombarded,  taken  by  the  Neapolitans 7  Sept.  1848 

Catania  taken  by  assault,  6   Apr. ;   Syracuse  surrenders,  23 

Apr. ;  and  Palermo 15  May,  1849 

Insurrections  suppressed  at  Palermo,  Messina,  and  Catania,  4 
Apr.  et  seq. ;  the  rebels  retire  into  the  interior, 

21  Apr.  et  seq.  1860 
Garibaldi  and  2200  men  embark  at  Genoa,  5  May ;  land  at  Mar- 
sala, 11  May;  he  abandons  his  ships,  and  assumes  dictator- 
ship in  the  name  of  the  king  of  Sardinia 14  May,     " 

He  defeats  the  royal  troops  at  Calatafimi,  15  May;  storms  Pa- 
lermo, 27  May;  which  is  bombarded  by  the  royal  fleet,  28 

May;  armistice 31  May,     " 

A  provisional  government  formed  at  Palermo,  3  June;  which 

is  evacuated  by  the  Neapolitans 6  June,     " 

Garibaldi  defeats  the  Neapolitans  at  Melazzo 20,  21  July,     " 

Convention  signed,  the  Neapolitans  to  evacuate  Sicily  (retain- 
ing the  citadel  of  Messina) 30  July,     " 

New  Sicilian  constitution  proclaimed 3  Aug.     " 

Garibaldi  embarks  for  Calabria  (Naples) 19  Aug.     " 

Prof  Saffi  (late  of  Oxford),  a  short  time  dictator Sept.     " 

Sicilians  by  universal  suffrage  vote  for  annexation  to  Sardinia 

(432,054  against  667) 21  Oct.      " 

Victor  Emmanuel  visits  Sicily 1  Dec.     " 

Citadel  of  Messina  blockaded,  28  Feb. ;  surrenders  to  gen.  Cial- 

diui 13  Mch.  1861 

King  Victor  Emmanuel  warmly  received  at  Messina May,  1862 

Italy,  Naples. 

"  §ick  man,"  an  epithet  applied  to  Turkey,  by  the 
czar  Nicholas,  14  Jan.  1854.     Russo-Turkish  wars. 

Sic'yOll,  an  ancient  Grecian  kingdom  in  the  Peloponne- 
sus, founded,  it  is  said,  about  2080  B.C.  Its  people  took  part 
in  the  wars  in  Greece,  usually  supporting  Sparta.  In  252  it 
became  a  republic  and  joined  the  Achaean  league  formed  by 
Aratus.  It  was  the  country  of  the  sculptors  Polycletes  (436) 
and  Lysippus  (328  b.c.). 

iide'real  time.  The  time  in  which  the  earth  rotates 
on  its  axis,  the  sidereal  day,  is  the  interval  between  2  con- 
secutive passages  of  a  star  across  the  meridian.  This  day  is 
divided  into  24  equal  parts,  called  sidereal  hours,  the  hour 
into  60  sidereal  minutes,  etc.  This  time  is  practically  invari- 
able. The  interval  of  time  from  the  moment  the  sun  leaves 
a  fixed  star  until  it  returns  to  it  constitutes  a  sidereal  year, 
and  measured  by  solar  time  is  365  days  6  hrs.  9  min.  9.6  sec, 
being  longer  than  the  solar  j'ear.  The  solar  year  is  the  inter- 
val between  2  successive  passages  of  the  sun  through  the  same 
Equinox  ;  if  the  equinoxes  were  fixed  points  the  solar  and 
sidereal  year  would  be  identical,  but  the  equinoxes  recede 
from  east  to  west  50.27"  annually;  thus  the  sun  reaches  the 
*quinox  sooner  every  year  by  50.27"  of  arc,  or  by  20  rain. 
22.9  sec.  of  time,  and  the  mean  solar  year  is  20  min.  22.9  sec. 
shorter  than  the  sidereal  year,  or  365  days  5  hrs.  48  rain.  46.7 
sec. 

§ic1er'OStat  (from  sidus,  Lat.  for  a  star),  an  apparatus 
•constructed  by  M.  Leon  Foucault,  shortly  before  his  death,  11 
Feb.  1868,  for  observing  the  light  of  stars  just  as  that  of  the 
sun  is  studied  in  the  camera-obscura.  It  consists  of  a  mirror 
moved  by  clockwork,  and  a  fixed  objective  glass  for  concen- 
trating the  rays  into  a  focus. 

ISi'clOIl  or  Zi'dou,  Syria,  a  city  of  Phoenicia,  to  the 
north  of  Tyre.  It  was  conquered  by  Cyrus  about  537  b.c., 
and  surrendered  to  Alexander,  332  b  c.  Phcenicia.  The 
town  was  taken  from  the  pacha  of  Egypt  by  the  troops  of  the 
sultan  and  of  his  allies,  assisted  by  some  ships  of  the  British 
squadron,  under  commodore  Charles  Napier,  27  Sept.  1840. 
Syria. 

Siedlce  (_sed  'ce),  a  village  of  Poland,  where  a  battle 
■was  fought  10  Apr.  1831,  between  the  Poles  and  Russians. 
The  Poles  obtained  the  victory  after  a  bloody  conflict,  taking 
4000  prisoners  and  several  pieces  of  cannon ;  but  this  success 
was  soon  followed  by  fatal  reverses. 

iieig^e.  Azotus  or  Ashdod,  which  was  besieged  by  the 
Egyptian  monarch  Psammetichus  the  Powerful,  held  out  19 
years.— f/sAer.  For  29  years.— flerodotus.  This  was  the 
longest  siege  of  antiquity.  The  siege  of  Troy,  the  most 
celebrated,  lasted  10  years,  1184  b.c.  But  the  siege  of  Jeru- 
salem by  Titus,  70  a.d.  (surrendered  8  Sept.),  was  the  most 
dreadful  ever  recorded.  Following  are  the  principal  sieges 
since  the  12th  century ;  for  details  of  most,  see  separate  arti- 
cles. 

Acre,  1192, 1799,  1832,  1840.  I      used  by  French  engineer  named 

Algesiras,  1341.  Renau),  1816. 

Algiers,  1081  (bomb  vessels  first    Alkmaer.  1573. 


SIE 


Almeida,  27  Aug.  1810. 

Amiens,  1597. 

Ancona,  1174,  1799,  1860. 

Antwerp,  1576,  1583,  1585,  1746, 
1832. 

Arras,  1640. 

Atlanta,  U.  S.,1864. 

Azof,  1736. 

Badajoz,  11  Mch.  1811;  6  Apr. 
1812. 

Bagdad,  1258. 

Barcelona,  1697, 1714. 

Basing  House,  Hampshire,  Engl, 
one  of  the  most  gallant  de- 
fences made  by  the  royalists 
during  the  civil  war;  Crom- 
well carried  it  by  assault  14 
Oct.  1645,  after  repeated  trials 
by  others  and  a  desultory  siege 
of  2  years.  "The  Plundering 
of  Basing  House "  is  one  ol 
Landseer's  most  popular  paint 
ings. 

Belgrade,  1439,  1456,  1521,  1688, 
1717,  1739,  1789. 

Belle-Isle,  1761. 

Bergen-op-Zoom,  1622, 1747, 1814. 

Berwick,  1333,  1481. 

Bethune,  1710. 

Bilbao,  by  Carlists,  1874. 

Bois-le-Duc,  1603,  1794. 

Bologna,  1512,  1796,  1799. 

Bommel  (the  invention  of  the 
covered  way),  1794.         * 

Bonn,  1672,  1689, 1703. 

Boston,  U.  S.,  1775. 

Bouchain,  1711. 

Boulogne,  1544. 

Breda,  1625. 

Brescia,  1238, 1512,  1849. 

Breslau,  1807. 

Brisac,  1638,  1704. 

Brussels,  1695, 1746. 

Bomarsund,  1854. 

Buda,  1541,  1686. 

Burgos,  1812, 1813. 

Cadiz,  1812. 

Calais,  1347  (British  historians 
affirm  that  cannon  were  used 
at  Cressy,  1346,  and  here  in 
1347.  First  used  here  in  1388. 
—Rymer's  Feed.),  1558,  1596. 

Calvi,  1794. 

Candia  (the  largest  cannon  then 
known  in  Europe  used  here  by 
the  Turks),  1667. 

Cartliagena,  1706-7, 1740, 1873-74. 

Cawnpore,  1857. 

Chalus,  1199. 

Charleroi,  1693. 

Charleston,  U.  S.,  1864-65. 

Chartres,  1568. 

Cherbourg,  1758. 

Ciiidad  Rodrigo,  1810,  1812. 

Colchester,  1648. 

Comorn,  1849. 

Compiegne  (Joan  ot  Arc),  1430. 

Condd,  1676,  1793, 1794. 

Coni,  1691, 1744. 

Constantinople,  1453. 

Copenhagen,  1658,  1801,  1807. 

Corfu,  1716. ' 

Courtray.  1646. 

Cracow,  1702. 

Cremona,  1702. 

Dantzic,  1734,  1793,  1807,  1813, 
1814. 

Delhi,  18.57. 

Douay,  1710. 

Dresden,  1756, 1813. 

Drogheda,  1649. 

Dublin,  1500. 

Dunkirk,  1646,  1793. 

Flushing,  15  Aug.  1809. 

Frederickshald  ( Charles  XII. 
killed),  1718. 

Gaeta,  1435,  1734,  1860-61. 

Genoa,  1747,  1800. 

Gcrona,  1809. 

Ghent,  1708. 

Gibraltar,  1734,  1779,  1782-83. 

Glatz,  1742,  1807. 

GOttingen,  1760. 

Graves,  1674. 

Grenada,  1491, 1492. 

Groningen,  1594. 

Haerlem,  1572, 1573. 

Harfieur,  1415. 

Heidelberg,  1688. 

Herat,  1838. 

Humaita,  1868. 


Ismail,  1790.   , 

Kars,  1855. 

Kehl,  1733,  1796. 

Landau,  1702  et  seq.,  1792. 

Landrecy,  1712, 1794. 

Laon,  988,  991. 

Leipsic,  1757  etseq.,  1813. 

Lerida,  1647, 1707,  1810. 

Leyden,  1574. 

Liege,  1408,  1688, 1702. 

Lille,  1708, 1792. 

Limerick,  1651,  169L 

Londonderry,  1689. 

Lucknow,  1857. 

Louisburg,  1758. 

Luxemburg,  1795. 

Lyons,  1793. 

Maestricht,  1579,  1673  (Vauban 
first  came  into  notice),  1676, 
1748. 

Magdala,  1868. 

Magdeburg,  1631, 1806. 

Malaga,  1487. 

Malta,  1565, 1798,  1800. 

Mantua,  1797,  1799. 

Marseilles,  1524. 

Menin,  1706. 

Mentz,  1689,  1793. 

Messina,  1282,  1719, 1848,  1861. 

Metz,  1552-53, 1870. 

Mons,  1691,  1709,  1792. 

Montargis,  1426. 

Montauban,  1621. 

Montevideo,  .Tan.  1807. 

Motlie  (the  French,  taught  by  a 
Mr.  MuUer,  first  practised  the 
art  of  throwing  shells),  1634. 

Namur,  1692,  1746,  1794. 
Naples,   1435,   150^,   1557,   1792, 

1799,  1806. 
Nice,  1706 
Nienport,  1600. 
Olivenza,  1801, 1811. 
Olmutz,  1758. 
Orleans,  1428,  1563. 
Ostend,  1601,  1798. 
Oudenarde,  1706. 
Padua,  1509. 

Pampeluna,  1813. 
Paris,  1420,  1594, 1870, 1871. 
Parma,  1248. 
Pavia,  1524,  1655. 
Perpignan,  1542,  1642. 
Phalsbourg,  1814,  1815, 1870. 
Philipsburg,  1644, 1676, 1688  (first 
experiment  of  firing  artillery 
d  ricochet,  1734, 1799). 
Plevna,  1877. 
Pondicherry,  1748,  1793. 
Prague,  1741-44. 
Qucsnoy,  1793-94. 
Rheims,  1359. 
Rhodes,  1521. 
Richmond,  U.S.,  1864-65. 
Riga,  1700,  1710. 
Rochelle,  1573,  1627. 
Rome,  1527,  1798,  1849. 
Romorantin  (artillery  first  used 

in  sieges — Voltaire),  1356. 
Rouen,  1419,  1449,  159L 
Roxburgh,  1460. 
St.  Sebastian,  1813. 
Saragossa,  1710,  1808,  1809  (the 

2  last  dreadful). 
Sebastoi)ol,  1854-5. 
Schweidnitz  (first  experiment  to 
reduce  a  fortress  by  springing 
globes  of  compression),  1757- 
1762. 
Scio  (Greece),  1822. 
Seriugapatam,  1799. 
Seville,  1247-48. 
Silistria,  1854. 
Smolensko,  1632,  1812. 
Stralsund  (the  method  of  throw- 
ing red-hot  balls  first  practised 
with  certainty),  1715. 
Strasburg,  1870. 
Tarragona,  1811. 
Temeswar,  1716. 
Thionville,  1792. 
Thorn,  1703. 
Tortosa,  1811. 
Toulon,  1707,  1793. 
Toulouse,  1217. 

Tournay,  1340,  1513,  1583,  1667, 
1709  (this  was  the  best  defence 
ever     drawn    from     counter- 
mines), 1792. 
Treves,  1635, 1673,  1675. 
Tunis,  1270, 1535. 


SIE 


786 


SIL 


Turin,  1640.  1706. 
Valencia,  1705,  1707,  1712. 
Valeucieunes,  1677,  1798,  17M. 
VauDe«,  1342. 
Venloo,  1702. 
Verdun,  17i)2. 
Vicksburg,  V.  8.,  1863. 
Vienna,  1529,  1683. 


Wakefield,  1460. 
Warsaw,  1831. 
Xativa,  1246. 
Xeres.  1262. 
Yorklowu,  1781. 
Yprfcs,  1648. 
Zurich,  1544. 
Zutphen,  1686. 


SlenB  (se-a'na)  (fornoerly  Sena  Julia,  Italy),  in  the 
middle  ages  a  powerful  republic  rivalling  Florence  and  Pisa, 
weakened  through  intestine  quarrels,  was  subjugated  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  and  given  to  his  son  in  1655,  who  ceded  it 
to  Cosmo  of  Tuscany,  1657.  It  was  incorporated  with  France, 
1808-14. 

Sierra  Leone  (ae-er'ra  le^'ne),  a  colonial  settlement 
of  W.  Africa,  discovered  in  14C0.  In  1786,  London  swarmed 
with  free  negroes  in  idleness  and  want ;  and  400  of  them,  with 
60  whites,  mostly  women  of  bad  character  and  in  ill-health, 
were  sent  out  to  Sierra  Leone  at  the  charge  of  government  to 
form  a  settlement,  9  Dec.  1786.  In  1807  the  settlement  was 
given  up  to  the  crown.  It  extends  from  the  Scarcies  river  on 
the  north  to  Liberia  on  the  south,  180  miles.  By  agreement 
with  the  French  government,  10  Aug.  1889,  a  commission  was 
appointed  for  the  delimitation  of  the  British  and  French  pos- 
sessions in  W.  Africa,  Oct.  1890.  Commissioners  met  Dec. 
1891.     Area,  15,000  sq.  miles ;  pop.  180,009. 

§lgpnalS  are  alluded  to  by  Polybius.  Elizabeth  had  in- 
structions drawn  up  for  the  admiral  and  general  of  the  expe- 
dition to  Cadiz,  to  be  announced  to  the  fleet  in  a  certain  lati- 
tude ;  this  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  set  of  signals  given 
to  commanders  of  the  English  fleet.  A  system  for  the  navy 
was  invented  by  the  duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II.,  1665. 
— Guthrie.  A  regular  code  of  day  and  night  signals  was  ar- 
ranged by  adms.  Howe  and  Kempenfelt  of  the  British  navy, 
about  1790;  and  in  1812  capt.  Rodgers,  of  the  United  States 
navy,  arranged  an  admirable  signal  system.  A  code  of  sig- 
nals was  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  navy  department  in  1857.  An- 
other board  in  1859  tested  and  approved  a  system  of  night- 
signals  invented  by  B.  F.  Coston  of  the  U.  S.  navy;  and  in  Oct. 
1861  they  were  adopted  in  the  U.  S.  army.  A  new  system 
was  invented  by  gen.  Albert  J.  Myer,  which  was  used  in  both 
branches  of  the  service  by  night  and  day  during  the  civil  war. 
In  1870  the  signal-service  of  the  army  was  partly  formed  into 
a  meteorological  bureau  to  study  the  scientific  law  and  to 
notice  the  advance  of  storms.  In  1891  this  branch  of  the  ser- 
vice was  transferred  from  the  war  department  to  the  depart- 
ment of  agriculture,  and  the  Weather  Bureau  was  organized. 
For  fog  signals,  etc..  Acoustics. 

iig^nboards  were  used  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 
A  "  History  of  Signboards,"  by  Jacob  Larwood  and  John  Hot- 
ten,  was  pub.  in  1866. 

§ig;ner§  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  Con- 
stitution.    Constitution,  Declaration. 

Sikhs  (^seks),  a  people  of  N.  India,  invaded  the  Mogul 
empire,  1703-8.     India,  1849;  Punjab. 

Sil'ehester,  county  Hants,  Engl.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  the  Roman  town  Calleva  (built  on  the  site  of  the 
British  Caer  Segeint  or  Segont) ;  including  walls  of  excellent 
masonry,  a  basilica  and  forum,  private  dwellings,  etc.  Many 
discoveries  have  been  made  during  excavations  carried  on 
under  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Wellington,  since  1863. 
Coins  of  Claudius  I.  and  later  emperors  have  been  found.  A 
systematic  investigation  of  these  remains  was  begun  by  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  London,  23  June,  1890. 

Many  vases,  tools,  etc.,  discovered 1890 

Remains  of  a  presumed  Romano-British  church,  probable  date 

4th  century,  uncovered June,  1892 

Sile'§ia,  formerly  a  province  of  Poland,  was  invaded  by 
John  of  Bohemia,  1325,  and  ceded  to  him,  1355.  It  was  taken 
by  the  king  of  Hungary,  1478,  and  added  to  the  Austrian  do- 
minion, 1526.  It  was  conquered  and  lost  several  times  during 
the  Seven  Years'  war  by  Frederick  of  Prussia,  but  a  part  was 
retained  by  him  at  the  peace  in  1763.  In  1587  the  duke  of 
Leignitz  made  an  agreement  with  the  elector  of  Brandenburg 
that  if  either  died  without  issue  the  survivor  should  have  both 
realms.  The  duke  died  without  issue,  but  Leopold  I.  claimed 
the  dukedom  as  a  forfeited  fief.     At  the  death  of  Charles  VI. 


the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  then  Frederick  II.  (the  Great)^ 
claimed  Silesia  as  his  right,  based  upon  the  above  agreement; 
and  as  Maria  Theresa  of  Austria  refused  to  give  it  up,  the 
Silesian  wars  followed,  1741-63. 

§iriCOn  or  silicium  {se-lish'e-um)  (from  silex,  flint), 
a  non-metallic  element,  next  to  oxygen  the  most  abundant 
substance  in  the  earth,  as  it  enters  into  many  earths,  metallic  ^ 
oxides,  and  a  great  number  of  minerals.     The  mode  of  pro-  i 
curing   pure  silicon  was  discovered   by  Berzelius  in  1823. —  "^ 
Gmelin.     Ransomk's  stone,  Water-glass.  ' 

^ili§'tria,  a  strong  military  town  in  Bulgaria,  European 
Turkey.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians,  30  June,  1829,  and 
held  some  years  by  them  as  a  pledge  for  the  payment  of  a  ! 
large  sum  by  the  Porte;  but  was  eventually  restored.  In 
1864  it  was  again  besieged  by  the  Russians,  30,000  strong, 
under  prince  Paskiewitch,  and  many  assaults  were  made. 
Russo-TuRKisn  wars,  1854. 

§illi.  Wrought  silk  was  brought  from  Persia  to  Greece, 
324  B.C.  Known  at  Rome  in  Tiberius's  time,  when  the  sen- 
ate prohibited  the  use  of  plate  of  massive  gold,  and  forbade 
men  to  debase  themselves  bj'  wearing  silk,  fit  only  for  women. 
Heliogabalus  first  wore  a  garment  of  silk,  220  a.d.  Silk  was- 
at  first  of  the  same  value  with  gold,  weight  for  weight,  and 
was  thought  to  grow  like  cotton  on  trees.  Silk-worms  were, 
brought  from  India  to  Europe  in  the  6th  century.  Charle- 
magne sent  Oifa,  king  of  Mercia,  a  present  of  two  silken  vests, 
780.  The  manufacture  was  encouraged  by  Roger,  king  of 
Sicily,  at  Palermo,  1146,  when  the  Sicilians  not  only  bred  the 
silk-worms,  but  spun  and  wove  the  silk.  The  manufacture 
spread  into  Italy  and  Spain,  and  also  into  the  south  of  France, 
a  little  before  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  about  1610 ;  and  Henry 
IV.  propagated  mulberry-trees  and  silk-worms  throughout  the 
kingdom  about  1600.  In  England,  silk  mantles  were  worn  by 
some  noblemen's  ladies  at  a  ball  at  Kenilworth  castle,  1286. 
Silk  was  worn  by  the  English  clergy  in  1634.  Cultivated 
in  England  in  1604;  and  broad  silk  woven  from  raw  silk  in 
1620.  Brought  to  perfection  by  the  French  refugees  in  Lon- 
don at  Spitalfields,  1688.  A  silk-throwing  mill  was  made  in 
England,  and  fixed  up  at  Derby,  by  sir  Thomas  Lombe,  mer- 
chant of  London,  modelled  from  the  original  mill  then  in  the 
king  of  Sardinia's  dominions,  about  1714.  He  obtained  a  pat- 
ent in  1718,  and  died  3  Jan.  1739.  6  new  species  of  silk-worm 
were  rearing  in  France,  1861.  In  1858,  M.  Guerin-Meneville 
introduced  into  France  a  Chinese  worm  termed  the  Cynthia 
bombyx,  which  feeds  on  the  Ailanthvs  glandulosa,  a  hardy  tree- 
of  the  oak  kind.  The  cynthia  yields  a  silk-like  substance 
termed  Ailantine.  It  was  brought  to  Turin  by  Fantoni  in 
1866. 

silk  in  the  United  States.  James  I.  of  England,  seeking 
to  introduce  silk  culture  into  the  American  colonies,  forwarded 
eggs  to  Virginia,  and  offered  bounties  on  silk  cultivation,  but 
the  superior  profit  of  tobacco  culture  brought  the  experiment 
to  naught.  Silk  culture  was  introduced  in  Louisiana  in  1718, 
and  government  encouragement  was  given  to  the  industry  in 
Georgia.  Artisans  were  sent  to  Georgia  to  carry  on  silk  in- 
dustries in  1732.  The  first  export  of  raw  silk  (8  pounds)  was 
made  in  1734.  In  1749  the  production  at  Ebenezer,  on  the 
Savannah  river,  amounted  to  1000  lbs.  A  public  filature  or 
reel  for  drawing  off  silk  from  cocoons  was  set  up  in  Savannah 
in  1751.  From  1751  to  1754  the  exports  amounted  to  $8880, 
and  for  the  next  eighteen  years  there  was  an  annual  export 
averaging  646  lbs.  In  1760,  16,000  lbs.  of  cocoons  were  de- 
livered at  the  filature.  The  production  rapidly  declined 
under  British  taxation,  and  was  destroyed  entirely  by  the- 
Revolutionary  war.  The  history  of  silk  culture  in  South  Caro- 
lina was  almost  identical  with  that  in  Georgia.  In  Connecti- 
cut 200  lbs.  of  raw  silk  were  made  in  1789.  In  1790,  60  fami- 
lies in  New  Haven  and  30  in  Norfolk  were  engaged  in  the 
business.  In  1839  the  product  of  Mansfield,  Conn.,  was  about 
5  tons.  A  filature  was  established  in  Philadelphia  in  1770. 
With  a  climate  every  way  adapted  to  the  production  of  silk, 
California  bids  fair  to  become  a  great  silk  -  producing  state. 
Thousands  of  mulberry-trees  have  been  imported  to  afford 
food  for  the  silk-worms.  In  1876,  one  cocoonery  in  San  Jose 
had  1,000,000  silk-worms.  There  are  now  over  200  silk-fac- 
tories in  the  U.  S.,  and  the  cultivation  of  native  silk  seems; 


SIL 

to  be  reviving.  The  Women's  Silk-culture  Association  held 
an  exhibition  in  Philadelphia,  1881-82.  For  early  cult- 
ure, Conn  kcticut,  1747 ;  Georgia,  1735;  South  Carolina, 
1755. 

§ilot'vaar,  a  new  explosive,  invented  by  a  Russian 
engineer,  M.  Rouckteshell,  in  1886 ;  said  to  be  10  times  more 
powerful  than  gunpowder. 

Sil'lirei,  a  British  tribe,  occupying  the  counties  of  Mon- 
mouth and  Hereford,  was  subdued  by  the  Roman  general  Os- 
torius  Scapula,  50.  Shropshire.  From  this  tribe  is  derived 
the  geological  term  "  Silurian  strata,"  among  the  lowest  of 
the  palaeozoic,  or  primary  series,  from  their  occurrence  in  the 
above-mentioned  counties.  Murchison's  "Siluria"  was  pub. 
1849. 

silver  exists  in  most  parts  of  the  world,  and  is  found 
mixed  with  other  ores  in  various  mines  in  Great  Britain.  The 
silver-mines  of  South  America  are  by  far  the  richest,  especially 
those  of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  there  having  been  mined  over 
$650,000,000  from  the  mines  of  Porosi,  Bolivia,  since  their 
discovery.  In  1749,  one  mass  of  silver  weighing  370  lbs.  was 
sent  to  Spain.  From  a  mine  in  NorXvay  a  piece  of  silver  was 
dug,  and  sent  to  the  Royal  museum  at  Copenhagen,  weighing 
560  lbs.,  and  worth  1680/.  In  England  silver  plate  and  ves- 
sels were  first  used  by  Wilfrid,  a  Northumbrian  bishop,  709. — 
Tyrrell.  According  to  the  estimate  of  Mulhall,  Mexico  has 
produced  more  silver  since  1523  than  any  other  country  within 
the  last  500  years,  amounting  to  over  $3,050,000,000;  next  in 
order  is  Peru,  with  nearly  $3,000,000,000 ;  followed  by  the 
United  States,  with  $1,000,000,000  from  1849.  The  amount 
of  silver  produced  in  the  U.  S.  in  1890  was  $70,465,000,  the 
largest  output  in  the  world,  followed  by  Mexico  with  $50,000,- 
000.  The  states  depositing  the  most  silver  at  the  U.  S.  mints 
up  to  1891  were,  1st,  Nevada,  amount  $100,279,775;  2d,  Colo- 
rado, $24,467,565;  3(1,  Utah  territory,  $19,576,538;  4th,  Mon- 
tana, $16,556,225;  5th,  Arizona  territory,  $13,857,358,  etc., 
down  to  New  Hampshire  with  $1.74.  The  ratio  of  the  value 
of  silver  to  that  of  gold  varies,  viz.:  1000  B.C.,  12  to  1;  500  B.C., 
13  to  1 ;  commencement  Christian  era,  9  to  1 ;  500  A.D.,  18  to  1 ; 
1100,  8  to  1 ;  1400,  11  to  1 ;  1554,  6  to  1 ;  1561,  2  to  1 ;  1600, 10 
to  1 ;  1727,  13  to  1 ;  1800,  15.5  to  1.  This  ratio  was  maintained 
until  1872,  when  it  began  to  rise.  The  following  shows  the 
range  of  silver  quotations  in  London,  the  chief  market  of  the 
world,  and  the  dollar  value  and  the  ratio  of  silver  to  gold  for 
the  years  given  : 

RATIO  OF   SILVER   TO    GOLD. 


Average  price  per  oz.. 

Ratio  of  sil- 
ver to  gold. 

1845  49  

59Xd.=fl.30+ 
&\d.     —  1.33+ 
59d.     =  1.28 
52+d..-=  1.15+ 
51+d.=  1.12+ 
50+d.=i  1.11 
45+d.=  1.00+ 
42+d=  0.94 
42+d.:=  0.93+ 
¥J-\-d.=  1.04+ 
45+d.=  0.98+ 
39+d.=.  0.87+ 
36+d.=  0.80+ 

15.8+ 
15.4+ 
16  17 

1850  72  

1874  .... 

1876 

17.88 

1879 

18.40 

1883 

18.64 

1886 '. 

20.78 

1888 

21.99 

1889 

22  09 

1890 

19  76 

1891 

20  92 

1892 

23  72 

1893 

25  77 

[During  Feb.  1894,  the  price  of  silver  in  the  London  market  fell 
as  low  as  29j^d.,  about  65  cts.,  or  3^  part  of  the  price  of  gold,  the 
lowest  price  on  record  up  to  that  time.] 
Bland  Silver  bill.  Coin  and  coinage,  Gold. 

Silver  €rray§,  a  term  applied  to  the  Whigs  of  New 
York  who  supported  the  administration  of  president  Fillmore, 
and  regarded  the  slavery  question  settled  by  the  compromise 
of  1850.  A  convention  of  the  administration  was  held  at 
Syracuse,  27  Sept.  1850,  to  secure  a  vindication  of  the  presi- 
dent's polic}'-,  etc.  The  convention  resulted  in  an  emphatic 
majority  against  the  administration ;  whereupon  the  chair- 
man, Mr.  Granger,  and  several  other  administration  men,  left 
the  convention ;  as  they  were  elderly  men,  they,  with  their 
following,  were  immediately  dubbed  "  Silver  Grays." 

Simail'ca§,  a  town  of  Castile,  Spain.  Near  it  Ramirez 
II.  of  Leon  and  Ferdinand  of  Castile  gained  a  great  victory 
over  Abderahman,  the  Moorish  king  of  Cordova,  6  Aug.  938.  * 

Sim'nel  eon§piraey.     Rebellions,  1486. 
24 


737  SKA 

iSimo'llians,  a  sect  named  from  the  founder,  Simon 
Magus,  the  first  heretic,  about  41.  A  sect  of  social  reformers 
called  "St.  Simonians"  sprang  up  in  France  in  1819,  and  at- 
tracted considerable  attention ;  the  doctrines  were  advocated 
in  England,  particularly  by  dr.  Prati,  who  lectured  upon  them 
in  London,  24  Jan.  1834.  Sr.  Simon  died  in  1825,  and  his 
follower,  Pere  Enfantin,  died  1  Sept.  1864. 

si'moiiy  (trading  in  church  offices)  derives  its  name 
from  Simon  desiring  to  purchase  the  gift  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
(Acts  viii.  18,  19). 

Slni'plOll,  a  mountain  road  leading  from  Switzerland 
intoTtal}^,  constructed  by  Napoleon  in  1801-7.  It  winds  up 
passes,  crosses  cataracts,  passes  by  galleries  through  solid  rock, 
and  has  8  principal  bridges.  The  number  of  workmen  em- 
ployed varied  from  30,000  to  40,000. 

Sinai  {si'na-l),  Mount,  north  of  the  Red  sea,  be- 
tween Suez  and  Akabah  gulfs.  Here,  as  is  supposed,  the  10 
commandments  were  promulgated,  1491  b.c.  (Exod.  xx.). 
After  much  investigation  and  discussion  by  many  persons, 
dr.  Beke,  in  Feb.  1874,  confidently  identified  Sinai  with  a  peak 
in  28°  30'  N.  lat.  34°  E.  Ion. 

Sinde,  a  province  of  N.W.  India,  was  traversed  by  the 
Greeks  under  Alexander,  about  326  b.c.  ;  conquered  by  the 
Persian  Mahometans  in  the  8th  century  a.d.  ;  tributary  to  the 
Ghaznevide  dynasty  in  the  11th  century;  conquered  by  Nadir 
Shah,  1739;  reverted  to  the  empire  of  Delhi  after  his  death, 
1747  ;  after  various  changes  of  rulers,  Sinde  was  conquered  by 
the  English,  and  annexed,  Mch.  1843.  Napier  announced  its 
conquest  to  his  government  by  the  single  Latin  word  peccavi, 
i.  e.  "  I  have  sinned." 

singing^.     Hymns,  Music. 

Sino'pe,  an  important  Greek  colony  on  the  Euxine,  after 
resisting  several  attacks  was  conquered  by  Mithridates  IV., 
king  of  Pontus,  and  made  his  capital.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Diogenes,  the  cynic  philosopher.  On  30  Nov.  1853,  a  Turk- 
ish fleet  of  7  frigates,  3  corvettes,  and  2  smaller  vessels  was 
attacked  by  a  Russian  fleet  of  6  sail  of  the  line,  2  sailing- 
vessels,  and  3  steamers,  under  adm.  Nachimoff,  and  totally 
destroyed,  except  1  vessel,  which  conveyed  the  tidings  to 
Constantinople.  4000  lives  were  lost  by  fire  or  drowning, 
and  Osraan  Pacha,  the  Turkish  admiral,  died  at  Sebastopol 
of  his  wounds.  In  consequence  of  this  act  (considered  treach- 
erous) the  Anglo-French  fleet  entered  the  Black  sea,  3  Jan. 
1854. 

8i0UX  (soo).     Indians. 

§irene  (si-reen),  an  instrument  for  determining  the  ve- 
locity of  aerial  vibrations  corresponding  to  the  different  pitch- 
es of  musical  sounds,  was  invented  by  baron  Cagniard  de  la 
Tour  of  Paris  in  1819.  The  principle  was  shown  in  an  appa- 
ratus exhibited  by  Robert  Hooke  before  the  Royal  Society 
of  England,  27  Julj^,  1681.     Acoustics. 

§isterllOOCl§  in  the  English  church  were  begun  by 
Lvdia  Priscilla  Sellon  about  1846,  in  Devonshire;  she  died 
Nov.  1876. 

Sisters  of  Charity,  an  order  for  the  service  of  the 
sick  poor,  was  founded  by  Vincent  de  Paul,  in  1634.  Their 
establishment  in  London  began  in  1854. 

Siva  (see'va),  known  in  Hindu  mythology  as  the  Aven- 
ger or  Destroyer.     Brahmins. 

Six  ]Vations.     New  York,  1712. 
sRating^  (on  bones,  etc.)  is  said  to  have  been  practised 
in  prehistoric  times  by  northern  nations. 
Mentioned  by  the  Danish  historian  Saxo  Grammaticus.  .about  1134 

William  Fitz-Stephens  speaks  of  it  in  London about  1180 

Figures  of  skates  in  Olaiis  Magnus's  history printed  1555 

Blade-skates,  probably  from  Holland,  about  1660,  were  seen  in 

St.  James's  park  by  Evelyn  and  Pepys 1  nee.  1662 

An  Edinburgh  club  established 1744 

Robert  Jones's  "Art  of  Skating  "  pub 1772 

London  Skating  club,  1830;  Oxford  club , 1838 

Roller  skates  invented  by  .James  L.  Plimjiton  of  New  York —  1869 

National  Skating  Association  organized  in  England 1879 

Frank  Delmont  skates  1  mile  on  roller-skates  in  2  min.  50.4 

sec.  at  Olympia,  Engl 27  Aug.  1890 

J.  F.  Donoghue,  of  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  wins  the  l>s^-mile  interna- 
tional race  at  Lingay  Fen,  nenr  Cambridge,  Engl.,  in  4  min.  46 
sec.  (1890),  and  the  International  races  at  Amsterdam. 6-7  Jan.  1891 


SKE 


788 
BEST  SKATING   RECORDS. 


SLA 


i 


.6  iiiilo. 

.5      *' 
1 
1 

amiloa 

2  " 

5  " 

3  ♦' 

4  ♦• 
.    5  •* 

6  " 
10  " 
10  «' 
16  " 

ao  •' 

95  ♦• 

60  " 

100  " 


06.4 

ia.6 

46.6 

49 

43.8 

01 

46.4 

66.2 

16.4 

11 

36.4 

3a7 

26 


69.4 
3a2 


Skater. 


J.  F.  Donoghue,  straightaway  with  strong  wind 

J.  S.  Johnson 

J.  F.  Donoghuo,  straightaway  with  strong  wind 

J.  S.  Joimsou 

Harald  Hagen 

J.  S.  Jolmson 

Harald  Hagen 

P.  Oestlund 

J.  F.  Donoghuo 

Harald  Hagen 

J.  F.  Donoghue 

A.  D.  Norseng 

Harald  Hagen 

A.  Paulson 

J.  F.  Donoghue 


Place. 


Newburg,  N.  Y 

Minneapolis,  Minn 

Newburg,  N.  Y 

Minneapolis,  Minu 

Hainar,  Norway 

(*hristiania.  Norway 

Minneapolis,  Minn 

Hamar,  Norway 

Orange  I-ake,  N.  Y 

Hamar,  Norway 

Newburg,  N.  Y 

Hamar,  Norway 

Christiania  Fiord,  Norway 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

Cove  Pond,  near  Stamford,  Conn 


27  Jan. 

185 

25  Feb. 

m 

1    " 

m 

21  Jan. 

181 

2    " 

185 

28  Feb. 

2<)    " 

189 

3  Jan. 

189 

26  Feb. 

189 

8  Mch 

189 

27  Dec. 

189 

7  Feb. 

189 

21  Feb. 

189 

2    " 

m 

26  Jan. 

m 

"  Sketch  Book,"  Irving's.  The  first  number  was 
deposited  for  copyright  15  May,  1819.  It  contained  93  pages, 
and  consisted  of  the  "  Prospectus,"  "The  Author's  Account  of 
Himself,"  "The  Voyage,"  "Roscoe,"  "The  Wife,"  and  "Rip 
Van  Winkle." 

Skiiiner§.    Nkutral  ground. 

Skrae'lillg^§  (signifying  dwarfs),  a  name  given  to  the 
natives  (Esquimaux)  found  on  the  New  En_glaiid  coast  by  the 
Northmen  at  the  time  of  their  supposed  discovery.  Amekica. 
§lavery  and  slave-trade.  The  traffic  in  men  intro- 
duced from  Chaldaja  into  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and  spread  over 
the  East,  In  Greece,  in  the  time  of  Homer,  all  prisoners  of  war 
were  treated  as  slaves.  The  Lacedaemonian  youths,  trained  in 
the  practice  of  deceiving  and  butchering  slaves,  were  from 
time  to  time  let  loose  upon  them  to  show  their  proficiency;  and 
once,  for  amusement  only,  murdered,  it  is  said',- 3000  in  one 
night.  Hklots.  Alexander,  when  he  razed  Thebes,  sold  the 
whole  people  for  slaves,  335  b.c.  There  were  400,000  slaves  in 
Attica,  317  b.c.  In  Rome  slaves  were  often  chained  to  the 
gate  of  a  great  man's  house,  to  give  admittance  to  the  guests 
invited  to  the  feast.  By  one  of  the  laws  of  the  XII.  Tables, 
creditors  could  seize  their  insolvent  debtors,  and  keep  them  in 
their  houses,  till  by  their  services  or  labor  they  had  discharged 
the  sum  they  owed.  C.  PoUio  threw  such  slaves  as  gave  him 
offence  into  his  fish-ponds,  to  fatten  his  lampreys,  42  b.c. 
Caecilius  Isidorus  left  to  his  heir  4116  slaves,  12  b.c.  The  first 
Janissaries  were  Christian  slaves,  1329.  The  slave-trade  from 
Congo  and  Angola  was  begun  by  the  Portuguese  in  1481.  The 
commerce  in  man  has  brutalized  a  tract  15  degrees  on  each  side 
of  the  equator,  and  forty  degrees  wide,  or  of  4,000,000  sq  miles; 
and  men  and  women  have  been  bred  for  sale  to  the  Christian 
nations  during  the  la.st  250  years,  and  war  carried  on  to  make 
prisonei's  fi>r  the  Christian  market.  The  Abbe  Raynal  com- 
puted (1777)  that,  at  the  time  of  his  writing,  9,000,000  of 
slaves  had  been  consumed  by  the  Europeans.  The  slave-trade 
is  now  approaching  extinction. 
In  1768  the  slaves  taken  from  Africa  amounted  to  104,100.     In  1786 

the  annual  number  was  about  100,000. 
In  1807  it  was  shown  by  documents,  produced  by  the  English  gov- 
ernment, that  since  1792  upwards  of  3,500,000  Africans  had  been 
torn  from  their  country,  and  had  either  perished  on  the  passage 
or  been  sold  in  the  West  Indies. 
Slave-trade  abolished  by  Austria  in  1782;  by  the  French  con- 
vention in 1794 

Allies  at  Vienna  declare  against  it Feb.  1815 

Napoleon,  in  the  Hundred  Days,  abolishes  the  trade 29  Mch.     " 

Treaty  for  its  repression  with  Spain,  1817;  with  the  Nether- 
lands, May,  1818;  with  Brazil Nov.  1826 

French  government  gives  permission  to  M.  Regis  to  convey  free 
negroes  from  Africa  to  Guadeloupe  and  Martinique,  French 

colonies June,  18.57 

Abuses  being  disclosed,  the  license  is  revoked Jan.  18.59 

It  is  said  that  about  40,000  slaves  were  landed  at  Cuba  in I860 

Serfdom  abolished  by  Frederick   I.  of  Prussia   in  1702;   by 
Christian  VII.  of  Denmark  in  1766;  by  Joseph  II.,  emperor 
-    of  Germany,  in  his  hereditary  states,  in  1781;  by  Nicholas  I. 
of  Russia,  in  the  imperial  domains,  in  1842;  and  by  his  suc- 
cessor, Alexander  II.,  throughout  his  empire 3  Mch.  1861 

Slavery  ceases  in  the  Dutch  West  Indies 1  July,  1863 

Spanish  government  denounces  the  slave-trade  as  piracy, 

Nov.  1865 
By  decree  of  1867,  all  children  thereafter  born  in  Brazil  were 
free,  and  all  slaves  to  be  free  in  20  years.     In  Nov.  slaves  of 


I      the  state  became  free  when  made  soldiers.     Slavery  to  be 

abolished  gradually  by  law  of 27  Sept.  187^ 

'  Species  of  slave  trade  having  risen  in  the  South  seas,  the 
natives  being  enticed  on  board  certain  British  vessels  and 
shipped  to  Queensland,  Australia,  and  the  Fiji  isles;  the  sub- 
ject was  brought  before  Parliament 1871-1 

Ship  Cai-l  (owner,  dr.  James  P.  Murray;  master,  Joseph  Arm- 
strong) leaves  Melbourne  for  South  Sea  isles;  anchors  off 
Malokolo,  Solomon's,  and  Bougainville  isles,  and  kidnaps 
many  natives  as  laborers  for  the  Fiji  isles;  while  about  20 
miles  from  land,  the  prisoners  rise  and  attempt  to  set  fire 
to  the  ship;  are  fired  on;  about  50  killed  and  20  wounded 
are  cast  into  the  sea.  At  Melbourne,  Murray  gives  evidence, 
and  Armstrong  is  committed  for  trial,  16  Aug.;  the  master 
and  mate  sentenced  to  death Nov.  1872 

Sir  Bartle  Frere  goes  to  Zanzibar  on  a  mission  to  suppress  the 
East  African  slave  trade  (Zaxzibae) 1872-73 

Slavery  abolished  in  Porto  Rico 23  Mch.   1873 

Act  of  Parliament,  for  consolidating  with  amendments  the  acts 
for  carrying  into  effect  treaties  for  suppression  of  the  slave- 
trade  (36  and  37  Vict.  c.  88),  passed 5  Aug.     " 

Sir  Samuel  Baker  heads  an  expedition  to  put  down  slave-trad- 
ing on  the  Nile  (Egypt),  Jan.  1870;  reported  to  be  partially 
successful,  30  June,  1873.  He  published  "Ismailia,"  a  his- 
tory of  the  expedition,  1874.  He  estimates  that  at  least  50,000 
are  annually  captured  and  sold  as  slaves Nov.  1874 

Several  African  kings  and  chiefs,  at  Cape  Coast  Castle,  agree  to 
give  up  slave-trade,  at  an  interview  with  gov.  Strahan.3  Nov.      " 

Slave-trade  on  the  Gold  Coast  abolished  by  proclamation  of 
gov.  Strahan 17  Dec.     ' ' 

Immediate  suppression  of  slavery  in  the  colonies  of  St.  Thomas, 
etc.,  by  Portugal,  announced Feb.  1876 

Convention  with  Egypt  forbidding  the  traffic,  4  Aug.  1877;  col. 
Gordon's  efforts  in  the  Soudan  reported  successful 1879 

Slavery  to  be  abolished  in  Egypt end  of  July,  1881 

Gradual  emancipation  in  Cuba;  bill  passes  in  Spanish  senate, 
24  Dec.  1879;  by  deputies,  21  Jan. ;  promulgated,  18  Feb.  1880; 
slavery  totally  abolished 1886 

Abolition  of  slavery  in  Brazil 18G7-88 

Abolished  in  Zanzibar Oct.  1889-90 

Anti-slavery  conference  at  Brussels  meets,  18  Nov.  1889;  dele- 
gates from  17  states;  conferences:  19  Nov.-Dec.  1889,  Jan.- 
May,  1890;  general  act  for  regulating  the  immediate  sup- 
pression of  the  slave  trade  agreed  to  and  ratified  by  all,  2  Apr.  1892 

slavery  and  slave-trade  in  England.  Laws  re- 
specting the  sale  of  slaves  were  made  by  Alfred.  The  Eng- 
lish peasantry  were  commonly  sold  for  slaves  in  Saxon  and 
Norman  times;  children  were  sold  in  Bristol  market  like  cat- 
tle for  exportation.  Many  were  sent  to  Ireland  and  to  Scot- 
land. Under  the  Normans,  the  vas.sals  (termed  viliein.s,  of 
and  pertaining  to  the  vill)  were  devisable  as  chattels  during 
the  feudal  times. 

Severe  statutes  were  passed  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  1377 
and  1385;  the  rebellion  of  Wat  Tyler  arose  partly  out  of  the 

evils  of  serfdom 1381 

By  law  of  Edward  VI.,  a  runaway,  or  any  one  who  lived  idly 
"for  3  days,  to  be  brought  before  2  justices,  branded  V  on 
the  breast,  and  sold  as  a  slave  for  2  years.  The  master  must 
give  him  bread,  water  or  small  drink,  and  refuse  meat,  and 
cause  him  to  work  by  beating,  chaining,  or  otherwise;  and 
if  he  absented  himself  14  days,  he  was  to  be  branded  on  the 
forehead  or  cheek  with  an  S,  and  be  his  master's  slave  for- 
ever; second  desertion  was  made  felony.  It  was  lawful 
to  put  a  ring  of  iron  round  his  neck,  arm,  or  leg.  A  child 
might  be  put  apprentice,  and,  on  running  away,  became  a 

slave  to  his  master 1547 

Queen  Elizabeth  orders  her  bondsmen  in  the  western  counties 

to  be  made  free  at  easy  rates 1574 

[Serfdom  finally  extinguished  in  1660,  when  tenures  in 
capile,  knights'  service,  etc.,  were  abolished.] 
Slave-trade  begun  by  sir  John  Hawkins;  his  first  expedition, 
with  the  object  of  procuring  negroes  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 


SLA 


739 


SLA 


and  coDvejMug  thein  for  sale  at  the  West  Indies,  takes  place 

( \ssiENTO,  Guinea) Oct.  1562 

Slave  named  Somerset,  brought  to  England,  is,  because  of  his 
ill  state,  turned  adrift  by  his  master.  By  the  charity  of  Gran- 
ville Sharp  lie  is  restored  to  health,  when  his  master  again 
claims  him,  but  lord  Mansfield,  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench, 
decides  that  slavery  cannot  exist  in  (Jreat  Britain. .  .22  June,  1772 
Thomas  Clark.son,  of  Wadesmill,  Hertford,  devotes  his  life  to 

the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade June,  1785 

England  employs  130  ships,  and  carries  off  42,000  slaves 1786 

"Society  for  the  Suppression  of  the  Slave-trade,"  founded  by 

Clarkson,  Wilberforce,  and  Dillwyn 1787 

Slave-trade  question  is  debated  in  Parliament " 

Debate  for  its  abolition;  2  days Apr.  1791 

Mr.  Wilberforce's  motion  lost  by  a  majority  of  88  to  83.  .3  Apr.  1798 
Question  introduced  under  the  auspices  of  lord  Grenville  and 

Mr.  Fox,  then  ministers 31  Mch.  1806 

Trade  abolished  by  Parliament 25  Mch.  1807 

Act  to  abolish  slavery  throughout  the  British  colonies,  to  pro- 
mote industry  among  the  manumitted  slaves,  and  for  com- 
pensation to  owners,  by  the  grant  of  20,000,000/ 28  Aug.  1833 

Slavery  terminates  in  the  British  possessions;  770,280  slaves 

become  free 1  Aug.  1834 

Slavery  abolished  in  the  East  Indies 1  Aug.  18:^8 

Thomas  Clarkson  d.  aged  85 Sept.  1846 

In  1853,  John  Anderson,  a  runaway  slave,  kills  Septimus  Digges, 
a  planter  of  Missouri,  who  attempts  to  arrest  him,  and  es- 
capes to  Canada.  The  American  government  claims  him 
as  a  murderer.  The  Canadian  judges  deciding  that  the  law 
requires  his  surrender,  Edwin  James,  Q.  C.  (15  Jan.),  obtains 
a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  from  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench. 

Anderson  is  discharged  on  technical  grounds 16  Feb.  1861 

Circular  from  the  Admiralty  concerning  the  surrender  of  fugi- 
tive slaves  on  British  ships  to  their  owners,  dated  31  July; 

censured  by  the  public,  Sept.,  Oct. ;  withdrawn Nov.  1875 

Revised  circular  issued  near  end  of  Dec.  1875;  meets  with  much 

adverse  criticism Jan.  1876 

Government  commission  appointed  (the  duke  of  Somerset, 
chief-justice  Cockburn,  sir  Henry  S.  Maine,  and  others),  Feb. ; 

report  unfavorable  to  the  circulars;  pub 13  June,     " 

New  admiralty  instructions:  fugitive  slaves  to  be  received  and 
not  given  up;  action  left  to  captain's  discretion;  breach  of 
international  faith  and  comity  to  be  avoided;  issues, 

10  Aug.     " 
An  obelisk,  as  a  memorial  toThomas  Clarkson,  erected  by  Arthur 
Giles  Puller,  at  Wadesmill ;  inaugurated 9  Oct.  1879 

slavery  in  the  United  States.  Before  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence all  the  states  contained  slaves.  In  1783,  the  state- 
ment in  the  Massachusetts  Bill  of  Bights,  "All  men  are  born 
free  and  equal,"  was  declared  in  the  Supreme  court  at  Boston 
to  bar  slaveholding  in  that  state.  Slaver}^  was  begun  within 
the  domain  of  the  U.  S.  in  1619,  when  20  negroes  were  sold 
by  a  Dutch  trading  vessel  to  settlers  of  Virginia.  It  was  rec- 
ognized by  law  in  Virginia  in  1620;  in  Massachusetts,  1641; 
in  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  about  1650 ;  in  New  York, 
1656;  in  Maryland,  1663;  in  New  Jersey,  1665;  in  the  Caro- 
linas  from  the  time  of  their  settlement ;  and  in  Georgia,  1749. 
There  were  also  a  few  slaves  in  Pennsylvania  as  early  as  1690, 
but  mostly  in  Philadelphia. 

Severe  laws  against  slaves  in  South  Carolina 1712 

Decisions  in  Maryland  and  elsewhere  that  conversion  and  bap- 
tism do  not  confer  freedom 1715 

Importation  of  slaves  into  Virginia  (1000  annually) 1724 

Georgia  prohibits  slavery 1735 

Strong  public  opinion  in  Georgia  in  favor  of  slavery,  supported 

by  Whitefield  and  Habersham 1737-49 

Slavery  legalized  in  Georgia 1749 

Laws  of  great  severity  against  slaves  enacted  in  South  Carolina,  1750 
Authority  for  dismemberment  of  slaves  general  throughout  the 

South " 

Little  effort  made  to  convert  slaves  anywhere  before  or  after. .      " 

Slave  code  quite  severe  in  Massachusetts " 

Slave  population  in  Connecticut  greater  than  in  Massachusetts, 

and  in  Rhode  Island  than  in  either " 

Very  few  slaves  in  Pennsylvania  before  or  after " 

Controversy  in  Massachusetts  on  slavery 1766-73 

Virginia  prohibits  the  introduction  of  slaves 1778 

Virginia  repeals  the  old  colonial  statute  forbidding  the  emanci- 
pation of  slaves  except  for  meritorious  service 1782 

After  this,  for  a  period  of  23  years,  private  emancipations  were  nu- 
merous, and,  but  for  subsequent  re-enactments,  the  colored*  free 
population  would  have  exceeded  the  slave. 
In  the  reorganization  of  the  army  (Revolution),  1778,  except  for 
loral  defence,  no  troops  were  asked  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia 
in  consideration  of  their  larger  slave  population. — HildreWs  "'Hist. 
U.  S.,"  vol.  iii.  p.  244. 

About  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  societies  of  prominent 
men  were  formed  for  the  purpose  of  ameliorating  the  condition 
-of  the  slaves.  Pennsylvania  was  the  first  state  to  organize 
such  a  society,  1787,  with  Franklin  as  president.  New  York 
followed,  with  John  Jay  as  its  first  president,  and  Alexander 
Hamilton  as  its  second.  Immediately  after,  Rhode  Island ; 
Maryland  in  1789,  with  such  members  as  Samuel  Chase  and 
Luther  Martin ;  Delaware,  with  James  A.  Bayard  and  C.  A. 


Rodney;  Connecticut,  1790  ;  Virginia,  1791 ;  New  Jersey,  1792. 
The  most  that  was  accomplished  by  this  agitation  was  the 
suppression  of  the  slave-trade  from  1808.  Pennsylvania  abol- 
ished slavery  by  gradual  emancipation,  1780  ;  Massachusetts 
by  a  Bill  of  Rights  prefixed  to  the  constitution,  1780 ;  New 
Hampshire  by  her  constitution,  1784;  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island,  1784 ;  Vermont  by  her  constitution ;  New  York  by 
gradual  abolition,  1799;  further  legislation  in  1817  decreed 
total  abolition  after  4  July,  1827,  when  about  10,000  slaves 
were  liberated  ;   New  Jersey,  gradual  abolition,  1804. 

SLAVK   POPULATION    IN    THE    UNITED   STATES   ACCOKDING  TO 
THK    CENSUS   OF    1790. 

South.  , 

Delaware 8,887 

Maryland 103,036 

Virginia 293,427 

North  Carolina 100,572 

South  Carolina 107,094 

Georgia 29,264 

Kentucky 11,830 

3,417 


North. 

New  Hampshire 

158 

17 

Rhode  Island 

952 

Connecticut 

2  759 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

. . .  none 
. ...  21,324 

New  Jersey 

...  11,423 
...     3,737 

Total 

.  ..   40,370 

Total 657,527 

In  1810,  1,191,364;  in  1820,  2,009,031;  in  1850,  3,204,313;    in  1860, 
4,002,996.     In  1870,  4,889,193  free  colored  persons;  in  1880,  6,577,- 
151;  in  1890,  7,638,360. 
Congress  passes  unanimously  the  celebrated  ordinance  "for 
the  government  of  the  territory  to  the  N.W.  of  the  Ohio," 
which  contained  an  "Mna/feraWe"  article,  forbidding  sla- 
very or  involuntary  sei;vitude  in  the  said  territory.  .13  July,  1787 
Debate  in  Congress  on  the  power  of  that  body  over  slavery.. . .  1790 
Slavery  opposed  by  the  Presbyterian  and  Methodist  churches.     " 
Right  of  petition  to  Congress  on  the  subject  of  slavery  debated,  1792 

Slave  laws  introduced  into  Kentucky " 

Quakers  present  a  memorial  to  Congress  praying  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery 1794 

Slavery  legalized  in  Tennessee 1796 

Georgia  forbids  the  emancipation  of  slaves 1798 

Free  colored  men  petition  Congress  for  protection  against  be- 
ing enslaved 1800. 

Louisiana  purchased,  thus  increasing  the  slave  territory 1803 

Memorial  to  Congress  of  the  people  of  Indiana  to  suspend  the 

ordinance  prohibiting  slavery  north  of  the  Ohio  river 1804 

["Had  this  decision  rested  with  them,  both  Indiana  and 
Illinois  would  have  come  into  the  Union  as  slave  states."— 
Hildreth,  vol.  v.  p.  49T.] 
Great  debate  in  Congress  on  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade. . .  1806 
[Enormous  increase  in  the  growth  of  cotton  in  the  southern 
states,  owing  to  the  invention  of  the  cotton-gin  in  1792,  which 
greatly  increases  the  demand  for  slave  labor.] 

A  National  Colonization  Society  organized  at  Washington 
23  Dec.  1816,  to  encourage  and  aid  emigration  to  Africa.  Its 
indirect  object  was  to  rid  the  south  of  its  free  colored  popula- 
tion. Henry  Clay,  John  Randolph,  Bushrod  Washington,  and 
other  slave-holders  took  a  leading  part  in  its  formation.  The 
only  result  was  the  establishment  of  Liberia.  Clay,  Charles 
Carroll,  Madison,  King  of  Alabama,  W.  H.  Harrison,  dr.  W.  E. 
Channing,  Benj.  Lundy,  Birney,  Gerrit  Smith,  and  the  Tappan 
brothers  were  all  interested  members  of  this  organization. 
Following  are  some  of  the  principal  events  occurring  in  the 
United  States  relating  to  slavery  :  • 

Missouri  Compromise  (United  States) '. .  .1817-21 

An ti -slavery  societies  organize  in  New  York  city  and  Phila- 
delphia   1833 

Prudence  Crandall's  school  for  colored  children  (girls)  broken 

up  (Connecticut) " 

Incendiary  literature  (regarding  slavery)  noticed  in  Jackson's 

message  (United  States,  Aug.  and  Dec. ) 1835 

Murder  of  rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  (Alton  riots) 1836 

Amistad  Case,  the 1839 

Creole  case,  the  (United  States) 1841 

Samuel  Hoar   in  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Massaohcsetts,  United 

States) 1844-45 

Schooner  Pearl 1848 

Fugitive   Slave   law   and  other   compromise  measures   pass 

(United  States) 1850 

Slave-trade  suppressed  in  the  District  of  Columbia " 

Negro  Sims  seized  at  Boston  under  the  Fugitive  Slave  law 

(Massachusetts) 1851 

Negro  Shadrach  seized  at  Boston  under  the  Fugitive  Slave  law 

(Massachusetts) " 

"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  pub 1852 

Repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  by  Kansas  and  Nebraska 

bill  (United  States) 1854 

Republican  party  formed  (Political  parties) " 

Seizure  of  the  negro  Burns  at  Boston  (Massachusetts.  United 

States) " 

Kansas  war  (Kansas) 1854  et  seq. 

Drku  Scott  decision 1857 

Seizure  of  the  negro  Littlejohn  at  Oberlin,  0.,  under  the  Fugi- 
tive Slave  law  (Ohio) 1859 

John  Brown's  insurrection " 

Al)raham  Lincoln,  Republican,  elected  president 4  Nov.  1860 


SLA 


740 


SOA 


S«c<«ton  of  S«Mith  Carolina  (SorxH  Carolina,  Coxfkdkratk 

Q^  _^_  Uhitko  Statkj*) I'ec.  IHOO 

gtaveryabolished  In  ll»e  DisiVWl  of  Columbia 16  Apr   186'2 

Pr««ldeiU  Lincoln  proclaims  Iho  abolition  of  Blavory  in  all 

™  08  in  rebellion.  1  Jan.  1863 •  •  •  .'22  Sept.     '• 

Slavery  practically  abolished  by  the  Bubraissiou  of  the  south- 

em  armies       ^P""-  ^°"" 

Total  alwlitioii  of  slavery  in  the  United  States  officially  an- 

no.imed • ••!»  ^>ec.     " 

CoxSTiTiTioN  OF  THK  U.viTKD  Statks,  Amendments  of. 

PRINCIPAL   ANTI-SLAVEKY   PUBLICATIONS. 
Genius  of  Un  versjil)    |  Mt  IMeasant  0.,182n      ggj^amin  Lundv. 

Emancipation )    J  H«»"  """'"<'• -^l*'' 1»^*  J  „      . 

Journal  of  the  Times  , .     BoMuinglon,  Vt. .  .1828    Lloyd  Garrison. 

The  Liberator Boston,  Mass.,  1831-65       "  " 

^    ^,  (SL  Louis,  Mo.,  1832)    (Rev. Elijah  P. Lovo- 

The  Observer. |  ^n^n,  m 1836 1   [    joy. 

The  Kmancipator New  York.  N.  Y. ,  1833    R.  J.  Williams. 

The  A frii-AU  Observer..     Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1835    Enoch  Lewis. 

The  Philanthropist ....     Cincinnati,  0 1836    Jauios  G.  Birnoy. 

National  Inquirer Philadelphia,  Pa.,     "      Benjamin  Lundy. 

Pennsylvania  Freeman.           "               1838-40    John  G.  Whiltrer 
The  Abolitionist Boston,  Mass 1839    Elizur  Wright,  jr. 

Slavo'llia  or  Sclavo'llia,  a  province  of  Austria,  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  Slavs,  a  Sarmatian  people  who  re- 
placed the  Avars  in  Pannonia  early  in  the  9th  century.  In 
864.  Cvril  and  Methodius,  (Jreek  missionaries,  preached  here, 
and  adapted  the  Greek  alphabet  to  the  Slavonian  language, 
the  letters  of  which  have  since  been  a  little  altered.  The 
country,  after  having  been  held  at  times  by  the  Greeks,  Turk.s, 
and  Hungarians,  and  the  cause  of  sanguinary  conflicts,  was 
ceded  finally  to  Hungary  in  1699,  at  the  peace  of  Cariowitz. 
Deputies  from  the  Slavonian  provinces  of  Austria  were  enter- 
tained at  Moscow  and  St.  Petersburg,  May,  1867.  The  Croa- 
tian-Slavonian diet  at  Agram  was  dissolved.  May,  1867.  It 
protested  against  incorporation  with  Hungary.  The  Slavonian 
family  of  languages  includes  Russian,  Polish,  Servian,  Bohe- 
mian, Bulgarian,  Wendic,  Slovak,  and  Polabic.  Estimated 
number  of  Slavs  in  Europe  in  1875,  90,365,633;  Russians  and 
Ruthenians,  66,129,590  ;  Serbo-Croats,  5,940,539  ;  Bulgarians, 
5,123,952j  Slovenes,  1,260,000;  Slovaks,  2,223,830 ;  Czechs, 
4,815,154;  Poles,  9,492, 1 62. 

slings,  an  instrument  of  great  antiquity  for  throwing 
stones,  consisting  of  a  piece  of  leather  to  hold  the  stone,  with 
a  string  attached  to  each  end,  when  by  whirling  rapidly  and 
letting  one  string  loose  the  stone  is  thrown  with  great  veloc- 
ity. In  Judg.  XX.  16  is  mentioned  the  skill  of  the  Benjamite 
slingers  (about  1406  b.c.),  and  with  a  sling  David  slew  Go- 
liath, 1063  B.C.  (1  Sam.  xvii.).  The  natives  of  the  Balearic 
isles  (Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Ivi^a),  celebrated  slingers,  served 
as  mercenaries  in  the  Carthaginian  and  Roman  armies.  Slings 
are  said  to  have  been  used  by  the  Huguenots  at  the  siege 
of  Sancerre,  in  1672,  to  economize  their  powder. 

Sloane,  Sir  Hans.  Collection,  books,  etc.  British 
Museum. 

SluyiS,  a  town  of  Holland,  near  which  Edward  III.  gained 
a  signal  naval  victory  over  the  French.  The  English  had  the 
wind  of  the  enemy,  and  the  sun  at  their  backs,  and  began  this 
sanguinary  action.  230  French  ships  were  taken ;  thousands 
of  Frenchmen  were  killed,  with  2  of  their  admirals ;  the  loss 
of  the  English  was  inconsiderable ;  24  June,  1340. 

Smalcald  (Hesse),  Treaty  of,  entered  into  between  the 
elector  of  Brandenburg  and  the  other  princes  of  Germany  in 
favor  of  Protestantism,  31  Dec.  1530.  The  emperor,  appre- 
hensive that  the  kings  of  France  and  England  would  join  this 
league,  signed  the  treaty  of  Passau,  31  July,  1532,  allowing 
liberty  of  conscience.     Protestants. 

§inall-pox,  vaHola  (diminutive  of  varus,  a  pimple),  a 
highly  contagious  disease,  supposed  to  have  been  introduced 
into  Europe  from  the  East  by  the  Saracens.  Rhazes,  an  Ara- 
bian, described  it  accurately  about  900.  From  Europe  it  was 
carried  to  America,  soon  after  its  discover}',  and  faged  there 
with  great  severity,  destroying  the  Indians  by  thousands.  In 
1694,  queen  Mary  of  England  died  of  small-pox,  as  did  in  1711 
Joseph  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  and  the  dauphin  of  France, 
and  in  1712  his  son,  in  1730  the  emperor  of  Russia,  in  1741 
the  queen  of  Sweden,  and  in  1774  Louis  XV.  of  France.  It 
Is  stabBtl  that  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century  2,000,000 
perished  by  it  in  Russia.  In  London,  in  1723,  1  out  of  l4 
deaths  was  caused  by  small-pox,  and  in  France,  in  1754,  the 


rate  was  1  in  10.  For  attempts  to  alleviate  this  scourge, 
Inoculation,  introduced  into  England  in  1722,  and  Vacci- 
nation, announce*!  by  dr.  Jenner  in  1798.  Sinall-pox  raged 
in  parts  of  London,  and  thousands  died,  1870-71.  The  Anri- 
vaccination  Society  has  been  active,  and  many  parents  have 
been  fined  in  England  for  opposing  the  vaccination  of  their 
children,  1870-76.  In  Sept.  and  Oct.  1862,  a  great  many 
sheep  died  of  small-pox  in  tlie  west  of  England,  till  success- 
ful preventive  measures  were  resorted  to.  Massachusetts, 
1721. 

SlllCCtyill'llUllf>i,  a  name  made  up  of  the  initials  of 
certain  nonconformist  writers  who  composed  a  treatise  in  com- 
mon against  episcopacy  in  the  17th  century— Stephen  Mar- 
shall, Edmund  Calamy,  Thomas  Young,  Matthew  Newcomen, 
William  Spurston.  They  were  answered  by  bishop  Hall  in 
his  '•  Divine  Right  of  Episcopacy,"  1640. 

j^niitllfleld,  "We§t,  in  the  heart  of  London,  was  once 
a  favorite  walk  of  the  London  citizens,  out.side  the  city  walls. 
Sir  W.  Wallace  was  executed  here,  23  Aug.  1305.  On  15  June, 
1381,  Wat  Tyler  was  met  by  Richard  II.  at  this  place,  ami 
was  stabbed  by  Walworth  the  mayor.  Many  tournaments 
were  also  held  here.  In  the  reign  of  Mary  (1553-58)  many 
persons  were  burned  at  the  stake,  the  first  being  rev.  John 
Rogers,  4  Feb.  1555.  Bartholomew  Leggatt,  an  Arian,  was 
burned  here,  18  Mch.  1612,  Bartholomew  fair  was  held  here 
till  1853.  This  place  is  mentioned  as  the  site  of  a  cattle-market 
as  far  back  as  1150.  It  was  used  for  this  purpose  the  last 
time,  11  June,  1855. 

SlIlittl§Oniail  Institution,  ''  for  the  increase 
and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men,"  a  handsome  build- 
ing at  Washington,  D.  C,  was  founded  in  1846  by  means  of  a 
legacy,  total  amount  of  original  bequest  being  $541,379,  be- 
queathed for  the  purpose  to  the  U.  S.  government  by  James  jj 
Smithson,  illegitimate  son  of  sir  Hugh  Smithson,  who  became 
duke  of  Northumberland  in  1766.  James  Smithson  died  iu 
Italy,  1829.  It  publishes  and  freely  distributes  scientific  me- 
moirs and  reports.  The  library  was  burned  on  25  Jan.  1865. 
Prof.  Joseph  Henry,  the  first  secretary,  died  13  May,  1878;  suc- 
ceeded by  prof.  S.  F.  Baird.  Present  secretary,  prof.  S.  P. 
Langley.  The  total  permanent  Smithsonian  fund  is  now 
about  $900,000.  It  is  governed  by  a  board  of  regents,  con- 
sisting of  the  vioe-president  and  chief-justice  of  the  U.  S.,  3 
senators,  3  members  of  the  House,  4  citizens  from  different 
states,  and  2  citizens  of  Washington. 

Smolen'sRo,  a  town  of  Russia,  The  French  in  san- 
guinary engagements  here  were  3  times  repulsed,  but  ulti- 
mately succeeded  in  entering  Smolensko,  and  found  the  city, 
which  had  been  bombarded,  burning  and  partly  in  ruins,  16, 
17  Aug.  1812.  Barclay  de  Tolly,  the  Russian  commander-in- 
chief,  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  emperor  Alexander  be- 
cause he  retreated  after  the  battle,  and  Kutusoff  succeeded  to 
the  command. 

JSmyrna.     Seven  churches. 

sneezing.  The  custom  of  saying  "  God  bless  you  "  to 
the  sneezer  originated,  according  to  Strada,  among  the  an- 
cients, who^  fearing  danger  from  it,  after  sneezing  made  a  short 
prayer  to  the  gods,  as  "  Jupiter,  help  me."  The  custom  is 
mentioned  by  Homer,  the  Jewish  rabbis,  and  others.  Poly- 
dore  Virgil  says  it  took  its  rise  at  the  time  of  the  plague,  558, 
when  the  infected  fell  dead,  sneezing,  though  seemingly  in 

good  health.  ,   „         ,  ' 

°  "Shall  not  Love  to  me, 

As  in  a  Latin  song  I  learnt  at  school, 
*         Sneeze  out  a  full  God-bless-you  right  and  left?"' 

— Tennyson,  "Edwin  Morris  or  the  Lake." 

§nuff^taking[  took  its  rise  in  England  from  the  capt- 
ures made  of  vast  quantities  of  snufF  by  sir  George  Rooke's 
expedition  to  Vigo  in  1702,  and  the  practice  soon  became 
general. 

soap  is  a  salt,  a  compound  of  a  fatty  acid  with  an  alkali, 
soda  or  potash.  The  Hebrew  boriih,  translated  soap,  is  merely 
a  general  term  for  cleansing  substances  (Job  ix.  30 ;  Jer.  ii,  22). 
Pliny  declares  soap  an  invention  of  the  Gauls,  though  he  pre- 
fers the  German  to  the  Gallic  soap.  Nausicaa  and  her  at- 
tendants, Homer  tells  us,  washed  clothes  by  treading  them 
with  their  feet  in  pits  of  water. — Odyssey,  book  vi.     The  Ko- 


1 


SOB  741 

mans  used  fuller's  earth.  Savon,  the  French  word  for  soap,  is 
ascribed  to  its  having  been  manufactured  at  Savona,  near 
Genoa.  The  manufacture  of  soap  in  London  began  in  1524, 
before  which  it  was  supplied  by  Bristol  at  one  pennj'  per 
pound. 

Sobraoil',  a  town  of  N.  W.  India.  The  British  army, 
35,000  strong,  under  sir  Hugh  (afterwards  viscount)  Gough, 
attacked  the  Sikh  force  on  the  Sutlej,  10  Feb.  1846.  The  en- 
emy was  dislodged  after  a  dreadful  contest,  and  all  their  bat- 
teries taken ;  and  in  attempting  the  passage  of  the  river  by  a 
floating  bridge  in  their  rear,  the  weight  of  the  crowds  upon  it 
broke  it  down,  and  thousands  of  Sikhs  were  killed,  wounded, 
or  drowned.     The  British  loss  was  2338  men. 

§OCial  ivar§.    Athens,  Marsi. 

iOCialiSIIl  is  defined  as  "a  plan  for  the  reorganization 
of  society  on  the  basis  of  social  or  state  ownership  of  all  in- 
struments of  production,  and  the  determination  by  state  enact- 
ment of  the  price  to  be  paid  for  labor  and  the  products  of 
labor."  "Socialism  is  the  genus,  of  which  communism  is  a 
species ;  every  communist  is  a  socialist,  but  all  socialists  are 
not  communists."  The  Disciples  of  Christ  at  Jerusalem  were 
at  lirst  communists  (Acts  ii.  44),  33  a.d.  The  Taborites  or 
Hussites  in  Bohemia,  Anabaptists  in  German}',  Levellers  in 
England,  and  Tunkers  in  the  United  States,  were  early  exam- 
ples of  communists.  The  most  advanced  schools  of  socialism 
of  to-day  are  German.  , 

Sir  Thomas  More  publishes  his  "  Utopia  " 1.516 

A  worl<  on  socialism,  "  Civitas  Solis,"  by  Campanella,  appears,  1623 
Shakkrs  form  their  first  complete  community  at  Mt  Lebanon, 

NY 1787 

Franfois  Noel  Baboeuf,  leader  of  the  French  communistic  in- 
surrection of  1796,  at  Paris,  is  guillotined 24  May,  1797 

Harmonists  settle  in  Pennsylvania 1804 

Charles  Fourier,  French  (1772-1837),  publishes  his  work,  "The 
Theory  of  the  Four  Movements  and  the  General  Destinies  " .  1808 

ZoAKiTKS  settle  in  Ohio 1817 

Robert  Owen  advocates  a  socialistic  community  before  the 

English  House  of  Commons'  co'.nmittee  on  the  poor-law " 

Count  Claude  Henry  de  Saint  Simon,  founder  of  French  social- 
ism and  author  of  "  Nouveau  Christianisme,"  and  other 

socialistic  works,  b.  1760,  d 1825 

Constitution  for  the  "New  Harmony  Community  of  Equality," 

signed 12  Jan.  1826 

Unsuccessful  trial  of  Fourierism  made  on  an  estate  near  Ver- 
sailles; only  one  during  the  lifetime  of  Fourier 1832 

Louis  Blanc,  French  (1813-82),  publishes  his  "Organization  of 

Labor  "  in  the  Revue  du  Progres 1840 

Pierre  Joseph  Proudhon  publishes  his  work,  "What  is  Prop- 
erty?" affirming,  "Property  is  theft"  and  "Property-hold- 
ers are  thieves" " 

Albert  Brisbane  publishes  his  "  Social  Destiny  of  Man  " " 


soc 

Karl  Rodbertus,  German  (1805-75),  publishes  his  book,  "Our 

Economi-c  Condition  " 

Christian  Metz  establishes  a  community  at  Ebenezer,  N.  Y. 

(AMANA  INSPIRATIONISTS) 

A  column  in  the  New  York  Tribune  purchased,  for  expounding 
the  principles  of  the  Advocates  of  Association,  and  edited  by 
Albert  Brisbane,  the  apostle  of  Fourierism 

Brisbane  establishes  in  New  York  an  independent  paper 
called  the  Phalanx,  organ  of  Fourierism 5  Oct. 

Convention  of  Associationists  at  Clinton  hall,  N.  Y 4  Apr. 

"  Brook  farm,"  originally  the  West  Roxbury  community,  es- 
tablished in  1842,  adopts  the  principles  of  Fourierism 

The  Phalanx  succeeded  by  the  Harbinger,  and  published  at 
Brook  Farm , 14  June, 

Erick  Janson  forms  a  Swedish  colony  of  Pietists  and  Separat- 
ists at  Bishop  Hill,  111.  (incorporated  1853) 

Decline  of  Fourierism  in  the  U.  S.  marked  by  the  Greeley-Kay- 
mond  controversy 20  Nov.  1846-20  May, 

Oxeida  community  established 

Christian  socialism,  under  Charles  Kingsley,  Frederick  D. 
Maurice,  Thomas  Hughes,  etc.,  arises  in  England about 

Ferdinand  Lassalle  begins  agitation  in  behalf  of  the  laboring 
classes,  founding  the  German  Social  Democratic  party 

Universal  German  Laborers'  union,  under  the  leadership  of 
Lassalle,  formed  at  Leipsic 23  May, 

Delegates  of  all  nations  in  St.  Martin's  ball,  London,  form  the 
International  Workingmen's  association 28  Sept. 

Band  of  disciples  of  Lassalle  organized  in  New  York 

Universal  congress,  for  advancement  and  complete  emanci- 
pation of  the  working  classes,  at  Geneva,  Switzerland, 

3  Sept. 

Karl  Marx,  German  (1818-83),  publishes  his  work,  "  Das  Kapi- 
tal,"  called  the  Bible  of  tljp  Social  Democrats 

Broctou  community  founded  by  rev.  Thomas  Lake  Harris  at 
Brocton,  N.  Y Oct. 

Catholic  socialism  in  Germany  organized 

International  congress  at  the  Hague  (6  delegates  from  America) 
results  in  the  formation  of  a  new  international  association 
on  anarchistic  principles  under  leadership  of  Michael  Bakou- 
nine,  and  removal  of  seat  of  general  council  of  the  old  asso- 
ciation, which  soon  after  ceased  to  exist,  to  New  York. 
Congress  held 2-7  Sept. 

"Union  for  Social  Politics"  formed  by  German  professorial 
socialists  at  Eisenach Oct. 

Universal  Socialistic  congress  opens  at  Ghent 9  Sept. 

Workingmen's  party  in  the  U.  S.  reorganized  as  "The  Social- 
istic Labor  party  " Jan. 

Henry  George  publishes  his  work  entitled  "  Progress  <and 
Poverty  " 

Social  Democratic  federation  organized  in  England,  favoring 
"Co  operative  communism,  international  republicanism,  and 
atheistic  humanism  " 

Leading  principles  of  state  socialism  of  Bismarck  announced 
in  an  imperial  message  to  the  German  Reichstag Nov. 

Great  mass-meeting  held  in  Cooper  Union,  New  York  city, 
to  honor  the  memory  of  Karl  Marx  (d.  14  Mch.  1883), 

19  Mch. 

William  Morris,  poet,  author  of  the  "  Earthly  Paradise,"  H.  M. 
Hyndman,  H.  H.  Champion,  and  John  Burns,  become  leaders 
of  the  "  Socialist  league,"  formed 

Bellamy's  "  Looking  Backward  "  pub 


1842 


1843 
1844 


1845 
1846 
1847 

1850 

1862 

1863 

1864 
1865 


18T2 

1877 
1878 
1879 


STATISTICS  OF  PRINCIPAL  SOCIALISTIC   CO.MMUNITIES  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


I  New  Harmony 

j  Nashoba,  founded  by  Francis  Wright  for  negroes. 

j  Yellow  Springs  Community 

:  Kendal  Community 

I  Haverstraw  Community 

1  Northampton  Association 

'  Brook  Farm 

i  Social  Reform  Unity 

Goose  Pond  Community  (successor) 

i  Hopedale 

I  Alphadelphia  Phalanx 

i  Jefferson  County  Industrial  Association 

{  Lagrange  Phalanx 

Moorhouse  Union 

'  North  American  Phalanx 

j  One-mention  Community 

Peace  Union  Settlement 

;  Skaneateles  Community 

'  Sylvania  Association 

'  Bloomfleld  Association 

Clarkson  Industrial  Association 

;  Clermont  Phalanx 

i  Leraysville  Phalanx 

J  American  Phalanx 

'  Ontario  Union 

,  Prairie  Home  Community 

I  Sodus  Bay  Phalanx 

\  Trumbull  Phalanx 

Wisconsin  Phalanx 

:  l^ntegral  Phalanx  and  Sangamon  Association 

'  Spring  Farm  Association 

•  Oneida  Community 


Harmony,  Ind 

Shelby  county,  Tenn, 

Greene  county,  0 

Stark  county,  0 

Haverstraw,  N.  Y 

Northampton,  Mass. . 
Near  Boston,  Mass. . . 
Pike  county,  Pa 


Milford,  Mass 

Kalamazoo  county,  Mich. 

Jefferson  county,  N.  Y 

Springfield,  Ind. 

Hamilton  county,  N.  Y. . . 
Monmouth  county,  N.  J. . 

Monroe  county.  Pa 

Warren  county,  Pa 

Skaneateles,  N.  Y 

Lackawaxen,  Pa 

Honeoye  Falls,  N.  Y 

Monroe  county,  N.  Y 

Clermont  county,  0 

Bradford  county.  Pa 

Belmont  county,  0 

Hopewell,  N.  Y 

liOgan  county,  0 

Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y 

Trumbull  county,  0 

Green  Lake,  Wis 

Sangamon  county.  111 

Sheboygan  county.  Wis  . . 
Oneida  Creek,  N.  Y 


900 

15 

400 

200 

80 

130 

115 

20 

60 

200 

500 

400 

150 


1.50 
145 
150 
420 
120 
40 
100 
150 
130 
300 
200 
180 

30  fam. 

10  fam. 


30.(X)0 
2,000 

266 
120 
500 
200 
2,000 

500 

2,814 

1,200 

1,045 

120 

673 

800 

10,000 

354 

2,394 

500 

2,000 

900 

300 

2,200 

280 

500 

1,400 

1,500 

1,800 

508 

30 


1826 
1842 


1843 
1842 
1843 


1845 
1846 
1847 


3  years. 

3  months. 
2  years. 

5  months. 

4  years. 

5  " 

10  months. 
Few  months. 
18  years. 
2  yrs.  9  mo. 
Few  mouths. 
4  years. 
Few  months. 
12  years. 

1  year. 

2J4  years 

2  years. 

1  year. 

9  months. 

2  years. 

8  months. 

10  " 
1  year. 

Few  months. 

3  years. 

6  " 

17  months. 
3  years. 
34"    •• 


§OCieties  and  a8§OCiatioil§.     Many  of  these  are 
mentioned  under  their  respective  titles,  and  others  may  be 


found  in  this  work  in  the  various  state  records  and  under 
general  titles  as :  Antiquarian,  Architkcturk,  Arts,  Char- 


soc 

ITY,  Enoinkkrino,  Labor,  Mkdicink,  Music,  Painting,  So- 
ciAUSM,  etc 

Society  Inlands,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by 
De  Quiros  in  1G06 ;  rediscovered  by  capt.  Wallis,  1767,  who 
gave  Oiaheite  or  Tahiti  the  name  of  King  (ieorge's  island. 
Capt.  Cook,  who  visited  them  in  1769  and  1777,  named  them 
Society  islands  in  honor  of  the  Royal  Society.  These  now 
belong  to  France.     Otaiikitb, 

fSodll'lailN,  who  accept  the  opinions  of  Faustus  Socinus 
(d.  1562)  and  his  nephew  Laelius  (d.  160-1),  Siennese  noblemen. 
They  held,  1.  That  the  Eternal  Father  is  the  one  only  God, 
and  that  Jesus  Christ  is  no  otherwise  Goil  than  by  his  supe- 
rioritj'  to  all  other  creatures;  2.  That  Christ  is  not  a  media- 
tor ;  3.  That  hell  will  endnre  for  a  time,  after  which  the  soul 
and  botly  will  be  destroyed;  4.  That  it  is  unlawful  for  princes 
to  make  war. — Hook,  The  Socinians  established  a  church  at 
Rakow,  in  Poland,  and  made  proselytes  in  Transylvania,  1563. 
They  were  expelled  from  Poland  in  1658.  The  Rakovian  cat- 
echism was  established  in  1574.     Unitakians. 

Soco'tra  {IHoscoi-idis  insula),  an  island  in  the  Indian 
ocean,  120  miles  east  of  cape  Guardafui,  E.  Africa.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1878,  it  was  given  up  to  the  British  b}'^  the  sultan,  and 
formally  annexed  in  1886.     Area,  1382  sq.  miles;  pop.  10,000. 

80'€lilllll,  a  metal  remarkable  for  its  lightness  (specific 
gravity  about  .97),  and  for  its  strong  affinity  for  oxygen,  with 
Avhich  it  combines  spontaneously  when  exposed  to  water  or 
moist  air.  It  was  first  obtained  in  1807  by  sir  Humphry 
Davy  from  soda  (which  was  formerly  confounded  with  pot- 
ash, but  proved  to  be  a  distinct  substance  by  Duhamel  in 
1736).  This  metal,  like  potassium,  was  obtained  by  the  agency 
of  the  electric  batterv.  Common  salt  (chloride  of  sodium) 
is  a  compound  of  sodium  and  chlorine.     Ai>kaliks 

fSod'om  and  Oomor'rall,  2  cities  of  Palestine, 
with  their  inhabitants,  supposed  to  have  been  destroyed  by 
fire  from  heaven  1898  b.c.  (Gen.  xix.). 

So'dior,  said  to  be  derived  from  Sodor-eys,  or  South  isles 
(the  iEbrides  or  Hebrides),  in  distinction  from  Orkneys,  the 
North  isles.  The  southern  or  western  isles  were  made  an 
episcopal  diocese  by  Magnus,  king  of  Norway,  1098,  and  joined 
to  the  Isle  of  Man  about  1113.     Man. 

Soffar'ldes  dyiia§ty  reigned  in  Persia,  872-902. 

Softa§,  Mahometan  students  devoted  to  the  Koran  onlv. 
Turkey,  May,  1876. 

Soi§80ns  {swaft-snn').  France,  capital  of  the  Gallic  Sues- 
siones,  was  subdued  by  .lulius  Caesar,  57  b.c.  It  was  held  by 
Syagrius,  after  his  father  Jigidius,  till  his  defeat  by  Ciovis, 
486  A.i>.  Several  councils  have  been  held  at  Soissons  (744, 
1082,  1122).  Its  academy  was  established  in  1674.  During 
the  Franco-Prussian  war,  Soissons,  after  3  weeks'  investment 
and  4  days'  bombardment,  surrendered  to  the  Germans  under 
the  grand-duke  of  Mecklenburg,  16  Oct.  1870.  99  officers, 
4633  men,  128  guns,  etc.,  were  said  to  be  taken.  The  Germans 
thus  obtained  a  second  line  of  railway  from  Chalons  to  Paris. 

I^OkO'tO,  Empire  of,  is  the  largest  and  most  populous 
in  the  whole  of  the  Soudan.  It  is  attached  by  treaty  to  the 
Royal  Niger  company  (British),  chartered  10  Julv,  1886.  Area, 
219,500  sq.  miles;  pop.  15,000,000. 

§olar  system,  nearly  as  now  accepted,  is  said  to  have 
been  taught  by  Pythagoras  of  Samos,  about  529  B.C.  He 
placed  the  sun  in  the  centre  and  all  the  planets  moving  in 
elliptical  orbits  roimd  it— a  doctrine  superseded  by  the  Ptol- 
emaic SYSTKM.  The  system  of  Pythagoras,  revived  by  Co- 
pernicus (1543),  is  called  the  Copemican  system.  Its  truth 
was  demonstrated  by  sir  Isaac  Newton  in' 1687.  Planets, 
Sun. 

solar  time.     Sidereal  time.  Year. 

soldiers.     Army,  Militia. 

soldiers'  homes.  Homes  have  been  established, 
both  national  and  state,  for  all  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  of 
the  United  States  who  served  in  the  civil  or  Mexican  war. 
The  first  institution  of  this  character  established  by  the  U.  S. 
government  was  founded  by  act  of  Congress,  3  Mch.  1851,  for 
the  aged  and  invalid  soldiers  of  the  regular  army.    This  home 


742 


SOL 


is  situated  a  short  distance  from  the  city  of  Washington.  Ho 
sides  this,  there  are  national  and  state  homes  for  disabled  vol 
unteer  soldiers.  The  first  branch  of  the  former  was  estab- 
lished at  Tagus,  Me.,  10  Nov.  1866. 

branches  of  the  national  home. 

Branche*.  Location. 

Eastern Togus,  Me. 

Central Dayton,  0. 

Soutliern Hampton,  Va. 

Western Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Marion Marion,  Ind. 

Northwestern Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Pacitlc Santa  Monica,  Cal. 


STATE   HOMES, 
State.  Location. 

California Yountville. .. 

Colorado Monte  Vista.. 

Connecticut Noroton , 

Illinois Qiiincy . 


Incorporatsc 


1882 
18K9 
18G3 
1885 
1884 


Iowa Marshal]  town 

Kansas Dodge  City 

Massachusetts Chelsea 1877 

Michigan Grand  Hapids 1885 

Minnesota Minnehaha 1887 

Nebraska Grand  Island 1888 

New  Hampshire Tilton 1889 

New  Jersey.. Kearney 1866 

New  York Bath 1876 

Ohio Sandusky 1886 

Pennsylvania... Erie 1886 

Rhode  Island Bristol 1891 

South  Dakota Hot  Springs 1889 

Vermont Bennington 1887 

Washington Orting 1890 

Wisconsiii Waupaca 1887 

There  are  5  homes  for  disabled  confederate  sokliers  in  the 
south  :  Richmond,  Va.,  New  Orleans,  La.,  Austin,  Tex.,  Pikes- 
ville,  Md.,  and  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Sole'bay  or  ^outiiivold  bay,  Suffolk,  Engl,, 
where  a  fierce  naval  battle  was  fought  between  the  fleets  of 
England  and  France  on  one  side,  and  the  Dutch  on  the  other; 
the  former  commanded  by  the  duke  of  York,  afterwards 
James  II.,  28  May,  1672.  The  English  lost  4  ships,  and  the 
Dutch  3  ;  but  the  enemy  fled,  and  were  pursued  to  their  coasts, 

sol-fa  system.    Music 

Solf  erf  no,  a  village  in  Lombardy,  the  site  of  the  chief 
struggle  of  the  great  battle  of  24  Jinie,  1859,  between  the  al- 
lied French  and  Sardinian  army,  commanded  by  their  respec- 
tive sovereigns,  and  the  Austrians  under  gen.  Hess,  the  em- 
peror being  present.  The  Austrians,  after  defeat  at  Magenta, j 
gradually  retreated  across  the  Mincio,  took  up  a  position  in 
the  celebrated  quadrilateral,  and  were  expected  there  to  awaitl 
the  attack.  But  the  advance  of  Garibaldi  on  one  side,  and  off 
prince  Napoleon  and  the  Tuscans  on  the  other,  induced  them 
to  recross  the  Mincio  and  take  the  offensive  on  23  June.  The 
conflict  began  early  on  the  24th,  and  lasted  fifteen  hours.  Af 
first  the  Au.strians  had  the  advantage;  but  the  successful  at- 
tack of  the  French  on  Cavriana  and  Solferino  changed  the 
fortune  of  the  day,  and  the  Austrians,  after  desperate  encoun- 
ters, were  compelled  to  retreat.  The  French  attribute  the 
victory  to  the  skill  and  bravery  of  their  emperor  and  the  gen- 
erals MacMahon  and  Neil;  the  Austrians,  to  the  destruction 
of  their  reserve  by  the  rifled  cannon  of  their  adversaries.  The 
Sardinians  maintained  a  fearful  contest  of  15  hours  at  San 
Martino,  it  is  said  against  double  their  number.  Loss  of  the 
Austrians, 630  officers  and  19,311  soldiers;  of  the  allies,  8  gen- 
erals, 936  officers,  and  17,305  soldiers  killed  and  wounded. 
This  battle  closed  the  war,  preliminaries  of  peace  being  signed 
at  Villafranca,  12  July.  On  24  June,  1870,  on  the  site  of  the 
battle,  3  ossuaries,  containing  the  bones  of  thousands  of  the 
slain,  were  solemnly  consecrated  in  the  presence  of  represent- 
atives of  Austria,  France,  and  Italy. 

Solfld'ians  (from  solus,  only,  and  Jides,  faith),  a  name 
given  to  the  Antinomians. 

Solomon  islands.  A  group  of  islands  to  the  east 
of  Papua  or  New  Guinea,  discovered  by  Alvaro  Mendana  de 
Neyra,  1568,  and  so  named  by  him  in  anticipation  of  their 
riches.  Aggregate  area,  about  9000  sq.  miles;  pop.  80,000. 
Germany  established  a  protectorate  over  these  islands  in  1884. 

Solomon's  temple.    Temple. 

Solway  moss,  a  swamp  or  bog-lands  in  Cumberland, 


A 


SOM 


743 


SOR 


Engl.,  bordering  on  Scotland,  7  square  nniles  in  extent.  On 
13  Nov.  1771,  it  swelled,  owing  to  heavy  rains.  Upwards  of 
400  acres  rose  to  such  a  height  above  the  level  of  the  ground 
that  at  last  it  rolled  forward  like  a  torrent  above  a  mile, 
sweeping  along  with  it  houses,  trees,  and  covering  600  acres 
at  Netherby,  and  destroying  about  30  hamlets.  It  is  now 
partially  drained.  Near  Solway  Moss  the  Scots  were  defeat- 
ed by  the  P]nglish,  26  Nov.  1542. 

SomaJ.     BitAHMO  SoMAj,  Deism, 

Sombre'ro,  an  islet  of  the  British  West  Indies.  On 
this  desert  isle  Robert  Jefferj^,  a  British  man-of-war's  man,  was 
put  ashore  by  his  commander,  capt.  W.  Lake,  for  having  tapped 
a  barrel  of  beer  when  the  ship  was  on  short  allowance.  After 
sustaining  life  for  eight  days  on  a  few  limpets  and  rain-water, 
he  was  saved  by  an  American  vessel,  13  Dec.  1807,  and  re- 
turned to  England.  Sir  Francis  Burdett  advocated  his  cause 
in  Parliament,  and  he  received  600/.  as  a  compensation  from 
capt.  Lake,  who  was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  dismissed 
the  service,  10  Feb.  1810. 

Soiner§et,  Case  of.     Slavkky  in  England. 

Soiliers's  isles.     Bermudas. 

Vomers,  U.  S.  brig-of-war,  IMutiny  on.  This 
brig  of  266  tons'  burden,  and  fitted  to  carry  14  guns,  but  carry- 
ing 10,  with  a  crew  of  officers,  men,  and  boys  of  120,  under 
command  of  Alexander  Slidell  McKenzie,  cruising  along  the 
coast  of  Africa,  left  Liberia  on  11  Nov.  1842,  for  the  U.  S.  via 
St.  Thomas.  On  25  Nov.  McKenzie  received  information 
through  lieut.  Gansevoort  of  a  conspiracy  on  board  to  seize 
the  brig  and  convert  her  into  a  pirate,  etc.  The  leaders  in 
this  movement  were  reported  to  be  midshipman  Philip  Spen- 
cer, son  of  John  C.  Spencer,  then  secretary  of  war,  and  Samuel 
Cromwell,  the  boatswain's  mate,  and  a  seaman,  Elisha  Small. 
Spencer  was  arrested  on  27  Nov.,  and  the  other  2  on  the  28th, 
and  put  in  irons.  These  3  were  convicted  by  a  court  on 
board,  and  sentenced  to  be  hung  at  the  yard-arm,  which  was 
done  on  1  Dec,  525  miles  from  St.  Thomas.  The  Somers  ar- 
rived at  New  York  14  Dec,  with  several  of  the  boys  in  con- 
finement. A  naval  court  of  inquiry,  convened  on  28  Dec, 
consisting  of  commodores  Charles  Stewart,  Jacob  Jones,  Alex- 
ander J.  Dallas,  and  Ogden  Hoffman,  judge  advocate,  sat  until 
Jan.  19,  1843,  and  decided  that  com.  McKenzie  had  simply 
performed  his  duty,  etc.  This  court  and  verdict  did  not  sat- 
isfy public  opinion,  and  for  a  further  vindication  McKenzie 
called  for  a  regular  court-martial,  which  was  held  at  the  Brook- 
lyn navy-yard,  and  by  a  vote  of  9  to  3  also  acquitted  him. 
An  attempt  was  now  made  to  bring  the  case  before  the  Circuit 
court  of  the  U.  S.,  but  judge  Betts,  although  no  overt  act  had 
been  committed,  and  the  hanging  had  been  done  on  mere  sus- 
picion, dismissed  the  case  for  want  0|f  jurisdiction.  This  case 
at  the  time  created  great  excitement,  many  approving  the 
course  of  McKenzie,  and  many  considering  him  guilty  of  a 
great  crime.  McKenzie  died  at  Tarry  town,  N.  Y.,  13  Sei)t. 
1848.  The  brig  Somers  was  lost  in  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz 
while  blockading  it,  8  Dec.  1846.     Medals. 

Somnatll  g'ates,  the  gates  of  an  ancient  Hindu  tem- 
ple at  Guzerat,  destroyed  by  Mahmoud  of  Ghuznee  in  1025. 
The  priests  wished  to  preserve  the  idol,  but  Mahmoud  broke 
it,  and  found  it  filled  with  diamonds,  etc.  He  carried  the 
gates  to  (ihuznee.  When  that  city  was  taken  by  gen.  Nott, 
6  Sept.  1842,  lord  Ellenborough  ordered  the  gates  restored,  after 
an  exile  of  800  years,  and  issued  a  proclamation  much  cen- 
sured at  the  time.  The  gates  are  of  sandal-wood,  and  are 
described  and  figured  in  the  "  Archseologia "  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  vol.  xxx. 

SOna'ta  (Ital.,  Engl,  "sound-piece"),  the  highest  form 
of  instrumental  music,  consisting  of  3  or  4  movements  intend- 
ing to  express  diverse  feelings.  It  was  developed  from  the 
suite,  varied  dance  music  (Tartini,  1824,  and  others).  The  form 
fixed  by  Corelli  (1653-1713)  was  adopted  and  modified  by  Scar- 
latti, the  Bach.s,  Handel,  Mozart,  Haydn,  and  culminated  in  the 
masterpieces  of  Beethoven  (1770-1827).  Fine  sonatas  have 
been  composed  by  Dus.sek,M.  Clementi, Weber,  Schubert,  Men- 
delssohn, Schumann,  Wm.  Sterndale  Bennett,  Chopin,  Liszt, 
and  Rubinstein. 

songs  of  the   Civil  War,  Popular.     The  most 


familiar  only  are  mentioned.  A  few  of  them,  as  the  "  Battle 
Flag  of  the  Republic,"  "  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic,"  "  The 
Blue  and  the  Gray,"  and  "Maryland,  my  Maryland,"  have  a 
place  in  standard  literature ;  others,  which  will  be  recognized 
by  all  who  remember  the  years  1861-65,  though  with  less 
literary  merit,  became  favorites  as  expressions  of  patriotic 
sentiment. 
Battle  Cry  of  Freedom.— 6reo.  F.  Root. 

"  Yes,  we'll  rally  round  the  flag,  boys." 
Battle  Flag  of  the  Republic— O.  W.  Holmes. 

"Flag  of  the  heroes  who  left  us  their  glory." 
Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic— J^uKa  Ward  Howe. 

'•  xVIine  eyes  have  seen  the  glory  of  the  coming  of  the  Lord." 
The  Blue  and  the  Gray. — Francis  M.  Finch. 

"  By  the  flow  of  the  inland  river." 
Brave  Boys  are  They.— Henry  C.  Work. 

"  Brave  boys  are  they,  gone  at  their  country's  call." 
Dixie  (Southern). — Albert  Pike. 

"Southrons  hear  your  country  call  you." 
Dixie  (Northern).— r.  M.  Cooley. 

"  Away  down  South  where  grows  the  cotton." 
John  Brown's  body — 

"John  Brown's  body  lies  a-mould'ring  in  the  grave. " 
Just  before  the  Battle,  Mother. — Geo.  F.  Root. 

"Just  before  the  battle,  mother,  I  am  thinking  most  of  you." 
Marching  through  Georgia,.— Henry  C.  Work. 

"Bring  the  good  old  bugle,  boys;  we'll  sing  another  song." 
Maryland,  my  Maryland  (fSouthern).— Jos.  R.  Randall. 

"The  despot's  heel  is  on  thy  shore,  Maryland." 
0  wrap  the  flag  around  me,  boys. — R.  Stewart  Taylor. 
Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp.— Ceo.  F.  Root. 

"In  the  prison  cell  I  sit." 
When  Johnny  comes  Marching  Home. — Louis  Lambert. 
When  this  Cruel  War  is  Over.— Charles  C.  Sawyer. 

"Dearest  love,  do  you  remember." 

sonnet,  a  poem  of  14  lines,  with  rhymes,  formally  ar- 
ranged according  to  precise  rules,  was  invented,  it  is  said,  by 
Guido  d'Arezzo  about  1024.  Many  celebrated  sonnets  are  by 
Petrarch  (about  1327),  Shakespeare  (1609),  Milton  (about  1650), 
and  Wordsworth  (1820).     Literature. 

Sonn'ites  or  Sunn'ites,  the  orthodox  Mahometans, 
who  now  possess  the  Turkish  empire.     Mahometanism. 

ISopllia,  St.,  principal  mosque  in  Constantinople.  The 
first  church  was  dedicated  to  St.  Sophia  (holy  wisdom)  by 
Constantius  II.,  360;  this  having  been  destroyed,  the  second, 
the  present  edifice,  was  founded  by  Justinian,  531,  and  dedi- 
cated 537.  Since  the  Mahometan  conquest,  in  1453,  it  has 
been  used  as  an  imperial  mosque.  Height  182  feet,  length  269 
feet,  and  breadth  243  feet.  6  of  its  pillars  are  of  green  jasper, 
from  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  and  of  porphyry,  from 
the  temple  of  the  Sun  at  Rome.  4  minarets  were  added  by 
Selim  IL,  who  reigned  in  1566.  The  interior  of  the  dome  is 
ornamented  with  mosaics. 

Sophists,  rhetoricians  and  teachers  of  youth  in  Athens, 
censured  by  Socrates,  and  instrumental  in  causing  his  judicial 
murder,  399  b.c.  The  controversy  against  them  M'as  carried 
on  by  Plato  and  his  disciples.     Philosophy. 

Sortoonne  (sor-bon'),  a  society  of  ecclesiastics  at  Paris, 
founded  by  Robert  de  Sorbonne  in  1252.  The  members  lived 
in  common,  and  devoted  themselves  to  study  and  gratuitous 
teaching.  They  soon  attained  a  European  reputation  as  a 
faculty  of  theology,  their  judgment  being  frequently  appealed 
to,  from  the  14th  to  the  17th  century.  The  influence  of  the 
Sorbonne  was  declining  when  the  society  was  broken  up  in 
1789.  The  buildings  are  now  devoted  to  education.  Academy. 

sorcerers  and  magicians.  A  law  was  enacted 
against  their  seductions,  33  Hen.  VIII.  1541 ;  and  another  stat- 
ute, equally  severe,  was  pa.ssed,  5  Eliz.  1563.  The  pretension 
to  sorcery  was  made  capital,  I  James  I.  1603.     Witchcraft. 

SOrgllum,  Chinese  sugar-cane,  introduced  into  France 
in  1851,  and  into  the  United  States  about  1854.  In  1857 
there  were  also  imported  from  Natal,  South  Africa,  several 
varieties  of  sorghum,  known  also  as  African  millet  and  imphee. 
In  its  general  appearance,  sorghum  resembles  maize  or  Indian 
corn  or  more  nearly  broom  corn,  which  belongs  to  the  same 
genus,  and  flourishes  in  the  same  soils,  doing  best  in  the  south 
and  southwestern  states.  For  securing  and  manufacturing  its 
juice  into  syrup  it  is  treated  like  sugar-cane.     Sugar. 


SOR 


744 


SOU 


MOrtes    BIbllcaP,  intr«)duce<l  during  the   reign  of 

Charlemagni',  was  a  luetlunl  o(  telling  fortunes  by  opening 

the  Uible  at  the  4  evangelists  or  the  Psalms,  at  random ;  and 

the  dnger  falling  upon  a  passage,  it  was  received  as  prophetic. 

"Then  doaporalely  seized  the  holy  Book, 

Suddenly  sot  it  wide  to  Hud  ii  sign, 

Suddeuly  put  her  finger  on  the  text." 

—Tennyson,  "  Blnoch  Ardon." 

SOlldan'  or  HOUjah  {soo'yah),  the  title  of  the  lieu- 
tenant-generals of  the  caliphs,  which  they  bore  in  their  prov- 
inces and  armies.  The  officers  afterwards  made  themselves 
sovereigns.  Saladin,  general  of  the  forces  of  Noureddin,  king 
of  Damascus,  was  the  first  that  took  upon  him  thi.s  title  in 
Egypt,  11G5,  after  having  killed  the  caliph  Caym. 

Soudan'  or  IVigfritia  {ne-gnsh'ea),  a  region  of  Central 
Africa,  partly  subject  to  the  khedive  of  Egypt  until  1882.  It 
was  well  governeil  by  col.  Gordon  till  1879.  Before  the  revolt 
of  the  mahdi  in  1882,  the  khedival  possessions  beyond  Egypt 
proper  extended  frt)m  the  frontier  of  Upper  Egypt  for  a  dis- 
Unce  of  nearly  14()0  miles  southward  to  lake  Albert  Nyanza 
(3^  to  23°  N.),  with  a  total  area  of  about  1,000,000  sq.  miles, 
and  with  a  probable  population  of  from  10,000,000  to  12,000,000. 
It  includes  the  region  of  Darfur,  reduced  to  Egyptian  rule  in 
1874;  Kordofan  in  1821 ;  Upper  Nubia  and  Senaar  in  1822;  the 
Zeriba  lands  of  the  White  Nile  basin,  organized  and  adminis- 
tered by  the  Egyptian  government  1870-82,  and  since  held 
partly  by  Emin  I'acha  until  relieved  by  Stanley  in  1889. 
This  territory  was  placed  under  a  governor-general,  with  resi- 
dence at  Khartoum  (pop.  about  70,000, 1882),  at  the  confluence 
of  the  White  and  Blue  Nile.  Since  the  mahdi's  revolt,  Suakim, 
Berber,  and  Zeilah  have  been  occupied  by  the  English,  Massa- 
wah  by  the  Italians,  and  Lower  Dongola  by  the  Egyptians. 
Insurrection  headed  by  sheik  Mahomed  Ahmed  of  Dongola, 
declaring  himself  a  prophet  (mahdi  or  muhdi,  foretold  by 

Moslem  prophets) July,  1881 

Defeated;  retires  up  the  Blue  Nile;  crosses  White  Nile  with 

increased  army winter,     " 

Defeats  the  Egyptians Nov.     " 

Surrounds  and  massacres  6000  Egyptians  under  Yussuf  pacha, 
14  June;  occupies  Shala,  July;  defeated  at  Bara,  19  Aug. ;  at 
Duem,  28  Aug. ;  repulsed  at  Obeid,  8,  14  Sept. ;  defeats  the 
Egyptians,  15  Sept. -24  Oct. ;  rebels  defeated  at  Bara,  4  Nov. ; 

col.  Stewart  at  Khartoum 16  Dec.  1882 

Mahdi  captures  Bara  and  Obeid,  5  Jan. ;  repulsed. .  .23-26  Feb.  1883 
Col.  Hicks  pacha  with  an  army  starts  for  the  Kordofan;  ar- 
rives at  Berber,  1  Mch. ;  routs  the  mahdi 29  Apr.     " 

Mahdi  defeated  at  Khartoum about  14  May,     ' ' 

Sennaar  chiefs  submit,  announced 25  June,    " 

Hicks  marches  up  the  Nile,  9  Sept. ;  arrives  at  Duem.  .20  SepK     " 
Surprise  and  defeat  of  Egyptian  detachment  at  Tokar,  near 

Suakim ;  about  150  killed,  including  the  British  consul,  6  Nov.  " 
Battle  of  El-Obeid,  or  Kashgal;  col.  Hicks  decoyed  into  a  de- 
file; about  11,000  men  attacked  by  overwhelming  multitudes, 
form  squares  and  resist  till  nearly  all  are  killed,  including 
cols.  Hicks  and  Farquhar;  of  European  officers,  only  2  es- 
cape ;  reported  desertion  of  some  of  Hicks's  troops  ;   the 

mahdi  gains  cannon  and  ammunition 3-5  Nov.     " 

Egyptian  force  concentrates  at  Khartoum  under  col.  Coetlogon, 

Nov.     " 
General  rising;  the  British  government  sends  gunboats  to  de- 
fend Suakim  and  Red  Sea  ports,  about  23  Nov. ;  attack  on 
Suakim  forts,  26  Nov.-l  Dec. ;  about  720  Egyptians  surround- 
ed and  682  killed  (asserted) 2  Dec.     " 

V.  Baker  pacha  sent  to  Suakim  with  plenary  powers, 

about  18  Dec.     " 

Khartoum  garrison  strengthened about  26  Dec.     " 

Osman  Digma,  a  ruined  slave-dealer,  commander  for  the  mahdi, 

Dec.      " 
Gen.  (Chinese)  Gordon  sent  to  the  Soudan  (to  report),  18  Jan., 
starts  19  Jan. ;  appointed  governor-general  of  the  Soudan  by 

the  khedive 25  Jan.  1884 

Sinkat  closely  besieged Nov.  1883-Jan.     " 

Tokar  besieged  by  rebels,  surrenders,  21  Feb. ;  Baker  pacha  with 
3500  men  defeated  near  Tokar,  loses  about  2250  men,  with 
remnant  retreats  to  Trinkitat,4  Feb. ;  received  by  British  ship 
Ranger,  5,  6  Feb. ;  reinforcements  ordered  to  adm.  Hewett  at 
Suakim,  6  Feb. ;  Baker  pacha  recalled ;  remains;  Suakim  in 
a  state  of  siege ;  adm.  Hewett  in  full  command,  7-9  Feb. ;  sor- 
tie of  the  garrison,  headed  by  Tewfik  bey,  from  Sinkat,  all 
killed;  women  and  children  prisoners,  town  taken. .  .8  Feb.     " 

Reinforcements  sent  to  Suakim 11,  12  Feb.      " 

Gen.  Gordon  arrives  at  Berber,  11  Feb. ;  welcomed  as  a  deliv- 
erer at  Khartoum;  proclaims  the  mahdi  sultan  of  Kordofan; 
remission  of  half  the  taxes,  and  non-interference  with  the 

slave-trade,  releases  prisoners,  remits  debts 18  Feb.     " 

Restoration  of  the  former  sultanate  of  Darfour  proposed;  Kas- 

sala  besieged  by  Osman  Digma Feb.     " 

Black  troops  at  Suakim  mutiny  and  disperse,  announced,  25  Feb.     " 
Battle  of  El  Teb,  near  where  Baker  pacha  was  defeated,  4  Feb. 
After  fruitless  attempts  at  negotiation,  gen.  Gerald  Graham, 
with  about  4U0O  men  (10th  and  19th  Hussars,  Gordon  High- 
landers, the  Black  Watch,  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  battal- 


ions, and  marines),  at  11  a.m.  advance  on  about  12,000 
rebels,  who,  after  a  desperate  resistance,  are  defeated  with 
less  of  about  2000  men,  at  2.30  p.m.;  the  British  lo.ss  was 
nijyor  M.  M.  Slade,  lieuts.  F.  H.  Probyn,  F.  A.  Freeman,  and 
Frank  Royds,  quartermaster  James  Wilkins,  and  24  men 

killed,  and  142  wounded 29  Feb. 

Tokar  surrenders;  rebel  garrison  flees 1  Mch. 

Battle  of  Tamanieb:  British  advance  against  Osman  Digma's 
camp  at  Tamasi,  near  El -Teb,  7.20  a.m.,  massed  in  oblong 
squares;  one  square  broken  by  an  ambush  of  Aral)s,  who 
creep  under  and  capture  the  (iatling  and  other  guns;  col. 
Wood  with  700  cavalry  charges  the  Arabs  in  flank  and  drives 
them  back;  the  infantry  rally  and  recover  the  guns;  the 
other  square  successful;  camp  taken,  12.30  p.m.  The  British 
loss:  killed,  capts.  H.  G.  V.  Ford,  Walker,  and  Aitken;  lieuts. 
Montresor,  Almack,  and  Houston  Stewart,  and  86  men;  111 
wounded,and  19  missing;  2000  of  the  lO.OOO  rebels  killed.  The 

Black  Watch  and  naval  brigade  suffered  much 13  Mch. 

Osman  Digma's  camp  (with  stores  captured  4  Feb. )  burned, 

14  Mch. 
Gordon  defeats  rebels  and  brings  off  garrison  of  Halfyeh, 

about  15  Mch. 
Through  cowardice  and  treachery  Gordon's  troops  (1500)  de- 
feated by  about  60  rebels  with  great  slaughter 16  Mch. 

£1000  offered  for  Osman  Digma,  alive  or  dead,  15  Mch. ;  coun- 
termanded from  England 17  Mch. 

Troops  march  to  Handoub  wells 18  Mch. 

Has«in  and  Said  pachas,  Turko- Egyptian  generals,  tried  and 
shot 23  Mch. 

Gen.  Graham  advances  on  Tamanieb;  slight  skirmish;  Arabs 

flee;  Osman  Digma's  villages  burned 27  Mch. 

March  to  Berber  reported  safe 29  Mch. 

Gordon  contending  with  the  rebels;  Kassala  closely  besieged, 

30  Mch. 

Khartoum  said  to  be  closely  invested;  the  rebels  frequently  de- 
feated   Apr. 

Gen.  (Jordon,  col.  Stewart,  and  Mr.  Power,  the  Times  corre- 
spondent, the  only  British  there 8  Apr. 

Egyptian  troops  arrive  at  Suakim 10  Apr. 

Shendy  closely  besieged 19  Apr. 

Berber  clcsely  invested 20  Apr. 

Evacuation  of  Berber;  troops  withdrawn  to  Korosko. .  .26  Apr. 

Whole  country  in  insurrection;   Egyptian  troops  joining  the 

mahdi Apr. 

[British  government  declining  to  send  help,  Gordon  writes 
to  sir  Evelyn  Baring:  "  I  shall  hold  on  here  as  long  as  I  can, 
and  if  I  can  suppress  the  rebellion,  I  will  do  so.  If  I  cannot, 
I  shall  retire  to  the  equator."] 

Col.  Stewart  and  Mr.  Power  decide  to  remain  with  him. .  .May, 

Subscriptions  proposed  to  support  Gordon " 

Adm.  Hewett  well  received  by  the  king  of  Abyssinia  at  Adowa; 
treaty  signed about  26  May, 

Fruitless  attacks  on  Suakim  checked  by  marines, 

27,  28,  31  May,  2,  4,  10  June, 

Highly  successful  sally  from  Khartoum;  maj.  Chermside  made 
governor  of  Suakim 28  May, 

Advance  of  Egyptian  troops May, 

Fall  of  Berber  announced 10  June, 

Assouan  fortified June, 

Rebels  defeated  at  Debbeh 29,  30  June, 

Assouan  occupied  by  the  British 12  July, 

More  troops  sent  to  Alexandria  from  Malta July, 

Gordon  successful  at  Khartoum,  reported 22  July, 

Gen.  Gordon  repulses  severe  attack,  10  Aug. ;  defeats  rebels, 

12  Aug. 

Osman  Digma,  near  Suakim,  defeated Aug. 

Expedition  ))repared  to  relieve  Khartoum,  gen.  Earle  com- 
mander; British  troops  arrive  atWady  Haifa.. 23  Aug.  etseq. 

Expedition  to  ascend  the  Nile  in  about  800  flat-bottomed  boats, 
navigated  by  Canadian  Indians  (voyageurs) ;  Sarras. Sept.  -Oct. 

Defeat  of  the  mahdi's  troops  by  the  mudir  of  Dongola  at  Am- 
bikol 8  Sept. 

Gen.  Earle  to  be  at  Wady  Haifa;  col.  Stewart  and  lord  Airlie  at 
Dongola;  col.  Maurice  at  Assiout Sept. 

Telegrams  from  Gordon  requiring  assistance " 

Friendly  tribes  defeat  rebels,  and  relieve  Suakim,  about  17  Sept. 

Victories  of  Gordon  on  24  July  and  30  Aug.  and  raising  of  the 
siege  of  Khartoum,  reported, 20  Sept. 

British  army  in  Egypt,  13,559 about  22  Sept. 

Lord  John  Hay  arrives  with  the  fleet  at  Alexandria 24  Sept., 

Several  camel  corps  start  from  Woolwich  for  the  Soudan, 

about  25  Sept. 

Mr.  Power's  journal  of  the  siege  of  Khartoum,  April  to  31  July, 
published  in  London  Times 29  Sept. 

Lord  Wolseley  arrives  at  Wady  Haifa 5  Oct. 

Shendy  taken 6  Oct. 

Col.  J.  D.  Stewart,  with  Mr.  Power  and  M.  Herbin,  and  about  40 
men  in  a  steamer,  wrecked  near  Wady  Garna,  5th  cataract; 
laud;  massacred  by  Arabs  ofTering  guidance,  announced, 

about  6  Oct. 

Gordon  defeats  rebels;  returns  to  Khartoum;  announced,  I  Nov. 

Lord  Wolseley  arrives  at  Dongola 3  Nov. 

Attacks  on  Suakim  repulsed 3,  4  Nov. 

Gordon  reports  all  well  at  Khartoum 4  Nov. 

Two  steamers  disabled  by  rebels  near  Khartoum,  announced, 

18  Nov. 

Lord  Wolseley's  proclamation  to  soldiers  and  sailors 1  Dec. 

Two  hours'  attack  of  the  rebels  on  Suakim  without  eflTect,  3 
Dec. ;  rebels  defeated  with  loss 8  Dec. 

Lord  Wolseley  arrives  at  Korti 15  Dec. 

Successful  saijy  of  the  garrison  of  Kassala 26  Dec. 


1 


sou 


745 


SOU 


1884 


1885 


Forward  movement  of  the  army 28  Dec. 

Rapid  marches  of  gen.  sir  Herbert  Stewart Dec. 

Successful  march  in  the  desert Jan. 

Gen.  Earle  ascending  Nile,  and  gen.  Stewart  crossing  desert 

towards  Metammeh Jan.     " 

Near  Abu  Klea  wells, about  120  miles  from  Khartoum,  gen.  Stew- 
art, with  1500  men.  defeats  about  10,000  Arabs,  who  leave  about 
800  dead.  British  lose9  officers  (col.  Fred.Gus.Burnaby, majors 
Atherton,Carmichael,andGough,capts.LawandDarley,lieuts. 
Pigott,  Delile,and  Wolfe)  and  65  men  killed.85  wounded,17  Jan.  " 
Gen.  Stewart,  marching  towards  Metammeh,  severely  wounded 
by  sharpshooters;  12  killed,  including  correspondents  of  the 
Morning  Post  and  Standard,  Thos.  St.  Leger  Herbert,  and 
John  A.  Cameron;  sir  Charles  Wilson  takes  command,  18  Jan.  " 
At  Gubat,  near  Metammeh,  fierce  Arab  onset  on  British  square 

repulsed  with  heavy  loss 19  Jan.     " 

Message  from  gen.  Gordon  received,  dated  29  Dec. :  "  Khartoum 

is  all  right;  could  hold  out  for  a  year" about  19  Jan.     " 

Communications  opened  with  Khartoum 24  Jan.     " 

Gen.  Earle  with  army  marches  to  Handoub  for  Berber. .      "  " 

Successful  skirmishes  of  gen.  Earle Jan.     " 

Gen.  Stewart  succeeded  by  sir  Red  vers  Buller "       " 

Surrender  of  Khartoum  by  treachery  of  Faragh  pacha;  Gordon 

and  followers  killed early  26  Jan.     " 

Sir  Charles  Wilson  sails  up  the  Nile 28  Jan.     " 

Reconnoissances  of  gen.  Fremantle;  heavy  Arab  loss,  about  30 
Jan. ;  Handoub  captured  and  burned  by  a  party  which  is  in- 
tercepted by  Arabs,  and  lose  12  men 2  Feb.     " 

Italian  flag  hoisted  beside  Egyptian  at  Massowah 6  Feb.     " 

Sir  Charles  Wilson  and  party,  within  800  yards  of  Khartoum, 
fired  upon,  retreat;  his  steamer  wrecked  by  treachery  of 
Arab  pilots;  lands  on  an  island,  is  rescued  from  peril  by  lord 
Charles  Beresford  in  face  of  batteries;  arrives  at  Korti.. 9  Feb.  " 
Victory  at  Kirbekan ;  Arabs  on  a  ridge,  surrounded  by  gen. 
Earle's  column  (the  BlackWatch  and  Staffordshire  regiments), 
many  killed;  gen.  Earle,  lieut.  cols.  Eyre  and  Coveney,  and 
nine  others  killed;  gen.  Brackenbury  takes  command,  10  Feb.  " 
Gen.  Buller  retreats  from  Gubat  to  Abu  Klea  wells.  .13,  15  Feb.     " 

Death  of  sir  H.  Stewart  at  Gakdiil 16  Feb.     " 

Railway  ordered  between  Suakim  and  Berber Feb.     " 

Second  Italian  expedition  reaches  Port  Said 17  Feb.     " 

Near  Abu  Klea,  maj.  Wardrop  takes  the  heights  after  much 

skirmishing;  Arabs  flee 17  Feb.      " 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood  arrives  at  Gakdul "  " 

Gen.  Gerald  Graham,  wi  th  Coldstream  and  Grenadier  Guards  and 
others,  start  for  Soudan;  farewell  by  the  queen  and  prince  of 

Wales 19-21  Feb.     " 

Osman  Digma  massing  his  forces  near  Suakim. .  .about  21  Feb.     " 
Rebels'  attack  on  Kassala  garrison  defeated  with  great  loss,  an- 
nounced  22  Feb.     ' ' 

Gen.  Brackenbury's  column  reaches  Gakdul 26  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Buller's  column  marches  to  Korti 1  Mch.     " 

Gen.  Graham's  slafl"  and  15th  Sikhs  regiment  arrive  at  Suakim, 

4  Mch.     " 
Queen's  address  of  thanks  read  to  the  army  at  Korti  by  Lord 

Wolseley 7  Mch.     " 

17th  Bengal  Infantry  and  the  Royal  Engineers' balloon  corps  ar- 
rive at  Suakim 7  Mch.     " 

Gen.  Graham  calls  on  Osman  Digma  to  surrender,  to  avoid 

bloodshed about  16  Mch.     " 

Battle  of  Hasheen:  Graham,  with  part  of  his  army,  starts  at 
daybreak;  several  of  Osman  Digma's  positions  on  hills  taken 

after  conflicts;  about  21  British  killed 20  Mch.     " 

Gen.  McNeil's  brigade  attacked  by  about  4500  Arabs,  about  6 
miles  from  Suakim ;  they  are  repulsed  with  heavy  loss  (about 
1500) ;  British  loss  about  100  killed,  including  lieuts.  Swinton, 

Seymour,  and  Newman,  capt.  Romilly  and  others 22  Mch.     " 

Manifesto  of  the  mahdi  claiming  the  caliphate,  pub Mch.     " 

Korti  evacuated  by  the  array about  23  Mch.      " 

Zebehr  pacha  arrested  at  request  of  lord  Wolselev,  14  Mch. ; 

sent  to  Gibraltar "...29  Mch.     " 

Lord  Wolseley  arrives  at  Suakim 2  May,     " 

Proposed  armed  defence  of  line  from  Assouan  to  AVady  Haifa, 

announced 11  May,     " 

Dongola  evacuated 15  June,     " 

Death  of  the  madhi  by  small- pox June,     " 

Country  south  of  Wady  Haifa  abandoned  by  Egyptians Apr.  1886 

British  evacuation  of  Suakim  completed 16  May,      " 

Osman  Digma's  forces  dispersed  and  all  his  military  stores 

captured 7  Oct.     " 

Emin  Bey  (Austrian  physician),  an  associate  of  gen.  Gordon, 
holds  Wadelai  as  governor  of  equatorial  Africa  since  1878 

with  black  troops;  news  brought  by  dr.  Junker Nov.     " 

Expedition  of  Henry  M.  Slanlcy  for  the  Emin  Pacha  committee 
with  a  small  armament,  and  able  volunteer  officers,  leaves 

London  (Africa) 21  Jan.  1887 

Suakim  on  the  Red  sea  declared  open  to  commerce 20  Feb.  1889 

Balilo  of  Toski;  dervishes  defeated  by  gen.  sir  Francis  Gren- 

^  fell 11  Aug.     " 

Osman  Digma  defeated  at  Tokar  by  the  Egyptians  under  col. 

H.  Smith 19  Feb.  1891 

Red  sea  Littoral  reported  clear  of  rebels 23  Feb.     " 

Father  Ohrwalder  and  2  Roman  Catholic  sisters,  prisoners  in 
the  madhi's  camp  at  Khartoum,  escape  to  Cairo 21  Dec.     " 

sound  and  SOund-StiadOlir.     Acoustics. 

Sound  duties.  Till  1857  no  merchant  ship  was  al- 
lowed to  pass  the  Sound  (a  narrow  channel  separating  Zealand 
from  Sweden)  without  clearing  at  Elsinore  and  paying  toll. 
24* 


These  duties  had  their  origin  in  an  agreement  between  the 
king  of  Denmark  and  the  Hanse  towns  (1348),  by  which  the 
former  undertook  to  maintain  light-houses,  etc.,  along  the 
Cattegat,  and  the  latter  to  pay  duty  for  the  same.  The  first 
treaty  with  England  in  relation  to  this  was  in  1450;  other 
countries  followed.  In  1855  the  United  States  determined  to 
pay  the  dues  no  more;  and  in  the  same  year  the  Danish 
government  proposed  that  these  dues  should  be  capitalized, 
which  was  eventually  agreed  to,  the  sum  being  30,476,325 
rix-doUars.  In  Aug.  1857,  the  British  government  paid  10,- 
126,855  rix-doUars  (1,125,206/.)  to  the  Danes  as  their  propor- 
tion. The  passage  of  the  sound  was  effected,  in  defiance  of 
strong  fortresses,  by  sir  Hyde  Parker  and  lord  Nelson,  31  Mch, 
1801.     Baltic  expedition. 

§OUnding[§  at  sea.  Capt.  Ross  of  British  steamship 
(Edipus,  in  1840,  took  extraordinary  soundings  at  sea.  One 
taken  900  miles  west  of  St.  Helena  was  said  to  reach  a  depth 
of  5000  fathoms.  In  lat.  33°  S.  and  Ion.  9°  W.,  about  300 
miles  from  the  cape  of  Good  Hope,  2266  fathoms  were  sound- 
ed ;  the  weight  employed  amounted  to  450  pounds.  On  13 
July,  1857,  lieut.  Joseph  Dayman,  in  the  North  Atlantic  ocean, 
lat.  51°  9'  N.,  Ion.  40°  2'  W.,  in  sounding,  found  a  bottom  at 
2424  fathoms.  The  deepest  sounding  accurately  known  (3875 
fathoms)  was  taken  by  the  Challengei;  capt.  Nares,  24  Mch. 
1873,  in  the  North  Atlantic,  north  of  St.  Thomas.  Deep-sea 
soundings;  Ocean  areas  and  depth. 

South  African  Republic,  name   assumed  by 
the  Boers  in  the  Transvaal  in  1880-81. 
South  America.     America. 

South  Australia  was  visited  by  capt.  Sturt  in  1830, 
and  explored  shortly  after  by  capt.  Parker  and  Mr.  Kent,  the 
former  of  whom  was  killed  by  the  natives.  The  boundaries 
of  the  province  were  fixed  by  4  and  5  Will.  IV.  c.  95  (1834) ; 
and  it  was  occupied  26  Dec.  1836,  by  capt.  Hindmarsh,  the 
first  governor.  It  was  colonized  according  to  E.  Gibbon 
Wakefield's  scheme,  which  was  carried  out  by  the  South 
Australian  Colonization  association.  The  colony  for  several 
years  underwent  severe  trials  through  the  great  influx  of  emi- 
grants, land-jobbing,  building  speculations,  etc.,  which  pro- 
duced almost  universal  bankruptcy  in  1839.  In  5  years  after, 
the  energy  of  the  colonists  had  overcome  their  difiiculties,  and 
the  prosperity  of  the  colony  appeared  fully  established.  In 
1842  the  highly  productive  Burra-Burra  copper-mines  were 
discovered,  and  large  fortunes  were  suddenly  realized  ;  but  in 
1851  the  discovery  of  gold  in  New  South  Wales  and  Victoria 
almost  paralyzed  this  province  by  drawing  off  a  large  part  of 
the  laboring  population.  Very  little  gold  was  found  in  South 
Australia ;  but  a  reaction  took  place  in  favor  of  the  copper- 
mines,  agriculture,  etc.  Before  the  discovery  of  gold,  little 
trade  existed  between  Adelaide  (the  capital  of  South  Australia) 
and  Melbourne;  but  in  1852  gold  was  transmitted  from  the 
latter  to  the  former  to  the  amount  of  2,215,167/.,  principally 
for  breadstuffs,  farm  produce,  etc.  Area,  903,690  sq.  miles. 
Pop.  in  1855,  85,821;  1865,  156,605;  1871,  185,626;  1877, 
225,677;  1891,315,048. 

South  Carolina,  one  of  the  original  southern  states 
of  the  United  States,  is  bounded  eastward   by  North  Caro- 
lina and  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
with  a  coast-line  of  200  miles; 
Georgia  lies  to  the  west,  and 
North  Carolina  bounds  it  on 
the  north.     It   is   triangular 
in  form,  with  the  apex  south. 
Area,  30,570  sq.  miles,  in  35 
counties;  pop.  1890,  1,151,149. 
Capital,  Columbia. 
Velasquez  de  Ayllon,  with 
2  ships  sailing  northward 
from  St.  Domingo  to  pro- 
cure   Indians  as   slaves, 
anchors    at    the    mouth 
of  the   Combahee  river. 
The  natives  crowding  on  the  vessels  are  carried  to  St.  Do- 
mingo    1520 

Velasquez  de  Ayllon  again  sails  from  Hispaniola  with  3  .ships, 
1  of  which  is  lost  at  the  mouth  of  the  Combahee,  and  200 
of  the  men  are  massacred  by  the  natives;  but  few  escape. . .  1525 
E.xpedition  fitted  out  by  adm.  Coligny,  under  Jean  Ribault  of 
Dieppe,  explores  St.  Helena  sound  and  Fort  Royal,  and  builds 
Charles  fort,  near  Beaufort 1562 


sou 

CSmriPs  II.  couvevs  by  charter  tprritory  lyiug  between  lat.  31° 
•ud  30"  N'.,  lu  ibo  oarl  of  Clivreudon  and  7  others,  who  form 
a  urourieiary  aud  call  the  couutry  Carolina  (Nobth  Cako- 
uliA).. 20  Mch. 

Oratii  of  laiid  to  the  carl  of  Olareudon  and  others  enlarged  and 
MU.ode<l  to  Ut  29°  N 30  June 

Cant.  William  Sayle  explores  the  lu isi  iiii.kr  the  direction  of 
the  proprietors 

SotUenuMit  near  Port  Royal  by  a  i'  w  Kii^IihIi  colonists  sent 
outbv  the  proprietors,  with  Wilham  Suyle  as  governor 

Settlers  at  Pi>rl  Koyal  reinovf  to  iIjo  western  bank  of  the  Ash- 
ley river  an  I  found  Old  I'linloion 

SelllenuMU  at  Charleston  inri.M>-Ml  bv  a  Pmall  colony  from 
Barbadoes  under  sir  Jolm  V.miii:.iis,  wIm.  had  a  large  grant 
of  land  from  the  proprieiois  Wiih  tins  .■.lU.ny  came  the 
ttrst  slaves  in  South  Carolina 

Freemen  of  Carolina  meet  at  Charleston  and  elect  representa- 
tives for  the  civil  government  of  the  colony 

Fundamental  constitutions  framed  by  John  Ix)cke,  and  amend- 
ed by  (he  earl  of  Shaftesbury  in  1669,  are  put  into  opera- 
tion "in  South  Carolina 

By  invitation  a  colony  of  Dutch  from  New  York  settle  on  the 
'southwest  side  of  the  Ashley  river 

Settlers  remove  from  Old  Charleston  to  Oyster  Point,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  and  found 
Charleston 

Baptists  from  Maine,  under  Mr.  Screven,  settle  on  Cooper  river, 

Scotch  settlement  on  Port  Royal  is  broken  up  and  dispersed 
by  Spaniards  from  St.  Augustine 

Gov.  James  Colleton,  in  endeavors  to  exact  arrears  of  quit 
rents,  proclaims  martial  law.  The  Assembly  meet  and  ban- 
ish him;  thereupon  Seth  Sothel,  claiming  to  be  a  proprietor, 
usurps  the  government 

Sothel  is  compelled  to  relinquish  the  government  on  charge 
of  malfeasjince,  and  Philip  Ludwell  is  appointed  governor. . . 

Fundamental  constitutions  abrogated  by  the  lords  proprietors, 

Apr. 

Act  making  all  alien  inhabitants  freemen  on  petitioning  the 
governor  and  swearing  allegiance  to  the  king,  with  liberty 
of  conscience  to  all  Christians  except  Papists 

Small  colony  of  Congregationalists  from  Dorchester,  Mass., 
with  their  pastor  rev.  Joseph  Lord,  settle  near  the  head  of 
Ashley  river  about  22  miles  from  Charleston 

Combined  naval  and  land  expedition  from  Carolina,  under  gov. 
Moore  and  col.  Daniel,  besiege  St.  Augustine.  2  Spanish 
vessels  appearing  in  the  harbor,  gov.  Moore  raises  the  siege 
afterburning  the  town Sept. 

First  issue  of  paper  money  in  America  made  by  Carolina  to 
meet  6000/. ,  expenses  of  the  expedition  against  Florida,  Sept. 

Carolina  troops,  under  gov.  Moore,  make  an  expedition  against 
the  Indian  towns  of  northern  Florida Jan. 

Combined  expedition  of  French,  under  mons.  l,e  Feboure,  and 
the  Spanish,  made  upon  Charleston,  proves  fruitless Aug. 

South  Carolina  troops  attack  and  defeat  the  Tuscaroras  on  the 
Neuse,  with  a  loss  to  the  Indians  of  more  than  300  killed 
and  100  captured 28  Jan. 

An  incipient  civil  war  breaks  out  in  Carolina  in  1710,  between 
col.  Broughton.  one  of  3  deputies  of  the  lords  proprietors, 
and  Robert  Gibbes,  the  proclaimed  governor.  The  contro- 
versy being  referred  to  the  proprietors,  they  appoint  Charles 
Craven  governor 

Fort  Nahucke,  Greene  county,  N.  C,  garrisoned  by  800  Tusca- 
rora  Indians,  captured  by  col.  James  Moore  of  South  Caro- 
lina   20  Mch. 

Tamussee  Indians,  incited  by  the  Spaniards,  massacre  90  col- 
onists at  Pocotaligo 15  Apr. 

Gov.  Craven  defeats  the  Indians  on  the  Salkehatchie.  In  this 
war  400  South  Carolinians  are  massacred 

King  in  council  so  advising,  proprietors  repeal  the  duty  of  10 
per  cent,  on  all  goods  of  British  manufacture,  and  also  the 
act  regulating  elections  and  that  enabling  the  Assembly  to 
nominate  a  public  receiver 

Governor  and  council  impeach  the  administration  of  chief- 
justice  Trolt,  and  present  the  case  to  the  proprietors.  The 
proprietors  uphold  Trott,  and  order  the  governor  to  publish 
at  once  the  repeal  of  the  late  popular  acts  of  the  legislature, 
and  to  convene  a  new  council  and  a  new  assembly 

Steed  Bonnett  and  Richard  Worley,  pirates,  and  40  followers, 
captured,  convicted,  and  hung 

Gov.  Johnson,  by  letter  of  Alexander  Skene,  George  Logan,  and 
William  Blakeway,  asked  to  accept  the  government  from  the 
people  under  the  king 28  Nov. 

Gov.  Johnson  declining  the  office  of  governor,  the  People's 
Association  proclaim  James  Moore  governor,  and  elect  12 
councillors,  choose  Richard  Allein  chief-justice,  and  appoint 
col.  John  Barnwell  agent  for  the  province 

Lords  of  the  regency  appoint  Francis  Nicholson  provisional 
governor,  having  decided  that  the  proprietors  had  forfeited 
their  charter 

Gov.  Nicholson  arrives,  summons  a  new  assembly,  which  elects 
the  late  popular  governor,  James  Moore,  speaker  of  the  house. 

Lords  proprietors  surrender  the  charter  and  government  to  the 
king,  except  lord  Granville's  one  eighth  

Sir  Alexander  Cumming,  sent  out  by  Great  Britain,  makes  a 
treaty  with  the  Cherokees  at  Nequassee,  who  proclaim  alle- 
giance to  the  king 3  Apr. 

On  assuming  the  government,  the  crown  divides  Carolina,  and 
appoints  Robert  Johnson  governor  of  South  Carolina. 30  Apr. 

First  newspaper  in  South  Carolina  published  at  Charleston, 
Thomas  Whitmarsh,  editor 8  Jan. 

Forty  thousand  acres  of  land  on  the  Savannah  is  given  to 


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1 


John  Peter  Pury  and  his  colony  ot  some  370  Swiss;  Purys 
bury  is  settled 1732-3S 

Williamslxirj,'  lownshii)  foriuod  by  Irish  settlers 1734 

Boundary  liiii'  ixtwcon  North  and  South  Carolina  partly  estab- 
lished."   1738 

Negro  insiincct  1(111  at  Siono  suppressed,  and  its  leader,  Cato 
and  principals  liuug 1740 

Ship-building  begun:  5  ship-yards  established;  4  in  tlio  viciii 
ity  of  Charleston,  and  1  at  Beaufort 

Fire  consumes  nearly  one  half  of  Charleston IH  Nuv. 

Col.  Clark,  with  emigrants  from  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania, 
settles  on  the  Pacolet  and  on  the  foiks  of  the  Tyger  river, 

1750-55 

Cotton  in  small  quantities  exported 1754 

Mrs.  Pinckuey,  who  10  years  previously  cultivated  ihe  lirst 
indigo,  manufactures  near  Charleston  silk  for  3  dress  patterns ; 
one  she  presents  to  the  princess-dowager  of  Wales,  one  to 
lord  Chesterfield,  and  one  to  her  daughter 1755 

Gov.  Glen  erects  fort  Prince  George  on  the  Savannah  about 
300  miles  from  Charleston 

Patrick  Calhoun  and  4  families  settle  in  Abbeville  district 1756 

Treaty  of  peace  concluded  with  the  Cherokees  at  fort  Prince 
George 17  Dec.  1759 

Two  ships  reach  Charleston  with  several  hundred  poor  Ger- 
man emigrants  from  England,  deserted  there  by  their  leader 
Stumpel Apr.  1764 

Two  hundred  and  twelve  French  settlers,  in  charge  of  rev.  Mr. 
Gilbert,  arrive  at  Charleston  in  Apr.,  and  are  assigned  lands, 
which  they  settle  under  the  name  of  New  Bordeaux Oct.     " 

Christopher  Gadsden,  Thomas  Lynch,  and  John  Rulledge  ap- 
pointed delegates  to  the  second  Colonial  Congress  (Unitkd 
States) 7  Oct.  1765 

Stamped  paper  stored  in  fort  Johnson  on  James  island,  by  or- 
der of  gov.  Bull.  150  volunteers  compel  the  captain  of  the 
ship  which  brought  the  paper  to  reload  it  and  sail  immedi- 
ately for  Europe Oct.     " 

An  association  of  regulators  formed  in  the  inland  settlements 
to  suppress  horse- stealing,  etc.,  leads  to  a  Circuit  Court  law 
establishing  courts  of  justice  at  Ninety-Six  (now  Cambridge), 
Orangeburg,  and  Camden *. 1769 

Cargoes  of  tea  sent  to  South  Carolina  are  stored,  aud  consignees 
constrained  from  exposing  it  for  sale 1773 

Christopher  Gadsden,  Thomas  Lynch,  Henry  Middleton,  Ed- 
ward Rutlodge,  and  John  Rutledge  appointed  deputies  to  the 
first  Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia 6  July,  1774 

Henry  Middleton  chosen  president  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress  22  Oct.     " 

First  Provincial  Congress  of  184  members,  including  the  49 
members  of  the  Constitutional  Assembly,  meet  and  approve 
proceedings  of  Continental  Congress 11  Jan.  1775 

Letters  from  England  to  public  oflicials  in  America  intercepted 
at  Charleston  furnish  abundant  evidence  of  the  determina- 
tion of  England  to  coerce  America  by  force 19  Apr.     " 

On  receiving  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  arms  are 
removed  from  the  arsenal  at  Charleston  and  distributed 
among  the  enlisted  men Apr.     " 

Ship  Betsey,  from  London,  surprised  by  a  Carolina  privateer, 
and  111  barrels  of  powder  captured Aug.     " 

Fort  Johnson  garrisoned  by  capt.  Heyward  and  35  of  the 
Charleston  artillery Sept. 

Gov.  Campbell,  last  royal  governor,  dissolves  the  Assembly 
and  retires  to  the  sloop-of-war  Tamar 15  Sept. 

Hostilities  in  South  Carolina  begun  by  the  British  vessels  Ta- 
mar and  Cherokee  making  a  night  attack  on  the  schooner 
Defence,  capt.  Tufts,  while  blocking  Hog  Island  channel  by 
sinking  hulks.  Shots  are  exchanged,  but  at  sunrise  the 
British  vessels  retire 12  Nov. 

Col.  Moultrie,  authorized  by  the  Council  of  Safety,  takes  pos- 
session of  Haddrell's  Point,  and  with  artillery  drives  the 
British  vessels  from  Charleston  harbor Dec. 

Constitution  framed  by  the  Provincial  Congress  of  South  Car- 
olina adopted,  26  Mch.  1776,  and  courts  of  justice  under  its 
sanction  opened 23  Apr.  1776 

British  fleet  under  sir  Peter  Parker  unsuccessfully  attacks  fort 
Moultrie,  Sullivan's  island  (Fort  Moultrib) 28  June,     " 

Thomas  Heyward,  jr.,  James  Lynch,  jr.,  Arthur  Middleton,  and 
Edward  Rutledge  sign  the  Declaration  of  Independence " 

Col.  Williamson  with  2000  men  marches  against  the  Cherokees, 
13  Sept.,  and  lays  waste  all  their  settlements  east  of  the  Ap- 
palachian mountains Sept.     " 

Cherokee  Indians  by  treaty  cede  to  South  Carolina  all  their 
land  eastward  of  the  Unaka  mountains 20  May,  1777 

Henry  Laurens  of  South  Carolina  chosen  president  of  the  Con- 
tinental "Congress 1  Nov.     " 

Constitution  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  as  an  act,  19 
Mch.  1778,  goes  into  effect Nov.  1778 

State  Supreme  court  declares  the  constitutions  of  1776  and  1778 
.  acts  of  General  Assembly,  which  it  could  repeal  or  amend.. . .  1779 

Maj.-gen.  Benjamin  Lincoln  takes  command  of  all  the  forces 
to  the  southward;  establishes  his  first  post  at  Purysburg  on    ^^ 
the  Savannah  river 

President  Lowndes  lays  a  general  embargo,  and  prohibits  the    ^^ 
sailing  of  vessels  from  any  port  of  the  state 

British  under  maj.  Gardiner  driven  from  Port  Royal  island  by 
gen.  Moultrie 3  Feb.    || 

Americans  repulsed  at  Stono  ferry 20  June, 

British  fleet  from  New  York  against  Charleston  lands  forces 
under  sir  Heny  Clinton  30  miles  from  the  city 11  Feb.  1780 

Royal  fleet  commanded  by  adm.  Arbuthnot  anchors  near  fort    ^^ 
Johnson  on  James  island 9  Apr.     ^^ 

Gov.  Rutledge  retires  from  Charleston  northward 12  Apr. 


M 


sou 

American  cavalry  surprised  by  British  under  cols.  Tarleton 
aud  Webster,  and  routed  at  Monk's  Corner 14  Apr. 

Fort  Moultrie,  weakened  reinforcing  Charleston,  surrenders  to 
capt.  Hudson  of  the  British  navy 6  May, 

Charleston  capitulates 12  May, 

British  forces  under  col.  Tarleton  surprise  the  Americans  un- 
der col.  Buford,  at  Waxhaw  on  the  North  Carolina  border; 
the  Americans  lose  117  killed  and  200  taken  i)risoners,  while 
the  British  lose  but  5  men  killed  and  12  wounded. .  .29  May, 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  and  adm.  Arbuthnot,  as  peace  commission- 
ers, by  proclamation  offer  the  inhabitants,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, |)ardon  and  reinstatement  in  their  rights 1  June, 

All  paroles  to  prisoners  not  taken  by  capitulation  and  not  in 
confinement  at  the  surrender  of  Charleston  are  declared 
null  and  void  after  20  June,  and  holders  required  actively  to 
aid  military  operations  or  be  treated  as  rebels 3  June, 

Aff'air  at  Rocky  Mount 30  July, 

Battle  of  Hanging  Rock 6  Aug. 

Battle  of  Camden;  Americans  under  gen.  Gates  attack  the 
British  under  Cornwallis  and  are  repulsed 16  Aug. 

Americans  under  col.  Williams  defeat  the  British  at  Musgrove's 
Mills  on  the  Eunoree 18  Aug. 

Sixty  distinguished  citizens  of  South  Carolina  are  seized  by  the 
British  and  transported  to  St.  Augustine  as  prisoners,  27  Aug. 

Battle  of  King's  Mountain .7  Oct. 

Col.  Thomas  Sumter  extends  nis  campaign  into  South  Carolina; 
he  captures  a  British  supply  train,  15  Aug.  ;  is  surprised  by 
Tarleton  and  defeated  at  Fishing  creek,  18  Aug. ;  defeats 
maj.  James  Wemyss  in  a  night  attack  on  Broad  river,  8  Nov., 
and  defeats  col.  Tarleton  at  Blackstock  Hill 20  Nov. 

Battle  of  CowPENS,  near  Broad  river;  Americans  under  Morgan 
defeat  the  British  under  Tarleton;  Andrew  Jackson,  then  a 
boy  of  14  years,  takes  part  in  the  engagement 17  Jan. 

Francis  Marion,  appointed  brigadier-general  by  gov.  Rutledge 
in  July,  1780,  after  numerous  successful  sorties  on  the  Brit- 
ish and  Tories  from  camp  on  Snow  island  during  the  winter 
of  1780-81;  joins  gen.  Greene  on  his  return  to  the  state,  Apr. 

Battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill;  Americans  under  gen.  Greene  retreat 
before  an  attack  of  the  British  under  lord  Francis  Rawdon 
(Hobkirk's  Hill) 25  Apr. 

British  evacuate  fort  Ninety-Six 21  June, 

Indecisive  battle  between  gen.  Greene  and  col.  Stuart  at  Eutaw 
Springs,  each  claiming  a  victory  (Eutaw  Springs) 8  Sept. 

Gov.  Rutledge  issues  a  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  the 
Tories  in  South  Carolina 27  Sept. 

General  Assembly  convenes  at  Jacksonborough  on  the  Edisto 
river,  Jan.,  elects  John  Mathews  governor,  and  passes  laws 
for  confiscating  the  estates  of  Tories Feb. 

British  evacuate  Charleston 14  Dec. 

Charleston  (hitherto  Charlestown)  incorporated 

South  Carolina  relinquishes  to  Georgia  her  claim  to  a  tract  of 
land  lying  between  the  Altamaha  and  St.  Mary's  rivers 

South  Carolina  cedes  to  the  U.  S.  government  her  claim  to  a 
strip  of  land  12  miles  wide  west  of  a  line  from  the  head  of 
the  Tugaloo  river  to  the  North  Carolina  border 9  Aug. 

Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  ratified  by  the  state 23  May, 

Convention  at  Columbia  completes  state  constitution. .  .3  June, 

Orphan  house  asylum  established  at  Charleston 

Medical  Society  of  South  Carolina,  formed  1789,  incorporated.. 

Sautee  canal,  connecting  Charleston  harbor  with  the  Santee,  22 
miles  long,  begun  17W2,  completed 

Severe  hurricane  at  Charleston Sept. 

College  of  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  chartered  1801, 
opened  at  Columbia 

Owing  to  the  peculiar  distribution  of  the  slave  population,  which 
gave  the  upper  counties  the  power  to  tax,  while  the  lower 
counties  held  most  of  the  property  taxed,  a  compromise 
is  made  in  the  constitution,  making  the  members  of  the 
lower  House  124 ;  62  from  each  section 

Madison  appoints  Paul  Hamilton  secretary  of  the  navy.. 7  Mch. 

Legislature  creates  a  Free-school  fund ;  its  use  to  be  confined  to 
the  poor  if  not  enough  for  all 

State  bank  of  South  Carolina  incorporated 

Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  South  Carolina  incorpo- 
rated  ; 

Decatur,  capt.  Diron,  a  privateer  from  Charleston,  captures  the 
British  ship  Dominicia  of  15  guns  and  crew  of  80  men,  and 
shortly  after  the  London  Trader  with  a  valuable  cargo.  .Aug. 

Cherokees  cede  territory  lying  within  the  chartered  limits  of 
South  Carolina,  by  treaty  at  Washington,  22  Mch.  1816;  rati- 
fied by  the  legislature  of  South  Carolina 19  Dec. 

Monroe  appoints  John  C.  Calhoun  secretary  of  war 8  Oct. 

Territory  ceded  by  the  Cherokees  in  1816,  annexed  to  the  elec- 
tion district  of  Pendleton 

College  of  Charleston,  commenced  in  Charleston  in  1785,  reor- 
ganized and  opened 1  Jan. 

Legislature  denounces  the  U.  S.  tariff  as  encroaching  on  state 
rights 12  Dec. 

South  Carolina  gold  mines  yield  $3500  in 

State  lunatic  asylum  at  Columbia  opened 

Public  meeting  on  states  rights  held  at  Columbia 20  Sept. 

Gov.  Hamilton  recommends  to  legislature  a  nullification  act. . . 

Legislature  calls  a  convention  at  Columbia,  19  Nov.  1832,  to 
consider  the  protective  tariff 25  Oct. 

President  instructs  the  collector  at  Charleston  to  seize  and  hold 
J  every  vessel  entering  that  port  until  the  duties  be  paid,  and 
1  "  to  retain  and  defend  the  custody  of  said  vessels  against  any 
I  forcible  attempt. ' '  Gen:  Scott  and  a  naval  force  are  also  sent 
,     to  the  state 6  Nov 

State  convention  meets,  19  Nov.  1832,  and  passes  an  ordinance 
of  nullification,  declaring  (1)  the  tariff  acts  of  1828  and  1832 


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1784 
1787 


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1790 
1792 
1794 

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1804 

1805 


1808 


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1813 


1816 
1817 

1820 

1824 

1827 

1828 
1830 

1832 


to  be  null,  void,  and  no  law,  nor  binding  upon  the  state,  its 
officers,  or  citizens  ;  (2)  prohibiting  the  payment  of  duties 
under  either  act  within  the  state  after  1  Feb.  1833  ;  (3)  mak- 
ing any  appeal  to  the  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  as  to  the 
validity  of  the  ordinance  a  contempt  of  the  Stale  court  from 
which  the  appeal  was  taken,  punishable  at  the  discretion  of 
the  latter;  (4)  ordering  every  ofDce -holder  and  juror  to  be 
sworn  to  support  the  ordinance;  (5)  giving  warning  that  if 
the  federal  government  should  attempt  to  enforce  the  tariff 
by  use  of  army  or  navy,  or  by  closing  the  ports  of  the  state, 
or  should  in  any  way  harass  or  obstruct  the  state's  foreign 
commerce.  South  Carolina  would  no  longer  consider  herself  a 
member  of  the  Union 24  Nov. 

President  Andrew  Jackson  proclaims  nullification  to  be  "in- 
compatible with  the  existence  of  the  Union,  and  destructive 
of  the  great-object  for  which  it  was  formed" 11  Dec. 

Calhoun  resigns  the  oflSce  of  vice-president 28  Dec. 

Gov.  Hayne  issues  a  proclamation  in  answer  to  that  of  the 
president's,  in  which  he  warns  the  people  not  to  be  seduced 
from  their  primary  allegiance  to  the  state 31  Dec. 

.V  bill  to  enforce  the  tariff',  nicknamed  the  "Bloody  bill  "  and 
'•Force  bill,"  becomes  a  law  of  the  U.  S 2  Mch. 

Henry  Clay  introduces  a  compromise  tariff-bill,  12  Feb.  1833, 
which  is  signed  by  the  president  and  becomes  a  law,  2  Mch. 

A  state  convention  passes  2  ordinances:  1st,  repealing  the 
Nullification  act  of  24  Nov.  1832;  2d,  an  ordinance  to  nullify 
the  act  of  Congress,  2  Mch.  1833,  commonly  called  the  "  En- 
forcing bill " 18  Mch. 

Van  Buren  appoints  Joel  R.  Poinsett  secretary  of  war  .  .7  Mch. 

During  this  and  the  2  previous  years,  2265  volunteers  fur- 
nished for  the  Florida  war 

Death  of  gov.  Noble;  Benjamin  K.  Hennegan,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, succeeds  him  in  office 7  Apr. 

Hugh  S.  Legar6  attorney  general  of  U.  S 13  Sept. 

Tyler  appoints  Calhoun  secretary  of  war 6  Mch. 

South  Carolina  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf,  Dumb, 
and  Blind  at  Cedar  Springs  opened 

Calhoun  dies  at  Washington 31  Mch. 

Furman  university  at  Greenville,  chartered  1850,  opened 

Convention  of  Southern  Rights'  associations  of  the  state  re- 
solve that  "with  or  without  co-operation  they  are  for  dis- 
solution of  the  Union" 8  May, 

State  convention  declares  the  riglit  of  the  state  to  secede 

Greenville  female  college  at  Greenville,  chartered  1854,  opened, 

Gov.  Adams  in  his  annual  message  recommends  the  revival  of 
the  slave-trade 24  Nov. 

Columbia  female  college  at  Columbia,  chartered  1854,  opened. . 

U.  S.  steamship  Niagara  sails  from  Charleston  for  Liberia  with 
Africans  cai)tured  from  the  Echo,  a  slave-ship  sailing  under 
American  colors,  21  Aug. ,  and  brought  to  Charleston,  where 
the  300  or  more  slaves  are  placed  in  charge  of  the  U.  S. 
marshal  (United  States) 20  Sept. 

Grand  jury  at  Columbia  returns  "  no  bill  "  on  all  3  indictments 
against  the  crew  of  the  slaver  Echo 30  Nov. 

Grand  jury  at  Charleston  refuses  to  indict  capt.  Corrie  of  the 
Wanderer,  a  slave-ship  seized  in  New  York  harbor.  .16  May, 

Resolution  offered  in  the  House,  that  "  South  Carolina  is  ready 
to  enter,  with  other  slave  holding  states,  into  the  formation 
of  a  Southern  confederacy  " 30  Nov. 

Due  West  female  college  at  Due  West,  chartered  1859,  opened.. 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  at  Charleston,  and  ad- 
journs to  Baltimore  after  delegates  from  southern  states  had 
withdrawn  (United  States) 23  Apr. 

Seceding  Southern  delegates  to  the  Democratic  convention 
organize  a  Southern  convention,  electing  senator  Bayard 
of  Delaware  president,  but  adjourn  to  meet  at  Richmond 
without  making  any  nominations  (United  States).  .  .1  May, 

A  convention  called  by  the  legislature,  7  Nov.,  assembles  at 
Columbia,  17  Dec,  but  adjourns  to  Charleston,  18  Dec,  where 
they  pass  an  ordinance  of  secession  and  declare  South  Caro- 
lina an  independent  commonwealth 20  Dec. 

Maj.  Anderson  evacuates  fort  Moultrie  and  retires  to  fort  Sum- 
ter, on  night  of 26  Dec 

Fort  Pinckney,  in  Charleston  harbor,  seized  by  state  troops. 

27  Dec. 

State  troops  seize  the  arsenal  at  Charleston,  lower  the  Federal 
flag  after  a  salute  of  32  guns,  and  run  up  the  Palmetto  flag 
with  a  salute  of  1  gun  for  South  Carolina 31  Dec. 

Fort  Johnson,  in  Charleston  harbor,  occupied  by  state  troops, 

2  Jan. 

Star  of  the  West,  with  a  small  force  of  troops  and  supplies  for 
fort  Sumter,  being  fired  upon  by  batteries  on  Morris  island 
and  fort  Moultrie,  retires 9  Jan. 

Charles  G.  Memminger  appointed  Confederate  secretary  of  the 
treasury 21  Feb. 

State  convention  called  by  the  legislature,  17  Dec  1860,  revises 
the  state  constitution,  which  goes  into  effect  without  being 
submitted  to  the  people  for  ratification 8  Apr. 

Gov.  Pickens's  demand  for  the  surrender  of  fort  Sumter  being 
refused  by  maj.  Anderson,  11  Jan.,  and  also  by  the  secretary 
of  war,  6  Feb.,  the  civil  war  is  opened  by  a  shell  fired  from 
the  howitzer  battery  on  James  island  at  4.30  a.m.  Friday 
(United  States) 12  Apr. 

Fort  Sumter  evacuated  by  maj.  Anderson  (Fort  Sumter),  14  Apr. 

U.  S.  steam  frigate  Niagara  begins  the  blockade  of  Charleston 
harbor,  11  May ;  captures  the  English  ship  General  Parkhill, 

13  May, 

Gov.  Pickens  proclaims  that  all  persons  remitting  money  to 
pay  debts  due  in  the  North  are  guilty  of  treason 6  June, 

James  M.  Mason  of  Virginia,  and  John  Slidell  of  Louisiana,  leave 
Charleston  on  the  Confederate  steamer  Theodora  for  Europe 


1832 


1833 


1838 

1840 
1841 
1844 

1849 

1850 
1851 


1862 
1855 


1856 
1857 


1858 


1860 


1861 


sou 

via  Havana  lo  represent  tho  Confederate  government  at  the 
courts  of  Ureal  BriUilu  ami  Frujoo  (Trknt  affair).  .  .12  Oct. 

Twenty  five  veiwels  of  the  great  Soulhorn  exiwdilion  anchor 
off  Fort  Royal *  Nov. 

Federals  ca|>turo  forts  Walker  and  Beauregard,  Port  Royal,?  Nov. 

Coafedenito  privateer  Isalxl  runs  the  blockade  at  Charleston, 
avoiding  11  L'.  S.  vessels. 27  Dec. 

Gen.  David  Hunter  declares  free  the  slaves  In  Georgia,  Honda, 
and  South  Carolina  (Unitbo  Statss) 9  May, 

Battle  of  SeceBsionvllle  (James  island),  in  which  col.  T.  G.  I^mar 
defeats  the  federals  under  gen.  Henry  W.  Benbam..  .10  June, 

Gen.  P.  G.  T.  Heaurogard  assutnos  command  of  the  department 
of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 24  Sept 

Gen.  J.  .M  Brnnnnn  defeats  the  confederates  under  gen.  Walker 
in  the  battle  of  I'ocoUligo 22  Oct. 

Com.  Samuel  K.  Dupont's  squadron  is  repulsed  in  the  battle  of 
Charleston  harbor 7  Apr. 

Col.  Montgomery,  with  U.  S.  troops,  makes  a  raid  from  Beaufort 
up  tho  Combahee  river,  securing  800  slaves  and  a  quantity 
or  provisions  and  horses June, 

Federals  victorious  in  the  battles  of  Morris  Island,  10  July; 
Fort  Waonkr,  11  July;  James  Island 16  July, 

Fort  Wagner  bombarded  by  gen.  Q.  A.  Gillmore 18  July, 

Charleston  bombarded  by  the  "Swamp  Angkl,"  which  bursts, 

24  Aug. 

Fort  Wagner  bombarded  by  Gillmore 5  Sept. 

George  A.  Trenholm  appointed  Confederate  secretary  of  the 
treasury 

Confederates  defeat  gen.  Johu  P.  Hatch  at  Honey  Hill.  .30  Nov. 

Confederates  repulsed  in  battles  of  Pocotaligo,  14  Jan. ;  Salk- 
hiiU-hie,  3  Feb. ;  Willstou  SUtion,  8  Feb. ;  Orangeburg,  12 
Feb. ;  Congaree  Creek 15  Feb. 

Columbia  surrendered  to  gen.  Sherman 17  Feb. 

Charleston,  burned  and  evacuated  by  gen.  Hardee  the  day  pre- 
vious, is  occupied  by  Federal  troops 18  Feb. 

Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  defeats  the  confederates  at  Cherau  .  .3  Mch. 

Benjamin  F.  Perry  appointed  provisional  governor  of  South 
Carolina  by  pres.  Johnson 30  June, 

A  convention  called  by  gov.  Perry  assembles  in  Baptist  church 
at  Columbia,  13  Sept.,  repeals  the  ordinance  of  secession,  19 
Sept,  and  completes  an  amended  constitution,  which  takes 
effect  without  being  submitted  to  the  people 27  Sept 

Legislature  ratifies  the  amendment  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
U.  S.  abolishing  slavery 13  Nov. 

Legislature  rejects  the  XIV.  th  Amendment  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S Dec. 

Gen.  D.  E.  Sickles  assigned  by  the  president  of  the  U.  S.  to  the 
command  of  Second  Military  district,  embracing  North  and 
South  Carolina,  with  headquarters  at  Columbia 11  Mch. 

Gen.  Sickles  superseded  by  gen.  E.  R.  S.  Can  by 26  Aug. 

A  constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  called  under  the  Re- 
construction acts  of  Congress,  which  assembles  at  Charleston, 
14  Jan.,  and  completes  its  labors,  17  Mch.,  ratified  by  the 
people,  70,558  to  27,288 14-16  Apr. 

South  Carolina  readmitted  into  the  Union 25  June, 

State  penitentiary  at  Columbia  opened 

J.  K.  Jillson  elected  the  first  state  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  in  South  Carolina 

legislature  ratifies  the  XV. th  Amendment  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S 16  Mch. 

State  Labor  convention  held  at  Columbia Nov. 

Union  Reform  party  organized  and  holds  its  first  state  conven- 
tion at  Charleston 16  June, 

Free  Common-school  system  established 

Tax-payers'  convention  held  at  the  state  capitol  in  Columbia 
"to  devise  means  for  the  redemption  of  the  state  from  her 
financial  embarrassments  " May, 

Owing  to  murder  and  outrage  in  the  upper  country,  by  the 
Ku-klux,  pres.  Grant,  by  proclamation,  12  Oct,  suspends  the 
habeas  corpus  in  the  counties  of  Spartansburg,  York,  Union, 
Chester,  I^aurens,  Newberry,  Fairfield,  Lancaster,  and  Ches- 
terfield, and  commands  secret  organizations  to  disband  within 
5  days.  Many  troops  are  stationed  in  the  state  and  about  600 
arrests  made 

Act  establishing  the  validity  of  bonds  of  the  state,  issued  be- 
tween 26  Aug.  18G8  and  26  Mch.  1869 

Claflin  university  and  South  Carolina  Agricultural  college  and 
Mechanical  institute,  organized  at  Orangeburg  in  1869,  is  re- 
opened and  chartered 

Walhalla  female  college  at  Walhalla,  chartered  and  opened 

Tax-payers'  convention  at  Columbia  by  resolution  asking  for 
amendments,  simplifying  and  abridging  the  tax  laws,  17  Feb. 

Gov.  Moses  is  indicted  personally  for  official  acts;  indictment 
is  quashed  on  the  ground  that  he  should  have  been  im- 
peached   8  June, 

Convention  of  Independent  Republicans  at  Charleston  nomi- 
nates candidates  for  governor,  etc.,  who  are  supported  by 
the  Conservative  party 2  Oct. 

SUte  Normal  school  opened  at  Columbia. 

Orphan  House  asylum  removed  from  Charleston  to  Columbia, 

Alleged  blocking  of  a  highway  at  Hamburg,  4  July,  by  a  colored 
militia  company;  armed  citizens  attack  them;  5  negroes 
killed  and  others  wouuded 9  July, 

Gov.  Chamberlain,  by  proclamation,  orders  all  organizations, 
except  the  militia  of  the  state,  to  disband  within  3  days,  7 
Oct ;  a  similar  proclamation  by  pres.  Grant 17  Oct 

While  the  result  of  the  state  election  is  pending  in  the  Supreme 
court,  the  State  Board  of  Canvassers,  holding  that  their  pow- 
ers were  limited  by  statute  to  10  days,  on  the  last  day  issue 
certificates  to  the  Republican  presidential  electors  and  state 
oflacers,  refusing  certificates  to  members  of  the  legislature 


748 


SOU 


1861 


1862 


1865 


1867 


1869 
1870 

1871 


1872 


1875 
1876 


fh)m  Edgefield  and  liaurens  counties  for  irregularities  in  elec- 
tions   22  Nov. 

On  the  assehibling  of  the  legislature,  64  Democratic  members, 
including  those  from  Edgefield  and  lAurens  counties,  with- 
draw to  Carolina  ball  and  organize  separately  with  William 
H.  Wallace  as  speaker 28  Nov. 

Senate  and  Ropul)Iican  house  canvass  the  votes  for  governor 
and  lieutenant  governor,  and  declare  D.  H.  Chamberlain 
elected  governor,  5  Dec. ;  sworn  into  office 7  Dec. 

Speaker  Wallace,  having  a  certificate  from  the  secretary  of 
state  of  the  votes  cast  for  governor  and  lieutenant  governor, 
proceeds  to  canvass  the  votes  and  declares  Wade  Hamptoa 
and  William  D.  Simpson,  Democrats,  elected;  oath  of  office 
is  administered  by  trial-judge  Mackay 12  Dec. 

Both  governors,  being  invited  to  Washington,  hold  a  private 
conference  with  pres.  Hayes, which  results  in  a  proclamation 
by  gov.  Chamberlain  withdrawing  his  claim 11  Apr. 

F.  L.  Cardoza,  stale  treasurer  under  gov.  Chamberlain,  is  ar- 
rested for  fraud  upon  the  state  government,  21  July,  and 
sentenced  to  2  years  in  the  county  j>iil  and  $4000  fine,  8  Nov. 

Legislature  by  joint  resolution  provides  that  "all  the  unfunded 
debts  and  liabilities  of  the  state,  including  the  bills  of  the  bank 
of  tho  state,  and  so  much  of  the  funded  debt  as  is  known  as 
the  Little  Bonanza,  be  settled  at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent,"  Mch. 

Wade  Hampton,  elected  U.  S.  senator,  resigns  as  governor,  and 
is  succeeded  by  W.  D.  Simpson,  who  is  installed 26  Feb. 

Department  of  agriculture  established 

Act  to  settle  state  debt  in  accordance  with  decision  of  state  Su- 
preme court;  James  C.  Colt  named  a  special  commissioner. . 

Gov.  Simpson,  resigning  his  office  to  take  the  chief-justiceship, 
is  succeeded  by  lieut-gov.  T.  B.  Jeter 1  Sept 

Centennial  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Cowpens,  17  Jan.  1781, 
commemorated  at  Spartansburg  by  the  unveiling  of  a  statue 
of  gen.  Daniel  H.  Morgan 11  May, 

Exodus  of  5000  colored  people  from  Edgefield  county,  bound  for 
Arkansas  and  Beaufort  county 24-31  Dec. 

State  Military  academy  at  Charleston  reopened 1  Oct 

Constitution  amended,  forbidding  counties  to  contract  a  debt 
greater  than  8  per  cent  of  the  taxable  valuation 

Earthquake  destroys  $5,000,000  worth  of  property;  first  shock 
felt  at  Charleston,  9 :51  p.m.  (Earthquakes) 31  Aug. 

Winthrop  training  school  for  teachers  at  Columbia,  opened. . . 

Act  passed  providing  a  pension  of  $5  per  month  for  disabled 
Confederate  soldiers  and  the  widows  of  those  killed  in  the 
Confederate  service 

Legislature  accepts  a  devise  of  814  acres  in  Ocanee  county  by 
Thomas  G.  Clemson,  on  condition  that  the  state  erect  and 
maintain  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  college 

First  colored  state  fair  ever  held  in  the  state  opens  at  Colum- 
bia  1  Jan. 

Act  passed  creating  a  Board  of  Phosphate  commissioners 

Department  of  Agriculture  and  office  of  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture abolished,  and  powers  bestowed  on  trustees  of  the 
Clemson  Agricultural  college  at  session 25  Nov.-24  Dec. 

Col.  Samuel  B.  Pickens  dies  at  Charleston 17  Sept 

Nathaniel  Duncan  Ingraham,  formerly  of  the  U.  S.  navy  (Kosz- 
ta  affair),  afterwards  in  the  Confederate  service,  dies  at 
Charleston 16  Oct 

Maj.  George  Washington  Earle  of  Darlington,  noted  mathemati- 
cian and  civil  engineer,  d 5  May, 

Evans  liquor  law  goes  into  effect,  by  which  the  state  assumes 
control  of  the  sale  of  intoxicants 1  July, 

First  state  dispensary  in  Charleston  opened;  1st  day's  sales, 
22 


1876 


1878 
1879 


1880 

1881 

1882 
1884 
1886 

1887 


1891 


$50. 


Aug. 


Three  counties  in  rebellion  against  state  authority  on  account 

of  the  state  dispensary  law;  militia  called  out,  31  Mch.-l  Apr. 
Gov.  Tillman  assumes  control  of  the  police  and  marshals  in  all 

cities  and  incorporated  towns 3  Apr. 

Supreme  court  of  the  state  decides  that  prohibition  is  in  force 

in  the  state 8  May, 

Gov.  Tillman  issues  a  proclamation  to  open  1  Aug.  the  state 

liquor  dispensaries 23  July, 

PROPRIETARY    GOVERNORS. 

William  Sayle appointed 26  July, 

Joseph  West "        28  Aug. 

Sir  John  Yeamans "        26  Dec. 

Joseph  West "        13  Aug. 

Joseph  Morton "        26  Sept 

Joseph  West " 6  Sept 

Richard  Kirk 

Robert  Quarry 

Joseph  Morton 

James  Colleton 

Seth  Sothel 

Philip  Ludwell 

Thomas  Smith 

Joseph  Blake 

John  Archdale 

Joseph  Blake 

James  Moore 

Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson 

Edward  Tynte 

Robert  Gibbes 

Charles  Craven 

Robert  Daniel 

Robert  Johnson 

James  Moore. 


lOVO  \ 

i 


1671 

1674 
1682 
1684 


1685 
1686 
1690 
1692 
1693 
1694 
1695 
1696 
1700 
1703 
1709 
1710 
1712 
1716 
1717 
1719 


TEMPORARY   REPUBLIC. 


Arthur  Middleton 


1719 


sou 


ROYAL  GOVERNORS. 


749 


SOU 


William  Bull 1760 

Thomas  Boone 1762 

William  Bull 1763 

Charles  Montague 1766 

William  Bull 1769 

William  Campbell 1775 


Francis  Nicholson 1721 

Arthur  Middleton 1725 

Robert  Johnson 1730 

Thomas  Broughton 1735 

William  Bull 1737 

James  Glen 1743 

William  H.  Littleton 1756 

GOVERNORS  UNDER  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

John  Rutledge 1775 

Rawlin  Lowndes 1778 

John  Rutledge 1779 

John  Matthews 1782 

Benjamin  Guerard 1783 

William  Moultrie 1785 

Thomas  Pinckney 1787 

Arnoldus  Vanderhorst 1792 

William  Moultrie 1794 

Charles  Pinckney 1796 

Edward  Rutledge 1798 

John  Drayton acting 1800 

James  B.  Richardson 1802 

Paul  Hamilton 1804 

Charles  Pinckney 1806 

John  Drayton 1808 

Henrv  Middleton 1810 

Joseph  Alston 1812 

David  R.  Williams 1814 

Andrew  J.  Pickens 1816 

John  Geddes 1818 

Thomas  Bennet 1820 

John  L.  Wilson 1822 

Richard  J.  Manning 1824 


John  Taylor 

Stephen  D.  Miller 

James  Hamilton 

Robert  Y.  Hayne 

George  McDuffle 

Pierce  M.  Butler 

Patrick  Noble , 

B.  K.  Hennegan acting 

J.  P.  Richardson 

James  H.  Hammond 

William  Aiken 

David  Johnson 

W.  B.  Seabrook 

John  H.  Means 

John  L.  Manning 

James  H.  Adams 

R.  F.  W.  Alston 

William  H.  Gist 

Francis  W.  Pickens 

M.  L.  Bonham 

A.  G.  Magrath inaugurated 19  Dec. 

Benjamin  F.  Perry,  provisional,  appointed 30  June, 

James  L.  Orr inaugurated 29  Nov. 

Robert  K.  Scott "         9  July, 

F.  J.  Moses,  jr 

Daniel  H.  Chamberlain 

Wade  Hampton 

William  D.  Simpson assumes  office 26  Feb. 

T.B.Jeter "  '•     1  Sept. 

Johnson  Hagood inaugurated 30  Nov. 

Hugh  S.  Thompson 

John  P.  Richardson > 

Benjamin  R.  Tillman ^inaugurated 4  Dec. 

John  Gary  I'lvans 1  Dec. 


1826 
1828 
1830 
1832 
1834 


1840 

1842 
1844 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1852 
1854 
1856 
1858 
1860 
1862 
1864 


1873 
1875 
1877 
1879 


1882 
1886 
1890 
1894 


UNITED   STATES   SENATORS   FROM    THE   STATE   OF   SOUTH   CAROLINA. 


Name. 


No.  of  Congress. 


Date. 


Remarks. 


Pierce  Butler 

Ralph  Izard 

John  Hunter 

Jacob  Read 

Charles  Pinckney 

Thomas  Sumter 

John  Ewing  Calhoun. 
Pierce  Butler 


1st  to  4th 
1st   "  4th 


4th 
4th 
5th 
7th 


6th 
7th 
7th 
nth 


John  Gailard. 


7th 
8th 


8th  to  20th 


1789  to  1796 
1789  "  1795 
1796  "  1798 
1795  "  1801 
1798  "  1801 
1801  "  1810 
1801  "  1802 
1803  "  1804 

1805  "  1826 


John  Taylor 

William  Smith 

Robert  Y.  Hayne 

William  Harper. 

William  Smith 

John  C.  Calhoun 

Stephen  D.  Miller , 

William  C.  Preston 

George  McDuffle , 

Daniel  E.  Huger 

Andrew  P.  Butler , 

John  C.  Calhoun , 

Franklin  H.  Elmore. . . . 

Robert  W.  Barnwell 

R.  Barnwell  Rhett 

William  F.  DeSaussure. 

Josiah  J.  Evans 

Arthur  P.  Hayne 

James  Chestnut 


nth 
14th 


14th 
18th 


1810 
1817 


1816 
1823 


18th  "  22d 

19th 
20th  to  22d 
22d    "  28th 

22d 
23d  to  27th 

27th 

28th 
29th  to  35th 
29th  "  31st 

31st 

31st 
31st  to  32d 

32d 
33d  to  35th 

35th 

35th  to  36th 


1823  "  1832 

1826 
1826  to  1831 
1833  "  1843 
1831  "  1833 
1833  "  1842 
1843  "  1846 
1843  "  1845 
1846  "  1857 
1845  "  1850 

1850 

1851  to  1852 

1852 
1853  to  1858 

1858 

1859  to  1860 


James  H.  Hammond 35th  to  36th    1857  "  1860 

37th,  38th,  39th 


Resigned. 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  31  May,  1794. 

Elected  in  place  of  Butler.     Resigned. 

Elected  president  pro  tern.  22  Nov.  1797. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Pinckney.     Resigned. 

Died  in  office. 

Elected  in  place  of  Calhoun.     Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Butler.    Elected  presidentpro^em.  28  Feb.  and  17 

Apr.  1810 ;  18  Apr.  and  25  Nov.  1814 ;  2  Dec.  1816 ;  1  Dec.  1817 ;  20 Dec. 

1820 ;  1  Feb.  1822 ;  21  May,  1824 ;  9  Mch.  1825.    Died  26  Feb.  1826. 
Elected  in  place  of  Sumter.     Resigned. 
Elected  in  place  of  Taylor. 
Great  speech  in  the  Senate  on  the  Foote  resolution,  25  Jan.  1830. 

Resigned.    Elected  governor. 
Appointed  ^'J'o  <em.  in  place  of  Gailard. 
Elected  in  place  of  Gailard. 
Elected  in  place  of  Hayne.     Resigned. 
Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  Preston.     Resigned. 

Resigned. 

Elected  in  place  of  McDuffic    Died  in  office. 

Died  31  Mch.  1850. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Calhoan.     Died  6  May,  1850. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Elmore. 

Elected  in  place  of  Calhoun.     Resigned. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Rhett. 

Died  in  office. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Evans. 

Elected  in  place  of  Evans.     Resigned  10  Nov.  1860,  and  expelled 

11  July,  1861. 
Retired  from  the  Senate,  11  Nov.  1860. 
vacant. 


Thomas  J.  Robertson 
Frederick  A.  Sawyer. , 

John  J.  Patterson 

Matthew  C.  Butler. . . 

Wade  Hampton 

John  L.  M.  Irby 

B.  R.  Tillman 


40th  to  45th 
40th  "  43d 
43d  "46th 
45th  "  54th 
46th  "  52d 

52d  " 

54th  " 


1868  to  1877 
1868  "  1873 
1873  "  1879 
1877  "  1895 
1879  "1891 

1891  " 

1895  "  


Term  expires  1897. 
Term  expires  1901. 


Soiltll  Dakota,  one  of  the  United  States,  was  formed 
by  the  division  of  Dakota  territory  into  2  states  in  1889.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
North  Dakota,  east  by  Min- 
nesota and  Iowa,  south  by 
Nebraska,  and  west  by  Wy- 
oming and  Montana.  In  lat- 
itude it  lies  between  43°  and 
46°  N.,  and  in  longitude  be- 
tween 96°  20'  and  104°  W. ; 
area,  77,650  sq.  miles,  in  51 
counties;  pop.  1890,  328,808. 
Capital,  Pierre. 
Ijewis  and  Clarke  ascend  the 
Missouri  river  on  their 
way  to  the  Pacific,  leav- 

'Dg  the  mouth  of  the  river,  14  May,  1804,  reaching  the 


mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  7  Nov.  1805;  and  returning  by 
the  Missouri,  arrive  at  St.  Louis 23  Sept.  1806 

Fort  Pierre  established 1829 

First  steamboat  to  navigate  the  Upper  Missouri,  the  Yellow- 
stone, built  by  the  American  Fur  company  at  Pittsburg,  as- 
cends the  river  as  far  as  fort  Pierre 1831 

Treaty  of  Traverse  des  Sioux  signed  by  the  Indians,  ceding  to 
the  U.  S.  the  territory  east  of  the  Big  Sioux  river 1851 

Gen.  W.  S.  Harney,  with  1200  men,  marches  from  the  Platte 
river  to  fort  Pierre,  where  they  encamp  for  the  winter 1855 

First  settlement  established  at  Sioux  Falls  by  the  Western 
Town-lot  company  of  Dubuque,  la 1857 

By  organizing  Nebraska  territory,  30  May,  1854,  and  Minne- 
sota state,  11  May,  1858,  the  remainder  of  Dakota  is  left  with- 
out legal  name  or  existence 1858 

Territory  of  Dakota  organized  with  an  area  of  150,932  sq.  miles, 
by  act  of  Congress •  .-2  Mch.  1861 

Seat  of  government  for  Dakota  territory  located  at  Yank- 
ton...   1862 

Sioux  Falls  destroyed  by  the  Sioux  Indians,  and  settlers  flee 
to  Yankton " 


sou  750 

Fort  DakoU  built  on  reservation  at  Sioux  Falls 1865 

Line  of  the  Chirago,  M  ilwaukco,  antl  St.  Paul  railroad  built  from 

Sioux  City,  In. .  to  Yankton,  completed 1873 

Military  and  Sc-ienliflc  Kxploring  Kxpedition,  under  gen.  (J.  A. 
Custer,  arrives  at  the  lUuuk  Hills.  July,  1«74,  from  fort  Abra- 
ham Lincoln.  Sjiecimens  of  gold  are  washed  from  the  soil 
near  Harney's  I'eak,  where  it  was  known  to  exist  in  1867, 
but  emigration  thither  was  stopped  by  gen.  Sherman  on  ac- 
count of  Indian  troubles.    This  visit  causes  great  excitement 

among  the  Sioux  Indians 1874 

Gold  discovered  in  Deadwood  and  Whitewood  gulches 1875 

Indians  relinquish  their  titles  to  lands  in  the  Black  Hills  and 

western  counties  of  southern  Dakota 1876 

Town  of  |)eadw()od  laid  out " 

Dakota  School  for  Deaf-mules  at  Sioux  Falls  oi>ened 1880 

Yankton  college,  chartered  in  1881,  opened  at  Yankton 1882 

Tin,  delected  as  a  black  amd  accompanying  gold  from  the 
Black  Hills  by  prof  I'earce  of  Argo,  is  pniitically  discovered 

by  maj.  Andrew  J.  Simmons  of  Kapid  City 1883 

Seat  of  government  for  Dakota  territory  removed  from  Yank- 
ton to  Bismarck 11  Sept.     " 

A  convention  called  by  some  400  delegates  who  met  at  Huron, 
19  June,  convenes  at  Sioux  Falls,  4  Sept.,  and  frames  a  con- 
stitution for  the  slate  of  DakoU  to  comprise  the  southern 

half  of  the  territory 19  Sept.     " 

University  of  South  Dakota  at  Vermilion  opened " 

Pierre  university  at  East  I'ierre  chartered  and  opened '| 

Sioux  Falls  university  opened " 

Yankton  Insane  hospital  established ' 

Normal  schools  esUblished  at  Spearflsh  and  Madison " 

Dakota  i>enitentiarv  established  at  Sioux  Falls " 

U.  S.  Senate  passes  a  bill  for  the  admission  as  a  state 
of  the  southern  half  of  Dakota  territory;  that  portion 
north  of  the  46th  parallel  to  be  called  the  Territory  of  Lin- 
coln    1884 

Agricultural  college  at  Brookings  opened " 

Dakota  University  at  Mitchell  opened Sept.  1885 

Constitutional  convention  called  by  the  legislature  at  Sioux 

Falls  frames  a  constitution  for  South  Dakota 25  Sept.     " 

Legislature  of  Dakota  territory  passes  a  Local  Option  law 1887 

School  of  Mines  at  Rapid  City,  esUblished  by  act  of  legislature 

in  1885,  is  opened " 

A  majority  vote  for  the  division  of  Dakota  territory  into  2 

states.  North  and  South  Dakota,  at  an  election  held Nov.     " 

Act  admitting  South  Dakota  signed,  a  constitutional  conven- 
tion to  meet  at  Sioux  Falls,  4  July,  1889 22  Feb.  1889 

Election  held  by  proclamation  of  territorial  governor,  A.  C.  Mel- 
lette, 15  Apr.  1889,  for  delegates  to  a  constitutional  conven- 
tion to  meet  4  July,  and  the   Sioux  Falls  constitution  of 

1885  favored  by  37,710  votes  to  3414 14  May,     " 

Sioux  Falls  constitution  amended  and  adopted  by  a  conven- 
tion at  Sioux  Falls,  4  July,  which  adjourns 5  Aug.      " 

Charles  A.  Foster  of  Ohio,  William  Warner  of  Missouri,  and 
gen.  George  A.  Cook,  a  committee  appointed  by  the  presi- 
dent, arrive  at  the  Sioux  reservation  early  in  June,  and  se- 
cure the  consent  of  three  fourths  of  the  Indians  to  open  for 
settlement  26,751,105  acres  of  their  land  in  the  northwestern 

part  of  South  Dakota Aug.     " 

Arthur  C.  Mellette,  Republican,  elected  governor  of  South  Da- 
kota, the  Sioux  Falls  constitution  adopted  by  70,131  to  3267; 
the  article  prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors  adopted  by  40,234  to  34,510,  and  Pierre  chosen 

as  the  temporary  capital 1  Oct.     " 

First  state  legislature  convenes  at  Pierre 15  Oct.     " 

South  Dakota  admitted  into  the  Union  with  the  northern 

boundary  the  7th  standard  parallel 2  Nov.     " 

Dakota  Reform  school  in  Plankinton  opened " 

Proclamation  by  pres.  Harrison  opening  up  the  S'oux  reserva- 
tion, 9,000.000  acres,  and  a  rush  of  immigrants  who  had  as- 
sembled on  the  east  bank  of  the  M  issouri 10  Feb.  1890 

Large  amount  of  seed  grain  supplied  to  the  famine  stricken 
farmers,  chiefly  in  the  central  portion  of  the  state,  by 
appropriation   by   the    legislature   and    from    outside    the 

state " 

Legislature  creates  a  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Correction,  a 
Board  of  Regents  of  Fducation,  a  State  Board  of  Equaliza- 
tion, a  Board  of  Pardons,  a  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  the 
oflQce  of  state  engineer  of  irrigation,  a  State  Meteorological 
Bureau,  a  state  inspector  of  mines,  and  a  State  Board  of 

Pharmaceutical  Examinera " 

Pierre  selected  as  the  permanent  capital  of  the  state " 

Farmers'  Alliance  and  Knights  of  Labor  parties  meet  in  state 
convention  at  Huron,  report  in  favor  of  woman  suflfrage,  pro- 
hibition, and  tariff  for  revenue  only,  and  unite  under  the 

name  of  the  Independent  party 6  June,     " 

Dakota  Soldiers'  Home,  established  at  Hot  Springs,  Fall  River 

county,  in  1889,  is  opened 27  Nov.     " 

Battle  with  Big  Foot's  Indian  band  on  Wounded  Knee 
creek;  some  250  Indians  killed,  including  44  squaws  and 
18  papooses.     1a)SS  to  U.  S.  troops,  32  killed,  39  wounded, 

29  Dec.     " 
Gen.  Miles,  after  the  Indians  at  Pine   Ridge   agency  sur- 
render, 15  Jan.,  declares  the  Indian  outbreak  at  an  end, 

19  Jan.  1891 

James  H.  Kyle  elected  U.  S.  senator 16  Feb.     " 

Australian  ballot  law  enacted  at  session  of 6  Jan. -7  Mch.     " 

Dr.  Chas.  0.  Merica  chosen  to  succeed  Howard  B.  Grose,  presi- 
dent of  state  university  at  Vermilion,  resigns Sept.     " 

Sisseton  Indian  reservation  opened  to  settlers 15  Apr.  1892 

Catholic  Sioux  congress  opens  at  Cheyenne  agency ;  6000  Sioux 
Indians  present 3  July,     " 


SOU 

GOVERNORS — TKRUITORIAU 

William  Jayne appointed 

Newton  Edmunds "        

Andrew  J.  Faulk "        

John  A.  Burbank "        

John  A.  Pennington "        

William  A.  Howard. "        

N.  G.  Ordway "        

Gilbert  A.  Pierce "        

Louis  K.  Church "        

Arthur  C.  Mellette "        


1861 
1863 
1866 
1888 

1874 

1878 
1880 
1K84 


GOVE  RNORS — ST  ATE. 


Arthur  C.  Mellette elected  , 

Charles  H.  Sheldon " 


...  1889 
.1893-97 


U.  S.  SENATORS   FROM   THE   STATE   OF   SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Name. 

No.  of 
CougresB. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

Gideon  C.  Moody 

Richard  F.  Pettigrew. . 
James  H.  Kyle 

51st  to  52d 
51st  "  — 
52d   "  — 

1889  to  1891 
1889  " 
1891  " 

Term  expires,  1901' 
Term  expires,  1897 

I^OUtll  mountain,  Maryland,  Battles  of,  foui?ht  14 
Sept.  1862,  3  days  before  the  battle  of  Antietam.  South 
mountain  is  a  prolongation  of  a  range  of  the  Blue  Ridge  north' 
of  the  Potonoac  from  Harper's  Ferry.  Turner's  gap  affords  a 
passage  from  Frederick  City  to  Williamsport ;  Crampton's 
gap,  6  miles  south,  gives  a  similar  opening  towards  Harper's 
Ferry.  Lee,  after  crossing  the  Potomac,  divided  his  forces, 
sending  "  Stonewall "  Jackson  to  capture  Harper's  Ferry.  To 
relieve  Harper's  Ferry,  McClellan  ordered  gen.  Franklin 
through  Crampton's  gap.  The  remainder  of  the  army  was 
to  move  by  Turner's  gap  upon  Lee's  main  column.  The  Con- 
federate gen.  D.  H,  Hill  succeeded  in  reaching  Turner's  gap, 
as  did  M'Laws  Crampton's  gap,  before  the  federals.  The' 
battles  of  the  14th  were  fought  to  wrest  these  positions  from 
the  confederates.  As  gen.  Lee's  object  in  occupying  and 
holding  these  gaps  was  to  delay  the  Federal  advance  until  the 
surrender  of  Harper's  Ferry  and  the  concentration  of  his  forces, 
they  were  held  tenaciously.  D.  H.  Hill,  reinforced  by  Long-, 
street's  corps  and  other  troops  until  the  confederates  numbered 
at  least  25,000,  succeeded  in  holding  Turner's  gap  until  night, 
when  he  retired.  Gen.  Franklin  forced  Crampton's  gap  late  in 
the  afternoon,  but  not  soon  enough  to  relieve  Harper's  Ferry, 
Lee  succeeded  in  capturing  Harper's  Ferry,  and  in  uniting  his 
forces  for  the  battle  of  Antietam.     Maryland  campaign. 

SoutllCOtters,  Joanna  Southcott,  a  fanatic,  born  in 
1760,  came  from  Exeter  to  London,  where  her  followers  at  one 
period  amounted  to  many  thousands,  the  low  and  ignorant 
being  her  principal  dupes.  In  1792  she  announced  herself  as 
the  woman  spoken  of  in  Rev.  chap.  xii. ;  and  a  disease  fa- 
vored the  delusion  that  she  would  be  the  mother  of  the  prom- 
ised Shiloh.  She  died  27  Dec.  1814,  and  was  buried  at  Mary- 
lebone.  In  1851  there  existed  in  England  4  congregations, 
professing  to  expect  her  return.  Her  successor,  Mrs.  Peacock,! 
died  Mch.  1875,  aged  103  (V). 

l^OUttiern  continent.  The  southern  ocean  waa 
first  traversed  by  Magellan  in  1520;  and  explored  by  Walliaj 
and  Carteret  in  1766,  and  by  Cook  in  1773  and  1774."^  Of  th^ 
southern  continent  little  is  known  but  that  it  is  icebound  and 
contains  active  volcanoes.  It  was  discovered  bv  capt.  John 
Biscoe,  on  27  Feb.  1831,  in  lat.  65°  57'  S.,  Ion.  47°  20'  E.,  ex- 
tending east  and  west  200  miles— this  he  named  Enderby  land^ 
after  the  gentleman  who  had  equipped  the  voyage.  CaptJ 
Biscoe  also  discovered  Graham's  land  on  15  Feb.  1832,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  67°  1'  S.,  Ion.  71°  48'  W.  The  messrs.  Enderby 
equipped  3  other  expeditions  in  search  of  the  southern  conti- 
nent, the  last  (in  connection  with  others)  in  1838,  when  capt, 
Balleny  had  command,  who,  on  9  Feb.  1839,  discovered  the 
Balleny  islands,  lat.  67°  S.,  Ion.  165°  E.,  and  in  Mch.  1839, 
Sabrina  land,  lat.  65°  10'  S.,  Ion.  118°  30'  E.  In  1838  the 
United  States  fitted  out  an  expedition  to  explore  this  region 
under  command  of  lieut.  Charles  Wilkes  of  the  navy,  which 
returned  in  1842.  United  States,  1838,  '42.  This,  and  a 
French  expedition  under  adm.  d'Urville  in  1840,  greatly  added 
to  our  knowledge  of  a  southern  continent,  which  was  still 
further  increased  by  an  expedition  which  sailed  from  Eng- 
land in  1839,  under  the  command  of  capt.  sir  James  Clark 
Ross,  who  discovered  Victoria  land  in  1841-  and  subsequently 
penetrated  as  far  south  as  78°  11'. 


sou 


751 


SPA 


Sdllth-§ea  bubble  commenced  with  the  establish- 
ment of  the  South-sea  company  in  London  in  1710,  for  the 
purpose  (if  carrying  on  a  monopoly  of  trade  with  the  Spanish 
coasts  of  South  America,  which  was  at  first  unwisely  and  af- 
terwards dishonestly  managed.  It  failed  in  1720,  ruining 
thousands  of  families;  and  the  directors'  estates,  to  the  value 
of  2,014,000/.,  were  seized  in  1721  and  sold.  Mr.  Knight,  the 
cashier,  absconded  with  100,000/.;  but  he  compounded  the 
fraud  for  10,000/.,  and  returned  to  England  in  1743.  Almost 
all  the  wealthy  persons  in  the  kingdom  had  become  speculators 
in  the  legion  of  projects  for  money-making,  the  artifices  of  the 
directors  having  raised  the  shares,  originally  100/.,  to  the  price 
of  1000/.  A  parliamentary  inquiry  took  place  in  Nov.  1720,  and 
Aislabie,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  several  members  of 
Parliament  were  expelled  the  house  in  1721.    Law's  bubble. 

Soulhwark  bridg-e,  one  of  the  London  bridges 
over  the  Thames,  was  designed  by  John  Kennie,  and  built 
by  a  company,  1815-19,  at  an  expense  of  $4,000,000.  It  con- 
sists of  3  great  cast-iron  arches,  resting  on  massive  stone  piers 
and  abutments;  the  distance  between  the  abutments  is  708 
feet ;  the  centre  arch  is  240  feet  span,  the  2  others  210  feet 
each;  and  the  total  weight  of  iron  5308  tons.  The  bridge 
was  freed  from  toll  on  8  Nov.  1864,  the  company  receiving  a 
compensation  from  the  city.  An  act  for  the  payment  of  divi- 
dends to  share-holders  was  passed  in  1872. 

80Utliwe§tern  territory.  North  Carolina, 
1784-90 ;  South  Carolina,  1787 ;  Tennkssee,  1790. 

§OVereigII,  an  ancient  and  modern  British  gold  coin. 
In  1489  22^  pieces,  in  value  20s.  each,  "  to  be  called  the  sover- 
eign," were  ordered  to  be  coined  out  of  a  pound  of  gold. — 
Ruding.  In  1542  sovereigns  were  coined  in  value  20s.,  which 
afterwards,  in  1550  and  1552  (4  and  6  Edw.  VI.),  passed  for  24s. 
and  30s.  "  Sovereigns"  of  the  new  coinage  were  directed  to 
pass  for  20s.,  1  July,  and  half-sovereigns  for  10s.,  10  Oct.  1817. 
Coin,  Gold.  By  the  Coinage  act,  1870,  the  weight  of  the 
sovereign  is  fixed  at  123.27447  grains  troy ;  specific  gravity, 
17.57  (916.67,  gold  being  1000);  half-sovereigns,  61.63723 
grains.     The  dragon  sovereigns  were  reissued  in  1871. 

iSpaill  (the  ancient  Iberia  and  Ilispania),  a  kingdom  in 
southern  Europe.  The  first  settlers  are  supposed  to  have 
been  the  progeny  of  Tubal,  5th  son  of  Japhet.  The  Phoeni- 
cians and  Carthaginians  (360  b.c.)  successively  planted  colo- 
nies on  the  coasts ;  and  the  Romans  conquered  the  whole 
country,  206  b.c.  The  present  constitution,  drawn  up  by  the 
government  and  laid  before  a  Cortes,  elected  for  its  ratifica- 
tion, 27  Mch.  1876,  was  proclaimed  30  June,  1876.  Under 
this  Spain  was  made  a  constitutional  monarchy,  the  executive 
resting  in  the  king,  and  the  power  to  make  laws  "  in  the 
Cortes  with  the  king."  The  Cortes  is  composed  of  a  senate 
and  congress  equal  in  authority.  The  senators  are  in  3  classes : 
(1)  senators  by  their  own  right;  (2)  100  life-senators  nomi- 
nated by  the  crown,  these  2  classes  not  to  exceed  180;  (3)  180 
senators  elected  by  the  corporations  of  the  state ;  half  of  these 
are  elected  every  5  years,  and  all  of  them  whenever  the  mon- 
arch dissolves  this  part  of  the  Cortes.  The  congress  is  formed 
by  deputies,  one  to  every  50,000  of  the  population.  B\'  the 
law  of  26  June,  1890,  all  male  Spaniards,  25  years  old,  who 
enjoy  full  civil  rights  and  have  been  citizens  of  a  municipality 
for  at  least  2  years,  are  voters.  The  island  of  Cuba,  from  8 
Aug.  1878,  sends  deputies  to  the  Cortes,  one  to  every  40,000 
free  inhabitants,  paying  in  taxes  125  pesetas  annually.  Area 
of  continental  Spain,  191,100  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1789, 10^,061,480; 
estimated,  1820, 11,000,000;  1846,12,168,774;  1860,15,658,531; 
1887  (latest  census),  17,550,246.  There  are  about  440,000 
Basques  in  the  north,  differing  in  race  and  language  from  the 
rest  of  Spain,  some  60,000  Morescoes  in  the  south,  and  50,000 
gypsies.  Madrid,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  had  a  popula- 
tion of  472,228  in  1887.  Revenue,  1891-92,  about  $161,111,000. 
Carthaginians,  enriched  by  the  mines  of  Siiain  (480  b.c.  etseq.),  b.c. 

form  settlements 360 

New  Carthage  (Carthagena)  founded  by  Hasdrubul 242 

HamiK'ur  extends  their  dominions  in  Spain 238-233 

At  his  death,  Hannibal,  his  son,  takes  the  command.  221;  pre- 
pares for  war,  220 ;  takes  Sagunlum,  219 ;  crosses  the  Alps, 

and  enters  Italy 218 

Romans  carry  the  war  into  Spain;  2  Scipios  defeated  and  slain 

by  Hasdrubal 212 

Pub.  Cornelius  Scipio  Afiicanus  takes  New  Carthage,  210 ;  drives 

the  Carthaginians  out  of  Spain,  207 ;  and  annexes  it. 205 


Celtiberian  and  Numantine  war. 153-133 

Viriathus,  general  of  the  Celtiberians  and  Lusitanians,  subdues 
all  west  Spain,  145;  makes  peace  with  the  consul  Fabius 

Servilianus,  142 ;  assassinated  by  order  of  the  Romans 140 

Insurrection  of  Sertoriiis,  78;  subdued  by  Pompey,and  assassi- 
nated        72 

Julius  Caesar  quells  an  insurrection  in  Spain 67 

Fouipey  governs  Spain 60-50 

Revolt  through  the  rapacity  of  Crassus 48-47 

Era  of  Spain;  conquest  by  Augustus  begun 1  Jan.      38 

A.D. 

Vandals,  Alani,  and  Suevi  wrest  Spain  from  the  Romans 409 

Adolphus  founds  the  kingdom  of  the  Visigoths..., 414 

Vandals  pass  over  to  Africa 427 

Theodoric  I.  vanquishes  the  Suevi 452 

Assassinated  by  his  brother  Kuric,  who  becomes  master  of  all 

Spain 466 

Recared  I.  expels  the  Franks 587 

He  abjures  Arianism,  and  rules  ably  till 601 

Wamba's  wise  administration,  he  prepares  a  fleet  for  defence 

against  the  Saracens 672-77 

Saracens  invited  into  Spain  against  king  Roderic  by  count  Julien,    709 

Gabel  al  Tarik  lands  at  Calpe 30  Apr.    711 

Roderic's  defeat  and  death  at  Xeres " 

Establishment  of  the  Saracens  at  Cordova " 

Victorious  progress  of  Musa  and  Tarik 712-13 

Emirs  rule  at  Cordova;  I'elayo,  of  Gothic  blood,  rules  in  As- 

turias  and  Leon 718 

Saracens  defeated  at  Tours  by  Charles  Martel 732  or  733 

Abderahman  the  first  king  at  Cordova 755 

Invasion  of  Charlemagne 777-78 

Sancho  Inigo,  count  of  Navarre,  etc 873 

Sancho  of  Navarre  becomes  king  of  Castile 1026 

Kingdom  of  Aragon  commenced  under  Ramirez  1 1035 

Leon  and  Asturias  united  to  Castile 1037 

I'ortugal  taken  from  the  Saracens  by  Henry  of  Besanfon  (Por- 
tugal)   1095 

Saracens,  beset  on  all  sides  by  Christians,  call  in  Moors  from 

Africa,  who  seize  their  dominions,  and  subdue  the  Saracens, 

1091  et  seq. 

Exploits  of  the  Cid  Rodrigo;  d .about  1099 

Dynasty  of  the  Almoravides  at  Cordova 1094-1144 

Moors  defeated  in  several  battles  by  Alfonso  of  Leon 1144 

Dynasty  of  the  Almohades  at  Cordova 1144-1225 

Cordova,  Toledo,  Seville,  etc.,  taken  by  Ferdinand  of  Castile 

and  Leon 1233-48 

Kingdom  of  Granada  begun  by  the  Moors,  last  refuge  from  the 

power  of  the  Christians 1238 

Crown  of  Navarre  passes  to  king  of  France 1274 

Two  hundred  thousand   Moors  arrive  to  assist  the  king  of 

Granada , 1327 

They  are  defeated  at  Tarifa  by  Alfonso  XL  of  Castile  with  great 

slaughter 1340 

Reign  of  Pedro  the  Cruel 1350 

His  alliance  with  Edward  the  Black  Prince 1363 

Defeated  at  Montiel  and  treacherously  slain 1369 

Ferdinand  II.  of  Aragon  marries  Isabella  of  Castile,  18  Oct.  1469; 

and  nearly  the  whole  Christian  dominions  of  Spain  are 

united  in  one  monarchy 1479 

Establishment  of  the  Inquisition 1480-84 

Persecution  of  the  Jews 1492-98 

Granada  taken  after  a  2  years'  siege;  and  the  power  of  the 

Moors  is  finally  extirpated  by  Ferdinand 1492 

Jews  expelled " 

Contract  with  Columbus  to  explore  the  western  ocean,  17  Apr,     " 
Columbus  sails  on  his  first  voyage  from  Palos  (America),  3  Aug.     " 

Mahometans  persecuted  and  expelled 1499-1502 

Death  of  queen  Isabella 26  Nov.  1504 

Death  of  Columbus 20  May,  1506 

Ferdinand  conquers  great  part  of  Navarre 1512 

Accession  of  the  house  of  Austria  to  the  throne  of  Spain; 

Charles  V.  of  Germany,  L  of  Spain 1516 

Able  administration  of  Ximenes;  ungratefully  used,  1516;  his 

death 1517 

Charles  elected  emperor  of  Germany 1519 

Insurrection  in  Castile 1520-21 

Philip  of  Spain  marries  Mary  of  England. 25  July,  1554 

Charles  abdicates  and  retires  from  the  world 1556 

War  with  France;  victory  at  St.  Quentin 10  Aug.  1557 

Charles  dies,  aged  58  years 21  Sept.  1558 

Philip  II.  commences  his  bloody  persecution  of  the  Protestants,  1561 

Escurial  begun 1563 

Revolt  of  the  Moriscoes,  1567 ;  suppressed 1570 

Naval  victory  of  Lepanto  over  the  Turks 7  Oct.  1571 

Revolt  of  William  prince  of  Orange  (Holland) 1572 

Portugal  united  to  Spain  by  conquest 1580 

The  Netherlands  declare  their  independence '' 

Spanish  Armada  destroyed  ( Armad.x) 1588 

Philip  III.  banishes  the  Moors  (900,000) 1.598-1610 

Ministry  of  the  duke  of  Lerma lo98-1618 

Ministry  of  Olivarez 1621-43 

Philip  IV.  loses  Portugal 1640 

Death  of  Charles  II.,  last  of  the  house  of  Austria;  accession  of 

Philip  V.  of  the  house  of  Bourbou 1700 

War  of  the  Succession 1702-13 

Gibraltar  taken  by  the  English 1704 

Siege  of  Barcelona 1"13 

Cardinal  Alberoni  re-establishes  the  authority  of  the  king,  re- 
forms many  abuses,  and  raises  Spain  to  the  rank  of  a  first 

l)ower,  1715-20;  ordered  to  quit  Spain 1720 

Charles,  son  of  Philip  V. ,  conquers  Naples 1735 


762 


1808 


SPA 

Cbari«0  in.,  Iclog  of  th«  Two  Sicilies,  succeeds  U>  the  crown  ot 

Ui,^iq  1759 

wSwilhEngUmV 17Gi-(a  audTTjT 

Battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent .U  Feb.  1797 

SpanlBh  treasure  shiiw,  valued  at  $3,000,000,  seized  by  the 

'pogiish     •  '^^^-  1^^ 

Battle  ofTKAFAUJAR 21  Oct.  1805 

Sway  of  (Jodoy,  Prince  of  Peace 1806 

Kronch  enter  "S|>aiu ;  a  Sjwinish  army  sent  to  the  Baltic 1807 

Prince  of  Astiirias  conspires  against  his  father. . : 25  July,     " 

Treaty  of  Fontainebleau. .  .* 27  Oct. 

French  Uke  Madrid Mch. 

I*rince  of  Pejice  dismissed 18  Mch. 

Abdi&ition  of  Charles  IV.  in  favor  of  Ferdinand,  19  Mch. ;  and 
at  Bavoune,  on  Ferdinand's  refusal,  in  favor  of  his  '"friend 

andailv,"  Naiwleon 1  May,     " 

Revolution ;  French  massacred  at  Madrid 2  May,     " 

Province  of  .Astiirias  rises  en  masxe 3  May,     " 

Napoletin  asseml)le8  the  notables  at  Hayoune 25  May,     " 

Joseph  Bonaparte  enters  Madrid  as  king  of  Spain,  12  July;  re- 
tires  29  July,     " 

Battle  of  Vimiera;  French  defeated 21  Aug.     " 

Supreme  Junta  installed Sept.     " 

Madrid  taken  by  the  French,  and  Joseph  restored 2  Dec.     " 

Napoleon  enters  Madrid 4  I>ec.     " 

Hoval  family  of  Sp;iin  imprisoned  in  the  palace  of  Chamb^ry, 

In  Savoy 5  Dec.     " 

French  defeated  at  Corunna.  16  Jan.;  take  F'errol,  27  Jan.; 
Saragossa,  21  Feb. ;  Oporto,  29  Feb. ;  Cordova  and  Seville, 

Nov.;  Gerona. 12  Dec.  1809 

Ney  takes  Ciudad  Rodrigo 10  July,  1810 

Spanish  Cortes  meets 24  Sept.     " 

Wellington  defeats  Massena  at  Fuentes  de  Onoro 5  May,  1811 

Soult  defeated  at  Albuera 16  May,     " 

Constitution  of  the  Cortes  (democratic) 8  May,  1812 

Wellington  takes  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  19  Jan. ;  storms  Badajos, 

6  Apr. ;  defeats  Marmont  at  Salamanca 22  July,     " 

He  occupies  Madrid,  and  defeats  the  French  at  Vittoria,  21 
June;  defeats  Soult  in  the  Pyrenees,  28  July;  takes  St.  Se- 
bastian, 31  Aug  ;  and  enters  France 8  Oct.  1813 

Ferdinand  VII.  restored  (constitution  set  aside) 14  May,  1814 

Slave-trade  abolished  for  a  compensation 1817 

Insurrection  at  Valencia  repressed 1819 

Spanish  revolution  begun  by  Riego Ian.  1820 

Ferdinand  swears  to  the  constitution  of  the  Cortes 8  Mch.     " 

French  enter  Spain.  7  Apr. ;  and  invest  Cadiz 25  June,  1823 

Battle  of  the  Trocadero 31  Aug.     " 

French  evacuate  Cadiz 21  Sept.  1828 

Salique  law  abolished,  29  Mch.;  Carlist  and  Christina  parties 

formed   1830 

Don  Carlos  declares  himself  legitimate  successor  to  the  king, 

29  Apr.  1833 
Death  of  Ferdinand  VII. ;  his  queen  assumes  power  until  Isa- 
bella II.,  her  infant  daughter,  attains  majority 29  Sept.     " 

Constitution  termed  "  Estatuto  Real"  granted  by  advice  of 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa " 

Queen  Christina  marries  Ferdinand  Munos  (afterwards  duke 

of  Riauzar^s) 28  Dec.     " 

Quadruple  treaty  establishes  the  right  of  Isabella  to  the  throne, 

22  Apr.  1834 

Don  Carlos  appears  in  Spain 10  July,     " 

Peers  vote  his  exclusion 30  Aug.     " 

Mendizabal,  prime-minister;  Mina  and  Espartero  command 
the  royalists;  the  rebel  leader,  Zumalacarregui,  killed  near 

Bilbao June,  1835 

Sir  De  Lacy  Evans  and  others  raise  a  British  legion  for  the 

queen  of  Spain ". " 

They  defeat  the  Carlists  at  St.  Sebastian 1  Oct.  1836 

Espartero  gains  the  battle  of  Bilbao 25  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Evans  takes  Irun 17  May,  1837 

Constituent  Cortes  proclaimed " 

Dissolution  of  the  monasteries " 

Carlists  under  Maroto  desert  don  Carlos  and  make  peace  with 

Espartero,  at  Vergara 31  Aug.  1839 

Don  Carlos  seeks  refuge  in  France 13  Sept.     " 

Surrender  of  Morello 28  May,  1840 

Queen -regent  appoints  a  ministry,  nominated  by  Espartero, 
5  Oct.;  she  abdicates  and  leaves  Spain;  visits  France  and 

Sicily;  returns  to  France 12  Oct.     " 

Espartero,  duke  of  Vittoria,  e.xpels  the  papal  nuncio. .  .29  Dec.     " 
Si>anish  Cortes  declares  Espartero  regent  during  the  queen's 

m  nority 12  Apr. 

Queen  Christina's  protest 19  July, 

Insurrection  in  favor  of  Christina  commenced  at  Pampeluna 

by  gen.  O'Donnell  and  Concha 2  Oct.     " 

Don  Diego  I.,eon  attacks  tlie  palace  at  Madrid;  his  followers 
repulsed,  and  numbers  slain  by  the  queen's  guards,  7  Oct. ; 

he  is  shot  at  Madrid 15  Oct.     " 

Zurbauo  captures  Bilbao 21  Oct.     " 

Rodil.  constitutional  general,  enters  Vittoria "  " 

Monies  de  Oca  shot »'  " 

Gen.  O'Donnell  takes  refuge  in  French  territory "  " 

Espartero  suspends  queen  Christina's  pension 26  Oct.     " 

Fueros  of  the  Basque  provinces  abolished 29  Oct.     " 

Borio  and  Gobernado,  implicated  in  the  Christina  plot,  put  to 

death  at  Madrid 9  Nov.     " 

Espartero  enters  Madrid 23  Nov.     " 

General   pardon  of  persons  not  yet  tried  concerned  in   the 

events  of  October '. 13  Dec.     " 

Effective  army  fixed  at  130,000  men 28  June,  1842 

Insurrection  at  Barcelona;  national  guard  joins  the  populace. 


SPA 


1841 


13  Nov.;  street  battle  between  national  guard  and  troops; 
the  latter  lose  500  killed  and  wounded,  and  retreat  to  the 
citadel 15  Nov.  1842 

Barcelona  blockaded,  26  Nov, ;  Espartero  arrives  before  it,  29 
Nov. ;  its  bombardment  and  surrender 3,  4  Dec.     " 

Disturbances  at  Malaga 25  May,  1843 

Revolutionary  junta  re-established  at  Barcelona 11  June,     " 

[Corunna,  Seville,  Burgos,  Santiago,  and  other  towns  "pro- 
nounce" against  the  regent  Espartero  ] 

Arrival  of  gen.  Narvaez  at  Madrid,  which  surrenders.  .15  July,    " 

Espartero  bombards  Seville 21  July,     <« 

Siege  is  raised 27  July,    " 

[Revolution  is  successful,  and  Espartero  flees  to  Cadiz  and 
embarks  on  British  ship  Malabar.] 

New  government  dei)rives  Espartero  of  his  titles  and  rank,  16 
Aug. ;  he  arrives  in  London 23  Aug.     '* 

Reaction  suppressed  at  Madrid Aug.     " 

Isabella  II.,  13  years  old,  is  declared  by  the  Cortes  of  age;  Nar- 
vaez (friend  of  the  queen  mother),  lieutenant  general,  8  Nov.    " 

Queen  mother  returns  to  Spain ...23  Mch. 

Zurbano's  insurrection,  12  Nov.  1844;  he  is  shot 21  Jan. 

Don  Carlos  relinquishes  his  right  to  the  crown  in  favor  of  his 
son 18  May, 

Reactionary  constitution 

Narvaez  and  his  ministry  resign,  12  Feb. ;  return  to  power,  17 
Mch. ;  again  resign 28  Mch. 

Escape  of  don  Carlos  from  France 14  Sept. 

Queen  married  to  her  cousin,  Francisco  d'Assisi,  duke  of  Cadiz, 

and  the  infanta  Louisa  to  the  due  de  Montpensier 10  Oct. 

[The  Spanish  marriages  disturb  the  friendly  relations  of 
the  French  and  English  governments  ] 

Espartero  restored 3  Sept. 

Sir  Henry  Lytton  Bulwer,  British  envoy,  ordered  to  quit  S|)ain 
in  43  hours 17  May, 

Diplomatic  relations  with  England  restored 18  Apr. 

American  expedition  under  Lopez  against  Cuba  (United 
States) 1 8.50, 

Madrid- Aranjuez  railway  opened 9  Feb. 

Law  respecting  the  public  debt  (Spain  since  excludcfl  from 
European  money-markets) 1  Aug. 

Death  of  Godoy,  prince  of  peace 4  Oct. 

Queen  pardons  the  prisoners  taken  in  the  attempt  upon  Cuba, 

11  Dec. 

Movement  headed  by  Espartero;  Barcelona  and  Madrid  pro- 
nounce against  the  government;  barricades  in  Madrid, 

1-17  July, 

Triumph  of  the  insurrection;  resignation  of  the  ministry; 
the  queen  sends  for  Espartero 19  July, 

Espartero  forms  an  administration 31  July, 

Queen  mother  impeached;  she  quits  Spain 28  Aug. 

New  constitution  of  the  Cortes 13  Jan. 

Cortes  votes  that  power  proceeds  from  the  people;  it  permits 
liberty  of  belief,  but  not  of  worship Feb. 

Don  Carlos  d 10  Mch. 

Birth  of  the  prince-royal 28  Nov. 

Joint  French  and  Spanish  expedition  against  Cochin  China 
announced 1  Dec. 

War  with  Morocco Nov.-Dec. 

O'Donnell  commands  the  army  in  Africa;  indecisive  conflicts 
reported;  battle  at  Castillejoe;;  a  Spanish  "Balaklava" 
charge .' 1  Jan. 

Moors  defeated  near  Tetuan,  which  surrenders 4  F"eb. 

An  ineffectual  truce 16-23  Feb. 

Moors  defeated  at  Guad  el-ras 23  Mch. 

Treaty  of  peace  signed;  400,000,000  reals  to  be  paid  by  Moors, 
and  Tetuan  to  be  held  till  paid 26  Mch. 

Gen  Ortega,  governor  of  the  Balearic  isles,  lands  near  Tortosa, 
in  Valencia,  with  3000  men,  and  proclaims  the  comte  de 
Montemolin  king,  as  Charles  VI. ;  his  troops  resist,  and  he 
is  compelled  to  flee,  with  the  comte  and  others,  3  Apr. ; 
Ortega  shot 19  Apr. 

Comte  de  Montemolin  and  his  brother  Ferdinand  arrested  at 
Tortosa,  21  Apr. ;  renounce  their  claim  to  the  throne,  23  Apr. 

Napoleon  III.'s  proposal  to  admit  Spain  as  a  first-class  power 
is  opposed  by  England,  and  given  up Aug, 

Annexation  of  St.  Domingo  to  Spain  ratified;  slavery  not  to 
be  re-established 19  May, 

Intervention  in  Mexico 8  Dec. 

Jos6  Alhama  and  Manuel  Matamoras,  Protestant  propagan- 
dists, sentenced  to  10  years'  imprisonment 14  Oct. 

Don  Juan  de  Bourbon  renounces  the  throne. . , 8  Jan. 

Insurrection  in  St.  Domingo;  war  ensues  (Domingo) — 1  Sept. 

Rupture  with  Peru Apr. 

Gen.  Prim  exiled  for  conspiracy 13  Aug.     " 

Peace  with  Peru,  which  has  to  pay  a  heavy  indemnity,  27  Jan.  1865 

Queen  orders  sale  of  crown  lands,  giving  three  fourths  to  the 
nation 20  Feb.     " 

Decree  relinquishing  St.  Domingo 5  May,     " 

Suppression  of  a  conspiracy  at  Valencia  to  reunite  Spain  and 
Portugal 10  June,     " 

Kingdom  of  Italy  recognized  by  Spain 26  June,     " 

Dispute  with  Chili ;  M.  Tavira's  settlement  (20  May)  disavowed 
by  the  government 25  July,     " 

Adm.  Pareja,  at  Valparaiso,  insults  the  Chilian  government, 
18  Sept. ;  which  declares  war,  25  Sept. ;  Pareja  declares  a 
blockade Oct.     " 

Chilian  capt.  Williams  captures  the  Spanish  vessel  Covadonga 
(Pareja  commits  suicide) 26  Nov.     " 

Queen  Victoria,  British  sloop,  seized  by  a  guardacosta,  15  Jan.  1866 

Adm.  Mendez  bombards  Valparaiso,  "destroying  property,  31 
Mch. ;  repulsed  at  Callao  with  loss 2  May, 


1844 
1845 


1846 


1848 
1850 


1851 


18M 


1866 


1857 


1860 


1861 


1864 


SPA  753 

Queen  declares  Pacific  campaign  ended 15  June, 

British  screw  steamer  Tornado,  com.  E.  Collier,  seized  by 
Spaniards  (charged  with  aiding  Chili),  and  carried  to  Cadiz, 

21,  22  Aug. 

Public  instruction  placed  under  the  clergy Oct. 

Reform  of  the  municipal  institutions  decreed  on  account  of 

revolutionary  proceedings Oct. 

Crew  of  Tornado  detained  as  prisoners,  31  Oct. ;  the  case  re- 
ferred to  law Nov. 

Queen  dismisses  the  Cortes  (and  imprisons  many  eminent 

deputies  for  petitioning  against  it) 30  Dec. 

Decision  in  Tornado  case— the  ship  a  prize  and  the  crew  pris- 
oners of  war,  18  Dec.  1866;  lord  Stanley  protests  against  the 

proceedings 8  Feb.  1867 

Decree  making  secret  publication  of  journals  and  pamphlets 

penal 16  Feb.     " 

Tornado  prisoners  released Feb.     " 

Sloop  Queen  Victoria  declared  by  Spain  wrongfully  seized; 

reparation  to  be  made 21  Apr.     " 

Law  abolishing  normal  schools  and  subjecting  education  to 

the  priests 2  June,  1868 

Insurrection  begins  in  the  fleet,  18  Sept. ;  joined  by  the  garri- 
son and  city  of  Cadiz,  19  Sept. ;  by  nearly  all  Spain, 

19-30  Sept.     " 
Prim  arrives  at  Cadiz,  17  Sept. ;  announces  a  provisional  gov- 
ernment  19  Sept.     " 

Ministers  resign,  19,  20  Sept. ;  Jos6  Concha  becomes  president 
of  the  council,  22  Sept. ;  Bravo  Murillo  and  his  colleagues 

flee  to  Bayonne 23  Sept.     " 

[Royalist  leaders:  Jos^  Concha,  marques  de  Havana,  Man- 
uel Concha,  marques  de  Duero,  at  Madrid;  the  marques  de 
Pezuela  at  Barcelona;  Eusebio  de  Calonge  in  the  north;  Pa- 
via  y  Lacy,  marques  de  Novaliches,  in  Andalusia.] 
Novaliches.'the  royalist  general,  defeated  at  Alcolea,  by  Serra- 
no, 27  Sept. ;  surrenders 28  Sept.     *' 

Queen  flies  to  Bayonne  and  Pau,  and  protests 29, 30  Sept.     " 

Deposition  of  the  queen  declared  at  Madrid. 29  Sept.     " 

National  guard  organized 30  Sept.     " 

Don  Juan,  son  of  don  Carlos,  renounces  his  hereditary  rights 

in  favor  of  his  son,  Carlos 3  Oct.     " 

Serrano  enters  Madrid,  3  Oct. ;  Serrano,  Prim,  and  Olozaga 

constitute  a  provisional  government 5  Oct.     " 

Education  law  of  2  June  annulled;  Jesuits  and  other  religious 
orders  suppressed;  laws  expelling  Jews  abrogated;  freedom 

of  worship  decreed about  12,  13  Oct.     " 

Local  juntas  dissolved  by  manifesto  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment  20  Oct.     " 

Provisional  government  recognized  by  the  U.  S.,  13  Oct.;  by 
England,  France,  and  Prussia,  25  Oct. ;  by  Austria,  Sweden, 

and  Belgium about  31  Oct.     " 

Manifesto  of  the  government  for  universal  suffrage,  and  free 

press  and  education 26  Oct.     " 

Prim  created  marshal about  6  Nov.     " 

Queen  arrives  at  Paris 6  Nov.     " 

Joint  electoral  committee  at  Madrid  declare  in  favor  of  a  lim- 
ited monarchy 14  Nov.     " 

Peaceful  elections  for  constituent  Cortes 19,  20  Dec.     " 

Election  of  members  for  the  Cortes 17  Jan.  1869 

Spanish  envoy  at  Rome  not  received 23  Jan.     " 

Cortes  meets,  11  Feb. ;  Rivero  elected  president 13  Feb.     " 

Provisional  government  resigns;  Serrano  reappointed  head  of 

the  government  with  same  ministry 25,  26  Feb.     " 

Spanish  Protestant  religious  service  at  Madrid 28  Mch.     " 

Cortes  votes  for  a  monarchy  (214  to  71) 21  May,     " 

New  constitution  promulgated 6  June,     " 

Marshal  Serrano  elected  regent  by  the  Cortes,  15  June;  sworn, 

18  June,     " 

New  ministry  under  Prim about  18  June,    " 

U.  S.  overtures  respecting  Cuba  indignantly  rejected, 

about  18  Sept.     " 

Candidature  of  the  duke  of  Genoa  discussed Sept. -Oct.     " 

Republican  speech  of  Castelar  in  the  Cortes about  18  Dec.     " 

Resignation  of  Prim  and  ministry  on  the  Italian  government 
opposing  the  nomination  of  the  duke  of  Genoa  as  king  of 

Spain 4  Jan.  1870 

Prim  resumes  office  with  Topete  and  Rivero. 10  Jan.     " 

Majority  in  the   assembly   for  Prim   against  the   combined 

unionists  and  liberals 3  Apr.     " 

Duo  de  Montpensier,  after  great  provocation,  kills  don  Enrique 
de  Bourbon,  brother  of  the  ex-king,  in  a  duel,  12  Mch. ;  tried, 

condemned,  and  fined 12  Apr.     " 

Crown  declined  by  Espartero May,     " 

Bill  for  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  colonies  presented 

to  the  Cortes 28  May,     " 

Rojo  Arias  carries  a  resolution  requiring  an  absolute  majority 
in  the  Cortes  for  any  proposed  sovereign  (179  out  of  356); 

this  excludes  all  present  candidates June,     " 

babella  II.  abdicates  in  favor  of  her  son,  Alfonso 25  June,     " 

Prince  Leopold  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen  nominated  king, 
accepted  by  the  regent  and  ministry,  6  July;  this  justified 
by  the  government  in  a  circular,  7* July;  on  opposition  ot 

France  he  resigns 12  July,     " 

Neutrality  in  Franco- Prussian  war  announced 27  July,     " 

Renewed  agitation  for  a  republic about  9  Aug.     " 

Amnesty  for  political  offences  since  29  Sept.  1868,  published, 

10  Aug.     " 

French  republic  warmly  recognized Sept.     " 

Aroadeus,  duke  of  Aosta  (b.  30  May,  1845)  accepts  the  candi- 

_  dature  for  the  crown 20  Oct.     " 

Elected  by  the  Cortes  by  191  votes  (63  for  a  republic ;  27  for 
the  due  de  Montpensier) 16  Nov.     " 


SPA 


1871 


1872 


Proclaimed  king 17  Nov.  1870 

Ex-queen,  on  behalf  of  her  son  Alfonso,  protests  against  the 
election 21  Nov.     " 

Duke  accepts  the  crown  from  a  deputation  of  the  Cortes  at 
Florence,  and  says  that  his  honesty  should  rise  above  the 
struggle  of  parties,  and  that  he  has  no  other  object  than 
the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  nation 4  Dec.     " 

Stormy  session  in  the  Cortes  on  arrangements  for  the  new 
king,  19  Dec. ;  Rivero,  president,  resigns 25  Dec.     " 

Prim  fired  at  and  wounded  in  his  carriage  by  6  men,  who  es- 
cape; indignation  at  Madrid,  27  Dec;  Topete  rejoins  the 
ministry;  vote  of  confidence 28  Dec.     " 

Prim  dies  in  the  evening  (aged  56);  the  king  received  by 
Topete  at  Cartagena 30  Dec.     " 

Funeral  of  Prim , 31  Dec. 

King  enters  Madrid,  and  takes  the  oath 2  Jan. 

New  ministry  under  Serrano 5  Jan. 

New  Cortes  opened ;  king's  speech  applauded 3  Apr. 

Del  Castillo  and  other  Alfonsists  recognize  the  king Apr. 

Olozaga  elected  president  of  the  Cortes 4  Apr. 

Tornado  difHculty  settled  (Aug.-Nov.  1866);  compensation  to 
be  paid  by  the  Spanish  government May, 

King  visits  the  provinces;  warmly  received,  1  Sept.  et  seq. ; 
welcomed  by  Espartero  at  Logroiio 80  Sept. 

Espartero,  duke  of  Vittoria,  made  prince  of  Vergara Jan. 

New  Cortes  opened;  king  says,  "I  will  never  impose  myself 
on  the  Spanish  people,  but  neither  will  I  allow  myself  to  be 
accused  of  deserting  the  post  which  I  occupy  by  their  will," 

24  Apr.     " 

Navarre,  etc.,  in  state  of  siege 25  Apr.     " 

Marshal  Serrano  enters  Navarre;  don  Carlos,  calling  himself 
Carlos  VII.,  crosses  the  frontier  near  Vera,  and  takes  the 
command,  Rada  retiring,  2  May;  totally  defeated  at  Oro- 
quieta ' 4  May,     " 

Letter  of  the  due  de  Montpensier  advocating  the  rights  of  prince 
Alfonso,  17  Apr.,  published June,     " 

Attempted  assassination  of  king  and  queen  by  about  15  men; 
1  assassin  killed,  2  taken ;  after  midnight  of 18,  19  July,     " 

Don  Carlos  calls  on  Catalonia,  Aragon,  and  V^alencia  to  rise, 
promising  their  ancient  liberties 16  July,     " 

King's  popular  visit  to  the  provinces,  travelling  nearly  2000 
miles 26  July-24  Aug.     " 

Cortes  opened  by  the  king  with  a  fine  speech 15  Sept.     " 

Bill  for  abolition  of  slavery  in  Porto  Rico,  for  compensation,  « 

brought  into  congress 24  Dec.     " 

King  Amadeus  abdicates  in  a  message,  saying  that  he  sees 
Spain  in  a  continual  struggle,  the  era  of  peace  more  distant; 
he  sought  remedies  within  the  law,  and  did  not  find  them ; 
his  efforts  were  sterile;  the  2  chambers  combine  as  the  sov- 
ereign Cortes  of  Spain,  and  vote  for  a  republic  (126-32), 

11  Feb.  1873 

Reported  success  of  Carlists;  agitation  for  the  due  de  Mont- 
pensier among  Orleanists  in  France 12  Feb.     " 

Irruption  of  Carlists;  they  hold  part  of  Catalonia;  demonstra- 
tions in  favor  of  a  federal  republic 22,  23  Feb.     " 

Circular  to  European  powers  from  Castelar,  foreign  minister, 

27  Feb.     " 

Permanent  committee  of  the  Cortes  appointed 22  Mch.     " 

Slavery  in  Porto  Rico  abolished 23  Mch.     " 

Carlists  beaten  in  several  encounters;  don  Alfonso  de  Bourbon 
re-enters  France 23  Apr.     " 

Old  "  monarchical  volunteers  "  occupy  the  bull  ring  at  Madrid; 
are  disarmed  and  dispersed  by  government  troops;  the 
"permanent  committee"  dissolved  by  the  government, 
which  assumes  supreme  power 26  Apr.     " 

Elections  for  the  Cortes  commence;  monarchists  abstain  from 
voting 10  May,     " 

Mr.  Bradlaugh,  the  J]nglish  republican,  entertained  at  Madrid, 

24  May,     " 

Intransigentes,  or  Irreconcilables  (extreme  republicans)  very- 
powerful  June,     " 

New  Cortes  opened ;  a  speech  by  Figueras , 1  June,     " 

Carlists  besiege  Irun... 7  June,     " 

Federal  republic  voted  by  the  Cortes  (210-2),  and  proclaimed, 
8  June;  Pi  y  Margall,  president  of  a  new  ministry,  rejected; 
Figueras  and  his  ministry  resume  office 9  June,     " 

Ministerial  crisis  renewed,  10  June;  Pi  j' Margall  becomes  min- 
ister; Figueras  quits  Spain 11  June,     " 

Carlists  defeat  Castanon  near  Murieta 26  June,     " 

Intransigentes  withdraw  from  the  Cortes 1  July,     " 

Defeat  and  death  of  Calvinety  by  Carlists;  insurrection  at 
Alcoy,  promoted  by  Internationalists;  mayor  and  others 
killed;  announced 11  July,     " 

Don  Carlos  (as  CarlosVII.)  enters  Spain,  "to save  the  country," 

13  July,     " 

Desperate  fighting  at  Igualada,  Catalonia 17,  18  July,     " 

[Four  prevailing  parties:  (1)  Government,  highly  democrat- 
ic ;  (2)  Intransigentes  or  Irreconcilables,  extremely  democrat- 
ic; (3)  International  or  Communists;  (4)  Legitimists,  Carlists.] 

Murcia  and  Valencia  proclaim  themselves  federal  cantons, 

18  July,     " 

Pi  y  Margall  compelled  to  resign;  Salmeron  forms  a  ministry 
opposed  to  the  Intransigentes ; 18  July,     " 

Igualada  taken  by  Carlists  under  don  Alfonso 19  July,     " 

Don  Carlos  enters  Biscay 31  July,     " 

Carlists  hold  chief  of  N.  Spain Aug.     " 

Insurgents  repulsed  in  attack  on  Almeria,  beaten  in  fights  at 
Seville,  28-30  July;  gen.  Pavia  warmly  received  . . .  .31  July,     " 

Troops  attack  Valencia,  26  July;  it  surrenders 8  Aug.     " 

New  constitution  printed,  27  July;  discussed Aug.     " 

[118  articles;  includes  separation  of  church  and  state;  free 


SPA 

rvllRious  worship;  nobility  abolished;  IS  states  in  and  near 
iwniusula;  -i  in  iho  Antilles;  Cortes  (senate  and  congress)  to 
have  legislative  |>ower;  one  deputy  to  60,000  iuliabitants; 
Corto8  lo  bo  renewed  in  2  years;  members  to  be  paid ;  execu- 
tive, president  and  ministry;  president  cloctod  for  4  years.] 

Kombardiiioul  of  Malaga  slopiHHl  by  the  British  and  German 
»<lmirals 1  Aug. 

Cadiz  surrenders  to  gen.  Pavia. 4  Aug. 

Reported  total  defeat  of  the  insurgents  at  Chinchilla,  while 
marvhiug  on  Madrid 10  Aug. 

Cartagena,  held  by  lutransigentes,  besieged 22  Aug. 

Dttrhouiui,  Knglish  yacht,  conveying  stores  to  Carlists,  seized 
by  the  Simuiards,  11)^  miles  off  Biarritz;  crew  imprisoned 
and  captain  sent  to  Ferrol 13  Aug. 

Carlists  defeat  republicans  at  Arrichulegui,  near  Rentcria, 

21  Aug. 

They  Uke  Estella  after  a  conflict  at  Dlcastillo 25  Aug. 

Ciistclar  elected  president  of  the  Cortes 26  Aug. 

0»pt.  Werner,  of  Gorman  ship  Friedvich  Carl,  captures  ^imanza 
and  VUtoria,  Spanish  iron  dads,  held  by  rebels;  gives  them 
up  to  adm.  Yelverton,  who  prepares  for  action  against  Intran- 
sigentes  claiming  them,  and  sends  them  to  Gibmltar  unmo- 
lested  1  Sept. 

Ministry  propose  abolition  of  capital  punishment  in  the  army; 
defeated  in  the  Cortes;  resign 5  Sept. 

Caslelar  heads  a  ministry;  proposes  calling  out  150,000  men, 
to  end  the  war 7,  8  Sept. 

Salmeron  elected  president  of  the  Cortes 9  Sept. 

Castelar  virtual  dictator 15  Sept. 

Deerhound  and  crew  given  up;  announced about  18  Sept. 

Speech  of  Castelar;  Cortes  to  be  closed  2  Jan.  1874 18  Seiit. 

Combination  of  parties  to  support  Castelar about  6  Oct. 

Indecisive  battle  at  Maneru,  near  Puenta  de  la  Reyna,  in  Na- 
varre, l>etween  republicans  under  Moriones,  and  Carlists 
under  Olio;  advanUige  with  Carlists 6  Oct. 

Battle  of  Escombrera  bay;  Intransigentes'  ships  attempt  to 
break  blockade  of  Cartagena;  repulsed  by  adin.  I^obo,  11  Oct. 

Lobo  declines  to  fight,  and  retires,  pursued  by  the  Intransi- 
gentes. 13  Oct. ;  justifies  himself  at  Madrid 2'2  Oct. 

Death  of  Rios  Rosas,  statesman 3  Nov. 

Murillo  captured;  condemned  to  bo  sold  by  the  British  Court 
of  Admiralty Nov. 

Pronunciaraento:  Meeting  of  the  Cortes;  speech  of  Castelar; 

•     vote  of  confidence  lost  by  20;  he  resigns;  Salmeron  attempts 

to  form  a  ministry,  2,  3  Jan.;   Pavia,  capt.-gen.  of  Madrid, 

forcibly  dissolves  the  Cortes 3  Jan. 

Marshal  Serrano  president  of  a  new  ministry,  including  Topete; 
national  guard  of  Madrid  disarming 4  Jan. 

New  government  issue  a  moderate  manifesto 9,  10  Jan. 

Cartagena  captured  by  Lopez  Dominguez 12  Jan. 

Numancia,  iron  clad,  with  Intransigentes  leaders  and  convicts, 
escapes;  they  land  at  Mers  el  Kebir,  near  Oran,  on  the  Afri- 
can coast ;  are  returned  by  the  French 12  Jan. 

Bloclv'ade  of  the  coast  of  Spain  announced 31  Jan. 

Carlists  besiege  Bilbao;  Moriones  defeated  at  Somorrostro, 

25  Feb. 

Marshal  Serrano  resigns  presidency  of  the  ministry,  and  be- 
comes chief  of  the  executive,  succeeded  by  Zabala;  Serrano 
proceeds  to  Bilbao 28  Feb.  et  seq. 

Serrano  assumes  command about  8  Mch. 

Blockade  of  the  coast  (31  Jan. )  raised 2  Mch. 

Three  days'  conflict  at  Somorrostro,  near  Bilbao;  Carlists  de- 
feated, but  retain  their  positions  (about  2000  killed  and 
wounded  on  both  sides) 25-27  Mch. 

Armistice  for  3  days 28  Mch. 

6cn.  Manuel  da  Concha  joins  Serrano  at  San  tander,  about  8  Apr. 

Great  national  effort  to  relieve  Bilbao;  union  of  parties;  hos- 
tilities resumed 20  Apr. 

After  several  days'  coiiHict,  Carlists  retreat;  marshal  Concha 
enters  Bilbao,  which  is  much  injured  by  long  bombardment, 

2  May, 

A  battle  at  Prats  de  Llusane's,  indecisive 6  May, 

Carlists  repulsed  in  attack  at  Ramales about  20  May, 

Carlists  defeated  at  Gondesa about  6  June, 

Republicans  repulsed  before  Estella 25-27  June, 

Concha  killed  (succeeded  by  Zabala) 27  June, 

Carlists  hold  Navarre,  Guipuscoa,  Biscay,  and  Alara July, 

Carlists  capture  Cuenca  (about  80  miles  from  Madrid).  .13  July, 

Don  Carlos's  manifesto,  promising  constitutional  government, 

IG  July, 

All  Spain  placed  under  martial  law;  levy  of  125,000  men, 

about  18  July, 

Government  appeals  to  France  respecting  French  assistance  to 
Carlists;  justificatory  reply 3  Aug. 

British  Mediterranean  squadron,  under  adm.  Drummond.  sails 
from  Malta  for  Barcelona 4  Aug. 

Don  Carlos  appeals  to  the  chief  powers  not  to  intervene;  justi- 
fies Dorregaray's  severities,  and  the  execution  of  Schmidt, 

6  Aug. 

Moriones's  alleged  defeat  of  Mendiri  and  Carlists  at  Oteiza, 

12  Aug. 

Serrano's  government  recognized  by  Great  Britain,  Germany, 
France,  and  other  powers  (not  by  Russia) about  14  Aug. 

Letter  of  sympathy  and  encouragement  from  the  Comte  de 
Chambord  to  don  Carlos Aug. 

Puycerda  vigorously  besieged  by  Carlists Aug. -Sept. 

Carlists  fire  on  German  gun-boats  Nautilus  and  Albatross,  near 
San  Sebastian;  Germans  fire  shells  into  the  town, 

about  5  Sept. 

Carli.sts  defeated  by  Lopez  Pinto  near  Mora,  about  9  Sept. ;  by 
Moriones  at  Barasoam,  near  Tafalla about  25  Sept. 


754 


SPA 


1873 


1874 


Note  to  French  government,  complaining  of  neglect  respecting 

the  Carlists  on  the  frontiers early  in  on.  I874 

Prince  Alfonso  in  a  manifesto  replies  to  address,  declaring 

himself  "  a  true  Spaniard,  Catholic,  and  liberal  " 1  Dec.     »» 

Army  at  Murviedro  pronounces  for  Alfonso;  he  is  proclaimed 
king  by  gen.  Martinez  Campos,  29  Dec. ;  recognized  by  the 
other  armies  and  the  navy,  30  Dec;  proclaimed  by  gen. 
Primo  da  Rivera  at  Madrid;   Antonio  Canovas  del  Castillo, 

head  of  a  royal  ministry 31  Dec.     " 

Pres.  Serrano  withdraws  to  France 1  Jan.  1875 

Proclamation  of  Carlos  against  Alfonso 6  Jan.     " 

Alfonso  XII.  recognized  throughout  Spain;   well  received  at 

Barcelona,  9  Jan. ;  enters  Madrid 14  Jan.     " 

Order  of  knighthood  reestablished;  payments  to  clergy  to  be 

renewed Jan.     " 

Alfonso  reviews  30,000  troops  near  Tafalla,  22  Jan. ;  issues 
proclamation  to  northern  provinces,  promising  amnesty  and 

respect  to  local  rights 22  Jan.     " 

Serrano  returns  to  Madrid Feb. 

Carlists  retreat  from  Pampeluna;  entered  by  the  king,  6  Feb. ; 

he  exchanges  decorations  with  Espartero  at  Logrono,  9  Feb. 

Resignation  of  gens.  Moriones,  Loma,  and  Blanco;  Concha  sent 

for  from  Cuba Feb. 

Serrano  received  by  the  king 8  Mch. 

Cabrera,  an  old  Carlist  general  (see  1840),  publishes  an  address, 

declaring  for  Alfonso  XII 11  Mch. 

Papal  nuncio  received  by  the  king 3  May, 

Vigorous  action  of  government  troops;  Carlists  expelled  from 

Castile;  sympathizers  suppressed July, 

Carlists  defeated  at  Quesada  and  others 31  July, 

Citadel  at  Urgel  surrendered  by  Carlists  to  Campos 26  Aug. 

Resignation  of  "  conciliation  ministry,"  11  Sept. ;  liberal  cabi- 
net headed  by  gen.  Jovellar 12  Sept.     " 

Circular  of  papal  nuncio  against  toleration about  13  Sept.     " 

Don  Carlos  declares  his  mission  "  to  quell  the  revolution,  and 

that  it  will  die  " Sept.     *' 

Bombardment  of  San  Sebastian,  28  Sept. -2  Oct. ;  resumed, 

11  Oct.     <« 
Government  declare  the  civil  war  at  an  end,  and  purpose  sum- 
moning the  Cortes  to  assist  the  king  in  reorganizing  the 

country early  in  Oct.     « 

Don  Carlos  i)roposes  to  the  king  a  truce,  and  offers  help  if  war 

occurs  with  the  U.  S.  (no  answer) 9  Nov.     •' 

New  constitutional  party  under  Sagasta  formed Nov.     " 

Cortes  elected;  364  ministerialists  out  of  406 Jan.  1876 

Cortes  opened  by  the  king 15  Feb.     " 

Carlists  defeated  at  Estella,  Vera,  and  Tolosa  by  Quesada  and 

Moriones Feb.     " 

King  assumes  command;    Estella  surrenders  to    Primo    da 

Rivera;  severe  loss 18  Feb.     " 

Reported  letter  from  the  pope  recommending  Carlos  to  retire 

from  the  contest 22  Feb.     " 

Don  Carlos,  with  gen.  Lizarraga  and  5  battalions,  surrender  to 
the  governor  of  Bayonne  at  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  27  Feb. ; 
he,  with  some  officers,  lands  at  Folkestone  and  proceeds  to 

London 4  Mch. 

Triumphal  entry  of  Alfonso  XII.  into  Madrid 20  Mch. 

Draft  of  new  constitution  submitted  to  the  Cortes 28  Mch. 

Pope  opposes  moderate  religious  toleration  in  article  11  of  the 

constitution Apr. 

Jews  (expelled  in  1492)  petition  for  readmission " 

Long  debate  in  Cortes;  confidence  in  ministry  voted  (211  to  26); 

constitution  passed ;  adjourn about  21  July, 

Queen  Isabella  received  by  king  at  San  tander;  declares  "her 

share  in  public  affairs  is  at  an  end  " 31  July,     " 

Public  worship  of  Protestants  repressed  by  authority Sept.     " 

Amnesty  to  Carlists  and  others  surrendering Apr.  1877 

Meeting  of  the  new  Cortes 25  Apr.     " 

Cortes  suddenly  closed 11  July,     " 

New  tariff  passed;  customs  duties  raised  in  respect  to  Great 

Britain,  France,  and  U.  S 17  July,     " 

Ex-queen,  after  visiting  her  son,  disapproves  of  proposed  mar- 
riage, and  associates  with  don  Carlos  in  Paris,  who  is  pri- 
vately forbidden  to  remain,  and  goes  to  England;  she  is  for- 
bidden to  return  to  Spain;  her  pension  stopped,  .end  of  Deo.     " 
King  married  to  his  cousin  Mercedes,  daughter  of  the  due  de 

Montpensier 23  Jan.  1878 

End  of  the  insurrection  in  Cuba  announced 21  Feb.     " 

Death  of  queen  Mercedes,  deeply  lamented 26  June,     " 

Death  of  queen-dowager  Christina 21  Aug.     " 

King  fired  at  (not  injured)  by  Juan  Oliva  Moncasi,  a  member 

of  the  International  society,  aged  23 25  Oct.     " 

Moncasi  executed 4  Jan.  1879 

Espartero,  duque  de  Vittoria,  d 8  Jan.     " 

Cortes  dissolved,  16  Mch. ;  to  meet 1  June,     " 

King  married  to  archduchess  Maria  Christina  of  Austria, 

29  Nov.     " 
Attempted  assassination  of  king  and  queen  by  Francisco  Otero 

y  Gonzalez  by  shooting 30  Dec.     " 

Law  gradually  abolishing  slavery  in  Cuba  promulgated,  18  Feb.  1880 
Manifesto  from  279  senators  and  deputies  claiming  liberty  of 
religion,  the  press,  etc.,  and  education,  universal  suffrage, 

etc 6  Apr.     " 

Otero  executed 14  Apr.     " 

Permission  said  to  be  given  to  about  60,000  Russian  Jews  to 

come  to  Spain lune,  1881 

Don  Carlos  expelled  from  France  for  expressing  sympathy 

with  legitimists  (goes  to  London) 17  July,     " 

Consolidation  of  the  national  debt  (60, 000,000^.)  proposed, Sept. ; 

law  published 10  Dec.     " 

King  invested  with  the  order  of  the  Garter 7  Oct 


I 


SPA  755 

Kings  of  Spain  and  Portugal  open  a  new  railway  between 

Madrid  and  Lisbon 8  Oct.  1881 

"Dynastic  JvCft,"  a  new  party  formed  by  marshal  Serrano  and 

others,  constituted  (dividing  the  liberals) 27  Oct.  1882 

Gen.  Maceo  and  5  Cuban  insurgent  leaders  surrendered  at 
Gibraltar  to  Spaniards  (they  had  escaped  from  Cadiz,  20  Aug.); 
petition  queen  Victoria  to  ask  their  release;  application 
made  for  inquiry;  gen.  Baynes,  colonial  secretary  at  Gibral- 
tar, and  Mr.  Blair,  chief  inspector  of  police,  dismissed  for 

exceeding  authority;  announced 4  Dec.     " 

"Dynastic  Left"   in  Cortes  pronounce  in  favor  of  advanced 

liberalism 15  Dec.     " 

King  visits  Vienna,  10  Sept. ;  Berlin,  Homberg,  and  Brussels, 

27  Sept.  1883 
King  honorably  received,  by  pres.  Gr^vy;    hissed  and  reviled 
by  the  Paris  mob  (having  been  made  a  colonel  of  Uhlans 
by  emperor  William);  behaved  with  dignity. 

2y,  30  Sept.,  1  Oct.      " 
Last  section  of  the  great  Asturian  railway  opened  by  the  king, 

15  Aug.  1884 

Much  suffering  by  Earthquakes 25-31  Dec.     " 

Protocol  restoring  Great  Britain  to  position  of  most  "favored 
nation  "  in  regard  to  commerce  (lost  since  1845);  wine  duties 
modified;  signed  at  Madrid,  21  Dec.  1884;  gazetted...  .6  Feb.     " 

King  d 25  Nov.      " 

Alfonso  XllL,  son,  b 17  May,  1886 

Don  Carlos  protests  against  the  recognition  of  Alfonso  XIII., 

20  May,     " 

Attempted  revolution  at  Madrid.... 19  Sept.     " 

Ministers  of  Germany,  Austria,  Italy,  and  I<:ngland.  to  the  court 
of  Spain,  raised  to  the  rank  of  ambassadors  by  their  respec- 
tive governments,  thus  placing  Spain  among  the  flrst-class 

powers 1887 

Openingof  the  Cortes;  infant  king  enthroned 1  Dec.     " 

Trial  by  jury  introduced  by  the  senate 27  Feb.  1888 

Trial  by  jury  first  put  in  force  at  Madrid 29  May,  1889 

Duke  of  Aosta,  formerly  king  of  Spain  as  Amadeo  I.,  d.  at 

Turin,  aged  45 18  Jan.  1890 

Inundations  throughout  the  central  and  southern  parts  of 

Spain ;  over  100,000  persons  rendered  homeless Sept.  1891 

Anarchist  disturbances;  several  executed Mch.-Apr.  1892 

Widespread  rioting  excited  by  the  Octrois  duties 17  July,      " 

Celebration  in  honor  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus 

formally  begun  in  Cadiz 31  July,      " 

War  in  Morocco  begun Oct.  1893 

Cargo  of  dynamite  explodes  in  the  harbor  of  Santander,  killing 

about  lOOn  people  and  wrecks  part  of  the  town 4  Nov.      " 

Explosion  of  dynamite  bomb  thrown  by  anarchists  in  a  thea- 
tre at  Barcelona  kills  30  and  injures  80  persons 7  Nov.      " 

Second  explosion  of  dynamite  from  the  submerged  hulk  of  the 
steamer  blown  up  in  the  harbor  of  Santander  Nov.  1893,  and 

30  persons  killed 22  Mch.  1894 

Six  anarchists  guilty  of  complicity  in  an  attempt  to  assassinate 
capt.-gen.  Campos  executed  at  Barcelona 21  May,  1894 

SOVEREIGNS   OF  SPAIN. 


GOTHIC   SOVEREIGNS. 
411.  Ataulfo;  murdered  by  his  soldiers. 
415.  Sigerico;  reigned  a  few  days  only. 

"    Valia,  or  Wallia. 
420.  Theodoric  I. ;  killed  in  a  battle  which  he  had  gained  against 
Attila. 

451.  Thorismund,  orTorrismund;  assassinated. 

452.  Theodoric  II. ;  assassinated  by 

466.  Euric,  the  first  monarch  of  all  Spain. 

483.  Alaric  II. ;  killed  in  battle. 

506.  Gesalric,  his  bastard  son. 

511.  Amalric,  or  Amalaric;  le<riti mate  son  of  Alaric. 

531.  Theudis,  or  Theodat;  assassinated  by  a  madman. 

548.  Theudisela,  or  Theodisele;  murdered. 

549.  Agila;  taken  prisoner  and  put  to  death. 
554.  Atanagildo. 

567.  Liuva.  or  Levua  I. 

568.  Leuvigildo;  associated  on  the  throne  with  Liuva  in  568,  and 

sole  king  in  572. 

686.  Recaredo  I. 

601.  Liuva  II. ;  assassinated. 

603.  Vitericus;  also  murdered. 

610.  Gundemar. 

612.  Sisibut,  or  Sisebuth,  or  Sisebert. 

621.  Recaredo  II. 

"    Suintila;  dethroned. 
631.  Sisenando. 
636.  Chintella. 
640.  Tulga,  or  Tulca. 
642.  Cindasiiinto;  d.  in  652. 

649.  Recesuinto;  associated:  in  653  became  sole  king. 
672.  Vamba,  or  Wamba;  dethroned,  and  died  in  a  monastery. 
680.  Ervigius,  or  Ervigio. 

687.  Egica,  or  Egiza. 

698.  Vitiza,  or  Witiza;  associated;  in  701  sole  king, 
jn.  Rodrigo,  or  Roderic;  slain  in  battle. 
Six  independent  Suevic  kings  reigned  409-69;   and  two  Vandalic 

kmgs:  Gunderic,  409-25;  his  successor,  Genseric,  with  his  whole 

nation,  passed  over  to  Africa. 

MAHOMETAN    SPAIN. 
CORDOVA. 
Emirs.  The  first,  Abdelasis;  the  last,  Yussut-el-Tehri ;  a.d.  714-55. 
Kings.   The  first,  Abderahman  I. ;  the  last,  Abu  Ali;  755-1238. 


SPA 

GRA.NADA. 

Kings.    The  first,  Mohammed  I. ;  the  last,  Abdalla;  1238-1492. 

CHRISTIAN    SPAIN. 
KINGS  OF  ASTURIAS  AND    LEON. 

Pelagius,  or  Pelayo;  overthrew  the  Moors,  and  checked  their 

conquests. 
Favila;  killed  in  hunting. 
Alfonso  the  Catholic. 
Froila;  murdered  his  brother  Samaran,  in  revenge  for  which 

be  was  murdered  by  his  brother  and  successor 
Aurelius,  or  Aurelio. 
Mauregato,  the  Usurper. 
Veremundo  (Bermuda)  I. 
Alfonso  IL,  the  Chaste. 

^^-Rabbi  ^^  ^"^  ^"'^^  Saracens  to  the  sword  in  one  battle. 
Ordofio  I. 

Alfonso  in.,surnamed  the  Great;  relinquished  his  crown  to 

ills  son. 
Garcias. 
Ordono  II. 
Froila  II. 

Alfonso  IV.,  the  Monk;  ahdicated. 
Ramiro  II.;  killed  in  battle. 
Ordotio  III. 
Ordono  IV. 

Sancho  I.,  the  Fat;  poisoned  with  an  apple 
Ramiro  III. 

Veremundo  IL  (Bermuda),  the  Gouty. 
Alfonso  V. ;  killed  in  a  siege. 
Veremundo  III.  (Bermuda);  killed. 


718 

737, 
739, 

757, 

768 
774, 
788. 
791. 
842. 


910. 
914. 
923. 

925. 
930. 
950. 
955. 
956. 
967. 
983. 
999. 
1027. 


873. 
885. 
905. 
924. 
970. 

1035. 
1054. 
1076. 
1094. 
1104. 
1134. 
1150. 
1194. 
1234. 
1253. 
1270. 
1274. 
1305. 
1316. 

1322. 
1328. 
1343. 
1349. 
1387. 
1425. 
1479. 

1483. 
1512. 


1035. 
1065. 

1072. 
1109. 
1126. 
1157. 
1158. 

1188. 
1214. 
1217. 

1252. 

1284. 
1295. 
1312. 
1350. 


1369. 
1379. 
1390. 
1406. 
1454. 
1474. 
1504. 


KINGS   OF   NAVARRE. 

Sancho  liiigo,  count. 

Garcia  I.,  king. 

Sancho  Garcias ;  a  renowned  warrior. 

Garcias  II. ,  surnamed  the  Trembler. 

Sancho  II. ,  surnamed  the  Great  (king  of  Castile  through  his 

Garcias  III. 

Sancho  III. 

Sancho  IV.,  Ramirez,  king  of  Aragon. 

Peter  of  Aragon. 

Alfonso  I.  of  Aragon. 

Garcias  IV^.,  Ramirez. 

Sancho  V.,  surnamed  the  Wise. 

Sancho  VI.,  surnamed  the  Infirm. 

Theobald  I.,  count  of  Champagne. 

Theobald  II. 

Henry  Crassus. 

Joanna;  married  to  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  1286. 

Louis  Hutin  of  France. 

John;  lived  but  a  few  days. 

Philij)  v.,  the  Long,  of  France. 

Charles  I.,  the  IV.  of  France. 

Joanna  II. ,  and  Philip,  count  d'^vreux. 

Joanna  alone. 

Charles  IL,  or  the  Bad. 

Charles  III.,  or  the  Noble. 

Blanche  and  her  husband,  John  II. ,  afterwards  king  of  Aragon 

Eleanor. 

Francis  Phoebus  de  Foix. 

Catherine  and  John  d'Albret. 

Navarre  conquered  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  united  with 
Castile. 

KINGS   OF   LEON    AND    CASTILE. 

Ferdinand  the  Great. 

Sancho  II. ,  the  Strong,  son  of  Ferdinand;  Alfonso  in  Leon  and 

Asturias,  and  Garcias  in  Galicia. 
Alfonso  VI.,  the  Valiant,  king  of  Leon. 
Uraca  and  Alfonso  VII. 
Alfonso  VII.,  Raymond. 
Sancho  III.,  surnamed  the  Beloved. 
Alfonso  VIII. ,  the  Noble. 

[Leon  is  separated  from  Castile  under  Ferdinand  II    1157-88  1 
Alfonso  IX.  of  Leon.  ' 

Henry  T. 
Ferdinand  III.,  the  Saint  and  the  Holy.     By  him  Leon  and 

Castile  were  permanently  united. 
Alfonso  X.,  the  Wise  (the  Alphonsine  Tables  were  drawn  up 

under  his  direction). 
Sancho  IV..  the  Great  and  the  Brave. 
Ferdinand  IV. 
Alfonso  XL 

Peter  the  Cruel;   deposed;  reinstated  by  Edward  the  Black 
Prince  of  England;  slain  by  his  natural  brother  and  suc- 
cessor. 
Henry  IL,  the  Gracious;  poisoned  by  a  monk. 
John  I. ;  he  united  Biscay  to  Castile. 
Henry  IIL,  the  Sickly. 
John  II. ,  son  of  Henry. 
Henry  IV.,  the  Impotent. 

Isabella,  sister  (had  married  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  18  Oct.  1469). 
Joanna  (daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella),  and  Philip  L  of 
Austria.     On  her  mother's  death  .loanna  succeeded,  jointly 
with  her  husband  Philip;  but  Philip  dying  in  1506,  and  Jo- 
anna becoming  imbecile,  her  father  Ferdinand  continued 

the  reign,  and  thus  perpetuated  the  union  of  Castile  with 
Aragon. 


SPA 

KINGS  OF  ARAOON. 
103&  lUmlrol. 

lOeS.  Sancho  Raiuiroi  (IV.  of  Navarre). 
10»A.  Peter  of  Navarre. 

1104.  Alfonso  I.,  the  Warrior,  king  of  Navarre. 
llSi.  Ramiro  II.,  the  Muuk. 
1137.  I'otronilla.  and  Kayiuoud,  oouot  of  BarceloD*. 
1163.  Alfou»o  II. 
1196.  Pcler  II 

131S.  James  I. ;  succeeded  by  bis  son. 
1376.  Peter  III. ;  conquered  Sicily  in  1281 
1985.  Alfbnso  III.,  the  Beneficent. 
1291.  James  II.,8uruanied  the  Just 
1327.  Alfonso  IV. 
1336.  Peter  IV.,  tbe  Ceremonious. 
1387.  John  I. 
1395.  Martin. 
1410.  [Interregnum.] 
1412.  Ferdinand  the  Just,  king  of  Sicily. 
1416.  Alfonso  v.,  tbe  Wise. 

1458.  John  II.,  king  of  Navarre,  brother  of  Alfonso;  d.  1479. 
1479   Ferdinand  II.,  the  Catholic,  the  next  heir;  by  marriage  with 

Isabella  of  Castile  (styled  the  Catholic  kings),  the  kingdoms 

were  united. 

SPAIN. 

MOUSE  OK  ARAGON. 

1612.  Ferdinand  V.  (Castile),  II.  (Aragon),  having  conquered  Granada 
and  Navarre,  becomes  king  of  all  Spain. 

HOUSE  OF  HAPSBURO. 

1616.  Charles  I.,  grandson,  son  of  Joanna  of  Castile  and  Philip  of 
Austria  (emperor  of  Germany,  as  Charles  V.,  In  1519);  re- 
signed both  crowns  and  retired  to  a  monastery. 

1666.  Philip  II.,  son,  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily;  a  merciless  bigot: 
married  Mary,  queen  regnant  of  England;  died  covered  with 
ulcers. 

1698,  Philip  III.,  son,  drove  the  Moors  from  Granada  and  the  adja- 
cent provinces. 

1621.  Philip  IV.,  son;  wars  with  the  Dutch  and  French;  lost  Portu- 
gal in  1640. 

1665.  Charles  II.,  son;  last  of  tbe  Austrian  line;  nominated  by  will 
his  successor. 

HOUSE   OF    BOURBON. 

1700.  Philip  v.,  duke  of  Anjou,  grandson  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France; 
lience  arose  the  '>  War  of  the  Succession,"  terminated  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713;  resigned. 

1724.  Louis  I.,  son;  reigned  only  a  few  months. 
"     Philip  V.  again. 

1746.  Ferdinand  VI.,  the  Wise,  son;  liberal  and  beneficent. 

1759.  Charles  III.,  brother,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  which  he  gave 
to  his  third  son,  Ferdinand. 

1788.  Charles  IV.,  son;  the  influence  of  Godoy,  Prince  of  Peace, 
reached  to  almost  royal  authority  in  this  reign;  Charles  ab- 
dicated in  favor  of  his  son  in  1808,  and  d.  in  1819. 

1808.  Ferdinand  VIL,  whom  Napoleon  also  forced  to  abdicate. 

HOUSE   OF   BONAPARTE. 

1808.  Joseph  Bonaparte,  brother  of  Napoleon;  forced  to  abdicate. 

HOUSE  OF   BOURBON   RESTORED. 

1813.  Ferdinand  VII.  restored;  married  Maria  Christina  of  Naples, 
IJ  Pec.  1829;  d.  29  Dec.  1833;  succeeded  by 

1833.  Isabella  IL,  daughter  (b.  10  Oct.  1830);  declared  of  nge,  8  Nov. 
1813 ;  married  her  cousin,  don  Francis  d'Assissi,  10  Oct. 
1846;  deposed,  30  Sept.  1868;  separated  from  her  husband, 
Mch.  1870;  and  abdicated,  25  June,  1870,  in  favor  of  her  son, 
Alfonso,  prince  of  Asturias  (b.  28  Nov.  1857). 

HOUSE  OF  SAVOY. 
1870.  Amadeo  L  (duke  of  Aosta,  son  of  Victor  Emmanuel  IL,  king 
of  Italy);  b.  30  May,  1845  ;  married  Maria  Victoria  of  Pozzo 
della  Cisterna,  30  May,  1867 ;  accepted  the  crown  offered  him 
by  the  Cortes,  4  Dec.  1870;  abdicated,  11  Feb.  1873;  d.  at 
Turin,  aged  45, 18  Jan.  1890. 

RErUBLIC. 

1873.  Executive  of  the  Cortes. 
"     Estanislao  Figiieras. 

*'     Nicolas  Salmeron. 

1874.  Pi  y  Margall. 

"     Emilio  Castelar. 

HOUSE  OF  BOURBON. 

1874-  Alfonso  XII.,  son  of  Isabella  II.  (b.  28  Nov.  1857);  proclaimed 
30  Dec.  1874;  married,  1st,  his  cousin  Mercedes,  daughter  of 
the  due  de  Montpensier  (b.  24  June,  1860),  23  Jan.  1878;  she 
d.  26  June,  1878;  2d,  archduchess  Maria  Christina  of  Austria 
(b.  21  July,  1858),  29  Nov.  1879;  d.  25  Nov.  1885. 

1886.  Alfonso  XIII. ;  b.  17  May,  1886. 

CARLIST   LEGITIMATE  PRETENDERS. 

(See  above  1833  et  seq.) 
Carlos  v.,  brother  of  Ferdinand  VII. ;  b.  29  Mch.  1788;  d.  10  Mch. 

1855. 

Carlos  VI.,  his  son  (conde  de  Montemolin);  d.  14  Jan.  1861. 

Carlos  VII.  (son  of  don  Juan,  brother  of  Carlos  VI.,  who  renounced 

his  right,  8  Jan.  1863);  b.  30  Mch.  1848;  see  above*  1873-76. 

Spala'tro  or  Spala'tO,  a  seaport  city  of  Dalmatia, 

the  ancient  Spalatum,  and  Salona.     At  his  palace  here,  Dio- 


756 


SPA 


I 


cletian  spent  his  last  9  years,  and  died  July,  313.     R.  Adam 
published  the  "Antiquities  of  Diocletian's  Palace,"  1764. 

Spanish  era  or  Era  of  the  Caesars,  is  reck, 
oned  froDQ  1  Jan.  38  B.C.,  the  year  following  the  conquest  of 
Spain  by  Augustns.  It  was  much  used  in  Africa,  Spain,  and 
the  south  of  France;  but  by  a  synod  held  in  1180  was  abol- 
ished in  all  churches  dependent  on  Barcelona.  Pedro  IV.  of 
Aragon  abolished  it  in  his  dominions  in  1350 ;  John  of  Castile 
in  1383.  It  was  used  in  Portugal  till  1415,  if  not  till  1422. 
The  months  and  days  of  this  era  are  identical  with  the  Julian 
calendar ;  and  to  turn  the  time  into  our  era,  subtract  38  from 
the  year  (if  before  the  Christian  era,  39). 

(Spanish  Fury,  the.     Antwerp. 

Spanish  grandees,  the  higher  nobilit}',  at  one  time 
almost  equal  to  kings  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  and  often  defy- 
ing these,  were  restrained  in  1474  on  the  union  of  the  crowns 
by  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  expelled  many 
from  the  royal  fortresses  and  domains.  Charles  V.  reduced 
the  grandees  to  16  families  (Medina- Sidonia,  Albuquerque, 
etc.),  dividing  them  into  3  classes. 

Spanish  lang^uag^e  {lengua  Castellana),  derived 
from  a  dialect  of  Latin  mingled  with  Arabic,  which  was  the 
legal  language  till  the  14th  century.  Spanish  did  not  become 
general  till  the  16th  century.     Literature. 

Spanish  main,  the  waters  along  the  coast  of  South 
America,  formerly  so  called  because  frequented  by  the  Spanish 
vessels  and  somewhat  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Spain. 

Spanish  Succession, War  of  the.  When  Charles 
II.  of  Spain  died  in  1700,  leaving  no  heir,  4  European  powers, 
France,  Germany,  Bavaria,  and  Savoy,  with  nearly  equal 
rights,  claimed  succession.  The  last  two  retiring  left  the  dis- 
pute to  France  and  Germany ;  war  ensued  (1702-13),  and  Eng- 
land joined  Germany.  The  French  claimant,  grandson  of 
Louis  XIV.,  was  finally  acknowledged  as  Philip  V.  of  Spain. 
House  of  Bourbon.  This  war,  although  distinguished  by  the 
achievements  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  earl  of  Peterborough, 
and  prince  Eugene,  was  without  advantage  to  England. 

Sparta,  the  capital  of  Laconia  or  Lacedaemon,  the  most 
considerable  republic  of  the  Peloponnesus,  and  the  rival  of 
Athens.  Though  without  walls,  it  resisted  its  enemies  by  the 
valor, of  its  citizens  for  8  centuries.  Lelex  is  supposed  to  have 
been  first  king.  Lacedaemon,  4th  king,  and  his  wife  Sparta, 
were  the  legendary  founders  of  the  city  named  for  them.  The 
Lacedaemonians  were  a  nation  of  soldiers,  and  cultivated  n 
ther  the  arts  or  sciences,  and  paid  but  little  attention  to  coi 
merce  or  agriculture,  all  cultivation  of  the  land  being 
formed  by  slaves.     The  early  history  is  mythical. 

Sparta  founded  (Pausanias) 1 

Princes  of  Greece  demand  Helen  in  marriage ;  she  makes  choice 

of  Menelaus  of  Mycenae 121 

Helen,  daughter  of  Zeus  and  of  Leda,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus, 

king  of  Sparta,  stolen  by  Theseus,  king  of  Athens,  but  re- 
covered bj'  her  brothers  Castor  and  Pollux 1 

Paris,  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  carries  off  Helen 1 

Trojan  war  (Troy) 11! 

After  a  war  of  10  years,  and  a  disastrous  voyage  of  nearly  8, 

Menelaus  and  Helen  return  to  Sparta 117| 

Kingdom  seized  by  the  Heraclid^ llf 

Establishment  of  2  kings,  Eurysthenes  and  Procles,  by  their 

father  Aristodemus 11 

Rule  of  Lycurgus,  who  establislies  the  senate,  and  enacts  a 

code  of  laws  (Eusebius).     (Mythical) 884- 

Charilaus  declares  war  against  Polymnestor,  king  of  Arcadia. .     848 
Alcamenes,  known  by  his  apophthegms,  makes  war  on  the 

Messenians 813 

Nicander  succeeds  his  father,  Charilaus;  war  with  the  Argives,    800 

Theopompus  introduces  the  Ephori about    757 

War  against  the  Messenians ;  Amphia  taken 743 

Parthenise,  sons  of  virgins,  without  the  marriage  rite : .    733 

Battle  of  Ithome ;  Messenians  beaten 

Ithome  taken;  the  Messenians  become  vassals  to  Sparta,  and 

the  war  of  19  years  ends 

Parthenise,  becoming  a  class,  conspire  with  Helots  to  take 

Sparta 707 

Conspiracy  discovered,  the  Partheuiae  sent  to  colonize  Taren- 

tum 706 

Messenians  revolt,  and  league  with  Elis,  Argos,  and  Arcadia, 

against  the  Lacedaemonians.    (This  war  lasted  14  years) 685 

Carnian  festivals  instituted 675 

Messenians  settle  in  Sicily 669 

War  with  the  Argives,  and  celebrated  battle  between  300  select 

heroes  of  each  nation 547 

War  with  Athens 505 

Spartans  resist  the  king  of  Persia 4^91 


SPA 

States  of  Greece  unite  against  the  Persians 

Leonidas.  with  300  Spartans,  withstands  the  Persians  at  the  de- 
file of  THERMOPYL^ 

Pausanias,  king,  defeats  the  Persians  at  Platsea 

He  is  put  to  death  for  treason;  the  Greeks  choose  an  Athenian 
general 

Earthquake  at  Sparta  destroys  30,000  persons ;  rebellion  of  the 
Helots 

Sparta  joins  Macedon  against  Athens 

Plataea  taken  by  the  Spartans 

Spartans,  under  Agis,  enter  Attica,  and  lay  waste  the  country, 

Agis  (king  427)  defeats  Argives  and  Mantina?ans 

Lacedaemonian  fleet,  under  Mindarus,  defeated  at  Cyzicum, 
and  Mindarus  slain 

Spartans,  defeated  by  land  and  at  sea,  sue  for  peace,  which  is 
denied  by  the  Athenians 

Reign  of  Pausanias 

Athenians  defeated  at  jEgospotami  by  I-ysander 

Athens  taken  by  him ;  end  of  Peloponnesian  war.^. 

[Sparta  at  the  height  of  its  power.] 

Agesilaus  (king  398)  enters  Lydia, 

Athenians,  Thebans,  Argives,  and  Corinthians  league  against 
the  Spartans;  Corinthian  war  begins 

Lysander  killed  at  Haliartus 

Agesilaus  defeats  the  allies  at  Coronea 

Lacedsemonian  fleet,  under  Peisander,  defeated  by  Conon,  Athe- 
nian commander,  near  Cnidos 

Peace  of  Antalcidas 

Thebans  drive  the  Spartans  from  Cadmea 

Spartans  lose  dominion  of  the  seas;  their  fleet  destroyed  by 
Timotheus 

Spartans  defeated  at  Leuctra 

Epaminondas,  heading 50,000  Thebans,  appears  before  Sparta.. 

Battle  of  Mantinea;  the  Thebans  victors 27  June, 

Philip  of  Macedon  overcomes  Sparta 

Pyrrhus  defeated  before  Sparta 

Agis  IV.  endeavors  to  revive  the  laws  of  Lycurgus 

Leonidas  II.  vacates  the  throne,  and  flies 

Recalled ;  becomes  sole  sovereign ;  Agis  killed 

Reign  of  Cleomenes  III.,  the  son  of  Leonidas 

He  re-establishes  most  of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus 

Antigonus  defeats  Cleomenes,  and  enters  Sparta 

Cleomenes  retires  to  Egypt 

Spartans  murder  the  Ephori 

Machanidas,  king,  abolishes  the  Ephori 

He  is  defeated  and  slain  by  Philopoemen,  praetor  of  the  Achae- 
an league  

Cruel  government  of  Nabis 

Romans  besiege  Sparta;  Nabis  sues  for  peace 

jEtolians  seize  Sparta;  Nabis  assassinated 

Laws  of  Lycurgus  abolished 

Sparta,  under  protection  of  Rome,  again  the  leading  state 

Taken  by  Alaric 

Taken  by  Mahomet  II 

Burned  by  Sigismund  Malatesta 

Rebuilt  at  Misitra;  Sparta  is  now  part 


757 


SPE 


■  Greece. 


378 

376 
371 
369 
362 
344 
294 
244 
243 
241 
236 
225 
222 

221 
210 

207 

197 
192 
188 
147 

A.D. 

396 
1460 
1463 
1894 

^partacus'§  im^urrection  (or  Servile  war). 
Spartacus  was  a  noble  Thracian,  who  served  in  an  auxiliary- 
corps  of  the  Roman  arnay.  Having  deserted  and  been  appre- 
hended, he  was  reduced  to  slavery  and  made  a  gladiator. 
With  some  companions  he  made  his  escape;  collected  a  body 
of  slaves  and  gladiators,  73  B.C. ;  ravaged  southern  Italy ;  and 
defeated  4  consular  armies  sent  against  him.  Knowing  the 
impossibility  of  successfully  resisting  the  republic  alone,  he 
endeavored  to  conduct  his  forces  into  Gaul,  there  to  invite 
Sertorius  from  Spain  to  join  him ;  had  this  plan  succeeded  it 
would  have  endangered  the  republic,  but  his  undisciplined 
followers  compelled  him  to  relinquish  it  and  move  towards 
Rome,  when  he  was  met  by  Crassus,  his  forces  defeated,  and 
himself  slain,  71  b.c. 

"  {^paimodic  §chool"  of  poetrj-,  a  name  sarcas- 
tically given  to  Alex.  Smith,  Sydney  Dobell  (d.  Aug.  1874), 
Gerald  Massey,  and  others  (precursors  of  Morris,  Algernon 
Swinburne,  and  Rossetti,  sarcastically  termed  the  "fleshly 
school"),  ridiculed  by  prof.  Aytoun  in  his  "Firrailian,"  pub. 
1854. 

§peakers  of  the  IIou§e  of  Commons. 

Peter  cte  Montford,  afterwards  killed  at  the  battle  of  Evesham, 
was  the  first  speaker,  45  Hen.  HI.  1260;  sir  Thos.  Hungerford 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  named  "  speaker,"  1372 ;  but  sir 
Peter  de  la  Mare  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  regular 
speaker,  50  Edw.  HI.  1376. 

speakers  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  United  States. 

"  Speaker's  Commentary."    This  edition  of 

the  Bible,  with  a  re.vised  text  and  a  commentary  by  bishops 
and  other  theologians,  edited  by  F.  C,  Cook,  was  planned,  it  is 
said,  by  John  Evelyn  Denison,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 


mons, to  refute  the  interpretations  of  dr.  Colenso,  and  was  an- 
nounced in  Nov.  1863.     The  publication  began  in  1871. 

speaking'-trumpet,  a  conical  flaring  mouth-tube 
employed  in  intensifying  the  sound  of  the  voice,  used  in  giv- 
ing commands  to  persons  at  a  distance,  etc.  One  is  said  to 
have  been  used  by  Alexander,  335  b.c.  One  was  constructed 
from  Kircher's  description  by  Saland,  1652 ;  philosophically 
explained  and  brought  into  notice  by  Morland,  1670. 

spear,  one  of  the  most  ancient  weapons  of  war  or  hunt- 
ing, consisting  at  first  of  a  pointed  wooden,  then  stone,  after- 
wards bronze,  and  lastly  iron  or  steel  blade  on  a  long  shaft, 
similar  to  the  Pike. 

special  or  extra  sessions  of  Congress. 

United  States. 

species.  Much  controversy  among  naturalists  arose  in 
consequence  of  the  publication,  in  1859,  of  Charles  Darwin's 
"  Origin  of  Species,"  containing  proof  that  all  the  various 
species  of  animals  were  not  created  at  one  time,  but  have  been 
gradually  developed  by  what  he  terms  "natural  selection" 
and  the  struggle  for  life  in  which  the  strong  overcome  the 
weak.  "  This  preservation  of  favorable  individual  differences 
and  variations,  and  the  destruction  of  those  which  are  injuri- 
ous, I  have  called  natural  selection  or  the  survival  of  the  fit- 
test."— Darwin. 

The  idea  of  evolution  wa8j)ut  forth  by  Lamarck  in  his  "Philosophie 
Zoologique,"  1809.  Similar  views  appear  in  "  Vestiges  of  Crea- 
tion," 1844.  Mr.  Darwin  says  that  he  infers  "  from  analogy  that 
probably  all  the  organic  beings  which  have  ever  lived  on  the  earth 
have  descended  from  some  one  primordial  form,  into  which  life 
was  first  breathed  by  the  Creator. "  (Development,  Evolution.) 
Prof.  G.  J.  Romanes's  elaborate  work,  "  Darwin  and  After  Dar- 
win," was  pub.  1892.     Literature. 

specific  gravities.     Elements,  Weights. 

spectacles,  an  optical  instrument  used  to  assist  or  to 
correct  defects  of  vision,  unknown  to  the  ancients,  are  gener- 
ally supposed  to  have  been  invented  by  Alexander  de  Spina, 
a  monk  of  Florence,  in  Italy,  about  1285.  According  to  dr. 
Plott  they  were  invented  by  Roger  Bacon,  about  1280.  Manni 
attributes  them  to  Salvino,  who  died  1317.  On  his  tomb  at 
Florence  is  the  inscription,  "  Qui  giace  Salvino  degli  Armati, 
inventore  degli  occhiali :  Dio  gli  perdoni  le  peccata  "  ("  Here 
lies  Salvino  degli  Armati,  inventor  of  spectacles :  may  God 
pardon  his  sins"). 

"  Spectator,"  a  periodical.  The  first  number  appeared 
in  London  on  1  Mch.  1711  ;  the  last  was  No.  635,  20  Dec.  1714. 
The  papers  by  Addison  have  one  of  the  letters  C.  L.  I.  O.  at  the 
end.  Most  of  the  other  papers  are  by  sir  Richard  Steele ;  a  few 
by  Hughes,  Budgell,  Eusden,  Miss  Shephard,  and  others.  The 
Spectator  newspaper  (philosophical,  whig),  begun  5  July,  1828. 

spec'troscope,  an  instrument  for  the  forming  and 
examining  of  spectra.  Its  invention  grew  out  of  sir  Isaac 
Newton's  discovery  of  the  solar  spectrum,  followed  up  by 
Wollaston's  experiments,  1802,  and  by  Fraunhofer,  1814-15. 
The  instrument  was  greatly  improved  by  profs.  Kirchhoff  and 
Bunsen  in  1859  as  a  means  of  chemical  analysis.    Spectrum. 

spec'trum,  the  image  of  the  sun  or  any  luminous  body 
formed  on  a  wall  or  screen,  by  a  beam  of  light  received 
through  a  small  hole  or  slit,  and  refracted  by  a  prism.  The 
colors  thus  produced  were  regarded  by  Newton  as  7:  red, 
orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet.  The  phenom- 
ena were  first  explained  by  Newton,  whose  "  Optics"  was  pub- 
lished in  1704.  By  many  physicists,  only  3  primary  colors 
are  recognized:  by  Maj'er  (1775),  red,  yellow,  and  blue;  by 
dr.  Thomas  Young  (1801),  red,  green,  and  violet;  by  prof. 
Clerk  Maxwell  (I860),  red,  green,  and  blue.  As  the  color  of  a 
flame  varies  according  to  the  substance  burned  in  it,  so  the 
spectrum  varies.  This  fact  was  applied  to  chemical  analysis 
by  profs.  Bunsen  and  Kirchhoff  (1860),  who  have  discovered 
2  new  metals,  and  ascertained  the  presence  of  many  sub- 
stances in  the  atmosphere  of  the  sun  and  stars,  and  even  in 
the  nebulae,  by  comparing  their  spectra  with  those  artificially 
produced  by  burning  iron,  sodium,  and  other  substances.  For 
invisible  ra3^s,  Calorkscence,  Fluorescence. 
Fraunhofer's  lines.  In  1802  dr.  Wollaston  observed  several  dark 
lines  in  the  solar  spectrum ;  in  1815  Joseph  Fraunhofer  constructed 
a  map  of  590  lines  or  dark  bands.  Brewster  and  others  have  in- 
creased the  number  to  more  than  2000. 


SPE 

FMC  Talbot  observed  tHe  orange  line  of  strontium  In  the  spectTumln 
18'ifi-  sir  David  Brewster  other  linos,  lrt:»»-42-4J.  In  I8bi-<wl 
wSrani  Huggins  analysed  the  light  of  the  tlxed  8t»r8aud  uebul*; 
and  in  1H65  dr.  Bence  Jonos,  by  siHsciruni  analyses,  delected  mi 
nuto  quaulities  of  meUls  in  the  living  body,  introduced  a  few 
muiutes  |)reviou8ly.  ,       ,    ,  -luro 

Spwirosioplc  society  in  Italy  pub.  a  Journal  early  in 1872 

I^M-on  de  BoislNiudrau'8  "  S|K;ctre8  humineux  ". . . . . . . . . . ....  1874 

Ox  vKon  detected  in  the  solar  system  by  dr.  Draper  of  New  \ork,  1877 
Sptvtra  of  the  sturs  phoiographwl  by  dr.  Draper  of  New  \ork, 

1872;  that  of  a  comet's  Uil ..• 1881 

H.Schellen-8  "Si)ectral  Analyse."  pub.  1870;  new  edition. .  .••1883 

H.  Roscoe's  "Spectrum  .Analysis  '  pub.. 1867-S5 

Expermients  of  prof.  Dewar  and  others  have  shown  that  the 
"spectra  of  various  gases  are  affected  by  temperature  aiid 

pressure 

*'  Spec'ulum  Hu'manae."  Books,  Printing. 
sphere,  an  orb,  a  globe,  a  solid  or  volume  bounded  by 
a  surface  every  point  of  which  is  equally  distant  from  its  cen- 
tral point.  Celestial  and  terrestrial  spheres  and  sun-dials 
are  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Anaximander,  652  b.c.  ;  and 
the  arraillary  sphere  by  Eratosthenes,  about  225  b.c.  The 
planetarium  was  constructed  by  Archimedes  before  212  b.c. 
Pythagoras  maintained  that  the  motions  of  the  12  spheres 
must  produce  delightful  sounds,  inaudible  to  mortals,  which  he 
called  the  music  of  the  spheres. 

Sphinx,  The  Great,  near  the  Great  Pyramid  of  Ghizeh, 
hewn  of  solid  granite,  represents  the  crouching  body  of  a  lion 
with  the  head  of  a  man.  The  body  is  14G  feet  long  from 
shoulders  to  rump ;  the  fore-part,  including  the  neck  and  head, 
100  feet  high,  the  head  being  28  feet  6  inches ;  the  fore-legs 
and  paws  35  feet  long.  Made  about  the  time  of  the  Great 
Pyramid.     Egypt,  IV.  Dynasty. 

sphyg'mograph  (from  the  Gr.  a(pvyn6g,  a  pulsa- 
tion), an  instrument  for  recording  the  action  of  the  pulse,  in- 
vented by  E.  J.  Marey,of  Paris,  and  described  by  him  in  1863. 
ipin'et,  a  keyed  musical  instrument,  resembling  a  clavi- 
chord, used  in  the  17th  century;  a  modification  of  the  ViK- 
GiNAL.  Bull,  Gibbons,  Purcell,  and  especially  Doraenico  Scar- 
latti composed  for  this  instrument. 

spinning,  the  drawing  out  and  twisting  into  threads 
either  by  the  hand  or  by  machinery.  The  first  spinning  was 
done  by  tiie  spindle  and  distaff,  and  was  ascribed  by  the  an- 
cients to  Minerva,  the  goddess  of  wisdom.  Areas,  king  of 
Arcadia,  taught  his  subjects  the  art  about  1500  b.c.  Tradi- 
tion reports  that  Lucretia  with  her  maids  was  found  spinning 
when  her  husband  Collatinus  visited  her  from  the  camp;  that 
the  wife  of  Tarquin  was  an  excellent  spinner,  and  that  a  gar- 
ment made  by  her,  worn  by  Servius  Tullius,  was  preserved 
in  the  temple  of  Fortune.  Cotton  was  spun  by  the  hand 
spinning-wheel,  probably  erroneously  stated  to  have  been  in- 
vented at  Nuremberg  about  1530,  till  1767,  when  Hargreaves,an 
ingenious  mechanic,  near  Blackburn,  Engl.,  made  a  spinning- 
jenny,  with  8  spindles,  and  also  erected  the  first  carding- 
machine,  with  cylinders.  Arkwright's  machine  for  spinning 
by  water  was  an  extension  of  the  principle  of  Hargreaves ; 
but  he  also  applied  a  large  and  small  roller  to  expand  the 
thread,  for  which  he  took  out  a  patent  in  1769.  At  first  he 
worked  his  machinery  by  horses ;  but  in  1771  he  built  a  mill 
on  the  stream  of  the  Derwent,  at  Cromford.  In  1774-79, 
Crompton  invented  the  Mulk. 

Spino'zaism.     Philosophy. 

Spires  (splrz),  capital  of  Rhenish  Bavaria.  The  German 
emperors  held  many  diets  at  Spires  after  1309,  and  it  was  the 
seat  of  the  imperial  chamber  till  1688,  when  the  city  was  burned 
by  the  French,  and  not  rebuilt  till  after  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  in 
1697.  The  diet  to  condemn  the  reformers  was  held  at  Spires, 
called  there  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  1529.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1792,  and  again  in  1794.     Protestants. 

spirit-level.  A  straight  bar,  enclosing  on  its  upper 
side  a  slightly  curved  glass  tube  containing  alcohol  (whence 
the  name).  In  use  by  carpenters,  masons,  surveyors,  etc.  The 
invention  is  ascribed  to  J.  Melchisedec  Thevenot,  who  first 
described  it  at  Paris,  15  Nov.  1666.     Thevenot  died  1692. 

spirits.  Distillation.  In  all  nations  spirituous  liquors 
have  been  considered  as  a  proper  subject  of  heav}'  taxation. 
Alcohol,  Brandy.  The  number  of  gallons  of  distilled  spirits 
produced  in  the  United  States,  1890,  was  111,101,738;    1891, 


768 


SPI 


117,186,114.      Internal  -  revenue  receipts  for  the  fiscal  j'ear 
ending  30  June,  1890,  $81,682,970. 

spirituarism  or  spirit'ism,  a  word  applied  to  the 
belief  that  certain  phenomena  or  visible  manifestations  of 
power  are  produced  by  the  spirits  of  the  dead.  These  phe- 
nomena have  been  witnessed  and  commented  upon  in  all  ages; 
notable  instances  within  the  last  250  years  at  Woodstock, 
1649 ;  at  Tedworth,  1661 ;  at  the  Epworth  parsonage,  in  the 
family  of  Mr.  Wesley,  the  father  of  John  Wesley,  the  founder 
of  Methodism ;  the  case  of  the  Cock-lank  ghost,  in  London; 
at  Sunderland,  at  the  residence  of  Mr.  Jobson,  1839  (all  these 
in  England).  The  Fox  sisters  in  the  United  States,  1848 
(noted  below),  and,  as  some  suppose,  in  the  Salem  Witch- 
craft cases  of  1692.  They  have  been  attributed  to  diabol- 
ical agencies.  It  is  claimed  that  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, by  a  force  apparently  residing  in  the  subject  itself, 
and  with  no  external  source,  inanimate  objects  (articles  of 
furniture,  etc.)  are  moved,  rappings  are  heard,  articles  disap- 
pear from  one  closed  apartment  to  appear  in  another,  writing 
is  produced  purporting  to  be  by  spirits  of  the  dead,  and  ap- 
paritions of  the  dead  are  recognized  by  voice  and  feature. 
Multitudes  of  people,  including  many  of  education  and  intel- 
ligence, have  embraced  the  vague  beliefs  taught  by  profes- 
sional mediums;  but  the  teachers  have  never  agreed  upon 
any  coherent  system  of  doctrine,  nor  have  their  practices  been 
satisfactorily  distinguished  from  delusion  and  imposture  by 
scientific  tests.  Emmanuel  Swedenborg  (1668-1772)  asserted 
his  intelligent  communion  with  departed  spirits  and  his  di- 
rect knowledge  of  a  spiritual  world,  reciting  at  length  his 
detailed  personal  experience.  The  more  recent  forms  of  spir- 
itualism may  be  said  to  have  begun  in  Hydeville,  Wayne 
county,  N.  Y.,  in  1848,  when  the  daughters  of  John  D.  Fox, 
Margaret  (1834-93)  and  Kate  (1836-92),  first  practised  what 
is  known  as  "spirit-rappings."  From  Hydeville,  Fox  soon 
after  removed  to  Rochester.  The  excitement  aroused  by  the 
rappings  soon  spread  far  and  wide.  Many  "  mediums  "  arose 
professing  similar  powers.  Andrew  Jackson  Davis  pub. "  Prin- 
ciples of  Nature,"  etc.,  1845,  said  to  have  dictated  to  the  rev. 
William  Fishbough  in  New  York  city,  while  the  author  was 
in  a  clairvoyant  or  trance  state ;  many  other  works  since  on 
a  variety  of  subjects,  all  ascribed  to  spirit  dictation,  but  of 
no  scientific  value.  Judge  John  W.  Edmonds  of  New  York 
(1799-1874)  adopted  the  belief  in  1851,  and  pub.  a  work  on 
"Spiritualism,"  1853-55,  as  did  dr.  Robert  Hare  (1781-1858) 
of  Philadelphia,  who  pub.  (1855)  "Spiritual  Manifestations 
Scientifically  Demonstrated ;"  among  other  noted  persons  who 
have  avowed  their  belief  that  the  phenomena  are  of  spirit 
origin  are  dr.  Robert  Chambers,  Robert  Owen  (1771-1858), 
and  his  son,  Robert  Dale  Owen,  all  of  whom  have  written  on 
the  subject.  Of  the  many  "  mediums  "  (channels  of  com- 
munications), none  ever  attained  to  the  celebrity,  as  a  me- 
dium of  this  power,  of  Daniel  D.  Home  (b.  1833 ;  d.  harm- 
lessly insane,  1886 ;  pub.  "  Incidents  of  My  Life,"  1863).  A 
society  termed  "  I'he  London  Societj'^  for  Psychical  Research," 
was  ft>unded  in  1882,  under  the  presidency  of  prof.  H.  Sidg- 
wick  of  Cambridge  university,  for  the  purpose  of  investigat- 
ing that  large  group  of  debatable  phenomena  known  as  mes- 
meric, hypnotic,  psychic,  and  spiritualistic.  Reports  of  a  large 
number  of  varied  and  careful  experiments  in  induced  tele- 
pathic communication  are  published  in  their  "  Proceedings;" 
branches  of  this  society  have  been  established  elsewhere, 
notably  in  the  U.  S.  In  this  connection  also  an  intern^^jtonal 
congress  of  experimental  psychology  has  been  formed:  1st 
meeting,  held  in  Paris,1889 ;  2d,  at  University  college,  Lon- 
don, 1893 ;  the  next,  the  3d,  to  be  held  at  Munich  in  1896  In 
a  report  of  this  congress,  1893,  it  was  stated  that  in  a  census 
of  hallucinations  undertaken  by  410  members  of  the  congress, 
17,000  answers  were  obtained  from  Great  Britain,  France, 
America,  Germany,  etc.,  to  the  question, "  Have  you  ever,  while 
in  good  health  and  believing  yourself  to  be  awake,  seen  the 
figure  of  a  person  or  animated  object,  or  heard  a  voice  which 
was  not  in  your  view  referable  to  any  external  physical  cause?" 
The  answers  in  the  negative  numbered  15,311,  and  those  in 
the  affirmative  1689;  out  of  these  latter,  after  careful  investi- 
gation, the  committee  classed  348  as  actual  apparitions  of 
living  persons,  155  of  dead  people,  273  as  unrecognized.  A 
remarkable  class  of  cases  was  that  of  collective  apparitions, 


SPI 


759 


STA 


the  same  hallucination  being  experienced  by  2  or  more  per- 
sons at  the  same  time  and  place.  Some  hold  that  all  psychic 
phenomena,  normal  and  abnormal,  whether  manifested  as 
mesmerism,  hypnotism,  somnambulism,  trance,  spiritism,  de- 
monology  or  witchcraft,  genius  or  insanity,  are  in  a  way  re- 
lated, and  are  to  be  classed  under  some  general  law  of  nature 
yet  to  be  discovered,  which  will  withdraw  them  from  the  do- 
main of  the  supernatural. 

Spitz'bergfeil,  an  archipelago  in  the  Arctic  ocean, 
discovered  in  1553  by  sir  Hugh  Willoughby,  who  called  it 
Greenland,  supposing  it  part  of  the  western  continent.  In 
1595  Barentz  and  Cornelius,  2  Dutchmen,  pretending  to  be 
original  discoverers,  visited  and  called  it  Spitzbergen,  or  sharp 
mountains,  from  its  many  sharp-pointed  and  rocky  mountains. 
Phipps. 

SI>OIltaiieou§  COmbUitiOll  of  the  human  body, 
declared  by  chemists  impossible,  although  many  cases  are  re- 
ported. The  case  of  the  countess  of  Gorlitz,  1847,  disproved 
by  confession  of  her  murderer,  Mch.  1850. 

§poiltaiieoU§  g^eiieratioil.  The  origin  of  in- 
fusorial animalcules  developed  during  putrefaction,  etc.,  has 
been  warmly  debated  b\'  naturalists.  Spallanzani  (about  1760), 
and  especially  M.  Pasteur  and  others  of  later  times,  assert  that 
germs  endowed  with  organic  life  exist  in  the  atmosphere. 
Needham  (about  1747),  and  especially  M.  Pouchet  and  his 
friends  in  our  day,  assert  that  these  germs  are  spontaneously 
formed  of  organic  molecules.  Pouchet's  "  Heterogenie"  ap- 
peared  in  1859  ;  Bastian's  "  Beginnings  of  Life,"  1872.  The 
researches  of  prof.  Tyndall,  supporting  Pasteur,  and  opposing 
Bastian,  were  published  1876-78.  "  Spontaneous  generation  " 
(also  termed  generatio  cequivoca  and  epigenesis)  has  been  fur- 
ther disproved  b]||jthe  microscopic  investigations  of  the  rev. 
W.  H.  Dallinger,  1875-78.  He  found  germs  to  stand  much 
greater  heat  than  perfect  organisms. 

sporting^  newspapers.     Newspapers. 

sports  and  g'ames.  The  fullest  development  of 
ancient  sports  and  games  obtained  among  the  Greeks,  usually 
as  a  part  of  religious  observances.  (Olympian  games,  also 
Pythian,  Isthmian,  and  Nkmean.)  The  Bacchanalia  were 
introduced  into  Greece  from  Egypt.  Chariot  races,  gladiato- 
rial combats',  naval  battles,  etc.,  were  held  in  the  Circus  Max- 
imus  at  Rome  (Ciucus)  and  at  the  Coliseum.  In  England, 
the  first  "  Book  of  Sports,"  under  the  title,  "  The  King's  Maj- 
estie's  Declaration  to  His  Subjects  Concerning  Lawful  Sports," 
to  be  used  on  Sundays  after  evening  prayers,  was  published 
by  king  James  I.,  24  May,  1618,  and  led  to  long  and  bitter 
controversy  among  English  divines  (Sabbatakians).  The 
book  was  ordered  burned  by  the  hangman,  and  the  sports  were 
suppressed  by  Parliament. 

PRINCIPAL  SPOUTS  AND   GAMES  OF  AMERICA  AND  ENGLAND. 

(For  history,  etc.,  of  each,  see  under  their  various  titles.) 


Angling. 

Archery. 

Backgammon. 

Bagatelle. 

Base-ball. 

Bicycling. 

Billiards. 

Bowling. 

Boxing. 

Cards. 

Checkers  (Draughts). 

Chess. 

Cricket. 

Croquet. 

Curling. 

Dice. 

Dominos. 

Draughts. 

Falconry. 

Ffincing. 

Foot-ball. 


Fox-hunting  (Hunting). 

Golf. 

Hawking. 

Hunting. 

Ice  yachting  (Sailing). 

Lacrosse. 

Lawn-tennis. 

Pedestrianism. 

Polo. 

Prize-fighting  (Boxing). 

Quoits. 

Horse-racing. 

Rowing. 

Sailing. 

Skating. 

Stag  hunting  (Hunting). 

Swimming. 

Tennis. 

Trap-shooting. 

"Whist. 

Yachting  (Sailing). 


Spottsylvania,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Grant's  campaign 
m  Virginia. 

I^prillgfiel d,  N.  J.,  burned  by  the  British  troops.  New 
Jbrsky,  1780. 

spurs.  Anciently  knights  were  distinguished  by  wear- 
ing gilt  spurs  (eques  au7-atus)  from  esquires  with  silver  ones. 
2  sorts  of  spurs  seem  to  have  been  in  use  at  the  time  of  the 
Conquest,  one  called  a  pryck,  with  a  single  point,  the  other  a 


number  of  larger  points.     Spurs  nearly  of  the  present  kind 
came  into  use  about  1400. 

^purs,  Battle  of.  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  the  emperor 
Maximilian,  and  the  Swiss,  in  1513,  made  an  offensive  alli- 
ance against  France.  Henry  VIII.  landed  at  Calais  in  the 
month  of  July,  and  soon  formed  an  army  of  30,000  men.  He 
was  joined  by  the  emperor  with  a  good  corps  of  horse  and 
some  foot,  as  a  mercenary  to  the  king  of  England,  who  al- 
lowed him  a  hundred  ducats  a  day  for  his  table !  They  in- 
vested Terotienne  with  an  army  of  50,000  men  ;  and  the  due 
de  Longueville,  marching  to  its  relief,  was  signally  defeated 
on  16  Aug.,  at  Guinegate.  This  battle  was  called' the  battle 
of  Spurs,  because  the  French  used  their  spurs  more  than  their 
swords.  The  English  king  laid  siege  to  Tournay,  which  sub- 
mitted in  a  few  <\&ys.—Henault.     Courtrai. 

squatter  sovereignty.    Popular  sovereigntv. 

Squire's  L^etters.     Literature,  Forgeries  of. 

SS,  A  S3'mbol  of  unknown  antiquity  worn  on  the  collars 
of  the  superior  judges  and  lord  mayors  in  England;  formerly 
by  persons  attached  to  the  royal  household  and  others.  It 
was  assumed  bj-  certain  classes,  never  bestowed,  and  had  no 
connection  with  heraldry. — Stormonth.  Some  writers  consider 
the  symbol  to  be  in  honor  of  St.  Simplicius,  a  martyr;  oth- 
ers, an  adaptation  of  the  widely  spread  and  mysterious  sym- 
bol of  the  entwined  or  gontorted  serpent,  having  the  head  and 
tail  hanging  downwards.  On  legal  documents,  SS.  or  ss. 
(silicet)  means,  to  wit,  namely. 

Sta'bat  Ifla'ter,  a  Latin  hymn,  by  Jacopone,  14th 
century,  sung  during  Passion  week  in  Catholic  churches.  Kos- 
sini's  music  to  this  hymn  (1842)  is  often  performed. 

Stade  dues.  At  a  castle  near  the  town  of  Stade,  in 
Hanover,  certain  dues  on  goods  were  charged  by  the  Hano- 
verian government.  The  British  government  settled  these 
dues  in  1844.  They  were  resisted  by  the  Americans  in  1855, 
and  were  abolished  in  June,  1861.  Great  Britain  paid  160,- 
000^.  as  her  share  of  the  compensation  (3,000,000/.). 

Stadt 'holder.     Holland. 

Stage-coaches,  so  called  from  the  stages  or  inns  at 
which  the  coaches  stopped  to  refresh  and  change  horses. — 
Bailey.  The  custom  of  running  stage-coaches  in  England 
was  introduced  from  the  Continent,  but  in  what  year  the  first 
stage  run  is  not  known,  probablj-^  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
or  early  in  the  17th  century.  Introduced  into  Scotland  in 
1610  by  Henry  Anderson,  running  between  Edinburgh  and 
Leith.  In  1659  the  Coventrj'  coach  is  referred  to,  and  in 
1661  the  Oxford  stage-coach.  By  the  middle  of  the  18th 
century  the  stage-coach  was  in  extensive  use.  In  1767  the 
London  and  Manchester  stage-coach  made  the  trip,  187  miles, 
in  3  days  regularly,  afterwards  reduced  to  19  hours,  and  the 
London  and  Edinburgh  stage-coach  ultimately  made  the  dis- 
tance between  these  cities,  400  miles,  in  40  hours,  including 
all  stops,  etc.,  the  roads  being  excellent,  the  coaches  and  ser- 
vice admirable,  and  the  number  of  horses  equal  to  the  number 
of  miles,  namely  400,  and  the  relays  frequent.  The  first  mail- 
coach  was  set  up  at  Bristol,  by  John  Palmer,  2  Aug.  1784.  In 
the  U.  S.  the  first  stage  was  run  between  New  York  city  and 
Boston,  1732,  probably  not  regularly  and  not  long  continued. 
In  1756  there  was  1  stage-coach  running  between  New  York  citj'^ 
and  Philadelphia,  distance  90  miles,  time  3  days.  In  1765  a 
second  stage-coach  was  put  on.  In  179^*  he  line  was  increased 
to  4  coaches,  and  in  1811  there  were  4  coaches  each  way  daily. 
The  1st  line,  named  the  "  Expedition,"  from  Philadelphia  to 
Paulus  Hook— time,  12  hours ;  fare,  #8.00.  2d,  "The  Diligence" 
— time, 26 hours;  fare,  fo.oO.  3(1,  "Accommodation,"  left  Phila- 
delphia at  10  a.m.,  stopping  overnight  at  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  ar- 
riving at  Paulus  Hook  12  m.  next  day ;  fare,  $4.50.  4th,  "  Mail 
Coach,"  left  Philadelphia  1  p.m.,  travelled  all  night,  arrived  at 
Paulus  Hook  at  6  a.m.  At  this  time  the  coaches  were  poorly 
constructed  for  8  to  10  passengers,  each  passenger  allowed  14 
pounds  of  luggage  free — 150  pounds  the  extent.  In  later  years 
the  stage-coach  was  improved,  but  was  never  agreeable,  as  the 
roads  were  always  bad,  except  in  the  finest  weather. 

Stag'irite.    Aristotle,  under  Philosophy. 

Staked  Plains  or  Llano  £staca'do,  exten- 
sive table-lands  in  western  Texas  and  eastern  New  Mexico, 


STA 


760 


STA 


whoee  surface,  gently  undulating,  is  destitute  of  wood  and 
water;  vegetation  v"er>'  scanty.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  abundant  growth  of  the  Yucca  aUr/oUa,  or  "  Spanish 
daggers,"  tite  naked  stenoa  of  which,  growing  to  the  height 
of  10  feet,  resemble  stakes. 
StuHvart.  Political  parties. 
Stilllirord-Bridirc,  York,  Engl.  In  1066,  Tostig, 
brother  of  Harold  II.,  rebelled  against  his  brother  and  joined 
the  invading  army  of  Harold  llardrada,  king  of  Norway. 
They  defeated  the  northern  earls,  Edwin  and  Morcar,  and 
took  York,  but  were  defeated  at  Stamford  -  Bridge  by  Har- 
old, 25  Sept.,  and  were  both  slain.  The  loss  by  this  battle 
no  doubt  led  to  Harold's  defeat  at  Hastings,  14  Oct.  follow- 
ing. 

Stamp  act  of  1765.     State  records,  United 
Staths. 

8tninp-dlltie§  in  England.  By  22  and  23  Charles  IT. 
(1670-71),  duties  were  imposed  on  certain  legal  documents. 
In  1694  a  duty  was  imposed  upon  paper,  vellum,  and  parch- 
ment. The  stamp-duty  on  newspapers  began  1711,  and  every 
year  added  to  the  list  of  articles  paying  stamp-duty. 
Stamp  act,  which  led  to  the  Revolution,  passed  22  Mch.  1765; 

repealed  iu 1766 

Stamp-duties  in  Ireland  commenced 1774 

Stamps  on  notes  and  bills  of  exchange  in 1782 

Stamp-duties  produced  in  England  3,126,535^ 1800 

[Many  alterations  made  in  1853  and  1857.     In  June,  1855, 
tlie  stamp  duty  on  newspapers  was  abolished;  the  stamp  on 
them  being  henceforth  for  postal  purposes.] 
In  July  and  Aug.  1854,  19,115,000  newspaper  stamps  were  is- 
sued ;  in  the  same  months  only  6,870,000  in 1855 

Drafts  on  bankers  to  be  stamped 1858 

Additional  stamp-duties  were  enacted  in  1860  (on  leases,  bills 
of  exchange,  dock  warrants,  extracts  from  registers  of  births, 

etc.);  on  leases,  licenses  to  house  agents,  etc.) 1861 

Stamp-duties  reduced  in 1864-65 

All  fees  payable  in  the  superior  courts  of  law,  after  31  Dec. 
1865,  are  to  be  collected  by  stamps,  by  an  act  passed  in  June, 

1865;  also  in  Public  Record  office 1868 

144,623,014  inland  revenue  penny  stamps  sold,  besides  other 

stamps 1869 

By  the  Stamp  acts,  10  Aug.  1870,  newspaper  stamps  were  abol- 
ished after. lOct.  1870 

New  stamp-duties  imposed;  came  into  effect 1  Jan.  1871 

One -penny  receipt  and  postage  stamps  used  for  each  other 

after. 1  June,  1881 

Stamp-duties  imposed  on  foreign  or  colonial  share  certificates, 
bonds,  etc.,  by  custom  act 1888 

AMOUNT     OF     STAMP  -  DUTIES 


RECEIVED 
KINGDOM. 

1840 £6,726,817 

1845 7,710,683 

1850 6,558,332 

1855 6,805,605 

1860 8,040,091 

1865 9,542,645 

1870 9,288,553 


IN     THE     UNITED 


1876 £11,002,000 

1881 11,933,114 

1882 12,348,175 

1883 11,691,025 

1885 11,886,185 

1889 12,270,000 

1891 13,460,000 


§tandarcl  for  gold  and  silver  in  England  fixed  by  law, 
1300.  Standard  gold  is  22  parts  out  of  24  of  pure  gold,  the 
other  2  parts,  or  carats,  being  silver  or  copper.  The  standard 
of  silver  is  11  oz.  2  dwts.  of  fine  silver  alloyed  with  18  dwts. 
of  copper,  or  37  parts  out  of  40  pure  silver,  and  3  parts  copper. 
In  1300  these  12  oz.  of  silver  were  coined  into  20  shillings  ;  in 
1412  the}'  were  coined  into  30  shillings;  and  in  1527  into  45 
shillings.  In  1545,  Henry  VIII.  coined  6  oz.  of  silver  and  6 
oz.  of  alloy  into  48  shillings;  and  the  next  year  he  coined  4 
oz.  of  silver  and  8  oz.  of  alloy  into  the  same  sura.  Elizabeth, 
in  1560,  restored  the  old  standard  in  60  shillings,  and  in  1601 
in  62  shillings.  It  is  now  66  shillings.  The  standard  pro- 
portion of  silver  to  gold  at  the  royal  mint  is  15^  to  1.  The 
standard  of  plate  and  silver  manufactures  was  affirmed,  6  Geo. 
1. 1719  et  seq.     Coin,  Gold,  Goldsmiths,  Silver. 

Standard,  Battle  of  the.     Northallerton. 

Standard  measures.  In  the  reign  of  Edgar,  a  law 
was  made  in  England  to  prevent  frauds  arising  from  the  di- 
versity of  measures,  and  to  establish  a  legal  standard  measure 
in  every  part  of  his  dominions.  The  standard  vessels  made  by 
order  of  the  king  were  deposited  in  the  city  of  Winchester,  and 
hence  originated  the  term  "  Winchester  measure  "  of  the  time 
of  Henry  VII.  (1487).  The  bushel  so  made  is  still  preserved 
in  the  museum  of  that  cit}'.  Henry  I.  also,  to  prevent  frauds 
in  the  measurement  of  cloth,  ordered  a  standard  yard  of  the 
length  of  his  arm  to  be  deposited  at  Winchester,  with  the  | 


standard  measures  of  king  Edgar.  The  Guildhall  contains 
the  standard  measures  of  succeeding  sovereigns. -—Ciunden. 
The  standard  weights  and  measures  were  settled  by  Parlia- 
ment in  1824.  The  pound  troy  was  to  be  5760  grains,  and 
the  pound  avoirdupois  7000  grains.  The  "  Standard  yard  of 
1760,"'  in  the  custody  of  the  clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
was  declared  to  be  the  imperial  standard  yard  and  the  unit 
of  measures  of  extension.  This  standard,  supposed  to  have 
been  burned  at  the  fire  of  the  parliament-house,  1834  (since 
discovered,  Jul}',  1891,  in  the  Journal  office),  a  new  commis- 
sion was  appointed  to  reconstruct  it;  and  researches  Cor  this 
purpose,  in  conformity  with  the  act,  which  directed  the  com- 
parison of  the  standard  with  a  pendulum  vibrating  seconds  of 
time  in  the  latitude  of  London,  were  begun  by  Francis  Baily 
(d.  in  1844),  continued  by  the  rev.  R.  Sheepshanks  till  his 
death  in  1855,  and  completed  by  G.  B.  Airy,  astronomer  royal. 
In  1855  was  passed  "An  Act  for  Legalizing  and  Preserving 
Lost  Standards  of  Weights  and  Measures."  The  parliament- 
ary copies  of  the  standard  pound  and  yard  are  deposited  at 
the  Royal  observatory,  Greenwich.  The  Standard  Weights 
and  Measures  act  was  passed  Aug.  1866.  The  Standard  Com- 
mission published  reports,  1866  et  seq. 

Standard  time.  Chiefly  for  the  convenience  of 
railroads  in  the  United  States  a  standard  of  time  was  estab- 
lished by  mutual  agreement  in  1883,  on  principles  first  sug- 
gested by  Charles  F.  Dowd,  of  Saratoga  Springs,  New  York, 
by  which  trains  are  run  and  local  time  regulated.  The  U.  S., 
beginning  at  its  extreme  eastern  limit  and  extending  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  is  divided  into  4  time-sections :  eastern,  central, 
mountain,  and  Pacific.  The  eastern  section,  the  time  of  which 
is  that  of  the  75th  meridian,  lies  between  the  Atlantic  ocean 
and  an  irregular  line  drawn  from  Detroit,  Mich.,  to  Charleston, 
S.  C.  The  central,  the  time  of  which  is  that  tff  the  90th  merid- 
ian, includes  all  between  the  last-named  line  and  an  irregular 
line  from  Bismarck,  N.  Dak.,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
The  mountain,  the  time  of  which  is  that  of  the  105th  merid- 
ian, includes  all  between  the  last-named  line  and  the  western 
boundary  of  Montana,  Idaho,  Utah,  and  Arizona.  The  Pacific, 
the  time  of  which  is  that  of  the  120th  meridian,  includes  all 
between  the  last-named  line  and  the  Pacific  coast.  The  dif- 
ference in  time  between  adjoining  sections  is  1  hour.  Thus, 
when  it  is  12  o'clock  noon  in  New  York  city  (eastern  time),  it 
is  11  o'clock  A.M.  (central  time)  at  Chicago,  and  10  o'clock 
A.M.  at  Denver  (mountain  time),  and  at  San  Francisco,  9 
o'clock  A.M.  (Pacific  time).  The  true  local  time  of  any  place 
is  slower  or  faster  than  the  standard  time  as  the  place  is  east 
or  west  of  the  time  meridian ;  thus,  the  true  local  time  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  is  16  minutes  faster  than  eastern  standard 
time,  while  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  it  is  16  minutes  slower,  the 
75th  time  meridian  being  half-way  between  Boston  and  Buf- 
falo. Local  time  and  standard  time  agree  at  Denver,  Col.,  as 
Denver  is  on  the  105th  meridian,  that  of  the  mountain  section. 

standards,  a  flag  or  ensign  round  which  men  rally  or 
unite  for  a  common  purpose;  also  an  emblem  of  nationality. 
The  practice  of  an  army  using  standards  dates  from  the  ear- 
liest times.  The  emblem  of  the  cross  on  standards  and  shields 
is  diie  to  the  asserted  miraculous  appearance  of  a  cross  to  Con- 
stantine,  previous  to  his  battle  with  Maxentius;  Eusebius  says 
that  he  received  this  statement  from  the  emperor  himself,  312. 
The  standard  was  named  laharum.  For  the  celebrated  French 
standard,  Auriflamme.  The  British  imperial  standard  was 
first  hoisted  on  the  Tower  of  London,  and  on  Bedford  tower, 
Dublin,  and  displayed  by  the  Foot  Guards,  on  the  union  of 
the  kingdoms,  1  Jan.  1801.  Banners,  Flags,  Sacred 
standard. 

starch  is  a  sediment  falling  when  wheat  is  steeped  in 
water;  it  is  soft  and  friable, easily  broken  into  powder,  and  is 
used  to  stiffen  and  clear  linen,  with  blue ;  its  powder  is  used 
on  the  hair.  The  art  of  starching  linen  was  brought  into 
England  by  Mrs.  Dinghein,  a  Flemish  woman,  1  Mary,  1553. 
— Stow.  Patents  for  obtaining  starch  from  other  substances 
have  been  taken  out :  from  potatoes  by  Samuel  Newton  and 
others,  in  1707 ;  from  the  horse-chestnut  by  William  Murray, 
in  1796;  from  rice  by  Thomas  Wickham,  in  1823;  from  va- 
rious matters  by  Orlando  Jones,  in  1839-40. 

Star-chamber,  Court  of.     So  called  from  its  roof 


STA 


beiiis  garnished  with  stars.— Cole.  This  court  of  justice  was 
called  Star-chamber,  not  from  the  stars  on  its  roof  (which 
were  obliterated  even  before  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth), 
but  from  the  Starra,  or  Jewish  covenants,  deposited  there  by 
order  of  Richard  I.  No  star  was  allowed  to  be  valid  except 
found  in  those  repositories,  and  here  they  remained  till  the 
banishment  of  the  Jews  by  PZdward  I.  The  court  was  insti- 
tuted or  revived,  3  Hen.  VII.  1486,  for  trials  by  a  committee 
of  the  privy  council,  which  was  in  violation  of  Magna  Charta, 
as  it  dealt  with  civil  and  criminal  causes  unfettered  by  the 
rules  of  law.  In  Charles  I.'s  reign  it  punished  several  bold 
innovators,  who  gloried  in  their  sufferings,  and  contributed  to 
render  government  odious  and  contemptible.  It  was  abolished 
in  1640.  There  were  in  this  court  from  26  to  42  judges,  the 
lord  chancellor  having  the  casting  vote. 

^tar  of  India,  a  new  order  of  knighthood  for  India, 
instituted  by  letters-patent  23  Feb.,  gazetted  25  June,  1861, 
and  enlarged  in  1866.  Motto,  "  Heaven's  light  our  guide."  It 
comprised  the  sovereign,  the  grandmaster,  25  knights  (Euro- 
peans and  natives),  and  extra  or  honorary  knights,  such  as 
the  prince-consort,  the  prince  of  Wales,  etc.  Queen  Victoria 
invested  several  knights  on  1  Nov.  1861.  The  prince  of 
Wales  held  a  grand  chapter  at  Calcutta,  1  Jan.  1876. 

Star-rOUte§,  routes  on  which  contracts  for  carrying 
the  United  States  mail  are  made  upon  bids  which  do  not 
specify  the  mode  of  conveyance,  but  simply  offer  to  carry  the 
mails  regularly,  safely,  and  expeditiously.  Such  bids  are  re- 
garded by  the  post-office  department  as  inferior  to  those  which 
specifv  railroad,  steamboat,  or  four-horse-coach  conveyance; 
but  as  superior  to  those  which  specify  only  horseback  carriers. 
In  1881  second  assistant  postmaster-general  Thomas  J.Brady, 
ex-senator  Stephen  W.  Dorsey  of  Arkansas,  and  others,  were 
accused  of  conspiracy  to  defraud  the  U.  S.  government  in  the 
management  of  these  routes.  They  were  brought  to  trial  1 
June,  1882;  1st  trial  closed  11  Sept.,  jury  not  agreeing;  2d 
trial  began  4  Dec.  1882,  closed  11  June,  1883.  V^erdict,  not 
guilty  as  indicted.     United  SrArKS. 

§tar§,  the  fixed.  Each  of  those  luminous  points  which 
the  unassisted  sight  reveals  to  us  by  thousands  in  the  vault  of 
heaven,  which  the  telescope  shows  by  millions  in  the  depths 
of  space,  shines  with  its  own  light,  and  may  be  a  source  of 
light  and  heat  to  a  planetary  system  similar  to  ours.  They 
were  classed  in  constellations,  it  is  supposed,  about  1200  b.c. 
Hicetas,  of  Syracuse,  taught  that  tlie  sun  and  the  stars  are 
motionless,  and  that  the  earth  moves  round  them,  about  344 
B.C.  (this  is  mentioned  by  Cicero,  and  perhaps  gave  the  first 
hhit  of  this  system  to  Copernicus).  Job,  Hesiod,  and  Homer 
mention  several  of  the  constellations.  The  Royal  library  at 
Paris  contains  a  Chinese  chart  of  the  heavens,  made  about  600 
B.C.,  in  which  1460  stars  are  correctly  inserted.  The  aberra- 
tion of  the  stars  was  discovered  by  dr.  Bradley,  1727.  Maps 
of  the  stars  were  published  by  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion 
of  Useful  Knowledge  in  1839,  and  a  set  of  celestial  maps,  is- 
sued under  the  superintendence  of  the  Royal  Prussian  acad- 
emy, was  completed  in  1859.  The  stars  are  classed  according 
to  apparent  magnitude,  those  visible  to  the  naked  eye  forming 
the  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  and  6th  magnitude. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  20  of  the  most  brilliant  stars 
which  are  commonly  regarded  as  of  first  magnitude  in  the 
order  of  brightness : 


761  STE 

ESTIMATED   DISTANCE   OF   SOME  OF  THE   FIXED  STARS  FROM 

THE   EARTH. 

[Arranged  in  the  order  of  nearness,  the  parallax,  etc.;  the  distance  in  multiples 
of  the  sun's  distance,  91,400,000  miles,  and  estimating  the  movement  of  light  at 
186,000  miles  per  second.] 


Name.  Constellation. 

11.  Aldebaran Taurus. 

12.  Beta(/3) Centaurus. 

13.  Alpha  (u) Crux. 

U.  Antares Scorpion. 

15.  Altair Aquila. 

16.  Spica Virgo. 

17.  Fomalhaut Piscis  Aust. 

18.  Beta  (/3) Crux. 

19.  Pollux Gemini. 

20.  Regulus Leo. 

Argelander  gives  the  number  of  stars  of  the 


Name.  Constellation. 

1.  Sirius Canis  Major. 

2.  Canopus   Argo. 

•  3.  Alpha  (a) Centaurus. 

4.  Arcturus BoOtes. 

5.  Rigel Orion. 

6.  Capella Auriga. 

7.  Vega I-yra. 

8.  Procyou Canis  Minor, 

9.  Eb'telgeuse Orion. 

10.  Achernar Eridiinus. 


1st   magnitude  as. 

2d 

3d 

4th  " 

5th  " 


,  20 
,  65 
.  190 
,  425 
.1100 


6th  magnitude  as 3,200 

7th  " 13,000 

8th  "  40,000 

9th  "  192,000 


star. 


a  Centaurus.. 

61  Cygnus 

Sirius 

Vega 

2  Ursa  Major. . 

Arcturus 

Polaris 

Capella 

Canopus 


Ptolemy  names  48  .constellations :  21  northern,  12  zodiacal, 
15  southern.  "  Chambers's  Astronomy,"  1890,  enumerates  85. 
Some  as  high  as  109.     Constellations. 


Parallax  in     Sun's  dis- 
seconds.        tance=^l. 


0.75 
0.50 
0.38 
0.20 
0.13 
0.13 
0.07 
0.04 
0.03 


275,000 
412,000 
543,000 
1,031,000 
1,586.000 
1,586,000 
2,947,000 
5,157,000 
6,875,000 


Light  to  reach 
the  earth.    Time. 


4. 34  years. 

6.51  " 

8.57  " 

16.27  " 

25.04  " 

25.04  " 

46.50  " 

81.37  " 

108.50  " 


Estimat^'d  by 


Gill,  1883-84. 
0.  Struve,  1853. 
Gill. 

C.  A.  F.  Peters. 


Elkin. 


A  number  of  new  stars  have  appeared  and  disappeared  at  differ- 
ent times.  A  list  of  about  200,  which  vary  greatly  in  brightness, 
has  been  published  in  George  F.  Chambers's  "  Hand-book  on  As- 
tronomy," 1890.  New  stars  noted  in  1848,  1866,  1876,  the  last  in 
1885,  31  Aug.,  in  the  great  nebulae  of  Andromeda  of  the  6th  mag- 
nitude. 

"  Star-I§paiig;led  Banner,  The."    This  song 

was  written  by  Francis  Scott  Key  under  the  following  circum- 
stances: He  had  gone  in  the  cartel-ship  Mindm,  under  a  flag 
of  truce,  to  solicit  the  release  of  some  friends  who  had  been 
seized  by  adm.  Cochrane  during  the  attack  on  the  city  of 
Washington.  Key  found  the  British  fleet  about  to  attack 
Baltimore,  and  while  Cochrane  agreed  to  release  the  prisoners, 
lie  refused  to  let  him  or  Ris  friends  return  at  once.  The  car- 
tel-ship Minden  was  anchored  in  sight  of  fort  McHenry,  and 
from  her  deck  Key  saw,  during  the  night  of  13  Sept.  1814,  the 
bombardment  of  that  fortress.  It  was  during  the  excitement 
of  this  attack,  and  while  pacing  the  deck  of  the  Minden  with 
intense  anxiety  between  midnight  and  dawn,  that  Key  com- 
posed the  song.  It  was  first  written  on  the  back  of  a  letter, 
and  after  his  return  to  Baltimore  copied  out  in  full. 

^tate§-g^eneral  of  France.    An  ancient  assem 

bly  of  France,  first  met,  it  is  said,  in  1302  to  consider  the 
exactions  of  the  pope.  Previous  to  the  Revolution,  it  had 
not  met  since  1614.  The  states  consisted  of  3  orders— the 
clergy,  nobility,  and  commons.  They  were  convened  by 
Louis  XVI.,  and  assembled  at  Versailles,  5  May,  1789  (308 
ecclesiastics,  285  nobles,  and  621  deputies,  or  tiers  etai.,  third 
estate).  A  contest  arose  whether  the  3  orders  should  make 
3  distinct  houses,  or  but  one  assembly.  The  commons  insisted 
upon  the  latter,  and,  assuming  the  title  of  the  National  Assem- 
bly, declaretl  that  they  were  competent  to  proceed  to  business 
without  the  concurrence  of  the  2  other  orders,  if  they  refused 
to  join  them.  The  nobility  and  clergy  found  it  expedient  to 
concede  the  point,  and  they  all  met  in  one  hall.  National 
Assembly. 

j^tates  of  the  Chureh.     Italy,  Naples,  Rome. 

Stationer§.  Books  and  papers  were  formerly  sold  only 
at  stalls,  hence  the  dealers  were  called  stationers.  The  com- 
pany of  stationers  of  London  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  existed 
long  before  printing  was  invented,  yet  it  was  not  incorporated 
until  3  Philip  and  Mary,  1557.  Their  old  dwelling  was  in  Pa- 
ternoster row. 

Stati§'tiC§,  the  science  of  the  state,  political  knowledge, 
is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  sir  William  Petty,  who  died 
in  1687.  The  term  is  said  to  have  been  invented  by  prof. 
Achenwall  of  Gottingen  in  1749.  The  first  statistical  society 
in  England  was  formed  at  Manchester  in  1833 ;  the  Statistical 
Society  of  London,  which  publishes  a  quarterly  journal,  was 
established  15  Mch.  1834,  for  the  purpose  of  procuring,  arrang- 
ing, and  publishing  "  facts  calculated  to  illustrate  the  condi- 
tion and  prospect  of  society."  Statistics  of  the  United  States 
are  found  in  the  census  reports,  first  published  in  1790  and 
every  10  years  thereafter.  These  reports  become  more  and 
more  comprehensive  at  each  census,  giving  statistics  now  of 
nearly  every  subject  pertaining  to  state,  political,  or  scientific 
facts.     Mulhall's  "  Dictionary  of  Statistics,"  pub.  1891. 

§tatues.     Sculpture. 

§teani-en^ine.  "The  best-known  mechanical  ar- 
rangement for  converting  heat  into  work."— ^ . /?%,  1878. 
The  power  of  steanri  to  impart  motion  was  known  to  Hero  of 
Alexandria,  who,  in  his  "  Pneumatics,"  describes  various  meth- 
ods of  applying  it.     He  exhibited  an  ^Eolipile  to  Ptolemy 


STE 


762 


STE 


PhiUadphus  and  his  court  in  the  Serapeum  of  Alexander, 
iso  Ic.     This  philosopher's  toy  may  be  regarded  as  a  fore- 


;,  pubSes  a  work  describing  a  method  of  producmg 
of  wausr  by  pressure  of  steam  generated  in  a  tight 


1629 


s  by 
•lin- 


cast  of  the  modern  steam-engine. 

Solomon  de  Cans,  an  eminent  French  mathematician  and  en- 

gineer, 

a  jet 

Giovannr  Brami'  an  "  ItAiia'n  '  mathematician,  P"l''i'';bes  an 
account  of  a  niethod  .of  transmitting  power  ^X  »  ^^t^^ 
furnished  with  vanes  and  revolved  by  a  jet  of  impmg.ng 

ManS  of  "woreester"  deVcVii.es'^fifjiis  "''  ^enVuVy  of  Inveii- 
tions"  (original  in  the  British  mu^«m)<  exp^'^imcnts  m 
bursting  plugged  cannon  by  steam,  and  JM^  ^„w  bv  steain 
inanding  engine,"  for  forcing  water  into  a^J^^""-  "j  ^^^^ 

generated  in  tight  vessels "•'•'•0 vV  'in  his 

Dr.  Denys  Pap  n  of  Blois  introduces  the  safety-var;;'^  ^^^^ 

steam  bone  digester \'' 

Capt.  Savery  patents  an  engine  to  raise  water  from  mir-^ 
alternate  condensiition  and  force  of  steam  in  air-tight  cy  ,^    jggg 

ders  flirnished  with  valves 25  JU17J, 

Thomas  Newcoinen,  a  blacksmith  of  Dartmouth,  Engl.,  patents*.^, 
an  engine  with  a  walking  beam,  for  pumping  water  from        , 
mines.     It  was  operated  by  a  boy  who  alternately  admitted        ' 
steam  and  a  jet  of  cold  water  into  a  cylinder  fitted  with  a 

piston 1705 

Boy  named  Humphrey  Potter  attaches  a  cord  from  the  beam 
to  the  handles  of  the  steam  and  cold-water  stopcocks  in  the 

Newcomen  engine,  and  makes  it  self-acting about  1715 

Henry  Beighton  of  Newcastle  upon-Tyne  constructs  a  self  act- 
ing engine  on  the  Newcomen  plan;  the  first  wi4.h  a  steel- 
yard safety-valve 1718 

Jacob  Leupold,  a  Saxon,  constructs  the  first  high  -  pressure 

steam-engine 1720 

James  Watt  of  England  obtains  a  patent  for  a  rotary  steam- 
engine 1769 

Steam-carriage  for  common  roads  built  by  Cugnot  in  France. .      '* 
Watt  invents  the  separate  condenser  and  air-pump  (1765),  and 
in  partnership  with  Matthew  Boulton  sets  up  the  first  en- 
gine of  this  kind  at  Kinneil,  Scotland 1774 

Jonathan  Hornblower  of  Penryn  secures  a  patent  for  an  en- 
gine with  2  cylinders 1781 

Watt  invents  a  double  acting  engine 1782 

Engine  built  with  a  fly-wheel  above  the  piston,  and  no  beam, 

by  Phineas  Crowther  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1800 

Oliver  Evans  introduces  the  high-pressure  engine  in  America. .    " 
Patent  for  a  portable  engine  secured  by  rev.  Edward  Cart- 
wright  of  England 1801 

Trevithick  and  Vivian  of  England  patent  a  high  pressure  en- 
gine   1802 

First  practical  steamboat  by  Symington •' 

Oliver  Evans  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  builds  a  high-pressure  en- 
gine   1803 

Hornblower's  compound-engine  improved  by  Woolf 1804 

First  railway  locomotive  built  by  Trevethicic " 

Woolfs  pumping-eugine  general  in  Cornwall  mines 1814 

•Theory  of  the  steam  engine  expounded  by  Carnot 1824 

"The  Rocket,"  first  practical  locomotive,  by  Stephenson 1829 

Rankine's  "  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine,"  improves  the  scien- 
tific theory  of  the  subject 1859 

First  triple  expansion  marine-engine,  by  Kirk 1874 

Webb's  compound  locomotive-engine  introduced 1881 

(iifeam-hainnier,  invented  by  James  Nasmyth  in 
1838,  and  patented  by  him  18  June,  1842.  Its  main  feature 
is  the  direct  manner  by  which  the  elastic  power  of  steam  is 
employed  to  lift  up  and  let  fall  the  mass  of  iron  constituting 
the  hammer,  which  is  attached  direct  to  the  end  of  a  piston- 
rod  passing  through  the  bottom  of  an  inverted  steam  cylinder 
placed  immediately  over  the  anvil. 

In  1842,  Mr.  Nasmyth  applied  his  steam-hammer  to  driving  piles, 
which  has  facilitated  the  execution  of  great  public  works.  Owing 
to  its  vast  range  of  power,  forged  iron- work  can  now,  by  its  means, 
be  executed  on  a  scale,  and  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  with  an  ease 
and  perfection  not  previously  possible.  Parts  of  gigantic  marine 
steam  engines,  anchors,  and  Armstrong  guns,  as  well  as  the  most 
minute  details  of  machinery,  as  in  Enfield  rifies,  are  executed  by 
the  steam  hammer. 
A  steam  hammer,  said  then  the  largest  known,  completed  at  Wool- 
wich; the  falling  portion  weighs  40  tons,  and  when  used  with  top 
steam  (51  tons)  has  the  force  of  91  tons,  Apr.  1874.  One  at 
Schneider's  works,  Creuzot,  France;  weight  between  75  and  80 
tons,  Dec.  1877. 
Mr.  Nasmyth,  aged  81,  d.  7  May,  1890.  Hi.s  autobiography,  edited 
by  dr.  S.  Smiles,  was  pub.  in  1883. 

iteam  Iiavig^atton.  The  value  of  steam  in  navi- 
gation was  demonstrated  by  Denys  Papin  in  a  model  steam- 
boat on  the  Fulda,  near  Cassel,  in  1707.  This  was  soon  de- 
stroyed by  a  mob  of  boatmen.  Jonathan  Hulls  of  London, 
Engl.,  set  forth  the  idea  in  a  patent  obtained  in  1736.  Ber- 
nouilli  experimented  with  a  steamboat,  using  artificial  fins, 
and  Genevois  with  one  using  the  duck's-foot  propeller,  in  1757. 
In  1775,  M,  Perier  navigated  the  Seine  with  a  small  steam- 
boat, and  in  1783,  Claude,  corate  de  Jouffroy,  constructed  an 
engine  which  propelled  a  boat  on  the  Saone.     Navy. 


iiivonl.s  a  sleainboat 
hor- 


1788 


17',)6 


1802 


1809 


James  Rumscv  of  Sheppardstown,  \a., 
propelled  by  a  steam  engine  expelling  water  through 
izontal  trunk  opening  in  the  stern  (1782).     He  experiments 
•  publi(;ly  in  the  presence  of  gen.  Washington,  on  the  Potomac 
rjver  Sept.  1/84 

John  Fitch  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  launches  a  steamboat 
worked  by  vertical  paddles,  6  on  each  side,  on  the  Delaware 

Pa^r^ckMilleV  of  bal'swinton,' Scotland,  constructs  a  pleasure 
boat  with  paddle-wheels  (1787),  to  which  William  Symington 
applies  a  steam  engine •,••••  ■,•, ,' 

John  Fitch  sails  a  steamboat  18  ft.  long  on  the  Collect  pond, 
New  York  city,  where  the  "Tombs"  now  stands 

First  practical  steamboat,  the  tug  Charlotte  Dundas,  built  by 
William  Symington,  and  tried  on  the  Forth  and  Clyde  canal, 

Robert  Fulton,"  iii  connection  with  Chancellor  Livingston.  U.  S. 
ambassador  in  Paris,  builds  a  steam  paddle  boat,  60  ft.  long, 
which  is  tried  on  the  Seine •  •  •  -f  Aug.  18Ud 

John  Stevens  of  Hoboken.  N.  J.,  builds  a  steamboat  with 
twin-screw  propellers  and  an  engine  supplied  by  a  Hue- 

Fulton'VkeamboatVthe'c/ermont.'ieb'tons  runs  from  New 
York  to  Albany  in  32  hours,  thus  securing  the  exclusive  use 
of  the  Hudson  for  steam  navigation  under  grant  of  legislat- 

ure  made  in  1798 •  • ^ug.  1807 

■  rhoenix  a  single  screw  propeller  built  by  John  Stevens  makes 
-'^'^-  first  sea  voyage  of  a  steam-vessel  from  New  \ork  to  ^^^^ 

Phiiai^*^.pl,oai  on"  the'j^t." Lawrence  "river,  the  Accommodation, 

First  stear  L  Montreal  to  Quebec ;•  ••,•■■■■ 

runs  from  ^urnt  on  the  western  rivers,  a  stern- wheeler,  is 

First  steambo., .  VI  ut  Pittsburg IHll 

built  by  Fultol**    ^^er  steamboat  built  in  Europe,  by  Henry 

Comet,  first  passei?^  *';iyde  1)4  miles  per  hour 18  Jan.  1812 

Bell,  runs  on  the  CreNew  York  and  Jersey  City •  •  •  • 

Steam  ferry  between  .  ^j  ije  Thames,  brought  by  Mr.  Dodd  from 

First  steam-vessel  on  t..  ' , •  •  ^^^^ 

Glasgow ^  h^at  lakes,  the  Ontario,  built  at  Sack- 
First  steamboat  on  the  grean 1°1° 

ett's  Harbor,  N.  Y ftboat  for  lake  Erie,  launched  at 

Walk-in-the- Water,  a  steam\f  ffalo,  N.  Y.) 28  May,  1818 

Black  Rock  (now  part  of  Bu.  ^  a  steamboat  of  350  tons,  built 
Savannah,  capt.  Stevens  Rogers,^st-t,iantic  from  Savannah  to  Liv- 
in  New  York  city,  crosses  the  A.thehich  she  uses  her  paddles. 
erpool  in  26  days,  during  18  of  w>  \f  a  ship  on  fire,  and  pur- 
Oflf  cape  Clear  she  is  mistaken  fo    ''"=^he  sails  from  Savannab, 

sued  by  the  British  cutter  Kite,     t^"' 24  May,  1819 

Ga.  (Nkw  York) nd  the  A  aron  Manby,  is 

First  sea -going  steam-vessel  of  iron,*h  \.^'^^^ 

constructed  at  the  Horsley  iron-works,Oj,'he  Enterprise,  capt. 
First  steam  voyage  to  India  made  by  t Z*^'  days,  leaving  Fal- 

Johnson,  from  London  to  Calcutta  in  113*^^8 1^  ■*"S-  ^°^ 

mouth ty  (^e' York  (Navy, 

Fulton  the  First  accidentally  blown  up  at  Ne^.^    „•••••*  Jui«)  Vi^y. 

1814) ;>  '^'.Juebec. 1831 

Steamboat  Royal  William  crosses  the  ocean  from  V^   ''S'  hmXi  by 
John  Randolph,  first  iron  vessel  in  American  wateie  C  at  Liver- 
John  Laird  of  Birkenhead,  and  shipped  in  piecese  pi  y  "  y  '{  ' 

pool,  built  in  the  Savannah  river  as  a  tugboat .^„^^  "'  *'"®  iB<tA 

Great  Western  Steamship  company  formed,  and  ket      " luo? 

Great  Western  (1340  tons)  laid  at  Bristol,  Engl .'P    S  . . .  •  •  l»^^f'. 

Peninsular  Steamship  company  founded lowe'i,  "     ^, 

Capt.  Ericsson's  screw-steamer,  Francis  B.  Ogden,  make.-.q(j  J^; 

miles  per  hour  on  the  Thames ; A\)r^  ,    .-.Qoa 

First  voyage  of  the  steamship  Great   Western,  launched  1^'*,'  '*1°^"' 

July,  1837,  from  Bristol  to  New  York 8-23  Apr.  yon. 

Sirius,  built  at  London,  crosses  the  Atlantic   in  18>^  days,    I     _  ■• 
reaching  New  York  under  steam  a  few  hours  before  the    >  ^' 

Great  Western 23  Apr. 

Thomas  Petit  Smith's  propeller  first  tried  in  England  on  a 

large  scale  in  the  Archimedes  of  237  tons 183^ 

Unicorn,  first  steam-vessel  from  Europe  to  enter  Boston  har- 
bor, arrives 2  June,  184 

First  of  the  Cunard  line,  the  Britannia,  side-wheeler,  crosses 

to  Boston  in  14  days  8  hours,  leaving  Liverpool 4  July, 

Pacific  Steam  Navigation  company  established 

Screw  steamer  Princeton  built  for  the  U.  S.  navy 1843 

Screw  steamer  Great  Britain,  first  large  ship  with  iron  hull, 
designed  by  I.  K.  Brunei  (3443  tons,  322  ft.  long,  51  ft.  broad), 

launched  19  July,  1843,  sails  from  Bristol 23  Jan.  1845 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  company  organized 1847 

Collins  line  of  American  steamships  formed  and  subsidized  by 

the  U.  S.  government 1849 

[It  consisted  of  the  Arctic,  Baltic,  AHontic.  and  Pacific, 

and  existed  8  years.     The  barber-shops  on  shipljoard  were 

a  new  feature.] 

Inman  line  founded  by  William  Inman,  and  the  first  vessel, 

an   iron  screw  steamer,  City  of  Glasgow,  put  in  comm  s- 

sion 1850 

Emigrants  first  carried  in  steamships  of  the  Inman  line " 

Allan  line  organized 1863 

First  trip  around  the  world  by  a  merchant  steamer,  the  Eng 

lish  screw  steamship  Argo 1854 

Hamburg- American  and  Anchor  lines  established 1856 

■Great  Western  broken  u))  for  firewood  at  Vauxhall 1857 

North  German  Lloyd  line  established " 

Great  Ea.'^tbk.n  launelied 3  Nov.  1857-31  Jan.  1858 

Iron-clad  steam.ships  introduced  (Navy) 1860 

French  line  established 1862 

Far  East,  with  2  screw-propellers,  launched  at  Millwall,  31  Oct.  1863 
Guion  line  established 1864 


1834 


STE  763 

Trial  trip  of  the  Nautilus,  with  a  hydraulic  propeller  (Ruth- 
ven's  patent,  1849)  worked  by  steam  and  no  paddles  or 
screw 24  Mch.  1866 

White  Star  line  begins  with  the  Oceanic,  with  saloons  and  state- 
rooms amidships  instead  of  in  the  stern 1870 

Netherlamds  line  established,  1872;  Red  Star  line 1873 

Stearashiip  Faraday,  5000  tons,  360  ft.  long,  52  ft.  wide,  and  36 
ft.  deep,  launched  at  Newcastle  (Electricity) 17  Feb.  1874 

First  export  of  live  cattle  by  steamer,  373  head,  shipped  from 
U.  S.  to  England  in  the  steamship  European July,      " 

Dead-meat  trade  between  U.  S.  and  England  by  refrigeration 
commences  on  White  Star  liners  Celtic  and  Britannic " 

Bessemer  saloon  -  steamer  launched  at  Hull,  24  Sept.  1874, 
makes  first  voyage  to  Gravesend 5  Mch.  1875 

Thingvalla  line  established 1879 

Anthracite,  a  steamer  84  ft.  long  planned  by  Loftus  I'erkins  of 
England,  with  very  high-pressure  engines,  crosses  the  At- 
lantic, 3316  miles  in  22*^  days,  consuming  only  25  tons  of 
coal 1880 

Ounard  steamer  Etruria  arrives  at  quarantine,  port  of  New 


STE 

York,  1  hour  before  the  McKinley  bill  goes  into  effect,  and 
capt.  Haines  reaches  the  custom-house  barely  a  minute  be- 
fore midnight,  saving  thousands  of  dollars  in  increased  du- 
ties  midnight,  4  Oct.  1890 

"Whaleback"  Charles  W.  Wetmore  steams  from  the  head  of 
lake  Superior  to  Liverpool 1891 

Campania,  twin-screw  Cunard  liner,  with  a  gross  tonnage  of 
12,500  tons,  620  ft.  long,  65  ft.  3  in.  broad,  and  43  ft.  deep, 
launched  on  the  Clyde 8  Sept.  1892 


STEAM   VESSELS 

OF    THE   WORLD 

(liloyd's  register,  1890-91), 

Country. 

Number. 

Gross 
tonnage. 

Value  of  vessels. 

Value  of  trade 
carried. 

Great  Britain 

6403 
741 
526 
416 
212 
236 

8,235,854 
928,911 
809,598 
517,394 
300,625 
106,155 

$550,000,000 
63,500,000 
48,500,000 
42,000,000 
22,000,000 
12,500,000 

$3,476,500,000 
1,624,000,000 
1  471  000  000 

France 

United  States 

Italy  .* 

1,462,500,000 

415,000,000 

60,000,000 

Russia 

STATISTICAL  TABLE   OF  SOME   NOTED   ATLANTIC   STEAMERS. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Built.    Horse-power.   Tonnage 


Quickest 
passage. 


Paddle- wheel. 

Sirius 

British  Queen 

Liverpool 

Great  Western 

Screw. 

Pacific 

City  of  Richmond. 
City  of  Berlin 


Germanic 

Britannic 

Arizona 

Servia 

Alaska 

City  of  Rome 

America , 

Oregon 

Umbria 

Etruria 

City  of  New  York. 

Majestic 

Teutonic 

City  of  Paris 

Campania 

Lucania 


Inman. 


White  Star. 

Guion. 
Cunard. 

Guion. 
Anchor. 
National. 

Guion. 
Cunard. 

Inman. 
White  Star. 

Inman. 
Cunard. 


1839 

1838 

1849 
1873 
1874 

1874 

1879 
1881 


1884 


1888 
1889 


1888 
1893 


Nominal. 
270 
500 
404 
450 


700 
•1,000 
Indicated. 
5,400 

6.300 
10,300 
10,000 
11,890 

7,354 
13,300 
14,320 

18,400 
17,000 

20,100 
30,000 


700 
2,016 
1,150 
1,340 

2,860 
4,780 
5,526 

5,008 
5,004 
5,164 
7,392 
6,932 
8,144 
5,528 
7,375 
8,128 
8,120 
10,500 
9,861 
9,686 
10,500 
12,500 


days  hrs.  min. 

18  11  15 

13  18  10 

11  18  5 

10  10  15 

9  19  25 

7  18  50 

7  14  12 


Apr.    1838 


May,  1851 


11  37 

10  53 

3  30 

23  50 

18  37 

18  25 

14  18 

9  51 

3  4 

1  44 

21  19 

18  8 

16  30 

14  24 

9  29 

7  48 


Apr.    1877 
Aug.    1877 


1882 


June,  1884 
Aug.  1884 
Nov.  1888 
Sept.  1889 
Oct.  1890 
Aug.  1891 
Aug.  1891 
Oct.  1892 
Aug.  1894 
Oct.     1894 


LIST  OF   ATLANTIC  STEAMSHIPS   WHICH  LEFT   PORT   AND  WERE   NEVER   HEARD 

FROM. 

Name  of  vessel. 

Nationality. 

Persons  on 
board. 

Date  of  leaving 
port. 

President , 

British  and  American  S.  N.  company 

British 
A  me r  can 
British 

German 
British 

136 
240 
150 
80 
177 
38 
52 
44 
50 
43 
48 
33 
45 
43 
41 
27 
27 
25 
29 
27 
56 
72 
43 

11  Mch    1841 

Pacific... 

23  Sept.  1856 
26  Feb    1857 

Tempest 

Anchor  line 

United  Kingdom        .    . . 

17  Apr.    1868 
28  Jan     1870 

City  of  Boston     .    . 

Inman  line        

Scanderia 

Anglo- Egyptian  line    ... 

8  Oct     1872 

Ismail  ia 

Anchor  line 

27  Sept.  1873 
Jan.    1877 

28  Sept.  1878 

Colombo      

Wilson  line 

11  Jan.    1879 

18  Feb.    1879 

19  Mch.  1879 
8  Jan.    1881 

13  Nov.   1881 
3  Jan.    1883 
24  Dec.    1884 

20  Jan.    1885 
20  Jan.    1885 
24  Jan.    1885 
15  Feb.    1885 
31  Dec.    1889 
26  Nov.  1890 

Feb.   1893 

Surbiton 

Straits  of  Dover 

Coniston 

Fernwood 

Preston 

Clandon 

Humber 

Erin 

National  line 

Thanemore    

Johnston  line 

Naronic 

White  Star  line 

§teani-plou^llS  were  patented  by  G.  Callaway  and 
R.  A.  Purkes,  1849 ;  H.  Cowing,  1850,  and  others.  John' Fow- 
ler's of  1854  is  much  approved. 

Mtearine  (from  Gr.  aAap,  suet),  that  part  of  oils  and  fats 
which  is  solid  at  common  temperature.  The  nature  of  fats 
was  Hrst  made  known  by  Chevreul,  in  1823,  who  showed  that 
they  are  compounds  of  peculiar  acids,  with  a  base  termed  gly- 
cerine; of  these  compounds  the  chief  are  stearine,  margarine, 
and  elaine.     Candles. 

Steel,  a  compound  of  iron  and  carbon,  exists  in  nature, 
and  has  been  fabricated  from  the  earliest  times.  It  was  cer- 
tainly used  by  the  I-^gyptians,  Assyrians,  and  Greeks.  It  now 
largely  replaces  cast  iron  in  shipbuilding,  etc. 


Reaumur  discovered  the  direct  process  of  making  steel  by  im- 
mersing malleable  iron  in  a  bath  of  cast  iron 1722 

Manufactory  for  cast  steel  is  said  to  have  been  set  up  by  Ben- 
jamin Huntsman  at  Handsworth  near  Sheffield 1740 

Manufacture  of  shear  steel  began  in  Sheffield about  1800 

[German  steel  was  made  at  Newcastle  previously  by  Mr. 
Crawley.  Mushat  (1800),  Lucas  (1804),  and  Heath  (1839)  in- 
vented improvements  in  this  manufacture.     Engraving.] 

Reipe  patented  Iws  "puddled  steel  " 1850 

[H.  Bessemer  made  steel  by  passing  cold  air  through  liquid 
iron,  1856.  By  this  method  20  tons  of  crude  iron  have  been 
converted  into  cast  steel  in  23  minutes.  For  this  invention 
he  had  received  by  royalties  1,057,748?.  up  to  1879;  also 
many  foreign  honors;  knighted,  June,  1879.] 

Subject  investigated  by  M.  Caron,  1861-65;  attention  excited 
by  cutlery  made  from  a  metallic  sand,  from  Taranaki  or  New 
Plymouth,  in  New  Zealand i860 

Tungsten  steel  was  made  in  Germany,  1859;  and  M.  Fr6my 


STE  '<>* 

made  steel  by  bringiug  red  hot  iroD  in  contact  with  carbon- 
ate of  ainmouia 1801 

Mr.  Krupp  exhibited  an  ingot  of  steel  weighing  4500  lbs.  in 
1851,  and  one  weighing  20  tons  in 18G2 

A  steel  bridge,  in  connection  with  the  exhibition,  constructed 
at  Paris  by  M.  Joret 18()() 

Bessemer  steel  first  manufactured  in  the  U.  S.  in  Wyandotte 
county,  Mich.,  1865.  This  first  ingot  was  rolled  into  a  rail  at 
the  North  Chicago  rolling-mill,  18G5.  The  first  rails  made 
to  order  of  Bessemer  steel  in  the  U.  S.  at  the  Cambria  iron 
works.  Johnstown,  Pa 18fi7 

John  Heaton  published  his  process 18G7-8 

Dr.  Siemens's  "regenerative  gas  furnaces"  made  excellent 
steel,  cheap,  in  large  masses. : 1876  et  seq. 

Cutlers' Company,  London,  opened;  exhibition 1  May,  1879 

Messrs.  Bolchow,  Vaughan  &  Co.,  of  Middlesborough,  by 
Thomas  and  Gilchrist's  process,  convert  Cleveland  iron  ore 
into  Bessemer  steel,  by  lining  the  furnace  with  radial  bricks 
of  magnesian  limestone,  and  adding  cold  basis  material  to 
remove  phosphorus " 

Process  reported  successful Oct.  1880 

Number  of  steel  works  in  the  U.  S.  73,  and  the  number  of  tons 
made  1,145,711 " 

J.  S.  Jeans  published  "Steel:  its  History,  Manufacture,  Prop- 
erties, and  Uses  " Feb.     " 

The  Garfidd,  a  steel  sailing-ship,  2220  tons,  292  ft.  long,  24  ft. 
9  in.  deep,  41  ft.  wide,  launched  at  Belfast 7  Jan.  1882 

Clapp- Griffith  process  introduced  into  the  U.  S.  from  Great 
Britain 1884 

B.  H.  Thwaite  of  Liverpool,  and  A.  Stewart  of  Bradford,  an- 
nounce an  improved  "rapid "  process  for  making  steel,  Oct.  1887 

Roberts  -  Bessemer  process  introduced  into  the  U.  S.  from 
France 1888 

Steel  production  of  Great  Britain,  3,669,960  tons;  of  the  U.  S. 
3,385,732  tons;  of  Germany  and  Luxemburg,  2,046,147  tons; 
of  the  world,  10,746,126  tons  in 1889 

NUMBER  OF  STEEL  WORKS   AND  THE  NUMBER  OF   TONS  MAN- 
UFACTURED  IN  THE  PRINCIPAL    STATES  OF   THE   U.  S.  FOR 

1S90. 


STE 


1 


State. 

No.  of  Works. 

Tons. 

Pennsylvania 

79 
14 

18 
2 
8 
6 

8 

1 
1 
2 
1 
18 

158 

2,768,268 
868,250 
446,808 
183  225 

Illinois 

Ohio 

West  Virginia 

New  York 

113,499 
30,252 
17  999 

Massachusetts 

New  Jersey 

Colorado  

17,952 
6  904 

California 

M  ichigan 

6,600 
3,700 
4,479 

All  other  states 

Total 

Steel  pens.  "Iron  pens"  are  mentioned  by  Chamber- 
layne  in  1685.  Steel  pens,  made  long  before,  began  to  come 
into  use  about  1820,  when  the  first  gross  of  three-slit  pens  were 
sold  in  England,  wholesale,  for  71.  is.  In  1830  the  price  was 
8.*.,  and  in  1832,  6^.  A  better  pen  is  now  sold  for  6d.  a  gross. 
Birmingham,  in  1858,  produced  about  1,000,000,000  pens  per 
annum.  Women  and  children  are  principally  employed  in  the 
manufacture.  Perry,  Mitchell,  and  Gillott  are  eminent  makers. 
Joseph  Gillott,  originally  a  mechanic,  made  a  large  fortune  by 
steel-pen  making.     He  died  5  Jan.  1872,  aged  72. 

Steelyard,  an  ancient  weighing  instrument,  the  same 
that  is  translated  balance  in  the  Pentateuch.  The  statera 
Romana,  or  Roman  steelyard,  similar  to  the  one  now  in  com- 
mon use,  is  mentioned  in  315  b.c. 

Stef'ano,  San,  a  small  village  on  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
southwest  of  Constantinople ;  here  the  grand-duke  Nicholas 
established  his  headquarters,  24  Feb. ;  and  here  was  signed  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  Turkey,  3  Mch.  1878,  modified  by  the 
treaty  of  Berlin,  signed  13  July  following.  The  Russians 
quitted  San  Stefano,  22  Sept.  1878. 

The  treaty  made  Montenegro,  Servia,  and  Roumania  independent- 
Hiilgaria  a  tributary  principality;  required  a  heavy  indemnity 
from  Turkey  for  Russia,  who  was  to  gain  a  port  on  the  Black  sea 
and  Kars;  to  exchange  the  Dobriidscha  for  Bessarabia;  to  obtain 
rights  for  Christians;  to  open  the  Bosporus  and  Dardanelles  in 
peace  and  war,  etc. 

Stenoell'roiny.     Printing  in  colors. 

Stenog'raphy  (from  Or.  aHvog,  narrow),  the  art  of 
short-hand,  practised  from  antiquity,  and  improved  by  the 
poet  Ennius,  by  Tyro,  Cicero's  freedman,  and  Seneca.  The  A  rs 
Scribendi  Charactei-is,  written  about  1412,  is  the  oldest  system 
extant.  Dr.  Timothy  Bright's  "  Characterie,  or  the  Art  of 
Short,  Swift,  and  Secret  Writing,"  published  in  1588,  is  the 
first  English  work  on  short-hand.     Peter  Bales,  the  famous 


penman,  published  on  stenography  in  1590;  and  John  Willi* 
published  his  "Stenographic"  in  1002.  There  are  many 
modern  systems:  John  Byrom's  (1707),  T.  (iurney's  (1710), 
"  Brachygraphy,"  based  on  Mason's  (1750),  "A  Short-hand 
Dictionary"  (1777),  Taylor's  (1786),  Mayor's  (1789),  Pitman's 
(phonographic),  1837,  A.  M.  Bell's"  Stenophonography"  (1852\ 
Munson's  "Complete  Phonography"  (1866),  J.  D.  Everett's 
(1877),  Pockncll's  "Legible  Short-hand"  (1881),  J.  M.  Sloan's 
(1882).  Phonography.  Sig.  A.  Michela's  stenographic  ma- 
chine for  graphic  representation  of  phonetic  sounds  (about  200 
words  per  minute),  like  a  harmonium  with  a  key  board,  ex- 
hibited at  the  Turin  exhibition  of  1884  ;  adopted  by  the  Italian 
senate.  International  Short-hand  congress,  London,  1887  (482 
systems  noticed);  Paris,  1889;  Munich,  1890;  Berlin,  1891. 
Stephenson,  Fort,  Defence  of.    Fort  Stephenson. 

Stereocll'roniy,  a  mode  of  painting  in  which  water- 
glass  (an  alkaline  solution  of  flint,  silex)  connects  the  color 
with  the  substratum.  Its  invention  is  ascribed  to  Von  Fuchs, 
who  died  at  Munich  on  5  Mch.  1856.  Fine  specimens  by 
Kaulbach  and  Echter  exist  in  the  museum  at  Berlin  and  at 
Munich. 

Stereom'eter,  an  instrument  to  measure  the  liquid 
contents  of  vessels  by  gauging,  invented  about  J350.— /Iwcfer- 
son.  M.  Say's  stereometer,  for  determining  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  liquids,  porous  bodies,  and  powders  as  well  as  solids,  was 
described  in  1797. 

Ster'eoSCOpe  (from  Gr.  onpioQ,  solid,  and  GKoir^iv,  to 
see),  an  optical  instrument  for  giving  relief  to  pictures,  by 
uniting  one  seen  by  each  eye  in  a  single  image.  The  first 
stereoscope  by  reflection  was  constructed  and  exhibited  by 
prof.  Charles  Wheatstone  in  1838,  who  had  announced  its  prin- 
ciple in  1833.  Since  1854  stereoscopes  have  been  greatly  im- 
proved. 

Ster'eotype,  a  cast  from  a  page  of  movable  printing- 
types,  so  named  by  the  Parisian  printer,  Didot,  1798.  It  is 
said  that  stereotyping  was  known  in  1711.  It  was  practised 
by  William  Ged  of  Edinburgh,  about  1730.  In  the  library  of 
the  Royal  institution  is  an  edition  of  Sallust,  with  this  im- 
print ;  "  Edinburgi,  (iulielmus  Ged,  auri  faber  Edinensis,  non 
typis  mobilibus,  ut  vulgo  fieri  solet,  sed  tabellis  sen  lamiiiis 
fusis,  excudebat,  1744."  (Printed  at  Edinburgh  by  William 
Ged,  goldsmith  of  Edinburgh,  not  with  movable  types,  as  is 
commonly  done,  but  with  cast  tablets  or  plates.)  A  Mr. 
James  attempted  to  introduce  Ged's  process  in  London,  but 
failed,  about  1735. — Nichols.  Stereotype  printing  was  in  use 
in  Holland  in  the  last  century ;  and  a  quarto  Bible  and  a 
Dutch  folio  Bible  were  printed  there. — Phillips.  It  was  re- 
vived in  London  by  Wilson  in  1804.  It  was  introduced  into 
the  United  States  by  David  Bruce  of  New  York  in  1812. 
First  work  cast  in  the  U.  S.  was  the  New  Testament  in  bour- 
geois in  1814.  Since  1850  the  durability  of  stereotypes  has 
been  greatly  increased  by  electroplating  them  with  copper  (ir 
silver.     Printing. 

Sterling'  (money).  Ducange  says  (1733),  "  Esterlinguf!, 
sterlingus,  are  English  words  relating  to  money,  and  hence 
familiar  to  other  nations,  and  applied  to  the  weight,  qualit}', 
and  kind  of  money."  "  Denarius  Angliae,  quo  vocatur  ster- 
lingus,"  Stat.  Edw.  I.  (The  penny  of  England,  which  is  called 
sterling.)  Camden  derives  the  word  from  easterling  or  ester- 
ling,  observing  that  the  money  brought  from  Germany,  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  I.,  was  the  most  esteemed  on  account  of  its 
purity,  being  called  in  old  deeds  "  nummi  easterling.'^  Others 
derive  the  word  from  the  Easterlings,  the  first  moneyers  in 
England. 

Stetll'OSeope  (Gr.  arnOot.,  breast,  and  (tkotthv,  to  ex- 
amine), an  instrument  for  listening  to  the  action  of  internal 
organs  of  the  body.  In  1816  Laennec  of  Paris  (1781-1826),  by 
rolling  a  quire  of  paper  into  a  cylinder,  and  applying  the  o|)en 
end  to  the  patient's  chest  and  the  other  to  his  own  ear,  per- 
ceived the  action  of  the  heart  in  a  much  more  distinct  manner 
than  by  the  immediate  application  of  the  ear,  'j'bis  led  to 
his  inventing  the  stethoscope  or  "breast-explorer,"  the  prin- 
ciple of  which,  now  termed  "auscultation,"  was  known  by* 
Hippocrates,  357  b.c,  and  by  Robert  Hooke,  1681. 

Steward   of  England,   Lord    High,     Tlie  first  grand 


STI  't)o 

officer  of  the  crown  This  office  was  established  prior  to  the 
reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  was  formerly  annexed  to 
the  lordship  of  Hinckley,  Leicestershire,  belonging  to  the 
family  of  Montfort,  earls  of  Leicester,  who  were,  in  right 
thereof,  lord  high  stewards  of  England ;  but  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort, the  last  earl  of  this  family,  having  raised  a  rebellion 
against  his  sovereign,  Henry  IIL,  was  attainted,  and  his 
estate  forfeited  to  the  king,  who  abolished  the  office,  1265. 
It  is  now  revived  only  pro  hdc  vice,  at  a  coronation  or  the 
trial  of  a  peer.  The  first  afterwards  appointed  was  Thomas, 
second  son  of  Henry  IV.  The  first  for  the  trial  of  a  peer  was 
Edward,  earl  of  Devonj  on  the  arraignment  of  the  earl  of 
Huntingdon,  in  1400.  The  last  was  lord  Denman,  at  the  trial 
of  the  earl  of  Cardigan,  16  Feb.  1841.  The  duke  of  Hamilton 
was  lord  high  steward  at  the  coronations  of  William  IV.,  1831, 
and  Victoria,  1838. 

Stick'leitadt,  a  town  of  Norway.  Here  Olaf  II., 
aided  by  the  Swedes,  was  defeated  in  his  endeavors  to  recover 
his  kingdom  from  Canute,  king  of  Denmark,  and  slain  29  July, 
1030.  He  was  afterwards  sainted,  on  account  of  his  zeal  for 
Christianity. 

§tirlillg',  a  burgh  of  S.  Scotland.  The  strong  castle 
was  taken  by  Edward  I.  of  England,  1304.  Here  James  11. 
stabbed  the  earl  of  Douglas,  13  Feb.  1452,  and  James  VI,  was 
crowned,  24  July,  1567.  Stirling  surrendered  to  Monk,  14  Aug. 
1651.  The  statue  of  king  Robert  Bruce  unveiled,  24  Nov.  1877. 
"Ye  towers!  within  whose  circuit  dread 
A  Douglas  by  his  sovereign  bled." 

—Scott,  "  Lady  of  the  Lake." 

§tirlill^,  Lord,  William  Alexander,  general  in  the 
American  army  during  the  Revolution,  and  known  by  cour- 
tesy in  American  history  as  lord  Stirling,  was  a  son  of  James 
Alexander,  heir  presumptive  to  the  Scottish  title  "  earl  of 
Stirling,''  which  he  forfeited  by  following  in  1715  the  Pre- 
tender, after  whose  fall  he  took  refuge  in  America  in  1716, 
antl  married.  His  son,  William  Alexander,  born  in  New 
York,  1726,  was  active  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  of  1755, 
went  to  England,  and  instituted  legal  proceedings  to  obtain 
his  earldom ;  though  not  successful,  his  right  was  generally 
conceded,  and  he  was  addressed  as  earl  of  Stirling.  Return- 
ing to  America  in  1761,  he  married  a  daughter  of  Philip  Liv- 
ingston, member  of  the  Provincial  council  of  New  Jersey  for 
several  years.  That  state  made  him  colonel  of  its  first  regi- 
ment of  militia,  and  in  Mch.  1776  Congress  commissioned 
him  brigadier-general.  He  was  conspicuous  in  the  battle  of 
Long  Island  in  Aug.,  and  in  Feb.  1777  was  made  major-gen- 
eral. He  exposed  Conway  to  gen.  Washington.  He  served 
throughout  the  war,  at  different  times  having  in  his  command 
every  brigade  of  the  army  except  those  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia.     He  died  at  Albany,  15  Jan.  1783. 

§tirriip§  were  unknown  to  the  ancients.  Gracchus  fitted 
the  highways  with  stones  to  enable  the  horsemen  to  mount. 
Warriors  had  projections  on  their  spears  for  the  same  purpose. 
Stirrups  were  used  in  the  6th  century,  but  were  not  common 
even  in  the  12th. 

StOCkbridg^e  Indian§,  formerly  occupying  that 
part  of  Massachusetts  about  the  Berkshire  Hills.  A  remnant 
of  them  now  in  Wisconsin.     Indians. 

Stock  £xcliailg^e,  the  New  York,  grew  out  of  an 
informal  organization  by  the  stock- brokers.  May  17,  1792,  and 
was  formally  instituted  in  1817.  Its  sessions  were  held  in  va- 
rious rented  rooms  till  1827,  when  it  occupied  part  of  the  first 
"Merchants'  Exchange,"  then  completed.  This  was  burned, 
16  Dec.  1835.  It  then  removed  to  Jauncey  court  (now  43 
Wall  street);  in  1842  to  the  new  Merchants' Exchange,  now  the 
Custom-house ;  in  1854  to  the  Old  Corn  Exchange  Bank  build- 
ing; in  1856  to  Lord's  court  in  William  street,  and  in  1865  to 
its  own  fine  building  in  Broad,  near  Wall  street.     Exchange. 

StOCk'llotni,  capital  of  Sweden  (built  on  kolmen,  or 
islands),  was  fortified  by  Berger  Jarl  aliout  1254.  Here  the 
Swedish  nobility  were  massacred  by  Christian  II.,  in  1520. 
Sweden.     Pop.  1890,  246,154. 

Stocking's  of  silk  are  said  to  have  been  first  worn  by 
Henry  H.  of  France,  1547.  In  1560,  queen  Elizabeth  was  pre- 
sented with  a  pair  of  knit  black  silk  stockings  by  her  silk- 
woman,  Mrs.  Montague,  and  she  never  wore  cloth  ones  any 


STO 


more. — TTmoell.  He  adds,  "Henry  VIII.  wore  ordinary  cloth 
hose,  except  there  came  from  Spain,  by  great  chance,  a  pair  of 
silk  stockings;  for  Spain  very  early  abounded  with  silk." 
Edward  VI.  was  presented  with  a  pair  of  Spanish  silk  stock- 
ings by  his  merchant,  sir  Thomas  Gresham  ;  and  the  present 
was  then  much  taken  notice  of. — Idem.  Others  relate  that 
William  Rider,  a  London  apprentice,  seeing  at  the  house  of  an 
Italian  merchant  a  pair  of  knit  worsted  stockings  from  Man- 
tua, made  a  pair  like  them,  the  first  made  in  England,  which 
he  presented  to  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  1564. — Stow.  The  art 
of  weaving  stockings  in  Si  frame  was  invented  in  England  by 
the  rev.  Mr.  Lee  of  Cambridge  in  1589,  25  years  after  he  had 
learned  to  knit  them  with  wires  or  needles.  Cotton  stockings 
were  first  made  in  1 730. 

Stocks,  properly  the  obligations  of  a  government  for  its 
funded  debt — government  securities  distinct  from  shares;  but 
now  commonly  used  to  designate  the  property  of  a  corporation, 
and  the  right  to  ownership  in  such  property,  represented  by 
certificates  distributed  to  the  owners.  The  public  funding 
system  originated  in  Venice,  about  1173,  and  was  introduced 

I  into  Florence  in  1340.     The  English  funding  system  may  be 
said  to  have  had  its  rise  in  1690. 

j   "  Bulls  "  are  persons  who  buy  stock  and  cause  the  market  to  rise  ; 

I       "  Bears,"  those  who  sell  and  cause  it  to  fall. 

j  Three  per  cent,  annuities  created 1726 

I       "  "        consols  (i.  e.,  consolidated  annuities)  created..  1731 

"      per  cents,  reduced..* 1746 

"      per  cent,  annuities,  payable  at  South  Sea  house 1751 

"     and  a  half  per  cent,  annuities  created 1758 

Long  annuities 1761 

Four  per  cent,  consols 1762 

Foundation  of  the  Stock  Exchange  in  Capel  (!0urt,  London,  was 

laid 18  May,  1801 

Five  per  cent,  annuities 1797  and  1802 

"         "        reduced  to  4 1822 

Old  4  per  cents,  reduced  to  3>^ 1824 

Act  to  prevent  stock  jobbing,  Mch.  1734 ;  repealed I860 

Further  reductions  made  in  1825,  1830,  1834,  1841,  and  1844; 

the  maximum  being  now  3  percent. 
Three  per  cents,  convertible  into  2%,  and  1}4  per  cent,  bv  act 
of 2  Sept.  1884 

Stoics,  disciples  of  Zeno.     Philosophy. 

Stoke,  East,  near  Newark,  Nottinghamshire,  Engl.  Near 
here,  on  16  June,  1487,  the  adherents  of  Lambert  Simnel,  who 
personated  Edward,  earl  of  Warwick,  and  claimed  the  crown, 
were  defeated  by  Henry  VII.  John  de  la  Pole,  the  earl  of 
Lincoln,  and  most  of  the  leaders,  were  slain.  Simnel  was 
afterwards  employed  in  the  king's  household. 

Stone,  Charles  P.,  U.S.A.,  Case  of.  The  battle  of  Ball's 
Bluff,  Va.,  was  fought  21  Oct.  1861.  The  movement  bring- 
ing on  the  battle  was  made  under  supervision  of  gen.  Stone, 
and  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  federals.  An  investigation 
followed,  and  on  5  Jan.  1862,  gen.  Stone  was  examined  by  the 
"Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War,"  wlio,  at  the  time, 
seemed  to  be  satisfied  with  his  explanations.  On  suggestion 
of  gen.  McClellan,  he  again  appeared  before  the  same  commit- 
tee on  31  Jan.,  and  defended  himself  against  a  charge  of  dis- 
loyalty. On  9  Feb.  1862,  he  was  arrested  by  brig.-gen.  Sykes 
on  order  of  the  secretary  of  war,  addressed  28  Jan.  to  gen. 
McClellan.  Gen.  Stone  asked  of  gen.  McClellan  charges  and 
specifications,  9  Feb.,  but  received  no  answer.  He  was  kept 
in  solitary  confinement  at  fort  Lafayette  for  49  days,  while 
no  notice  was  taken  of  his  repeated  applications  for  a  speedy 
trial,  for  a  copy  of  charges,  for  change  of  localitv,  and  for 
access  to  the  records  of  his  office,  etc.;  and  was  then  trans- 
ferred to  fort  Hamilton,  where  he  had  opportunity  for  air  and 
exercise.  The  cause  of  his  arrest  was  still  unexplained  and 
his  applications  for  service  disregarded  ;  but  after  189  days  of 
confinement  he  was  released.  His  wife  was  not  permitted  to 
visit  him  during  his  confinement.  Meanwhile,  his  case  at- 
tracted attention  in  Congress.  On  1 1  Apr.  1862,  Mr.  McDougall 
of  California  offered  a  resolution  in  the  Senate,  asking  a  trial 
for  gen.  Stone.  On  22  Apr.,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Wilson,  the 
resolution  was  amended  and  passed,  "That  the  president  of 
the  United  States  be  requested  to  communicate  to  the  Senate 
any  information  touching  the  arrest  and  imprisonment  of 
brig.-gen.  Stone  not  deemed  incompatible  with  the  public 
interest."  To  this  the  president  answered,  in  substance,  2 
May,  1862,  that  the  arrest  was  made  by  his  authority  and 
upon  evidence  which  required  such  proceedings  to  be  had 
against  him,  whether  guilty  or  innocent,  for  the  public  safe- 


STO 

ty.  The  president  deemed  it  incompatible  with  the  public 
interest  and  perhaps  unjust  to  gen.  Stone  to  make  a  more 
particular  statement  of  tlie  evidence,  lie  had  not  been  tried 
because  the  state  of  military  operations  at  the  time  of  his  ar- 
rest and  since  would  not  warrant  the  withdrawal  of  officers  to 
constitute  a  court-martial  and  witnesses  from  the  army  with- 
out serious  injury  to  the  service;  that  gen.  Stone  would  be 
allowed  a  trial  without  unnecessary  delay,  and  every  facility 
would  be  afforded  by  the  War  department  for  his  defence, 
(ien.  Stone  was  not  released,  however,  until  16  Aug.  1862, 
when  by  act  of  17  July,  1862,  it  was  illegal  to  hold  him  longer 
without  trial.  After  his  release  he  reported  by  telegram  for 
orders ;  but,  hearing  nothing,  he  wrote  on  25  Sept.  to  gen.  L. 
Thomas,  adjt.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  stating  the  case,  and  asking  that 
charges  be  furnished  him,  or  that  he  be  placed  on  duty.  (ien. 
llalleck  answered,  30  Sept.  1862,  that  he  was  no  longer  under 
arrest,  but  that  he  could  give  him  no  orders,  as  he  had  not 
been  assigned  to  him  for  duty ;  that  he  had  no  official  informa- 
tion of  the  cause  of  his  arrest,  but  understood  it  was  made  by 
the  order  of  the  president.  No  charges  or  specifications  were 
on  file  against  him  as  far  as  he  (Halleck)  could  ascertain;  that 
the  matter  was  to  be  immediately  investigated,  and  copies  of 
charges  when  preferred  would  be  furnished  by  the  judge-ad- 
vocate general.  On  1  Dec.  1862,  gen.  Stone,  hearing  nothing 
further,  wrote  gen.  McClellan  that,  as  he  could  learn,  the  au- 
thority for  his  immediate  arrest  was  from  him,  and  respect- 
fully requested  that  he  be  furnished  with  a  copy  of  the  charges. 
Gen.  McClellan  replied  5  Dec,  stating  that  the  order  was  given 
by  the  secretary  of  war;  that  the  secretary  said  it  was  made 
at  the  solicitation  of  the  Congressional  Committee  on  the  Con- 
duct of  the  War,  and  based  on  testimony  taken  by  them.  That 
he  (McClellan)  had  submitted  to  the  secretary  of  war  the  writ- 
ten statement  of  a  refugee  from  Leesburg.  This  information 
agreed  to  a  certain  extent  with  the  evidence  taken  by  the 
committee;  he  had  further  stated  to  the  secretary  that  the 
charges  were  too  indefinite  for  any  case  to  be  framed  ;  that  he 
had  on  several  occasions  called  attention  to  the  propriety  of 
giving  gen.  Stone  a  prompt  trial,  but  the  reply  had  been,  there 
was  no  time  to  attend  to  it,  or  that  the  Congressional  court 
was  still  engaged  in  collecting  evidence.  Gen.  Stone  then 
asked  gen.  McClellan  to  furnish  him  with  the  name  of  the  ref- 
ugee, but  to  this  request  no  answer  was  ever  received.  This 
is  the  substance  of  all  the  information  gen.  Stone  was  ever 
able  to  collect  after  persistent  efforts.  At  last  the  government 
restored  him  to  duty,  making  no  acknowledgment  of  injustice 
done  him.  Gen.  Stone  continued  to  suffer  under  many  annoy- 
ances until,  towards  the  close  of  the  war,  he  offered  his  resigna- 
tion, which  was  promptly  accepted.  In  view  of  the  high 
character  and  military  reputation  (see  gen.  Grant's  "  Personal 
Memoirs")  of  gen.  Stone,  it  is  now  universally  believed  that 
his  treatment  was  unjust  and  that  he  was  the  victim  of  preju- 
dice or  mistake. 

Stoneheilge,  on  Salisbury  Plain,  Wiltshire,  Engl.,  is 
said  to  have  been  erected  on  the  counsel  of  Merlin,  by  Aure- 
lius  Ambrosius,  in  memory  of  460  Britons  who  were  murdered 


766 


STO 


by  Hengist  the  Saxon  about  450. —  Geoffrey  of  Man 
Erected  as  a  sepulchral  monument  of  Ambrosiu.s,  500. — Poly 
(lore  Vergil.  An  ancient  temple  of  the  Britons,  in  which  th< 
Druids  officiated. — Dr.  Stukeley.  The  Britons  are  said  to  hav« 
held  annual  meetings  at  Abury  and  Stonehenge,  at  whicli 
laws  were  made  and  justice  administered.  The  cursus  neai 
Stonehenge  was  discovered  by  dr.  Stukelej',  6  Aug.  1723.  Th< 
origin  and  object  of  these  remains  are  still  very  obscure.  Se( 
W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie's  "Stonehenge:  Plans,  Description, 
Theories,"  1880. 

Stone  river.     Mukkkeksborough,  Battle  of. 

"  l^tOIiewall  "  JaekiOIl  (Thomas  J.  Jackson,  b; 
1824;  d.  1863),  a  Confederate  general,  so  called  from  the  ob- 
stinate resistance  made  by  the  troops  under  his  command  at 
the  battle  of  Bull  Kun.     Chanckllohsvillk. 

StOllington,  Defence  of.  This  borough,  on  Long 
Island  sound,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Connecticut,  was  assailed 
by  the  British,  under  com.  Hardy,  on  9  Aug.  1814.  A  can- 
nonade and  bombardment  ensued  for  2  or  3  days.  Less  than 
20  men,  with  3  cannon,  successfully  defended  the  place  and 
prevented  the  British  landing  from  boats.  The  Americans  had 
6  men  wounded ;  the  British,  21  killed  and  59  wounded 

Stono  Ferry,  Battle  of.  The  British  army  menacing 
Charleston,  S.  C,  were  attacked  by  gen.  Lincoln  at  Stono 
Ferry,  10  miles  below  the  cit}',  on  Stono  river,  or  inlet,  20 
June,  1779.  The  Americans  were  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  146 
killed  and  wounded.  3  days  after  the  British  evacuated"  the 
place,  retiring  to  Savannah,  Ga.  Here,  in  a  skirmish  with  a 
British  foraging  party  from  Charleston,  Sept.  1782,  capt.  Wil 
mot,  commanding  the  Americans,  was  killed.  His  was  the 
last  blood  shed  of  the  Revolution. 

Stony  creek,  or  Burlingrton  Heiglits,  ati 

the  west  end  of  lake  Ontario,  in  Upper  Canada,  was  the  scene 
of  a  night  assault  upon  1300  American  troops  under  gen. 
Chandler,  on  6  June,  1813,  by  a  British  force  of  about  800  men, 
under  gen.  Vincent.  The  Americans>lost  17  men  killed,  38 
wounded,  and  5  officers  and  93  men  made  prisoners.  Among 
the  latter  were  gens.  Chandler  and  Winder.  The  British  losa 
was  178.  After  repulsing  the  attack  the  Americans  retreated 
to  fort  George  on  the  Niagara  river.  , 

Stony  Point,  Capture  of.     Forts. 

Storni§.  A  storm  is  "  a  decided  or  violent  disturbance 
of  the  atmosphere,  which  undergoes  translation  from  place  to 
place."  It  maj'  or  may  not  be  accompanied  b}'  rain,  hail,  or 
snow.  The  historical  interest  of  storms  depends  largely  upon 
their  destructiveness  to  life  and  property.  They  are  com- 
monly designated  as  typhoons,  cyclones,  tornudoes,  hurricanes, 
and  blizzards.  More  or  less  destructive  tornadoes  are  frequent 
in  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  thousands  of  ])ersons  have 
been  killed  and  injured  by  them.  On  one  day  (9  Feb.  1884) 
there  occurred  in  the  territorv  extending  from  Mississippi, 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Illinois,  eastward  to  the  Atlantic, 
more  than  60  tornadoes,  which  destroyed  over  10,000  build- 
ings, killed  800  persons,  and  wounded  over  2500. 


SOME   DISASTROUS  TORNADOES  WHICH   HAVE   OCCURRED   IN  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Place. 


Persons 

Buildings 
destroyed. 

Killed. 

Injured. 

1794 

1804 

1821 

1832 

1840 

317 

100 

1842 

500 

1854 

25 

67 

1855 

4 

1874 

10 

30 

100 

1875 

134 

187G 

11 

Many 

1877 

8 

1878 

30 

" 

13 

70 

100 

" 

34 

28 

160 

1879 

16 

50 

u 

"9 

■36 

1880 

100 

600 

200 

" 

10 

20 

" 

6 

20 

25 

■" 

22 

72 

55 

Northford.  Conn 

Hancock,  Ga 

Sunapee,  N.  H 

Warner,  N.  H 

Kingston,  Miss 

Adams  county,  Miss 

Ix)uisville,  Ky 

Jefferson  and  Cook  counties,  III 

Montevallo,  Ala 

Near  Erie,  Pa 

Siline  county,  Kan 

i'ensaukee.  Wis 

Iowa  county,  Wis 

Ray  county,  Mo 

New  Haven  county.  Conn 

Walterborough,  S.  C 

Kansas  (several  tornadoes) 

Ooodhue  county,  Minn 

Barry,  Stone,  Webster,  and  Christian  counties,  Mo 

White  county,  Ark 

Taylorville,  HI 

Noxubee  county,  Miss 


June, 

Apr. 

Sept. 

May, 

May, 

June, 

Aug. 

May, 

Nov. 

July, 

June, 

July, 

May, 

June, 

Aug. 

Apr. 

May, 

July, 

Apr. 

Apr. 
Apr. 


Progress  rapid. 
Intense  darkness. 

Very  destructive. 
Great  loss  of  property. 
Loss,  $1,260,000. 

Very  destructive. 

Town  nearly  destroyed.  \ 
Loss,  $500,000. 
Loss,  $30,000. 
Loss,  $300,000. 


Loss,  t2,000,000. 
Great  loss  of  life. 
Loss,  $1,000,000. 


Loss,  $100,000. 


STO 


767 


STO 


SOME   DISASTROUS  TORNADOES   WHICH   HAVE   OCCURRED   IN  THE    UNITED   STATES.— (Continued.) 


Place. 


Fannin  county,  Tex 

Pottawatomie  county,  la 

De  Soto  county,  Miss 

Osage  county,  Kan 

New  Ulm,  Minn 

Henry  and  Saline  counties,  Mo 

(irinnell,  la • 

Emmetsburg,  la 

Kemper,  Copiah,  Simpson,  Newton,  and  Lauderdale,  Miss. 

Racine,  Wis 

Dodge  and  Olmstead  counties,  Minn 

Izard,  Sharp,  and  Clay  counties,  Ark 


Illinois,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Virginia 
North  and  South  Carolina 


Richmond  and  Harnett  counties,  N.  C 

Miner,  Lake,  and  Minnehaha  counties,  Dak 

Rock,  Hennepin,  Ramsey,  and  Washington  counties,  Minn 

St.  Croix,  Polk,  Chippewa,  and  Price  counties.  Wis 

Camden  county,  N.  J 

Fayette  county,  0 

Dallas,  Perry,  and  Bibbs  counties,  Ala 

Benton  and  Stearns  counties,  Minn 

Green  and  Huron  counties,  0.,  20  killed  and  100  houses  de- 
stroyed at  Xenia 

Prescott  county,  Kan 

Mt.  Vernon,  111 

Still  Pond,  Md.,  and  vicinity  of  Delaware 

Reading  and  Pittsburg,  Pa 


In  Missouri,  Ohio,  and  Kentucky. 
Louisville,  Ky 


South  Lawrence,  Mass. 


26  July, 

26  June, 
6  July, 

16  July, 

27  May, 

16  June, 
4  July, 

17  Nov. 

28  Aug. 
2  Oct. 

17  May, 
4  June, 
Southern  Minnesota  and  central  Iowa 22  Sept. 


Mt.  Carmel,  Pa 

In  Louisiana  and  Mississippi. . 

West  Superior,  Wis 

Wilmington,  Kan 

In  Minnesota , 

Carey,  0 , 

Red  Bud,  111 

Savannah,  Ga.,  Charleston,  S. 

Gulf  coast  of  Louisiana 

Kuukel,  Williams  county,  0. . 
Tacoma,  Wash 


C,  and  southern  coast. 


■28  May,    1880 
10  June,     " 
12  Apr.    1881 
12  June,     " 
15  July,      " 
18  Apr.    1882 

17  June,  " 
24  June,  " 
22  Apr.    1883 

18  May,  " 
21  Aug.  " 
21  Nov.       " 


9  Feb.    1884 


19  Feb. 
28  July, 

9  Sept. 

3  Aug. 

8  Sept. 
6  Nov. 

14  Apr. 

12  May, 

21  Apr. 

15  Feb. 

22  Aug. 

9  Jan. 
10  Jan. 
27  Mch. 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1891 

u 

1892 


1893 
1894 


Persons 

Buildings 
destroyed. 

Killed. 

Icijured. 

40 

83 

49 

20 

35 

10 

27 

5 

22 

50 

6 

53 

247 

8 

150 

51 

100 

300 

260 

100 

51 

200 

100 

16 

100 

52 

26 

80 

400 

5 

162 

60 

800 

2500 

10,000 

18 

125 

55 

15 

18 

100 

6 

75 

305 

6 

100 

500 

6 

100 

300 

13 

50 

... 

74 

136 

138 

57 

85 

20 

237 

330 

39 

125 

11 

... 

•     ... 

33 

18 

... 

76 

200 

900 

9 

40 

7 

10 

50 

... 

25 

100 

50 

*56 
46 

1000 

2000 

7 

30 

50 
30 

75 

... 

Loss,  $1.50,000. 
I>oss,  $300,000. 
Loss,  $150,000. 
Loss,  $1,000,000, 

Loss,  $300,000. 

Loss,  $175,000. 

Loss,  $700,000. 

Loss,  $300,000. 

Unparalleled  series  of  torna- 
does, there  being  over  60  of 
them  scattered  over  the  ter- 
ritory after  10  a.m.  on  that 
day. 


Loss,  $4,000,000. 
Loss,  $500,000. 

Loss,  $385,000. 

Loss,  $1,300,000. 

Loss,  $1,000,000. 
Town  nearly  destroyed. 

r  Suspension  bridge  for  pedes- 
J  trians  and  carriages  wreck- 
(     ed  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Cut  a  path  1000  feet  wide 
through  the  city.  Loss, 
$2,150,000. 

Cut  a  path  200  feet  wide 
through  town.  Most  disas- 
trous ever  recorded  in  the 
New  England  states. 

Many  killed. 

[  Many  injured  and  much  prop- 
[     erty  destroyed. 

Great  destruction  of  property. 

Village  quite  destroyed. 

Great  damage  to  property. 
[Many   wounded;     great    de- 
I     struction  of  i)roperty. 


Cyclones  or  hurricanes,  known  as  typhoons  in  the  China 
sea,  form  a  special  class  of  storms,  always  accompanied  by 
heavy  rain.  They  follow  parabolic  paths,  first  to  westward  and 
then  north  and  northeast  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  but  in 
the  contrary  direction  in  the  northern.  Some  of  the  most 
disastrous  of  the  past  30  years  are  as  follows: 
At  Calcutta,  India,  followed  by  a  storm  wave  over  the  delta  of 

the  Ganges;  45,000  lives  lost  and  about  100  ships 5  Oct.  1864 

Guadaloupe  devastated 6  Sept.  1865 

In  the  Bahamas,  at  Nassau,  New  Providence,  60  to  70  lives  lost, 

600  buildings  destroyed,  many  ships  wrecked 1-2  Oct.  1866 

In  islands  of  Antigua  and  St.  Kitts 21  Aug.  1871 

Near  Madras,  Hiudostan 1  May,  1872 

"Nova  Scotia  cyclone  "  on  Atlantic  coast,  U.  S. ;  1223  vessels 

destroyed;  loss  of  life  over  600;  of  property,  $3,500,000, 

14-17  Aug.  1873 

At  Macao,  Hong-Kong,  etc 22  Sept.  1874 

Indianola,  Tex.,  nearly  destroyed;  126  lives  lost;  property  de- 
stroyed, $1,000,000 15  Sept.  1875 

At  Backergunge,  accompanied  by  a  storm  wave,  covering  the 

eastern  edjje  of  the  delta  of  the  Ganges  with  water  from  10 

to  50  ft.  deep.     Over  100,000  i)eople  perish 31  Oct.  1876 

At  Buen  Ayre  and  Curapoa,  many  lives  lost,  damage  over 

$2,000,000 23  Sept.  1877 

In  Havana,  Wilmington,  N.  C,  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  New 

England ;  very  destructive 21-24  Oct.  1878 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Cape  Lookout,  N.  C.,  to  Eastport, 

Me.    Over  100  large  and  200  small  vessels  shipwrecked,  and 

great  damage  done  to  inland  property 16-20  Aug.  1879 

Nearly  the  whole  of  Jamaica  devastated;  over  12  lives  lost  and 

hundreds  of  buildings  destroyed 17-18  Aug.  1880 

At  Charleston,  S.  C.  and  along  the  coast,  400  lives  lost  and 

hundreds  of  buildings;  value  of  property  dcstroyed,$L500, 000, 
.    ,  23-28  Aug.  1881 

In  Haifong,  etc.,  China ;  about  300,000  lives  lost 8  Oct.     " 

In  England,  great  destruction  of  life  and  property,  including 

about  130  wrecks 14-19  Oct.      " 

All  vessels  wrecked,  and  nearly  every  house  destroyed  at  Man- 

zandla;  damage  estimated,  $500,000 27  Oct.     " 

In  Kansas,  12  killed 7  Apr.  1882 


At  McAllister,  Ind.  Ter. ;  120  lives  lost 10  May,  1882 

At  Galveston,  Tex 6  Sept.     " 

Hurricane  crosses  Cuba,  killing  40  persons  and  thousands  of 
cattle;  passes  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  wrecking  70  vessels 

oft"  Labrador;  100  lives  lost 8-14  Oct.     " 

At  Manilla,  Philippine  islands;  60,000  families  made  homeless 

and  100  sailors  drowned 20  Oct.  and  8  Nov.     " 

Oronogo,  Mo.,  demolished 13  May,  1883 

At  Springfield,  Mo 5  Nov.      " 

In  Kentucky,  12  persons  killed 24  Mch.  1884 

In  Upper  Austria  and  Hungary 7  Aug.     " 

In  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio 28  Sept.      " 

In  Catania,  Sicily,  about  27  killed;  damage,  $1,000,000.  .7  Oct.     " 
At  Charleston, S.C, 21  lives  lost ;  damage  to  property,  $2,000,000, 

23-24  Aug.  1885 

At  Kansas  City,  Mo 11  May,  1886 

In  Madrid,  Spain,  32  killed,  620  injured 12  May,     " 

Newbury,  Ind.,  destroyed 15  Aug.     " 

In  gulf  of  Mexico  and  200  miles  inland;  38  lives  lost;  Indian- 
ola, Tex.,  completely  destroyed;  loss,  $5,000,000. .  .19-20  Aug.     " 

Great  Britain;  many  lives  lost 14-15  Oct.     " 

Off  coast  of  Australia,  550  pearl-flshers  said  to  have  perished, 

22  Apr.  1887 
On  coast  of  Madagascar;  11  vessels  wrecked,  20  lives  lost, 

2  Mch.  1888 

In  Cuba;  estimated  loss  of  life,  1000 13  Sept.     " 

At  Muscat,  Arabia;  several  hundred  lives  lost 9  July,  1890 

Near  St.  Paul,  Minn. ;  over  100  lives  lost 13  July,     '• 

At  Slomni,  Russia;  19  killed 22  July,     " 

Near  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  200  houses  wrecked,  15  lives  lost, 

19  Aug.      " 
On  lake  Ilman,  Russia;  many  lumber  vessels  lost  with  their 

crews 31  May,  1891 

At  Martinique;  all  shipping  in  port  wrecked,  340  lives  lost; 

d.image,  $10,000.000 18  Aug.     " 

At  Conneaut,  0.;  30  buildings  destroyed 27  Oct.     " 

Hurricane  on  and  around  the  island  of  xMauritius,  1200  lives  lost, 

18  May,  1892 
Cyclone  sweeps  the  province  of  Ravigo,  northern  Italy;  great 

loss  of  life  and  property 19  July,     " 

Hurricane  occurs  at  Tonnatay,  Madagascar,  causing  great  loss 
of  life;  10  vessels  foundered  in  the  harbor 6  Mch.  1893 


STO 


768  g-pO 


Severest  wind  storm  ou  record  on  lake  Erie,  many  vessels  and 
lives  lost 17  May,  1893 

Hurricane  on  the  coast  or  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  the  Sea 
islands  dovasUited  and  many  lives  lost 28  Aug.      " 

Cyclone  rages  along  the  coast  of  Florida,  Georgia,  and  South 
Carolinii 12  Oct.     " 

Great  storm  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Europe.  237  lives  lost 
and  many  vessels  off  the  coast  of  England  and  1U5  fishermen 
off  Jutland 20  Nov.     " 

Terrific  gale  on  lake  Michigan,  60  wrecks  along  the  shore  from 
Michigan  City  and  Two  Rivers,  25  lives  lost,  20  schooners 
destroyed  on  the  water  front  at  Chicago,  and  15  schooners 
and  several  steamers  outside 16  May,  1894 

Uail-sfonns,  like  tornadoes,  follow  a  path  very  narrow  as 
compared  with  the  distance  traversed,  often  in  parallel  bands, 
between  which  rain,  but  no  hail,  falls.    Some  noteworthy  hail- 
storms of  which  we  have  a  record  are  as  follows : 
Near  Chartres,  France,  hail  fell  on  the  marching  army  of  Ed- 
ward III. ;  horses  and  men  suffered  much  from  large  hail- 
stones    1339 

Hail-storm  passes  from Touraine,  France,  to  Belgium  in  2  bands; 
one  5  miles  wide  and  500  long,  the  other  10  miles  wide  and  420 
miles  long.    Property  valued  at  $5,000,000  destroyed,  13  July,  1788 
At  Naina  Tal,  India,  hailstones  fell   measuring  from  9  to  13 

inches  in  circumference,  and  weighing  a  pound 11  May,  1855 

Hail  storm  follows  a  i)ath  45  to  60  miles  wide,  from  Bordeaux, 
France,  to  Belgium.     In  St.  Queutin  the  fallen  hail  did  not 

disappear  for  4  days 9  May,  1865 

Hailstones  as  large  as  oranges  fell  in  the  Yellowstone  valley, 

30  July,  1877 
Great  hail  storms  in  Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  Michigan, 
New  Jersey,  Ohio,  and  Dakota.     At  Yankton  the  hail  was  9 

to  12  inches  deep 5  June,  1879 

Hailstones  7  inches  in  circumference  fell  at  Lanesborough, 

Mass 16  July,     " 

Hailstones  6  to  10  inches  in  circumference  fell  in  Wisconsin. 

26  July,     " 
Near  Whitehall,  111.,  hailstones  fell  of  the  size  of  goose  eggs,  and 
drifts  from  8  to  12  inches  deep  were  found  the  day  after  the 

storm  2  June,  1881 

In  Iowa,  hailstones  as  large  as  a  man's  fist  fell,  and  drifts  were 

formed  2  to  3  ft.  deep 12  June,     " 

At  laredo,  Te.x.,  hailstones  weighing  one  pound  fell 8  June,  1882 

At  Dubuque,  la.,  hailstones  fell  of  great  size,  the  largest  weigh- 
ing 28  oz 16  June,     " 

In  Iac  and  Audubon  counties,  la.,  hailstones  13  inches  in  cir- 
cumference were  noted,  and  the  hail  drifted  over  the  fence 

tops 7-8  Aug    1883 

Hail   totally  destroyed  the  crops  in  Walsh  and  Grand  Fork 

counties.  Dak 26  June,  1886 

In  Dakota  and  Minnesota  hail  destroyed  250,000  acres  of  wheat. 
At  Grafton,  Minn.,  hailstones  fell  as  large  as  hens'  eggs, 

24  July,     " 
At  Fort  Yates,  Dak.,  hailstones  fell  3^  inches  in  diameter,  and 

having  cylindrical  protuberances  on  them 10  Aug.     " 

At  Moradabad,  India,  over  230  natives  were  killed  by  a  hail- 
storm; drifts  1  to  2  feet  in  depth  formed,and  hailstones  were 
of  enormous  size 30  Apr.  1888 

Cloud-bursts  or  Water-spouts. — 2  water-spouts  fell  on  the 
Glatz  mountains  in  Germany,  and  caused  dreadful  devastation 
to  Hautenbach  and  many  other  villages;  many  persons  per- 
ished, 13  July,  1827.  A  water-spout  at  Glanfles'k,  near  Killar- 
ney,  in  Ireland,  fell  on  a  farm  of  John  Macarthy,  destroying 
farm-houses  and  other  buildings;  17  persons  perished, 4  Aug. 
1831.  The  length  of  one  seen  near  Calcutta,  27  Sept.  1855, 
was  estimated  to  be  1000  feet.  It  lasted  10  minutes,  and  was 
absorbed  upwards.  One  seen  on  2-4  Sept.  1856,  burst  into 
heavy  rain.  The  town  of  Miskolcz,  Hungary,  destroyed  by  a 
water-spout ;  great  loss  of  life  and  property,  30  Aug.  1878.  A 
water-spout  destroyed  the  town  of  Paso  de  Cuarenta,  Mexico, 
and  170  lives  were  lost,  8  May,  1885.  Upwards  of  100  per- 
sons were  drowned  by  a  cloud-burst  on  the  Yang-tze  river, 
China,  4  Feb.  1890. 

CIX)UO-BUKSrS   KECOKDED   IN   THE   UNirEI)   SI'ATK.S. 


Place. 


Near  Pittsburg,  Pa 

Fort  Sully,  Dak 

Near  Hayes  City,  Kan. 
Chalk  creek,  Utah 

Colorado  desert.  Col. . . 


Red  Bluff,  Cal 

Beaver  creek  (90  miles) 
south  of  Dead  wood).  Dak.  j 

Seven  Star  Springs,  Mo 

Near  Wickenburg,  Ariz 

Central  City,  Col 

An  Indian  settlement,  Cal. . 

Humboldt  county,  Nev 

Near  Jefferson,  Mont 

Near  Pike's  Peak,  Col 


Date. 


(25-26  July,     1 
[  1874  j 

17  Aug.  1876 

26     " 

31     "         " 

12  Sept.  1877 

16  Nov.     " 

12  June,  1879 

11  June,  1881 
6  Aug.     " 
8     "         " 
2  July,  1882 
10  June,  1884 
22     "         " 
26  July,  1885 


N"tes. 


134 drowned;  loss, 
$500,000. 


(400  ft.  of  railroad 
(     track  destroyed. 

11  drowned. 

5        " 

Destroyed. 

3  drowned. 
2 


HKAVIB8T   RAINFALLS   RKCOKDKU  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Place. 


Concord,  Franklin  county.  Pa. 
Newton,  Delaware  county.  Pa. 

Fort  McPherson,  Neb 

Galveston,  Tex 

Biscayne,  Fla 

Indianapolis,  hid 

Sandusky,  O 

Paterson,  N.  J 

Embarrass,  Wis 

Huron,  Dak 

Wasliington,  D.  C 

Collinsville,  111 

Tridelphia,  W.  Va 

Washington,  D.  C 


Rainfall 
in  incliei. 


16 
5.50 
1.50 
3.95 
4.10 
2.40 
2.25 
1.50 
2.30 
1.30 
0.96 
1.70 
6.09 
2.34 


Time. 


3  hours. 

40  niin.. 

5  "  . 

14  "  . 
30  "  . 
25  "  . 

15  '•  . 
8  "  . 

15  "  . 

10  •'  . 

6  "  . 
12  "  . 
55  "  . 
37  "  . 


Date. 


5  Aug.     M 

27  May, 
4  June, 

28  Mch. 

12  July, 
11  July, 

13  July, 
28  May, 
26  July, 


1871 
1874 
1876 
1879 


23  May, 
19  July, 
27  June, 


1888 


il 


Snow-storms  and  Blizzards. — Snow  is  not  unknown,  though 
rare,  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  United  States.  A  heavy 
snow-fall  was  reported  at  New  Orleans  in  1852.  At  Punta 
Rassa,  Fla.,  about  100  miles  from  Key  West,  snow  fell  for  a  few 
moments,  1  Dec.  1876.  5  inches,  the  most  ever  known,  fell  at 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  29-3 1  Dec.  1880.  On  1 2-15  Jan.  1882,  very 
heavy  snow  fell  on  the  desert  westward  of  Tucson,  Ariz.,  which 
extended  into  Mexico  and  Lower  California.  At  Leadville, 
Col.,  snow  fell,  30  Aug.  1882  ;  and  slight  falls  of  snow  occurred  ^ 
in  Great  Britain  as  far  south  as  the  Isle  of  Wight  on  the  night  I 
of  11  July,  1888.  Nearly  |  inch  of  snow  Ml  from  a  dear  sJa/  | 
at  Bloomington,  111.,  15  Mch.  1885.  The  deposits  of  red  snow 
in  Greenland  were  discovered  by  capt.  John  Ross,  British  navy, 
in. 1818,  and  snow  the  color  of  gold-dust  fell  in  Peckeloh,  Ger 
many,  27  Feb.  1877. — A  violent  wind  from  the  north,  when  the 
air  is  filled  with  drifting  snow,  is  known  as  a  blizzard  in  the 
U.  S.,  the  pu?'ga  in  the  Yenisei  valley,  and  the  bura  on  the 
steppes  of  central  Asia.  The  blizzard  is  mentioned  by  Henry 
Ellis,  who  wintered  on  Hudson  Bay  in  1746,  and  spoke  of  the 
northwest  winds  of  York  Factory  being  filled  with  fine  parti- 
cles of  snow.  The  term  blizzard  was  first  used  by  the  U.  S, 
Signal  Service  in  Dec,  1876.  Noteworthy  snow-storms  and 
blizzards  recorded  since  1875  are  as  follows : 

Severe  snow-storm  in  Scotland,  several  lives  lost 1-3  Jan.  1876 

Snow  storm  in  S.  England 12  Mch.     " 

Blizzard  in  England  and  France;  loss  of  life  in  England  and 

Wales  over  100;  many  of  the  streets  of  Paris  were  completely 

blocked  with  snow 18-19  Jan.  1881 

Heavy  snow-storms,  with  great  loss  of  life  by  avalanches,  etc., 

in  Piedmont,  near  Mont  Cenis,  Italy 16-28  Jan.  1886 

Blizzard  in  Montana,  Dakota.  Minnesota,  Kansas,  and  Texas; 

loss  of  life  about  100 '. 11  Jan.  1888 

Blizzard  in  eastern  U.  S  ;  about  70  lives  lost 11-14  Mch.     " 

Blizzards  in  northwestern  U.  S.,  29  Jan. -2  Feb.,  and  7-8  Feb.  1891 
Blizzard  in  Great  Britain;  70  deaths  from  cold,  shipwreck,  etc., 

9-10  Mch.     " 

Miscellaneous. — The  loss  to  shipping  and  life  by  gales  and 
storms  has  been  immense  (Wrecks),  and  an  enumeration  of 
even  the  severest  gales  may  not  be  here  undertaken.  A  few 
liistoric  storms  are,  however,  to  be  added  to  the  number  men- 
tioned above. 

In  London  a  storm  destroyed  1500  houses 944 

Five  hundred  houses  and  many  churches  blown  down  in  Lon- 
don   5  Oct.  1091 

Storm  on  east  coast  of  England;  200  colliers  and  coasters  lost, 

with  most  of  their  crews li 

Gi-eat  storm,  one  of  the  most  terrible  that  ever  raged  in  Eng- 
land. The  loss  in  London  was  estimated  at  2,000,000^,  The 
number  of  persons  drowned  in  the  floods  of  the  Severn  and 
Thames,  and  lost  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  and  in  ships  blown 
out  to  sea  and  never  heard  of  afterwards,  is  thought  to 
have  been  8000.  12  men  of-war,  with  more  than  1800  men 
on  board,  were  lost  within  sight  of  their  own  shore.  Trees 
were  torn  up  by  the  roots,  17,000  of  them  in  Kent  alone.  The 
Eddystone  light-house  was  destroyed,  and  in  it  the  ingenious 
contriver  of  it,  Winstanley,  and  the  persons  who  were  with 
him.     Multitudes  of  cattle  were  also  lost;  in  one  level  15,000 

sheep  were  drowned 26-27  Nov.  1703 

Snow-storm  in  Sweden,  in  which,  it  is  said,  7000  Swedes, 
marching  to  attack  Droutheim,  perished  upon  the  moun- 
tains   1719 

Thirty  thousand  persons  perish  and  a  great  number  of  vessels 

are  wrecked  by  a  storm  in  India 11  Oct.  1737 

Hurricane  in  West  Indies;  4000  houses  destroyed  and  1000  of 

the  inhabitants 25  Oct.  1768 

Seven  thousand  persons  killed  by  a  storm  at  Surat  in  India, 

22  Apr.  1782 
One  hundred  and  thirtv-one  villages  and  farms  laid  waste  in 

France : ' 1786 

Hurricane  at  Madras May,  1811 

Storm  at  Gibraltar;  over  100  vessels  destroyed 18  Feb.  1828 

Hurricane  on  west  coast  of  England  and  Ireland 6-7  Jan.  1839 


1091    . 

r 


STO 

Minol's  Ledge  light-house  in  Boston  harbor  destroyed  by  storm, 

19  Apr.  1851 

Great  storm  in  the  Black  sea,  causing  much  loss  of  life,  ship- 
Ding  and  stores  sent  by  England  for  the  allied  armies  in  the 
Crimea 13-16  Nov.  1854 

Part  of  Crystal  palace,  London,  and  the  steeple  of  Chichester 
cathedral  blown  down 20-21  Feb.  1861 

One  hundred  and  forlv-three  vessels  wrecked  in  storm  on  Brit- 
ish coast .* 28  May,      '' 

Tay  bridgk  blown  into  the  river 28  Dec.  lo79 

Gale  in  gulf  of  Mexico ;  247  lives  lost 12  Oct.  1886 

Storthing,  the  Norwegian  parliament,  said  to  have 
been  first  held  at  Bergen  by  Haco  V.  in  1223,  now  composed 
of  114  members,  one  fourth  in  the  upper  house  (Lagthing) 
and  three  fourths  in  the  lower  house  (Odelsthing). 

StOVei.  The  ancients  used  stoves  which  concealed  the 
fire,  as  the  German  stoves  yet  do.  They  lighted  fires  also  in 
large  tubes  in  rooms  with  open  roofs.  Apartments  were 
warmed  by  portable  braziers.  Stoves  on  this  old  principle, 
improved,  continue  in  use  in  many  houses  and  public  estab- 
lishments in  England,  and  generally  on  the  Continent.  Dr. 
Franklin  and  count  Itumford  pointed  out  the  waste  of  fuel  in 
open  fires;  and  dr.  Neil  Arnott  patented  his  " improvemenCs 
in  the  production  and  agency  of  heat,"  14'  Nov.  1821.  Chim- 
neys. Dr.  C.  William  Siemens  described  his  smokeless  stove 
in  Nature  for  n  Nov.  1880. 

Straight-out  DeiI10Crat§,   Political  parties. 

Strait§  Settlements,  including  Malacca,  Penang  or 
Prince  of  Wales  island,  and  Singapore,  secured  to  Great  Britain 
in  1824,  were  made  a  separate  dependency  in  1853  under  the 
governor-general  of  India.  They  were  separated  from  India 
as  an  independent  settlement  by  act  passed  10  Aug.  1866, 
which  took  effect  Apr.  1867.  The  Cocos  islands  were  placed 
under  the  Straits  Settlements,  1  Feb.  1886,and  Christmas  island, 
8  Jan.  1889.  Singapore,  the  capital,  is  on  the  island  of  Singa- 
pore, which  is  about  27  miles  long  by  14  wide,  with  an  area  of 
206  sq.  miles.  The  native  states  of  Perak,  Selangor,  Sungei- 
Ujong,  Negri  Sembilan,  Johor,  and  Pahang  on  the  peninsula 
are  also  subject  to  some  extent  to  the  British  rule.  The  area 
3f  these  states  on  the  peninsula  is  over  32,000  sq.  miles. 
•  Stral§unc1,  Pomerania,  a  strongly  fortified  Hanse  town, 
built  about  1230.  It  resisted  a  fierce  siege  by  Wallenstein  in 
il628;  was  taken  by  Frederick  William  of  Brandenburg  in  1678 , 
[restored  to  the  Swedes,  1679;  recaptured  by  the  Prussians  and 
•their  allies,  Dec.  1715.  It  surrendered  to  the  French  under 
jBrune,  20  Aug.  1807  ;  was  awarded  to  Prussia,  1815. 
I  Strand,  London.  Houses  were  first  built  upon  the 
;3tra!ul  about  1353,  when  it  was  the  court  end  of  the  town,  or 
I  he  communication  between  the  2  cities  of  London  and  West- 
jitiiiister,  being  then  open  to  the  Thames  and  to  the  fields. 


r69 


STR 


!>itranger§  in  House  of  Commons.    Parliament,  Mav, 

1875. 

Stras'burg,  the  Roman  Argentoratum,  the  capital  of 
Alsace,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  111,  near  the  left  bank  of  the 
iihlne.  Here  Julian  defended  the  Alemanni,  357,  who  capt- 
ired  it,  455.  It  was  annexed  to  Germany,  870.  Louis  XIV. 
ieized  it  28  Sept.  1681,  and  retained  it  by  the  treaty  of  Rys- 
vick,  1697.  The  citadel  and  fortifications  which  he  constructed 
lave  been  augmented  so  that  Strasburg  is  one  of  the  strongest 
,)laces  in  Europe.  It  was  confirmed  to  France  by  the  peace 
[)f  Ryswick  in  1697,  but  captured  by  the  Germans,  28  Sept. 

870,  and  retained  at  the  peace.  May,  1871.  The  cathedral, 
in  epitome  of  Gothic  art,  was  founded  by  Clovis,  and  recon- 
;  tructed  by  Pepin  and  Charlemagne.  After  destruction  by 
ightning,  1007,  it  was  principally  rebuilt  by  Erwin  de  Stein- 
)ach  and  his  son  in  the  14th  century.  The  lofty  tower  (468 
eet  high)  was  completed  in  1439.  The  celebrated  astronom- 
cal  clock,  after  a  long  stoppage,  was  repaired  by  M.  Schwilgue, 

nd  inaugurated  1  Jan.  1843. 

iltempted  insurrection  by  prince  Louis  Napoleon  (afterwards 

emperor),  aided  by  2  officers  and  some  privates 30  Oct.  1836 

'      [They  are  arrested,  and  the  prince  shipped  to  America  by 
:  the  government] 

trasburg  invested  by  Germans,  principally  from  Baden,  during 

the  Franco-Prussian  war 10  Aug.  1870 

/en.  von  Werder  assuming  command  of  the  siege,  bombard- 

'  ment  began  14  Aug. ;  a  vigorous  sally  repulsed 16  Aug.     " 

'  en.Uhrich,the  commander,after  heroic  resistance,a  breach  be- 
I  ing  made  and  an  assault  impending,  surrendered,  2  a.  m.  ;  at  8 
j]  •*.«.  17,150  men  and  400  officers  laid  down  their  arms,  27  Sept.     " 
25 


German  loss  was  said  to  be  906  men,  of  whom  43  were  officers, 

28  Sept.  1870 
Germans  entered  Strasburg  on  the  anniversary  of  its  surprise 

by  the  French  in  1681 30  Sept.     " 

Uhrich  received  the  grand  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  .Oct.     '• 
Library  was  destroyed  and  the  cathedral  injured. 

Stratford-upon-Avon,  a  town  of  Warwickshire, 
Engl.     Shakespeare  and  his  plays. 

Stratheluyd,  a  kingdom  formed  by  the  Britons,  who 
retired  northward  after  the  Saxon  conquest,  about  560.  It 
extended  from  the  Clyde  to  Cumberland.  The  Britons  in  it 
submitted  to  Edward  the  Elder  in  924. 

Strathmore  e§tates.  Miss  Bowes  of  Durham,  then 
the  richest  heiress  in  Europe,  whose  fortune  was  1,040,000/., 
with  vast  additions  on  her  mother's  death,  and  immense  es- 
tates on  the  demise  of  her  uncle,  married  the  earl  of  Strath- 
more, 25  Feb.  1766.  Having,  after  the  earl's  death,  married 
Mr.  Stoney,  she  was  forcibly  carried  off  by  him  and  other 
armed  men,  10  Nov.  1786.  She  Avas  brought  to  the  King's 
Bench  by  habeas  co?-pus  and  released,  and  he  committed  to 
prison,  23  Nov.  The  lady  recovered  her  estates,  which  she 
had  assigned  to  her  husband  under  terror,  in  May,  1788. 

Stratton  Hill,  Battle  of,  in  Cornwall,  Engl.,  16  May, 
1643 ;  the  royal  army,  under  sir  Ralph  Hopton,  defeated  the 
forces  of  the  parliament  under  earl  of  Stamford. 

Strawberry.     Fl(?wers  and  Plants. 

Streight's  rai«1.  Col.  A.  D.  Streight,  51st  Indiana, 
with  a  force  of  1700  men,  mounted,  was  permitted  by  gen. 
Rosecrans  to  attempt  the  destruction  of  railroads  and  other 
property  in  northern  Alabama  and  Georgia.  The  raid  com- 
menced about  12  Apr.  and  closed  3  May,  1863,  by  the  capture 
of  his  entire  command  near  Rome,  Ga.  This  raid  accompli.shed 
nothing,  unless  it  was  to  illustrate  the  futility  of  attempting 
to  accomplish  much  with  little.  Col.  Streight  afterwards  ac- 
quired some  prominence  by  tunnelling  out  of  Libby  prison  and 
escaping. 

Stre'litZ,  the  imperial  guard  of  Russia,  established  by 
Ivan  IV.  about  1568.  I3ecoming  seditious,  it  was  suppressed 
by  Peter  the  Great;  great  numbers  were  killed,  many  by  the 
czar's  own  hand,  1698-1704. 

strike,  the  abandonment  of  work  by  a  body  of  working- 
men,  usually  with  a  view  of  extorting  terms  from  employers. 
Industrial  arbitration  originated  in  France  in  1806,  when  Na- 
poleon, at  the  request  of  the  workingmen  of  Lyons,  caused  the 
creation  by  law  of  boards  of  arbitration  and  conciliation,  which 
still  exist  under  the  title  of  "  Conseils  des  Prud'hommes." 
The  first  voluntary  tribunal  of  trade  disputes  in  England  was 
the  Board  of  Arbitration  and  Conciliation  in  the  glove  and 
hosiery  trade,  which  held  its  first  meeting  at  Nottingham, 
Engl.,' 3  Dec.  1860.  The  first  Board  of  Arbitration  in  the 
United  States  was  organized  by  messrs.  Straiten  &  Storms, 
cigar  manufacturers  of  New  York  city,  in  1879.  The  Wallace 
act  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1883,  was  the  first  legislation  in  tliis 
country  providing  for  voluntary  arbitration  in  industrial  dis- 
putes between  employers  and  employed.  The  first  recorded 
strike  in  the  U.  S..  is  that  of  the  journeymen  bakers  of  New 
York  in  1741.  The  journeymen  boot-makers  of  Philadelphia 
are  mentioned  as  striking  for  increased  wages  in  1796,  1798, 
and  1799.  The  whole  number  of  strikes  and  lockouts  recorded 
in  the  U.  S.  prior  to  1881  is  1491,  of  which  316  were  successful, 
583  failed,  and  154  were  compromised.  Of  438  the  results  are 
unknown.     Since  1881  the  yearly  record  has  been  as  follows : 

Year. 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 


strikes. 


Number 
involved,  i 

471 129,521 

454 154,671 

478 149,763 

443 147,054 

645 242,705 


Year, 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890.. 


Strikfo  Number 

btrikes.  involved. 

...1411 499,489 

...  872 345,073 

...  679 211,016 

...  643 177,298 

...  798 201,682 

Strike  of  sailors  in  New  York  for  increased  wages;  unsuccess- 
ful   Nov.  1803 

Unsuccessful  strike  of  the  Shoemaking  guild  in  Philadelphia, 

lasting  6-7  weeks 1805 

Strike  of  200  cordwaincrs  in  New  York Nov.  1809 

Printers  strike  in  Albany,  protesting  against  the  employment 

of  non-union  men 1821 

Strike  of  laborers  on  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal. 1829 

Strike  and  riot  of  laborers  on  Providence  railroad Apr.  1834 

Mill  strike  at  Paterson,  N.  J. ;  26  weeks'  idleness  and  loss  of 
$24,000  in  wages 1835 


STR 


770 


STR 


Sirikeof  wenvcrsat  Moyamensinganil  Kensington,  Philadelphia, 
Pa  .  on  wages  (amicably  ailjiisted  after  5  months),  begins,  Aug   1842 

'  •  Mechanics'  bell,"  which  hangs  in  a  tower  at  the  foot  of  Fourth 
8t ,  East  river,  N.  Y.,  was  llrst  erected  in  New  York  in  1831. 
It  was  recast  and  raised  ou  a  skeleton  tower  in  Webb's  ship- 


I      yard  (1844),  to  celebrate  the  first  victorious  strike  in  Amer- 
ica for  a  10  hour  diiy,  won  by  the  journeymen  ship-curpen- 

ters  of  Philadelphia 19  Mch.  1844 

National  congress  of  trade  organizations  held  at  Baltimore, 
Md. ;  100  delegates  represent  about  60  trades  unions.  .20  Aug.  18G6 


IMPORTANT    STRIKES    IN   THE    UNITED    STATES   SINCE    1845. 


ClM«oftr«d«. 


Journeymen  tailors. . . 

Iron  workers 

Weavers 

Shoemakers 

Ship  carpenters,  etc. . 

Coal  miners 

General  labor  strike. . 

Coal  miners  


Coal  miners 

Cotton  mill  operatives. 

General  railroad  strike  ( 
(Pbnnsylv.wia) ) 

Spinners    

Ir«)n  workers 

Cotton  handlers 

Weavers  and  spinners. 

Coal  miners 

Cotton  mill  hands 


Rolling-mill  hands 

Iron  workers  (general), 

Bricklayers 

Telegraphers  (general) 

Glass  blowers , 

Spinners , 

Miners..   

Painters 

Miners. 


Miners. 

Carpet  weavers 

Miners 

Miners..  . 

Iron  workers 

Rollingmill  hands 

Miners 

lAsters  and  bottomers.. 

Glove  makers 

Stove  moulders 

Mis.souri    Pacific   rail  | 

road  system ( 

Third  Avenue  Street-  i 

car  line ) 

Cigar  makers 

Lumber  shovcrs 

Street-car  lines 

Moat  packers 

Meat  packers 

Coal  handlers 

Reading  railroad  em- 1 

pioyees } 

Chicago,  Burlington  & 

Quincy  railroad  em-! 

pioyees ) 

New  York  Central  rail- 1 

road  (general) j 

Miners  in  coke  district . 

Miners 

Carnegie  steel  works. . . 
Switclimen  (Erie  rail- ) 

road) i 

Miners,  coal 

Trainmen,  Lehigh  Val-  ( 

ley  railroad j 

Great    Northern     andi 

Montana  Central ! 

railroad ) 

Mine  workers;  general  ( 

throughout  the  U.  S.  I 


Employees  of  llu 
Pullman  Car  Manu- 
facturing company.. 

American  Railway 
union  orders  railroad 
strike  to  support  the 
boycott  against  the 
Pullman  Car  Co 


Number  in- 
volved. 


1,200 

1*366 
7,000 
10,000 


15,000 
M«ny    thoa-\ 
Miids  ;    ex-( 
tensive  ancli 
wl(le-spr«>d) 
14,000 
317 
10,000 

5,253 

2,174 

4,981 

5,000 

30,000 

3,200 
67,000 

1,204 

4,755 

3.000 

6,000 

6,926 

2,289 

2,115 
4,000 
7,272 
15,600 
3,000 
4,500 
5,755 
7.374 
1,750 

9,000 

1,300 

20,000 
12,000 
12,000 
9,260 
10,635 
34,000 

30,000 


15,000 
3.000 
10,000 


28,000 
2,000 


150,000  to  . 
200,000    ) 


2,000 


Where  begun. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

Fall  River,  Mass 

Lynn,  Mass 

Greenpoint,  L.  I 

Scranton,  Pa 

New  York  city 

Tuscarawas  valley,  0 

Mahoning  valley,  0 

Fall  River,  Mass 

Martinsburg,  Md 

Fall  River,  Mass 

Covington  andNewport,Ky 

New  Orleans,  La 

Lawrence.  Mass 

Western  Pennsylvania 

Cohoes,  N.  Y 

Cleveland,  0 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

Chicago,  111 

Pittsburg.  Pa 

Western  Pennsylvania 

Fall  River,  Mass 

Brazil,  Ind 

New  York  city 

Western  Pennsylvania 

Hocking  Valley,  0 

Philadelphia.  Pa 

Western  Pennsylvania 

Cleveland,  0 

Western  Pennsylvania 

Brockton,  Mass 

Gloversville,  N.  Y 

Troy,  N.  Y 

New  York  city 

Chicago,  111 

New  York  city 

Chicago,  III 

New  York  city 

Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

Albany,  N.  Y 

Connellsville,  Pa 

Indiana 

Homestead,  Pa 

Bu(ralo,N.  Y 

Nanticoke,  Pa 

Chicago,  111 

Western  railroads 


4mos. 
2-8     " 
6    " 
6  wks. 
6     " 
4mos. 
3     " 


9     " 
9  wks. 

3mos. 

16  wks. 

21  •" 

2  " 
23  " 
20  " 
19  " 

95  days 

4mos. 
68  days 
30    " 
23  wks. 
16     " 
14     " 

3  " 

22  " 


22  wks. 
54  days 
29    " 
16.  " 
88    " 

4mos. 

6  wks. 

9     " 
17     " 

2mos. 

60  days 

1  day 

2  wks. 
1  day 

11  days 
10    " 


2mos. 


6     " 

2  mos. 
5     " 

10  days 

3  mos. 
18  days 

16    " 

2  mos. 

4  " 


Yes 
No 


Partly 

Yes 

Partly 

No 


Yes 


Yes 
No 


Partly 
No 

Yes 


No 
Partly 


No 

Partly 
No 

Y'es 
No 


Partly 


Object  of  strike. 

For  increase  in  wages 

Against  reduced  wages 

For  increase  in  wages 

For  8-hour  day 

Against  reduced  wages 

For  8-hour  day 

(  Against  15  cents  reduction) 
(     per  ton  mined i 

{Against  15  cents  reduction  )^ 
per  ton  mined j 

Against  reduced  wages 

For  increase  in  wages , 

For  new  scale  of  prices 

For  increase  in  wages , 

Against  reduced  wages 

(  For  adoption  of  Associa- ) 

I     tion  rules ] 

For  new  scale  of  prices 

Increase  of  wages 

For  155? advance  in  wages., 
Against  reduced  wages 

For  iD«rease  in  wages 

(Against  20  cents  reduc-) 

\     tion  per  ton  mined ) 

Against  reduced  wages 

11  (I  u 

For  increase  of  wages 

Against  reduced  wages 

For  increase  in  wages 

Against  fixed  rates 

For  increase  in  wages 

Ordered  by  Martin  Jones. . 

(Against  hours  of  labor  and) 

(     discharge  of  men j 

For  fewer  hours 

For  fewer  hours,  more  pay . , 
In  sympathy  with  strikers. , 

Against  10-hour  day 

Against  increase  of  hours  . , 

For  advance  in  wages , 

Adjustment  of  wages 

(Against  dismissal  of) 
\     Knights  of  Labor | 

For  wage  scale 

For  wage  scale 

General  grievance 

Settled  by  arbitration 

Against  reduction  of  wages. 


Sympathetic. 


Loss  in 
wages. 


$140,000 
200,000 
900,000 


746,700 

Manyinill-j 

'     property  j 

100,000 

300,000 

50,000 

800,000 

500,000 

541,250 

376,250 

3,300,000 
560,000 

526,000 
412,9.50 
300,000 
324,000 
727,480 

473,500 

312,000 
344,300 
323,600 
442.733 
410;000 
549,780 
430,000 
648,900 
400,000 

1,400,000 

50,000 

27,000 
270,000 

25,000 

175,000 

169,680 

2,650,000 

3,620,000 


875,000 
2,000,000 


A.nerican  Railway  Union,  a  powerful  labor  organization  of 
railroad  employees  under  the  presidency  of  Eugene  V. 
Debs,  orders  a  symi)athetic  strike  in  favor  of  the  Pull- 
man Car  company  strikers  on  the  western  railroads, 

26  June, 

Rapidly  spreads 28  June, 

U  S.  government  interferes  on  account  of  the  mails.  .30  June, 

Injunction  against  strikers  from  the  U.  S.  courts 2  July, 

Federal  troops  ordered  to  Chicago 3  July, 


1894 


Gov.  Altgeld  sends  protesting  telegrams  to  pres.  Cleveland  for 

sending  the  U.  S.  troops 4-5  July,  1894 

Fierce  rioting  in  Chicago  during  the  strike;   several  million 

dollars'  worth  of  railroad  property  destroyed .5-8  July,     " 

Debs,  with  Howard  and  other  leaders,  indicted  and  arrested 

for  conspiracy,  released  on  $10,000  bail 10  July,     " 

James  R.  Sovereign,  president  of  the  Knights  of  Labor,  issues 

a  call  for  the  knights  to  strike — no  general  response, 

10  July,     " 


STR 

Executive  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  decides  not  to 

order  a  strike 13  July,  1894 

[Strike  greatly  weakened  by  this  decision.] 

Debs  arrested,  charged  with  violating  the  Federal  injunction, 

17  July,      " 

Federal  troops  withdrawn  from  Chicago 19  July,      " 

Pres.  Cleveland  appoints  Carroll  D.  Wright,  commissioner 
of  labor,  John  I).  Kernan,  and  Nicholas  E.  Worthington  a 
committee  to  investigate  the  Pullman  strike 25  July,     " 

Strike  declared  od'  by  the  strike  committee  of  the  American 
Railway  Union *>  Aug.      " 


771 


SUE 


State  troops  ordered  home  by  gov.  Altgeld 7  Aug.  1894. 

Committee  of  investigation  begin  their  work  in  Chicago,15  Aug.     " 
Trial  of  Debs  and  other  officers  of  the  American  Railway 

Union  began  in  the  U.  S.  courts,  Chicago 5  Sept.      " 

U.  S.  justice  Harlan  delivers  his  decision  on  strikes,  Chicago, 

1  Oct.      " 
Attorney-general  Olney  decides  that  the  boycott  of  the  Reading 

railroad  again.st  labor  unions  is  unlawful 9  Nov.      " 

Committee  of  investigation  report,  exonerating  the  American 

Railway  Union,  and  condemning  the  Pullman  Company  and 

the  General  Managers  Association Nov.  12     " 


IMPORTANT  ENGLISH   AND  FOREIGN  STRIKES. 


Class  of  trade. 


Cotton  spinners 

Spinners 

Spinners 

Builders 

Potters 

Amalgamated  Society  of  j 
Operative  Engineers. .  j 

Spinners  (lock  out) 

Colliers  (lock  out) 

Building  trade  (lock-out). 

Engineers 

Cotton  hands 

Colliers 

Agricultural  union 

Building  operatives 

Colliers 

Miners  (lock-out) 

Shipwrights 

Masons 

Cotton-mill  hands 

Nailers , 

Cotton-mill  hands 

Coal  miners 

Ship-builders 

Miners 


Coal  miners.. 


Dock  laborers. 


Factory  hands. 

Railroad 

Shipping  trade 
Miners 

Coal  miners 


30,000 
10,000 
30,000 
30,000 
3,300 

15,000 

17,000 
3,200 

25,000 
9,000 

35,000 

18,000 

10*666 
70,000 
50,000 
10,000 

1,700 

300,000 

25,000 

10,000 

70,000 

8,000 
30,000 


a  Aug.  - 

25,000 

30  Aug. 

t  80,000. 

40,000 

50,000 

80,000 
36,000 


Where  begun. 


Lancashire,  Engl 

Manchester,  Engl 

Ash  ton  and  Staleysbridge. 

Manchester,  Engl 

Staffordshire,  Engl 

England ^ 


Preston 

West  Yorkshire 

London 

Newcastle 

Oldham  

South  Wales 

Alderton,  Suffolk,  Engl. 

liondon 

South  Wales 


Clyde  

I/ondon 

Lancashire 

Staffordshire 

Oldham 

Durham 

Tyne 

S.  Yorkshire  and  Midland. 

Westphalia,  Germany 


Barcelona,  Spain. 
Cardiff,  Wales 


Australia  and  New  Zealand 
Pas-de-Calais,  France 

England  and  Wales , 


4 
6 
10 
6 
4     " 

11  wks. 

9mos. 

2 

T 
20 

1 
12 
18     " 

12  " 
11     " 

5mos. 


wks. 
mos. 


?< 
I  wks. 
wk. 
wks. 


wks. 
mos. 
wks. 
mos. 

mos. 
wk. 


idays 


1  mo. 


No 


Partly 
No 
Yes 


Yes 


Partly 


Partly 


Object  of  strilte. 


For  advance  in  wages 

Against  new  machinery. , 

For  advance  in  wages 

Against  contract  building 
For  advance  in  wages 

Against  overtime 


For  10$g  increase  in  wages. 

Against  reduced  wages 

For  9-hour  day 


No 

No 
Partly 

Against  reduced  wages 

i 

More  pay,  less  time 

Against  reduced  wages 

No 
Partly 

Against  reduced  wages — 

For  advance  in  wages 

( For  increased  pay  and  8- 1 
\     hour  day .* j 

(For    increased    ]'ay   and; 
(     other  grievances i 

(  For  reduction  of  time  of  ( 

I     labor j 

(For  reduction  of  time  of  | 
{     labor ) 


{Against  25^  reduction  in  | 
wages ( 


$1,250,000 

1,250,000 

360,000 

250,000 


2,100,000 
500,000 

966,000 

175,000 

1,080,000 

666,000 
3,850,000 


280,500 

13,500,000 

1,2.50,000 

200,000 

126,600 


Date  of 

beginning. 


Nov 
10  Jan. 
15  Oct. 


1810 
1829 


1833 
1834 

1852 


18.53 
1858 
Aug.  1859 
May,  1871 


Mch.  1872 
1  June,    " 

1  Jan.    1873 

2  Jan.    1875 
May,  1877 

31  July,     " 
18  Apr.   1878 

25  Nov.      " 
5  Apr.    1879 


3  May,  1889 


15  Aug. 


1890 


7  Aug. 

29  Aug. 
15  Nov. 

28  July, 


1891 


itroil'tiuin.  The  native  carbonate  of  strontia  was 
discovered  at  Strontian,  in  Argyleshire,  in  1787.  Sir  Hum- 
phry Davy  first  obtained  from  it  the  metal  strontium  in  1808. 

itrycll'llia,  a  poisonous  vegetable  alkaloid,  discovered 
in  1818  by  Pelletier  and  Caventou  in  the  seeds  of  the  strych- 
nos  ignatia  and  nux-vomica,  and  also  in  the  upas  poison. 
Half  a  grain  blown  into  the  throat  of  a  rabbit  occasions 
death  in  4  minutes;  it  produces  lockjaw.  Much  attention  was 
given  to  stryclinia  in  1856,  during  the  trial  of  William  Palm- 
er, who  was  executed  for  the  murder  of  Cook,  14  June,  1856. 

Stuart,  properly  SteAVart,  House  of.  England, 
Pretenders,  Scotland. 

Stucco  "work,  a  plaster  of  pulverized  marble  and 
gypsum  applied  to  walls  and  ceilings  for  decorative  purposes. 
It  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  was  much  prized  by  them, 
particularly  bj'  the  Romans,  who  excelled  in  it. — Lenglet.  It 
was  revived  by  D'Udine,  about  1550;  and  in  Italy,  France, 
and  England  in  the  18th  centur3\ 

Stuhm,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia.  Here  Gustavus  Adolphus 
of  Sweden  defeated  the  Poles,  1628. 

Stun'distS,  a  Puritan  sect  in  south  Russia,  said  to  be 
descendants  of  Russian  soldiers  converted  from  the  Greek 
church  by  German  missionaries;  some  were  cruelly  perse- 
cuted by  the  bigoted  peasantrj'-  of  Vossnessensk  in  Kherson 
in  1879 ;  13  of  the  ringleaders  were  tried  for  the  crime,  8  Nov. 
1879. 

Sturm  und  I>rang  ("storm  and  pressure")  period 
or  movement  in  German  literature,  a.  chaotic  or  volcanic  pe- 
riod, without  form  or  order,  1760-1800. 

Stuttgart,  capital  of  Wiirtemberg,  first  mentioned  in 
1229,  was  made  his  residence  bv  count  Eberhard,  1320;  en- 


larged by  Ulric,  1436;  and  made  capital  of  the  state,  1482.  It 
has  been  greatly  adorned  during  the  last  and  present  centu- 
ries. International  rifie-meeting  here,  1  Aug.  1875.  Pop.  1890, 
139,659. 

style  (Gr.  aTi^eiv,  to  pierce,  to  stick,  thence  arvXoQ,  a 
sharp -pointed  iron),  manner  of  writing,  of  doing,  etc.;  a 
mode  of  reckoning  time.  The  style  was  altered  by  Augus- 
tus Caesar's  ordering  leap-j'ear  to  be  once  in  4  years,  and  the 
month  Sextilis  to  be  called  Augustus,  8  b.c.     August,  New 

STYLE. 

Styli'tes,    Monachism. 

Styr'ia,  a  province  of  Austria,  part  of  the  ancient  Nori- 
cum  and  Pannonia,  was  held  successively  by  the  Romans, 
Ostrogoths,  and  Avars.  It  was  conquered  by  Charlemagne, 
and  divided  among  his  followers,  styled  counts,  among 
whom  the  count  of  Styria,  about  876,  was  the  most  powerful. 
The  count  became  margrave  about  1030;  and  Ottocar  VI., 
in  1180,  was  made  duke.  At  his  death,  1192,  Styria  was  an- 
nexed to  the  duchy  of  Austria.  In  1246  it  was  acquired  by 
Bela  IV.  of  Hungary;  in  1253  by  Ottocar  II.  of  Bohemia, 
after  whose  defeat  and  death  at  INIarchfeld,  in  1278,  it  revert- 
ed to  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg,  and  was  annexed  to  his  possessions. 

submarine  lamp,  one  invented  by  Siebe  and  Gor- 
man, has  been  in  use  since  1850,  especially  at  Cherbourg; 
Heinke  and  Davis's  lamp  was  exhibited,  1871. 

submarine  telegraph.    Electuicity. 

Succession,  Wars  of.  Austrian  Succession,  Span- 
ish Succession. 

Suevi  (swe'vi),  a  warlike  German  tribe,  which,  with 
the  Alani  and  the  Visigoths,  entered  Spain  about  408 ;  were 
overcome  and  absorbed  bv  the  latter,  about  584. 


N, 


SUE 

Suez  canal.  The  caliph, Omar  about  640  opposed 
cutting  the  isthmus.  A  plan  for  a  canal  between  the  head  of 
the  Red  sea  and  the  bay  of  relusium  was  brought  forward 
by  M.  Ferdinand  de  Le8se|)s  in  1862.  He  undertook  to  cut  a 
canal  through  90  miles  of  sand  (actual  length,  87  miles ;  66 
miles  canal  and  21  miles  lakes);  to  run  out  moles  into  the 
Mediterranean ;  to  deejMjn  the  shallow  waters ;  to  create  ports 
to  receive  the  ships  from  India  and  Australia,  and  to  adapt  the 
canal  to  irrigation.  The  consent  of  the  Egyptian,  Turkish, 
Russian,  French,  and  Austrian  governments  was  gradually  ob- 
tained, but  not  that  of  the  British.  A  company  was  formed 
for  the  purpose,  and  the  work  commenced  in  1858  by  Daniel 
Lange  (knighted  1870).  The  cost  was  estimated  at  8,000,000/. 
Engineer,  M.  L.  Monteit. 

M.  Delacour,  a  French  engineer,  after  viewing  works,  "em- 
ploying 26,000  men  in  the  desert,"  expected  that  they  would 

be  completed  in  4  or  5  years 7  Nov.  1862 

Waters  of  the  Mediterranean  admitted  into  a  narrow  channel 

coiumuuicating  with  lake  Timsah Hec.     " 

New  town  Timsah  named  Ismaila 4  Mch.  1863 

Works  visited  by  the  sultan  and  by  Mr.  Hawkshaw *' 

Company  compelled  by  the  Egyptian  government  to  give  up 

compulsory  labor;  litigation  ensued Aug.     " 

M.  de  Lesseps  reports  that  a  vessel  with  30  persons  had  been 

tugged  from  sea  to  sen Feb.  1865 

Delegates  from  British  chambers  of  commerce  visit  the 
works,  and  report  that  success  is  only  an  affair  of  time 

and  monev 17  Apr.     " 

Flood-g.ites  of  smaller  Suez  canal  opened,  the  fresh  water  of 
the  Nile  admitted ;  a  coal-vessel  passes  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean to  the  Red  sea 15  Aug.     " 

Primo,  80  tons'  burden,  passes  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 

Red  sea 17  Feb.  1867 

A  loan  raised  in  France " 

French  and  English  vessels  enter  the  canal Nov.  1868 

John  Fowler,  the  engineer,  reports  the  canal  suitable  for 
steamers  and  mail  traffic,  but  not  for  vessels  requiring  tugs, 

5  Feb.  1869 

Mediterranean  admitted  to  salt  lakes 18  Mch.     " 

Visited  by  the  prince  and  princess  of  Wales 23  Mch.     " 

Canal  opened  in  presence  of  the  emperor  of  Austria,  empress 

of  the  French,  viceroy  of  Egypt,  etc 17  Nov.     " 

M.  de  Lesseps  entertained  in  London 4  July,  1870 

Traffic  in  1870-71  doubled 1872-73 

Charges  for  vessels  increased  50  per  cent. ;  British  appeal  for 

a  national  conference Apr.  1873 

International  conference  on  Suez  dues  meet  at  Constantinople; 

21  sittings;  report  dated  18  Dec.    Proposals  of  the  sultan  ac- 
cepted by  European  powers Dec.     " 

M.  de  Lesseps  protests;  lords  of  admiralty  informed  (by  D.  A. 
I.Ange)  that  canal  will  be  closed  unless  old  dues  are  paid, 

22  Apr. ;  he  yields 26  Apr.  1874 

Col.  Stokes,  after  survey,  reports  to  earl  of  Derby  the  canal 

generally  in  a  satisfactory  state 20  Apr.     " 

British  government  authorize  messrs.  Rothschild  to  buy  for 
4,080,000^.  the  khedive's  shares  (176,602  shares  of  101..  out 
of  400,000)  in  the  canal  (at  5  per  cent,  till  1  July,  1894,  after 

which  dividends  will  be  paid) Nov.  1875 

M.  de  Lesseps  in  a  circular  says  he  regards  "as  a  fort- 
unate circumstance  the  powerful  union  between  English 
and  French  capitalists  for  the  purely  industrial  and  neces- 
sarily peaceful  working  of  the  universal  maritime  canal," 

29  Nov.     " 
Subject  discussed  in  the  commons,  14  Feb. ;  money  (4,080,000^.) 

voted,  21  Feb. ;  act  passes 15  Aug.  1876 

eutrality  of  canal  claimed  by  Great  Britain May,  June,  1877 

Its  freedom  secured  by  settlement  of  Egypt 1882-83 

Receipts  about  5,000,000  francs,  1870;  60,523,815  francs 1882" 

Second  canal  determined  on  by  British  ship-owners;  syndicate 

appointed 10  May,  1883 

Arrangements  made  by  government  for  construction  and  ad- 
vancement of  capital,  virtually  under  control  of  De  Lessepss 
company,  announced  11  July;  dissatisfaction  and  opposition 
in  England,  12  July;  proposed  convention  withdrawn, 

23  July,     " 
Sir  Stafford  Northcote's  resolution  against  De  Lesseps's  monop- 
oly negatived  (284-185) 31  July,     " 

De  Lesseps  visits  London  ;  agrees  with  steamship  owners 
to  enlarge  present  canal  or  create  a  new  one,  giving  addi- 
tional powers  to  the  company,  and  to  reduce  dues,  etc. , 

30  Nov.     >' 
Agreement  approved  by  the  British  government,  25  Feb. ;  the 

shareholders  at  Paris  protest  against  it,  but  ratify  it  (2608- 

556) 29  May,     ' ' 

Widening  of  the  present  canal  decided  on,  after  investigation 

by  commission,  Dec.  1884;  plans  adopted  by  the  commission, 

9  Feb.  1885 
International  commission  sits  at  Paris;  English  and  French 

schemes  discu.ssed Apr.-May,     " 

Parts  of  these  schemes  incorporated  in  treaty May,'    " 

Arrangements  with  Egypt  completed  for  widening  the  canal, 

27  Dec.  1886 
Convention  at  Paris  for  England  and  France,  neutralizing  the 

canal  under  a  joint  commission 24  Oct.  1887 

Adhesion  of  the  other  powers  announced,  July;  ratified  by  the 

sultan,  25  Oct. ;  by  the  powers 29  Oct.  and  22  Dec.  1888 


(72 


SUG 

TRAFFIC  THROUGH  THE  CANAL. 


Year. 

No.ofthipa. 

OrosR  tonnage. 

Gross  recei|iis. 

1870 

486 
765 
1,082 
1,173 
1,264 
1,494 
1,457 
1,663 
1,593 
1.477 

435,911 
761,467 
1,439,169 
2,085,073 
2,423,672 
2,940,709 
3,072,107 
3,418,950 
3,291,535 
3,236,942 

£255,488 
464  091 

1871 

1872 

758,659 

1873 

971  882 

1874 

1,029,492 

1,204,387     , 

1,229,157 

1,337,617 

1,272,435 

1,214,443 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878    

1879    

Total,  10  years 

12,454 

23,105,535 

9,737,651 

1880    

2.026 
2,727 
3,198 
3,307 
3,284 
3,624 
3,100 
3,137 
3,444 
3,425 

4,344,519 
5,794,401 
7,122,125 
8,051,307 
8,319,967 
8,985,411 
8,183,313 
8,430,043 
9,437,957 
9,605,745 

•    1.672,836 
2,187,047 
2,536,343 
2,645,506 
2,480,000 
2,601,998 
2  241  096    ■ 

1881       

1882             .             

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

2,314,494 
2  680  000 

1888 

1889    

2,735,678 

Total,  10  years 

31,272 

78,274,788 

24,094,997 

1890   

3,389 

9,749,129 

2  679  340 

The  statutes  of  the  Suez  Canal  company  provide  that  all  net  earn- 
ings in  excess  of  5  per  cent,  interest  on  the  shares  shall  be  divided 
as  follows  : 

1.  15  per  cent,  to  the  Egyptian  government. 

2.  10    "      "     to  the  founders'  shares. 

3.  2    "      "     for  the  employees  of  the  company. 

4.  71    "      "    as  dividend  on  394,677  shares. 

5.  2    "      "     to  the  managing  directors. 

The  net  profits  in  1890  were  over  1,525,335^.  Of  the  3389  ships 
passed  through  the  canal  in  1890,  2522  belonged  to  Great  Britain. 

SUg'ar  (Saccharum  officinarum)  is  supposed  to  have  been 
known  to  the  ancient  Jews.     Found  in  India  by  Nearchus, 
admiral  of  Alexander,  325  b.c. — Strabo.     An  Oriental  nation 
in  alliance  with  Pompey  used  the  juice  of  the  cane  as  a  com- 
mon beverage. — Lucan.     It  was  prescribed  as  a  medicine  by 
Galen,  2d  century.     Brought  into  Europe  from  Asia,  G26  A.D.; 
in  large  quantities,  1150.    Attempted  to  be  cultivated  in  Italy; 
not  succeeding,  the  Portuguese  and  Spaniards  carried  it  to 
America  about  1510.     It  was  long  considered  a  neutral  sub- 
stance, without  congeners,  but  has  of  late  j'ears  become  the 
head  of  a  numerous  family — viz. :  cane-sugar  {sucrose,  from 
the  sugar-cane;  boiled  with  dilute  acids  it  becomes  ,9/M cose) ; 
fruit-sugar  (from  many  recent  fruits) ;  grape-sugar  ((jlucose, 
from  dried  fruits  and  altered  starch);  sugar  of  milk  {melitosef 
from  eucalyptus,  by  Berthelot  in  1856) ;  sorbin  (from  the  ber- 
ries of  the  mountain  ash,  b}'  Pelouze);  inosite  (from  muscular 
tissue,  Scherer) ;  dulcose  (by  Laurent);  mannite  (from  manna, 
obtained  from  \\\q  fraxinus  ornus,  a  kind  of  asli);  quercite 
(from  acorns) ;  to  these  have  been  added  tnycose.,  by  M.  Mit- 
scherlich,  and  melezetose  and  trehalose,  by  M.  Berthelot. 
Sugar-refining  was  made  known  to  Europeans  by  a  Venetian, 
1503;  and  was  first  practised  in  England  iiboiit  1659,    The  "^ 
invaluable  vacuum-pan  was  invented  by  Charles  E.  Howard, 
1812.     Dr.  Scoffern's  processes  were  patented  in  1848-50. 
Sugar-cane  transported  from  Trij)oli  and  Syria  to  Sicily  nnd 

Madeira about  1138 

It  is  not  known  when  sugar  was  introduced  into  England,  but 
doubtless  before  Henry  VIII.  Mr.  Whittaker,  in  the  "His- 
tory of  Whalley, "  p.  109,  quotes  a  mention 1497 

A  manuscript  letter  of  sir  Edward  Wotton,  dated  Calais,  noti- 
fies lord  Cobliam  that  he  had  taken  up  for  him  25  sugar- 
loaves   at  6  shillings  a  loaf,  "whiche   is  eighle  pence  a 

pounde  " 6  Mch.  1546 

Sugar  first  taxed  (by  James  II. ) 1686 

The  consumption  of  sugar  per  capita  in  the  principal  nations 
of  Europe  is,  England,  78  pounds;  Denmark,  41:  Switzer- 
land, 33;  France,  28-f-;  Holland,  28;  Germany,  24;  Norway 
and  Sweden,  22-f-;  Belgium,  21;  Portugal,  14;  others  less. 
Average,  22. 

SPGAR   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Sugarcane  first  grown  in  part  of  territory  now  constituting  the 

U.S 1751 

First  American  sugar-mill  built  near  New  Orleans 176S 

Sugar  first  manufactured  from  sorghum 1882 

A  bounty  was  granted  by  Congress  from  1  July,  1891,  to  1  July, 
1905,  of  2  cents  a  pound  on  sugar  not  less  than  90°  by  the 
polariscope  from  cane,  beets,  sorghum,  and  maple  produced 
in  the  U.  S.,  and  testing  less  than  90°  and  not  less  than  80°, 

1%  cents 1  Oct.  1890 

[All  bounties  paid  to  sugar  producers  in  the  U.  S.  ceased 
from   the  date  of  the  passage  of  the  Tariff  act,  27  Aug. 
1894.] 
The  following  table  shows  the  production  in  pounds  of  the  different 


SUI 

kinds  of  sugar  in  the  U.  S.  for  1891,  on  which  $7,342,077  bounty 
was  paid : 

Cane  sugar.  Pounds. 

Louisiana 354,901,053 

Texas 8,989,567 

Florida  929,248 

Mississippi 9,543    364,829,411 

Beet  sugar. 

California 8,175,438 

Nebraska 2,734,500 

Utah 1,094,900     12,004,838 

Sorghum  sugar. 

Kansas 1,136,086 

Maple  sugar 144,882 

378,115,217 
Sugar  on  which  bounty  was  not  paid,  mostly 

maple 34,778,013 

Total 412,893,230 

Sugar  imported  into  the  U.  8.  for  the  year  ending  30  June,  1893, 
was  3,766,445,347  pounds,  and  the  total  amount  consumed  was 
4,024,646,975  pounds,  being  62+  pounds  per  capita.  Very  little 
sugar  exported  from  the  U.  S. ;  average  less  than  20,000,000 
pounds  yearly.  Sugar  duties,  1890,  prior  to  the  reduction  of  the 
duty,  $53,992,107;  1892,  after  reduction,  $76,795. 
Total  production  of  beet  sugar  of  the  world  in  1891  was  7,987,913,- 

896  pounds;  of  cane  sugar,  4,529,248,334  pounds. 
In  1887  there  was  produced  in  the  U.  S.  400.000  pounds  of  beet 
sugar;  1888,  3,600,000;  1889,  6,000,000;  1890,  8,000,000;  1891, 
12  000  000;  1892,  27,000,000,  of  which  California  produced  21,- 
800,000;  Nebraska,  3,800,000;  Utah,  1,400,000  pounds.  In  1893, 
43,000,000  pounds  produced  from  200,000  tons  of  beet  roots,  av- 
eraging the  producer  $4.50  per  ton.  Of  the  total  amount  of  sugar 
made  in  the  world,  1893,  about  7,000,000  tons,  60  per  cent,  was 
manufactured  from  beets. 
The  average  yearly  production  of  maple  sugar  in  the  U.  S.  is  about 
32,000,000  pounds,  although  some  years  there  is  produced  over 
50,000,000  pounds.  According  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1890  there 
were  23,533  producers  of  maple  sugar  making  500  pounds  and 
over,  10,099  of  them  in  the  state  of  Vermont. 

§l]ici<le  (Lat.  sui,  pronoun  of  one's  self,  and  caedo,  to 
kill),  self-murder.  Strabo,  the  historian,  tells  us  that  at  Ceos, 
1  the  country  of  Simonides,  500  B.C.,  it  was  an  established  cus- 
j  torn  to  allow  suicide  to  those  who  had  attained  60  years  or 
1  were  infirm.  The  Greek  and  Ronaan  philosophers  deenoed  it 
I  a  crime,  and  in  Athens  the  offending  hand  was  buried  apart 
\  from  the  body.  Plutarch  relates  that  an  unaccountable  pas- 
{  sion  for  suicide  seized  the  Milesian  virgins,  and  was  only 
t  broken  up  by  a  decree  that  the  naked  body  of  every  j'oung 
I  maid  who  committed  suicide  should  be  drawn  through  the 
i  streets.  In  P^ngland  until  1823  the  body  of  the  suicide  was 
\  directed  to  be  buried  in  a  cross-road  and  a  stake  driven 
i  through  it.  England,  1886.  An  act  suppressing  the  bar- 
I  barous  custom  was  passed  in  1882.  During  5  years,  from 
I  1882-1887,  there  were  8226  suicides  in  the  United  States. 
[  The  average  annual  suicide  rate  per  100,000  persons  is  esti- 
i  mated  for  various  countries  as  follows :  Saxony,  31.1 ;  Austria, 
i  21.2;  Switzerland,  20.2;  France,  15.7;  German  empire,  14.5; 
Prussia,  13.3;  England  and  Wales,.  6.9;  United  States,  3.5 ; 
Russia,  2.9;  Ireland,  1.7;  Spain,  1.4. 

An  epidemic  of  suicide  among  the  soldiers  under  Tarquin  I., 
to  avoid  the  menial  task  of  excavating  the  sewers  of  Rome, 
is  checked  by  an  edict  that  the  bodies  of  suicides  be  ex-    b.c. 

posed  to  public  view  nailed  on  crosses 606 

Cato  the  Younger  commits  suicide  at  Utica,  Africa 46 

Jews,  at  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus,  destroy  themselves 
in  large  numbers  in  the  fortress  of  Massada,  to  avoid  falling  a.d. 

into  the  hands  of  the  Romans 70 

Suicide  condemned  as  a  crime  by  the  Council  of  Aries 452 

First  ecclesiastical  rule  as  to  suicide  in  England,  made  at  the 

first  Council  of  Braga,  forbids  a  burial  service  for  suicides. . .     563 
No  commemoration  of  a  suicide  to  be  made  in  the  Eucharist, 
and  no  psalms  sung  at  the  burial,  by  declaration  of  Council 

of  Auxerre 578 

Hara-kiri  (suicide  by  disembowelment)  of  persons  of  military 
class  in  Japan,  condemned  to  death,  instituted  during  the 

Ashikaga  dynasty 1336-1568 

By  criminal  law  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  the  body  of  a  suicide 

is  to  be  dragged  at  a  cart's  tail 1670 

Epidemic  of  suicide  at  Versailles,  1793;  at  Rouen,  1806,  and  at 

Stuttgart 1811 

In  the  British  army,  an  ofBcer  attempting  suicide  will  be  court- 
martialed  and  cashiered,  and  a  private  imprisoned,  by  law  of  1879 
Law  passed  in  New  York,  26  July,  1881,  making  attempted  sui- 
cide a  felony,  punishable  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  2 
years,  or  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  $1000,  or  both,  takes  effect, 

1  Dec.  1882 
Lawrence  Rallard  sentenced  to  one  year's  imprisonment,  for  at- 
tempting suicide ;  first  conviction"under  the  law  of  1882,  8  Feb.  1883 

Sullivan,  Fort.-    Fort  Moultrie. 
Sullivan's   expedition  against  the  Si.x  Nations. 
Hew  Yokk,  1779. 


773 


SUN 


sulphur  has  been  known  from  the  earliest  times.  Basil 
Valentine  mentions  its  production  from  green  vitrioL  Sul- 
phuric acid  (vitriol),  produced  by  him  from  burning  sulphur, 
was  introduced  into  England  about  1720.  Sulphur  has  been 
studied  by  eminent  chemists  during  the  present  century,  and 
many  discoveries  have  been  made— such  as  its  allotropic  con- 
dition, etc.  It  is  the  inflammable  constituent  in  gunpowder, 
and  a  deleterious  ingredient  in  coal-gas.  The  sulphur  mines 
of  Sicily  have  been  wrought  since  the  16th  century,  but  the 
exportation  was  inconsiderable  till  about  1820;  in  1838  the 
trade  increased  so  much  that  Great  Britain  alone  imported 
38,654  tons.  In  that  year  the  Neapolitan  government  was 
induced  to  grant  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  to  a  French  com- 
pany; but  a  tirm  remonstrance  from  the  British  government 
led  to  a  discontinuance  of  this  impolitic  restriction  in  1841, 
which,  however,  gave  a  great  and  lasting  impetus  to  the  Brit- 
ish sulphur  manufacture.  In  1871,  only  937,049  tons  were 
imported  into  the  United  Kingdom. 

§Ultan,  or  ruler,  a  Turkish  title,  from  the  Arabic,  given 
to  the  grand  -  signior  or  emperor  of  Turkey.  It  was  first 
given  to  the  Turkish  princes,  Angrolipez  and  Musgad,  about 
1055. —  Vattier.  It  was  first  given,  according  to  others,  to  the 
emperor  Mahmoud,  in  the  4th  century  of  the  Hegira. 

SulU  islands  or  arcllipela^^O,  under  Spanish 
protection,  by  a  protocol  signed  at  Madrid,  7  Mch.  1885,  by 
representatives  of  Great 'Britain,  Germany,  and  Spain,  in- 
cludes all  islands  between  the  western  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Mindanao  on  the  one  side,  and  the  islands  of  Borneo  and 
Aragua  on  the  other;  excluding  all  Borneo  and  all  lands 
within  3  maritime  leagues  of  its  coast.  The  group  contains 
about  60  islands,  with  an  area  of  about  1000  sq.  miles. 

Suma'tra,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  called  Java 
Minor  by  Marco  Polo,  and  visited  by  Nicolo  di  Conti  prior  to 
1449.  Mainly  on  account  of  the  pepper  trade,  the  Dutch 
formed  a  settlement  at  Padang  about  1649,  and  the  British  at 
Bencoolen'  about  1685.  The  Dutch  possessions  with  Java 
were  acquired  by  the  British  in  1811,  but  were  restored  in 
1816.  In  1824  the  Dutch  acquired  all  the  British  settlements 
in  Sumatra,  in  exchange  for  Malacca  and  some  possessions  in 
India.  Restrictions  on  their  progress  in  Sumatra  were  re- 
moved by  treaty  Feb.  1872.  Severe  fighting  between  the 
Dutch  and  the  Achinese  natives,  with  varying  results,  most- 
ly in  favor  of  the  Dutch,  Apr.  1873  to  1879.  Dutch  success- 
ful in  war.     Area,  149,555  sq.  miles.     Pop.  about  3,500,000. 

Ac  H  KEN. 

sumptuary  laws  restrain  excess  in  dress,  furniture, 
eating,  etc.  The  laws  of  Lycurgus  were  severe  against  lux- 
ury, probably  about  881  b.c.  Those  of  Zaleucus  ordained  that 
no  sober  woman  should  go  attended  by  more  than  one  maid 
in  the  street,  or  wear  gold  or  embroidered  apparel,  450  b.c. — 
Diog.  Laert.  The  Lex  Orchia  among  the  Romans  (181  b.c.) 
limited  the  guests  at  feasts,  and  the  number  and  quality  of 
the  dishes  at  an  entertainment;  and  it  also  enforced  that  dur- 
ing supper,  which  was  the  chief  meal  among  the  Romans,  the 
doors  of  every  house  should  be  left  open.  The  English  sump- 
tuary laws,  chiefl}'  of  the  reigns  of  Edward  III.  and  Henry 
Vlli.,  were  repealed  in  1856.  Dress. 
Sumter,  Fort.     Fort  Sumter. 

sun,  the,  one  of  the  so-called  "  fixed  stars,"  is  the  centre 
of  our  solar  system.  Its  attraction  controls  the  planet  Nep- 
tune 2,745,998,000  miles  away.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  pa- 
rent of  all  the  planets,  but  how  or  when  they  were  formed  sci- 
ence has  as  yet  been  unable  to  explain.  Pythagoras,  about 
529  B.C.,  taught  that  the  sun  was  one  of  the  12  spheres,  and 
that  it  was  some  44,000  miles  from  the  earth ;  Aristarchus  of 
Samos,  and  afterwards  Ptolemy,  Copernicus,  and  Tycho  Brahe 
supposed  its  distance  about  4,800,000  miles.  Kepler  increased 
it  to  some  15,000,000,  while  Cassini  and  La  Caille  approach 
the  true  distance  by  making  it  between  21,000  and  28,000  ter- 
restrial radii.  The  sun's  distance  from  the  earth,  given  until 
recently  as  95,000,000  miles,  has  been  shown  to  be  somewhat 
less.  The  sun's  horizontal  parallax,  as  determined  by  different 
astronomers,  is  here  given  : 
Old  value  obtained  by   Encke  from  the  transit  of  ParRllai. 

Venus 1761-69.  .8.571" 

New  value  obtained  by  Hansen  from  the  moon's  par- 
allactic equation 8.916" 


SUN 

New  value  obuiued  by  I.e  Vorrier  from  the  motion 
of  Mars  uuU  Veuus. 

New  value  obtaiued  by  Stone^ l»6;i 

»4       •»  «•        »«        "  ftrom  transit  of  Venus 1882 

it       «i  »        "  Foucaull  from  velocity  of  light,  1804 

i»        ..  ♦«        ««  Gill 1877 

14        Ik  X        X  Winnecke  from  observation  of 

Mara 


P»r«llu. 
1861..  8. 95" 
.8.932" 
.8.823" 
.8.8«)" 
.8.78" 

.8.964" 
.8.80»" 


New  value  obtained  by  Wolfe  f^om  transit  of  Venus. .  18«2 
With  a  paralla.x  of  8.8"  the  distance  would  be  about  92,890,- 
000  miles  from  the  earth;  this  is  certainly  within  150,000 
miles  of  its  true  distance.  The  sun's  estimated  diameter  is 
308  times  that  of  the  earth,  or  852,900  miles.  Its  surface  ex- 
ceeds that  of  the  earth  11,900  times,  and  its  volume  1,305,725 
times',  winle  its  mass  is  332,260  times  that  of  the  earth,  and 
750  times  that  of  all  the  planets  together.  Its  density  is  about 
.25  that  of  the  earth,  or  a  little  more  than  water.  One  pound 
at  the  surface  of  the  earth  would  weigh  27.9  lbs.  at  the  sun ; 
and  as  a  body  falls  through  16+  ft.  the  first  second  of  time 
here,  it  would  there  pass  through  461+  ft.  It  revolves  on  its 
axis  in  25  days  7  hrs.  48  min.,  and  its  rotary  velocity  at  its 
equator  is  4477  miles  per  hour.  Inclination  of  its  axis  to  the 
plane  of  ecliptic,  82='  30'.  Its  light  on  the  earth  exceeds 
620,000  full  moons.— i?.  -4 .  Proctor.  As  the  distance  from 
the  earth  to  the  sun  varies,  so  do  the  light  and  heat  of  the 
sun  at  the  earth  vary.  If  the  mean  intensity  of  the  sun's 
light  and  heat  at  the  earth  be  expressed  by  1000,  then  1034 
will  express  its  greatest  light  and  heat,  and  967  its  least.  The 
sun  is  a  perfect  sphere  as  far  as  known,  and  is  surrounded  by 
an  extensive  and  rare  atmosphere:  (I)  The  photosphere,  vis- 
ible source  of  the  solar  light;  (2)  chromosphere,  chiefly  of 
incandescent  hydrogen  gas;  (3)  corona,  a  vast  shell  of  un- 
known vapor,  many  thousand  miles  in  thickness.  The  study 
of  the  sun  of  late  years  has  been  greatly  aided  by  the  analysis 
of  the  solar  spectrum. 
Adelmus,  a  Benedictine  monk,  discovers  a  spot  on  the  sun 

(Bedt) 17  Mch.    807 

Averroes  saw  ppots  ou  the  sun 1161 

Hakluyt  reporied  such 1590 

Spots  were  ol).>-erved  by  Fabricius,  Harriot,  and  Galileo 1610 

Dr.  Halley,  by  observing  a  sun-spot,  proved  its  motion  round 

its  own  axis July  and  Aug.  1676 

Parallax  of  the  sun,  dr.  Halley 1702 

A  spot  3  times  the  size  of  the  earth  passed  the  sun's  ceutre, 

21  Apr.  1766 

Dr.  Wilson  observed  the  motion  of  a  spot 1769 

He  proves  sun-spots  to  be  depressed 1774 

Herschel  measured  2  spots,  whose  length  together  exceeded 

60,000  miles 19  Apr.  1779 

Scbwabe  discovered  a  cycle  of  changes  (from  maximum  to  mini- 
mum and  minimum  to  maximum)  in  the  number  of  spots  in 

11  years ;  coiiflrmed  by  Wolf  and  others 1826-51 

[According  to  dr.  R.  Wolf  of  Zurich,  for  many  years  a 
standard  auiliority  on  "sun-spots,"  the  monthly  average  of 
sun-spots  observed  by  him  from  1879  is  as  follows  :  1879, 
6;  1880,  31.6;  1881,  54.1;  1882,  59.3;  1883,  62.8;  1884,  63.3; 
1885,  50.3;  lh86,  26.7;  \%6l,  13.1;  1888,  6.7;  1889,  6.1;  1890, 
7.11;  1891,  3V.6.] 
Red  flames,  or  protuberances,  during  an  eclipse  of  the  sun,  ob- 
served bycapt.  Staunyan,  1706;  by  Halley,  1715;  by  F.  Baily 

(hence  termed  "  Baily 's  beads  ") 1842 

Warren  De  la  Rue  took  2  photographs  at  the  time  of  total 

obscuration 18  July,  1850 

James  Nasmyth  discovers  the  lenticular-shaped  objects  on 
the  sun  (termed  by  him  "willow- leaves,"  by  Stone  "rice- 
grains") 28  Aug.     " 

Mouchot  constructed  a  solar  boiler  for  distillation,  etc Oct.     " 

"Solar  physics"  especially  studied  by  Warren  De  la  Rue,  Bal- 
four Stewart,  etc 1865-66 

Red  flames,  or  prominences,  determined  by  M.  Janssen  to  be 
due  to  the  accumulated  hydrogen  of  the  photosphere,  at  the 

solar  eclipse  (Eclipsk) 18  Aug.  1868 

Mr.  Ericsson  proposed  condensation  of  the  sun's  rays  and  their 

employment  as  a  motive  power Oct.      " 

[Observations  in  the  eclipse  of  22  Dec.  1870  and  12  Dec. 
1871  suggested  an  unkqown  substance  (represented  in  the 
spectrum  by  line  1474)  in  the  sun.] 
Apparatus  for  cooking  by  the  condensed  solar  rays  in  the  Paris 

exhibition 1878 

Solar  eclipse  well  observed  in  the  U.  S. ;  the  corona  much 

brighter  than  in  1871 29,  30  July,     " 

M.  Mouchot  at  Algiers,  by  a  mirror,  collected  solar  rays,  and 

boiled  water,  drove  an  engine,  etc Mch.  1880 

Intensely  red  sunsets  and  after-glow  and  very  red  sunrises 

seen  in  all  parts  of  the  globe Oct. ,  Nov.  and  Dec.  1883 

Attributed  by  some  to  the  volcanic  dust  projected  by  the  erup- 
tion of  Krakatoa,  Java Aug.     " 

Other  causes  such  as  cosmic  dust  suggested.     Similar  sunsets 

in  the  autumns  of 1884-85 

Sun-spots  observed  from  the  Royal  observatory,  Greenwich, 
with  an  estimated  area  of  3,360,000,000  sq.  miles  on  the  sun's 
surface Feb.  1892 


774  SUN  I  I 

Sunday  was  the  day  on  which,  ancienth',  divine  ado*. 
ration  was  paid  to  the  sun.  Among  Christians,  it  is  commonly 
called  Dies  Dominica,  or  Lord's  day,  on  account  of  our  Sav» 
iour's  appearance  on  that  day,  after  his  resurrection.  Thf 
first  civil  law  that  was  issued  for  the  observance  of  this  day 
combined  it  with  that  of  the  seventh-day  Sabbath  and  othei 
festivals  (Eusebius,  "  Life  of  Constantine");  and  it  was  foU 
lowed  by  several  imperial  edicts  in  favor  of  this  daj'^,  which 
are  extant  in  the  body  of  Roman  law,  the  earliest  being  that 
of  Constantine  the  Great,  dated  7  Mch.  321.  Sabbath,  Sabi 
BATARiANS;  Spokts  AND  Gambs,  Week.  For  Sunday  let^ 
ter,  Dominical  letter. 

Council  of  Orleans  prohibited  farm  laboV  on  Sunday 63^ 

Sabbath-day  was  ordained  to  be  kept  holy  in  England,  from 
Saturday  at  3  in  the  afternoon  to  Monday  at  break  of  day, 

4lh  canon,  Edgar ^' 

Act  of  parliament,  levying  1  shilling  on  every  person  absent       •, 

from  church  on  Sundays,  3  James  1 IfiQf 

James  I.  authorizes  certain  sports  after  divine  service  on  Sun-      ■£ 

days  (Sports) 1^ 

Act  restraining  amusements,  1  Charles  1 169 

Act  restraining  the  performance  of  servile  works,  and  the  sale 
of  goods  except  milk  at  certain  hours  and  meat  in  public- 
houses,  and  works  of  necessity  and  charity,  on  forfeiture  of 

5  shillings,  29  Charles  II 167(1 

Massachusetts  prohibits  travel,  play,  or  work,  from  the  even- 
ing preceding  Sunday,  or  any  part  of  that  day  or  evening 
following 16M 

Suilday-SCllOOlS.  The  modern  revival  of  Sunday- 
schools  is  generally  dated  from  the  establishment  at  Glouces- 
ter, Engl.,  in  July,  1780,  of  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  chil. 
dren  in  reading  and  the  elementary  truths  of  religion,  held 
on  Sunday,  and  conducted  by  paid  teachers.  This  Sunday- 
school  was  instituted  by  Robert  Raikes,  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  Gloucester  Journal,  and  through  the  columns  of  his 
weekly  paper  his  effort  was  made  widely  known.  There  are 
now  in  the  world  over  200,000  Sunday-schools,  with  2,500,000 
teachers,  and  18,000,000  scholars.  Of  these  there  are  in  the 
United  States  about  110,000  schools,  with  1,200,000  teachers^ 
and  9,000,000  scholars.  Schools  for  Bible  study  were  organ- 
ized in  Upper  Egypt,  Armenia,  and  elsewhere,  earlj^  in  the 
4th  century.  A  canon  attributed  to  the  6th  general  council 
of  Constantinople,  680  a.d.,  promotes  the  setting  up  of  charity 
schools  in  all  country  churches.  St.  Carlo  Borromeo  left  at 
his  death,  in  1584,  Sunday-schools  to  the  number  of  743, 
which  he  had  established  in  his  cathedral  at  Milan,  and  in 
parish  churches  near  and  far.  A  canon  of  the  Church  of 
England,  in  1603,  required  the  teaching  of  the  catechism,  etc., 
to  children  and  ignorant  persons  by  the  parson,  vicar,  or  cu- 
rate every  Sunday  afternoon.  Rev.  Joseph  Alleine  established 
a  Sunday-school  at  Bath,  Engl.,  in  1665-68.  They  existed  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  1674,  Norwich,  Conn.,  1676,  and  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  1680.  One  was  conducted  at  Newtown,  L.  I.,  by  rev. 
Morgan  Jones  in  1683,  and  in  England  by  bishop  Framptou  in 
1693.  Between  1740  and  1780  the  following  well-authenticated 
Sunday-schools  were  established : 

Place.  Conductor.  Established 

Ephrata,  Pa Ludwig  HOcker 1740 

Bethlehem,  Conn Rev.  dr.  Joseph  Bellamy "     , 

Philadelphia,  Pa Mrs.  Greening 174? 

Norham,  Scotland Rev.  Mr.  Morrison 1760 

Brechin,  Scotland Rev.  David  Blair 1768 

Columbia,  Conn Rev.  Eleazer  Wheelock 1764 

Bedalc,  England Miss  Harrison 176$ 

High  Wycombe,  Engl Miss  Hannah  Ball 1760 

Doagh,  Ireland William  Gait 1770 

Bright,  Ireland Rev.  dr.  Kennedy 1774 

Little  Lever,  England .James  Heys 1776 

Mansfield,  England Rev.  David  Simpson 1778 

Asbury,  England Rev.  Thomas  Stock about     " 

Dursley,  England William  King "        " 

Voluntary  Sunday  school  teaching  begun  in  Bolton,  Engl 1786 

Society  for  Promoting  Sunday  schools  throughout  the  iJritish 

Dominion,  organized 7  Sept.     " 

Sunday-school  organized  at  the  house  of  Thomas  Crenshaw, 

Hanover  county,  V^a. ,  under  direction  of  bishop  Asbury 1786 

First-day  or  Sunday-school  Society,  for  instructing  poor  chil- 
dren on  Sunday,  organized  at  Philadelphia 11  Jan.  1791 

London  Sunday-school  Union,  to  promote  Sunday-schools  hav- 
ing unpaid  teachers,  organized 13  July,  1803 

Sunday-school  in  imitation  of  the  Raikes  schools  in  England 
started  in  New  York  city  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Divie  Bethune...     " 

American  Sunday-school  Union  organized.  1824 

National  convention  of  Sunday-schools  in  New  York  city 1832 

World's  Sunday-school  convention  in  London,  Engl 18()2 

International  lesson  plan  inaugurated 1873 

Foreign  Sunday-school  Association,  organized  by  Albert  Wood- 
rufl  of  Brooklyn  about  1863,  incorporated 1878 


SUP  '''"^ 

Supralapsa'rians,  a  name  given  to  the  Gomar- 
ists  or  extreme  Calvinists,  the  opposers  of  the  Arminian  party 
at  the  Synod  of  Dort,  1618.  Their  dogma  is  but  a  form  of 
fatalism. 

§lipreill'acy  over  the  church  was  claimed  by  pope 
Gelasius  I.  as  bishop  of  Rome,  494.  On  15  Jan.  1635,  Henry 
VIII.,  by  virtue  of  the  act  26  Hen.  VIII.  c.  1,  formally  assumed 
the  style  of  "on  earth  supreme  head  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land," which  has  been  retained  by  all  succeeding  sovereigns. 
The  bishop  of  Rochester  (Fisher)  and  the  ex-lord  chancellor 
(sir  Thomas  More)  and  many  others  were  beheaded  for  deny- 
ing the  king's  supremacy  in  1535;  and  in  1578,  John  Nelson, 
a  priest,  and  Thomas  Sherwood,  a  young  layman,  were  exe- 
cuted at  Tyburn  for  the  same  offence.  The  "act  of  Suprem- 
acy," repealed  by  1  and  2  Phil,  and  Mary,  c.  8  (1554),  was  re- 
enacted  1  Eliz.  c.  1  (1559). 

Supreme  court  of  Judicature  of  England 

was  constituted  by  the  Judicature  act,  36  and  37  Vict.  c.  66, 

passed  5  Aug.  1873,  to  come  into  operation  1  Nov.  1874.     In 

1874  this  was  deferred  to  1  Nov.  1875. 

Existing  courts  were  to  be  united  into  one  Supreme  court,  divided 
into  the  High  court  of  Justice  and  the  Court  of  Appeal.  The  High 
court  to  consist  of  the  lord-chancellor,  the  2  lord  chief-justices, 
the  vice-chancellors,  and  the  other  judges  (hereafter  the  court  to 
consist  of  21  judges). 

Five  divisions:  1.  Chancery;  2.  Queen's  Bench;  3.  Common  Pleas; 
4.  Exchequer;  and  5.  Probate,  Divorce,  and  Admiralty;  subject  to 
alteration. 

Court  of  Appeal  to  consist  of  5  esc  q^cio  judges  (viz.,  lord-chancellor, 
2  lord  chief-justices,  lord  chief  baron,  master  of  the  rolls),  and 
such  others  as  may  be  appointed  {§§  20,  21,  22). 

Appeals  to  the  House  of  Lords  cr  the  judicial  committee  of  the 
privy  council  to  be  discont.unia. 

Supreme  court  of  Judicature  (comprising  the  High  court  of 
Justice,  Chancery  division,  Queen's  Bench,  Coninion  Pleas, 
and  Exchequer  subdivisions,  Probate,  Divorce,  and  Admiralty 
division)  began 2  Nov.  1875 

By  the  Appellate  Jurisdiction  act  (1876),  the  House  of  Lords 
remains  the  court  of  ultimate  appeal;  to  consist  of  the  lord- 
chancellor.  2  lords  of  appeal  (to  be  created  peers  for  life, 
with  6000^.  salary),  and  peers  who  are  lawyers.  Act  to  come 
into  operation 1  Nov.  1876 

At  a  meeting  of  the  judges,  it  was  resolved  to  recommend  the 
abolition  of  the  Exchequer  and  Common  Pleas,  and  their 
consolidation  into  one.  termed  the  "Queen's  Bench  divi- 
sion," under  the  lord  chief-justice  of  England,  30  Nov.;  order 
in  council 16  Dec.  1880 

Carried  into  effect;  old  d  visions  at  an  end;  Judicature  act 
carried  out  for  the  first  time 7  Mch.  1881 

Supreme  court  of  the  United  States.  Courts  of 
THK  Unitkd  States,  Justices. 

surgery  (from  surgeon  =:chirurgeon;  Gr.  X"|0,  the  hand, 
and  tpyov,  work,  operation).  The  art  and  practice  of  curing 
or  alleviating  injuries  and  diseases  of  the  body  by  manual 
operations.  It  stands  first  among  all  the  professions  of  sci- 
ence ;  its  practice  is  not  founded  upon  theory,  but  upon  posi- 
tive knowledge;  its  success  upon  the  highest  intelligence, 
great  dexterity,  and  coolness  under  the  most  trying  circum- 
stances. Until  the  13th  century  the  bath-keepers  and  barbers 
were  almost  the  only  medical  faculty  and  the  sole  surgeons  in 
Germany.  In  France  the  surgeons  appear  at  an  earlier  pe- 
riod, as  a  graded  and  distinct  class,  and  divided  into  guilds  of 
inferior  and  superior  surgeons.  An  association  of  surgeons, 
influential  in  the  development  of  modern  surgery,  was  organ- 
ized in  France  by  Jean  Pitard  (1228-1315),  which  was  called 
the  "  College  de  Saint  Come."  The  title  of  "  surgeon  "  was 
first  recognized  by  law  in  England  in  1299.  These  "  chirur- 
geons"  or  "surgeons"  were  educated  in  some  institution  of 
learning,  and  permitted  to  wear  long  robes  and  a  peculiar 
style  of  hat,  which  distinguished  them  from  the  "  barber- 
surgeons"  of  earlier  date.  Field  surgeons  accompanied  the 
English  armies  at  the  beginning  of  the  15th  centur3\  The 
practice  of  surgery  was  forbidden  to  barbers  in  France  as  early 
as  1425.  The  barber-surgeons  in  England  were  incorporated 
under  the  title  of  "  Masters  or  Governors  of  the  Mystery  or 
Commonalty  of  Barbers  of  London,"  by  charter  dated  24  Feb. 
1461.  In  1540  an  act  was  passed,  providing  "  that  no  person 
using  an\'  shaving  or  barbery  in  London  shall  occupy  anj'  sur- 
gery, letting  of  blood  or  other  matter,  except  only  drawing  of 
teeth,"  and  surgeons  were  by  this  act  prohibited  from  prac- 
tising shaving.  An  act  for  making  the  surgeons  and  barbers 
of  London  2  distinct  and  separate  corporations  was  passed  in 
1745,  and  the  same  year  a  charter  was  given  to  the  College 


SUR 


of  Surgeons.  A  new  charter  was  secured  in  1800,  again  in 
1843  (when  it  was  styled  "  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Eng- 
land "),  in  1852,  and  1859.  By  the  aid  of  anaisthetics.  Lister's 
antiseptic  dressings,  and  Esmarch's  bandage,  modern  surgeons 
are  able  to  operate  in  many  cases  without  pain,  without  sup- 
puration, and  without  bleeding.  Among  surgeons,  ancient 
and  modern,  who  have  attained  eminence  are  the  following : 

ANCIENT. 

Asclepiades  of  Prusa  in  Bithynia,  128-56  b.c— Practised  tracheoto- 
my in  angina. 

Archigenes  of  Apamea,  48-117  a. d.— Described  amputation  with  pre- 
liminary 1  gation  of  the  main  vessels  and  cauterization  of  small 
ones. 

Leonidcs  of  Alexandria,  fl.  about  200  a.d. 

Antyllus,  fl.  in  3d  century.— First  to  describe  extraction  of  small 
cataracts. 

Philargius.  300-75.— Removed  stone  by  incision  from  above  into  the 
neck  of  the  bladder. 

Paul  of  iEgina,  about  625-90.— Obstetrician. 

ITALIAN. 

I-eonardo  Bertapaglia,  d.  1460.— Operated  for  cancer,  etc. 

Alexander  Benedetti,  d.  1525.— First  to  mention  artificial  restora- 
tion of  the  nose. 

Bartolomeo  Maggi,  1516-52.— Most  important  army  surgeon  of  the 
day. 

Giacomo  Berengario,  d.  1550. 

Cesare  Magati,  1579-1647.  T 

Gfuseppe  Francesco  Borri,  1625-95.— A  skilful  oculist 

Antonio  Scarpa,  1752-1832. 

Bartolomeo  Signovini,  179J-1844,  Padua.— Performed  in  1832  the 
first  total  extirpation  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Luigi  Porta,  1800-75. — Professor  in  Pavia. 

Aloisio  Vanzetti,  b.  1809.— Digital  compression  of  arteries  in  treat- 
ment of  aneurism. 

F.  Rizzoli,  1809-80.  SPANISH. 

Francesco  de  An-e,  1493-1573. 

Bartolomaeus  Hidalgo  de  Aguerro,  1531-97. 

Andreas  Alcazar,  fl.  about  1575. 

Antonio  de  Gimbernat,  fl.  about  1790.— Anatomist  and  herniologist. 

DUTCH. 

Andreas  Vesalius,  1514-64. 

Cornells  van  Solingeu,  1641-87. 

Joh.  Jac.  Rau,  1668-1719.— Li thotomist. 

Pieter  Camper,  1722-89. 

Edward  San di fort,  1742-1814. 

Christian  Bernard  Tilanus,  1790-1883.  , 

Frans  C.  Bonders,  1818-89.— Ophthalmologist. 

J.  Mczger,  b.  1839. 

GERMAN. 

Felix  Wuertz.  1518-75. 

Horian  Matthis,  fl.  about  1602.— First  to  perform  gastrotomy. 

Joh.  Leberecht  Schmucker,  1712-86.— Surgeon  general  under  Fred- 
erick II. 

Joh.  Ulrich  Bilguer,  1720-96.— Performed  first  resection  of  wrist  (1762). 

Carl  Caspar  von  Siebold,  1736-1807.— First  in  Germany  to  perform 
symphyseotomy  in  1778. 

August  Gottlieb  Richter,  1742-1812.— "The  greatest  German  sur- 
geon of  the  18th  century."—./.  H.  Baas. 

Georg  Jos.  Beer,  1763-1821.— Oculist;  first  drew  forth  the  iris  and 
cut  it  oft"  externally. 

Vincenz  von  Kern,  1769-1829. 

Conrad  Johann  Martin  Laugenbeck,  1776--1851.— Founder  of  German 
surgical  or  topographical  anatomy;  introduced  iridokleisis. 

Phil.  Franz  von  Walther,  1782-1849.— Founder  of  surgical  clinics  at 
Landshut  and  Bonn  universities. 

Cajetan  von  Textor,  1782-1860.— Inaugurator  of  conservative  sur- 
gery (resection)  in  Germany. 

Carl  Ferdinand  von  Graefe,  1787-1840. — Cultivated  plastic  surgery. 

Joseph,  Baron  von  Wattmann,  1789-1847. — Operative  surgery. 

Johann  Friedrich  Dieft'eubach,  1794-1847. — Operative  surgery. 

Georg  Friedrich  Louis  Stromeyer,  1804-76. — Military  surgeon;  cre- 
ator of  operative  orthopaedia. 

Franz  Schuh,  1805-65. — Introduced  the  microscope  in  surgery. 

V.  von  Bruns,  1812-83. 

Friedrich  Esmarch,  b.  1823.— Artificial  anaemia. 

R.  F.  Wilms,  1824-80. 

0.  Weber,  1827-80. —Professor  in  Heidelberg. 

John  Nepomuk  von  Nussbaum,  b.  1829. 

W.  KOnig,  b.  1832. 

C.  Hueter,  1837-80.  FRENCH. 

Guyde  Chauliac,  about  1300.— Successfully  removed  part  of  a  man's 
brain. 

Jean  Tagault,  d.  1545.— Professor  at  Padua  and  Paris. 

Ambroise  Pare,  1509-90.— Introduced  ligation  of  arteries  in  amputa- 
tion (1552)  and  staphyloplasty. 

Pierre  Franco,  fl.  about  1560— Invented  supra-pubic  lithotomy. 

Jacques  Baulot,  1651-1714.— Litliotomist. 

Jean  Louis  Petit.  1674-1750.— Noted  for  his  screw  -  tourniquet  and 
amputation  k  deux  temps. 

Franpois  Gigot  de  la  Peyronie,  1678-1747.-1- Wounds  of  the  intestines. 

Henri  Franpois  le  Dran,  1685-1770.— First  disarticulat  on  of  the  thigh. 

Jacques  Daviel,  1696-1762.— Introduces  extraction  of  lens  of  the 
eye  (1750). 

Antoine  Maitre-.Tean,  fl.  about  1707.— Oculist. 

Claude  Nicolas  lo  Cat.  1700-68. 

Fraufois  Chopart,  1743-95 — Foot  amputation. 


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Pierre  Joeeph  Oesault,  1744-95 — Established  the  first  surgical  clinic 
in  the  Hotel  DIeu,  Paris. 

Alexis  Boyer,  1757-1833. 

Jean  Domiuiquo  Ijirroy,  1766-1842. — Invented  ambulances  volantes. 

Jacques  Malhuriu  Dolpoch,  1777-1832.— Cultivator  of  orthopsedic  sur- 
gery and  pionovr  or  autoplastic  surgery  iti  Fruuco. 

Guillaumo  Dupuytren,  1777-1835.— "The  Napoleon  of  surgery" ;  first 
to  malce  sulxMiianeous  division  of  muscles  and  perform  resection 
of  the  fkcial  bouos. 

Philibert  Jos.  Roux.  1780-1854. 

Jacques  Lisfhinc,  1790-1847.— First  subcutaneous  tenotomy  of  the 
tendo  Achillia 

Joseph  Franfoia  Malgaigne,  1806-65.— Noted  as  a  writer  on  surgery. 

Augusto  Noiaton,  1807-74.— Invented  a  probe. 

J.  E.  l'<5trequin,  1808-76.— Galvano-puucture  in  aneurisms. 

Jules  Nicolas  Domarquay,  1814-75. 

Jules  Rochard,  b.  1819. 

Paul  Broca,  1824-80. — Named  the  so-called  "  Broca's  convolution  " 
in  the  brain. 

Jules  Pean,  b.  1830. — Extirpation  of  spleen;  resection  of  stomach. 

J.  li.  Reverdin,  b.  1842.— Skin  graaiug  on  ulcerated  surfaces. 

ENGLISH. 

Jbliu  Ardern,  about  1325-1400. —Treated  fistula. 

Thomas  Gale,  1607-86.— Army  surgeon. 

John  Woodall,  fl.  about  1613.— Surgeon- general  of  the  East  India 
company. 

Richard  Wiseman,  fl.  1603-25.— "The  Pride  of  England." 

John  Greeuneld,  fl.  about  1677.— Lithotomist. 

R.  Lowdhaui,  fl.  about  1679.— Said  to  have  been  the  first  among  the 
moderns  to  practise  the  flap-method  in  amputation. 

William  Cheselden,  1688-1752.— Oculist  and  lithotomist. 

Alexander  Monro,  1697-1767. 

Samuel  Sharp,  1700-78. 

William  Hunter,  1718-83.— Obstetrics.     • 

John  Hunter,  1728-93.— First  to  describe  phlebitis. 

Charles  White,  fl.  about  1768.— Performed  first  resection  of  the  hu- 
merus. 

Sir  William  Blizard,  1743-1835.— First  to  tie  the  superior  thyroid  ar- 
tery for  relief  of  goitre. 

John  Bell,  1763-1820. 

Sir  Aslley  I'aston  Cooper,  1768-1841.— First  to  tie  the  abdominal 
aorta  (1817) ;  first  paracentesis  of  the  membrana  tympani  (1801). 

Sir  Charles  Bell,  1774-1842. 

John  Lezars,  1783-1860.— Extirpation  of  ovary  and  operation  for 
chronic  hydrocephalus. 

Sir  Beiyamin  Collins  Brodie,  1783-1862. 

Sir  William  Lawrence,  1783-1867. 

George  James  Guthrie,  1785-1856.— Military  surgeon. 

Joseph  Henry  Green,  1791-1863. 

Frederick  Tyrrell,  1797-1843.— Ophthalmic  surgeon. 

Sir  Thomas  Watson,  1792-1882. 

Sir  Charles  Locock,  1799-1875.— Physician— Accoucheur  to  queen 
Victoria;  attended  at  each  of  her  accouchements. 

William  Coulson,  1802-77. — Specialist  in  lithotripsy  and  lithotomy. 

Sir  William  Fergusson,  1808-77.— "System  of  Practical  Surgerv," 
1842. 

John  Hutchinson,  1811-61. 

Thomas  Blizard  Curling,  b.  1811. 

Jolin  Erich  Erichsen.— Published  "Science  and  Art  of  Surgery." 

Sir  James  Paget,  b.  1814. 

Sir  Henry  Thompson,  b.  1820.— Lithotomist;  performed  lithotomy 
upon  the  ex-emperor  Napoleon  III.,  1873. 

Sir  Joseph  Lister,  b.  1827.— Inventor  of  antiseptic  surgery. 

Sir  William  MacCormac,  b.  1836. 

AMERICAN. 

Thomas  Bond,  1712-84.— First  professor  of  clinical  medicine  in  U.  S. 

John  Jones,  1729-91.— Published  the  first  native  surgical  work  which 
appeared  in  the  U.  S.:  "Plain,  Precise,  Practical  Remarks  on  the 
Treatment  of  Wounds  and  Fractures  ";  medical  attendant  to  Wash- 
ington and  Franklin;  lithotomist. 

Benjamin  Church,  1734-76. 

William  Shippin,  jr.,  1736-1808. 

Richard  Bayley,  1745-1801.— Lithotomist  and  oculist. 

Joiiu  Warren,  1753-1815.— Founder  of  medical  department  of  Har- 
vard college. 

Nathan  Smith,  1762-1829. 

Wright  Post,  1766-1828. 

Philip  Syng  Physick,  1768-1837.— Called  by  Gross  "the  father  of 
American  surgery." 

Ephraim  McDowell,  1772-1830.— "Father  of  Ovariotomy." 

John  Collins  Warren,  1778-1856.— Administered  ether  for  surgical 
anaesthesia  (1846). 

Reuben  Dimond  Mussey,  1780-1866 — Removed  entire  scapula  and 
clavicle  (1837). 

Amos  Twitchell,  1781-1850.— Tied  the  primitive  carotid  artery. 

John  Syng  Dorsey,  1783-1818.— First  American  to  tie  the  external 
iliac  artery. 

William  Gibson,  1784-1868. — First  to  tie  the  common  iliac  artery. 

Valentine  Mott,  1785-1865.— First  to  tie  the  arteria  innominata. 

Benjamin  W.  Dudley,  1785-1870.— Lithotomist. 

Alexander  Hodgdon  Stevens,  1789-1869. — Eminent  clinical  teacher. 

J.  Kearney  Rodgers,  1793-1857. — Tied  the  left  subclavian  artery  be- 
tween the  scaleni  (1846). 

George  McClellan,  1796-1847.— Founder  of  Jefferson  Medical  college. 

Willard  Parker,  1800-84.  — "A  bold  and  independent  surgeon  and 
popular  teacher." 

John  Rea  Barton,  d.  1871.— Lithotomist. 

Dixi  Crosby,  1801-73.— Removed  the  entire  arm 

Joseph  Pencoast,  1805-82. 


Samuel  D.  Gross,  1805-84. 

John  Watson,  1807-62.— First  in  America  to  perform  cesophneoloinv 
(1844).  .  f     6         J- 

Gurdon  Buck,  1807-77.  — Introduced  extension  by  strips  of  adhe.sive 
plaster  and  weight  and  pulley  (1851). 

Thomas  Dent  Mutter,  1811-59. 

J.  Marion  Sims,  18i;i-83. — Gynaecologist. 

Frank  Hastings  Hamilton,  1813-86.— Practised  skin-grafting  (1847) 

Henry  H.  Smith,  1815  -90.— Fractures. 

James  RushmoreWood,  1816-82 Removed  entire  lower  jaw  {imq- 

previously  performed  by  Horace  A.  Ackley,  Cleveland,  0.  See 
Italian  surgeons  above. 

John  Murray  Carnochan,  1817-87.— legation  of  femoral  artery  (1851); 
exsection  of  superior  maxillary  nerve  beyond  the  ganglion  of 
Meckel  (1856). 

David  Hayes  Agnew,  1818-92.— Attended  president  Garfield. 

Henry  J.  Bigelow.— Performed  first  excision  of  hip-joint  in  U.  S 
(1852). 

Lewis  A.  Sayre,  b.  1820.— Orthopedic  surgery. 

Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  1830-88.— Ophthalmologist. 

Henry  Berton  Sands,1830-88. 

Hunter  McGuire,  b.  1835.— Tied  the  abdominal  aorta  (1868). 

Samuel  W.  Gross,  1837-89. 

J.  H.  Knapp,  b.  Germany,  1832.— Founder  of  the  Ophthalmic  and 
Aural  institute.  New  York  city,  1869. 

Nicholas  Senn. — Professor  of  surgery.  Rush  Medical  college,  Chicago. 
Inventor  of  method  of  rectal  insuflaation  of  hydrogen  gas  in  diag- 
nosis of  gastro-intestinal  injuries. 

John  Ashurst,  jr.,  professor  of  clinical  surgery,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

William  Detmold.— College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York 
city.     Introducer  of  sub  cutaneous  tenotomy  into  the  U.  S. 

Medical  science. 

Su'riliam,  a  colony  of  Dutch  Guiana,  South  America, 
discovered  by  Columbus,  1498.  The  factories  established  by 
the  English  in  1640  were  occupied  by -the  Portuguese,  1(543; 
by  the  Dutch,  1654  ^  taken  by  the  British,  1799,  but  restored 
to  the  Dutch  at  the  peace  of  Amics,  1802;  again  occupied 
by  the  English  from  1804  to  1«1S,  when  it  was  returned  at  tlie 
peace  of  Paris,  1815.    Area,  46,060  sq.  miles;  pop.  1889,  55,968. 

SUrnHlIie  (Fr.  sumom,  from  swr,  upon,  and  nom— hat. 
nomen  —  a  name),  the  family  name  or  name  of  the  gens,  to 
which  is  added  or  given  the  baptismal  or  Christian  name,  as 
William,  John,  etc.,  corresponding  to  the  praenoraen  of  the 
Latin.  Names  were  introduced  into  England  by  the  Nor- 
mans, and  were  adopted  by  the  nobility  about  1100.  The  old 
Normans  used  Fitz,  which  signifies  son,  as  Fitzherbert.  The 
Irish  used  O,  for  grandson,  O'Neal,  O'Donnell.  The  Scottish 
Highlanders  used  Mac,  as  Macdonald,  son  of  Donald.  The 
northern  nations  added  the  word  son  to  the  father's  name,  as 
Williamson.  Many  of  the  most  common  surnames,  such  as 
Johnson,  Wilson,  Dyson,  Nicholson,  etc.,  were  taken  by  Bra- 
bantes  and  other  Flemintis,  who  were  naturalized  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI.,  1435.  M.  A.  Lower's  "Dictionary  of  English  '' 
Surnames"  was  pub.  1860. 

iurplice,  an  outer  robe  worn  by  an  officiating  priest  or 
clergyman  in  the  Episcopal  or  Roman  Catholic  church,  first 
worn  by  the  Jewish  priests,  and  said  to  have  been  first  used  in 
churches  in  the  4th  century,  and  encouraged  by  pope  Adrian, 
786.  "  Every  minister  saying  public  prayers  shall  wear  a  ■ 
comely  surplice  with  sleeves,"  canon  58.  The  garb  prescribed 
by  Stat.  2  Edw.  VL  1547;  again  1  Eliz.  1558;  and  13  and  14 
Chas.  II.  1662.     Ritualism. 

iSu'sa  or  ^tlll'fitliail,  capital  of  Susiana,  a  province  of 
Persia,  was  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great,  331  b.c. 

»iU§pens3on  bridg^e§.    Bridges. 

SUiquehan'lia  settlers.  The  charter  of  James  I., 
in  1620,  to  the  Plymouth  companj'-,  covered  the  territory  ex- 
tending from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  lying  between 
40°  and  46°  N.  lat.  Connecticut  purchased  a  part  of  this  ter- 
ritory of  the  Plymouth  company  in  1631,  with  the  boundary 
the  same  on  the  west  and  41°  lat.  on  the  south.  This  sale  was 
confirmed  by  Charles  II.  in  1662.  The  grant  of  Charles  II.  to 
Penn  extended  to  42°  north.  Thus  the  Connecticut  grant 
overlapped  that  of  Pennsylvania  1  degree.  In  1753  the  Sus- 
quehanna company  was  formed  in  Connecticut  to  explore  and 
settle  lands  in  this  territory.  In  1754  they  purchased  of  the 
Six  Nations  a  tract  including  the  Wyoming  valley.  Con- 
necticut, 1754.  Pennsylvania,  while  disputing  this  sale, 
made  no  effort  to  prevent  a  settlement.  In  Aug.  1762,  105 
settlers  came  from  Connecticut  into  the  Wyoming  valley,  but, 
owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season,  soon  returned.  Coming 
back  early  in  May,  1763,  they  settled,  but  were  obliged  to  re- 


SUT 


777 


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turn  to  Connecticut  after  a  loss  of  20  by  an  attack  of  the  Ind- 
ians in  Oct.  of  the  same  year.  The  next  attempt  of  Con- 
necticut to  form  a  settlement  was  in  Jan.  1769,  when  40  settlers 
arrived  in  Wyoming.  Pennsylvania  now  determined  to  de- 
fend her  territory,  and  arrested  these  settlers  in  Oct.  What 
might  be  termed  a  civil  war  (the  Pennymite  and  Yankee  war) 
followed  for  the  next  6  years,  with  varied  success  and  with  the 
loss  of  a  number  of  lives.  The  Connecticut  settlers,  however, 
reinforced  from  time  to  time,  persisted,  and  organized  art  inde- 
pendent government  by  town  meetings,  as  in  Connecticut.  In 
1774  they  united  7  towns  into  one,  Westmoreland,  and  attached 
it  to  Litchfield  county.  Conn.  This  desultory  strife  contin- 
ued with  loss  of  life  and  much  suffering  until  the  struggle 
was  suspended  by  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  These  were  the 
settlers  that  were  killed  and  scattered  in  the  fearful  Wyoming 
massacre  by  the  Tories  and  Indians  in  1778.  In  1779  and  1780 
they  again  returned  and  occupied  the  valley.  In  the  mean- 
while the  titles  of  the  Penns  had  passed  to  the  state,  and  al- 
though the  struggle  was  kept  up  after  the  Revolution,  negotia- 
tions were  more  direct.  Pennsylvania  finally  confirmed  the 
title  of  the  Connecticut  settlers  on  their  payment  of  a  nominal 
sum  for  their  land,  and  compensated  the  Pennsylvania  claim- 
ants with  other  lands  and  with  money. 

iUltee',  the  self-burning  of  widows.  This  custom  began 
in  India  from  one  of  the  wives  of  "  Brahma,  the  Son  of  God," 
sacrificing  herself  at  his  death,  that  she  might  attend  him  in 
heaven.  17  widows  have  burned  themselves  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  a  rajah ;  and  in  Bengal  alone  700  have  thus  perished 
in  a  year.  The  English  government,  after  long  discouraging 
suttees,  formally  abolished  them,  Dec.  1829;  but  they  have 
since  occasionally  taken  place.  The  wife  of  the  son  of  the 
rajah  of  Beygoon  thus  perished,  June,  1864,  and  several  wives 
of  sir  Jung  Bahadoor,  minister  of  Nepaul,  1  Mch.  1877.  Sut- 
tees still  occur;  one  voluntary  at  Poona,  Nov.  1890. 

ISvra'bia,  a  province  in  S.  Germany,  was  conquered  by 
Clovis,  and  incorporated  into  the  kingdom  of  the  Franks,  496. 
After  various  changes  of  rulers,  it  was  made  a  duchy  by  the 
emperor  Conrad  I.,  in  912,  for  Erchanger;  according  to  some, 
in  916,  for  Burckhardt.  The  duchy  became  hereditary  in  the 
house  of  Hohenstaufen  in  1080.  Duke  Frederick  III.  became 
emperor  of  Germ  amy  as  Frederick  I.  (usually  styled  Barba- 
rossa,  "  red  beard  "),  in  1152.  Conradin,  his  descendant,  was 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Tagliacozzo,  in  1268,  and  beheaded 
shortly  after.  The  breaking-up  of  the  duchy  gave  rise  to 
many  of  the  small  German  states ;  part  of  Swabia  is  included 
in  Wurtemberg  and  Switzerland.  Swabia  was  made  a  circle 
of  the  empire  in  1387  and  1500.  A  league  composed  of  Swa- 
bian  cities  and  provinces,  about  1254,  was  the  germ  of  the  great 
Swabian  league,  formed  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace  of 
Germany,  under  the  auspices  of  the  emperor  Frederick,  in  1488. 

Sll^ailip-ang°el,  name  given  by  the  Federal  soldiers 
to  a  200-pound  Parrott  gun,  mounted  with  great  difficulty  in 
a  redoubt  built  in  a  morass  between  Morris  and  James  islands, 
near  Charleston,  S.  C,  1863,  by  gen.  Gillmore,  for  the  purpose 
of  bombarding  that  city.  It  threw  150-lb.  shells  into  the  city, 
a  distance  of  5  miles.     The  gun  burst  at  the  36th  discharge. 

^wamp  fight,  The  Great.     Massachusetts,  1675. 

Swanzey,  Mass.,  Indian  attack  on.  Massachusetts, 
1675. 

Swaz'iland,  S.  Africa,  a  tract  of  about  8000  sq.  miles, 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  Transvaal  territory.  Pop.  1889, 
about  60,000  natives  and  600  whites. 

Swe'atoorg,  a  strong  fortress  in  Finland,  the  Gibraltar 
of  the  north,  3J  miles  south  of  Helsingfors ;  it  is  situated  on 
7  rocky  islands;  the  fortifications  were  commenced  by  the 
Swedes  in  1748,  and  completed  after  Finland  was  united  to 
Russia  in  1809.  On  6  Aug.  1855,  the  English  and  French 
fleet  anchored  off  Sweaborg,  and  bombarded  it  by  mortar  and 
gun-boats  from  the  9th  to  the  Uth,  causing  the  destruction 
of  nearly  all  the  principal  buildings,  including  the  dock-yard 
and  arsenal.  Few  casualties  and  no  loss  of  life  ensued  in  the 
allied  squadron,  but  this  success  was  not  followed  up. 

swearing  on-  the  (iospels,  first  used  about  528,  and  in- 
troduced injudicial  proceedings  about  600. — Rapin. 

§Mreating-Siclines§.     Plague. 

25* 


Sive'den,  a  country  of  N.  Europe.  The  ancient  inhab- 
itants were  Finns,  now  the  people  of  Finland,  who  retired  thither 
on  the  appearance  of  the  Scandinavians  or  Goths,  who  have 
ever  since  been  masters  of  Sweden.  Scandinavia.  The  inter- 
nal state  of  this  kingdom  was  little  known  previous  to  the  11th 
century.  By  the  union  of  Calmar,  in  1397,  Sweden  became 
a  province  of  Denmark,  and  was  not  wholly  rescued  from  this 
subjection  till  1521,  when  Gustavus  Vasa  recovered  the  king- 
dom from  the  Danish  yoke.  He  became  king  in  1523,  and 
his  descendants  ruled  till  1809.  Norway  ceded  to  Sweden  by 
the  treaty  of  Kiel,  14  Jan.  1814.  The  government  of  Sweden 
is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  diet  consists  of  4  orders,  the 
nobles,  the  clergy,  the  burghers,  and  the  peasants,  and  meets 
every  3  years.  The  king  is,  as  in  Great  Britain,  the  head 
of  the  executive.  There  are  2  universities,  Upsal  and  Lund; 
and  Sweden  can  boast  among  its  great  men  Linnasus,  Celsius, 
Scheele,  Bergman,  Berzelius,Thorwaldsen,  Andersen,  and  Swe- 
denborg.  Area,  170,979  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1880,  4,518,901 ;  1890, 
4,784,675. 

Odin  said  to  have  arrived  in  the  north  and  to  have  died 70 

His  son  Slciold  reigns 40 

Skioldungs  reign  till  Olaf  the  infant  is  baptized,  and  introduces  a.d. 

Christianity  among  his  people about  1000 

Waldemar  1.  of  Denmark  subdues  Rugen,  and  destroys  the  pa- 
gan temples 1168 

Stockholm  founded 1260 

Magnus  Ladulaes  establishes  a  regular  government 1279 

Crown,  hitherto  hereditarj^,  is  made  elective;  Steenchel  Mag- 
nus, surnamed  Smaek,  or  the  foolish,  king  of  Norway,  is 

elected 1319 

Waldemar  lays  Gothland  waste -. 1361 

Albert  of  Mecklenburg  reigns 1363 

Treaty  or  union  of  Calmar,  by  which  Sweden  is  united  to 

Denmark  and  Norway,  under  Margaret 1397 

University  of  Upsal  founded 1476 

Christian  II.  of  Denmark,  "  the  Nero  of  the  North,"  massacres 

the  Swedish  nobility 1520 

Swedes  delivered  from  the  Danish  yoke  by  the  valor  of  Gus- 
tavus Vasa 1521 

Gustavus  Vasa  raised  to  the  throne 1523 

He  introduces  Lutheranism  and  religious  liberty 1527 

Makes  the  crown  hereditary 1544 

Gustavus  Adolphus  heads  the  Protestant  cause  in  Germany.. .  1628 
He  takes  Magdeburg  and  Munich,  1630 ;  slain  at  Lutzen,  16  Nov.  1632 

Rugen  ceded  to  Sweden  by  Denmark 1648 

Abdication  of  Christina 16  June,  1654 

Charles  X.  overruns  Poland 1655 

Arts  and  sciences  begin  to  flourish 1660 

University  of  Lund  founded 1666 

Charles  XII.,  "the  Madman  of  the  North,"  begins  his  reign; 
makes  himself  absolute;  abolishes  the  senate,  1699;  defeats 

the  Russians  at  Narva 30  Nov.  1700 

Battle  of  Pultowa;  Charles  defeated  by  czar  of  Russia,  8  July,  1709 
He  escapes  to  Bender,  where,  after  3  years'  protection,  he  is 

made  a  prisoner  by  tlie  Turks 1713 

He  is  restored,  and  after  numerous  battles  is  killed  at  the 

siege  of  Frederickshald 11  Dec.  1718 

Queen  Ulrica  abolishes  despotism 1719 

Bremen  and  Verden  ceded  to  Hanover Nov.      " 

Royal  Academy  founded  by  Linnaeus 1741 

Conspiracy  of  counts  of  Brahe  and  Home,  who  are  beheaded. .  1756 
Hats  and  Caps  (French  and  Russian  parties),  1738-67,  put  down 

by  Gustavus  III 1770 

Despotism  re-established 1772 

Order  of  the  Sword  instituted " 

Assassination  of  Gustavus  III.  by  count  AnkerstrOm  at  a  ball, 

16  Mch. ;  he  expires 29  Mch.  1792 

Regicide  scourged  with  whips  of  iron  thongs  3  successive 
days;  his  right  hand  cut  off,  then  his  head,  and  his  body 

impaled 18  May,      " 

Gustavus  IV.  dethroned;  governuient  assumed  by  his  uncle, 

duke  of  Sudermania  (Charles  XIIL ) 13  Mch.  1809 

Representative  constitution  established 7  June,     " 

Sweden  cedes  Finland  to  Russia 17  Sept.      " 

Bernadotte,  prince  of  Ponte  Corvo  (one  of  Bonaparte's  mar- 
shals), chosen  crown-prince  of  Sweden 21  Aug.  1810 

Gustavus  IV.  arrives  in  London 12  Nov.     " 

Swedish  Pomerania  seized  by  Napoleon 9  Jan.  1812 

Alliance  with  England 12  July,     " 

Sweden  joins  the  grand  alliance  against  Napoleon 13  Mch.  1813 

Norway  is  ceded  to  Sweden  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel,  14  Jan. ;  car- 
ried into  effect Nov.  1814 

Bernadotte  king,  as  Charles  John  XIV 5  Feb.  1818 

Canals  and  roads  constructed 1822 

Treaty  of  navigation  between  Great  Britain  and  Sweden,  19  May,  1826 

Death  of  Charles  John ;  his  son  Oscar  I.  king 8  Mch.  1844 

Alliance  with  England  and  France 21  Nov.  1855 

Banishment  decreed  against  Catholic  converts  from  Lutheran- 
ism   Oct.  1857 

Demonstration  in  favor  of  Italy 17  Dec.  1859 

Increased  religious  toleration May,  1860 

Demonstration  in  favor  of  Poland Apr.  1863 

Inauguration  of  free-trade 1  Jan.  1864 

Sweden  protests  against  the  occupation  of  Schleswig  by  the 
allies , 22  Jan.     " 


SWE 


778 


SWI 


Foundation  of  n  ''National  Scandinavian  Society"  at  Stock- 
holm to  obUtiii  by  legal  means  a  conftHlenition  of  tho  3  king- 
doms for  military  and  Toreigu  afl'airs,  reserving  independent 

interior  administration Dec.  1864 

New  constitution  passed  by  the  chambers 4-8  Dec.     " 

Severe  famiiio  in  N.  Sweden Oct  -Dec.  1867 

Princess  Louisa  married  to  Frederick,  crown  prince  of  Sweden, 

2s.luly,  1869 

Neutrality  in  Fninco- Prussian  war  proclaimed 4  Aug.  1870 

Queen  d....T 13  Mch.  1871 

Death  of  king  Charles  XV 18  Sept.  1872 

Diet  opened  by  king  Oscar  II 20  Jan.  1873 

King  and  queen  crowned 12  May,     "' 

Crown-prince  made  viceroy  of  Norway 19  Mch.  1884 

Prince  Oscar  marries  miss  Muuck  at  Bournemouth,  Engl., 

15  Mch.  1888 
Norway  agitates  for  autonomy  in  foreign  affairs;  opposed  by 
Sweden Feb.  1892 

KINGS  OF  SWKDKN  (previously  kings  of  Upsal). 

1001.  Olaf  Schotkonuug,  or  Olif  Schoetkouuug,  the  Infant,  is  styled 
kin}i,  1015. 

1026.  Edmund  Colbrenner. 

1051.  Edmund  Slemme. 

1056.  Stenkill. 

1066.  Hiilslan. 

1090.  Ingo  I,  the  Good. 

1112.  Philip. 

1118.  Ingo  II. 

1129.  Swerker,  or  Suercher  I. 

1155.  St.  Erie  IX. 

1161.  Charles  VII. ;  made  prisoner  by  his  successor. 

1167.  Canute,  son  of  Eric  1. 

111>9.  Swerker,  or  Suercher  II. ;  killed  in  battle. 

1210.  EricX. 

1216.  John  I. 

1222.  Eric  XL,  the  Stammerer. 

1250.  Birger  Jarl,  regent. 
"      Waldemar  I 

1275.  Magnus  I.,  Ladulaes. 

1290.  Birger  11. 

1319.  Maguus  II.,  Smaek;  dethroned. 

1350.  Eric  XII. 

1359.  Maguus  restored ;  deposed  1363. 

1363.  Albert  of  Mecklenburg;  his  tyranny  causes  a  revolt  of  his 
subjects,  who  invite  Margaret  of  Denmark  to  the  throne. 

1389.  Margaret,  queen  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  now  also  of  Den- 
mark, and  Eric  XIIL 

1397.  [Union  of  Calmar,  by  which  the  3  kingdoms  are  united  under 
one  sovereign.] 

1412.  Eric  XIIL  governs  alone;  deposed. 

1440.  Christopher  IIL 

1448.  Charles  VIIL  Canuteson,  king  of  Sweden  only. 

1471.  [Interregnum.]  Sten  Sture,  protector. 

1483.  John  IL  (I.  of  Denmark). 

1502.  [Interregnum.] 

1503.  Swante  Sture,  protector. 
1512.  Sten  Sture,  protector. 

1520.  Christiem,  or  Christian  IL,  of  Denmark,  styled  the  "Nero  of 
the  North";  deposed  for  his  cruelties. 

1523.  Gustavus  I.,  Vasa;  by  whose  valor  the  Swedes  are  delivered 
from  the  Danish  yoke. 

1560.  Eric  XIV.,  son;  dethroned  and  slain  by 

1569.  John  IIL,  brother. 

1592.  Sigismund  IIL,  king  of  Poland,  son;  disputes  for  the  succes- 
sion continued  the  whole  of  this  reign. 

1604.  Charles  IX.,  brother  of  John  IIL 

1611.  Gustavus  XL,  Adolphus  the  Great,  son;  falls  at  the  battle  of 
Lutzen,  16  Nov.  1632. 

1632.  [Interregnum.] 

1633.  Christina,  daughter  of  Gustavus.     Resigns  the  crown  to  her 

cousin,  16  June,  1654;  d.  at  Rome  in  1689. 
1654.  Charles  X.,  Gustavus,  son  of  John  Casimir,  count  palatine  of 

the  Rhine. 
1660.  Charles  XL,  son;  the  arts  and  sciences  flourish  in  this  reign. 
1697.  Charles  XII.,  son;  styled  the  "Alexander,"  and  the  "Mad- 
man of  the  North";  killed  at  Frederickshald,  11  Dec.  1718. 
1718.  Ulrica  Eleanora,  sister,  and  her  consort,  Frederick  I. ,  landgrave 

of  Hesse-Cassel.     Ulrica  relinquishes  the  crown,  and  in 
1741.  Frederick  reigns  alone. 
1751.  Adolphus  Frederick  of  Holstein-Gottorp,  descended  from  the 

family  of  Vasa. 
1771.  Gustavus  IIL,  Adolphus,  son;  assassinated  by  count  Anker- 

strOm  at  a  masked  ball,  16  Mch. ;  d.  29  Mch.  1792. 
1792.  Gustavus  IV.,  Adolphus,  son;  dethroned,  and  the  government 

assumed  by  his  uncle,  the  duke  of  Sudermania. 
1809.  Charles  XIIL  duke  of  Sudermania. 

[Treaty  of  Kiel  (1814).  by  which  Norway  falls  under  the 

sovereignty  of  Sweden.] 
1818.  Charles  (John)  XIV.,  Bernadotte,  the  French  prince  of  Ponte 

Corvo;  d.  8  Mch.  1844. 
1844.  Oscar  L,  son;  b.  4  July,  1799;  d.  8  July,  1859. 
1859.  Charles  XV.,  son;  b.  3  May,  1826;  d.  18  Sept.  1872;  a  poet; 

brave  and  impulsive;  much  beloved. 
1872.  Oscar  II. ,  brother;  b.  21  Jan.  1829;  marries  princess  Sophia 

of  Nassau,  6  June,  1857. 
Heir:  Gustavus,  son,  b.  16  June,  1858;  married  to  Victoria 

of  Baden,  20  Sept.  1881. 

Sive'denborgr.     Philosophy. 
Siwedenbor'gians,  or  New  Jerusalena  Church,  are 


those  who  adopt  the  theological  teachings  of  Emanuel  Sweden- 

borg  (b.  at  Stockholm,  29  Jan.  1688 ;  d.  in  London,  29  Mch. 

1772). 

His  disciples  first  meet  as  an  organized  body  in  London  in  1788. 

They  believe  that  the  sole  deity  is  centred  in  Jesus  Christ,  in  whom 
is  a  trinity  of  essentials;  that  salvation  is  effected  by  faith  and  i 
works  coMibined;  that,  as  man's  soul  is  a  spiritual  body,  he  will 
never  resume  the  material  body;  that  the  Last  Judgment  was 
eflfected  in  tho  spiritual  world  during  Swedenborg's  lifetime;  and 
that  the  Lord's  Second  Coming  has  taken  place  through  the  rev- 
elation of  a  new  system  of  truth  from  the  inner  sense  of  Scripture. 

Swedenborg  Society  instituted,  1810. ' 

Missionary  and  Tract  Society  of  the  Now  Church,  1821. 

This  church,  according  to  the  U.  S.  census  returns  for  1890,  num- 
bers 154  organizations  with  7095  members.  . 

§iviinilling^.     Leander  is  said  to  have  swum  nightly       I 
across  the  Hellespont  from  Abydos  to  Sestos,  about  1  mile,  to       1 
meet  Hero ;  and  lord  Byron  and  lieut.  Ekenhead  did  the  same, 
3  May,  1810. 

"  Across  the  Hellespont's  wide  weary  space, 
Wherein  he  nightly  struggled  with  the  tide." 

— Hood,  "  Hero  and  Leander,"  stanza  cxxiii. 

Side -stroke  in  swimming  said  to  have  been  introduced  by 
George  Pewters about  1850 

Over-hand  stroke  first  used  by  Harry  Gardner  at  Manchester, 
Engl 1862 

Capt.  Matthew  Webb  swims  from  Blackwall  to  Gravesend,  20 
miles,  in  4  hrs.  53  min.,  3  July;  and  from  Dover  to  Calais,  35 
miles,  in  21  hrs.  45  min 24-25  Aug.  1875 

Agnes  Beckwith,  aged  14,  swims  from  London  bridge  to  Green- 
wich, 5  miles,  in  1  h.  8  min 1  Sept.     " 

Emily  Parker,  aged  15,  swims  from  London  bridge  to  Black- 
wall,  7  miles,  in  1  h.  35  min 4  Sept.     " 

Paul  Boyton  swims  the  strait  of  Gibraltar  from  Caripa  to 
Tangier  in  5  hrs.  5  min 20  Mch.  1878 

Capt.  Matthew  Webb  swims  from  Gravesend  to  Woolwich  and 
back  to  Rosherville,  40  miles,  in  9  hrs.  57  min.,  Thames,Engl., 

12  .July,     " 

Miss  Beckwith  swims  20  miles  in  the  Thames  in  6  hrs.  25  min., 

17  July,     " 

Capt.  Webb  swims  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Manhattan  beach.  Coney 
Island 13  Aug.  1879 

Miss  lieckwith  swims  30  continuous  hours 7-8  May,  1880 

Capt.  Webb  drowned  in  attempting  to  swim  through  the  whirl- 
pool at  Niagara  falls 24  July,  1883 

J.  J.  Collier  swims  1  mile  in  Hollingworth  lake,  Engl.,  in  28 
min.  19»^  sec 23  Aug.  1884 

William  J.  Kendall,  wearing  a  cork  jacket,  swims  through  the 
Whirlpool  rapids,  Niagara  falls 22  Aug.  1886 

Miss  Edith  Johnson  swims  from  Bath  to  Antwerp,  16  miles, 
in  5  hrs.  25  min.,  without  resting 29  Aug,     " 

Eugene  Mercedier  swims  across  the  East  river  from  the  Navy- 
yard,  Brooklyn,  to  Old  Slip,  New  York,  with  arms  and  legs 
bound  and  carrying  a  2  lb.  dumb  bell  in  each  hand. .22  June,  1890 

Davis  Dalton  (Hahn)  alleged  to  have  swum  on  his  back  across 
the  English  channel  from  Boulogne  to  Folkestone,  accom- 
panied by  a  life-boat 17-18  Aug.     " 

J.  Nuttall  swims  1000  yards  in  13  min.  54)^  sec. — best  on  rec- 
ord—at Lambeth's  baths,  London 16  Oct.     " 

For  Paul  Boyton,  Lifk-boat. 

S  Wi§§  guard§,  bodies  of  hired  Swiss  troops  formerly 
employed  in  many  European  countries  as  bodj'-guards  to  the 
rulers.  In  France  formed  in  1616  as  the  Royal  Swiss  guards; 
massacred  while  defending  the  Tuileries,  10  Aug.  1792.  Be- 
fore the  attack  they  numbered  about  800  (not  all,  however,  at 
the  Tuileries  at  the  time),  under  an  able  commander,  Mandat; 
but  he  was  murdered  on  the  steps  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  where 
he  had  been  called,  just  before  the  attack,  to  receive  his  orders, 
thus  leaving  them  without  a  leader  and  without  orders.  How 
many  were  killed  in  the  attack  was  never  known.  Many 
were  killed  afterwards  in  prison  in  the  September  massacres. 
Reorganized  Sept.  1815;  defeated  during  the  insurrection,  28 
July,  1830;  dismissed  by  Charles  X.,  Aug.  1830. 

Switllill'§  Day,  St.,  15  July.  St.  Swithin  lived  in 
the  9th  century,  and,  having  been  the  preceptor  to  king  Ethel- 
wuir,  was  made  bishop  of  Winchester  in  852,  and  died  2  July, 
862.  The  tradition  states  that  it  rained  40  days  in  conse- 
quence of  the  proposed  removal  of  his  remains  from  the  church- 
yard to  the  cathedral. 

Switzerland,  the  ancient  Helvetia,  a  federal  republic 
of  S.  Europe,  was  conquered  by  the  Romans,  15  B.C.,  and  was 
successively  subject  to  the  Burgundians,  Germans,  and  Franks. 
The  canton  of  Schweitz  was  peopled  by  the  Cimbrians,  who, 
leaving  their  original  habitation  in  Scandinavia,  invaded  Italy, 
and  were  defeated  by  the  Roman  general  Marius,  and  fled  into 
Helvetia  about  100  b.c.  This  canton  has  given  name  to  the 
whole  confederacy.  The  Swiss  confederation  was  founded,  1 
Jan.  1308,  by  the  3  cantons  of  Uri,  Schwyz  or  Schweitz,  and 


SWI 


779 


SWO 


Unterwald.  In  1353  it  numbered  8  cantons,  and  in  1513, 13 
cantons.  This  old  confederation  of  13  cantons  was  increased 
by  the  adherence  of  several  subject  territories,  and  existed  till 
1798,  when  it  was  replaced  by  the  Helvetic  republic,  which 
lasted  4  years.  In  1803  Napoleon  I.  organized  a  new  confed- 
eration, composed  of  19  cantons.  This  confederation  was  mod- 
ified in  1815,  when  the  number  of  cantons  was  increased  to  22. 
The  position  of  Switzerland  in  the  history  of  the  world  is 
unique.  It  is  the  oldest  republic  on  record,  and  has  existed 
as  such  surrounded  by  forms  of  government  entirely  different. 
It  has  maintained  its  position  not  by  extent  of  territory,  pop- 
ulation, or  military  power,  but  by  the  jealousy  of  the  nations 
surrounding  it.  The  present  constitution  came  into  force  on 
29  Mav,  1874.  Area,  15,976  sq.  miles;  pop.  1860,  2,507,170; 
1870,  2,669,147  ;  1880,  2,831,787  ;  1890,  2,933,612.  The  pres- 
ent national  council  is  elected  every  3d  year,  at  the  rate  of  1 
member  for  every  2000  persons. 

LIST   OF   CANTONS   AND   NUMBER  OF   KEPRESENTATIVES  TO 
THE  "  NATIONALRATH  "   FROM    EACH. 

Cantons.  Representatives. 

Neufchatel 5 

Geneva 5 


Cantons.  Representatives 

Berue 27 

Zurich 17 

Waadt  (Pays  de  Vaud) 12 

Aargau 10 

St.  Gall 11 

Lucerne 7 

Tlcino 6 

Fribourg 6 

Basel 7 

Grisons 5 

Wallis  (Valais) 5 

Thurgau 5 

Helvetians  invading  Gaul  severely  defeated  by  Julius  Caesar 


Solothurn 4 

Appenzell * 

Glarus 2 

Schaffhausen 2 

Schweitz  or  Schwyz 3 

Un  terwalden 2 

Uri 1 

Zug 1 


Total. 


,147 


B.C. 

58 

A.D. 

612 


1032 
1179 
1191 


Helvetians  converted  to  Christianity  by  Irish  missionaries 

Helvetia  ravaged  by  the  Huns 

Becomes  subject  to  Germany 

Fribourg  built  by  Berthold  IV 

Berne  built • • 

Men  of  Uri,  Unterwalden,  and  Schwyz  make  a  solemn  league 
and  covenant  forever  against  the  Austrians;  this  is  regarded 

as  the  foundation  of  the  Swiss  confederation 1  Aug.  1291 

Tyranny  of  Gessler,  heroism  of  William  Tell,  and  revolt  (dem- 
onstrated to  be  mythical),  dated 1306 

Confederation  against  Austria;  declaration  of  Swiss  indepen- 
dence confirmed  by  the  leaders,  Werner  Stauffacher  (of 
Schweitz),  Walter  Furst  (Uri),  and  Arnold  von  Melchthal  (Un- 
terwalden), determined  to  free  their  country 4  Nov.  1307 

A  malignant  fever  carries  off,  in  the  canton  of  Basel,  1100  per- 
sons  • 13U 

Form  of  government  made  perpetual 1315 

Leopold  of  Austria  defeated  at  Morgarten,  15  Nov " 

Lucerne  joins  the  confederacy 1335 

Canton  of  Zurich  joins  and  becomes  head  of  the  league 1350 

Berne,  Glarus,  and  Zug  join 1351 

Eight  cantons  form  a  perpetual  league 1352 

Leopold  II.  of  Austria  defeated  and  slain  at  Sempach  (the  Swiss 
led  by  Arnold  von  Winckelried,  who  loses  his  life  in  a  desperate 

assault  on  the  Austrian  spearmen) 9  July,  1386 

Austrians  defeated  at  Nafels,  9  Apr.  1388;  make  peace 1389 

Grisons  league  (Caddee) 1400 

Second  league  of  the  Grisons 1424 

Third  league  of  the  Grisons 1436 

Battle  of  St.  Jacobs  on  the  B  rs,  near  Basel  (1600  Swiss  resist 
30,000  French,  and  are  all  killed,  the  enemy  losing  10,000), 
'  26  Aug.  1444 

Swiss  defeat  Charles  the  Bold  at  Granson,  5  Mch. ;  and  at 

Morat 22  June,  1476 

And  aid  the  duke  of  Lorraine  at  Nancy,  where  Charles  is 

slain 5  Jan.  1477 

Swiss  soldiers  first  enter  into  the  pay  of  France, under  Louis  XI.  1480 

Fribourg  and  Solothurn  join  confederation 1481 

Maximilian  I.,  emperor,  acknowledges  Swiss  independence 1499 

Schaffhausen  and  Basel  join  the  union 1501 

Appenzell  joins  the  confederation  (the  13th) 1513 

Swiss  invade  Milan  and  defeat  the  French  at  Novara.  ..6  June,     " 

Defeated  bv  them  at  Mariguano 13.  14  Sept.  1515 

Swiss  confederacy  acknowledged  by  France  and  other  pow- 
ers   1516 

Reformation  begins  at  Basel;  the  bishop  compelled  to  retire. .  1519 
Eeformation  adopted  by  some  cantons;  battle  of  Cappel,  Zwin- 

gli  killed  and  reformers  defeated 12  Oct  1531 

Grisons  leagues  join  the  Swiss  confederacy  as  allies 1544 

Appenzell  joins  the  other  cantons 1597 

Charles  Emanuel  of  Savoy  enters  Geneva  by  surprise,  scaling 

the  walls,  but  in  the  end  is  defeated 1602 

[An  annual  festival  commemorates  this  escape.] 
Independence  of  Switzerland  recognized  by  the  treaty  of  West- 
phalia   1648 

Peace  of  Aargau,  end  of  religious  war Aug.  1712 

[From  this  period  until  the  French  revolution  the  cantons 
enjoyed  tranquillity,  disturbed  only  by  the  changes  arising 
out  of  their  various  constitutions.] 
I   Alliance  with  France 25  May,  1777 


Strife  in  Geneva  between  the  aristocratic  and  democratic  par- 
ties ;  France  interferes 1781 

One  thousand  fugitive  Genevese  seek  an  asylum  in  Ireland 

(Geneva) 1782 

Swiss  GUARDS  ordered  to  quit  France 1792 

Helvetic  confederation  dissolved;  its  subjugation  by  France..  1798 

Helvetic  republic  formed " 

Switzerland  the  seat  of  war 1799-1802 

Number  of  cantons  increased  to  19,  by  the  addition  of  Aargau, 
Graubvinden  (Grisons),  St.  Gall,  Thurgau,  Tessin,  and  Waadt 
(Vaud) ;  the  federal  government  restored,  and  a  landamman 

appointed  by  France 1803 

Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Unterwalden  separate  from  the  republic. . .      " 

Switzerland  joins  France  with  6000  men 24  Aug.  1811 

Allies  enter  Switzerland  in  the  spring  of 1814 

Number  of  cantons  increased  to  22,  by  the  addition  of  Geneva, 
Neufchatel,  Wallis  (Valais),  and  the  independence  of  Switzer- 
land secured  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna 1816 

A  colossal  lion  carved  out  of  the  solid  rock  at  Lucerne  after  a 
model  by  Thorwaldsen,  in  honor  of  the  Swiss  guard  who  fell 
in  defence  of  the  Tuileries,  Paris,  10  Aug.  1792;  dedicated. . .  1821 

Revision  of  the  constitution  of  the  cantons 1830 

Law  to  make  education  independent  of  the  clergy 1839 

It  leads  to  dissensions  between  Catholics  and  Protestants.  ...1840-44 
Dispute  about  the  convents  of  Aargau,  1844;  to  put  education 
into  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits,  etc. ;  opposition  of  the  Protes- 
tant cantons 1846 

Lucerne,  Uri,  Schweitz,  Unterwalden,  Fribourg,  Zug,  and  Valais 
(Roman  Catholic  cantons)  form  a  separate  league  (Sonder- 

bund)  to  support  education  by  the  Jesuits,  etc " 

Insurrection  at  Geneva  against  Jesuit  teaching;  a  temporary 

provisional  government  established 7  Oct.     " 

Diet  declares  the  Sonderbund  illegal,  and  dissolves  it,  20  July; 

7  cantons  protest,  22  JulV;  diet  orders  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  3  Sept. ;  communal  assemblies  held  to  resist  it,  26 
Sept.,  3,  10  Oct. ;  appeal  to  arms 21  Oct.  1847 

Diet  prepares  to  repress  the  Sonderbund,  4  Nov. ;  Fribourg  sur- 
renders, 14  Nov. ;  civil  war;  Sonderbund  defeated  by  gen.  H. 
Dufour,  near  Lucerne,  23  Nov. ;  end  of  the  Sonderbund;  it 
submits  to  expulsion  of  Jesuits,  and  secularization  of  monas- 
t i c  property 29  Nov.     '* 

New  federal  constitution 12  Sept.  1848 

Dispute  about  Neufchatel 1857 

Declaration  of  neutrality  in  the  Italian  war 14  Mch.  1869 

Mutiny  and  punishment  of  Swiss  mercenary  troops  at  Naples; 
confederation  forbids  foreign  enlistment July  and  Aug.     '< 

Swiss  government  protests  against  annexation  of  Savoy  to 
France 15  Mch.  I860 

One  hundred  and  fifty  Swiss  attempt  to  enter  Savoy;  stopped 
by  Genevese  government 30  Mch.     " 

M.  Thorel,  a  Swiss,  obtains  a  prize  at  the  national  shooting- 
match  at  Wimbledon July,     " 

Government  forbids  the  Swiss  to  enlist  in  foreign  service  with- 
out permission 30  July,     " 

French  troops  occupy  Valine  des  Dappes,  28  Oct. ;  Swiss  an- 
nounce the  violation  of  their  territory 5  Nov.  1861 

Treaty  of  France  settles  question  of  the  Valine  des  Dappes  by 
mutual  cessions;  no  military  works  to  be  constructed  on 
territory  ceded;  signed 8  Dec.  1862 

Revision  of  the  constitution ;  deliberations  begin 23  Oct.  1865 

Nearly  all  the  revised  articles  of  the  federal  constitution  re- 
jected by  the  vote  of  the  Swiss  burgesses 14  Jan.  1866 

International  peace  and  liberty  congress  at  Geneva,  9-12  Sept. 
1867 ;  at  Berne 22-26  Sept.  1868 

Neutrality  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  proclaimed July,     " 

New  constitution  adopted  by  Zurich 18  Apr.  1869 

French  army  under  Clinchant  (84,000)  crosses  the  frontiers 
and  is  disarmed 1  J'eb.  1871 

Extraordinary  session  of  the  federal  assembly  to  revise  the 
constitution 6  Nov.     " 

Plebiscite,  a  new  constitution,  reorganizing  the  army,  and  pro- 
moting uniform  education,  etc.,  rejected  by  a  majority  of  4967 
out  of  509,921 12  May,  1872 

M.  Favre  engaged  to  construct  a  tunnel  through  St.  Gothard  in 

8  years,  for  2,000,000^ 8  Aug.     " 

Revised  federal  constitution  voted  (321,870  for,  177,800  against), 

19  Apr.  1874 

Swiss  national  Catholic  church  constituted about  June,     " 

Nineteen  Catholic  priests  deprived  for  refusal  to  take  constitu- 
tional oath 5  Sept.     " 

International  postal  congress  at  Berne,  15  Sept. ;    protocol 

signed 9  Oct.     " 

Civil. marriage  law  and  registration  adopted  by  universal  suf- 
frage (212,854-204,700) 23  May,  1876 

President  of  the  national  council  for  3  years,  J.  Philippin, 

elected 6  June.  1877 

Death  of  James  Fazy,  eminent  statesman 6  Nov.  1878 

National  voting  for  St.  Gothard  railway  and  tunnel  (161,000 

majority)..... 19  Jan.  1879 

Opening  of  St.  Gothard's  railway  from  Milan  to  Lucerne, 

20-21  May,  1882 

Invasion  of  the  Salvation  army 1883-84 

Great  powers  protest  against  the  asylum  given  to  political 

criminals  by  the  republic June,  1889 

Six  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  Swiss  con- 
federation celebrated  in  the  province  of  Schwytz. .  .1-2  Aug.  1891 

SVirord§.  The  Roman  swords  were  from  20  to  30  inches 
long.  The  broadsword  and  scimitar  are  of  modern  adoption. 
Damascus  steel  swords  were  most  prized ;  the  next  the  sword 


SYB 


780 


SYR 


of  Ferrara  ateeh  Toledo  sword-blades  have  been  famed  since 
the  15th  century. 

"  The  trenchant  blade,  Toledo  trusty, 
Fur  want  of  fighting  was  grown  rusty." 

—Butler,  "Hudibras." 

The  Scotch  Highlanders,  from  the  artificer  Andrea  di  Ferrara, 
called  their  swords  A  tidrew  Ferraras.  The  large  sword  shown 
at  Dumbarton  castle  as  Wallace's  is  asserted  to  be  one  of  Ed- 
ward IV.'s.  The  broadsword  was  forbidden  to  be  worn  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1724.  The  2  most  famous  swords  of  romance  were 
the  sword  "Excalibur,"  wrought  for  king  Arthur  "by  the  lonely 
maiden  of  the  lake,"  and  "  Durandal,"  borne  by  Orlando  or 
Roland,  famed  knight  of  the  court  of  Charlemagne. 

Syb'aris,  a  Greek  colony  in  S.  Italy,  founded  about  720 
B.C. ;  destroyed  by  the  Crotonians  about  610  b.c.  The  people 
were  greatly  addicted  to  luxury,  hence  the  term  Sybarite. 

Sydney,  capital  of  New  South  Wales  ;  founded  by  gov. 
Philip  on  a  cove  on  Port  Jackson,  26  Jan.  1788,  as  a  British 
settlement  for  the  colony  of  convicts  originally  intended  for 
Botany  Bay.  It  was  named  after  lord  Sydney,  secretary  for 
the  colonies.     Pop.  1891,  including  suburbs,  386,400. 

Legislative  council  first  held 13  July,  1829 

Lit  with  gas ;  the  first  place  so  lit  in  Australia May,  1841 

University  founded 1852 

Duke  of  Edinburgh  at  Port  Jackson  narrowly  escapes  assassi- 
nation; O'Farrell,  a  Fenian,  who  shot  him  in  the  back  on  12 

Mch.,  is  convicted  on  31  Mch.,  and  executed 21  Apr.  1868 

J.  B.  Watson,  termed  the  Australian  "Quartz  Reef  king,"  dies 
at  Sydney  ;  said  to  have  left  30,000,000^.,  the  result  of  gold- 
digging,  railroad  and  other  speculations 12  July,  1889 

Syllabu§  of  Errors  in  modem  times,  80  para- 
graphs divided  into  10  chapters,  issued  by  pope  Pius  IX.,  with 
an  encyclical  letter,  8  Dec.  1864.  It  condemned  heresy,  mod- 
ern philosophj',  and  liberalism  in  politics ;  was  forbidden  to  be 
read  in  French  churches,  and  was  generally  opposed,  but  was 
adopted  by  the  council  at  Rome,  1870. 

Syinine§'§  theory.  The  theory  or  fancy  that  the 
earth  is  hollow  and  inhabited  within  was  held  with  persist- 
ence by  John  Cleves  Symmes  (1779-1829),  who  claimed  to  be- 
lieve that  the  earth  was  open  at  the  poles  for  the  admission 
of  light  and  air,  and  contained  within  it  other  concentric  hol- 
low globes,  all  inhabited  in  like  manner.  His  belief  in  this 
theory  was  so  strong,  notwithstanding  the  general  ridicule 
bestowed  upon  "  Symraes's  hole  " — as  it  was  popularly  called — 
that  he  both  wrote  and  lectured  on  the  subject,  and  a  petition 
was  finally  presented  to  Congress  (1823),  asking  that  an  expe- 
dition be  fitted  out  to  investigate.     Ohio,  United  States. 

§yill'phoilies,  short  pieces  of  instrumental  music  be- 
tween songs  in  operas,  early  in  the  17th  century.  These  were 
gradually  developed  by  the  great  masters,  such  as  Lulli,  into 
independent  pieces ;  the  symphonies  of  Corelli,  Handel,  Mo- 
zart, Haydn,  and  Beethoven  are  eminent  examples. 

symptlO'llion,  an  improved  form  of  the  musical-box, 
performing  many  more  tunes,  invented  by  Ellis  Parr,  1887. 

syn'agOg^ue  (literally  an  assembly),  a  congregation  of 
the  Jews,  and  the  place  where  such  assembly  is  held  for  re- 
ligious purposes.  When  these  meetings  were  first  held  is  un- 
certain; some  refer  them  to  the  times  after  the  Babylonian 
captivity.  In  Jerusalem  were  480  synagogues.  A  magnificent 
synagogue  was  consecrated  at  Berlin,  5  Sept.  1866.     Jews. 

§yn'<licate,  originally  a  body  of  syndics,  officers  of  a 
government  or  any  ruling  body;  the  term  is  now  frequently 
used  as  synonymous  with  association,  company,  or  body  of 
trustees,  1888. 

§yil'OCl  (Gr.  avv,  together,  and  6d6^,  way,  i.  e.,  meeting), 
an  ecclesiastical  convention ;  a  council ;  the  name  now  espe- 
cially given  to  a  convention  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  The 
first  general  synods  were  called  by  emperors,  and  afterwards 
by  Christian  princes;  but  the  pope  ultimately  usurped  this 
power,  one  of  his  legates  usually  presiding.  Councils  of 
THE  Church.  The  first  national  synod  held  in  England  was 
at  Hertford,  673;  the  last  was  held  by  cardinal  Pole  in  1555. 
Made  unlawful  to  hold  synods  but  by  royal  authority,  25  Henry 
VIII.  1533.     DoRT,  Thurles. 

Syn'onym,  a  word  having  the  same  or  nearly  the  same 
meaning  as  another ;  as  valor,  courage.  Books  of  (Jreek  and 
Latin  synonyms  were  early  compiled.     G.  Crabbe's  diction- 


ary appeared  1816 ;  dr.  P.  M.  Roget's  excellent  "  Thesaurus  of 
English  Words  and  Phrases,"  1852,  and  several  editions  since. 

§ypll'ills  (from  Syphilus^  the  name  of  a  shepherd  in  the 
Latin  poem  of  Fracastoro,  "  Syphilus  sive  Morbus  Gallicus," 
which  was  pub.  1530,  from  the  Gr.  avq,  hog,  swine,  and  ^tXog, 
loving,  the  term  was  introduced  into  nosology  by  Sauvage), 
a  venereal  disease  probably  known  to  the  ancients,  and  said 
to  have  been  brought  into  Europe  at  the  siege  of  Naples,  1495. 

Syracuse,  a  celebrated  Greek  city  of  Sicily,  founded 
about  732  B.c.  by  Archias,  a  Corinthian,  and  one  of  the  Herac- 
lidae.  It  became  one  of  the  most  extensive  cities  of  ancient 
Europe,  second  only  to  Athens  in  the  splendor  and  magnifi- 
cence of  her  public  buildings,  and  one  of  the  best  -  fortified 
cities  of  ancient  times.  Its  government,  first  an  oligarchy, 
fell  under  the  rule  of  tyrants.  Among  its  celebrities  are  some 
of  the  greatest  names  of  Grecian  history,  viz. :  Gelon,  Hiero, 
Dionysius  the  Elder  and  Younger,  Dion,  Timoleon,  Agathocles, 
and  the  great  philosopher  Archimedes.  After  a  long  period 
of  wars  with  Athens,  Carthage,  and  domestic  turmoils,  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  being  taken  after  a  3  years' 
siege  by  Marcellus,  312  b.c.,  at  which  Archimedes  was  killed. 
Since  then  Roman  oppression,  Gothic,  Vandalic,  and  Saracenic 
fury,  together  with  earthquakes,  have  effaced  it  from  the  cat- 
alogue of  cities. 

Syria.  The  capital  was  originally  Damascus;  but  after 
the  battle  of  Ip.sus,  Seleucus  founded  Antioch.  Now  a  prov- 
ince of  Asiatic  Turkey.     Area  of  Syria,  including  Palestine, 

etc.,  115,144  sq.  miles;'  pop.  1885,  2,676,943.  ^^ 
Alliance  of  David,  king  of  Israel,  and  Hiram,  king  of  Syria. . .  1049 

Syria  conquered  by  David. 1040 

Liberated  by  Rezin 980 

Benhadad,  king  of  Syria,  makes  war  on  the  Jews 898  ' 

Benhadad  II.  reigns about  83(^  ' 

Syria  subjugated  by  Tiglath-pileser,  king  of  Assyria 740  , 

Syria  conquered  by  Cyrus 537 

And  by  Alexander 333 

Seleucus  locator  enters  Babylon 312  : 

^ra  of  the  Sklkucid^ "    ; 

Great  battle  of  Ipsus;  death  of  Antigonus,  defeated  by  Ptolemy, 

Seleucus,  and  Lysimachus 301 

City  of  Antioch  founded 299 

Antiochus,  son  of  Seleucus.  falling  in  love  with  his  father's' 

queen,  Stratonice,  pines  away;  the  secret  being  discovered, 

she  is  divorced  by  the  father,  and  married  by  the  son 297 

Battle  of  Cyropedium ;  Lysimachus  slain  by  Seleucus 281 

Seleucus  foully  assassinated  by  Ceraunus;  Antiochus  I.  king. ,  280 

Antiochus  I.  (Soter,  or  Saviour)  defeats  the  Gauls 276 

Antiochus  II.,  surnamed  by  the  Milesians  Theos  (God),  king.. . .  261 

Poisoned  by  Laodice 246 

Seleucus  II.  (king,  246)  makes  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  Smyrna 

and  Magnesia 243 

Seleucus  III.  {Ceraunus,  or  Thunder),  king 226 

Antiochus  III.  the  Great  (king,  222)  conquers  Palestine,  but  is 

totally  defeated  at  Raphia 217 

Again  conquers  Palestine,  198;  but  gives  it  to  Ptolemy 198 

Enters  Greece,  192;  defeated  by  the  Romans  at  Thermopylae, 

191 ;  and  at  Magnesia 190^ 

Makes  peace  with  the  Romans,  giving  up  to   them   Asia 

Minor , 188 

Seleucus  Philopator,  king 18T 

Antiochus  IV.,  king,  who  assumes  the  title  of  Theos-Epiphanes, 

or  the  Illustrious  God 175 

He  sends  Apollonius  into  Judaea;  Jerusalem  is  taken;  the  tem- 
ple pillaged;  40,000  inhabitants  destroyed,  and  40,000  more 

sold  as  slaves 16&^^ 

Antiochus  V    (Eupator),  king,  164,  murdered  by  Demetrius        ^ 

Sotor,  who  seizes  the  throne 162;\j 

Demetrius  is  defeated  and  slain  by  his  successor  Alexander 

Bala,  150;  who  is  also  defeated  and  slain  by  Demetrius  Ni- 

cator 146 

Antiochus  VI.  (Sidetes),  son  of  Demetrius  Sotor,  rules  during 

the  captivity  of  his  brother  Demetrius  Nicator  (after  slaying 

the  usurper  Trypho) 137 

Antiochus  grants  peace  to  the  Jews,  and  placates  the  Romans, 

133 ;  invades  Parthia,  129 ;  and  is  defeated  and  slain ITS- 

Demetrius  Nicator  restored " 

Cleopatra,  the  queen,  murders  her  son  Seleucus  with  her  own 

hand 124 

Her  son  Antiochus  VII.  (Grypus),  king,  125,  whom  she  attempts 

to  poison ;  but  he  compels  his  mother  to  swallow  the  deadly 

draught  herself 12J" 

Reign  of  Antiochus  VIII.  (Cyzicenus)  at  Damascus,  and  of  Gry-         < 

pus  at  Antioch Ill 

Seleucus,  king f 96 

Antiochus  IX.  (Eusebes),  king 94 

Dethroned  by  Philip  85 

Tigranes.  king  of  Armenia,  acquires  Syria 83 

Antiochus  X.  (Asiaticus)  solicits  the  aid  of  the  Romans 76 

Defeat  of  Tigranes  by  Lucullus,  69;  he  submits  to  Pompey, 

who  enters  Syria,  and  dethrones  Antiochus  Asiaticus 65 

Syria  made  a  Roman  province 6S 


781 


TAL 


Syria  invaded  by  the  Parthians 162 

By  the  Persians 256 

Violent  earthquakes 341 

Invaded  by  the  Saracens,  497,  502, 529 ;  by  the  Persians 607 

Conquered  by  the  Saracens 638 

Conquest  of  Syria  by  the  Fatimite  caliphs 970 

Revolt  of  the  emirs  of  Damascus 1067 

Emirs  of  Aleppo  revolt. . .' 1068 

Crusades  commence 1095 

Desolated  by  the  Crusades 1096-1272 

Noureddin  conquers  Syria 1166 

Saladin  dethrones  the  Fatimite  dynasty 1171 

Tartars  overrun  all  Syria 1259 

Sultans  of  Egypt  expel  the  Crusaders 1291 

Syria  overrun  by  Tamerlane 1400 

Syria  and  Egypt  conquered  by  the  Turks 1516-17 

Syria  continued  in  possession  of  the  Turks  till  the  invasion  by 
the  French,  1799;  Bonaparte  overruns  the  country;  Gaza 

and  Jaffa  taken Mch.  1799 

Siege  of  Acre  begun  by  French,  16  Mch. ;  raised 20  May,     " 

Bonaparte  returns  to  France  from  Egypt 23  Aug.     " 

Egypt  and  Syria  evacuated  by  the  French 10  Sept.  1801 

Mehemet  Ali  attacks  and  captures  Acre,  and  overruns  tke 

whole  of  Syria 1831 

Ibrahim  Pacha,  his  son,  defeats  the  grand-signior  at  Konieh, 

21  Dec.  1832 
Numerous  battles  with  varying  success;  European  powers  in- 
tervene ;  peace  is  made 6  May,  1833 

War  renewed,  May;  Ibrahim  defeats  Turks  at  Nezib.  .24  June,  1839 
Turkish  fleet  deserts  to  Mehemet  Ali,  reaching  Alexandria 

14  July,     " 

Five  powers  unite  to  support  the  Porte July,     " 

Death  of  lady  Hester  Stanhope 23  June,  1840 


Treaty  of  London  (not  signed  by  France) 15  July, 

Capture  of  Sidon '. 27  Sept. 

Fall  of  Beyrout 10  Oct. 

Fall  of  Acre 3  Nov. 

Long  negotiations;  sultan  grants  hereditary  rights  to  Mehe- 
met, who  gives  up  Syria Jan. 

Druses  said  to  have  destroyed  151  Christian  villages,  killing 
1000  persons  (Druses) 29  May  to  1  July, 

Mahometans  massacre  about  3300  Christians  at  Damascus; 
many  saved  by  Abd-el-Kader 9  July,  et  seq. 

English  and  French  governments  intervene;  convention  at 
Paris;  12,000  men  to  be  sent  by  France 3  Aug. 

Vigor  of  Fuad  Pacha;  he  punishes  the  Mahometans  implicated 
in  massacres  at  Damascus;  167  of  all  ranks,  including  the 
governor,  executed 20  Aug.  et  seq. 

Four  thousand  French  soldiers,  under  gen.  Hautpoul,  land  at 
Beyrout 22  Aug. 

Lord  Dufferin,  British  commissioner  in  Syria,  arrives  at  Da- 
mascus   6  Sept. 

French  and  Turks  advance  against  Lebanon;  14  emirs  sur- 
rendered   Oct. 

Pacification  of  the  country  effected Nov. 

French  occupation  ceases 5  June, 

Prince  of  Wales  visits  Syria Apr. 

Insurrection  of  Joseph  Karam,  Maronite,  in  Lebanon;  sup- 
pressed  Mch. 

Another  suppressed;  Karam  flies  to  Algeria 31  Jan. 

Midhat  Pacha  appointed  governor-general  to  inaugurate  re- 
forms, Nov.  1878;  experiences  great  difficulty,  Oct. ;  resigns, 
but  continues Oct.  1879-June, 

Hamed  Pacha,  governor  of  Smyrna,  and  Midhat  Pacha  change 
places Aug. 

Midhat  Pacha,  charged  with  complicity  in  the  murder  of  the 
sultan  Abdul  Aziz,  surrenders  (Turkey,  1881).. about  17  May, 


1840 


1841 
1860 


1861 

1862 


1866 
1867 


1881 


X,  a  sharp  mute  consonant,  and  the  20th  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet,  the  t  (tau)  of  the  Greek  5  thence  from  the 
Phoenician  and  Egyptian.  "To  a  T"=exactly,  with  the 
greatest  accuracy;  a  remark  referring  to  the  T-square,  an  in- 
strument used  by  mechanics.  "  We  could  manage  the  matter 
to  a  T." — Sterne,  "  Tristram  Shandy,"  vol.  ii.  chap  v. 

Tabella'riae  L<e'gC§,  the  laws  which  enabled  the 
Roman  commons  to  vote  by  ballot  instead  of  viva  voce.  Such 
laws  diminished  the  power  of  the  nobles.  Voting  by  ballot 
was  allowed  by  the  Gabinian  law,  A.u.c.  614,  in  conferring 
honors ;  2  years  after  at  all  trials  except  for  treason,  by  the 
Cassian  law ;  in  passing  laws,  by  the  Papirian  law,  A.U.C. 
622;  and  lastly,  in  trials  for  treason,  bv  the  Coelian  law,  a.u.c. 
630. 

tab'ernacle,  the  holy  place  of  the  Israelites  before 
the  erection  of  Solomon's  temple,  supposed  to  have  been  con- 
structed by  divine  direction,  1490  b.c.  The  tabernacle  set  up 
at  Shiloh  by  Joshua  1444  b.c.  was  replaced  by  the  temple 
erected  by  Solomon,  1004  b.c, 

Xal>les,  the  Two,  of  the  law  in  stone  alleged  to  have 
been  received  by  Moses  from  God  on  mount  Sinai,  1491  b.c. 
Decemviri. 

Ta'toor,  a  city  in  Bohemia,  was  founded  by  Ziska  in 
1420,  and  became  a  chief  seat  of  the  Hussites. — A  small 
mountain  in  Palestine,  the  headquarters  of  Barak  prior  to  his 
victory  over  Sisera  (Judges  iv.  14),  and  he  supposed  scene  of 
the  "  Transfiguration." 

Tadnior.     Palmyra. 

Tae-PillgS.     China,  1851. 

taf Tety,  an  early  manufacture  ot  silk,  more  prized  for- 
merly than  now,  w^oven  very  smooth  and  glossy.  It  was  worn 
by  English  queens,  and  was  first  made  in  England  by  John 
Tyce,  of  Shoreditch,  London,  41  Eliz.  1598.— -S'tow. 

Tag^liaeozzo  {tal-ya-cot'so),  a  town  in  the  Abruzzi 
mountains,  S.  Italy,  where,  on  23  Aug.  1268,  Charles  of  Anjou, 
usurping  king  of  Naples,  defeated  and  captured  the  rightful 
monarch,  young  Conradin  (last  of  the  Hohenstaufens,  and 
grandson  of  emperor  Frederick  II.),  who  had  been  invited  into 
Italy  by  the  Ghibelline  or  imperial  party ;  their  opponents, 
the  Guelfs,  or  papal  party,  supporting  Charles.  Conradin 
was  beheaded  29  Oct.  following. 

Tag^liamentO  {tal-ya-men'to),  a  river  in  Lombardy, 


N.  Italy,  near  which  the  Austrians,  under  the  archduke 
Charles,  were  defeated  by  Bonaparte,  16  Mch.  1797. 

Taheritei^,  a  dynasty  of  Persia,  813-72. 

Tahiti  (ta-hee'tee),  the  French  abbreviated  name  for 
Otaheite. 

TaillebOUrg[  (fai-ye-boorg'),  a  village  of  W.  France. 
Near  here  Henry  III.  of  England  was  defeated  and  nearly 
captured  by  Louis  IX.  of  France,  20  July,  1242. 

Talave'ra  de  la  Reyna,  a  city  of  central  Spain, 

was  taken  from  the  Mahometans  by  Ordono,  king  of  Leon,  913. 
Here,  27,  28  July,  1809,  the  united  British  and  Spanish  armies 
under  sir  Arthur  Wellesley  met  the  French  under  marshals  Vic- 
tor and  Sebastiani.  After  a  conflict  on  the  27th,  both  armies  re- 
mained on  the  field  till  the  French  at  break  of  day  renewed  the 
attack,  and  were  repulsed  by  the  allies  with  great  slaughter. 
At  noon  Victor  charged  the  whole  allied  line,  was  repulsed  at 
all  points,  and  retreated  with  a  heavy  loss.  As  Soult,  Ney, 
and  Mortier  were  in  the  rear,  the  allies  retired  after  the  victory. 
Tallade'ga,  Battle  at,  near  the  Coosa  river,  in  Ala- 
bama, between  more  than  2000  Americans,  under  gen.  Jack- 
son, and  1000  Creek  Indians,  on  9  Nov.  1813.  The  Indians 
left  290  dead  on  the  field,  and  perhaps  as  many  were  wound- 
ed.    The  Americans  lost  15  killed  and  86  wounded. 

Tallusahat'cliee,  Battle  at,  near  the  Coosa  river, 
Alabama,  between  the  Creek  Indians  and  900  mounted  men, 
under  gen.  Coffee,  on  3  Nov.  1813.    The  Indians  lost  200  killed 
and  84  prisoners.    The  Americans  lost  5  killed  and  41  wounded. 
Tal'mud  (from  lamad,  to  teach),  the  compendium  of 
ancient  Jewish  oral  or  unwritten  law,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Pentateuch,  or  written  law ;  its  origin  is  coeval  with  the 
return  from  the  Babylonian  captivity,  536  b.c.     Its  compila- 
tion in  Hebrew  was  begun  by  the  Scribes,  and  by  their  suc- 
cessors the  work  was  carried  on  till  220  b,c.     It  is  composed 
in  prose  and  poetry,  and  contains  2  elements,  legal  and  legen- 
dary.    The  morality  resembles  that  of  the  New  Testament, 
and  the  philosophy  is.  rather  Platonic  than  Aristotelian. 
TheMishna,  comprising  the  work  of  the  rabbis,  termed  Thanalm,  was 
compiled  by  Jehuda  Hanassi,  in  the  middle  of  the  2d  century  a.d., 
and  forms  the  Jerusalem  Talmud,  written  at  Tiberias,  in  Palestine, 
about  230.    The  Babylonian  Talmud  containsalso  the  Gemera  or  Ghe- 
mara,  the  work  of  the  rabbis  termed  Amoraim,  and  criticisms  and 
comments  on  the  Mishna.    The  part  named  Halacha  is  dogmatic,  le- 
gal, and  doctrinal;  the>l5'a6a  is  illustrative,narrative,  and  legendary. 
After  being  almost  universally  condemned,  and  the  MSS.  often 
burned,  the  defence  of  the  Talmud  was  undertaken  by  the  Ger- 


TAM 


782 


TAR 


...^ Reuchlin,  in  the  Ifith  century,  and  between  1520  and 

163Sthe  "  Talmud  Babjionicum,"  in  12  vols,  fol,  and  the  "Talmud 
Hlerosolytanura, "  in  1  vol.  fol. ,  were  printed  at  Venice.  A  discourse 
on  the  Talmud  was  given  at  the  Royal  Institution,  15  May,  1868,  by 
Emanuel  Deutach.  See  hisarticle  in  the  Quarterly  Review,  Oct.  1867. 
A  beginning  of  the  first  English  translation  of  the  Jerusalem  Tal- 
mud (vol.  1.)  by  dr.  Moiso  Schwab  appeared  in  1885. 

TBIIIIIlBliy  Society.  This  society  was  formed  in 
1789,  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  William  Mooney,  an  up- 
holsterer in  New  York  city,  its  first  grand  sachem,  to  oppose 
the  Federalists.  It  has  ever  since  been  an  important  political 
body,  largely  controlling  for  many  years  the  local  government, 
and  in  state  and  national  politics  professing  to  adhere  to  the 
Democratic  party.  The  name  Tammany  is  said  by  tradition 
to  have  been  taken  from  an  aged,  wise,  and  friendly  Delaware 
chief,  chosen  for  his  virtues  as  the  patron  saint  of  the  new  re- 
public. The  first  meeting  was  held  12  May,  1789.  Act  of 
incorporation  passed  1805.  The  grand  sachem  and  the  13  sa- 
chems represent  the  president  of  the  U.  S.  and  the  13  original 
governors.  Although  nominally  a  charitable  and  social  or- 
ganization, it  is  practically  a  combination  to  control  the  reve- 
nues and  government  of  New  York  city,  and  has  long  been  as- 
sociated with  every  form  of  municipal  jobbery  and  corruption. 
In  Nov.  1894,  for  the  first  time  in  more  than  20  years,  it  lost  its 
control  of  the  city  by  the  triumphant  election  of  a  reform  ticket. 

Tan'Bf^ra,  a  ruined  city  of  Boeotia,  Greece.  Here  the 
Spartans  defeated  the  Athenians  457  b.c.,  but  were  defeated 
by  them  in  456  and  426,  when  Agis  II.  headed  the  Spartans 
and  Nicias  the  Athenians. 

Tangier  (tan-jeer'),  a  seaport  town  of  Morocco,  N.  W.  Af- 
rica, besieged  by  prince  Ferdinand  of  Portugal,  who  was  beaten 
and  taken  prisoner,  1437.  It  was  conquered  by  Alfonso  V.  of 
Portugal,  1471,  and  given  as  a  dower  to  princess  Catherine,  on  her 
marriage  with  Charles  II.  of  England,  1662;  who  in  1683  caused 
the  works  to  be  blown  up  and  abandoned.  It  rapidly  declined 
after  coming  into  the  possession  of  the  Moors.     Pop.  14,000. 

tan'iitry,  in  Ireland,  the  equal  division  of  lands,  after  the 
decease  of  the  owner,  among  his  sons,  legitimate  or  illegitimate. 
If  one  of  the  sons  died,  his  son  did  not  inherit,  but  a  new  divi- 
sion was  made  by  the  tanist  or  chief.    Abolished  1604. — Davies. 

Tanjore',  a  province  of  British  India.  About  1678, 
Vencajee,  a  Mahratta  chief,  brother  of  the  great  Sevajee, 
made  himself  rajah.  In  1749  a  British  expedition  endeavored 
to  restore  a  deposed  rajah  without  success;  the  reigning  prince 
bought  them  off  by  cession  of  territories.  Much  interven- 
tion followed.  In  1799  the  East  India  company  obtained  pos- 
aession  of  the  country,  engaging  to  support  the  rajah  with 
nominal  authority.    The  last  is  said  to  have  died  in  1855. 

Tan'nenberg,  E.  Prussia.  Here  Ladislaus  V.  Jagel- 
lon  of  Poland  defeated  the  Teutonic  knights  with  great 
slaughter,  the  grandmaster  being  slain,  15  July,  1410.  The 
order  never  recovered. 

tanning  leather  with  the  bark  of  trees  has  been  prac- 
tised from  the  earliest  ages  in  all  countries,  even  in  Africa; 
but  the  East  until  recently  has  produced  the  best  leather. 
The  manufacture  of  Morocco  leather  was  introduced  into  Al- 
sace, France,  from  the  Mediterranean  coast  of  Africa  in  1749. 
The  tanning  of  alligator  skins  was  begun  in  New  Orleans,  La., 
about  1860.  Great  improvements  have  been  recently  made  in 
tanning  by  chemical  discoveries. 

tan'tai  nm,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  in  an  American  min- 
eral by  Hatchett,  in  1801,  and  named  by  him  columbium ;  and 
in  a  Swedish  mineral  by  Ekeberg,who  gave  it  its  present  name. 
WoUaston  pointed  out  the  identity  of  the  2  metals  in  1809 ;  and 
Berzelius  prepared  pure  metallic  tantalum  in  1824.  In  1846 
Rose  discovered  that  tantalum  was  really  a  mixture  of  3  metals, 
which  he  named  tantalum,  niobium,  and  pelopium. — Gmelin. 

Xa'oi§ni,  one  of  the  3  religions  of  China.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  Tao,  or  "Way,"  a  treatise  written  by  Ll 
Urh,  a  contemporary  of  Confucius,  in  the  6th  century  b.c. 
The  "  Way  "  is  the  quiet,  passionless  discharge  of  all  duties, 
"  Heaven "  not  being  a  ruler,  but  a  pattern.  Taoism  was 
modified  by  the  introduction  of  Buddhism. 

tap'e§try,  an  art  of  weaving  borrowed  from  the  Sara- 
cens, and  hence  its  original  workers  in  France  were  called 
Sarazinois.  The  invention  of  tapestry  hangings  belongs 
(the  date  is  not  mentioned)  to  the  Netherlands. — Guicciardini. 


Manufactured  in  France  under  Henry  IV.  by  artists  invited 
from  Flanders,  1606.     The  art  was  brought  into  England  by 
William  Sheldon ;  and  the  first  manufactory  was  established 
at  Mortlake  by  sir  Francis  Crane,  17  James  1. 1619. — Salmon,  f 
Under  Louis  XIV.  the  art  of  tapestry  was  much  improved  in  f^ 
France.     Gobklin  tapestry.     Tapestry  is  mentioned  by  the  ! 
ancient  poets,  and  also  in  Scripture;  so  that  the  Saracens'  manu-  i?) 
facture  is  a  revival  of  the  art.     Tapestry  said  to  have  been  * 
wrought  by  Matilda,  queen  of  England.    Bayeux  tapestry. 
Tapestry  manufactory  established  at  Windsor,  Kngl.,  by  Mr.  Henry,   ) 
supported  by  the  royal  family  and  others;  exhibition  opened  inl 
the  town-hall,  6  Dec.  1878.  .| 

Xappan,  a  village  of  New  York,  24  miles  north  of  New! 
York  city,  and  IJ  west  of  the  Hudson  river.  Here,  on  2  Oct.  " 
1780,maj.JohnAndr6wa3hangedasaBritishspy.    New  York, 

tar,  a  very  thick  and  viscous  substance,  black  and  strongly 
adhesive,  obtained  in  a  fluid  form  by  distilling  coal  or  wood.  The  ; 
wood  tar  is  of  varied  use  in  the  arts,  entering  into  excellent  var- 
nishes, cements,  etc.,  and  being  the  best  substance  known  to  smear 
on  ropes,  canvas,  etc.,  to  make  them  waterproof.  The  chemist 
Becher  first  proposed  to  make  tar  from  pit-coal — the  earlof  Dun- 
donald's  patent,  1781.  Mineral  tar  was  discovered  at  Colebrook- 
dale,  Shropshire,  1779;  and  in  Scotland,  Oct.  1792.  Tar- water 
was  first  recommended  for  its  medicinal  virtues  by  dr.  Berkeley, 
bishop  of  Cloyne,  about  1744.  From  benzole,  discovered  in  cofd-  , 
tar,  many  brilliant  dyes  are  now  produced.     Aniline. 

Xa'ra,  a  hill  in  Meath,  Ireland,  where  the  early  kings  of 
Ireland  were  inaugurated. 

"The  harp  that  once  through  Tara's  halls 
The  soul  of  music  shed.'"— Moore. 
Near  here,  on  26  May,  1798,  the  royalist  troops,  400  strong, 
defeated  the  insurgent  Irish  (4000  men),  500  killed.     On  15 
Aug.  1843,  Daniel  O'Connell  held  a  monster   meeting   here 
(250,000  persons  said  to  have  been  assembled). 

Taren'tum,  now  Taran'tO,  a  fortified  city  and 
seaport  of  S.  Italy,  was  founded  by  the  Greek  Phalantus,  708 
B.C.  The  people  of  Tarentum,  assisted  by  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus,  supported  a  war  undertaken  281  b.c.  by  the  Romans 
to  avenge  insults  by  the  Tarentines  to  their  ships;  it  was  ter- 
minated after  10  years;  300,000  prisoners  were  taken,  and  Ta- 
rentum became  subject  to  Rome.  Except  the  citadel,  Taren- 
tum was  captured  by  the  Carthaginians,  212,  but  recovered 
by  Fabius,  209  b.c.  Tarentum  has  suffered  in  the  revolutions 
of  southern  Italy  till  only  ruins  remain. 

targ^Uins  or  explanations  are  ancient  Chaldee par- 
aphrases of  the  Old  Testament.  The  most  remarkable  are  those 
of  Onkelos,  Jonathan-ben- Uzziel,  and  Joseph  the  Blind.  The 
Targum  of  Onkelos  is  referred  by  some  to  the  1st  century  a.d. 

Tari'fa,  a  seaport  town  of  S.  Spain,  the  ancient  Joza  and 
Julia  Traducta,  where  Muza  landed  when  invading  Spain,  712, 
It  was  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Sancho  IV.  of  Castile,  1291  or 
1292 ;  and  was  relieved,  when  besieged  by  them,  after  a  great 
victory  over  the  kings  of  Morocco  and  Granada,  by  Alfonso 
XL  of  Castile  and  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portugal,  28  or  30  Oct.  1340. 
The  conflict  is  called  the  battle  of  Salado,  having  been  fought  on 
the  banks  of  that  river.    Tarifa  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1823. 

tarifT.  The  tariff  is  a  tax  levied  upon  exports  or  (es- 
pecially) imports.  A  duty  was  early  collected  by  Moslem 
rulers  at  the  Spanish  port  Tarifa,  whence  the  modern  name, 
on  goods  passing  through  the  strait  of  Gibraltar.  The  word 
as  used  in  the  United  States  was  adopted  from  the  P^ng- 
lish  tariffs,  which  before  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth  were 
prohibitory,  and  since  used  as  a  source  of  revenue.  In  the 
U.  S.  the  tariff  is  for  revenue  and  protection ;  there  are  no 
prohibitory  duties  except  on  chiccory,  shoddy,  doctored  wines,, 
and  a  few  articles  of  like  character.  Before  the  adoption  of 
the  U.  S.  Constitution  most  of  the  American  colonies  had  sys- 
tems of  taxation  on  imports.  The  first  acts  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  company  with  reference  to  the  colony  of  New  Nether- 
lands provided  for  export  and  import  duties,  and  specific  rates 
were  levied  on  furs  and  codfish  by  act  of  7  June,  1629.  lo 
1661  the  council  of  Virginia  laid  an  import  tax  on  rum  and 
sugar,  and  forbade  unloading  them  except  at  appointed  ports. 
The  governmentof  Massachusetts  enacted  a  general  import  tax, 
Nov.  1668.  Under  the  confederation,  the  Continental  Congress 
made  numerous  unsuccessful  attempts  to  induce  the  states  to 
join  in  an  import  tax  for  the  common  treasury,  only  succeeding  ' 


TAR 


783 


TAR 


in  securing,  in  1786,  an  agreement  from  New  York,  granting  to 
the  U.  S. certain  imposts,  provided  the  other  states  did  the  same. 
A  measure  for  taxing  imports,  "for  the  support  of  the  govern- 
ment, for  the  discharge  of  debts  of  the  U.  S.,  and  the  encourage- 
ment and  protection  of  manufactures,"  was  introduced  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  first  Congress,  by  James  Madi- 
son, 8  Apr.  1789.   From  this  dates  tariff  legislation  in  the  U.  S. 
Congress  passes  first  Tariff  act,  to  contmue  in  force  until  June, 
1796,  combining  specific  duties  on  some  articles  and  ad  va- 
lorem on  others,  equivalent  to  an  8)^  per  cent. ad  valorem  rate, 
with  drawback,  except  1  per  cent,  of  duties,  on  all  articles 
exported  within  12  months,  except  distilled  spirits  other  than 

brandy  and  geneva;  signed  by  Washington 4  July,  1789 

Act  of  Congress  passed  to  regulate  the  collection  of  duties. 
Each  collection  district  to  lie  within  a  state.  Providing  for 
collectors,  deputy-collectors,  naval  ofllcers,  surveyors,  weigh- 
ers, measurers,  gangers,  and  inspectors.  Ad  valorem  duties 
to  be  estimated  by  adding  20  per  cent,  to  the  actual  cost 
thereof  if  imported  from  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  or  any  place 
beyond,  and  10  per  cent,  if  from  any  other  country.  Duties 
to  be  paid  in  cash  if  under  $50;  if  over,  might  be  secured 
by  bond  to  run  from  4  to  12  months,  with  10  per  cent,  dis- 
count for  prompt  payment 31  July,     " 

Act  laying  duties  on  importations  extended  to  North  Carolina, 

8  Feb.,  and  to  Rhode  Island 14  June,  1790 

Act  of  4  July,  1789,  repealed,  and  new  law  enacted  raising  du- 
ties to  equal  an  11  per  cent,  ad  valorem  rate 10  Aug.      " 

Tariff  rate  raised  to  equal  13i^  per  cent.,  by  act  of. 2  May,  1792 

Additional   duties   levied   on   imports,   particularly  tobacco, 

snuff,  and  refined  sugar,  by  acts  of. 5,  7  June,  1794 

Tariff  on  brown  sugar,  molasses,  and  tea  increased 3  Mch.  1797 

Duty  on  salt  increased  from  12  to  20  cents  by  act  of 8  July,      " 

First  elaborate  act  of  Congress  for  taking  possession  of  arriv- 
ing merchandise,  and  levying  and  collecting  duties.  ..2  Mch.  1799 
Additional  duties  imposed  on  wines,  sugar,  molasses,  and  such 

articles  as  have  paid  10  per  cent 13  May,  1800 

Two  and  one-half  per  cent,  ad  valorem  imposed  on  all  impor- 
tations in  American  vessels,  and  10  per  cent,  in  foreign  ves- 
sels, in  addition  to  existing  rates,  for  a  fund  to  protect  com- 
merce and  seamen  against  the  Barbary  powers,  commonly 

called  the  "Mediterranean  fund  " 27  Mch.  1804 

All  tariff  duties  increased  100  per  cent.,  and  10  per  cent,  ad- 
ditional on  goods  imported  in  foreign  ships 1  July,  1812 

Double  war  duties  continued  until  30  June,  1816,  and  after 
that  day  an  additional  duty  of  42  per  cent,  until  a  new  tariff 

shall  be  formed 5  Feb.  1816 

Niles^  Weekly  Register  advocates  a  protective  tariff. " 

A.  J.  Dallas,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  reports  to  Congress  on 

the  subject  of  a  general  tariff  of  increased  duties 13  Feb.     " 

Mr.  Lowndes  of  South  Carolina  reports  a  bill  from  the  Com- 
mittee of  Ways  and  Mea«s  to  regulate  duties  on  imports 

and  tonnage 12  Mch.     " 

Tariff  bill  opposed  by  Mr.  Webster  and  most  of  the  eastern 
states,  and  by  John  Randolph,  and  supported  by  messrs. 
Clay,  Calhoun,  and  Lowndes.  Among  other  provisions  was 
one  for  the  gradual  reduction  of  the  tax  on  cotton  and  wool- 
len goods.     Act  passes  the  House  by  a  vote  of  88  to  54,  and 

the  Senate  by  25  to  7,  and  becomes  a  law 27  Apr.      " 

Act  passed  deferring  the  time  of  reduction  of  tariff  on  woollens 
and  cottons  until  1826,  and  raising  the  duty  on  bar  iron 

from  $9  to  $15  per  ton 20  Apr.  1818 

Resolutions  introduced  in  Congress  for  the  abolition  of  draw- 
backs, and  bills  to  shorten  long  credits  on  importations,  to 
tax  auction  sales  of  imports,  and  to  collect  duties  in  cash 

debated,  but  fail  to  become  laws 1819-22 

Auction  system,  by  which  foreigners  shipped  goods  to  the 
U.  S.,  undervaluing  them  in  the  invoice,  for  which  the  auc- 
tioneer gave  bonds  and  immediately  sold  for  what  they  would 
bring,  is  remedied  by  deterrent  legislation,  which  began  in 

1818  and  concluded  in  act  of 1  Mch.  1823 

Tariff  bill  with  average  rate  of  37  per  cent,  duties,  after  a  de- 
bate of  10  weeks,  passes  the  House  by  vote  of  107  to  102.  The 
Senate  adds  amendments  which  the  House  rejects.  The 
difference  is  settled  by  a  committee  of  conference,  and  bill 

passes  Senate  by  25  to  22 ;  approved 22  May,  1824 

National  convention,  called  by  the  Pennsylvania  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Manufactures  and  Mechanic  Arts  at  Har- 
risburg,  adopts  resolutions  in  favor  of  more  protection  on 

iron,  steel,  glass,  wool,  woollens,  and  hemp 30  July,  1827 

Tariff  bill,  based  on  recommendation  of  Harrisburg  convention, 

introduced  in  Congress 31  Jan.  1828 

New  tariff,  with  a  41-per-cent.  rate,  favored  by  Daniel  Webster, 
is  debated  from  4  Mch.  to  15  May;  passed  by  House,  109-91 ; 

Senate,  26-21,  and  approved 19  May,     " 

[This  became  known  as  the  "Tariff  of  Abominations." 
South  Carolina  protested  against  it  as  unconstitutional,  op- 
pressive, and  unjust.  North  Carolina  also  protested,  and 
Alabama  and  Georgia  denied  the  power  of  Congress  to  lay 
duties  for  protection.] 
Condy  Raguet  begins  the  publication  of  the  Free-Trade  Advo- 
cate, afterwards  known  as  the  Banner  of  the  Constitution 1829 

Duties  on  coffee,  cocoa,  and  tea  reduced  by  act  of  20  May;  on 

molasses  and  salt  by  acts  of 29  May,  1830 

Secretary  of  the  treasury  Ingham,  in  his  report,  advocates 
"home"  valuation  in  place  of  "foreign,"  the  current  value 

of  goods  in  the  U.  S.  to  be  the  dutiable  value 15  Dec.      " 

National  Free-trade  convention  meets  at  Philadelphia,  30  Sept.  1831 

National  Protection  convention  meets  in  New  York 26  Oct.      " 

George  McDuflBe,  representative  from  South  Carolina,  from 


Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  reports  a  bill  proposing  ad 
valorem  duties  for  revenue  only 8  Feb. 

John  Quincy  Adams  reports  a  bill  repealing  the  act  of  1828, 
and  reducing  duties  on  coarse  woollens,  iron,  etc 23  May, 

Tariff  bill  retaining  the  protective  features  of  the  tariff  of 
1828,  but  reducing  or  abolishing  many  taxes,  is  reported.  It 
reduced  the  tax  on  iron,  increased  that  on  woollens,  made 
some  raw  wools  free,  and  left  cotton  unchnnged.  Duties  of 
less  than  $200  to  be  paid  in  cash  without  discount,  law  to 
take  effect  3  Mch.  1833 ;  approved 14  July, 

Representatives  from  South  Carolina  publish  an  address  on 
the  subject  of  the  tariff,  urging  resistance 15  July, 

Convention  meets  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  19  Nov.,  and  calls  on  the 
legislature  to  declare  the  tariff  acts  of  1824  and  1828  null  and 
void  in  that  state,  and  to  prohibit  the  collection  of  duties 
there  after  1  Feb.  1833 ;  law  passed 24  Nov. 

Secretary  of  the  treasury,  in  his  report,  recommends  a  reduc- 
tion of  duties  to  the  requirements  of  revenue 5  Dec. 

President  proclaims  intention  to  enforce  the  laws 11  Dec. 

Mr.  Verplanck,  from  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  re- 
ports a  bill  providing  for  the  reduction  of  duties  in  the 
course  of  2  years  to  about  one  half 8  Jan. 

"Compromise  Tariff  bill"  introduced  by  Mr.  Clay 12  Feb. 

House  strikes  out  Mr.  Verplanck's  bill  and  substitutes  Mr. 
Clay's,  which  declares  its  object  to  be  "to  prevent  the  de- 
struction of  the  political  system,  and  to  arrest  civil  war  and 
restore  peace  and  tranquillity  to  the  nation."  It  provides 
for  a  gradual  reduction  in  duties,  and  for  "home  valuation," 
all  duties  to  be  paid  in  cash.  Passed  by  vote  of  118  to  84  in 
the  House,  and  29  to  16  in  the  Senate,  and  approved.  .2  Mch. 

"Force  bill"  or  "  Bloody  bill,"  to  enforce  the  collection  of  du- 
ties, passed  by  Congress 2  Mch. 

Nullification  acts  repealed  by  South  Carolina 18  Mch. 

Home  league  formed  to  agitate  for  high  duties 

Several  tariff  bills,  drafted  and  discussed,  fail  to  become  laws 
during  1841.  A  general  tariff  act,  with  average  rate  of  duty 
about  33  per  cent,  and  dropping  the  principle  of  "home  val- 
uation," is  passed 11  Sept. 

Tariff  law  passed  containing  the  much-controverted  and  liti- 
gated "similitude  section"  (sec.  20),  imposing  duties  on 
non-enumerated  articles  which  may  be  similar  in  material, 
quality,  texture,  or  use  to  any  enumerated  article.  ..30  Aug. 

Tariff'  bill  passes  the  House  by  a  vote  of  114  to  95,  and  the 
Senate  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  vice-president  Geo.  M. 
Dallas.     Average  rate  of  duty  25>^  per  cent 30  July, 

Warehouse  system  established  by  act  of  Congress 6  Aug. 

Robert  J.  Walker  introduces  the  system  of  private  bonded 
warehouses,  which  is  confirmed  by  act  of  Congress,  28  Mch. 

Free  trade  policy  declared  in  the  platform  of  the  Democratic 
party  at  Cincinnati 6  June, 

Tariff  act  passed  lowering  the  average  duty  to  about  20  per 
cent 3  Mch. 

Republican  convention  at  Chicago  adopts  a  i)rotective-tariff 
platform 17  May, 

Tariff  bill,  raising  the  tariff  of  1857  about  one  third,  introduced 
in  the  House  by  Mr.  Morrill,  passed  and  approved,  2  Mch. 
1861 ;  goes  into  effect l  Apr. 

Amended  tariff  act  raising  duties  passed 5  Aug. 

Act  passed  increasing  tariff  on  tea,  coffee,  and  sugar. .  .24  Dec. 

Act  passed  raising  tariff  duties  temporarily 14  July, 

Act  passed  "to  prevent  and  punish  frauds  upon  the  revenue," 
etc.,  which  provides  that  all  invoices  of  goods  be  made  in 
triplicate,  one  to  be  given  the  person  producing  them,  a 
second  filed  in  the  office  of  the  consular  officer  nearest  the 
place  of  shipment,  and  the  third  transmitted  to  the  collector 
at  the  port  of  entry 3  Mch. 

Joint  resolution  raising  all  duties  50  per  cent,  for  60  days,  af- 
terwards extended  to  90  days 29  Apr. 

General  revision  of  tariff,  increasing  duties  passed 30  June, 

Bill  passed  increasing  tariff  rates,  3  Mch.  1865,  and  amended, 

28  July, 

Transportation  in  bond  of  goods  destined  for  Canada  or  Mex- 
ico, through  the  U.  S.,  provided  for  by  act  of 28  July, 

Convention  of  woollen  manufacturers  at  Syracuse  ask  in- 
creased duties.  They  form  an  alliance  with  wool-growers, 
and  arrange  a  tariff  which  becomes  a  law  by  act  of . .  .2  Mch. 

Duty  on  copper  and  copper  ore  increased  by  act  of 24  Feb. 

First  law  distinctly  authorizing  the  appointment  of  special 
agents  of  the  treasury  in  the  custom  service,  passed,  12  May, 

Following  a  general  debate  on  an  act  to  reduce  internal  taxes, 
etc.,  a  new  tariff,  retaining  most  of  the  protective  features, 
becomes  a  law 14  July, 

Duties  removed  from  tea  and  coffee  after  1  July,  1872,  by  act 
of 


1841 


1842 

1846 

1854 
1856 
1857 
1860 

1861 

1862 


1864 
1866 


1867 
1869 

1870 


1  May,  1872 


General  act  passed  reducing  duties  on  imports  and  internal 
taxes 6  June, 

All  provision  moieties  to  informers  repealed,  and  the  proceeds 
of  all  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures  to  be  paid  into  the 
treasury,  by  act  of 22  June, 

Tariff  law  amended  by  act  of  Congress 8  Feb. 

Salts  and  sulphate  of  quinine  put  on  the  free-list 1  Julj^, 

Act  creating  a  Tariff  commission  of  9  civilians  appointed  by  the 
president,  to  visit  different  sections  of  the  country  in  the 
interest  of  tariff  revision  and  report 15  May, 

Tariff  commission,  consisting  of  John  L.  Hayes,  pres.,  Henry 
W.  Oliver,  jr.,  Austin  M.  Garland,  Jacob  Ambler,  Robert  P. 
Porter,  John  W.  H.  Underwood,  Duncan  F.  Kenner,  Alexan- 
der R.  Boetler,  and  William  H.  McMahon,  organizes  at  the 
Ebbitt  house,  Washington,  D.  C 6  July, 

Report  of  Tariff  commission  submitted  to  Congress  and  referred 
to  Wavs  and  Means  committee 4  Dec. 


1874 
1875 
1879 


1882 


TAR 


784 


TAS 


Aot  pMsed  repealing  section  2501  of  the  Revised  Statutes  (levy- 
ing an  addilioual  duty  of  10  per  cent,  on  goods  fVom  places 
west  of  tho  cj»i>e  of  Good  Hope),  4  Miiy,  and  amended.  23  Dec.  1882 

Senate  reports  a  tariff  bill  wliidi  is  called  up  for  consideration, 
10  Jan. ;  House  bill  reported  by  Ways  iind  Means  committee, 
16  Jan. ;  both  bills  discussed  and  amended  for  several  weeks; 
a  conference  committee  meets.  28  Fob. ;  after  some  resigna- 
tions and  reapiwintments  of  members,  reports,  2  Mch.,  ac- 
cepted in  the  Senate.  12.30  a.m.,  3  Mcb.,  by  32  to  31  votes, 
and  in  tho  House  at  5.30  p.m.,  3  Mch.,  by  152  to  lift  votes,  and 
signed  by  the  president  before  acljournment,  which  was  after 
midnight 3  Mch.  1888 

A  bill  "to  reduce  import  duties  and  war-tariff  taxes,"  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Morrison,  is  reported  in  tho  House,  11  Mcb.,'and 
defeated  by  vote  of  159  to  156 15  Apr.  1884 

A  bill  to  reduce  tariff  taxes,  introduced  by  Mr.  Morrison,  is  lost 
by  vote  of  the  Heuso,  167  to  UO 17  June,  1886 

Mills  bill,  a  measure  "to  reduce  taxation  and  simplify  the 
laws  in  relation  to  the  collection  of  revenue,"  introduced  in 
the  House  by  Roger  Q.  Mills  of  Texas,  chairman  of  the  Ways 
and  Means  committee 2  Apr.  1888 

Mills  bill  is  Uiken  up  for  discussion,  17  Apr.,  and  debated  until 
19  July,  and  passes  tho  House  by  vote  of  149  to  14. .  .21  July,     " 

[Referred  in  the  Senate  to  the  Finance  committee,  by  whom 
a  substitute  was  prepared,  and  failed  to  become  a  law.] 

A  bill  "  to  equalize  duties  upon  imports  and  to  reduce  the  rev- 
enue of  the  governjneut,"  introduced  by  Wm.  McKinley,  Jr., 
of  Ohio 16  Apr.  1890 


1894 


McKinley  Customs  Administration  act  approved 10  June,  1890 

McKinley  Tariff  bill  passes  tho  House,  21  May;  referred  to 
Senate  committee  on  Finance,  23  May;  reported  to  the  Sen- 
ate with  amendments,  18  Juno;  passes  Senate  with  amend- 
ments, 10  Sept. ;  reported  by  Conference  committee  to  House, 
2()  Sept. ;  approved  by  the  president,  1  Oct.,  and  takes  effect 

6  Oct.     " 

Tariff  (Wilson)  bill  made  public 27  Nov.  1898 

Submitted  to  the  full  committee  of  Ways  and  Means, 

19  Dec.     " 

Debate  on  tho  bill  begins  in  the  House 8  Jan. 

Internal  revenue  bill  containing  the  income-tax  reported  to 
tho  House 24  Jan. 

Tariff  bill  with  income-tax  attached  passes  the  House,  204  to 
140 1  Fob. 

Revised  tariff  bill  reported  to  the  Senate  fVom  the  Finance 
committee 20  Feb. 

Debate  in  the  Senate  on  the  tariff  bill  began  by  senator  Voor- 
hees 2  Apr. 

Senate  passes  tariff  bill,  39  yeas  (37  Democrats,  2  Populists),  34 
nays  (31  Republicans,  2  Populists,  1  Democrat,  D.  B.  Hill), 

3  July, 

Tariff  bill  received  in  the  House  with  633  Senate  amendments, 
rates  increased 5  juiy, 

House  disagreeing,  a  conference  committee  is  appointed;  the 
Senate  compels  the  House  to  adopt  its  amendments.  .13  Aug. 

Bill  sent  to  the  president 17  Aug. 

Becomes  a  law  without  his  signature 27  Aug. 


YEARS  OF  TARIFF  CHANGES,  WITH   AVERAGE   RATE  PER  CENT.  OF   DUTIES  FROM   1813. 


TMtn  of  tariff 


Average  rate  per  cent,  of  duty  on  duti- 
able Imports,  thowini;  the  general  av- 
erage for  several  years  together  from 
1813. 


1789 

(first 
imposed 
1790 
1792 
1794 
1797 
1804 
1812 
1816) 
1824  f 
1828X 

1832  r 

1833  i 
1841/ 
1846 
1857 

1861 

1862) 

1864} 

1866 

1869 

1870 

1875) 

1883  J 

1890 

1894 


i 


Twine  and  pack-thread,  $2  per  cwt. ;  cordage,  untarred,  90c.  per  cwt.,  tarred,  75c.  Pickled 
fish,  75c.  per  bl.  Hemp,  60c.  per  cwt.  Boots,  50c.  per  pair.  Unwrought  steel,  50c. 
per  cwt.  Beer,  ale,  porter,  and  cider,  in  bottles,  20c.  per  doz.  Green  teas,  12c.  per  lb.; 
Hyson,  20c. ;  Black  tea.  10c.  Jamaica  rum,  and  all  wines  except  Madeira,  10c.  per 
gal.  Malt,  10c.  per  bu.  Salt,  6c.  per  bu.  Manufactured  tobacco,  6c.  per  lb.  Cheese, 
4c.  per  lb.  Cotton,  3c.  per  lb.  Loaf  sugar,  3c.  per  lb. ;  other  sugar,  except  brown, 
2XC. ;  brown  sugar,  Ic.  Coffee  2^0.  per  lb.  Coal,  2c.  per  bu.  Glass,  china,  stone 
and  earthenware,  gunpowder,  paints,  shoe  and  knee  buckles,  gold  and  silver  lace  and  leaf' 
10  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Blank-books,  paper,  cabinet  wares,  leather  ready-made,  cloth- 
ing, hats,  gloves,  millinery,  combs,  brushes,  gold,  silver,  and  plated  ware,  jewelry,  but- 
tons,  saddles,  slit  and  rolled  iron  and  castings,  anchors,  tin  and  pewter  ware,  .07^  per 
cent,  ad  valorem.  All  other  articles,  including  manufactured  wool,  cotton,  and  linen, 
.05  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


1813-24  inclusive,  34     per  cent. 


1825-32 


1842-46 
1847-57 


40 


30.4 
24.2 


1858-61 

19.2 

1862-64 

35 

1865-70    ' 

46.4 

1871-90   ' 

43.2 

1891-93 

48.2 

1894 

37 

Nullification  acts  in  South  Carolina  owing  to  this  tariff.  ■ 

Compromise  tariff  bill  of  Henry  Clay. 

Tariff  bill  of  Robert  T.  Walker. 

(Comparatively  free-trade— condition  of  the  country  at  its  lowest,  financially  and  other- 
(    way — during  these  years. 

Tariff  bill  of  Justin  S.  Morrill  of  Vermont. 


Tariff  bill  of  William  McKinley  of  Ohio. 
Tariff  bill  of  William  L.  ""' 
and  others  in  the  Senate 


Wilson  of  W.  Virginia,  reconstructed  by  Gorman  of  Maryland, 


Tarpeian  (tar-peyan)  rOCK,  Rome,  owed  its  name 
to  the  tradition  that  Tarpeia,  daughter  of  the  keeper  of  the 
Roman  citadel,  was  here  crushed  to  death  by  the  shields  cast 
on  her  by  the  Sabines,  whom  she  treacherously  admitted, 
having  bargained  for  the  gift  of  what  they  wore  on  their  left 
arms,  meaning  their  bracelets,  about  750  b.c.  From  its  sum- 
mit state  criminals  were  afterwards  thrown,  notably  Marcus 
Manlius  Capitolinus,  381  b.c. 

TarragO'na,  a  seaport  city  of  N.E.  Spain,  occupied 
as  a  naval  station  by  the  British  before  the  capture  of  Gibral- 
tar in  1704.  It  was  stormed  and  sacked  bj'  French  under  Su- 
chet,  29  Jan.  1811,  and  the  inhabitants  put  to  the  sword. 

tartan  or  Highland  plaid,  the  dress  of  Scottish 
Highlanders,  said  to  have  been  derived  from  the  ancient  Gauls, 
or  Celtae,  the  Galli  non  Braccati. 

tartaric  acid  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  discovery 
of  the  chemist  Scheele,  who  procured  it  in  a  separate  state  by 
boiling  tar  with  lime,  and  in  decomposing  the  tartrate  of  lime 
by  sulphuric  acid,  about  1770.  In  1859,  baron  Liebig  formed 
tartaric  acid  from  other  sources. 

Tar'tary,  a  vast  country  of  Asia  and  Europe.  The  Ta- 
tars, or  Tartars,  or  Mongols,  or  Moguls,  were  known  in  antiq- 
uity as  Scythians.     During  the  decline  of  the  Roman  empire 


these  tribes  began  to  seek  more  fertile  regions ;  and  the  first 
who  reached  the  frontier  of  Italy  were  the  Huns,  the  ancestors 
of  the  modern  Mongols.  The  first  acknowledged  sovereign 
of  this  vast  country  was  the  famous  Genghis  Khan.  His  em- 
pire, by  the  conquest  of  China,  Persia,  and  all  central  Asia 
(1206-27),  became  most  formidable.  It  was  during  the  reign 
of  his  son  Ogdai  that  the  Tartar  invasion  of  eastern  Europe 
occurred  under  Batu,  capturing  Pesth  on  Christmas,  1240,  and, 
crossing  the  Danube  on  the  ice,  took  Gran  by  assault,  and  de- 
feated the  Poles  in  a  disastrous  battle  near  Liegnitz,  12  Apr. 
1241,  then  without  delay  moved  southeastward  into  Moravia  as 
far  as  the  vicinity  of  Troppau,  Silesia,  when  Batu  was  recalled 
by  the  death  of  the  khan.  The  empire  was  split  into  parts  in 
a  few  reigns.  Timur,  or  Tamerlane,  again  conquered  Persia, 
broke  the  power  of  the  Turks  in  Asia  Minor  (1370-1400),  and 
founded  the  Mogul  dynasty  in  India,  which  began  with  Baber 
in  1525,  and  formed  the  most  splendid  court  in  Asia  till  the 
close  of  the  18th  century.  Golden  Horde.  The  Kalmucks, 
a  branch  of  the  Tartars,  expelled  from  China,  settled  on  the 
banks  of  the  Volga  in  1672,  but  returned  in  1771,  and  thou- 
sands perished  on  the  journey.  De  Quincey  gives  a  vivid  de- 
scription of  this  "exodus"  in  the  "Flight  of  a  Tartar  Tribe." 
Xa§ma'nla,  an  island  south  of  Australia  and  separated 
from  it  by  Bass's  strait,  formerly  called  Van  Diemen's  Land, 


TAU 


786 


TAY 


after  the  governor  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  Name  changed 
to  Tasmania  in  1853,  in  honor  of  Abel  Jansen  Tasman,  who 
discovered  it  24  Nov.  1642.  Area,  26,2 15  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1891, 
146,667,  mostly  descendants  of  the  English  settlers,  the  abo- 
rigines being  extinct;  the  last,  a  woman,  dying  in  1876. 

Visited  by  Furneaux,  1773 ;  capt.  Cook 1777 

Proved  to  be  an  island  by  Flinders,  who  explores  Bass's  strait.  1799 
Taken  possession  of  for  the  English  government  by  lieut.  Bower,  1803 

First  settlement  with  convicts  at  Hobart  Town 1804 

Transportation  of  convicts  abolished 1853 

Taunton,  a  borough  of  Somerset,  Engl.,  was  taken  by 
Perkin  Warbeck,  Sept.  1497 ;  and  here  he  was  surrendered  to 
Henry  VII.  5  Oct.  following.  The  duke  of  Monmouth  was  pro- 
claimed king  at  Taunton,  20  June,  1685;  and  it  was  the  scene  of 
the  "  bloody  assize  "  held  by  Jeffreys  upon  the  rebels  in  August. 

taverns  may  be  traced  to  the  13th  century.  "  In  the 
raigne  of  king  Edward  the  Third,  only  3  taverns  were  allowed 
in  London :  one  in  Chepe,  one  in  Walbrok,  and  the  other  in 
Lombard  street." — Spelman.  The  Boar's  Head,  in  Eastcheap, 
existed  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  and  was  the  rendezvous  of 
prince  Henry  and  his  dissolute  companions.  Shakespeare 
mentions  it  as  the  residence  of  Mrs.  Quickly,  and  the  scene  of 
FalstafTs  merriment. — Shakespeare,  "  Henry  IV."  The  White 
Hart,  Bishopsgate,  established  in  1480,  was  rebuilt  in  1829. 
At  Fraunce's  tavern.  New  York,  gen.  Washington  bade  farewell 
to  the  officers  of  the  Continental  army 4  Dec.  1783 

taxe§  were  levied  by  Solon,  the  first  Athenian  legislator, 
540  B.C.  The  first  class  of  citizens  paid  an  Attic  talent  of 
silver,  about  $270.  Darius,  the  son  of  Hystaspes,  levied  a 
land-tax  by  assessment,  which  was  deemed  so  odious  that  his 
subjects  styled  him,  by  way  of  derision,  Darius  the  Trader,  480 
B.C. — UEon.  Taxes  in  specie  were  first  introduced  into  Eng- 
land by  William  I.,  1067,  and  he  raised  them  arbitrarily.  On  1 
May,  1695,  in  England,  a  tax  was  imposed  on  bachelors  and  wid- 
owers, births,  marriages,  and  burials,  and  continued  until  1  Aug. 
1706.  The  governmental  revenue  in  the  United  Kingdom  for 
1890-91,  derived  from  direct  and  indirect  taxes,  was  as  follows : 


Source. 

Imperial. 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Customs 

Excise 

Stamps 

Land-tax... 
Income-tax. 
House  duty. 

.... 


£190,000 
.... 
150,000 

£15,221,672 

17,921,724 

11,525,584 

995,392 

11,256,925 

1,476,899 

£1,963,584 
3,643,836 
1,162,944 

34,608 
1,281,275 

93,101 

£2,294,744 

3,222,440 

581,472 

561,800 

£19,480,000 
24,788,000 
13,460,000 

1,030,000 
13,250,000 

1,570,000 

Totals.  . . . 

£340,000 

£58,898,196 

£8,179,348 

£6,660,456 

£73,578,000 

In  the  United  States  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  federal 
government  are  mainly  indirect  taxes,  such  as  customs  and 
excise.  The  Constitution  gives  Congress  "power  to  collect 
taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  pro- 
vide for  the  common  defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  U.  S.," 
subject  to  restrictions,  no  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  to  be 
laid  unless  in  proportion  to  the  census.  The  first  direct  tax 
($2,000,000)  was  levied  upon  the  16  states,^ro  rata,  in  1798, 
and  there  have  been  occasional  repetitions  since,  noticeabl}"-  in 
1861,  when  a  tax  of  $20,000,000  was  levied,  which  has  since 
been  refunded.  According  to  rulings  of  the  Supreme  court, 
Congress  has  no  power  to  levy  duties  on  exports,  and  the  re- 
striction upon  direct  taxation  does  not  apply  to  an  income 
tax.  The  systems  and  rates  of  state,  county,  and  municipal 
taxation  are  numerous  and  constantly  changing,  but  the  taxes 
are  direct,  and  are  levied  upon  the  assessed  value  of  real  estate 
and  personal  property.  According  to  the  single-tax  theory, 
recently  advocated  by  Henry  George  and  others,  taxation 
should  be  solely  on  land-value,  exclusive  of  improvements. 
The  development  of  the  present  system  of  federal  taxatiui  is 
shown  below.     Revenue,  Tariff. 

Duties  laid  upon  spirits  distilled  within  the  U.  S.  from  foreign 
and  home  material,  3  Mch.  1791,  followed  by  an  act  further 
regulating  these  duties  and  imposing  a  tax  on  stills. .  .8  May,  1792 

Execution  of  the  above  laws  leads  to  the  Whiskey  insurrection 
in  Pennsylvania 1794 

Duties  imposed  on  licenses  for  selling  wines  and  foreign  dis- 
tilled spirituous  liquors  by  retail;  8  cents  per  pound  on  all 
snuflf  manufactured  for  sale  within  the  U.  S. ;  2  cents  per 
pound  on  sugar  refined  within  the  U.  S. ;  and  specific  duties 
as  follows:  On  every  coach,  $10  yearly;  chariot,  $8;  phaeton, 
$6;  wagons  used  ip  agriculture  or  transportation  of  goods, 
exempt  by  act 5  June,     " 

(Duties  laid  on  property  sold  at  auction 9  June,     " 

Taxes  on  snuflf  repealed  and  duty  laid  on  snuflT-raills 3  Mch.  1795 


Duties  on  carriages  increased  by  act 28  May,  1796 

Duties  laid  on  stamped  vellum,  parchment,  and  paper  by  act, 

6  July,  1797 

Direct  tax  of  $2,000,000  laid,  proportioned  among  the  states, 

14  July,  1798 

Act  to  establish  a  general  stamp-office  at  seat  of  government, 

23  Apr.  1800 

Duty  on  snuff-mills  repealed 24  Apr.     " 

Repeal  of  act  taxing  stills  and  domestic  distilled  spirits,  refined 
sugar,  licenses  to  retailers,  sales  at  auction,  carriages,  stamped 
vellum,  parchment,  and  paper  after  30  June 6  Apr.  1802 

Act  passed  imposing  duties  of  1  per  cent,  on  sales  at  auction 
of  merchandise,  and  25  per  cent,  on  ships  and  vessels,  on 
licenses  to  distillers  of  spirituous  liquors;  and  on  sugar  re- 
fined within  the  U.  S 24  July,  1813 

Act  passed  imposing  duties  on  licenses  to  retailers  of  wines', 
spirituous  liquors,  and  foreign  merchandise,  and  on  notes  of 
banks,  etc.,  bonds  and  obligations  discounted  by  banks,  and 
on  certain  bills  of  exchange 2  Aug.      " 

Direct  tax  of  $3,000,000  imposed  on  states  by  counties. .     "  " 

Duties  laid  on  carriages  and  harness,  except  those  exclusively 
employed  in  husbandry 15  Dec.  1814 

Fifty  per  cent,  added  upon  licenses  to  retailers  of  wines,  etc., 
and  100  per  cent,  on  sales  by  auction 23  Dec.     " 

Direct  tax  of  $6,000,000  laid  upon  the  U.  S.  annually 9  Jan.  1815 

Internal-revenue  tax  of  $1  per  ton  Imposed  on  pig-iron;  1  cent 
per  pound  on  nails ;  also  tax  on  candles,  paper,  hats,  umbrel- 
las, playing-cards,  boots,  tobacco,  leather,  etc.,  and  an  annual 
duty  on  household  furniture,  and  gold  and  silver  watches, 
by  act  of 18  Jan.     " 

Internal-revenue  tax  on  gold  and  silver  and  plated  ware,  jewel- 
ry, and  paste-work  manufactured  within  the  U.  S 27  Feb.     " 

Direct  tax  of  $19,998.40  laid  on  the  District  of  Columbia  annu- 
ally, by  act ., 27  Feb.     " 

Acts  of  18  Jan.  and  27  Feb,  1815  repealed 22  Feb.  1816 

Act  of  9  Jan.  1815,  and  27  Feb.  repealed,  and  direct  tax  of 
$3,000,000  laid  on  the  states,  and  direct  tax  of  $9,999.20  laid 
on  the  District  of  Columbia 5  Mch.     " 

Duties  on  household  furniture  and  watches  kept  for  use  re- 
moved by  act  of 9  Apr.     ♦' 

Acts  of  24  July,  1813,  and  2  Aug.,  15  and  23  Dec.  1814,  repealed, 

23  Dec.  1817 

Act  passed  allowing  states  to  tax  public  lands  of  the  U.  S.  after 
they  are  sold  by  the  U.  S 26  Jan.  1847 

Direct  tax  of  $20,000,000  laid  annually,  and  apportioned  to  the 
states  by  act  of  Congress  (one  tax  to  be  levied  previous  to  1 
Apr.  1865) 5  Aug.  1861 

Act  passed  to  provide  internal  revenue  to  support  the  govern- 
ment and  to  pay  interest  on  the  public  debt,  imposing  taxes 
on  spirits,  ale,  beer,  and  porter,  licenses,  manufactured  arti- 
cles and  products,  auction  sales,  yachts,  billiard-tables,  slaugh- 
tered cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  railroads,  steamboats,  ferry- 
boats, railroad  bonds,  banks,  insurance  companies,  etc.,  sala- 
ries of  officers  in  service  of  the  U.  S.,  advertisements,  incomes, 
legacies,  business  papers  of  all  kinds,  like  bank-checks,  con- 
veyances, mortgages,  etc.  (Tobacco) 1  July,  1862 

Act  to  increase  internal  revenue  passed 7  Mch.  1864 

Act  of  5  Aug.  1861,  repealed 30  June,     " 

Act  passed  to  reduce  internal  taxation 13  July,  1866 

U.  S.  Supreme  court  declares  unconstitutional  a  capitation  tax 
of  $1  imposed  by  the  state  of  Nevada  on  every  person  leaving 
the  state  by  railroad  train  or  other  public  conveyance 1868 

Internal-revenue  taxes  reduced  by  acts  of  14  July,  1870,  and  6 
June 1872 

All  special  taxes  imposed  by  law,  accruing  after  30  Apr.  1873, 
including  taxes  on  stills,  to  be  paid  by  stamps  denoting  the 
amount  of  tax,  by  act  of 24  Dec.     " 

Congress  taxes  real  estate  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  20  June,  1874 

Internal-revenue  tax  on  tobacco,  snuflf,  and  cigars,  increased, 
and  former  tax  of  70  cents  per  gallon  on  distilled  spirits 
raised  to  90  cents,  by  act  of 3  Mch.  1875 

Internal-revenue  tax  on  tobacco  reduced  by  act  of 1  Mch.  1879 

Henry  George's  "  Progress  and  Poverty,"  advocating  the  "Sin- 
gle-tax "  theory,  published " 

Act  passed  reducing  internal-revenue  taxes,  and  repealing  tax 
on  banks,  checks,  etc.,  matches,  and  medicinal  preparations, 

3  Mch.  1883 

Special  tax  laid  on  manufacturers  and  dealers  in  oleomargarine, 
and  a  stamp  tax  of  2  cents  per  pound  laid  on  the  manufact- 
ured article 2  Aug.  1886 

"Taxation  in  American  States  and  Cities,"  by  Richard  T.  Ely, 
pub 1888 

Special  internal-revenue  tax  on  dealers  in  tobacco  repealed,  and 
tax  on  tobacco  and  snuflf  reduced  by  act 1  Oct.  1890 

Act  passed  to  refund  to  the  several  states  and  territories  the 
amount  of  direct  tax  paid  under  act  of  5  Aug.  1861. .  .2  Mch.  1891 

Income-tax  appended  to  the  Wilson  tariflf  bill  and  passed  with 

it,  becoming  a  law 27  Aug.  1894 

[From  1  Jan.  1895  until  1  Jan.  1900  a  tax  of  2  per  cent, 
levied  on  all  incomes  over  and  above  $4000.  Also  by  the 
same  a<;t  a  tax  of  2  cents  on  every  pack  of  playing  cards;  a 
tax  of  $1.10  on  each  proof  gal.  of  distilled  spirits,  or  wine  gal. 
when  below  proof.] 

Income  tax  in  the  United  States. 

Tay  bridg'e,  at  Dundee,  above  2  miles  across  the  Tay  •, 
act  passed  1870 ;  work  begun,  June,  1871 ;  Mr.  De  Bergue, 
first  contractor,  died ;  succeeded  by  messrs.  Hopkins,  Gilke  & 
Co.,  of  Middlesborough.  Engineer,  sir  Thomas  Bouch.  It  was 
much  injured  by  a  gale,  4  Feb.  1877;  completed,  30  Aug.;  tried^ 


TAY 


786 


TEL 


26  Sept.  1877 ;  opened,  31  May,  1878.     Length,  10,612  feet ;  it 
consiata  of  86  spans,  some  above  90  feet  above  water-level;  cost 
said  to  be  360,000/.    Above  20  lives  lost  during  its  construction. 
BridRe  partly  dosiroyecl  by  a  gale  while  a  N.  British  mail-train 
wn.><  missing  over  ii;  a  gap  of  about  3000  feet  made;  between 
7R  and  IK)  i)orsons  jwrislied;  about  7.15  p.m.  Sunday. .  .28  Dec.  1879 

Forty  six  bcMli««.s  recovered up  to  27  Apr.  1880 

Plan's  for  a  now  bridge  approved Jan.  1882 

(»iwned  for  public  traffic 20  June,  18«7 

Taylor,  Zachary,  administration  of.  United  States, 
1849-60. 

Tchad,  or  Chad,  Lake,  central  Africa.  150  miles  long 
by  130  wide.  Area  varies  from  10,000  to  50,000  sq.  miles.  It 
contains  many  small  islands,  well  inhabited ;  ordinarily  no  out- 
let except  at  high  water. 

Tchcrna'ya,  a  river  in  the  Crimea.  On  16  Aug. 
1855,  the  lines  of  the  allied  army  at  this  place  were  attacked 
by  50,000  Russians  under  prince  (Jortschakoif,  who  were  re- 
pulsed with  the  loss  of  3329  slain,  1658  wounded,  and  600  pris- 
oners. The  brunt  of  the  attack  was  borne  by  2  French  regi- 
ments under  gen.  D'Herbillon.  The  loss  of  the  allies  was  about 
1200;  200  of  these  were  from  the  Sardinian  contingent,  which 
liehaved  with  great  gallantry  under  gen.  La  Marmora.  The 
Russian  general  Read  and  the  Sardinian  general  Montevecchio 
were  killetl.  The  object  of  the  attack  was  the  relief  of  Sebas- 
topol,  then  closely  besieged  by  the  English  and  French. 

tea,  an  evergreen  shrub  of  the  order  Camellia,  at  ma- 
turity from  3  to  4  feet  in  height,  bearing  white  flowers  and 
elliptical  or  lanceolate  leaves,  2  species  of  which  produce 
the  teas  of  commerce.  Thea  bohea  furnishing  the  various 
black  teas,  viz. :  Pekoe,  Caper,  Oolong,  Souchong,  and  Congou; 
and  Thea  viridis  the  green  teas :  Gunpowder,  Hyson,  Young 
Hyson,  Imperial,  etc.  This  shrub  is  a  native  of  China  and 
Japan,  and  while  a  decoction  of  its  leaves  has  been  a  favorite 
beverage  in  those  countries  for  centuries,  it  was  wholly  un- 
known to  the  more  western  nations  until  about  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century ;  it  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  the 
Dutch  about  1610.  It  is  mentioned  as  having  been  used  in 
England  as  a  great  rarity  prior  to  1657,  and  but  little  known 
for  some  time  after.  ["I  sent  for  a  cup  of  tea  (a  China 
drink),  of  which  I  had  never  drunk  before." — "  Pepys'  Diary," 
26  Sept.  1661.]  At  this  time  it  was  selling  at  6/.  and  even 
10/.  the  pound. 
A  duty  of  8d.  was  charged  upon  every  gallon  of  tea  made  for 

sale  (12  Ch.  II.  c.  13) 1660 

East  India  company  first  import  it 1669 

[Brought  into  England  in  1666,  by  lord  (tesory  and  lord  Ar- 
lington, from  Holland;  and,  being  admired  by  persons  of 
rank,  it  was  imported  from  thence,  and  generally  sold  for 
60s.  per  pound,  till  the  East  India  company  took  up  the  trade. 
— Anderson.  ] 

Green  tea  began  to  be  used 1715 

Price  of  black  tea  per  pound,  13s.  to  20.9. ;  of  green,  12s.  to  30s.,  1728 
Great  Britain's  tea  trade  monopolized  by  the  East  India  com- 
pany until 1834 

[Under  the  monopoly  system  the  duty  was  about  200  per 
cent,  ad  valorem.] 

About  120,000,000  lbs.  of  tea  consumed  in  Great  Britain 1890 

Duty  imposed  on  tea  in  America  by  Great  Britain  in  1767; 
this  tax  occasioned  the  destruction  of  17  chests  at  New  York, 
and  340  at  Boston,  Dec.  1773,  and  ultimately  led  to  the  Rev- 
olutionary war.  Efforts  have  been  made  to  introduce  its  cul- 
tivation in  the  highlands  of  the  South  Atlantic  states;  but 
while  the  climate  and  .soil  are  considered  adapted  to  its  growth, 
the  trouble  and  expense  of  preparing  it  for  market  in  competi- 
tion with  China  teas  renders  its  cultivation  as  a  remunerative 
industry  impossible.  Amount  of  tea  consumed  in  the  United 
States  in  1870,  about  47,000,000  lbs.,  or  1.2  lbs.  per  capita,  and 
in  1893,  90,000,000  lbs.,  or  about  1.45  lbs.  per  capita. 

Duty  removed  from  tea  from 1  July,  i872 

"tearle§§  victory"  was  won  by  Archidamus  IIL, 
king  of  Sparta,  over  the  Arcadians  and  Argives,  without  losing 
a  man,  367  b.c. 

Te  Deum,  a  song  of  praise  used  by  the  Romish  and 
English  churches,  beginning  "  Te  Deum  laudamus^^ — "We 
praise  thee,  O  God  " — supposed  to  be  the  composition  of  Au- 
gustin  and  Ambrose,  about  390. 

tCetO'taler,  a  term  applied  to  an  abstainer  from  all 
fermented  liquors,  originated  with  Richard  Turner,  an  artisan 
of  Preston,  Engl.,  who,  contending  for  the  principle  at  a  temper- 


ance meeding,  about  Sept.  1833,  asserted  "  that  nothing  but  te-te- 
total  will  do."  The  word  was  immediately  adopted.  He  died 
27  Oct.  1846.  These  facts  are  taken  from  the  Staunch  Teetotaler, 
edited  by  Joseph  Livesey,  of  Preston  (an  originator  of  the 
movement  in  Aug.  1832),  Jan.  1867.  Enchatites,  Good 
Templars,  Tempkkanck,  United  Kin«pom. 

Teg'yra,  a  village  of  Boeotia.  Here  Pelopidas  defeated 
the  Spartans,  375  b.c. 

tereg^raph§  (from  the  Gr.  TifXe,  afar,  and  ypc'itpw,  I 
write),  ^schylus,  in  his  Agamemnon  (500  b.c.),  describos 
the  communication  of  intelligence  by  burning  torches  as  sig- 
nals. Polybius,  the  Greek  historian  (who  died  about  122  B.c.), 
calls  the  different  instruments  used  by  the  ancients  for  com- 
municating information,  joymoB,  because  the  signals  were  al- 
ways made  by  tire.  In  1663,  a  plan  was  suggested  by  the 
marquess  of  Worcester,  and  a  telegraph  was  suggested  by  dr. 
Hooke,  1684.  M.  Amontons  is  also  said  to  have  been  the 
inventor  of  telegraphs  about  this  period.  James  II.,  while 
duke  of  York,  originated  a  set  of  navy  signals,  which  were 
systematized  by  Kempenfeldt  in  1780 ;  and  a  dictionary  was 
compiled  by  sir  Home  Popham.  M.  Chappe  then  invented  the 
telegraph  first  used  by  the  French  in  1792,  and  2  were  erected 
over  the  admiralty  office,  London,  1796.  The  semaphore  was 
erected  there,  1816.  The  naval  signals  by  telegraph  enabled 
400  previously  concerted  sentences  to  be  transmitted  from  ship 
to  ship,  by  varying  the  combinations  of  2  revolving  crosses. 
Signals;  for  electric  telegraph,  Electricity.  The  electric 
telegraph  in  the  United  States  is  almost  entirely  in  the  hands 
of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  company. 


growth  of  the  electric  telegraph 

1867. 

IN  THE   L 

.  s.  since 

Year. 

Miles  of 
line. 

Miles  of 
wire. 

Offices. 

Messages. 

Receipts. 

ProfiU. 

1867.. 
1871.. 
1881.. 
1891.. 

46,270 
56,032 
110, 3i0 
187,981 

85,291 
121,151 
327,171 
715,591 

2,565 
4,606 
10,737 
20,098 

5,879,282 
10,646,077 
32,500,000 
59,148,343 

$6,568,925 

7,637,448 

14,393,543 

23,034,326 

$2,624,919 
2,532,661 
5,908,279 
6.605.584 

The  average  toll  per  message  in  1868  was  104.7;  in  1891  it  was  32.5. 
The  average  post  per  message  to  the  company  in  1868  was  63.4; 
in  1891  it  was  23.2. 

Tel-el-Ke'bir ,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Egypt.  Here, 
13  Sept.  1882,  sir  Garnet  Wolseley  defeated  Arabi  Pacha.  Brit- 
ish force  numbered  11,000  infantry  and  2000  cavalry,  40  guns. 
The  Egyptians  were  intrenched  with  about  twice  the  force. 
British  loss,  52  killed,  380  wounded ;  Egyptian,  total  loss,  1500. 

telem'eter,  an  instrument  for  determining  the  dis-  - 
tance  between  a  gun  and  the  object  fired  at.  Lieut,  von  Eh- 
renberg  and  maj.  Montaudon  at  Baden  constructed  a  telemeter 
the  size  of  a  watch,  by  which  the  distance  is  determined  and 
shown  on  a  dial  by  the  action  of  sound,  1878-85. — Tel'elopom'- 
eter,  another  apparatus  for  ascertaining  the  distance  from  point 
to  point,  invented  by  dr.  Luigi  Cerebotani,  was  announced  in 
Sept.  1885;  2  telescopes  are  employed. 

telep'athy,  "the  supersensory  transference  of  thoughts 
and  feelings  from  one  mind  to  another;"  the  principal  subject 
of  "Phantasm  of  the  Living,"  edited  by  Edmund  Gurney, 
Frederic  Myers,  and  Frank  Podmore,  and  issued  by  the  Soci- 
ety for  Psychical  Research  (Spiritualism),  about  30  Oct.  1886. 

tel'ephone  (from  Gr.  TfjXe,  afar,  and  (pojvT],  voice, 
sound),  a  name  now  given  to  apparatus  for  transmitting  artic- 
ulate and  musical  sounds  by  means  of  wire,  vibrating  rods, 
threads,  or  magneto-electricity.    Electricity,  Microphone,  i 
Phonograph.  f 

Robert  Hook  conveyed  sounds  to  a  distance  by  distended  wire,  1667 
Wheatstone  conveyed  sounds  of  a  musical-box  from  a  cellar  to 

upper  rooms  by  a  deal  rod  (termed  "  Enchanted  Lyre  ") 1821 

C.  G.  Page  produced  gnlvanic  musical  tones  by  magnetizing 

and  demagnetizing  an  iron  bar. 1837 

Philip  Reis  exhibits  at  Frankfort,  Germany,  an  electrical  instru- 
ment which  transmits  the  pitch  of  a  sound 25  Apr.  1861 

Alexander  Graham  Bell  begins  his  investigation  of  electrical 

transmission  and  reproduction  of  articulate  speech July,  1874 

Bell  constructs  an  electrical  telephone,  with  a  diaphragm  of 

gold  beater's  skin,  which  transmits  speech July,  1875 

Thomas  A.  Edison,  furnished  by  William  Orton,  president  of 
the  Western  Union  Telegraph  company,  with  a  description 
of  Reis's  telephone,  begins  experiments  with  a  view  to  pro- 
ducing an  articulating  telephone July,     " 

Toy,  called  the  "lovers'  telegraph,"  being  a  string  telephone, 
extensively  sold  in  the  U.  S " 


TEL 


787 


TEM 


Elisha  Gray  files  his  caveat  for  an  invention  "  to  transmit  the 
tones  of  the  liuman  voice  through  a  telegraphic  circuit,"  etc., 

U  Feb.  1876 

Prof.  Bell  publicly  explains  his  method  before  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  of  Boston 10  May,     " 

Bell's  telephone  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa June,     " 

Iron  diaphragm  first  used  by  Bell 30  June,     " 

Edison's  carbon,  loud-speaking  telephone  invented Jan.  1877 

Prof  Bell  exhibits  at  the  Essex  Institute,  Salem,  Mass.,  his 
telephone,  using  a  powerful  horse-shoe  magnet,  by  which  a 
short  speech,  shouted  into  a  similar  telephone  in  Boston,  16 
miles  distant,  is  distinctly  audible  to  an  audience  of  600  per- 
sons in  Salem 12  Feb.     " 

First  known  telephone  Jine  connects  the  office  of  Charles  Will- 
iams, electrician,  in  Boston,  and  his  house  in  Somerville,  Apr.     " 

First  telephone  exchange  established  in  Boston,  Mass " 

One  form  of  microphone  invented  by  Edison 1  Apr.     " 

Experiments  begun  in  Brown  university  by  prof.  Eli  W.  Blake, 
prof.  John  Pierce,  and  others,  result  in  the  construction  by 
dr.  William  F.  Channing  of  the  first  portable  telephone,  Apr.     " 

Handle  telephone,  now  generally  in  use,  made  by  dr.  Channing 
and  Edson  S.  Jones,  at  Providence.  R.  I May,     " 

Glass-plate  telephone  invented  by  Henry  W.  Vaughan,  state 
assayer.  Providence,  li.  I lune,     " 

Bell  telephone  exhibited  before  the  British  association  at  Plym- 
outh, Kngl.,  by  W.  H.  Preece 23  Aug.     " 

Singing  on  the  stage  and  music  of  the  orchestra  of  the  Grand 
Opera,  Paris,  transmitted  to  the  Palais  de  1' Industrie,  at  the 
electrical  exhibition,  Paris 1881 

Pulsion  telephone,  carrying  speech  by  an  ordinary  wire  with- 
out electricity,  invented  by  Lemuel  Mellett 1888 

Telephonic  communication  from  London  to  Marseilles  and  Brus- 
sels completed 19  Ai)r.  1891 

Bell  telephone  patent  expires 7  Mch.  1893 

American  Bell  Telephone  company,  practically  controlling  the  tele- 
phone business  in  the  U.  S.,  reports  for  1891,  240,412  miles  of  wire 
in  use.  This  company,  with  its  subsidiary  companies,  represents 
$80,000,000  of  capital;"  and  the  Long  Distance  Telephone  company 
about  $5,000,000. 

tel'epllOtOg'raphy,  a  process  for  transmitting  to  a 
distance  images  of  objects  by  the  agency  of  electricity  and 
selenium,  was  invented  by  Shelford  Bidwell  early  in  1881. 

tererad'iphoilC,  an  arrangement  of  apparatus  in 
which  M.  Mercadier  has  adapted  prof.  Graham  Bell's  photo- 
phone  to  telegraphy ;  announced  Jan.  1882. 

tel'e§COpe§.  Their  principle  was  described  by  Roger 
Bacon  about  1250,  and  Leonard  Digges  (who  d.  about  1573) 
is  said  to  have  arranged  glasses  magnifying  very  distant  ob- 
jects.    The  4  principal  kinds  of  reflecting  telescopes  are : 

1.  Gregorian,  devised  by  James  Gregory  of  Aberdeen 1663 

2.  Newtonian,  invented  by  sir  Isaac  Newton 1669 

3.  Cassegrainian,  invented  by  Cassegrain 1672 

4.  Herschelian,  invented  by  sir  William  Herschel 1790 

Telescopes  constructed  by  John  Lipperhey  and  Zacharias  Jan- 
sen,  spectacle-makers  of  Middleburg,  and  James  Melius  of 
Alkmaer about  1608 

Galileo  (from  a  description  of  the  above)  constructed  telescopes 
(May,  1609),  gradually  increasing  in  power,  till  he  discovered 

Jupiter's  satellites,  etc Jan.  1610 

Telescope  explained  by  Kepler 1611 

Huyghens  greatly  improves  the  telescope;  discovers  the  ring 

and  satellites  of  Saturn,  etc 1655-56 

Telescopes  improved  by  Gregory about  1663 

Reflecting  telescope  invented  by  Newton 1668 

Achromatic  or  refracting  telescope,  made  by  Chester  More  Hall, 

Harlow,  Essex,  Engl 1723 

Obtains  an  image  free  from  color 1729 

E\iler  succeeds  in 1747 

John  Dollond  invents  the  "  achromatic  combination,"  for  which 

he  receives  the  Copley  medal  from  the  Royal  Society 1758 

Sir  William  Herschel  (originally  an  organist  at  Bath)  greatly  im- 
proves telescopes,  and  discovers  the  planet  Uranus,  21  Mch. 
1781,  and  a  volcanic  mountain  in  the  moon,  1783 ;  he  completes 
his  40-ft. -focal-length  telescope  and  48-in.  mirror,  1789,  and 
he  discovers  2  other  volcanic  mountains;  he  lays  before  the 
Royal  Society  a  catalogue  of  5000  nebulae  and  clusters  of  stars,  1802 
Telescope  made  in  London  for  the  observatory  of  JIadrid  cost 

11,000/! " 

Telescopes  improved  by  Guinand  and  Fraunhofer. 1805-14 

Great  telescope  taken  down,  and  one  of  20-ft.  focal  length  erected 
1  -  by  sir  John  Herschel,  who  afterwards  used  it  at  the  cape  of 

L»         Good  Hope 1822 

'*  ^      Earl  of  Rosse  erected  afeParsonstewa^jn  Ireland,  a  telescope  (at 
a  cost  exceeding  20,000/. )  6  ft.  in  diameter  and  54  ft.  in  length ; 

it  is  moved  with  ease 1828-45 

M.  Lassell  constructs  a  telescope,  48-in.  mirror,  by  which  he 
discovers  the  satellite  of  Neptune,  1846,  and  the  8  satellites 

of  Saturn 1848 

One  of  gigantic  size,  85  ft.  in  length  (very  imperfect),  completed 

at  Wandsworth  by  the  rev.  John  Craig 1852 

Magnificent  equatorial  telescopes  set  up  at  the  national  observa- 
tories at  Greenwich  and  Paris 1860 

M.  Foucault  exhibits  at  Paris  a  reflecting  telescope,  the  mirror 

313^  in.  in  diameter;  the  focal  length  17%  ft 1862 

Mr.  NewalPs  telescope  (with  object-glass  25  in.  diameter;  tube 
nearly  30  ft. )  set  up  at  Gateshead  by  Cooke  of  York 1870 


I 


One  at  U.  S.  Observatory,  Washington;  object-glass  26  in.  diam- 
eter, 33  ft.  length. 

A.  Ainslie  Common's  reflecting  telescope:  speculum  37>^  in.  di- 
ameter; length,  20  ft. ;  said  to  be  the  most  powerful  in  exist- 
ence; Ealing,  Middlesex;  completed Sept.  1879 

Large  refracting  telescope,  made  by  Howard  Grubb  at  Dublin 
for  Vienna;  approved  by  the  commissioners 16  Mch.  1881 

Largest  reflecting  telescope  in  the  U.  S.  is  at  Harvard  univer- 
sity, 28-in.  mirror. 

Largest  refracting  telescope  in  the  world,  40-in.  lenses,  made 
by  Alvin  G.  Clark,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  for  the  university  of 
Chicago,  to  be  completed  during. 1895 

For  other  important  refracting  telescopes.  Observatory. 

Tell,  William,  legendary  Swiss  hero,  flourished  about 
1307.  The  popular  stories  respecting  him  were  demonstrated 
to  be  mythical  by  prof.  Kopp  of  Lucerne,  1872. 

Tell-Amarna  tablet§,  consisting  of  320  tablets 

or  portions  of  tablets  covered  with  cuneiform  writing,  discov- 

I  ered  by  a  peasant  woman  at  Tell-Amarna,  or  the  mound  of 

j  Amarna,  an  important  site  150  miles  south  of  Cairo,  Egypt,  on 

I  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  1887.   The  British  museum  obtained 

[  48  tablets,  mostly  in  good  condition ;  the  Berlin  museum  160, 

mostly  fragments ;  the  rest  are  at  the  museum  of  Cairo.   Their 

average  size  is  8f  by  4|  inches.   The  largest  contains  98  lines, 

the  smallest  10  lines.     Probably  inscribed  1500  to  1450  b.c. 

A  general  record  of  letters  written  by  the  rulers  of  Egypt  to 

rulers  at  Babylon,  Palestine,  Syria,  etc.,  and  replies — general 

'  gossip  of  governmental  news. 

I       tellu'riuin,  a  fare  metal,  in  its  natural  state  associated 
:  with  small  quantities  of  iron  and  gold,  was  discovered  by 
Miiller  of  Reichenstein  in  1782,  and  named  by  Klaproth. 

terodyiiamie  transmitter,  invented  by  m. 

Him,  is  an  arrangement  of  water-wheels,  endless  wires,  and 
pulleys  for  conveying  and  using  the  power  of  waterfalls  at  a 
distance,  and  has  been  much  used  since  1850.  The  apparatus 
was  shown  at  Paris  in  1862. 

tel'plierag^e,  an  application  of  electrical  motion,  in- 
vented by  profs.  Jenkin,  Ayrton,  and  Perry  for  conveying  heavy 
goods ;  shown  at  Milhvall,  Engl,,  1884. 

Teilie§war  {tem-esh-var^),  Hungary,  capital  of  the 
Banat,  often  besieged  by  the  Turks.  On  10  Aug.  1849,  Hay- 
nau  totally  defeated  the  Hungarians  besieging  this  town,  and 

!  virtually  ended  the  war. 

[       te monograph,  an  instrument  designed  to  plot  to  any 
accurate  scale  a  section  of  the  ground  over  which  it  travels. 

I  It   works   by  frictional   motion   governed    by   2    pendulous 

I  weights.     Livented  by  A.  M.  Rymer-Jones  in  1879. 

I  temperance  reform.  Maurice,  the  landgrave 
'  of  Hesse,  founded  an  Order  of  Temperance,  25  Dec.  1600 ;  a 
total  abstinence  society  existed  at  Skibbereen,  Ireland,  in 
1817;  the  Sober  Society  was  formed  at  AUentown,  N.  J.,  in 
1805,  and  this  was  followed  by  temperance  societies  organ- 
ized, one  at  Moreau,  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  30  Apr.  1808, 
another  at  Greenfield,  N.  Y.,  in  1809,  and  another  at  Hector, 
N.  Y.,  3  Apr.  1818.  The  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Sup- 
pression of  Intemperance  was  instituted  at  Boston,  5  Feb. 
1813,  but  temperance  reform  as  an  organized  movement  be- 
gan 13  Feb.  1826,  when  the  American  Society  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Temperance  was  organized  at  the  Park  Street 
church,  Boston,  Mass.  Drs,  Justin  Edwards,  Woods,  Jenks, 
and  Wayland,  and  messrs.  John  Tappau  and  S.  V.  S.  Wilder 
were  prominent  in  it. 

First  Women's  Temperance  society  organized  in  Ohio,  close  of  1828 
New  York  State  and  Connecticut  State  Temperance  societies 

organized 1829 

Temperance  society  formed  at  New  Ross,  county  Wexford,  Ire- 
land  14  Aug.     " 

Young  People's  Temperance  Society,  with  a  pledge  of  total 

abstinence,  organized  at  Hector,  N.  Y .' 22  Aug.      '< 

First  society  in  Scotland,  the  Mayhill  Female  Temperance  So- 
ciety, organized  by  Miss  Graham  and  Miss  Allen  . . 1  Oct.     " 

Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland  Temperance  Society  organized, 

12  Nov.     " 
First  temperance  society  in  England  organized  at  Bradford, 

the  Bradford  Society  for  Promoting  Temperance 2  Feb.  1830 

London  Temperance  Society,  organized  about  July,  1830,  be- 
comes  the  British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Society,  27  July,  1831 

Paisley  Youths'  Total  Abstinence  Society  organized 14  Jan.  1832 

Tradeston  Total  Abstinence  Society  organized  at  Glasgow,  15  Jan.     " 
First  temperance  society  in  India  organized  at  Fort  William, 

Calcutta 29  Aug.     " 

Congressional  Temperance  Society  organized  at  Washington, 
D.  C 26  Feb.  1833 


1 


TEM 

flnt  National  Temperance  convention  meets  at  Philadelphia; 
440  delegates  fh>m  12  sUtes. 24-27  May, 

Word  "  Tketotalkr  "  originates  with  Richard  Turner,  a  work- 
man at  Preston,  Kngl.,  enters  the  English  dictionary. .  .about 

Independent  Order  of  Rkchabitks  founded  at  Salford,  Engl, 

25  Aug. 

Father  Malhew,  Capuchin  friar  of  Cork,  Ireland,  "  the  Apos 
tie  of  TemiHsrance,"  signs  the  pledge  and  begins  his  great 
work  in  Ireland 10  Apr. 

First  great  medical  declaration  in  favor  of  total  abstinence 
signed  by  79  members  of  the  London  medical  faculty,  11  May, 

Order  of  Sons  of  Temperance  organized  in  New  York.  .'2i)  Sept. 

John  B.  iJough  signs  the  pledge  at  Worcester,  Mass 31  Oct. 

Father  Mathew  visits  England  in  the  cause  of  temperance,  ar- 
riving at  London 28  July, 

First  National  Temperance  convention  in  Germany  held  at 
Hamburg 6-9  Aug. 

First  World's  Temperance  convention  in  London 4-8  Aug. 

First  "Baud  of  Hope"  organized  at  Leeds Oct. 

George  Cruikshauk  in  the  cause  of  temperance  issues  a  series 
of  8  engravings  under  the  title,  "The  Bottle,"  1847,  and  a 
second  series  of  8  entitled  "  Drunkards'  Children  " 

Father  Mathew  visits  the  U.  S. ;  arriving  in  New  York  on  the 
Ashburton,  he  is  welcomed  at  the  Irving  house  as  the  guest 
of  the  city 2  July, 

British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Society  dissolved 

Maine  Liquor  law  passed 2  June, 

Order  of  Good  Tbmplars  formed  in  New  York  state 

Father  Mathew  sails  from  Philadelphia  on  the  Pacific  for  Ire- 
land after  an  extended  tour  throughout  the  U.  S 8  Nov. 

Rev.  dr.  Justin  Edwards  d 23  July, 

John  B.  Gough  makes  a  2  years'  tour  of  England,  delivering 
his  first  address  in  Exeter  hall,  London 2  Aug. 

World's  Temperance  convention  in  Metropolitan  hall,  N.Y., 

6-10  Sept. 

Father  Mathew  d.  at  Queenstown,  Ireland 8  Dec. 

Spirit  rations  in  the  navy  of  the  U.  S.  abolished  after. .  .1  Sept. 

Statue  of  Father  Mathew  unveiled  in  Cork,  Ireland 10  Oct. 

National  Temperance  Society  and  publication  house,  with 
headquarters  at  New  York,  organized 

National  Prohibition  party  organized  at  Chicago,  111.,  1-2  Sept. 

Inaugunil  meeting  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  So- 
ciety at  Lambeth  palace 18  Feb. 

Blue-ribbon  movement  begun  by  Francis  Murphy  of  Maine. . . . 

Woman's  temperance  crusade  begins  in  Hillsborough,  0.,  Dec. 

National  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  organized, 

18-20  Nov. 

British  Women's  Temperance  Association  organized  at  Newcas- 
tle on-Tyne 21  Apr. 

Women's  International  Temperance  congress  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa. 12  June, 

International  Temperance  congress  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

13-14  June, 

Temperance  Society  of  the  Blue  Cross  organized  in  Geneva, 
Switzerland 21  Sept. 


788 


TEM 


1842 
1843 


1846 

1847 


1848 


1849 
1850 
1851 


1856 
1862 
1864 


1869 
1873 


1874 
1876 


1877 


Department  of  Scientific  Temperance  in  Public  schools  created 
in  connection  with  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  1880 

John  B.  Gough  d.  in  Philadelphia,  aged  69 17  Feb.  1886 

Law  for  compulsory  temperance  education  in  public  schools 
passed  by  Congress  for  District  of  Columbia  and  the  territo- 
ries (and  by  nearly  every  state  legislature  since) 17  May,     " 

temperature,  heat  or  cold  as  related  to  sensation; 
the  degree  of  heat  or  cold  indicated  by  the  thermometer. 
The  temperature  of  any  locality  is  the  result  of,  1st,  the  sun's 
rays;  2d,  its  latitude :  3d,  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  4th,  ocean- 
ic currents ;  5th,  winds  and  their  direction.  The  mean  tem- 
perature of  any  locality  for  a  year  furnishes  no  adequate  idea 
of  its  climate ;  the  mean  temperature  may  be  55°  and  not 
vary  6°,  or  it  may  be  55°  and  vary  many  degrees.  But  the 
average  temperature  of  a  place  for  any  month  may  be  regard- 
ed as  a  partial  expression  of  its  climate  for  that  time ;  thus, 
the  average  temperature  at  El  Paso,  Texas,  for  January  is  the 
same  as  at  Victoria,  Vancouver's  island.  The  temperature  of 
space  or  "absolute  zero"  is  placed  at  —493°  Fahr.,  while  the 
lowest  recorded  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  is  —90°  at 
Werchojansk,  Siberia.  The  extreme  range  of  temperature  in 
the  northern  hemisphere  is  about  217.8°;  maximum,  127.4°  at 
Onargle,  Algeria,  17  July,  1879;  minimum  —90.4°  at  Wer- 
chojansk, Siberia,  15  Jan.  1885.  Extreme  range  in  one  place, 
at  Yakutsk,  Siberia,  181.4°,  and  at  Poplar  Prairie,  Montana, 
U.  S.,  172.7°.  Lowest  mean  temperatures  in  the  U.  S.  are  at 
St. Vincent,  Minn. ;  10  years,  annual  34°,  for  January  4.8°  Fahr. 
Highest  mean  temperature,  Rio  Grande  City,  Tex.,  7  years : 
annual,  73.1°;  for  June,  93.9°  Fahr.  At  Point  Barrow,  Alaska, 
the  temperature  of  the  earth  at  a  depth  of  37  ft.  was  found  to 
be  12°;  estimating  an  increase  of  1°  in  50  ft.,  the  earth  would 
still  be  frozen  at  a  depth  of  1000  ft. ;  at  Irkutsk,  Siberia,  the 
earth  was  found  frozen  at  a  depth  of  382  ft.  The  annual  tem- 
perature at  the  surface  of  the  sea  ranges  from  75°  Fahr.,  just 
north  of  the  equator  along  the  Gold  Coast,  Africa,  to  28°  in  the 
great  frozen  sea  north  of  Grinnell's  Land.  The  mean  equato- 
rial temperature  of  land  and  water  is  about  81.5°,  of  the  land 
alone  about  83°;  the  hottest  being  in  tropical  Africa,  85.1°. 
Of  sudden  and  great  changes  in  temperature  in  the  U.  S.,  the 
following  notable  instances  are  given.  Fall  of  49.7°  in  8  hours 
at  fort  Maginnis,  Mont.,  6  Jan.  1886;  fall  of  63.3°  in  16  hours 
at  Abilene,  Tex.,  27  Dec,  1886.  Rise  of  55.1°  in  8  hours  at 
Campo,  San  Diego  county,  Cal. ;  rise  of  65°  in  24  liours  at 
Florence,  Ariz.,  22  June,  1881. 


HIGHEST  AND   LOWEST  TEMPERATURE,  WITH  TIME   OF  OBSERVATION  AT   SIGNAL   STATIONS   IN   EACH  STATE   IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES. 


Fahr. 
106. 90 
1190 

104.5° 

111.50 
105.2° 
100° 
98° 
104.3° 
104° 


116° 
103° 

101° 

109° 
104.4° 
108° 
104.6° 

107° 

97° 
101.8° 
101.50 
101° 
103.2° 
101° 
106.4° 
110.8° 
107° 
104° 

93.30 
101° 
115° 
100° 
107° 
105° 
103.5° 


Montgomery,  Ala 

Fort  McDowell,  Ariz. 

Fort  Smith,  Ark 


Red  Bluff,  Cal 

Las  Animas,  Col 

New  Haven,  Conn 

Delaware  Breakwater,  Del. 

Washington,  D.  C 

Jacksonville,  Fla 

Augusta,  Ga 

Lapwai,  Ida 

Cairo,  111 


Indianapolis,  Ind 

Fort  Gibson,  I.  T 

Des  Moines,  la , 

Dodge  City,  Kan 

Louisville,  Ky , 

Shreveport,  La 

Portland,  Me , 

Baltimore,  Md 

Boston,  Mass , 

Detroit,  Mich 

St.  Vincent,  Minn 

Vicksburg,  Miss 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Fort  Benton,  Mont. . . 

North  Platte,  Neb 

Winnemucca,  Nev 

Manchester,  N.  H 

Sandv  Hook,  N.  J 

Fort  Bayard,  N.  M..., 
New  York  city,  N.  Y. 

Kitty  Hawk,  N.  C 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak 

Cincinnati,  0 


July, 
June, 

(July, 
(Aug. 
July, 

Sept. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
July, 

(Aug. 


July, 
Aug. 
July, 


Aug. 
iJuly, 
[Aug. 

July, 

Sept. 
July, 
Aug. 
June, 
July, 


1881 
1887 
1884 
1886 
1887 
1885 
1881 
1885 
1881 
1879 
1878 


1881 

(( 
1879 
1886 
1876 
1881 
1875 
1881 
1876 
1887 
1881 
1887 
1886 
1881 

1886 
1877 


Sept. 
July, 
Sept. 
July, 
Aug. 
July, 


1881 
1882 
1881 
1887 
1876 
1881 


Lowest 
tern. 


Fahr. 

5° 

—18° 

—70 

-25.5° 
— 2d° 
—14° 
1° 
—14° 
15° 
_20 

—38° 
-23° 

—25° 

—20° 
-31.5° 
—29° 
—19.5° 

—1.50 

—21° 

-6° 

—13° 

—33.4° 

—53.5° 

30 
—21.50 
-63° 
—34.6° 
—28° 
—11° 
-10° 
—18° 
—23° 
—5° 
-44° 
—28° 


Montgomery,  Ala. 
Prescott,  Ariz  . .". . 


Fort  Smith,  Ark. 


Fort  Bidwell,  Cal 

Denver,  Col 

New  Haven,  Conn 

Delaware  Breakwater,  Del. 

Washington,  D.  C 

Pensacola,  Fla 

Atlanta,  Ga 


Eagle  Rock,  Id 

Chicago,  111 

Indianapolis,  Ind.. 

Fort  Reno,  I.  T.... 

Dubuque,  la 

Leavenworth,  Kan. 
Louisville,  Ky 

Shreveport,  La 


Jan.  1886 
Dec.  1879 


"     1876 

"     1873 

Dec.  1880 

Jan.  1881 


Eastport,  Me 

Baltimore,  Md 

Boston,  Mass 

Mackinaw  City,  Mich. 

St.  Vincent,  Minn 

Vicksburg,  Miss 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Poplar  Prairie,  Mont  . 

North  Platte,  Neb 

Winnemucca,  Nev 

Manchester,  N.  H 

Barnegat,  N.  J 

Fort  Stanton,  N.  M . . . 

Oswego,  N.  Y 

Cliarlotte,  N.  C 

Bismark,  N.  Dak 

Sandusky,  0 


Dec. 
Jan. 


Dec. 
Jan. 


Feb. 
Jan. 


Feb. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 


1872 
1884 


1873 
1884 

1886 

1884 
1881 
1882 
1881 
1888 
1886 
1884 
1885 
1888 

1886 
1875 
1887 


1887 
1884 


TEM 


789 


TEN 


HIGHEST  AND   LOWEST  TEMPERATURE,  ETC.— (Continued.) 


!  Highest 

I  tem. 


Fahr. 
110° 
103° 

92° 
104° 
111° 
104° 
113° 
104° 

97° 
103° 
104° 

97° 
101° 
101° 


Umatilla,  Ore 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

Narragausett  Pier,  R.  I 

Charlotte,  S.  C 

Pierne,  S.  D 

Nashville,  Tenn 

El  Paso,  Tex 

Fort  Thornburg,  Utah. 

Burlington,  Vt 

Cape  Henry,  Va 

Walla  Walla,  Wash.... 
Morgantown,  W.  Va. . . 

La  Crosse,  Wis 

Cheyenne,  Wyo 


Aug.  1882 
July,  1881 

"      1885 

"  1875 
June,  1876 
Aug.  1874 
June,  1883 
July,  1884 
Aug.   1876 

"  1881 
July,  1886 

"      1874 

"     1881 


Lowest 
tem. 


Fahr. 
—39° 
—16° 
—9° 
11° 
—4.3° 
—16° 
—14.2° 
—20° 
—25° 
—5° 
-30.5° 
-10° 
—42° 
—57° 


Fort  Klamath,  Ore  ... , 

Erie,  Pa 

Narragansett  Pier,  R.  I 

Charlotte,  S.  C 

Huron,  S.  Dak 

Knoxville,  Tenn 

Fort  Elliott,  Tex 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.. 

Burlington,  Vt 

Lynchburg,  Va 

Spokane  Falls,  Wash. . 
Morgantown,  W.  Va. . . 

La  Crosse,  Wis 

Fort  Wasakie,  Wyo. . . 


Jan.  1888 


Dec. 
Jan. 


Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Feb. 


1884 
1878 
1885 
1884 


1882 
1880 


1883 


DATE    OF    THE    EARLIEST,  LATEST,  AND    AVERAGE    AUTUMNAL    KILLING    FROST    IN   DIFFERENT    LOCATIONS    IN   THE 

UNITED  STATES. 


Washington,  Ark... 

Sacramento,  Cal 

Middletown,  Conn. . 

Forsyth,  Ga 

Peoria,  111 

Monticello,  la 

Lawrence,  Kan 

Gardiner,  Me 

Amherst,  Mass 

Holly  Springs,  Miss. 


44' N. 
33'  " 
30'  " 
59'  " 
41'  " 
45'  " 


Killing  frost. 


30  Sept. 
17  Oct. 
10  Sept. 
17  Oct. 

1  Oct. 
25  Aug. 
29  Sept. 

4  Sept. 
10  Aug. 
10  Oct. 


Latest. 


16  Nov. 
31  Dec. 
22  Oct. 
25  Nov. 

17  Nov. 
13  Oct. 

18  Nov. 
22  Oct. 

8  Oct. 
30  Nov. 


Average. 


28  Oct. 

19  Nov. 
2  Oct. 
8  Nov. 

27  Oct. 
17  Sept. 

20  Oct. 
lOct. 

20  Sept. 
30  Oct. 


Place. 


Oregon,  Mo 

DeSoto,  Neb 

Cooperstown,  N.  Y 
Portsmouth,  Ohio. 

Brandon,  Ore 

Bethany,  Pa 

New  Ulm,  Tex 

Lunenburg,  Vt 

Wytheville,  Va 

Manitowoc,  Wis. . . 


Killing  frost. 


17  Sept. 
24  Sept. 

3  Sept. 

11  Sept. 
9  Sept. 

30  Aug. 

12  Nov. 
5  Aug. 

26  Aug. 

18  Sept. 


Latest. 


3  Nov. 
31  Oct. 
22  Oct. 

14  Nov. 
18  Nov. 
21  Oct. 

15  Dec. 

16  Nov. 
14  Oct. 
13  Nov. 


Average. 


9  Oct. 

10  Oct. 
27  Sept. 

11  Oct. 
9  Oct. 

23  Sept. 
25  Nov. 
20  Sept. 
19  Sept. 
16  Oct. 


LATITUDE   AND  MEAN  TEMPERATURE  OF  THE   PRINCIPAL  CITIES   OF   EUROPE. 


Cities. 

Latitude. 

Mean 
tem. 

Remarks. 

St  Petersburg  Russia 

59°  55' 
59°  21' 
55°  57' 
55°  40' 
52°  31' 
52°  22' 
51°  31' 
48°  50' 
48°  12' 
41°  54' 
41° 

40°  26' 
31°  12' 

38.7° 

42.3° 

47° 

40° 

48° 

49.8° 

50.8° 

51.3° 

51° 

60° 

57.4° 

58° 

69° 

Latitude  nearly  that  of  the  mouth  of  Churchill  river,  Hudson's  bay. 

Stockholm  Sweden 

Edinburgh  Scotland    

Latitude  about  that  of  fort  York,  central  Hudson's  bay. 

Moscow  Russia              . .        

Berlin  Germany                              .   . . 

Latitude  of  the  Saskatchewan  district  Canada 

Amsterdam   Holland                           .     .     . 

Latitude  of  fort  Moose,  southern  extremity  of  Hudson's  bay. 

Rome,  Italy 

Latitude  about  that  of  Providence,  R.  I. 

Constantinople,  Turkey 

"                   "    New  York  city. 

Madrid  Spain 

"                   "    Philadelphia. 

Alexandria  Egypt 

"                    "    Baton  Rouge. 

Teinplar§.  The  military  order  of  "Soldiers  of  the 
Temple"  was  founded  about  1118  by  a  Burgundian  knight, 
Hugh  de  Paynes  or  Paganis  (d.  1136),  and  8  other  knights  at 
Jerusalem  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  pilgrims  by  guarding 
the  public  roads  leading  there.  Baldwin  II.,  then  king  of 
Jerusalem,  granted  them  quarters  and  otherwise  protected 
them.  The  order  was  confirmed  by  pope  Honorius  II.,  1128. 
The  Templars  were  numerous  in  several  countries,  and  came 
to  England  before  1185.  Their  wealth  having  excited  the 
cupidity  of  Philip  IV.  of  France,  the  order  was  suppressed  on 
charges  of  infidelity,  gross  immorality,  and  other  crimes,  by 
the  council  of  Vienne,  mostly  through  his  eflfbrts,  and  part  of 
its  revenues  was  bestowed  upon  other  orders  about  1312.  The 
order  suffered  persecution  throughout  Europe,  1308-10,  espe- 
cially in  France,  where  many  were  burned  alive  or  hanged ; 
68  knights  being  burned  at  Paris,  1310.  Pope  Clement  V. 
abolished  the  order,  Apr.  1312.  The  grandmaster  Molay 
was  burned  alive  at  Paris,  18  Mch.  1314.  Their  property  in 
England  was  given  to  the  Hospitallers,  and  the  head  of  the 
order  in  England  died  in  the  Tower.  As  confessions  were  ex- 
torted under  cruel  torture,  it  is  probable  that  most  of  the 
charges  were  false. 

Temple,  London,  the  dwelling  of  the  Knights  Tem- 
plars, 1185,  at  the  suppression  of  the  order  was  purchased  by 
the  professors  of  the  common  law  and  converted  into  inns, 
1311,  afterwards  called  the  Inner  and  Middle  Temple.  Essex 
house,  also  a  part  of  the  house  of  the  Templars,  was  called 
the  Outer  Temple,  because  it  was  situated  without  Temple 
bar. 

Temple  hall  was  built 1572 

St.  Mary's  or  the  Temple  church,  situated  in  the  Inner  Temple, 
a  Gothic  stone  building,  erected  by  the  Templars  in  1240,  is 
remarkable  for  its  circular  vestibule,  and  for  tombs  of  cru- 
saders.    It  was  recased  with  stone  by  Mr.  Smirke 1828 

New  Middle  Temple  library  opened  by  prince  of  Wales.. 31  Oct.  1861 


Temple  bar  erected  outside  the  gates;  ordered  to  be  rebuilt,  27 
June,  1669;  erected  by  sir  C.  Wren;  completed  Mch.  1672-73; 
cost  13911.  10s. ;  room  above  contained  books  of  Child  &  Co. 
for  200  years;  reported  dangerous,  Mch.;  began  to  sink,  30 

July ;  shored  up 1868 

[Its  removal  voted  by  the  common  council,  27  Sept.  1876; 
began  2  Jan.  1878;  last  stones  removed  13  June,  1879  (set  up 
in  Epping  forest).] 

New  Inner  Temple  hall  opened  by  princess  Louise 14  May,  1870 

Memorial  to  mark  the  site  (including  statues  of  the  queen  and 
prince  of  Wales) ;  cost  about  11,550^. ;  inaugurated  by  prince 
Leopold 8  Nov.  1880 

temple  (Gr.r£jLi£j/oc,Lat.  templum),an  enclosure  or  build- 
ing set  apart  for  religious  rites;  an  edifice  dedicated  to  the 
service  of  a  deity  or  deities,  and  connected  with  a  system  of 
worship.  The  Egyptians  were  the  first  who  erected  temples 
to  their  gods. — Herodotus.  The  Greeks  greatly  excelled  in 
this  style  of  edifice.  Most  of  the  heathen  temples  were  de- 
stroyed throughout  the  Roman  empire  by  Constantine  the 
Great  and  Theodosius,  331-392.  1st  temple  at  Jerusalem  built 
by  Solomon,  10 12-1004  b.c.  ;  described  by  Josephus,  bk.  viii.  chap, 
iii.,  Whiston's  transl. ;  pillaged  by  Shishak,  king  of  Egypt,  971 ; 
repaired  by  Joash,  856 ;  destroyed  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  king 
of  Assyria,  586.  2d  temple  built  by  Zerubbabel,  536-30; 
much  inferior  to  Solomon's ;  pillaged  by  Antiochus  Epiphanes 
of  Syria,  170;  taken  by  Pompey,  and  its  most  holy  place 
seen  by  him,  63.  3d  temple  built  by  Herod,  the  most  mag- 
nificent of  the  3,  covering  19  acres,  18  b.c.  ;  destroyed  by 
Titus,  70  A.D.  Fergusson's  "  Temples  of  the  Jews,"  pub. 
London,  1878.  Architecture,  Delphi,  Diana,  Parthe- 
non, Pantheon. 

Xen'edos,  an  island  in  the  .^gean  sea,  off  the  coast  of 
ancient  Troas,  whither  the  Greeks  retired,  as  Virgil  narrates, 
to  surprise  the  Trojans  {^En.  ii.  21,  254);  now  belonging  to 
Turkey. 

Teneriffe,     Canary  islands. 


TEN 


790 


TEN 


Tennessee,  one    of   the    southern    United    States, 

lies  between  the  Alleghany  mounuins  on  the  east  and 
the  Mississippi  river  on  the 
west.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Kentucky  and  Vir- 
ginia, east  by  North  Caro- 
lina, south  by  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, and  Mississippi,  and 
west  by  Arkansas  and  Mis- 
souri. It  lies  between  35° 
and  36°  35'  N.  lat.,  and  81° 
37 '  and  90°  15'  W.  Ion.  Area, 
42,050  sq.  miles,  in  96  counties; 
pop.  1890,  1,767,518.  Capi- 
tal, Nashville. 

Louis  JoUet  and  P^re  Jacques  Marquette  descend  the  Missis- 
sippi river  to  lat.  33° 1673 

Robert  Cavalier  de  La  Salle  builds  fort  I'rud'homme  on  the 
4tb  Cluckasaw  bluff  of  the  Mississippi  river 1682 

M.  Charleville.  a  French  trader,  builds  a  trading-house  near 
the  present  site  of  Nashville  on  the  west  side  of  the  Cum- 
berland river 1714 

French  erect  fort  Assumption  on  the  Mississippi  at  the  4th 
Chickasaw  bluff " 

Bienville  makes  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Chickasaw  Indians 
at  fort  Assumption June,  1739 

Party  of  Virginians,  dr.  Thomas  Walker  and  others,  discover 
the  Cumberland  mountains,  Cumberland  gap,  and  Cumber- 
laud  river. 1748 

Fori  lioudon  founded  near  confluence  of  the  Tellico  and  Little 
Tennessee  rivers,  about  30  miles  from  the  present  Knox- 
ville 1756 

Col.  Bird  builds  Long  Island  fort  on  the  Holston  river,  near 
its  north  fork,  where  the  American  army  winters 1768 

Cherokees  capture  fort  Loudon.  The  garrison,  after  the  sur- 
render, start  out  for  fort  Prince  George;  after  proceeding 
about  15  miles  they  are  massacred  by  the  Indians 7  Aug.  1760 

Capt.  James  Smith  and  others  explore  the  Cumberland  and 
Tennessee  rivers  from  above  Nashville  down  to  the  Ohio 1766 

By  treaty  at  fort  Stanwix  (Utica,  N.  Y.)  the  Six  Nations  cede 
the  country  north  and  east  of  the  Tennessee 5  Nov.  1768 

Capt  William  Bean  settles  on  Boone  creek,  near  Watauga 1769 

Company  formed  to  hunt  and  explore  middle  Tennessee,  with 
camp  at  Price's  Meadows,  Wayne  county " 

Written  association  formed  for  the  government  of  the  Watauga 
settlers,  and  5  commissioners  appointed  as  a  governing  court,  1772 

Col.  Richard  Henderson,  Nathaniel  Hart,  and  Daniel  Boone 
purchase  from  the  Indians  a  tract  of  country  between  the 
Kentucky  and  Cumberland  rivers,  which  they  call  Transyl- 
vania  17  Mch.  1775 

Watauga  purcliased  from  the  Indians,  and  deed  of  conveyance 
to  Charles  Robertson  executed 19  Mch.      " 

WaUiuga  settlers  march  against  the  advancing  Cherokees,  and 
disperse  them  in  a  battle  near  Long  Island  fort 20  July,  1776 

Cherokees  under  old  Abraham  attack  the  fort  at  Watauga,  but 
are  repulsed 21  July,     " 

Forces  under  col.  William  Christian  march  against  and  de- 
stroy the  Cherokee  towns  in  E.  Tennessee " 

Washington  county,  including  all  of  Tennessee,  created  by  a 
law  of  North  Carolina Nov.  1777 

Richard  Hogan,  Spencer,  Holliday,  and  others  come  from  Ken- 
tucky and  begin  a  plantation  near  Bledsoe's  Lick 1778 

Capt.  James  Robertson  and  others  from  Watauga  cross  the 
Cumberland  mountains,  pitch  their  tents  near  French  Lick, 
and  plant  a  field  of  corn  where  Nashville  now  stands 1779 

Eleven  Chickamanga  Indian  towns  destroyed  by  troops  under 
Isasic  Shelby,  who  left  Big  creek,  near  the  site  of  Rogersville, 

10  Apr.     «' 

Jonesi)orough  laid  off  and  established  as  the  seat  of  justice  for 
Washington  county " 

Colony  under  John  Donelson,  in  open  boats,  leaving  fort  Pat- 
rick Henry  on  the  Holston,  descend  the  Tennessee  and  as- 
cend the  Cumberland  to  French  Lick,  where  they  found 
Nashborough 24  Apr.  1780 

Form  of  government  for  the  Cumberland  settlements  drawn 
up  and  articles  signed  at  Nashborough 13  May,     " 

Battle  of  Boyd's  creek,  a  confluent  of  the  French  Broad. 
Troops  under  col.  John  Sevier,  returning  from  the  battle  of 
King's  mountain,  join  in  expedition  against  the  Cherokees 
and  disperse  them  on  their  way  to  massacre  the  Watauga 
settlers Oct.      " 

Indian  atrocities  and  massacres  of  settlers  in  middle  Tennes 
see,  throughout  this  and  the  following  year,  begin  by  an  at- 
tack on  the  house  of  maj.  Lucas  at  Freeland's  station,  on  the 
Cumberland,  near  Stone  river 15  Jan.  1781 

Battle  of  the  Bluffs,  where  Nashville  now  stands;  an  unsuc- 
cessful attack  of  the  Cherokees  on  the  fort 2  Apr.      " 

Pre-emption  right  allowed  to  settlers  on  the  Cumberland  by 
legislature  of  North  Carolina,  640  acres  to  each  family  or 
head  of  family Apr.  1782 

Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  held  at  Jonesborough  for  Washing- 
ton and  Sullivan  counties 15  Aug.      " 

Treaty  at  Nashborough,  by  which  the  Chickasaws  cede  to 
North  Carolina  a  tract  extending  nearly  40  miles  south  from 
Cumberland  river 1783 


First  Methodist  preacher  comes  to  the  Holston  circuit,  which 
incliules  E.  Tennessee 1788 

Commissioners  lay  off  on  Duck  river  a  grant  of  2500  acres  of 
land  presented  by  North  Carolina  to  gen.  Nathaniel  Greene. .     " 

Nashville  established  by  the  legislature  to  succeed  Nashbor- 


ough. 


1784 


General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  cedes  to  the  U.  S.  terri- 
tory west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  on  condition  that 

Congress  accepts  it  within  2  years 2  June,      " 

Believing  themselves  no  longer  a  part  of  North  Carolina,  set- 
tlers in  Washington,  Sullivan,  and  Greene  counties  meet  in 
convention  at  Jonesborough,  choose  John  Sevier  i)resident, 
and  form  a  constitution  for  the  state  of  Fkankland.  .14  Dec.  " 
Gov.  Caswell  of  North  Carolina  pronounces  the  revolt  of  Frank- 
land  usurpation 14  Apr.  1786 

Constitution  for  Frankland,  or  the  state  of  Franklin,  accepted 
by  a  convention  of  the  people,  which  meets  at  Greeneville, 

and  chooses  John  Sevier  as  governor 14  Nov.      " 

Capt.  James  White  and  James  Connor  settle  on  the  site  of 

Knoxville 1786 

At  a  conference  upon  the  legality  of  the  state  of  Frankland  it 
is  agreed  that  the  inhabitants  are  "at  full  liberty  and  dis- 
cretion to  pay  their  public  taxes  to  either  the  state  of  North 

Carolina  or  the  state  of  Frankland  " 20  Mch.  1787 

Legislature  of  Frankland  meets  for  the  last  time  at  Greene- 
ville, and  government  reverts  to  North  Carolina Sept.      " 

First  literary  institution  in  Tennessee  incorporated,  the  Mar- 
tin academy,  at  Salem,  afterwards  (1795)  Washington  college,  1788 
Deed,  ratified  in  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  Dec. 
1789,  conveying  to  the  U.  S.  territory  west  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  is  presented  in  Congress  by  Samuel  Johnston 
and  Benjamin  Hawkins,  25  Feb.,  and  accepted  by  act  ap- 
proved  2  Apr.  1790 

William  Blount  appointed  governor  of  the  territory  southwest 

of  the  Ohio  river — the  Southwestern  territory 7  Aug.      " 

First  issue  of  the  Knoxville  Gazelle  published  at  Rogersville 

by  George  Roulstone 5  Nov.  1791 

Knoxville,  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government,  is  laid  out.  .Feb.  1792 
Attack  of  over  700  Indians  on  Buchanan's  Station,  4  miles 

south  of  Nashville,  repulsed  by  a  garrison  of  15 30  Sept.      " 

General  Assembly  meets  at  Knoxville 5  Aug.  1794 

University  of  Tennessee  at  Knoxville,  chartered  10  Sept.  1794 

as  Blount  college,  is  opened 1795 

State  constitution,  adopted  without  popular  vote  by  a  conven- 
tion which  sits  at  Knoxville 11  Jan. -6  Feb.  1796 

John  Sevier  inaugurated  first  governor  of  state 30  Mch.     " 

Tennessee  admitted  into  the  union  by  act  approved 1  June,     " 

William  Blount  of  Tennessee  expelled  from  the  U.  S.  Senate  on 
charge  of  instigating  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  assist  the 

British  in  conquering  Spanish  Louisiana July,  1797 

Treaty  with  the  Cherokees  extinguishing  claims  to  land  in 

Tennessee  granted  to  individuals  by  North  Carolina Sept.  1798 

Great  revival  of  religion,  begun  in  Kentucky  in  1800,  spreads 

through  Tennessee 1801 

Nashville  chosen  as  seat  of  government  by  legislature 1802 

Gen.  Wilkinson  builds  fort  Pickering  at  Memphis 1H03 

Public  reception  given  to  Aaron  Burr  at  Nashville 28  May,  1805 

Congress  grants  1000  acres  in  one  tract  for  academies  in  Ten- 
nessee, one  in  each  county;  1000  acres  more  for  2  colleges, 

Blount  in  the  east  and  Cumberland  in  the  west 1806 

Nashville  bank,  the  first  in  Tennessee,  chartered 1807 

Cumberland  Presbyterian  church  organized  at  the  house  of 

Mr.  McAdow  in  Dickson  county 4  Feb.  1810 

Pair  of  mummies  exhumed  fn  a  cave  in  Warren  county  (de- 
scribed in  the  Medical  Repository) 2  Sept.     " 

John  Sevier  dies  near  Fort  Decatur,  Ala 24  Sept.  1815 

Gens.  Andrew  Jackson  and  Isaac  shelby  obtain  by  treaty  from 
the  Chickasaws  a  cession  of  their  lands  north  of  35°  lat.  and 
east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  known  as  the  Jackson  purchase, 

19  Oct.  1818 

First  conveyance  of  town  lots  in  Memphis  made May,  1819 

Madison  county  organized  and  Jackson  settled 1820 

Capital  permanently  fixed  at  Nashville 1826 

University  of  Nashville,  founded  in  1785,  incorporated  as  Cum- 
berland college  in  1806,  reorganized  in  1824,  and  name  changed,  1827 
Two  mummies  found  in  a  cave  in  western  Tennessee  (American 

Journal  of  Science,  vol.  xxii. ) 1828 

Andrew  Jackson  elected  president  of  the  U.  S 11  Nov.     " 

John  H.  Eaton  appointed  secretary  of  war 9  Mch.  1829 

Act  for  a  state  system  of  internal  improvements 2  Jan.  1830 

Joel  Parrish,  cashier  of  the  state  bank,  proves  a  defaulter  for 

$200,000,  and  the  bank  wound  up  soon  after 3  Jan.     " 

Memphis  railroad  chartered Dec.  1831 

State  penitentiary  at  Nashville  opened 1832 

Andrew  Jackson  re-elected  president  of  the  U.  S 13  Nov.     " 

Conviction  of  John  A.  Murrell  of  Madison  county,  the  "  great 
western  land  pirate"  and  leader  of  the  "Mystic  Clan,"  a 
band  of  outlaws,  horse  thieves,  and  negro  runners,  who  was 

brought  to  justice  by  Virgil  A.  Stewart  (Trials) 1834 

Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  which  meets  at  Nashville, 
19  May,  and  completes  its  labors  30  Aug.  1834;  ratified  by  a 

popular  vote  of  42,666  to  17,691 5-6  Mch.  1835 

R.  H.  McEwen  elected  to  the  newly  created  office  of  superin- 
tendent of  public  schools 1836 

During  this  and  the  previous  year  the  state  furnished  1651  vol- 
unteers for  the  Florida  war 1837 

Felix  Grundy  appointed  attorney-general 5  July,  1838 

National  Whig  convention  meets  at  Nashville 17  Aug.  1840 

State  hospital  for  the  insane  opened  near  Nashville " 

John  Bell  appointed  secretary  of  war 5  Mch.  1841 

Cumberland  university  at  Lebanon  chartered  and  opened 1842 


TEN  791 

National  Whig  convention  held  at  Nashville 21  Aug.  1844 

Memphis  Couference  female  institute  at  Jackson,  chartered 

1843,  opened " 

State  school  for  the  Blind  at  Nashville  opened " 

James  K.  Polk  elected  president  of  the  U.  S 12  Nov.     " 

Cave  Johnson  appointed  postinaster-general 6  Mch.  1845 

Act  for  self-taxation  of  districts  for  common  schools " 

Tennessee  School  for  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Knoxville  opened " 

Andrew  Jackson  dies  at  the  Hermitage,  aged  78 8  June,     " 

Jas.  K.  Polk  dies  at  Nashville,  aged  54 15  June,  1849 

Memphis  incori)orated  as  a  city Dec.     " 

Southern  conventfon  meets  at  Nashville 3  June,  1850 

Convention  meets  at  Nashville,  11  Nov.  1850,  and  adjourns 
after  recommending  a  congress  of  slave-holding  states  by  a 
vote  of  6  states,  Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Mississippi, 
South  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  opposed  to  Tennessee,  19  Nov.     '< 

James  Campbell  appointed  postmaster-general 5  Mch.  1853 

Southern  convention  meets  at  Memphis 6  June,     " 

State  Agricultural  Bureau  established 1854 

State  capitol,  commenced  in  1845,  completed 1855 

Aaron  V.  Brown  appointed  postmaster-general 6  Mch.  1857 

Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad  completed,  joining  the  At- 
lantic ocean  with  the  Mississippi  river 27  Mch.      " 

Southern  commercial  convention  at  Knoxville,  by  vote  of  64 
to  27,  recommends  abrogation  of  the  8th  article  of  the  Ash- 
burton  treaty,  which  requires  the  U.  S.  to  keei)  a  naval  force 

on  the  coast  "of  Africa .10  Aug.     " 

Constitutional  Union  convention  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  nominates 

John  Bell  of  Tennessee  for  president 9  May,  1860 

Call  for  a  state  convention  at  Nashville,  to  consider  secession, 

is  defeated  by  a  vote  of  the  people 9  Feb.  1861 

Gov.  Isham  G.  Harris  replies  to  pres.  Lincoln's  call  for  troops, 
"Tennessee  will  not  furnish  a  single  man  for  coercion,  but 
50,000  if  necessary  for  the  defence  of  our  rights,  or  those  of 

our  Southern  brothers  " 18  Apr.     ' ' 

Gov.  Harris  orders  the  seizure  of  $75,000  worth  of  Tennessee 
bonds  and  $5000  in  cash  belonging  to  the  U.  S.  government, 

in  possession  of  the  collector  at  Nashville 29  Apr.     " 

Majority  vote  of  the  state  favors  a  declaration  of  independence 
for  Tennessee  and  the  acceptance  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment of  the  Confederate  states 8  June,     " 

Eastern  Tennessee  Union  convention  at  Greeneville  declares 

its  opposition  to  the  Confederate  government 21  June,     " 

Gov.  Harris  proclaims  Tennessee  out  of  the  Union 24  June,     " 

Confederate  commissary  and  ordnance  stores  at  Nashville  de 

stroy ed  by  fire 22  Dec 

Com.  Foote   defeats  gen.  Lloyd  Tilghman  and  captures  fort 

Henry 6  Feb. 

Bombardment  of  Fort  Donklson  begins  13  Feb. ;  fort  surren 
dered  to  gen.  Grant  by  gen.  Buckner  with  13,829  prisoners, 

16  Feb. 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Memphis 20  Feb, 

Confederates  evacuate  Nashville,  and  the  federals  under  Nel 

son  enter 23  Feb. 

Andrew  Johnson,  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volun 

teers  and  appointed  military  governor  of  Tennessee  5  Mch., 

arrives  at  Nashville 12  Mch 

Gov.  Johnson  suspends  the  mayor  and  other  officials  in  Nash 

ville  for  refusing  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  U.  S 5  Apr, 

Two  days'  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  or  Shiloh 6-7  Apr. 

Union  meetings  held  at  Nashville  12  May,  and  at  Murfrees- 

borough 24  May,     " 

Memphis  surrendered  to  com.  Davis 6  June,     " 

Battle  of  MuRFRKKSBOROuGH 31  Dec.  1862-4  Jan.   1863 

Battle  of  Spring  Hill;  confederates  under  geu.  Earl  Van  Dorn 

victorious 5  Mch.     " 

Van  Dorn  repulsed  by  federals  under  gen.  Gordon  Granger  at 

Franklin 10  Apr.      " 

Federal  raid  under  col.  Abel  D.  Streight  starts  from  Nashville 

(Streight's  raid) 11  Apr.     " 

Kingston  and  Knoxville,  evacuated  by  confederates  under  gen. 

Simon  B.  Buckner,  occupied  by  Federal  troops  under  gen. 

A.  E.  Burnside 1  Sept.     " 

Chattanooga  abandoned  by  confederates  under  gen.  Braxton 

Bragg,  8  Sept. ;  Cumberland  gap  surrendered  to  federals, 

9  Sept.     " 
Confederates  under  gen.  James  Longstreet  defeat  federals  at 

Philadelphia,  E.  Tenn 20  Oct.     " 

Gen.  Grant  arrives  at  NashvUie  21  Oct,,  and  at  Chattanooga, 

23  Oct.     " 
Gen.  W.  E.  Jones,  confederate,  defeats  col.  Garrard  at  Rogers- 

ville 6  Nov.     " 

Longstreet  besieges  Knoxville  and  is  repulsed  (Fort  Sanders), 

17  Nov.      " 
Grant  defeats  Bragg  in  battle  of  Chattanooga  (Chattanooga 

CAMPAIGN) 23-25  Nov.     " 

Longstreet  repulses  federals  under  gen.  J.  M.  Shackelford  at 
Bean's  Station.  E.  Tennessee 14  Dec.     " 

Fort  Pillow  captured  by  confederates  under  gen.  N.  B.  For- 
rest, and  garrison  of  colored  troops  annihilated 12  Apr.  1864 

Federals  under  gen.  A.  C.  Gillem  surprise  the  Confederate  gen. 
John  H.  Morgan  at  the  house  of  a  Mrs.  Williams  in  Greene- 
ville, E.  Tenn.     In  attempting  to  escape  he  is  killed...  4  Sept.     " 

Federals  under  Schofleld  repulse  confederates  under  Hood  at 
Franklin 30  Nov.     " 

Federals  retire  from  Franklin  and  occupy  Nashville,  1  Dec. ; 
Hood  advances  and  partially  invests  Nashville 3-14  Dec.     " 

Thomas  defeats  Hood  at  Nashville 15-16  Dec.     " 

Constitutional  amendment  abolishing  slavery  framed  by  a 
convention  which  sits  at  Nashville  9  Jan.  to  26  Jan.  1865, 
ratified  by  a  vote  of  the  people  21,104  to  40 22  Feb.  1866 


TEN 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XIIT.th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution 

of  the  U.  S 5  Apr.  1865 

Pres.  Lincoln  dies,  Andrew  Johnson  president 15  Apr.      '• 

Law  disfranchising  all  citizens  who  have  voluntarily  borne 

arms  for  or  aided  the  Confederate  government 1866 

Law  making  negroes  and  Indians  competent  witnesses " 

Race  riot  in  Memphis;  24  negroes  killed 1-3  May,     " 

XlV.th  Amendment  to  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  ratified  by  the 

legislature 19  July,     " 

Tennessee  readmitted  into  the  Union  by  act  approved,  24  July,     " 
All  distinction  of  race  or  color  in  qualifications  for  electors 

abolished Feb.  1867 

Fisk  university  at  Nashville,  opened  1866,  chartered " 

Petition  for  removal  of  disabilities  signed  by  nearly  4000  citi- 
zens, including  leading  men  of  the  state,  is  presented  to  the 

legislature,  but  not  granted I868 

Act  to  suppress  the  Ku-klux-klan  entitled  "An  Act  to  Pre- 
serve the  Public  Peace,"  punishes  membership  by  a  fine  of 

not  less  than  $500  or  imprisonment  for  5  years " 

University  of  the  South  at  Suwanee,  chartered  in  1858,  opened,     " 
Gov.  Brownlow  calls  out  the  state  militia  to  suppress  the  Ku- 
klux-klan,  and  proclaims  martial  law  in  9  counties.  .20  Feb.  1869 
Southern  Commercial  convention  held  at  Memphis;  1100  del- 
egates from  22  states 18  May,     ' ' 

Constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  which  sat  at  Nashville 
10  Jan.  to  22  Feb.,  ratified  by  a  popular  vote  of  98.128  to 

33, 872 26  Mch.  1870 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  church  of  America  organized  at 

Jackson  by  bishop  Paine 16  Dec.     " 

Reunion  and  Reform  association  meets  at  Nashville 13  Oct.  1871 

Le  Moyne  Normal  institute  at  Memphis  opened " 

Office  of  Chief  Commissioner  of  Immigration  for  the  state  cre- 
ated by  act  of  legislature " 

Agricultural  Bureau  organized  under  act  of  legislature,  14  Dec.     " 
Convention  at  Jackson  to  promote  the  formation  of  a  new 
state,  out  of  western  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Mississippi, 

29  July,  1873 
Convention  of  colored  people  in  Nashville,  seeking  their  full 
rights  as  citizens  of  the  U.  S.,  politically  and  socially, 

28  Apr.  1874 
Sixteen  negroes,  22  Aug. ,  charged  with  shooting  at  2  white  men, 
are  taken  from  Trenton  jail  and  shot  dead  by  disguised  men, 

26  Aug.      " 

E.  Tennessee  hospital  for  the  insane  located  at  Knoxville " 

Andrew  Johnson,  ex-president  of  the  U.  S.,  dies  near  Jones- 
borough  31  July,  1875 

Peabody  Normal  college  at  Nashville  opened " 

Vanderbilt  university  at  Nashville,  chartered  1873,  opened " 

Southwestern  Baptist  university  at  Jackson,  chartered  1874, 

opened " 

David  McKendree  Key  appointed  postmaster-general ..  12  Mch.  1877 

Yellow-fever  in  Memphis  (Yellow-fever) 1878-79 

Bill  passed,  28  Mch.  1879,  to  settle  the  state  debt  at  the  rate  of 
50  cents  on  the  dollar,  with  4  percent,  interest,  is  rejected  by 

vote  of  the  people,  30,920  to  19,669 7  Aug.  1879 

New  Rugby  founded 1880 

Centennial  anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  Nashville  celebrated 
17-24  May,  and  equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Jackson  unveiled  on 

the  capitol  grounds 20  May,     " 

Horace  Maynard  appointed  postmaster-general 2  June,     " 

Normal  academy  at  Morristown  opened 1881 

Act  of  5  Apr.  1881,  to  settle  the  state  debt  by  issue  of  new  com- 
promise bonds  bearing  3  per  cent,  interest,  and  coupons  re- 
ceivable in  payment  for  taxes  and  debts  due  the  state,  is  de- 
clared unconstitutional Feb.  1882 

Quadrennial  General   conference   of   the  Methodist  church, 

South,  meets  at  Nashville 3  May,     " 

Law  of  1882  for  settlement  of  state  debt  repealed,  and  a  new  law 
passed  for  funding  at  a  discount  of  24  per  cent,  on  6  per  cent. 

bonds,  and  others  in  proportion 1883 

West  Tennessee  hospital  for  the  insane,  located  at  Bolivar,  Har- 
deman county 1886 

Tennessee  Industrial  school  for  boys  at  Nashville  opened  for 

the  reception  of  pupils 1887 

Ward's  seminary  for  young  ladies  at  Nashville,  opened  1885, 

chartered " 

Prohibitory  constitutional  amendment  lost  by  a  vote  of  117,504 

in  favor,  to  145,197  against Aug.     " 

General  Assembly  at  its  session  adopts  the  Australian  ballot  sys- 
tem, creates  a  State  Board  of  Medical  Examiners,  and  con- 
veys to  the  Ladies'  Hermitage  association  the  homestead  of 

Andrew  Jackson  and  25  acres  of  land 7  Jan. -8  Apr.  1889 

National  Teachers'  Association  meets  at  Nashville 15  June,     " 

Remains  of  John  Sevier  removed  from  Alabama,  and  interred 

at  Knoxville " 

National  League  of  Republican  clubs  meets  at  Nashville.  4  Mch.  1890 
Special  session  of  the  legislature  held  at  Nashville  by  proclama- 
tion (11  Feb.)  of  the  governor 24  Feb.-18  Mch.     " 

First  Monday  in  September  (Labor  day)  made  a  legal  holiday 

by  the  legislature  at  session  ending 30  Mch.  1891 

Miners  at  Briceville  attack  the  state  militia,  and  secure  the 
withdrawal  of  convict  miners  from  the  mines  of  the  Tennes- 
see Coal  and  Knoxville  Iron  companies 20  July,     " 

Miners  refer  the  convict  mining  system  to  the  legislature, 

24  July,     " 
Sarah  Childress  Polk,  widow  of  pres.  Polk,  b.  1803,  d.  at  Nash- 
ville  14  Aug.     " 

Legislature  meets  in  extra  session  to  consider  the  convict-labor 

system 31  Aug.     '• 

Legislature  resolves  that  it  is  powerless  to  abolish  the  convict- 
lease  system,  but  will  not  renew  the  lease 4-6  Sept.     " 


TEN 


792 


TEU 


Miners  of  BrJceville  set  free  160  convicts,  and  140  more  at  an- 
other prison 31  Oct.  1891 

Over  200  convicts  set  free  in  E.  Tennessee  by  miners. .  .2  Nov.     " 

Ex-gov  Albert  S.  Marks  dies  suddenly  at  Nashville 4  Nov.     *' 

National  Real  EsUte  Association  formally  organized  in  Nash- 
ville   18  Feb.  1892 

Mining  troubles  in  Coal  Creek  valley  settled;  convicts  to  be 
replaced  by  white  ft-ee  miners. 19  Feb.     " 

Steel  cantilever  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at  Memphis  opened, 

12  May,     " 

Confederate  Soldiers'  Home  at  the  Hermitage  formally  opened, 

12  May,     " 

Miners  burn  the  convict  stockade  at  Tracy  City,  13  Aug.,  and 
make  an  attack  on  the  stockade  at  Oliver  Springs 16  Aug.     " 

Miners  capture  the  stockade  at  Oliver  Springs,  and  send  the 
guards  and  convicts  to  Knoxville 17  Aug.     " 

Minersdefeatedandroutedbymilitiaundergen.  Carnes,  19  Aug.     " 

Convention  of  National  Farmers'  Alliance  opens  in  Memphis, 

15  Nov.     " 
TERRITORIAL  GOVERNOR. 

William  Blount,  appointed  governor  of  the  territory  southwest 
of  theOhio 7  Aug.  1790 

STATE  GOVERNORS. 

John  Sevier assumes  office 30  Mch.  1796 

Archibald  Roane '•  Sept.  1801 

John  Sevier «'  "     1803 


STATE 

William  Blount 

GOVERNORS.— (Conrtnued. ) 
. . .  .assumes  office 

RArtt    IftOO 

Joseph  McMinn 

"        lUIR 

William  Carroll 

,, 

' '        1  ftOI 

Samuel  Houston 

u 

"         1ft07 

William  Carroll 

t( 

u 

James  K.  Polk 

tt 

t( 

i( 

Neil  S.  Brown 

(t 

William  Trousdale 

(( 

William  B.  Campbell.. 

"         

"      1851 

11                          *■  ■  ■ 

12  Mch.  1861 

Apr.   1865 

.      Oct     1869 

"      1871 

Jan.    1875 

"     1879 

W.  G.  Brownlow 

DeWitt  C.  Senter 

J,                      

John  C.  Brown 

t( 

James  D.  Porter,  jr 

«           

Alberts.  Marks 

tl 

Alvin  Hawkins 

(( 

William  B.  Bate 

(( 

Robert  L.  Taylor 

l( 

"      1887 
"      1891 
' '      1893 

John  P.  Buchanan 

It 

Peter  Turney 

it                         *   * ' 

H.  Clay  Evans 

u 

"      1895 

UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE   OF  TENNESSEE. 


No.  of  Congress. 


William  Blount.., 

William  Cocke 

Joseph  Anderson. . 
Andrew  Jackson., 
Daniel  Smith 

Joseph  Anderson. . 


Daniel  Smith 

Jenkin  Whiteside 

George  W.  Campbell. . . 

Jesse  Wharton 

John  Williams . . . . 

George  W.  Campbell. . . 

John  Henry  Eaton 

Andrew  Jackson 

Hugh  Lawson  White. . 

Felix  Grundy 

Ephraim  H.  Foster 

Alexander  Anderson. . . 

Felix  Grundy 

Alfred  0.  P.  Nicholson. 

Ephraim  H.  Foster 

Spencer  Jamagin 

Hopkins  L.  Turney 

John  Bell 

James  C.  Jones 

Andrew  Johnson 


4th  to    5th 

4lh  "     9th 

5th 


6th  to  14th 

9th  "  11th 

11th  "  12th 

12th  "  13th 

13th  "  14th 

14th  "  18th 

14th  "  15th 

15th  "  2l8t 

18th  "  19th 


1796  to  1797 

1796  "   1805 

1797  "   1798 

1798 

1799  to  1815 

1805  "  1809 

1809  "  1811 

1811  "  1814 

1814  "  1815 

1815  "  1823 
1815  "  1818 
1818  "  1829 
1823  "  1825 


19th 


26th 
25th 


Alfredo.  P.  Nicholson. 


21st 

25th  "  26th 

26th  "  27th 

26th 

26th  to  28th 

28th  "  29th 

28th  "  30th 

29th  "  32d 

30th  "  36th 

32d  "  35th 

35th  "  38th 

36th 


1825 

1829 
1838 
1840 
1839 
1841 
1843 
1843 
1845 
1847 
1851 
1857 


1840 

1838 
1839 
1841 
1840 
1843 
1845 
1847 
1851 
1859 
1857 
1862 


Joseph  S.  Fowler 

David  T.  Patterson 

William  G.  Brownlow , 

Henry  Cooper 

Andrew  Johnson 

David  McKendree  Key 

James  E.  Bailey , 

Ishain  G.  Harris 

Howell  E.  Jackson 

Washington  C.  Whitthorne  . 
William  B.  Bate 


39th  to  42d 

39th 

"  41st 

41st 

"  44th 

42d 

"  45th 

44th 

44th  to  47th 

45th 

"   

47th 

"  49th 

49th 

''  50th 

50th 

X 

1859  "  1861 
Congress,  1863 
1866  to  1871 
1866  "  1869 
1869  "  1875 
1871   "  1877 

1875 
1875  to  1877 
1877   "   1881 

1877   "  

1881    "  1886 


Seated  5  Dec.     Expelled  for  "high  misdemeanor,"  8  July,  1797. 

Elected  in  place  of  Blount. 

Resigned  1798. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Jackson. 

f  Elected  in  place  of  Jackson ;  elected  president  pro  tern.  15  Jan. ,  28 
(     Feb.,  and  2  Mch.  1805. 

Resigned  1809. 

Elected  in  place  of  Smith.    Resigned  1811. 

Elected  in  place  of  Whiteside.     Resigned  1814. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Campbell 

Resigned  1818. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Campbell.     Resigned  1829. 

Resigned  1825. 

;  Elected  in  place  of  Jackson ;  elected  president _pro  tern.  3  Dec.  1832 
[     and  2  Dec.  1833.     Resigned  1840. 
■  Elected  in  place  of  Eaton.    Resigned  1838. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Grundy. 

Elected  in  place  of  White. 

Died  in  office. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Grundy. 


Nominated  by  the  Union  party  for  president  of  the  U.  S.,  1860. 
r  Appointed  military  governor  of  Tennessee  by  pres.  Lincoln,  1862. 
<     Elected  vice-president  U.  S.,  1864;  succeeded  to  the  presidency 
(    on  death  of  Lincoln,  1865. 

Expelled,  3  July,  1861. 
to  1865,  vacant. 


Served  special  session,  4-24  Mch.  1875;  d.  31  July,  1875. 

Appointed /)ro  tern,  in  place  of  Johnson. 

Elected  in  place  of  Johnson. 

Term  expires  1901. 

Resigned  1886. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Jackson. 

Term  expires  1899. 


tennis  was  played  in  France  in  a  regular  court,  but  with 
the  bare  hands,  as  illustrated  in  the  "Book  of  Hours,"  1496. 
It  was  played  in  England  with  a  racket  in  1505.  In  1657 
there  were  114  tennis  courts  in  Paris  ;  in  1890  there  were  but  2. 
First  book  giving  an  account  of  tennis  published  at  Venice  by 

Antonio  Scaino  da  .Salo 1555 

Edmond  Barre,  greatest  professional  tennis  player  on  record, 

dies  at  Paris 20  Jan.  1873 

George  Lambert,  English  champion,  defeated  at  Hampton  Court, 

in  a  3  days'  match,  by  Thomas  Pettitt  of  Boston,  Mass 1885 

Tenure-Of-Offlce  act.  United  States,  Dec. 
1866 ;  Mch.  1867. 

ter'bium,  a  rare  metal,  sometimes  found  with  yttrium. 

Terra  del  Fue'g^O  ("land  of  fire"),  an  island  south 
of  South  America,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the  strait 
of  Magellan,  who  discovered  it,  1520,  and  named  it  from  the 
numerous  fires  seen  on  it  at  night. 

Te§t  act,  directing  all  oflicers,  civil  and  military,  under 
government,  to  receive  the  sacrament  according  to  the  forms 


of  the  Church  of  England,  and  to  take  the  oaths  against  tran- 
substantiation,  etc. ;  enacted  b}'  the  British  Parliament,  29 
Mch.  167.9.  The  Test  and  Corporation  acts  were  repealed,  9 
May,  1828.     University  tests. 

Testri,  a  village  of  N.  France.  Pepin  d'Heristal,  invited 
by  malcontents,  here  defeated  and  captured  Thierry  III.,  king 
of  Austrasia,  and  established  himself  as  duke,  687. 

Xettentiall,  Staffordshire.  It  was  probably  at  this 
place,  then  named  Teotenheal,  that  the  Danes  were  defeated 
by  the  Saxon  king,  Edward  the  Elder,  6  Aug.  910. 

Xet'uan,  a  walled  seaport  town  of  Morocco,  was  entered 
by  the  Spaniards,  6  Feb.  1860,  after  a  decisive  victorj'  on  4  Feb. 
The  general,  O'Donnell,  was  made  a  grandee  of  the  first  class. 

TeutOberg  forest  (the  Teutobergiensh  saltus. — 
Tacitus),  probably  situate  between  Detmold  and  Paderbom, 
Germany,  where  Hermann,  or  Arminius,  and  the  Germans  de- 
feated the  Romans  under  Varus  with  very  great  slaughter,  9  a.d.. 
Varus  and  many  of  his  officers  preferred  suicide  to  captivity. 


TEU  793 

This  defeat  was  regarded  at  Rome  as  a  national  calamity, 
and  Augustus,  in  agony,  cried,  "  Varus,  give  me  back  my  le- 
gions !" 

Teu'tonei,  a  people  of  Germany,  who  with  the  Cimbri 
made  incursions  upon  Gaul,  and  cut  to  pieces  2  Roman  armies, 
113  and  105  i$.€.  They  were  at  last  defeated  by  the  consul 
Marius  at  Aix,  and  a  great  number  made  prisoners,  102  b.c. 
(Cimbri,  with  whom  authors  commonly  join  the  Teutones). 
The  appellation  came  to  be  applied  to  the  German  nation  in 
general. 

XeutOll'ic  order,  military  knights  established  in 
the  Holy  Land  about  1191,  through  the  humanity  of  the  Ger- 
mans (Teutones)  to  the  sick  and  wounded  of  the  Christian 
army  in  the  Holy  Land,  under  Guy  of  Lusignan,  before  Acre. 
The  order  was  confirmed  by  a  bull  of  pope  Ccelestine  III.  On 
their  return  to  Germany,  the  knights  were  invited  to  subdue 
and  Christianize  the  country  now  called  Prussia  and  its  neigh- 
borhood, and  did  so  gradually.  Their  territories  were  invaded, 
and  their  army  was  defeated,  with  great  slaughter,  near  Tan- 
nenberg,  in  E.  Prussia,  by  Jagellon,  duke  of  Lithuania,  15 
July,  1410,  when  the  grandmaster  and  many  of  the  knights 
were  slain.  A  large  part  of  their  possessions  was  incorporated 
into  Poland  in  1466,  and  into  Brandenburg  about  1521.  In 
1525  the  grandmaster  was  made  a  prince  of  the  empire,  and 
the  order  much  weakened.  Its  remaining  possessions  were 
seized  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1809.     Prussia,  etc. 

XewRes'bury,  a  borough  of  (Gloucestershire,  Engl., 
where  Edward  IV.  crushed  the  Lancastrians,  4  May,  1471. 
Queen  Margaret,  the  consort  of  Henry  VI.,  was  taken  prisoner 
and  her  son  killed. 

"Clarence  is  come — false,  fleeting,  perjur'd  Clarence, 
That  stabb'd  me  in  the  field  by  Tewksbury." 

—  "Richard  III.,"  act  i.  sc.  iv. 

The  queen  was  conveyed  to  the  Tower  of  London,  where  king 
Henry  expired  soon  after;  being,  as  is  generally  supposed, 
murdered  by  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  afterwards  Richard  III. 
The  queen  was  ransomed  in  1475  by  the  French  king,  Louis 
XL,  for  50,000  crowns.     Rosks. 

Abbey,  founded  by  Robert  Fitz-Hamon,  cousin  of  William  I.,  com 
plated  and  consecrated  1123;  grandly  altered,  14th  century;  a 
monastery  destroyed  by  Henry  VIII. ;  the  abbey  spared;  restored 
by  G.  G.  Scott,  1877-79. 

Texa§,  one  of  the  southern  states  of  the  U.  S.,  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Oklahoma  and  the  Indian  territory,  east  by  Ar- 
kansas and  Louisiana, south  by 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  andMexico, 
and  west  by  Mexico  and  New 
Mexico.     It  lies  between  25° 
51'  and  36°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  93° 
27'  and  106°  40'  W.  Ion.  Area, 
265,780  sq.  miles ;  pop.  1890, 
2,235,523.     Capital,  Austin. 
Robert  Cavalier  de  La  Salle, 
sailing  from  France  with  4 
ships,  24  July,  1684,  fails 
to  discover  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi  and  lands 
near  the  entrance  to  Mat- 
agorda bay 18  Feb.  1685 

La  Salle  builds  fort  St.  Louis  on  the  Lavaca July,     " 

La  Salle  murdered  by  2  followers  near  the  Neches  river, 

30  Mch.  1687 
Capt.  De   Leon,  sent   from    Mexico   against   French   settlers 
at  fort  St.  Louis,  on  the  Lavaca  river,  finds  it  deserted, 

22  Apr.  1689 
Spanish   mission   of  San   Francisco  at  fort  St.  Louis  estab- 
lished   1690 

Don  Domingo  Teran  de  los  Rios  aiipointed  governor  of  Coahuila 

and  Texas 1691 

San  Antouio  founded 1693 

H.  St.  Denis  sent  out  by  Lamothe  Cadillac,  governor  of  Louis- 
iana, to  open  commercial  relation  with  Mexico,  reaches  the 
mission  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  where  he 
is  arrested  by  the  governor  of  Coahuila  and  imprisoned, 

Aug.  1714 

Spanish  mission  established  near  the  site  of  Nacogdoches 1715 

Spanish  mission  established  at  La  Bahia,  now  Goliad 1721 

Bienville,  under  orders  from  the  company  of  the  Indies,  sends 

a  colony  by  sea  to  Matagorda  bay 10  Aug.     " 

Settlement  of  San  Antonio  de  Bexar  increased  by  13  families 
from  the  Canary  islands  sent  by  the  Spanish  government; 
they  found  "  La  Purissima  Concepcion  de  Acuna  "  . .  .5  Mch.  1731 

Don  Manuel  de  Sandoval  appointed  governor  of  Texas 1734 

"Walls  of  the  church  of  the  Alamo  erected  at  San  Antonio  de 
Bexar May,  1744 


TEX 

Indians  attack  the  mission  of  San  Saba  and  massacre  all 1758 

France  cedes  Louisiana  to  Spain 3  Nov.  1762 

Louisiana  re-ceded  to  France  by  secret  treaty 1  Oct.  1800 

Philip  Nolan,  an  American,  obtains  a  passport  from  the  baron 
de  Carondelet,  governor  of  Louisiana,  to  buy  horses  in  Texas, 
17  July,  1797.  In  the  belief  that  he  was  commissioned  by  . 
gen.  Wilkinson  to  reconnoitre  and  raise  an  insurrection,  «/ 
Mexicans  under  lieut.  M.  Muzquiz  overtake  him  on  the 
banks  of  the  Blanco;  Nolan  is  killed  and  his  followers  capt- 
ured  21  Mch.  1801 

Texas  mcluded  in  cession  of  Louisiana  by  France  to  the  U.  S., 
ratified  at  Washington 21  Oct.  1803 

Spanish  commander,  gen.  Herrera,  enters  into  an  agreement 
with  gen.  Wilkinson,  establishing  the  territory  between 
the  Sabine  and  Arroyo  Honda  rivers  as  neutral  ground, 

22  Oct.  1806 

Lieut. -col.  Zebulon  Pike  arrives  at  San  Antonio  on  his  re- 
turn from  Chihuahua,  whither  he  was  taken  by  Spanish 
authorities  to  answer  for  building  a  fort  on  Spanish  soil 
on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  which  he  mistook  for  the  Red  river, 

July,  1807 

Expedition  under  lieut.  Augustus  W.  M^gee,  who  conceived  a 
plan  of  revolutionizing  Texas,  takes  possession  of  Nacog- 
doches, July,  1812,  which  the  Mexicans  evacuate;  reaches 
Goliad  and  takes  possession,  1  Nov. ;  gov.  Salcedo  and  gen. 
Herrera  commence  an  investment  of  the  town,  7  Nov. ;  en- 
gages in  battles  with  the  Americans.  20  Nov.  1812,  24  Jan., 
and  10  Feb.  1813;  raise  the  siege.....' 16  Feb.  1813 

Magee  dying  of  consumption,  about  1  Feb.  1813,  col.  Kemper 
takes  command,  pursues  the  retreating  Mexicans  to  San  An- 
tonio, which  is  surrendered  to  Kemper 6  Mch.     *' 

Salcedo',  Herrera.  and  10  officers  are  delivered  to  a  com- 
pany of  Mexicans  under  Juan  Delgado  and  massacred, 

7  Mch.     " 

Battle  of  the  Medina;  Americans  at  San  Antonio  under  don 
J^ose  Alvarez  Toledo  fall  into  ambush  formed  by  Spaniards 
under  gen.  Arredondo 18  Aug.     " 

Galveston  island  occupied  for  Mexico  by  don  Jos6  Manuel 
Herrera,  minister  of  the  Mexican  patriots  to  the  U.  S. ;  a 
government  is  organized  and  don  Luis  Aury  chosen  governor 
of  Texas  and  Galveston  island 12  Sept.  1816 

Jean  Lafitte  with  a  band  of  buccaneers  occupies  Galveston 
island  during  Aury's  absence  and  calls  his  settlement  Cam- 
peachy  Apr.  1817 

Sabine  river  agreed  upon  as  boundary  between  U.  S.  and  Span- 
ish possessions 22  Feb.  1819 

A  company  of  volunteers  under  dr.  James  Long,  raised  at 
Natchez  to  invade  Texas,  occupy  Nacogdoches,  establish  a 
provisional  government,  and  issue  a  declaration  proclaiming 
Texas  to  be  a  free  and  independent  republic June,     " 

First  printing-office  in  Texas  established  at  Nacogdoches  by 
Mr.  Bigelow " 

Lafitte  is  taken  into  the  service  of  the  Republican  party  of 
Mexico  and  appointed  governor  of  Galveston. " 

Lafitte  is  compelled  to  evacuate  Galveston  island  by  lieut. 
Kearney  of  the  U.  S.  brig  Enterprise 1821 

Stephen  F.  Austin  leaves  Natchitoches,  10  June,  and  founds 
the  colony  for  which  his  father,  Moses  Austin,  recently  de- 
ceased, received  a  grant  from  Mexico,  on  the  Brazos  river, 

July,     « 

He  founds  San  Felipe  de  Austin  as  colonial  town 1823 

By  decree  of  the  Constituent  Mexican  congress,  Coahuila  and 
Texas  are  united  in  one  state 7  May,  1824 

Constitution  of  the  united  Mexican  states  proclaimed. .  .4  Oct.     " 

Don  Jos6  Antonio  Saucedo  appointed  chief  of  the  department 
of  Texas,  to  reside  at  Bexar 1  Feb.  1825 

Henry  Clay,  U.  S.  sec.  of  state,  instructs  the  U.  S.  minister  to  en- 
deavor to  procure  from  Mexico  the  re-transfer  of  Texas, 

26  Mch.     " 

Hayden  Edwards,  having  procured  a  grant  for  a  colony,  locates 
at  Nacogdoches Oct.     " 

Edwards's  grant  annulled  and  the  American  settlers,  known  as 
"  I'redonians,"  evacuate  Nacogdoches  and  cross  the  Sabine, 
before  Mexicans  under  Ahumada 31  Jan.  1827 

Constitution  for  the  state  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  framed  by  a 
state  congress  at  Satillo,  proclaimed 11  Mch.     " 

Battle  of  Nacogdoches;  Texans  under  col.  Hayden  Edwards  de- 
feat the  Mexicans  under  col.  Piedras 2  Aug.     " 

Treaty  of  limits  concluded  between  the  U.  S.  and  united  Mexi- 
can states 12  Jan.  1828 

First  Sabbath-school  in  Texas  established  at  San  Felipe 1829 

Name  of  La  Bahia  changed  to  Goliad  by  state  congress.  .4  Feb.     " 

Vice-pres.  Bustamente,  succeeding  Guerrero,  deposed,  by  de- 
cree prohibits  further  immigration  from  the  U.S 6  Apr.  1830 

Colonization  laws  rejiealed  as  to  natives  of  the  U.  S 28  Apr.  1832 

Fort  of  Veliisco  at  the  mouth  of  the  Brazos  taken  by  Texans 
under  John  Austin 26  June,     " 

Nacogdoches  retaken  by  Texans 2  Aug.     " 

First  step  towards  independence,  the  framing  of  a  state  consti- 
tution, never  recognized  by  the  Mexican  government  and 
never  put  in  operation,  by  a  convention  which  met  at  San 
Felipe,  1  Apr.,  and  adjourned 13  Apr.  1833 

Law  passed  forming  Texas  into  1  judicial  circuit  and  3  districts 
—  Bexar,  Brazos,  and  Nacogdoches 17  Apr.  1834 

Legislature  of  Coahuila  and  Texas,  in  session  at  Monclova,  dis- 
perses on  approach  of  army  under  gen.  Martin  P.  de  Cos, 
brother-in-law  to  gen.  Santa  Ana 21  Apr.  1835 

Committee  of  safety  organized  at  Bastrop  on  the  Colorado, 

17  May,     « 

Lone-star  flag  made  at  Harrisburg  and  presented  to  the  com- 
pany of  capt.  Andrew  Robinson " 


TEX 

Garrison  of  Anabuac  cai)tured  by  Texans  under  col.  William  B. 
TravlB Juue 

Cotumaudant  at  Bcxnr  having  furnished  the  corporation  of 
(Jonxales  willi  a  bniss  6  jwunder  against  the  Indians  in  1831, 
the  Mexioana  call  it  a  lojui,  the  Texans  a  gift;  the  Toxans 
win  its  i>os8i'ssion  in  a  flght 2  Oct. 

Capture  of  Goliad  from  Mexicans  under  lieut.-col.  Sandoval,  by 
(tairiol  forces  under  capt.  George  Collingsworth 9  Oct. 

S  F.  Austin  apiK>tnled  com.  in-chief  of  the  patriot  forces, 

10  Oct 

Permanent  council  of  one  from  each  of  the  committees  of 
safety,  at  San  Feli|M»,  chooses  R.  R.  Royall  president Oct. 

Battle  of  Coucepcion,  about  1^  miles  from  San  Antonio;  Tex- 
ans under  gen.  Austin  and  Mexicans  under  gen.  Cos,  the  lat- 
ter retreating 28  Oct. 

First  permanent  newspaper  in  Texas,  the  Telegraph,  estab- 
lisheil  at  San  Felipe Oct. 

As.senibly  known  as  the  General  Consultation  of  Texas  meets  at 
San  Felij>e  de  Austin,  establishes  a  provisional  government 
with  Heury  Smith  as  governor,  and  sends  Branch  T.  Archer, 
S.  F.  Austin,  and  William  H.  Wharton  to  the  U.  S.  and  solicit 
aid  in  the  struggle  for  independence Nov. 

De«laration  of  independence  of  Texas,  and  a  provisional  con- 
stitution fhimed  by  a  convention  which  meets  at  San  Felipe, 
17  Oct;  constitution  signed 13  Nov. 

One  thousand  four  hundred  Mexicans  under  gen.  Cos  surrender 
to  the  Texans  who  attack  San  Antonio  do  Bexar 10  Dec. 

Colonists  besiege  the  .Mexican  garrison  of  the  Alamo  at  San 
Antonio,  and,  aaer  a  week's  flghling,  capture  the  fort, 

16  Dec. 

Declaration  of  independence  made  and  signed  by  91  Texans  at 
Goliad 20  Dec. 

Gen.  SanU  Ana  with  6000  troops  leaves  Mondova  for  Texas 
to  drive  out  revolutionists  and  persons  of  foreign  birth, 

4  Feb. 

Town  of  Bexar  taken  by  Mexicans,  and  the  Texans  retire  to  the 
Alamo 21  Feb. 

Declaration  of  independence  adopted  by  a  convention  at  Wash- 
ington on  the  Brazos  river. 2  Mch. 

Alamo  invested  11  days  by  Santa  Ana;  the  garrison,  under 
col.  Travis,  Bowie,  and  David  Crockett,  are  overpowered 
and  massacred,  the  bodies  thrown  into  heaps  and  burned, 

6  Mch. 

Mexicans  defeated  in  the  first  flght  at  the  Mission  del  Refugio 
by  Texans  under  capt  King 9  Mch. 

Second  flght  of  the  Mission  del  Refugio;  col.  Ward  attacks  and 
drives  back  the  Mexicans 10  Mch. 

Constitution  adopted  for  the  republic  of  Texas  by  a  convention 
which  met  at  Washington,  1  Mch 17  Mch. 

Col.  J.  W.  Fannin  and  415  men,  captured  at  Coleto  by  the  Mex- 
icans under  gen.  Urrea,  are  taken  to  Goliad,  and  330  shot  by 
Santa  Ana Sunday,  27  Mch. 

Col.  Ward  retreats  from  Refugio  11  Mch. ;  he  surrenders  his 
forces  at  Victoria,  24  Mch.,  and  is  massacred 28  Mch. 

San  Felipe  de  Austin  burned  by  the  Texans 31  Mch. 

New  Washington  burned  by  the  Mexicans 20  Apr. 

Battle  of  San  Jacinto;  750  Texans  under  gen.  Houston  de- 
feat 1600  Mexicans  under  Santa  Ana,  and  capture  him, 

21  Apr. 

Mexicans  retreat  beyond  the  frontier  of  Texas 24  Apr. 

Congress  meets  at  Washington,  Mch. ;  at  Harrisburg,  Mch. ;  at 
(ialveston,  16  Apr. ;  and  at  Velasco May, 

Public  and  secret  treaties  with  Santa  Ana  signed  at  Velasco, 

14  May, 

Gen.  Sam  Houston  inaugurated  as  president  of  Texas  at  Co- 
lumbia  22  Oct 

Congress  of  U.  S.  acknowledges  independence  of  Texas —  Mch. 

Congress  meets  at  Houston May, 

Convention  to  flx  the  boundary-line  between  the  U.  S.  and 
Texas  concluded  at  Washington,  25  Apr.  1838,  and  ratiflca- 
tions  exchanged  12  Oct  and  proclaimed 13  Oct 

Act  of  Congress  approved  for  carrying  into  effect  the  conven- 
tion of  13  Oct.  1838 11  Jan. 

By  act  of  Texas  Congress,  10  Dec.  1836,  the  permanent  flag  of 
the  republic  bears  3  horizontal  stripes  of  equal  width,  the 
upper  one  white,  the  middle  one  blue  with  a  5-pointed  white 
star  in  the  centre,  and  the  lower  one  red 25  Jan. 

Congress  passes  flrst  educational  act,  appropriating  certain 
lands  for  a  general  system  of  education 26  Jan. 

France  acknowledges  the  independence  of  Texas 

Congress  meets  at  Austin,  selected  as  the  capital  by  a  commit- 
tee appointed  Jan.  1838,  to  locate  a  seat  of  government, 

Nov. 

England,  Holland,  and  Belgium  acknowledge  the  independence 
of  Texas .• 

Expedition  under  gen.  Hugh  Mcl-eod  leaves  Austin,  18  June, 
1841,  for  Santa  F^.  When  near  San  M  guel.  his  force  is  met 
by  Mexican  troops  under  Damacio  Salazar,  captured,  and 
marched  under  guard  to  the  city  of  Mexico 17  Oct 

Twelve  hundred  Mexicans  under  gen.  Adrian  Woll  capture  San 
Antonio,  11  Sept  1842,  but  are  forced  to  retreat  by  Texan 
troops 18  Sept 

Congress  meets  at  Washington Nov. 

Battle  at  Mier  on  the  Alcantra;  Texans,  under  col.  Fisher,  sur- 
render to  gen.  Ampudia 26  Dec. 

Joint  resolution  for  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  theU.  S.  passes 
the  House  of  Representatives  by  120  to  98,  25  Feb.  1845;  the 
Senate  by  27  to  25,  and  is  approved 1  Mch. 

Baylor  female  college  at  Belton  chartered  and  opened 

Charles  A.  Wickliffe  sent  on  a  secret  mission  to  Texas  in  the 
interest  of  annexation,  by  pres.  Polk 


794 


1 


TEX 


1835 


1837 


1838 
1839 


1840 

1841 
1842 


Joint  resolution  of  Congress  of  U.  S.  is  approved  by  Texan 
Congress 23  June, 

Ordinance  of  Texan  Congress  for  annexation  accepted  by  con- 
vention of  people  assembled  at  Austin 4  July, 

Convention  at  Austin  frames  a  constitution  which  is  ratified 
by  the  people,  4174  to  312 13  Oct 

Texas  admitted  into  the  Union  l)y  act  approved 29  Dec. 

First  Plate  legislature  convenes  at  Austin 16  Feb. 

J.  1'.  Henderson  inaugurated  first  governor  of  the  state, 

19  Feb. 

Fort  Brow.v  at  Brownsville  established 28  Mch. 

Battles  of  Palo  Alto,  8  May,  and  Rksaca  de  la  Palma, 

9  May, 

Act  of  Congress  sets  apart  one  tenth  of  the  general  revenues  of 
the  state  for  educational  purposes 13  May, 

Baylor  university  at  Waco  chartered  184.5,  and  opened 

Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  concluded  2  Feb.  ;  ratifica- 
tion exchanged  at  Queretaro,  30  May,  and  proclaimed, 

4  July, 

Austin  city  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government  for  20  years  by 
vote  of  the  peoi)le 

State  penitentiary  at  Huntsville  opened 

Texas  formally  ac<;epts  the  boundary  designated  by  the 
boundary  bill  for  New  Mexico,  approved  9  Sept  1850,  by 
which  Texas  is  to  receive  $10,000,000  from  the  U.  S., 

25  Nov. 

Chappell  Hill  female  college  chartered  and  opened 

Aranama  college  at  Goliad  organized 

Waco  female  college  at  Waco  chartered  and  opened 

St  Mary's  university  at  Galveston,  opened  1854,  chartered 

Texas  Institution  for  the  Blind  at  Austin  opened 

Texas  Deaf  and  Dumb  asylum  at  Austin  opened 

First  overland  mail  from  San  Diego,  Cal.,  arrives  at  San  An- 
tonio  6  Sept 

Enthusiastic  union  meeting  held  at  Austin 23  Dec. 

State  Lunatic  asylum  at  Austin  opened 

Brig. -gen.  David  R.  Twiggs  surrenders  to  the  state  of  Texas  the 
U.  S.  ordnance  depot  at  San  Antonio  and  contents,  valued 
at  $1,200,500 18  Feb. 

State  People's  convention  meets  at  Austin,  21  Jan. ;  passes  an 
ordinance  of  secession  by  vote  of  166  to  7,  1  Feb. ;  ratified 
by  popular  vote,  34,794  to  11,235 23  Feb. 

Fort  Brow^n,  at  Brownsville,  evacuated  and  occupied  by  Texan 
troops 5  Mch. 

Gov.  Sam  Houston,  opposing  secession,  and  favoring  sepa- 
rate state  action,  deposed;  lieut-gov.  Clark  inaugurated, 

20  Mch. 
Constitution  of  the  Confederate  states  ratified  by  legislature, 

68  to  2 23  Mch. 

Col.  Earl  Van  Dorn  captures  450  U.  S.  troops  at  Saluria, 

25  Apr. 

Gov.  Clark  pro(;laiins  it  treasonable  to  pay  debts  to  citizens  of 
states  at  war  with  the  Confederate  states 18  June, 

Galveston  surrendered  to  com.  Renshaw 8  Oct 

Gen.  N.  J.  T.  Dana  occupies  Brazos,  Santiago,  and  Brownsville 
with  6000  soldiers  from  New  Orleans Nov. 

Confederates  under  gen.  J.  B.  Magruder  defeat  Renshaw  and 
capture  Galveston 1  Jan. 

Confederate  privateer  Alabama  destroys  the  Hatteras  in  an 
engagement  off"  Galveston 11  Jan. 

Samuel  Houston,  b.  Virginia;  d.  at  Huntersville,  aged  70, 

25  July, 

Battle  of  Aransas  Pass;  gen.  Ransom  captures  the  Confeder- 
ate works 18  Nov. 

Battle  of  fort  Esperanza,  Matagorda  bay;  gen.  C.  C.  Washburn 
defeats  the  confederates 30  Nov. 

Last  fight  of  the  war;  federals  under  col.  Barret  defeated  in 
western  Texas  by  confederates  under  gen.  Slaughter, 

13  May, 

Gen.  Kirby  Smith  surrenders  last  Confederate  army. .  .26  May, 

Gen.  A.  J.  Hamilton,  appointed  provisional  governor  by  pres. 
Johnson,  arrives  at  Galveston 21  July, 

Constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Austin,  10 
Feb.  and  adjourned  2  Apr.,  is  ratified  by  the  people,  34,794 
to  11,2.35 June, 

Gov.  J.  W.  Throckmorton  enters  upon  his  duties 13  Aug. 

Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan  appointed  commander  of  the  5th  military 
district,  comprising  Louisiana  and  Texas 19  Mch. 

Gov.  Throckmorton  removed,  E.  M.  Pease  appointed. .  .30  July, 

Gen.  Sheridan  relieved  and  gen.  Hancock  substituted  as  com- 
mander of  the  5th  military  district 17  Aug. 

Gen.  J.  Reynolds  appointed  to  command  of  5th  military  dis- 
trict  28  July, 

Constitution,  framed  by  a  convention  called  under  the  Recon- 
struction acts  by  gen.  Hancock,  which  sat  at  Austin,  1  June 
to  Dec.  1868,  is  submitted  to  Congress,  30  Mch.,  and  ratified 
by  people,  72,395  to  4924 30  Nov. -3  Dec. 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XlV.th  and  XV.th  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  U.  S 18  Feb. 

Congress  readmits  Texas  into  the  Union 30  Mch. 

Trinity  university  at  Tehuacana,  opened  1869,  chartered 

Public  school  system  inaugurated Sept 

A  special  election  for  state  officers;  Richard  Coke,  Democrat, 
elected  governor  by  85,549  votes  to  42,663  for  gov.  Davis, 
Republican 2  Dec. 

Supreme  court  decides  that  the  law  authorizing  the  election  of 
2  Dec.  1873,  is  unconstitutional 5  Jan. 

New  legislature  organizes;  not  recognized  by  gov.  Davis;  old 
legislature  meets  in  the  basement  of  the  capitol 13  Jan. 

Old  legislature  adjourns 7  June, 

Southwestern  university  atGeorgetown,opened  1873,  chartered. 


1846 


1846 


1848 
18.50 

1852 

1856 

1857 

1860 
1861 


1862 


1865 


1867 


1870 
1871 

1873 

1874 

1876 


^ 


M 


TEX 

Constitution,  framed  bj'  a  convention  which  sat  at  Austin, 
6  Sept.  to  24  Nov.  1875,  ratified  by  the  people 17  Feb. 

State  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  college  of  Texas  at  College 
Station,  chartered  1871,  opened 

Armed  baud  of  Mexican  outlaws  enter  Rio  Grande  City,  break 
open  the  jail,  release  2  notorious  criminals,  Esproneda  and 
Garza,  and  escape  with  them  to  Mexico 12  Aug. 

Mob  of  Mexicans  and  Texan  citizens  of  Mexican  birth  attack 
state  troops  at  Sau  Elizario  and  6  persons  are  killed, 

13  Dec. 

Prairie  View  State  Normal  school  at  Hempstead  opened, 

6  Oct. 

Sam  Houston  State  Normal  school  at  Huntsville  opened 

Tiilotson  Collegiate  and  Normal  Institute  at  Austin  opened 

State  Capitol  destroyed  by  fire 9  Nov. 

State  penitentiary  at  Rusk,  established  by  law  in  1875,  in  oper- 
ation   

University  of  Texas  at  Austin,  chartered  1881,  opened 

Corner-stone  of  new  capitol  laid 2  Mch. 

State  orphan  asylum  established  at  Corsicana  by  law 

Institution  for.  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  colored  youth  at 
Austin  opened 

New  state  capitol  dedicated 16  May, 

State  reformatory  near  Gatesville  opened 1  Jan. 

Act  passed  designating  22  Feb.  as  Arbor  day 

Convention  of  delegates  from  15  states  and  territories  assembles 
at  Topeka,  Kan.,  to  devise  means  for  securing  a  deep  harbor 
on  thecoast  of  Texas 1  Oct. 

Insane  asylum  at  Sau  Antonio  establjshed  by  law 

John  T.  Dickinson  appointed  secretary  of  the  National  World's 
Columbian  commission 27  June, 

Congress  appropriates  $500,000  to  improve  Galveston  harbor, 
and  authorizes  the  secretary  of  war  to  contract  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  work;  estimated  to  cost  $6,200.000 Sept. 

U.  S.  senator  John  H.  Reagan  resigns,  to  take  elfect  10  June, 

24  Apr. 


795 


THA 


1879 
1881 


1882 
1883 
1885 
1887 


1888 


1890 


Five  constitutional  amendments  ratified  at  special  election, 

11  Aug.  1891 
Experiments  in  rain  -  making  by  explosives  conducted   near 

Midland  by  R.  G.  Dyrenforth  and  his  statf 18-26  Aug.      " 

Medical  branch  of  the  University  of  Texas  opened  at  Galveston, 

1  Oct.     " 

Horace  Chilton  appointed,  qualifies  as  U.  S.  senator 7  Dec.     " 

Southwest  Texas  lunatic  asylum  at  Floriue,  5  miles  from  San 

Antonio,  opened Dec.     " 

A  small  force  of  U.  S.  cavalry  and  infantry  attack  and  break 

up  the  camp  of  Catarino  Garza,  Mexican  revolutionist,  at 

Retampal  Springs 22  Dec.     " 

Roger  Q.  Mills  chosen  U.  S.  senator  by  the  legislature,  22  Mch. ; 

qualifies 30  Mch.  1892 

A  band  of  revolutionists  under  Garza  cross  the  border,  burn  a 

Mexican  barrack,  and  return  to  Texas 12  Dec.     " 

Town  of  Cisco  destroyed  by  a  tornado;  30  killed 29  Apr.  1893 

PRESIDKNTS  OF   REPUBLIC. 
Sam  Houston inaugurated 


M.  B.  Lamar. 

Sam  Houston 

Dr.  Anson  Jones  , 


.22  Oct.  1836 
.10  Dec.  1838 
.13  Dec.  1841 
..9  Dec.  1841 


GOVERNORS   OF  THE   STATE. 


J.   P.   Henderson    assumes 

office 19  Feb.  1846 

George  T.  Wood 21  Dec.  1847 

P.  Hansboro  Bell Dec.  1849 

E.  M.  Pease "     1853 

H.  K.  Runnels "     1857 

Sam  Houston "     1859 

Edward  Clark 20  Mch.  1861 

F.R.Lubbock Qec.      " 

P.  Murrah "     1863 

A.  J.  Hamilton  ...  .21  July,  1865 


J.W.  Throckmorton,  13  Aug.  1866 

E.  M.  Pease 30  July,  1867 

E.  J.  Davis Jan.  1870 

Richard  Coke "  1874 

R.  B.  Hubbard "  1877 

Oran  M.  Roberts "  1879 

John  Ireland "  1883 

Lawrence  S.  Ross "  1887 

J.  S.  Hogg "  1891 


David  B.  Culberson. , 


1895 


UNITED    STATES 

SENATORS    FROM    THE    STATE    OF    TEXAS. 

Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

Sam  uel  Houston 

29th  to  36th 

29th  "  35th 

35th 
35th  to  36th 
36th  "  37th 
36th  "37  th 

1846  to  1859 
1846  "  1857 

1858 

1858  to  1859 

1859  "  1861 

1860  "  1861 

Seated  30  Mch.  1846. 

Thomas  J  Rusk      

(Seated,  26  Mch.  1846.     President  pro  tem.  14  Mch.  1857.    Died, 
\     29  July,  1857. 

Elected  in  place  of  Rusk.     Died.  1858. 

Appointed  pro  tem.  in  place  of  Henderson. 

Expelled,  10  July,  1861. 

Elected  in  place  of  Henderson.     Expelled,  11  July,  1861. 

J.  Pincknev  Henderson        .       ... 

Matthias  Ward 

Louis  T.  Wigfall 

J.  W.  Flanagan 

Morgan  C.  Hamilton. 
Samuel  Bell  Maxey.. 

Richard  Coke 

John  H.  Reagan 

Hurace  Chilton 

Roger  Q.  Mills 

Horace  Chilton 


41st  to  44th 
41st  "  45th 
44th  "  50th 
45th  "  54th 
50th  "  52d 
52d 

52d  to 

54th  "  


37th,  38th,  39th,  and  40th  Congresses  vacant. 


1870  to  1875 

1870  "  1877 

1875  "  1888 

1877  "  1895 

1888  "  1891 

1891  "  1892 

1892  "  


Seated,  31  Mch.  1870 


Resigned.  10  June,  1891. 

Appointed  jo?-o  tem.  in  place  of  Reagan. 

Elected  in  place  of  Reagan.     Term  expires  1899. 


Xex'el,  an  island,  town,  and  river  at  the  naouth  of  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee,  Holland.  Its  vicinitj'  has  been  the  scene  of  memorable 
naval  engagements.  An  engagement  between  the  English  under 
Blake,  Dean,  and  Monk,  and  the  Dutch  under  Van  Tromp  and 
De  Kuyter,  in  which  the  latter  were  worsted  and  adm.Van 
Tromp  was  killed,  31  Juh',  1653.  Again,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Texel  a  sharp  indecisive  action  took  place  between  the  allied 
English  and  French  fleets  under  prince  Rupert  and  comte 
D'Estrees,  and  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Ruyter,  11  Aug.  1673, 
The  Dutch  fleet  was  vanquished  by  adm.  Duncan  on  11  Oct. 
1797.  Camperuown.  The  Dutch  fleet  of  12  ships  of  war 
and  13  Indiaraen  surrendered  to  the  British  adm.  Mitchell, 
who,  entering  the  Texel,  possessed  himself  of  them  without  fir- 
ing a  shot,  30  Aug.  1799. 

tliariiuin,  a  metal,  occurring  in  the  sulphuric -acid 
manufacture,  discovered  by  William  Crookes  by  spectrum  an- 
alysis, Mch.  1861. 

XliCll]ie§,  Loudon,  the  Roman  Tamesis  or  Tamesa,  Sax- 
on Temese,  Temesa,  rises  in  4  springs,  at  Ullen  farm,  near 
Coates,  Gloucestershire.  The  head  of  the  river  in  Wiltshire  is 
about  170  miles  from  London  bridge,  and  its  whole  course  from 
source  to  mouth  about  220  miles.  Bridges,  London,  Lon- 
don BRIDGE. 
Conservation  of  the  Thames  given  to  the  mayors  of  London. . .  1489 

Tliames  made  navigable  to  Oxford 1624 

Parliament  gave  the  conservation  of  the  Thames  to  the  corpo- 
ration of  London;  12  conservators  to  be  appointed — 3  by  the 

government 1857 

Contamination  of  the  Thames  by  London  sewage,  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1858,  occasioned  an  act  empowering  the  Metropolitan 

Board  of  Works  to  undertake  new  drainage 1858 

Thames  Navigation  acts,  appointing  5  more  conservators,  etc., 

and  prohibiting  pollution  by  sewage,  etc.,  passed Aug.  1866 

Powers  of  the  act  extended  up  to  Staines 1867 

New  by-laws  to  protect  the  fish  in  the  Upper  Thames  passed 
by  the  conservators 14  June,  1869 


Highest  tide  known  for  many  years;  river  overflowed  from 
Gravesend  to  its  tidal  limit;  great  damage  and  distress  in 
Blackfriars  and  Lambeth;  Woolwich  arsenal  flooded  and  suf- 
fered; river  said  to  have  risen  above  29  feet 15  Nov.  1875 

Thames  tunnel.     Tunnels. 

Tower  subway,  an  iron  tube  under  the  Thames,  constructed  by 
messrs  Barlow,  begun  16  Feb.  1869,  and  privately  opened, 
Apr.  1870,  is  said  to  have  cost  only  16,000/. 

Thames  embankment,  recommended  by  sir  Christopher  Wren, 
1666,  and  by  William  Patersou,  founder  of  the  bank  of  Eng- 
land, about  1694.  The  corporation  embanked  a  mile  in  1767. 
It  was  further  recommended  by  Gwynne,  1767;  by  sir  Fred- 
erick Eden,  1798;  by  sir  Frederick  Trench,  1824;  by  James 
Walker;  by  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  1844;  and  by  John  Mar- 
tin the  painter,  1856.  In  1860,  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  recommended  that  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames  be 
embanked,  whereby  the  bed  of  the  river  would  be  improved; 
a  low-level  sewer  could  be  easily  constructed  beneath  a 
broad  roadway;  docks  to  be  constructed  within  the  embank- 
ment wall;  to  be  paid  for  by  the  city  duties  on  coal,  and  by 
government.  The  principle  was  approved  by  Parliament, 
and  a  committee  appointed,  which  first  sat 30  Apr.  1861 

First  stone  of  the  northern  (Victoria)  embankment  laid  by  Mr. 
Thwaites  near  Whitehall  stairs,  20  July,  1864;  the  footway 
opened  to  the  public,  30  July,  1868;  the  roadway  opened  by 
the  prince  of  Wales 13  July,  1870 

Proposal  to  build  public  offices  upon  the  reclaimed  land  nega- 
tived by  the  House  of  Commons •  •  •  .July,     " 

Other  embankments  since  constructed  on  the  south  side. 

Thaine§,  Battle  of,  in  Upper  Canada,  between  2500 
American.s,  under  gen.  Harrison,  and  800  British  regulars  and 
1200  Indians,  under  gen.  Proctor,  occurred  on  5  Oct.  1813.  The 
Indians  were  led  by  the  celebrated  Tecumseh  or  Tecumthe. 
The  Americans  were  victorious,  losing  in  killed  and  wounded 
only  29 ;  the  British  lost  in  killed  and  wounded,  including  Ind- 
ians (Tecumseh  was  slain),  57;  and  560  men  made  prisoners, 
with  5000  small-arms  and  6  pieces  of  cannon. 

tliailC,  a  Saxon  title  of  nobility,  of  which  there  were  2 
orders,  king's  thanes  or  attendants  at  court  and  lords  of  man- 


THA  ' 

ore,  aboUshetl  in  England  at  the  Conquest,  upon  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  feudal  system ;  and  in  Scotland  by  king  Malcolm 
III.,  when  the  title  of  earl  was  adopted,  1057. 

TliailCt,  Kent,  Engl.,  was  the  first  permanent  settlement 
of  the  Saxons,  about  449.  The  Danes  held  a  part  of  it,  853- 
866,  and  ravaged  it  980,  988  et  seq. 

ThankHgivillfT  day,  in  the  United  Sutes,  orig- 
inated in  1621.  MASsACHusK-rrs.  At  first  the  practice  of 
observing  a  day  of  thanksgiving  in  the  autumn  of  every  year 
was  confined  to  New  England ;  but  it  has  now  become  national, 
the  president  appointing  by  proclamation  the  last  Thursday 
in  Nov.  as  a  day  for  national  thanksgiving.  The  first  national 
English  thanksgivings  were  ofifered  at  St.  Paul's  cathedral  for 
the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  8  Sept.  and  24  Nov.  1588. 

Tliap§U§,  a  city  of  N.  Africa.  Near  here  Julius  C«8ar 
totally  defeated  the  army  of  the  party  which  supported  the 
policy  of  Pompey,  Feb.  46  b.c.  The  suicide  of  Cato  followed 
soon  after. 

that  ell-roof,  a  roof  made  of  straw  or  rushes,  unusual 
in  the  United  States, common  in  Europe;  mentioned  by  Herod- 
otus. If  made  of  good  material  and  well  laid,  a  thatch-roof 
will  last  100  years;  some  in  Holland  are  200  years  old. 

theatre,  a  building  appropriated  to  dramatic  perform- 
ances. That  of  Bacchus,  at  Athens,  built  by  Philos,  420  b.o., 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  erected.  Marcellus's  theatre  at 
Rome  was  begun  by  Caesar,  and  dedicated  by  Augustus,  12  b.c. 
Theatres  were  erected  in  most  cities  of  Italy.  Many  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Pompeii  were  assembled  at  a  theatre  on  the  night 
of  24  Aug.  79,  when  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  covered  the  city. 
Scenes  were  introduced  into  theatres,  painted  by  Balthazar 
Sienna,  1533  A.n.     Dkama,  Plays,  etc. 

theatre§  in  England.  The  first  royal  license  for  a  the- 
atre was  in  1574,  permitting  master  Burbage  and  4  others, 
servants  of  the  earl  of  Leicester,  to  act  at  the  Globe,  Bank- 
siile.  The  first  play-bill  was  issued  on  the  opening  of  the 
Drury  Lane  theatre,  8  Apr.  1663,  of  a  comedy  called  "  The 
Humourous  Lievtenant;"  after  naming  the  characters,  it  con- 
cludes thus :  "  the  play  will  begin  at  3  o'clock  exactly."  The 
prices  of  admission  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  were,  gallery,  2d. ; 
lord's  rooms.  Is.  The  theatres  were  closed  by  Parliament  from 
1642  to  1660. 

Sliakespeare's  Globe  theatre,  London,  near  Bankside,  built  in 
horseshoe  form,  and  partly  covered  with  tliatcb,  erected 
1594;  burned  during  a  performance  of  "Henry  VIII.,"  the 

spectators  escaping  unhurt 29  June,  1613 

Lincoln's  Inn  theatre  (the  Duke's  theatre)  opened 25  Apr.  1662 

[Female  parts,  hitherto  performed  by  boys,  were  from  this 
time  taken  by  women.     Actrkssks.] 

Drury  I^ne  theatre,  London,  opened 8  Apr.  1663 

Drury  Lane  theatre  burned,  Jan.  1672;  rebuilt  by  sir  C.  Wren 

and  reopened 26  Mch.  1674 

Italian  Opera  house,  or  Queen's  theatre,  opened  1705 

Haymarket  theatre  built,  1702,  and  opened  by  French  come- 
dians  29  Dec.  1720 

Covent  Garden  theatre  opened 7  Dec.  1732 

Beef-steak  Society  founded 1735 

Sadler's  Wells  theatre,  London,  opened 1765 

Covent  Garden  Theatrical  Fund,  established  1760,  incorporated,  1774 
Drury  Lane  Theatrical  Fund,  founded  by  David  Garrick,  1766; 

incorporated 1775 

Surrey  theatre,  London,  originally  the  Circus,  opened. .  .4  Nov.  1783 
Attempted  assassination  of  king  George  III.  at  Drury  Lane 

theatre  by  one  Hatfield  (Hatfield's  attempt) 11  May,  1800 

Appearance  of  William  Henry  West  Betty  ("  Infant  Roscius  " ) 

at  Covent  Garden  theatre 1  Dec.  1804 

Olympic  theatre,  I^ondon,  built  by  Mr.  Astley,  opened,  18  Sept.  1806 

Adelphi  theatre,  formerly  the  Sans  Pareil,  opened 27  Nov.     " 

English  Opera-house,  built  by  dr.  Arnold,  1794-95,  opened  as 

the  Lyceum  theatre 1809 

Covent  Garden  theatre  burned,  20  Sept.  1808;  rebuilt,  and  on 
the  reopening,  18  Sept.  1809,  the  higher  scale  of  prices  occa- 
sions "0.  P."  (old  price)  riots  until  former  prices  are  re- 
stored  16  Dec.     " 

Horses  first  introduced  at  Covent  Garden  in  "  Bluebeard," 

18  Feb.  1811 

Coburg,  now  Victoria,  theatre,  London,  opened 1818 

Strand  theatre,  London,  first  opened 1831 

St.  James's  theatre,  London,  first  opened,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Braham 14  Dec.  1835 

Princess's  theatre,  Oxford  St.,  London,  opened  by  J.  Maddox, 

26  Dec.  1842 

General  Theatrical  Fund,  established  1839,  incorporated 1853 

Several  London  theatres  first  opened  on  Sunday  evenings  for 

religious  worship Jan.  1860 

"  Colleen  Bawn  "  presented  at  the  Adelphi  theatre,  London, 

10  Sept.     " 


1862 
1872 


1878 
1878 


5  THE 

Macfarren's  "  Robin  Hood  "  brought  out  at  Queen's  theatre, 

11  Oct. 

First  appearance  of  Mr.  Sothern  at  Haymarket  theatre,  Lon- 
don, as  lord  Dundreary  in  "Our  American  Cousins," 

11  Nov. 

Astley's  amphitheatre,  opened  1773.  twice  burned,  and  opened 
as  Theatre  Royal,  Westminster,  by  Boucicault 26  Dec. 

Covent  Garden  leased  by  Dion  Houcicault 29  Aug. 

'•Our  Boys,"  by  H.J.  Byron  (over  1350  representations)  first 
played  at  the  Vaudeville  theatre,  London 16  Jan. 

Lyceum  theatre,  London,  leased  by  Henry  Irving Sept. 

Op<5ra  Comique,  London,  opened,  29  Oct.  1870,  and  "The  Pi- 
rates of  Penzance"  first  produced  there 3  Apr.  1880 

Number  of  theatres  in  London,  55 Dec.  1891 

theatres  in  the  United  States.  The  first  recorded  the- 
atrical performance  in  North  America  was  by  amateurs,  at 
Quebec,  in  1694.  The  first  in  English  was  in  the  island  of 
Jamaica  in  1745.  The  first  English  play  in  New  England  was 
"The  Orphans,"  given  by  amateurs  at  the  Coifee-house  in 
State  St.,  Boston,  in  1749;  but  a  law  of  1750  forbade/such  per- 
formances, fining  spectators  and  actors  5^.  each,  etc.  The  first 
theatre  in  the  Colonies  opened  at  Wllliam.sburg,  Va.,  with  "  The 
j  Merchant  of  Venice,"  by  an  English  company  under  Lewis 
Hallam,  sr.,  5  Sept.  1752. 
First  brick  theatre  in  U.  S.  erected  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  and 

opened  with  "  The  Beaux'  Stratagem  " 1753 

First  theatre  in  New  York  city  opened  in  Nassau  st.  ;  play, 

"The  Conscious  Lovers" 17  Sept.      " 

Warehouse  fitted  as  a  temporary  theatre  in  an'alley  above  Pine 

St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  first  play,  "The  Fair  Penitent,"  Apr.  1754 
First  performance  by  professional  actors  in  New  England  at  a 
temporary  theatre  in  Newport,  R.  I.;  "The  Provoked  Hus- 
band," given,  in  spite  of  prohibition  by  a  town  meeting, 

7  Sept.  1761 
New  theatre  built  in  Chapel  St.,  New  York  city,  wrecked  during 

a  riot  caused  by  the  Stamp  act Mch.  1765 

John  Street  theatre,  New  York  city,  opened  with  "The  Strata- 
gem " 7  Dec.  1767 

First  theatre  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  opened  with  "Venice  l^re- 

served  " 3  July,  1769 

First  theatre  built  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  by  Mr.  Douglas. .  Sept.  1773 
"The  American  Company,"  under  Lewis  Hallam,  jr.,  leave  for 
the  West  Indies,  the  Continental  Congress  advising  that  all 

public  amusements  be  suspended 24  Oct.  1774 

"Contrast,"  a  comedy  in  5  acts  containing  the  first  Yankee 
part  for  the  stage,  the  first  play  written  by  an  American 
(Royal  Tyler,  chief  justice  of  Vermont)  and  acted  by  pro- 
fessionals, at  John  Street  theatre,  New  York,  by  the  old 

American  company 16  Apr.  1786 

First  theatre  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  opened  by  Hallam  and  Henry, 

16  Aug.     " 
"The  Father  of  an  Only  Child,"  the  first  accepted  play  of  Will- 
iam Dunlap,  the  earliest  American  professional  dramatist, 

produced 7  Sept.  1789 

"New  Exhibition  Room"   in  Broad  alley,  near  Hawley  St., 

Boston,  a  theatre,  opened 16  Aug.  1792 

First  theatrical  riot  in  Boston,  players  giving  "  Douglas  "  and 
"The  Poor  Soldier,"  as  "  Moral  Lectures,"  being  arrested. .      " 

Massachusetts  repeals  the  law  against  the  theatre 1793 

First  regular  theatre  in  Boston  opens  in  Federal  St.,  with 
"  Gustavus  Vasa  "  and  "  Modern  Antiquities  "  (burned  1798), 

4  Feb.  1794 
First  theatre  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  opened  by  Hodgkinson,  with 

part  of  the  old  American  company 1796 

First  theatre  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  opened  by  part  of  same  com- 
pany        " 

"Starring "  begun  in  the  U.  S.  by  T.  A.  Cooper 1800 

"United  States  Theatre,"  first  in  Washington,  1).  C,  opened 

by  Wignell " 

First  theatre  in  New  Orleans  built  by  a  company  of  French 

comedians 1809 

Theatre  in  Richmond,  Va.,  destroyed  by  fire  during  the  per- 
formance; 70  killed  (Virginia) 26  Dec.  1811 

First  regular  theatre  in  Cincinnati  opened 1815 

First  Park  theatre,  New  York  city,  opened,  1798;  burned  1820; 

second  Park  theatre  opened 1821 

First  American  theatre  in  New  Orleans,  built  by  James  H.  Cald- 
well, opened  with  "The  Dramatist" 1823 

First  theatre  in  St.  Louis,  built  by  James  H.  Caldwell,  opened 

with  "The  Honeymoon  " 30  June,  1827 

First  brick  theatre  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  opened  with  the  "Busy 

Day" 2  Sept.  1832 

First  theatre  in  Columbus,  0.,  built 1833 

Eagle  street  theatre,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  opened 21  July,  1835 

Finst  theatre  in  Detroit  opened  by  W.  Dinneford " 

Christy's  Minstrels"  organized  by  E.  P.  Christy  at  Bufl^alo, 


"1 


N.  Y. 


1842. 

Astor  place  opera-house  opened 22  Nov.  184? 

[The  scene  of  the  Macready  riot,  evening  of  10  May,  1849, 
when  Macready  attempted  to  play  Macbeth.     New  York 

CITY.] 

First  theatre  in  Cleveland,  O. ,  built  by  J.  S.  Potter li 

First  theatre  in  San  Francisco,  opened  by  W.  Starke If 

Assassination  of  pres.  Lincoln,  at  Ford's  theatre,  Washington, 

D.  C,  by  J.  Wilkes  Booth  (Booth's  conspiracy) 14  Apr.  If 

Conway's  Brooklyn  theatre,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  burned;  295  lives 

lost 5  Dec.  187 


THE 


797 


THE 


CHRONOLOGICAL    LIST 

OF    ENGLISH    AND   FOREIGN    ACTORS,  WITH    DATE    OF 
NAMED. 

THEIR    FIRST    APPEARANCE 

AT   PLACE 

Name. 

Nation. 

Born.    Died. 

First  appearance. 

Date. 

First  appearance  in  U.  S. 

Date. 

EngL 
Irish 

1693-1766 
1699-1797 
1711-1785 

1716-1779 

1719-1760 
"   -1777 
1720-    " 
1721-1788 
1729-1773 
1727-1788 
1737-1815 
1740-1808 
1747-1785 
1755-1831 
1756-1812 
"   -1828 
1757-1823 
1758-1832 
1759-1829 
1762-1816 
1763-1826 
1764-1851 
1767-1805 
1774-1831 
1775-1854 
1776-1835 
"   -1846 
"   -1849 
1777-1856 
1787-1833 
1791-1872 

"   -1874 

1793-1869 
"  -1873 
1794-1864 
1795-1857 
1796-1852 

"  -1869 

1797-1856 

1798-1882 
1802-1864 
"  -1879 
1803-1878 
1804-1800 
1805-1880 
1810-    " 
1811- 
"  -1893 
"   -1868 
1819-1866 
1820-1858 
1821- 

1824- 

"  -1879 
1829- 

1830- 

"  -1881 

1838- 
1844- 

1848- 

Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. . 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,      " 

Drury  Lane  theatre,       " 
j Ipswich,  1741;   Drury  Lane) 
1     theatre,  London j 

Dublin  and  London 

4  Feb.   1715 
4  Dec.    1730 
about      " 

May,  1742 

about    1737 
Oct.    1746 

6  Feb.   1744 

1743 

28  Nov.  1749 
Nov.  1744 

21  Aug.  1755 

11  June,*  1777 

29  Dec.   1775 
31  Oct.    1800 
19  Oct.    1787 

8  Jan.    1776 
2  Dec.   1790 

9  June,1777 
17  Oct.    1785 

21  Nov.  1787 
11  Oct.    1796 

14  Apr"  1791 

1792 

15  May,  1803 
14  June,  1805 

1792 
1798 

1813  or '14 

1803 

IDec.   1804 

1813 

16  Dec.   1816 

1806 

1808 

Oct.    1813 

1817 

19  Feb.   1820 

1814  or '15 

1820 
1821 

7  Dec.   1835 

1831 

23  Sept.  1826 

July,  1830 

10  Dec.    1817 

10  Oct.    1829 

lOct.    1827 

May,  1833 

10  May,  1840 

22  May,  1855 

7  Feb.  1852 

27  Oct.    1860 

1853 

Dec.   1844 

1843 
Oct.    1851 

11  Nov.  1861 

29  Sept.  1856 

June,  1879 
1861 

28  Apr.   1856 

Williamsburg,  Va 

Engl. 

Irish 

Engl. 
Irish 

Engl. 

Irish 
Engl. 

(1 

French 
Engl. 

Welsh 
Engl. 

Irish 
Engl. 

!! 

u 

Scotch 
Engl. 

it 

Irish 
Engl. 

Irish 

Swiss 

Italian 

Irish 
Engl. 
Italian 

Margaret  Wofflngtou 

Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. . 
Haymarket  theatre,        ■' 
Smock  Alley  theatre,  Dublin. . 

Covent  Garden  theatre,  London 
Haymarket  theatre,  London.. 

Thomas  Sheridan 

Henry  Mossop 

George  Anne  Bellamy 

Frances  B.irton  Abington. 

5  Sept.  1752 

John  Henderson 

Haymarket  theatre,  London . . 
Drury  Lane  theatre,       " 
Covent  Garden  theatre,  " 

Wolverhampton,  Engl 

Covent  Garden  theatre,  London 

Liverpool,  1773  ;  London 

Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. . 

The'atre-Franfais,  Paris 

Drury  Lane  tlieatre,  London. . 

Park  theatre.  New  York 

Greenwich  St.  theatre,  New  York 

Park  theatre.  New  York 

Southwark  theatre,  Philadelphia 

Park  theatre.  New  York 

HoUiday  St.  theatre,  Baltimore.. 

Chestnut  St.  theatre,  Philadelphia 

Anfhony  St.  theatre,  New  York.. 

Park  theatre.  New  York 

"       "           "      ."!!!!! 

Sarah  Kemble  Siddons.   . 
Geo.  Frederick  Cooke 

21  Nov.  1810 
4  June,  1797 

John  Philip  Kemble 

Joseph  Shepherd  Munden 

Elizabeth  Farren 

Dora  Jordan 

Franfois  Joseph  Talma. . . 

William  Dowton 

John  Hodgkinson 

Robert  William  Elliston 

2  June,  1836 
Sept.  1792 

Bath         " 

Charles  Kemble   ... 

Sheffield   " 

17  Sept.  1832 
2  Sept.  1822 

Charles  Mathews 

Haymarket  theatre,  London. . 

Thomas  Apthorpe  Cooper 
Charles  Mayne  Young. . . . 

9  Dec    1796 

Liverpool 

Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. . 

29  Nov   1820 

Eliza  O'Neill 

Wm.  Henry  West  Betty  » 

("Infant  Roscius")..  j 

Robert  Keeley 

Covent  Garden  theatre,  London 

Richmond  theatre,  London.. . . 
Covent  Garden  theatre,  London 
Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. . 

19  Sept.  1836 
2  Oct.    1826 
7  Sept.  1818 

31  Dec    1810 

William  Charles  Macready 

James  W.  Wal  lack 

Mary  Ann  Dyke  Duff..... 
Junius  Brutus  Booth 

Covent  Garden  theatre,  London 
Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. . 

Bath  Engl         

Richmond,  Va 

13  July,  1821 
11  Sept.  1827 

1838 

Jane  Marchant   Fisher) 

Vernon j 

Eliza   Lucy   Bartolozzi  | 

Old  Bowery  theatre,  New  York. . 

Benjamin  Webster 

Susannah  Paton  Wood 

Park  theatre.  New  York 

Arch  St.  theatre,  Philadelphia.'.! 
Park  theatre.  New  York 

Broadway  theatre,  New  York. . . 
Metropolitan  theatre.  New  York. 

French  theatre.  New  York 

Broadway  theatre,  New  York. . . 
Niblo's  Garden,  New  York 

Richmond  theatre,  New  York. . . 

Haymarket  theatre,  London.. 

9  Sept.  1833 

July,  1840 

1838 

3  Sept.  1834 

12  Dec.   1836 

Charles  Mathews,  jr 

William  E.  Burton 

Ellen  Tree  Kean 

Olympic  theatre,  London 

Pavilion  theatre,        "      

Drury  Lane  theatre,  Loudon. . 
Tottenham  St.  theatre,    " 
Drury  Lane  theatre,        " 
Covent  (Jarden  theatre,  " 
Drury  Lane  theatre,        " 

Theatre  Royal,  Dublin 

Her  Majesty's  theatre,  London 

Italian  Opera  House,  Paris 

Haymarket  theatre,  London. . 
Princess  theatre,  London 

Oct.    1842 

Clara  Fisher  Maeder 

Frances  Anne  Kemble. . . 

Charles  John  Kean 

G.  V.  Brooke 

11  Sept.  1827 

18  Sept.  1832 

1  Sept.  1830 

15  Dec    1851 

Elizabeth  Rachael  Felix. . 

Adelaide    Rlstori    del) 

Grillo ) 

3  Sept.  1855 
20  Sept.  1866 

Barry  Sullivan  .... 

22  Nov    1H58 

Charles  Albert  Fechter. . . 

10  Jan.   1870 

Jean  Margaret  Daven- )  1  r<„„, 
port  Landers j  !  ^"S'" 

1838 

Milan 

Olympic  theatre,  London 

Haymarket  theatre,  London. . 

Sunderland  theatre 

Gaiety  theatre,  London 

1874 

Laura  Keene 

Francesca  Janauschek. . . 
E.  A.  Sothern  (Douglas) 

Stewart) f 

Henry   Irving   (John) 

Engl. 
Germ. 

Engl. 
French 

Wallack's  theatre.  New  York.. . . 
National  theatre,  Boston 

20  Sept.  1852 

Sept.     " 
1883 

Sarah  Bernhardt.     ...... 

1881 

Helen  Modjeska 

Polish 

California  theatre,  San  Francisco 

Aug.  1877 
Oct     1883 

Ellen  Alice  Terry  Kelly       Fnci 

Princess  theatre,  London 

CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF   NOTED  AMERICAN  ACTORS,  WITH  DATE  OF  THEIR  FIRST  APPEARANCE  AT  PLACE  NAMED. 


Name. 


I   Born. 


Died. 


First  appearance. 


Date. 


First  appearance  in  England 


John  Howard  Payne. 

Henry  Placide 

James  H.  Hackett  .. 
Solomon  F.  Smith... 

Edwin  Forrest 

James  E.  Murdoch. . . 

William  Warren 

Charlotte  Cushman.. 
McKean  Buchanan. . . 

F.  S.  Chanfran 

John  E.  Owens 


Joseph  Jefferson 

William  J.  Florence} 

(Bernard  Conlin). .  j 

Edwin  T.   Booth 

John     T.    Raymond) 

(John  O'Brien) j 

John  E.  McCulIoch.. . 
Lawrence  P.  Barrett ) 

(Larry  Brannigan)  j 


1792-1852 
1799-1870 
1800-1871 
1801-1869 
1806-1872 
1811-1893 
1812-1888 
1814-1876 
1823-1872 
1824-1884 
"   -1886 

1829- 

1831-1891 

1833-1893 

1836- 

1837-1885 

1838-1891 


Park  St.  theatre,  New  York 
Park  theatre.  New  York 


Vincennes,  Ind 

(Star)  Chestnut  St.  theatre,  Philadelphia 

Arch  St.  theatre,  Philadelphia 

Philadelphia 

Tremont  theatre,  Boston 

St.  Charles  theatre.  New  Orleans 

Mitchell's  Olympic  theatre.  New  York 

National  theatre,  Philadelphia 

((Star)  Chanfrau's  National  theatre,) 

\     New  York ) 

Richmond  theatre.  New  York 

Museum,  Boston 

Rochester.  N.  Y 


Arch  St.  theatre,  Philadelphia. 
Detroit 


26  Feb.  1809 
2  Sept.  1823 
1  Mch.  1826 

1819 

5  July,  1826 
13  Oct.  1829 

1832 
8  Apr.  1835 

""lS48 
about   1840 

1  Sept  1849 

6  Dea   " 
10  Sept.  " 

27  June,  1853 
15  Aug.  1857 

1853 


London 

Haymarket  theatre,  London. . 
Covent  Garden  theatre,  London 

Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. 
Haymarket  theatre,         " 
Strand  theatre,  " 

Princess  theatre,  " 

Standard  theatre,  " 


4  June,  1813 

1838 
Apr.   1827 

17  Oct.    1836 

22  Sept.  1856 

1845 

Feb.  1845 

5  Mch.  1859 


Adelphi  theatre,  London 

Drury  Lane  theatre,  London. 

London 

Haymarket  theatre,  London  . 


<• 


THE 


798 


THE 


Among  other  prominent  actors,  most  of  them  now  on  the 
stage,  may  be  mentioned : 

Where  born.  Birth. 

Neil  Burgess Boston,  Mass 184G 

Lolta  Crabiree New  York  oily 1847 

Kate  J.  Baloman  Crowe BalUmore,  Md 1H42 

Fannv  l>aveiip«)rl I^ndon,  KngI 1850 

Mrs.  \V.  H.  Keudal  (Grimston)..  Lincolnshire,  Engl..  1849 

Lily  lAUglrv St.  Helen's,  Island  of  Jersey . ,  1850 

Richard  Maiisflehl Heligoland,  Ger. 1857 

Koborl  B.  Manlell Ayrshire 1854 

Margaret  Malher Detroit.  Mich 1861 

Frank  Mavo Massacliusetts 1839 

Maggie  Miuhell New  York 1H32 

Clara  .Morris Cleveland,  0 1846 

Marv  Anderson  Navarro Sacramento,  Cal 1859 

Mile.  Kh4a Brussels 1855 

Ada  Rehan Limerick,  Irel 1«60 

Sol.  Smith  Russell Brunswick,  Mo 1848 

Julia  .Marlowe England 1S66 

James  ONeil Ireland 1848 

Thebail  leiH^iOIl,  according  to  tradition,  composed  of 
Chri.stians  who  siiijmitted  to  martyrdom  rather  than  attack 
their  brethren  during  the  persecution  of  the  emperor  Maxi- 
rain,  or  sacrifice  to  the  gods,  about  286  a.d.  Their  leader, 
Maurice,  was  canonized. 

Thebes  or  Luxor,  a  city  of  Egypt,  called  also  Heca- 
tompylos  on  account  of  its  hundred  gates,  and  Diospolis,  as 
being  sacred  to  Jupiter.  In  the  time  of  its  splendor  (1600- 
800  B.C.)  it  is  said  to  have  extended  about  33  miles.  Thebes 
was  ruined  by  Canibyses,  king  of  Ter-sia,  525  b.c.,  and  by  the 
foundation  of  Alexandria,  332  b.c.  ;  it  rebelled  and  was  taken 
by  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  86  b.c.,  and  few  traces  of  it  were  seen 
in  the  age  of  Juvenal.  Mkmnonium.  After  centuries  of 
neglect  it  has  been  much  visited  since  the  explorations  of 
Belzoni,  1817. 

Tliel>e§,  N.  Greece,  the  capital  of  the  country  succes- 
sively called  Aonia,  Messapia,  Ogygia,  Hyantis,  and  Boeotia, 
was  called  Cadmeis,  from  Cadmus,  its  founder,  1493  b.c.  It 
became  a  republic  about  1120  b,c.,  and  flourished  under  Epam- 
inondas  378-362  B.c.  The  "  sacred  band  "  formed  by  him,  377 
ac,  was  revived  in  1877,  Thebes's  7  gates  are  mentioned  by 
Homer.     B<eotia,  Grefxe. 

theft  was  punished  by  heavy  fines  among  the  Jews;  by 
death  at  Athens,  by  the  laws  of  Draco.  Draco's  laws.  The 
Anglo-Saxons  nominally  punished  theft  with  death,  if  above 
12J.  value ;  but  the  criminal  could  redeem  his  life  by  a  ran- 
som. In  9  Henry  I.,  this  power  of  redemption  was  taken  away, 
1108.  The  punishment  of  theft  was  very  severe  in  England 
till  mitigated  by  Peel's  acts,  9  and  10  Geo.  IV.  1829. 

Thellus§01l'§  will,  a  most  singular  document. 
Peter  Isaac  Thellusson,  a  (Jenevese,  and  an  affluent  merchant 
of  London,  left  100,000/.  to  his  widow  and  children;  and  the 
remainder  of  his  property,  more  than  600,000/.,  to  trustees,  to 
accumulate  during  the  lives  of  his  3  sons,  and  of  their  sons; 
then  the  estates,  to  be  purchased  with  the  produce  of  the  ac- 
cumulated fund,  were  to  be  conveyed  to  the  eldest  lineal  male 
descendant  of  his  3  sons,  with  the  benefit  of  survivorship. 
Should  no  heir  then  exist,  the  whole  was  to  be  applied,  by  the 
sinking  fund,  to  the  discharge  of  the  national  debt.  It  is  said 
that  Mr.  Thellusson  held  much  property  in  trust,  and  that  he 
desired  a  sufficient  interval  of  time  to  elapse  for  the  appear- 
ance of  just  claimants.  He  died  21  July,  1797.  His  will  in- 
curred much  public  censure  and  was  contested  by  the  heirs- 
at-law,  but  finally  established  by  a  decision  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  25  June,  1805.  The  last  surviving  grandson  died  in  Feb. 
1856.  A  dispute  then  arose  whether  the  eldest  male  descend- 
ant or  the  niale  descendant  of  the  eldest  son  should  inherit 
the  property.  The  question  was  decided,  on  appeal,  by  the 
House  of  Lords  (9  June,  1859),  in  favor  of  the  latter,  lord  Ren- 
dlcsham  and  Charles  S.  Thellusson  confirming  the  deci.sion  of 
the  Master  of  the  Rolls  in  1858.  In  consequence  of  the  legal 
expenses,  the  property  is  said  not  to  exceed  greatlv  its  value 
in  the  testator's  lifetime.  On  28  July,  1800,  the  Thellusson 
act  was  passed,  making  void  any  devise  of  property  to  accu- 
mulate for  longer  than  21  years  after  death.  Poe  founded 
upon  this  case  his  imaginative  sketch  of  "  The  Domain  of 
Arnheim  ;"  in  which  the  owner  and  beautifier  of  the  domain, 
Seabright  Ellison,  has  an  estate  of  $450,000,000. 

theoc'racy,  government  by  God.     The  Israelites  be- 


lieved tliemselvcs  so  governed  till  Saul  was  made  their  king, 
about  1095  b.c.  (1  Sam.  viii.  7).  Theocratic  form  of  govern- 
ment established  in  Massachusetts,  1631. 

theod'olite  (etym.  doubtful;  from  Gr.  0tw/ioi  =  to 
see,  o(Jof  =  way,  and  Xtrof^: plain,  all  conjectural),  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  horizontal  angles  in  surveying,  consists 
of  a  telescope  and  a  divided  circle.  It  was  probably  first  con- 
structed in  the  17th  century.  The  first  survey  made  by  an 
instrument  with  a  perfect  circle  is  said  to  have  been  that  of 
Zealand  by  Bugge,  1762-68.  Jesse  Ramsden,  in  1787,  com- 
pleted a  great  theodolite  employeil  in  the  trigonometrical 
survey  of  England  and  Wales  by  gen.  Roy. 

'<Theolo'g[ia  Oermaii'ica,"or  "Teutsche  The- 

ologey"  (printed  1528;  Latin  and  French  editions,  1558),  a 
German  mystical  work,  written  about  the  14th  century.  In 
it,  the  "good  man,"  disgusted  with  the  corruptions  in  church 
and  state,  is  led  to  seek  for  (iod  in  the  temple  of  the  heart. 
Luther  is  said  to  have  valued  the  work  next  to  the  Bible  and 
St.  Augustin. 

theorog^y  (from  Gr.  Qeog,  God,  and  \6yoQ,  speech),  the 
expressed  views  and  ideas  of  the  nature  and  attributes  of  God, 
of  his  relations  to  man,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  they  may 
be  discovered.  These  are  known  as  either  (1)  Inspired,  in- 
cluding the  Holy  Scriptures,  their  interpretation,  etc.,  or  (2) 
Natural,  which  lord  Bacon  calls  the  first  part  of  philosophy. 
Butler's  "  Analogy  of  Religion  "  (1736),  and  Paley's  "  Natural 
Theology"  (1802),  are  eminent  books  on  the  latter  subject. 
Abelard  (d.  1142)  wrote  "Theologia  Christiania."  The 
"Summa  Totius  Theologiae,"  by  Thomas  Aquinas  (b.  about 
1224),  a  standard  Roman  Catholic  work,  was  printed  with 
commentaries,  etc.,  in  1596.     Philosophy. 

theos'ophy,  anciently  called  the  "wisdom  religion," 
is  spoken  of  in  Aryan  literature  and  ancient  religions  and 
philosophies.  The  name  was  given  to  the  school  of  Neo- 
Platonic  philosophy  opened  at  Alexandria  by  Ammonius  Sac- 
cas,  232  A.D.,  who  is  said  to  have  urged  the  disregard  of  all 
class  prejudices  and  minor  differences  of  opinion  in  a  union 
for  the  enlightenment  of  the  world.  Followers  of  Paracelsus 
in  the  16th  century  were  called  Theosophists.  Modern  the- 
osophy  was  founded  in  the  United  States  by  madame  Helene 
Petrovna  Blavatsky  and  col.  H.  S.  Olcott^  with  the  motto, 
"There  is  no  religion  higher  than  the  truth,"  17  Nov.  1875. 
Its  object,  (1)  to  form  a  nucleus  of  universal  brotherhood ;  (2) 
to  promote  the  studj'  of  Eastern  literature,  religion,  and  sci- 
ence; (3)  to  investigate  the  unexplained  laws  of  nature  and 
the  physical  powers  of  man,  etc.  The  number  of  lodges  con- 
stituting the  thepsophical  society  has  increased  from  1,  in  1875, 
to  11  in  1880,  121  in  1885,  and  241  in  1890. 
Founders  of  the  society  go  to  India,  leaving  the  work  in  the 

U.  S.  in  the  hands  of  William  Q.  Judge Dec.  1878 

Madame  Coulomb  publishes  "Some  Accounts  of  my  Intercourse 

with  Madame  Blavatsky,"  accusing  her  of  fraud 1884 

Mu<lame  Blavatsky  publishes  "The  Secret  Doctrine,  the  Syn- 
thesis of  Science,  Religion,  and  Philosophy,"  1888,  and  "The 

Key  to  Theosophy  " 1889 

Madame  Blavatsky  dies  in  London,  Engl 8  May,  1891 

Ther'midor  revolution.    On  the  9th  Ther- 

midor  of  the  2d  year  (27  July,  1794),  the  French  convention 
deposed  Robespierre,  and  next  day  he  and  22  partisans  were 
executed. 

thermo-electricity.     Electricity,  Heat. 

thermom'eter.  The  earliest  account  of  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  heat  is  that  of  Hero's  of  Alexandria,  150 
B.C.  The  invention  of  the  modern  thermometer  is  ascribed 
to  Galileo  before  1597,  by  Libri;  to  Drebbel  of  Alcmaer,  1609, 
by  Boerhaave ;  to  Paulo  Sarpi,  1609,  by  Fulgentio ;  to  Sancto- 
rio,  1610,  by  Borelli.  Edmund  Halley  suggested  the  use  of 
quicksilver  for  the  tube  in  1680.  The  following  are  the  prin- 
cipal thermometric  scales  in  use  : 

FahrenheWs,  freezing-point   32S  above   0°;    boiling-point    212° 
above  0".     Devised  by  Gabriel  D.  Fahrenheit  (1686-1736),  about 
1726.     In  general  use  in  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and 
•  Holland. 
Beaumur's,  freezing-point  0°;  boiling-point  80°  above.     Devised  by  " 

Rene'  A.  F.  de  Reaumur  (1683-1757)  about  1730. 
Cenfigradfi.  freezing-point  0°;   boiling  point  100°  above.     Devised 
by  Anders  Celsius  (1701-44)  about  1742.     Legalized  in  France  in 
connection  with  the  metric  system,  and  widely  used  for  scientific 
purposes  in  all  countries. 


THE 


799 


THO 


De,  izsZe's, boiling-point  0° ;  freezing-point  150°  below.    In  use  some- 
what in  Russia. 
5'(x's  self-registering  thermometer  invented  1782;  much  improved 
since. 

There  are  various  forms  of  therraonaeters :  as  the  air,  bal- 
ance, chemical,  clinical,  differential,  electrical,  naarine,  mercu- 
rial, minimum,  etc. 
L.  M.  Casella  issued  a  minimum  thermometer  in  Sept.  1861.     It 

registers  degrees  of  cold  by  means  of  mercury. 
Negretti  and  Zambra's  registering  minimum  thermometers,  adapted 
for  deep-sea  purposes,  made  known  early  in  1874. 

tlicr'moplione,  an  apparatus  in  which  sonorous  vi- 
brations are  produced  by  the  expansion  of  heated  bodies,  con- 
nected with  an  electro-magnet,  was  constructed  by  Theodor 
Wiesendanger,  and  described  by  him  in  Oct.  1878. 

Tliermop'ylee,  Doris,  N.  Greece.  Leonidas,  at  the 
head  of  300  Spartans  and  700  Thespians,  at  the  defile  of  Ther- 
mopylae, withstood  the  whole  force  of  the  Persians  under 
Xerxes  during  3  days,  7,  8,  9  Aug.  480  b.c.,  until  Ephialtes,  a 
Trachinian,  perfidiously  led  the  enemy  by  a  secret  path  up 
the  mountains  to  the  rear  of  the  Greeks,  who,  between  two 
assailants,  perished  gloriously  on  heaps  of  slaughtered  foes. 
Only  one  Spartan,  Aristodemus,  returned  home  out  of  the  300, 
where  he  was  treated  with  such  scorn  and  contempt  that  he 
willingly  sacrificed  his  life  the  next  year  at  the  battle  of 
Platsea,  after  surpassing  all  his  comrades  in  valor.  The  spirit 
that  actuated  these  warriors  at  Thermopylae  is  expressed  in 
the  distich  in  the  Greek  Anthology,  by  Siraonides,  their  con- 
temporary, thus  translated : 

"Go  tell  the  Spartans,  thou  that  passest  by, 
That  here,  obedient  to  their  laws,  we  lie." 
Here  also  Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria,  was  defeated 
by  the  Romans  under  Acilius  Glabrio,  191  b.c. 

Tliermum,  Tliermui,  or  Therma,  Greece,  a 

strong  city,  the  acropolis  of  yEtolia,  N.  Greece,  was  captured 
and  ravaged  by  Pliilip  V.  of  Macedon,  218  and  206  b.c.,  on  ac- 
count of  its  favoring  the  Romans. 

The§au'ru§  (Gr.  0/jffaupoc  =  treasury;  a  lexicon),  a 
common  title,  especially  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  of 
large  collections  on  history  and  archaeology,  and  of  compre- 
hensive lexicons  of  one  or  more  languages,  or  branches  of 
science.     Some  of  the  most  celebrated  are : 

"Thesaurus  Linguae  Latin8e,"by  Robert  Stephens 1531-35 

"  Thesaurus  Linguae  Graecse,"  by  Henry  Stephens 1572 

<•  Thesaurus  Autiquitatum  Grsecorum,"  by  J.  Gronovius,  13 

vols,  fol 1697-1702 

"Thesaurus  Antiquitatum   Romanorum,"  by  J.  G.  Graevius. 

12  vols,  fol 1694 

"Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  et  Historicum  Italise,  Siciliae,"  etc., 

by  G.  Graevius  and  P.  Burmannus,  45  vols,  fol 1725 

"Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Sacrarum,"  by  B.  Ugolinus,  34  vols. 

fol 1744-69 

A  Thesaurus  of  the  Latin  language,  on  a  far  larger  scale  than  any 

similar  work  in  existence,  has  been  planned  by  an  association  of 

scholars  in  Europe,  and  is  expected  to  reach  completeness  in  about 

20  years.     Preliminary  studies  for  it  have  appeared  for  8  years 

past  in  the  "  Archiv  zur  lateinischen  Lexicographic,"  edited  by 

E.  W51fflin. 

Tlies'piae,  a  city  of  Boeotia,  N.  Greece.  700  of  its  cit- 
izens perished  with  Leonidas  at  Thermopylae,  Aug.  480  b.c. 
Through  jealousy  the  Thebans  destroyed  its  walls  in  372  b.c.    I 

Tliessaloili'ea,  now  Saloni'ca,  a  city  in  Mace- 
donia, N.  Greece,  originally  Therme,  but  rebuilt  by  Cassander, 
and  said  to  have  been  named  after  his  wife,  Thessalonica, 
daughter  of  Philip,  after  315  B.C.  Here  Paul  preached,  53; 
and  to  the  church  here  he  addressed  2  epistles  in  54.  In  con- 
sequence of  seditions,  a  great  massacre  was  ordered  here  in 
390  b}'  the  emperor  Theodosius.  Thessalonica  partook  of 
the  changes  of  the  Eastern  empire.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Saracens,  with  great  slaughter,  30  July,  904 ;  by  the  Nor- 
mans of  Sicily,  15  Aug.  1185;  and  after  various  changes 
was  taken  from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks  under  Amurath, 
1430. 

Tlie§'§aly,  N.  Greece,  the  seat  of  many  adventures 
described  by  poets.  The  first  king  known  to  tradition  was 
Helien,  son  of  Deucalion,  from  whom  his  subjects,  and  after- 
wards all  Greeks,  were  called  Hellenes.  From  Thessaly  came 
the  Achaeans,  the  iEtolians,  the  Dorians,  the  Hellenes,  etc. 
The  most  remarkable  legends  of  this  country  are  the  deluge 
of  Deucalion,  1548  b.c.  (Deluge),  and  the  expedition  of  the 


Argonauts,  1263  b.c.  Within  its  territory  are  mount  Olym- 
pus and  the  "Vale  of  Tempe;"  here  also  was  fought  the  battle 
of  Phausalia.  Thessaly  long  aimed  at  neutrality  in  Grecian 
affairs,  but  became  involved  through  its  rulers,  the  tyrants  of 
Pherae :  Lycophron,  about  404  b.c.  ;  his  son  Jason,  374 ;  assas- 
sinated, 370 ;  Alexander,  the  most  eminent,  defied  Athens  and 
Thebes ;  assassinated,  359.  Philip  of  Macedon,  after  a  repulse 
(353  B.C.),  defeated  the  tyrants,  352,  and  subjugated  the  coun- 
try, 343.  The  Romans  gave  nominal  freedom  to  Thessaly  after 
their  victory  at  Cynoscephalae,  197.  It  now  belongs  to  Greece 
by  treaty  signed  2  July,  1881. 

Thieves'  or  Robber  §ynod,  at  Ephesus,  449, 

where  the  doctrines  of  Eutyches  respecting  Christ's  incarna- 
tion were  approved;  so  called  because  his  opponents  were 
silenced  or  excluded  by  force.     Eutychians. 

thimbles  (from  A.-S.  thunia,  a  thumb).  In  1693  a 
patent  was  granted  to  John  Lofting  (a  native  of  Holland  who 
established  himself  in  London  about  1688)  for  a  machine  for 
making  thimbles,  at  Islington,  near  London,  after  which  he 
made  them  of  various  metals  with  profit.  Such  a  device  is 
said  to  have  been  found  at  Herculaneum. 

Thioil'ville,  the  ancient  Theodonis  villa,  a  fortified 
city  on  the  Moselle,  N.E.  France.  It  was  an  occasional  resi- 
dence of  Charlemagne  and  his  successors,  and  on  the  extinc- 
tion of  his  race  it  was  successively  held  by  private  lords,  the 
counts  of  Luxemburg*  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  the  house  of 
Austria,  and  the  kings  of  Spain.  It  was  taken  by  the  duke  of 
Guise,  23  June,  1558,  after  an  obstinate  defence,  and  returned 
to  Philip  II.  by  the  peace  of  Chateau  Cambresis.  It  success- 
fully resisted  the  marquis  de  Feuquieres  in  1637,  but  was 
taken  after  4  months'  siege  by  the  due  D'Enghien,  10  Aug. 
1643,  and  remained  with  France.  It  successfully  resisted  the 
Austrians  in  1792,  and  the  Prussians  in  1814.  It  was  invested 
by  the  Germans  in  Aug.  1870,  and  after  bombardment,  being 
in  flames,  surrendered,  24  Nov.  following. 

thirty  tyrants,  a  term  applied  to  the  governors  of 
Athens,  in  404  b.c,  who  were  expelled  by  Thrasybulus,  403 ; 
and  also  to  the  numerous  aspirants  to  the  imperial  throne  of 
Rome  during  the  reigns  of  Gallienus  and  Aurelian,  a.d.  259- 
274.     Tyrants. 

Thirty  Years'  war,  in  Germany,  between  the 
Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants.  It  began  in  Bohemia, 
1619,  by  a  resolve  of  the  emperor  of  Germany,  Ferdinand  II., 
to  make  the  Roman  Catholic  church  supreme  throughout  the 
empire,  and  ended  with  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648. 
Until  the  appearance  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  in 
1630,  as  champion  of  the  Protestant  cause,  the  emperor's  gen- 
erals Tilly  and  Wallenstein  were  successful;  but  the  defeat  of 
Tilly  by  the  Swedes  at  Breitenfeld,  1631,  and  again  at  Lech, 
1632,  and  of  Wallenstein  at  Liitzen,  1632,  maintained  the 
Protestant  cause  until  the  peace,  which  established  the  prin- 
ciple "  that  men  should  not  be  persecuted  for  their  religious 
faith."  For  duration  and  for  the  suffering  it  caused  this  was 
one  of  the  most  memorable  wars  on  record.  At  its  commence- 
ment Germany  probably  numbered  20,000,000  people;  at  its 
close  perhaps  much  less  than  10,000,000.  It  was  conducted 
with  savage  cruelty.  Towns  and  villages  were  destroyed,  and 
whole  districts  depopulated.  Law  and  order  disappeared,  and 
starvation  is  said  to  have  led  to  frequent  cannibalism  in  cer- 
tain districts.  The  most  popular  history  of  the  war  is  by 
Schiller,  pub.  1790-93  ;  a  fuller  and  far  more  trustworthy  ac- 
count by  Von  Ranke,  1869.     Battles. 

thirty-nine  articles.    Articlks  of  religion. 

Thistle,  Order  of  the,  Scotland,  founded  by  James  V., 
1540.  It  consisted  originally  of  the  sovereign  and  12  knights, 
in  memory  of  Christ  and  his  12  apostles.  In  1542  James  died, 
and  the  order  was  discontinued  about  the  time  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. It  was  renewed  by  James  VI I.  of  Scotland  (James  II. 
of  England),  with  8  knights,  29  May,  1687;  increased  to  12 
by  queen  Anne  in  1703 ;  to  16  by  George  IV.  in  1827.  Its 
motto  :  "  Nemo  me  impune  lacessit." 

Thistlew^ood's  conspiracy.     Cato- street 

conspiracy. 

Thomas,  St.     Virgin  isles. 


THO 


800 


THY 


Thomaii'ii,  St.,  llOKpittll,  Southwark,  Engl.,  was 
foundetl  as  an  almshouse  by  Richard,  prior  of  Bermondsey,  in 
1213,  and  surrenderal  to  llenry  VIII.  in  1638.  In  1551  the 
mavor  and  citizens  of  London,  having  purchased  of  Edward 
VI.*  the  manor  of  Southwarit,  including  this  hospital,  repaired 
and  enlarged  it,  and  admitted  into  it  260  poor,  sick,  and  help- 
less jiersons;  ujwn  which  the  king,  in  1553,  incorporated  it, 
together  with  Bethlehem,  St.  Bartholomew's,  etc.  It  was  re- 
built in  1693.  In  1862  the  site  was  sold  to  the  Southeastern 
Railway  company,  and  the  patients  were  removed  to  Surrey 
music-hall.  The  foundation-stone  of  the  new  hospital,  erected 
at  Stangate,  near  the  Surrey  side  of  Westminster  bridge,  was 
laid  by  queen  Victoria,  13  May,  1868;  and  the  new  hosjiital 
was  opened  by  her,  21  June,  1871. 

TllOIllist§.      SCOTISTS. 

tliorac'ic  duct,  discovered  first  in  a  horse  by  Eusta- 
chius  about  1563 ;  in  man  by  01.  Ruilbec,  a  Swedish  anatomist. 
Thomas  Bartholine  of  Copenhagen  and  dr.  Joliffe  of  England 
also  discovered  it  about  1654.     Lacteals. 

tlior'ilim,  less  correctly  called  tliori'num,  a  very 
rare  metal  (a  heavy  gray  powder),  discovered  by  Berzelius  in 
thoria,  a  Norway  mineral,  in  1828. 

Thorn,  a  town  on  the  Vistula,  Poland,  was  founded  by 
the  Teutonic  knights  in  1231.  Here  they  acknowledged 
themselves  to  be  vassals  of  Poland  in  1466.  Thorn  was  taken 
by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  in  1703.  Many  Protestants  were 
slain  here  (after  a  religious  riot)  at  the  instigation  of  the  Jes- 
uits, 7  Dec.  1724.  Thorn  was  acquired  by  the  Prussians  in 
1793  ;  taken  by  the  French  in  1806;  restored  to  Prussia  at  the 
peace  in  1815. 

XllOtll,  the  Egyptian  Hermes,  god  of  speech  and  writ- 
ing, and  of  wisdom  ;  represented  as  a  man  with  the  head  of  an 
ibis,  and  with  a  crescent  holding  the  full  moon  upon  it. 

tliou^tit-rea<liiigr9  or  mind-readingp.    In 

1881 W.  I.  Bishop  professed  to  be  able  to  read  a  person's  thoughts 
by  touching  the  skin.  On  June  11,  in  the  presence  of  G.  J. 
Romanes,  prof.  E.  Ray  Lankester,  F.  Gallon,  and  others,  he 
was  successful  with  some  persons,  but  failed  with  others  (^Nat- 
«re,No.608). 

Bishop  challenged  by  Labouchere,  M.P.,  to  operate  under  cer- 
tain conditious  at  St.  James's  hall,  London,  declined, 

12  June,  1883 

Other  experiments  by  Bishop 3-4  June,  1884 

Experiments  by  Stuart  Cumberland  reported  successful, 

19  July,     " 
Bishop  sentenced -to  pay  10,000/.  damages  to  Mr.  Maskelyne  for 

libel  iu  Truth 23  July,     " 

Damages  reduced  to  500Z. 2  July,  1885 

Bishop  dies  of  catalepsy  (?)  in  New  York  (Spiritualism,  Telep- 
athy)  13  May,  1889 

Thrace,  now  RoumeJia,  a  country  of  European 
Turkey,  derived  its  name  from  Thrax,  the  son  of  Mars.— 
A  spin.  The  Thracians  were  a  warlike  people,  and  therefore 
Mars  was  said  to  have  been  born  and  to  have  had  his  resi- 
dence among  them. — Euripides.     Odrys^.  p  ^ 

Byzantium,  the  capital,  founded  by  Megarians about    675 

Invasion  of  Darius  I.,  513;  Thrace  subdued  by  Megabyzus 508 

Xerxes  marches  against  Greece  through  Thrace,  and  retreats. .     480 

Other  Greek  colonies  established 4.'i0-400 

Wars  between  Macedon  and  the  Odrys.« 429-343 

Philip  II.  acquires  Amphipolis,  358;  and  gradually  all  the  Greek 

colonies 357-341 

Death  of  Alexander;  Thrace  allotted  to  Lysimachus,  323;  who 

builds  Lysimachia 309 

I.ysimachus  defeated  and  slain  by  Selcucus  at  Corupedion 281 

Thrace  overrun  by  the  Gauls 279 

Lysimachia  and  the  chief  towns  seized  by  the  fleet  of  Ptolemy 

Euergetes 247 

Recovered  by  Philip  V.  of  Macedon 205-200 

Lost  by  him  to  the  Romans 1% 

Seized  by  Antiochus  III.  of  Syria,  who  is  defeated  at  Magnesia, 

190 ;  and  surrenders  Thrace 188 

Perseus  defeated  in  attempt  to  regain  Thrace 171-168 

Thracian  kings  nominally  under  the  Romans 148  et  seq. 

Rebellion  of  Vologaesus  quelled 14 

A.D. 

Rhcemetalces  IL,  last  king 38 

Thrace  made  a  Roman  province about      47 

Invaded  by  the  Goths ,: 255 

Settled  by  Sarmatians 334-76 

Ravaged  by  Alaric,  395 ;  by  Attila 447 

Become.s  a  part  of  the  Greek  or  Eastern  Empire  until  conquered 

by  the  Turks,  who  made  Adrianople  their  capital 1341-53 

Constantinople  captured  by  Mahomet  II 29  May,  1453 


Thraiynic'iic  or  TraMiiiie'iie,  a  lake  about  90 

miles  north  of  Rome.  Here  the  Carthaginians  under  Han- 
nibal defeated  the  Romans  under  Flaminius,  217  ij,c.,  being 
the  3d  battle  and  victory  of  Hannibal  over  the  Romans.  No 
less  than  15,000  Romans  were  left  dead  on  the  field  of  battle, 
and  10,000  taken  prisoners;  or,  according  to  Livy,  6000;  or 
Polybius,  15,000.  The  lo.ss  of  llainiibal  was  about  1500  men. 
About  10,000  Romans  escaped. — Livy,  Polybius. 

thrCMhillg'-lliaehilie§.  The  fiail  was  the  only 
instrument  formerly  in  use  for  threshing  grain.  The  Romans 
used  a  macliine  called  the  irihulum,  a  sledge  loaded  with  stones 
or  iron  drawn  over  the  grain  sheaves  by  horses.  Cattle  and 
horses  were  used  both  in  ancient  and  modern  times  to  tread 
out  the  grain.  The  first  machines  of  modern  times  were  in- 
vented by  Hohlfield  of  Herraansdorf,  Saxony,  in  1711,  and  by 
Michael  Menzies  of  Edinburgh  in  1731.  A  rotary  machine 
was  invented  by  Leckie  of  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  in  1758,  but 
it  was  not  until  1786  that  the  first  practical  machine  for  gen- 
eral use  was  invented  by  Andrew  Meikle  of  Tyningham,  Scot- 
land.    American  machines  are  built  with  spiked  cylinders. 

Meikle  obtains  a  patent  in  Great  Britain 1788 

In  a  trial  of  threshing-machines  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Mechi, 
Tiptree  Hall,  Kelvedon,  Engl.,  an  American  machine  did 

nearly  treble  the  work  of  any  English  machine Oct.  1853 

In  threshing  contests  at  the  Paris  exposition,  6  men  with  flails 
threshed  36  liters  of  wheat  in  1  hour;  IMnet's  French  ma- 
chine, 150  liters;  Duvoir's,  French,  250;  Clayton's,  English, 

410 ;  Pitt's,  American,  740  liters 1855 

[Machines  are  now  made  in  the  U.  S.  each  capable  of 
threshing  3000  bushels  daily.] 

thug^§,  organized  secret  fanatical  murderers  in  India, 
who  considered  their  victims  to  be  sacrifices  to  their  gods. 
Their  method  was  by  strangulation.  The  English  attempted 
to  suppress  them  about  1810,  but  did  not  succeed  till  about 
1830,  when  a  plan  for  the  purpose  was  adopted  by  lord  Will- 
iam Bentinck. 

Ihumh-SCreAV,  an  instrument  of  torture  by  which  the 
thumbs  were  compressed  so  as  to  cause  intense  pain;  first 
used  by  the  Spanish  Inquisition.  In  Great  Britain,  rev.  Will- 
iam Carstares,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  was  the  last  who  suf- 
fered by  it,  before  the  Scotch  privy  council,  to  make  him  di- 
vulge secrets  which  he  firmly  resisted,  j^fter  the  revolution 
in  1688,  the  thumb-screw  was  presented  to  him  by  the  coun- 
cil. King  William  expressed  a  desire  to  see  it,  and  tried  it 
on,  bidding  a  doctor  turn  the  screw;  but  at  the  third  turn  he 
cried  out,  "Hold — hold!  doctor;  another  turn  would  make 
me  confess  anything." 

ThunderillS-  leg^ion.  During  a  contest  with  the 
invading  Marcomanni  the  prayers  of  Christians  in  a  Roman 
legion  are  sa^d  to  have  been  followed  by  a  thunder-storm, 
tending  greatly  to  discomfit  the  enemy,  and  hence  the  legion 
received  the  name,  174. 

Thu'rii  or  Thll'rium,  a  Greek  city,  S.  Italy,  found- 
ed after  the  fall  of  Sybaris,  about  452  b.c.  It  suffered  from 
incursions  of  the  Lucanians,  by  whom  the  Thurians  were  de- 
feated, 390  B.C.  It  became  eventually  a  dependent  ally  of 
Rome;  was  ravaged  by  Hannibal,  204;  established  as  a  col- 
ony by  the  Romans,  194;  and  captured  by  Spartacus  in  the 
Servile  war,  and  subjected  to  heavy  contributions,  72. 

Thurin'g^ia,  an  early  Gothic  kingdom  in  central  Ger- 
many, was  overrun  by  Attila  and  the  Huns,  451 ;  the  last  king, 
Hermanfried,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Thierry,  king  of  the 
Franks,  who  annexed  it,  530.  It  formed  2  duchies,  630-717 
and  849-919;  a  margraviate,  960-1090;  landgraviate  and 
county,  1130-1247;  and  was,  after  various  changes  and  many 
conflicts,  absorbed  into  Saxony  in  the  15th  centur}'.  In  1815 
it  was  surrendered  to  Prussia.  The  grand-duchy  of  Saxe- 
Weimar,  the  duchies  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 
and  Saxe-Altenburg,  and  the  principalities  of  Schwarzburg- 
Rudolstadt,  Schwarzburg- Sondershausen,  Reuss-Greiz,  and 
Reuss-Schleiz-Lobenstein  are  frequently  grouped  as  the  Thu- 
ringian  states. 

Tlllirsday,  the  5th  day  of  the  week,  named  from  Thor, 
the  most  valiant  son  of  Odin,  a  deified  hero  of  the  northern 
nations,  particularly  the  Scandinavians  and  Celts.  He  was 
said  to  rule  the  winds,  seasons,  lightning  and  thunder,  etc. 
Thursday  is  in  Latin  dies  Jovis,  or  Jupiter's  day. 

Thyati'ra,  Asia  Minor,  the  place  assigned  for  the  bat 


THY 


801 


TIM 


tie  at  which  the  rebel  Procopius  was  defeated  by  the  army 
of  the  emperor  Valens,  366.     Seven  churches. 

Thymtora,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor.  Here  Cyrus  the 
Great  defeated  the  confederated  army  aiding  Croesus,  and  ob- 
tained supremacy  in  Asia,  548  b.c. 

tiara,  head -ornament  of  the  ancient  Persians.  The 
name  is  given  to  the  triple  crown  of  the  pope  (anciently 
called  regnum),  indicative  of  his  civil  rank,  as  the  keys  are 
of  his  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction.  The  right  to  wear  a  crown 
is  said  to  have  been  granted  to  the  bishops  of  Rome  by  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  and  by  Clovis,  founder  of  the  French  mon- 
archy. Their  ancient  tiara  was  a  high  round  cap.  Pope 
Damasus  II.  first  caused  himself  to  be  crowned  with  a  tiara, 
1048.  "Boniface  VIII.  encompassed  the  tiara  with  a  crown; 
Benedict  XII.  added  a  second,  and  John  XXIII.  a  third." — 
Rees. 

Ti'ber,  central  Italy,  the  river  on  whose  banks  Rome 
was  built.  In  the  flourishing  times  of  the  city  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  river  was  important.  Livy  says  that  the  Tiber 
was  frozen  over  398  b.c.  A  commission  was  appointed  to 
dredge  the  bed  of  the  river  near  Rome.  Dec.  1871.  Garibaldi's 
scheme  for  improving  the  river,  making  a  new  port,  etc.,  laid 
before  the  Italian  parliament,  25  May,  1875;  works  begun, 
Mch.  1877. 

Xibe'rias,  a  city  in  Palestine,  built  b}'  Herod  Antipas, 
and  named  after  the  emperor  Tiberius,  39.  Near  it  Guy  de 
Lusignan,  king  of  Jerusalem,  and  the  crusaders  were  defeated 
by  Saladin,  3,4  July,  1187;  and  Jerusalem  fell  into  his  hands. 

Xi'bet  or  Xhi'bet,  central  Asia,  is  said  to  have  been 
a  kingdom  313  b.c.  ;  conquered  by  Genghis  Khan,  1206,  and 
gradually   subdued  by  and  annexed   to   China,   1255-1720. 
Area,  651,500  sq.  miles ;  pop.  6,000,000.    Buddhism  became  the 
dominant  religion  about  905 ;  and  the  lamas  have  absolute 
power  in  religious  affairs.     Tibet  was  visited  by  Marco  Polo, 
1278;  by  Jesuits,  about  1661-62;  Bogle  and  Hamilton,  1774; 
and  Thomas  Manning,  1810.     An  astronomical  survey  was 
carried  on  surreptitiously  by  2  pundits  of  semi-Tibet  origin, 
under  the  superintendence  of  capt.  Montgomerie,  1865-67. 
M.  Gabriel  Bonvalot,  prince  Henry  of  Orleans,  and  father  Dede- 
ken  give  an  illustrated  account  of  Tibet  to  the  French  Geo- 
graphical Society  at  Paris 31  Jan.  1891 

Capt.  Bower,  dr.  Thorold,  and  party  cross  Tibet,  June,  1891, 

and  arrive  at  Simla Apr.  1892 

Much  geographical  knowledge  has  been  obtained  and  maps  con- 
structed. 

Ti'bur,  now  Tiv'oli,  a  Latin  town  more  ancient  than 
Rome,  and  frequently  at  war  with  it.  The  Tiburtines  were 
defeated  335  b.c.,  and  the  subjection  of  all  Latiura  followed; 
for  which  Furius  Camillus  obtained  a  triumph  and  an  eques- 
trian statue  in  the  forum. 

Tichborne  case.     Trials,  1871-74. 

Tici'no  or  Tessin,  a  Swiss  canton  south  of  the  Alps, 
conquered  by  the  Swiss  early  in  the  16th  century;  made  a 
separate  canton  in  1815.  It  suffered  by  internal  disputes, 
1839  and  1841. 

Tici'nus,  a  river  in  N.  Italy.  Here  Hannibal,  in  his 
first  battle  with  the  Romans  under  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  after 
crossing  the  Alps,  defeated  them,  218  b.c. 

ticket-of-leave.  The  English  government  in  1854 
introduced  a  system  whereby  convicts  might  be  liberated  on 
a  ticket-of-leave,  though  a  portion  of  their  term  of  imprison- 
ment was  unexpired.  They  were  obliged  to  report,  however, 
from  time  to  time  to  the  police  until  their  sentence  expired. 
If  fresh  offence  was  committed,  the  ticket  was  recalled.  Trans- 

POKTATION. 

Ticondero'ga.     Fort  Ticonderoga,  New  York. 

tides.  The  periodical  rise  and  fall  of  the  waters  of 
the  ocean  and  its  confluents;  due  to  the  attraction  of 
the  moon  or  sun.  When  the  water  is  rising  it  is  termed 
flood  tide;  when  falling,  ebb  tide.  At  the  time  of  the 
new  moon  and  the  full  moon  the  flood  tides  rise  higher,  and 
the  fall  of  the  ebb  tide  is  greater  than  at  other  times.  These 
tides  are  called  spring-tides.  But  when  the  moon  is  at  her 
first  or  last  quarter,  or  at  the  time  of  quadrature,  the  tides 
do  not  rise  to  their  average  height,  and  are  called  neap  tides, 
26 


from  A.-S.  nep,  signifying  narrow,  contracted,  low.  Homer  is 
the  earliest  profane  author  who  speaks  of  the  tides.  Posido- 
nius  of  Apamea  referred  the  tides  to  the  influence  of  the  moon, 
about  79  B.C. ;  and  Caesar  speaks  of  them  in  his  4th  book  of 
the  Gallic  war.  The  tides  were  first  explained  by  Kepler, 
1598;  but  the  theory  was  first  made  complete  bj'  sir  Isaac 
Newton  about  1683.  The  conformation  of  the  coast  greatly 
affects  the  tides;  for  instance,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  Nova  Scotia,  the  tide  rises  18  feet,  while  at  its  head 
it  rises  70  feet;  at  St.  Johns,  N.  B.,  30  feet;  at  Campo  Bello, 
Me.,  25  feet;  Eastport,  Me.,  15  feet;  Boston,  Mass.,  10  feet; 
Providence,  R.  I.,  5  feet ;  Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.,  5  feet ;  New  York, 
5  feet.  The  tides  along  the  southern  United  States  do  not 
exceed  7  feet,  and  reach  7  only  at  Savannah,  Ga.  The  tide 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  small  and  also  in  the  Pacific  ocean. 
At  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  Oregon,  it  rises  to  7  feet. 
In  the  west  of  England,  in  the  Bristol  channel  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Severn  at  Chepstow,  the  spring-tide  rises  60  feet.  The 
usual  height  along  the  coast  of  Wales  is  36  feet.  The  tides 
in  the  Mediterranean  are  hardly  noticeable.  None  of  the  lar- 
ger fresh-water  lakes  have  an  appreciable  tide. 

Tiers-Etat  Oyar-za-ta').     States-general. 

Tif'Iis,  Asiatic  Russia,  built  about  469  by  Vakhtang: 
became  the  capital  of  Georgia.  It  was  taken  by  Genghis 
Khan  in  the  12th  century;  by  Mustapha  Pacha,  1576;  by  the 
Persians,  1 796  ;  and  by  the  Russians,  1801,  who  have  made  it 
the  capital  of  their  trans-Caucasian  possessions. 

Tigranoeer'ta,  now  Sert  or  Iserd,  capital  of 

Armenia,  built  by  Tigranes  the  Great,  and  taken  by  Lucullus 
and  the  Romans  after  a  great  victory,  69  b.c. 

Ti'gris,  a  river,  the  eastern  boundary  of  Mesopotamia, 
celebrated  for  the  cities  founded  on  its  banks :  Nineveh,  Se- 
leucia,  Ctesiphon,  and  Bagdad.  It  was  first  explored  by  an 
English  steamer  in  1838. 

tile,  a  slab  of  clay,  hardened  by  baking,  and  used  for 
paving,  roofing,  and  for  constructing  ovens,  drains,  etc.  Tiles 
are  of  ancient  origin,  being  found  in  the  ruins  of  Nineveh. 
They  were  in  use  in  Greece,  620  b.c.  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus, 
was  killed  while  fighting  in  the  streets  of  Argos  by  a  tile 
thrown  from  a  roof  by  a  woman,  272  b.c.  The  art  of  glazing 
tile  was  brought  to  Spain  by  the  Moors,  12th  century,  and  from 
Spain  was  carried  to  Italy,  and  thence  to  Delft,  Holland.  Tiles 
were  used  in  England  by  the  Romans  during  their  occupation 
of  that  country.  First  made  by  the  English  probably  about 
1246.     They  were  taxed  in  1784  ;  tax  repealed  in  1833. 

Xilsit,  a  town  of  Prussia  on  the  river  Niemen,  where,  on 
a  raft,  the  emperors  of  France  and  Russia  met,  25  June,  1807. 
By  a  treaty  between  France  and  Russia,  signed  7  July,  Na- 
poleon restored  to  the  Prussian  monarch  one  half  of  his 
territories,  and  Russia  recognized  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine,  and  the  elevation  of  Napoleon's  3  brothers,  Joseph, 
Louis,  and  Jerome,  to  the  thrones  ai  Naples,  Holland,  and 
Westphalia. 

tilts.     Tournaments. 

timber  bending'.  Apparatus  was  invented  for  this 
purpose  by  T.  Blanchard  of  Boston,  Mass.,  for  which  a  medal 
was  awarded  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855.  A  company 
was  formed  for  its  introduction  into  England  in  1856. 

XimbUC'tOO,  N.  Africa,  a  city  built  by  Mansa  Sulei- 
man, a  Mahometan,  about  1214,  and  frequently'  subjugated  by 
the  sovereigns  of  Morocco.  Since  1727  it  has  been  parti}'  in- 
dependent. Major  Laing  visited  this  city  in  1826  and  was 
killed  there.  Ren6  Caillie  in  1828  won  the  prize  of  10,000 
francs  offered  by  the  Geographical  Society  of  Paris  to  the  first 
traveller  who  should  give  exact  information  regarding  it.  It 
was  again  visited  by  Heinrich  Barth  during  his  explorations 
of  the  Soudan,  1849-55.  Taken  and  occupied  by  the  French, 
Jan.  1894. 

time.  Day,  Globe,  Hour,  Month,  Planets,  Stand- 
ard TIME,  Week,  Year. 

"  Ximes,"  a  newspaper  of  London.  On  13  Jan.  1785, 
John  Walter  published  the  first  number  of  the  Daily  Universal 
Register,  price  2\d.,  printed  on  the  logographic  system  (in- 
vented by  Henry  Johnson,  a  compositor),  in  which  types  coii- 


TIN 


802 


TOB 


Uining  syllables  and  words  were  employed  instead  of  single 
letters. 

l»»por  is  named  the  rin»^« IJan.  1788 

The  Tim*-*  is  flrel  printed  by  steam  -  power  ( the  invention 

of  F.  Knuiug),  I'iOO  per  hour,  afterwards  increased  to  '2000 

and  4000. .. : 28  Nov.  18U 

[It  is  asserted  that  the  Times  was  termed  the  Thunderer 

ttom  an  article  by  Edward  Sterling,  in  which  are  the  words, 

"  We  tliunilered  forth  articles  on  reform,"  etc.] 
Times  expro.«.s  first  conveyed  to  India  overland  by  the  agency 

of  lieut.  Wughorn Oct.  1845 

"Waller  press,"  printing  about  15,000  an  hour,  perfected. .  .1862-71 

Weeklv  issue,  price  2<i.,  began 6  Jan.  1877 

Rapieff  electric  lamp  adopted  in  the  press  room Nov.  1878 

till,  a  white,  lustrous,  and  noalleable  metal,  very  slow  of 
oxidizing  in  tl>e  air,  and  therefore  useful  in  a  thin  coating  to 
prevent  iron,  etc.,  from  rusting.  It  has  been  known  from 
earliest  ages.  The  Accadians  called  it  anaku  5000  years 
ago ;  it  was  used  by  the  Egyptians  when  the  first  pyramids 
were  built ;  it  is  mentioned  in  the  Bible,  1452  b.c.  (Num.  xxxi. 
22).  Homer  often  speaks  of  it  (KaaoiTipoQ)  in  describing 
arms  and  chariots;  the  Phoenicians  traded  in  tin  more  than 
1 100  years  B.C. ;  and  Herodotus  mentions  the  tin  islands.  It 
is  found  in  few  and  widely  scattered  places ;  chiefly  in  the 
provinces  of  Perak  and  Penang  in  Malacca,  in  Cornwall,  Engl., 
in  New  South  Wales,  Saxony,  Bohemia,  and  in  smaller  quan- 
tities in  Mexico  and  Bolivia,  and  recently  in  California,  South 
Dakota,  Idaho,  and  West  Virginia.  The  world's  annual  pro- 
duction is  about  40,000  tons.  Copper  vessels  were  tinned  by 
the  Romans.  The  art  of  tinning  plate-iron  was  invented  in 
Bohemia,  whence  it  was  carried  into  Saxony  and  other  parts 
of  Germany  in  1620,  and  introduced  into  England  in  1675. 
Existence  of  tin  ore  in  New  South  Wales  made  known  by  rev. 

W.  B.  Clarke,  colonial  geologist 1845 

Rush  of  emigration  to  the  tin  mines  of  New  South  Wales 1871 

Tin,  previously  known  to  exist  as  black  sand  in  the  gold  ore 
from  the  Black  Hills,  S.  Dakota,  is  discovered  there  in  com- 
mercial quantities  by  maj.  Andrew  J.  Simmons  of  Rapid  City, 

S.  Dak 1883 

Tin  discovered  in  West  Virginia 17  Sept.  1884 

Sixty  Welsh  tin-plate  works  shut  down,  throwing  25,000  hands 
out  of  employment 27  June,  1891 

Tinchebray  (tinsh-bray'),  a  town  of  N.  W.  France, 
where  a  battle  was  fought  between  Henr}'  I.  of  England,  and 
his  brother  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy.  England  and  Nor- 
mandy were  reunited  under  Henry,  at  the  decease  of  William 
Rufus,  who  had  already  obtained  Normandy  by  mortgage  from 
his  brother  Robert,  at  his  setting  out  for  Palestine.  Robert, 
on  his  return,  recovered  Normandy  by  agreement  with  Henry ; 
but  after  a  quarrel  Robert  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Tinche- 
bray, 28  Sept.  1 106,  and  Normandy  was  annexed  to  the  crown 
of  England. — Hinault. 

Tip'peeaiioe',  Battle  of.  in  the  spring  of  1811, 
Tecumseh  or  Tecumthe,  a  Shawnee  chief,  attempted  to  unite 
the  Western  and  Southern  Indians  in  war  against  the  United 
States.  To  meet  this  movement,  gen.  Harrison,  governor  of 
the  Indiana  territory,  marched  towards  Tippecanoe,  the  head- 
quarters of  the  chief  (near  Lafayette,  Ind.),  with  about  650 
men.  There,  on  7  Nov.,  he  defeated  over  600  Indians,  under 
Tecumseh's  brother,  "  The  Prophet."  Harrison  lost  62  killed 
and  126  wounded;  the  Indians  lost  150  killed. 

Tip'permuir,  near  Perth,  Scotland.  Here  the  mar- 
quess of  Montrose  defeated  the  Covenanters  under  lord  Elcho, 
1  Sept.  1644. 

titanium,  a  rare  metal,  discovered  by  Gregor  in  mena- 
kite,  a  Cornish  mineral,  in  1791,  and  in  1794  by  Klaproth,  and 
since  found  in  many  iron  ores.  Spectrum  analysis  has  proved 
it  to  exist  in  the  sun's  atmosphere,  and  it  occurs  in  some  me- 
teorites. 

tithes  or  tenths,  a  tenth  part  of  anything,  a  tax  of 
one  tenth  of  the  produce  or  its  value,  were  commanded  to  be 
given  to  the  tribe  of  Levi,  1490  b.c.  (Lev.  xxvii.  30).  Abra- 
ham, returning  from  his  victory  over  the  kings  (Gen.  xiv.), 
gave  tithes  of  the  spoil  to  Melchisedek,  king  of  Salem,  priest 
of  the  most  high  God  (1913  b.c.).  For  the  first  800  years  of 
the  Christian  church  they  were  given  purely  as  alms,  and  were 
voluntary — WicHiffe.  "  I  will  not  put  the  title  of  the  clergy 
to  tithes  upon  any  di\ane  right,  though  such  a  right  certainly 
commenced,  and  I  believe  as  certainly  cea.sed,  with  the  Jewish 
theocracy."— MaCibtone.     They  were  established  in   France 


by  Charlemagne  about  800,  and  abolished  1789.    Tenths  were 

confirmed  in  the  Lateran  councils,  1215. — RainaUda.     The 

payment  of  tithes  appears  to  have  been  claimed  by  Augustin, 

the  first  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  to  have  been  allowed 

bv  Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  under  the  term  "  God's  fee,"  about 

600. 

First  written  authority  for  them  in  England  is  a  constitutional  de- 
cree made  in  a  synod  eiyoining  tithes,  7H6. 

Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  gave  the  church  tithes  of  all  his  kingdom,  to 
expiate  his  murder  of  Ethelbert.  king  of  the  East  Angles,  794. 

Tithes  first  granted  to  the  English  clergy  in  a  general  assembly  held 
by  Ethelwold,  Mi.— Henry. 

In  England,  in  1545,  tithes  were  fixed  at  2s.  M.  in  the  pound  on 
rent;  many  later  acts  regulate  them. 

Tithe  Commutation  act,  passed  13  Aug.  1836,  was  amended  in  1837, 
1840, 1846,  18()0,  and  1878. 

A  rector  takes  all  tithes;  a  vicar  a  small  part  or  none. 

Several  acts  relating  to  tithes  in  Ireland,  in  1832-47,  alter  and  im- 
prove the  system. 

Tithe  redemption  trust  appointed,  1846. 

An  act  for  the  recovery  of  tithe  rent  charged  in  England  and  Wales 
passed,  26  Mch.  1891.  The  liability  for  the  payment  of  tithes  is 
transferred  from  the  tenant  to  the  land-owner. 

tithing^.  The  number  or  company  of  10  men  with  their 
families  in  a  society,  all  of  them  bound  to  the  king  of  Eng- 
land for  the  peaceable  and  good  behavior  of  each ;  of  these 
companies  there  was  one  chief  person,  who,  from  his  office, 
was  called  (toothingman)  tithingman ;  but  now  he  is  nothing 
but  a  constable,  formerly  called  the  headborough. — Cowel. 

titles  royal.  Henry  IV.  had  the  title  of  "Grace" 
and  "My  liege,"  1399.  Henry  VL,  "Excellent  grace,"  1422. 
Edward  IV.,  "Most  high  and  mighty  prince,"  1461.  Henry 
VII.,  "  Highness,"  1485 ;  Henry  VIII.  the  same  title,  and  some- 
times "  Grace,"  1509  et  seq.  Francis  I.  of  France  addressed 
Henry  as  "  Tour  majesty  "  at  their  interview  in  1520.  Fikld 
OF  THE  Cloth  of  Gold.  Henry  VIII.  was  the  first  and  last 
king  who  was  styled  "  Dread  sovereign."  James  I.  coupled 
to  "majesty"  the  present  "sacred,"  or  "most  excellent." 
"  Majesty  "  was  the  style  of  the  emperors  of  Germany ;  the 
first  king  to  whom  it  was  given  was  Louis  XI.  of  France, 
about  1463. 

tohaceo  {Nkotiana  tabacum),  an  American  plant,  of 
the  nightshade  family,  whose  leaves  have  strong  narcotic 
effects,  due  to  the  alkaloid  nicotine.  It  received  its  name 
from  the  Indian  tabaco,  the  tube  or  pipe  in  which  the  natives 
smoked  the  plant,  transferred  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  herb 
itself;  others  say  the  name  is  derived  from  Tabacco,  a  prov- 
ince of  Yucatan,  New  Spain,  or  from  the  island  of  Tobago,  one 
of  the  Caribbees;  others  from  Tobasco,  in  the  gulf  of  Florida. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  first  observed  at  St.  Domingo,  in  Cuba, 
1492;  and  to  have  been  used  freely  by  the  Spaniards  in  Yu- 
catan in  1520.  Tobacco  was  either  first  brought  to  Europe  by 
Hermandez  de  Toledo  or  Francesco  Fernandes,  a  physician 
sent  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain  to  investigate  the  products  of 
Mexico  in  1559;  into  England  in  1565  by  sir  John  Hawkins, 
or  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  sir  Francis  Drake  in  1586 ;  to 
France  by  Jean  Nicot  (whence  nicotine).  The  Pied  Bull  inn, 
at  Islington,  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  house  in  England 
where  tobacco  was  smoked.  The  first  settlers  of  Virginia  cul- 
tivated tobacco,  which  soon  became  the  chief  agricultural 
staple,  and  within  10  years  the  standard  currency,  at  a  value 
of  about  66  cents  a  pound.  For  7  years,  ending  1621,  the  an- 
nual exportation  to  England  was  143,000  lbs.  James  I.  tried 
to  suppress  its  use,  and  wrote  "  A  Counter-blast  against  To- 
bacco." In  May,  1621,  Parliament  forbade  its  importation 
into  England,  except  from  Virginia  and  the  Bermudas.  To- 
bacco is  now  raised  not  only  in  America  but  in  Europe  and 
India,  although  Kentucky  raises  more  than  any  other  state 
or  country.  The  production  in  Java  and  Sumatra  is  rapidly 
increasing.  The  world's  production  is  about  1,300,000,000 
lbs. ;  that  of  the  United  States  about  540,000,000  lbs.  The 
great  tobacco-producing  states  are  : 

1.  Kentucky 285,000,000  lbs. 

2.  Virginia 65,000,000    " 

S.Tennessee 46,000.000   "  j 

4.  Ohio 36,000,000   "  .^ 

5.  North  Carolina 26.000,000   "  'i 

6.  Pennsylvania 25,000,000   " 

Other  states  raise  from  1,000,000  to  16,000,000  lbs.  each.  Crop 
of  1891  valued  at  about  $44,000,000.  Tax  paid  the  U.  S. 
from  1862  to  1891,  $840,000,000. 


i 


TOB  ' 

Toba'go,  an  island  oif  the  British  West  Indies,  discov- 
ered by  Columbus  in  1498 ;  settled  by  the  Dutch,  1642.  It 
has  since  changed  hands  several  times,  between  England, 
France,  and  Holland,  but  now  belongs  to  England  as  part  of 
the  government  of  Trinidad.    Area,  114  sq.  miles ;  pop.  20,727. 

Tobol§k,  capital  of  W.  Siberia,  on  the  river  Irtish. 
Settled  by  500  Cossacks  in  1587 ;  pop.  about  22,000. 

Toliope'ka,  Battle  of.     Alabama,  1814. 

Tokay',  a  town  of  upper  Hungary,  which  gives  its 
name  to  the  sweet,  heavy  white  wine  of  the  district.  This 
■wine  was  first  made  here  by  dressers  brought  from  Italy  by 
Bela  IV.,  king  1235-70.  The  best  of  the  wine  is  sent  to  sov- 
ereigns, and  50  bottles  were  presented  to  queen  Victoria  at  her 
jubilee,  1887. 

Xoki'o,  since  1869  the  name  of  the  former  Jeddo  or 
Yeddo,  capital  of  Japan,  on  the  island  of  Niphon.  Pop.  1890, 
1,389,684. 

Torbiac,  now  Zulpicll,  a  town  of  Prussia,  near 
the  Rhine,  where  Clovis  totally  defeated  the  AUemanni,  496. 

Tole'do,  the  ancient  Toletum,  central  Spain,  made  cap- 
ital of  the  Visigothic  kingdom  by  Athanagild,  554 ;  taken  by 
the  Saracens,  712.  Toledo  was  taken  after  the  war  begun,  1081, 
by  Alfonso  I.  of  Castile,  25  May,  1085.  In  1088  the  archbishop 
was  made  primate  of  Spain.  The  university  was  founded  in 
1499.  Toledo  sword-blades  have  been  famed  since  the  15th 
century.  Swords. — The  county  seat  of  Lucas  county,  Ohio, 
with  its  surrounding  territory,  claimed  by  Michigan  until  the 
boundary  was  settled  in  1836.  Ohio,  1802-36;  Michigan, 
1835-36. 

Toleration  act,  passed  in  1689  to  relieve  Protestant 
dissenters  from  the  church  of  England.  Their  liberties  were, 
however,  greatly  endangered  in  the  latter  days  of  queen  Anne, 
who  died  on  the  dav  that  the  Schism  bill  was  to  become  a 
law,  1  Aug.  1714. 

The  toleration  granted  was  somewhat  limited.  It  exempted  per 
sons  who  took  the  new  oath  of  allegiance  and  supremacy,  and 
abjured  popery,  from  penalties  for  absence  from  church  and  hold- 
ing unlawful  conventicles;  and  it  allowed  the  Quakers  to  sub- 
stitute an  affirmation  for  an  oath,  but  did  not  relax  the  Test  act. 
The  party  spirit  of  the  times  checked  the  king's  liberal  disposi- 
tion. 

tolls  were  first  paid  by  vessels  passing  the  Stade,on  the 
Elbe,  1109.  They  were  first  demanded  by  the  Danes  for  pass- 
ing the  Sound,  1341.  Sound  i)ur:s,  Stade  dues.  Toll-bars 
in  England  originated  1267,  in  the  grant  of  a  penny  for  every 
wagon  that  passed  through  a  certain  manor;  and  the  first  reg- 
ular toll  was  collected  a  few  years  after  for  mending  the  road 
in  London  between  St.  Giles's  and  Temple  Bar.  Gathered  for 
repairing  the  highways  of  Holborn-inn  lane  and  Martin's  lane 
(now  Aldersgate  street),  1346.  Toll-gates  or  turnpikes  were 
set  up  in  1663.  In  1827,  27  turnpikes  near  London  were  re- 
moved by  Parliament;  81  turnpikes  and  toll-bars  ceased  on 
the  north  of  London  on  1  July,  1864;  61  on  the  south  side 
ceased  on  31  Oct.  1865 ;  and  many  on  the  Essex  and  Middle- 
sex roads  ceased  on  31  Oct.  1866;  the  remainder  on  the  north 
of  London  ceased  1  July,  1872.  The  tolls  on  the  commercial 
roads,  London,  E.,  were  abolished  5  Aug.  1871.  The  tolls  on 
Waterloo  and  other  metropolitan  bridges  abolished,  1878-79. 
Wales,  1843. 

Tolo'§a.  On  the  plain  named  Las  Navas  de  Tolosa, 
near  the  Sierra  Morena,  S.  Spain,  Alfonso,  king  of  Castile,  aided 
by  the  kings  of  Aragon  and  Navarre,  gained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Moors,  16  July,  1212,  sometimes  termed  the  battle  of 
Muradal. 

Toltecs,  a  people  inhabiting  Mexico  and  Central  Amer- 
ica prior  to  the  Aztecs.     America. 

toma'tO  {Lycopersicum  esculentum),  native  of  tropical 
S.  America.  In  the  United  States  it  was  a  curiosity,  and 
commonly  called  love-apple  until  about  1830,  a  translation 
of  the  French  name  pomme  d'amour.  But  this  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  the  old  Italian  name,  poma  dei  Mori,  "  Moor's  apple," 
the  tomato  having  come  to  Italy  from  Morocco.  It  is  now  a 
staple  vegetable,  and  a  universal  article  of  food. 

Tonga  isles,  Pacific,  south  of  the  equator;  governed 
by  a  king.     Treaties  of  friendship  with  Great  Britain,  Ger- 


^^  TOR 

many,  and  the  United  States.     Area  of  the  group,  374  sq. 
miles ;  pop.  1889,  20,000. 

t<»nic  sol-fa  system.  Music. 
tonom'eter,  a  delicate  apparatus  (consisting  of  62 
tuning-forks)  for  measuring  and  comparing  the  pitch  of  tones, 
by  marking  the  number  of  vibrations.  It  was  invented  by 
H.  Scheibler  of  Crefeld,  and  described  in  his  "  Tonmesser," 
1834;  but  was  little  used  till  M.  Koenig  improved  it,  and  ex- 
hibited it  at  the  International  Exhibition  of  1862  in  London. 
Tonquin  {ton-keen'),  S.E.  Asia,  a  province  of  Anam, 
subject  to  China,  now  under  the  protectorate  of  France.  Area, 
34,740  sq.  miles;  pop.  about  9,000,000. 

Lin-Yang-Fu  declares  war  against  French  aggressors. .  .8  May  1883 
Black  Flags  kill  the  French  commander  and  32  others  at  Hanoi  " 
[The  "Black  Flags"  originated  with  Li-Hung-Chang,  an 
able  leader  of  Canton  rebels,  who  about  1863  with  followers 
took  refuge  in  Tonquin,  where  he  was  welcomed  by  the 
emperor  of  Anam,  but  grew  strong  enough  to  establish  an 
independent  government.  They  strenuously  opposed  the 
French.] 

Black  Flags  defeated 7  ^^a     a 

Armistice  granted;  treaty  signed  recognizing  the  French  gov- 
ernment; ceding  province  of  Bin  Huam 25  Aug.     « 

Adm.  Courbet  begins  actual  occupation  of  Tonquin 3  Nov!     " 

French  take  forts  on  the  Red  river,  opposite  Sontay. .  .16  Dec.     " 
Sontay  captured;    the  Black  Flags  retire;   French  loss,  77 

killed,  231  wounded 16-17  Dec.     «' 

Arrival   of  Chinese  trocms  to    defend   Hainan   against    the 

French f. 20Jan.  1884 

French  capture  Bacninh 12  Mch.     " 

Treaty  signed  by  capt.  Fournier  and  Li-Hung-Chang;  French 
protectorate  of  Tonquin  and  Anam  recognized.    The  Chinese 

government  repudiates  the  treaty 1  July      " 

[Fighting  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  year.]      ' 
Preliminaries  of  peace  signed  at  Peking;  Tonquin  to  be  vacated 

by  the  Chinese,  etc 5  Apr.  1885 

Chief  of  the  Black  Flags  rewarded  for  his  services  by  the  Chi- 
nese government Apr.     " 

Establishment  of  the  civil  native  guard  for  the  supj)ression  of 

piracy Sept.  1888 

Continued  fighting  with  pirates 1889-92 

French  companies  formed  to  work  coal  mines  at  Hongay  and 

Kebao i89i 

E.xpenditure  of  France  for  Anam  and  Tonquin  was  10,450,666  francs 
in  1892  ;  of  which  450,000  francs  were  for  the  Tonquin  submarine 
telegraph  cable. 

tonsure,  the  clerical  crown,  shorn  or  shaven,  it  is  said, 
in  imitation  of  St.  Peter,  or  of  Christ's  crown  of  thorns.  It 
was  regarded  in  the  4th  century  as  proper  only  to  penitents, 
and  not  made  essential  to  priests  till  near  the  beginning  of 
the  6th  century. 

tontines,  life-annuities  with  benefit  of  survivorship,  so 
called  from  Lorenzo  Tonti,  a  Neapolitan  banker,  who  origi- 
nated the  plan  in  1653 ;  he  died  in  the  Bastile  after  7  years 
imprisonment.  A  Mr.  Jennings  of  London  was  an  original  sub- 
scriber for  a  100^.  share  in  a  tontine  company,  and,  being  the 
last  survivor  of  the  shareholders,  his  share  produced  him 
3000?.  per  annum.  He  died,  aged  103  years,  19  June,  1798, 
worth  2,115,244?.  By  the  termination  of  a  tontine  begun  by 
M.  Lafarges  in  1791,  to  diminish  the  national  debt,  the  French 
government  received  1,218,000  francs,  Dec.  1888.  Henri  de 
Tonti,  companion  of  La  Salle,  was  a  son  of  Lorenzo ;  Henry 
died  at  fort  St.  Louis  (now  St.  Louis)  in  1704.  In  recent 
j'ears  the  name  tontine  has  been  given  to  a  form  of  life-insur- 
ance, in  which  all  profits  from  overpayments  of  premiums, 
lapses,  etc.,  are  accumulated  until  the  end  of  a  fixed  period, 
and  then  divided  among  the  survivors. 

to'paz,  the  second  stone  in  the  breastplate  of  the  Jewish 
high-priest.  Aaron's  breastplate.  Found  in  Cornwall, 
Engl.,  Scotland,  Saxon}',  Siberia,  Brazil,  Mexico,  and  the  Unit- 
ed States.  The  finest  are  from  Brazil,  of  a  deep  yellow,  and 
sometimes  resembling  the  diamond  in  lustre ;  and  those  from 
Siberia  of  a  bluish  color.  The  yellow  Brazilian  stones  when 
heated  assume  a  rose  color. 

ToplitZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  Here  were  signed,  in 
1813,  2  treaties — one  between  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  9 
Sept. ;  and  one  between  Great  Britain  and  Austria,  3  Oct. 

top'oplione,  an  instrument  invented  "by  A.  M.  Mayer 
to  determine  the  direction  from  which  sound  proceeds ;  as  the 
sound  of  a  bell,  whistle,  or  fog-horn  at  sea  in  thick  weather. 

TorbanehlU  mineral.    Mr.  Gillespie  of  Tor- 

banehill  granted  a  lease  of  all  the  coal  in  the  estate  to  messrs. 


TOR 


804 


TOU 


Roflsell.  In  working  it  the  lessees  extracted  a  combustible 
mineral  of  value  as  a  source  of  coal  gas,  and  sold  it  as  gas-coal. 
The  lesst)r  insisted  that  the  mineral  was  not  coal,  but  bitumi- 
nous schist,  and  disputed  the  right  of  the  lessees  to  work  it.  At 
the  trial  in  1863  there  was  a  great  array  of  scientific  men  and 
practical  gas  engineers,  and  the  evidence  was  most  coiiHicting. 
The  judge  set  aside  the  scientific  evidence,  and  the  jury  pro- 
nounced it  coal.  The  authorities  in  Prussia  have  since  pro- 
nouwoeil  it  not  to  be  cuaL—Perctf. 

Tordesll'las,  a  town  near  Valladolid,  Spain.  Here 
was  signed,  7  June,  1494,  a  treaty  modifying  the  boundaries 
by  which  pope  Alexander  VI.,  in  May,  1493,  had  divided  the 
new  world  between  Spain  and  Portugal. 

TorgaU  (tor'gow),  a  town  of  Saxony,  N.  Germany,  the 
site  of  a  signal  victory  of  Frederick  II.  (the  Great)  of  Prussia 
over  the  Austrians ;  the  Austrian  general,  count  Daun,  being 
wounded,  3  Nov.  1760.  He  had,  in  1757,  defeated  the  Prus- 
sian king  at  Kolin.  Torgau  was  taken  by  the  allies  in  1814, 
and  given  to  Prussia  1815. 

TorICi,  a  terra  given  to  a  political  party  in  England 
about  1G78.  VViiio.  Dr.  Johnson  defines  a  Tory  as  one  who 
adheres  to  the  ancient  constitution  of  the  state  and  the  apos- 
tolical hierarchy  of  the  church  of  England.  The  Tories  long 
maintained  the  doctrines  of  "divine  hereditary  indefeasible 
right,  lineal  succession,  passive  obedience,  prerogative,"  etc. — 
Bolingbroke.  Conservatives.  During  the  American  Revo- 
lution, Americans  who  adhered  to  the  crown  were  called 
Tories. 

tornadoes.     Storms. 

Toronto,  capital  of  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada. 
Settled  as  York,  1794;  name  changed  to  Toronto,  1834.  Uni- 
versitv,  with  its  hall,  librarv,  and  museum,  burned,  14  Feb. 
1890.'  Pop.  1886, 118,403;  1891,181,220. 

tOrpe'dO-§liells,  a  name  given  to  explosives  placed 
under  water  for  the  destruction  of  vessels,  an  invention  as- 
cribed to  David  Bushnell,  an  American,  in  1777.  His  attempt 
to  destroy  the  British  ship  Cerberus  failed.  The  action  of 
Fulton's  torpedoes  was  successful  in  Britain,  1805 ;  but  their 
use  was  declined  by  the  government.  Torpedo-shells  ignited 
by  electricity  were  successfully  employed  in  the  United  States 
during  the  civil  war,  1861-65.  On  4  Oct.  1865,  messrs.  M'Kay 
&  Beardslee  tried  them  at  Chatham,  Engl.,  before  the  duke  of 
Somerset  and  others.  An  old  vessel,  the  Terpsichore,  was 
speedily  sunk.  The  preliminary  arrangements  were  compli- 
cated. Magneto-electricity  was  employed.  Torpedoes  made 
by  prof.  F.  Abel  of  Woolwich  were  tried  in  May,  1866.  A 
torpedo  invented  by  Mr.  Wightman  and  an  Austrian  tried 
and  reported  successful  at  Sheerness;  an  old  hulk  was  sunk, 
8  Oct.  1870.  Torpedoes  to  be  ignited  from  a  distance  by  an 
electric  battery  are  now  made  in  the  U.  S.  and  at  Woolwich, 
Engl.  A  Turkish  monitor  was  blown  up  by  a  torpedo  in  the 
Danube  (Russo-Turkish  war,  1877),  26  May,  1877. 
New  English  torpedo-boat  Peacemaker  invented  bv  J.  H.  L. 

Tuck : Aug.  1886 

Powerful  Brennan  torpedo  with  the  "  Watkin  position  finder  " 

successfully  tried  at  Cliff  End  fort 5  .July,  1890 

Controllable  torpedo  of  Scott  Sims  &  Edison  tried  at  Ports- 
mouth and  reported  successful 3-15  Feb.  1892 

Navy,  U.  S. 

Tor'res  strait,  dividing  Australia  from  Papua  or  New- 
Guinea,  was  discovered  by  Torres,  a  Spaniard,  in  June,  1606. 

Tor're§  Ve'dras,  a  city  of  Portugal.  Near  here 
Wellington,  retreating  from  the  French,  took  up  a  strong  po- 
sition, called  the  Lines  of  Torres  Vedras,  10  Oct.  1810. 

Torricellian  experiment,  by  Evangelista  Tor- 

ricelli  (1608^7).  In  1643  he  discovered  that  the  weight  of 
the  air  at  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  equal  to  that  of  a  column 
of  mercury  30  in.  in  height;  on  this  principle  the  barom- 
eter is  constructed. 

Torto'la.     Virgin  isles. 

torture  of  slaves  to  obtain  testimony  was  permitted  by 
the  Greeks,  but  not  of  citizens.  By  the  Romans  "  torture  to 
compel  confession  was  only  applied  to  slaves." — Mommsen. 
"  The  application  of  torture  to  witnesses  and  suspected  per- 
sons pervaded  nearly  all  the  criminal  jurisprudence  of  Europe 
until  the  last  century."— Groi'e,  "  Hist.  Greece,"  vol.  vii.  p.  39, 


note.  It  is  the  boast  of  the  common-law  of  England  that  it 
never  recognized  torture  as  legal.  "The  rack  itself,  though 
not  admitted  in  ordinary  execution  of  justice,  was  frequently 
used  upon  any  suspicion,  by  authority  of  a  warrant  from  a 
secretary  of  the  privy  council." — Hume.  Torture  was  applied 
to  heretics,  etc.,  by  the  Romish  church  as  early  as  1228,  and 
continued  until  1816,  when  it  was  suppressed  by  a  papal  bull, 
which  provided  that  prosecutions  should  be  public  and  the 
accuser  should  confront  the  accused.  Torture  was  abolished 
in  England,  1640;  Scotland,  1690;  Portugal,  1776;  France, 
1789 ;  Sweden,  1786,  and  generally  throughout  Europe  before 
1800.  Gen.  Picton  was  convicted  of  allowing  Louisa  Calde- 
ron,  in  Trinidad,  to  be  tortured  under  an  old  law  of  the  island, 
at  his  trials,  21  Feb.  1806,  and  11  June,  1808.  The  following 
are  noted  cases  of  torture  under  the  sanction  of  a  government : 
Three  of  the  soldiers  who  killed  Cyrus  the  Younger  at  Cunaxa, 

Mithridates,  a  Persian,  and  2  others.     The  slow  method  by  which 

Mithridates  was  killed  was  termed  the  torture  of  the  boat.     He 

was  17  days  dying.— P/wtarc/i,  "  Artaxerxes." 

Knights  TfiMPLARS,  the  church  acquiescing 1308-U 

Balthazar  Gerard,  for  the  assassination  of  William,  prince  of 

Orange 1534 

Franpois  Ravaillac,  for  assassination  of  Henry  IV.  of  France.. .  1610 
Certain  citizens  of  Milan,  on   suspicion  of  propagating  the 

Plague  by  ointments  applied  to  the  doors  and  walls  of 


Robert  Francis  Damiens,  for  the  attempted  assassination  of 
Louis  XV.  of  France 1757 

Count  Ankerstrom,  for  the  assassination  of  Gustavus  III.  of 
Sweden 1792 

Assassins  of  count  Capo  d'Istria,  president  of  Greece  (Bukying 
AUVK) 1831 

Instances  of  torture  for  heresy  by  the  Romish  church  are  very  nu- 
merous. Ingenuity  was  strained  to  devise  methods  of  torture- 
for  the  Inquisition.  Some  methods  are  described  in  Poe's  tale  of 
"The  Pit  and  the  Pendulum." 

tO'tem,  among  savage  tribes,  especially  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  the  token  or  s^^mbol  of  a  family  or  clan,  usually 
an  animal  or  some  natural  object  selected  for  reverence  and 
superstitious  regard.  It  serves  for  a  sort  of  surname  of  the 
family.  Its  importance  lies  in  the  notion  that  individuals  trace 
their  lineage  from  it.  The  turtle,  the  bear,  and  the  wolf  ap- 
pear to  be  favored  and  honored  totems  among  many  tribes. 
The  obligations  growing  out  of  a  common  totem  are  scrupu- 
lously regarded.  Intermarriage  among  those  having  it  was 
criminal.  All  such,  of  whatever  clan  or  tribe,  friendly  or  hos- 
tile, have  the  rights  of  hospitality,  of  succor  in  distress,  and 
of  friendship  as  blood-relations.  The  totem  is  never  changed. 
"  linear :  '  The  Hurons'  totem  is  a  moose  ...  the  Delawares  are  the 
children  of  the  tortoise.  ...  My  race  is  the  grandfather  of  na- 
tions.' Tamsemund ;  'Who  art  thou?'  Uncas :  'A  son  of  the 
great  Unamis  (turtle).'  ''—Cooper,  "Last  of  the  Mohicans." 

Tot'nes,  a  town  of  Devon,  England;  thought  to  be  the 
Romaai  AdBurium  Amnem.  It  was  held  by  Judhael  de  Tot- 
neis,  who  built  the  castle  about  1085.  The  parliamentary 
borough  was  disfranchised  for  gross  corruption  and  bribery 
by  the  Reform  act,  15  Aug.  1867. 

Toul,  the  Roman  Tulli  Leucorum,  a  fortified  town  on  the 
Moselle,  N.E.  France;  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  the  empire. 
The  city  and  diocese  acquired  great  privileges  from  Charles 
the  Simple,  925,  when  it  was  united  with  the  German  empire. 
i  It  was  reunited  with  France,  1552.  The  fortifications,  begun 
in  1238,  were  rebuilt  and  enlarged  in  1700,  according  to  the 
plans  of  Vauban.  After  a  vigorous  resistance  to  the  Germans, 
commencing  14  Aug.  1870,  Toul  surrendered  with  its  garrison 
of  3000  men,  23  Sept.,  when  the  town  was  burning  in  23  places. 
The  Germans  thus  acquired  an  uninterrupted  railway  com- 
munication to  Paris. 

Toulon',  the  ancient  Telo  Martins,  S.  France,  an  im- 
portant military  port.  It  was  taken  by  the  constable  of 
Bourbon,  1524,  and  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1536.  In 
1707  it  was  bombarded  by  the  allies,  both  by  land  and  sea. 
Most  of  the  town  was  reduced  to  ruins,  and  several  ships 
burned;  but  the  allies  were  obliged  to  raise  the  siege.  It 
surrendered  27  Aug.  1793,  to  the  British  admiral,  lord  Hood, 
who  took  possession  both  of  the  town  and  shipping,  in  the 
name  of  Louis  XVII.,  under  a  stipulation  to  assist  in  restoring 
the  French  constitution  of  1789.  A  conflict  took  place  be- 
tween the  English  and  French  forces,  when  the  latter  were 
repulsed,  15  Nov.  1793.  Toulon  was  retaken  by  Bonaparte, 
19  Dec,  when  such  inhabitants  as  were  thought  to  favor  the 
British  were  cruelly  handled.     A  naval  battle  oflF  this  port 


TOU 


805 


TOW 


was  fought  11  Feb.  1744,  between  the  English  under  Mathews 
and  Lestock,  against  the  fleets  of  France  and  Spain.  The 
victory  was  lost  by  a  misunderstanding  between  the  English 
admirals.  Mathews  was  dismissed  for  misconduct.  Pop. 
1891,  77,747. 

Touloil§e  (too-looz'),  the  ancient  Tolosa,  S.  France, 
founded  about  615  b.c.  ;  was  the  capital  of  the  Visigothic  kings 
in  419  A.D. ;  and  was  taken  by  Clovis  in  508.  The  dukes  of 
Aquitaine  reigned  here,  631-761.  A  university  was  estab- 
lished here,  1229,  and  a  parliament,  1302.  The  Inquisition 
was  established  here  to  extirpate  heretics,  1229.  The  trouba- 
dours, or  rhetoricians  of  Toulouse,  had  their  origin  about  850, 
and  consisted  of  a  fraternity  of  poets,  whose  art  was  extended 
throughout  Europe,  and  gave  rise  to  the  Italian  and  French 
poetry.  Troubadouks.  The  allied  British  and  Spanish 
.army  entered  this  city  on  12  Apr.,  immediately  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Toulouse,  fought  between  the  British  Peninsular  army 
under  lord  Wellington,  and  the  French  led  by  marshal  Soult, 
10  Apr.  1814.  The  French  were  forced  to  retreat,  after  12 
hours'  fighting.  Neither  of  the  commanders  knew  that  Napo- 
leon had  abdicated  the  throne  of  France.     Pop.  1891,  149,791. 

TouloUie,  a  county  of  S.E.  France,  was  created  out  of 
the  kingdom  of  Aquitaine  by  Charlemagne,  in  778.  It  enjoyed 
great  prosperity  till  the  dreadful  war  of  the  Albigenses,  when 
the  count  Raymond  VI.  was  expelled,  and  Simon  de  Montfort 
became  count.  At  his  death,  in  1218,  Raymond  VII.  obtained 
his  inheritance.  His  daughter  Jane  and  her  husband  Al- 
phonse  (brother  of  Louis  IX.  of  France)  dying  without  issue, 
the  county  of  Toulouse  was  united  to  the  French  monarchy 
in  1271.  A  large  part  of  Toulouse  destroyed  by  an  inunda- 
tion of  the  Garonne  (St.  Cyprian  like  a  sepulchre),  24-26 
June,  1875. 

Touraine  (too.ran''),  the  garden  of  France,  was  con- 
quered by  the  Visigoths  about  480.  It  was  ceded  to  GeofFroy, 
■count  of  Anjou,  1044,  and  thus  became  the  property  of  the 
Plantagenet  kings  of  England.  It  was  seized  by  Philip  Au- 
gustus in  1203,  and  was  made  a  duchy  by  John,  1360.  It  was 
tinally  united  to  the  crown  on  the  death  of  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
1584. 

tOUr'liameiltM  or  jou§tS  were  martial  sports  of  the 
ancient  cavaliers.  Tournament  is  derived  from  the  French 
word  tourner,  "  to  turn  round."  Tournaments  were  frequent 
about  890;  and  were  regulated  by  the  emperor  Henry  I., 
about  919.  Tournaments  were  introduced  into  England  early 
in  the  12th  century;  prohibited  by  Henry  IL,  but  revived 
by  Ricliard  I.,  his  son.  Solemn  tournaments  were  held  by 
Edward  HI.,  25  Sept.  1329,  in  London;  and  19  Jan.  1344,  at 
Windsor;  and  by  Richard  II.  near  the  end  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury; and  also  by  Henry  VIII.,  in  May,  1513.  The  Lateran 
•council  protested  against  their  continuance  in  1136.  Henry 
II.  of  France,  in  a  tilt  with  the  comte  de  Montgomerie,  had 
his  eye  struck  out;  an  accident  which  caused  the  king's  death 


in  a  few  days,  29  June,  1559.  Tournaments  were  then  abol- 
ished in  France.  A  magnificent  feast  and  tournament,  under 
the  auspices  of  Archibald,  earl  of  Eglintoun,  took  place  at  Eg- 
lintoun  castle,  29  Aug.  1839,  and  the  following  week ;  many  of 
the  visitors  (among  whom  was  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte) 
appeared  as  ancient  knights,  lady  Seymour  being  the  "Queen 
of  Beauty."  Among  the  festivities  at  the  marriage  of  prince 
Humbert,  at  Turin,  was  a  tournament,  24  Apr.  1868.  Tourna- 
ments held  at  the  Agricultural  hall,  London,  N.  (for  benefit  of 
soldiers'  widows,  etc.),  21  June  et  seq.  1880,  and  25  June  et 
seq.  1881. 

Tournay',  a  city  of  S.  Belgium,  was  very  flourishing 
till  ravaged  by  barbarians  in  the  5th  century.  It  has  sustained 
many  sieges.  Taken  by  the  allies  in  1709,  and  ceded  to  the 
house  of  Austria  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht ;  but  the  Dutch  were 
allowed  to  garrison  it,  as  one  of  the  barrier  towns.  It  was  tak- 
en by  the  French  under  gen.  La  Bourdonnaye,  8  Nov.  1792. 
Several  battles  were  fought  near  Tournay  in  May,  1793,  and 
May,  1794. 

tourniquet  {toor-nee-lcay' ;  from  tourner,  to  turn),  an  in- 
strument for  stopping  the  flow  of  blood  in  a  limb,  by  tightening 
the  bandage  in  amputations,  is  said  to  have  been  invented  by 
Morelli  at  the  siege  of  Besan^on,  1674.  J.  L.  Petit,  in  France, 
invented  the  screw  tourniquet  in  1718.  Greatly  improved  by 
Savigney  of  London,  1800,  and  by  others  since. 

Tours  (toor),  an  ancient  city,  central  France,  near  which 
Charles  Martel  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Saracens,  and 
saved  Europe,  10  Oct.  732,  and  from  which  he  acquired  the 
name  of  Martel,  signifying  hammer.  This  conflict  is  also  called 
the  battle  of  Poictiers.  When  Paris  was  invested  by  the  Ger- 
mans, M.  Cremieux  and  several  of  the  members  of  the  French 
government  of  defence  went  to  Tours,  together  with  the  rep- 
resentatives of  foreign  powers,  18  Sept.  1870.  On  9  Oct.  these 
were  joined  by  Gambetta,  minister  of  the  interior,  afterwards 
of  war  (who  escaped  from  Paris  by  a  balloon,  7  Oct.).  In  con- 
sequence of  the  defeat  of  the  army  of  the  Loire  near  Orleans, 
the  government  removed  to  Bordeaux,  11  Dec. 

Tower  of  London.  The  tradition  that  Julius 
Caesar  founded  a  citadel  here  (about  54  b.c.)  is  very  doubtful. 
"Ye  towers  of  Julius,  London's  lasting  shame, 
With  many  a  foul  and  midnight  murder  fed." — Gray. 
A  royal  palace,  on  the  present  site  of  the  White  tower,  which 
appears  to  have  been  first  marked  out  by  William  the  Con- 
queror, 1076,  was  commenced  in  1078,  and  completed  by  Will- 
iam Rufus,  who,  in  1098,  surrounded  it  with  walls  and  a  ditch. 
Several  succeeding  princes  made  additions,  and  king  Edward 
HI.  built  the  church.  In  1638  the  old  White  tower  was  re- 
built ;  and  under  king  Charles  II.  it  was  thoroughly  repaired, 
1680-85,  and  many  additions  built.  Here  are  the  armory, 
jewel-office,  and  various  other  divisions  and  buildings  of  pe- 
culiar interest :  notably,  the  Bloody  tower,  Wakefield  tower. 
Bell  tower,  aixl  Beauchamp  tower. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST 

OF  IMPORTANT  IMPRISONMENTS   IN  THE  TOWER. 

Name. 

Disposal. 

Date. 

VPhose  reign. 

Remarks. 

David,  king  of  Scotland 

Released 

Released 
Murdered 

Beheaded 
Murdered 
Beheaded 

Released 
Beheaded 

1357 

1423 

1471 

1478 
1483 

1499 

1509 
1513 
1585 

1536 
1540 
1542 
1547 

u 
1549 

Edward  III. 

Henry  V. 
Edward  IV. 

Richard  IIL 
Henry  VII. 

Henry  VIII. 
Edward  VI. 

After  11  years  in  the  Tower. 
Prisoners 

■John,  king  of  France 

■James,  son  of  Robert  III.  of  ) 
Scotland | 

Henry  VI 

Afterwards  James  I.  of  Scotland;  18  years  a  captive. 

( Supposed  to  have  been  killed  by  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  after- 
\     wards  Richard  III. 

Drowned  in  a  butt  of  Malmsey. 

Arrfist.Pfi  in  tVip  Tnwpr   nnrl  hpTipadpH  at  nnr« 

■George,  duke  of  Clarence,  broth-  | 

er  of  the  king f 

Lord  Hastings    

Edward  V.  and  duke  of  York. . , . 
Perkin  Warbeck 

Children;  buried  in  the  Tower. 
For  personating  the  duke  of  York. 

His  life  had  been  spent  in  the  Tower. 

Edward    Plantagenet,   earl    of  ( 
Warwick \ 

Dudley  and  Empson 

Ministers  of  the  king. 

The  king  carried  out  the  wishes  of  Henry  VII. 

For  refusing  to  acknowledge  the  king's  supremacy. 

Earl  of  Suffolk 

Fisher,  bishop  of  Rochester 

Anne  Boleyn 

Wife  of  Henry  VIII. 
Minister  of  Henry  VIII. 
Wife  of  Henry  VIII. 

Thomas  Cromwell 

Lady  Catharine  Howard 

Earl  of  Surrey 

Duke  of  Norfolk 

(Escaped  execution,  the  king  dying  the  night  the  warrant  was 
<     issued  1547     The  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  held  the  warrant  and 

Sir  Thomas  Seymour 

(     he  was  liberated  by  queen  Mary,  6  years  afterwards. 
(Treason.     His  brother,  Edward  Seymour,  duke  of  Somerset,  being 
I     lord  protector  of  England  during  the  minority  of  Edward  VI., 
(     signed  the  warrant  for  his  execution. 

TOW 


8D6 


TRA 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST 

OP  IMPORTANT  IMPRISONMENTS  IN  THE  TOWEK -(Continued.) 

N«»«. 

DUpo«a. 

Data. 

WhoM  reign. 

Remarks. 

Edward  Seymour,  duke  ofSom- ) 
ereet i 

Beheaded 

Released 
Beheaded 

Released 

Beheaded 

Murdered 
Beheaded 
Released 

Beheaded 

(Murdered  or 
;    committed 
1    suicide. 

Beheaded 
Died 

1552 
1563 

1564 

1661 

il572l 
1572 
1601 
1613 
1618 
1621 

1641 

1645 
1662 
1683 
1683 

1683 

1686 
1689 

Edward  VI. 
Mary 

Elizabeth 

James  I. 

<( 
Charles  I. 

Charles  II. 

(( 

James  IL 
William  III. 

(Brother  of  sir  Thomas)  convicted  of  treason. 

For  placing  lady  Jane  Grey  on  the  throne. 

Husband  of  lady  Jane  Grey. 

Daughter  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk. 

For  making  lady  Jane  Grey  queen. 

Attempted  insurrection. 

For  a  short  time  after  the  Wyatt  insurrection, 
flmprisoned  for  marrying  without  the  consent  of  Elizabeth 
\    earl  was  released  alter  the  death  of  his  wife,  1570. 

Treason  with  Spain. 

For  treason. 

Treason.     Attempted  insurrection. 

Poisoned  by  the  earl  and  countess  of  Somerset 

After  many  years'  imprisonment. 

For  bribery. 

Impeached  by  Parliament. 

Treason. 

Implicated  in  the  Rye  House  plot 

u              u     u        u           ii           u 

(Natural  son  of  Charles  II.  and  Lucy  Waters;  b.  Rotterdam, 
)     For  treason.     Skdgmoor. 

(Arrested  and  placed  in  the  Tower  to  save  him  from  the 
\     Dec.  1688. 

Duke  of  Norlhumberlaud 

Karl  of  Suffolk 

Princess  Elizabeth 

Earl  of  Hertford  and  his  wife. . . . 
Tjtrtv  Oiitherine  Orev.   .....    .    .. 

;  the 

Duke  of  Norfolk 

Duke  of  Northumberland 

Robert  Devereux,  earl  of  E8se.x.. 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury 

Sir  Waller  Raleigh  

Sir  Francis  Bacon      .......  .... 

Thomas  Wentworth,  earl  of  Staf-) 

ford ; 

Lord  Russell 

Algernon  Sidney 

Arthur  earl  of  Essex 

nnbn  r»f  Hfrtnmnnth 

1649. 

George  Jeffreys,  chief  justice 

mob, 

f 


tower,  a  structure  lofty  in  proportion  to  its  base,  gen- 
erally round  or  square.  That  of  Babkl,  the  first  on  record, 
built  in  the  plains  of  Shinar  (Gen.  xi.),  2257  b.c.  The  Tower 
of  the  Winds  at  Athens,  built  550  b.c.  ;  the  Tower  of  Pharos, 
280  B.C.  The  7-ound  totoers  in  Ireland  were  the  only  structures 
of  stone  found  on  the  arrival  of  the  English,  1169,  except  some 
buildings  in  the  maritime  towns  founded  by  Danes.  They  are 
tall  hollow  pillars,  nearly  cylindrical,  but  narrowing  towards  the 
top;  pierced  with  lateral  holes  to  admit  the  light,  and  covered 
with  conical  roofs.  56  still  remain,  from  50  to  130  feet  high. 
An  old  tower  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  has  long  been  a  subject  of  contro- 
versy as  to  by  whom  and  when  erected.  Lossing  introduces  this 
subject  in  his  "Field  Book  of  the  Revolution,"  vol.  i.  p.  633-34, 
with  illustration.  Scribner-'s  Monthly,  vol.  xvii.,  1879,  and  the 
American  Historical  Magazine,  vol.  iii.,  1879,  have  articles  re- 
lating to  this  tower.  "Some  there  are  who  say, 
Thou  wert  an  ancient  windmill." 

—Mrs.  L.  H.  Sigoumey,  " The  Newport  Tower." 
Martello,  Pisa. 

Town  ley  inartole§,8culptures  which  Charles  Town- 
ley  collected  at  Rome  between  1765-72.  He  died  in  1805,  when 
his  collection  (350  piece-s)  was  purchased  for  the  British  museum. 

Towton,  a  township  of  Yorkshire,  Engl.,  where  a  san- 
guinary battle  was  fought,  29  Mch.  1461,  between  the  houses  of 
York(EdwardIV.)  and  Lancaster  (Henry  VI.);  fatal  to  the  latter, 
who  lost  more  than  37,000  men.  Edward  gave  no  quarter,  and 
a  merciless  slaughter  ensued.  Henry  and  his  queen,  Margaret, 
fled  to  Scotland ;  and  Edward  IV.  was  settled  on  the  throne. 

Toxoph'ilites  (from  to^ov,  a  bow,  and  ^iXog,  a  lover), 
a  society  established  by  sir  Aston  Lever  in  1781.  In  1834  they 
took  grounds  in  the  inner  circle  of  Regent's  park,  and  built  the 
archery  lodge.  They  possess  a  curious  piece  of  plate,  given 
by  Catherine,  queen  of  Charles  II.,  to  be  shot  for  by  the  Fins- 
bury  archers,  whom  the  Toxophilites  represent. 

tract  §oeietie§.  The  Society  for  Promoting  Chris- 
tian Knowledge  was  founded  in  1698 ;  the  Religious  Tract  So- 
ciety, London,  in  1799;  and  other  similar  societies  since.  The 
first  undenominational  tract  society  in  the  United  States  was 
formed  in  Boston,  1803,  and  one  at  Andover,  Mass.,  1814,  which 
removed  to  Boston,  1823,  under  the  name  of  the  "  American 
Tract  Society."  In  1825  another  was  formed  in  New  York, 
and  soon  after  a  union  of  all  was  effected. 

traetarianiilll,  a  set  of  opinions  on  church  matters 
propounded  in  the  "  Tracts  for  the  Times,"  of  which  90  num- 
bers were  published,  1833-41.  The  principal  writers  were  the 
revs.  dr.  E.  Pusey,  J.  H.  Newman,  J.  Keble,  J.  Froude,  and  I. 
Williams— all  of  the  University  of  Oxford.  Pusevism.  The 
tracts  (specially  No.  90)  were  condemned  by  the  authorities 
at  Oxford,  15  Mch.  1841. 


traetioil-eng^ine§,  locomotive  engines  for  drawing 
heav)'-  load.s,  were  used  on  common  roads  in  London  in  I860, 
but  afterwards  restricted.  In  Aug.  1862  one  of  Bray's  traction- 
engines  conveyed  through  the  city  a  mass  of  iron  which  would 
require  29  horses.     Railways. 

Trade  and  Plantation§,  Board  of.    Cromwell 

seems  to  have  given  the  first  notions  of  a  board  of  trade ;  in 
1655  he  appointed  his  son  Richard,  with  many  lords  of  his 
council,  judges,  and  gentlemen,  and  about  20  merchants  of 
London,  York,  Newcastle,  Yarmouth,  Dover,  etc.,  to  meet  and 
consider  by  what  means  the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  re- 
public might  be  best  promoted.  —  Thomas's  "  Notes  of  the 
Rolls."  Charles  IL,  on  his  restoration,  established  a  council 
of  trade  for  keeping  a  control  over  the  whole  commerce  of  the 
nation,  1660;  he  afterwards  instituted  a  board  of  trade  and 
plantations,  which  was  remodelled  by  William  111.  This  board 
was  abolished  in  1782;  and  a  new  council  for  the  affairs  of 
trade  on  its  present  plan  was  appointed,  2  Sept.  1786. 
trade  dollar.  Coin  and  Coinage,  U.  S. 
trade§'  unions,  England.  By  6  Geo.  IV.  c.  129 
(1825),  the  combination  laws  were  repealed,  and  other  pro- 
visions made.  As  trades'  unions  formed  for  maintaining  wages, 
etc.,  are  not  recognized  by  law,  a  commission  (including  lord 
Elcho,  Thomas  Hughes,  and  others,  with  sir  Wm.  Erie  as 
chairman)  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  their  constitution, 
14  Feb.  1867,  and  an  act  to  facilitate  its  proceedings  was  passed 
5  Apr.  following.  It  reported  during  the  year,  disclosing  the 
existence  of  murderous  practices,  with  much  intimidation. 
Manchester,  Sheffield.  An  act  to  protect  union  funds 
from  embezzlement  was  passed  in  1869.  A  trade-union  act 
passed  29  June,  1871 ;  amended  by  act  passed  30  June,  1876. 
To  counteract  the  influence  of  trades'  unioiis,  the  National 
Federation  of  Employers  was  formed,  Dec.  1873.  Labok, 
American  Federation  of;  Workingmen. 

Trafalgar',  Cape,  S.  Spain,  off  which  a  great  naval 
victory  was  gained  by  the  British,  under  Nelson,  over  the 
combined  fleets  of  France  and  Spain,  commanded  by  adm. 
Villeneuve  and  2  Spanish  admirals,  21  Oct.  1805.  The  ene- 
my's force  was  18  French  and  15  Spanish  vessels,  all  of  the 
line;  that  of  the  British,  27  ships.  After  a  protracted  fight, 
Villeneuve  and  the  other  admirals  were  taken,  and  19  of  their 
ships  captured,  sunk,  or  destroyed.  Nelson  was  killed,  and 
adm.  Collingwood  succeeded  to  the  command.  Nelson's  ship 
was  the  Victory ;  and  his  last  signal  was, "  England  expects 
every  man  to  do  his  duty."     Nelson's  victories. 

Trafalgar  §quare,  London,  begun  1829;  completed 
1845.     Grand  hotel  opened  by  lord  mayor,  29  May,  1880. 
tragedy.     Drama,  Shakespeare. 


TRA 


807 


TRA 


Trajan's  eolumn  (in  Rome),  erected  114,  by  the 
Roman  senate  and  people,  to  commemorate  his  victories  ov^ 
the  Dacians,  and  executed  by  ApoUodorus.  It  was  built  in 
the  square  called  the  Forum  Trajanum;  it  is  of  the  Tuscan 
order,  and  from  its  base,  exclusive  of  the  statue  and  pedestal, 
is  127|  feet  high. 

tram-roads,  a  road  with  a  track  for  wheels,  now  gen- 
erally made  of  iron,  but  formerly  of  wooden  rails  or  stone.  As 
Benjamin  Outram,  father  of  sir  James,  the  Indian  general,  in 
1800,  made  improvements  in  this  system  of  railways  for  com- 
mon vehicles  in  the  north  of  England,  the  name  is  sometimes 
ascribed  to  him,  but  it  is  said  to  have  existed  in  Derbyshire 
as  early  as  1602.  The  iron  tram-road  from  Croydon  to  Wands- 
worth was  completed  on  24  July,  1801.     Street  railways. 

transceilden'talisni,  the  philosophy  which  finds 
all  reality,  not  in  the  observation  of  external  and  objective 
fact,  but  in  the  mind  and  its  processes.  The  word  was  first 
applied  to  the  teachings  of  Kant,  but  more  specially  and  ac- 
curately afterwards  to  those  of  Schelling  and  his  followers ; 
and  in  America  to  the  school  of  Emerson.     Philosophy. 

transfig^ura'tion,  the  change  of  Christ's  appearance 
on  mount  Tabor,  in  the  presence  of  Peter,  James,  and  John,  32 
A.I).  (Matt.  xvii.).  The  feast  of  the  Transfiguration,  kept  on 
6  Aug.,  was  instituted  by  pope  Calixtus  II.  in  1455. 

transfusion  of  blood.    Blood. 

transit.     Mercury,  Sun,  Venus. 

translation  to  heaven.  The  supposed  translation  of 
Enoch  to  heaven  at  the  age  of  365  years,  3017  b.c.  The 
prophet  Elijah  was,  as  some  assert,  translated  to  heaven  in  a 
chariot  of  fire,  896  b.c.  The  possibility  of  translation  to  the 
abode  of  eternal  life  has  been  maintained  by  some  enthusiasts. 
The  Irish  House  of  Commons  expelled  Mr.  Asgill  for  writing  a 
book  asserting  the  possibility  of  translation  to  the  other  world 
without  death,  170.3. 

Transpa'dane  republic,  comprising  Lombardy 
and  part  of  the  Venetian  territories,  was  established  by  Bona- 
parte after  his  victory  at  Lodi,  10  Ma}',  1796.  With  the  Cis- 
padane  republic  it  merged  into  the  Cisalpine  republic,  Oct.  1797. 

transporta'tion.  British  judges  were  given  the 
power  of  sentencing  offenders  to  transportation  "  into  any  of 
his  majesty's  dominions  in  North  America,"  by  18  Charles  II. 
c.  3  (1666),  and  by  4  Geo.  I.  c.  11  (1718).  Transportation  ceased 
in  1775,  but  was  revived  in  1786.  The  reception  of  convicts 
was  successfully  resisted  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (in  1849) 
and  the  Australian  colonies  (1864).  Transportation,  even 
to  W.  Australia,  where  labor  is  wanted,  ceased  after  a  few 
years,  through  the  fierce  opposition  of  the  eastern  colonies.  In 
consequence  of  the  difficulty  then  experienced  in  transporting 
felons,  16  and  17  Vict.  c.  99  was  passed,  substituting  penal  ser- 
vitude, empowering  the  crown  to  grant  pardon  to  offenders 
under  certain  conditions,  and  licenses  to  others  to  be  at  large, 
such  licenses  to  be  revoked  if  necessary ;  and  many  have  been. 
Such  a  license  is  termed  "  Ticket-of- leave."  The  system 
was  assailed  in  Oct.  and  Nov.  1862,  on  account  of  crimes  traced 
to  ticket-of-leavers.     Crime. 

JohD  Eyre,  esq.,  a  man  of  fortune,  was  sentenced  to  transpor- 
tation for  stealing  a  few  quires  of  paper  (Phillips) 1  Nov.  1771 

Rev.  dr.  Halloran,  tutor  to  earl  of  Chesterfield,  transported  for 

forging  a  frank  (IM.  postage) 9  Se^^  1818 

First  transportation  of  felons  to  Botany  Bay  was  in  May,  1787; 
where  gov.  Phillip  arrived  with  about  800  on  20  Jan.  1788;  con- 
victs were  afterwards  sent  to  Tasmania,  Norfolk  Island,  etc. 
Returning  from  transportation  was  punishable  with  death  until  5 

Will.  IV.  0.  67,  Aug.  1834,  afterwards  by  transportation  for  life. 
A  shipment  of  convicts  to  W.  Australia  (which  had  already  received 
10,000)  in  1867. 

transubStan'tiation,  the  doctrine  of  the  "real 
presence."  That  the  bread  and  wine  in  the  Eucharist  are 
changed  into  the  verj'^  flesh  and  blood  of  Christ  by  the  conse- 
cration, was  asserted  in  the  days  of  (Jregory  III.  (731)  and 
by  Amalarius  and  Radbertus  (about  830),  but  denied  by  Raba- 
nus  Maurus,  Johannes  Scotus  Erigena,  Berengariup,  Wickliffe, 
and  others.  In  the  Lateran  council,  held  at  Rome  by  Iimo- 
cent  III.,  the  word  "  transubstantiation  "  was  used  to  express 
this  doctrine,  decreed  to  be  incontrovertible ;  all  who  denied 
it  were  condemned  as  heretics.  This  was  confirmed  by  the 
council  of  Trent,  18  Jan,  1562.    John  Huss,  Jerome  of  Prague, 


and  other  martyrs  of  the  Reformation,  suffered  for  denying 
this  dogma,  which  is  renounced  by  the  church  of  England 
(28th  article),  and  by  all  Protestant  dissenters.  The  declara- 
tion against  transubstantiation,  invocation  of  the  saints,  and 
the  sacrifice  of  the  mass,  on  taking  any  civil  office,  was  abol- 
ished in  Great  Britain  by  an  act  passed  25  July,  1867.  Sac- 
rament. 

Luther  maintained  the  doctrine  o{ consubstantiation—v\z.,  that,  after 
consecration,  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  are  substantially  present 
in  the  bread  and  wine.  He  was  opposed  by  Bucer,  Carlstadt, 
Zwingle,  and  others  (termed  sacramentarians),  who  asserted  that 
the  Lord's  supper  is  only  a  commemorative  rite. 

Transvaal  or  South  African  Republic, 

founded  by  the  Dutch  farmers  (Boers)  about  1848.  After  sev- 
eral years'  severe  conflict  with  the  natives,  its  independence  was 
declared,  17  Jan.  1858.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a  president, 
elected  for  5  years.  Area,  113,642  sq.  miles.  Pop.  1890,  whites, 
119,128;  natives  estimated  at  560,000.  Capital,  Pretoria. 
War  with  the  KafBrs  begun ;  Cetywayo,  king;  Secocffini  (Sicka- 

kuni),  an  eminent  chief July,  1876 

Boers  assisted  by  the  Amazwasies,  a  warlike  tribe,  who  check 

Kaffirs Sept.      ' ' 

Sir  T.  Shepstone  well  received;  a  desire  expressed  for  feder- 
ation, Feb. ;  opposition  to  it Mch.  1877 

Anarchy  in  the  Transvaal;  annexation  (for  protection)  to  the 
British  dominions  proclaimed  by  sirT.  Shepstone,  12  Apr.; 

he  is  sworn  in  as  administrator 30  May,     " 

Great  opposition  to  British  rule;  appeased  after  much  discus- 
sion  ^ 12  Apr.  1879 

Sir  G.  Wolseley  appointed  governor  of  Natal,  etc May,     " 

Transvaal  declared  a  crown  colony Dec.     ' ' 

Boers  meet  and  claim  independence;  Bok,  Kruger,  and  Preto- 
rius  arrested  for  signing  a  document  issued  by  the  Boer  com- 
mittee  Dec.  1879,  and  Jan.  1880 

Boers  seize  Heidelburg,  16  Dec. ;  establish  the  South  African- 
Republic,  Paul  Kruger,  president 17  Dec.     " 

A  party  of  Boers  stop  at  Bronker's  Spruit  about  250  British 
troops  of  the  94th  regiment,  who  resist;   some  killed  or 

wounded;  others  disarmed  and  dismissed 20  Dec.     " 

Potchefstrom  seized  by  Boers,  who  retire  when  the  place  is 

shelled;  col.  Bellairs  besieged  in  it 27  Dec.  et  seq.     " 

South  African  Republic  proclaimed  by  a  triumvirate — Kruger, 

Joubert,  and  Pretorius 30  Dec.     " 

Troops  sent  from  Britain,  etc Dec.  1880,  and  Jan.  1881 

Sir  George  P.  Colley  (appointed  governor  of  Natal,  1880)  takes 

command  in  the  war Jan.     " 

Gen.  Colley's  attack  on  Laing's  Nek,  a  pass,  repulsed  with 

heavy  loss 28  Jan.     " 

Severe  conflict  on  the  Ingogo  river;  the  British  12  hours  under 

Are;  repulsed  with  heavy  loss 8  Feb.     " 

Sir  Evelyn  Wood  brings  reinforcements  to  gen.  Colley..  17  Feb.     " 
Orange  Free  State  proclaims  neutrality  and  mediation, 

about  22  Feb.      " 
Gen.  Colley  marches  in  the  night  to  Majuha  Hill;  defeated 

and  killed  after  a  desperate  conflict 27  Feb.     " 

Gen.  sir  F.  Roberts  sent  to  Africa 28  Feb.     " 

Armistice  proposed  by  the  Boers;  accepted  for  C-14  Mch.; 
armistice  extended,  14  Mch. ;  Boers  agree  to  British  terms, 
21,22  Mch.;    peace  proclaimed;   the  Boers  disperse;   gen. 

Roberts  recalled 24  Mch.     " 

Potchefstrom  surrenders  with  honors  of  war,  21  Mch. ;  given 

uji  as  occupied  by  mistake Apr.     " 

Vote  of  censure  on  the  government  in  commons  negatived 

(314-205) 25,  26  July,      " 

Commissioners  to  carry  out  treaty  of  peace  appointed,  5  Apr. ; 
agree  to  convention  ceding  virtually  all  the  territory  to 
"The  Transvaal  State  "  on  8  Aug.,  subject  to  suzerainty  of 
queen  Victoria  and  a  British  resident;  with  debt  of  about 
420, 867^.,  etc.;  independence  of  the  Swazies  guaranteed; 
signed  by  royal  commissioners  and  Martin  W,  Pretorius  and 
Peter  J.  Joubert  (Stephen  J.  P.  Kruger  not  present),  3  Aug. ; 

effected 8  Aug.     " 

Meeting  of  the  Volksraad,  21  Sept. ;  treaty  confirmed..  .25  Oct.     " 

War  with  the  natives '. 1882-83 

Paul  Kruger  president 1883-88 

Definite  proposals  submitted  to  the  government,  22  Dec. ; 
amended  boundary  -  lines  accepted,  2  Feb.;  convention 
signed,  the  republic  to  be  styled  the  "South  African  Repub- 
lic," under  British  suzerainty 27  Feb.  1883 

Convention  adopted  by  the  Transvaal  assembly 8  Aug      " 

Johannesburg  founded  by  gold  miners 1887 

Transylva'nia,  an  Austrian  province,  was  part  of 
the  ancient  Dacia,  so  named  by  the  Romans,  meaning  the 
country  beyond  the  forest.  In  1526,  John  Zapoly  rendered 
himself  independent  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  I.  by  the  aid 
of  the  Turks.  His  successors  ruled  with  much  difficulty  till 
Jan.  1699,  when  the  emperor  Leopold  I.,  by  the  treaty  of  Car- 
lowitz,  finally  incorporated  Trans3'lvania  into  the  Austrian 
dominions.  The  Transylvanian  deputies  did  not  take  their 
seat  in  the  Austrian  parliament  till  20  Oct.  1863.  A  decree 
for  the  convocation  of  the  Transylvanian  diet  was  issued  12 
Sept.  1865.     The  inhabitants  are  about    1,100,000   ignorant 


TRA 


Roumanians,  1,500,000  Saxon  colonists,  and  550,000  Magyars, 
the  last  being  the  ruling  class.  The  union  of  Transylvania 
with  Hungary  in  18-48,  which  has  caused  much  discontent, 
was  ratified  by  the  Transylvanian  diet,  25  Dec.  186G. 

TrappijitS,  monks  ol  the  order  of  Cistercians,  The 
first  al)l)ey  of  La  Trappe  in  Normandy  was  founded,  in  1140, 
by  Rotrou,  comte  de  I'erche.  The  present  order  of  Trappists 
owes  its  origin  to  the  learned  Jean  le  Bouthillier  de  la  Ranee 
(editor  of  Anacreon  when  aged  14),  who  renounced  the  world 
and  soKl  all  his  property,  giving  the  proceeds  to  the  abbey  of 
La  Trappe,  to  which  he  retired  in  1662,  to  live  there  in  great 
austerity.  After  several  efforts  he  succeeded  in  reforming 
the  monks,  and  in  establishing  new  rules  of  silence,  prayer, 
readhig,  and  manual  labor,  and  forbidding  study,  wine,  fish, 
etc.  Ranee  was  born  in  1620,  and  died  in  1700.  The  Trap- 
pists' new  building  was  consecrated  in  Aug.  1833. 

trap-sllOOtillg^.  Shooting  at  a  stuffed  parrot  on  a 
pole,  known  as  popinjay  shooting,  was  practised  by  the  ancient 
Greeks;  sometimes  a  living  bird  was  attached  to  the  pole  by 
a  cord.  Pigeon-shooting,  patronized  by  lord  Huntingfield  and 
other  noblemen,  became  fashionable  sport  in  England  about 
1856.  Trap-ball  shooting  was  developed  in  the  United  States 
by  Ira  Payne  and  capt.  A.  H.  Bogardus  to  supplant  pigeon- 
shooting,  prohibited  by  law  in  many  states  as  cruel. 
990  glass  balls  broken  out  of  1000  shot  at,  by  A.  H.  Bogardus 

(U  yds.),  at  Bradford,  Pa 20  Nov.  1879 

6500  glass  balls  broken  out  of  5854,  at  15  yds.,  by  A.  H.  Bogar- 
dus in  New  York  city 20  Dec.     " 

99  pigeons  killed  out  of  100  single,  30  yds.  rise;  A.  H.  Bogardus, 

at  Coney  Island 2  July,  1880 

100  single  pigeons  killed  in  succession,  30  yds.  rise,  by  Al.  Ban- 
die,  at  Cincinnati,  0 25  Dec.  1888 

60,000  wooden  balls  hit,  out  of  60,670  shot  at,  by  W.  F.  Carver, 
at  Minneapolis,  Minn '. 24-30  Dec.      " 

100  single  pigeons  shot  in  succession  at  28  yds.  rise,  by  A.  L. 
Fulford,  at  Marion,  N,  J 17  Nov.  1891 

tread-mill,  an  invention  of  the  Chinese  to  raise  water 
for  irrigating  fields.  The  complicated  tread-mill  in  the  pris- 
ons of  Great  Britain  is  the  invention  of  Mr.  (afterwards  sir 
William)  Cubitt,  of  Ipswich.  It  was  erected  at  Brixton  jail, 
1817,  and  soon  afterwards  in  other  large  prisons. 

treason.     High-treason. 

treason,  petty,  in  English  law  (a  term  abolished  in 
1828,  defined  by  the  statute  of  25  Edw.  III.  1352),  was  a  wife's 
murder  of  her  husband,  a  servant's  murder  of  his  master,  and  an 
ecclesiastical  person's  murder  of  his  prelate  or  other  superior. 

treason-felony,  Engl.  By  the  Crown  and  Govern- 
ment Security  act,  11  Vict.  c.  12  (1848),  certain  treasons  here- 
tofore punishable  with  death  were  mitigated  to  felonies,  and 
subjected  to  transportation  or  imprisonment.  The  Fenians  in 
Ireland  were  tried  under  this  act. 

treasurer  of  Eing^land,  Lord  high,  the  third 
great  officer  of  the  crown,  a  lord  by  virtue  of  his  office,  having 
the  custody  of  the  king's  treasure,  governing  the  upper  court 
of  exchequer,  and  formerly  sitting  judicially  among  the  bar- 
ons. The  first  lord  high  treasurer  in  England  was  Odo,  earl 
of  Kent,  in  the  reign  of  William  I.  This  great  trust  is  now 
confided  to  a  commission  of  5  persons,  called  "lords  commis- 
sioners for  executing  the  office  of  lord  high  treasurer,"  and  of 
these  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  is  usually  one,  the  first 
lord  being  usually  the  premier.  A  third  lord  of  the  treasury 
(Mr.  Stansfeld)  was  appointed,  Dec.  1868,  succeeded  by  W.  H. 
Gladstone,  Dec.  1869. 

First  of  this  rank  in  Ireland  was  John  de  St.  John,  Henry  III.  1217; 
the  last,  William,  duke  of  Devonshire,  1766;  vice-treasurers  were 
apponted  till  1789;  then  commissioners  till  1816,  when  the  reve- 
nues of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were  united. 
First  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland  was  sir  Walter  Ogilvie,  ap- 
pointed by  James  I.  in  1420;  the  last,  in  1641,  John,  earl  of  Tra- 
quair;  afterwards  commissioners  were  appointed. 

treasury,  United  States,  Secretaries  of.  Unit- 
ed Statks,  Administrations  of. 

treaties,  compacts  or  agreements,  especially  between 
2  nations  or  governments.  The  first  formal  written  treaty 
made  by  England  with  another  nation  was  at  Kingston,  be- 
tween Henry  III.  and  the  dauphin  of  France  (then  in  Eng- 
land), 11  Sept.  1217.  The  first  commercial  treaty  was  with 
Guy,  earl  of  Flanders,  1274;  the  second  with  Portugal  and 
Spain,  1308. — A  nderson. 


808  TRE 

MOST   IMPORTANT   OK   FOREIGN   TREATIES. 


Where  concluded. 


Adrianople 

Aix-la-Chapelle. 


Augsburg. 
Belgrade... 


Berlin. 


Bretigny... 
Bucharest., 


Cambray , 

Cam  po  Form  io. 
Carlowitz 


Dresden 

Frankfort-on-Main. 

Hubertsburg 

Kutschouc    Kai-) 
nardji j 

London 


Luneville . 


Nimeguen 
Nystadt... 
Oliva 


Paris. 


Passarowit?., 


Prague. 


Presburg. 
Pyrenees. 


Ryswick , 


San  Stefano. 
Tien  Tsin.... 


Tilsit. . . . 
Troyes. . 

Utrecht . 
Vienna. . 


Westphalia. 
Zurich 


Treaty. 


Peace:  Russia  and  Turkey 

Peace :  Franco  and  Spain 

Peace:  Terminating  the  war  i 
of  the  ArsTRiAN  succks-  > 

SIGN ) 

(Peace:  Great  Britain,  Hoi-) 
(  land,  France,  and  Spain. .  j 
I  Peace  of  Religion:  Catholici 

(     and  Protestant | 

Peace:  Turkey  and  Austria. . , 

{Settling  the  Eastern  ques- 
tion :   Germany,    Russia, 
Turkey,    Great     Britain, 
Austria,  France,  and  Italy 
Peace:  England  and  France. . 

Peace :  Russia  and  Turkey 

"  Paix  des  Dames  ":  Francis ) 
I.  of  France  and  Charles  [ 

V.  of  Germany ) 

Cession  by  Austria  to  France.. 
( Peace  :  Turkey  with  Ger-l 
I     many,  Russia,  Poland,  and  y 

(     Venice j 

j  Peace  :    Hungary,   Prussia,  I 

(     and  Saxony ) 

Peace:  France  and  Germany. 
/Peace:  Saxony,  Prussia,  and  » 

(     Bavaria ] 

(Independence  of  Crimea,  j 
1  etc. :  Russia  and  Turkey.  ] 
j  On  behalf  of  Greece:  Great) 
(  Britain, Russia,and  France  ) 
(Settlement  of  Belgian  ques-  j 

\     tion  (5  great  powers) | 

(Settling  the  relations  be- 1 
(  tween  Turkey  and  Egypt,  j 
( Peace :  French  Republic  and  ( 

(     Germany j 

(Peace:  France  and  United) 

(     Provinces ) 

Cession  by  Sweden  to  Russia.. 
(  Peace :Sweden, Poland, Bran-) 

(     denburg,  and  Prussia j 

j  Cession  of  Canada  to  Great) 
I     Britain    by   France    and  [ 

(     Florida  by  Spain ) 

]  Peace :  Cession  by  France  to  ) 

(     Sweden j 

(  Peace  :  France  and  allied  ) 
\     powers ) 

{Confiding  care  of  Napoleon  ) 
(prisoner  of  war)  to  Eng-  | 
land  :    Signed    by    Great  V 
Britain,   Austria,   Russia, 
and  Prussia j 

(Peace:  Russia,Turkey,  Eng-( 
(     land,  France, and  Sardinia) 
Commercial  and  land  ces- 
sions between  Germany, 
Venice,  and  the  Turks. . . 
Between  Charles  V.  and  the 
Protestant  princes  of  Ger- 
many, granting  religious 

freedom 

Peace:    Ferdinand   II.    and) 

Saxony ] 

Peace:  Austria  and  Prussia. . 
Peace:  France  and  Austria.. 

Peace :  France  and  Spain 

Peace  :     England,    France,  ) 
Spain,  Holland,  and  Ger-  [ 

many ) 

Peace :  Russia  and  Turkey  . . . 
Peace:  France  and  China 

Peace:  France  and  Russia... 
f  Stipulating  marriage  of  Hen-  ] 
ry  V.  with  Catharine,  etc. : 
England,  France,  and  Bur- 
gundy   

Terminating  the  war  of  the 

Spanish  succession 

Peace:  Charles  VI.  of  Ger- 
many and  Louis  XV.  of 

France 

Peace:  France  and  Austria. . . 

f  Confirming  treaty  of  Chau- 1 

mont,  1  Mcb.  1814:  Great  ! 

Britain,  Austria,   Russia,  [ 

and  Prussia J 

(Peace:  Austria  and  Prussiaf 

I     with  Denmark j 

Peace :  Austria  and  Italy 

(Ending  the  Thirty  Years' | 
\     war. 

f  Peace:  Austria,  France,  and 
\     Sardinia 


14  Sept. 
2  May, 


7  Oct. 


15  Sept. 
18  Sept. 


1829 
1668 

1748 


1566 
1739 


13  July,  1878 


8  May, 
28  May, 

5  Aug. 
17  Oct. 
26  Jan. 

25  Dec. 
10  May, 
15  Feb. 

July, 

6  July, 
15  Nov. 
15  July, 

9  Feb. 

10  Aug. 

30  Aug. 

3  May, 


1812 
1529 
1797 
1699 

1745 
1871 
1763 

1774 

1827 

1831      ^ 

1840 

1801 

1678 
1721 


} 


10  Feb.   1763 

6  Jan.  1810 

11  Apr.  1814 

2  Aug.  1815 

30  Mch.  1856 
21  July,  1718 

12  Aug.  1552 


30  May,  1G35 

23  Aug.  1866 

26  Dec.   1805 

7  Nov.  1659 

Sept. -Oct. 

1667 

3  Mch.  1878 
26  June,  1858 
9  June,  1885 
7  July,  1807 

21  May,  1420 


11  Apr.  1713 

18  Nov.  1738 
14  Oct.    1809 

23  Mch.  1815 

30  Oct.    1864 
3  Oct.    1866 

24  Oct.    1648 

10  Nov.  1859 


TRE 


Other  important  treaties  are  mentioned  under  the  following 
articles : 


809  TRE 

PRINCIPAL  TREATIES  AND   CONVENTIONS,  KTC. —  (Continued.) 


Abo. 

Conflans. 

Akerman. 

Constantinople 

Allahabad. 

Fontainebleau. 

Antalcidas. 

Fuessen. 

Antwerp. 

Gastein. 

Armed  neutral- 

Grand alliance. 

ity. 

Hague,  The 

Arras. 

Holy  alliance. 

Barrier. 

Japan  (1858). 

Basel. 

Kiel. 

Berlin. 

Leagues. 

Chaumont. 

Melhuen, 

Milan. 

Munster. 

Paris. 

Partition  treaties. 

Peterswald. 

Pilnitz. 

Quadruple  treaty. 

Rastadt. 

Ratisbon. 

Reichenbach. 

St.  Ildefonzo. 

St.  Petersburg. 


Smalcald. 

Stockholm. 

Suncion. 

Tolentino. 

TOplitz. 

Transvaal. 

Triple  alliance. 

Ulm. 

Valenpay. 

Versailles. 

Vossem. 

Warsaw. 


principal  treaties  and  conventions  of  the  united 
states  with  other  powers  (exclusive  of  postal 
conventions). 

Note.— Treaties  indicated  by  T.    Conventions  by  C. 


Foreign  power  and  object  of  treaty. 

Where  concluded. 

Date. 

Algiers : 

Algiers 

San  Jose 

Washington  ... 

Washington  . . . 
Vienna 

Berlin. 

5  Sept.  1795 

T.     "        "        "    

6  July,  1815 
24  Dec.   1816 

T.     "        "        "     

1        Argentine  Confederation  : 
1           T.  Free   navigation   of   Parana) 
and  Uruguay           j 

10  July,  1853 

T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- 1 
gation    ...                  . ,  1 

27  July,     " 

Austria : 

T.  Commerce,  navigation 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

26  Aug.  1829 
8  May,  1848 
3  July,  1856 

11  July,  1870 
20  Sept.     " 
25  Nov.  1871 

Austro- Hungary  : 
C.  Rights  of  consuls 

C.  Trade-marks 

Baden : 
C  Extradition     

30  .Tan     1857 

T  Naturalization                 

Carlsruhe 

Berlin 

19  July,  1868 
21  Jan.    1845 

Bavaria  : 
C.  Abolishing    droit   d'aubaine) 
and  taxes  on  emigration. . .  j 

London 

Munich 

Brussels 

Washington  ... 
Brussels 

Washington  . . . 
La  Paz      . .     . . 

12  Sept.  1853 
26  May,  1868 

10  Nov.  1845 
17  July,  1858 
20  May,  1863 
20  July,     " 
16  Nov.  1868 

T.  Citizenship  of  emigrants 

K   Belgium  : 

Iv     T.  Commerce  and  navigation  .... 
■K-"    C.  Peace,  amity,  commerce,  etc.. 

Jm       C.  Completing  treaty  of  1858 

^           T.  To  extinguish  Scheldt  dues 

i           C.  Naturalization 

20  Dec.      " 

C.  Extradition 

19  Mch.  1874 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

8  Mch.  1875 

9  Mch.  1880 

C.  Trade-marks 

7  Apr.   1884 
13  May,  1858 

23  June,  1850 
12  Dec.   1828 

Bolivia  : 
T.  Peace,  friendship,  commerce,) 

navigation J 

Borneo  : 
C.  Peace,  friendship,  good   un- ) 

i                  derstanding ( 

1        Brazil  : 

"(           T.  Peace  and  amity 

Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Washington  ... 
Washington  . . . 

Santiago 

Wang  Hiya 

Tien-Tsin 

Shang- Hai 

Washington  . . . 

Peking 

Bogota  

Yin-Chuen  .... 

Washington  ... 
San  Jose 

Washington  . . . 
Copenhagen. . . . 

C.  Satisfying  U.  S.  claims 

27  Jan.    1849 
24  Sept.  1878 

21  Aug.  1854 

5  Dec.   1825 

16  May,  1832 
10  Nov.  1858 

Brunswick  and  Luxemburg : 

Central  America  : 

C.  Peace,  amity,  navigation,  etc. . 
Chili: 
C.  Peace,  commerce,  and  navi- ) 

gation J 

C.  Arbitration    of    Macedonian^ 
claims                               •  •  •  f 

China  : 
'            T.  Peace,  amity,  and  commerce. .. 
T.     " 

3  July,  1844 
18  June,  1858 
8  Nov      " 

C.  Additions  to  treaty  of  18  June, ) 

1858 j 

T.  Immigration 

28  July,  1868 
17  Nov   1880 

T.  Commercial  and  judicial 

Colombia  : 
C.  Peace,    amity,     commerce,) 

navigation ) 

C.  Extradition 

3  Oct.    1824 
7  May,  1888 

22  May,  1882 

10  July,  1851 
2  July,  1860 

26  Apr.   1826 
28  Mch.  1830 

Corea  : 
T.  Peace,    amity,      commerce,) 

navigation j 

Costa  Rica  : 
T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- ) 
gation ) 

Denmark  : 
C.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- ) 

gation 1 

C.  To  indemnify  the  U.  S 

Foreign  power  and  object  of  treaty. 


Denmark  (continued) : 

C.  Discontinuance  of  Sounddues 

C.  Naturalization 

Dominican  Republic  : 

C.  Amity,    commerce,    naviga- 
tion, extradition 

Ecuador  : 

T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- 
gation   

C.  Mutual  adjustment  of  claims 

C.  Naturalization 

T.  Extradition 

Egypt  : 

C.  Concerning    commerce    and 

customs 

France  : 

T.  Alliance 

T.  Amity  and  commerce 

C.  Payment  of  loan 

C.  Power  of  consuls 

C.  Navigation  and  commerce  . . 

C.  Claims  for  indemnity 

C.  Extradition 

C.  Consular 

C.  Trade  marks 

C.  Claims 

French  Republic  : 

C.  Terminating  difficulties 

T.  Regarding  treaty  of  27  Oct.  1795 
Guatemala  : 

C.  Peace,     amity,    commerce, ) 

navigation \ 

German  Empire  : 

C.  Consuls  and  trade  marks 

Great  Britain  : 

C.  Armistice   

T.  Peace 

T.  Amity,  commerce,  navigation . . 

C.  Regarding  treaty  of  1794 

T.  Peace  and  amity 

C.  Regulating  commerce 

C.  Naval  force  on  great  lakes,  U.S. 

C.  Fisheries,  northern  boundary,  l 
etc ) 

T.  Indemnification 

C.  Award 

C.  Boundary 

T.  Boundary,slave  trade,  extra- ) 
dition j 

T.  Oregon  boundary,  etc 

C.  Nicaragua  ship  canal 

C.  Settlement  of  claims 

T.  Fisheries,  etc 

T.  Suppression  of  slave  trade 

T.  Hudson's    bay   and    Puget's) 
sound  claims J 

C.  Naturalization 

C.  Slave-trade 

T.  Fisheries,  Alabama  claims,  etc. 

C.  Trade-marks 

C.  Supplementing     extradition  \ 

treaty  of  9  Aug.  1842 ) 

Greece  : 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  Lubeck  : 

C.  Friendship,   commerce,  and) 
navigation ) 

C.  Extending    jurisdiction     of) 

consuls ) 

Hanover : 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

T.  »  "  "        

C.  Extradition 

T.  Stado  or  Brunshausen  dues) 

abolished j 

Hawaiian  islands  : 

T.  Friendship,  commerce.,  navi-l 
gation ; ) 

C.  Commercial  reciprocity 

Hayti : 

T.  Amity,    commerce,    naviga-) 

tion,  etc ) 

Hesse-  Cassel : 

C.  Droit  d'aubaine  and  tax  on) 

emigration  abolished ) 

Hesse- Darmstadt  : 

T.  Naturalization 

Italy : 

C.  Consular 

C.  Extradition 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

C.  Consular  priv  " 

C.  Consular  rights. 
Japan : 

T.  Peace,  amity,  commerce,  etc. 

T.  Commercial";  ports  opened. . . 

T.  Peace,  amity,  and  commerce. 


Where  concluded. 


Washington  ... 
Copenhagen — 

Santo  Domingo. 


Quito 

Guyaquil  . . . 
Washington 
Quito 


Cairo 

Paris 

Versailles  .. 

Washington 

Paris 

Washington 


Guatemala. 


Berlin . . . . 

Versailles. 

Paris 

London. .. 


Ghent 

London 

Washington 

London 


St.  Petersburg. 
London 


Washington 


London 

Washington 


London 

Washington 


London 

Washington 


London , 

Washington  ... 


Berlin. .. 
Hanover. 
London . . 


Washington  . . . 


Porte  au-Prince 


Berlin. 


Darmstadt 

Washington  ... 


Florence 

Washington  ., 


Kanagawa.. 

Simoda 

Yedo 


Date. 


11  Apr.   1857 
20  July,  1872 


8  Feb.    1867 


13  June,  1839 

25  Nov.  1862 
6  May,  1872 
28  June,    " 


16  Nov.  1884 


16  July, 

14  Nov. 
24  June, 

4  July, 
9  Nov. 

23  Feb. 

16  Apr. 

15  Jan. 

30  Sept. 
30  Apr. 


1782 
1788 
1822 
1831 
1843 
1853 


1800 
1803 


Mch.  1849 


11  Dec.  1871 

20  Jan.  1783 
3  Sept.  " 

19  Nov.  1794 

8  Jan.  1802 
24  Dec.  1814 

3  July,  1815 
Apr.  1817 

20  Oct.  1818 

12  July,  1822 

13  Nov.  1826 

29  Sept.  1827 

9  Aug.  1842 

15  June,  1846 

17  Apr.  1850 
8  Feb,  1853 

5  June,  1854 

7  Apr.  1862 

1  July,  1863 

13  May,  1870 
3  June,  " 

8  May,  1871 
24  Oct.  1878 

12  July,  1889 

(10-22  Dec. 

I       1837 

20  Dec.  1827 

30  Apr.  1852 

20  May,  1840 
10  June,  1846 

18  Jan.  1855 

6  Nov.  1861 


20  Dec.  1849 
30  Jan.  1875 


3  Nov.  1864 


26  Mch.  1844 


1  Aug.  1868 

8  Feb.   " 

23  Mch.  " 
26  Feb.  1871 

8  May,  1878 

24  Feb.  1881 

31  Mch.  1854 
17  June,  1857 
29  July,  1858 


26* 


TRE 

PRINCIPAL  TRKATIKS  AND  CONVKNTIONS,  KTC— (Continued.) 


810  TRE 

PKINCIPAL   TUEATIKS  AND  CONVKNTIONS,  ETC. — (Contintied.) 


Kuraifu  powor  and  ob}wt  of  treaty. 


Jupun  (continued)  : 

C.  Reducing  import  duties 

C.  ludemnitioa  (U.  S.,  (Jreat 
Britain,  Fnince,  and  Hol- 
land sign) 

C.  Regarding  oxi>euse  of  ship- 1 
wrecks ) 

T  E-KtradiUon 

'  Loo-Choo: 

C.  Permitting  unobstructed  trade 
Liberia : 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation — 
Luxemburg  : 

T.  E.xtradition ; 

Madagascar  : 

T.  Commerce 

Mexico : 

T.  E.xtradition 

C.  Aiyustment  of  claims 

C.  Citizenship  of  emigrants 

C.  Mutual  right  to  pursue  Ind-  ) 
ians  across  the  boundary. .  ) 

C.  Commercial 

C.  International  boundary 

Mexican  Republic  : 

C.  Adjustment  of  claims 

T.  Peace,  friendship,  limits 

T.  Boundary,  etc 

Morocco  : 

T.  Peace  and  friendship 

T.  Peace 

C.  To  maintain  lighthouse  at! 
cape  Spartel.     (Signed  by 
U.    S.,    Austria,    Belgium,  I 
Spain,  France,Great  Britain,  | 
Italy,  Netherlands,  Portugal, 

Sweden) J 

C.  Protection    (signed    by     13) 

powers) J 

Muscat : 

T.  Amity  and  commerce. , 

Nassau : 

C.  Abolishing  droit  d'aubaine 

Netherlands  : 

T.  Amity  and  commerce 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

C.  Commercial 

C.  Consular 

C.         "       

C.  Extradition 

C.  "  

New  Granada  : 
T.  Peace,    amity,     navigation,  1 

commerce ) 

C.  Consular  powers 

C.  Claims 

Nicaragua : 
T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- ) 

gation ) 

C.  Extradition 

Orange  Free  State : 
C.  Friendship,   commerce,    ex-) 

tradition j 

Ottoman  Empire  : 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

C.  Extradition 

Ottoman  Porte  : 

T.  Friendship 

Paraguay : 
C.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- ) 

gation j 

Persia : 

T  Friendship  and  commerce 

Peru : 
C.  Peru  to  pay  cUiims  of  $300,000. 
T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- ) 

gation ( 

C.  Rights  of  neutrals  at  sea . . 

C.  Claims 

C.       "        

C.  Adjustment  of  claims 

T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi-) 

gation ./ 

T.  Extradition 

T.  Friendship,  commerce,  navi- ) 

gation ) 

Peru-  Bolivia  Confederation : 
C.  Peace,  friendship,  commerce, ) 

navigation J 

Portugal  : 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

C.  Portugal      to     pay     $91,727) 

claims,  etc f 

Prussia  : 
T.  Amity  and  commerce 


Wliere  concluded. 


Yedo 

Yokohama 


Tokio 


Napa . . . 
London . 
Berlin . . 


Antananarivo . 


Mexico 

Washington 


Washington 
(Guadalupe 
(  Hildago) 

Mexico 


Tangier. 


Madrid 

Muscat 

Berlin 

The  Hague.. 
Washington 

The  Hague.. 
Washington 


Bogota 

Washington  . . 

Managua 

Bloemfontein... 
Constantinople , 


Constantinople. 
Lima ., 


Lima 

Lisbon 

Washington 


28  Jan.  1864 
22  Oct.   " 

17  May,  1880 

29  Apr.  1886 

11  July,  1854 

21  Oct  1862 

29  Oct.  1883 

14  Feb.  1867 

11  Dec.  1861 
4  July,  1868 
10  July,  " 

29  July,  1882 

1883- 
1884 


20  Jan. 
12  Nov. 


11  Apr. 
2  Feb. 
30  Dec. 


1839 
1848 
1853 


.Jan.  17€7 
16  Sept.  1836 


31  May,  1865 


3  July,  1880 

21  Sept.  1833 

27  May,  1846 

8  Oct.  1782 
19  Jan.  1839 
26  Aug.  1852 

22  Jan.  1855 

23  May,  1878 
22  May,  1880 

2  June,  1887 

12  Dec.  1846 

4  May,  1850 
10  Sept.  1857 

21  June, 1867 
25  June,  1870 

22  Dec.  1871 


25  Feb. 
11  Aug. 


1862 
1874 


7  May,  1830 
4  Feb.  1859 

13  Dec.  1856 

17  Mch.  1841 

26  July,  1851 

22  July,  1856 
20  Dec.  1862 
12  Jan.  1863 
4  Dec.  1868 

6  Sept.  1870 

12  Sept.  " 

31  Aug.  1887 

30  Nov.  1836 

26  Aug.  1840 
26  Feb.  1851 

f  July-Sept. 

1785 


Foreign  power  and  object  of  treaty. 

Where  concluded. 

Date. 

Prussia  (continued) : 

Berlin 

11  Julv,  1799 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

T.  Regulating     citizenship    of  ) 

emigrants ) 

Prussia  and  German  Confederation: 
C   Extradition     ..         

Washington  ... 

1  May,  1828 
22  Feb.   1868 

Washington  . . . 

Bucharest 

St.  Petersburg.. 

Washington  . . . 

16  June.  1852 

Roumania : 
C.  Consular 

)  5-17  June, 

Russia  : 
C.  Navigation,  fishery,  boundary. 

T,  Navigation  and  commerce 

(                1881 

1 5-17  Apr. 

1                1824 
6-18  Dec. 

\               1832 
22  July,  1854 
30  Mch.  1867 
27  Jan.    1868 
21  Apr.  1893 

2  Jan.   1850 

T.  Cession  of  Russian  possessions. 
Addition  to  treaty  of  1832 

San  Salvador  : 
T.  Amity,  navigation,  commerce. 
C.  Extradition 

San  Salvador. . . 
Washington  . . . 

23  May,  1870 
6  Dec.      " 

17  Jan.    1878 
26  Nov.  1838 

T.  Amity,  commerce,   consular ) 

privileges | 

Samoan  islands  : 

T.  Friendship  and  commerce 

Sardinia : 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

Saxony  : 

C.  Abolition  of  droit  d'aubaine. . . 

Berlin 

14  May,  1845 
20  Mch.  1833 

Siam,: 

Bankok 

Washington  ... 

1  San  Lorenzo     | 
(               el  Real ) 

Madrid 

Washington  . . . 

Madrid 

Paris 

T.  Friendship,  commerce,  etc 

Regulating  liquor  traffic  in  Siam. 
Spain  : 
T.  Friendship,  limits,  navigation. 
C   Indemnification 

29  May,  1856 
14  May,  1884 

27  Oct.    1795 

11  Aug.  1802 
22  Feb.  1819 
17  Feb.   1834 

T.  Amity,  settlement,  limits 

C.  Extradition 

5  Jan.   1877 

Sweden  : 

3  Apr.    1783 

4  Sept.  1816 

4  July,  1827 

T.  Friendship  and  commerce 

Sweden  and  Norway  : 
T.  Navigation,  commerce,  con- ) 

Stockholm 

Stockholm 

Washington  . . . 
Stockholm 

Washington  . . . 
Berne  

Houston 

Washington  ... 

fU.  S.  steamer    ) 
1           Mohican] 

Tripoli 

C.  Extradition 

21  Mch.  1860 

C.  Naturalization 

26  May,  1869 

18  May,  1847 
25  Nov.  1850 

11  Apr.   1838 
25  Apr.      " 

2  Oct.    1886 

4  Nov.  1796 

Swiss  Confederation  : 
C.  Abolishing    droit    d'aubaine) 
and  taxes  on  emigration. . .  j 
C.  Friendship,  commerce,  etc 

Texas : 

Tonga  : 

T.  Amity,  commerce,  navigation. 
Tripoli : 

T.  Peace  and  amity 

4  June,  1805 
26  Mch.  1799 

Tunis  : 

Two  Sicilies  : 
C.  Regarding    depredation    of  » 
Murat j 

Naples 

14  Oct.    1832 

T.  Commerce  and  navigation 

C.  Rights  of  neutrals  at  sea 

C.  Peace,  friendship,  commerce,  ) 

etc 1 

United  Mexican  States  : 
T.  Limits 

1  Dec    1845 

u 

13  Jan     1855 

u 

1  Oct.       " 

Mexico 

Caracas 

Valencia 

Caracas 

Berlin 

12  Jan.    1828 

T.  Amity,  commerce,  navigation. 
Venezuela : 
T.  Peace,  friendship,  navigation, ) 
commerce J 

5  Apr.    1831 
20  Jan.    1836 

C.  Satisfying  Aves  island  claims. . 

T.  Amity,    commerce,    naviga- ) 

tion    extradition ) 

14  Jan.   1859 
27  Aug.  1860 

C   Referring  claims 

25  Apr.   1866 

10  Apr.   1844 
27  July,  1868 

3  July,  1886 

Wilrtemberg  : 
C.  Abolishing   droit    d'aubaine) 
and  taxes  on  emigration . . .  ) 

Stuttgart 

Zanzibar 

Zanzibar : 
C.  EnlargingtreatywithMuscat, ) 
1833 ) 

GENERAL  CONVENTIONS. 

C.  With  Belgium,  Brazil,  Dominican  Republic,  France,  Great 
Britain,  Guatemala,  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  Norway,  Por- 
tugal, Salvador,  Scrvia,  Spain,  Sweden,  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion, and  Tunis;  convention  for  the  protection  of  industrial 
property,  signed  at  Paris 20  Mch.  1883 

C.  With  Belgium,  Brazil,  Italy,  Portugal,  Servia,  Spain,  and 
Switzerland,. for  exchange  of  official  documents  and  liter- 
ary publications;  signed  at  Brussels 15  Mch.  1886 

C.  With    Germany,  Great    Britain  and   Ireland,  general   act 


I 


TRE 


811 


TRI 


for  ueutrality  of  Samoan  islands,  signed  at  Berlin, 

U  June,  1889 
C.  With  foreign  powers  for  an  international  union  to  publish 

customs  tariffs;  signed  at  Brussels 5  July,  1890 

Trebia,  now  Trebtoia,  a  river  in  N.  Italy,  near  the 
mouth  of  which  Hannibal  defeated  the  Roman  consul  Sem- 
pronius,  218  B.C.,  his  second  battle  and  victor j'^  after  crossing 
tiie  Alps;  here  also  Siiwarrow  defeated  the  French  marshal 
Macdonald  and  compelled  him  to  retreat,  17-19  June,  1799. 

Trcto'izoild,  formerly  Trape'ZUS,  a  port  of  Asia 
Minor  in  the  Black  sea,  was  colonized  by  the  Greeks,  and  be- 
came subject  to  the  kings  of  Pontus.  It  was  the  first  Greek  col- 
ony reached  by  the  "Ten  Th6usand  Greeks"  on  their  retreat 
after  the  battle  of  Cunaxa.  It  enjoyed  self-government  under 
the  Roman  empire,  and  when  the  Latins  took  Constantinople, 
ill  1204,  it  became  the  seat  of  an  empire  which  endured  till 
1401,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  under  Mahomet  II. 
tree§.  Arbou  day-,  Flowers  and  Plants.  For 
Charter  Oak,  Connecticut,  1687  and  1856;  and  Penn's 
"  Treaty  Elms,"  Pennsylvanlv,  1682. 

Trent,  the  ancient  T?-identum,  a  city  of  the  Tyrol,  Aus- 
tria.   The  council  held  here  is  reckoned  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  as  the  18th  general  council.     Its  decisions  have  been 
implicitly  received  as  the  standard  of  faith,  morals,  and  dis- 
cipline in  that  church.     It  first  sat  13  Dec.  1545,  and  con- 
tinued (with  interruptions)  under  popes  Paul  III.,  Julius  III., 
and  Pius  IV.  to  4  Dec.  1563;   its  last  sitting,  the  2oth.     A 
jubilee  in  relation  to  this  council  was  celebrated  in  June,  1863. 
At  this  council  was  decreed,  with  anathemas,  the  canon  of  Scripture 
(including  the  Apocrypha),  and  the  church  its  sole  interpreter; 
the  traditions  to  be  equal  with  Scripture;  the  seven  sacraments 
(baptism,  confirmation,  the  Lords  supper,  penance,  extreme  unc- 
tion, orders,  and  matrimony),  transulistantiation,  purgatory,  in- 
dulgences, celibacy  of  the  clergy,  auricular  confession,  etc. 

Trent  affair.  On  7  Nov.  1861,  James  M.  Mason 
of  Virginia,  Confederate  envoy  to  Great  Britain,  and  John 
Slidell  of  Louisiana,  accredited  to  France,  embarked  at  Ha- 
vana in  the  British  mail  steamer  T7'e?it  for  England.  The 
U.  S.  steamship  San  Jacinto,  capt.  Wilkes,  was  v/atching  for 
the  Trent  in  the  Bahama  channel,  240  miles  from  Havana, 
€apt.  Wilkes  having  decided,  on  his  own  responsibilitj-,  to 
seize  the  2  Confederate  envoys.  The  Sati  Jacinto  met  the 
Trent  on  the  forenoon  of  8  Nov.,  signalled  her  to  stop  in  vain, 
and  then  fired  a  shot  across  her  bow.  Her  captain  unwillingly 
allowed  Mason  and  Slidell,  with  their  secretaries,  to  be  taken 
on  board  the  Sa7i  Jacinto.     Capt.  Wilkes  reached  Boston  on 

19  Nov.,  and  the  2  ministers  were  confined  in  fort  Warren. 
This  seizure  was  received  with  favor  in  the  U.  S.,  but  Great 
Britain  demanded  from  the  government  at  Washington  a 
formal  apology  and  the  immediate  release  of  the  prisoners. 
Lord  John  Russell  instructing  the  minister,  lord  Lyons,  at 
Washington,  30  Nov.  1861,  that  unless  a  satisfactory  answer 
were  given  within  7  days  he  might,  at  his  discretion,  with- 
draw the  legation  and  return  to  England.  This  despatch 
was  received  on  18  Dec. ;  on  the  19th  lord  Lyons  called  on 
Mr.  Seward,  and  in  a  personal  interview  an  amicable  adjust- 
ment was  made  possible  by  the  moderation  of  both  diplomats. 
On  26  Dec.  Mr.  Seward  transmitted  to  lord  Lyons  the  reply  of 
the  U.  S.,  in  which  the  illegality  of  the  seizure  was  recognized, 
while  the  satisfaction  of  the  U.  S.  government  was  expressed 
in  the  fact  that  a  principle  for  which  it  had  long  contended 
was  thus  accepted  by  the  British  government.  Mason  and  Sli- 
dell were  at  once  released,  and  sailed  for  England  1  Jan.  1862. 

Trenton,  Battle  of.  At  the  close  of  Nov.  1776,  the 
British  occupied  New  Jersej'',  and  only  the  Delaware  river  shut 
off  Cornwallis  from  Philadelphia.  Washington  had  crossed 
the  Delaware  2  Dec,  securing  every  boat,  so  that  the  British 
were  unable  to  follow.  The  British  army,  in  fancied  security, 
held  an  extended  line.  A  detachment  of  Hessians,  1500 
strong,  under  col.  Rahl,  with  a  force  of  500  cavalry,  were  at 
Trenton,  while  count  Donop,  with  another  force  of  2000  men, 
was  at  Bordentown.  Washington  determined  to  surprise  col. 
Rahl.     On  the  evening  of  25  Dec.  1776,  with  2400  men  and 

20  pieces  of  artillery,  he  recrossed  the  Delaware  a  few  miles 
above  Trenton.  Owing  to  the  darkness  and  the  floating  ice 
in  the  river  it  was  4  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  26th  before 
the  entire  force  had  crossed,  and  although  the  Americans  did 
not  reach  Trenton  until  after  daylight,  the  enemy  were  sur- 


prised. A  severe  engagement  ensued.  The  British  cavalry 
and  some  infantry  escaped,  but  about  1000  men  with  6  pieces 
of  artillery  were  captured.  Among  the  fatally  wounded  was 
col.  Rahl,  the  commander.  Washington  recrossed  the  river  to 
his  camp  before  midnight  of  the  26th.     Pkincetox. 

Trevc§  (trav)  or  Trier,  the  Roman  Treviri,  in  Rhen- 
ish Prussia,  was  a  prosperous  city  of  the  Gauls,  12  b.c.  The 
emperor  Gallienus  held  his  court  here,  255  a.d.  The  church 
of  St.  Simeon  dates  from  the  4th  century.  Treves  was  made 
an  electorate  in  the  14th  centurj^,  and  became  subject  to  the 
archbishop  in  1585.  Councils  held  here,  385-1423.  The  arch- 
bishopric is  said  to  have  been  founded  before  the  7th  century, 
and  to  be  the  oldest  in  Germany.  After  various  changes, 
Treves  was  acquired  by  Prussia,  June,  1835.  In  1844,  much 
excitement  was  occasioned  by  miracles  said  to  have  been 
wrought  by  a  "  holy  coat." 

"  Tria  Juneta  in  Uno  "  ("  three  joined  in  one  "), 
motto  of  the  knights  of  the  military  order  of  the  Bath,  Engl., 
signifying  " faith,  hope,  and  charity."     Bath. 

trial  (Gr.  Tsipoj,  Lat.  iej-o,  to  wear  out,  to  distress,  to  af- 
flict). Examination  bj'  tests  or  experiments. — The  formal 
examination  before  a  judge  and  generally  before  a  jury,  by 
means  of  witnesses,  in  a  court  of  law,  as  to  whether  certain  al- 
leged facts  or  charges  are  true  or  not,  as  below.  Regulations  for 
conducting  trials  were  made  by  Lothaire  and  Edric,  kings  of 
Kent,  about  673  to  68p.  Alfred  the  Great  is  said  to  have  begun 
trials  by  jury;  but  there  is  good  evidence  of  such  before  his 
time.— Trial  at  bar  signifies  by  the  whole  court  or  a  plurality 
of  judges.  This  plan  was  adopted  at  Bristol  after  the  riots  of 
1832 ;  also  at  O'Connell's  trial,  1844 ;  and  arranged  for  the  trial 
of  the  claimant  of  theTichborne  estates  for  perjury,  in  Apr.  1873. 

famous    ENGLISH    TRIALS. 
GuNPOWDER-PLOT  conspirators,  Digby,  R.  Winter,  Grant,  and 
Bates,  30  Jan. ;  T.  Winter,  Rookwood,  Keys,  and  Fawkes,  31 

Jan.;  Henry  Garnelt,  Jesuit,  at  London 3  May,  160G 

Earl  and  countess  of  Somerset  and  others  for  the  murder  of 

sir  Thomas  Overbury 1613 

John  Felton;  for  murder  of  duke  of  Buckingham;  hanged  at 

Tyburn 28  Nov.  1628 

King  Charles  L ,  20  Jan. ;  beheaded 30  Jan.  1649 

f  Edward  Coleman  convicted,  27  Nov. ;  William 

Ireland  and  other  priests 17  Dec.  1678 

Robert  Green  and  others,  10  Feb.  ;  Thomas 
Whitebreadandother  Jesuits,  13  June;  Rich- 
ard Langhorne,  counsellor 14  June,  1679 

Sir  George  Wakeman,  queen's  physician,  ac- 
quitted   13  July,     " 

[  Viscount  Stafford  convicted 30  Nov. -7  Dec.  1681 

Rye-house  plot:  convicted;  William  (lord)  Russell,  13  July; 

Algernon  Sidney 21  Nov.  1683 

Charnock,  King,  and  Keys,  18  Mch. ;  sir  John  Friend  and  sir 

William  Perkins  ("assassination  plot") 3  Apr.  1696 

Capt.  William  Kidd  and  3  others;  piracy 23  May,  1701 

James,  earl  of  Derwentwater,  and  William,  earl  of  Kenraure; 

rebellion ;  Tower  hill 24  Feb.  1716 

John  Price,  the  hangman;  murder,  Bunhill  row 21  May,  1718 

Jack  Sheppard,  highwayman ;  Tyburn 16  Nov.  1724 

Richard  Turpin,  highwayman;  York 7  or  10  Apr.  1739 

Jenny  Diver,  for  felony ;  executed 18  Mch.  1740 

William  Duell,  executed  for  murder  at  Tyburn,  came  to  life 

when  about  to  be  dissected  at  Surgeons'  hall 24  Nov.     " 

Lords  Kilmarnock  and  Balmerino,  for  high-treason. .  .28  July,  1746 
Mary  Hamilton,  for  marrying  with  her  own  sex,  14  wives,  7  Oct.     " 
Lord  Lovatt,  80  years  of  age,  for  high-treason ;  beheaded,  9  Mch.  1747 
Freuey,  the  celebrated  Irish  robber,  who  surrendered  himself, 

9  July,  1749 
Amy  Hutchinson,  burned  at  Ely,  for  the  murder  of  her  hus- 
band  5  Nov.  1750 

Miss  Blandy,  for  the  murder  of  her  father;  hanged 3  Mch.  1752 

AnnWilliam.s,  for  murder  of  her  husband;  burned  alive,  11  Apr.  1753 
Richard  William  Vaughan,  first  forger  of  Bank  of  England 

notes 11  May,  1758 

Eugene  Aram;  murder;  York 6  Aug.  1759 

Earl  Ferrers;  murder  of  his  steward;  Tyburn 5  May,  1760 

John  Perrott;  fraudulent  bankrupt;  Smithfleld 11  Nov.  1761 

Ann  Bedingfleld,  for  murder  of  husband;  burned  alive.  .6  Apr.  1763 
Elizabeth  Browurigg;  murder  of  her  apprentice;  Tyburn, 

14  Sept.  1767 
Great  cause  between  the  families  of  Hamilton  and  Douglas, 

27  Feb.  1769 

Great  Valencia  cause  in  Irish  house  of  peers 18  Mch.  1772 

Cause  of  Somerset,  the  slave  (Slavery) 22  June,      " 

Elizabeth  Herring,  for  the  murder  of  her  husband;  hanged 

and  burned  at  Tyburn 13  Sept.  1773 

Daniel  and  Robert  Perreau,  wine-merchants;  forgery;  Tyburn, 

17  Jan.  1776 
Rev.  dr.  Dodd,  found  guilty  of  forging  a  bond  in  the  name  of 
lord  Chesterfield,  for  4200^.     High  influence  was  exerted  to 
save  him;  but  before  the  council,  the  minister  of  the  day 


Oates's  plot 


TRI 

said  to  George  III.,  "If  your  majesty  pardon  dr.  Dodd,  you 
will  have  murdered  the  I'erreaus" 27  June, 

Lord  George  Gordon,  aoquiued  ui  high -treason 5  Feb. 

Warren  Hajslings;  a  trial  which  lasted  7  years  and  3  months 
(Ha!«tino8'8  trial);  commenced 13  Feb. 

Christian  Murphy  (or  Bowman),  a  woman  ;  strangled  and 
burned  for  coining 18  Mch. 

Thomiis  Paine,  iwlitical  writer  and  deist,  for  libels  in  the 
"  R  ghts  of  .Man ;"  conviclod 18  Dec. 

Messrs.  Hartly,  Home  Tooke,  Thelwall,  and  Joyce,  for  high- 
tr»>ason;  acquitted 29  Oct. 

Parker,  mutineer  at  the  Nore,  called  adm.  Parker  (Mutiny), 

27  June, 

Sir  Harry  Brown  Hayes,  for  carrying  off  Miss  Pike  of  Cork, 

13  Apr. 

Halflcld,  for  shooting  at  George  III.  (Hatfield's  attkmpt), 

26  June, 

Mutineers  at  Bantry  bay;  hanged 8  Jan. 

Gov.  Wall,  for  cruelty  and  murder  20  years  before  (tried  under 
3;)  Hen.  VIII.  c.  23) 20  Jan. 

Col.  Dcspard  and  associates,  for  high  treason;  hanged  on  the 
top  of  Horsemongcr  laue  jail  (Dkspard's  conspieacv),  7  Feb. 

Robert  Aslett,  cashier  at  bank  of  Kngland,  for  embezzlement 
and  fniuds;  loss  to  the  bank,  320,000^. ;  acquitted,  the  bills 
being  invalid 18  July, 

John  Hatfield  (a  rank  impostor,  who  married  by  deceit  the  cele- 
brated "  Beauty  of  Buttermero");  forgery;  Carlisle.. 3  Sept. 

Robert  Emmett,  at  Dublin,  for  high-treason;  executed  ne.st 
day 19  Sept. 

William  Cooper,  the  Hackney  monster,  for  offences  against 
females 17  Apr. 

Warrington  gang,  for  unnatural  offences;  executed 23  Aug. 

Gen.  Picton,  for  torture  of  Louisa  Cakleron,  to  extort  confes- 
sion, at  Trinidad  (under  42  Geo.  III.  c.  85)  in  King's  Bench; 
guilty  (new  trial,  same  verdict,  11  June,  1808) 24  Feb. 

lion.  capt.  lAke,  for  landing  Robert  Jefiery,  a  British  seaman, 
at  Sombrero;  dismissed  the  service 10  Feb. 

Lord  Louth,  in  Dublin;  sentenced  to  imprisonment  and  fine, 
for  oppressive  conduct  as  a  magistrate 19  June, 

Berkeley  cause,  house  of  peers,  concluded 28  June, 

Bellingham,  for  murder  of  Mr.  Perceval,  prime  minister, 

15  May, 

Hugh  Fitzpatrick,  for  publishing  Scully's  "History  of  the 
Penal  Iaws  " 6  Feb. 

Eliza  Fenning;  poisoning;  Old  Bailey 26  July, 

[Believed  to  be  innocent;  she  denied  her  guilt  on  the 
scaffold,  and  thousands  accompanied  her  funeral.  In  the 
Annual  Register  for  1857,  p.  143,  it  is  stated,  on  the  author- 
ity of  Mr.  Gurney,  that  she  confessed  the  crime  to  James 
Upton,  a  Baptist  minister,  before  her  execution.] 

Vaughan,  a  police  officer,  Mackay,  and  Browne,  for  conspiracy 
to  instigate  felonies  to  obtain  the  reward;  convicted,  21  Aug. 

Hone,  bookseller,  for  parodies;  3  trials  before  lord  Ellenbor- 
ough;  extemporaneous  and  successful  defence 18-20  Dec. 

Appeal  of  murder  case;  Ash  ford,  brother  of  Mary  Ash  ford, 
against  Abraham  Thornton,  accused  of  her  murder  (Appeals) 
and  acquitted 16  Apr. 

Rev.  dr.  O'Hallorun,  for  forging  a  frank  (Transportation), 

9  Sept. 

Robert  Johnston,  at  Edinburgh;  his  dreadful  execution,  30  Dec. 

Carlile,  for  publishing  Paine's  "Age  of  Reason,"  etc 15  Oct. 

Thistlewood,  Ings,  Brunt,  Davidson,  and  Tidd,  for  con.spiracy 
to  murder  the  king's  ministers;  commenced  (Cato  street 
conspiracy) 17  Apr. 

Queen  Caroline;  house  of  lords,  for  adultery,  commenced  16 
Aug.;  ended  (Queen  Caroline's  trial) 10  Nov. 

David  Haggart.  an  extraordinary  robber,  and  a  man  of  event- 
ful life,  at  Edinburgh,  for  the  murder  of  a  turnkey... 9  June, 

Josiah  Cadman ;  forgery ;  hanged 21  Nov. 

"  Earl  of  Portsmouth's  case"  commenced 18  Mch. 

Henry  Fauntleroy,  banker  of  London,  for  forgery;  hanged, 

30  Oct. 

Edward  Lowe;  coining  (the  last  coiner  drawn  on  a  sledge  to 
the  scaffold);  Old  Bailey 22  Nov. 

Capt.  Charles  Montgomery,  ordered  for  execution  for  forgery, 
took  an  ounce  and  a  half  of  prussic  acid  to  escape  the  gal- 
lows, and  was  found  dead  in  his  cell 4  July, 

Burke,  at  Edinburgh,  for  the  Burking  murders;  Hare,  his  ac- 
complice, became  informer  (Burking) 24  Dec. 

Thomas  Maynard,  the  last  executed  for  forgery 31  Dec. 

Clune,  etc.,  at  Ennis,  for  cutting  out  the  tongues  of  the  Doyles, 

4  Mch. 

Mr.  Comyn,  for  burning  his  house  in  county  Clare;  hanged, 

6  Mch. 

Rev.  Robert  Taylor  (called  "  the  Devil's  chaplain  "),  for  reviling 
the  Redeemer;  convicted 6  July, 

John  Any  Bird  Bell,  14  years  of  age,  for  the  murder  of  Rich- 
ard Taylor,  aged  13;  hanged  at  Maidstone 1  Aug 

Bishop  and  Williams,  for  murder  of  the  Italian  boy  (Burking). 

3  Dec. 

Elizabeth  Cooke,  for  murder  of  Mrs.  Walsh,  by  "burking,  "6  Jan. 

Rev.  Edward  Irving,  by  the  Scots  church  for  heresy;  expelled 
(Irvingites) 13  Mch. 

Hon.  G.  C.  Norton  v.  lord  Melbourne,  in  Common  Pleas,  for 
crim.  con.  with  hon.  Mrs.  Norton;  acquitted 22  June, 

Edward  Oxford  attempts  the  life  of  queen  Victoria;  adjudged 
insane,  and  confined  in  Bethlehem 9,  10  July, 

Allen  Bogle  v.  Lawson,  publisher  of  the  Times,  for  libel  in 
stating  the  plaintiff  to  be  connected  with  bank  forgers 
throughout  Europe  in  schemes  to  defraud  messrs.  Glyn  & 
Company,  bankers  of  London,  by  fictitious  letters  of  credit; 


812 


TRI 


1777 
1781 

1788 

1789 

1792 

1794 

1797 

1800 

1802 


1805 

1806 
1810 
1811 

1812 

1813 
1815 


1816 
1817 

1818 

u 

1819 
1820 

1821 
1823 
1824 
1827 

1828 

1829 
1830 

1831 


1832 
1833 
1836 
1840 


damages,  one  farthing.    This  exposure,  so  honorable  to  the 
Times,  leads  to  the  Times  testimonial 16  Aug. 

Beaumont  Smith,  for  large  forgery  of  exchequer  bills;  pleads 
guilty ;  sentenced  to  transportation  for  life 4  Dec. 

John  Francis,  attempt  to  assassinate  queen  Victoria.  .17  June, 

Samuel  Sidney  Smith,  forgery;  transported  for  life 29  Nov. 

Rev.  W.  Bailey,  LL.D.,  forgery;  transported  for  life 1  Feb. 

Mary  Furley,  for  murder  of  her  child  in  despair 16  Apr. 

William  Henry  Barber,  Joshua  Fletcher,  Georgiana  Dorey, 
William  Saunders,  and  Susannah,  his  wife,  all  convicted  of 

forging  a  will,  15  Apr. ;  sentenced 22  Apr. 

[In  1848  Mr.  Barber  returned  to  England  with  a  free  par- 
don, his  innocence  acknowledged  by  his  prosecutors;  he  was 
readmitted  to  practice  as  an  attorney;  and  on  3  Aug.  1859, 
by  recommendation  of  a  select  conimttee  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  the  sum  of  5000i.  was  voted  him  "as  a  national 
acknowledgment  of  the  wrong  he  had  suffered  from  an  er- 
roneous prosecution."] 

Spanish  pirates,  for  murder  of  10  Englishmen  at  sea.  .26  July, 

Rev.  dr.  Wetherall,  for  crim.  con.  with  Mrs.  Cooke,  his  daugh- 
ter  16  Aug. 

Mitchell,  the  Irish  confederate;  transported  for  14  years  (Ire- 
land)  26  May, 

William  Smith  O'Brien,  Meagher,  and  confederates;  sentence, 
death;  afterwards  commuted  to  transportation  (pardoned  in 
1856) 9  Oct. 

Gorham  v.  the  bishop  of  Exeter;  ecclesiastical  case;  judg- 
ment in  the  court  of  arches  against  plaintiff. 2  Aug. 

[The  bishop  refused  to  institute  Mr.  Gorham  into  the  living 
of  Bramptou-Speke,  in  Devonshire,  alleging  want  of  ortho- 
doxy in  denying  baptismal  regeneration;  the  court  held  the 
charge  of  false  doctrine  proved.  Sir.  Gorham  appealed  to  the 
judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council,  which  pronounced 
its  opinion  (8  Mch.  1850)  that  "the  doctrine  held  by  Mr. 
Gorham  was  not  contrary  or  repugnant  to  the  declared  doc- 
trine of  the  church  of  England,  and  that  Mr.  Gorham  ought 
not,  by  reason  of  the  doctrine  held  by  him,  to  have  been 
refused  admission  to  the  vicarage  of  Brampton- Speke." 
On  appeal  to  3  courts  of  law,  each  court  refused  to  interfere, 
and  Mr.  Gorham  was  instituted  into  his  vicarage,  7  Aug.  1850.] 

Sloanes,  man  and  wife,  for  starving  their  servant,  Jane  Wil- 
bred " 5  Feb. 

Sarah  Chesham,  for  poisoning  her  husband;  she  had  poisoned 
several  of  her  children  and  others;  hanged 6  Mch. 

Doyle  V.  Wright,  for  personal  custody  of  miss  Augusta  Talbot, 
a  Roman  Catholic  ward  of  chancery,  before  the  lord  chan- 
cellor ;  protracted  case 22  Mch. 

Pierce  Somerset  Butler  v.  viscount  Mountgarret;  gaining  a 
peerage,  defendant  being  proved  illegitimate Aug. 

Courts-martial  on  sir  E.  Belcher,  capt.  McClure,  etc.,  for  aban- 
doning their  ships  in  the  Arctic  regions;  acquitted Oct. 

William  Palmer,  for  murder  of  J.  P.  Cook  by  poison.  14-27  May, 
[He  was  executed  at  Stafford  on  14  June,  in  the  presence 
of  50,000  persons.     If  he  had  been  acquitted,  he  would  have 
been  tried  for  the  murder  of  his  wife  and  brother.] 

Leopold  Redpath,  for  forgeries  (to  150,000^.)  upon  Great  North- 
ern Railway  company;  transported  for  life 16  Jan. 

Jem  Saward,  a  barrister  (called  the  Penman),  William  Ander- 
son, and  others,  convicted  of  extensive  forgery  of  bankers' 
checks 5  Mch. 

Patience  Swynfen  v.  F.  H.  Swynfen;  a  will  affirmed.. 27  July, 
[Plaintiff  was  Patience  Swynfen,  widow  of  Henry  John 
Swynfen,  son  of  the  testator,  Samuel  Swynfen.  Her  husband 
died  15  June,  1854,  and  his  father  on  16  July  following,  hav- 
ing made  a  will  19  days  before  his  death,  devising  the  Swyn- 
fen estate  (worth  about  60,000^.)  to  his  son's  wife,  but  leaving 
a  large  personal  estate  undisposed  of  The  defendant,  F.  H. 
Swynfen,  son  of  the  testator's  eldest  half-brother,  claimed 
the  estate  as  heir-at  law  on  the  ground  of  the  testator's  in- 
sanity. The  issue  was  brought  to  trial  in  Mch.  1856;  but 
proceedings  were  stayed  by  agreement  of  Mrs.  Swynfen's 
counsel,  sir  F.  Thesiger,  with  the  opposite  counsel,  sir  Alex- 
ander Cockburn,  without  her  consent,  and  in  defiance  of  her 
instructions..  After  various  proceedings,  the  court  of  chan- 
cery ordered  a  new  trial.  She  gained  her  cause,  mainly 
through  the  energy  of  her  counsel,  Charles  R.  Kennedy,  to 
whom  she  had  promised  to  pay  20,000^,  but  she  married  a 
Mr.  Broun,  and  repudiated  Mr.  Kennedy's  claim.  The  latter 
obtained  a  verdict  in  his  favor  on  29  Mch.  1862,  which  wa.s, 
on  appeal,  finally  reversed  in  Feb.  1864.  Mrs.  Swynfen  wns 
nonsuited  in  an  action  brought  against  her  counsel  (afterwards 
lord  Chelmsford  and  lord  chancellor),  in  July,  1859,  and  June, 
I860.] 

Thellusson  will  case  decided 9  June, 

Thomas  Smethurst,  surgeon,  for  poisoning  Isabella  Bankes, 
whom  he  had  married  during  his  wife's  life;  convicted, 

15-19  Aug. 
[He  was  reprieved  on  the  ground  of  insufficient  evidence; 
but  was  convicted  of  bigamy,  16  Nov.  1859.    On  11  Nov.  1H62, 
he  proved  Miss  Bankes's  will,  and  obtained  her  property.] 

Eugenia  Plummer,  11  years,  convicted  of  perjury  against  rev. 
Mr.  Hatch 14  May, 

Thomas  Hopley,  schoolmaster,  convicted  of  manslaughter  of 
Reginald  Canceller,  by  flogging 23  July, 

Miss  Shedden  v.  Patrick  (the  plaintiff  ably  pleads  her  own  cause, 
but  fails  to  prove  the  legitimacy  of  her  father),  9  Nov.  et  seq. 

Thelwall  r.  hon.  mnj.  Yelverton'  The  plaintiff  sues  for  ex- 
penses incurred  by  defendant's  wife;  the  major  denies  the 
validity  of  the  marriage,  having  since  married  the  widow  of 
prof  Edward  Forbes,  the  eminent  naturalist.  The  court  in 
Dublin  supports  the  first  marriage 21  P"eb.  to  4  Mch. 


1841 


1842 


1843 
1844 


1845 


1F49 


1851 


1854 
18£6 


1857 


1858 


1861      ^ 


TRI  813 

[Miss  Longworth  endeavored  to  establish  her  marriage. 
On  appeal,  the  Scotch  court  annulled  the  marriage,  July, 
1862,  and  this  judgment  was  affirmed  by  the  House  of  Lords, 
28  July,  1864,  and  again  finally,  30  July,  1867.  An  attempt 
to  set  aside  the  judgment  of  the  House  of  Lords  rejected  by 
the  court  of  session,  29  Oct.  1868.] 

Brook  V.  Brook.  Marriage.  The  House  of  Lords  on  appeal 
decides  against  the  validity  of  such  a  marriage,  even  in  a 
foreign  country 18  Mch.  1861 

Beamish  v.  Beamish;  the  lords  on  appeal  decide  that  a  clergy- 
man cannot  celebrate  marriage  for  himself 22  Apr.     " 

Emperor  of  Austria  v.  Day;  verdict  for  plaintiff.  The  de- 
fendant printed  100,000,000  florin  notes  on  the  bank  of 
Hungary,  for  Louis  Kossuth.  The  notes  are  ordered  to  be 
destroyed  within  1  month,  6  May;  judgment  affirmed,  12  June,      '• 

Cardross  case:  John  MacMillan,  a  free-church  minister,  is 
expelled  for  drunkenness  and  misconduct,  May,  1858.  The 
Glasgow  synod  and  the  general  assembly  of  the  free  church 
affirm  the  sentence.  On  appeal,  the  court  of  session  sets 
aside  the  decree  (which  involved  temporalities),  asserting 
that  the  assembly  had  only  spiritual  authority July,      " 

Martin  Doyle,  barbarous  attempted  murder  (last  execution  for 
this  crime) 27  Aug.      " 

Inquiry  into  sanity  of  William  Frederick  Wyndham  (on  be- 
half of  his  relatives),  to  annul  an  injudicious  marriage; 
trial  lasts  34  days;   140  witnesses  examined;   verdict,  sane 

mind 16  Dec.  1861,  and  30  Jan.  1862 

[Each  i)arty  to  pay  its  own  costs,  Mch.  1862.] 

Capt.  Robertson,  by  court-martial;  convicted  of  submitting  to 
ungenllemanly  conduct  from  his  brother  officers;  30  days' 

inquiry ;  ended 24  Mch.      " 

[The  court  severely  criticised,  and  sentence  annulled.] 

Queen  on  appeal  of  earl  of  Cardigan  v.  col.  Calthorpe,  for  libel, 
charging  the  earl  with  deserting  his  men  at  Balaklava,  25 
Oct.  1855;  verdict  for  defendant  (who,  however,  admits  his 
error) 9, 10  June,  1863 

Attorney-general  v.  Sillim  and  others,  for  building  the  Alex- 
andra for  the  confederates,  against  the  Enlistment  act;  ver- 
dict for  defendants 25  June,     " 

[Decision  affirmed  on  appeal  to  lords,  6  Apr.  1864.] 

Franz  Muller,  for  the  murder  of  Mr.  Briggs  in  a  railway  car- 
riage, 9  July ;  convicted 27-29  Oct.  1864 

Queen  v.  William  Rumble,  for  infringement  of  Foreign  Enlist- 
ment act,  in  equipping  the  Rappahannock  for  the  Confeder- 
ate government;  acquitted 4  Feb.  1865 

Bishop  Colenso's  appeal  to  privy  council;  decision  of  bishop 
of  Capetown,  deposing  him,  is  annulled 21  Mch.      " 

Trials  of  Fenians  for  treason-felony;  Thomas  Clarke  Luby, 
sentenced  to  20  years'  penal  servitude,  28  Nov.-l  Dec; 
O'Leary  and  others  convicted;  O'Donovan  Rossa  (previous- 
ly convicted)  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life,  13  Dec. ; 
others  convicted  at  Cork  (Trials,  U.  S.,  30  June,  1885). .  Dec.      " 

Ryves  &  Ryves  v.  the  attorney -general;  an  endeavor  to  prove 
the  marriage  of  king  George  III.  with  Hannah  Wilmot,  and 
that  of  his  brother  Henry,  duke  of  Cumberland,  with  Olive 
Wilmot;  the  jury  decides  against  the  claim,  and  that  Olive 
Serres,  the  alleged  mother  of  Mrs.  Ryves,  was  not  the  legiti- 
mate daughter  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  and  that  the  82 
documents  brought  in  evidence  were  forged  (Mrs.  Ryves  d. 
7  Dec.  1871) 13  June,  1866 

Banda  and  Kirwee  prize  case  (Indian  mutiny)  ;  court  of  ad- 
miralty awards  700,000^.,  to  be  divided  among  the  soldiers  of 
gens.  Whitelocke,  Rose,  Roberts,  and  others 30  June,     " 

Bishop  Colenso  v.  Gladstone  and  others,  trustees  of  colonial 
bishopric  fund  (for  withholding  his  stipend);  verdict  for 
•  plaintiff,  with  costs 6  Nov.     " 

George  Druitt,  M.  Lawrence,  and  John  Anderson,  leaders  of  the 
operative  tailors'  association,  convicted  of  a  misdemeanor 
(organizing  the  system  of  "picketing,"  or  watching  men  on 
strike;  and  intimidating  non-unionists;  which  began  24  Apr. 
18«7) 21  Aug.  1867 

Thirteen  tailors  convicted  of  "picketing" 22  Aug.     " 

Rigby  Wason  v.  Walter  (for  publication  of  an  alleged  libel  in 
the  Times — viz.,  a  correct  report  of  a  debate  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  etc.);  verdict  for  defendant,  settling  that  such  a  re- 
port is  privileged 18-20  Dec.     " 

[Reaffirmed,  25  Nov.  1868.     Mr.  Wason  d.  July,  1875.] 

Jfartin  ?!.  Mackonochie  (for  ritualistic  practices);  before  dean 
of  arches,  4  Dec.  1867  ;  closed 18  Jan.  1868 

I'lamank  v.  Simpson;  similar  case;  begun  5  Feb.;  verdict 
against  elevation  of  sacrament,  use  of  incense,  and  mixture 
of  water  with  wine  in  the  communion 28  Mch.     " 

Trial  of  Fenians  for  Clerkenwell  outrage,  begun  20  Apr. ;  all 
acquitted  except  Michael  Barrett 20-27  Apr.     " 

Barrett's  the  last  public  execution  in  England 26  May,     " 

Lyou  V.  Home  (the  spiritual  medium).  The  plaintiff,  a  widow, 
seeks  to  recover  60,000?.  stock,  given  to  Home  at  the  alleged 
command  of  her  husband's  spirit,  between  Oct.  1866  and  Feb. 
1867;  instituted  15  June,  1867;  trial,  21  Apr.  to  1  May,  1868; 
judgment  for  plaintiff,  by  the  vice-chancellor,  sirG.  M.  Giffard, 

22  May,  " 
[The  judge  said  of  spiritualism,  "the  system,  as  presented 
by  the  evidence,  is  mischievous  nonsense;  well  calculated  on 
tlie  one  hand  to  delude  the  vain,  the  weak,  the  foolish,  and 
the  superstitious;  and  on  the  other  to  assist  the  projects  of 
the  needy  and  the  adventurer."] 

Mornington  v.  Wellesley,  and  Wellesley  v.  Mornington,  29  years 
in  chancery,  decided  (costs  above  30,000^.);  22,000^  awarded 
the  countess  of  Mornington 7  May,     " 

Thomas  Wells;  for  murder  of  Mr.  Walsh,  station-master  at 
Dover  (first  private  execution) 13  Aug.     " 


TRI 

Chronford  v.  Lingo:  female  suffrage  declared  illegal  ..7-9  Nov.  1868 

Baxter  v.  Langley:  Sunday-evening  lectures  declared  not  ille- 
gal   19  Nov.      " 

Cooper  V.  Gordon;  verdict  for  plaintiff;  vice-chancellor  decides 
tiiat  the  majority  of  a  congregation  of  dissenters  may  dis- 
miss their  minister  for  any  cause 28  May,  1869 

Smith  V.  Earl  Brownlow:  after  long  litigation,  decision  against 
the  enclosure  of  the  common  at  Berkhampstead  by  lord  of 
the  manor 14  Jan.  1870 

Sir  Charles  Mordaunt  r.  lady  Mordaunt  and  others,  for  div^orco: 
preliminary  trial  of  her  sanity  (declared  insane,  30  Apr.  1869), 
16-25  Feb.  1870;  appeal,  27  Apr.  1870;  judgment  affirmed, 

2  June,     " 

Bishop  Goss  (Roman  Catholic)  v.  Hill  and  Whittaker:  will  case; 
Mr.  Moreton's  will,  bequeathing  the  chief  of  his  property  to 
the  bishop,  set  aside 16  June,     " 

Phillips  V.  Eyre,  for  imprisonment  during  Jamaica  rebellion; 
verdict  for  defendant 23  June,     " 

Michael  Davitt  and  John  Wilson,  treason  felony  (Fenians), 

18  July,     " 
Tichborne  Case. 

Tichborne  v.  Lushington:  the  plaintiff  declared  himself  to  be 
sir  Roger  Charles  Tichborne,  supposed  to  have  been  lost  at 
sea  ;  and  claimed  the  baronetcy  and  estates,  worth  about 
2t,000Z.  a  year. 

Roger  Charles  Tichborne,  son  of  sir  James,  born 1829 

Educated  in  France  till about  1843 

Enters  the  army 1849 

Proposes  marriage  to  his  cousin  Kate  Doughty;  declined.  .Jan.  1852 
Sails  from  Havre  for  Valparaiso  (Mch.),  and  arrives  there, 

19  June,  1853 
Sails  from  Rio  Janeiro  in  the  Bella^  which  founders  at  sea,  20  Apr.  1854 

[  In  a  chancery  suit  his  death  was  legally  proved.] 

His  mother  advertises  former  son 19  May,  1865 

Claimant  (found  by  Gibbes  and  Cubitt  in  Australia)  asserts  that 
he,  saved  with  8  others  from  the  wreck,  went  to  Australia, 
and  lived  there,  roughly,  13  years  under  the  name  of  Castro; 
marries  as  Castro,  Jan. ;  as  Tichborne 3  July,  1866 

He  is  accepted  by  the  dowager  lady  Tichborne  as  her  son  at 

Paris Jan.  1867 

[Xoothers  of  the  fiimily  accepted  him ;  but  sir  Clifibrd  Con- 
stable and  some  brother  officers  did.] 

His  claim  is  resisted  on  behalf  of  sir  Henry  (a  minor),  son  of 
sir  Alfred  Tichborne;  and  after  chancery  proceedings  (begun 
Mch.  1867),  a  trial  begins  in  the  court  of  Common  Pleas  be- 
fore chief  justice  Bovill 11  May,  1871 

Claimant  is  examined  22  days;  the  trial  adjourns  on  40th  day, 
7. July;  resumed  7  Nov. ;  case  for  claimant  closes 21  Dec.     " 

Trial  resumed,  15  Jan. ;  the  attorney-general,  sir  J.  D.  Cole- 
ridge, speaks  26  days;  on  4  Mch.  the  jury  express  themselves 
satisfied  that  the  claimant  is  not  sir  Roger;  on  the  103d  day 

he  is  declared  nonsuited 6  Mch.  1872 

[Case  said  to  have  cost  the  estate  nearly  92,000^.] 

He  is  lodged  in  Newgate  to  be  tried  for  perjury,  7  Mch. ;  in- 
dicted as  Thomas  Castro,  otherwise  Arthur  Orton,  for  per- 
jury and  forgery 9  Apr.      '* 

Court  of  Queens  Bench  decides  that  he  may  be  admitted  to 
bail,  23  Apr. ;  released 26  Apr.      '* 

Trial  of  the  claimant  for  perjury  and  forgery  begun  before 
chief  justice  Cockburn,  and  justices  Mellor  and  Lush  at  bar, 
23  Apr.;  case  for  the  prosecution  closes,  10  July;  resumed 
(for  defence) 21  July,      " 

Lady  Doughty,  mother  of  sir  Henry  Tichborne,  dies. .  .13  Dec.      " 
[Up  to  27  June  (47th  day  of  the  trial),  out  of  150  witnesses 
above  100  had  sworn  that  the  claimant  was  not  Tichborne, 
and  about  40  that  he  was  Arthur  Orton.] 

Guildford  Onslow  and  G.  H.Whalley,  M.P.'s,  fined  for  contempt 
of  court  in  speeches  of  20  Jan. ;  Mr.  Skipworth,  barrister, 
for  same  offence,  imprisoned  3  months  and  fined;  claimant 
to  give  securities  for  1000/.  for  a  similar  offence 29  Jan.  1873 

Claimant  forbidden  to  attend  public  meetings 19  Sept.     " 

Cheltenham  Chronicle  fined  150i.  for  commenting  on  trial, 

23  Sept.      *' 

Case  for  defence  closes  on  124th  day,  27  Oct. ;  adjourns  from 
31  Oct.  to  17  Nov.,  then  to  27  Nov. ;  rebutting  evidence  heard, 

27,  28  Nov.      " 

Dr.  Kenealy's   summing-up,  2  Dec.  1873-14  Jan.  1874;   Mr. 

Hawkins's  reply 15-28  Jan.  1874 

[Mr.  Whalley,  M.P.,  fined  for  contempt  of  court,  250?.,  23 
Jan.] 

Chief-justice's  summing-up 29  Jan.-28  Feb.      " 

Verdict :  that  the  claimant  did  falsely  swear  that  he  was  Roger 
Charles  Tichborne,  that  he  seduced  Catherine  N.  E.  Doughty 
in  1851,  and  that  he  was  not  Arthur  Orton;  sentence,  14 

years'  imprisonment  with  hard  labor 28  Feb.      " 

[Longest  trial  known  in  England.] 

Charles  Orton  declares  the  claimant  to  be  his  brother  Arthur, 
at  the  Globe  office 10  Mch.      '« 

Jean  Luie  (Lindgren)  and  "  capt."  Brown ,  for  perjury  in  the  Tich- 
borne trial,  get  7  years  and  5  years  penal  servitude,  9, 10  Apr.     " 

New  trial  refused  Orton  by  the"judges 29  Apr.     " 

On  appeal,  sentence  affirmed  by  the  lords 10,  11  Mch.  1881 

Released  on  Ticket-op-leave 20  Oct.  1884 

Rev.  John  Selby  Watson,  eminent  scholar,  kills  his  wife  in  pas- 
sion, 8  Oot. ;  convicted  and  imprisoned  for  life 10-12  Jan.  1872 

Baker  v.  Loader, widow.to  whom  107,000Z.had  been  bequeathed; 
in  10  years  is  reduced  to  poverty  by  imposition;  she  sues  the 
widow  of  her  friend  Loader  and  solicitors;  vice-chancellor 
Malins  orders  deeds  to  Loader  to  be  cancelled;  the  solicitor 
to  pay  his  own  costs 20  Nov.      " 


TRI  ^1* 

Andrews  v.  Salt;  deciglon  by  lord  chancellor  that  a  child  shall 
be  educated  as  a  Protestant  hy  grundmother,  not  by  Roman 
Catholic  uncle;  contlnned  on  appeal 6  May,  1873 

Mordaunt  r.  Moncrieff  (see  1870),  divorce  court;  3  judges  hold 
iosanity  no  bar  to  suit  for  divorce;  2  Judges  that  it  is, 

15  May,      " 

Rev.  O'Koeffo  v.  cardinal  Cullen  (for  libel,  and  virtually  sus- 
pending him  ft-ora  his  olHce)-  consideration  of  demurrer; 
Judges  (at  Dublin)  disagree;  3  liold  that  the  papal  ordinance 
on  wiiich  the  cardinal  relied  was  prohibited  by  the  statutes 
of  Klizabelh;  demurrer  set  aside,  7  May;  the  trial  begun,  12 

May ;  verdict  for  plaintiff;  1  farthing  damages 27  May,      " 

(Mr.  O'Keoffe  submitted  to  the  cardinal,  May,  1876.] 

Todd  r.  Lyne  (father  Ignatius);  son  of  the  plaintift"  rescued 
from  convent  (where  he  had  taken  vows)  by  chancery, 

25  July,     " 

Bank  forgery  :  Austin  Biron  Bidwell,  George  Macdonnell, 
(Jeorge  Bidwell.  and  Edwin  Noyes,  Americans,  forge  bills 
for  discount  at  bank  of  England,  West  Branch,  and  obtain 
102.217/.;  detected  through  not  dating  one  bill;  convicted; 
penal  servitude  for  life  (vain  effort  to  escape  by  bribing 
warders) 18-26  Aug.      " 

Epping  forest  case:  decision  against  the  enclosures  of  the 
lords  of  the  manor  as  illegal  (Commons) 10  Nov.     '• 

Rubery  v.  baron  Albert  Grant  and  M.  B.  Sampson  (long  city 
editor  of  the  rimes)  for  libel;  the  Times,  18,  20  Nov.  and  20 
Dec.  1872,  charged  Rubery  with  fraud  in  a  diamond  mine  in 
Colorado;    10  days'  trial;    Grant  cleared;    Sampson  fined 

503/ 18  Jan.  1875 

[These  articles  protected  the  public  from  a  bad  scheme] 

Alleged  false  prospectus  case  :  (Canadian  Oil-works  corpora- 
tion), Charlton  v  sir  John  Hay;  Mr.  Eastwick  and  others 
grossly  deceived;  17  days'  trial;  jury  divided;  discharged; 

no  verdict 24  Feb.      " 

[Oil-wells  in  Ontario,  Canada,  property  of  Prince's  compa- 
ny got  up  to  buy  them,  by  Longbottom;  scheme  not  accept- 
ed in  the  City;  taken  up  at  West  End;  sir  John  Hay,  M'Cul- 
lagh  Torrens,  Mr.  Eastwick,  and  others  induced  to  become 
directors;  wells  bought;  company  collapsed.] 

Mordaunt  v.  Mordaunt  and  viscount  Cole  (see  above.  May,  1874) ; 
divorce  granted 11  Mch.     " 

Terry  v.  Brighton  Aquarium  company,  for  opening  on  Sun- 
days; verdict,  penalty  2001.  (Sunday) 27  Apr.     " 

Keith  Johnston  v.  proprietors  of  Athenaum,  for  libel  in  criti- 
cism of  an  atlas;  Edinburgh;  damages  1275i.,  24  Mch. ;  new 
trial,  damages  lOOl 16  June,     " 

Jenkins  r.  rev.  Flavel  Cook  (for  exclusion  from  communion  for 
heresy  [denying  personality  of  Satan  and  eternal  punish- 
ment] ;  verdict  for  defendant  in  court  of  arches) 16  July,      " 

Col.  Valentine  Baker  sentenced  to  fine  of  500i.  and  12  months' 
imprisonment  for  indecent  assault  on  Miss  Dickenson  in  a 
railway  carriage  (afterwards  enters  the  service  of  the 
khedive  of  Egyi)t,  where  he  is  made  a  pacha  and  dies  17  Nov. 
1837,  aged  62  years)  (Egypt) 2  Aug.      " 

W.  K.  Vance  and  Ellen  Snee,  conspiracy  to  murder  (ostensibly 
herself);  singular  case;  sentenced  to  imprisonment,  1  June,  1876 

Lewis  V.  Higgins,  for  alleged  slander  in  speech  as  counsel; 
verdict  for  defendant,  affirming  privilege  of  counsel.  .4  Dec.      " 

Queen  v.  Charles  Bradlaugh  and  Annie  Besant,  for  publication 
of  '-Fruits  of  Philosophy,"  by  Dr.  Knowlton,  which  they  de- 
fend, on  grounds  of  humanity,  in  long  speeches;  verdict, 
the  book  calculated  to  deprave,  but  not  intended,  18-21  June; 
sentence  (defendants  not  submitting  to  the  court),  6  months' 
imprisonment,  200i.  fine  for  both,  28  June;  appeal,  alleging 
informality,  disallowed  by  Queen's  Bench 16  Nov.  1877 

Forged  leases:  Frederick  Dimsdale,  solicitor,  Charles  Burrell 
Moore,  clerk,  and  others,  forge  leases,  and  borrow  money 
on  them  (above  300,000^. ) ;  many  lenders  do  not  appear; 
plead  guilty ;  sentence,  Dimsdale,  penal  servitude  for  life  ; 
Moore,  7  years;  others  less 16, 17  Jan.  1878 

Madame  Rachel  (Levison,  or  Leverson);  convicted  of  misde- 
meanor; obtains  money  and  jewels  from  Mrs.  Pearce,  for 
"beautifying;"  5  years'  penal  servitude 10, 11  Apr.      " 

In  re  Agar  Ellis;  the  husband's  promise  before  marriage  that 
his  children  should  be  brought  up  Romanists,  permitted  to 
be  withdrawn  by  chancery 6  Aug.      " 

Paul  and  others  v.  Summerhayes;  appeal;  sentence  against 
plaintiffs  affirmed  (fox-hunters  may  not  trespass).  Queen's 
Bench 16  Nov.      " 

Whistler  v.  Ruskin,  for  libellous  criticism  in  "Fors  Clavigera;" 
1  farthing  damages 25,  26  Nov.      " 

Rev.  Christopher  Newman  Hall  v.  Mrs.  Hall  and  Mr.  Richard- 
son ;  long  trial ;  divorce  graHted 8  Aug.  1879 

Adolphus  Rosenberg,  for  libelling  Mrs.  Langtry  and  Mrs.  West, 
iu  Toion  Talk;  18  months'  imprisonment 25-27  Oct.      " 

Phillips,  surgeon,  v.  S.W.  Railway  company,  for  injury;  award- 
ed lOOOl  by  justice  Field;  new  trial,  awarded  lG,000i.  by  lord 
chief-justice  Coleridge,  Common  Pleas;  3d  trial  refused, 

6  Dec.     " 

Debenham  &  Freebody  v.  Mellon,  appeal;  lords  decide  that  a 
husband  who  supplies  his  wife  with  proper  means  is  not  re- 
sponsible for  her  debts 27  Nov.  1880 

Dysart  peerage  legitimacy  case:  Wm.  John  Manners  claims  by 
an  English  marriage  of  lord  Huntingtower,  Albert  Edwin 
Tollemache  by  a  Scotch  marriage  (not  proved),  House  of 
Lords 7  Mch.  1881 

Spiritualist  case:  Susan  Wills  Fletcher  (wife  of  a  spiritualist 
doctor  in  America)  for  obtaining,  by  false  pretences,  about 
10,000/.  (in  jewelry,  etc.)  of  Mrs.  Hart-Davies;  12  months' 
imprisonment  with  hard  labor 12  Apr.      " 

Johann  Most,  for  libel  against  Alexander  11.  of  Russia,  and  in- 


TRI 


citement  to  murder  in  the  Freiheit  for  19  Mch.,  25  May; 
sentence  affirmed  on  appeal,  18  June;  16  months'  imprison- 
ment with  hard  labor 29  June, 

Phronix  park  murders  (Ireland) Apr-May, 

Dynamite  plot:  Thomas  Gallagher,  Henry  Wilson,  John  Cur- 
tin,  and  Alfred  Whitehead  for  treason  felony;  sentenced  to 
penal  servitude  for  life 11-14  June, 

Patrick  O'Donnell,  for  murder  of  James  Carey,  the  informer 
(Ireland) 30  Nov.-l  Dec. 

Earl  V.  countess  of  Euston,  for  divorce  because  she  had  a  hus- 
band living  when  married;  but  that  husband  had  a  wife  liv- 
ing when  he  married  her,  and  divorce  is  refused 4  Apr. 

Adams  v.  hon.  B.  Coleridge,  for  libel  in  a  letter  to  miss  M.  Cole- 
ridge; verdict  for  plaintiff,  3000/.;  set  aside  by  judge  Man- 
isty,  the  letter  being  privileged 21,  22  Nov. 

Edmund  Yates  sentenced  to  4  months'  imprisonment,  for  libel 
of  earl  Lonsdale  (in  the  If o>7t/),  July,  1883-Apr.  1884;  appeal 
disallowed 16  Jan. 

Irving  Bishop  fined  10,000/.  for  libel  (Thought-reading), 15  Jan. 

John  Lee,  footman,  for  murder  of  miss  Emma  A.  W.  Keyse,  his 
mistress  (at  Babbicombe.  near  Torquay,  15  Nov.),  2-4  Feb.; 
to  be  hanged  at  Exeter,  but  the  drop  fails  3  times,  and  Lee 
is  reprieved 23  Feb. 

Earl  of  Durham's  petition  to  annul  his  marriage  for  insanity 
of  the  wife  at  the  time;  dismissedby  sir  James  Hannen,  after 
8  days'  trial 10  Mch. 

W.  T.  Stead,  editor  of  Pall  Mall  Gazette  (3  months'  impri-son- 
ment)  ;  Sampson  Jacques,  assistant  (1  month)  ;  Bramwell 
Booth,  of  Salvation  Army  (acquitted)  ;  Rebecca  Jarrett  (6 
months);  and  Louisa  Mourey  (6  months  with  hard  labor),  for 
complicity  in  abduction,  etc.,  of  Eliza  Armstrong,  under  16, 

23  Oct. -10  Nov. 

Crawford  v.  Crawford;  divorce  decreed,  12  Feb.;  confirmed; 
charges  against  sir  Charles  Dilke  denied  by  him,  but  accept- 
ed by  jury 23  July, 

Mary  Lena  Sebright  (formerly  Scott)  v.  Arthur  Sebright ;  a 
marriage  contract  by  plaintiff  under  terror  annulled,  16  Nov. 

Adams  v.  lord  Coleridge  and  his  son,  the  hon.  B.  Coleridge,  for 
libel  in  letters  sent  to  an  arbitrator  (lord  Monkswell),  wrong- 
ly delivered ;  verdict  for  defendants. . : 17-25  Nov. 

Lord  and  lady  Colin  Campbell  divorce,  double  suit  (after  judi- 
cial separation) ;  dismissed 27  Nov.-20  Dec. 

Prof  Caird  u.  Syme  (a  bookseller);  after  conflicting  decisions 
in  lower  courts,  the  lords,  on  appeal,  hold  unauthorized  pub- 
lication of  university  lectures  unlawful 13  June, 

Cuninghame  Graham,  M.P.,  and  John  Burns  for  assaulting  po- 
lice, etc.,  on  13  Nov.  1887  (Riots);  convicted  of  unlawful  as- 
sembly; 6  weeks'  simple  imprisonment 16-18  Jan. 

Slater  v.  Slater;  a  chancery  forgery;  court  defrauded  of  4000/., 
property  of  miss  Rose  Maud  Maxwell,  by  William  Bowden,  a 
solicitor's  clerk  ;  the  money  ordered  repaid  to  her  by  tlie 
court;  Bowden  in  Nebraska;  John  Francis  Lidiard,  a  solici- 
tor, his  friend,  to  repay  the  court 4  Feb. 

Marquis  of  Abergavenny  v.  bishop  of  Llandaff;  bishop's  refu- 
sal to  induct  the  rev.  Robert  W.  Gosse,  ignorant  of  the  Welsh 
language,  sustained 22  Feb. 

O'Donnell  v.  Walter  and  another  (for  libel  in  the  Times);  ver- 
dict for  defendants  (Parnell) 2-6  July, 

Regent's  park  murderers July, 

Anthony  Isidor  Glika  sentenced  to  10  years'  penal  servitude  for 
defrauding  his  employers,  messrs.  Vagliano  Bros.,  and  the 
Bank  of  England,  of  71,500/.,  27  June-7  July;  the  Queen's 

Bench  division  throws  the  loss  on  the  bank 2  Nov. 

[Sentence  confirmed  by  court  of  appeal,  21  May,  1889;  re- 
versed by  lords,  5  Mch.  1891.] 

Charles  Richardson  and  Edgell  confess  burglary  at  Edling- 
ham  vicarage,  near  Alnwick,  on  7  Feb.  1879  ;  sentence,  5 

years'  penal  servitude 24  Nov. 

[Michael  Brannagham  and  Peter  Murphy,  wrongfully  con- 
victed of  this  crime, with  attemi)t  to  murder,  and  sentenced 
to  penal  .servitude  for  life,  Apr.  1879;  received  800/.  each  as 
compensation,  Dec.  1888;  police  acquitted  of  perjury;  con- 
fession of  Richardson  and  Edgell  doubted,  Feb.  1889.] 

Florence  Elizabeth  Maybrick,  for  poisoning  her  husband,  James 
Maybrick,  at  Aigburth,  by  arsenic  ;  tried  at  Liverpool  by  jus- 
tice Stephen,  21  July-7  Aug. ;  sentence  of  death  commuted 
to  penal  servitude  for  life 22  Ang. 

Herbert  J.  Gladstone  v.  col.  George  B.  Malleson,  for  libel  in 
Allahabad  Morning  Post ;  damages  awarded  1000/. .  .16  Jan. 

Crewe  murder:  Richard  and  George  Davies,  aged  19  and  16, 
kill  their  father,  Richard  Davies,  a  clothier,  25  Jan.,  while 
riding  home  in  a  pony  chaise;  trial  20-21  Mch. ;  Richard  ex- 
ecuted, George  reprieved  (penal  servitude  for  life) 8  Apr. 

Miss  Gladys  Knowles  v.  Leslie  Duncan,  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  Matrimonial  A^ews,  for  breach  of  promise  of  marriage; 
damages  awarded,  10,000/ 11,  12  Aug. 

Capt.  O'Shea  v.  Mrs.  C.  O'Shea  and  C.  S.  Parnell,  M.P. ;  divorce 
granted 15-17  Nov. 

Baccarat  case:  sir  William  Gordon-Cumming  v.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Lycett  Green  and  others,  for  slander,  charging  him  with 
cheating  at  baccarat,  in  the  house  of  Arthur  Wilson.  Tranby 
Croft,  near  Doncaster,  Sept.  1890  ;  for  plaintiff,  sir  Edward 
Clarke  ;  for  defendants,  sir  Charles  Russell  and  others  ; 
Queen's  Bench  division,  lord  Coleridge  ;  prince  of  Wales  a 
witness;  verdict  for  defendants 1-9  June, 

Berkeley  peerage  case :  decided 31  July, 

Miss  Ethel  Florence  Elliot  (afterwards  Mrs.  Osborne)  v.  major 
and  Mrs.  Hargreaves,  for  slanderous  charge  of  stealing  jewels 
while  their  guest  at. Torquay,  9-18  Feb. ;  verdict  by  consent 

for  defendants 15-22  Dec. 

[It  was  proved  that  miss  Elliot  sold  the  jewels  to  messrs. 


1 

1881 

"1 


18^^ 


1887 
1888 


TRI 


815 


TRI 


Spinks,  in  Gracechurch  street,  for  550^.,  19  Feb. ;  cashed  the 
check  for  gold  at  the  bank  of  Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.,  23  Feb. ; 
through  messrs.  Benjamin,  of  Conduit  street,  W.,  changed 
gold  for  bank-notes,  at  the  National  and  Provincial  bank,  in 
St.  James's  square,  early  in  j\Ich. ;  endorsed  one  of  these 
notes  for  50/.,  and  paid  it  to  messrs.  Maple,  and  it  passed  into 
the  Bank  of  England.  On  information  to  justice  Denman  the 
trial  was  suspended,  19  Dec.  It  was  admitted  by  all  that 
capt.  Osborne,  plaintiff's  husband,  acted  honorably  through- 
out. Mrs.  Osborne,  for  larceny  and  perjury,  was  sentenced 
to  9  months'  imprisonment,  with  some  hard  labor,  9  Mch. ; 
released  in  the  summer,  1892.  The  jewels  were  sold  by  auc- 
tion for  major  Hargrcaves  for  1076^.,  29  Mch.  1892.] 

Alexander  Jacob,  jeweller  of  Simla,  charged  at  Calcutta  by  the 
Nizam  of  Hyderabad  of  criminally  misappropriating  23  lacs 
of  rupees  (above  100,000/.)  deposited  as  earnest  money  for 
purchase  of  the  •'  imperial  diamond;"  after  a  long  trial,  ac- 
quitted  22  Dec.  1891 

Concha,  pauper,  v.  Concha  and  wife;  intricate  property  suits, 
be;,'un  in  1858;  the  lords  vary  the  decision  of  the  court  of 
Appeal , '-8  Mch.  1892 

Mrs.  Montague  sentenced  at  Dublin  to  1  year's  imprisonment 
for  manslaughter  in  killing  her  daughter,  aged  3 4  Apr.     " 

Melbourne  murder  :  Frederick  Bailey  Deeming  (alias  Albert 
Oliver  Williams)  marries  Emily  Mather  at  Liverpool  17  Oct., 
brings  her  to  Australia  15  Dec,  kills  her  at  Windsor  near 
Melbourne  about  25  Dec.  1891;  convicted  28  Apr.-2  May;  ex- 
ecuted   23  May,     " 

[In  Feb.  1881,  he  married  Marie  James,  went  with  her  to 
Sydney,  was  there  convicted  of  fraud  in  1882;  he  took  Din- 
ham  Villa,  Raiuhill,  near  Widnes,  Lancashire,  Engl,  23  July, 
1891;  and  there  murdered  his  wife  and  4  children  about 
2(5.  27  July,  1891;  so  the  coroner's  jury  found,  28  Mch.  1892. 

WUITECHAPEL.] 

Mrs.  Carhill  v.  the  Carbolic  Smoke  Ball  company,  recovers 
100/.,  promised  by  the  company  to  any  person  who  used  the 
smoke  ball  in  yain  to  prevent  influenza  (by  advertisement 
13  Nov.  1891) 4  July,     " 

Mr.  Boltems,  contractor,  v.  Corporation  of  York;  court  of  Ap- 
peals requires  plaintiff  to  fuUil  a  ruinous  contract 16  July,     " 

TRIALS   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Anne  Hutchinson;  sedition  and  heresy  (the  Antinomian  contro- 
versy) ;  imprisoned  and  banished  (Massachusetts) 1637 

Trials  of  Quakers  in  Massachusetts 1656-61 

Jacob  Leisler,  New  York,  convicted  and  executed  for  treason 
(New  York) 16  May,  1691 

Trials  for  WitchCraft,  Massachusetts 1692 

Thomas  Maule,  for  slanderous  publications  and  blasphemy; 
Massachusetts 1096 

Nicholas  Bayard ;  treason 1702 

John  Peter  Zenger,  for  printing  and  publishing  libels  on  the 
colonial  government,  Nov.  1734;  acquitted  (New  York) 1735 

Michael  Corbett,  Massachusetts;  murder  on  the  high  seas;  dis- 
chiirged 1767 

William  Wemms,  James  Hartegan,  William  McCauley,  and 
other  British  soldiers,  in  Boston,  Mass.,  for  the  murder  of 
Crispus  Attucks,  Samuel  Gray,  Samuel  Maverick,  James 
Caldwell,  and  Patrick  Carr  (Boston  massacre) 5  Mch.  1770 

Col.  David  Henley,  Massachusetts,  for  improper  conduct  as  an 
officer  of  the  army ;  discharged 1778 

Maj.-gcn.  Charles  Lee;  court-martial  after  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth; found  guilty  of,  1st,  disobedience  of  orders  in  not 
attacking  the  enemy;  2d,  unnecessary  and  disorderly  retreat; 
3d,  disrespect  to  the  commander-in-chief;  suspended  from 
command  for  1  year;  tried 4  July,     " 

Bathsheba  Spooner  and  others,  for  murder  of  Joshua  Spooner, 
Massachusetts;  convicted " 

John  Hett  Smith,  for  assisting  Benedict  Arnold,  New  York; 
not  guilty 1780 

Maj.  John  Andre,  adjutant-general,  British  army,  seized  as  a 
spy  at  Tappan,  N.  Y.,  23  Sept.  1780;  tried  by  military  court 
and  hung  (New  York) 2  Oct.     " 

Sweeting  (Whiting)  at  Albany,  for  murder  of  Darius  Quimby; 
executed 16  Aug.  1791 

Gideon  Henfrield,  convicted  of  illegal  privateering,  Pennsyl- 
vania    1793 


John  K.  Guinett,  convicted  of  illegal  privateering,  Pennsylvania, 

Stewart,  Wright,  Porter,  Vigol,  and  Mitchell,  western  insur- 
gents, found  guilty 

William  Blount,  U.  S.  Senate,  impeached  for  misdemeanor 

William  Corbett,  for  libelling  the  king  of  Spain  and  his  ambas- 
sador, writing  as  Peter  Porcupine  in  Poi-cupine'' s  Gazette,  17 
July;  before  Supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania;  acquitted 

Francis  Villato,  for  illegal  privateering;  discharged 

John  Haner  and  others,  for  murder  of  Francis  Shitz,  Pennsyl- 
vania; executed .". . 

Robert  Worrell,  bribery ;  imprisoned 

Thomas  Cooper  of  Northumberland,  Pa.,  convicted  under  the 
Sedition  act  of  libel  on  the  administration  of  pres.  Adams  in 
Reading  Advertiser  of  26  Oct.  1799;  imprisonment  for  6 
months  and  $400  fine 

Duane,  Reynolds.  Moore,  and  Gumming  acquitted  of  seditious 
riot,  Pennsylvania 

Anthony  Haswell,  publisher  of  Vermont  Gazette,  for  libel;  fine 
of  $200  and  60  days  in  jail 

Matthew  Lyon  convicted  in  Vermont,  Oct.  1798,  of  writing  for 
publication  a  letter  calculated  "to  stir  up  sedition  and  to 
bring  the  president  and  the  government  into  contempt  ;" 
confined  4  months  in  Vergennes  jail;  fine  of  $1000  paid  by 
friends  and  Lyon  released 9  Feb. 


1795 
1797 


1798 


1799 


Isaac  Williams,  illegal  privateering,  Connecticut 1799 

J.  T.  Callender,  for  libel  of  pres.  Adams  in  a  pamphlet,  "  The 
Prospect  Before  Us;"  tried  at  Richmond,  Va.,  fined  $200, 
and  sentenced  to  9  months'  imprisonment  (United  States), 

6  June,  1800 

Thomas  Daniel,  for  opening  letters  of  a  foreign  minister " 

Levi  Weeks,  for  the  murder  of  Gulielma  E.  Sands;  (Manhattan 

well  murder) 3I  Mch.-2  Apr.  1801 

["Norman  Leslie,"  a  novel  by  T.  S.  Fay,  founded  on  this 
case.] 

Jason  Fairbanks,  for  murder  of  miss  Elizabeth  Fales " 

Judge  John  Pickering  impeached  before  the  U.  S.  Senate,  3 
Mch.  1803,  for  malfeasance  in  the  New  Hampshire  District 
court  in  Oct.  and  Nov.  1802,  in  restoring  ship  Eliza,  seized 
for  smuggling,  to  its  owners;  judge  Pickering,  though  doubt- 
less insane,  is  convicted  and  removed  from  office 4  Mch.  1804 

Joshua  Nettles  and  Elizabeth  Cannon,  for  the  murder  of  John 
Cannon night  of  24  Oct.     " 

Judge  Samuel  Chase  impeached  before  the  U.  S.  Senate;  ac- 
quitted (United  States,  1804) i805 

William  S.  Smith  and  Samuel  G.  Ogden  tried  for  misdemeanors 
in  New  York  in  Circuit  court  of  the  U.  S July,  1806 

Thomas  0.  Selfridge  tried  for  murder  of  Charles  Austin  on  tlie 
Public  exchange  in  Boston 4  Aug.     " 

Aaron  Burr,for  treason, Virginia;  acquitted(BuRR's conspiracy), 

27  Mch. -7  Sept.  1807 

Mary  Cole,  for  murder  of  Agnes  S.  Teaurs i812 

Col.  Thomas  H.  Gushing,  by  court-martial  at  Baton  Rouge,  on 
charges  of  brig. -gen.  Wade  Hampton " 

King  of  Spain  u  D.  Parish,  for  $180,000  duties  on  trade  be- 
tween the  Spanish  colonies  and  the  U.  S.  by  license  of  Spanish 
crown;  plaintiff" nonsuited  at  Philadelphia 8-24  Apr.     «« 

Patrick  Byrne,  for  mutiny,  by  general  court-martial  at  fort  Co- 
lumbus; sentenced  to  dpath 22  May,  1813 

Gen.W.  Hull,  commanding  the  northwestern  army  of  the  U.  S., 
for  cowardice  in  surrender  of  Detroit,  16  Aug.,  etc. ;  by  court- 
martial,  held  at  Albany,  sentenced  to  be  shot;  sentence  ap- 
proved by  the  president,  but  execution  remitted  (United 
States) 3  Jan.  1814 

Levi  and  Laban  Kenniston,  for  highway  robbery  of  maj.  Elijah 

P.  Goodridge,  Massachusetts,  19  Dec.  1816;  acquitted 1817 

[Daniel  Webster  for  the  defence.] 

Dartmouth  college  case,  defining  the  power  of  states  over  cor- 
porations   1817-18 

[Daniel  Webster  for  the  college.] 

Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister,  by  court-martial,  26  Apr.  1818,  for 
inciting  Creek  Indians  to  war  against  the  U.  S. ;  executed  by 
order  of  gen.  Jackson 30  Apr.  1818 

Stephen  and  Jesse  Boorn,  at  Manchester,  Vt.,  Nov.  1819,  for 
the  murder  of  Louis  Colvin,  who  disappeared  in  1813;  sen- 
tenced to  be  hung 28  Jan.  1820 

[Six  years  after  Colvin  disappeared,  an  uncle  of  the  Boorns 
dreamed  that  Colvin  came  to  his  bedside,  declared  the  Boorns 
his  murderers,  and  told  where  his  body  was  buried;  this  was 
27  Apr.  1819.  The  Boorns  were  arrested,  confessed  the  crime 
circumstantially,  were  tried  and  convicted, but  not  executed, 
because  Colvin  was  found  alive  in  New  Jersey.  Wilkie  Col- 
lins's  novel,  "The  Dead  Alive,"  founded  upon  this  case.] 

Robert  M.  Goodwin,  for  manslaughter  in  killing  James  Stough- 
ton,  esq. ,  in  Broadway,  New  York " 

Michael  Powers,  for  the  murder  of  Timothy  Kennedy " 

Daniel  D.  Farmer,  for  murder  of  Anna  Ayer,  at  Goffstown, 

4  Apr.  1821 

James  Prescott,  judge  of  probate  for  county  of  Middlesex,  im- 
peached before  the  senate  of  Massachusetts " 

Israel,  Nelson,  and  Isaac  Thayer,  brothers,  "the  three  Thay- 
ers,"  arrested  m  Boston,  Erie  county,  N.  Y.,  for  murder  of 
John  Love,  a  lake-carrier  and  petty  money-lender  who  held 
their  notes  for  $250,  and  whose  body  was  found  buried  near 
the  Thayers"s  dwelling.  Tried  at  court  house  in  Buffialo,  21 
to  24  Apr.,  and  hung 17  June,  1825 

Capt.  David  Porter,  by  court-martial  at  Washington,  for  ex- 
ceeding his  powers,  in  landing  200  men  on  Porto  Rico  and 
demanding  an  apology  for  arrest  of  the  commanding  officer 
of  the  Beadle,  sent  by  him,  Oct.  1824,  to  investigate  alleged 
storage  of  goods  on  the  island  by  pirates;  suspended  for  6 
months 7  July,     " 

People  V.  Henry  Eckford,  Joseph  G.  Swift,  Matthew  L.  Davis,, 
etc.,  at  court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  New  York 26  Sept.  1826 

Jesse  Strang,  for  murder  of  John  Whipple,  Albany,  N.  Y 1827 

Alexander  Drew,  drunkenness 1828 

(ieorge  Swearingen,  for  murder  of  his  wife;  hanged 1829 

John  F.  Knapp,  murder  of  Joseph  White,  Salem,  Mass. .  .6  Apr.  1830 
[Trial  Aug.  1830,  Daniel  Webster  for  the  state.] 

James  H.  Peck,  judge  of  U.  S.  District  court  for  the  district  of 
Missouri,  impeached  for  alleged  abuse  of  judicial  authority; 
trial  begins  4  May,  1830;  acquitted 31  Jan.  1831 

Dr.  Butler  and  Mr.  Worcester,  Presbyterian  missionaries  ar- 
rested under  Georgia  law  forbidding  white  men  to  reside 
in  Cherokee  possessions  without  a  license  (Georgia) " 

Lucretia  Chapman  or  Lucretia  Espos  y  Mina 1832 

Rev.  Ephraim  K.  Avery,  for  the  murder  of  Sarah  M.  Cornell, 
Newi)ort,  R.  I. ;  acquitted Mch.  1833 

John  A.  Murrell,  the  great  western  land-pirate,  chief  of  noted 
bandits  in  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  whose  central  committee, 
called  "Grand  Council  of  the  Mystic  Clan,"  is  broken  up  by 

arrest  of  its  leader 1834 

[Murrell  lived  near  Denmark,  Madison  county,  Tenn.  He 
was  a  man  without  fear,  physical  or  moral.  His  favorite 
operations  were  horse-stealing  and  "negro-running."  He 
promised  negroes  their  freedom  if  they  allowed  him  to  con- 


TRI 


816 


TRI 


duit  them  north,  selling  them  on  the  way  by  day  and  steal 
iug  them  bjick  by  night,  always  murdering  them  in  the  end. 
He  was  captured  by  Virgil  A.  Stewart  in  1834,  convicted,  and 
sentenced  to  the  penitentiary,  where  he  died.] 

Sivinish  pirates  (I'i  in  number),  for  an  act  of  piracy  on  board 
the  brig  Mexican:  trial  at  Boston;  7  found  guilty,  6  acquit- 
ted ...   11-25  Nov.  1834 

Heresy  trial;  rev.  I.yman  Beecher,  Presbyterian,  before  the 
presbytery  and  synod  of  Cincinnati,  on  charges  preferred  by 
dr.  Wilson,  of  holding  and  teaching  Pelagian  and  Arminian 
doctrines;  acquitted 9  June  et  seq.  1835 

John  Karla,  for  murder  of  his  wife ;  Williamsport 1836 

Abraham  Prescott,  for  murder  of  Mrs.  Sally  Cochran  of  Pem- 
broke, N.  H.,  23  Juno,  1833.     Executed  at  Hopkiuton.. 6  Jan.     " 

Rev.  Albert  Barnes,  Presbyterian,  for  heresies  in  "  Notes  on 
the  Epistle  to  the  Romans;"  tried  and  acquitted  by  presby- 
tery of  Philadelphia,  30  Juno-8  July,  1835]  condemned  by 
the  synod  and  suspended  for  6  months,  but  acquitted  by  the 
general  assembly " 

Richard  P.  Robinson  tried  for  murder  of  Helen  Jewett  (Dorcas 

Doyen)  in  New  York,  11  Apr.  1836;  acquitted 7  June,     " 

(The  jury  were  accused  of  corruption,  and  one  perjured 
w;tnes.s  committed  suicide  soon  after.] 

Case  of  slave  schooner  Amistad 1839-40 

Samuel  R.  Wood,  for  perjury 1840 

Charles  Cook,  Oct.  1840,  for  the  murder  of  Mrs.  Merry,  his  em- 
ployer's wife,  at  Glenville,  near  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  22  Sept. 
1840.    Though  probably  insane,  he  is  hung 18  Dec.     " 

M^or  McEllory,  for  murder  of  Rainsford  Otis,  whose  body  is 
found  in  the  ruins  of  a  burned  barn  in  Concord,  Erie  county, 
N.  Y.,  23  Apr.  1840.  Convicted  Nov.  1840,  on  circumstantial 
evidence,  and  hung  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y 19  Jan.  1841 

Alexander  McLeod,  a  Canadian,  charged  as  an  accomplice  in 
burning  the  steamer  Caroline  in  the  Niagara  river,  and  in 
the  murder  of  Amos  Durfee,  is  tiiken  from  Lockport  to  New 
York  on  habeas  corpus,  May,  1841.  Great  Britain  asks  his 
release  in  extra  session  of  Congress;  Mr.  Webster  advocates 
his  discharge.  A  special  session  of  the  Circuit  court,  ordered 
by  the  legislature  of  New  York  at  Utica,  tries  and  acquits 
him 4-12  Oct.     ' ' 

A.  W.  Holmes,  of  the  crew  of  the  William.  Brown  (Wrecks), 
for  murder  on  the  h  gh  seas  (44  of  the  passengers  and  crew 
escaping  in  the  long-boat,  the  sailors  threw  some  passengers 
overboard  to  lighten  the  boat,  19  Apr.  1841) ;  convicted,  but 
recommended  to  mercy May,  1842 

Monroe  Edwards,  for  forgery,  New  York  city;  sentenced  to  10 

years'  imprisonment 6-12  June,     " 

[William  M.  Evarts,  in  defence,  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
fame  as  an  advocate.  Edwards  paid  for  his  services  a  forged 
check.] 

Thomiis  W.  Dorr,  Rhode  Island;  treason  (Dorr's  rebellion)..      " 

Alexander  S.  Mackenzie  (Somers's  mutiny) " 

John  C.  Colt,  book-keeper,  for  murder  of  Samuel  Adams,  a 
printer,  in  New  York.  He  pucks  the  body  in  a  box  and  ships 
it  to  New  Orleans;  the  vessel  is  delayed,  the  box  discovered, 
Colt  convicted  and  sentenced  to  death.  He  commits  suicide 
in  the  Tombs  by  stabbing  himself  with  a  knife  on  the  day 
appointed  for  his  execution 18  Nov.     " 

Benjamin  D.  White.  Batavia ». 1843 

Bishop  Benjamin  T.  Onderdonk  of  New  York,  for  immoral 
conduct;  by  ecclesiastical  court  suspended, 

10  Dec  1844-3  Jan.  1845 

H.  Daniel,  for  murder  of  Clifton  R.  Thomson,  Cincinnati " 

Ex  senator  J.  C.  Davis  of  Illinois,  T.  C.  Sharp,  editor  of  Warsaw 
Signal,  Mark  Aldrich,Wm.  N.  Grover,  and  col.  Levi  Williams, 
for  murder  of  Hiram  and  Joe  Smith  (Mormons);  trial  begins 
at  Carthage,  111. ;  acquitted 21  May,     " 

Henry  G.  Green,  for  poisoning  his  wife  (called  "  the  murdered 
bride"),  Berlin,  N.Y " 

Albert  J.  Tirrell  (the  somnambulist  murderer),  for  killing  Maria 

A.  Bickford 1846 

[Acquitted  on  the  plea  that  the  murder  was  committed 
while  he  was  sleep-walking] 

Margaret  Howard,  for  the  murder  of  Mrs.  M.  E.  Smith,  her  hus- 
band's paramour,  Cincinnati 1849 

Reuben  Dunbar,  for  murder  of  S.  V.  and  D.  L.  Lester,  his  young 
nephews,  Albany  county,  N.  Y. ;  tried  and  executed  at  Al- 


bany 


1850 


Dr.  John  W.  Webster,  for  the  murder  of  dr.  George  W.  Parkman 
in  the  medical  college,  Boston,  23  Nov.  1849.  Webster  partly 
burns  his  victim.  The  remains  identified  by  a  set  of  false 
teeth.     Webster  convicted  and  hung;  trial 19-30  Mch.     " 

Stephen  Arnold,  for  the  murder  of  Betsy  Van  Amburgh,  a  child 
6  years  of  age,  in  Cooperstown 4  June,     " 

Conspiracy  for  injuring  the  property  of  the  Michigan  Central 
railroad;  40  indicted;  12  convicted  and  sent  to  prison  from 
5  to  10  years;  among  the  counsel  for  the  defence  is  Wm.  H. 
Seward;  trial  concluded  at  Detroit Sept.  1851 

Catherine  N.  Forrest  v.  Edwin  Forrest;  divorce  and  alimony 
granted  to  Mrs.  Forrest 16  Dec.  1851-26  Jan.  1852 

Arthur  Spring,  for  murder  of  Mrs.  Shaw  and  Mrs.  Lynch  in 
Federal  St.,  Philadelphia,  10  Mch.  (one  of  the  bodies  stabbed 
in  43  places) ;  sentenced  to  be  hung 16  Apr.  1853 

John  Hendrickson,  convicted  of  poisoning  his  wife  Maria  at 
Bethlehem,  Albany  county,  N.  Y.,  6  Mch. ;  trial.  .June-July,     " 

Matt.  F.  Ward,  acquitted  of  the  murder  of  Wm.  H.  G.  Butler, 
principal  of  the  Louisville  (Ky.)  high-school,  2  Nov.  1853,  in 
tlie  school  room  in  presence  of  pupils;  trial  at  Elizabeth  town, 

18-27  Apr.  1854 

Anthony  Burns,  fugitive-slave  case,  Boston  (Massachusetts), 

27-31  May,     " 


Robert  Scott,  for  murder  of  Ann  King,  San  Francisco 1854 

Dr.  Stephen  T.  Beale,  ether  case 1856 

U.  S.  V.  Henry  Hertz  et  al.,  Ibr  hiring  and  retaining  persons 
to  go  out  of  the  U.  S.  to  enlist  in  the  British  Foreign  Legion 
for  the  Crimea;  tried  in  the  District  court  of  the  U.  S.  for 
East  District  of  Pennsylvania " 

David  F.  Mayberry,  for  murder  of  Andrew  Alger,  before  the 
Rock  county  (Wis.)  Circuit  court;  killed  by  a  mob " 

Lewis  Baker,  James  Turner,  Cornelius  Linn,  Charles  Van  Pelt, 
John  Huyler,  John  Morrisscy,  James  Irving,  and  Patrick 
McLaughlin,  alias  Pawdeen,  for  the  murder  of  William  Poole 
in  Stanwix  hall,  opposite  the  Metroi)olitan  hotel,  on  Broad- 

•  way,  N.  Y.,  24  Feb.  1855;  jury  disagree  (Boxing) " 

Ellen  Irving,  murderer  of  16  persons,  Baltimore 1856 

Slave  case  in  Cincinnati,  0.  (see  Hai-per's  Magazine,  vol.  xii. 
p.  691) Apr      " 

James  P.  Casey,  for  shooting  James  King  of  William,  editor  of 
the  San  Francisco  Bulletin,  and  Charles  Cora,  murderer  of 
U.  S.  marshal  Richardson;  tried  and  hung  by  the  Vigilance 
committee  in  San  Francisco 20  May,     " 

Dred  Scott  case " 

Charles  B.  Huntingdon,  for  forgery;  guilty " 

R.J.  M.Ward  ("the  most  extraordinary  murderer  named  in 
the  calendar  of  crime  "),  Cleveland,  0 1857 

Emma  A.  Cunningham,  for  the  murder  of  dr.  Burdell  in  New 
York  city,  30  Jan.  1856;  acquitted May,     •' 

Edward  W.  Hawkins,  for  murder  of  James  M.  Land  and  Jesse 
Arvine  (he  committed  4  murders,  many  thefts  and  forgeries, 
and  married  6  young  women  before  he  was  21);  executed  in 
Estill  county,  Ky 29  May,     " 

Daniel  E.  Sickles,  for  killing  Philip  Barton  Key,  Washington, 
D.  C. ;  acquitted  (United  States) 4-26  Apr.  1859 

John  Brown,  for  insurrection  in  Virginia;  tried  29  Oct.  and 
executed  at  Charlestown,  Va.  (Brown's  insijrrectio.v),  2  Dec.     " 

Jacob  S.  Harden,  for  the  murder  of  his  wife  at  Belvidere,  N.  J. ; 
hung 6  July,  1860 

Albert  W.  Hicks,  pirate  ;  tried  at  Bedloe's  island,  18-23  May; 
convicted  of  triple  murder  on  the  oyster  sloop  Edwin  A. 
Johnson  in  New  York  harbor;  hung 13  July,     " 

Burch  divorce  case;  adultery;  Mrs.  Burch  exonerated;  Chicago, 

Dec.     " 

Herseyl,  "the  Yankee  Bluebeard"  (supposed  to  have  killed  2 
wives),  for  murder  of  Betsy  F.  Tyrrell,  Boston;  trial,  28-31 
May;  hung 8  Aug.  1861 

Officers  and  crew  of  the  privateer  Savannah,  on  the  charge  of 
piracy;  jury  disagree 23-31  Oct.     " 

Nathaniel  Gordon,  for  engaging  in  the  slave-trade,  6-8  Nov. 
1861;  hanged  at  New  York 21  Feb   1862 

Parish  Will  case;  to  set  aside  certain  codicils  added  to  the  will 
of  Henry  Parish  of  New  York  after  an  attack  of  paralysis  in 
Wall  St.,  19  July,  1849,  and  giving  his  estate  mainly  to  his 
wife;  he  dies  2  Mch.  18.)6;  the  codicils  set  aside  by  the  sur- 
rogate; decision  affirmed  by  court  of  Appeals June,     " 

Fitz-John  Porter  tried  by  military  court  (Porter,  Case  of), 

Nov.  18()2-Jan.  1863 

C.  L.  Vallandigham,  for  treasonable  utterances;  by  court-mar- 
tial in  Cincinnati;  sentence  of  imprisonment  during  the  war 
commuted  to  banishment  to  the  South  (United  States), 

5-16  May,      " 

Pauline  Cushman,  LTnion  spy ;  sentenced  to  be  hung  by  a  court- 
martial  held  at  gen.  Bragg's  headquarters  ;  is  left  behmd 
at  the  evacuation  of  Shelbyville,  Tenn  ,  and  rescued  by  Union 
troops June,     " 

For  conspiracy  against  the  U.  S.,  in  organizing  the  Order  of 
American  Knights  or  Sons  of  Liberty  about  16  xMay ;  tried  by 
a  military  commission  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  beginning  27 
Sept. ;  William  A.  Bowles,  L.  P.  Milligan,  and  Stephen  Horsey 
sentenced  to  be  hung  (Milligan,  Case  of) 17  Oct.  1864 

J.  Y.  Beall,  tried  at  fort  Lafayette  by  a  military  commission, 
for  seizing  the  steamer  Philo  Parsons  on  lake  Erie,  19  Sept., 
and  other  acts  of  war,  without  visible  badge  of  military  ser- 
vice; sentenced  to  death  and  hung;  trial  occurs Dec.      " 

Miss  Mary  Harris  for  the  murder  of  A.  J.  Burroughs  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. ;  acquitted;  trial July,  1865 

Capt.  Henry  Wirtz,  commander  of  Andensonville  prison  during 
the  war,  for  cruelty;  trial  begins  21  Aug. ;  Wirtz  hung, 

10  Nov.      " 

Conspirators  for  assassination  of  pres.  Lincoln  (Booth's  con- 
spiracy)       " 

Dr.  John  W.  Hughes  hanged  for  murder  of  miss  Tamzen  Par- 
sons, Cleveland 1866 

Antoine  Probst,  for  the  murder  of  the  Deering  family  (father, 
mother,  4  children,  and  2  other  children  in  the  family)  on  7 
Apr. ;  executed  at  Philadelphia 8  June,     " 

John  H.  Surratt  (Booth's  conspiracy) 1867 

In  the  case  of  William  H.  McCardle  of  Mississippi,  testing  the 
constitutionality  of  the  Reconstruction  act  of  1867;  Matt.  H. 
Carpenter  of  Wisconsin,  Lyman  Trumbull  of  Illinois,  and 
Henry  Stanberry,  attorney -general,  appear  for  the  govern- 
ment, and  judge  Sharkey,  Robert  J.  Walker  of  Mississippi, 
Charles  O'Conor  of  New  York,  Jeremiah  S.  Black  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  David  Dudley  Field  for  McCardle;  Reconstruction 
a(;t  repealed  during  the  trial;  habeas  corpus  issued.  .12  Nov.     " 

Andrew  Johnson,  impeachment  (United  States) 1868 

George  S.  Twitchell,  jr.,  for  murder  of  his  mother-in  law,  Mrs. 
.Mary  E.  Hill,  Sunday,  22  Nov.  1868;  sentenced  to  death,  30 
Jan. ;  commits  suicide  in  Philadelphia 8  Apr.  1869 

Col.  Yerger,  for  murder  of  col.  Crane,  U.  S.  army,  at  Jackson, 
Miss 8  June,     " 

Wm.  H.  Holden,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  impeached  and 
removed 22  Mch.  1870 


i 


TRI  8i7 

Daniel  MacFarland,  for  the  murder  of  Albert  D.  Richardson, 
25  Nov.  18()9,  in  New  York  city ;  acquitted 4  Apr. -10  May,  1870 

David  P.  Butler,  governor  of  Nebraska,  impeached  for  appropri- 
ating school  funds,  and  suspended 2  June,     " 

Benjamin  Nathan,  a  prominent  Hebrew  of  New  York,  is  found 
murdered  in  his  home,  his  head  beaten  in  by  a  lieavy  iron 
bar-  one  of  his  sons  suspected,  but  never  brought  to  trial, 

'  night  of  29-30  July,  " 
"The  Bible  in  the  Public  Schools,"  Case  of;  J.  D.  Miner  et  al. 
V.  the  Board  of  Education  of  Cincinnati  et  al. ;  tried  in  the 
Superior  court  of  Cincinnati;  arguments  for  the  use  of  the 
Bible  in  the  public  school  by  \Vm.  M.  Ramsey,  George  R. 
Sage,  and  Rufus  King;  against,  J.  B.  Stallo,  George  Hoadly, 
and  Stanley  Matthews " 

James  W.  Smith,  first  colored  boy  admitted  to  the  U.  S.  Mili- 
tarv  academy;  by  court-martial  for  striking  a  cadet, 

7-12  Jan.  1871 

Laura  D.  Fair,  for  murder  of  A.  P.  Crittenden  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  3  Nov.  1870;  acquitted 27  Mch.-26  Apr.      " 

Edward  H.  Ruloff,  philologist  ("the  modern  Eugene  Aram"), 
for  murder;  hung  at  Binghamton,  N.  Y 18  May,     " 

Aratus  F.  Pierce,  for  murder  of  William  Bullock  at  Lockport, 
N.  Y. ;  acquitted " 

George  Vanderpool,  for  the  murder  of  Herbert  PMeld  at  Manistee, 
Mich.,  5  Sept.  1869;  1st  trial,  prisoner  found  guilty  and  sen- 
tenced to  life  imprisonment  at  Jackson;  2d  trial,  jury  disa- 
gree; acquitted  on  the  3d  trial Aug.     " 

Fanny  Hyde,  for  murder  of  George  W.  Watson,  N.  Y 1872 

Mrs.  Wharton,  for  murder  of  gen.  W.  S.  Ketchum,  U.  S.  A.,  at 
Washington,  28  June,  1871;  acquitted 4  Dec.  1871-24  Jan.     " 

George  C.  Barnard  (judge  of  Supreme  court,  New  York)  im- 
peached, 13  May,  for  corruption,  and  deposed 18  Aug.      " 

Jacob  Rosenzweig  (abortionist),  for  killing  Alice  A.  Bowlesby 
in  New  York  ;  the  body  is  found  in  a  trunk  shipped  to 
Chicago  ;  verdict,  manslaughter  in  2d  degree  ;  sentence, 
state-prison  for  7  years 26  Oct.  et  seq.     " 

John  Scanlan,  for  murder  of  T.  Donohue  in  New  York.  .2  Nov.     " 

Lydia  Sherman,  convicted  of  poisoning  3  husbands  and  8  chil- 
dren, Philadelphia 1873 

William  Foster  (car-hook  murderer),  for  killing  Avery  D.  Put- 
nam, 26  Apr.  1871,  in  New  York  city;  tried,  22  Mch.-26  May, 
1871 ;  convicted  and  hung 21  Mch.  •  " 

Frank  H.  Walworth  (the  "boy  parricide"),  for  killing  his 
father  in  New  York  city;  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life; 
afterwards  pardoned 24  June-5  July,     " 

Capt.  Jack  and  3  other  Modoc  Indians  tried  3  July  for  the  mas 
sacre  of  gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby,  U.  S.  A.,  and  rev.  dr.  Thomas 
(commissioner),  11  Apr. ;  convicted  and  huug  at  Fort  Kla- 
math, Or 3  Oct.     " 

K.  S.  Stokes,  for  the  murder  of  James  Fisk,  jr.,  in  New  York,  6 
Jan.  1872;  first  jury  disagree,  19  June,  1872;  second  trial 
(guilty  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged  28  Feb.  1873).  18  Dec. 
1872-6  Jan.  1873;  third  trial  (guilty  of  manslaughter  in  3d 
degree  ;  sentence,  4  years  in  prison  at  Sing  Sing).  .13-29  Oct.     " 

W.  M.  Tweed,  for  frauds  upon  the  city  and  county  of  New 
York;  sentenced  to  12  vears' imprisonment 19  Nov.     " 

A.  Oakey  Hall,  ex-mayof  of  New  York,  for  complicity  with 
the  Tweed  "ring"  frauds;  jury  disagree,  1-21  Mch.  1872; 
second  trial,  jury  disagree,  1  Nov. ;  acquitted 24  Dec.     " 

Emil  Lowenstein.  for  murder  of  John  D.  Weston  at  West 
Albany,  5  Aug.  1873;  hung  at  Albany,  N.  Y 10  Apr.  1874 

David  Swing,  for  heresy  before  the  Chicago  Presbytery,  15  Apr. 
et  seq.,  in  28  specifications  by  prof  Francis  L.  Patton;  acquit- 
ted after  a  long  trial " 

[Prof  Swing  withdrew  from  the  Presbyterian  church  and 
formed  an  independent  congregation.] 

William  E.  Udderzook  (the  insurance  murderer),  for  the  mur- 
der of  W.  S.  Goss,  2  Feb.  1872,  at  West  Chester,  Pa. ;  tried 

27  May-9  Nov.  1873,  and  found  guilty ;  hung 12  Nov.     " 

[Goss,  whose  life  was  insured  for  $25,000,  ran  away,  and 
Udderzook,  his  brother-in-law,  by  perjury,  collected  the 
money  for  Goss's  wife;  Goss  reappearing,  Udderzook  killed 
him  to  avoid  exposure.] 

Belfry  murder  in  Boston;  little  Mabel  H.  Young  butchered  by 
the  sexton  of  the  Warren  Ave.  Baptist  church 1875 

James  M.  Lowell,  for  wife  murder " 

Theodore  Tilton  i'.  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  for  adultery,  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y. ;  jury  disagree;  case  ended 2  July,     " 

Jesse  Pomerov,  the  Boston  boy  murderer,  for  killing  of  Horace 
W.  Millen,  22  Apr.  1874,  supposed  to  be  Pomeroy's  fourth 
victim " 

Gen.  0.  E.  Babcock,  private  secretary  of  pres.  Grant,  tried  at 
St.  Louis  for  complicity  in  whiskey  frauds;  acquitted,  7  Feb.  1876 
[Babcock  was  drowned  off  the  Florida  coast,  3  June,  1884.] 

Pasach  N.  Rubenstein,  for  murder  of  Sarah  Alexander,  12  Dec. 
1875,  in  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. ;  tried  31  Jan.-12  Feb. ;  sentenced 
to  be  hanged,  but  dies  in  jail 9  May,     " 

W.  W.  Belkuiip,  U.  S.  secretary  of  war,  impeached  (Unitkd 
Statks);  acquitted 1  Aug.      " 

John  I)  Lee,  for  the  Mountain  Meadow  massacre,  15  Sept. 
1857;  convicted  and  executed 23  Mch.  1877 

Je-sse  Billings,  jr.,  for  murder  of  his  wife  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  4 
June;  acquitted Oct.  1878 

Rev.  H.  H.  Hayden,  for  murder  of  Mary  Stannard,  New  Haven, 
Conn 1879 

Benjamin  F.  Hunter,  for  murder  of  J.  F.  Armstrong  in  Camden, 
N.  J.,  23  Jan.  1878;  hung  in  Camden 10  Jan.      " 

John  P.  Phair  tried. for  murder  of  Ann  E.  Frieze  of  Rutland, 
Vt.,  9  June,  1874;  sentenced  to  be  hung,  6  Apr.  1877;  re- 
prieved until  4  Apr.;  hung  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  protesting  his 
innocence 10  Apr.     " 


TRI 

Col.  Thomas  Buford,  for  killing  judge  Elliott  at  Frankfort,  Ky. ; 
acquitted  on  ground  of  insanity ;  trial July,  1879 

Chastine  Cox,  negro,  for  murder  of  Mrs.  Jane  Deforest  Hull, 
in  New  York  city,  10  June,  1879;  hung 16  July,  1880 

Whittaker,  colored  cadet  at  West  Point,  by  military  court  for 
injuring  himself  on  pretence  of  being  hurt  by  others,  6  Apr. ; 
expelled <; 

Pietro  Balbo,  for  the  murder  of  his  wife,  New  York;  executed, 

6  Aug.      " 

Monroe  Robertson,  murderer  of  9  men,  the  last,  his  wife's 
brother,  Wiley  Coulter,  a  boy  of  19,  in  Oct.  1879;  hung  at 
Greenville,  0 , 20  Aug.      " 

George  Smith  and  Mrs.  Catherine  Miller,  for  murder  of  An- 
drew Miller  (the  latter's  husband),  at  the  instigation  of  Mrs. 
Miller,  18  Mch.  1880,  near  Jersey  Shore,  Pa.;  hung  at  Will- 
iamsport.  Pa 3  Feb.  1881 

Joseph  Stevens,  colored,  for  murder  of  Andrew  Mobley.  col- 
ored, 20  May,  1878,  by  stabbing  in  the  breast  at  a  prayer- 
meeting  because  he  felt  a  severe  pain  in  his  arm  when 
shaking  hands  with  him.  A  sorceress,  "old  Nell  Gyles,"  of 
Augusta,  had  told  him  he  would  feel  a  sharp  pain  in  the 
arm  when  he  shook  hands  with  the  person  causing  his 
aches  and  pains;  hung  at  Edgefield,  S.  C 20  May,     " 

James  Malley,  for  the  murder  of  Jennie  E.  Cramer,  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Aug.  5,  1881;  acquitted June,  1882 

Lieut.  Flipper,  colored,  by  military  court,  for  embezzlement  and 
false  statements,  Nov.  1881 ;  dismi.ssed  from  the  service " 

Charles  F.  Kring,  for  murder  of  Mrs.  Dora  C.  J.  Broemser, 
St.  Louis " 

Charles  J.  Guiteau,  for  the  assassination  of  pres.  Garfield 
(United  States,  1881);  convicted,  26  Feb. ;  hanged,  30  June,      " 

Star  Routk  trials " 

John  Cockrill.  managing  editor  of  the  St.  Louis  Post- Despatch, 
for  fatally  shooting  coL  Slayback  (acquitted) 13  Oct.      " 

N.  L.  Dukes,  for  murder'of  col.  Nutt,  Uuiontown,  Pa.  (acquit- 
ted)   21  Mch.  1883 

Edward  N.  Rowell  of  Batavia,  for  fatally  shooting  Johnson  L. 
liynch  of  Utica,  his  wife's  paramour  (acquitted) 30  Oct.      " 

Debris  suit  (California),  decided  against  hydraulic  miners, 
judge  Sawyer  of  the  U.  S.  court,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  granting 
a  perpetual  injunction 7  Jan.  1884 

William  Berner,  convicted  at  Cincinnati  of  manslaughter  in 

killing  William  H.  Kirk 28  Mch.     " 

[Berner  was  a  confessed  murderer;  the  verdict  of  man- 
slaughter, when  20  untried  murderers  were  in  the  city  jail, 
led  to  a  6  days'  riot,  during  which  the  court-house  and  other 
buildings  were  set  on  fire,  45  persons  were  killed,  and  138 
injured.] 

Brig. -gen.  D.  G.  Swaim,  judge-advocate  general  of  the  army, 
tried  by  court-martial  for  attempt  to  defraud  a  banking  firm 
in  Washington,  and  failing  to  report  an  army  officer  who 
had  duplicated  his  pay  account;  sentenced  to  suspension 
from  duty  for  12  years  on  half-pay ;  triiil  opens 15  Nov.      " 

James  D.  Fish,  president  of  the  Marine  bank  of  New  York, 
secretly  connected  with  the  firm  of  Grant  &  Ward,  convict- 
ed of  misappropriation  of  funds,  11  Apr.,  and  sentenced  to  10 
years  at  hard  labor  in  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y 27  June,  1885 

Mrs.  Lucilla  Dudley,  tried  at  New  York  for  shooting  O'Dono- 
van  Rossa  in  Chambers  St.,  fi  Feb. ;  the  shot  not  fatal,  and 
Mrs.  Dudley  acquitted  as  insnne —  30  June,      " 

Ferdinand  Ward,  of  the  suspended  firm  of  Grant  &  Ward,  New 
York  city,  indicted  for  financial  frauds,  4  June;  convicted 
and  sentenced  to  10  vears  at  hard  labor  in  Sing  Sing,  31  Oct.     " 
[Released,  30  Apr.  1892.] 

Henry  W.  Jaehne,  vice  president  of  the  New  York  common 
council,  for  receiving  a  bribe  to  support  Jacob  Sharp's  Broad- 
way surface  road  on  30  Aug.  1884;  sentence,  9  years  and  10 
mouths  in  Sing  Sing  (New  York) 20  May,  1886 

Alfred  Packer,  one  of  6  miners,  who  killed  and  ate  his  compan- 
ions when  starving  in  their  camp  on  the  site  of  Lake  City, 
Col.,  in  1874;  convicted  at  New  York  of  manslaughter,  and 
sentenced  to  40  years'  imprisonment Aug.      " 

Mrs.  Roxalana  Druse  and  daughter,  for  murder  of  Mr.  Druse 
in  ls84;  Mrs.  Druse  convicted  and  hung  at  Herkimer,  N.  Y. ; 
daughter  imprisoned  for  life Feb.  1887 

Tillie  Smith,  a  serving -maid  in  an  educational  institute,  is 
found  murdered  at  Hackettstown,  N.  J.,  9  Apr.  1886;  inno- 
cent persons  suspected,  but  the  crime  proved  on  one  Titus, 
the  janitor,  who  is  convicted  15  Oct.  1886,  and  sentenced 
to  death ;  commuted  to  imprisonment  for  life 21  Mch.     " 

Trial  of  Jacob  Sharp;   found  guilty  of  bribery  and  sentenced 

to  4  years'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  $.5000 14  July,      " 

[Sentence  reversed  by  court  of  Appeals.] 

Anarchists  at  Chicago  (United  States):  22  indicted,  27  May, 
1886;  7  convicted  of  murder,  20  Aug.;  4  (Spies.  Parsons, 
Fischer,  and  Engle)  hung;  and  1  (Lingg)  commits  suicide, 

11  Nov.      " 
[Gov.  Altgeld  pardoned  all  the  anarchists  (Schwab,  Neebe, 
and  Fielden)  in  prison,  26  June,  1893.] 

Maxwell,  an  Englishman,  alias  Brook,  aZtas  I,ennox.  under  con- 
viction for  more  than  2  years  for  murder  of  Mr.  Preller,  exe- 
cuted at  St.  Louis 10  Aug.  1888 

David  Walker.  William  Walker,  and  John  Matthew,  noted 
"bald  knobbers"  (Missouri,  1887-89),  sentenced  18  May, 
1888;  executed  at  Ozark 10  May,  1889 

City  of  New  Orleans  against  administratrix  of  the  estate  of 
Myra  Clark  Gaines,  deceased,  9  Jan.  1885,  in  Supreme  court 
of  U.  S. ;  judgment  against  the  city  for  over  $500,000, 13  May,     " 

[About  1836  Myra  Clark  Gaines  filed  a  bill  in  equity  to  re- 
cover real  estate  in  the  possession  of  the  city  of  New  Or- 
leans.    Her  father,  Daniel  Clark,  who  died  in  New  Orleans  a 


TRI 


818 


TRI 


reputed  bucholor,  16  Aug.  1813,  by  will  dated  20  May,  1811, 
nave  the  proiu-rty  to  his  mother,  and  by  momorandum  for  a 
will  (which  was  never  found)  made  in  1813,  gave  it  to  his 
dauKhler  Mvni.  The  latter  will  was  received  by  the  Su- 
preme court"  of  Louisiana  18  Keb.  1856,  and  the  legitimacy  of 
Urn  questioned.  Judge  Billings  of  the  U.  S.  Circuit  court 
ut"  New  Orleans  rendered  a  decision  which  recognized  the 
probjite  of  the  will  of  1813,  in  Apr.  1877 ;  an  appeal  was  taken, 
and  in  188;i  judgment  was  again  given  in  favor  of  Mrs. 
(Jaines  for  f  1,1)25,667  and  interest.  The  final  appeal,  June, 
1883  resulted  as  above.  In  1861  the  value  of  the  property 
was  'estimated  at  $35,000,000.] 

Dr.  Patrick  Henry  Cronin,  Irish  dynamite  nationalist  (expelled 
from  the  Clanna  Gael,  and  denounced  as  a  spy  by  Alex. 
Sullivan  and  the  leaders,  termed  the  "Triangle,"  and  con- 
demned to  death  by  them  for  accusing  them  of  embezzling 
funds  allotted  for  dynamiting  in  Kngland  in  Feb.,  4  May), 
found  murdered  at  liake  View,  Chicago 22  May,  1889 

Coroner's  jury  declare  the  murder  to  be  the  result  of  a  con- 
spiracy of  which  Alexander  Sullivan,  P.  O'SuUivan,  Daniel 
Coughliu,  and  Frank  Woodruff  (connected  with  the  Clan-na- 
Gael)  were  the  principals.  Alex.  Sullivan  and  others  ar- 
rested, 12  June;  Sullivan  released  on  high  bail 15  June,      " 

Martin  Burke  arrested  at  Winnipeg,  Canada,  indicted  about 
20  June.  The  grand  jury  at  Chicago,  after  16  days'  inves- 
tigation, indict  Martin  Burke,  John  F  Beggs,  Daniel  Coughlin, 
Patrick  O'Sullivan,  Frank  Woodruff,  Patrick  Cooney,  and 
John  Kunz,  with  others  unknown,  of  conspiracy  and  of  the 
murder  of  Patrick  Henry  Cronin 29  June,     " 

Coughlin,  Burke,  O'Sullivan,  Kunz,  and  Beggs  for  murder  of 
Cronin  in  Chicago,  6  May;  trial  begins  30  Aug. ;  the  first  3 
are  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life,  Kunz  for  3  years, 

and  Beggs  discharged 16  Dec.      «« 

[Second  trial  of  Daniel  Coughlin  began  3  Nov.  1893;  ac- 
quitted bvjurv,  8  Mch.  1894.] 

Commander  B.  H.  McCalla  of  U.  S.  S.  Enterprise,  by  court-mar- 
tial foe  malfeasance  and  cruelty,  22  Apr.,  on  finding  of  a  court 
of  inquirv  held  in  Brooklyn  navy-yard,  11  Mch. ;  suspended 
from  rank  and  duly  for  3  years;  sentence  approved  by  sec. 
Tracy 15  May ,  1890 

William  Kemmler,  for  murder  of  his  paramour  at  Buffalo, 
n:  Y.  ;  the  first  execution  by  electricity,  at  Auburn  prison, 
N.  Y 6  Aug.      " 

Dr.  T.  Thacher  Graves,  for  murder  of  Mrs.  Josephine  Barnaby 

of  Providence,  R.  I. ,  by  poison,  at  Denver,  Col 1891 

[While  awaiting  his  second  trial  he  committed  suicide  in 
the  county  jail  at  Denver,  3  Sept.  1893.] 

Rev.  Charles  A  Briggs.  charged  by  the  presbytery  of  New 
York,  5  Oct.  1891,  with  teaching  doctrines  "which  conflict 
irreconcilably  with,  and  are  contrary  to,  the  cardinal  doc- 
trines taught  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  in  an  address  at  the 
Union  Theological  seminary  in  New  York,  20  Jan.  1891;  case 
dismissed,  4  Nov. ;  prosecuting  committee  appeal  to  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  13  Nov. ;  judgment  reversed  and  case  re- 
manded to  the  presbytery  of  New  York  for  new  trial,  30  May, 
1892;  prof.  Briggs  acquitted  after  a  trial  of  19  days.  .30  Dec.  1892 

Dr.  Robert  W.  Buchanan,  tried  in  New  York  city  for  wife  pois- 
oning; verdict,  "guilty  of  murder  in  1st  degree". ..  .26  Apr.  1893 

Carlyle  W.  Harris,  for  murder  of  Helen  Potts,  1  Feb.  1891,  to 
whom  he  was  secretly  married,  8  Feb.  1890;  she  dies  of  an 
overdose  of  morphine,  and  Harris  is  convicted  on  circum- 
stantial evidence,  2  Feb.  1892;  executed  by  electricity  at 
Sing  Sing 8  May,     »' 

George  H.  Abbott,  alias  Frank  C.  Almy,  for  murder  of  Christie 
Warden,  near  Hanover,  N.  H.,  June,  1891;  hung  at  Concord, 
N.  H 16  May,      " 

Lizzie  Borden,  arrested  in  Fall  River,  11  Aug.  1892,  for  murder  of 
her  father  and  stepmother  on  4  Aug.  1892 ;  arraigned  at  New 
Bedford,  pleads  not  guilty,  8  May,  1893;  acquitted.  .20  June,      *' 
[Defended  by  ex-gov.  Robinson  of  Massachusetts.] 

John  Y.  McKane,  Gravesend,  L.  I.,  for  election  frauds  ,  con- 
victed and  sentenced  to  Sing  Sing  for  6  years 19  Feb.  1894 

Miss  Madeline  V.  Pollard,  for  breach  of  promise,  against  repre- 
sentative W.  C.  P.  Breckenridge  of  Kentucky;  damages, 
$50,000;  trial  begun  8  Mch.  1894,  at  Washington,  D.  C. ;  ver- 
dict of  $15,000  for  miss  Pollard,  Saturday 14  Apr.     " 

Patrick  Eugene  Prendergast,  for  the  murder  of  Carter  Harri- 
son, mayor  of  Chicago,  28  Oct.  1893;  plea  of  defence,  insanity; 
jury  find  him  sane  and  he  is  hung 13  July,     " 

George  A.  Bartliolomy  for  the  murder  of  William  E.  Delaney, 
ex  city  clerk,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  14  June,  1894;  sentenced  to 
Auburn  state-prison  for  life 10  Oct.     " 

tribune§  of  tlie  people  (tribuni  pkUs),  magis- 
trates of  Rome,  first  chosen  from  among  the  commons  to  rep- 
resent them,  494  B.C.,  when  the  people,  after  a  quarrel  with  the 
l>atricians,  had  retired  to  Mons  Sacer.  The  first  2  tribunes 
were  C.  Licinius  and  L.  Albinus,  but  the  number  was  soon 
raised  to  5,  and  37  years  later  to  10.  The  office  was  annual, 
and  as  the  first  had  been  created  on  the  4th  of  the  ides  of  Dec, 
that  day  was  chosen  for  the  election.  In  A.n.  1347  Nicolo  di 
Rienzi  assumed  absolute  power  in  Rome  as  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  reformed  many  abuses;  but  his  extravagances  de- 
stroyed his  popularity  and  he  abdicated,  returned  to  Rome,  and 
was  assassinated,  8  Sept.  1354. 

triellillia§i§  (^trick-i-nVa-sis),  a  disease,  often  fatal, 
occasioned  by  eating  raw  or  underdone  pork  containing  a 


minute  worm  named  Ti-ichina  spiralis.  Prof.  Owen  discov- 
ered these  worms  in  cysts,  in  liuman  muscle,  hi  1832.  The 
trichinae  are  thoroughly  destroyed  by  proper  cooking.  Tlie 
disease  excited  much  attention  in  1865,  and  was  the  subject 
of  a  lecture  by  dr.  Thudichum  at  the  Society  of  Arts  on  18 
Apr.  1866. 

tricolor  flag  (red,  white,  and  blue),  adopted  by 
France  1789. 

tricoteil§e§  (tree-co-tuz'),  knitters,  a  name  given  to  fa- 
natical women  in  Paris,  in  1792,  who  zealously  attended  polit- 
ical meetings  and  executions,  knitting  at  intervals.  A  notable 
example,  madame  Defarge  in  Dickens's  "Tale  of  Two  Cities." 

Trieste  (Jree-est''),  an  Austrian  port  on  the  Adriatic,  de- 
clared a  free  port  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  1719,  confirmed 
by  Maria  Theresa  in  1750.  It  was  held  by  the  French  in  1797 
and  1805.  Since  the  establishment  of  the  overland  mail  to 
India  it  has  risen  to  great  commercial  importance.  After 
various  changes  of  rulers  it  was  restored  to  Austria  in  1814, 
Pop.  1890, 158,344. 

trillimer,  a  term  applied  to  Charles  Montague,  earl  of 
Halifax,  and  others  who  held  similar  political  opinions,  mid- 
way between  the  extreme  Whigs  and  Tories,  in  the  latter  ])art 
of  the  17th  century.  He  accepted  the  title  as  an  honor,  as- 
serting that  it  belonged  to  the  British  constitution  and  church. 
Macaulay  regarded  Halifax  as  a  trimmer  on  principle,  and  not 
a  renegade.     He  died  in  1715. 

Tri-moiintaln.     Boston,  1630:  Massaciiusktts. 

Trinac'ria  (3-cornered),  a  name  of  Sicily.  The  title 
"  King  of  Trinacria  "  was  temporarily  assumed  bv  Frederick 
II.  (1302)  and  Frederick  III.  (1373). 

Trinidad,  an  island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  in  1498,  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards 
by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1595;  by  the  French  from  the  Eng- 
lish in  1676.  Taken  by  the  British,  with  4  ships  of  the  line 
and  a  military  force  under  sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  to  whom 
the  i.sland  capitulated,  18  Feb.  1797 ;  they  captured  2  and 
burned  3  Spanish  ships  of  war  in  the  harbor.  This  possession 
was  confirmed  to  England  by  the  peace  of  Amiens  in  1802. 
The  insurrection  of  the  negroes  occurred  4  Jan.  1832.  A  large 
lake  of  pitch  or  bitumen  on  the  island  is  extensively  worked. 
Asphalt.     Area,  1754  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890, 208,030. 

Trinity  and  Trinita'rian§.  Theophilus,  bishop  of 

Antioch,  who  flourished  in  the  2d  century,  was  the  first  who 
gave  the  term  Trinity  to  the  supposed  3  persons  in  the  God- 
head. His  "Defence  of  Christianity  "  was  edited  by  (iesner, 
at  Zurich,  in  1546. —  Wathins.  An  order  of  the  Trinity,  termed 
Mathurins,  was  founded  about  1198  by  John  de  Matha  and  Felix 
de  Valois.  A  Trinity  fraternity  of  16  persons  was  instituted  at 
Rome  by  St.  Philip  Neri  in  1548.  In  England  the  act  to  exempt 
from  penalties  persons  denying  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity 
(such  as  Unitarians  and  Swedenborgians)  passed  in  1813. 

Trinity  Churcll,  New  York  cit}^,  Protestant-Episco- 
pal, the  wealthiest  church  corporation  in  the  United  States. 
First  building  1696,  enlarged  1737,  burned  1776.  rebuilt  1788,. 
taken  down  1839;  present  edifice  consecrated,  21  May,  1846; 
height  of  spire,  284  ft. 

Trinity  COlleg^eS.  Cambuidgk,  Oxfoud.  Trin- 
ity college,  Dublin,  called  the  university  ;  grant  of  the  Augus- 
tine monastery  of  All-Saints  within  the  suburbs  for  erecting 
this  college  conferred  by  queen  Elizabeth,  1691.  First  stone 
laid  by  Thomas  Smith,  mayor  of  Dublin,  1  Jan.  1593.  New 
charter,  1637.  Made  a  barrack  for  soldiers,  1689.— A'wn?.*.  The 
principal  or  west  front  erected,  1759.  Library  erected,  1732. 
This  college  grants  degrees  upon  examination  without  resi- 
dence. The  Roman  Catholics  desire  exemption  from  mixed 
education  and  special  privileges.  Great  changes  were  pro- 
posed by  an  Irish  Universit}'  bill  brought  into  Parliament 
Feb.  1873,  but  withdrawn.  Religious  tests  were  abolished  in 
the  same  year. 

Proposal  to  establish  a  Roman  Catholic  college  within  the  uni- 
versity negatived  by  senate  (74-7) 18  May,  1874 

Trinity  Sunday,  the  next  after  Whitsunday.  The 
festival  of  the  Holy  Trinity  was  instituted  by  pope  Gregory 
IV.  in  828,  on  ascending  the  papal  chair,  and  is  observed  by 
the  Latin  and  Protestant  churches  originally  as  an  octave  > 


TRI  819 

The  observance  was  first  enjoined 


TRU 


} 


Pentecost  or  Whitsunday, 

in  the  council  of  Aries,  1260.    It  was  fixed  on  the  present  day 

by  pope  John  XXI.  in  1334. 

XrilloB>ail'teSj  a  British  tribe  which  occupied  Mid- 
dlesex and  Essex,  and  joined  in  opposing  the  invasion  of 
Julius  Caesar,  54  b.c,  but  soon  submitted.  They  joined 
Boadicea,  queen  of  the  Ickni,  and  were  defeated  by  Suetonius 
Paulinus  near  London,  61. 

Tripar'tite  treaty,  name  given  to  treaty  of  Paris, 
1856. 

Triple  allianee  was  ratified  between  the  States- 
general  and  England  against  France  for  the  protection  of  the 
Spanish  Netherlands;  Sweden  afterwards  joining  the  league, 
it  was  known  as  the  Triple  alliance,  23  Jan.  1668.  Another 
Triple  alliance  was  that  between  England,  Holland,  and  France 
against  Spain,  Jan.  1717.  Another  between  Great  Britain, 
Russia,  and  Austria,  28  Sept.  1795.  Germany,  Austria,  and 
Italy  against  France  and  Russia,  13  Mch.1887. 

Trip'oli  ("3  cities").  (1)  In  Syria,  comprised  three 
quarters  built  by  the  Tyrians,  Sidonians,  and  Arabians ;  was 
taken  by  the  crusaders,  1109,  and  made  a  county  for  Raymond 
of  Toulouse.  It  was  conquered  by  Egyptians  in  1832;  re- 
stored to  the  Porte,  1835;  surrendered  to  the  British,  1841. 
(2)  A  Turkish  province,  N.  Africa,  comprised  the  cities  Sa- 
brata,  CEa  (the  present  Tripoli,  the  capital),  and  Leptis  (the 
ancient  Tripolitana)  ;  after  having  been  held  by  Greeks,  Ro- 
mans, Vandals,  and  Saracens,  it  was  conquered  and  annexed 
by  the  Turks,  1551.  Hamet  Bey,  pacha  in  1741,  made  himself 
independent,  and  the  government  remained  in  his  family  till 
1835,  when  Tripoli  was  restored  to  nominal  subjugation  to  the 
sultan.     Naval  BATTLES ;  United  States,  1800,  etc. 

tri'renies,  galleys  with  3  banks  of  oars,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Corinthians,  784  or  700  b.c. 

trilimphs  were  granted  by  the  Roman  senate  to  gen- 
erals of  armies  after  important  victories.  They  were  welcomed 
into  the  city  with  magnificence  and  public  acclamations.  The 
greater  of  these  festivals  of  welcome  was  called  the  triumph  ; 
and  the  less,  the  Ovation. 

trillin'virates,  Roman.  In  60  B.C.,  Julius  Caesar, 
Pompey,  and  Crassus  formed  a  coalition  to  rule  the  state.  This 
lasted  10  years,  and  civil  war  ensued.  The  second  triumvirate, 
43  B.C.,  formed  by  Octavius  Caesar,  Mark  Antony,  and  Lepidus, 
destroyed  the  liberty  of  the  Romans.  Lepidus  was  expelled 
in  36  ;  Antony  was  subdued  in  31,  and  Octavius  made  himself 
absolute.  Rome.  In  Feb.  1849,  a  triumvirate  was  appointed 
at  Rome,  consisting  of  Joseph  Mazzini,  Armellini,  and  Saffi, 
which  resigned  on  1  July,  1849,  when  the  city  was  taken  by 
the  French. 

trog'lodytes  (Gr.  rpwyXoSvTtjg,  one  who  creeps  into 
holes,  a  cave  dweller;  from  rpwyXri,  a  cave,  and  dvu),  to  enter, 
to  creep  in).  A  name  given  by  the  ancient  Greeks  to  various 
races  of  savages  who  lived  in  caverns  or  abodes  excavated  in 
the  earth ;  generally  applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  southern 
Egypt,  Ethiopia,  and  the  mountain  districts  of  Arabia ;  but 
all  cave  dwellers  may  be  so  denominated ;  all  prehistoric  peo- 
ple were  probably  troglodytic.  Figuratively  applied  to  one 
who  secludes  himself  from  the  affairs  of  the  world. 

trou'badour§  and  trOUVere§'  (from  trouhar, 
trouver,  to  find  or  invent),  the  poets  of  the  middle  ages  (11th  to 
15th  centuries).  The  former  flourished  in  the  south  of  France 
and  north  of  Spain,  and  used  the  langue  d'oc  (that  is,  oc  for 
oui,  yes) ;  the  latter  flourished  in  the  north  of  France,  and 
used  the  langue  d'oil  (that  is,  oil  for  oui).  The  troubadours 
produced  romances,  but  excelled  chiefly  in  lyric  poetrj'^ ;  the 
trouveres  excelled  in  romances,  several  of  which  are  extant : 
as  the  "Brut  d'Angleterre  "  and  the  "Rou,"  by  Wace ;  the 
"Romance  of  the  Rose,"  b}'  Guillaume  de  Lorris  and  Jean  de 
Meung.  The  troubadours  were  usually  accompanied  by  jon- 
yleiirs,  who  sang  their  masters' verses,  with  the  accompaniment 
of  the  guitar.  Histories  of  these  French  poets  and  specimens 
of  their  works  have  been  published  in  France.  These  poets, 
although  frequently  very  licentious,  tended  to  promote  civili- 
zation during  those  warlike  times. 

Troy  or  Ilium,  capital  of  Troas,  Asia  Minor;  Homer's 
"  Iliad  "  and  "  Odyssey."     Its  history  mythical. 


Arrival  of  Scamander  in  Phrygia  (Blair) 1546 

Teucer  succeeds  his  father 1502 

Dardanus  succeeds ;  builds  Dardania 1480 

Reign  of  Erichthonius 1449 

Reign  of  Tros;  from  whom  the  people  are  called  Trojans,  and 

the  city  Troas 1374 

This,  his  son,  reigns;  the  city  called  Ilium ' 1314 

Reign  of  Laomedon 1200 

Arrival  of  Heracles  in  Phrygia.     Hesione  delivered  from  the 

sea-monster  (Blair,  Usher) 1225 

War  of  Heracles  and  Laomedon 1224 

Reign  of  Priam  or  Podarces " 

Rape  of  Helen,  by  Alexander  Paris,  son  of  Priam,  20  years  be- 
fore the  sacking  of  Troy  (Homer's  Iliad,  book  xxiv. ) 1204 

Commencement  of  the  invasion  of  the  Greeks  to  recover  Helen,  1193 
Troy  taken  and  burned  in  the  night,  11  June,  i.  e.,  23d  of  the 
month  Thargelion.  —Parian  Marbles.   408  years  before  the  1st 
Olympiad.— Apollodorus,  Hales,  and  Clinton,  1183;  others. . .  1184 
[W.  E.  Gladstone  dates  the  war  1316-07.] 

^neas  arrives  in  Italy  (Lenglet) 1183 

[Some  time  after  the  destruction  of  Troy  a  new  city  was 
built  with  the  same  name  about  30  stadia  distant.  It  was 
favored  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  his  Asiatic  expedition,  but 
never  rose  to  much  importance,  and  in  the  age  of  Strabo  was 
nearly  in  ruins. — Priestley.]  a.d. 

Dr.  H.  Schliemann,  at  Hissarlik  in  the  Troad,  excavates  a  very 
ancient  buried  city,  which  he  names  "Novum  Ilium  "..  .1872-73 

He  pub.  "  Troy  and  its  Remains  "  (transl.  by  dr.  P.  Smith) 1875 

His  Trojan  antiquities  arranged  at  South  Kensington  museum, 

Dec.  1877 
Dr.  Schliemann  resumes  excavations  at  Hissarlik;  discovers 
Trojan  houses   and   many  antiquities,  a  dagger,  earrings, 

bracelets,  idols,  shells,  etc 30  Sept.-l  Dec.  1878 

Again  with  prof.  Virchow  and  M.  Burnouf,  1  Mch. ;  makes 
fresh  discoveries  described  in  a  letter,  5  June,  1879;  pubs, 
his  book,  "Ilios" 1880 

troy  weight.  The  Romans  introduced  their  ounce, 
the  avoirdupois  ounce,  into  Britain.  The  present  ounce  was 
brought  from  Grand  Cairo  into  Europe,  about  the  time  of  the 
crusades,  1095,  and  was  first  adopted  at  Troves,  a  city  of 
France,  whence  the  name.  It  is  used  to  weigh  gold,  silver, 
and  precious  stones.  The  troy  weight,  Scots,  was  established 
by  James  VI.  (James  I.  of  England)  in  1618.     Standards. 

Troye§  (troi),  central  France,  where  a  treaty  was  con- 
cluded between  England,  France,  and  Burgundy,  whereby  it 
was  stipulated  that  Henry  V.  should  marry  Catherine,  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  VI.,  be  appointed  regent  of  France,  and,  after 
the  death  of  Charles,  should  inherit  the  crown,  21  May,  1420. 

truce  of  Ood  {frera,  or  treuga  Dei),  a  term  given 
to  a  cessation  of  the  private  feuds  and  conflicts  so  general 
during  the  middle  ages  all  over  Europe,  said  to  have  been  ad- 
vocated by  the  bishop  of  Aquitaine  in  1032.  The  clergy  gave 
their  influence  for  it.  A  synod  at  Roussillon,  1027,  decreed 
that  none  should  attack  his  enemy  between  Saturday  evening 
(at  nones)  and  Monday  morning  (at  the  hour  of  prime). 
Similar  regulations  were  adopted  in  England,  1042  (some- 
times Friday  and  Wednesday  being  chosen  for  the  time). 
The  truce  of  God  was  confirmed  by  many  councils  of  the 
church,  especially  the  Lateran  council  in  1179. 

truck-farming  is  raising  vegetables  for  the  mar- 
kets, usually  on  a  larger  scale  than  what  is  called  market- 
gardening,  and  is  dependent  on  transportation  companies  and 
commission  merchants  to  place  its  products  on  sale.  Before 
1860  this  industry  was  but  little  known,  and  confined  to  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  cities;  now  many  of  its  products 
are  transported  from  600  to  2000  miles  for  consumption.  Late 
in  the  autumn  and  early  in  the  spring  the  Gulf  states  and 
the  lower  Mississippi  valley  supply  the  enormous  demand  for 
green  vegetables  to  the  northern  cities  until  the  season,  ad- 
vancing at  the  rate  of  13  miles  a  day,  gradually  brings  the 
growth  northward,  so  that  now  at  no  season  of  the  year  are 
the  great  northern  cities  without  fresh  summer  fruits  and  veg- 
etables. The  first  report  of  the  Census  Bureau  on  truck  farms, 
made  in  1890,  shows  that  in  1889  the  value  of  products  sold, 
after  deducting  freight  and  commissions,  was  $76,518,155; 
after  deducting  for  labor,  seed,  etc.,  the  net  income  was  $51,- 
909,265,  from  the  following  acreage  in  different  districts: 

District.  Acres. 

1.  New  England 6,838 

2.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania 108,135 

3.  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia  (east  of  Chesapeake  bay). . .  25,714 

4.  Southeastern   counties   of  Virginia   and  northeastern  )  ._  „,._ 

counties  of  North  Carolina ]     ^^.-^'O 

5.  Western  Maryland  and  western  Virginia 37,181 

6.  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida 111,441 

7.  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Tennessee,  Kentucky.,     36,180 


TRU 


820 


TUN 


Wttrict.  A^cret. 

a  Texas,  Arkansas.  Missouri,  Kansas. 3«,889 

9  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Nebraska  ...  107,414 

10  M  iniiesoUi,  North  DukoUi,  Soiilh  Dakota 1,083 

11.  Idaho,  Wyoming  Utah,  Nevada,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  >  g  ggg 

Arliona. /      ,  '   ,„ 

11  California,  Oregon,  Washington U,95l 

Total 634,440 

The  principal  vegetables  gruwn  are  here  mentioned  in  order 
of  the  values  sold : 


1   Watermelons. 

2.  CablNige. 

3.  Pease. 

4.  Asp.iragiis. 

6.  Melons  other  than  water- 
melons. 


G.  Sweet  potatoes. 

7.  Tomatoes. 

8.  Spinach. 

i).  Irish  potatoes. 

10.  Celery. 

11.  String-beans. 


Other  vegetables  connected  with  this  industry  are :  beets, 
cucumbers,  cauliflower,  carrots,  egg-plant,  kale,  lettuce,  Lima 
beans,  onions,  parsnips,  radishes,  rhubarb,  squashes,  sweet  corn, 
and  turnips. 

trumpet,  a  wind  instrument  of  great  antiquity,  prop- 
erly of  metal,  with  a  flaring  opening  for  the  sound  to  issue. 
Some  of  the  (ireek  historians  ascribe  the  invention  of  the 
trumpet  to  the  Tyrrhenians,  and  others  to  the  Egyptians.  It 
was  in  use  in  the  time  of  Homer.  Shells  of  fish,  sounded  like 
trumpets,  were  in  use  as  signals  among  most  primitive  peoples. 
—Potter.  The  Jewish  feast  of  trumpets  was  appointed  1490 
B.C.  (Lev.  xxiii.  24).  OflFa,  king  of  Mercia,  is  said  to  have 
Imd  trumpets  sounded  before  him  when  travelling,  about  790 
A.u.     Speaking-tkumpet. 

tnimpet- flower,  Bignonia  radicans.  Flovveus 
AND  Plants. 

trUiS  (probably  derived  from  Lat.  torqueo,  to  twist,  to 
bend,  to  bind  together).  A  transverse  spring-truss  for  rupt- 
ures was  patented  by  Robert  Brand  in  1771,  and  by  many 
other  persons  since. 

tru§t§  and  eoinbiliei.  Terms  applied  in  the  United 
States  originally  to  organizations  and  agreements,  by  which  a 
body  of  trustees  hold  the  stock  of  a  number  of  corporations,  or 
a  controlling  interest  in  each,  and  administer  them  in  common, 
constituting  a  more  or  less  complete  monopoly.  The  Stand- 
ard oil  and  the  sugar  trusts  were  first  organized  on  this  plan, 
and  many  other  combinations  have  imitated  them.  But  the 
courts  being  hostile  to  such  monopolies,  nearly  all  the  trusts 
have  been  converted  into  business  corporations.  But  the 
name  trust  is  still  popularly  given  to  all  such  associations 
which  unite  many  factories  under  one  control,  limiting  com- 
petition. Capital  invested  in  the  principal  trusts  in  the  U.  S. 
in  1893  mav  be  stated  as  follows  : 


Mineral  oil $150,000,000 

Sugar 75,000,000 

Whiskey 35,000,000 

General  electric.     34,000,000 

Lead 30,000,000 

Cotton  oil 30,000,000 


Tobacco 129,000,000 

Rubber 28,000,000 

Cordage 25,000,000 

Linseed  oil 18,000,000 

Starch 8,000,000 


Tuam,  a  town  of  W.  Ireland.  ■  St.  Jarlath,  the  son  of 
Loga,  who  lived  about  501,  is  looked  upon  as  the  first  founder 
of  the  cathedral  of  Tuam,  though  the  abbey  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  in  487.  The  church  was  anciently  called  Tuaim- 
dii-Gualand.  In  1511  Edan  O'Hoisin  was  the  first  archbishop, 
at  least  the  first  who  received  the  pall,  for  some  of  his  prede- 
cessors are  sometimes  called  bishops  of  Connaught,  and  some- 
times archbishops,  by  Irish  historians.  The  see  of  Mayo  was 
annexed  to  Tuam  in  1559.  It  ceased  to  be  archiepiscopal, 
conformably  with  the  statute  3  and  4  Will.  IV.,  1833 ;  and  is 
now  a  bishopric  only,  to  which  Killala  and  Achonr}',  a  joint  see, 
has  been  added.     Archbishops,  Bishops  in  Ireland. 

lubercllIo'si§,  a  disease  consisting  of  the  degeneration 
of  tissue  and  growth  of  tubercles,  masses  of  diseased  matter,  in 
the  lungs  (phthisis  or  consumption)  or  other  parts  of  the  body. 
Dr.  Robert  Koch  of  Berlin  discovers  in  a  minute  organism, 

named  bacillus  tuberculosis,  the  cause  of  the  disease 1882 

Koch  announces  a  lymph  by  the  injection  of  which,  as  in  vac- 
cination, he  hopes  to  cure  the  disease autumn  of  1890 

Full  account  of  dr.  Koch's  method  pub Nov.     " 

Exaggerated  reports  of  success  discussed 1890-91 

Df.  Koch  explains  his  lymph,  tuberculine,  as  a  glycerine  ex- 
tract from  the  pure  cultivation  of  the  tubercle  bacilli.  15  Jan.  1891 
Prof  Badenhencr  of  Cologne  asserts  that  out  of  100  surgical 

cases  no  perfect  cure  has  been  effected  by  the  lymph .Jan.     " 

Prof.  Virchow.  Berlin,  reports  in  21  cases  of  injection  of  lymph 
unfavorable  results Jan.     " 


Dra  Bertin,  Picq,  and  Bernheim  propose  the  cure  of  tubercu- 
losis by  the  transfusion  of  goat's  blood Jan.,  Feb.  1891 

Dr.  Koch  acknowledges  the  failure  of  bis  remedy,  and  proposes 

an  improvement  by  the  addition  of  alcohol 2'i  Oct.     " 

The  use  of  tuberculitie,  though  not  curative,  has  proved  to 
be  of  the  highest  importance  in  the  diagnosis  of  the  disease. 
In  cases  in  which  tuberculosis  has  found  a  lodgement,  an  in- 
jection of  this  substance  into  the  circulation  is  at  once  fol- 
lowed by  a  marked  rise  of  the  temperature,  even  though  no 
other  symptom  of  the  disease  is  exhibited.  It  is  by  this 
means  that  suspected  cattle  are  examined,  and  diseased  ones 
distinguished. 

Tii'bin^en  MCIiooI  of  Theology  (Old),  connected 
with  the  Tubingen  university.  Its  first  representative,  Gott- 
lob  Christian  Storr  (1746-1805),  aimed  to  fix  faith  firmly  on 
the  authority  of  revelation  as  in  the  Scriptures,  miracles,  etc., 
in  opposition  to  the  philosophy  of  Kant,  Fichte,  Schelling,  etc. 
Modern  school,  founded  by  Ferdinand  Christian  Baur  (1792- 
1860),  introduced  a  rigid  criticism  of  the  books  of  the  New 
Testament  and  strove  to  free  Christianity'  from  supernatural- 
ism,  i.  e.,  miracles,  etc. 

tubular  bridgC§.     Bridges. 

Tueiday  (Lat.  Dies  Martis,  the  day  of  Mars),  the  3d 
day  of  the  week,  so  called  from  Tiiisto,  Tito,  or  Tuesco,  a  Saxon 
deitj',  worshipped  on  this  day.  Tuisto  is  mentioned  by  Taci- 
tus.    Week-days. 

Tuilerie§  {tweel-ree'),  Paris,  the  imperial  palace  of 
France,  commenced  by  Catherine  de  Medicis,  after  the  plans 
of  IMiilibert  de  I'Orme,  1564 ;  continued  by  Henry  IV.,  and 
finished  by  Louis  XIV.  This  palace  was  stormed  by  the 
mob,  10  Aug.  1792;  and  ransacked  in  the  revolutions  of  July, 
1830,  and  Feb.  1848.  Louis  Napoleon  made  it  his  residence 
in  1851,  and  greatly  renovated  it.  The  restoration  of  the 
Tiiileries  (much  injured  by  fire  by  the  Communists,  May, 
1871)  was  determined  on,  Oct.  1872,  but  not  proceeded  with. 
The  ruins  were  sold  for  $161,000  to  M.  Picard,  4  Dec.  1882. 

tulip§,  indigenous  in  the  east  of  Europe,  were  taken  to 
England  from  Vienna  about  1578.  It  is  recorded  in  the  register 
of  Alkmaer,  in  Holland,  that  in  1639  120  tulips,  with  the  off- 
sets, sold  for  90,000  florins ;  and  that  one,  called  the  Viceroy, 
sold  for  4203  guilders!  The  government  stopped  this  ruinous 
traffic. — The  tulip-tree,  Liiiodendron  tulipifera,  was  carried  to 
England  from  America,  abotit  16G3.     Flowers  and  Plant.s. 

TullallO'nia  campaign.  The  Confederate  com- 
mander Bragg,  after  the  battle  of  Murfreesborough,  re- 
treated to  Shelby ville,  about  25  miles  south  from  Murfrees- 
borough, and  part  of  his  array  to  TuUahoma,  somewhat  farther 
away.  Here  he  intrenched  to  resist  the  Federal  advance.  It 
was  not  until  24  June,  1863,  that  gen.  Rosecrans  advanced  from 
Murfreesborough,  and  in  a  short  campaign  of  15  days  (24  June- 
7  July),  without  severe  fighting,  compelled  Bragg  to  evacu- 
ate middle  Tennessee  and  retreat  across  the  Tennessee  river. 
Chickamauga. 

tumulus,  pi.  tumuli  (Lat.)  ;  a  mound,  a  heap.    They 
are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  date  from  prehistoric 
times.     Mentioned  in  the  Bible,  Josh.  vii.  26;  viii.  29;  2  Sam. 
xviii.  17.    Erected  over  the  dead  by  the  ancient  Greeks  ;  thus 
Homer,  speaking  of  the  burial  of  Patroclus : 
"  Then  drew  a  circle  for  the  sepulchre 
And,  laying  its  foundations  to  enclose 
The  pyre,  they  heaped  the  earth,  and  having  reared 
A  mound, withdrew."    — "Iliad, "bk.  xxiii.,  lines 314-17. 
Artificial  mounds  vary  in  size  from  a  few  feet  to  over  200  feet 
in  height;  the  highest  in  England,  at  Silbnry  hill,  is  170  feet. 
The  utensils  found  in  them  indicate  that  they  belong  to  the 
neolithic  (''tone),  bronze,  or  iron  age,  and  are  probably  unciv- 
ilized attempts  at  pyramid  building.     Mound  Builders. 

tUUg'§ten  (also  called  wolfram  and  scheelium) ,  a  hard, 
whitish,  brittle  metal.  From  tungstate  of  lead,  Scheele,  in 
1781,  obtained  tungstic  acid,  whence  the  brothers  De  Ltiyart, 
iu  1786,  obtained  the  metal.  In  1859  it  was  employed  in 
making  a  new  kind  of  steel. 

Xu'nis,  a  seaport  town  and  state  of  N.  Africa,  stands 
nearly  on  the  site  of  Carthage.  Tunis  was  besieged  by  Louis 
IX.  of  France,  who  died  near  it,  25  Aug.  1270.  It  remained 
under  African  kings  till  taken  by  Barbarossa,  for  Solyman  the 


« 


J 


TUN 


821 


TUN 


Magnificent,  1531.  Barbarossa  was  expelled  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  when  10,000  Christian  slaves  were  set  at  liberty, 
June,  1535.  The  country  was  recovered  by  the  Turks  under 
Selira  II.,  1575.  The  bey  of  Tunis  was  first  appointed  in  1574. 
Tunis  was  reduced  by  adm.  Blake  on  the  bey  refusing  to  de- 
liver up  the  British  captives,  1655.  The  Hussein  dynasty 
was  founded  1705.  In  July,  1856,  the  bey  agreed  to  make 
constitutional  reforms.  He  died  22  Sept.  1859 ;  and  his  brother 
and  successor,  Mohamed-es-Sadok,  took  the  oath  of  fidelity  to 
the  constitution.  Died  1882 ;  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Sidi- 
Ali,  28  Oct.  1882.  Area,  45,000  sq.  mUes ;  pop.  1890,  1,500,000. 
It  is  now  under  French  protection. 

Tunis  incorporated  with  the  Turkish  empire 25  Oct.  1871 

Dispute  with  France;  predatory  incursions  of  the  Kroumirs, 
nomadic  shepherd  tribes,  on  Algerian  territory,  Mch. ;  mili- 
tary expedition  sent  from  France;  lands  iuTabarka,  25  Apr. ; 

bombards  fortress  and  occupies  Bizerta 30  Apr.  1881 

Bey  appeals  to  Turkey,  11  Apr. ;  and  the  great  powers,  27  Apr.     '• 
French  approach  Tunis,  alleging  the  object  to  be  to  restrain 

warlike  tribes  and  protect  their  frontier 11  May,     " 

Treaty  with  France  signed  ;  France  to  occupy  the  positions 
which  she  deems  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  order  and 
the  security  of  the  frontier  and  the  coast,  and  to  send  a  resi- 
dentministertothecapital.  French  government  guarantees  to 
the  bey  the  security  of  his  person,  his  states,  and  his  dynasty, 
and  the  maintenance  of  existing  treaties  with  the  European 
powers ;  while  the  bey  undertakes  not  to  conclude  any  interna- 
tional convention  without  a  previous  understanding  with  the 
French  government,  and  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  arms 
into  Algeria  through  Tunis.  Financial  system  of  the  regency 
to  be  regulated  by  France  in  concert  with  the  bey. .  .12  May,  " 
M.  Roustan,  the  consul,  appointed  French  resident  minister 
(said  to  be  virtual  ruler,  replacing  bey);  French  army  re- 
turning home June,     " 

Mustapha  ben  Ismail,  the  bey's  chief  minister,  received  by 

pres.  Gr^vy  at  Paris 21  June,     " 

French  courts  of  law  established 1  Jan.  1884 

Canal  from  Timis  to  its  port  Goletta,  a  distance  of  7  miles,  is 
being  built,  to  be  finished 1894 

T'linker§,  a  sect  of  American  Baptists,  called  also 
Dunkers  or  Tumblers  (from  their  mode  of  baptism  by  putting 
converts,  while  kneeling,  head-foremost  into  the  water),  are 
an  offshoot  of  a  German  Baptist  community  at  Schwartzenau, 
on  the  river  Eder,  a  number  of  whom  emigrated  to  America 
under  Conrad  Beissel  (or  Peysel)  and  others,  about  1719. 
Peysel  afterwards  founded  a  separate  settlement  at  Ephrata, 
about  50  miles  from  Philadelphia,  where  celibacy  and  monas- 
ticism  were  encouraged  but  not  made  obligatory. 

tunnage  and  poundage  were  ancient  duties  levied 
on  every  tun  of  wine  and  pound  of  other  goods,  imported  or 
exported,  and  were  the  origin  of  "customs."  They  com- 
menced in  England  about  1346,  and  were  granted  to  the  kings 
for  life,  beginning  with  Edward  IV.  Charles  I.  gave  offence 
by  levying  them  on  his  own  authority,  1628.  They  were 
granted  to  Charles  II.  for  his  lifetime,  24  June,  1660.  By  the 
act  27  Geo.  III.  c.  13,  these  and  other  duties  were  repealed, 
1787,  and  the  present  system  of  excise  and  customs  introduced. 

tunnel,  an  underground  passage  or  roadway  through  a 
mountain  or  hill  or  under  the  bed  of  a  stream,  etc.  Herodotus 
speaks  of  a  tunnel  7  furlongs  long  and  8  feet  high  through  a 
hill  on  the  island  of  Samos.  The  Romans  constructed  a  tunnel 
6000  feet  long  by  7  high  and  5  wide  to  tap  lake  Albanus, 
359  B.C.  Lake  Fucino  in  Italy  was  drained  by  a  tunnel  3 
miles  long,  20-30  feet  high,  and  about  30  feet  wide,  devised 
by  Julius  Caesar  and  executed  by  Claudius,  52  a.d.  One  of 
the  earliest  known  tunnels,  said  to  have  been  constructed  to 
drain  the  plateau  on  which  stands  the  city  of  Mexico,  pierced 
the  Nochistengo  ridge  for  6  miles.  It  was  destroyed  during  a 
flood  and  replaced  by  an  open  cut,  with  a  maximum  depth  of 
200  feet,  in  1608.  The  first  canal  tunnel  constructed  in  Eng- 
land was  the  Harecastle,  1  mile  5  furlongs  in  length,  for  the 
Trent  and  Mersey  canal,  in  1766-77.  Among  other  noted 
tunnels  built  for  canal  purposes  are:  Thames  and  Medway, 
3720  yards;  Tipton  Green,  2926  yards;  Bilsworth  (Grand 
Junction),  3080  yards;  Sapperton  (Thames  and  Severn),  4180 
yards;  Soussey  (Bourgogne),  3852  yards;  Nauvages  (Canal 
du  Marne  au  Rhin),  5320  yards;  Lapal  (Dudley  canal),  3776 
yards;  Ripley  (Cromford  canal),  2966  yards;  Marsden  (Hud- 
dersfield),  5500  yards;  Noirieu  (St.  Quentin),  13,128  yards; 
Pouilly  (Bourgogne),  3660  yards.  Railroad  tunnels  are  innu- 
merable; besides  t/hose  detailed  below,  there  may  be  noted  the 
Woodhead  tunnel,  between  Manchester  and  SheflSeld,  Engl.,  3 
miles  in  length ;  Standedge,  on  London  and  Northwestern  rail- 


road, over  3  miles ;  at  Nerthe,  France,  about  3  miles ;  at  Blaisy, 

France,  about  2 J  miles  in  length,  and  many  in  the  United  States. 

First  tunnel  in  the  U.  S.  near  Auburn,  Pa.,  for  the  Schuylkill 
Navigation  company's  canal,  450  feet  long,  20  wide  and  18 
high ;  begun  1818,  completed 1821 

Alleghany  Portage  railroad  tunnel  in  Pennsylvania,  one  of  the 
first  in  the  U.  S.,  900  feet  in  length;  begun  1831,  completed. .  1833 

Black  Rock  tunnel,  on  the  Reading  railroad,  Pennsylvania,  1932 
feet  long,  constructed 1836 

Thames  tunnel,  between  Rotherhithe  and  Wapping;  length, 
1200  feet;  width,  35  feet;  height,  20  feet;  cost  about  $5500 
per  lineal  yard;  planned. by  I.  K.  Brunei  in  1823;  excavation 
begun,  Dec.  1825;  irruptions  of  river  18  May,  1827  and  12 
Jan.  1828,  when  6  workmen  were  drowned ;  thickness  of  earth 
between  the  crown  of  the  tunnel  and  the  bed  of  the  river, 

about  15  feet;  opened  for  foot  passengers 25  Mch.  1843 

[It  was  purchased  by  the  East  London  railway  and  closed 
to  others,  21  July,  1866.] 

Machine  rock  drill  invented  by  J.  J.  Couch,  an  American,  1849, 
and  machine  drills  first  used  practically  in  tunnelling  mont 
Cenis 1861 

Nitroglycerine  first  applied  to  blasting 1863 

Machine  rock  drill  first  practically  used  in  tunnelling  in  the 
U.  S.  in  the  Hoosac  tunnel Nov.  1866 

Tunnel  extending  2  miles  under  lake  Michigan  at  Chicago,  to 
supply  the  city  with  water,  the  first  of  its  kind;  begun  17 

Mch.  1864,  and  completed 17  Dec.     " 

[A  second  tunnel  was  built  1872-74.] 

Dynamite  invented  by  Nobel 1867 

Great  tunnel  of  the  Central  Pacific  railroad  at  the  summit  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  oi)eued Jan.  1868 

First  river  tunnel  in  the  U,  S.  constructed  under  the  Chicago 
river;  length,  810  feet-  completed Dec.     " 

Mont  Cenis  tunnel,  nearly  8  miles  long,  extends  from  Modane 
to  Bardonnfeche  under  the  Col  de  Frejus;  site  was  indicated 
in  1840;  cost  about  |1100  per  lineal  yard;  engineers,  messrs. 
Grattoni,  Grandis,  and  Sommeiller;  work  begun  by  king  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  31  Aug.  1857;  blasting  by  hand  until  1H60  at 
the  south  heading,  and  1862  at  the  north,  when  rock  drills 
were  introduced;  2  headings  meet,  with  a  difference  of  1  foot 
in  level,  25  Dec.  1870;  tunnel  opened 17  Sept.  1871 

Hoosac  tunnel,  through  the  Hoosac  mountains,  near  North 
Adams,  Mass.,  is  4%  miles  long,  averages  25x25  feet,  and 
cost  about  $14,000,000.  Massachusetts  legislature  reports  in 
favor  of  a  canal  tunnel,  1825;  railroad  tunnel  located,  1850; 
act  of  legislature  authorizing  its  construction  and  lending 
state  aid  passed,  1854;  tunnel  driven  2400  feet  at  the  east 
heading  and  610  feet  at  the  west,  1855-61;  abandoned  by 
contractors,  July,  1861;  work  resumed  by  state,  Oct.  1863; 
head  house,  etc.,  destroved  by  fire,  the  result  of  an  explosion, 
and  13  lives  lost,  Oct.  1867;  headings  of  tunnel  meet,  27  Nov.  1873 

Tunnel  under  the  Detroit  river,  begun  in  1872,  to  connect  the 
Michigan  Central  railroad  with  the  Great  Western  of  Canada; 
abandoned  on  account  of  irruption  of  sand  and  water  from 
the  river " 

Flood  rock  in  the  East  river,  N.  Y.,  near  Hallet's  Point,  honey- 
combed with  tunnels  and  blown  up;  work  begun,  Aug.  1869; 
total  length  of  tunnels,  7425  feet;  explosion  conducted  by 
gen.  John  Newton,  U.  S.  A 24  Sept.  1876 

Rothschonberg  tunnel,  to  drain  the  Freiberg  mines.  Saxony, 
31>^  miles  in  length  and  about  10  feet  high;  begun  in  1844, 
completed 1877 

Sutra  tunnel,  4  miles  long,  to  drain  the  Comstock  Lode,  Ne- 
vada, at  a  depth  of  1600  feet;  company  chartered  4  Feb.  1865 ; 
completion  celebrated  in  Carson  Valley 30  June,  1879 

Ancient  aqueduct  tunnel,  about  11  miles  long,  built  in  the  time 
of  Augustus,  to  supply  Bologna  with  water  from  the  Setta;  is 
restored  by  count  Gozzadini  and  reopened 5  June,  1881 

St.  Gothard  tunnel,  piercing  the  Alps;  actual  length,  9)^  miles; 
cost  about  $700  per  lineal  yard;  work  begun  at  each  end, 
Sept.  1872;  machinery  used  after  Apr.  and  July,  1873;  head- 
ings joined,  29  Feb.  1880,  with  a  horizontal  difference  at  joining 
of  only  2  inches,  and  a  lateral  of  13  inches;  first  passenger 
train  through 1  Nov.     " 

Rack-a-rock  blasting-powder  invented  by  S.  R.  Divine 1882 

Hudson  river  tunnel.  New  York  to  Jersey  City,  begun  1874; 
20  workmen  drowned  by  irruption  of  water,  July,  1880; 
work  stopped  for  lack  of  funds  on  New  Jersey  side,  Nov. 
1882,  and  on  the  New  York  side,  July,  1883,  and  tunnel  aban- 
doned after  an  expenditure  of  over  $1,000,000 July,  1883 

Arlberg  tunnel,  under  the  Alps,  at  the  Arl  mountain,  from 
Langen  to  St.  Anton,  6^  miles;  cost  about  $500  per  lineal 
yard;  work  begun,  July,  1880;  headings  joined,  Nov.  1883; 
railway  opened Sept.  1884 

Tunnel  under  the  Mersey,  between  Liverpool  and  Birkenhead, 
Engl.,  was  authorized  by  Parliament,  1866;  dimensions: 
width,  26  feet;  height,  19  feet;  length,  \}4  miles;  experi- 
mental work  begun,  Dec.  1879;  regular  work  begun,  1881; 
tunnel  opened 13  Jan.  1886 

Big  Bend  tunnel,  Cal.,  to  drain  a  section  of  the  Feather  river 
for  gold  mining,  was  begun  Nov.  1882;  length,  12,000  feet; 
cross  section,  12X16  feet;  work  completed Apr.     " 

Company  chartered  by  New  York  to  construct  a  tail  race  tunnel 
about  IX  miles  in  length,  in  the  bank  of  Niagara  river,  from 
a  point  above  to  a  point  below  the  falls,  to  supply  water- 
power  for  mills,  electric  plants,  etc " 

Severn  tunnel,  built  for  the  Great  Western  railway,  from  Mon- 
mouthshire to  Gloucestershire;  total  length.  4  miles  626 
yards;  work  begun,  1873;  submerged  by  irruption  from  river 
for  1  year  from  Oct.  1879;  hning  with  brick-work  begun,  1881; 


TUR 


822 


TUR 


floodctl  again,  Oct  1883;  connections  made,  Oct  1884;  opened 

for  tn«fHo  oept  18ao 

Tunnel  iliroi'igh  "the  Cascade  range  in  Washington,  9850  feet 
long;  cross  section,  16X20>tf  feet;  work  begun,  Apr.  1886; 
completed June,  1888 

New  Crolon  aqueduct,  which  is  33^  miles  long,  built  to  supply 
water  to  Now  York  city,  contains  30?^  miles  of  tunnels;  this 
portion  of  the  work  completed  (Croto.n  aqueduct) " 

Sarnia  tunnfl,  under  the  St.  Chiir  river,  from  Sarula  to  I'ort 
Huron-  a  cast-iron  tube,  over  6000  feet  iu  length,  21  foot  in 
diameter  and  lined  with  masonry;  opened  for  railroad  trafllc,  1890 

Tunnel  under  the  Channel  between  Dover  and  Calais,  proposed 
18(59;  ex|>erimcnt!»l  boring  begun  in  France,  187(>;  lu  Eng- 
land 18«'2;  Channel  tunnel  disapproved  by  sir  G.  Wolseloy 
and  "other  otllcers,  British  and  foreign,  Mch.  1882;  work 
8top|>ed  by  the  government,  6  July,  1882;  sir  E.  Watkiu's 
bill  for  oxi>erimental  works  opposed  by  the  government  and 
rejected  iu  the  Commons,  Juno,  1888,  and  again June, 

Tura'lliUII,  a  subdivision  of  the  Mongolian  race. 
ExHNOiXKiY,  Language. 

turbine  wheel  (Lat.  tmbo,  a  reel,  a  whirl,  etc.),  a 
form  of  a  water-wheel  invented  by  Benoit  Fourneyson,  1^23 ; 
first  built,  1827.     The  varieties  are  now  numerous. 

Tu'rill,  the  ancient  Augusta  Taminorum  in  Liguria. 
Under  the  name  of  Taurasia  it  was  taken  by  Hannibal, 
218  B.C.  Capital  of  Piedmont,  of  the  Sardinian  states,  and  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  till  1864,  when  it  was  superseded  by 
Florence.  Its  importance  dates  from  the  permanent  union  of 
Savoy  and  Piedmont  in  1416.  The  French  besieged  this 
city;  but  prince  Eugene  defeated  their  army  and  compelled 
them  to  raise  the  siege,  7  Sept.  1706.  In  1798  the  French  re- 
publican army  took  possession  of  Turin,  seized  all  the  strong 
places  and  arsenals  of  Piedmont,  and  obliged  the  king  and  his 
family  to  remove  to  the  island  of  Sardinia.  In  1799  the 
French  were  driven  out  by  the  Austrians  and  Russians;  but 
the  city  and  all  Piedmont  surrendered  to  the  French,  June, 
1800.  In  May,  1814,  it  was  restored  to  the  king  of  Sardinia. 
Italy,  1864.  University  founded  1405.  Louis  Kossuth,  the 
Hungarian  patriot,  died  here,  20  Mch.  1894,  aged  92  years. 
Pop.  1890,  320,808. 

Turin  Papyru§,  The,  or  «  Book  of  Kings,'-  a  frag- 
mentary list  of  Egyptian  kings,  brought  from  Thebes  by  an 
Italian  named  Drovetti.  A  fac-simile  is  preserved  in  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  London. 

Turkestan',  called  by  the  Persians  Turan,  Indepen- 
dent Tartary,  the  original  country  of  the  Turks,  in  central 
Asia,  was  reached  by  Alexander,  331  b.c.  The  Russians  are 
gradually  encroaching  on  this  country;  on  14  Feb.  1865,  a  new- 
province,  Turkestan,  was  created  by  decree,  and  gen.  Kauff- 
mann  made  governor,  26  July,  1867.  It  includes  Saraarcand, 
Ferghanah,  Semiryetchensk,  and  Syr-Daria.  Area,  409,414 
sq.  miles  ;  pop.  3,400,000. 

Turkey  or  the  Ottoman  Empire.    The  Turks 

were  originally  a  tribe  of  Tartars;  but,  by  incorporation  with 
the  peoples  they  have  conquered,  have  become  a  mixed  race. 
About  760  they  obtained  possession  of  a  part  of  Armenia,  called 
from  them  Turcomania,  They  first  appeared  in  Europe  in 
1080,  crossing  the  Bosporus  to  assist  the  emperor  Botoniates 
against  his  rival.  Under  Othman  or  Osman,  the  founder  of 
the  present  dynasty,  they  made  themselves  masters  of  several 
places  in  Asia,  captured  Nicea,  and  made  Broussa  their  capital 
(1326).  By  the  end  of  the  14th  century  they  controlled 
Thessaly,  Macedonia,  and  Bulgaria  in  Europe  and  nearly  all 
western  Asia.  After  the  fall  of  Constantinople  in  1453,  Ma- 
homet II.,  its  conqueror,  proceeded  to  subdue  Trebizond,  Wal- 
lachia,  Bosnia,  lUyria,  and  the  Morea.  Egypt,  Syria,  Cir- 
cassia,  and  Moldavia  passed  under  Turkish  rule,  1481-1512. 
In  1522  they  subdued  Rhodes,  and  in  1525  invaded  Hungary 
and  invested  Vienna,  from  which  they  were  repulsed,  1529. 
At  this  time  they  were  at  the  height  of  their  power,  ruling  an 
area  in  Europe  of  230,000  sq.  miles.  Their  power  has  since 
rapidly  declined.  It  has  not  been  the  custom  of  the  sultans 
of  Turkey  for  some  centuries  to  contract  regular  marriages. 
The  inmates  of  his  harem  are  not  Turkish  subjects,  but  come 
by  purchase  or  free  will  from  other  districts,  chieflv  from  Cir- 
cassia.  From  these  inmates  the  sultan  selects  a  certain  num- 
ber, generally  7,  to  be  "kadyn"  or  ladies  of  the  palace;  the 
rest,  called  "  odalik,"  remain  as  servants  to  them.  But  one, 
and  only  one,  lady  of  the  palace,  bearing  the  title  of  Harnadar- 
Kadyn,  and  she  always  old,  keeps  any  intercourse  with  the 


outer  world,  and  this  only  through  the  chief  of  the  guard  of 
eunuchs,  called  Kyzlar-Agassi,  bearing  tlie  same  rank  as  the 
grand-vizier.  The  will  of  the  sultan  is  absolute  in  so  far  as  it 
is  not  in  opposition  to  the  teachings  of  the  Koran.  Forms  of 
constitution,  after  the  model  of  the  western  European  states, 
have  been  drawn  up,  the  first  proclaimed  18  Feb.  1856,  and  a 
second  as  a  decree  of  sultan  Abdul-Hamid  II.,  Nov.  1876,  but  it 
appears  impossible  to  carr}'  them  out  in  the  present  condition 
of  the  Ottoman  empire. 

ARUA    AND    POPULATION    OF    THE    IMMEDIATE    POSSESSIONS 
OF   THE   OTTOMAN   EMPIRE. 


Country. 

Sq.  miles. 

Population. 

61,200 

687,640 
398,738 

4,780,000 

21,608,000 

1,300,000 

Asia 

Africa.... 

Total 

1,147,578 

27.688,000 

[This  does  not  include  Bulgaria,  which  is  virtually  free  from 
Turkey,  nor  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  now  governed  by  Austro- 
Huugary,  nor  Egypt.] 

Alp  Arslan  and  the  Turks  conquer  Armenia  and  Georgia 1065-68 

Asia  M  inor  conquered,  1074-84 ;  Jerusalem  taken 1076 

Solyinan  Shah  drowned  in  the  Euphrates  on  the  march;  his 

son  Ertoghul,  granted  territories  near  Angora,  d 1288 

Othman,  his  son,  emir  of  the  sultan  of  Iconium,  founded  the 

Ottoman  empire  at  Priisa,  Bithynia 1299 

Organization  of  Janissaries  by  Orcan about  1330 

Nicsea  conquered,  1330 ;  and  the  Morea 1346 

Turks  penetrate  into  Thrace  and  take  Adrianople 1361 

Amurath  I.  remodels  the  Janissaries 1362 

Bajazet  I.  overruns  provinces  of  Eastern  empire 1389  et  seq. 

He  defeats  Sigismund  of  Hungary  at  Nicopolis 28  Sept.  1396 

He  besieges  Constantinople;  but  interrupted  by  Tamerlane  (or 

Timour),  defeated  and  made  prisoner,  at  Ancyra 28  July,  1402 

Macedonia  annexed 1430 

Ladislas  of  Hungary  defeated  and  slain  at  Varna  by  Amurath, 

10  Nov.  1444 

Amurath  defeats  John  Hunniades  at  Kossova Oct.  1448 

Turks,  invading  Hungary,  repelled  by  Hunniades 1450 

Constantinople  taken  by  the  Turks  under  Mahomet  II.,  which 

ends  the  P^astern  or  Greek  empire 29  May,  1453 

Belgrade  relieved  by  Hunniades's  victory  over  the  Turks,  July,  1456 

Grkece  subjected  to  the  Turks 1458-60 

Turks  take  Otranto,  spreading  terror  in  P^nrope 1480 

Selini  I.  raised  to  the  throne  by  the  Janissaries;  murders  his 

father,  brothers,  etc 1512 

He  takes  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago 1514 

He  overruns  Syria 1515 

Gains  Egypt  by  defeat  of  Mamelukes Aug.  1516 

Solyman  takes  Belgrade,  Aug.  1521;  and  1  hodes Dec.  1522 

Defeats  Hungarians  at  Mohatz 29  Aug.  1526 

Repulsed  before  Vienna Oct.  1529 

Peace  with  Austria 1533 

Cyprus  taken  from  the  Venetians Aug.  1571 

Great  battle  of  Lepanto 7  Oct.     " 

Treaty  of  commerce  with  England 1579 

Turks  driven  out  of  Persia  by  shah  Abbas 1585 

War  with  the  Cossacks,  who  take  Azof. 1637 

Turks  defeat  Persians  and  take  Bagdad 1638 

Candia  (Crete)  taken  from  Venice,  after  a  25-years  siege 1669 

Vienna  besieged  by  Mahomet  IV.,  but  relieved  by  John  of  Po- 
land  12  Sept.  1683 

Peace  of  Carlovitz 26  Jan.  1699 

Mustapha  II.  deposed  by  Janissaries 1703 

Morea  retaken  by  the  Turks 1715 

Turks  defeated  at  Peterwardein / , 1716 

They  lose  Belgrade,  and  their  power  declines 1717 

Peace  of  Erivan  (with  Persia) 1732 

Belgrade  taken  from  Austria,  Russia  relinquishes  Azof 1739 

Turks  defeated  at  Kars 1745 

Insurrection  of  Wahabees 1749 

Great  sea-fight  in  the  channel  of  Scio;  Russian  fleet  defeats  the 

Turkish 1770 

Crimea  ceded  to  Russia Jan.  1784 

War  with  Russia  and  Austria;  Turks  lose  more  than  200,000 

men 1787-91 

Cession  of  Oczacow 1791 

War  with  the  French,  who  invade  Egypt 1798 

Insurrection  of  Mamelukes  at  Cairo 1803 

War  against  Russia  and  England 7  Jan.  1807 

Passage  and  repassage  of  the  Dardanelles  by  the  British  fleet, 

with  great  loss 19  Feb.     " 

Murder  of  Hali  Aga 25  May,     " 

Janissaries  massacre  the  newly  disciplined  troops 1808 

R'lssians  defeated  at  Silistria 1809 

Treaty  of  Bucharest 28  May,  1812 

Caravan  of  2000  souls  on  return  from  Mecca  destroyed  by  hot 

wind  in  Arabian  desert;  20  saved 9  Aug.     " 

Subjugation  of  the  Wahabees 1818-19 

Ali  Pacha  of  Janina,  in  Greece,  declares  himself  independent. .  1820 

Insurrection  in  Moldavia  and  Wallachia 6  Mch.  1821 

Persecution  of  Christians,  6  Mch. ;  the  Greek  patriarch  mur- 

I      dered  at  Constantinople  (Greece) 23  Apr.     " 

I  Horrible  massacre  at  Scio  (Chios) "         1822 

1  Sea-fight  near  Mityleue ;  Turks  defeated 6  Oct.  1824 


i 


1829 

1830 
1831 
1832 

1833 


ne,  1849 


TUR  823 

New  Mahometan  army  organized 29  May,  1826 

Insurrection  of  the  Janissaries  at  Constantinoi)le;  they  are  sup- 
pressed and  massacred 14-16  June,     " 

Battle  of  Navarino;  Turkish  fleet  destroyed  by  those  of  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Russia 20  Oct.  1827 

Banishment  of  132  French,  120  English,  and  85  Russian  settlers 

from  the  empire 5  Jan,  1828 

War  with  Russia 26  Apr.     " 

Czar  Nicholas  takes  the  field 20  May,     " 

Capitulation  of  Brahilow 19  June,     " 

Surrender  of  Anapa 23  June,     " 

Eminences  of  Shumla  taken  by  Russians 20  July,     " 

Czar  arrives  before  Varna 5  Aug.     " 

Battle  of  Akhalzic 21  Aug.     " 

Fortress  of  Biijazet  taken. 9  Sept.     " 

Sultan  proceeds  to  the  camp  with  the  sacred  standard.  .26  Sept.     " 

Dardanelles  blockaded 1  Oct.      " 

Surrender  of  Varna 11  Oct.     ' ' 

Russians  retreat  from  Shumla 16  Oct.     " 

Surrender  of  castle  of  the  Morea  to  French 30  Oct.     " 

Siege  of  Silistria  raised  by  Russians 10  Nov.     " 

Victory  of  Russians  at  Kuleftscha,  near  Shumla 11  June, 

Battle  near  Erzeroum 2  July, 

Adrianople  entered  by  Russians,  20  Aug. ;  armistice. . .  29  Aug. 

Treaty  of  peace  at  Adrianople U  Sept. 

Porte  acknowledges  independence  of  Greece 25  Apr. 

Treaty  with  America 7  May, 

Military  "order  of  glory  "  (Nischan)  founded 19  Aug. 

St.  Jean  d'Acre  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pacha,  son  of  Mehemet  Ali  of 

Egypt 2  July, 

He  defeats  the  army  of  the  sultan  at  Konieh 21  Dec. 

Ibrahim  Pacha  marches  within  80  leagues  of  Constantinople, 

and  the  sultan  asks  the  aid  of  Russia Jan. 

Russians  enter  Constantinople 3  Apr. 

Treaty  with  Russia,  offensive  and  defensive 8  July, 

Office  of  grand-vizier  abolished 30  Mch. 

Treaty  of  commerce  with  England,  concluded  by  lord  Ponsonby, 

ratified 16  Aug. 

War  with  Egypt.     Syria,  1839-41. 

Christians  admitted  to  office  in  Turkey Ju 

Turkey,  countenanced  by  England,  refuses  to  surrender  Hun- 
garian and  Polish  refugees  on  joint  demand  of  Russia  and 

Austria 16  Sept. 

Russia  suspends  intercourse  with  the  Porte 12  Nov. 

British  fleet,  under  sir  W.  Parker,  anchors  in  Besika  bay, 

13  Nov. 
Diplomatic  relations  between  Russia  and  the  Porte  resumed, 

31  Dec. ;  refugees  sent  to  Konieh Jan. 

Turkish  Croatia  in  a  state  of  rebellion " 

Treaty  with  France  on  Holy  places 13  Feb. 

Imperial  order  of  Medjidie  founded Aug.     " 

Prince  Menschikofl"  at  Constantinople  as  Russian  negotiator, 

28  Feb. ;  his  demands  rejected 19  Apr.  1853 

Reschid  Pacha  becomes  foreign  minister;  the  ultimatum  reject- 
ed, Menschikofl"  quits  Constantinople 21  May,     " 

Hatti-scheriff  issued,  confirming  rights  of  Greek  Christians, 

6  June,     " 

Russian  manifesto  against  Turkey 26  June,     " 

Russian  army  crosses  the  Pruth 2  July,      " 

Grand  national  council;  war  to  be  declared  if  the  principalities 

are  not  evacuated 26  Sept.     " 

War  declared  against  Russia  (Russo-Turkish  war,  Crimean), 

5  Oct.     " 

Commencement  of  national  debt  (Loans,  1854) 1854 

Insurrection  in  Rpirus  and  Albania  favored  by  government  at 

Athens;  Hellenic  empire  proclaimed 27  Jan.     " 

Volunteers  from  Athens  join  it 14  Mch.     " 

Rupture  between  Greece  and  Turkey 28  Mch.      " 

[Several  conflicts  ensue  with  varied  success.] 
Osman  Pacha  storms  Peta,  the  centre  of  insurrection. . .  25  Apr.     " 
English  and  French  governments,  after  remonstrances,  send 
troops  to  Pirseus;   the  king  of  Greece  submits,  promising 
strict  neutrality ;  Greek  volunteers  recalled. . .  25  and  26  May,     " 

Convention  between  Turkey  and  Austria 14  June,     " 

xVbdi  Pacha  and  Fuad  Effendi  take  the  intrenched  camp  at  Ko- 

lampaka;  insurrection  ends 18  June,     " 

Reschid  Pacha  retires,  3  June;  resumes  office 1  July,     " 

Russians  leave  the  principalities;  Austrians  enter Sept.     " 

Turkish  Loans ...Aug.  1855 

Firman  authorizing  free  exercise  of  religion 18  Feb.  1856 

Peace  with  Russia  by  treaty  of  Paris 30  Mch.     " 

Great  Britain,  France,  and  Austria  guarantee  integrity  of  Turk- 
ish empire 15  Apr.     " 

Austrians  quit  the  principalities Mch.  1857 

Misunderstanding  among  the  allied  powers  respecting  Molda- 
vian elections,  which  are  annulled July,     " 

Massacre  of  Christians  at  Jedda 15  June,  1858 

Conflicts  in  Montenegro  between  natives  and  Turks -Tuly,     " 

Turkish  flnancial  reforms  begun Aug.     " 

First  Turkish  railway  opened,  Aidan  to  Smyrna 19  Sept.      "• 

Electric  telegraph  completed,  Aden  to  Suez May,  1859 

Conspiracy  against  sultan,  17  Sept.;  his  brother  implicated; 

several  condemned  to  die;  reprieved Sept.  and  Oct.     " 

Alleged  ill-treatment  of  Christians  in  Turkey;  proposed  inter- 
vention of  great  powers,  5  May;  Turkish  government  prom- 
ises redress,  30  May;  all  powers  satisfied  except  Russia,  June,  1860 
War  between  Druses  and  Maronites  in  Lebanon;  massacres, 

June,     " 

Massacre  of  Christians  at  Damascus  (Syria) 9-11  July,     " 

Convention  of  the  great  powers  at  Paris;  French  armed  inter- 
vention agreed  to 2  Aug.     ' ' 


1850 
1851 
1852 


TUR 

Sultan  AbdulMedjid  d. ;  Aziz,  his  brother,  succeeds  .  .25  June, 

Imperial  order  of  knighthood  (Osmaneh),  to  include  civil  as 
well  as  military  persons,  founded Sept. 

Treaties  of  commerce  with  Sweden,  Spain,  etc Mch. 

Insurgents  in  Herzegovina  submit;  peace  made  with  Monte- 
negro  23  Sept. 

Dispute  with  Servia  settled 7  Oct. 

Cholera  at  Constantinople;  nearly  50,000  deaths,  Aug.;  sub 
sides 


1861 
1862 


Revolt  of  the  Maronites  under  Joseph  Karam 30  Dec, 

Revolution  in  Bucharest  (Roumania) 

Insurrection  in  Candia Aug. 

Maronite  revolt  under  Joseph  Karam  suppressed;  his  flight, 
Jan. ;  Turks  leave 28  Mch. 

Recommendation  of  the  European  powers  to  the  sultan  to  give 
up  Candia  finally  declined 31  Mch. 

Sultan,  with  his  son  and  nephew,  visits  Paris,  1-12  July;  Lon- 
don, 12  July;  entertained  by  the  queen  at  Windsor,  13  July; 
by  the  lord  mayor,  18  July;  returns  to  Constantinople,  7  Aug. 

Sultan  declines  a  proposition  of  Russia  to  suspend  hostilities  in 
Crete,  and  an  international  commission 4  Sept. 

Meeting  of  the  new  council  of  state  (including  Jews  and  Chris- 
tians), with  legislative,  but  not  executive,  functions. .18  May, 

Porte  requests  the  European  powers  to  abolish  consular  juris- 
dictions, termed  "  capitulations  " June, 

Khedive  or  viceroy  of  Egypt  censured  for  encroaching  on  the 
sovereignty  of  the  sultan Aug. 

System  of  compulsory  education  promulgated Oct. 

Khedive  submits  to  the  sultan Dec. 

Modification  of  the  "  capitulations  " Apr. 

Russia  repudiates  the  treaty  of  Paris,  1856 31  Oct. 

Note  delivered  to  the  Porte  (Russia) 15  Nov. 

Sultan  agrees  to  a  conference  on  the  Black  Sea  question  alone, 

about  3  Dec. 

Black  Sea  question  setfjed  by  the  conference  at  London  (Rus- 
sia)   13  Mch. 

Tunis  incorporated  with  the  empire  by  decree 23  Oct. 

Political  reforms  inaugurated  bj'  the  new  ministry Nov. 

Roumelian  railway  connecting  Constantinople,  Adrianople,  etc., 
opened 17  June, 

Sultan's  jewels,  etc.,  valued  at  8,000, 000^.,  exhibited  at  Vienna, 

Aug. 

Inability  to  raise  a  loan ;  the  sultan  gives  up  a  large  sum ;  great 
flnancial  reforms  proposed Oct. 

Turkish  aggressions  on  South  Arabia  checked  by  Great  Britain, 

Nov. 

Great  improvements  in  the  army;  formation  of  reserves 

Sultan  ill;  he  recognizes  his  nephew  Murad  as  successor, 

about  5  Oct. 

Austria,  Germany,  and  Russia  assert  to  Turkey  their  right  to 
treat  separately  with  Roumania 20  Oct. 

Mesondive  or  Mesoudiye,  Turkish  iron-clad,  launched  at  Black- 
wall,  Engl 28  Oct. 

Turkish  debt  3,000,000?.  in  1854;  180,000,000/ 

Budget:  estimated  receipts,  21, 711, 764i. :  expenditure,  26,299. 
IISI 


Sept.  1865 


1866 
1867 


1870 


1874 


June,  1875 


Insurrection  in  Herzegovina ;  excitement  in  Bosnia,  Servia,  and 
Montenegro July-Aug. 

Decree  (deficit  of  5,000, OOOZ.  in  the  budget)  for  5  years'  half  in- 
terest on  the  debt,  to  be  paid  in  cash,  half  in  5  per  cent, 
bonds 6  Oct. 

Circular  note,  remitting  taxes  and  promising  economical  and 
commercial  reform,  7  Oct. ;  another,  stating  purpose  of  the 
government  to  stop  onerous  loans,  develop  the  resources  of 
the  empire,  etc 20  Oct. 

Remonstrance  of  British  and  Russian  ambassadors  with  the 
government  respecting  expenditure  and  treatment  of  Chris- 
tian subjects '. Sept. -Nov. 

Firman  issued,  ordering  reforms,  equality  of  rights  to  Chris- 
tians, etc Dec. 

Note  of  Andrassy,  Austrian  minister,  respecting  reforms,  30 
Dec. ;  adopted  by  Germany  and  Russia,  Jan. ;  by  Great  Brit- 
ain, 18  Jan. ;  transmitted  to  the  Porte  about  7  Feb. ;  agreed 
to 10  Feb. 

Insurrection  in  Bulgaria,  promoted  by  foreign  agitators,  1,  2 
May;  quickly  suppressed  by  troops  sent,  7  May;  about  65 
villages  burned  by  the  Bashi  -  bazouks  and  other  Turkish 
troops;  several  towns  destroyed;  about  L5,000  persons  killed; 
cruelties  to  women  and  children;  a  few  Turks  killed  by  Bul- 
garians in  self-defence  (report  by  Mr.  Schuyler) May, 

Riots  at  Constantinople;  the  softas,  fanatical  students,  and 
others,  demand  reforms,  and  "Turkey  for  the  Turks;"  min- 
isterial changes;  Mahmoud  Pacha,  the  grand-vizier,  replaced 
by  Mehemet  Ruchdi;  Europeans  alarmed 10  May  et  seq. 

British  fleet  arrives  in  Besika  bay 26  May, 

At  Berlin,  ministers  of  Austria,  Germany,  and  Russia  meet; 
adopt  a  note  to  Turkey  requiring  an  armistice  of  2  mouths, 
and  other  measures,  11,  12  May;  note  accepted-  by  France 
and  Italy,  not  by  Great  Britain,  19  May;  not  presented  be- 
cause of  the  revolution 30  May, 

Grand-vizier  Mehemet  Ruchdi,  Hussein  Avni,  and  Midhat  Pa- 
cha request  of  the  sultan  some  of  his  treasure  to  save  the 
nation;  he  refuses,  and  is  deposed,  29  May;  his  nephew  pro- 
claimed as  Murad  V. ;  accepted  by  people,  and  recognized  by 
Western  powers 30  May  et  seq. 

Manifesto  recognizing  the  danger  of  the  empire  through  mis- 
government,  and  promising  amendment 2  June, 

Abdul-Aziz  recognizes  Murad;  his  reported  suicide  by  cutting 
arteries  in  the  arm  when  insane  {see  below,  June,  1881), 

4  June, 

War  declared  by  Servia,  1  July;  by  Montenegro 2  July, 


TUR 

Tchernayeff  and  Servians  enter  Turkey;  battle  at  Saltschar,  or 

Zaicar ;  Turks  have  the  advantage 3  July, 

Severe  flght  with  Servians  at  Yavor,  near  Novl  Bazar.  (5  July; 

with  Montenegrins  at  Nevesinje 27  July, 

League  in  aid  of  Turkish  Christians  formed  in  London,     " 
Mukhuir  Pacha  defeated  by  prince  Nikita,  at  L'rba  or  Urbitza, 
in  Herzegovina 28  July, 

Several  days"  conflict;  Turks  enter  Servia,  and  capture  Gurgo- 
savatz;  Servians  retreat 7  Aug. 

Turkisli  barbarities  in  Bulgaria  reported  by  Daily  News  cor- 
respondent; substantiated  by  Mr.  Schuyler,  American  com- 
missioner from  Constantinople,  dated 10  Aug. 

Asserted  victory  of  prince  Nikita  at  Medun,  near  Kutchi, 

about  14  Aug. 

Advance  of  the  Turks  under  AbdulKerim  Pacha  upon  Alexi- 
natz;  severe  lighting,  9  Aug 19-30  Aug. 

Servia  invites  the  mediation  of  the  guaranteeing  powers, 

al)out  24  Aug. 

Murad  V.  de|K)sed  on  account  of  bad  health ;  his  brother,  Abdul- 
Hamid  IL,  proclaimed 31  Aug. 

Armistice  till  25  Sept.  agreed  to about  17  Sept 

Prince  Milan  proclaimed  king  by  the  army  at  Deligrad;  dis- 
approved   16  Sept. 

Report  of  .Mr.  Baring,  the  British  commissioner  in  Bulgaria, 

published 19  Sept. 

[It  established  the  facts  "that  a  ferocious  Mussulman 
soldiery,  in  revenge  for  a  feeble  and  abortive  insurrection, 
were  let  loose  on  the  inhabitants  of  a  large  province;  that 
the  population  were  barbarously  mas&'icred,  men,  women, 
and  children  included;  and  that  during  the  storm  of  savage 
fury  crimes  of  all  descriptions,  and  outrages  unmentionable, 
were  perpetrated  on  the  inhabitants." — Times.] 

Firm  despatch,  lord  Derby  to  sir  H.  Elliot,  referring  to  Mr.  Bar- 
ing's report,  proposing  longer  armistice,  etc 21  Sept. 

Porte  receives  propositions  of  6  great  powers 26  Sept. 

Lord  Derby  informs  deputation  from  city  of  London  that  the 
government  seeks  local  self  government  for  Turkish  prov- 
inces in  Europe,  equal  treatment  of  Mahometans  and  Chris- 
tians, better  administration  for  both,  security  for  life  and 
property,  and  effectual  guarantees  against  outrages.  .27  Sept. 

Servia  rejects  renewal  of  armistice;  Tchernayeft"  and  army 
dominant;  fighting  renewed 26,  27  Sept. 

Servian  attacks  on  Turks  near  Alexinatz  repulsed.  .28,  29  Sept. 

In  reply  to  Great  Powers,  the  Porte  declines  armistice,  opposes 
administrative  autonomy  to  provinces  as  impracticable,  pro- 
poses a  senate,  and  guarantees  reforms 2  Oct. 

Montenegrin  victory  at  Danilograd 13  Oct. 

Turkey  proposes  armistice  for  6  months,  10  Oct. ;  declined  by 
Russia,  who  proposes  4  to  6  weeks,  longer  being  injurious  to 
commerce,  etc 14  Oct. 

Continued  fighting,  unfavorable  to  Servians 15-19  Oct. 

Medun  surrenders  to  Montenegrins 20  Oct. 

Krevet  taken  by  Turks 21  Oct. 

Result  of  fighting  very  favorable  to  Turks 19-24  Oct. 

Turkish  successes  in  the  valley  of  the  Morava " 

Servians  and  Russians  defeated;  armies  under  Tchernayeff  and 
Horvaritch  divided,  19-24  Oct. ;  Djunis  taken  by  Turks;  Deli- 
grad untenable ;  severe  Russian  loss 29  Oct. 

Alexinatz  captured  by  Turks;  Russian  ultimatum  demands  6 
weeks'  armistice  within  48  hours dated  31  Oct. 

Armistice  for  2  months  signed 1  Nov. 

Deligrad  captured  by  Turks,  now  virtually  masters  of  Servia, 

1  Nov. 

Deligrad  evacuated  by  Turks 4  Nov. 

Czar's  speech  at  Moscow;  he  will  act  independently  if  guaran- 
tees are  not  obtained 10  Nov. 

Preliminary  meetings  of  conference  of  representatives  of  6 
great  powers  begin  (Great  Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  Germany, 
France,  and  Italy) 12  Dec. 

Armistice  extended  to  Feb.  1877 Dec. 

New  political  constitution  proclaimed  (chief  provisions:  indi- 
visibility of  the  empire;  the  sultan  supreme;  individual  lib- 
erty; freedom  of  all  creeds,  of  the  press,  and  of  education; 
equal  legal  taxation;  a  senate  and  2  chambers;  general  elec- 
tions by  ballot  every  fourth  year;  irremoval^le  judges,  etc.), 

23  Dec. 

Opening  of  the  conference " 

Armistice  extended  to  1  Mch 28  Dec. 

Great  national  council  of  Turkey  rejects  the  propositions  of 
the  conference,  18  Jan. ;  it  closes,  20  Jan. ;  chief  ambassadors 
leave  soon  after 22  Jan. 

Negotiations  for  peace  opened  with  Servia  and  Montenegro, 

about  26  Jan. 

GortschakofTs  circular  to  great  powers,  inquiring  their  pur- 
poses, signed  19  Jan. ;  published about  7  Feb. 

Protocols  of  the  confel-ence  published  in  Times,  etc., 

early  in  Feb. 

In  Turkey  "there  is  no  aristocracy;  no  governing  class;  no 
organized  democracy ;  no  representative  government  "  {Mar- 
quess of  Salisbury) 20  Feb. 

Peace  with  Servia  signed 1  Mch. 

First  Turkish  parliament  opened;  30  senators,  90  deputies; 
speech  from  the  sultan 19  Mch. 

Protocol  signed  for  6  powers;  principles— to  wait  for  Turkish 
reforms  and  watch;  conditional  disarmament  in  Russia  and 
Turkey  (voidable  under  certain  conditions) 31  Mch. 

Protocol  rejected  by  Turkey,  12  Apr. ;  justificatory  circular 
sent  to  the  powers Apr. 

War  declared  by  Russia  (Russo-Tcrkish  war,  1877) 24  Apr. 

JiHAo  or  holy  war  against  Russia  propounded  by  the  Sheikh- 
ul- Islam about  28  May, 


824 


TUR 


I  Proclamation  for  increase  or  army  by  150,000— Christians  and 

1876         others  to  serve 26  Nov.  1877 

i  Surrender  of  I'levna,  10  Dec. ;  circular  note  to  the  great  pow- 

"     I      ers  requesting  mediation 12  Dec.     " 

'•        Parliament  opened;  the  sultan's  speech  censures  the  war,  and 

I       praises  his  generals  and  soldiers 13  Dec.     " 

"     I  British  fleet  enter  the  Dardanelles  without  permission  of  the 

sultan 13  Feb.  1878 

"        Parliament  dissolved  by  the  sultan 14  Feb.     " 

Insurrection  in  Crete,  Thessaly,  Epirus,  etc Feb.,  Mch.     " 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Russia  signed  nt  San  Stefano  (Stefano, 

"     I       Sa.n),  3  Mch. ;  ratified  at  St.  Petersburg 17  Mch.     " 

Osman  Pacha  honorably  received  by  sultan 24  Mch.     " 

"  Grand-duke  Nicholas  and  the  sultan  exchange  visits  at  Con- 
stantinople   26  Mch.     " 

"  Secret  British  convention  with  Turkey  (defensive  alliance);  if, 
by  treaty  of  Berlin,  Russia  acquires  Kars,  Ardahan,  or  Ba- 
toum.  Great  Britain  to  join  the  sultan  in  arms  in  defending 
his  dominions,  he  engaging  to  reform  his  government;  Cy- 
prus to  be  held  by  Great  Britain  till  Russia  returns  its  acqui- 
sitions  4  June,     " 

Cyprus  ceded  to  Great  Britain 3  July,     " 

Berlin  conference  meets,  13  June;  treaty  signed  (Berlin), 

13  July,     " 

Ratification  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin  announced 4  Aug.     " 

Definitive  treaty  of  peace  with  Russia,  signed 8  Feb.  1h79 

British  fleet  leaves  the  sea  of  Marmora Mch.     " 

Definitive  treaty  with  Austria,  published 2G  May,     " 

Russians  evacuate  Turkey July,  Aug.     " 

Pressure  for  reforms  by  British ;  adm.  Hornby  and  the  fleet 

enter  Turkish  waters;  quit early  in  Nov.     " 

Baker  Pacha  appointed  inspector  general  of  gendarmerie  in 
Asia  Minor announced  18  Nov.     " 

Official  relations  with  Great  Britain  temporarily  suspended  on 
account  of  the  imprisonment  of  dr.  KOller,  a  German  mis- 
sionary, and  Ahmed  Tewfik,  who  assisted  him  in  translations, 

31  Dec.     " 

Successful  intervention  of  sir  A.  H.  Layard 1-10  Jan.  1880 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Synge  (distributers  of  relief  to  Mussulmans)  capt- 
ured by  Greek  brigands,  near  Salonica,  about  19  Feb. ;  re- 
leased for  10,000/ about  24  Mch.     " 

Collective  note  of  Berlin  conference  presented 15  July,    " 

Madame  Skobelefl;  mother  of  the  Russian  general,  robbed  and 
murdered  near  Philippopolis  by  Ouzalis,  a  Russian.  .18  July,     " 

Collective  note  from  powers  urging  cession  of  Dulcigno,  etc., 
to  Montenegro,  and  proposing  to  aid  the  prince  in  taking 
possession 3  Aug.     " 

Final  note  from  powers  respecting  cession  of  Dulcigno  to  Mon- 
tenegro, delivered 15  Sept.     " 

Adm.  Beauchamp  Seymour,  commander  of  combined  fleet  at 
Ragusa,  sent  for  a  demonstration  near  Dulcigno 20  Sept.     " 

Sultan  refuses  to  surrender  Dulcigno;  French  decline  to  par- 
take in  attack about  27  Sept.     " 

Note  from  the  sultan  limiting  his  concessions  and  resisting 
coercion ;  presented 3  Oct.     " 

Immediate  cession  of  Dulcigno  ordered  by  the  sultan,  about 
23  Oct.;  effected .- 26  Nov.     " 

Combined  fleet  disperses 4  Dec     " 

Note  from  the  sultan  to  powers  respecting  the  Greek  arming, 

14  Dec.     " 
Circular  from  powers  recommending  arbitration,  24  Dec.  1880; 

declined  by  Turkey  and  Greece early  in  Jan.  1881 

Circular  from  Turkey  proposing  conference  at  Con.stantinople, 
etc about  15  Jan.     " 

Notes  from  the  powers  presented 21  Feb.     " 

Conference  at  Constantinople;  agreement  between  Turkey  and 
powers;  proposals  referred  to  Athens 30  Mch.     '' 

Sultan  protests  against  French  invasion  of  Tun's May,     " 

Turkey  protests  against  the  Tunis  treaty  of  12  May "       " 

Convention  between  Turkey  and  Greece  arranged  at  Constanti- 
nople, settling  frontiers;  Thessaly  ceded  by  Turkey.  .24  May,     " 

Trial  of  Midhat  Pacha  and  others  for  murder  of  Abdul-Aziz, 
June  4,  1876;  convicted;  Mustapha  Fahri  Bey  and  Hadji 
Mehmed  actual  assassins;  others,  Mahmoud  and  Nouzi  Pa- 
chas, the  sultan's  brothers-in-law,  Midhat  Pacha,  and  others, 
accomplices 27,  28  June,     " 

Sentence,  death  to  all,  except  2  subordinates  to  imprisonment, 

29  June,     " 

Turco-Greek  convention  ceding  Thessaly  to  Greece,  signed  at 
Constantinople 2  .July,     " 

Trial  of  Midhat  and  others  said  to  be  a  mockery;  pardon  ex- 
pected   July,     '* 

Midhat  Pacha  and  his  companions  sentenced  to  death  ;  punish- 
ment commuted  to  exile,  on  intercession  of  British  govern- 
ment; announced 31  July,     " 

Henry  Suter,  engaged  in  mining,  seized  by  brigands  at  Cas- 
sandria,  Salonica,  about  8  Apr.  1881;  liberated  on  paying 
15,000/.  ransom,  23  May;  brigands  captured  in  Greece,  15  Aug. 

German  vessel  Vulcan  laden  with  dynamite  (said  to  belong  to 
Russia),  cargo  discharged  near  Constantinople,  .about  8  Oct. 

Decree  signed  for  a  satisfactory  settlement  of  the  national  debt, 

28  Dec.     '* 

Sultan  protests  against  bombardment  efforts  at  Alexandria, 

about  11  July,  1882 

Turkish  note  to  the  powers  against  British  Egyptian  circular, 

about  23  Jan.  1883 

Death  of  Midhat  Pacha,  great  statesman  and  reformer,  in  exile, 
aged  62 May,  1884 

Circular  to  the  6  great  powers  announcing  the  stoppage  of  the 
post-offices  in  Con.stantinople,  20  July,  resisted;  Turkish  ar- 
rangements fail,  and  are  withdrawn Aug.     " 


i 


TUR 


825 


TUS 


<lreek  patriarch  elected 13  Oct.  1884 

Turkey  protests  against  Italian  occupation  of  Massowah  on  the 
Red  sea about  23  Feb.  1885 

Revolution  in  Roumelia 18  Sept.     " 

Turkey  asks  assistance  of  powers  to  settle  the  Roumelian  af- 
fair."  19  Oct.     " 

Sultan  ratifies  treaty  between  Bulgaria  and  Servia 13  Mch.  1886 

Hobart  Pacha,  Turkish  admiral,  dies,  aged  64 19  June,     " 

Direct  railway  communication  between  London  and  Constanti- 
nople, via  Dover  and  Calais,  in  94  hours;  first  train  from 
Vienna 12-14  Apr.  1888 

German  emperor  and  empress  warmly  received  by  the  sultan 
at  Constantinople,  2  Nov. ;  a  review 3-6  Nov.  1889 

Five  new  war  vessels  launched  at  Constantinople 30  Jan.  1890 

Eussian  government  demands  the  arrears  of  the  Russo-Turkish 
war  indemnity about  15  May,     " 

Turkey  defers  payment  of  indemnity  till  Nov. ;  Russia  de- 
mands immediate  payment;  note  sent 18  June,     " 

British  cotton  and  yarn  spinning  factory  opened  at  Constanti- 
nople   22  June,     " 

Turkish  frigate  Ertogoul  founders  off  the  south  coast  of  Japan 
during  a  gale;  of  653  persons  584  perish,  among  them  vice- 
adm.  Osman  Pacha 18  Sept.     " 

Orthodox  churches  reopened  throughout  European  Turkey  in 
time  to  permit  the  churches  to  celebrate  Christmas,  o.s., 

5  Jan.  1891 

Railroad  train  from  Constantinople  to  Adrianople  attacked  by 
brigands  and  5  passengers  carried  off  ;  ransomed  for  200,000 
francs  (8000Z. ) 5  June,     " 

Capture  by  brigands  of  a  French  engineer,  Eugene  de  Ray- 
mond ;  ransomed  by  the  sultan  for  5000^ Aug.     " 

J[iamil  Pacha,  dismissed  as  grand-vizier,  succeeded  by  Djevad 
Pacha  (a  change  favoring  Russia) Sept.     " 

Russia  proposes  that  all  Russian  vessels  flying  the  commercial 
flag  between  Russian  ports  have  the  right  of  free  passage 
through  the  strait;  objected  to  as  contrary  to  international 
treaties;  England  supports  the  objection  and  demands  the 
same  privilege  for  herself  if  granted;  proposition  dropped 1892 

Disturbance  in  Armenia 1893 

'Disturbance  continued;  reported  massacre  of  several  thousand 
Armenians  by  the  Turks Nov.  1894 

TURKISH   SULTANS. 

1299.  Othman,  Osman,  or  Ottoman,  founded  the  empire,  retained 
the  title  "emir,"  but  ruled  despotically. 

1326.  Orchan,  son,  took  the  title  "sultan." 

1360.  Amurath  (or  Murad)  I. ;  stabbed  by  a  soldier,  of  which  wound 
he  died. 

1389  Bajazet  I.,  Ilderim,  son;  defeated  by  Tamerlane,  and  died  im- 
prisoned. 

1403.  Solyman,  son ;  dethroned  by  his  brother. 

1410.  Musa-Chelebi;  strangled. 

1413.  Mahomet  I.,  son  of  Bajazet. 

1421.  Amurath  II.,  son 

1451.  Mahomet  11.,  son;  took  Constantinople,  1453. 

1481.  Bajazet  II.,  son. 

1512.  Selim  I.,  son 

1520.  Solyman  I.  or  II.,  the  Magnificent,  son. 

1566.  Selim  II.,  son. 

1574.  Amurath  III.,  son;  killed  his  5  brothers;  their  mother,  in 
grief,  stabbed  herself 

1595.  Mahomet  III.,  son;  strangled  all  his  brothers,  and  drowned 
his  father's  wives. 

1603.  Ahmed  (or  Achmet)  I.,  son. 

1617.  Mustapha  I.,  brother;  deposed  by  the  Janissaries,  and  im- 

prisoned. 

1618.  Osman  IL,  nephew;  strangled  by  Janissaries. 

1622.  Mustapha  I.  again;  again  deposed,  sent  to  the  Seven  Towers, 

and  strangled. 

1623.  Amurath  IV.,  brother  of  Osman  II. 

1640.  Ibrahim,  brother;  strangled  by  the  Janissaries. 

1648.  Mahomet  IV.,  son;  deposed  by 

1687.  Solyman  II.  or  III.,  brother. 

1691.  Ahmed  (or  Achmet)  II.,  son  of  Ibrahim,  nephew. 

1695.  Mustapha  II.,  eldest  son  of  Mahomet  IV. ;  deposed. 

1703.  Ahmed  (or  Achmet)  III.  brother;  deposed,  and  died  in  prison 

in  1736. 

1730.  Mahmud  I.  (or  Mahomet  V.),  son  of  Mustapha  II. 

1754.  Osman  III,,  brother. 

1757.  Mustapha  III.,  brother. 

1774.  Abdul- Ahmed,  or  Hamid  I.  (or  Achmet  IV.),  brother. 

1789.  Selim  III.,  son  of  Mustapha  III. ;  deposed  by  the  Janissaries. 

1807.  Mustapha  IT.,  son  of  Abdul-Ahmed;  deposed,  and,  with  the 

late  sultan  Selim,  murdered. 

1808.  Mahmud  II.,  or  Mahomet  VI.,  brother. 

1839,  Abdul-Medjid  (son),  2  July  (b.  23  Apr.  1823);  d.  25  June,  1861. 
1861.  Abdul- Aziz,  brother,  b.  9  Feb.  1830;  deposed  29  May;  mur- 
dered 4  June,  1876  (see  1881). 
1876.  Amurath  V.  (Murad),  son  of  Abdul-Medjid,  b.  21  Sept.  1840; 
proclaimed  30  May ;  deposed  for  bad  health,  31  Aug. 
"      Abdul- Hamid  II.,  brother,  31  Aug. ;  b.  22  Sept.  1842. 

["  Ho  is  not  a  tyrant,  he  is  not  dissolute,  he  is  not  a  bigot 
or  corrupt."— ZorcZ  Beaconsfield,  27  July,  1878.] 
Son  :  Mehemed  Selim,  b.  11  Jan.  1870. 

turRey,  an  American  gallinaceous  bird  of  the  genus 
Meleagris,  called  turkey  because  at  first  it  was  supposed  to  be 
a  native  of  Turkey,  Tartary,  or  Asia,  and  even  of  Africa ;  fre- 
quently confounded  with  the  guinea-hen.  There  are  2  spe- 
cies, the  M.  americana  and  the  M.  mexicana.     The  first  is 


found  in  the  northern  and  middle  U.S. and  Canada;  the  second 
in  Texas,  Mexico,  and  Central  America.  The  M.  americana 
is  larger  than  the  southern  species,  weighing  from  12  to  20  lbs. 
when  dressed.     It  was  carried  to  Europe  as  early  as  1523. 

Turk'llCim,  a  town  of  Alsace,  Germany.  Here  the 
elector  of  Brandenburg  and  the  imperialists  were  defeated  by 
the  French  under  Turenne,  5  Jan.  1676. 

Turk's  islands,  a  group  of  small  islands,  geographi- 
cally a  portion  of  the  Bahamas,  but  under  the  government  of 
Jamaica. 

Turner's  Falls,  fight  with  the  Indians  at.  Massa- 
chusetts, 1676. 

Turner's  legacies.  Joseph  M.  W.  Turner,  the  land- 
scape-painter, was  born  in  Apr.  1775,  and  died  19  Dec.  1851. 
He  bequeathed  to  the  British  nation  all  the  pictures  and  draw- 
ings collected  by  him  and  deposited  at  his  residence,  47  Queen 
Anne  street,  on  condition  that  a  suitable  gallery  should  be 
erected  for  them  within  10  years;  and  directed  his  funded 
property  to  be  expended  in  founding  an  asylum  at  Twickenham 
for  aged  and  infirm  artists.  The  will  was  disputed  by  his  rela- 
tives, but  a  compromise  was  made.  The  oil-paintings  (100  in 
number)  and  the  drawings  (1400)  were  obtained  by  the  nation, 
and  the  engravings  and  some  other  property  were  transferred 
to  the  next  of  kin.  The  drawings  were  cleaned  and  mounted 
under  the  caref(d  superintendence  of  Mr.  Ruskin,  and  the  pict- 
ures were  sent  to  Marlborough  House  for  exhibition.  In  1861 
many  of  the  pictures  were  removed  from  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum  to  the  National  Gallery,  others  in  1869.  The 
sketches,  plates,  etc.,  of  Turner's  "  Liber  Studiorum  "  were  sold 
for  about  20,000^.,  28  Mch.  1873. 

turning.  Lathk.  in  British  dock-yards,  blocks  and 
other  materials  for  ships  of  war  are  now  produced  by  an  al- 
most instantaneous  process,  from  rough  pieces  of  oak,  by  the 
machinery  of  Mr.  ("afterwards  sir  Mark  Isambard)  Brunei  (d. 
1849). 

turnpikes.    Tolt.s. 

turpentine  (Gr.  Tepi(3t.v9og,  terebinth),  an  oilj^,  resin- 
ous substance  secreted  by  the  wood  or  bark  of  a  number  of 
trees,  all  coniferce  except  the  terebinth  (Pistacia  terebinthus)^ 
which  yields  the  Chian  or  Scio  turpentine.  The  Pinus  pa- 
lustris,  yellow  pine  or  long-leaved  pine  of  the  southern  U.  S., 
Virginia  to  Florida,  furnishes  most  of  the  turpentine  of  com- 
merce. North  Carolina,  popularly  known  as  the  "  turpentine 
state,"  exports  several  millions  of  gallons  annually.  Spirits  of 
turpentine  first  applied  with  success  in  England  to  the  rot  in 
sheep  (mixture,  \  spirits  to  f  water)  in  1772. 

tur'quoise,  a  bluish-green  mineral  which,  when  highly 
colored,  is  esteemed  as  a  gem.  So  called  because  it  first  came 
from  Turkey.  The  turquoise  mines  near  Santa  Fe,  New  Mex- 
ico, were  worked  by  the  Spaniards,  and  furnished  the  regalia 
of  Spain  with  the  finest  turquoises  in  Europe. 

Tuscan  order  of  architecture,  a  debased 

Doric,  used  in  Tuscany  for  buildings  in  which  strength  is 
chiefly  required.—  Wotton. 

Tus'cany,  formerly  a  grand-duchy  in  central  Italy,  the 
northern  part  of  the  ancient  Etruria.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Lombard  kingdom,  after  the  conquest  of  which  by  Charle- 
magne, 774,  it  was  made  a  marquisate  for  Boniface  about  828, 
His  descendant,  the  great  countess  Matilda,  bequeathed  the 
southern  part  of  her  domains  to  the  pope  (1115).  In  the  north- 
ern part  (then  called  Tuscia),  the  cities  of  Florence,  Pisa,  Sien- 
na, Lucca,  etc.,  gradually  became  flourishing  republics.  Flor- 
ence became  the  chief  under  the  government  of  the  Medici 
family.  The  duchy  in  that  family  began  in  1531,  and  the 
grand-duchy  in  1569.  After  the  extinction  of  the  Medicis  in 
1737,  Tuscany  was  given  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna  (1738)  to 
Francis,  duke  of  Lorraine  (married  to  Maria  Theresa  of  Aus- 
tria in  1736),  who  had  ceded  his  hereditary  estates  to  France, 
Area,  9287  sq.  miles.  Pop.  in  1860, 1,826,830 ;  1890,  estimated, 
2,274,191. 

French  enter  Florence 28  Mch.  1799 

Grand-duke  is  dispossessed,  and  his  dominions  given  to  Louis, 
duke  of  Parma  (of  the  royal  house  of  Spain),  with  the  title  of 

king  of  Etruria 1801 

Tuscany  incorporated  with  the  French  empire 1807 

Grand-dnchy  given  to  Eliza,  sister  of  Napoleon 1808 


TUS  « 

Ferdinand  III.  restored 18U 

Lucca  united  to  Tuscany lo* < 

Leopold  II.  gmnls  a  free  constitution 15  Feb.  1848 

Insurrei^'tion  at  Florence;  republic  proclaimed;  thegnind-duke 
flies 11  Feb.  1849 

He  iB  restored  by  the  Austriuns July,  1860 

Rigorous  imprisonment  of  the  Madiai,  husband  and  wife,  con- 
verts to  ProtoslJintism,  for  reading  the  Bible May,  1852 

Earls  of  Shaftesbury  and  Roden  and  others  in  vain  intercede 
for  them  at  Florence Oct.     " 

They  are  released  on  intervention  of  Great  Britain Mch.  1853 

(An  annuity  was  given  them  by  subscription.] 

Tuscan  army  demand  alliance  with  the  Sardinians;  the  grand- 
duke  refuses,  and  departs  to  Bologna;  king  of  Sardinia  pro- 
claimed dictator,  and  provisional  government  formed,  27  Apr.  1859 

King  a.ssume8  command  of  the  army,  but  declines  the  dicta- 
torship   30  Apr.     " 

Sardinian  commissary  Buoncompagni  invested  with  the  powers 
of  government 11  May,     " 

Prince  Napoleon  arrives  at  Leghorn,  addresses  the  Tuscans, 
and  erects  his  standard 23  May,     " 

Grand  duke  Leopold  II.  abdicates  in  favor  of  his  son  Ferdinand, 

21July,     " 

Tuscan  constituent  assembly  meets 11  Aug.     " 

It  declares  against  the  house  of  Ix)rraine,  and  votes  for  annex- 
ation to  Sardinia Sept.     *' 

Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy-Carignan  elected  governor-general  of 
central  Italy;  he  declines,  but  recommends  Buoncompagni, 
Nov.,  who  is  accepted  by  the  Tuscans 8  Dec.     " 

Annexation  to  Sardinia  voted  by  universal  suflfrage,  11,12  Mch. ; 
decreed 22  Mch.  1860 

Prince  Eugene  appointed  governor 26  Mch.     " 

Florence  made  the  capital  of  Italy,  by  decree  published  11  Dec.  1864 
Fu)RK.vCK,  Italy. 

SOVEREIGNS   OF   TUSCANY. 

DUKES. 
1531.  Alexander  I. 

1637.  Cosmo  I.  gkand-dukes. 

1569.  Cosmo  I.,  Medici. 
1574.  Francis  I. 
1587.  Ferdinand  I. 
1608.  Cosmo  II. 
1621.  Ferdinand  II. 
1670.  Cosmo  III.  (visited  England,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his 

travels). 
1723.  John  Gaston  (last  of  the  Medici). 
1737.  Francis  II.  (duke  of  Lorraine);  became  emperor  of  Germany 

in  1745. 
1766.  Leopold  I.  (emperor  in  1790). 
1790.  Ferdinand  1 1 1,  (second  son  of  Leopold  I.);  expelled  by  the  French 

in  1800. 

KINGS   OF    ETRURIA. 

1801.  Louis  I.,  duke  of  Parma. 
1803.  Louis  II. 

GRAND-DUCHESS. 

1808-14.  Eliza  Bonaparte  (married  to  Bacciocchi,  made  prince  ol 
Lucca). 

GRAND-DUKES. 

1814.  Ferdinand  III.  restored. 

1824.  Leopold  II.,  18  June  (b.  3  Oct.  1797;  abdicated,  21  July,  1859); 

d.  29  Jan.  1870. 
1859.  Ferdinand  IV^,  21  July  (b.  10  June,  1835);  protested  against 

the  annexation  of  his  grand-duchy,  26  Mch.  1860. 
Son:  Leopold  Ferdinand, b.  2  Dec.  1868. 

Tascaro'ras,  one  of  the  "  Six  Nations."  Indians  ; 
New  York,  1712. 

Tus'CUlUin,  now  Frasca'ti,  a  city  of  Latium,  S. 
Italy.  The  Tusculans  supported  Tarquinius  Siiperbus  against 
the  Romans,  by  whom  they  were  defeated,  497  b.c.  The  Tus- 
culans, for  their  friendship  with  Rome,  suffered  much  from 
other  Latins,  who  took  the  city,  374,  but  were  chastised  for  it. 
Here  Cicero  during  his  retirement  wrote  "  Tusculanae  Dispu- 
tationes,"  about  46  b.c. 

Twelflh-day,  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany,  or  mani- 
festation of  Christ  to  the  Gentiles,  6  Jan.     Epiphany. 

Turelve  tal>le§.     Decemviri. 

Ty'burn,  at  the  west  end  of  Oxford  street,  W.  London ; 
a  noted  place  of  execution  for  criminals  convicted  in  Middle- 
sex county,  inchiding  London,  down  to  1  Nov.  1783,  when  the 
place  of  execution  was  transferred  to  Newgate,  where  the  1st 
execution  took  place  9  Dec.  the  same  year.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  a  brook  called  Tyburn,  which  oiice  flowed  from 
Hampstead  into  the  Thames. — Chambers. 

Tyler,  John,  administration  of.     United  States,  1841. 

Tyler's  in§urreetiOIl,  against  a  poU-t^x  imposed 
in  England  on  all  persons  above  15,  5  Nov.  1380.  One  of  the 
collectors,  acting  with  indecent  rudeness  to  Wat  Tyler's  daugh- 
ter, was  struck  dead  by  the  father,  J«ne,  1381.  His  neighbors 
took  arms,  and  almost  the  whole  population  of  the  southern 


5  TYR 

and  eastern  counties  soon  rose,  extorting  freedom  from  their 
lords,  and  plundering.  On  12  June,  1381,  they  gathered  upon 
Blackheath  to  the  number  of  100,000  men,  and  on  14  June 
murdered  Simon  of  Sudbury,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
sir  Robert  Hales,  the  royal  treasurer.  The  king,  Richard  II., 
invited  Tyler  to  a  parley,  which  took  place  on  the  15th  at 
Smithfield,  where  the  latter  addressed  the  king  in  a  menacing 
manner,  now  and  again  lifting  up  his  sword.  On  this  the 
mayor,  Walworth,  stunned  Tyler  with  a  blow  of  his  mace, 
and  one  of  the  king's  knights  despatched  him.  Richard  tena- 
porized  with  the  multitude,  promising  a  charter,  and  thus  led 
them  out  of  the  city,  when  sir  R.  Knollys  and  a  band  of  knights 
attacked  and  dispersed  them  with  great  slaughter.  The  in. 
surrection  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  was  subdued  by  the  bishop 
of  Norwich,  and  1500  of  the  rebels  were  executed. 

type-eompo§ingr  maeliine.  Linotype,  under 
Printing,  1888, 

type-writers.  M.  Foucault  sent  to  the  Paris  exhibi- 
tion of  1855  a  writing-machine  for  the  blind ;  and  several  were 
invented  by  Wheatstone.  After  successive  improvements, 
messrs.  Remington,  in  the  United  States,  in  1873,  contracted  to 
construct  25,000.  The  speed  is  said  to  have  been  raised  to  75 
words  a  minute.  Many  improved  patents  since. 
Action  of  the  type-writer  somewhat  resembles  that  of  a  pianoforte. 

Pressure  upon  a  key  marked  with  a  letter  raises  a  hammer  with 

a  type-cut  letter,  which  presses  upon  paper;  provision  is  made 

for  inking  the  type,  shifting  the  paper,  etc. 

tyrant  (Gr.  rvpawoc).  In  early  Greek  history,  the 
term  was  applied  to  any  man  who  obtained  despotic  power  in 
a  state.  The  term  was  applied  by  the  Greeks  to  the  mild 
Pisistratus,  but  not  to  the  autocrats  of  Persia.  It  became  a 
term  of  reproach,  because  of  the  unjust  manner  in  which  the 
despots  of  cities  often  obtained  and  exercised  their  powers. 
Solon  objected  to  the  term,  and  chose  the  name ap^ovC  ruler"), 
594  B.C.  The  earliest  tyrants  were  those  at  Sicyon,  beginning 
with  Cleisthenes,  in  the  7th  century  b  c.  Tyranny  declined 
in  Greece  about  490  b,c.,  and  revived  after  the  close  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  404  B.c.     Thirty  tyrants. 

Tyre  in  Phoenicia,  a  great  city,  said  to  have  been  first 
built  by  Agenor.  Another  city  was  built  1257  (about  2267, 
Hales)  B.C.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Assyrians,  who  retired^ 
from  before  it,  after  a  siege  of  upwards  of  5  years,  713 
Taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  572  B.C.,  after  a  siege  of  13  year 
and  the  city  demolished,  when  the  Tyrians  removed  to  an 
opposite  island,  and  built  a  new  and  magnificent  city.  It  wa 
taken  by  Alexander  with  much  difficulty,  after  a  siege  of 
months,  July,  332  b.c.  He  joined  the  island  to  the  continenti 
by  a  mole. — Strabo.  Tj're  was  captured  by  the  crusader 
7  July,  1124,  and  formed  a  royal  domain  of  the  kingdom  ofi 
Jerusalem,  as  well  as  an  archiepiscopal  see.  The  first  arcl 
bishop  was  an  Englishman,  William  of  Tyre,  the  well-knownl 
historian.  In  1289  it  was  retaken  by  the  Saracens;  by  the 
French,  3  Apr.  1799 ;  and  by  the  allied  fleet,  during  the  wa 
against  Mehemet  Ali,  1841. 

Tyre,  Era  of,  began  on  19  Oct.  125  b.c.,  with  the  month 
of  Hyperberetaeus.  The  months  were  the  same  as  in  the 
Grecian  era,  and  the  year  is  similar  to  the  Julian  year.  Tfl 
reduce  this  era  to  ours,  subtract  124.  But  for  a  year  less  tha 
125,  deduct  the  number  from  125,  and  the  remainder  will  be 
the  year  before  Christ. 

Tyr'ol,  the  ea.stern  part  of  ancient  Rhaetia,  now  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Austrian  empire,  was  ceded  to  the  house  of  Hap 
burg  in  1359  by  Margaret,  the  heiress  of  the  last  count.     It^ 
became  an  appanage  of  the  younger  (or  Tyrol)  branch  of  the  '^ 
imperial  house,  which  came  to  the  throne  in  the  person  of 
Maximilian  II.,  in  1618.     The  French  conquered  the  Tyrol  in 
1805,  and  united  it  to  Bavaria;  but  in  1809  an  insurrectioa 
broke  out,  headed  bj'  Andreas  Hofer,  an  innkeeper,  who  drove 
the  Bavarians  out  of  the  Tyrol,  tlioroughly  defeated  some 
French  detachments,  but  laid  down  his  arms  at  the  treaty  of 
Vienna.     He  was  subsequently  accused  of  corresponding  with 
the  Austrians,  captured  and  sent  to  Mantua,  and  there  shot  by 
order  of  the  French  government,  20  Feb.  1810.     The  Austrian 
emperor  ennobled  his  family  in  1819,  and  erected  his  statue  in  ' 
Innspruck  in  1834.     The  Tyrolese  riflemen  were  very  effec- 
tive in  the  Italian  war  in  1859. 

Tyrrhe'ni  included  the  ancient  Etruscans,  and  other 


I 


u 


827 


tribes,  said  to  have  come  from  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  under  Tyr- 
rhenus,  a  son  of  Atys,  king  of  Lydia,  long  before  the  destruc- 
tion of  Troy. — Herodotus.  "  Neither  do  I  think  the  Tyrrhenes 
a  colony  of  Lydians,  for  there  is  no  resemblance  here  in  lan- 


UNI 


guage.  These  2  peoples  differ  in  laws,  in  manners,  and  insti- 
tutions. That  opinion  then  seems  the  most  probable  which 
supposes  them  an  indigenous  race  in  Italy." — Clinton,  "  Chro- 
nology of  Greece." 


U 


U,  the  21st  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  and  its  5th 
vowel.  The  v  (upsilon)  added  by  the  Greeks  to  the  alpha- 
bet borrowed  from  the  Phoenicians. 

Ubiqiiita'riaii§  or  Ubiqua'rian§,  a  small  Ger- 
man sect,  originated  by  John  Brentius  about  1660,  who  asserted 
that  the  body  of  Christ  is  present  everywhere  (ubique). 

Ucliee§.     Indians. 

Ug'an'da,  a  kingdom  of  equatorial  Africa,  near  the  head 
of  the  Nile,  bordering  on  lake  Victoria  Nyanza.      Capital, 
Mengo. 
Missionaries  sent  out  by  the  Church  Missionary  Society.  .July,  1877 

French  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  arrive.' 1879 

Uganda  placed  under  British  influence  by  Anglo-German  treaty, 

1  .July,  1890 
Trouble  between  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  missionaries; 

disorder  and  bloodshed 1891 

Order  restored  at  Mengo;  the  British  East  African  company 

predominant 1892 

Uhlan§,  the  national  Polish  lancers,  adopted  after  the 
partition  of  Poland  in  the  Austrian  and  German  armies;  effi- 
cient in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  of  1870. 

U'krailie  (Polish  for  frontier),  a  vast  fertile  plain  in 
Russia,  ceded  to  the  Cossacks  by  Poland  in  1672,  and  obtained 
by  Russia  in  1682.  The  country  was  divided,  Poland  having 
the  west  side  of  the  Dnieper,  and  Russia  the  east.  The  whole 
was  assigned  to  Russia  by  the  treaty  of  partition  in  1795. 
"  Among  the  rest  Mazeppa  .  .  . 
The  Ukraine's  hetman,  calm  and  bold.'' 

—Byron,  "Mazeppa." 

Ulm,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  S.  Germany,  where  a  peace 
was  signed,  3  July,  1620,  by  which  Frederick  V.  lost  Bohemia 
(having  been  driven  from  it  previously).  Ulm  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1796.  After  a  battle  between  the  French  and 
Austrians,  in  which  the  latter,  under  gen.  Mack,  were  defeated 
with  dreadful  loss  by  marshal  Ney,  Ulm  surrendered  with 
28,000  men,  the  flower  of  the  Austrian  army,  17-20  Oct.  1805. 
The  cathedral  was  built  1377-1494.  Last  stone  of  the  spire, 
530  ft.  high,  said  to  be  the  loftiest  in  the  world,  laid  with  great 
rejoicing 31  May,  1890 

n'phila§'§  Bible.     Bible. 

Ulster,  the  N.  division  of  Ireland.  After  the  death  of 
Strongbow,  1176,  John  de  Courcy  was  made  earl  of  Ulster; 
Hugh  de  Lacy  was  earl  in  1243,  and  Walter  de  Burgh  in  1264, 
whose  descendant,  Elizabeth,  married  Lionel,  son  of  Edward 
III.,  1352.  He  thus  became  earl  of  Ulster.  In  1611,  the  British 
colonfeation  of  the  forfeited  lands  (termed  the  Ulster  settle- 
ments or  plantation.s)  began,  much  land  being  granted  to  the 
corporation  of  London.  The  consequent  rebellion  of  the  Irish 
chieftains,  Roger  More,  Phelim  O'Neale,  McGuire,  earl  of 
Inniskillen,  and  others,  broke  out  on  23  Oct.  1641  (Ireland). 
Ulster  king-at-arms  appointed  for  Ireland,  1553.  By  the 
ancient  "Ulster  tenant-right,"  the  outgoing  tenant  of  a  farm 
received  from  his  successor  a  sum  of  money  for  the  privilege 
of  occupancy.  A  modified  form  of  this  right  was  adopted  in 
the  Irish  Land  act,  passed  8  July,  1870.  Ulster  convention, 
proposed  8  Apr.,  met  at  Belfast,  17  June,  1892.  12,000  dele-, 
gates  present ;  duke  of  Abercorn  presided.  5  resolutions  for 
firmly  maintaining  the  union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  in 
opposition  to  the  scheme  for  home  rule,  were  passed  unani- 
mously. 

Ultramon'tailistS  (from  uUramontanus,  beyond  the 
mountains),  a  term  originally  applied  in  France  to  those  who 
upheld  the  authority  of  the  pope  against  the  freedom  of  the 
Gallican  church,  which  had  been  secured  by  various  bulls,  and 
especially  by  the  concordat  of  15  July,  1801.  Ultramontanists 
now  are  those  who  maintain  the  official  infallibility  of  the 
pope  of  Rome.     Gallicanism, 


umbrella,  described  in  early  dictionaries  as  "a  porta- 
ble penthouse  to  carry  in  a  person's  hand  to  screen  him  from 
violent  rain  or  heat."     Umbrellas  appear  in  the  carvings  at 
Persepolis.     Niebuhr  saw  a  great  Arabian   prince  returning 
from  a  mosque,  he  and  each  of  his  family  having  a  large 
umbrella  carried  by  their  side.      Old  chinaware  shows  the 
Chinese   shaded  by  umbrellas.      First   used    in   the  United 
States  in  Baltimore,  brought  from  India,  1772.     It  is  said 
that  the  first  person  who  commonly  carried  an  umbrella  in 
London  was  the  benevolent  Jonas  Hanway,  who  died  in  1786. 
John  Macdonald,  a  footman,  who  wrote  his  own  life,  informs  us  that 
lie  had  "a  fine  silk  umbrella,  which  he  brought  from  Spain;  but 
he  could  not  with  any  comfort  to  himself  use  it,  the  people  calling, 
out,  '  Frenchman  !  why  don't  you  get  a  coach  ?'  "    The  hackney- 
coachmen  and  chairmen  were  clamorous  against  their  rival.    The 
footman  says  he  "  persisted  for  three  months,  till  they  took  no 
further  notice  of  this  novelty.    Foreigners  began  to  use  theirs; 
and  then  the  English."    1778. 

"Uncle  Sam."  The  United  States  government  is 
sometimes  personified  under  this  name,  the  origin  of  which  is 
uncertain,  though  sometimes  attributed  to  an  incident  in  the 
commissary  department  in  the  state  of  New  York  during  the 
war  of  1812,  where  casks,  etc.,  of  provisions  were  marked  U.  S., 
supposed  to  stand  for  "  Uncle  Sam,"  as  Samuel  Wilson,  who 
had  charge  of  the  stores,  was  called. 

"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  by  Mrs.  Stowe,  first  pub- 
lished in  portions  in  the  National  Era  at  Washington,  1850,  and 
complete  in  Boston,  1852.  The  rev.  Josiah  Henson,  the  orig- 
inal "  Uncle  Tom,"  died  at  Dresden,  Ont.,  5  May,  1883,  aged  93. 

unction,  Extreme.     Anointing. 

Underg-round  railroad,  a  popular  designation 
(1850-60)  of  the  secret  means  by  which  slaves  fleeing  from  their 
masters  to  the  northern  or  free  states  were  forwarded  into 
Canada  and  thus  made  secure  from  the  slave-hunters. 

un'dulatory  theory  of  light  supposes  a  pro- 
gressive wave-like  motion  from  the  source  of  light  to  the  eye. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by  Francisco  Grimaldi  about 
1665,  and  was  propounded  by  Robert  Hooke  and  Huyghens 
about  1672;  opposed  by  Newton;  but  confirmed  by  Thomas 
Young's  experiments  in  1801,  and  since  fully  demonstrated. 
Emission  theory.  Light. 

uniform,  the  particular  distinguishing  dress  of  soldiers. 
The  army  of  Timour  or  Tamerlane,  who  defeated  the  sultan 
Bajazet  at  Angora,  28  July,  1402,  wore  uniforms.  At  the  re- 
lief of  Neuss,  1471,  the  bishop  of  Munster's  troops  (7400  men) 
had  green  uniforms.  Military  uniforms  were  first  used  in 
France  "  in  a  regular  manner  "  by  Louis  XIV.,  about  1668, 
and  were  soon  after  adopted  in  England.  In  the  English  navy 
uniforms  were  not  definitely  fixed  until  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  George  III.  Scarlet  is  the  prevailing  color  of  the 
British  army ;  blue  of  the  French ;  white  of  the  Austrian ; 
green  of  the  Muscovite  and  Spanisli,  and  brown  of  the  Portu- 
guese. Uniforms  in  the  American  Revolution  were  of  every 
variet}',  brown  and  white,  blue  and  red,  black  and  red,  green 
and  red,  blue  and  white,  etc.  In  1777  gen.  Knox's  artillery 
wore  black  coats  turned  up  with  red,  white  wool  jackets,  and 
hats  trimmed  with  yellow.  The  uniform  of  col.  Heartley's 
foot-guards  is  described  as  blue  regimental  coat,  white  cape, 
white  jacket,  buckskin  breeches,  stockings  and  shoes.  In  1778 
col.  Lee's  regiment  wore  blue  faced  with  white,  white  waist- 
coats and  black  breeches.  In  1779  capt.  Scott's  company  (gen. 
Putnam's  division)  wore  blue  regimental  coat  turned  up  with 
red,  buttons  marked  U.  S.,  flannel  jacket  and  drawers,  coarse 
white  linen  stockings,  and  shoes.  Revolutionary  "  blue  and 
buff"  is  spoken  of  as  the  American  imiform  worn  at  the  Inau- 
guration ball,30  Apr.  1789.    In  " Duane's  Military  Dictionary," 


UNI 


828 


pnb.  1810,  blue  is  said  to  be  the  established  uniform  in  the 
U.  S.,  and  "Hoj't's  Military  Dictionary"  of  the  same  date  says, 
"  the  uniform  of  the  infantry  of  the  American  army  is  blue 
with  red  facings." 
Now  uniform  for  the  army  of  the  U.  S.  ordered  to  be  worn  on 

and  after 1  Jan.  1852 

Uniform  for  the  navy  established 4  July,     " 

(Uniform  of  the  U.  S.  army  during  the  civil  war,  enlisted 
men  dark-blue  blouse,  light-blue  trousers  and  overcoats;  offi- 
cers dark-blue;  of  the  confederates,  gray.  Prevailing  color 
of  present  uniform  in  both  army  and  navy  of  the  U.  S. ,  dark- 
blue  ] 

Ulliforniit)'  act§.  That  of  2  and  3  Edward  VI.,  15 
Jan.  1549,  ordained  that  the  order  of  divine  worship  drawn  up 
by  Cranmer  and  others,  "  with  the  aid  of  the  Holy  Ghost," 
should  be  the  only  one  after  20  May,  under  penalties  of  fine 
and  imprisonment.  This  act  was  confirmed  in  1552 ;  repealed 
by  Mary,  1554 ;  and  re-enacted  by  Elizabeth  in  1559.  The 
act  of  Uniformity,  14  Caro  II.  c.  4,  was  passed  in  1662.  It 
enjoined  uniformity  in  matters  of  religion,  and  obliged  all 
clergy  to  subscribe  the  39  articles,  and  use  the  same  form  of 
worship  and  book  of  common  prayer.  Its  enforcement  on  24 
Aug.  1662,  termed  Black  Bartholomew's  day,  caused,  it  is  said, 
upwards  of  2000  ministers  to  quit  the  church  of  England. 
This  day  was  commemorated  by  dissenters  in  1862.  The  Act 
of  Uniformity  Amendment  act,  whereby  shortened  services 
were  authorized  and  other  changes  made,  was  passed  18  July, 
1872.  The  Uniformity  of  Process  act,  which  made  many  law 
changes,  was  passed  23  May,  1832. 

Union,  American.     Unitkd  States. 

Union  COlleg^e.  Founded  at  Schenectadj'-,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  1795;  the  second  in  the  state,  Columbia  college,  New 
York  city,  being  the  first.  Called  Union,  as  indicating  its  free- 
dom from  sectarian  influence.  1st  president,  rev.  John  Blair 
Smith  of  Philadelphia ;  2d,  rev.  Jonathan  Edwards ;  3d,  rev. 
Jonathan  Maxcy;  4th,  rev.  Eliphalet  Nott,  1804-66;  5th,  dr. 
Laurens  P.  Hickok,  1866-68 ;  6th,  rev.  Charles  A.  A.  Akin,  D.  D., 
1869-71;  7th,  rev.  Eliphalet  Nott  Potter,  D.D.,  1872-87;  8th, 
Harrison  E.  Webster,  LL.D.,  1888.  1st  commencement,  1797, 
3  graduates.  It  is  claimed  for  Union  college  that  it  was  the 
first  to  provide  a  scientific  course  of  study ;  substituting,  in 
1835,  modern  languages  and  an  increased  amount  of  mathe- 
matics and  physical  science  for  part  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
classical  course.  By  a  law  of  1873,  Union  college,  the  Medical 
college,  the  Law  school,  Dudley  Observatory,  and  the  college 
of  Pharmacy  at  Albany,  were  authorized  to  unite  for  their  mu- 
tual benefit  in  one  university  corporation  as  Union  university. 

Union-jacli..  The  original  flag  of  England  was  the 
banner  of  St.  George,  i.  e.,  white  with  a  red  cross,  which,  12 
Apr.  1606  (3  years  after  James  I.  ascended  the  throne),  was 
incorporated  with  the  banner  of  Scotland,  i.  e.,  blue  with  a 
white  diagonal  cross.  This  combination  obtained  the  name 
of  '•  union-jack,"  in  allusion  to  the  union  with  Scotland ;  and 
the  word  jack  is  considered  a  corruption  of  the  word  Jacobus, 
Jacques,  or  James.  This  arrangement  continued  until  the 
union  with  Ireland,  1  Jan.  1801,  when  the  banner  of  St.  Pat- 
rick, i.  e.,  white  with  a  diagonal  red  cross,  was  amalgamated 
with  it,  and  forms  the  present  British  Union  flag.  The  union- 
jack  of  the  United  States  or  American  jack  is  a  blue  field  with 
white  stars,  denoting  the  union  of  the  states.  It  is  without 
the  fly,  which  is  the  part  composed  of  alternate  stripes  of  white 
and  red. 

Union  of  En&rland  and  l^cotland  by  the 

accession  of  James  VI.  of  Scotland  as  James  I.  of  England, 
24  Mch.  1603.  The  legislative  union  of  the  2  kingdoms  (as 
Great  Britain)  was  attempted,  but  failed  in  1604  and  1670 ;  in 
the  reign  of  Anne  commissioners  were  appointed,  the  articles 
discussed,  and,  notwithstanding  a  great  opposition  made  by 
the  Tories,  every  article  in  the  union  was  approved  by  a  great 
majority,  first  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  afterwards  by 
the  peers,  22  July,  1706;  ratified  by  the  Scottish  Parliament, 
16  Jan.  1707,  and  became  law  1  May,  same  year. 

Union  of  Oreat  Britain  and  Ireland 

effected  2  July,  1800. 

Proposed  in  the  Irish  Parliament 22  Jan.  1799 

Act  passes  in  the  British  Parliament 2  July,  1800 

Imperial  united  standard  first  displayed  at  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don, and  upon  Bedford  Tower,  Dublin  Castle,  on  the  act  ot 
legislative  union  becoming  operative 1  Jan.  1801 


UNI  I 

Union  Pacific  railroad.  Pacific  railroad, 
Unita'rians,  termed  Socinians  from  Lajlius  Socinua, 
who  founded  a  sect  in  Italy  about  1546.  They  |)rofess  to 
believe  in  and  worship  one  only  self-existent  God,  in  opposi- 
tion to  those  who  worship  the  Trinity  in  unity.  They  con- 
sider Christ  to  have  been  a  mere  man,  and  do  not  admit  the 
need  of  atonement  or  of  the  complete  inspiration  of  the  Script- 
ures. Michael  Servetus  printed  a  tract  in  disparagement  of 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  In  1553,  proceeding  to  Naples 
through  Geneva,  Calvin  induced  the  magistrates  to  arrest 
him  on  a  charge  of  blasphemy  and  heresy.  Servetus,  refusing 
to  retract  his  opinions,  was  condemned  to  the  flames,  which 
sentence  was  carried  into  execution,  27  May,  1553.  Servetul 
is  numbered  among  anatomists  who  came  near  the  expla- 
nation of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  before  Harvey  made 
the  theory  complete.  Matthew  Hamont  was  burned  at  Nor- 
wich for  denying  Christ  to  be  the  son  of  God,  1  June,  1579, 
One  of  the  first  churches  nominated  Unitarian  in  England 
was  established  in  Essex  street,  London,  in  1774,  by  rev.  The- 
ophilus  Lindsey.  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley  for  preaching  the  doc- 
trine, was  driven  out  of  Birmingham,  1794.  Unitarians  were 
not  included  in  the  Toleration  act  till  1813.  Their  tenets  re- 
sembled those  of  the  Arians  and  Socinians.  The  Unitarian 
Marriage  bill  was  passed  in  Great  Britain  June,  1827.  In  Dec 
1833,  by  a  decision  of  the  vice-chancellors,  the  Unitarians  (as 
such)  lost  the  possession  of  lady  Hewley's  charity ;  the  decision 
was  affirmed  on  appeal  in  1842.  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian 
Association  founded  to  promote  Unitarianism,  f825.  There, 
were  between  300  and  400  Unitarian  churches  in  the  United 
Kingdom  in  1891.  In  America  dr.  James  Freeman  of  King's 
chapel,  Boston,  in  1783,  removed  from  the  "Prayer  Book  of 
Common  Prayers"  all  reference  to  the  Trinity  or  Deity  and 
worship  of  Christ ;  his  church  became  distinctly  Unitarian  in 
1787.  In  1801  the  Plymouth  church  declared  itself  Unitarian. 
Dr.  William  Ellery  Channing  (1780-1842)  was  the  acknowl- 
edged head  of  this  church  until  his  death.  The  American 
Unitarian  association  was  formed  24  May,  1825;  headquarters 
at  Boston,  Mass.  The  Western  conference  organized  1852,  and 
a  National  Unitarian  conference  at  New  York  city,  5  Apr.  1865. 
There  are  about  400  churches  in  the  United  States ;  2  theologi- 
cal schools,  one  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  one  at  Meadville,  Pa. 

United  Brethren.     Moravians. 

United  Kingdom.  England  and  Wales  were 
united  in  1283;  Scotland  to  both  in  1707;  and  the  British 
realm  was  named  the  United  Kingdom  on  the  union  of  Ire*^ 
land,  1  Jan.  1801.     Union  of  P^ngland  ani>  Scotland.       ; 

United  Presbyterians.    In  1732  Ebenezer  Ers- 

kine  and  others  seceded  from  the  church  of  Scotland.  DifiFer- 
ing  in  interpretation  of  the  oath  administered  to  the  burgesses, 
to  profess  "  the  true  religion,  presently  professed  within  this 
realm  and  authorized  by  the  laws  thereof,"  they  divided  into 
Burghers  and  Anti-Burghers  in  1747.  In  1820  they  reunited 
as  the  United  Associate  Synod  of  the  Secession  church,  which 
joined  the  Relief  church,  13  May,  1847,  to  form  the  United 
Presbj'^terian  church  in  Scotland.  The  United  Presbyterian 
church  of  North  America  was  formed  in  May,  1858,  by  the 
union  of  the  Associated  Presbyterian  church  and  Associate 
Reformed  Presbyterian  church,  and  their  first  General  As-' 
sembly  met  at  Xenia,  O.,  in  May,  1859.  The  United  Pres- 
byterian Theological  seminary  at  Xenia,  O.,  was  founded  at 
Cnnonsburg,  Pa.,  in  1794,  removed  to  Xenia  in  1860,  and  char- 
tered in  1877.  The  Seminary  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
church  was  established  at  Alleghany  City,  Pa.,  in  1825,  and 
chartered  in  1868.  The  present  (189"i)  strength  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  church  in  the  United  States  is  as  follows :  Pres- 
byteries, 59;  ministers,  782;  churches,  816;  members,  106,385, 

United  States  of  America.    On  9  Sept.  1776, 

the  Continental  Congress  resolved  "that  in  all  continental 
commissions  where  heretofore  the  words  'United  Colonies' 
have  been  used,  the  style  be  altered  for  the  future  t(t  ' 
United  States."  This  domain  now  numbers  45  states,  5  ter- 
ritories, and  1  district.  The  area  of  the  states  is  2,718,780 
sq.  miles;  of  the  territories,  883,490  ;  and  of  the  district,  70;  in 
all  3,602,340  .sq.  miles.  In  latitude  it  extends  from  Key  West, 
its  most  southerly  point,  24°  33'  K,  to  the  49th  parallel  of 
north  latitude.     From  this  latitude,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  the 


UNI 


829 


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territory  belongs  to  Canada  to  64°  40',  where  Alaska  begins, 
extending  to  the  Arctic  ocean  and  embracing  an  area  of  over 
577,000  sq.  miles.  In  longitude  it  extends  from  the  most 
easterly  point  of  Maine,  66°  48'  W.,  to  125°  20'  W.,  and  if 
Atoo,  the  most  westerly  of  the  Aleutian  islands,  be  taken  for 
its  western  limits,  it  extends  to  the  174th  meridian.  The 
population  of  this  territory  in  1890,  not  including  Alaska  or 
the  Indian  territory,  was  62,622,250.  The  government  is  a 
representative  democracy.  Each  state  has  an  independent 
legislature  for  its  local  affairs,  but  all  are  legislated  for,  in  na- 
tional matters,  by  2  houses  of  congress :  the  Senate,  whose 
members  are  elected  for  6  years  by  the  state  legislatures,  and 
the  House  of  Representatives,  elected  for  2  years  by  the  people 
of  the  different  states.  Representation  in  the  Senate  is  b}'  states, 
without  regard  to  population;  in  the  House  of  Representatives 
the  representation  is  in  proportion  to  population.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  is  elected  every  4th  year  by  electors 
chosen  bj'  the  people,  each  state  having  as  many  electoral 
votes  as  it  has  senators  and  representatives  in  Congress.  For 
its  general  historj',  administration,  etc.,  see  infra ;  for  the  col- 
onies and  states  see  under  their  proper  heads;  also  Army, 
Cabinet,  Coin,  Customs,  Expenditures,  National  debt. 
Navy,  Population,  President,  Representatives,  Rev- 
enue, Senate,  Tariff,  etc. 

Under  the  Continental  Congress. 

[For  previous  history  see  each  state  separately.] 

Pursuant  to  arrangements  made  by  committees  appointed 
in  the  several  colonies  to  confer  with  each  other  regarding 
the  mutual  interests  and  safety  of  the  colonies,  and  termed 
"Committees  of  Correspondence,"  delegates  were  chosen  for 
the  First  Continental  Congress,  to  meet  at  Philadelphia  about 
1  Sept.  1774. 

First  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Carpenter's  hall, 
Philadelphia  (44  delegates  present,  representing  all 
the  states  except  Georgia  and  North  Carolina ;  see 

below) Monday,  5  Sept.  1774 

[Peyton  Randolph  of  Virginia,  president;  Charles 
Thomson,  secretary.  Mr.  Thomson  remained  secretary 
of  the  Continental  Congress  from  its  beginning  to  its 
close,  1774-89.] 

delegates  to  the  first  continental  congress. 


Delegates. 


Maj.  .Fohn  Sullivan. 
Col.  Nathaniel  Folgom 
Hon.  Thomas  Gushing 

John  Adams 

Samuel  Adams 

Robert  Treat  Paine. 
Hon.  Stephen  Hopkins 

Hon.  Samuel  Ward 

Hon.  Eliphalet  Dyer. . 
Hon.  Roger  Sherman.. 

Silas  Deane 

James  Duane 

Philip  Livingston 

John  Jay 

Isaac  Low 

John  Alsop 

John  Herring 

Simon  Boeriim 

Henry  Wisner 

Col.  William  Floyd.... 

James  Kinsey 

John  De  Hart 

Richard  Smith 

William  Livingston. . . 

Stephen  Crane 

Hon.  Joseph  Galloway 

Samuel  Rhodes 

Thomas  .M  fflin 

John  Morton 

Charles  Humphreys.. 

Edward  Biddle 

George  Ross 

John  Dickinson 

Hon.  Caesar  Rodney. . . 

Thomas  McKoan 

George  Read 

Robert  Goldsborough  . 

William  Paca . .. . 

Samuel  Chase 

Thomas  Johnson 

Matthew  Tilgbman 


I  New  Hampshire. . . . 

1 

[•Massachusetts  Bay. 


Rhode  Island  and  Prov- 
idence Plantations. . . 


\-  Connecticut. 


City  and  county  of  "j 
New  York,  and  other  ! 
counties  in  province  [ 
of  New  York I 


(County    of   Suffolk  inl 
(    province  of  New  York  \ 


New  Jersey. 


Pennsylvania . 


Newcastle,  Kent,  and 
Sussex  on  the  Dela- 
ware   


i- Maryland. 


Credentials 
signed. 


21July,1774 

17  June,  1774 

10  Aug.  1774 
13  July,  1774 

28  July,  1774 

28  July,  1774 
23  July,  1774 

22  July,  1774 

1  Aug.  1774 
22  June,  1774 


DELEGATliS   TO  FIRST   CONTINENTAL   CONGRESS.- 

-(Continued.) 

Delejiates. 

State  represented. 

Credentials 
signed. 

42.  Hon.  Peyton  Randolph 

43.  Patrick  Henry 

44.  Benjamin  Harrison... 

45.  George  Washington... 

Virginia 

5  Aug.  1774 

6  July,  1774 

25  Aug.  1774 

Date 
of  joining. 

6  Sept.  1774 

«          « 

46.  Richard  Bland 

47.  Edmund  Pendleton... 

48.  Richard  Henry  Lee... 

49.  Henry  Middleton 

50.  Christopher  Gadsden  . 
5L  Edward  Rutledge 

■  South  Carolina 

52.  John  Rutledge 

53.  Thomas  Lynch 

54.  Richard  Caswell 

55.  Joseph  Hewes 

North  Carolina 

56.  William  Hooper )                               

Delegates  mentioned  above  not  present  at  Ist  day  of  meeting. 
Richard  Henry  Lee Vireinia 

Thomas  Johnson 

Matthew  Tilghman 

12  Sept.    " 

Henry  Wisner 

}  New  York 

14  Sept.    " 

George  Ross 

.  .Pennsylvania 

U                  (( 

\  North  Carolina 

11               n 

Richard  Caswell 

) 

17  Sept.    «^ 

U                  ({ 

John  Dickinson 

.John  Herring 

..New  York 

26  Sept.    " 

Simon  Boerum 

u 

Congress  resolves  "  that  in  determining  questions,  each 
colony  or  province  shall  have  one  vote  "  ...  6  Sept.  1774 

Rev.  Jacob  Duche  (Episcopal)  opens  Congress  with 

prayer 7  Sept.    « 

[Mr.  Duche  afterwards  went  over  to  the  British 
and  retired  to  England,  1778 ;  but  returned  to  the 
U.  S.  1790,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  1794.] 

Resolution  of  Suffolk,  Mass.,  convention  (6  Sept.), 
"  that  no  obedience  is  due  to  any  part  of  the  recent 
acts  of  Parliament,"  approved  by  Congress,  10  Sept.    » 

Congress  rejects  a  plan  for  union  with  Great  Britain, 
proposed  by  Joseph  Galloway  of  Pennsylvania,  as 
intended  to  perpetuate  dependence 28  Sept.    " 

Battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  west  Virginia  (Virginia), 

10  Oct.    " 

Congress  adopts  a  "  Declaration  of  Colonial  Rights," 
claiming  self-government 14  Oct.    " 

American  Association,  denouncing  foreign  slave-trade, 
and  pledging  the  signers  to  non-consumption  and  to 
non-intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the 
British  West  Indies,  signed  by  62  members  of  Con- 
gress  20  Oct.    " 

"  Address  to  the  People  of  Great  Britain,"  prepared  by 
John  Jay,  approved  by  Congress 21  Oct.    " 

Congress  adopts  a  "  Memorial  to  the  Several  Anglo- 
American  Colonies  " 21  Oct.    " 

A  letter  to  the  unrepresented  colonies  of  St.  John,  N.S., 
Georgia,  and  east  and  west  Florida,  despatched  by 
Congress 22  Oct.    ** 

Randolph  resigning  on  account  of  indisposition,  Henry 
Middleton  of  South  Carolina  succeeds  him  as  presi- 
dent of  Congress 22  Oct.    " 

"  Petition  to  the  King "  drawn  by  John  Dickinson, 
ordered  sent  to  colonial  agents  in  London  by  Con- 
gress  26  Oct.    " 

Congress  adopts  "An  Address  to  the  People  of  Quebec," 

drawn  by  Dickinson 26  Oct.    " 

First  Continental  Congress  dissolved ;  62  days'  session  (act- 
ual session  31  days) 26  Oct.    "^ 

[Proceedings  of  First  Continental  Congress  en- 
dorsed by  the  colonies:  Connecticut,  Nov.  1774; 
Massachusetts,  5  Dec.  1774;  Maryland,  8  Dec.  1774; 
Rhode  Island,  8  Dec.  1774;  Pennsylvania,  10  Dec. 
1774;  South  Carolina,  11  Jan.  1775;  New  Hamp- 
shire, 25  Jan.  1775;  Delaware,  16  Mch.  1775;  Vir- 
ginia, 20  Mch.  1776 ;  North  Carolina,  7  Apr.  1775 
New  Jersey,  26  May,  1776.] 

Rhode  Island  colonists  seize  44  pieces  of  ordnance  at 
Newport 6  Dec.    **- 

Maryland  convention  enrolls  the  militia  and  votes 
16,000/.  to  purchase  arms 8-12  Dec.    *' 


UNI  '^ 

New  Hampshire  freemen  seize  100  barrels  of  powder  j 

and  some  ordnance  at  Portsmouth 11  Dec.  1774 

Benjamin  Franklin  returns  from  England  (Pennsyl- 
vania)   Apr.  1776 

Delegates  from  Georgia  to  Congress  by  letter  express 
loyalty,  and  explain  inability  to  attend 8  Apr.    " 

First  anti-slavery  society  in  the  U.  S.  formed  by 
Quakers  of  Philadelphia 14  Apr.    " 

Battle  of  Lexington,  Mass.,  at  dawn  of 19  Apr.    " 

Letters  from  England  to  public  officials  in  America, 
expressing  determination  of  England  to  coerce  the 
colonies,  intercepted  at  Charleston,  S.  C 19  Apr.    " 

Col.  Samuel  H.  Parsons  and  Benedict  Arnold  plan,  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  the  capture  of  fort  Ticonderoga, 
N.  Y 27  Apr.    « 

Arnold  leads  his  company  from  New  Haven  to  Boston, 

arriving ' 29  Apr.    " 

Second  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Independence 

hall,  Philadelphia 10  May,    " 

[Peyton  Randolph,  president;  Charles  Thomson, 
secretary.] 

COLONIES    REPRESENTED    IN    SECOND    CONTINENTAL 
CONGRESS. 


Colonies  representad. 


Connecticut 

Massuchusetts 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania 

New  Jersey 

New  Hampsliire 

South  Carolina. 

Delaware 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

New  York 

Pennsylvania  (additional) 
Rhode  Island 


5 

3  Nov.  1774 

.5 

5  Dec.      " 

7 

8  Dec.      " 

fi 

15  Dec.      " 

5 

24  Jan.    1775 

2 

25  Jan.      " 

5 

3  Feb.      " 

3 

16Mch.     " 

7 

20  Mch.     " 

3 

5  Apr.      " 

2 

22  Apr.      " 

3 

6  May,     " 

2 

7  May,     " 

Fort  Ticonderoga  captured  by  Ethan  Allen,  10  May, 

Cbovvn  Point,  N.  Y.,  captured  by  Americans,  12  May, 

Lyman  Hall  seated  in  Congress  as  delegate  from 
Georgia 13  May, 

Americans  under  Benedict  Arnold  capture  St.  John, 
Canada 16  May, 

Articles  of  Union  and  Confederation  (Confederation, 
Articles  of)  agreed  upon  in  Congress.  ..20  May, 

Mecklenburg  declaration  of  independence  signed  and 
forwarded  to  Congress  (North  Carolina),  20  May, 

John  Hancock  of  Massachusetts  chosen  president  of 

Congress 24  May, 

[Randolph  having  resigned  on  account  of  ill- 
health.] 

British  generals  Howe,  Clinton,  and  Burgoyne  arrive 
at  Boston  from  England  with  troops 25  May, 

Congress  adopts  an  "  Address  to  the  Inhabitants  of 
Canada  " 29  May, 

Congress  votes  to  raise  20,000  men 14  June, 

George  Washington,  nominated  by  Thomas  Johnson 
of  Maryland,  is  unanimously  elected  by  Congress 
commander-in-chief  of  the  American  forces,  15  June, 

Battle  of  Bunker  HiU  (Massachusetts,  16-17  June, 
1775)  and  burning  of  Charlestown 17  June, 

Resolved  by  Congress,  "  That  a  sum  not  exceeding 
two  million  of  Spanish  milled  dollars  be  emitted  by 
Congress  in  bills  of  credit  for  the  defence  of  Amer- 
ica " 22  June, 

Washington  takes  command  of  the  army  at  Cambridge 
(he  left  Philadelphia  21  June) .' 3  July, 

Declaration  by  Congress,  the  causes  and  necessity  for 
taking  up  arms 6  July, 

Congress  adopts  a  second  petition  to  the  king .  .8  July, 

First  provincial  vessel  commissioned  for  naval  warfare 
in  the  Revolution,  sent  out  by  Georgia  . .  10  July, 

Congress  organizes  a  systematic  superintendence  of 
Indian  affairs,  creating  3  departments,  northern, 
middle,  and  southern 12  July, 

Importation  of  gunpowder,  saltpeter,  sulphur,  and  fire- 
arms permitted  by  act  of  Congress 15  July, 

Georgia  joins  the  United  Colonies 20  July, 


UNI  1 

Franklin's  plan  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union, 
"  The  United  Colonies  of  North  America,"  consid- 
ered by  Congress 21  July,  1776 

Benjamin  Franklin,  first  postmaster-general,  establishes 
posts  from  Falmouth, Me.,  to  Savannah,  Ga.,  26  July,    « 

Congress  resolves  to  establish  an  army  hospital,  27  July,    '« 

Congress  adopts  an  "Address  to  the  People  of  Ireland," 

28  July,    « 

Resolved  by  Congress,  "That  Michael  Hillegas  and 
George  Clymer,  Esqs.,  be  joint  treasurers  of  the 
United  Colonies  " 29  July,    « 

British  vessel,  the  Betsy,  surprised  by  a  Carolina  pri- 
vateer off  St.  Augustine  bar,  and  111  barrels  of  pow- 
der captured  (Georgia) Aug.    " 

King  issues  a  proclamation  for  suppressing  rebellion 
and  sedition  in  the  colonies 23  Aug.    " 

American  troops  under  gen.  Richard  Montgomery  sent 
into  Canada  to  cut  off  British  supplies Sept.    " 

Col.  Benedict  Arnold,  with  a  force  of  about  1100  men, 
marches  against  Quebec  via  Kennebec  river  .  .  Sept.    " 

English  ship  seized  off  Tybee  island,  Ga.,  by  the  Lib- 
erty people,  with  250  barrels  of  powder. . .  .17  Sept.    " 

British  capture  col.  Ethan  Allen  and  38  men  near  Mon- 
treal   25  Sept.    « 

Bristol,  R.  I.,  bombarded  (Rhode  Island) 7  Oct.    " 

Gen.  William  Howe  supersedes  gen.  Gage  as  com- 
mander of  the  British  army  in  America,  who  em- 
barks for  England 10  Oct.    " 

Falmouth,  Me.,  burned  by  British  (Maine)  ...  18  Oct.    " 

Peyton  Randolph  d.  at  Philadelphia 22  Oct.    « 

St.  John,  Canada,  surrenders  to  Americans  under  Mont- 
gomery  2  Nov.    " 

Congress  orders  a  battalion  to  protect  Georgia,  4  Nov.    " 

British  fleet  repulsed  at  Hampton,  Va.,  25  Oct.  1775, 
and  lord  Dunmore  declares  open  war 7  Nov.    " 

Night  attack  of  the  British  vessels  Tamar  and  Cherokee 
on  the  schooner  Defence,  in  Hog  Island  channel,  S.  C. 
(South  Carolina) 12  Nov.    " 

Americans  under  Montgomery  capture  Montreal, 

13  Nov.    " 

Benjamin  Harrison,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  John- 
son, John  Dickinson,  and  John  Jay,  appointed  by 
Congress  a  committee  for  secret  correspondence 
with  friends  of  America  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland, 
and  other  foreign  nations 29  Nov. 

Battle  of  Great  Bridge  (Virginia) 9  Dec. 

Congress  appoints  Silas  Deane,  John  Langdon,  and 
Christopher  Gadsden,  a  committee  to  fit  out  2  vessels 
of  war,  25  Nov.,  orders  13  vessels  of  war  built  and  ap- 
points Esek  Hopkins  commander(NAyy,  U.S.), 13Dec. 

British  vessels  driven  from  Charleston  harbor,  S.  C, 
by  artillery  company  under  col.  Moultrie,  stationed 
on  Haddrell's  Point Dec. 

American  forces  united  under  Montgomery  and  Ar- 
nold repulsed  at  Quebec ;  gen.  Montgomerj^  killed, 

31  Dec.    " 

Washington  unfurls  the  first  union  flag  of  13  stripes  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.  (Flag) 1  Jan.  177( 

Norfolk,  Va.,  partly  burned  by  gov.  Dunmore  .  .      "        " 

Thomas  Paine  publishes  "Common  Sense"  (Penn- 
sylvania)   8  Jan.    " 

Battle  of  Moore's  Creek,  N.  C. ;  McDonald's  loyalists 
routed  by  militia;  70  killed  and  wounded.  .27  Feb.    " 

Silas  Deane  appointed  political  agent  to  the  French 
court 2  Mch.    " 

Howe  evacuates  Boston  (Massachusetts).  ..17  Mch.    '<- 

Congress  authorizes  privateering 23  Mch.    " 

Congress  orders  the  ports  open  to  all  nations. .  .6  Apr.    " 

North  Carolina  declares  for  independence  ...  .22  Apr.    " 

American  forces  under  gen.  John  Thomas  retire  from 
the  siege  of  Quebec 6  May,    " 

Rhode  Island,  4  May;  Massachusetts,  10  May;  and 
Virginia,  14  May,  declare  for  independence " 

Congress  advises  each  colony  to  form  a  government 
independent  of  Great  Britain 15  May,    " 

Gen.  Thomas  d.  of  small-pox  at  Chambly 2  June,    " 

Resolution  introduced  in  Congress  by  Richard  Henry  ^^hh 
Lee,  that  "  the  United  Colonies  are  and  ought  to  be  ^^Hl 

« 


UNI 


831 


UNI 


free  and  independent  states;  that  they  are  absolved 
from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown,  and  that 
their  political  connection  with  Great  Britain  is  and 
ought  to  be  totally  dissolved  " 7  June,  1776 

Committee  appointed  by  Congress  to  prepare  a  form  of 
confederation  (Confederation,  Articles  of), 

11  June,    " 

Committee  appointed  by  Congress  to  draw  up  a 
Declaration  of  Independence .  .11  June,    " 

Board  of  War  and  Ordnance  appointed  by  Congress,  con- 
sisting of  5  members,  viz. :  John  Adams,  Roger  Sher- 
man, Benjamin  Harrison,  James  Wilson,  and  Edward 
Rutledge ;  Richard  Peters  elected  secretary,  12  June,    " 

[This  board,  several  times  changed,  continued  un- 
til Oct.  1781,  when  Benjamin  Lincoln  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war,  an  office  created  by  Congress  in  Feb.] 

American  forces  under  gen.  Sullivan  retire  from  Can- 
ada to  Crown  Point,  N.  Y 18  June,    " 

Unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie  by  British 
fleet  under  sir  Peter  Parker 28  June,    " 

Declaration  of  Independence  adopted  by  Congress, 

4  July,    « 

Declaration  of  Independence  read  to  the  army  in  New 

York  by  order  of  gen.  Washington 9  July,    " 

[The  same  night  the  statue  of  George  III.  in  Bowl- 
ing Green  was  thrown  down,  and  the  lead  in  it  after- 
wards cast  into  42,000  bullets  for  the  patriot  army.] 

Engrossed  Declaration  signed  by  54  delegates .  .  2  Aug.    *' 

British  gen.  lord  Howe  lands  10,000  men  and  40  guns 
near  Gravesend,  L.  1 22  Aug.    " 

Battle  of  Long  Island  (New  York) 27  Aug.    " 

Washington  withdraws  his  forces  from  Long  Island  to 
the  city  of  New  York 29-30  Aug.    " 

Tirst  society  of  Shakers  in  the  United  Colonies  reach 
New  York,  1774,  and  settle  at  Watervliet,  N.  Y.,  Sept.    " 

Congress  resolves  "that  all  Continental  commissions 
in  which  heretofore  the  words  'United  Colonies' 
have  been  used,  bear  hereafter  the  words  '  United 
States  '" 9  Sept.    " 

Americans  evacuate  New  York  city 14  Sept.    " 

British  repulsed  at  Harlem  Heights 16  Sept.    " 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Silas  Deane,  and  Arthur  Lee  ap- 
pointed ambassadors  to  the  court  of  France,  22  Sept.    " 

Nathan  Hale  executed  as  a  spy  at  New  York,  22  Sept.    " 

Battle  on  lake  Charaplain ;  British  victory  (New 
York) 11-13  Oct.    " 

Thaddeus  Kosciuszko,  a  Pole,  arrives ;  recommended  to 
Washington  by  dr.  Franklin ;  appointed  col.  of  en- 
gineers by  Congress 18  Oct.    " 

Battle  of  White  Plains,  N.  Y.  ;  British  victory,  28  Oct.    " 

Franklin  sails  for  France  in  the  Reprisal,  of  16  guns, 
one  of  the  new  Continental  frigates,  the  first  national 
vessel  to  appear  in  the  eastern  hemisphere  .  .  .  .Oct.    " 

Congress  authorizes  the  raising  of  $5,000,000  by  lot- 
tery for  expenses  of  the  next  campaign 1  Nov.    " 

FoKT  Washington  on  the  Hudson  captured  by  the 
British 16  Nov.    " 

Americans  evacuate  Fort  Lee,  18  Nov.,  and  retreat 
across  New  Jersey  to  Pennsylvania Nov.    " 

Eight  thousand  British  troops  land  and  take  possession 
of  Rhode  Island 28  Nov.    " 

Washington  with  his  forces  crosses  the  Delaware  into 
Pennsylvania 8  Dec.    " 

Sir  Peter  Parker  takes  possession  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
blockades  the  American  fleet  at  Providence.  .8  Dec.    " 
Second  Continental  Congress  (Philadelphia)  adjourns;  582 
days'  session 12  Dec.    '• 

Maj.-gen.  Charles  Lee  captured  bv  British  at  Basking- 
|i         ridge,  N.J ' 12  Dec.    " 

Third  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Baltimore,  Md., 

[John  Hancock  president.]  ^^' 

Battle  of  Trenton,  N.  J 26  Dec.    '* 

Congress  resolves  to  send  commissioners  to  the  courts 

of  Vienna,  Spain,  Prussia,  and  Tuscany 30  Dec.    " 

Battle  of  Princeton 3  Jan.  1777 

Washington's  army  encamps  for  the  winter  at  Morris- 
town Jan.    " 


Voted  in  Congress  "that  an  authentic  copy,  with  names 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
be  sent  to  each  of  the  United  States  " 20  Jan.  1777 

Americans  under  gen.  Maxwell  capture  Elizabethtown, 
N.J 23  Jan.    « 

Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  granted  by  England 
against  American  ships 6  Feb.    " 

Five  vessels  belonging  to  a  British  supply  fleet  are 

sunk  near  Amboy,  N.  J 26  Feb.    " 

Third   Continental  Congress   (Baltimore)   adjourns;   75 
days'  session 4  Mch.    " 

Fourth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Philadelphia, 

[John  Hancock  president.]  *  ^^^' 

Vermont  declares  itself  an  iffdependent  state,  Jan.  1777, 
and  presents  a  petition  to  Congress  for  admission 
into  the  confederacy,  which  was  denied 8  Apr.    " 

Danbury,  Conn.,  destroyed  by  troops  under  ex-gov. 
Tryon 26  Apr.    " 

Col.  Meigs,  with  whale-boats  from  Guilford,  attacks 
the  British  forces  at  Sag  Harbor,  destroying  vessels 
and  stores  and  taking  90  prisoners 23  May,    " 

Stars  and  Stripes  adopted  by  Congress  (Flag),  14  June,    " 

British  under  gen.  Howe  evacuate  New  Jersey,  crossing 
to  Staten  Island 30  June,    " 

British  under  BurgoynS  appear  before  Ticonderoga, 

1  July,    " 

American  garrison  withdraw  (New  York)  ...  .6  July,    " 

Battle  of  HuBBARDTON,  Vt.  (Vermont) 7  July,    " 

British  gen.  Richard  Prescott  surprised  and  captured 
near  Newport  by  lieut.-col.  Barton  (Rhode  Island), 

10  July,    « 

Miss  Jane  McCrea  captured  by  Indians  in  British  em- 
ploy at  fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  and  shot  and  scalped 
(New  York) 27  July,    " 

On  the  approach  of  Burgoyne  gen.  Schuyler  evacuates 
fort  Edward,  and  retreats  down  the  Hudson  valley, 

29  July,    « 

Gen.  Lafayette,  who  volunteers  his  services  to  Con- 
gress, is  commissioned  major-general 31  July,    " 

Lafayette  introduced  to  Washington  in  Philadelphia, 
and  attached  to  his  personal  staff 3  Aug.    " 

Battle  of  Oriskany,  N.  Y 6  Aug.    " 

Battle  of  Bennington,  Vt 16  Aug.    " 

Gen.  Philip  Schuj'ler  succeeded  by  gen.  Horatio  Gates 
in  command  of  the  northern  army 19  Aug.    " 

Gen.  Arnold  sent  to  relieve  Fort  Schuyler,  invested 
by  British  under  St.  Leger,  who  retreats  and  returns 
to  Montreal 22  Aug.    " 

Battle  of  Brand YwiNE,  Washington  defeated,  11  Sept.    " 

Count  Pulaski  commissioned  brigadier- general  by  Con- 
gress  15  Sept.    " 

Fourth  Continental  Congress  adjourns,  199  days'  session, 

18  Sept.    « 

Battle  of  Stillwater,  N.  Y. ;  indecisive  (Bemis's 
Heights) 19  Sept.    " 

Three  hundred  of  Wayne's  troops  slaughtered  at 
Paoli 20-21  Sept.    " 

British  army  occupies  Philadelphia.  .  .    27  Sept.    " 

Fifth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  and 

adjourns ;  one  day's  session 27  Sept.    " 

[Hancock  president.] 

Sixth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  York,  Pa., 

[Hancock  president.]  ^  ' 

Battle  of  Germantown  ;  Americans  repulsed.  .4  Oct.    " 
Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery  captured  by  the 

British 6  Oct.    « 

Battle  of  Saratoga,  N.  Y.  (Bemis's  Heights),  .7  Oct.    " 
Gen.    Burgoyne's    army     surrenders     (Convention 

troops) 17  Oct.    " 

Successful  defence  of  Fort  Mifflin  and  Fort  Mer- 
cer  22-23  Oct.    « 

Congress  creates  a  new  Board  of  War,  gen.  Gates  pre- 
siding   Oct.    " 

[The  "Conway  cabal,"  a  conspiracy  to  remove 
Washington,  followed.] 


UNI 

Henry  Laurens  of  South  Carolina  chosen  president  of 
Ck)ngress  to  succeed  Hancock,  resigned  on  account 
of  ill  health 1  Nov. 

Articles  of  Confederation  adopted  (Confkdekation, 
Articlks  of) 15  Nov. 

Forts  Mifflin  and  Mkrcer  besieged  by  the  British 
and  captured 16-20  Nov. 

Congress  recommends  to  the  several  states  to  raise  by 
taxes  $5,000,000  for  the  succeeding  year Nov. 

Howe  leaves  Philadelphia  with  14,000  men  to  drive 
Washington  from  his  position  at  Whitemarsh,  but 
does  not  attack 4  Dec. 

Howe  hurriedly  returns  to  Philadelphia 8  Dec. 

American  army  goes  into  winter  quarters  at  Valley 
Forge,  on  the  Schuylkill . » . .    18  Dec. 

Gen.  Chas.  Lee  released  in  exchange  for  gen.  Prescott, 

Dec. 

Battle  of  the  Kegs 5  Jan. 

Gen.  John  Cadwallader  seriously  wounds  gen.  Conway 
in  a  duel  (Conway  cabal) 5  Feb. 

Louis  XVI.  acknowledges  the  independence  of  the 
colonies,  and  signs  a  treaty  of  alliance  and  commerce, 

6  Feb. 

Congress  prescribes  an  oath  for  officers  of  the  army, 

Feb. 

Baron  Steuben  joins  the  camp  at  Valley  Forge  (Army, 
List  of  general  officers ;  New  York,  1794) ....  Feb. 

Bill  introduced  by  lord  North  in  Parliament  concerning 
peace  negotiations  with  America  reaches  Congress 
15  Apr.,  and  is  rejected 22  Apr. 

French  treaty  reaches  Congress  by  messenger. .  2  May, 

Deane's  treaty  with  France  ratified 4  May, 

Mischianza,  a  festival,  is  given  at  Philadelphia  by  the 
British  officers  in  honor  of  sir  William  Howe  (who 
had  been  succeeded  by  sir  Henrj'  Clinton),  6  days 

before  his  return  to  England 18  May, 

[Maj.  John  Andr6  was  the  chief  inventor  of  the 
pageant,  which  consisted  of  a  regatta  on  the  Dela- 
ware river,  a  tournament,  grand  ball,  and  supper; 
and  concluded  with  a  great  display  of  fireworks.] 

Affair  at  Barren  hill .20  May, 

British  raid  in  Warren  and  Bristol,  R.  1 25  May, 

Col.  Ethan  Allen,  released  from  imprisonment,  returns 
to  Bennington,  Vt 31  May, 

Count  Pulaski  raises  a  legion  in  Maryland 

Earl  of  Carlisle,  George  Johnstone,  and  William  Eden 
appointed  peace  commissioners  to  America,  with 
prof.  Adam  Ferguson  as  secretary ;  on  reaching  Phil- 
adelphia they  address  a  letter  to  Congress  (see  below, 
11  Aug.)  .  .'. 10  June, 

British  evacuate  Philadelphia  and  retire  across  the 
Delaware  into  New  Jersey 18  June, 

Americans  break  camp  at  Valley  Forge  and  follow, 

18  June, 
Sixth  Continental  Congress  adjourns,  272  days'  session, 

27  June, 

Battle  of  Monmouth  Court-house,  N.  J.,  British 
retreat 28  June, 

"  Molly  Pitcher  "  commissioned  sergeant  by  Washing- 
ton for  bravery  at  Monmouth 29  June, 

Seventh  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Philadelphia, 

[Henry  Laurens,  S.  C,  president.]     ^  "^^^y* 

Massacre  of  inhabitants  in  Wyoming  Valley,  Pa.,  by 
Indians  and  Tories 4  July, 

Expedition  from  Virginia  under  maj.  George  Roger 
Clarke  captures  the  British  fort  at  Kaskaskia  (Illi- 
nois)   4  July, 

Articles  of  Confederation  signed  by  delegates  from  8 
states — New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  New  York, Virginia, 
and  South  Carolina 9  Jul}', 

Delegates  from  North  Carolina  sign  them.  .  ,  .21  July, 

Delegates  from  Georgia  sign  them 24  July, 

Francis  Hopkinson  elected  treasurer  of  loans  by  Con- 
gress  27  July, 

French  fleet,  under  count  D'Estaing,  enters  Narragan- 
sett  bay 29  July, 


832 


1777 


1778 


UNI 

M.  Gerard,  minister  from  France  to  America,  received 
in  Congress 6  Aug.  177»i 

Congress  rejects  the  bills  of  Parliament,  and  refuses  to 
negotiate  with  Great  Britain  until  lier  fleets  and  ar-, 
mies  are  withdrawn,  and  she  acknowledges  the  in- 
dependence of  the  colonies 11  Aug. 

Gen.  Charles  Lee  by  court-martial  for  disobedience, 
misbehavior,  and  disrespect  to  Washington,  sus- 
pended from  command  for  one  year 12  Aug. 

Battle  of  Rhode  Island 29  Aug. 

Americans  evacuate  Rhode  Island  30  Aug.,  and  British 
occupy  Newport 31  Aug. 

British  under  gen.  Grey  burn  Bedford  village,  in  Dart- 
mouth, Mass.,  and  70  American  vessels  lying  at  the 
wharfs 5  Sept. 

Benjamin  Franklin  appointed  minister  to  the  court  of 
France 14  Sept. 

Territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio,  occupied  for  Virginia 
by  maj.  Clarke,  is  constituted  a  county  of  Virginia 
by  the  assembly,  and  named  Illinois Oct. 

Congress  advises  the  several  states  to  take  measures  for 
the  suppressing  of  "  theatrical  entertainments,  horse- 
racing,  gaming,  and  such  other  diversions  as  are  pro- 
ductive of  idleness,  dissipation,  and  general  depravity 
of  principles  and  manners" 12  Oct. 

Massacre  by  Indians  and  Tories  at  Cherry  Valley, 
N.  Y 10  Nov. 

Delegates  from  New  Jersey  sign  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation   26  Nov. 

John  Jay  of  New  York  chosen  president  of  Congress, 

10  Dec.    '^ 

British  troops  under  Howe  capture  Savannah ;  the 
Americans  retreat  across  the  Savannah  river 
(Georgia) 29  Dec.    " 

Thomas  Hutchins  of  New  Jersej'  appointed  "  geogra- 
pher-general of  the  United  States  "  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, which  office  he  holds  until  his  death  at  Pitts- 
burg, 28  Apr.  1789 '<    ] 

Northern  American  army  hutted  in  cantonments  from 
Danbury,  Conn.,  to  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  for  the 
winter 1778-79' 

First  society  of  Universalists  in  the  U.  S.  organized  at 
Gloucester,  Mass 1  Jan.  1779" 

Maj.-gen.  Benjamin  Lincoln,  commanding  the  south- 
ern forces,  establishes  his  first  post  at  Purysburg, 
on  the  Savannah  river " 

Congress  calls  upon  the  states  fur  their  quotas  of 
$15,000,000  for  the  year,  and  #6,000,000  aniuially 
for  18  years  to  follow  as  a  sinking-fund 2  Jan.    "    j 

Vincennes,  Ind.,  captured  by  the  British Jan.     "    I 

British  under  gen.  McLane  take  possession  of  Castine 
(Maine) 12  Jan.    *' 

British  under  maj.  Gardiner  driven  from  Port  Roval 
island  by  gen.  Moultrie  (South  Carolina),  3  Feb.    " 

Franklin  commissioned  sole  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  France,  and  Adams  recalled Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Kettle  Creek,  Ga.,  American  victory,  14  Feb.    " 

Americans  under  maj.  Clarke  capture  Vincennes,  20  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Brier  Creek,  Ga.,  British  victory.  .  .  .3  Mch.    " 

Salt  works  at  Horseneck,  Conn.,  destroved  by  gen. 
Tryon '.  .  .  .26  Mch.    " 

American  ministers  recalled,  except  at  Versailles  and 
Madrid Apr.    " 

Articles  of  Confederation  signed  by  Thomas  McKean 
of  Delaware,  12  Feb.,  and  by  John  Dickinson  of 
Delaware 5  May,    " 

Americans  repulsed  at  Stono  Ferry,  S.  C 20  June,    " 

Spain  declares  war  against  Great  Britain June,    " 

British  under  Tryon  plunder  New  Haven,  5  July,  and 
burn  Fairfield,  8  July,  and  Norwalk 12  -July,    " 

Americans  under  Wavne  take  bv  storm  Fort  Stony  \ 

Point,  N.Y .' .' 16  July,     " 

Expedition  against  the  British  at  fort  Castine,  Me., 
repulsed 25  Juljs 

American  fleet  arrive  at  Penobscot,  25  July,  and  are 
dispersed  by  British  fleet  (Maine) 13  Aug. 

Congress  agrees  to  a  basis  of  terms  for  a  peace  with 
Great  Britain 14  Aug. 


UNI 

Gen.  Sullivan's  campaign  against  the  Six  Nations;  the 
Indian  villages  of  the  Genesee  valley  destroyed 
(New  York) July-Sept. 

British  fleet  at  Tybee  captured  by  count  D'Estaing 
(Georgia) 3  Sept. 

Congress  votes  thanks  and  a  gold  medal  to  maj.  Lee, 
for  surprising  and  capturing  (19  Aug.)  the  British 
garrison  at  Paulus's  Hook Sept. 

Congress  guarantees  the  Floridas  to  Spain  if  she  takes 
them  from  Great  Britain,  provided  the  U.  S.  should 
enjoy  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  river, 

17  Sept. 

Naval  engagement  off  Flaraborough  Head,  Engl. ;  the 
Bonhomme  Richard  (American),  Paul  Jones  com- 
mander, captures  the  British  gun-ship  Serapis  (Na- 
val BATTLES  of  the  U.  S.) 23  Sept. 

John  Jay  appointed  minister  to  Spain,  and  John  Adams 
to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Great  Britain.  .  .27  Sept. 

Samuel  Huntington  of  Connecticut  chosen  president  of 
Congress 28  Sept. 

Siege  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  by  Americans  and  French, 
fails;  Pulaski  killed  (Georgia) 23  Sept.-9  Oct. 

A  company  of  British  regulars  and  4  armed  vessels  in 
the  Ogeechee  river,  Ga.,  surrenders  to  Col.  White, 

1  Oct. 

British  evacuate  Rhode  Island 11-25  Oct. 

M.  Gerard  succeeded  by  the  Chevalier  de  la  Luzerne 
as  minister  from  France  to  the  U.  S 17  Nov. 

American  army  winters  at  Morristown Dec. 

Gen.  Clinton  sails  from  New  York  against  Charleston, 

26  Dec. 

Washington  reprimands  gen.  Arnold,  by  order  of  Con- 
gress, for  misconduct   charged  by  the   council  of 

Philadelphia Jan. 

[Arnold  had  been  already  for  months  in  secret  cor- 
respondence with  maj.  Andre  of  gen.  Clinton's  stafiF.] 

Gen.  Charles  Lee  dismissed  from  the  army.  .  .  .10  Jan. 

Legislature  of  New  York  empowers  its  delegates  to  cede 
to  Congress  a  portion  of  its  western  territory  for  the 
common  benefit 19  Feb. 

Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  the  first  in  the  U.  S.,  chartered 
and  located  at  Philadelphia 1  Mch. 

Congress  sends  gen.  Gates  to  succeed  Baron  de  Kalb, 
who,  by  the  surrender  of  gen.  Lincoln,  had  been  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  south Mch. 

Gen.  Clinton  lays  siege  to  Charleston 10  Apr. 

Battle  at  Monk's  Corner,  S.  C 14  Apr. 

Lafayette  rejoins  the  army,  after  a  visit  to  France, 
bringing  a  commission  from  the  French  government 
to  Washington  as  lieutenant-general  and  vice-ad- 
miral of  France,  so  that  he  may  be  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  united  forces  of  France  and  the  U.  S., 

11  May, 

Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C,  surrendered  to  capt.  Hudson  of  the 
British  navy 6  May, 

Charleston,  S.  C,  capitulates  (South  Carolina), 

12.  May, 

"Dark  day"  in  New  England  (Massachusetts), 

19  May, 

Massacre  of  Americans  under  col.  Buford  at  Waxhaw, 
on  the  North  Carolina  border,  by  British  under 
Tarlton 29  May, 

Gen.  Clinton  proclaims  South  Carolina  subject  to  Eng- 
land   3  June, 

Battle  of  Ramsour's  Mills,  N.  C 20  June, 

Battle  at  Springfield,  N.  J. ;  gen.  Clinton  burns  the 
town 23  June, 

French  army  of  6000  men,  under  Rochambeau,  reaches 
Newport  harbor,  R,  1 10  July, 

Battle  of  Rocky  Mount,  S.  C 30  July, 

Command  in  the  highlands  of  the  Hudson  with  West 
Point  given  to  gen.  Benedict  Arnold 3  Aug. 

Battle  of  Hanging  Rock,  S.  C 6  Aug. 

Battle  of  Camden,  S.  C.  ;  Gates  defeated 16  Aug. 

Battles  of  Musgrove  Mills  and  Fishing  Creek,  S.  C, 

18  Aug. 
Congress  advises  states  to  surrender  their  territorial 
claims  to  western  land  for  the  general  benefit,  6  Sept. 
27 


833 


1779 


UNI 

Maj.  John  Andre,  British  adjutant-general,  meets  Ben- 
edict Arnold  near  Stony  Point,  N.  Y.  (New  York), 

21  Sept. 

Maj.  Andre  captured  near  Tarry  town 23  Sept. 

Arnold  escapes  to  the  British  vessel  Vulture .  .  24  Sept. 

Battle  of  Charlotte,  N.  C 26  Sept. 

Andre  convicted  as  a  spy  by  military  board,  gen.  Na- 
thaniel Greene,  president,  29  Sept.,  and  hung  at  Tap- 
pan,  N.  Y , 2  Oct. 

Congress  votes  John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and 
Isaac  Van  Wart,  captors  of  Andre,  its  thanks,  a  sil- 
ver medal,  and  a  pension  of  $200  each  vearly,  for 
life '. Oct. 

Henry  Laurens,  minister  from  U.  S.,  seized  on  his  way 
to  Holland  by  a  British  frigate,  3  Sept.,  and  impris- 
oned in  the  Tower  of  London 6  Oct. 

Battle  of  King's  Mountain,  S.  C 7  Oct. 

Congress  resolves  that  western  lands  to  be  ceded  sliall 
be  formed  into  republican  states,  and  become  equal 
members  of  the  Union 10  Oct. 

Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  appointed  to  command  of  the 
armies  in  the  south,  superseding  gen.  Gates.  .14 Oct. 

Congress  sends  the  ministers  to  France  and  Spain  a 
statement  of  the  claims  of  the  U.  S.  to  lands  as  far 
as  the  Mississippi  river 17  Oct. 

Col.  John  Laurens  appointed  a  special  minister  to 
France  to  secure  a  loan Dec. 

Pennsylvania  troops  break  camp  at  Morristown,  1  Jan., 
demanding  back  pay.  Congress  appoints  a  commis- 
sion, which  accedes  to  their  demand  (Mutiny), 

1  Jan. 
Benedict  Arnold  plunders  Richmond,  Va.  .  .  .5-6  Jan. 
Robert  R.  Livingston  appointed  secretary  of  foreign 

affairs  by  Congress Tan. 

Battle  of  Cowpens,  S.  C;  American  victory.  .17  Jan. 
Mutiny  of  New  Jersey  troops  quelled  by  gen.  Robert 

Howe 23-27  Jan. 

Young's  house,  near  White  Plains,  surprised  by  British, 

2  Feb. 
Robert  Morris  appointed  superintendent  of  finances  by 

Congress 20  Feb. 

Skilful  retreat  of  Americans  under  gen.  Greene  from 
Cowpens  to  the  river  Dan,  pursued  by  Cornwallis, 

28  Jan.-13  Feb. 
[The  distance  traversed  was  over  200  miles  over 
roads  almost  impassable.] 

Delegates  from  Maryland  sign  the  Articles  of  Confed- 
eration   1  Mch. 

Final  ratification  of  Articles  of  Confederation  announced 
by  order  of  Congress 1  Mch. 

Battle  of  Guildford  Court-house,  N.  C.  . .  15  Mch. 

British  under  gens.  Phillips  and  Benedict  Arnold  oc- 
cupy Petersburg  (Virginia) 24  Apr. 

Battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill,  S.C 26  Apr. 

Union  of  Vermont  with  the  British  proposed  to  col. 
Ira  Allen  at  Isles  aux  Noix,  Canada May, 

Cornwallis  joins  Arnold  at  Petersburg,  Va .  .  .  .20  May, 

Augusta,  Ga.,  taken  by  col.  Clark,  14  Sept.  1780;  re- 
taken by  British,  17  Sept.  1780 ;  capitulates  to  Amer- 
icans., 5  June, 

Gen.  Wadsworth  captured,  and  imprisoned  at  Castine 
(Maine) 18  June, 

British  abandon  Fort  Ninety-six 21  June, 

Jonas  Fay,  Ira  Allen,  and  Bazaleel  Woodward  appoint- 
ed to  represent  the  cause  of  Vermont  in  the  Conti- 
nental Congress 22  June, 

Gen.  Lafayette  attacks  Cornwallis,  near  Green  Springs, 
Va.,  and  is  repulsed 6  July, 

Thomas  McKean  of  Delaware  elected  president  ol"  the 
Continental  Congress 10  July, 

Cornwallis  retires  with  his  army  to  Y'orktown.  .4  Aug. 

R.  R.  Livingston  appointed  secretary  of  foreign  af- 
fairs by  Congress Aug. 

Congress' requires  Vermont  to  relinquish  territory  east 
of  the  Connecticut  and  west  of  the  present  New- 
York  line  before  admission  as  a  state ..20  Aug. 

Combined  armies  of  Americans  and  French  start  for 
Yorktown,  Va.,from  the  Hudson  river 25  Aug. 


1780 


1781 


UNI 


834 


UNI 


Count  de  Grasse,  with  the  French  fleet,  arrives  in  the 
Chesapeake 80  Aug.  1781 

Lafayette  joins  French  troops  under  count  de  St. 
Simon  at  Green  Springs,  3  Sept.,  and  they  occupy 
Williamsburg,  about  15  miles  from  Yorktown..5  Sept.    " 

Bene«lict  Arnold  plunders  and  burns  New  liOndon, 
Conn.,  and  captures  Fort  Guiswoi.d 6  Sept.    " 

British  fleet  under  adm.  Graves  appears  in  the  Chesa- 
peake  7  Sept.    " 

Indecisive  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C 8  Sept.    " 

Washington  and  count  Kochambeau  reach  Williams- 
burg  14  Sept.    « 

Siege  of  Yorktown  (Virginia) 6-19  Oct.    " 

Cornwallis  surrenders  at  Yorktown 19  Oct.    " 

Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  fleet  of  35  vessels  and  7000 
troops,  arrives  at  the  Chesapeake,  24  Oct.,  and  re- 
turns to  New  York 29  Oct.    " 

Benjamin  Lincoln  appointed  secretary  of  war  by  Con- 
gress  30  Oct.    " 

John  Hanson  of  Maryland  chosen  president  of  Conti- 
nental Congress 5  Nov.    *' 

Day  of  public  thanksgiving  and  prayer  observed 
throughout  the  U.  S 13  Dec.    « 

Henry  Laurens  released  from  imprisonment  in  the 
Tower  of  London 31  Dec.    " 

Bank  of  North  America  established  at  Philadelphia 
(Banks  in  the  U.  S.) 31  Dec.    « 

Holland  recognizes  the  independence  of  U.  S.  .19  Apr.  1782 

Sir  Guy  Carleton,  appointed  to  succeed  Clinton,  lands 
in  New  York 5  May,    " 

Orders  received  by  sir  James  Wright  at  Savannah  for 
the  evacuation  of  the  province .  .14  June,    " 

Congress  adopts  a  Great  seal  for  the  U.  S.  .20  June,    " 

Savannah,  Ga.,  evacuated  by  the  British 11  July,    " 

Treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  concluded  by  Mr. 
Adams,  on  part  of  the  U.  S.,  with  Holland. .  .8  Oct.    " 

First  manufacture  of  fustians  and  jeans  in  the  U.  S. 
begins  at  Philadelphia " 

Elias  Boudinot  of  New  Jersey  chosen  president  of  the 
Continental  Congress 4  Nov.    " 

Preliminary  articles  of  peace  signed  at  Paris  by  Richard 
Oswald  for  Great  Britain,  and  by  John  Adams,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  John  Jav,  and  Henry  Laurens  for 

the  U.  S '. ' 30  Nov.    " 

■    British  evacuate  Charleston,  S.  C 14  Dec.    " 

French  army  -embarks  from  Boston  for  St.  Domingo, 
having  been  in  the  U.  S.  2  years  5  months  and  14 
days 24  Dec.    " 

Sweden  recognizes  independence  of  U.  S 5  Feb.  1783 

Denmark  recognizes  independence  of  U.  S,  .  .  .25  Feb.    " 

Congress  being  unable  to  paj'  either  officers  or  men  of 
the  array,  an  anonymous  address  is  circulated,  11 
Mch.  1783,  advising  the  army  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  to 
enforce  its  claims.  The  situation  is  critical,  but 
Washington,  by  an  admirable  address,  obtains  from 
the  officers  a  declaration  of  confidence  in  Congress 

and  the  country , 15  Mch.    " 

[The  author  of  the  "Anonymous  Address"  was 
maj.  John  Armstrong,  afterwards  secretary  of  war.] 

Congress  grants  5  years'  full  pay  to  officers  in  lieu  of 
half-pay  for  life,  'promised  21  Oct.  1780 22  Mch.    " 

Spain  recognizes  independence  of  U.  S. . . .    .24  Mch.    " 

Congress  ratifies  the  preliminary  treaty  with  Great 

Britain 15  Apr.    " 

n[  Congress  proclaims  a  cessation  of  hostilities,  11  Apr. 
1783,  which  is  read  to  the  army 19  Apr.    " 

Constitution  for  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  fo/med 
at  the  army  quarters  on  the  Hudson  river.  .13  May,    " 

First  vessel  to  carry  the  flag  of  the  U.  S.  to  a  Russian 
port  enters  Riga 1  June,    *' 

Washington  writes  on  the  situation  to  each  of  the 

state  governors 8  June,    " 

Seventh  Continental  Congress  adjourns ;  session,  1816  days, 

21  June,    « 
[The  longest  session  ever  held  in  the  U.  S.] 

£/ghth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Princeton, 

[Elias  Boudinot  president.]  30  June, 


Independence  of  the  U.  S.  recognized  by  Russia.  .July,  1783 
Definitive  treaty  signed  by  David  Hartley  on  the  part 
^.      of  Great  Britain,  and  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  John 
Adams,  and  John  Jay  on  the  part  of  the  U.  S.,  3  Sept.    " 
Washington  issues  his  "Farewell  Address  to  the  Army" 

from  Rocky  Hill,  near  Princeton,  N.  J 2  Nov.    " 

Thomas  Mifflin  of  Pennsylvania  chosen  president  of 

the  Continental  Congress 3  Nov.    " 

By  general  order  of  Congress,  proclaimed  18  Oct.,  the 
army  is  disbanded,  a  small  force  remaining  at  West 

Point 3  Nov.    " 

Eighth  Continental  Congress  adjourns;  127  days'  session, 

4  Nov.    " 
British  evacuate  New  York  city 25  Nov.    " 

Ninth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Annapolis,  Md., 

[Thomas  Mifflin  president.]  ^^  ^^'^' 

Gen.  Washington  bids  farewell  to  his  officers  at 
Fraunce's  tavern,  cor.  Pearl  and  Broad  sts.,  New 
York  city 4  Dec.    " 

British  evacuate  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  (with- 
drawing their  last  armed  man  sent  for  the  purpose 
of  reducing  the  colonies  to  subjection) 4  Dec.    " 

Washington  resigns  his  commission  as  commander-in- 
chief  at  tlie  State-house,  Annapolis,  Md.,  and  retires 
to  Mount  Vernon 23  Dec.    " 

Congress  ratifies  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace..  14  Jan.  1784 

Congress  accepts  cession  of  northwest  territory  by 
Virginia  ;  deed  signed  by  Virginia  delegates .  1  Mch.    " 

American  Daily  Advertiser,  first  daily  newspaper  in 
America,  issued  at  Philadelphia  by  Benjamin 
Franklin  Bache " 

Fiscal  affairs  of  the  U.  S.  placed  in  the  hands  of  3 
commissioners  appointed  to  succeed  Robert  Morris. .    " 

John  Jay  appointed  secretary  of  foreign  affairs  in  place 

of  Livingston,  resigned Mch.    " 

Ninth  Continental  Congress  adjourns;  189  days'  session, 

3  June,    " 

(ieneral  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  cedes  her  western 
lands  to  the  U.  S.  on  condition  of  acceptance  within 
2  years,  Apr.  1784,  but  repeals  the  act 22  Oct.    " 

Washington  makes  a  tour  of  the  western  country  to 
ascertain  bj'  what  means  it  could  be  most  effectually 
bound  to  the  Union " 

Tenth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 

1  Nov.    " 
Richard  Henry  Lee  of  Virginia  chosen  president  of 

Continental  Congress 30  Nov.    " 

Tenth  Continental  Congress  adjourns;  54  days'  session, 

24  Dec.    « 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  organized  at  a  Christmas 
conference  in  Baltimore,  Md. .  .24  Dec.  1784-2  Jan.  1785 

Eleventh  Continental  Congress  meets  at  New  York, 

[Richard  H.  Lee  president.] 
Gen.  Henry  Knox  appointed  sec.  of  war  with  added 

duties  of  sec.  of  navy 8  Mch.    " 

[  He  was  continued  sec.  of  war  under  Washington's 

administration  until  1795.] 
Franklin,  minister  to  France,  obtains  leave  to  return; 

Jefferson  is  appointed 10  Mch.    " 

Dispute  between  the  U.  S.  and  Spain  on  uavigation-of 

the  Mississippi  river  and   the   boundaries   of  the 

Floridas " 

City  directory  of  Philadelphia,  first  in  America,  pub,  .    " 
Massachusetts  cedes  to  the  U.  S.  her  claims  to  lands 

west  of  the  Niagara  river,  in  accordance  with  an  act 

of  legislature  of  13  Nov.  1784 19  Apr.    " 

John   Adams  appointed   minister   plenipotentiary'  to 

Great  Britain,  24  Feb.,  and  received  at  the  court  of 

George  III 1  June,    " 

Don  Diego  Gardoqui,  minister  from  Spain  to  the  U.  S., 

recognized  by  Congress '. 2  July,    " 

First  Episcopal  ordination  held  in  the  U.  S.,  that  of 

rev.  Ashbel  Baldwin  at  Middletown,  Conn. .  .3  Aug.    " 
Treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  concluded  between  the 

king  of  Prussia  and  the  U.  S.,  and  signed  by  Thomas 


UNI  835 

Jefferson  at  Paris,  28  July,  Benjamin  Franklin  at 

Pas.sy,  9  July,  and  J.  Adams  at  London 5  Aug.  1785 

Franklin  returns  to  Philadelphia  from  France,  after  an 

absence  of  9  years,  landing 13  Sept.    " 

State  of  Frankland  formed  from  western  lands  of 

North  Carolina Nov.     " 

Eleventh  Continental  Congress  adjourns;  298  days'  session, 

4  Nov.    " 
Twelfth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  New  York, 

7  Nov.    " 

John   Hancock  of  Massachusetts  chosen  president  of 

the  Continental  Congress 23  Nov.    " 

[Did  not  serve  owing  to  continued  illness.] 

James  Rumsey  succeeds  in  propelling  a  boat  by  steam 
and  machinery  on  the  Potomac Mch.  1786 

First  spinning-jenny  in  the  U.  S.  put  in  operation  by 
Daniel  Jackson  of  Providence,  R.  I " 

Nathaniel  Gorham  chosen  president  of  the  Continental 
Congress 6  June,    " 

Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  dies  at  Mulberry  Grove,  14 
miles  from  Savannah,  Ga 19  June,    " 

Ordinance  establishing  the  coinage  passed Aug.    " 

Delegates  from  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  New 
Jersey,  and  New  York,  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  consider 
the  condition  of  the  nation,  and  request  all  the  states 
to  send  delegates  to  a  convention  at  Philadelphia  in 
May  following II  Sept.    " 

Connecticut  makes  a  qualified  cession  to  the  U.  S.  of 
all  territory  south  of  41°  N.  lat.,  and  west  of  a  line 
120  miles  west  of  Pennsylvania 14  Sept.    " 

Shays's  rebellion  in  Massachusetts '* 

Ordinance  establishing  a  U.  S.  mint  passed  by  Con- 
gress  16  Oct.    " 

Twelfth  Continental  Congress  adjourns ;  362  days'  session, 

3  Nov.    " 
Thirteenth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  New  York, 

6  Nov.    " 

Arthur  St.  Clair  of  Pennsylvania  chosen  president  of 
Congress 2  Feb.  1787 

Congress  advises  the  states  to  send  delegates  to  a  con- 
vention in  Philadelphia  to  revise  the  Articles  of 
Confederation,  to  meet  14  May  (Constitution  of 
THK  United  States) 21  Feb.    " 

Congress  by  ordinance  provides  government  for  the 
territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio  (now  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan,  and  Wisconsin), ......  .13  July,    " 

Treaty  between  the  U.  S.  and  the  emperor  of  Morocco, 
negotiated  Jan.  1787  by  John  Adams  and  Thomas 
Jefferson,  is  ratified  by  Congress 18  July,    " 

South  Carolina  cedes  to  the  U.  S.  her  claims  to  a  strip 
12  miles  wide,  west  of  a  line  from  the  head  of  the 
Tugaloo  river  to  the  North  Carolina  border,  9  Aug.    " 

Delegates  to  the  convention  sign  the  Constitution, 

17  Sept.    " 

Manufacture  of  cotton  first  attempted  in  the  U.  S.  at 
Beverly,  Mass " 

Manufacture  of  salt  from  the  Onondaga  springs  at 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  began " 

Ship  Columbia,  capt.  John  Kendrick,  and  the  sloop 
Washington,  capt.  Robert  Gray,  sail  from  Boston  for 
the  northwest  coast,  where  they  exchange  ships, 
and  Gray  proceeds  to  Canton  on  his  way  around 

the  world '.30  Sept.    " 

Thirteenth  Continental  Congress  adjourns ;  359  days'  ses- 
sion   30  Oct.    " 

Fourteenth  Continental  Congress  meets  at  New  York, 

5  Nov.    « 

Spanish  intrigues  in  Kentucky 1788 

Cyrus  Griffin  of  Virginia  chosen  president  of  Conti- 
nental Congress 22  Jan.    " 

Method  for  putting  the  new  government  into  opera- 
tion reported  by  the  committee  adopted  by  Con- 
gress (Constitution), 13  Sept.    " 

Fom-teenth  and  last  Continental  Congress  adjourns;  353 
days'  session  .  ^ .  .  21  Oct.    " 

Electors  in  the  several  states  vote  for  president  and 
vice-president Feb.  1789 


UNI 


History  knows  of  few  bodies  more  remarkable  than  the 
Continental  Congress.  It  is  often  compared  with  the  Long 
Parliament  of  Charles  I.  and  the  French  National  Assembly. 
Coming  together  at  first  as  a  gathering  for  consultation,  the 
delegates  had  boldly  seized  the  reins  of  power,  assumed  the 
leadership  of  the  insurgent  states,  issued  bills  of  credit,  raised 
armies,  declared  independence,  negotiated  foreign  treaties, 
carried  the  nation  through  seven  years  of  war;  finally,  had 
extorted  from  a  powerful  ruling  government  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  authority  so  daringly  assumed  and  so  indomita- 
bly maintained.  But  its  career  was  not  destined  to  end  glo- 
riously. Its  decline  began  during  the  war.  Exhausted  by 
its  early  efforts,  smitten  with  poverty,  insdvent  almost  from 
the  beginning,  pensioner  on  the  bounty  of  France,  without 
sympathy  at  home  or  abroad,  unable  to  fulfil  the  treaties  it 
had  made,  issuing  fruitless  requisitions  which  it  had  no  power 
to  enforce,  vainly  begging  for  more  authority  to  prolong  its 
existence — even  while  all  eyes  were  turned  towards  the  rising 
splendors  of  the  new  government,  with  hardly  a  respectful 
word  uttered  in  its  belialf  or  a  recollection  of  the  incompara- 
ble good  wrought  in  its  early  days,  the  Continental  Congress 
passed  into  history. 

Under  the  Constitution. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  takes  effect  in 
the  11  states  which  Jiave  ratified  it,  forming  a  nation 
of  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Georgia, 
Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  South  Caro- 
lina, New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  and  New  York, 

4  Mch.  1789 

First   Administration  — Federal.     4  Mch.  1789  to  3 

Mch.  1793. 
Seat  of  Government,  New  York  city,  1789,  and  Phila- 
delphia from  6  Dec.  1790. 

George  Washington,  Va.,  president. 
John  Adams,  Mass.,  vice-president. 
cabinet. 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  from  21  Mch.  1790. 
Alexander  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.  from  11  Sept.  1789. 
Henry  Knox,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  from  12  Sept,  1789. 
Edmund  Randolph,  Va.,  attorney-gen.,  from  26  Sept.  1789. 

Samuel  Osgood,  Mass.,  postmaster-gen.  from  26  Sept.  1789. 
Timothy  Pickering,  Mass.,  postmaster-gen.  from  12  Aug.  1791. 
[The  postmaster-gen.  not  a  member  of  the  cabinet 
until  1829.     Cabinet  council.] 

First  Congress,  First  Session,  meets,  New  York.. 6  Apr.  1789 
Speaker  of  the  House,  F.  A.  Muhlenberg,  Pa. 
Electoral  vote  counted.     George  Washington  of  Va. 
receives  the  entire  electoral  vote,  69,  and  is  chosen 
president;  and  John  Adams  of  Mass.  receives  34 

votes  and  becomes  vice-president 6  Apr.  *' 

President  takes  the  oath  of  office,  New  York. .  .30  Apr.  " 

First  tariff  bill  passes  (Tariff) 4  July,  " 

Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  organized...  .27  July,  " 

This  name  is  changed  to  State  department.  ..15  Sept.  " 

Act  organizing  the  War  (and  Navy) department,  7  Aug.  " 

Treasury  department  organized 2  Sept.  '* 

Post-office  department  temporarily  established.  22  Sept.  " 

Office  of  attorney-general  organized 24  Sept.  " 

Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.  established,  with  John 

Jay  of  N.  Y.  as  chief-justice Sept.  " 

XII.  Amendments  to  the  Constitution  agreed  upon, 
and  submitted  to  the  states  for  ratification  .25  Sept.  " 
[Ten  of  these  ratified,  taking  effect  15  Dec.  1791.] 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  Va.,  the  minister  to  France,  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state 26  Sept.  " 

First  Session  adjourns 29  Sept.  " 

President  visits  northern  and  eastern  states. .  .15  Oct,  " 

North  Carolina  ratifies  the  Constitution 21  Nov,  " 

John  Fenno's  Gazette  of  the  United  States  began  (sup- 
ports the  principles  of  the  Federalist) " 

Second  Session  meets,  New  York 4  Jan.  1790 

First  annual  message  from  the  president "  " 

Secretary  Hamilton  reports  on  the  public  debt. .  14  Jan.  " 
[He   proposed  that  the   government   (1)    fund 


UNI 


886 


UNI 


and  pay  the  foreign  debt  of  the  Confederation 
(f  I2,00(),00()) ;  (2)  fund  and  pay  the  domestic  debt 
($40,000,(HX)) ;  (3)  assume  anil  pay  the  unpaid  war 
debt  ($21,500,000)  of  the  states.  The  last  proposi- 
tion was  strongly  opposed,  but  was  finally  carried  : 
Senate,  14  to  12;  House,  34  to  28.] 

An  act  ordering  a  census  passed 1  Mch.  1790 

Franklin  dies  at  Philadelphia,  aged  84 17  Apr.    " 

Rhode  Island  ratifies  the  Constitution 29  May,    '• 

[The  last  of  the  13  colonies.] 
An  act  passed  by  32  to  29 — House — authorizing  the 
acquisition  of  the  District  of  Columbia  for  the 

seat  of  government 10  July,    " 

First  mechanical  patent  issued  to  Samuel  Hopkins  for 

making  potash  and  pearlash 31  July,    " 

First  national  census  begun;   population  enumerated 

as  of 1  Aug.    '* 

Treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians 7  Aug.    " 

Tariff  bill  amended  by  increasing  duties 10  Aug.    " 

Capt.  Robert  Gray,  in  the  Columbia,  returns  to  Boston 
from  his  voyage  around  the  world  (see  1787),  10  Aug.    " 
[The  first  American  ship  to  sail  around  the  world.] 

Second  Session  adjourns 12  Aug.    " 

Gen.  Harmar's  and  col.  Hardin's  expedition  against  the 
Indians  defeated  in  northwestern  Ohio.  .17-20  Oct.    " 

Third  Session,  Philadelphia,  opens 6  Dec.     " 

Act  incorporating  Bank  of  the  United  States.  ..8  Feb.  1791 
[Bank  to  be  at  Philadelphia;  might  establish 
branches;   chartered  for  20  years;    capital,  $10,- 
000,000.] 

"Vermont,  the  14th  state,  admitted 18  Jan.    " 

An  act  taxing  imported  spirits,  with  new  duty  on  do- 
mestic spirits " 

First  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

[An  able  Congress.  In  2  years  it  provided  a  com- 
petent revenue,  funded  the  public  debt,  and  gave  the 
young  nation  a  respectable  standing  in  the  world.] 
Great  Britain  appoints  her  first  minister,  George  Ham- 
mond, to  the  U.  S 7  Aug.    " 

Second  Congress,  First  Session,  opens  at  Philadel- 
phia  ^4  Oct.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Jonathan  Trumbull  of  Conn, 
Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair's  expedition  against  the  Indians 

of  Ohio  surprised  and  routed 4  Nov.    " 

Philip  Freneau's  National  Gazette  started  at  Philadel- 
phia in-i,he  interest  of  the  Republican  party " 

Congress  grants  a  bounty  for  fishing- vessels. .  ,16  Feb.  1792 

Post-office  department  reorganized 20  Feb.    " 

U.  S.  Mint  established  (Coin) 2  Apr,    *' 

Apportionment  act,  gives  one  representative  to  33,000 

inhabitants ;  105  in  all 14  Apr.    " 

TariflF  amended 2  May,    " 

Laws  organizing  the  militia..  , 8  May,    " 

First  Session  adjourns "  " 

Capt.  Robert  Gray,  in   the   Columbia,  discovers  the 
mouth  (lat.  46°  10'  N.)  of  the  river  Columbia,  11  May,    " 

[This  discovery  strengthened  the  U.  S.  claim  to 
the  Oregon  territory.] 

Kentucky  admitted  (the  15th  state) 1  June,    " 

Second  Session  opens  at  Philadelphia 5  Nov.     " 

Second  presidential  election 6  Nov.    " 

President's  salary  fixed  at  $25,000 8  Feb.  1793 

Electoral  count 13  Feb.    " 

[George  Washington  of  Va.  received  132  electoral 
votes  (all) ;  John  Adams  of  Mass.  77  votes ;  and 
George  Clinton,  opposition,  50.  ] 
Second  Congress  adjourns 2  Mch.    " 

Second  Administration— Pederal.    4  Mch.  1793  to  3 

Mch.  1797. 
Seat  of  Govemment,  Philadelphia,  Pa, 

George  Washington,  Va,,  president, 
John  Adams,  Mass.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  continued  from  1790  to 
1793.     Resigns. 


Edmund  Randolph,  Va.,   sec,  of  state,  from  2    Jan.   1794. 

Resigns. 
Timothy  Pickering,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  from  10  Dec.  1795. 
Alexander  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued  from  U 

Sept.  1789.     Resigns. 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Conn.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  2  Feb.  1795. 
Henry  Knox,  Mass,,  sec.  of  war,  continued  from  12  Sept,  1789. 

Resigns. 
Timothy  Pickering,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  from  2  Jan.  1795. 
James  McIIenry,  Md,,  sec.  of  war,  from  27  Jan.  1796. 
Edmund  Randolph,  Va.,  attorney- gen.,  continued   from  26 

Sept.  1789.     Resigns. 
William  Bradford,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  from   8   Jan.  1794. 

Dies  in  office. 
Charles  Lee,  Va.,  attorney-gen.,  10  Dec.  1795. 

Timothy    Pickering,  Mass.,  postmaster- gen.,  continued   from 

1791. 
Joseph  Habersham,  Ga.,  postmaster-gen.  from  25  Feb.  1795. 
"  Citizen  "  Genet  of  France,  as  minister  to  the  U.  S., 
arrives  at  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  warmly  received, 

9  Apr.  1793 
Eli  Whitney  invents  the  cotton-gin;   marked  effect 

on  slavery '« 

President  issues  his  celebrated  proclamation  of  neu-         J 
trality  (severely  criticised  by  the  opposition), 

22  Apr.    " 
French  government  directs  the  seizure  of  vessels  car- 
rying supplies  to  an  enemy's  port 9  May,    " 

Great  Britain  orders  her  ships  of  war  to  stop  all.vess^ls 
laden  with  French  supplies  and  turn  them  into 

British  ports 8  June,    " 

Minister  Genet's  recall  asked  for  by  the  government, 

•   Aug,    " 
Corner-stone  of  the  U,  S.  Capitol  laid  by  Washington, 

18  Sept,    " 
Followers  of  Jefferson  begin  to  assume  the  name  of 
Republicans,  in  opposition  to  the  Federalists,  under 
leadership  of  Alexander  Hamilton " 

Third  Congress,  First  Session,  opens  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa 2  Dec.    « 

Speaker  of  the  House,  F.  A.  Muhlenberg,  Pa. 

Thomas  Jefferson  retires  from  State  department.  .Dec.  '* 
[A  place  he  could  no  longer  consistently'  hold, 
owing  to  his  opposition  to  the  administration,  an 
opposition  which,  aided  by  dissensions  among  the 
Federalists  themselves,  finally  resulted  in  that 
party's  overthrow,] 

An  Amendment  (XI,)  to  the  Constitution  approved  by 
Congress,  securing  states  against  suits  in  the  U,  S. 

courts 6  Mch.  1794 

[Declared  in  force,  8  Jan.  1798.] 

Act  authorizing  the  construction  of  6  ships  of  war.  the 

foundation  of  the  U.  S.  navy 11  Mch.    " 

[Three  44  guns ;  three  38  guns.  Of  these,  3  were 
finally  finished:  Constitution,  44  guns,  at  Boston, 
launched  20  Sept.  1797 ;  United  States,  44  guns,  at 
Philadelphia,  launched  10  July,  1797 ;  and  Constel- 
lation, 38  guns,  at  Baltimore,  7  Sept.  1797.] 

An  act  is  passed  forbidding  any  American  vessel  to 
supply  slaves  to  another  nation,  under  penalty 
of  forfeiture  of  the  vessel  and  fine  of  $2000, 

22  Mch,    " 

In  retaliation  against  England,  an  embargo  is  laid  on 
all  shipping,  continued  for  60  days 26  Mch.    '* 

Senate  ceases  to  sit  with  closed  doors 27  Mch.    " 

President  nominates  John  Jay^  as  envoy  extraor- 
dinary to  England,  with  a  view  to  a  treaty, 

16  Apr.    '« 

Gouverneur  Morris  recalled  as  minister  to  France, 
and  James  Monroe  appointed 27  May,    " 

An  act  relating  to  neutrality  passed 5  June,    " 

[This  was  necessary  because  popular  sympathy 
with  the  French  and  the  French  minister  Genet 
threatened  to  embroil  the  country  with  Eng- 
land.] 

Post-office  department  permanently  established " 


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837 


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Tariff  act  of  1792  further  amended  by  increasing  the 

ad  valorem  rates  of  duty 7  June,  1794 

First  Session  adjourns 9  June,     " 

Whiskey  insurrection  in  western  Pennsylvania, 

July-Nov.    " 

Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  defeats  the  Indians  near  Mauraee 
Rapids,  in  Ohio 20  Aug.    " 

French  minister  Fanchet's  despatch,  supposed  to  com- 
promise Edmund  Randolph,  sec.  of  state,  intercept- 
ed by  the  British,  and  shown  to  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment ;  Randolph  resigns " 

Second  Session  opens  at  Philadelphia,  Pa 3  Nov.    " 

Draft  of  treaty  with  England  agreed  to  by  John  Jay, 
special  envoy ' 19  Nov.    " 

Stringent  naturalization  law  passed,  requiring  renun- 
ciation of  titles  of  nobility 29  Jan.  1795 

Act  passed  for  gradual  redemption  of  public  debt.  ...     " 

.  Hamilton,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  resigns Jan.    '* 

Third  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

President  calls  the  Senate  together  to  consider  the 

Jay  treaty  with  England 8  June,    "  1/ 

[Senate  favored  it  by  a  two-thirds  majority;  vio- 
lent popular  remonstrances  against  it.] 

Washington  signs  the  treaty 14  Aug. 

Gen.  Wayne's  treaty  with  the  Ohio  Indians  at  Green- 
ville; they  cede  25,000  sq.  miles 3  Aug. 

Treaty  with  Algiers  to  ransom  prisoners  taken  by  cor- 
sairs, and  to  pay  annual  tribute  of  $23,000  to  the 
dey 5  Sept. 

Treaty  with  Spain,  opening  the  Mississippi  and  estab-      I  / 
lishing  boundaries 20  Oct.    "  V 

Fourth  Congress,  First  Session,  opens  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa 7  Dec.     " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Jonathan  Dayton  of  N.  J., 
Federalist. 

Proclamation  of  the  Jay  treaty 1  Mch.  1796 

House  demands  the  papers  relating  to  the  Jay  treaty, 

24  Mch.    <' 
[President  declined,  the  House  being  no  part  of 
the  treaty-making  power.  J 
Jefferson  writes  the  famous  "Mazzei  letter," 

about  21  Apr.    " 
[The  publication  of  this  letter,  about  a  year  later, 
severs  all  friendly  relations  between  Washington  and 
Jefferson.] 
Fisher  Ames's  speech  before  the  House  on  the  Jay 

treaty  with  England 28  Apr.    " 

["The  most  eloquent  speech  ever  heard  in  Con- 
gress by  his  generation."— /S'cAow/er'*  "  Hist.  U.  S.," 
vol.  i.  p.  313.'] 

House  agrees  to  sustain  Jay's  treaty 3.0  Apr.    '* 

Tennessee  admitted  (the  16th  state) 1  June,    '• 

First  Session  adjourns "        '• 

New  treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians 29  June,    '•  i, 

Washington's  "  Farewell  Address  "  issued,  refusing  to 

accept  office  again 19  Sept.    " 

Charles  C.  Pinckney  succeeds  James  Monroe  as  minis- 
ter to  I'rance Sept.    " 

Third  presidential  election 8  Nov.    " 

[Federals,  John  Adams,  Mass.,  and  Thomas  Pinck- 
ney, S.  C. ;  Republicans,  Thomas  Jeffersoti,  Va.,  and 
Aaron  Burr,  N.  Y.] 

Second  Session  opens  at  Philadelphia,  Pa 6  Dec.    " 

Congress  assembles  in  the  House  for  the  purpose  of 

counting  the  electoral  vote .....'...  .8  Feb.  1797 

[Of  the  138  votes  cast,  John  Adams  of  Mass.  re- 
ceived 71;  Thomas  Jefferson  of  Va.  68;  Thomas 
Pinckney  of  S.  C.  59;  and  Aaron  Burr,- 30.] 

[At  this  time  was  illustrated  one  .of  the  great 
faults  in  the  Constitution  relative  to  the  election  of 
president  and  vice-president  prior  to  the  Xll.th 
Amendment — Adams,  a  strong  Federalist,  president, 
and  Jefferson,  in  direct  opposition  to  that  party,  vice- 
president.]  ■, 
Charles  C.  Pinckney,  U.  S.  minister,  not  received  by 

the  French  government,  leaves  France Feb.     " 

Fourth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 


Third  Administration  —  Federal.    4  Mch.  1797  to  3 

Mch.  1801. 
Seat  of  Government,  Philadelphia,  until  1800,  then  trans- 
ferred to  Washington,  D.  C. 

John  Adams,  Mass.,  president. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Va.,  vice-president 

CABINET. 

Timothy  Pickering,Mass.,sec.o{  state,  continued  from  10  Dec. 

1795.     Resigns. 
John  Marshall,  Va.,  sec,  of  state,  from  13  May,  1800. 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Conn.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued  from  2  Feb.  1795. 
Samuel  Dexter,  Mass.,  sec.  of  treas ,  from  1  Jan.  1801. 
James  McHenry,  Md.,  sec.  of  war,  continued  from  27  Jan.  1796. 

Resigns. 
Samuel  Dexter,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  from  13  May,  1800. 
Roger  Griswold,  Conn.,  acting  sec.  of  war,  from  3  Feb.  1801. 
George  Cabot,  Mass.,  sec.  of  navy,  3  May,  1798.     Declined. 
Benjamin  Stoddert,  Md.,  sec.  of'navy,  from  3  May,  1798. 
^harles  Lee,  Va.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  10  Dec.  1795. 

Joseph  Habersham,  Ga.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  25 
Feb.  1795. 

Special  session  of  Congress  called  to  consider  the  threat- 
ening relations  with  France 25  Mch.  1797 

Fifth  Congress,  First  Se*ssion  (extra),  assembles  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa 15  May,    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Jonathan  Dayton  of  N.  J.,  Fed- 
eralist. \ 

Congress  subjects  to  a  finliof  $10,000  and  10  years' 
imprisonment  any  citizen  concerned  in  privateering 
against  a  friendly  nation 14  June,     " 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  raise  80,000  mili- 
tia for  3  months  —  the  quota  from  Tennessee,  the 
smallest,  806,  and  Massachusetts,  the  largest,  11,836, 

24  June,    « 

President  empowered  to  employ  the  frigates  Constitu- 
tion, ConsteUatio7i,an^  United  States  (see  1794),  1  July,    " 

Duties  on  stamped  vellum  parchment  and  paper,  re- 
ceipts, bonds,  bills,  insurance  policies,  certificates, etc., 
by  act  of. .  .6  July,    " 

A  duty  on  salt  levied • 8  July,    " 

Senate  expels  William  Blount  of  Tennessee ...  9  July,    " 
[Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  organized  in  the 
House  for  the  first  time  at  this  session.] 
First  Sessio7i  adjoih^s .10  July,    " 

President  appoints^ohn  Marshall  of  Va.  and  Elbridge 
Gerry  of  Mass.  with  C.  C.  Pinckney,  as  commission- 
ers to  treat  with  France ;  they  meet  at  Paris..4  Oct.    " 

[Commissioners  asked  to  bribe  members  of  French 
Directory,  but  indignantly  refuse.  Talleyrand,  the 
French  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  implicated.  Mr. 
Marshall  and  Mr.  Pinckney  ordered  out  of  France. 
C.  C.  Pinckney  declared  that  the  U.  S.  had  "  mill- 
ions for  defence,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute."] 
Second  Session  assembles  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. .  .  13  Nov.    " 

First  personal  encounter  in  Congress  between  Matthew 
Lyon  of  Vt.  and  Roger  Griswold  of  Conn. ;  the 
House  fails  to  censure  or  punish 12-15  Feb.  1798 

Mississippi  territory  organized 3  Apr.    " 

Navy  department  organized 30  Apr.    " 

Secretary  of  the  navy  appointed 3  May,    " 

Harper's  Ferry  selected  as  site  for  a  government  ar- 
mory and  manufactory 4  May,    " 

Congress  authorizes  a  Provisional  army,  and  em- 
powers the  president,  in  case  of  an. actual  declara- 
tion of  war  or  invasion,  to  enlist,  for  3  years,  10,000 
men ;  and  to  appoint  one  lieutenant-general,  to  be 
chief  commander  of  the  army,  and  one  inspector- 
general,  with  other  necessary  officers ;  all  to  remain 
in  the  service  only  so  long  as  the  president  deems 
necessary  for  the  public  safety 28  May,    " 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  instruct  command- 
ers of  ships  of  war  to  seize  French  armed  vessels 
attacking  American  merchantmen  or  hovering  about 
the  coast  for  that  purpose 28  May    " 

Song  "  Hail,  Columbia  !"  first  sung May,    " 


UNI 

Imprisonment  for  debt  abolished 6  June,  1798 

Commercial  intercourse  with  France  suspended.  12  June,    " 
Washington  accepts  appointment  as  commander-in- 
chief,  with  rank  of  lieutenant-general  (Army), 

17  June,    '* 

Uniform  rule  of  naturalization  adopted 18  June,    " 

President  announces  the  failure  of  the  commission  sent 

to  France  to  make  peace 21  June,    " 

Alien  act  passed  (Alikn  and  Sedition  law8)..25  June,    " 

All  French  treaties  declared  void 6  July,    " 

[The  tenor  of  judicial  opinion  has  been  that 
France  and  the  U.  S.  were  not  at  war,  although 
naval  engagements  took  place. — "  Narrative  and 
Critical  History  of  America,"  vol.  vii.  p.  473.] 

Marine  corps  tirst  organized  by  act  of. 11  July,    " 

Sedition  laws  passed  (Alien  and  Sedition  laws), 

14  July,    " 

Second  Sessioti  adjourns 16  July,    " 

[Jefferson  looked  anxiously  for  this  adjournment, 
as  affording  the  opposition  (of  which  he  was  the 
head)  the  only  chance  to  rally. — HUdretKs  "  U.  S.," 
vol.  V.  p.  236.] 
By  treaty  the  Cherokees  allow  a  free  passage  through 
their  lands  in  Tennessee  to  all  travellers  on  the  road 
to  Kentuckv  passing  through  Cumberland  Gap, 

2  Oct.    " 
Trial  of  Matthew  Lj'on  of  Vt.  before  judge  Patterson, 

under  the  sedition  law  (Trials) 7  Oct.    " 

Third  Session  assembles  at  Philadelphia,  Pa 3  Dec.    " 

"  Wieland,"  the  first  novel  of  Charles  Brockden  Brown, 

appears " 

U.  S.  frigate  Constellation,  com.  Thomas  Truxtun,  capt- 
ures the  French  ship  of  war  U Insurgente,  off  the 

island  of  St.  Kitts 9  Feb.  1799 

General  post-office  established  by  act  of 2  Mch.    " 

Act  to  regulate  the  collection  of  duties  and  tonnage, 

and  to  establish  ports  of  entry 2  Mch.    " 

Estimates  for  the  year  amount  to  over ,$13,000, 000. , .     " 

Fifth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Upon  assurance  from  France  that  a  representative  from 
the  U.  S.  will  be  received  with  the  "  respect  due  a 
powerful  nation,"  president  nominates  William  Van 
Murray  as  minister  to  France,  and  associates  with 
him  chief-justice  Ellsworth  of  Connecticut  and  gov. 
Davie  of  North  Carolina ;  all  are  received  by  Napo- 
leon, first  consul 30  Mch.    " 

Sixih  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa 2  Dec.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Theodore  Sedgwick,  Mass. 

John  Randolph  of  Roanoke,  Va.,  enters  Congress,  2  Dec.    " 

George  Waslungton  d .;^. ...  14  Dec.    " 

Eulogy  before  Congress  by  Henry  Lee  of  Va.  calling 
him  "First  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the 

hearts  of  his  countrymen" 26  Dec.    " 

U.  S.  frigate  Constellation,  com.  Thomas  Truxtun,  de- 
feats the  French  frigate  La  Vengeance 1  Feb.  1800 

[Congress  honored  Truxton  with  a  gold  medal.] 

General  Bankruptcy  act 4  Apr.    " 

Territory  of  Indiana  organized 7  May,    " 

Stricter  law  against  the  slave-trade 10  May,    " 

Congress  establishes  4  land  offices  for  the  sale  of  pub- 
lic lands  in  the  Northwest  territory  (Ohio)  .  10  May,    " 
First  Session  (last  meeting  in  Philadelphia)  adjourns, 

14  May,    « 
President  Adams  removes  Timothy  Pickering,  sec.  of 

state,  and  James  McHenry,  sec.  of  war May,    '• 

U.  S.  government  removes  from  Philadelphia  to  the 

new  capital,  Washington July,    " 

[One  packet-sloop  carried  from  Philadelphia  all 
the  furniture  of  the  several  departments,  together 
with  the  archives  of  the  Federal  government,  which 
filled  "  7  large  boxes  and  4  or  5  smaller  ones."] 
Frigate  George  Washington,  capt.  William  Bainbridge, 
carries  to  Algiers  the  dey's  tribute-money,  and  is 
required  to  carry  the  dey's  ambassador  to  Con- 
stantinople   Sept.    " 

[First  U.  S.  man-of-war  in  the  Bosporus.] 


838 


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Envoys  to  France  negotiate  a  convention  for  8  years, 

preventing  open  war. 30  Sept.  1800 

[Ratified  by  France,  31  July,  1801,  and  by  the 
U.  S.,  19  Dec.  1801.  Under  this  treaty  the  daims 
for  indemnity,  known  as  the  "  French  Spoliation 
Claims,"  have  been  the  subject  of  frequent  reports 
and  discussions  in  Congress,  with  no  result  until 
referred  to  the  court  of  Claims  by  the  act  of  20 
Jan.  1883.] 

Spanish  government  cedes  Louisiana  to  France  by  the 
secret  treaty  of  St.  Ildefonso 1  Oct.    " 

Fourth  presidential  election 11  Nov.    " 

[Democratic-Republican  candidates,  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson and  Aaron  Burr;  Federalists,  John  Adams  and 
Charles  C.  Pinckney.] 
Second  Session  (first  meeting  in  Washington,  D.  C), 

17  Nov.    « 

Capitol  building  burned  at  Washington 19  Jan.  1801 

John  Marshall  appointed  chief-justice 20  Jan.    "  , 

Electoral  votes  counted 11  Feb. 

[Thomas  Jefferson  received  73 ;  Aaron  Burr,  73 ; 
John  Adams,  65;  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  64;  John 
Jay,  1.  The  tie  between  Jefferson  and  Burr  re- 
mained for  the  House  of  Representatives  to  decide. 
Balloting  began  Wednesday,  Feb.  11,  and  continued 
for  7  days,  until  a  choice  was  effected.  Seats  were 
provided  for  the  president  and  Senate,  but  the  gal- 
lery was  cleared  and  the  doors  were  closed.  On  the 
first  ballot.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  aiwi 
Tennessee  voted  for  Jefferson,  while  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Khode  Island,  Connecticut,  Del- 
aware, and  South  Carolina  voted  for  Burr.  Vermont 
and  Maryland  were  divided.  104  members  were 
present.  In  the  afternoon  of  17  Feb.,  on  the  36th 
ballot,  Delaware  and  South  Carolina  cast  blanks, 
while  Vermont  and  Maryland  voted  for  Jefferson 
and  elected  him.] 

Congress  assumes  jurisdiction  over  the   District  of 
Columbia 27  Feb. 

Navy  reduced  to  13  vessels ;  the  rest  to  be  disarmed      fl 

and  sold 3  Mch. 

[Among  those  reserved  were  the  frigates  United 
States,  Constitution,  President,   Chesapeake,  Phila- 
delphia, Constellation,  Congress."] 
Sixth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Fourth  Administration— Democratic-Republican. 

4  Mch.  1801  to  3  Mch.  1805. 
Seat  of  Government  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Va.,  president. 

Aaron  Burr,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 
cabinet. 
James  Madison,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1801. 
Samuel  Dexter,  Mass.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued. 
Albert  Gallatin,  Pa,,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  15  May,  1801. 
Henry  Dearborn,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1801. 
Benjamin  Stoddert,  Md.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued. 
Robert  Smith,  Md.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  26  Jan.  1802. 
Jacob  Crowninshield,  Mass.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  2  Mch.  1805. 
Levi  Lincoln,  Mass.,  attorney-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1801. 
Robert  Smith,  Md.,  attorney-gen.,  from  2  Mch.  1805. 

Joseph  Habersham,  Ga.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued. 
Gideon  Granger,  Conn.,  postmaster-gen.  from  28  Nov.  1801. 
Three  frigates  and  one  sloop-of-war  sent  to  the  Bar- 
barv  coast  to  protect  our  commerce,  commanded  by 

com.  Richard  Dale 20  May,  1801 

Tripoli  declares  war  against  the  U.  S 10  June,    " 

Seventh  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes 7  Dec.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Nathaniel  Macon,  N.  C. 
President  Jefferson  sends  a  written  message  to  Con- 
gress and  announces  that  no  answer  is  expected. 
No  president  has  since  addressed  Congress  orally. 
Congress  appoints  John  Beckleyof  Va.  librarian,  with 
a  room  of  the  Capitol  for  the  library 26  Jan.  1802 


UNI  i 

Congress  recognizes  the  war  with  Tripoli 6  Feb.  1802 

Repeal  of  the  new  Circuit  act , 8  Mch.    " 

Congress  reduces  the  army  to  the  peace  establish- 
ment of  1796 — 1  regiment  of  artillery  and  2  of  in- 
fantry— and  organizes  a  military  academy  at  West 

Point ' '.16  Mch.    '« 

Excise  tax  repealed 16  Mch.    »* 

Naturalization  laws  of  1798  repealed  ;  those  of  1795 

restored 14  Apr.    '* 

[That  of  1795  required  5  years'  residence,  and 
application  3  years  prior  to  naturalization;  that  of 
1798  required  14  years'  residence,  and  application 
5  years  prior  to  naturalization.] 

Judicial  system  of  the  U.  S.  amended 29  Apr.    " 

Library  of  Congress  catalogued,  containing  964  vol- 
umes and  9  maps Apr.     ** 

First  Session  adjourns 3  May,    " 

Washington  incorporated  as  a  city "        " 

Ohio  adopts  a  state  constitution 29  Nov.    " 

[Political  intrigues  in  the  state  of  New  York  and 
at  Washington  against  Aaron  Burr,  destroying  his 
political  prospects,  culminated  during  1802.  "  Never 
in  the  history  of  the  United  States  did  so  powerful 
a  combination  of  rival  puliticians  unite  to  break 
down  a  single  man  as  that  which  arrayed  itself 
against  Burr;  for,  as  the  hostile  circle  gathered 
about  him,  he  could  plainly  see  Jefferson,  Madison, 
and  the  whole  Virginia  legion,  with  DeWitt  Clin- 
ton and  others  of  New  York,  and  among  them  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  joining  hands  with  his  own  bitter- 
est enemies  to  complete  the  ring  and  bring  about  his 
political  ruin." — Henry  Adamses  "  Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol. 
i.p.332.] 

Second  Session  convenes 6  Dec.    " 

Ohio  admitted  as  a  state  (the  17th) 19  Feb.  1803 

Seventh  Couf/ress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Treaty  with  France  :  the  U.  S.  purchases  Louisiana 
for  $15,000,000 30  Apr.    " 

Eighth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes 17  Oct.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Nathaniel  Macon,  N.  C. 

Senate  ratifies  the  treaty  with  France,  by  vote  of  24 
to  7 *. 20  Oct.    " 

President  authorized  by  Congress  to  take  possession 
of  Louisiana 30  Oct.    " 

Frigate  Philadelphia,  44  guns,  capt.  Bainbridge,  pur- 
suing Tripoli  tan  ship  of  war,  strikes  a  rock  in  the 
harbor  of  Tripoli  and  is  captured 31  Oct.    " 

Independence  of  Hayti  proclaimed 29  Nov.    " 

XH.th  Amendment  to  the  Constitution,  relative  to 
electing  the  president  and  vice-president,  passed  by 

the  Senate,  22  to  10 2  Dec.    " 

[By  this  amendment  the  electors  are  required  to 
ballot  separately  for  president  and  vice  -  president. 
The  election  of  1804  the  first  under  the  amendment.] 

Same  passed  by  the  House — 83  to  42 12  Dec.    " 

New  Orleans  delivered  to  the  U.  S 20  Dec.    " 

Lieut.  Stephen  Decatur,  with  the  ketch  Intrepid,  de- 
stroys the  Philadelphia  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli 
under  the  guns  of  the  castle,  without  losing  a  man, 

night  of  16  Feb.  1804 

Impeachment  of  Samuel  Chase,  associate  justice  of  the 

Supreme  court;  trial  began Feb.    " 

[Acquitted  Mch.  1805.] 

Louisiana  purchase  divided  into  the  territory  of  Or- 
leans and  the  District  of  Louisiana 26  Mch.    " 

First  Session  adjourns 27  Mch.     " 

('apt.  Meriwether  Lewis,  of  the  First  Infantry,  and 
lieut.  William  Clark,  appointed  to  explore  the 
Missouri  river  and  seek  water  communication 
with  the  Pacific  coast,  enter  the  Missouri  river, 

14  May,     " 

Burr,  vice-president,  mortally  wounds  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton in  a  duel  at  Weehawken,  N.  J.,  Hamilton  hav- 
ing fired  in  the  air  (Buhr's  conspiracy,  Duels), 

11  July,    " 

Xll.th  Amendment  being  accepted  by  two  thirds 
of  the   states  —  Massachusetts,   Connecticut,  and 


^  UNI 

Delaware  only  dissenting — is  declared  ratified, 

25  Sept.  1804 

Second  Session  convenes 4  Nov.    " 

[7  Federal  senators  and  25  representatives.] 

Fifth  presidential  election 13  Nov.    " 

Territory  of  Michigan  formed  from  Indiana.  .  .11  Jan.  1805 
[Division  to  take  place  30  June,  1805.] 

Electoral  vote  counted 13  Feb.    '* 

[For  president,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Va.,  162  votes; 
for  vice-president,  George  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  162  votes, 
both  Democratic-Republicans.  Charles  C.  Pinck- 
ney,  S.  C,  for  president,  and  Rufus  King,  N.  Y.,  for 
vice-president.  Federal,  each  receiving  14  votes.] 
Twenty-five  gunboats  ordered  for  the  protection  of 

ports  and  harbors 2  Mch.    " 

[This  measure  was  urged  by  President  Jefferson, 
but  proved  to  be  useless.] 
Genesee  and  Buffalo  Cteek,AiJ.  Y.,  made  ports  of  en- 
try  /. 3  Mch.    « 

Eighth  Congress  adjourns,  .  ,'. "         ♦» 

[With  this  Congress  closes  the  political  life  of 
Aaron  Burr.] 

Fifth  Administration  —  Democratic-Eepublican. 

4  Mch.  1806  to  3  Mch.  1809. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Va.,  president. 
George  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET, 

James  Madison,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  continued. 

Albert  Gallatin,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued. 

Jacob  Crowninshield,  Mass.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  3  Mch.  1805. 

IIen7y  Dearbo7-n,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  continued. 

Robert  Smith,  Md.,  attorney-gen.,  from  3  Mch.  1805. 

John  Breckinridge,  Ky.,  atlorney-gen.,  from  25  Dec.  1805. 

Ccesar  A.  Eodneg,  Del.,  attorney-gen.,  from  20  Jan.  1807, 

Gideon  Granger,  Conn.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued. 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Tripoli 3  June,  1805 

Abiel  Holmes's  "American  Annals"  first  pub " 

Uinth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes 2  Dec.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Nathaniel  Macon,  N.  C. 
Commission  authorized  to  lay  out  a  national  road  from 

Cumberland,  Md.,  to  the  Ohio  river 29  Mch,  1806 

First  Session  adjourns 21  Apr.    " 

Leander,  a  British  naval  vessel,  fires  into  an  Amer- 
ican coaster,  the  Richard,  off  Sandy  Hook,  and  kills 

the  helmsman 25  Apr.    " 

Great  Britain  issues  an  "  order  in  council "  declaring 
the  whole  coast  of  Europe,  from  the  Elbe  to  Brest, 

in  France,  under  blockade 16  May,    " 

Napoleon  issues  the  Berlin  Decree 21  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  convenes 1  Dec.    " 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  signed  by  commissioners, 
but  the  president  did  not  even  send  it  to  the  Senate, 

3  Dec.    « 

Aaron  Burr's  supposed  conspiracy  culminates " 

Burr  arrested   by  lieut.  Gaines,  near  fort  Stoddart, 

Ala 19  Feb.  1807 

Act  to  prohibit  import  of  slaves  from  1  Jan.  1808  passes 
the  House  7  Feb.  1807,  by  113  to  5;  approved, 

2  ]\Ich.    « 

Duty  on  salt  repealed 3  Mch.    " 

Xinth  Congress  adjourns  .  . , "         " 

Burr  brought  to  Richmond,  Va.,  early  in Mch.    " 

His  trial  for  treason  begins  there  (Burr's  con- 
spiracy. Trials) 22  May,     " 

British  frigate  Leopard,  50  guns,  capt.  Humphreys, 
fires  into  the  U.  S.  frigate  Chesapeake,  com.  Barron, 
off  Chesapeake  bay,  killing  3  and  wounding  8,  and 
takes  4  seamen,  claiming  them  as  British  subjects, 

22  June,    « 
[Barron  was  suspended  by  a  court-martial  for  5 
years  without  pay  and  emoluments,  for  making  no 
resistance  and  surrendering  his  ship.] 
American  ports  closed  to  the  British,  and  British  ships 
ordered  from  American  waters Julv,     " 


1807 


1808 


UNI 

First  steamboat,  the  Clermont  (Fulton's),  starts  from 

New  York  for  Albany 14  Sept. 

[From  this  time  regular  trips  were  made  on  the 
Hudson  at  about  5  miles  an  hour.] 

Aaron  Burr  acquitted 16  Sept. 

Tenth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes 26  Oct. 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Joseph  B.  Vara um,  Mass. 

A  British  "order  in  council"  forbids  neutral  nations  to 
trade  with  France  or  her  allies  except  under  tribute 
to  Great  Britain 11  Nov. 

Napoleon's  Milan  decree  forbids  trade  with  England 
or  her  colonies,  and  confiscates  any  vessel  paying 
tribute  or  submitting  to  English  search.  .  .  .17  Dec. 

Congress  authorizes  the  building  of  188  gunboats,  at 

a  cost  of  not  over  $852,000 18  Dec. 

[This  made,  with  those  previously  built,  257.] 

Embargo  act  prohibits  foreign  commerce. . .  .22  Dec. 
[On  the  mere  recommendation  of  the  executive, 
with  little  debate,  with  closed  doors,  with  scarcely 
any  warning  to  the  public,  or  opportunity  of  advice 
by  those  most  able  to  give  it,  this  act  was  forced 
through  by  night  sessions,  and  by  the  overbearing 
determination  of  a  majority  at  once  pliant  and  ob- 
stinate— an  act  striking  a  deadly  blow  at  the  na- 
tional industry  and  at  the  means  of  livelihood  of 
great  numbers,  the  real  nature  and  inevitable  oper- 
ation of  which  seems  to  have  been  equally  misap- 
prehended by  the  president  and  the  cabinet  recom- 
mending it,  and  by  the  majority  enacting  it, — 
Hildreth's  '•  Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  p.  37.] 

Second  and  more  stringent  Embargo  act  (commonly 
called,  reading  the  title  backward,  the  "  O  grab  me 
act") 9  Jan. 

Embargo  modified ;  the  president  authorized  to  per- 
mit vessels  to  transport  American  property  home 
from  foreign  ports 12  Mch. 

Army  raised  to  5  regiments  of  infantry,  1  of  riflemen, 
1  of  light  artillery,  and  1  of  light  dragoons,  to  be 
enlisted  for  5  years 12  Apr. 

"Salmagundi,"  first    work    of   Washington    Irving, 

pub 

First  Session  adjourns 26  Apr. 

Burr  leaves  New  York  for  Europe 9  June, 

Sixth  presidential  election 8  Nov. 

Second  Session  convenes 7  Nov. 

Territory  of  Illinois  established 3  Feb. 

[Now  the  states  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.] 

Electoral  vote  counted  in  the  House 8  Feb. 

[Candidates  :  Democratic  -  Republicans,  James 
Madison  of  Va.  for  president,  122 ;  George  Clinton  of 
N.  Y.  for  vice-president,  113.  Federalists,  Charles 
C.  Pinckney  of  S.  C.  for  president,  47  ;  Rufus  King 
of  N.  Y.  for  vice-president,  47 ,  scattering,  21.] 

Embargo  act  repealed 1  Mch. 

Non  -  intercourse  act  forbids  commercial  intercourse 
with  Great  Britain,  France,  and  their  dependencies 

after  May  20 1  Mch. 

Tenth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch. 


Sixth  Administration— Democratio-Eepublican. 

4  Mch.  1809  to  3  Mch.  1813. 

James  Madison,  Va.,  president. 
George  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Robert  Smith,  Md.,  sec,  of  state,  from  6  Mch.  1809. 
Jmnes  Monroe,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  from  2  Apr.  1811. 
A  Ibert  Gallatin,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued. 
William  Eustis,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  from  7  Mch.  1809. 
John  A  rmstrong,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  from  13  Jan.  1813. 
Paul  Hamilton,  S.  C,  sec.  of  navy,  from  7  Mch.  1809. 
William  Jones,  Pa.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  12  Jan.  1813. 
Ccesar  A.  Rodney,  Del.,  attorney-gen.,  continued. 
William  Pinkney,  Md.,  attorney-gen.,  from  11  Dec.  1811. 

Gideon  Granger,  Conn.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued. 
President  proclaims  that  both  England  and  France 


840 


UNI 


1 


1809 


have  revoked  their  edicts  as  to  neutrals,  and  ter- 
minates the  Non-intercourse  act 19  Apr.  1809 

Eleventh  Congress,  First  Session  (extra),  convenes, 

22  May,    « 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Joseph  B.  Varnum,  Mass. 

Francisco  Miranda,  a  native  of  South  America,  aiming 
to  overthrow  the  Spanish  power  in  Caracas,  S.  A., 
engages  a  vessel,  the  Leander,  and  with  about  250 
men  sails  from  New  York,  Feb.  1806.  Although  re- 
inforced by  some  other  vessels,  and  gaining  some 
advantages,  the  expedition  results  in  failure.  The 
Americans  of  the  expedition  captured  by  the  Span- 
iards, while  confined  at  Carthagena,  petition  their 
government  for  relief,  9  June.  A  resolution  request- 
ing the  president  to  take  measures  for  their  libera- 
tion, if  satisfied  that  they  are  entitled  to  it,  is  offered 
in  the  House,-  it  is  lost  (61  to  61)  by  the  speaker's 
casting  vote 14  June,    " 

John  Quincv  Adams,  minister  to  Russia,  continued  un- 
til 1813.'. « 

First  Session  (extra)  adjourns 28  June,     " 

Great  Britain  not  revoking  her  "  Orders  in  Council  "  of 
1807,  the  president  proclaims  the  Non-intercourse  act 
still  in  force  towards  that  country 9  Aug.    " 

David  M.  Erskine,  British  minister  to  U.  S.,  recalled, 

and  Francis  J.  Jackson  appointed arrives  Sept.    " 

[British  minister  F.  J.  Jackson  left  Washington, 
and  from  New  York  asked  for  his  passport.    His  rela- 
tions with  this  government  being  unsatisfactory,  his 
recall  was  asked  for.] 
Second  Session  convenes 27  Nov.    " 

Committee  appointed  by  the  House  to  inquire  into  the 
charge  that  brig. -gen.  James  Wilkinson  had  re- 
ceived a  bribe  from  the  Spanish  government;  or  was 
an  accomplice,  or  in  any  way  concerned,  with  the 
agent  of  any  foreign  power,  or  with  Aaron  Burr  (see 
this  record,  1811) 3  Apr.  1810 

General  post-office  established  at  Washington  under  the 
postmaster-general  (Postal  servick) 30  Apr.    " 

British  and  French  armed  vessels  excluded  from  Amer- 
ican waters  by  act  approved .1  May,    " 

Second  Session  adjourns "         " 

Napoleon's  Rambouillet  decree,  dated  Mch.  23,  issued. 

May,    " 
[Ordered  the  sale  of  132  American  vessels  capt- 
ured ;  worth,  with  their  cargoes,  $8,000,000  (see  Mc- 
Master^s  "  Hist,  of  the  People  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  iii., 
p.  367,  note).] 

France  proclaims  the  revocation  of  the  Berlin  and  Milan 

decrees,  to  take  effect  after 1  Nov.    " 

[The  revocation  was  not  carried  into  effect,  but 
American  vessels  still  continued   to  be  seized  by 
French  cruisers  and  confiscated.] 
Third  Session  convenes 3  Dec.    ** 

Recharter  of  the  U.  S.  bank  passed  by  the  House,  66 
to  64;  fails  in  the  Senate,  17  to  17,  by  the  casting 
vote  of  president  of  the  Senate,  George  Clinton, 

20  Feb.  1811 

Trading-posts  first  established  among  the  Indians  by 

Congress ;  act  approved 2  Mch.    " 

Eleventh  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

William  Pinkney,  U.  S.  minister  to  England,  returns 
to  the  U.  S May,    " 

President,  U.  S.  frigate,  44  guns,  com.  John  Rodgers  com- 
manding, meets  the  British  sloop-of-war  Little  Belt 
in  lat.  37°,  about  40  miles  off  cape  Charles .  .  16  May,    " 

[In  this  engagement  (both  parties  denied  begin- 
ning it)  the  Little  Belt,  a  much  weaker  vessel  than 
the  President,  was  badly  ri<ldled ;  action  continued 
about  15  minutes.  The  conduct  of  both  command- 
ers was  approved  by  their  governments.] 

Twelfth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes 4  Nov. 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  (first  appear- 
ance  in  the  House ;  previously  in  the  Senate.  Ken- 
tucky, senators). 

[John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  appeared  in  Congress 


UNI  841 

for  the  first  time  this  session,  being  elected  as  a  War 
Democrat.] 

Gen.  Wm.  H.  Harrison  defeats  the  Indians  under  the 
Prophet  at  Tippecanoe,  within  the  present  state  of 
Indiana 7  Nov.  1811 

Brig.- gen.  James  Wilkinson  is  tried  by  a  general  court- 
martial,  convened  at  Fredericktown,  Md.,  2  Sept.,  and 
acquitted  (see  this  record,  1810) 25  Dec.    " 

Theatre  at  Richmond  burned  ;  the  governor  and  many 
eminent  citizens  perish  (Virginia) Dec.    *' 

Case  of  John  Henry  and  the  Federalists  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  papers  laid  before  the  Senate  by  the  presi- 
dent 9  Mch.  1812 

President  requested  to  lay  before  the  Senate  any  in- 
formation, which  may  be  communicated  without 
prejudice  to  the  public  interest,  bearing  on  the  case 

of  John  Henry 10  Mch.   « 

[John  Henr}',  a  political  adventurer  born  in  Ire- 
land, came  over  about  1793.  He  claimed  to  have 
important  facts  on  the  disaffection  of  New  England 
states  before  the  war,  and  implicating  the  British 
government  in  an  attempt  to  alienate  these  states 
from  the  U.  S.  The  president  paid  him  $50,000,  Feb. 
10,  1812,  for  worthless  papers,  said  to  prove  these 
assertions.  Henry  sailed  for  France,  9  Mch.  1811. 
See  Henry  A  dams's  "  Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  ch.  ix.] 

Embargo  on  all  vessels  in  the  U.  S.  for  90  days.  .4  Apr.    " 

Louisiana  admitted  as  the  18th  state,  to  date  from  30 

Apr. ;  approved 8  Apr.    " 

[One  of  the  conditions  of  admission  was  that  the 
Mississippi  river  shall  be  forever  free  to  citizens  of 
the  U.  S.] 

That  part  of  west  Florida  west  of  Pearl  river  is  an- 
nexed to  Louisiana. 14  Apr.    " 

George  Clinton,  vice-president,  dies  at  Washington, 

aged  73 20  Apr.    " 

[Wm.  H.  Crawford  of  Ga.  president  pro  tern,  of 
the  Senate.] 

Joel  Barlow,  minister  to  France., " 

Pres.  Madison  renominated 18  May,    " 

[Madison  is  renominated  by  the  Democratic- Re- 
publican party  under  promise  of  a  declaration  of  war 
with  England.] 

President  sends  a  war-message  to  Congress.. .  .1  June,    " 

Report  of  the  minority  against  the  war  presented  to 
the  House , 3  June,    " 

Motion  to  make  the  debate  public  lost "        " 

Territory  of  Missouri  established 4  June,    " 

Aaron  Burr  returns  to  New  York  from  Europe, 

8  June,    " 

Cartel-ship  from  Great  Britain,  with  the  survivors  (2) 
of  the  4  seamen  taken  by  force  from  the  Chesapeake 
by  the  Leopard  in  1807,  arrives  at  Boston,  and  de- 
livers the  men  to  the  U.  S 12  June,    " 

"  Orders  in  Council "  abandoned  by  England .  17  June,    " 

War  declared  against  Great  Britain  (vote  in  the  Sen- 
ate, 19  to  13 ;  in  the  House,  79  to  49) 18  June,    " 

["Amount  of  direct  pecuniary  spoliation  inflicted 
by  France  and  other  nations  under  her  influence  upon 
the  commerce  of  the  U.  S.  exceeded  that  from  Great 
Britain."— /yi7*-e^A's  "Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  p.  312.] 
["  Never  surely  was  an  unfortunate  country  pre- 
cipitated into  an  unequal  and  perilous  contest  under 
circumstances  more  untoward." — HildretWs  "  Hist. 
U.  S.,"vol.vi.  p.3I6.] 

["  That  the  war  was  as  just  and  necessary  as  any 
war  ever  waged  seemed  so  evident  to  Americans 
of  another  generation  that  onh'  with  an  effort 
could  modern  readers  grasp  the  reasons  for  the  bit- 
ter opposition  of  large  and  respectable  communities 
which  left  the  government  bankrupt  and  nearly  sev- 
ered the  Union ;  but  if  students  of  national  history 
can  bear  with  patience  the  labor  of  retaining  in 
mind  the  threads  of  negotiation  which  pres.  Madi- 
son so  thoroughly  tangled  before  breaking,  they 
can  partially  enter  into  the  feelings  of  citizens  who 
held  themselves  aloof  from  Madison's  war." — Henry 
Adams's  "  Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.,  pp.  224,225.  "Madi- 
27* 


UNI 

son  had  challenged  a  danger  more  serious  than  he 
ever  imagined ;  for  he  stood  alone  in  the  world  in 
the  face  of  victorious  England."— /6iU,  p.  266.  But, 
while  England  was  victorious,  her  efforts  had  weak- 
ened her  almost  to  prostration.] 

Army  raised  to  25  regiments  of  infantry,  4  regiments 
of  artillery,  2  regiments  of  dragoons,  and  1  of  rifle- 
men ;  total,  36,700  on  paper 26  June,  1812 

Duties  on  imports  doubled l  July,     '' 

First  Session  adjourns 6  Julv,    " 

[This  Congress  had  passed  138  acts  in  a  session  of 
245  days.  In  the  House  Josiah  Quincy  of  Mass. 
and  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke  were  the  leaders  in 
the  opposition  to  the  war;  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  and 
John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  in  favor  of  it."] 

Office  of  the  Federal  Republican  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  at- 
tacked by  a  mob,  for  denouncing  the  declaration  of 
war  with  England 12  June  and  27  July,    " 

On  promise  of  protection  by  the  military,  the  defend- 
ers of  the  office  surrender  and  are  taken  to  jail.  The 
mob  reassemble  and  break  open  the  jail;  kill  gen. 
Lingan,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  and  mangle  11 

others,  leaving  8  for  dead. ...    28  July,    " 

[Arrests  were  made,  but  no  one  was  punished.] 

Action  at  Brownstown  (Michigan) 5  Aug.    " 

Action  at  Maguaga,  ^4  miles  below  Detroit.  .  .9  Aug.    " 

Surrender  of  fort  Dearborn  and  massacre  (Chicago), 

15  Aug.    " 
Surrender  of  Detroit  by  gen.  William  Hull  (Michigan), 

16  Aug.    " 
Great  meeting  in  opposition  to  the  war  in  New  York 

city;  John  Jaj',  Rufus  King,  Gouverneur  Morris,  and 
other  prominent  citizens  in  attendance.  .  .  .19  Aug.    " 

Frigate  Constitution  captures  British  frigate  Guerriere 

(Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) 19  Aug.    " 

[Consult  Henry  Adams's  "Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  p. 
373  et  seq.] 

Defence  of  fort  Harrison,  Ind.,  capt.  Zacharj'  Taylor 
commanding 4  Sept.    " 

Battle  of  QuEENSTOv^N 13  Oct.    " 

Sloop  of- war  Wasp  captures  British  sloop  Frolic, 

18  Oct.    " 

Action  at  St.  Regis,  N,  Y 23  Oct.    " 

Frigate   United  States  captures  British  frigate  Mace- 
donian (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) . .    .  .  25  Oct.    " 
Second  Session  convenes 2  Nov.    " 

Presidential  election 10  Nov.    " 

Affair  at  Black  Rock,  N.  Y. ;  attempted  invasion  of 
Canada  by  the  Americans  under  gen.  Alexander 
Smj-th  .  . '. 28  Nov.    « 

Frigate  Constitution  captures  British  frigate  Java  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) 

29  Dec.    " 

Schooner  Patriot  sails  from  Charleston,  S.  C.  for  New 

York 30  Dec.    " 

[This  vessel,  having  on  board  Theodosia,  the  wife 
of  gov.  Alston  and  only  child  of  Aaron  Burr,  is  never 
heard  of  afterwards.] 

Congress  appropriates  $2,500,000  to  build  4  74-guu 
ships  and  6  44-gun  ships 2  Jan.  1813 

Action  atFrenchtown,  now  Monroe,  Mich.  (Michigan), 

18  Jan.    « 

Defeat  and  capture  of  gen.  Winchester  at  the  river 
Raisin  (Michigan) 22  Jan.    " 

British  fleet,  vice-adm.  Cockburn,  attempts  to  blockade 
the  Atlantic  coast Jan.  et  seq.    " 

Electoral  vote  counted  in  the  Senate  chamber  .  10  Feb.  " 
[James  Madison,  Democratic- Republican,  favoring 
war  with  England,  received  128  votes  for  president ; 
Elbridge  Gerry  of  Mass.,  131  for  vice-president; 
De  Witt  Clinton  of  N.  Y.,  supported  by  the  Demo- 
ocratic-Republicans  united  with  the  P'ederalists  in 
opposition  to  war  with  England,  89  for  president; 
Jared  Ingersoll  of  Pa.,  86  for  vice-president.  Po- 
litical parties.] 

Total  strength  of  the  armj',  limited  by  Congress,  68,000; 
according  to  the  returns  of  adjt.-gen.,  including  staff 
and  regimental  officers,  18,945 16  Feb.    " 


UNI 


842 


UNI 


Sloop-of-war  Hornet  captures  and  sinks  British  sloop 
Peacock  near  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  river, 
South  America  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.), 

24  Feb.  1813 

A  priKlaraation  and  circular  letter  from  the  governor 
of  Bermuda  is  laid  before  Congress  by  the  president, 
which  recites  a  "  British  Order  in  Council,"  providing 
for  colonial  trade,  with  instructions  to  colonial  gov- 
ernors to  show  special  privileges  to  the  eastern 
(New  England)  states 24  Feb.    " 

Congress  passes  an  act  to  encourage  vaccination,  27  Feb.    " 
[An  agent  was  to  be  appointed  to  keep  and  dis- 
pense genuine  vaccine  matter  for  public  use,  etc.] 

President  vested  with  the  power  of  retaliation   on 

British  subjects,  soldiers,  or  Indians 3  Mch.    " 

Twelfih  Congress  adjourns "         " 

Seventh   Administration  —  Democratic  -  Eepublican. 

4  Mch.  1813  to  3  Mch.  1817. 

James  Madison,  Va.,  president. 
Elbridgre  Gerry,  Mass.,  vice-president. 
cabin  KT. 
James  Monroe,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  continued  from  2  Apr.  1811. 
Aibert  Gallatin,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treasury,  continued  from  14  May, 

1801. 
Georye  W.  Campbell, 'Venn.,  sec.  of  treasury,  from  9  Feb.  1814. 
A  lexander  J.  Dallas,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treasury,  from  6  Oct.  1814. 
John  A  rmstrong,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  continued  from  13  Jan.  1813. 
James  Monroe,  acting  sec.  of  war,  from  26  Sept.  1814. 
Williayn  H.  Crawford,  Ga.,  sec.  of  war,  from  3  Mch.  1815. 
William  Jones,  Pa.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued  from  12  Jan.  1813. 
Benjamin  W.  Crowninshield,  Mass.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  19  Dec. 

1814. 
WVMam  Pinkney,  Md.,  attornev-gen.,  continued  from  1 1  Dec. 

1811. 
Richard  Rush,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  from  10  Feb.  1814. 

["  The  attornev-generalship  now  became  a  cabinet 
office:'— /J ildreth's  "  Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  p.  458. 
"  Up  to  this  time  the  attorney-gen.  had  not  been  re- 
garded as  standing  on  the  same  footing  with  the 
other  members  of  the  cabinet.  His  salary  was  much 
less,  and  he  had  neither  office  room  or  clerks,  and 
was  not  required  to  reside  permanently  at  Washing- 
ton."— Henry  Adams's  "  Hist.  U.  S."  vol.  vii.  p.  398.] 

Gideon  Granger,  Conn.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  28  Nov. 

1801. 
Return  J.  Meigs,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  17  Mch.  1814. 

Russia  offers  mediation  between  the  U.  S.  and  Great 
Britain Mch.  1813 

U.  S.  divided  into  9  military  districts 19  Mch.    " 

William  H.  Crawford,  Ga.,  appointed  to  succeed  Joel 
Barlow  (d.  26  Dec.  1812)  as  minister  to  France,  Apr.    " 

Gen.  Wilkinson  takes  possession  of  the  Spanish  fort  at 
Mobile 15  Apr.    « 

York  (now  Toronto),  Upper  Canada,  captured .  .  27  Apr.    " 

Defence  of  Fort  Meigs  (O.)  by  gen.  Harrison, 

28Apr.-9May,    « 

Gren.  (ireen  Clay  is  checked  in  attempting  to  reinforce 
fort  Meigs 5  May,    " 

Albert  Gallatin,  Pa,  and  James  A.  Bayard,  IMd.,  ap- 
pointed as  peace  commissioners  with  John  Quincy 
Adams  at  the  Russian  court  to  negotiate  a  peace; 
they  sail 9  May,    " 

Thirteenth  Congress,  First  Session  (extra),  convenes. 
Speaker  of  the  House,  Henry  Clay,  Ky.  24  May,    « 

[Daniel  Webster  entered  Congress  at  this  session.] 
Fort  George,  on  the  west  side  of  Niagara  river,  near  its 

mouth,  is  captured  by  the  American  troops  under 

gen.  Dearborn  (Fout  Geokge)  , 27  May,    " 

Frigate   Chesapeake  surrenders   to   the   British   ship 

Shannon  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) .  .  .  .  1  June,    " 

Action  at  Stony  Creek,  Upper  Canada 6  June,    " 

Affair  at  Beaver  Dams,  Upper  Canada 24  June,    " 

Legislature  of  Massachusetts  remonstrates  against  the 

continuance  of  the  war 15  July,    " 


S^J^^" 


Maj.  George  Croghan's  gallant  defence  of  Fort  Stt 

PHENSON 2  Aug.  1813 

Congress  authorizes  the  loan  of  $7,500,000  ....      "        '< 

Congress  lays  a  direct  tax  of  $3,000,000 ;  number  of 
states,  18  ;  New  York  assessed  the  most,  being  $430,- 

141.62 ;  Louisiana  the  least,  $28,295.11 2  Aug.    « 

First  Session  (extra)  adjourns "         " 

British  sloop-of-war  iWicaH  captures  the  brig  Argus  in 
the  British  channel  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.), 

14  Aug.    •' 

Massacre  at  Fort  Mimms,  Ala.,  by  the  Creek  Indians, 

30  Aug.    " 

Brig  Enterprise  captures  British  brig  Boxer  off  the 
coast  of  Maine  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.)..5  Sept.    " 

Perry's  victory  on  lake  Erie  (Naval  battles  of  the 
U.  S.) 10  Sept.    " 

Detroit,  Mich.,  reoccupied  by  the  U.  S.  forces,  28  Sept.    " 

Battle  of  the  Thames,  Upper  Canada;  Harrison  defeats 
Proctor ;  death  of  Tecumseh 5  Oct.    " 

Action  at  Ciirvsler's  Field,  on  the  northern  shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  90  miles  above  Montreal, 

11  Nov.    " 

Jackson's  campaign  against  the  Creek  Indians  (Creek 

war) Nov.    " 

Second  Session  convenes 6  Dec.    " 

Gen.  George  McClure,  commanding  a  brigade  on  the 
Niagara  frontier,  burns  the  village  of  Newark,  Can- 
ada, and  evacuaJ;es  fort  George,  opposite  fort  Niag- 
ara (he  is  severely  censured) 10  Dec.    " 

Embargo  established  by  Congress  until  1  Jan.  1815, 

17  Dec.    " 

Fort  Niagara  captured  by  the  British  (Fort  Niagara, 
New  York) .' 19  Dec.    " 

Buffalo  and  Black  Rock  burned  by  the  British  and 
Indians 30  Dec.    " 

Pres.  Madison  orders  a  general  court-martial  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  upon  brig. -gen.  Wm.  Hull  for  the  surrender 
of  Detroit.  He  is  tried  on  charges  of  (1st)  treason, 
(2d)  cowardice,  and  (3d)  neglect  of  duty  and  un- 
officer-like  conduct 3  Jan.  1814 

An  English  vessel,  the  Bramble,  under  a  flag  of  truce, 
arrives  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  with  offers  of  peace,  6  Jan.    " 

Congress  authorizes  increasing  the  army  to  63,000  reg- 
ular troops,  and  5  years'  service .Jan.    " 

Daniel  Webster's  first  speech  in  the  House  on  the  en- 
listment bill 14  Jan.    " 

Henry  Clay  resigns  as  speaker  of  the  House. .  .  19  Jan.    " 
[He  was  appointed  one  of  the  peace  commission- 
ers, to  meet  at  Ghent.] 

Langdon  Cheves  of  S.  C.  elected  speaker 19  Jan.    " 

Resolution  tabled  in  Congress  for  a  committee  to  inves- 
tigate the  Blue  lights 24  Jan.    " 

President  transmits  to  the  House  a  report  from  the  sec. 
of  war  explaining  the  failure  of  the  army  on  the 

northern  frontier 2  Feb.    " 

[It  was  founded  on  letters  and  reports  from  the 
sec.  of  war  (Jolin  Armstrong),  gen.  Henry  Dearborn, 
gen.  Jas.  Wilkinson,  gen.  Wade  Hampton,  gen.  Lewis 
Cas.s,  gen.  William  H.  Harrison,  and  gen.  George  B. 
McClure  (see  "Annals  of  the  Xlll.th  Congress,"  p. 
2353).] 

Massachusetts  forbids  the  confinement  in  her  jails  of 
persons  not  committed  by  her  judicial  authorities, 

7  Feb.    " 
[The  object  was  to  free  herself  from  confining 
British  captives.] 

Loan  of  $25,000,000  and  an  issue  of  treasury  notes  for 
$10,000,000  authorized  by  Congress 24  Mch.    " 

Brig.-gen.  Wm.  Hull  is  found  guilty  on  the  2d  and  3d 
charges,  and  sentenced  to  be  shot  (see  3  Jan.  1814), 

26  Mch.    " 
[This  sentence  was  approved  by  the  president, 
but  the  execution  remitted.] 

Gen.  Jackson  defeats  and  crushes  the  Creek  Indians  at 
Great  Horse  Shoe  Bend,  on  the  Tallapoosa .  27  Mch.    " 

Frigate  Essex,  capt.  David  Porter,  surrenders  to  the 
British  ships  Phoebe  and  Cherub  in  the  harbor  of  Val- 
paraiso, Chili  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.),  28  Mch.    " 


UNI 

Gen.  Wilkinson,  with  about  2000  troops,  attacks  a 
party  of  British,  fortified  in  a  stone  mill,  at  La  Colle, 
Lower  Canada,  near  the  north  end  of  lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  is  repulsed 30  Mch. 

[(ien.  Wilkinson  was  relieved  from  command;  a 
court  of  inquiry  was  granted,  which  exculpated  him, 
but  he  was  never  restored  to  command.] 

Repeal  of  the  embargo 14  Apr. 

Congress  authorizes  the  purchase  of  the  British  ves- 
sels captured  on  lake  Erie  10  Sept.  1813,  for  i255,- 
000,  to  be  distributed  as  prize  money  among  the 
captors;  com.  Oliver  H.  Perry  to  be  paid  $5000  in 
addition 18  Apr. 

Congress  authopizes  the  collection  and  preservation  of 
flags,  standards,  and  colors  captured  by  the  land  or 

naval  forces  of  the  U.  S 18  Apr. 

Session  adjourns " 

British  blockade  extended  to  the  whole  coast  of  the 
U.  S 23  Apr. 

Sloop-of-war  Peacock  captures  the  British  brig  Eper- 
vier  otf  the  coast  of  Florida  with  $118,000  in  specie 
(Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) 29  Apr. 

British  attack  and  destroy  the  fort  at  Oswego,  New 
YoKK 6  May, 

Action  at  Big  Sandy  Creek,  New  York 29  May, 

Sloop-of-war  Wasp  captures  the  British  sloop  Reindeer 
in  the  British  channel  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.), 

28  June, 

FoK  r  Erie,  with  about  170  British  soldiers,  surrenders 
to  gen.  Winfield  Scott  and  gen.  Ripley 3  July, 

Battle  of  Chippewa,  Upper  Canada 5  July, 

Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane,  or  Bridgewater,  Upper  Can- 
ada (New  York,  1814) 25  July, 

Congress  appropriates  $320,000  for  one  or  more  float- 
ing-batteries, designed  by  Robert  Fulton;  one  fin- 
ished   July» 

[This  was  the  first  steam  vessel  of  war  built. 
Batteries.] 

Expedition  from  Detroit  against  Fort  Mackinaw 
fails 4  Aug. 

British  troops  land  at  Pensacola,  Florida  ....     " 

British  troops,  5000  strong,  under  gen.  Drummond, 
invest  Fort  Erie  .    4  Aug. 

American  commissioners  to  negotiate  a  peace  with 
Great  Britain  :  John  Quincy  Adams  and  Jonathan 
Russell,  Mass. ;  Albert  Gallatin,  Pa. ;  James  A.  Bay- 
ard, Del. ;  and  Henry  Clay,  Ky.  These  commission- 
ers meet  adm.  lord  Garabier,  Henry  Goulbourn,  and 
William  Adams,  British  commissioners,  at  Ghent, 
Belgium 8  Aug. 

Creek  Indians,  by  treaty,  surrender  a  great  part  of 
their  territory  to  the  U.  S 9  Aug. 

Stonington,  Conn.,  bombarded  by  the  British  fleet 
under  com.  Hardy .9-12  Aug. 

British  fleet,  with  6000  veterans  from- Wellington's  army 
under  gen.  Ross,  appears  in  Chesapeake  bay,  14  Aug. 

Midnight  assault  by  the  British  on  fort  Erie  repulsed 
(Fort  Erie) 15  Aug. 

Battle  of  Bladensburg,  the  Capitol  at  Washington 
burned 24  Aug. 

Banks  in  the  District  of  Columbia  suspend.  .  .27  Aug. 

Nantucket  island  stipulates  with  the  British  fleet  to 
remain  neutral 31  Aug. 

SI  )op-of-war  Wasp  sinks  the  British  sloop  Avon  (Na- 
val BA  TTLES  of  the  U.  S.) 1  Sept. 

British  gen.  Prevost  crosses  the  Canadian  frontier  tow- 
ards Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  with  12,000  veteran  troops, 

1  Sept. 

John  Armstrong,  secretary  of  war,  resigns.  .  .  .3  Sept. 
[He  was  blamed  for  the  capture  of  Washington.] 

Fleet  on  lake  Champlain  under  com.  Thomas  McDon- 
ough  defeats  the  British  under  com.  Downie  (Naval 

BATTLES  of  the  U.  S.) 11  Sept. 

[Army  under  Prevost  retired  without  a  general 
engagement,  though  with  a  loss  in  its  advance  and 
retreat  of  over  1500  men.] 

British  approaching  Baltimore,  Md.,  under  gen.  Ross; 
he  is  killed  at  North  Point 12  Sept. 


843 


1814 


UNI 

They  find  the  city  too  well  fortified,  and  retire,  13  Sept.  1814 
British  fleet  bombard  Fort  McHenry..  ,  . .  .       "  « 

[During  this  attack  Francis  Scott  Key  wrote 
"The  Star-Spangled  Banner."] 
British  attack  on  Fort  Bowyer,  Mobile  bay,  repulsed, 

15  Sept.    « 
Garrison  at  Fort  Erie  by  a  sortie  break  up  the  siege, 

17  Sept.    « 
Third  Session  convenes 19  Sept.    " 

Gen.  Drummond  raises  the  siege  of  fort  Erie. 21  Sept.    " 

Wasp  captures  the  British  brig  Atlanta  (Naval 
battles  of  the  U.  S.) 21  Sept.    " 

Gallant  fight  of  the  privateer,  the  Gen.  Armstrong, 
with  the  British  74-gun  ship-of-the-line,  the  Plan- 
tagenet,  in  the  harbor  of  Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores 
(Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) 26  Sept.    " 

Gen.  Geo.  Izard,  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  moves  on 
Chippewa  with  a  force  of  6000  men 13  Oct.    " 

A  resort  of  pirates  and  smugglers  at  Barataria  bay 
broken  up,  without  resistance,  by  com.  Patterson, 

16  Oct.    « 
Gen.  Izard,  after  a  skirmish   with  the  British  near 

Chippewa,  19  Oct.,  retires  to  the  Niagara  river,  op- 
posite Black  Rock 21  Oct.    " 

"  The  Star-Spangled  Banner  "  first  sung  at  the  Hol- 
liday  Street  theatre,  Baltimore Oct.    " 

Fort  Erie  abandoned  and  blown  up  by  the  U.  S.  troops, 

5  Nov.    « 

Gen.  Jackson  occupies  Pensacola 6  Nov.    " 

Elbridge  Gerry  of  Mass.,  5th  vice-president  of  the  U.  S., 
dies  at  Washington,  D.  C,  aged  70  years ...  23  Nov.    " 

John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  elected  president  of  the  Senate, 

25  Nov.    " 

Hartford  Convention  meets  at  Hartford,' Conn., 

15  Dec.    « 

Martial  law  proclaimed  in  New  Orleans  by  gen.  Jack- 
son...  . 15  Dec.    " 

British  approach  New  Orleans 22  Dec.    " 

Gen.  Jackson  attacks  the  command  of  gen.  Keane  on 
Villere's  plantation,  about  9  miles  below  the  city,  and 
checks  its  advance  on  the  night  of 23  Dec.    " 

He  intrenches  about  7  miles  below  the  city. .  .24  Dec.  " 
[His  line,  extending  at  right  angles  to  the  river, 
reached  to  a  cypress  swamp  about  1\  miles  distant, 
and  was  protected  by  rudely  constructed  breastworks 
of  cotton  bales  and  earth,  with  a  shallow  ditch  in  front. 
At  the  extreme  left  of  this  line  was  stationed  the 
brigade  of  gen.  Coffee,  800  strong,  then  came  Carroll's 
brigade,  about  1400  men,  while  the  right  towards  the 
river  was  held  by  1300  men  under  col.  Ross,  including 
all  the  regulars;  gen.  Adair  was  placed  in  the  rear 
with  about  500  men  as  a  reserve.  Along  the  line  was 
placed  at  intervals  18  guns,  carrying  from  6  to  23 
pound  balls,  and  several  guns  across  the  river  under 
Patterson.  Anticipating  an  advance  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  river  as  well,  Jackson  had  placed  gen. 
David  B.  Morgan  with  about  1200  men,  and  2  or  3 
guns,  a  little  in  advance  of  his  own  position.] 

Treaty  of  peace  signed  by  the  commissioners  at  Ghent, 

24  Dec.    " 

British  attack  gen.  Jackson  with  artillery,  but  are 
forced  to  retire 28  Dec.    " 

Another  attempt  made 1  Jan.  1815 

Final  assault  fails 8  Jan.    " 

[The  British  commander,  sir  Edward  Pakenham, 
in  his  final  assault  designing  to  attack  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  at  once,  ordered  col.  William  (after- 
wards sir)  Thornton  to  cross  on  the  night  of  7  Jan. 
with  1200  men,  and  attack  gen.  Morgan  at  early 
dawn.  The  main  assault  under  Pakenham  was 
made  as  early  as  6  a.m.,  the  8th,  in  2  columns, 
the  right  under  maj.-gen.  sir  Samuel  Gibbs,  the 
left  under  maj.-gen.  John  Keane,  and  the  reserve 
under  maj.-gen.  John  Lambert;  total  force  probably 
numbered  about  7000  men.  Gen.  Gibbs's  column 
in  close  ranks,  60  men  front,  came  under  fire  first, 
which  was  so  severe  and  deadly  that  a  few  platoons 
only  reached  the  edge  of  the  ditch  and  broke. 


UNI 

In  this  advance  Gibbs  was  mortally  wounded,  and 
rakeiihara,  in  his  attempt  to  rally  the  men,  was 
almost  insuntly  killed.  The  left  advance  under 
Keane  fared  no  better,  Keane  being  severely  wounded 
and  carried  oflF  the  field,  and  his  column  routed.  By 
8  A.M.  the  assault  was  at  an  end.  Col.  Thornton's 
attack  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  was  successful, 
for  he  routed  gen.  Morgan's  militia,  which  were 
poorly  armed,  and  drove  them  beyond  Jackson's  po- 
sition towards  the  city,  and  compelled  Patterson  to 
spike  his  guns  and  retire,  but  owing  to  the  failure  of 
the  main  assault,  together  with  the  loss  of  the  chief 
officers,  gen.  Lambert,  now  chief  in  command,  recalled 
Thornton  from  his  successes,  and  on  9  Jan.  began 
preparation  for  retreating.  Of  the  7000  British 
tnwps  probably  engaged  in  the  assault,  2036  were 
killed  and  wounded,  the  killed  being  estimated  at 
over  700;  Americans  lost  8  killed  and  13  wounded 
in  the  main  assault ;  total  loss  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  71.] 

Congress  levies  a  direct  tax  of  $6,000,000  (number  of 

states  18) 9  Jan. 

[The  largest  assessment,  that  of  New  York  state, 
was  $864,283.24 ;  the  smallest,  of  Delaware,  $64,- 
092.60.] 

Christopher  Gore  of  Mass.  opposes  this  bill  in  the 
Senate 5  Jan. 

Frigate  President,  44  guns,  com.  Decatur  commanding, 
is  captured  by  the  British  frigates  Endymion,  40  guns, 
the  Pomone,  Tenedos,  and  Majestic  (Naval  battles 
of  the  U.S.) 15  Jan. 

Congress  imposes  duties  on  household  furniture  and  on 

gold  and  silver  watches 18  Jan. 

[Tax  on  a  gold  watch,  $2 ;  on  a  silver  watch,  $1 ; 
on  $1500  worth  of  household  furniture,  $6  ,•  $3000, 
$17  ;  $4000,  $28 ;  $6000,  $45 ;  $10,000,  $100.  Beds, 
bedding,  kitchen  furniture,  and  family  pictures,  ex- 
empt.] 

U.  S.  purchases  Jefferson's  library,  about  7000  volumes, 
for  the  use  of  Congress  for  $23,000  (vote  of  the  House 
81to71) 26  Jan. 

Bill  to  incorporate  the  Bank  of  the  U.  S.  is  vetoed  by 
pres.  Madison 30  Jan. 

Treaty  of  peace  reaches  New  York  in  the  British  sloop- 
of-war  Favorite 11  Feb. 

It  is  ratified 17  Feb. 

Frigate  Constitution  captures  the  Cyane  and  the  Levant, 
British  sloops-of-war  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.), 

Feb. 

Fort  BowYER,  invested  by  the  British  fleet,  surren- 
ders  12  Feb. 

Army  reduced  to  a  peace  footing  of  10,000  men,  2 
major-generals, and 4  brigadier-generals.  ,  .  .3  Mch. 
[The  major-generals  were  Jacob  Brown  and  An- 
drew Jackson  ;  the  brigadier-generals  were  Winfield 
Scott,  Edmund  Gaines,  Alexander  Macomb,  and 
Eleazar  W.  Ripley.] 

Non-intercourse  and  Non-importation  acts  repealed, 

3  Mch. 

U.  S.  declares  war  against  Algiers « 

Thirteenth  Congress  adjourns " 

Sloop-of-war  Hornet,  capt.  James  Biddle,  captures  the 
British  brig-of-war  Penguin,  oflFcape  of  Good  Hope 
(Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) 23  Mch. 

Gen.  Jackson,  at  New  Orleans,  is  fined  $1000  for  con- 
tempt of  court 31  Mch. 

American  prisoners-of-war  at  Dartmoor,  Engl.,  are 
fired  upon  by  prison  guards ;  5  killed  and  33  wounded, 
2  mortally 6  Apr. 

Com.  Decatur  sails  from  New  York  for  Algiers  with 
the  frigates  Guerriere.  Macedonian,  and  Constellation, 
1  sloop-of-war, 4  bngs,and  2  schooners.  ,  .  .19  May, 

Guerriere  captures  an  Algerian  frigate  of  44  guns  oiSF 
Gibraltar 17  June, 

Dey,  in  a  treaty  of  peace,  renounces  all  claims  to  trib- 
ute, or  presents,  or  to  hold  prisoners-of-war  as  slaves, 

30  June, 

At  a  grand  Indian  council  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  a  treaty  is 


844 


UNI 


I 


made  with  8  of  the  principal  tribes  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi  1  Sept.  1816 

Total  debt  of  the  U.  S.,  $119,600,000 30  Sept.   « 

[Estimated  cost  of  the  war,  $85,500,000.] 

Fourteenth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes. .  .4  Dec.   « 
President  of  the  Senate  pro  tem.,  John  Gaillard  of  S.  C. 
Speaker  of  the  House,  Henry  Clay  of  Ky. 
North  American  Review  starts  in  lioston,  Ma88.,William 

Tudor,  editor « 

Congress  fixes  the  pay  of  its  members  at  $1500..19  Mch.  1816 
[President  of  the  Senate  joro  tem.  and  the  speaker 
of  the  House  $3000  each.] 
Repeal  of  the  act  of  18  Jan.  1815,  taxing  liousehold  fur- 
niture, watches,  etc 9  Apr.    " 

U.  S.  bank,  capital  $35,000,000,  chartered  by  Congress 

for  20  years. . . . , lo  Apr.    '• 

Indiana  authorized  by  Congress  to  form  a  constitution 

and  state  government 19  Apr.    " 

An  act  for  the  relief  of  the  relatives  and  representatives 
of  the  crew  of  the  sloop-of-war  Wasp,  believed  to  be 
1815  lost,  passed  (Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.,  1814), 

24  Apr.    « 
[12  months'  wages  and   $50,000  prize-money 
awarded.] 

Act  passed  regulating  duties  on  imports 27  Apr.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $1,000,000  a  year  for  8  years  to 

increase  the  navy 29  Apr.    " 

First  Session  adjourns 30  Apr.    " 

Presidential  election  held 12  Nov.    " 

[Democratic-Republican  candidate  for  president, 
James  Monroe  of  Va. ;  for  vice-president,  Daniel  D. 
Tompkins  of  N.  Y.  Federal  candidate  for  president, 
Rufus  King  of  N.  Y. ;  no  nominee  for  vice-presi- 
dent.] 

Second  Session  convenes 2  Dec.    " 

Indiana  admitted  into  the  Union  (the  19th  state), 

1 1  Dec.    " 
American  Colonization  Society  formed  in  Washington, 

D.  C Dec.    " 

U.  S.  bank  begins  operations Jan.  1817 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  employ  John 
Trumbull  of  Conn,  to  paint  4  scenes  of  the  Revolu- 
tion for  the  Capitol 6  Feb.    " 

[These  paintings  are  "  The  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence," "  Surrender  of  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga," 
"Surrender  of  Cornwallis,"  and  the  "Resignation 
of  Washington  at  Annapolis."] 

Electoral  vote  counted 12  Feb.    " 

[James  Monroe  of  Va.  (Dem.-Rep.)  for  president 
received  183;  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y.,  for  vice- 
president,  183 ;  Rufus  King  of  N.  Y.  (Federal)  for 
president,  34 ;  scattering,  34.] 
Act  dividing  the  Mississippi  territory;  the  western 
part  to  form  a  state  government,  and  to  admit  such 
state  into  the  Union,  and  erecting  the  eastern  por- 
tion into  the  territory  of  Alabama 1  Mch. 

Fourteenth  Congress  adjourns.    3  Mch. 

Eighth  Administration— Democratio-Eepublicai 

4  Mch.  1817  to  3  Mch.  1821. 

James  Monroe,  Va.,  president. 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

John  Quincy  A  dams,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1817* 
I    William  I f .  Crawford,  Gsl.,  BGC.  o{  tresiS,.,     "  "         " 

j  Isaac  Shelby,  Ky.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1817 ;  declined  a{ 

pointment. 
'  George  Graham,  Va.,  sec.  of  war,  from  7  Apr.  1817. 
j  John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  C,  sec.  of  war,  from  8  Oct.  1817. 

Benjamin  W.  Crovminshield,  Mass.,  sec.  of  navv,  continued  froi 
!       19  Dec.  1814. 

Smith  Thompson,  N.  Y,  sec.  of  navy,  from  9  Nov.  1818. 

Richard  Rush,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  10  Feb.  1814 

William  Wirt,  Va.,  attorney-gen.,  from  13  Nov.  1817. 

Return  J.  Meigs,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  17  Mc 
1814. 


UNI 


845 


UNI 


Indians  attack  a  boat  on  the  Appalachicola  river,  Fla., 
containing  40  men,  with  women  and  children,  kill- 
ing all  but  6  men  and  1  woman 30  Nov.  1817 

Fifteenth  Congress,  First  Session^  convenes 1  Dec.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Henrj'  Clay,  Ky. 
Mississippi,  the  20th  state,  admitted  into  the  Union, 

10  Dec.    " 
Gen.  Jackson  takes  the  field  against  the  Florida  Ind- 
ians  , 19  Feb.  1818 

Pensions  granted,  $20  a  month  to  officers  and  $8  a 
month  to  privates  who  had  served  9  months  or 
more  in  the  Continental  army  or  navy,  on  proof  of 

need 18  Mch.    " 

Act  establishing  the  flag  of  the  U.  S. :  13  horizontal 
stripes,  representing  the  original  states,  alternately 
red  and  white,  with  a  white  star  in  a  blue  field,  for 

each  state  (Flag) approved  4  Apr.    " 

Gen.  Jackson  captures  the  Spanish  fort  of  St.  Marks, 

Fla 7  Apr.    " 

An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  Illinois  to  form  a  state 
government,  and  for  the  admission  of  such  state, 

approved  18  Apr.    *' 

First  Session  adjourns 20  Apr.    " 

At  the  capture  of  the  Spanish  fort  of  St.  Marks,  Jackson 
secures  Alexander  Arbuthnot  and  Robert  C.  Ambris- 
ter,  and  hangs  them  under  sentence  of  a  military 
court  (Arbuthnot  and  AMBRiSTKB,Case  of ), 30  Apr.    " 
Gen.  Jackson  takes  possession  of  Pensacola. .  .24  May,    " 

Captures  the  fortress  at  Barrancas 27  May,    " 

Centre  foundation  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington  laid, 

24  Aug.    " 
Indians  of  Ohio  cede  their  remaining  lands  (about 
4,000,000  acres),  mostly  in  the  Maumee  valley, 

27  Sept.    " 
Chickasaw  Indians  cede  all  land  between  the  Missis- 
sippi river  and  the  northern  course  of  the  Tennessee 

river " 

Treaty  with  England  made 20  Oct.    " 

[Commissioners  of  the  U.  S.,  Richard  Rush  and 
Albert  Gallatin.  The  boundaries  between  the  U.  S. 
and  British  America  from  the  lake  of  the  Woods  to 
the  Rocky  mountains  settled ;  the  territory  west  of 
the  Rocky  mountains  to  remain  in  the  joint  occu- 
pancy of  both  parties  for  10  years;  the  commercial 
convention  of  1815  to  continue  10  years  longer.] 

Second  Sessioii  convenes 16  Nov.    " 

Illinois  admitted  (the  21st  state) 3  Dec.    " 

Memorial  from  the  territory  of  Missouri,  asking  per- 
mission to  frame  a  state  government,  and  for  ad- 
mission into  the  Union 18  Dec.    '* 

Committee  of  5  appointed  by  the  Senate  to  inquire  into 
the  course  of  gen  Jackson,  in  taking  possession  of 
fort  St.  Marks  and  Pensacola,  and  in  executing  Ar- 
buthnot and  Ambrister 18  Dec.    " 

[The  committee  disapproved  his  acts ;  but  the 
Senate  postponed  action  indefinitely.  The  House 
referred  the  matter  to  the  Committee  on  Military 
Affairs,  which  also  disapproved  of  Jackson's  action ; 
but  the  House,  after  debate  from  12  Jan.  to  8  Feb., 
failed  to  support  the  report.] 
Bill  introduced  for  the  admission  of  Missouri.  .  13  Feb.  1819 
Bill  introduced  to  organize  the  territory  of  Arkansas, 

16  Feb.  " 
[When  this  bill  was  taken  up,  John  W.  Taylor  of 
N.  Y.  moved  a  proviso  "  that  neither  slavery  nor  in- 
voluntary servitude  should  hereafter  be  introduced 
into  any  part  of  the  territories  of  the  U.  S.  north  of 
36°  30'  N.  lat."  Taylor  finally  withdrew  his  mo- 
tion. Thus  the  proposition  of  the  "Missouri  compro- 
mise," which  was  finally  agreed  to,  was  originated 
by  a  northern  member,  and  not  by  Henry  Clay  of 
K}'.,  as  is  generally  supposed. — See  Lossing's  "  Cy- 
clopaedia of  U.  S.  Hist.,"  Missouri  Compromise ;  Eil- 
dreth's  "Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  vi.  p.  662  ;  Blaine's 
"  Twenty  Yeai-s  of  Congress,"  vol.  i.  p.  19.] 
Bill  for  admission  of  Missouri  taken  up  by  the  House, 

16  Feb.    « 


James  Tallmadge,  jr.,  of  N.  Y.,  moves  an  amendment, 
declaring  free  all  children  born  in  Missouri  after 
admission  into  the  Union,  and  providing  for  the 
gradual  emancipation  of  the  slaves.  This  is  modi- 
fied to  declare  all  slave  children  born  in  the  state 
after  its  admission  free  at  the  age  of  25.  The  bill  so 
amended,  passes  the  House,  87  to  76 17  Feb.  1819 

Treaty  with  Spain  concluded 22  Feb.    " 

Approved  by  the  president ; 25  Feb.    " 

[By  this  treaty  Spain  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  all 
territory  east  of  the  Mississippi  called  E.  and  W. 
Florida,  with  adjacent  islands,  for  $5,000,000.  West 
of  the  Mississippi  the  new  boundary-line  began  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  river  on  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
thence  north  along  the  line  of  that  river  to  32°  lat., 
thence  north  to  the  Red  river,  thence  west  along  the 
line  of  this  river  to  100°  W.  Ion.,  thence  north  to  the 
Arkansas  river,  thence  westerly  along  the  line  of  this 
river  to  106°  W.  Ion.,  thence  north  to  42°  N.  lat., 
thence  west  along  the  line  of  this  parallel  to  the 
Pacific.     Not  ratified  by  Spain  until  20  Oct.  1820.] 

Senate  rejects  the  proviso  of  the  House  on  the  admis- 
sion of  Missouri,  31  to  7 27  Feb.    "     -^ 

Senate  returns  the  bill  with  amendments.  House  ad- 
heres, 78  to  76,  and  the  bill  fails 2  Mch.    " 

Alabama  authorized  «to  form  a  state  government  and 
to  be  admitted  into  the  Union.  .  . ". 2  Mch.    " 

Arkansas  organized  as  a  territory, "         " 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  occupy  E.  and 

W.  Florida   3  Mch.    « 

Fifteenth  Congress  adjourns "         « 

Side-wheel  steamer  Savannah  leaves  Savannah,  Ga., 
for  Liverpool,  Engl 24  May,    " 

She  arrives  at  Liverpool 20  June,    " 

[  From  Liverpool  she  sailed  to  St.  Petersburg,  Rus- 
sia. Having  exhausted  her  coal  on  the  Atlantic,  she 
finished  her  voyage  under  canvas  (New  Yokk).] 

Maine  separated  from  Massachusetts  by  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature 19  June,    " 

First  published  specimen  of  American  lithographic 
printing  (stone  procured  from  Munich)  appears  in 
the  A  nalectic  Magazine July>    " 

Com.  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  dies  at  Trinidad,  West 
Indies,  of  yellow-fever 23  Aug.    " 

Sixteenth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes. . .  .6  Dec.    " 

Henry  Clay,  speaker  of  the  House. 

Memorial  from  the  people  of  Maine,  praying  for  ad- 
mission into  the  Union,  presented 7  Dec.    " 

Memorial  from  Missouri,  asking  for  admission,  again 
presented  in  the  House 7  Dec.    " 

Alabama  admitted  (the  22d  state) 14  Dec.    " 

Bill  for  the  admission  of  Maine  passes  the  House,  3  Jan.  1820 

Senate  adds  to  the  bill  admitting  Maine  a  clause  for 
the  admission  of  Missouri  and  an  amendment  pro- 
posed by  senator  Thomas,  III.,  prohibiting  the  intro- 
duction of  slaves  into  Louisiana  north  of  the  Arkan- 
sas boundary,  36°  30',  except  in  Missouri.  Thomas 
proviso  passes  the  Senate,  30  to  10,  and  the  bill  as 
amended  passes  the  Senate,  24  to  20 18  Feb.    " 

House  rejects  the  amendments ;  Senate  asks  for  a  com- 
mittee of  conference;  House  passes  Missouri  bill 
with  a  clause  prohibiting  the  further  introduction  of 
slaves,  93  to  84 29  Feb.    « 

Senate  returns  the  Missouri  bill  to  the  House  with 
slavery  clause  struck  out  and  senator  Thomas's  ter- 
ritorial proviso  inserted 2  Mch.    " 

Committee  of  conference  advises  the  Senate  to  recede 
from  its  amendment  to  the  Maine  bill,  and  the 
House  to  pass  the  Senate  Missouri  bill ;  House 
strikes  out  from  the  Missouri  bill  the  prohibition  of 
slaverv,  90  to  84,  and  inserts  the  "  Thomas  proviso," 
134  to' 42 2  Mch.    « 

Maine  admitted  (the  23d  state)  by  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved   3  Mch.    " 

[To  take  effect  15  Mch.] 

Congress  authorizes  the  people  of  Missouri  to  form  a 
state  government 6  Mch.    " 


UNI  «46 

Duel  between  com.  Stephen  Decatur  and  com.  James 

Barron  at  Bladensburg,  Md 22  Mch.  1820 

[Decatur    was    mortally   and    Barron    severely 
wounded.] 
Congress  abolishes  the  sale  of  public  lands  on  credit, 

24  Apr.    " 
Congress  organizes  the  first  committee  on  agriculture, 

3  May,    " 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of  $3,000,000 15  May,    " 

First  Session  adjourns "  " 

First  steamship  line  between  New  York  and  New  Or- 
leans established June,    " 

Daniel  Boone  dies  at  Charrette,  Mo.,  aged  85,  26  Sept.    " 
Spain  ratifies  her  treaty  with  the  U.  S.  whereby  she 

cedes  Florida 20  Oct.    " 

Second  Session  convenes 13  Nov.    " 

Henry  Clay  resigns  the  speakership ;  John  W.  Taylor 
of  N.  Y.  elected  on  the  22d  ballot  by  a  majority  of  1, 

14  Nov.    « 

Presidential  election  held "         " 

[James  Monroe  of  Va.,  Democratic-Republican, 
for  president ;  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y.  for  vice- 
president.  No  opposition.] 
Missouri,  in  her  constitution,  requires  her  legislature  to 
prohibit  free  colored  persons  from  settling  in  the  state. 
The  Senate  adds  a  proviso  that  nothing  contained 
in  the  constitution  shall  be  construed  as  conflicting 
with  thatclause  in  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  which 
declares  "  the  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled 
to  all  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in 
the  several  states."  The  bill  admitting  Missouri, 
with  her  constitution  as  amended,  passes  the  Senate, 

26  to  18 11  Dec.    « 

Electoral  votes  counted 14  Feb.  1821 

[James  Monroe  of  Va.  for  president,  231 ;  John  Q. 
Adams,  1.  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y.  for  vice- 
president,  218;  scattering,  14.] 
House  not  agreeing  with  the  Senate,  22  Feb.,  on  the 
Missouri  bill,  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  moves  a  committee 
to  act  with  a  committee  of  the  Senate  "  to  consider 
whether  it  is  expedient  to  admit  Missouri  into  the 
Union,  and  for  the  due  execution  of  the  laws  of  the 
U.  S.,  and  if  not,  whether  any  other  or  what  provision 
should  be  made."  The  joint  committee  consists  of 
7  senators  and  23  representatives.     Clay  reports  a 

joint  resolution  from  the  committee 26  Feb.  1821 

This  resolution — "  that  Missouri  shall  be  admitted  on 
the  fundamental  condition  that  the  4th  clause  (re- 
specting free  negroes)  shall  never  be  construed  to 
authorize  the  passing  of  any  law,  and  no  law  shall 
be  passed,  by  which  any  citizen  of  any  of  the  states 
shall  be  excluded  from  the  enjoyment  of  any  of  the 
privileges  to  which  he  is  entitled  by  the  Constitution 
of  the  U.  S. ;  provided  the  legislature,  by  a  solemn 
public  act,  shall  declare  and  transmit  to  the  president 
its  assent  to  the  amendment  recommended  by  the  se- 
lect committee  "—passes  the  House,  87  to  81, 26  Feb.    « 

Senate  concurs,  26  to  15 27  Feb.    " 

Resolution  passed  by  Congress  admitting  Missouri  into 

the  Union  (the  24th  state)  approved 2  Mch.    « 

[It  was  3  years  after  the  question  of  admitting 
Missouri  came  before  Congress  that  the  final  com- 
promise and  resolution  of  admission  passed.] 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of  $5,000,000 3  Mch.    " 

Sixteenth  Congress  adjourns "        " 

[It  was  during  this  and  the  preceding  Congress, 
and  in  the  discussions  on  the  admission  of  Missouri, 
that  the  Southern  slave  interest  outlined  its  future 
course  as  a  political  power.] 

Ninth  Administration— Democratic-Bepublioan. 

5  Mch.  1821  to  3  Mch.  1825. 

James  Monroe,  Va.,  president. 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

John  Quincy  A  dams,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  continued  from  1817. 
William H.  Crawford,G&.,sec.  of  treas.,  continued  from  1817. 


UNI 

John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  C,  sec.  of  war,  continued  from  1817. 
Smith  Thompson,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued  from  1818. 
John  Rogers,  Mass.,  pres.  of  navy  committee,  1  Sept.  1823. 
Samuel  J.  Southard,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  navy,  16  Sept.  1823. 
WiUiam  Wirt,  Va.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  1817. 

Return  J.  Meigs,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  1814. 
John  McLean,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  26  June,  1823. 

President  appoints  gen.  Andrew  Jackson  governor  of 


Florida 


.Apr.  1821 


Gen.  Jackson  takes  possession  of  Florida 1  July, 

Pres.  Monroe  proclaims  the  admission  of  Missouri  as 
the  24th  state lo  Aug.    " 

Seventeenth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes.  .3  Dec.    « 
Philip  P.  Barbour,  Va.,  elected  speaker  of  the  House. 
Thomas  H.  Benton  enters  the  Senate  from  Missouri, 

6  Dec.    « 

William  Pinkney  of  Md.  dies,  aged  58 25  Feb.  1822 

Apportionment  bill  passed  (Representatives,  Hquse 

of) 1  Mch.    » 

President,  by  message,  recommends  the  recognition  of 
the  independence  of  the  South  American  states  and 

Mexico 8  Mch.    « 

Bankrupt  bill  defeated  in  the  House  by  a  vote  of  72  to 

99 12  Mch.    « 

Resolution  recognizing  the  independence  of  the  Amer- 
ican provinces  of  Spain  passed  by  the  House,  167 

tol 28  Mch. 

[Mr.  Garnett  of  Va.  voted  against  the  measure.] 
Territorial  government  established  in  Florida,  30  Mch. 
President  vetoes  an  appropriation  of  $9000  for  preserv- 
ing and  repairing  the  Cumberland  road.  .4  May, 
President  submits  to  Congress  his  objection  to  national 
appropriations  for  internal  improvements.  .  .4  May, 
["This  important  state  paper,  together  with  the 
veto,  interposes  a  breakwater  to  the  popular  policy 
of  the  day."— Schouler's  "  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  iii. 
p.  254.] 

First  Session  adjourns 8  May, 

Second  Session  convenes 2  Dec. 

A  petition  to  Congress  asks  that  capt.  John  Cleves 
Symmes's  theory  be  verified  by  a  voyage  to  the 
north,  and  that  capt.  Symmes  be  intrusted  with  the 
conduct  of  the  expedition  (Symmes's  theory), 

27  Jan.  1828 
Stephen  F.  Austin  obtains  from  Mexico  a  grant  of  land 

in  Texas  for  colonization Feb. 

[The  settlement  named  Austin,  now  the  capital 
of  the  state.     Texas.] 
Seventeenth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch. 

Eighteenth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes. .  .1  Dec. 

Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  elected  speaker. 

Pres.  Monroe,  in  his  message,  proclaims  the  "  Monroe 
Doctrine "  in  the  following  words :  "  We  owe  it  to 
candor,  and  to  the  amicable  relations  existing  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  those  great  European 
powers,  to  declare  that  we  should  consider  any  at- 
tempt on  their  part  to  extend  their  system  to  any 
portion  of  this  hemisphere  as  dangerous  to  our  peace 
and  safety.  With  the  existing  colonies  and  depen- 
dencies of  any  European  power  we  have  not  inter- 
fered, and  shall  not  interfere ;  but  with  the  govern- 
ments who  have  declared  their  independence  and 
maintained  it,  and  whose  independence  we  have  on 
great  considerations  and  on  just  principles  acknowl- 
edged, we  could  not  view  any  interposition  for  the 
purpose  of  oppressing  them,  or  controlling  in  any 
other  manner  their  destiny,  by  any  European  power, 
in  any  other  light  than  as  a  manifestation  of  an 
unfriendly  disposition  towards  the  United  States." 
This  is  known  as  the  "  Monroe  doctrine  ".  .  .  .2  Dec. 

A  resolution  authorizing  an  embassy  to  Greece  offered 
in  the  House  by  Daniel  Webster  of  Mass.  .  .8  Dec. 
[This,  resolution  was  defeated  26  Jan.  1824,  al- 
though ably  supported  by  Clay,  Webster,  and  others. 
John  Randolph  opposed  it  in  speeches  full  of  sense 


UNI 


847 


UNI 


and  sarcasm.  "  Of  the  three  distinct  types  of  our 
congressmen's  oratory,  no  better  specimens  to  this 
day  can  be  found  than  in  the  several  speeches  which 
Clay,  Webster,  and  Randolph  delivered  in  the  win- 
ter of  1823-24  on  the  spur  of  Webster's  resolution." 
—Schouler's  "  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  iii.  p.  304.] 

TariflF  (protective)  bill  brought  before  the  House,  9  Jan.  1824 
[Clay  and  Buchanan  supported  the  bill,  while 
Webster  opposed  it.] 

Congress  by  resolution  oifers  the  marquis  de  Lafay- 
ette a  ship  to  bring  him  to  the  U.  S.,  approved  4  Feb.    " 

Act  to  survey  routes  for  canals  and  roads Feb.    " 

Ninian  Edwards  presents  an  address  to  the  House 
bringing  charges  against  secretary  Crawford.     This 

is  known  as  the  A.  B.  Plot 19  Apr.    " 

[A  committee  of  7  appointed  to  investigate.] 

Tariff  bill  passes  the  House,  125  to  66 19  May,    " 

Approved 22  May,    " 

[37  per  cent,  was  the  average  rate  of  duty.] 

Report  of  committee  exonerating  secretary  Crawford 

froni  the  charges  of  Mr.  Edwards 25  May,    " 

First  Session  adjourns .  .27  May,    " 

Lafayette,  with  his  son,  arrives  at  New  York.  15  Aug.    " 
[He  declined  the  offer  of  a  government  vessel.] 

Tenth  presidential  election 9  Nov.    " 

[There  were  4  Dem.-Rep.  candidates :  John  Q. 
Adams  of  Mass.,  sec.  of  state ;  William  H.  Crawford 
of  Ga.,  sec.  of  treasury;  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.,  speaker 
of  the  House ;  and  Andrew  Jackson  of  Tenn.  John 
C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  was  the  candidate  for  vice-presi- 
dent.] 
Second  Session  convenes 6  Dec.    " 

Lafayette  welcomed  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 
in  an  address  by  the  speaker,  Mr.  Clay 10  Dec.    " 

Congress  (the  House  by  166  to  26,  the  Senate  unani- 
mously) votes  to  Lafayette  $200,000  and  a  town- 
ship of  land  in  any  part  of  the  U.  S.  he  might  se- 
lect, now  unoccupied .  .  .22  Dec.    " 

Treaty  with  Russia  ratified 11  Jan.  1825 

I  [Establishing  the  boundary-line  between  the  U.  S. 

I  and  Russia  at  54°  40'  N.  lat.] 

'         Electoral  votes  counted 9  Feb.  1825 

[Of  these  votes  for  president  Andrew  Jackson  re- 
ceived 99,  John  Quincy  Adams  84,  William  H. 
Crawford  41,  Henry  Clay  37.  John  C.  Calhoun, 
for  vice-president,  received  182 ;  scattering,  78.  As 
no  candidate  for  president  had  a  majority,  the  House 
proceeded  to  vote  for  the  three  highest — Jackson, 
Adams,  and  Crawford.  This  vote  was  taken  by 
states,  each  state  having  1  vote.  Of  tliese  John 
Q.  Adams  received  13,  Andrew  Jackson  7,  and  Will- 
iam H.Crawford  4;  and  Adams  was  elected.  Clay 
throwing  his  influence  for  him.  This  produced  great 
excitement,  as  the  country  expected  Jackson  to  be 
chosen.] 

Treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians  termed  the  "Indian 

Spring  treaty  " 12  Feb.    " 

[This  treaty  was  signed  by  their  chief  Mcintosh, 
and  provided  for  the  cession  of  all  the  Creek  terri- 
tory in  Georgia  and  several  million  acres  in  Ala- 
bama for  $400,000.  The  Indians  repudiated  this 
cession  and  killed  Mcintosh,  about  30  Apr.—"  Niles's 
Register,"  21  May,  1825.] 

An  act  appropriating  $150,000  to  extend  the  Cum- 
berland ROAD  from  Canton,  on  the  Ohio,  opposite 
Wheeling,  to  Zanesville,  O approved  3  Mch.    " 

An  act  of  Congress  for  strengthening  the  laws  of  the 

U.  S approved  3  Mch.    " 

Eighteenth  Congress  adjourns "         " 

Tenth  Administration.— Democratic -Eepublican  (co- 
alition) 4  Mch.  1825  to  3  Mch.  1829. 

John  Quincy  Adams,  Mass  ,  president. 
John  0.  Calhoun,  S.  C,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Henry  Clay,  Ky.,  sec' of  state,  from  7  Mch.  1825. 
Richard  Rush,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  7  Mch.  1825. 


James  Barhour,  Va.,  sec.  of  war,  from  7  Mch.  1825. 
Peter  B.  Porter,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  from  26  May,  1828. 
Samuel  L.  Southard,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  navv,  continueil  from  16 

Sept.  1823. 
William  Wirt,Ya.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  13  Nov.  1817. 

John  McLean,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  26  June, 
1823. 

[Senate  confirmed  the  cabinet  officers  unanimously, 
except  the  secretary  of  state.  The  vote  upon  his  nom- 
ination was  27  to  14.  The  opposition  charged  Clay  with 
defeating  Andrew  Jackson  by  a  coalition  with  Mr.  Adams.] 

Corner-stone  of  Bunker  Hill  monument  laid.  .17  June,  1825 
[Lafayette  was  present,  and  Daniel  Webster  de- 
livered the  oration.] 

Lafayette  leaves  Washington  for  France  in  the  new 
frigate  Brandywine,  furnished  him  by  the  govern- 
ment   7  Sept.    " 

[He  had  visited  every  state  (24)  of  the  Union.] 

Mordecai  M.  Noah  selects  Grand  Island,  in  the  Niagara 
river,  as  a  site  for  a  city  of  refuge  for  the  Jews,  to 

be  called  Ararat 17  Sept.    " 

[The  only  remaining  relic  of  this  scheme,  now  in 
possession  of  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society,  is  a 
stone  tablet  bearing  a  Hebrew  inscription,  and  the 
name  of  the  founder,  etc.] 

Illuminating  gas  comes  into  general  use  in  New  York .    " 

Cbtn.  David  Porter,  while  cruising,  lands  a  force  at 
Porto  Rico  and  exacts  an  apology  for  an  insult  to 
the  American  flag.  He  is  recalled  and  suspended 
for  6  months " 

Erie  canal  finished  (New  York) 26  Oct.    " 

Nineteenth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes. .  .5  Dec.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  John  W.  Taylor,  N.  Y. 

[Edward  Everett  entered  Congress  this  session 
from  Mass.,  and  James  K.  Polk  from  Tenn.] 

Dispute  between  the  state  of  Georgia  and  the  U.  S.  , 
upon  the  removal  of  the  Creek  Indians 1825-29 

John  Gaillard,  U.  S.  senator  from  S.  C.  from  1804-26, 
and  from  14  Apr.  1814  to  9  Mch.  1825,  president  pro 
tem.  of  the  Senate, dies  at  Washington. .  .  .  .26  Feb.  1826 

South  American  states  call  a  general  congress,  to 
meet  at  Panama  in  June,  1826,  and  to  consider  the 
rights  of  those  states,  and  invite  delegates  from 
the  U.  S.  Congress  appropriates  $40,000,  and  ap- 
points Richard  C.  Anderson,  minister  to  Colombia, 
and  John  Sargeant  of  Philadelphia,  delegates, 

14  Mch.  1826 

During  the  debate  on  the  "  Panama  congress "  in  the 
Senate,  John  Randolph  refers  to  the  coalition  of 
Adams  and  Clay  as  that  of  "  the  Puritan  and  the 
blackleg."  A  duel  followed  between  Clay  and  Ran- 
dolph (Duels) 8  Apr.    " 

First  Session  adjourns 22  IMay,    " 

John  Adams,  b.  Braintree,  Mass.,  19  Oct.  1735,  and 
Thomas  Jefferson,  b.  Monticello,  Va.,  2  Apr.  1743, 
die  on  the  50th  anniversary  of  American  indepen- 
dence  4  July,    " 

Abduction   of  William    Morgan   from   Canandaigua, 

N.  Y .' 12  Sept.    " 

[(iave  rise  to  a  political  party  —  the  Anti-Ma- 
sonic— that  became  national  in  importance,  though 
short-lived.  Morgan,  W^illiam  ;  New  York  ;  Po- 
litical PARTIES.] 

Convention  with  (ireat  Britain  concerning  indemnities 

for  the  war  of  1812-14 13  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  convenes 4  Dec.    " 

Congress  makes  an  appropriation  for  the  payment  of 

■Revolutionary  and  other  pensions 29  Jan.  1827 

Nineteenth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Gen.  Gaines  ordered  into  the  Creek  Indian  country.  .  .    " 

Protectionists  hold  a  convention  at  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
and  demand  a  higher  tariff 30  July,    " 

U.  S.  and  Great  Britain  by  treaty  agree  to  extend 
or  renew  the  commercial  agreements  of  1818,  and 
the  Oregon  boundary  to  continue  indefinitelv, 

6  Aug.    « 


UNI 

First  railroad  in  ihe  U.  S.,  niiining  from  Qiiincy,  Mass., 
to  the  Ne|»onset  river,  3  miles,  comraenced  1826; 
completed  (operated  by  horse-power) .  1827 

Boundary  differences  between  the  U.  S.  and  the  Brit- 
ish possessions  to  be  referred  to  an  arbiter.  .29  Sept.    " 

Twentieth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes.. .  .3  Dec.   " 
Speaker  of  the  House,  Andrew  Stevenson  of  Va. 
By  another  treaty  Creek  Indians  cede  their  remaining 

lands  in  Georgia  for  $47,491.     Ratified Jan.  1828 

Maj.-gen.  Jacob  Brown  dies  at  Washington. .  .24  Feb.    " 
Debate  on  the  tariff  bill  begun  in  the  House..  .4  Mch.    " 

Debate  in  the  Senate 5-14  May,    " 

Tariff  bill  passed  by  the  House 15  May,    " 

Approved  ;  known  as  the  "  Tariff  of  Abominations  " 

(Tariff) 19  May,    " 

[Principal  speakers  in  the  Senate  on  this  bill 
were:  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Mo. ;  M.  Dickerson,  N.  J. ; 
Robert  Y.  Hayne,  S.  C. ;  Daniel  Webster,  Mass.  ; 
Levi  Woodbury,  N.  H. ;  and  Samuel  Smith,  Md.] 
Congress  by  resolution  grants  Charles  Carroll  of 
Carrollton,  only  surviving  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  the  franking  privilege,  23  May,    " 

First  Session  adjourns 26  May,    " 

Second  railroad  in  the  U.  S.  from  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa., 
to  the  Lehigh  river,  9  miles,  commenced  1827,  and 

finished 

Eleventh  presidential  election 11  Nov.    " 

[Candidates :  Democrats,  for  president,  Andrew 
Jackson.  Tenn. ;  vice-president,  John  C.  Calhoun, 
S.  C.  National-Republicans,  for  president,  John  Q. 
Adams,  Mass. ;  vice-president,  Richard  Rush,  Pa.] 

Second  Session  convenes 1  Dec.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted  in  the  House 11  Feb.  1829 

[Democrats,  Andrew  Jackson,  Tenn.,  for  president, 
178;  John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  C,  vice-president,  171. 
National-Republicans,  John  Quiucy  Adams,  Mass., 
for  president,  83  ;  Richard  Rush,  Pa.,  vice-president, 
83.  Nullifiers,  William  Smith,  S.  C,  for  vice-presi- 
dent, 7.] 
Twetitieth  Congress  adjourns. 3  Mch.    " 

Eleventh  Administration— Democratic.   4  Mch.  1829  to 

3  Mch.  1833. 

Andrew  Jackson,  Tenn.,  president. 
John  C.  Cnlhoun,  S.  C,  vice-president. 

CABINET, 

Martin  Van  Buren,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  state,  from  6  Mch.  1829. 

Resigned. 
Edward  Livingston,  La.,  sec.  of  state,  from  24  May,  1831. 
Samvel  D.  Ingham,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  6  Mch.  1829. 
Louis  McLane,  Del.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  8  Aug.  1831. 
John  ff.  Eaton,  Tenn.,  sec.  of  war,  from  9  Mch.  1829. 
Lewis  Cass,  Mich.,  sec.  of  war,  from  1  Aug.  1831. 
John  Branch,  N.  C,  sec.  of  navy,  from  9  Mch.  1829. 
Levi  Woodbury,  N.  H.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  23  May,  1831. 
John  McPherson  Beriien,  Ga.,  attorney-gen.,  from  9  Mch.  1829. 
Roger  B.  Taney,  Md.,  attorney-gen.,  from  27  Dec.  1831. 
Willidin  T.  Barry,  Ky.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  9  Mch.  1829. 
[  Po6tmaster-gen.  had  not  hitherto  been  recognized  as  a 
member  of  the  cabinet.] 

John  Jay,  statesman,  dies  at  Bedford,  N.  Y. . .  19  May,  1829 
James  L.  M.  Smithson,  founder  of  the  Smithsonian 

Institution,  dies  in  Genoa,  Italy 27  June,    " 

"  Stourbridge  Lion,"  the  first  locomotive  run  in  the 
U.  S.,  is  purchased  in  England  and  arrives  in  New 
York  in  June,  1829 ;  shipped  to  Carbondale,  and  tried 

on  the  track  at  Honesdale 8  Aug.    " 

William  Lloyd  Garrison  publishes  the  Genius  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  advocating  immediate  emancipation.. .  .     " 
[Benjamin  Lundy  associate  editor.] 

Twenty-first  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes.. 7  Dec.    " 
Speaker  of  the  House,  Andrew  Stevenson  of  Va. 
Robert  Y.  Hayne's  (S.  C.)  great  speech  in  defence  of 
state  rights  in  the  Senate  on  "  the  Foote  resolution," 
limiting  the  sale  of  public  lands 25  Jan.  1830 


848  UNI 

Daniel  Webster's  reply  defends  the  Constitution, 

26-27  Jan. 1880 
[Perhaps  the  most  eloquent  speeches  ever  made 
in  Congress.]  '.^ 

Jared  Sparks  begins  his  "  American  Biography  " «  ^# 

Bill  before  the  House  for  a  national  road  from  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  to  New  Orleans,  La.,  via  Washington,  23  Mch.    " 

Treaty  with  Denmark ;  indemnity  claims.  .  .  .28  Mch.    " 

Pres.  Jackson  at  a  public  dinner  in  Washington  on  Jef- 
ferson's birthday  gives  this  toast,  "Our  Federal 
Union,  it  must  be  preserved."  Vice-pres.  Calhoun 
responded  :  "  Liberty  dearer  than  Union  ".  .13  Apr.    " 

Bill  for  a  national  road  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to  New 
Orleans,  La.,  rejected  in  House  by  88  to  105..14  Apr.   '« 

Treaty  with  the  Ottoman  empire 7  May,   « 

Final  rupture  between  Jackson  and  Calhoun May,    " 

[Van  Buren  set  to  work  to  destroy  the  friendship 
and  confidence  that  existed  between  Calhoun  and 
the  president.  —  Blaine's  "  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress," vol.  i.  p.  28.] 

Duties  on  coffee,  tea,  and  cocoa  reduced 20  May,   " 

President  vetoes  the  Mayville  and  Lexington,  Kv., 
road  bill  (Vkto) 27  May,    « 

Massachusetts  obtains  from  the  U.  S.  $430,748.26  for 

services  of  her  militia  1812-14 31  May,   " 

First  Session  adjourns "  " 

John  Randolph  sails  as  minister  to  Russia June,   " 

[He  remained  in  Russia  for  10  days,  went  to  Eng- 
land for  nearly  a  year,  returned  in  Oct.  1831,  and 
drew  $21,407  as  pay.— Schouler's  "  Hist,  of  the 
U.  S.,"  vol.iii.p.461.] 

Anti-Masonic  party  hold  the  first  national  convention 
in  the  U.  S.  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Francis  Granger 

of  New  York  presiding Sept.  •  '* 

Second  Session  convenes 6  Dec.    " 

Senate  rejects  the  award  of  the  king  of  the  Nether- 
lands as  arbitrator  of  the  boundary  between  Maine 
and  Great  Britain  (Maine) 10  Jan.  1831 

First  locomotive  built  in  the  U.  S.,  "  The  Best  Friend," 

at  the  West  Point  foundery  shops  in  New  York  city ; 

first  trip  on  the  South  Carolina  railroad. ...  15  Jan.    "  ^ 

Twenty-first  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch. 

John  H.  Eaton,  sec.  of  war,  resigns 7  Apr. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  sec.  of  state,  resigns " 

Ex-pres.  James  Monroe  dies  in  New  York,  aged  73, 

4  July, 

Negro  insurrection  led  by  Nat  Turner  in  Southampton 
county,  Virginia Aug. 

Pres.  Jackson  re-forms  his  cabinet **^^| 

Anti-Masonic  party  hold  a  national  convention  at  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  and  nominate  William  Wirt  of  Va.  for 
president  and  Amos  Ellraaker  of  Pa.  for  vice-presi- 
dent; number  of  delegates  112 26  Sept. 

Free-trade  convention  held  at  Philadelphia.  .  .  .5  Oct. 

High-tariff  convention  held  at  New  York 26  Oct. 

Copyright  law  radically  amended,  making  the  term 
28  years  instead  of  14,  with  renewal  of  14  years 
more,  and  wife  and  children  of  author,  in  case  of  his 
death,  entitled  to  a  renewal " 

William  Lloyd  (iarrison  begins  the  publication  of  the 
Liberator  at  Boston " 

Twenty-second  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes,  5  Dec.    " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Andrew  Stevenson  of  Va. 

[Thomas  Corwin's  first  appearance  in  Congress  as 
a  member  from  Ohio.] 

National-Republican  party  hold  a  national  convention 
at  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  nominate  Henry  Clay  of  Ky. 
for  president  and  John  Sergeant  of  Pa.  for  vice-pres- 
ident ;  number  of  delegates  155 12  Dec. 

[This  party  advocated  higher  tariff  and  internal 
improvements.] 

Memorial  for  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the  National 
bank  presented  to  Congress 9  Jan.  1832 

William  L.  Marcy  of  N.  Y.,  while  urging  the  Senate  to 
confirm  Martin  Van  Buren  as  minister  to  England, 
says,  "  They  see  nothing  wrong  iii  the  rule  that  to 
the  victors  belong  the  spoils  of  the  enemy,"  25  Jan.    '* 


4 


i 


UNI 


Henry  Clay  advocates  the  "  American  system  "  of  pro- 
tection in  the  Senate,  supported  by  the  senators  from 
Delaware,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  Ohio, 

Pennsylvania,  and  Rhode  Island Jan.-Feb.  1832 

Democratic  (first  so  called)  National  convention  meets 

in  Baltimore .' 21  May,     " 

[Nominated  Jackson  for  president,  and  Martin  Van 
Biiren  of  N.  Y.  for  vice-president,  he  having  been 
rejected  as  minister  to  England  in  the  Senate  by  the 
vote  of  vice-pres.  Calhoun.  In  this  convention  it 
was  resolved  "  that  two  thirds  of  the  whole  number 
of  votes  in  the  convention  shall  be  necessary  to  con- 
stitute a  choice."  This  was  the  origin  of  the  fa- 
mous two-thirds  rule,] 
Ratio  of  representation  agreed  upon  by  Congress  ac- 
cording to  the  5th  census,  47,700 22  May,    " 

[Number  of  Representatives,  240.] 

Black  Hawk  war May-Aug.    " 

Gen.   Thomas    Sumter,  distinguished    Revolutionary 

soldier,  dies  near  Camden,  S.  C,  aged  98 1  June,    " 

Bill  re-chartering  the  National  bank  passes  the  Sen- 
ate, 28  to  20 11  June,    " 

And  the  House,  107  to  85 3  July,    " 

Commissioner  of  Indian  affairs  first  appointed . .9  July,    " 

President  vetoes  the  Bank  bill 10  July,    " 

Senate  fails  to  pass  the  Bank  charter  over  the  presi- 
dent's veto 13  July,    " 

Source  of  the  Mississippi  discovered  by  an  exploring 

party  under  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft 13  July,    " 

Partial  repeal  of  the  tariff  measures  of  1828 .  ,  14  July,    " 
[This  repeal  reduced  many  of  the  revenue  taxes, 
but  the  protective  taxes  were  not  materially  altered. 
Woollen  yarn  was  now  first  taxed.] 

First  Session  adjourns.    .  .    16  July,    " 

Cholera  first  appears  in  the  U.  S " 

[First  case  in  Quebec,  8  June ;  in  New  York,  27 
June.] 

Treaty  with  the  Two  Sicilies,  indemnity 14  Oct.   " 

Presidential  election   .  , 13  Nov.    " 

[Candidates:  Democrats,  for  president,  Andrew 
Jackson  of  Tenn  ;  for  vice-president,  Martin  Van 
Buren  of  N.  Y.  National-Republicans,  for  president, 
Henry  Clay  of  Ky. ;  for  vice-president,  John  Ser- 
geant of  Pa,  Anti-Masons,  for  president,  William 
Wirt  of  Va. ,  for  vice-president,  Amos  EUmaker  of 
Pa.  NuUifiers  (S.  C),  for  president,  John  Floyd  of 
S.  C  ;  for  vice-president,  Henry  Lee  of  Va.] 
Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  Md.,  last  surviving  signer 

*of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  dies  at  Balti- 
more, aged  95 14  Nov.  " 
Convention  is  held  at  Columbus,  S.  C,  which  by  ordi- 
nance declares  the  Tariff  acta  of  1828  and  1832  null 
and  void 19  Nov.  " 
[The  terra  "  nullification  "  was  borrowed  from  the 
Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions  of  1798.] 

Second  Session  convenes 3  Dec.    " 

Pres.  Jackson  issues  a  proclamation  to  the  people  of 

South  Carolina 10  Dec.    " 

[An  able  and  eloquent  paper,  written  by  Living- 
ston, sec.  of  state,  after  an  original  draft  by  Jackson.] 

John  C.  Calhoun,  vice-president,  resigns 28  Dec.    " 

[Hugh  L.White  of  Tenn.  president  pro  tern,  of 
the  Senate.] 
Pres.  Jackson,   by  message,  informs  Congress  of  the 
proceedings  of  South  Carolina,  and  asks  power  to 

enforce  the  collection  of  the  revenue 16  Jan.  1833 

John  C.  Calhoun,  now  a  senator  from  S.  C,  introduces 
resolutions:  that  the  theory  that  the  people  of  the 
U.  S.  are  now  or  ever  have  been  united  in  one  nation 
is  erroneous,  false  in  history  and  reason.  .  .  .22  Jan.  " 
Henry  Clay  introduces  the  •'  compromise  tariff"  in  the 
Senate  as  a  solution  of  all  pending  troubles  between 
the  manufacturing  states  and  the  South ....  12  Feb.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted 13  Feb.    " 

[Andrew  Jackson,  Tenn.,  for  president,  219  ;  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren,  N.  Y.,  for  vice-president,  189  ;  Henry 
Clay,  Ky.,  for  president,  49  (Mass.,  R.  I.,  Conn.,  Del., 
Ky.,  Md.)     John  Sergeant,  Pa.,  for  vice-president. 


849  UNI 

49  (Mass.,  R.  I.,  Conn.,  Del.,  Ky.,  Md.) ;  William 
Wirt,  Va.,  for  president,  7  (Vt.) ;  Amos  EUmaker, 
Pa.,  for  vice-president,  7  (Vt.) ;  John  Floyd,  S.  C, 
for  president,  1 1  (S.  C.)  ;  Henry  Lee,  for  vice-presi- 
dent, 1 1  (S.  C.) ;  William  Wilkin,  Pa.,  for  vice-presi- 
dent, 30  (Pa.).] 
"Compromise  tariff"  passes  the  House,  119  to  85, 

26  Feb.  1833 

And  the  Senate,  29  to  16 1  Mch.    " 

Becomes  a  law 3  Mch.    " 

[This  law  scaled  down  all  duties  so  that  20  per 
cent,  should  be  the  standard  duty  in  1842.] 
Twenty-second  Congress  adjourns .  .3  Mch,    " 

Twelfth  Administration  — Democratic.     4  Mch.  1833 

to  3  Mch.  1837. 

Andrew  Jackson,  Tenn.,  president. 
Martin  Van  Buren,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Louis  McLane,  Del.,  sec.  of  state,  from  29  Mch.  1833. 
John  Forsyth,  Ga.,  sec.  of  state,  from  27  June,  1834. 
Louis  McLane,  Del.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued  from  8  Aug.  1831. 
William  J.  Duane,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  29  May,  1833. 
Roger  B.  Taney,  Md.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  23  Sept.  1833.    Not 

confirmed  by  the  Senate. 
Levi  Woodbury,  N.  H.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  27  June,  1834. 
Lewis  Cass,  Mich.,  sec.  of  war,  continued  from  1  Aug.  1831. 
Levi  Woodbury,  N.  H.,  sec.  of  navv,  continued  from  23  May, 

1831. 
Mahlon  Dickerson,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  navj',  from  30  June,  1834. 
William  T.  Barry,  Ky.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  9  Mch. 

1829. 
Amos  Kendall,  Ky.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  1  May,  1835. 
Roger  B.  Taney,  Md.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  27  Dec. 

1831. 
Benjamin  F.  Butler,  N.  Y.,  attorney-gen.,  from  24  June,  1834. 
South  Carolina  repeals  the  ordinance  of  nullification  in 

a  convention  held 16  Mch.  1833 

John  Randolph  of  Va.  dies  in  Philadelphia,  aged  60, 

24  May,    « 
Pres.  Jackson  lays  near  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  the  corner- 
stone of  a  monument  to  Washington's  mother,  Mary 

Washington May,    " 

Pres.  Jackson  makes  a  tour  of  the  eastern  states  as  far 
as  Concord,  N.  H.,  returning  to  Washington,  3  July,    " 

[Harvard  university  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.] 
Gen.  John  Coffee  d.  near  Florence,  Ala.,  aged  61,7  July,    " 
Com.  William   Bainbridge  dies  in  Philadelphia,  aged 

59 28  July,    « 

Sun,  newspaper,  first  pub.  in  New  York,  price  1  cent ; 

Benjamin  H.  Day  publisher.  \ 3  Sept.    " 

President  removes  W.  J.  Duane,  sec.  of  treas.,  for  re- 
fusing to  withdraw  the  deposits  from  the  National 
bank,  and  appoints  Roger  B.  Taney  of  Md.  in  his 

place 23  Sept.    « 

Pres.  Jackson  directs  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to 
withdraw  the  deposits,  about  $10,000,000,  from  the 

National  bank 26  Sept.    « 

Indian  chief  Black  Hawk  is  taken  through  the  princi- 
pal eastern  cities autumn  of    " 

Bank  deposits  removed  from  the  National  bank .  .  1  Oct.    " 
[This  action  of  pres.  Jackson  caused  great  dissat- 
isfaction.] 
Anti-slavery  society  organized  in  New  Y'ork  city,  2  Oct.    " 
First  severe  railway  accident  in  the  U.  S.  on  the  Amboy 

and  Bordentown  railroad;  several  killed 8  Oct.    " 

Great  display  of  shooting-stars  .  .  .morning  of  13  Nov.    " 
[Generally  visible  in  North  America,  though  most 
brilliant  in  the  eastern  U.  S.,  commencing  at  mid- 
night and  continuing  until  sunrise.] 

Twenty  -third  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes. 2  Dec.    " 
Speaker  of  the  House,  Andrew  Stevenson  of  Va. 
American  Anti-slavery  society  organized  at  Philadel- 
phia; Beriah  Green  president,  and  John  G.Whittier 
one  of  the  secretaries 6  Dec.    " 


UNI  850 

Mr.  Clay  oflfere  a  resolution,  10  Dec,  inquiring  of  the 
president  whether  a  |Mi|)er  reail  to  heads  of  depart- 
inenta  under  ilate  of  18  SepU  1833,  relative  to  the 
de|)OMt^  of  the  public  money,  was  genuine,  and  re- 
questing that  said  paper  be  laid  before  the  Senate. 
This  resolution  passes  the  Senate,  23  to  18.  .11  Dec.  1833 

Senate  appoints  a  committee  to  investigate  the  National 
bank 4  Feb.  1834 

Treaty  with  Spain,  indemnity 17  Feb.    " 

William  Wirt,  orator,  lawyer,  and  author,  dies  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  aged  62 18  Feb.    " 

Senate  resolves  that  in  removing  the  deposits  the  pres- 
ident had  assumed  authority  not  conferred  by  the 
Constitution  and  the  laws 28  Mch.    " 

House  resolves  that  the  National  bank  shall  not  be  re- 
chartered  nor  the  deposits  restored 4  Apr.    " 

President  protests  against  the  resolution  of  28  Mch.,  but 
the  Senate  refuses  to  enter  the  protest  in  its  minutes, 

16  Apr.    « 

Gen.  Lafayette  dies  in  France  (French  Revolution), 

19  May,    « 

Senate,  by  resolution,  censures  the  president  for  re- 
moving the  deposits June,    " 

Coinage  of  the  U.  S.  changed  (Com) 28  June,    " 

Indian  territory  established  by  Congress 30  June,    " 

First  Session  adjourns "  " 

"  Whig  "  party  first  so  called  (New  York) " 

[Name  pleased  the  Federals  of  New  England  and 
the  State-rights  men  of  the  South.  The  party  claimed 
to  be  the  true  successors  of  the  Whigs  of  1776.] 

Treaty  is  made  with  the  Seminole  Indians  at  Payne's 
Landing,  9  May,  1833,  and  an  additional  treaty  at 
fort  Gibson,  28  Mch.  1834,  for  their  removal  to'  the 
Indian  territory;  Indians  reject  the  treaty  of 
their  chiefs.     Gen.  Thompson  sent  by  the  U.  S.  to 

insist  on  its  execution 28  Oct.    " 

[Seminole  Avar  began,  1835-42.  Florida,  1832-42.] 
Second  Session  convenes 1  Dec.    " 

John  Bell  of  Tenn.  speaker  in  place  of  Andrew  Steven- 
son, resigned ;  John  Hubbard  of  N.  H.  speaker  pro 
tern,  during  this  session. 

Over  500  local  banks  in  the  U.  S " 

["The  government  revenues  were  deposited  in 
banks  selected  by  the  treasury.  Neither  these  nor 
their  unselected  rivals  were  under  any  sort  of  super- 
vision by  the  state  which  chartered  them  or  by  the 
federal  government,  and  no  bank-note  had  any  cer- 
tainty of  value."—"  Narrative  and  Critical  Hist,  of 
America,"  vol.  vii.  p.  289.] 

President  in  his  message  announces  the  extinguishment 
of  the  national  debt Dec.    " 

John  Quincy  Adams,  member  from  Mass.,  delivers  an 
oration  on  Lafayette  before  Congress 31  Dec.    " 

Attempted  assassination  of  pres.  Jackson  at  the  Capitol 

by  Richard  Lawrence 30  Jan.  1835 

[Lawrence  tried  in  Apr.,  but  proved  insane.] 

Congress  awards  a  gold  medal  to  col.  George  Croghan 
for  his  gallant  defence  of  Fort  Stephenson  22 
years  before 13  Feb.    " 

Senate  appoints  a  committee  of  5  to  inquire  into  the  al- 
leged complicity  of  sen.  Poindexter  of  Miss,  in  the 

attempt  to  assassinate  the  president 22  Feb.    " 

[Investigation  showed  sen.  Poindexter  innocent.] 

Congress  establishes  branch  mints  at  New  Orleans,  La., 

Charlotte,  N.  C,  and  Dahlonega,  Ga 3  Mch.    " 

Tioenty-lhird  Congress  adjourns "         " 

New  York  Herald  appears,  James  Gordon  Bennett  pub- 
lisher  6  May,    " 

National  Democratic  convention  at  Baltimore,  Md., 

May,    " 
[Martin  Van  Buren  of  N.  Y.  nominated  for  presi- 
dent;  Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Ky.  for  vice-presi- 
dent.] 

Antislavery  documents  taken  from  the  mail  and  burned 
at  Charleston,  S.  C Aug.    " 

Name  "Loco-focos"  first  applied  to  the  Democratic 
party  (Loco-foco) " 

Gen.  William  H.  Harrison  of  O.  nominated  for  president, 


UNI 


I 


with  Francis  Granger  of  N.  Y,  for  vice-president,  by 

a  state  Whig  convention  at  Harrisburg,  Pa 

[Gen.  Harrison  also  received  the  nomination  at  the 
Whig  state  conventions  of  New  York,  Ohio,  Mary- 
land, and  other  states.  No  national  Whig  conven- 
tion was  held.  Hugh  L.  White  of  Tenn.  was  sup- 
ported by  the  states  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  Daniel 
Webster  receiving  the  vote  of  Massachusetts,  and 
W.  P.  Mangum  of  N.  C.  the  vote  of  South  Carolina.] 
Samuel  Colt  patents  a  "revolving  pistol" 

Twenty-fourth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes,  2  Dec. 

Speaker  of  the  House,  James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn. 

The  president,  in  his  message,  asserts  that  publications 
addressed  to  the  passions  of  the  slaves  and  stimulat- 
ing them  to  insurrection  are  circulated  through  the 
mails,  and  suggests  laws  to  prohibit,  under  severe 
penalties,  such  circulation. 

Great  fire  in  New  York  city 16-17  Dec. 

Seminole  Indians  commence  the  war  in  Florida  by  the 
massacre  of  gen.  Thompson,  lieut.  C.  Smith,  and 
others,  at  fort  King,  about  60  miles  southwest  of 

St.  Augustine 28  Dec. 

[Osceola,  whom  gen.  Thompson  had  shortly  before 
put  in  irons  for  a  day,  led  this  war-party,  j 

Maj.  F.  L.  Dade,  with  100  men,  moving  from  fort 
Brooke  to  the  relief  of  gen.  Clinch,  is  waylaid  and 
the  entire  party  killed  except  4,  who  afterwards  die 
of  injuries  there  received 28  Dec. 

Treaty  with  the  Cherokee  Indians  in  Georgia;  they 
cede  all  their  territorj'  east  of  the  Mississippi  for 
$5,000,000 29  Dec. 

Memorial  presented  to  Congress  praying  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slaverj'^  within  District  of  Columbia.  .11  Jan. 

Texas  declares  her  independence 2  Mch. 

Mexicans  under  Santa  Ana  capture  the  Alamo,  San 
Antonio,  Tex.,  and  massacre  the  garrison.  David 
Crockett  killed  here 6  Mch. 

Battle  of  San  Jacinto,  defeat  of  Santa  Ana.  . .  .21  Apr. 

Mexico  acknowledges  independence  of  Texas,  14  May, 

House  resolves,  by  a  vote  of  117  to  68,  that  all  peti- 
tions, memorials,  resolutions,  propositions,  or  papers 
relating  in  any  way  to  the  subject  of  slavery  or  the 
abolition  of  slavery  shall,  without  being  printed  or 
referred,  be  laid  on  the  table,  and  that  no  further 

action  shall  be  had  thereon 26  May, 

[This  was  the  first  of  the  famous  "  gag  rules  "  of 
Congress.  But  discussion  on  the  slaverj'^  question 
still  continued  in  the  House,  under  the  leadership 
of  John  Quincy  Adams.] 

Arkansas  admitted  as  the  25th  state 15  June, 

James  Madison  dies  at  Montpelier,  Va.,  aged  85, 

28  June, 

Jared  Sparks  begins  the  publication  of  Benjamin 
Franklin's  works 

Treaty  with  Venezuela  and  the  Peru-Bolivian  confed- 
eracy   

Territory  of  Wisconsin  organized 

First  Session  adjourns 4  July, 

First  observatory  in  the  U.  S.  built  at  Williams  college. 
Mass 

Treasury  issues  a  "specie  circular,"  requiring  collec- 
tors of  the  public  revenue  to  receive  only  gold  and 

silver 11  July, 

[This  proceeding  hastened  the  panic  of  1837.] 

Aaron  Burr  dies  at  Staten  Island,  aged  80.  . .  .14  Sept. 

Samuel  Houston  elected  first  president  of  the  republic 
of  Texas 22  Oct. 

Presidential  election 8  Nov. 

[Candidates :  Democrats,  for  president,Martin  Van 
Buren,  N.  Y. ;  for  vice-president,  Richard  M.  John- 
son, Ky.  Whigs,  for  president,  William  Flenry  Har- 
rison, O.,  Hugh  L.  White,  Tenn.,  Daniel  Webster, 
Mass.,  W.  P.  Mangum,  N.  C. ;  for  vice  -  president, 
Francis  (iranger,  N.  Y.,  John  Tyler,  Va.,  Wra. 
Smith,  Ala.] 
Second  Session  convenes 5  Dec. 

Resolution  of  Senate,  June,  1834,  censuring  pres.  Jack- 


1836 


UNI  851 

son  for  removing  the  public  mone}'  from  the  Na- 
tional bank,  expunged  from  the  records.  .  .  ,16  Jan.  1837 

Coinage  of  the  U.  S.  again  changed 18  Jan.    " 

Michigan  admitted  into  the  Union,  the  26th  state  in 

order 26  Jan.    " 

Electoral  vote  counted 8  Feb.    " 

[Martin  "Van  Buren,  N.  Y.,  for  president,  170 ; 
Richard  M.  Johnson,  Ky.,  for  vice-president,  147; 
William  Henry  Harrison,  O.,  for  president,  73; 
Hugh  L.  White,  Tenn.,  for  president,- 26;  Daniel 
Webster,  Mass.,  for  president,  14 ;  W".  P.  Mangum, 
N.  C,  for  president,  11 ;  Francis  Granger,  N.  Y.,  for 
vice-president,  77 ;  John  Tyler,  Va.,  for  vice-presi- 
dent, 47;  Wm.  Smith,  Ala.,  for  vice-president,  23. 
No  candidate  having  a  majority  for  vice-president, 
the  Senate  elected  Richard  M.  Johnson  by  a  vote  of 
33  to  16  for  Francis  (iranger.] 
Twenty-fourth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Thirteentli  Administration— Democratic.    4  Mch.  1837 

to  3  Mch.  1841. 

Martin  Van  Kuren,  N.  Y.,  president. 
Uicliard  M.  Johnson,  Ky.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

John  Forsyth^  Ga.,  sec.  of  state,  continued  from  27  June,  1834. 
Levi  Woodbury^  N.  H.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued  from  27  June, 

1834. 
Joel  R.  Poinsett,  S.  C,  sec.  of  war,  from  7  Mch.  1837. 
Mahlon  Dickeison,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued  from  30  June, 

1834. 
James  K.  Paulding,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  20  June,  1838. 
A  mos  Kendall,  Ky.,  postraast.er-gen.,  continued  from  1  May, 

1835. 
John  M.  Niks,  Conn.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  18  May,  1840. 
Benj.  F.  Butler,  N.  Y.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  24  June, 

1834. 
Felix  Grundy,  Tenn.,  attorney-gen.,  from  7  July,  1838. 
Henry  D.  Gilpin,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  from  10  Jan.  1840. 
Great  commercial  panic  begins  by  the  failure  of  Her- 
man Briggs  &  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La .  .Mch.  1837 

[This  panic  reached  its  height  in  May.] 
All  the  banks  in  New  York  city  suspend  specie  pay- 
ment  10  May,    " 

[Banks  in  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore 
followed.] 
An  extra  session  of  Congress  called  to  meet  first  Mon- 
day in  Sept 15  May,    " 

Victoria,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Kent,  succeeds  to 
the  throne  of  England  on  the  death  of  William  IV., 

28  June,    " 
Twenty-fifth  Congress,  First  Session  (extra),  assembles, 

4  Sept.    " 
Speaker  of  the  House,  James  K.  Polk,  Tenn. 
President's  message  advocates  the  sub-treasury.   First 
Sub-treasury  bill  reported  in  the  Senate.  .  .14  Sept.    " 

Passes  the  Senate  by  a  small  majority 4  Oct.    " 

Defeated  in  the  House  (see  6  Aug.  1846) 14  Oct.     " 

"  Patriot  war  "  in  Canada  commences " 

First  Session  (extra)  adjourns 16  Oct.    " 

Osceola,  the  Seminole  chief,  with  a  party  of  70  war- 
riors, visits  the  camp  of  gen.  Jessup  under  stipula- 
tions of  safety,  and  is  detained  as  prisoner.  .21  Oct.    " 

[He  was  confined  in   fort  Moultrie,  Charleston, 
S.C,  where  he  died,  31  Jan.  1838.] 
Many  citizens  of  the  U.  S.  along  the  borders  of  Canada 
join  the  insurgents  in  the  Patriot  war  during  the 

autumn " 

Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  shot  while  defending  his  printing- 
press  and  paper  at  Alton,  111.,  from  the  attack  of  a 
pro-slavery  mob  (Alton  riot,  Illinois).  .  .7  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  assembles 4  Dec.    " 

Wendell  Phillips's  first  "  abolition  "  speech  in  Faneuil 
hall,  Boston,  to  protest  against  the  murder  of  Elijah 

P.  Lovejoy. 8  Dec.    " 

Col.  Zachary  Taylor  defeats  the  Seminole  Indians  at 

Okeechobee  swamp,  Fla 25  Dec. 

American  steamer  Caroline  is  attacked  and  burned  by 


UNI 

Canadian  troops  at  Schlosser's  Landing,  above  Niag- 
ara falls,  on  the  American  side  (Nkw  York),  29  Dec.  1837 

President  issues  a  proclamation  of  neutrality  as  re- 
gards the  disturbance  in  Canada .  ..5  Jan.  1838 

Duel  between  William  J.  Graves  of  Ky.  and  Jonathan 
Cilley  of  N.  H.,  members  of  the  House. . .  .24  Feb.    " 
[Fought  with  rifles ;  Cilley  killed  at  the  3d  shot.] 

First  regular  passage  by  steamer  across  the  Atlantic 
completed  by  the  Great  Western  and  Sirius.  Sirius 
17  days  from  London,  and  Great  Western  15  days 
from  Bristol.    Both  arrive  at  New  York  city,  23  Apr.    " 

Banks  in  New  England  and  New  York  resume  specie 
payments 10  May.    " 

Iowa  receives  a  territorial  government.  ....  .12  June,    " 

Second  Session  adjourns 9  July,    " 

U.  S.  Exploring  expedition  to  the  Antarctic  and  Pa- 
cific oceans,  under  command  of  lieut.  Charles  Wilkes, 

sails  from  Hampton  Roads 18  Aug.    " 

[The  expedition  consisted  of  the  sloops-of-war 
Vincennes  and  Peacock,  brigs-of-war  Porpoise  and 
Relief,  and  the  schooners  Flying  Fish  and  Sea  Gull.'] 
Third  Session  assembles 3  Dec.     " 

Charles  G.  Atherton  of  N.  H.  introduces  a  resolution  in 
the  House,  known  as  the  "  Atherton  gag,"  to  pre- 
vent the  discussipn  of  slavery.  It  passes  by  a  vote 
of  127  to  78  (see  1836) 11  Dec.    " 

Loss  of  steamboats  on  the  western  rivers':  Mississippi, 
55;  Ohio,  13;  Missouri,  2;  Illinois,  2;  Arkansas,  1; 
Red,  1 ;  and  4  others  during  the  year  ("  Niles's  Reg- 
ister," vol.  Ivii.  p.  32) " 

Unsettled  boundary  between  Maine  and  the  British  prov- 
inces results  in  the  "Aroostook  war",  .Feb.-Mch,  1839 

Rev.  Zerah  Colburn  d.  at  Norwich,  Vt.,  aged  35, 2  Mch.    " 
[A  mathematical  prodigy.] 
Twenty-fifth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    '* 

UAmistad  ("Friendship")  is  captured  off  Montauk 
point  by  the  U.  S.  brig  Washington,  lieut.  Ceding 
commanding  (Amistad,  case  of;  Connecticut), 

29  Aug.    " 

Daguerrotypes  first  taken  in  the  U.  S.  by  prof.  J.  W. 
Draper " 

Jesse  Buell,  agriculturist,  dies  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
aged  61 6  Oct.    « 

Liberty  party,  in  convention  at  Warsaw,  N.  Y.,  nomi- 
nates James  G.  Birney  for  president  and  Thomas 

Edrle  of  Pa.  for  vice-president 13  Nov.    " 

[This  was  the  first  appearance  of  a  national  anti- 
slavery  party,  and  although  Mr.  Birney  declined  the 
nomination,  it  polled  over  7000  votes.] 

Ulysses,  a  Portuguese  brig,  built  at  Baltimore,  is  capt- 
ured by  the  British  war-schooner  Skipjack  oflf  the 
Isle  of  Pines  with  a  cargo  of  556  Africans.  .30  Nov.    " 

[These  negroes  were  confined  in  a  space  of  2  ft. 
4J  in.  each  and  had  been  50  da3's  at  sea.] 

Twenty-sixth  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles, 

2-16  Dec.    " 
Robert  M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.,  Whig,  elected  speaker  of 
the  House  on  the  11th  ballot,  receiving  119  votes 
out  of  232. 
Whig  National  convention  at  Harrisburg,  Pa. ,  .4  Dec.    " 
[First  ballot,  Clay,  103;  Harrison,  94;  and  Scott, 
57.    Fifth  ballot.  Clay,  90  ;  Harrison,  148 ;  and  Scott, 
16.     The  nomination  of  Harrison  was  made  unani- 
mous, and  John  Tyler  nominated  for  vice-president.] 
Steamer  Lexington  burned  on  Long  Island  sound,  be- 
tween New  York  and  Stonington 13  Jan.  1840 

[140  lives  lost.] 
Lieut.  Charles  Wilkes  discovers   the  antarctic  con- 
tinent, 66°  20'  S.  lat.,  154°  18'  E.  Ion 19  Jan,    " 

[He  coasted  westward  along  this  land  70  degrees.] 
Washingtonian  Temperance  Society  founded  in  Balti- 
more       " 

Democratic  National  convention   at   Baltimore,  Md. 
Martin  Van  Buren  nominated  for  president,  leaving 
the  states  to  nominate  for  vice-president.  .  .5  May,     " 
Sub-treasury  or  Independent  Treasury  bill  passed  and 
approved 4  July,    " 


UNI 

BrUannia,  the  first  regular  steam-packet  of  the  Cu- 
nard  line,  arrives  at  Boston,  14  days  and  8  hours 

from  Liverpool 19  July,  1840 

First  Session  adjourns 21  July,    " 

"Log-cabin"  and  "Hard-cider"  canopaign,  in  the  in- 
terest of  William  Henry  Harrison,  begins.  .  .  .July,    " 

[Modem  methods  of  conducting  a  presidential 
campaign  were  now  introduced.] 
Steamship  Arcadia  arrives  at  Boston  from  Liverpool 
in  12  davs  and  12  hours,  the  shortest  passage  up  to 

that  time 17  Oct.    « 

Alexander  MacLeod  arrested  in  the  state  of  New  York 
for  complicity  in  the  destruction  of  the  steamer  Caro- 

line,  29  Dec.  1837 Nov.    « 

[He  was  tried  and  acquitted  12  Oct.  1841.] 
Log-cabin,  a  Whig  campaign  paper,  edited  by  Horace 
Greeley,  reaches  a  circulation  of  80,000  during  the 

autumn " 

Fourteenth  presidential  election 10  Nov.    " 

[Candidates :  Whigs,  for  president,  William 
Henry  Harrison,  O. ;  for  vice-president,  John  Tyler, 
Va.  Democrats,  for  president,  Martin  Van  Buren, 
N.  Y. ;  for  vice-president,  Richard  M.  Johnson,  Ky. 
Liberty  party,  for  president,  James  G.  Birney,  N.  Y. ; 
for  vice-president, Thomas  Earle,  Pa.] 
Treatv  of  commerce  between  Texas  and  Great  Britain 

made 14  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  assembles 7  Dec.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted 19  Feb.  1841 

[For  president,  Harrison,  234,  Van  Biiren,  60 ;  for 
vice-president,  Tyler,  234,  Johnson,  48.] 
Twenty-sixth  Congress  adjourns B  Mch.    " 

Fourteenth  Administration— Whig.    4  Mch.  1841  to  3 

Mch.  1845. 

William  Henrjr  Harrison,  O.,  president. 
John  Tyler,  Va.,  vice-president. 

CABINET  (until  11  Sept,  1841). 
Daniel  Webster,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
Thomas  Swing,  O.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
John  Bell,  Tenn.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
George  E.  Badger,  N.  C,  sec.  of  navy,  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
Francis  Granger,  N.  Y.,  postmaster- gen.,  from  6  Mch.  1841. 
John  J  Crittenden,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
Steamer  President  sails  from  New  York  city  with  109 
passengers  and  is  never  heard  of  again.  .  .  .11  Mch.  1841 

[This  vessel,  when  launched,  1840,  was  considered 
the  largest  ship  afloat,  being  268  ft.  in  length,  64  ft. 
in  width,  including  paddle-boxes,  engine  500  horse- 
power, 2360  tons'  register.] 
President  calls  an  extra  session  of  Congress  for  31  Mav, 

17  Mch.    « 

Pres.  Harrison  d.  aged  68  years 4  Apr.    " 

Vice-pres.  Tyler  takes  the  oath  of  office  as  president, 

CABINET.  ^  ^P""' 

Daniel  Webster,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  continued  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
Hugh  S.  Legare,  S.  C,  sec.  of  state,  from  9  May,  1843. 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  from  24  July,  1843. 
John  Nelson,  Md.,  sec.  of  state,  acting,  from  29  Feb.  1844. 
John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  C,  sec.  of  state,  from  6  Mch.  1844. 
Thomas  Ewing,  O.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
Walter  Forward,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  13  Sept.  1841. 
Caleb  Gushing,  Mass.,  sec.  of  treas.,  rejected  by  the  Senate. 
John  C.  Spencer,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  3  Mch.  1843. 
George  M.  Bibb,  Ky.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  15  June,  1844. 
John  Bell,  Tenn.,  sec.  of  war,  continued  from  5  Mch.  1841. 
John  McLean,  O.,  sec.  of  war,  declined  from  13  Sept.  1841. 
John  C.  Spencer,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  from  12  Oct.  1841. 
James  M.  Porter,  Pa.,  sec.  of  war,  rejected  by  the  Senate, 

8  Mch.  1843. 
William  Williams,  Pa.,  sec.  of  war,  from  15  Feb.  1844. 
George  E.  Badger,  N.  C.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued  from  5  Mch. 

1841. 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  Va.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  13  Sept.  1841. 
David  Henshaw,  Mass.,  sec.  of  navy,  rejected  bv  the  Senate, 

24  Julv,  1843. 


852 


1 


UNI 


Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  Va.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  15  Feb.  1844. 
John  Y.  Mason,  Va.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  14  Mch.  1844. 
Francis  Granger,  N.  Y.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued  from  & 

Mch.  1841.  |k 

Charles  A.  Wickliffe,  Ky.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  13  Sept.  1841!^ 
John  J.  Crittenden,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  continued  from  5  Mch. 

1841. 
ffugh  S.  Legari,  S.  C,  attorney-gen.,  from  13  Sept.  1841. 
John  Nelson,  Md.,  attorney-gen.,  from  1  July,  1843. 
Corner-stone  of  the  Mormon  temple  at  Nauvoo,  111., 

laid 6  Apr.  1841 

Horace  Greeley  issues  the  first  number  of  the  New  York 

Daily  Tribune 10  Apr.    " 

[A  small  sheet  selling  for  1  cent.  The  Weekly 
Tribune  was  issued  the  following  autumn.] 

Twenty-seventh  Congress.  First  Session  (extra),  assem- 
bles  31  May,    " 

Samuel  L.  Southard,  N.  J.,  president  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate  and  acting  vice-president  of  the  U.  S.  until 
hisdeath,  22May,  1842. 

W.  P.  Mangum,  N.  C.,  president  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate 
and  acting  vice-president  of  the  U.  S.  from  31  May, 
1842,  to  the  end  of  pres.  Tyler's  term. 

Speaker,  John  White,  Ky. 

Act  to  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  and 
pre-emptive  rights  granted,  passed 6  July,    " 

U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Peacock,  of  the  Wilkes  U.  S.  Explor- 
ing expedition,  is  lost  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia river,  Or 18  July,    « 

Sub-treasury  or  Independent  Treasury'  act  repealed, 

9  Aug.    « 

Pres.  Tyler  vetoes  the  bill  to  incorporate  the  Fiscal 
Bank  of  the  U.  S 16  Aug.    « 

Bankruptcy'  bill  passed 19  Aug.    "  -^ 

Pres.  Tyler  vetoes  the  Fiscal  Corporation  bill.  .9  Sept.   "   i 

Party  of  British  volunteers  from  Canada  carry  off  col. 

Grogan 9  Sept.    " 

[This  seizure  was  unauthorized  by  the  British 
government,  and  Grogan  was  promptly  released. 
The  seizure,  however,  caused  great  excitement.] 

Cabinet  resigns,  except  the  sec.  of  state 11  Sept. 

[Because  of  the  veto  of  the  Fiscal  Corporation 
bill.] 
First  Session  (extra)  adjourns 13  Sept. 

President's  proclamation  forbids  American  citizens  to 
invade  British  possessions 25  Sept. 

Failure  of  the  U.  S.  bank  under  the  Pennsylvania 
charter 11  Oct. 

Brig  Creole,  Ensor,  master,  sails  from  Richmond,  Va., 
for  New  Orleans  with  merchandise  and  135  slaves ; 
some  of  the  slaves  attack  the  captain  and  crew,  and 

capture  the  vessel 7  Nov. 

[They  proceeded  to  the  island  of  New  Provi- 
dence, belonging  to  Great  Britain  ;  the  magistrates 
refused  to  give  the  negroes  up,  and  they  were  fi- 
nally liberated.  Serious  dispute  with  England  fol- 
lowed. ] 
Second  Session  assembles G  Dec.    " 

Joshua  R.  Giddings,  member  from  Ohio,  presents  resolu- 
tions concerning  the   brig  Creole  and  adverse   to 

slavery 21  Mch.  1842 

[Being  censured  by  the  House  by  a  vote  of  125  to 
69,  he  immediately  resigned,  returned  to  Ohio,  and 
was  re-elected  by  a  large  majority.] 

Henry  Clay  resigns  from  the  Senate 31  Mch.    " 

Influenza,  called  "la  grippe,"  widely  prevalent " 

Col.  John  C.  Fremont's  first  exploring  expedition  to 
the  Kocky  Mountains  commences 2  May,    " 

U.  S.  Exploring  expedition  under  lieut.  Charles  Wilkes 
— which  penetrates  to  66°  S.  lat.,  and  discovers  the 
antarctic  continent  (now  known  as  Wilkes's  Land), 
along  which  it  coasts  70° — after  a  voyage  of  4  years 
and  over  90,000  miles,  returns  to  New  York  (see  this 
record,  1838) 10  June,    « 

Dorr's  rebellion  in  Rhode  Island,  caused  by  the  disa- 
greement between  the  Charter  and  Sufl'rage  parties 
(Dorr's  rebellion) May-Jime,    " 


UNI 


853 


UNI 


Statue  of  Washington,  by  Horatio  Greenough,  placed  in 

the  Capitol 1842 

[It  was  executed  in  Italy,  and  in  position  cost 
$45,000.] 

Charles  Dickens  visits  the  U.  S " 

Earliest  actual  finding  of  gold  in  California  in  Los 
Angeles  district  (California) « 

"Ashburton  treaty"  with  England  for  settling  the 
boundaries  between  Maine  and  the  British  prov- 
inces, also  for  suppressing  the  slave-trade  and  extra- 
dition, negotiated  at  Washington  between  lord  Ash- 
burton,  special  minister  of  "Great  Britain,  and  Daniel 
Webster,  sec.  of  state,  and  signed 9  Aug.    " 

End  of  the  Indian  war  in  Florida  proclaimed. .  14  Aug.    " 

Ashburton  treaty  ratified  b)'  the  Senate,  39  to  9 .20  Aug.    '* 

Beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  changed  from  1  Jan.  to  1 

July  by  law  of 28  Aug.    " 

[To  take  effect  from  1  July,  1843.] 

After  vetoing  2  tariff  bills,  pres.  Tvler  signs  the  3d, 

30  Aug.    «' 
[The  prevailing  rate  of  this  tariff  was  20  percent.] 

Second  Session  adjourns 31  Aug.    " 

[It  passed  95  acts,  13  joint  resolutions,  and  189  pri- 
vate bills,  sitting  269  days  —  the  longest  session 
since  the  beginning  of  Congress.] 

New  ratio  of  representation,  based  on  the  census  of  1840, 
gives  1  representative  for  every  70,^80  population. .     " 

William  Ellery  Channing,  Unitarian  minister,  dies  at 
Bennington,  Vt.,  aged  62 2  Oct.    " 

Alexander  Slidell  Mackenzie,  commanding  the  U.  S. 
brig  Somers,  while  on  a  short  cruise,  hangs  at  the 
yard-arm  Philip  Spencer,  a  midshipman  and  son  of 
John  C.  Spencer,  then  sec.  of  war;  Samuel  Crom- 
well, a  boatswain's  mate;  and  Elijah  H.  Small,  for 
an  alleged  conspiracy  (Somers,  U.  S.  brig-of-war, 

Mutiny  on) 1  Dec.    " 

Third  Session  assembles 5  Dec.    " 

Samuel  Woodworth  (author  of  the  *'  Old  Oaken  Buck- 
et ")  dies  at  New  York  city,  aged  57 9  Dec.    *' 

Resolution  offered  by  John  M.  Botts  of  Va.,  for  the  im- 
peachment of  pres.  Tyler  for  gross  usurpation  of  pow- 
er, wicked  and  corrupt  abuse  of  the  power  of  appoint- 
ments, high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  etc. .  .  10  Jan.  1843 
[Rejected  by  a  vote  of  83  to  127.  ] 

Francis  S.  Key,  author  of  "  Star-Sp angled  Banner," 
dies  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  aged  64 11  Jan.    " 

Com.  Isaac  Hull  dies  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  aged  68 
(Naval  battles  of  the  U.  S.) 13  Feb.    " 

Dr.  Marcus  Whitman,  learning  of  the  intention  of  the 
British  government  to  permanently  occupy  the  Ore- 
gon territory,  and  desirous  of  a  personal  interview 
with  the  U.  S.  government,  to  give  warning  and 
also  to  announce  the  practicability  of  overland  emi- 
gration to  that  region,  leaves  Walla  Walla  Oct.  1842, 

and  reaches  Washington,  D.  C 3  Mch.    " 

[This  information  aided  the  U.  S.  government  in 
retaining  this  territory.  Dr.  Whitman  was  appoint- 
ed a  missionary  commissioner  to  the  Oregon  Indians, 
and  with  his  wife  and  the  rev.  Henry  Spaulding  and 
his  wife,  made  the  first  journey  over  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains in  a  wagon,  1835-36.  Dr.  Whitman,  his  wife, 
and  several  others  were  massacred  by  the  Cayuse 
Indians,  1847.     Oregon,  1850.] 

Bankruptcy  act  of  1841  repealed 3  Mch.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $30,000  to  build  Morse's  electric 
telegraph  from  Washington  to  Baltimore. .  .3  Mch.    " 
Twenty-seventh  Conc/ress  adjourns "         " 

John  Armstrong,  sec.  of  war  1812,  dies  at  Red  Hook, 
N.  Y.,aged  85 ' 1  Apr.    " 

Col.  John  C.  Fremont  starts  on  his  second  exploring 

expedition  with  39  men May,    " 

[Reached  Salt  lake,  6  Sept.,  and  the  Pacific  coast, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  Nov.  10 ;  re- 
turned July,  1844.] 

BunkerHill  monument  completed  and  dedicated, 

17  June,    " 
[Pres.  Tyler  was  present,  and  Daniel  Webster  de- 
livered the  address.] 


National  Liberty  party,  in  convention  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
nominates  James  G.Birney  for  president,  and  Thomas 
Morris  of  O.  for  vice-president 30  Aug.  1843 

Twenty-eighth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes .  4  Dec   " 

John  W.  Jones  of  Va.  elected  speaker. 

Explosion  of  a  large  gun,  "  the  Peace-maker,"  on  the 
U.  S.  war-steamer  Princeton,  on  the  Potomac,  carry- 
ing, with  many  excursionists,  the  president  and  sev- 
eral of  his  cabinet;  kills  Mr.  Upshur,  sec.  of  state, 
Mr.  Gilmer,  sec.  of  navy,  David  Gardiner,  and  others, 
besides  wounding  12  of  the  crew 28  Feb.  1844 

Treaty  of  annexation  with  Texas  signed 12  Apr.    " 

[Rejected  by  the  Senate,  35  to  16.] 

National  Whig  convention  at  Baltimore 1  May,    " 

[Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  nominated  for  president,  and 
Theodore  Frelinghuysen  of  N.  J.  for  vice-president.] 

Riots  in  Philadelphia  between  native  Americans 
and  the  Irish 6-8  Maj',    •• 

National  Democratic  convention  at  Baltimore,  Md., 

27  May,  « 
[Martin  Van  Buren  of  N.  Y.  received  on  the  1st 
ballot  146  out  of  266  votes,  but  failed  to  get  the 
required  two-thirds  vote ;  his  name  was  withdrawn 
on  the  8th  ballot,  and  James  K.  Polk  of  Tenir.  was 
nominated  on  the  9th ;  Silas  Wright  of  N.  Y.  was 
nominated  for  vice  -  president,  but  declined,  and 
George  M.  Dallas  of  Pa.  was  nominated.] 

First  telegraphic  communication  in  the  U.  S.  during 
this  convention,  on  the  experimental  line  erected  by 
the  government  between  Baltimore  and  Washing- 
ton (Electricity) 27  May,    " 

First  Session  adjourns 17  June,    " 

"Joe"  Smith,  the  Mormon  prophet,  with  his  brother 
Hiram,  murdered  bv  a  mob  at  the  jail  in  Carthage, 
111 ' 27  June,    « 

Treaty  with  China,  of  peace,  amity,  and  commerce, 

3  July,    " 

Henry  Clay's  Alabama  letter,  published  in  the  North 
Alabamian,  alienates  the  northern  Whigs,  .16  Aug.    " 

Fifteenth  presidential  election 12  Nov.    " 

[Candidates :  Democrats,  for  president,  James 
Knox  Polk  of  Tenn. ;  for  vice-president,  George 
Mifflin  Dallas  of  Pa.  Whigs,  for  president,  Henry 
Clay  of  Ky. ;  for  vice-president,  Theodore  Freling- 
huysen of  N.  J.  Liberty  part}',  for  president,  James 
G.  Birney  of  N.  Y. ;  for  vice-president,  Thomas  Mor- 
ris of  O.j 
Second  Session  assembles 2  Dec.    " 

On  motion  of  John  Quincy  Adams  the  "gag  rule,"  pro- 
hibiting the  presentation  of  Abolition  petitions,  is 
rescinded,  108  to  88 3  Dec.    « 

Samuel  Hoar,  sent  by  Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina 
in  aid  of  the  Massachusetts  colored  citizens  impris- 
oned at  Charleston,  S.  C,  is  expelled  from  Charleston 
by  citizens  (Massachusetts) 5  Dec.    " 

Congress  appoints  the  Tuesday  following  the  first  Mon- 
day in  Nov.  for  the  national  election  daj'..  .23  Jan.  1845 

Electoral  votes  counted 12  Feb.    " 

[For  president,  Polk,  170;  Clay,  106;  for  vice- 
president,  Dallas,  170 ;  Frelinghuysen,  105.  Liberty 
party,  popular  vote,  62,300.] 

Pres.  Tyler  vetoes  a  bill  forbidding  the  building  of  any 
steam-vessel  for  the  revenue  service  unless  by  special 

appropriation 20  Feb.    " 

[This  bill  passed  both  branches  of  Congress  over 
the  veto,  the  first  veto  overruled  by  Congress.] 

Texas  annexed  by  a  joint  resolution 28  Feb.    " 

Which  the  president  approves 1  Mch.    " 

Florida  admitted  as  the  27th  state 3  Mch.    " 

Congress  reduces  postage  on  letters  to  6  cents  within 
300  miles  and  10  cents  for  greater  distances.  .3  Mch.    " 
Twenty-eighth  Congress  adjourns "        " 

Fifteenth  Administration— Democratic.    4  Mch.  1845 

to  3  Mch.  1849. 

James  Knox  Polk,  Tenn.,  president. 
George  Mifflin  Dallas,  Pa.,  vice-president 


UNI 


854 


UNI 


CABINET. 

Janws  Buchanati,  Pa.,  8ec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1845. 
Ri>beit  J.  Walker,  Miss.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  5  Mch.  1845. 
WilUam  L.  Marcy,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1845. 
George  BancroJ),  Mass.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  10  Mch.  1845. 
John  Y.  Mason,  Va.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  9  Sept.  1846. 
Care  Johnson,  Tenn.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1845. 
John  Y.  Mason,  Va.,  attorney-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1845. 
Nathan  Clifford,  Me.,  attorney-gen.,  from  17  Oct.  1846. 
Isttac  Toucet/,  Conn.,  attorney-gen.,  from  21  Jiuie,  1848. 

Mexican  minister  demands  his  passport 6  Mch.  1845 

Steamboat  5wa//ow,  from  New  York  for  Albany,wrecked 
on  a  rock  near  Athens ;  the  stern  sinking,  many  pas- 
sengers are  drowned 7  Mch.    " 

Andrew  Jackson,  7th  president,  dies  at  the  Hermitage, 

near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  aged  78 8  June,    " 

By  an  act  of  amnesty  the  Rhode  Island  legislature  re- 
leases Thomas  W.  Dorr,  who  was  under  a  life  sen- 
tence for  treason 27  June,    " 

Naval  school  established   at  Annapolis,   Md.,  while 

George  Bancroft  is  sec.  of  navy " 

Annexation  ratified  by  Texas  in  convention.  .  .4  July,    " 
Texas  in  convention  adopts  a  constitution.  . .  27  Aug.    " 
Gov.  Silas  Wright  of  N.  Y.  proclaims  Delaware  county 
in  a  state  of  insurrection  from  anti-rent  diflSculties, 

27  Aug.    « 
Joseph  Story,  associate -judge  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 

court,  dies  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  aged  66 ...  10  Sept.    " 
Texas  state  constitution  ratified  by  the  people.  13  Oct.    " 

Twenty-ninth  Congress.  First.  Sessio7i,  assembles .  1  Dec.   •' 

John  W.  Davis  of  Ind.  elected  speaker. 

Texas  admitted  as  the  28th  state 29  Dec.    " 

American  army  of  occupation,  gen.  Zachary  Taylor, 
3500  strong,  reaches  the  Rio  Grande,  and  takes  post 
opposite  Matamoras 28  Mch.  1846 

Hostilities  begun  between  Mexico  and  the  U.  S. ;  a 
small  force  of  U.  S.  troops  captured  by  the  Mexicans  , 
(Mexican  war) 25  Apr.    " 

Battle  of  Palo  Alto 8  May,    " 

Battle  of  Resaca  i>k  la  Palma 9  May,    " 

Pres.  Polk,  by  special  message  to  Congress,  announces 
that  war  exists  by  the  act  of  Mexico 11  May,    " 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  raise  50,000  men 
and  $10,000,000  for  the  war 13  May,    « 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  signed,  establishing  the 
boundaries  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains  on  the  49th 
parallel  of  N.  lat.,  and  thus  settling  the  "  Oregon 

difficulty  " 15  June,    " 

[The  U.S.  claimed  the  whole  territory  to  54°  40' 
N.  lat.  by  the  right  of  discovery  and  entrance  of  the 
.      Columbia  river  by  capt.  Grey  in  1792,  which  river 
and  its  tributaries  water  all  that  region.] 

Com.  John  D.  Sloat,  of  the  Pacific  squadron,  occupies 
Monterey,  Cal.,  and  proclaims  the  countrv  annexed 
to  the  U.  S 1 .  .6  July,    « 

Congress  re-cedes  to  Virginia  the  southern  part  of  the 
Disa-RiCT  OF  Columbia 9  July,    " 

Collection  district  of  Chicago  established;  Chicago 
made  a  port  of  entry 16  July,    " 

TarifiF  of  1842  repealed,  and  a  revenue  tariff  passed  (in 
the  Senate  by  the  casting  vote  of  vice-pres.  George 
M.  Dallas) approved  30  July,    " 

"  Warehouse  system  "  established  by  Congress. .  6  Aug.    " 

Independent  Treasury  system  re-enacted "         " 

Wisconsin  authorized  to  form  a  constitution  and  state 
government 6  Aug.    " 

Bill  with  the  "  Wilmot  proviso  "  attached  passes  the 
House  by  85  to  79  (no  vote  in  the  Senate).  .8  Aug.    '• 

Act  establishing  the  Smithsonian  Institution  ap- 
proved  10  Aug.    " 

First  Session  adjourns "         « 

Brig.-gen.  Kearny  takes  peaceable  possession  of  Santa 
VQ- 18  Aug.    « 

Gen.  Zachary  Taylor  captures  Monterey,  Mexico,  after 

a  three  days'  battle  or  siege 24  Sept.    " 

Second  Session  assembles 7  Dec.    " 

Iowa  admitted  as  the  29th  state 28  Dec.    " 


Battle  of  San  Gabriel,  California,  fought. .  .  .8  Jan.  1847 
Congress  authorizes  10  additional  regiments   for  the 

regular  army 11  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Buena  Vista 22-23  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Sacramento 28  Feb.    " 

Congress  resolves  to  light  with  gas  the  Capitol  and 

Capitol  grounds 3  Mch.    " 

Twenty-ninth  Congress  adjourns "         " 

Gen.  Scott  lands  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  with  13,000 

men 9  Mch.    " 

Vera  Cruz  surrenders  after  a  bombardment  of  9  days, 

29  Mch.    " 
Army  moves  from  Vera  Cruz  towards  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico under  gen.  Twiggs 8  Apr.    " 

Battle  of  Ckrro  Gordo  fought 18  Apr.    " 

Army  enters  Puebla 15  Ma)',    " 

Pres.  Polk  visits  the  eastern  states  as  far  as  Augusta, 

Me.,  and  returns  to  Washington 7  July,    " 

Battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco 20  Aug.   " 

Armistice  granted  the  Mexicans  by  gen.  Scott, 

from  21  Aug.  to  7  Sept.  " 

Salt  Lake  City  founded  by  the  Mormons " 

Battle  of  El  Molino  del  Rey  ("  The  King's  Mill "), 

8  Sept. 
Fortress  of  Chapultepec  carried  by  storm,  and  the 

city  of  Mexico  occupied  by  the  U.  S.  troops .  13  Sept. 

Gen.  Zachary  Taylor  returns  to  the  U.  S Nov. 

Spi-ingfield  Republican  appears  at  Springfield,  Mass., 

Samuel  Bowles  publisher ' 

Thirtieth  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles 6  Dec.    ' 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Mass. 

By  resolution  Congress  authorizes  the  erection  on  pub- 
lic grounds  in  Washington  of  a  monument  to  George 
Washington 31  Jan.  li 

Treaty  of  peace,  friendship,  limits,  claims,  etc.,  between 
the  U.  S.  and  Mexico  signed  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 

2  Feb.    ' 
[Ratified  19  May,  and  proclaimed  b}'  pres.  Polk, 
4  July.    The  U.  S.  stipulated  to  pay  $  1*5,000,000  for 
New  Mexico  and  California,  and  assume  debts  due 
citizens  of  the  U.  S.  from  Mexico  of  #3,500,000.] 

John  Quincy  Adams,  6th  president,  dies  at  Washing- 
ton, aged  81 23  Feb.    ' 

[He  was  in  his  seat  in  the  House  when  stricken 
with  apoplexy,  21  Feb. J 

John  Jacob  Astor  dies  in  New  York,  aged  85,  29  Mch.    ' 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of  $16,000,000 31  Mch.    ' 

By  resolution  Congress  tenders  the  congratulations  of 
the  people  of  the  U.  S.  to  the  French  people  on  be- 
coming a  republic 13  Apr.    ' 

Democratic  National  convention  at  Baltimore  nomi- 
nates upon  the  4th  ballot,  under  the  two-third  rule, 
Lewis  Cass  of  Mich,  for  president,  and  William  0. 
Butler  of  Ky.  for  vice-president 22-26  May.    * 

Wisconsin  admitted  as  the  30th  state  bv  act  approved, 

29  May.    ' 

Congress  appropriates  $25,000  to  buy  the  unpublished 
papers  of  James  Madison 31  May,    * 

Whig  National  convention  at  Independence  hall, 
Philadelphia,  on  the  4th  ballot  nominates  maj.-gen. 
Zachary  Taylor  of  La.  for  president ;  Millard  Fill- 
more of  N.  Y.  for  vice-president 7-8  June,    * 

Corner-stone  of  the   Washington  monument  laid  at 

Washington,  D.  C 4  July,    * 

[Robert  C.  Winthrop  of  Mass.,  speaker  of  the 
House,  delivered  the  address.  Washington  mon- 
ument.] 

Free-soil  National  convention  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  nom- 
inates Martin  Van  Buren  of  N.  Y.  for  president,  and 
Charles  Francis  Adams  of  Mass.  for  vice-president, 

9-10  Aug.    '' 

So  much  of  the  Cumberland  road  as  lies  in  Indiana 
is  surrendered  to  that  state  by  act  approved, 

11  Aug.    " 

Territorial  government  established  in  Oregon  by  act 

approved 14  Aug.    " 

First  Session  adjourns "         " 


J 


UNI 


855 


Sixteenth  presidential  election 7  Nov.  1848 

[Candidates:  Democrats,  Lewis  Cass,  Mich.,  for 
president ;  William  O.  Butler,  Ky.,  for  vice-pres- 
ident. Whigs,  Zachary  Taylor,  La.,  for  president; 
Millard  Fillmore,  N.  Y.,  for  vice-president.  Free- 
soilers,  Martin  Van  Buren,  N.  Y.,  for  president; 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  Mass.,  for  vice-president.] 
Second  Session  assembles 4  Dec.    " 

First  gold  from  California  (1804.59  ounces  troy,  aver- 
age value  per  ounce,  f  18.05|)  deposited  at  the  U.  S. 
mint  by  David  Carter 8  Dec.    " 

Postal  treaty  with  Great  Britain 15  Dec   " 

Electoral  votes  counted 14  Feb.  1849 

[For  president,  Taylor,  163  ;  Cass,  127.  For  vice- 
president,  Fillmore,  163;  Butler,  127.  Free-soilers, 
popular  vote,  291,263.] 

Act  granting  swamp-lands  to  the  state  of  Louisiana, 
approved  (see  Mch.  1857) 2  Mch.    " 

Territorial  government  of  Minnesota  established  by 
act  approved 3  Mch.    " 

Coinage  of  the  gold  dollar  and  double-eagle  authorized, 

3  Mch.    " 

Department  of  Interior  created  by  act  approved .      "        " 

Work  of  census  office,  previously  under  secretary  of 
state,  transferred  to  the  Interior  by  act  of.  ..3  Mch.    " 
Thirtieth  Congress  adiourns "        " 

Sixteenth  Administration— Whig.    5  Mch.  1849,  to  ''• 

Mch.  1853. 

Zachary  Taylor,  La.,  president. 
Millard  Fillmore,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

John  M.  Clayton,  Del.,  sec.  of  state,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
William  M.  Meredith,  Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
George  W.  Crawford,  Ga.,  sec.  of  war,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
William  B.  Preston,  Va.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
Thomas  Ewing,  O.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
Jacob  Collame?;  Vt.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
Reverdy  Johnson,'M.d.,  attorney-gen.,  from  7  Mch.  1849. 
Gen.  William  J.  Worth,  U.  S.  A.,  dies  at  San  Antonio, 

Tex.,  aged  55 , .  . .  7  May,  1849 

Gen.  Edmund  P.  Gaines  dies  at  New  Orleans,  aged  72, 

6  June,    " 
James  K.  Polk,  Uth  president,  dies  at  Nashville,  Tenn., 

aged  54 15  June.    " 

Pres.  Taylor  issues  a  proclamation  against  filibustering 
expeditions  to  Cuba  under  Lopez  (F'ilibusters), 

11  Aug.    « 
Albert  Gallatin,  distinguished  statesman,  dies  at  Asto- 
ria, L.  1 12  Aug.    " 

Thirty-first  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles.  .3  Dec.  " 
Senate  strongly  Democratic,  and  in  the  House  the 
Free-soilers  hold  the  balance  of  power  between  the 
Democrats  and  Whigs.  After  63  ballots  for  speak- 
er, 22  Dec,  Howell  Cobb  of  Ga.  chosen  by  a  plu- 
rality of  102  to  99  for  Robert  C.  Winthrop  of  Mass. 
Organization  of  the  House  not  completed  until 

11  Jan.  1850 
[This  Senate  was  illustrious  for  talent,  including 
Webster, Clay,  Calhoun,  Benton,  King  of  Ala.,  Davis 
and  Foote  of  Miss.,  Hamlin  of  Me.,  Cass  of  Mich., 
Seward  and  Dickinson  of  N.  Y.,  Chase  and  Corwin 
of  O.,  Douglas  of  111.,  Fremont  of  Cal.,  Soule  of  La., 
Hale  of  N.  H.,  Mangum  of  N.  C,  Hunter  and  Mason 
of  Va.,  and  Bell  of  Tenn.,  besides  others  of  note.] 
Henry  Clay  introduces  6  resolutions  as  a  basis  for  com- 
promise of  the  slavery  controversy 29  Jan.    " 

[These  resolutions  related  to  (1)  admission  of  Cal- 
ifornia as  a  free  state ;  (2)  territorial  governments 
for  Utah  and  New  Mexico  without  conditions  as  to 
slavery;  (3)  boundaries  of  Texas;  (4)  payment  of 
Texas  debt ;  (5)  suppression  of  the  slave-trade  in 
the  District  of  Columbia;  (6)  fugitive-slave  laws.] 
Clay  advocates  his  resolutions  in  the  Senate .  .5-6  Feb.  " 
Resolution  of  Congress  for  purchasing  the  manuscript 
of  Washington's  "  Farewell  Address" 12  Feb.    " 


UNI 

Abolitionists  attacked  by  Daniel  Webster  in  debating 

the  Compromise  bill 7  Mch.  1850 

[This  speech  much  weakened  Webster's  influence 
at  the  north.] 

John  C.  Calhoun,  statesman  and  member  of  the  Senate, 
dies  at  Washington,  aged  68 31  Mch.    " 

Bulwer-CIayton  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  for  a  joint 
occupancy  of  the  proposed  ship-canal  through  Cen- 
tral America,  signed 19  Apr.     " 

After  a  debate  of  over  2  months,  Clay's  Compromise 
resolutions  are  referred  to  a  committee  of  13,  with 

Clay  as  chairman 19  Apr.    " 

[Committee  consisted  of  6  Democrats  and  7  Whigs.  ] 

Collins  line  of  steamers  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
U.  S.  goes  into  operation 27  Apr.    " 

Committee  on  the  Compromise  resolutions  submits  an 
elaborate  series  of  bills  embodying  the  substance  of 

the  resolutions  of  Jan.  29 8  May,    " 

[These  several  bills  are  known  as  the  Compromise 
or  "  Omnibus  "  bill,  the  last  passed  20  Sept.] 

Narcisso  Lopez,  a  South  American  adventurer,  makes 
a  filibustering  expedition  to  Cuba  from  New  Orleans 
in  the  steamer  Creole,  and  lands  at  Cardenas  19  May, 
with  about  600  men ;  is  repulsed  and  retires  to  the 
steamer  with  a  loss  of  30  killed  and  wounded ;  is 
pursued  by  the  Spanish  war-steamer  Pizarro  to 
Key  West,  where  he  escapes  (Filibusters), 

21  May,    « 

Advance,  140  tons,  and  Rescue,  90  tons,  equipped  by 
Henry  Grinnell  of  New  York  to  search  for  sir  John 
Franklin,  sail  from  New  York  city,  under  lieut.  E. 
J.  De  Haven,  with  dr.  Elisha  Kent  Kane  as  sur- 
geon  23  May,    •' 

Pres.  Taylor  dies  at  Washington,  aged  66 9  July,    " 

Vice-pres.  Fillmore  takes  the  oath  of  office  as  presi- 
dent  10  July,    « 

Wm.  R.  King  of  Ala.  president  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate,     • 

11  July,    « 
PRES.  Fillmore's  cabinet. 

Daniel  Webster,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  from  20  July,  1850. 
Edward  Everett,  Mass.,  sec.  of  state,  from  9  Dec.  1852. 
Thomas  Corwin,  O.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  20  Juh',  1850. 
Charles  M.  Conrad,  Va.,  sec.  of  war,  from  20  Jul}',  1850. 
Wm.  A.  Graham,  N.  C,  sec.  of  navy,  from  20  July,  1850. 
John  P.  Kennedy,  Md.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  22  July,  1852. 
James  A,  Pearce,  Md.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  20  July,  1850. 
Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart,  Va,,  sec.  of  interior,  from  12  Sept.  1850. 
N.  K.  Hall,  N.  Y.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  20  July,  1850. 
Samuel D.  Iiubbard,Coim.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  31  Aug.  1852. 
John  J.  Crittenden,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  from  20  July,  1850. 
Treaty  between  the  U.  S.  and  the  Hawaiian  or  Sand- 
wich islands,  signed  20  Dec.  1849  ;  ratified,  24  Aug.  1850 
Territory  of  Utah  created,  and  territorial  government 

established  (Utah) 9  Sept.    " 

Territorial  government  established  in  New  Mexico, 

9  Sept.  " 
[The  act  provided  that  the  territory  or  any  portion 
of  it  should  be  received  into  the  Union  with  or  with- 
out slavery,  as  its  constitution  might  prescribe  at  the 
time  of  its  admission.] 
California  admitted  as  the  31st  state,  her  constitu- 
tion excluding  slavery 9  Sept.    ". 

Northern  and  western  boundaries  of  Texas  established. 
Texas  cedes  all  claim  to  territory  beyond  this  boun- 
dary, and  relinquishes  all  claim  for  debt,  compensa- 
tion, or  indemnity  for  the  surrender  of  all  U.  S. 
property;  $10,000,000  to  be  paid  by  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment in  stocks  bearing  b%  interest,  and  redeem- 
able at  the  end  of  14  years 9  Sept.    " 

Jennv  Lind  gives  her  first  concert  at  Castle  Garden, New 

York .  12  Sept.    " 

Amendments  of  great  stringency  to  the  Fugitive  Slave 
laws  of  Feb.  12, 1793,  pass  the'  House  by  109  to  75, 12 

Sept.  1850 ;  approved 18  Sept.    " 

Slave-trade  suppressed  from  1  Jan.  1851,  in  the  District 

of  Columbia,  by  act  approved .  .20  Sept.    " 

Flogging  abolished  in  the  na\'y'  and  on  vessels  of  com- 
merce by  act  approved 28  Sept.    " 


UNI 


856 


Act  grantiug  swamp-lands  to  Arkansas  and  other  states, 

approved  (see  3  Mch.  1857) 28  Sept.  1850 

First  Session  (302  days)  adjourns 30  Sept.    " 

[This  session  the  longest  np  to  this  tinne.] 

City  council  of  Chicago  passes  a  resolution  nullifying 
the  Fugitive  Slave  law,  and  releasing  the  police  from 

obedience  to  it 22  Oct.    " 

[They  subsequently  reconsidered  it.] 
Second  Session  assembles 2  Dec.    " 

British  consul  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  a  communication 
to  the  governor,  calls  attention  to  the  state  law  under 
wltich  a  class  (negroes)  of  her  majesty's  subjects,  en- 
tering the  ports  of  South  Carolina  on  the  guarantee 
of  a  national  treaty,  in  trading  vessels  or  in  distress, 
are  taken  from  the  protection  of  the  British  flag  and 
imprisoned,  and  hopes  that  the  state  will  abrogate 
such  portion  of  the  law  as  applies  to  British  subjects 
(see  this  record,  5  Dec.  1844,  and  Massachusetts, 
1844) 14  Dec.    " 

John  James  Audubon,  distinguished  ornithologist,  dies 
near  New  York  city,  aged  71 27  Jan.  1851 

Pres.  Fillmore  issues  a  proclamation  relative  to  the 
rescue  of  Shadrach,  a  negro,  at  Boston,  Mass.,  who 
had  been  arrested  as  a  fugitive  slave,  15  Feb.  1851, 
calling  on  all  officers  and  citizens  to  aid  in  recaptur- 
ing him,  and  commanding  the  arrest  of  all  persons 
aiding  in  his  escape  (Massachusetts)  ...  .18  Feb.    " 

Letter  postage  reduced  to  3  cents  for  3000  miles  or  less, 
if  prepaid,  and  5  cents  if  not ;  over  3000  miles  double 
rate.     Coinage  of  3-cent  piece  authorized . .  .3  Mch.    " 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  employ  a  public 
vessel,  then  cruising  in  the  Mediterranean,  to  convey 
to  the  U.  8.  Louis  Kossuth  and  his  associates  in  cap- 
tivity, if  they  wish  to  emigrate  to  the  U.  S.,  and  if 

the  Shltan  of  Turkey  will  consent 3  Mch.    " 

Thirty-first  Congress  adjourns "         " 

«  [At  this  time  it  was  decided  that  Congress  ex- 

pires at  noon  on  the  4th  day  of  March.] 

Com.  James  Barron  dies  at  Norfolk,Va.,  aged  83,  21  Apr.    " 

Pres.  Fillmore  issues  a  proclamation  against  the  pro- 
moters of  a  second  expedition  against  Cuba,  and  the 
ship  Cleopatra,  with  military  supplies  for  that  island, 
is  seized 25  Apr.    " 

First  train  on  the  Erie  railway.  New  York  to  Dunkirk, 

28,  29  Apr.    « 

Extension  of  the  U.  S.  Capitol ;  corner-stone  laid  by  the 

president;  oration  by  Daniel  Webster 4  July,    " 

[Extensions  finished  Nov.  1867.] 

Gen.  Lopez's  second  expedition  against  Cuba  (FiLi- 
BusrERs) 3  Aug.    " 

Louis  Kossuth  and  suite  received  on  the  U.  S.  war 
steamer  Mississippi  at  the  Dardanelles.  .  .  .10  Sept.    " 

James  Fenimore  Cooper,  author,  dies  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.,  aged  62 14  Sept.    " 

Hudson  River  railroad  opened  from  New  York  to 
Albany 8  Oct.    «« 

Kossuth  leaves  ih^  Mississippi  at  Gibraltar  and  embarks 
on  the  Madrid,  an  English  passenger  steamer,  for 
Southampton, Engl 15  Oct.    " 

Pres.  Fillmore  issues  a  proclamation  forbidding  mili- 
tary expeditions  into  Mexico 22  Oct.    " 

Grinnell  expedition,  sent  out  in  search  of  sir  John 
Franklin,  May,  1850,  returns  to  New  York Oct.    " 

Thirty-second  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles,  1  Dec.   " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  Linn  Boyd  of  Ky. 

Kossuth  arrives  at  New  York  from  England. ...  5  Dec.    " 
[He  was  received  with  enthusiasm.] 

Resolution  of  welcome  to  Louis  Kossuth  by  Congress 
approved 15  Dec.    " 

Henry  Clay  resigns  his  seat  in  the  Senate  (to  take 
effect  Sept.  1852) 17  Dec.    « 

A  fire  in  the  library  of  Congress  destroys  35,000  of  its 
55,000  volumes. 24  Dec.    " 

Kossuth  arrives  at  Washington,  D.  C,  on  the  invita- 
tion of  Congress 30  Dec.    " 

A  memorial  presented  to  the  Senate  from  citizens  of 
the  U.  S.  (about  160  in  number),  captured  by  the 


1 

UNI 

Spanish  government  in  Cuba  while  engaged  in  the 
expedition  of  Lopez,  sent  to  Spain  as  prisoners,  and 
there  liberated  by  queen  Isabella  IL,  asking  Congress 
.  for  transportation  to  the  U.  S 7  Jan.  1862 

Congress  appropriates  $6000  to  return  them  to  the  U.S., 

10  Feb.    '« 

Congress  appropriates  $72,500  for  the  repair  of  the  Con- 
gressional library 19  Mch.    " 

Democratic  National  convention  held  at  Baltimore,  the 

two-third  rule  governing 1  June,    " 

[Four  principal  candidates  for  the  presidency  at 
this  convention  were  gen.  Lewis  Cass,  Mich.,  James 
Buchanan,  Pa.,  ex-gov.  William  L.  Marcy,  N.  Y.,  and 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  III.  On  the  35111  ballot  the 
name  of  Franklin  Pierce  of  N.  H.  was  first  presented 
and  received  15  votes,  and  on  the  49th  ballot  he  was 
nominated,  receiving  282  votes.  William  R.  King 
of  Ala.  nominated  for  vice-president.] 

Whig  National  presidential  convention  meets  at  Balti- 
more  16  June,    « 

[Candidates  for  the  presidency  were  Millard  Fill- 
more, N.  Y.,  gen.  Winfield  Scott,  Va.,  and  Daniel 
Webster,  Mass.  On  the  first  ballot  Fillmore  had  133 
votes,  Scott  131,  and  Webster  29 ;  these  proportions 
were  maintained  very  steadily  until  the  53d  ballot, 
when  gen.  Scott  received  159  votes  to  1 12  for  Fillmore 
and  21  for  Webster.  William  A.  (Iraham,  N.  C, 
was  on  the  2d  ballot  nominated  for  vice-president.  ] 

Henry  Clay  dies  at  Washington,  D.C.,aged  75.29  June,    " 

Branch  of  the  U.  S.  mint  established  at  San  Francisco, 
Cal 3  July,    " 

Free-soil  convention  at  Pittsburg,  Pa 11  Aug.    " 

[Named  John  P.  Hale,  N.  H.,  for  president,  and     . 
George  W.  Julian,  Ind.,  for  vice-president.] 
Fi7-st  Session  adjourns  (after  a  session  of  275  days),  31  Aug.    " 

Daniel  Webster  dies  at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  aged  70. 24  Oct.    " 

Seventeenth  presidential  election  takes  place. .  .2  Nov.  " 
[Candidates:  Democrats,  Franklin  Pierce,  N.  H., 
for  president ;  William  R.  King,  Ala.,  for  vice-presi- 
dent. Whigs,  gen.  Winfield  Scott,Va.,  for  president ; 
William  A. Graham,  N.  C,  for  vice-president.  Free- 
soilers,  John  P.  Hale,N.  H.,  for  president;  George  W. 
Julian,  Ind.,  for  vice-president.] 
Second  Session  assembles 6  Dec.    " 

William  R.  King,  Ala.,  president  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate, 
resigns,  and  David  R.  Atchison,  Mo.,  chosen, .  20  Dec.    " 

Caloric  ship  Ericsson  makes  a  trial  trip  from  New  York 
to  the  Potomac 11  Jan.  1863 

Congress  transfers  all  that  portion  of  the  Cumberland 
road  which  lies  between  Springfield,  O.,  and  the 
western  boundary  of  that  state  to  Ohio,  by  act  ap- 
proved      20  Jan.   " 

Electoral  vote  counted 9  Feb.    " 

[For  president.  Pierce,  254;  Scott,  42;  for  vice- 
president.  King,  254;  Graham,  42.  Free  -  sellers, 
pop.  vote,  156,149.] 

Coinage  of  $3  gold-pieces  authorized,  and  the  weight 
of  the  half-dollar  fixed  at  192  gr.,  and  the  quarter- 
dollar,  the  dime,  and  half-dime  at  proportionate 
amounts,  by  act  approved  (Com) 21  Feb.    " 

Territory  of  Washington  formed  by  act  approved,  2  Mch,    " 

Further  purchase  of  ailanthus- trees  for  the  public 
grounds  forbidden  by  Congress  (Floavers  and 
Plants) *. 3  Mch.    " 

Congress  authorizes  a  survey  for  a  railway  from  the 

Mississippi  to  the  Pacific » 3  Mch.    " 

Thirty-second  Congress  adjourns "         " 

Seventeenth  Administration  —  Democratic.     4  Mch. 

1853  to  3  Mch.  1857. 

Franklin  Pierce,  N.  H.,  president. 
William  It.  King,  Ala.,  vice-president. 
Oath  of  office  is  administered  to  the  vice-president 
elect  by  U,  S.  consul  Sharkey,  at  Cumbre,  near  Ma- 

tanzas,  on  the  island  of  Cuba 24  Mch.  1853 

[A  special  act  of  Congress  authorized  Mr.  Shar- 
key to  do  this,] 


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CABINKT. 

William  L.  Mara/,  N.  Y,,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1853. 
James  Guthrie,  Ky.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  5  Mch.  1853. 
Jefferson  Davis,  Miss.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1853. 
James  C.  Dobbin,  N.  C,  sec.  of  navy,  from  5  Mch.  1853. 
Robert  McClellan,  Mich.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  6  Mch.  1853. 
James  Campbell,  Pa.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1853. 
Caleb  Cushing,  Mass.,  attorney-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1853. 
Wm.  R.  King,  13th  vice-president  of  the  U.  S.,  dies  at 

Cahawba,  Ala.,  aged  67 18  Apr.  1853 

Kane  sails  from  New  York  in  the  brig  Advance,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  U.  S.  navy,  in  search  of  sir  John 

Franklin 30  May,    « 

[Reached  78°  43'  N.  in  1855.     See  this  record, 
1855.] 

KoszTA  AFFAIR,  at  Smyrna,  Turkey 21  June,    " 

Com.  M.  C.  Perry,  a  brother  of  Oliver  Hazard  Perry, 
with  a  fleet  of  7  vessels,  proceeds  to  Japan  with  a 
letter  from  pres.  Fillmore  to  the  t3'coon,  soliciting 
a  treaty.     Com.  Perry  arrives  at  the  bay  of  Yedo 

(Japan,  and  this  record,  1854) 14  July,    " 

World's  Fair,  Crystal  palace,  opening  at  New  York 

city ;  pres.  Pierce  present 14  July,    " 

William  Walker's  filibustering  exfjedition  to  Sonora, 
Mexico  (Filibusters) July,    " 

Thirty-third  Congress.  First  Session,  assembles.  .5  Dec.    " 

David  R.  Atchison,  president  p7'o  tern,  of  the  Senate, 
and  acting  vice-president  of  the  U.  S.  in  place  of 
Wm.  R.  King,  deceased ;  Linn  Boyd  of  Ky.  speaker 
of  the  House. 

James  Gadsden  of  S.  C,  minister  to  Mexico,  by  treaty 
purchases  her  territory  south  of  the  Gila  river,  now 
known  as  the  "  Gadsden  purchase,"  and  included  in 
Arizona,  containing  45,535  sq.  miles,  for  $10,000,000. 
Treaty  and  purchase  approved 30  Dec.    " 

Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  introduces  a  bill  in  the  Sen- 
ate, organizing  the  territory  of  Nebraska.  .  .  .4  Jan.  1854 

A.  Dixon  of  ^3'.  gives  notice  of  an  amendment  ex- 
empting the  territory  from  the  Missouri  compro- 
mise prohibiting  slavery 16  Jan.    " 

Proclamation  of  pres.  Pierce  against  the  invasion  of 
Mexico  (called  out  bj'  Walker's  expedition  into 
Sonora  and  Lower  California.    Filibusters),  18  Jan.    " 

Sen.  Douglas  of  111.  reports  a  bill  creating  2  territories, 
Kansas  and  Nebraska,  of  the  same  territory  as  the 
former  Nebraska  bill,  with  a  section  virtually  repeal- 
ing the  Compromise  of  1820 23  Jan.    " 

U.  S.  steamer  Black  Warrior  seized  by  the  Cuban 
authorities  at  Havana 28  Feb.    " 

Kansas-Nebraska  bill  passes  the  Senate,37  to  14 .3  Mch.    " 

First  treaty  between  the  U.  S.and  Japan,  of  peace,  am- 
ity, and  commerce,  concluded  and  signed  at  Kana- 

waga,  Japan 31  Mch.    " 

[Two  ports  of  entry  opened  to  the  U.  S.,  Hako- 
dadi  and  Simoda.] 

Massachusetts  Emigrant  Aid  Society  organized  by  Eli 
Thayer,  and  incorporated  (to  aid  emigration  to 
Kansas) 20  Apr.    " 

Kansas-Nebraska  bill  taken  up  in  the  House.  .8 Ma}',     " 

Bill  passes  the  House  as  an  original  measure,  bv  112 
to  99 24  May,    " 

It  passes  the  Senate,  35  to  13,  and  approved.  .30  May,    " 
[The  Missouri  Compromise  measures  of  1820  re- 
pealed by  sec.  14  of  this  act.] 

Pres.  Pierce  issues  a  proclamation  against  the  invasion 
of  Cuba 31  May,    " 

Anthony  Burns,  arrested  as  a  slave  at  Boston,  Mass., 
is  taken  by  the  revenue  cutter  Morris,  by  order  of 
pres.  Pierce,  conveyed  to  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  delivered 
to  his  alleged  master,a  Mr.Suttle  (Massachusetts), 

2  June,    " 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  reciprocity';  the  fishery  dif- 
ficulty settled 5  June,    " 

George  N.  HoUins,  commander  of  the  ship  Cyane,  bom- 
bards and  destroys  the  small  town  of  Greytown  on 

the  Mosquito  coast.  Central  America 13  June,    " 

[This  was  an  attempt  to  obtain  redress  for  a  per- 


sonal insult  to  one  of  the  officers  of  the  government, 
and  to  enforce  a  claim  of  $24,000  indemnity.] 

Merrimac,  a  new  steam  war  -  frigate,  launched  at  the 

Charleston  navy-yard .14  June,  1854 

[This  was  one  of  the  vessels  seized  by  the  con- 
federates at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard,  Apr.  1861.] 

Medal  presented  to  capt.  Ingraham,  U.  S.  N.,  by  a  reso- 
lution of  Congress,  as  a  testimonial  of  the  high  sense 
entertained  of  his  gallant  and  judicious  conduct  on 
2  July,  1853,  in  rescuing  Martin  Koszta  from  ille- 
gal seizure  and  imprisonment  on  board  the  Austrian 
brig  Huzzar,  approved  (Koszta  afb'Air)  . .  .4  Aug.    " 

[Ingraham  resigned  in  1861  and  joined  the  Con- 
federate navy ;  d.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  16  Oct.  1891, 
aged  89.] 
First  Session  adjourns 7  Aug.    " 

OsTEND  manifesto  issued 18  Oct.    " 

Andrew  H.  Reeder  of  Pa.  appointed  governor  of  Kan- 
sas by  pres.  Pierce  (Kansas) '♦ 

Second  Session  assembles 4  Dec.    " 

Jesse  D.  Bright  of  Ind.  elected  president  pro  tern,  of 
the  Senate 6  Dec.    " 

Congress  assents  to  the  cession  by  Massachusetts  to 
New  York  of  "Boston  Corner,"  the  southwesterly 
corner  of  Berkshire  county,  approved 3  Jan.  1855 

Annexation  of  the  Sai^dwich  islands  discussed  in  Con- 
gress (strongly  opposed  by  England) Jan.    " 

Panama  railroad  completed;  first  train  from  ocean  to 
ocean 28  Jan.    " 

Rights  of  citizenship  secured  to  children  of  citizens 
born  in  foreign  territory  by  an  act  approved .  10  Feb.    •' 

Grade  of  lieutenant-general  by  brevet  revived  by  a 

resolution  approved 15  Feb.    " 

[This  rank  was  immediately  conferred  upon  maj.- 
gen.  Winfield  Scott.] 

Right  of  way  granted  to  Hiram  O.  Alden  and  James 
Eddy  for  a  line  of  telegraph  from  the  Mississippi 
river  to  the  Pacific  by  an  act  approved. . .  .17  Feb.     " 
Thirty-third  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Gov.  Reeder  of  Kan.  removed  by  pres.  Pierce ;  Wilson 
Shannon  of  O.  appointed  in  his  place. ....  .28  July,    " 

William  Walker  lands  in  Nicaragua  with  160  men, 

3  Sept.    " 

Col.  Henry  L.  Kinney  made  civil  and  military  gov- 
ernor of  Greytown,  Nicaragua,  by  citizens, 

12  Sept.    " 
Expedition  in  search  of  dr.  Kane,  under  lieut.  Hart- 

stene,  U.  S.  N.,  finds  at  the  isle  of  Disco,  Greenland, 
Kane  and  his  companions,  who  had  left  the  ship  in 
the  ice,  17  May,  and  reached  Disco  8  Aug., 

13  Sept.    « 
This  expedition  returns  to  New  York  city 11  Oct.    " 

Thirty-fourth  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles  .3  Dec.    " 

After  a  contest  of  9  weeks,  on  the  133d  ballot,  Nathaniel 
P.  Banks  of  Mass.  is  elected  (2  Feb.  1856)  speaker 
by  a  plurality  of  3  votes  over  William  Aiken  of  S.  C. 
["  It  was  a  distinctive  victory  of  the  free  states 
,  over  the  consolidated  power  of  the  slave  states.  It 
marked  an  epoch."  —  Blaine's  "  Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,"  vol.  i.  p.  122.  This  session  was  the  storm- 
iest ever  held.] 

Proclamation  of  pres.  Pierce  against  the  invasion  of 
Nicaragua 8  Dec.    " 

Pres.  Pierce,  in  special  message,  recognizes  the  pro- 
slavery  legislature  of  the  territory  of  Kansas,  and 
calls  the  attempt  to  establish  a  free-state  govern- 
ment an  act  of  rebellion  (Kansas) 24  Jan.  1856 

Pres.  Pierce  by  proclamation  warns  all  persons  against 
unlawful  combinations  against  the  constituted  au- 
thorities of  Kansas 11  Feb.    " 

American  National  convention  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  on 
the  1st  formal  ballot  nominates  Millard  Fillmore  of 
N.  Y.  for  president,  and  Andrew  J.  Donelson  of  Tenn. 
for  vice-president 22  Feb.    " 

Capture  and  sack  of  Lawrence,  Kan.,  by  the  pro-slavery 
party  (Kansas) 21  May,     " 

Charles  Sumner  of  Mass.  beaten  down  in  the  Senate 


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chamber  by  Preston  S.  Brooks,  of  S.  C,  because  of 
his  speech,"  The  Crime  against  Kansas".  .22  May,  1866 
[Brooks  accompanied  by  L.  M.  Keitt  of  S.C.] 

House  committee  recommends  the  expulsion  of  Brooks 
and  censure  of  Keitt,  but  the  resohition  fails,  121  to 
95  (two-thirds  required);  Brooks  and  Keitt  resign, 

2  June,    « 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  at  Cincinnati, 

O 3  June,    " 

[James  Buchanan  of  Pa.  nominated  for  president 
on  the  17th  ballot,  and  John  C.  Breckinridge  of  K}'. 
for  vice-president.  Franklin  Pierce  and  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  were  also  candidates  for  the  presidency,  but 
were  withdrawn  on  the  15th  and  16th  ballots.] 

First  Republican  National  convention  held  at  Phila- 
delphia  17  June,    " 

[On  the  Ist  formal  ballot  John  Charles  Fremont 
of  Cal.  was  nominated  for  president,  329  votes  to  37 
for  McLean  of  O.,  and  1  for  W.  H.  Seward  ;  Wm.  L. 
Dayton  of  N,  J.  was  nominated  for  vice-president.] 

John  W.  Geary  of  Pa.  appointed  governor  of  Kansas 
in  place  of  Shannon 1  July,    " 

Committee  appointed  by  the  House,  19  Mch.  1856,  con- 
sisting of  John  Sherman  of  O.,  Wm.  A.  Howard  of 
Mich.,  and  M.  Oliver  of  Mo.,  to  inquire  into  the 
Kansas  troubles,  reports :  (1)  that  the  election  held 
by  the  free-state  party  was  not  illegal  ;  (2)  that  the 
elections  under  the  alleged  territorial  laws  were  car- 
ried by  invaders  from  Missouri ;  (3)  that  the  alleged 
territorial  legislature  was  illegal ;  (4)  that  its  acts 
were  intended  for  unlawful  ends;  (6)  that  neither 
of  the  delegates  to  Congress  was  entitled  to  a  seat; 
(6)  that  no  election  could  be  held  without  a  new 
census,  a  stringent  election  law,  impartial  judges  of 
election,  and  U.  S.  troops  at  every  polling  place ;  (7) 
that  the  constitution  framed  by  the  convention  em- 
bodies the  will  of  the  majority  of  the  people, 

IJuly,    " 
[Mr.  Oliver  of  Mo.  made  a  minority  report.] 

Grand-jury  at  Washington  indicts  Preston  S.  Brooks 
for  assault  and  battery  upon  Charles  Sumner,  22 
June ;  on  trial  Brooks  admits  the  facts,  and  is  fined 
$300 8  July,    " 

Preston  S.  Brooks  challenges  to  a  duel  Anson  Bur- 
lingame,  member  from  Mass.  Mr.  Burlingame  in 
reply  agrees  to  meet  him  at  the  Clifton  house,  Niag- 
ara Falls,  on  26  July  at  noon,  when  differences  be- 
tween them  can  be  adjusted.  Burlingame  leaves 
Washington  for  the  rendezvous ;  Brooks  declines  to 
pursue  the  matter  further 21  July,     " 

Preston  S.  Brooks  and  L.  M.  Keitt  are  returned  to  Con- 
gress from  South  Carolina 28  July,    " 

First  Session  adjourns 18  Aug.    " 

Army  appropriation  bill  failing  to  pass,  owing  to  a 
proviso  that  the  army  be  not  used  to  aid  the  pro- 
slavery  legislature  of  Kansas,  an  extra  session  of 

Congress  is  called  for  21  Aug 19  Aug.    " 

Second  Session  (extra)  convenes 21  Aug.    " 

Governor  of  ELansas  proclaims  the  territory  in  insur-  , 
rection 25  Aug.    " 

Army  appropriation  bill  passes  without  the  proviso, 

30  Aug.    " 

Second  Session  (10  days)  adjourns "  " 

[The  shortest  session  of  any  Congress.  ] 

Whig  National  convention  meets  at  Baltimore,  17  Sept.    " 
[It  adopted  the  nominees  of  the  American  party 
for  president,  Fillmore  and  Donelson.     Last  appear- 
ance of  the  Whig  party  in  politics.] 

Eighteenth  presidential  election  held 4  Nov.    " 

Third  Session  convenes 1  Dec.    " 

Dispersion  of  the  Free  -  state  legislature  at  Topeka, 
Kan.,  by  federal  troops 6  Jan.  1857 

Electoral  votes  counted 11  Feb.    '• 

[Democrats,  James  Buchanan,  Pa.,  for  president, 
174;  John  C.  Breckinridge,  Kj'.,  for  vice-president, 
174.  Republicans,  John  C.  Fremont,  Cal.,  for  presi- 
dent, 114 ;  Wm.  L.  Dayton,  N.  J.,  for  vice-president, 
114.     Americans,  Millard  Fillmore,  N.  Y.,  for  presi- 


dent, 8 ;  Andrew  J.  Donelson,  Tenn.,  for  vice-presi- 
dent, 8.] 

Death  of  Elisha  Kent  Kane  (arctic  explorer),  at  Ha- 
vana, Cuba,  aged  35 16  Feb.  1857 

Act  to  confirm  to  the  several  states  the  swamp  and 
overflowed  lands  selected  under  act  of  2  Mch.  1849, 
which  granted  to  the  state  of  Louisiana  all  such  lands 
found  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  under  act  of  28  Sept. 
1850,  which  made  similar  grants  to  Arkansas  and 

other  states;  approved 3  Mch.    " 

[Excepted  California,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  and 
Wisconsin,  these  lands  have  been  selected  by  agents 
of  the  state,  who  furnish  to  the  U.  S.  proofs  of  their 
unfitness  for  cultivation,  etc.  It  was  estimated  in 
1849-50  from  government  surveys  that  the  total  area 
of  swamp-lands  would  not  exceed  21,000,000  acres. 
But  these  acts  and  grants  have  led  to  complaints  of 
fraud  and  deceit.  Millions  of  acres  have  been  listed 
as  swamp-land  which  are  now  held  for  further  inves- 
tigation. The  area  claimed  by  the  states  under  the 
various  acts  amounts  to  over  80,000,000  acres  to  30 
June,  1891,  of  which  58,000,000  acres  have  been  pat- 
ented to  the  states.  Of  the  principal  states  claiming 
such  lands  under  the  several  acts,  Alabama,  Arkansas, 
California,  Florida,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Louisiana, 
Michigan,  Miiniesota,  Mississippi,  Misouri,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  and  Wisconsin,  Florida  has  received  the 
most,  22,500,000  acres,  and  Ohio  the  least,  1 17,000 
acres. — Report  of  the  sec.  of  the  interior,  1891.] 

Act  passed  materially  reducing  duties 3  Mch.    " 

Thirty-fourth  Congress  adjourns "  " 

Eighteenth  Administration— Democratic.    4  Mch.  1857 

to  3  Mch.  1861. 

James  Buchanan,  Pa.,  president. 

John  C.  Breekinrhige,  Ky.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Lewis  Cass,  Mich.,  sec.  of  state,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
Jeremiah  S.  Black,  Pa.,  sec.  of  state,  from  17  t)ec.  1860. 
Howell  Cobb,  Ga.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
PhUip  F.  Thomas,  Md.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  12  Dec.  1860. 
John  A .  Dix,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  11  Jan.  1861. 
John  B.  Floyd,  Va.,  sec.  of  war,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
Joseph  Holt,  Ky.,  sec.  of  war,  from  18  Jan.  1861. 
Isaac  Toucey,  Conn.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
Jacob  Thompson,  Miss.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
[Resigned  8  Jan.  1861 ;  no  one  appointed  in  his  place.] 
Aaron  V.  Brown,  Tenn.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
Joseph  Holt,  Ky.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  14  Mch.  1859. 
Horatio  King,  Me.,  postmaster-gen,,  from  12  Feb.  1861. 
Jeremiah  S.  Black,  Pa.,  attornej'-gen.,  from  6  Mch.  1857. 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  O.,  attorney-gen.,  from  20  Dec.  1860. 
Chief-justice  Taney,  of  the  Supreme  court,  delivers  his 

decision  in  the  Dred  Scott  case 6  Mch.  1857 

Robert   J.  Walker   of  Miss,   appointed   governor    of 

Kansas  in  place  of  Geary  of  Pa.,  resigned Apr.    " 

Second  treaty  with  Japan;  the  third  port,  Nagasaki, 

opened  to  the  U.  S 17  June,    " 

Shore  end  of  the  Atlantic  submarine  telegraph  cable 
is  fixed  by  the  U.  S,  steam-frigate  Niagara  at  Va- 
lencia bay,  Ireland 5  Aug.    " 

Cable  breaks  after  paying  out  335  miles 11  Aug.    " 

[It  was  abandoned  until  the  next  year,] 
Brigham  Young,  governor  of  Utah,  by  proclamation 
forbids  any  armed  force  coming  into  Salt  Lake  City, 
and  orders  the  troops  in  readiness  to  repel  such  in- 
vasion and  declares  martial  law 15  Sept.    " 

Mountain  Meadow  massacre  (Utah,  1857-77),  18  Sept.    " 
Mormons  attack  the  government  trains  and  destroy 

78  wagons 5  Oct.    " 

Great  financial  distress ;  banks  in  New  York  city  and 

Boston  suspend 13-14  Oct.    " 

Pres.  Buchanan  removes  Brigham  Young,  and  appoints 
Alfred  Gumming  of  the  U.  S.  army  as  governor  of 

Utah '* 

William  Walker  makes  his  third  filibustering  expedi- 
tion to  Nicaragua  from  New  Orleans 11  Nov. 


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Lands  on  the  Nicaraguan  coast  with  400  men,  25  Nov. 

Com.  Paulding  of  the  U.  S.  navy  arrests  Walker  at 
Greytown,  Nicaragua,  and  he  is  taken  to  New  York 
as  prisoner 3  Dec. 

Thirty-fifth  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles.  .7  Dec. 

James  L.  Orr  of  S.  C.  elected  speaker  of  the  House. 
[House,  131  Democrats,  92  Republicans,  and  14 
Americans.     Senate,  39  Democrats,  20  Republicans, 
5  Americans.] 

Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  in  the  Senate  opposes  forcing 
the  Lecompton  constitution  on  Kansas.  ....  9  Dec. 
[He  thus  parted  from  the  southern  Democracy.] 

Robert  J.  Walker,  governor  of  Kansas,  resigns,  15  Dec. 

The  House  of  Representatives  met  for  the  first  time  in 
the  new  hall  of  representatives  in  the  south  wing 

of  the  extension 16  Dec. 

[By  an  act  approved  2  July,  1864,  the  old  hall  of 
representatives  was  set  apart  as  a  national  statuary 
hall,  and  each  state  invited  to  furnish  in  marble  or 
bronze  statues  of  2  of  its  most  distinguished  citizens.] 

James  H.  Hammond  of  S.  C.  makes  a  "  memorable 
speech  "  in  the  Senate  in  reply  to  W.  H.  Seward, 

4  Mch. 
[This  speech  expressed  the  confidence  of  the  South 
in  her  ability  to  organize  a  government  and  defend 
it,  and  in  its  bold  stand  for  the  perpetuation  of 
slavery.  In  this  speech  originated  the  terra  "  mud- 
sills of  society."] 

Pres.  Buchanan  issues  a  proclamation  respecting  the 
Mormon  rebellion  in  Utah 6  Apr. 

Thomas  H.  Benton  dies  at  Washington,  aged  76, 

10  Apr. 

An  act  to  admit  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  consti- 
tution  4  May, 

Minnesota  admitted  as  the  32d  state 11  May, 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of  $20,000,000 ...  14  June, 
First  Session  adjourns « 

Second  treaty  with  China  of  peace,  amity,  aiid  com- 
merce  *.  .  .18  June, 

Debates  in  the  senatorial  contest  in  Illinois  between 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas  during 

June  and  July, 

Remains  of  James  Monroe,  5th  president  of  the  U.  S., 
buried  at  New  York,  1831,  taken  up  and  conveyed 
to  Virginia 2  July, 

Street  deposit  boxes  (iron)  for  letters  for  the  mails  first 
used  in  Boston, Mass 2  Aug. 

Lecompton  constitution  for  Kansas  rejected  by  the 
people  of  Kansas,  11,088  to  1788 2  Aug. 

Atlantic  submarine  telegraph  completed 5  Aug. 

First  message  from  queen  Victoria  to  pres.  Buchanan, 

16  Aug. 
[After  23  days,  400  messages  having  been  trans- 
mitted, the  cable  lost  its  conducting  power] 

Seizure  of  the  Echo,  a  slaver,  with  318  slaves,  by  the 
U.  S.  brig  Dolphin,  lieut.  John  H.  MafRt  command- 
ing (South  Carolina) 21  Aug. 

Fifteen  hundred  U.  S.  troops  leave  fort  Laramie  for 
the  suppression  of  Mormon  troubles  in  Utah .  .  Sept. 

Crystal  palace  burned  in  New  York 5  Oct. 

First  mail  overland  from  San  Francisco  reaches  St. 
Louis,  24  days  18  hours  in  transit 9  Oct. 

Donati's  comet,  first  appearing  in  June,  attains  its 
greatest  brilliancy  (Comets) 9  Oct. 

Pres.  Buchanan  issues  a  proclamation  respecting  an 
apprehended  invasion  of  Nicaragua 30  Oct. 

Paul  Morphy  of  New  Orleans  becomes  the  champion 
CHKSS-player  of  the  world 

Grand-jury  of  Columbia,  S.  C,  refuses  to  indict  the 

crew  of  the  slaver  Echo 30  Nov. 

Second  Session  assembles 6  Dec. 

Senate  leaves  the  old  to  occupy  the  new  Senate  cham- 
ber in  the  north  wing  of  the  extension 4  Jan. 

[Before  leaving  a  memorial  address  was  delivered 
by  vice-president  Breckinridge  reviewing  the  history 
of  the  old  chamber.  Since  Dec.  1860,  it  has  been 
occupied  by  the  Supreme  court  of  the  U.  S.] 


859 


UNI 


1857 


1858 


A  bill  presented  in  the  Senate  giving  the  president 
$30,000,000  to  purchase  Cuba 24  Jan.  1859 

William  H.  Prescott,  author,  dies  at  Boston,  Mass., 
aged  63 28  Jan.    " 

Oregon  admitted  as  the  33d  state 14  Feb.    " 

Daniel  E.  Sickles,  congressman  from  New  York,  kills 
Philip  Barton  Key  at  Washington  for  adultery  with 

his  wife ; 27  Feb.    " 

Thirty-fifth  Congress  adjourns 3  Mch.    " 

Trial  of  Daniel  E.  Sickles  begun  at  Washington,  D.  C, 

4  Apr.    " 
[It  lasted  18  days  and  resulted  in  his  acquittal.] 

A  rich  gold  mine  opened  in  Colorado,  on  the  north 
fork  of  Clear  creek,  by  John  H.  Gregory ...  10  May,    '« 

Unexampled  frost  throughout  the  northern  U.  S., 

night  of  4  June,    " 

M.  Blondin  for  the  first  time  crosses  the  Niagara  river 
just  below  the  falls  on  a  tight-rope 30  June,    " 

San  Juan  islands  occupied  by  gen.  Harney,  U.  S.  army 
(though  claimed  by  Great  Britain  as  belonging  to 
Vancouver  island) 9  July,    " 

Little  John,  a  negro,  arrested  at  Oberlin,  O.,  as  a  slave, 
and  rescued  at  Wellington  (Ohio) 13  Sept.    " 

Senator  David  C.  Broderick  of  Cal.,  mortally  wounded 
in  a  duel  with  judge  Terry  near  lake  Merced,  Cal, 
13  Sept.,  d ^ 16  Sept.    « 

U.  S.  steamship  Niagara  sails  from  Charleston,  S.  C, 
for  Liberia,  Africa,  with  the  negroes  taken  from  the 
slaver  Echo ;  271  are  returned  out  of  318. .  .20  Sept.    « 

Jefferson  Davis  addresses  the  Democratic  State  con- 
vention of  Mississippi  in  behalf  of  slavery  and  the 
extension  of  slave  territory Oct.    " 

Brown's  insurrection  at  Harper's  Ferry,  W.  Va., 

16-18  Oct.    " 

Gen.  Winfield  Scott  is  ordered  to  the  Pacific  coast  in 
view  of  the  British  claims  to  San  Juan ;  he  arrives 
at  Portland,  Or. 29  Oct.    " 

Washington  Irving  dies  at  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  aged  76, 

28  Nov.    « 

John  Brown  (Brown's  insurrection)  hanged  at 
Charlestown,  W.  Va 2  Dec.    " 

Thirty-sixth  Congress,  First  Session,  assembles,  .5  Dec.  " 
[Senate  Democratic,  House  with  no  clear  majority 
for  any  party.  John  Sherman  of  O.  was  the  Re- 
publican candidate  for  speaker  and  Thomas  S.  Bocock 
of  Va.  the  Democratic.  After  8  weeks'  balloting  Mr. 
Sherman  withdrew,  and  William  Pennington  of  N.  J. 
was  elected  on  the  44th  ballot,  1  Feb.  I860.] 

Green,  Copeland,  Cook,  and  Coppoc,  Harper's  Ferry  in- 
surgents, hanged  (Brown's  insurrection),  16  Dec.    " 

Mr.  Clark  of  Mo.  introduces  a  resolution  in  the  House 
that  no  one  who  had  approved  Helper's  "The  Im- 
pending Crisis"  was  fit  to  be  speaker Dec.    " 

House  adopts  resolutions  offered  by  John  Covode  of 
Pa.,  for  a  committee  to  investigate  the  conduct  of 
the  president 5  Mch.  1860 

A.  C.  Stephens  and  Albert  Hazlett  hanged  at  Charles- 
town,  W.  Va 16  Mch.    " 

[These  were  the  last  of  the  prisoners  captured  at 
Harper's  Ferry  in  the  John  Brown  insurrection.] 

National  Democratic  convention  meets  in  Charleston, 
S.C 23  Apr.    " 

After  much  discord  the  southern  members  secede, 
and  the  convention,  after  57  ballotings  without  nom- 
inating, adjourns  to  meet  at  Baltimore  18  June, 

3  May,    " 

"  Constitutional  Union  "  party  holds  a  national  conven- 
tion in  Baltimore 9  May,    " 

[John  Bell  of  Tenn.  and  Samuel  Houston  of  Texas 
were  the  candidates  for  nomination ;  on  the  2d  ballot 
Bell  received  138  votes  and  Houston  69.  Edward 
Everett  of  Mass.  unanimously  nominated  for  vice- 
president.] 

Morrill  Tariff  bill  passes  the  House 10  Maj--,    " 

[It  was  protective,  the  duties  being  high  and 
specific;  it  passed  the  Senate  after  the  southern 
members  withdrew  ;  approved  2  Mch.  1861.] 


UNI  « 

Japanese  embassy,  numbering  72,  of  all  grades,  arrive 
at  Hampton  Koads  and  reaches  Washington, 

14  May,  1860 
National  Republican  courention  meets  at  Chicago, 

16  May,  « 
[All  the  free  states  were  strongly  represented,  be- 
sides  delegates  from  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  Missouri,  District  of  Columbia,  and  terri- 
tories of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  George  Ashmun  of 
Mass.  was  chosen  president ;  convention  decided  that 
a  majority  nominate;  platform  protested  against  the 
indefinite  extension  of  slavery  in  the  territories,  but 
proposed  no  interference  with  it  in  the  states.  Bal- 
loting began  18  May,  with  465  delegates;  necessary 
to  a  choice,  233.  Candidates  were  Abraham  Lincoln 
of  111.,  William  H.  Seward  of  N.  Y.,  Simon  Cam- 
eron of  Pa.  (withdrew  after  the  1st  ballot),  Salmon 
P.  Chase  of  O.,  and  Edward  Bates  of  Mo.  Mr.  Sew- 
ard received  on  the  Ist  ballot  173J  votes ;  2d,  184 J ; 
3d,  180  ;  Mr.  Lincoln,  Ist  ballot,  102  votes ;  2d,  181 ; 
3d,  231  J;  changes  then  made  gave  Mr.  Lincoln  354 
votes.  Hannibal  Hamlin  of  Me.  was  nominated  for 
vice-president  on  the  2d  ballot.] 
Southern  seceders  from  the  Charleston  Democratic 
convention  meet  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  adjourn  to 
await  the  decision  of  the  Baltimore  convention, 

11  June,    " 
Seceders,  with  the  rejected  delegates,  meet  at  Balti- 
more   18  June,    " 

[Twenty-one  states  were  represented  by  105  del- 
egates. John  C.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  was  nomi- 
nated for  president  and  Joseph  Lane  of  Or.  for  vice- 
president,  23  June.] 
National  Democratic  convention  assembles  at  Balti- 
more pursuant  to  adjournment 18  June,    " 

After  some  days  of  debate  over  credentials  of  delegates, 
many  delegates  withdraw,  and  the  chairman,  Caleb 
Cushing  of  Mass.,  resigns.  David  Tod  of  O.  is  chosen 

chairman  and  balloting  begins 22  June,    " 

[On  the  2d  ballot  Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  re- 
ceived 181|^  votes.  Benjamin  Fitzpatrick  of  Ala. 
was  nominated  for  vice-president,  but  declined,  and 
the  National  committee  nominated  Herschel  V. 
Johnson  of  Ga.] 
A  loan  of  $21,000,000  authorized  by  Congress .  22  June,    " 

Homestead  bill  vetoed  by  the  president "  f' 

[Senate  fails  to  pass  it  over  the  veto  by  3  votes.] 

First  Session  adjourns 25  June,    " 

Steamship  Grkat  Eastern  sails  from  England,  17 
June,  reaching  New  York  in  1 1  davs,  2  hours, 

28  June,    « 
Kansas  elects  a  convention  to  draft  a  second  constitu- 
tion ;  it  meets 5  July,    " 

[Under  this,  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  prohib- 
iting slavery,  Kansas  was  afterwards  admitted.] 
Lady  Elgin,  a  steamer  on  lake  Michigan,  sunk  by  col- 
lision with  the  schooner  A  ugusta,  morning  of  8  Sept.    " 
[Outof385  persons  on  board,  287  were  lost.  Wrecks.] 
William  Walker,  Nicaraguan  filibuster,  captured  and 

shot  at  Truxillo,  Nicaragua  (Filibusters)  .  12  Sept.    " 
Prince  of  Wales  arrives  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  from  Canada, 

21  Sept.    « 
After  visiting  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Washing- 
ton, Baltimore,  Philadelpliia,  New  York,  and  Boston, 
he  embarks  fur  England  from  Portland,  Me.,  20  Oct.    " 

Nineteenth  presidential  election  held 6  Nov.    " 

[Candidates  and  popular  votes:  Republicans, 
Abraham  Lincoln  of  111.,  for  president,  and  Hannibal 
Hamlin  of  Me.,  for  vice-president,  1,866,362  votes. 
Democrats :  Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.,  for  presi- 
dent, and  Herschel  V.  Johnson  of  Ga.,  for  vice-pres- 
ident, 1,375,157.  Seceding  Democrats :  John  C. 
Breckinridge  of  Ky.,  for  president,  and  Joseph  Lane 
of  Or.,  for  vice-president,  847,514.  Constitutional 
Union:  John  Bell  of  Tenn.,  for  president,  and  Ed- 
ward Everett  of  Mass.,  for  vice-president,  587,830.] 

Second  Session  assembles 3  Dec.    " 

President's  message  contends  that  the  south  has  no 


UNI 

legal  right  to  secede,  and  the  government  no  power 

to  prevent  secession 4  Dec.  1860 

A  special  committee  of  33,  one  from  each  state,  ap- 
pointed by  the  House  upon  the  condition  of  the 

coimtry 4  Dec.    " 

[This  committee  submitted  5  propositions,  14  Jan. 
1861;  but  one,  that  proposing  a  constitutional  amend- 
ment, ever  reached  the  Senate.] 

Howell  Cobb  of  Ga.,  sec.  of  treasury,  resigns  .  .  10  Dec.    " 

Lewis  Cass  of  Mich.,  sec.  of  state,  resigns  because  the 
president  refused  to  reinforce  maj.  Anderson  at  fort 
Moultrie,  S.  C 14  Dec.    •' 

A  loan  of  $10,000,000  authorized  by  Congress,  17  Dec.    " 

Senate  appoints  a  committee  of  13  upon  the  condition 
of  the  country,  and  to  report  a  plan  on  adjusting  the 

difficulty  .  .  .' 18  Dec.    " 

[On  31  Dec.  the  chairman  reported  that  the  com- 
mittee were  unable  to  agree.] 

John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  speaks  for  union  in  the  Senate, 
and  offers  resolutions  for  amending  the  Constitution, 

18  Dec.  « 
[These  resolutions,  known  as  the  Crittenden  Com- 
promise measure  of  1860-61,  proposed  to  restore  the 
compromise  of  1820  and  strengthen  the  Fugitive- 
Slave  law  of  1850.  They  were  rejected  after  a  con- 
tinued debate  by  19  to  20,  2  Mch.  1861.] 

State  of  South  Carolina  unanimously  passes  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession  (South  Carolina) 20  Dec.    " 

Robert  W.  Barnwell,  James  H.  Adams,  and  James  L. 
Orr,  appointed  commissioners  by  South  Carolina,  to 
treat  for  the  possession  of  U.  S.  property  within  the 

limits  of  South  Carolina 21  Dec.    " 

[On  their  arrival  at  Washington  they  addressed 
a  diplomatic  letter  to  the  president,  28  Dec.  The 
president  replied,  30  Dec,  but  persistently  refused  to 
receive  them  officially.] 

Maj.  Robert  Anderson,  in  command  at  fort  Moultrie, 
Charleston  harbor,  S.  C,  abandons  that  fort  and,  with 
its  garrison,  consisting  of  7  officers,  61  non-commis- 
sioned officers  and  privates,  and  13  musicians,  occu- 
pies Fort  Sumter night  of  26  Dec.    " 

Ralph  Farnham,  last  survivor  of  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  dies  at  Acton,  N.  H.,  aged  104J 27  Dec.    " 

Castle  Pinckney  and  fort  Moultrie  seized  by  South 
Carolina  state  troops 27  Dec.    " 

U.  S.  arsenal,  with  75,000  stands  of  arms,  seized  by 
South  Carolina  state  troops  at  Charleston . .  .30  Dec.    " 

Edward  D.  Baker  of  Or.  answers  the  plea  of  Judah 
P.  Benjamin  of  La.  in  the  Senate  for  the  right  of 
secession 2  Jan.  1861 

Fort  Pulaski,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  river,  Ga., 
seized  by  Georgia  state  troops 3  Jan.    " 

U.  S.  arsenal  seized  at  Mt.  Vernon,  Ala.,  by  the  Ala- 
bama state  troops 4  Jan.    " 

Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines,  at  the  entrance  of  Mobile 
bay,  seized  by  the  Alabama  state  troops 5  Jan.    " 

Fernando  Wood,  mayor  of  N.  Y.,  recommends  secession 
to  the  common  council 6  Jan.    " 

U.  S.  arsenal  at  Appaiachicola,  Fla.,  seized  by  Florida 
state  troops 6  Jan.    " 

Fort  Marion  and  fort  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  seized  by 
Florida  state  troops 7  Jan.    " 

Robert  Toombs,  senator  from  Ga.,  delivers  his  last 
speech  in  the  Senate 7  Jan.    " 

Star  of  the  West,  sent  by  the  U.  S.  government  to  re- 
inforce fort  Sumter  with  200  men  under  lieut.  Chas. 
R.  Wood  of  the  9th  infantry,  is  fired  on  from  Morris 
island  and  forced  to  retire 9  Jan.    " 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Mississippi  adopted  in  con- 
vention, 84  to  15 9  Jan.    " 

Fort  Johnston  seized  by  citizens  of  Smithville,  N.  C, 

9  Jan.    " 

Fort  Caswell  seized  by  citizens  of  Smithville  and  Wil- 
mington, N.  C 10  Jan.    " 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Florida  adopted  in  conven- 
tion, 62  to  7 10  Jan.    " 

U.  S.  arsenal  and  barracks  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  seized 
by  Louisiana  state  troops 10  Jan.    " 


UNI 

Fort  Jackson  and  fort  Philips,  below  New  Orleans, 
seized  by  Louisiana  state  troops 11  Jan. 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Alabama  adopted  in  conven- 
tion, 61  to  39. 11  Jan. 

Florida  demands  the  surrender  of  fort  Pickens,  at  the 
entrance  of  Pensacola  bay,  Fla.,  with  the  garrison  of 
81  men,  under  lieut.  Sleramer:  refused 12  Jan. 

Fort  Taylor,  Key  West,  garrisoned  by  U.  S.  troops, 

14  Jan. 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Georgia  adopted  in  conven- 
tion, 208  to  89 19  Jan. 

U.  S.  senators  Clement  C.  Clay  of  Ala.,  Thomas  L. 
Clingman  of  N.  C,  Jeiferson  Davis  of  Miss.,  Stephen 
R.  Mallory  and  David  L.  Yulee  of  Fla.  withdraw 
from  the  Senate  with  speeches  of  defiance.  .21  Jan. 

U.  S.  arsenal  at  Augusta,  (ia.,  seized  by  Georgia  troops, 

24  Jan. 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Louisiana  adopted  in  conven- 
tion, 113  to  17 26  Jan. 

Alfred  Iverson  of  Ga.  withdraws  from  the  Senate  in  a 
speech  of  defiance 28  Jan. 

Kansas  admitted  as  the  34th  state 29  Jan. 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Texas  adopted  in  convention, 
166  to  7 1  Feb. 

Peace  conference  held  at  Washington,  D.  C,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  legislature  of  Virginia 4  Feb. 

[21  states  represented;  ex-pres.  Tyler  chosen  pres- 
ident. It  adjourned  27  Feb.,  after  proposing  amend- 
ments to  the  Constitution,  which  were  offered  in  the 
Senate  2  Mch.,  and  rejected  by  a  vote  of  3  to  34.] 

U.  S.  senators  Judah  P.  Benjamin  and  John  Slidell  of 
La.  withdraw  from  the  Senate  with  speeches,  4  Feb. 

Confederate  congress  meets  at  Montgomery,  Ala .    " 
[6  states  represented;   8  delegates  from   South 
Carolina,  10  from  Georgia,  9  from  Alabama,  7  from 
Mississippi,  5  from  Louisiana,  and  3  from  Florida. 
(Confederate  States.)] 

Choctaw  nation  adheres  to  the  Confederate  States, 

7  Feb. 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of  $25,000,000 8  Feb. 

U.  S.  arsenal  seized  at  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  by  the  state 
troops 8  Feb. 

JeflFerson  Davis  of  Miss,  chosen  president,  and  Alex.  H. 
Stephens  of  Ga.  vice-president,  by  the  Confederate 
congress  (Confederate  States) 9  Feb. 

Electoral  vote  counted 13  Feb. 

[Lincoln  for  president  and  Hamlin  for  vice-presi- 
dent, 180.  Breckinridge  for  president  and  Lane  for 
vice-president,  72.  Bell  for  president  and  Everett 
for  vice-president,  39.  Douglas  for  president  and 
Johnson  for  vice-president,  12.] 

U.  S.  arsenal  and  barracks  seized  at  San  Antonio  by 
the  Texas  state  troops 16  Feb. 

U.  S.  military  posts  in  Texas  surrendered  to  the  state 

by  gen.  Twiggs,  U.  S.  A 18  Feb. 

[The  amount  of  U.  S.  stores  surrendered  estimated 
at  $1,300,000,  of  which  $55,000  was  specie  ;  35,000 
stands  of  arms  and  70  pieces  of  artillery,  besides 
commissary  and  quartermaster's  stores.] 

Jefferson  Davis  inaugurated  president  of  the  Confed- 
eracy (Confederate  States) 18  Feb. 

Territorial  government  established  in  Colorado, 

28  Feb. 

Gen.  D.  E.  Twiggs  dismissed  from  the  army  .  .  1  Mch. 

Territorial  governments  established  in   Dakota  and 

Nevada 2  Mch. 

[No  restrictions  as  to  slavery  in  the  acts  estab- 
lishing these  governments.] 

Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Seward,  submits 
4  plans  of  dealing  with  the  seceding  states:  (1)  by 
conciliation,  as  proposed  by  Mr.  Crittenden  or  the 
Peace  convention;  (2)  collect  duties  on  foreign 
goods  outside  the  ports  of  the  seceding  states  and 
blockade  them ;  (3)  conquer  the  seceding  states 
(which  will  take  300,000  men)  and  hold  them  as 
conquered  provinces ;   or  (4)  say  to  the  seceding 

states,  "  Wayward  sisters,  go  in  peace" 3  Mch. 

Thirty-sixth  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch. 


1861 


861  UNI 

Nineteenth  Administration— Eepnblican.    4  Mch.  I86l 
to  3  Mch.  1865. 

Abraham  Lincoln,  111.,  president. 
Hannibal  Hamlin,  Me.,  vice-president. 
cabinet. 
William  H.  Seward,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1861. 
Salmon  P.  Chase,  O.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  7  Mch.  1861. 
Simon  Cameron,  Pa.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1861. 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  O.,  sec.  of  war,  from  15  Jan.  1862. 
Gideon  Welles,  Conn,,  sec.  of  navy,  from  5  Mch.  1861. 
Caleb  B.  Smith,  Ind.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  5  Mch.  1861. 
John  P.  Usher,  Ind.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  8  Jan.  1863. 
Montgomery  Blair,  Md.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1861. 
William  Dennison,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  24  Sept.  1864. 
Edward  Bates,  Mo.,  attornej'-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1861. 
T.  J.  Coffey,  ad  int.,  attorney-gen.,  from  22  June,  1863. 
James  Speed,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  from  2  Dec.  1864. 
State  of  Louisiana  seizes  the  bullion  in  the  New  Or- 
leans mint,  $536,000,  for  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment (Coin,  Confederate) 7  Mch.  1861 

John  Forsyth  of  Ala.  and  Martin  J.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
present  credentials  as  commissioners  of  the  Confed- 
erate States  to  the  secretary  of  state 12  Mch.    " 

He  declines  official  intercourse  with  them.  .  .  .15  Mch.    " 
Gen.  P.  T.  G.  Beauregard  summons  fort  Sumter  to  sur- 
render  : 11  Apr.    " 

Fire  opened  on  fort  Sumter  on  the  morning  of.  .  12  Apr.    " 
[First  gun  fired  by  Edmund  Ruffin,  a  Virginian, 
75  years  of  age.    He  survived  the  war,  in  which  he 
lost  all  his  property,  but  committed  suicide  soon 
after.     South  Carolina.] 

Fort  Sumter  surrenders  on Sunday,  14  Apr.    " 

President  by  proclamation  calls  for  75,000  troops,  and 

convenes  Congress  for  4  July 15  Apr.    " 

Governor  of  North  Carolina  refuses  to  furnish  quota  of 

militia  (2  regiments)  to  the  U.  S 15  Apr.    " 

Forts  Caswell  and  Johnston  of  North  Carolina  taken 

possession  of  by  state  troops 16  Apr.    " 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  Virginia  adopted  in  conven- 
tion by  88  to  55 17  Apr.    " 

Governor  of  Missouri  refuses  to  furnish  quota  of  militia 

(4  regiments)  to  the  U.  S 17  Apr.    " 

U.  S.  armory  at  Harper's  Ferry,  W.Va.,  abandoned  and 

burned  by  its  garrison  (Virginia) 18  Apr.     '* 

U.  S.  arsenal  seized  at  Liberty,  Mo.,  by  state  troops, 

18  Apr..  « 
Conflict  between  the  Sixth  Massachusetts  and  mob  in 

Baltimore,  Md.  (Maryland) 19  Apr.    " 

President  proclaims  the  blockade  of  all  ports  of  the 

seceding  states 19  Apr.    " 

Gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler's  command  arrives  at  Annapolis, 

Md 20  Apr.    " 

U.  S.  officers  seized  at  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  as  prisoners 

of  war 23  Apr.    « 

Governor  of  Arkansas  refuses  to  furnish  quota  of  mili- 
tia (1  regiment)  to  the  U.  S 23  Apr.    " 

John  A.  Campbell  of  Ala.,  associate-justice  of  the  Su- 
preme court  of  the  U.  S.,  resigns.  . .  .  about  1  May,    " 

[Campbell  alone  of  the  3  Southern  justices  joined 

the  Confederacy.     He  became  assist.-sec.  of  war  of 

the  Confederate  States;  d.  1889.] 

Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  42,034  volunteers  for  3  years, 

and  adds  22,714  men  to  the  regular  army  and  18,000 

to  the  navy 3  May,    " 

U.  S.  ordnance  stores  seized  at  Kansas  City.  .4  May,    " 
Ordinance  of  secession  of  Arkansas  adopted  in  conven- 
tion by  69  to  1 6  May,    « 

President  proclaims  martial  law  and  suspends  the  ha- 
beas corpus  in  Key  West,  the  Tortugas,  and  Santa 

Rosa 10  May,    « 

Baltimore,  Md.,  occupied  by  U.  S.  troops.  . .  .13  May,    " 
Gen,  Geo.  B.  McClellan,  U.  S.  army,  assumes  command 
of  the  department  of  the  Ohio,  embracing  a  portion 

of  W.  Virginia 13  May,    " 

Engagement  at  Sewell's  Point,  Va 18-19  May,    " 

Ordinance  of  secession  of  North  Carolina  adopted 
in  convention,  vote  unanimous 21  May,    " 


UNI 


862 


U.  a  tnwps  advance  into  Virginia  and  occupy  Arling- 
ton Heights  and  Alexandria 24  May,  1861 

Col.  E.  E.  Ellsworth,  of  the  New  York  Fire  Zouaves, 

shot  at  Alexandria,  Va.  (Vikginia) 24  May,    " 

Gen.  Irwin  McDowell,  U.  S.  army,  assumes  command 

of  the  department  of  N.E.Virginia 28  May,    " 

Grafton,  W.  Virginia,  occupied  by  U.  S.  troops,  30  May,    " 
Ordinance  of   secession  of   the   state   of  Tennessee 

adopted  by  the  legislature  (Tknnksske) 8  June,    " 

Virginia  state  troops  transferred  to  the  Confederate 

government 8  June,    " 

Engagement  at  Bio  Bkthkl,  Va.  (Virginia),  10  June,    " 
Governor  of  Missouri  calls  for  50,000  state  militia  to 

repel  invasion 12  June,    " 

Harper's  Ferry  abandoned  by  the  confederates,  15  June,    " 
Gren.  Banks  arrests  George  P.  Kane,  chief  of  police,  at 

Baltimore 27  June,    " 

And  police  commissioners  (Habkas  corpus).  .I.July,    " 
Western  department  constituted  (Missouri).  .  3  July,    " 

Thirty-seventh  Congress,  First  Session  (extra),  assem- 
bles  4  July,    " 

(ialusha  A.  Grow  of  Pa.  elected  speaker  of  the  House. 
[States  not  represented  in  the  37th  Congress: 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Georgia,  Mississippi, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Texas ;  from  Louis- 
iana 2  representatives  were  present  from  Feb.  1863 ; 
Tennessee  was  represented  in  the  Senate  by  Andrew 
Johnson,  and  in  the  House  by  3  members,  2  of  them 
from  Feb.  1863] 

President's  first  message  to  Congress 4  July,    " 

Engagement  at  Carthage,  Mo.  (Missouri),  between 
the  federals  under  col.  Franz  Sigel  and  confederates 

under  gen.  Jackson ;  Sigel  retreats 5  July,    " 

Senate,  by  a  vote  of  32  to  10,  expels  Mason  and  Hun- 
ter of  Va.,  Clingman  and  Bragg  of  N.  C,  Chestnut 
of  S.  C,  Nicholson  of  Tenn.,  Sebastian  and  Mitch- 
ell of  Ark.,  Hemphill  and  Wigfall  of  Tex.  .11  July,    « 

[These  senators  had  vacated  their  seats  at  the 
previous  session.] 
Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of  $250,000,000. . .  17  July,    " 

Battle  of  Bull  Run 21  July,    " 

Gen.  (ieorge  B.  McClellan  ordered  to  Washington, 

22  July,    « 
Congress  authorizes  the  enlistment  of  500,000  men, 

22  July,    « 
Gen.  William  S.  Rosecrans  assumes  command  of  the 

'department  of  the  Ohio 23  July,    " 

Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  assumes  command  of  the  western 

department 25  July,    " 

Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  assumes  command  of  the 

division  of  the  Potomac 27  July,    " 

State  troops  of  Tennessee  transferred  to  the  Confeder- 
ate government 31  July,    " 

First  (extra)  Session  (34  days)  adjourns 6  Aug.    " 

[The  second  shortest  session  of  any  Congress.] 
An  act  confiscating  the  property,  including  slaves,  of 

enemies  of  the  U.  S 6  Aug.    " 

Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  assumes  command  of  the  district  of 

Ironton,  Mo. 8  Aug.    " 

Battle  of  Springfield  or  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  and  death 

of  gen.  Lyon  (Missouri,  Wilson's  Crekk),  10  Aug.    " 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee  constituted  the  department 
of  the  Cumberland,  under  command  of  gen.  Robert 

Anderson 15  Aug.    ** 

President  by  proclamation  forbids  commercial  inter- 
course with  seceding  states 16  Aug.    " 

Departments  of  northeastern  Virginia,  of  Washington, 
and  of  the  Shenandoah  merged  into  the  department 

or  army  of  the  Potomac 17  Aug.    " 

Gen.  Butler  captures  forts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  at  the 
entrance  of  Hatteras  inlet,  with  715  prisoners  and  25 

guns 29  Aug.    " 

Gen.  Fremont  proclaims  martial  law  in  Missouri,  w^ith 

freedom  to  the  slaves  of  active  rebels 31  Aug.    " 

[This  act  was  disapproved  by  the  president.] 
Gen.  Grant  assumes  command  of  southeastern  Missouri, 

1  Sept.    " 


UNI 

Advance  of  the  confederates  into  Kentucky,  and  capt- 
ure of  Columbus 3-12  Sept.  1861 

Paducah,  Ky.,  occupied  by  gen.  Grant 6  Sept.    " 

Gen.  George  H.  Thomas  assigned  to  command  at  camp 

"  Dick  Robinson,"  E.  Kentucky 10  Sept.    " 

Siege  and  surrender  of  Lkxington,  Mo..  .  11-20  Sept.    " 
Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  occupied  by  the  confederates, 

18  Sept.    " 
Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel  assumes  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Ohio 21  Sept.    " 

Gen.  William  T.  Sherman  supersedes  gen.  Anderson  in 

the  department  of  the  Cumberland 8  Oct.    " 

Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel  organizes  an  expedition  for  the  oc- 
cupation of  E.  Tennessee 10  Oct.    " 

James  M.  Mason  of  Va.,  John  Slidell  of  La.,  Confeder- 
ate envoys  to  Great  Britain  and  France, run  the  block- 
ade of  Charleston  harbor,  S.  C,  in  the  steamship 
Theodora  (Trent  affair),  on  the  night  of,  12  Oct.    " 

Battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Va 21  Oct.    « 

Gen.  Scott  retired,  aged  75 1  Nov.    " 

Gen.  David  Hunter,  U.  S.  army,  relieves  gen.  Fremont 

at  St.  Louis,  Mo 2  Nov.    " 

Battle  of  Belmont,  Mo 7  Nov.    " 

British  royal  mail- contract  packet  Trent  leaves  Ha- 
vana, Cuba,  for  England,  7  Nov.,  with  Mason  and 
Slidell  on  board ;  she  is  stopped  by  the  U.  S.  war 
steamer  San  Jacinto,  capt.  Wilkes,  and  the  envoys 

taken  from  her  (Trent  affair) 8  Nov.    " 

Department  of  Missouri  constituted 9  Nov.    " 

Department  of  the  Ohio  reorganized  to  include  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  9  Nov. ;  gen.  Don  Carlos  Buell 

assumes  command 15  Nov.    " 

Gen.  Halleck  assumes  command  of  the  department  of 

Missouri 19  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  assembles 2  Dec.    " 

Pres.  Lincoln's  first  annual  message  to  Congress,  3  Dec.    " 
John  C.  Breckinridge,  Ky.,  expelled  from  the  Senate, 

4  Dec.  « 
[He  had  remained  in  the  Senate  until  the  end  of 
the  previous  session.] 
Senate  resolves  that  a  joint  committee  of  3  members 
from  the  Senate  and  4  from  the  House  be  appointed 
to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  the  war,  with  power 
to  send  for  persons  and  papers,  and  to  sit  during 

the  session  (33  yeas  to  3  nays) 9  Dec.    " 

House  concurs 10  Dec.    " 

This  committee  consists  of  senators  Benj.  F.  Wade  of 
O.,  Zachariah  Chandler  of  Mich.,  and  Andrew  John- 
son of  Tenn.,  17  Dec. ;  and  congressmen  Daniel  W. 
Gooch  of  Mass.,  John  Covode  of  Pa.,  George  W. 
Julian  of  Ind.,  and  Moses  F.  Odell  of  N.  Y.,  19  Dec.  « 
Committee  convenes,  Mr.  Wade  chairman  ...  .20  Dec.    " 

Affair  at  Dranesville,  Va "  " 

Government  suspends  specie  payment 1  Jan.  1862 

Department  of  North  Carolina  established,  gen.  A.  E. 

Burnside  commander. 7  Jan.    " 

Burnside's  expedition  arrives  at  Hatteras  inlet,  N.  C, 

13  Jan.    " 
Engagement  at  Logan's  Cross  Roads  or  Mill  Spring, 

Ky 19  Jan.    " 

Jesse  D.  Bright  of  Ind.  expelled  from  the  Senate  on  a 

charge  of  disloyalty,  by  32  to  14 20  Jan.    " 

Capture  of  Fort  Henry,  Tenn.,  by  forces  under  gen. 

Grant  and  com.  Foote 6  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Roanoke  Island,  by  troops  under  command 

of  gen.  Burnside 8  Feb.     " 

Gen.  Grant  assigned  to  command  of  district  of  W. 

Tennessee 14  Feb.    " 

Surrender  of  fort  Donelson,  Tenn.,  to  Federal  forces 

under  gen.  Grant  (Fort  Donelson) 16  Feb.    " 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  occupied  by  Federal  forces,  25  Feb.    " 
Congress  authorizes  $150,000,000  U.  S.  notes,  the  Legal- 
tender  bill 25  Feb.    « 

Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.  (Arkansas,  1862),  6-8  Mch.    » 
Naval  engagement  at  Hampton  Roads,  Va.,  and  de- 
struction of  the  U.  S.  frigate  Congress  and  sloop-of- 
war  Cumberland  by  the  Confederate  iron-clad  Vir- 
ginia,  formerly  the  U.  S.  frigate  Merrimac.  .8  Mch.    " 


UNI 

Fight  between  the  Merrimac  and  Monitor  (Hampton 
Roads);  the  Merrimac  retires 9  Mch. 

Advance  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  to  Manassas 
Junction,  Va 7-11  Mch. 

Gen.  McClellan  relieved  from  command  in  chief,  retain- 
ing the  army  of  the  Potomac 11  Mch. 

Departments  of  Kansas,  of  Missouri,  and  part  of  Ohio 
merged  into  the  department  of  the  Mississippi  un- 
der maj.-gen,  Halleck 11  Mch. 

All  persons  in  the  service  forbidden  to  return  escaped 
slaves  to  Confederate  owners,  by  a  new  article  of 
war 13  Mch. 

New-Berne,  N.  C,  occupied  by  the  U.  S.  forces,  14  Mch. 

Embarkation  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  for  the  Penin- 
sula commenced  at  Alexandria  (Peninsular  cam- 
paign)   17  Mch. 

Battle  of  Kernstovvn  or  Winchester,  Va. ;  brig.-gen. 
James  Shields  defeats  "  Stonewall"  Jackson,  23  Mch. 

Siege  of  Yorktown,Va.,  commenced  by  gen.  McClellan, 

5  Apr. 

Battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  Tenn 6-7  Apr. 

Island  No.  10,  in  the  Mississippi,  evacuated  by  the  con- 
federates   7  Apr. 

Huntsville,  Ala.,  occupied  by  the  U.  S.  forces  under 
gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel 11  Apr. 

Bill  abolishing  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia 
passes  the  Senate  Apr.  3,  29  to  14,  and   the  House 

Apr.  11,  92  to  39  ;  approved 16  Apr. 

[The  average  compensation  paid  by  the  govern- 
ment for  each  slave  was  $300.] 

Adm.  Farragut  with  his  fleet  passes  Forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip,  the  two  forts  guarding  the  Missis- 
sippi below  New  Orleans  (Louisiana)  ....  24  Apr. 

Adm.  Farragut  occupies  New  Orleans  (Louisiana), 

25  Apr. 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  occupies  New  Orleans  with  his  troops, 

1  May, 

Gen.  Magriider  evacuates  Yorktown,  Va 4  May, 

Battle  of  Williamsburg,  Va.  (Pkninsular  campaign), 

5  May, 

Gen.  David  Hunter  proclaims  emancipation  of  slaves, 
and  authorizes  arming  all  able-bodied   negroes  in 

Florida,  Georgia,  and  South  Carolina 9  May, 

[These  orders  were  not  approved  by  the  president.] 

Norfolk,  Va.,  occupied  by  U.  S.  forces  under  gen. 
Wool 10  May, 

Merrimac  blown  up  by  the  confederates 11  May, 

Department  of  Agriculture  established 15  May, 

Gen.  Butler  issues  General  order  No.  28  at  New  Or- 
leans regarding  the  conduct  of  the  women  of  that 

city 15  May, 

[This  order  produced  great  excitement  in  the 
south,  and,  with  other  acts  of  the  general,  called 
forth  a  proclamation  from  the  president  of  the  Con- 
federacy.    See  23  Dec.  1862.] 

Gen.  McDowell  moves  towards  Richmond  to  co-operate 
with  gen.  McClellan  (Peninsular  campaign), 

17  May, 

President  approves  the  Homestead  act 20  May, 

Education  of  colored  children  provided  for  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  by  act  of. 21  May, 

Battle  of  Hanover  Court  -  house,  Va.  (Peninsular 
campaign) 24  May, 

Corinth,  Miss.,  evacuated  by  the  confederates,  and  oc- 
cupied by  the  U.  S.  forces  under  maj.-gen.  Halleck 
(Mississippi,  Tennessee) 30  May, 

Battle  of"  Seven  Pines  or  Fair  Oaks,"  near  Richmond, 
Va.  (Peninsular  campaign) 31  May-1  June, 

IMaj.-gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  assigned  to  command  the  Con- 
federate forces  about  Richmond 3  June, 

President  authorized  to  appoint  diplomatic  representa- 
tives to  the  republics  of  Hayti  and  Liberia.  .5  June, 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  for  the  suppression  of  the 
African  slave-trade 7  June, 

Gen.  Butler  hangs  Wm.  Mumford  at  New  Orleans, 

7  June, 

Battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Va.  (Peninsular  campaign, 
Virginia) 8  June, 


863 


UNI 


1862 


Battle  of  Port  Republic,  Va.  (Peninsular  campaign, 
Virginia) 9  June, 

Confederate  cavalry,  1500  men,  under  gen.  J.  E.  B. 
Stuart,  pass  around  army  of  the  Potomac,  12-13  June, 

Slavery  forever  prohibited  in  the  territories.  .19  June, 

Army  of  Virginia  formed  and  placed  under  command 
of  maj.-gen.  John  Pope  (Pope's  Virginia  cam- 
paign)   26  June, 

Seven  days'  fighting  and  retreat  of  the  army  of  the 
Potomac  from  before  Richmond  to  Harrison's  Land- 
ing on  the  James  river 26  June-2  July, 

[Battles  fought:  Mechanicsville,26  June;  Gaines's 
Mill,  27  June  ;  Savage  Station,  29  June  ;  Glendale, 
.SO  June;  Frazier's  Farm  or  White  Oak  Swamp,  30 
June;  Malvern  Hill,  1  July.  Peninsular  cam- 
paign.] 

Vicksburg   canal  begun ;    designed  by  gen.  Thomas 

Williams  to  change  the  course  of  the  Mississippi  and 

isolate  Vicksburg  (Vicksisurg  campaign)  .27  June, 

[Gen.  Grant  recommenced  work  on  this  canal,  22 

Jan.  1863,  but  it  proved  a  failure.] 

Act  for  a  railroad  and  telegraph  line  from  the  Missouri 
river  to  the  Pacific  ocean  ;  approved 1  July, 

Office  of  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  created 
(Income-tax  in  the  U.  S.)   1  July, 

Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  300,000  volunteers  for  3  years, 

2  July, 

Gen.  McClellan's  letter  to  pres.  Lincoln  from  Harrison's 
Landing,  Va.,  giving  advice  on  the  i)olicy  of  the 
government 7  July, 

Maj.-gen.  Halleck  commander-in-chief 11  July, 

By  resolution  Congress  provides  2000  "medals  of  hon- 
or" for  distribution  to  non-commissioned  officers  and 
privates  who  shall  distinguish  themselves  (Medals), 

12  July, 

Maj.-gen.  John  Pope  takes  command  of  the  army  of 
Virginia  (Pope's  Virginia  campaign).  .  .14  July, 

Congress  authorizes  the  enrolment  of  the  militia  be- 
tween 18  and  45 ;  the  appointment  of  a  judge-advo- 
cate-general; the  president  to  organize  army  corps 
at  his  discretion ;  persons  of  African  descent  to  be 
admitted  to  the  army ;  act  approved.  ....  .17  July, 

Congress  authorizes  the  seizure  and  confiscation  of  rebel 

property 17  July, 

Second  Session  adjourns " 

Ex-pres.  Martin  Van  Buren  dies  at  Lindenwold,  N.  Y., 
aged  80 24  July, 

Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  300,000  9-months  militia.  .4  Aug. 
[A  special  draft  ordered  in  states  whose  quotas  are 
not  filled  by  15  Aug.] 

Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Va.  (Pope's  Virginia  cam- 
paign)   9  Aug. 

Property  in  Louisiana  belonging  to  John  Slidell,  Con- 
federate commissioner  to  France,  confiscated  by  or- 
der of  gen.  Butler 11  Aug. 

Army  of  the  Potomac  evacuates  Harrison's  Landing 
(Peninsular  campaign) 16  Aug. 

Sioux  Indians  attack  the  frontier  settlements  of  Min- 
nesota  19  Aug. 

Confederates,  under  gen.  Braxton  Bragg,  invade  Ken- 
tucky, crossing  the  Tennessee  river  at  Harrison, 
above  Chattanooga  (Bragg's  Kentucky  cam- 
paign)   21-24  Aug. 

Secretary  of  war  directs  the  military  governor  of  the 
coast  islands  of  South  Carolina  to  enlist  5000  volun- 
teers of  African  descent 25  Aug. 

[The  first  permission  by  the  government  to  em- 
ploy negroes  as  soldiers.] 

Battle  of  Groveton,  Va.,  between  the  advance  of  gen. 
Lee's  army  and  gen.  Pope 29  Aug. 

Battle  of  Manassas  or  "  second  Bull  Run,"  a  continua- 
tion of  Groveton  (Pope's  Virginia  campaign), 

30  Aug. 

Kirby  Smith,  with  Bragg's  right,  advances  on  Rich- 
mond, Ky.,  and  defeats  the  Union  forces. .  .30  Aug. 

Battle  of  Ciiantillv,  Va.  (Pope's  Virginia  campaign), 

1  Sept. 

Gen.  Pope  asks  to  be  relieved  from  his  command  of  the 


1862 


UNI 

army  of  Virginia,  and  transferred  to  the  department 
of  the  Northwest 8  Sept. 

Joseph  Holt  of  Ky.  appointed  Judge-advckiatk- 
QKNEKAL  of  the  U.  S 3  Sept. 

Confederate  forces  cross  the  Potomac  and  occupy  Fred- 
erick City,  Md 4-6  Sept. 

Department  of  the  Northwest  created  of  Iowa,  Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin,  and  the  territories  of  Dakota  and 
Nebraska;  gen.  Pope  commanding 6  Sept. 

Gen.  Lee  issues  a  proclamation  on  entering  Maryland, 

8  Sept. 

Harper's  Ferry  surrenders  to  "Stonewall"  Jackson, 
(Makyi.ani>  campaign) 15  Sept. 

Battles  of  South  Mountain,  Md *' 

Capture  of  Munfordville,  Ky.,  by  the  Confederate 
forces  under  Bragg  (Bragg's  Kentucky  cam- 
paign)   14-16  Sept. 

Advance  of  gen.  Kirby  Smith  appears  before  Coving- 
ton, Ky.,  but  immediately  retires 15  Sept. 

Battle  of  Antietam  (Maryland  campaign), 

16-17  Sept. 

Confederate  army  retreat  across  the  Potomac  on  the 
night  of 18-19  Sept. 

Battle  of  luka.  Miss.;  gen.  Rosecrans  forces  Confederate 
gen.  Price  to  retreat 19-20  Sept. 

Preliminary  proclamation  of  pres.  Lincoln  announcing 
that  in  territory  still  in  rebellion  on  1  Jan.  1863,  the 
slaves  will  be  declared  forever  free 22  Sept. 

Convention  of  governors  from  14  loyal  states,  with 
proxies  from  3  others,  meet  at  Altoona,  Pa.,  and  ap- 
prove the  emancipation  proclamation 24  Sept. 

Gen.  Buell  with  the  U.  S.  forces  arrives  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  in  advance  of  the  Confederate  forces.  .25  Sept. 

Oflice  of  provost-raarshal-general  created  b}-^  the  sec- 
retary of  war 26  Sept. 

Brig.- gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  U.  S.  A.,  shoots  and  mortally 
wounds  gen.  William  Nelson  at  the  Gait  House, 

Louisville,  Ky 29  Sept. 

[No  notice  was  ever  taken  of  this  affair  by  the 
government.] 

Battle  of  Corinth,  Miss.  (Corinth) 3-4  Oct. 

Battle  of  Perryville,  Ky.  (Bragg's  Kentucky  cam- 
paign)  8  Oct. 

Eighteen  hundred  Confederate  cavalry,  with  4  pieces  of 
artiller}',  under  gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  cross  the  Poto- 
mac for  a  raid  into  Pennsylvania 10  Oct. 

They  reach  and  occupy  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  on  11  Oct., 
and  return  to  Virginia  through  Maryland,  crossing 
the  Potomac  at  White's  Ford,  without  the  loss  of  a 
man  killed,  and  having  secured  1000  horses,  12  Oct. 

Ten  Confederate  prisoners  at  Palmyra,  Mo.,  shot  by  or- 
der of  gen.  McNiel  (Allsaian,  Andrew,  Case  of), 

18  Oct. 

Gen.  McClellan  assumes  the  offensive,  and  crosses  the 
Potomac  from  Maryland 26  Oct. 

Rear  of  the  Confederate  army  under  gen.  Bragg  passes 
through  Cumberland  Gap  on  its  retreat  from  Ken- 
tucky  26  Oct. 

Death  of  gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C,  aged  52 30  Oct. 

Maj.-gen.  Buell,  commanding  army  of  the  Ohio,  sup- 
seded  by  maj.-gen.  Rosecrans 30  Oct. 

Large  Democratic  gains  in  elections  in  northern  states, 

4  Nov. 
[Horatio  Seymour,  Democrat,  elected  governor  of 
New  York.] 

Gen.  McClellan  relieved  of  command  of  army  of  the 
Potomac^  and  ordered  to  Trenton,  N.  J. ;  gen.  Burn- 
side  appointed  (Fredericksburg,  Battle  of),  5  Nov. 

Gen.  Porter  ordered  to  Washington  to  answer  charges 
of  gen.  Pope  (Porter,  Fitz-John,  Case  of),  8  Nov. 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  relieved  from  command  of  New  Or- 
leans  9  Nov. 

Lord  Lyons,  British  minister  to  the  U.  S.,  reports  to  his 
government  upon  the  prospects  of  the  confederates; 
the  intentions  of  the  conservative  (Democratic)  par- 
ty ;  and  the  probability  of  success  of  mediation  by 
foreign  governments  in  the  war 17  Nov. 


1862 


864  UNI 

Third  Session  convenes 1  Dec. 

[The  president's  message  recommended  a  plan  of 
emancipation  in  the  loyal  states  :  (1)  Any  state  abol- 
ishing slavery  prior  to  1  Jan.  1900  should  receive 
compensation ;  (2)  slaves  made  free  by  the  war  to  be 
forever  free,  loyal  owners  to  be  compensated.] 

Battle  of  Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas 7  Dec. 

Gen.  Burnside  moves  the  army  of  the  Potomac  to  the 
Rappahannock,  opposite  I'redericksburg.  .  .  .10  Dec. 

Army  crosses  the  river 11-12  Dec. 

Battle  of  Fhedericksburg 13  Dec. 

Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  assumes  command  of  the  Department 
of  the  Gulf,  headquarters  at  New  Orleans.  ,16  Dec. 

Gen.  Grant  expels  Jews  from  his  department.  .  17  Dec. 

Pres.  Davis  proclaims  gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler  a  felon,  out- 
law, and  common  enemj'  of  mankind,  directing  that 
if  captured  he  be  hung  immediately  without  trial, 
and  all  his  commissioned  officers  or  others  serving 
with  armed  slaves,  if  captured,  be  reserved  for  exe- 
cution  23  Dec. 

Thirty-eight  Indians  hung  at  Mankato,  Minn.,  for  par- 
ticipation in  the  massacres  (see  19  Aug.)..  .26  Dec. 

Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  aided  by  adm.  Porter,  assaults 

Vicksburg  on  the  north 27-28  Dec. 

[Known  as  the  battle  of  "  Chickasaw  Bayou."] 

Monitor  founders  off  cape  Hatteras  in  a  storm,  with  a 
loss  of  16  of  her  crew,  night  of 30  Dec. 

Act  admitting  West  Virginia,  to  date  from  20  June, 
1863  (the  35th  state),  approved 31  Dec. 

Battle  of  Murfreesborough  or  Stone  River, 

31  Dec.  1862-2  Jan. 

Pres.  Lincoln  proclaims  all  slaves  free  in  the  seceding 
states  (Slavery  in  the  U.  S.) 1  Jan. 

Absent  from  dut}'  in  the  army  8987  officers  and  280,- 
073  enlisted  men 1  Jan. 

Galveston,  Tex.,  captured  bv  the  confederates. .      " 

Gold  at  New  York  133i@133| 2  Jan. 

M.  Drouyn  de  I'Huys,  French  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs, addresses  M.  Mercier,  French  minister  at  Wash- 
ington, concerning  mediation  between  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment and  Confederate 9  Jan. 

Arkansas  post  captured  by  the  U.  S.  forces  under  W. 
T.  Sherman  and  McClernand,  with  a  fleet  of  gun- 
boats under  adm.  Porter 11  Jan. 

Gen.  Burnside  resumes  active  operations,  but  is  foiled  by 
storms  (Fredericksburg,  Battle  of). .  .20-24  Jan. 

Gen.Fitz-John  Porter  cashiered  and  dismissed  from  the 
service  of  the  U.  S.  under  the  9th  and  52d  articles  of 
war  (Porter,  Fitz-John,  Case  of) 21  Jan. 

Organization  of  the  1st  South  Carolina  colored  loyal 
volunteers,  col.  T.  W.  Higginson  commander .  25  Jan. 

Maj.-gen.  Burnside  relieved  by  maj.-gen.  Hooker, 

25  Jan. 

A.  D.  Boileau,  proprietor  of  the  Philadelphia  Evening 
Journal,  arrested  and  taken  to  Washington .  27  Jan. 

Sec.  Seward  replies  to  the  French  government  upon 
mediation  (see  9  Jan.) 6  Feb. 

Commissary-general  of  subsistence  first  appointed,  with 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general 9  Feb. 

Territorial  government  established  in  Arizona,  24  Feb. 

Congress  provides  a  national  currency  secured  by  U.  S. 

bonds approved  25  Feb. 

[Vote  in  the  Senate,  23  to  21 ;  House,  78  to  64.] 

Destruction  of  the  Confederate  war-steamer  Nashville 
by  the  Montauk,  in  the  Ogeechee  river,  Ga.,  28  Feb. 

Congress  authorizes,  besides  the  4  major-generals  and 
9  brigadier-generals  for  the  regular  army,  40  major- 
generals  and  200  brigadier-generals  for  the  volunteer 
service;  there  may  be  appointed  30  major-generals 
and  75  brigadier-generals  for  the  volunteers,  2  Mch. 

Congress  resolves  that  it  is  the  unaltemble  purpose  of 
the  U.  S.  to  prosecute  the  war  vigorously  until  the 
rebellion  is  suppressed.  .  .  .  That  any  attempt  at 
mediation  will  prolong  instead  of  shortening  the 
war.  .  .  .  That  the  rebellion  is  now  sustained  by 
the  hope  of  such  intervention 3  Mch. 

Congress  empowers  the  president  to  suspend  the  writ 
of  habeas  corpus 3  Mch. 


1862 


1868 


i 


UNI 

Congress  authorizes  loans  of  $300,000,000  for  1863, 

and  $600,000,000  for  1864 3  Mch.  1 

Thirty-seventh  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch. 

[This  Congress  faced  extraordinary  difficulties, 
and  solved  unprecedented  problems  of  statesnoanship 
with  wisdom  and  patriotism.] 

Proclamation  of  the  president  relative  to  desertions  in 
the  army 10  Mch. 

Maj.-gen.  Burnside  supersedes  raaj.-gen.  H.  G.  Wright 
in  the  department  of  the  Ohio 25  Mch. 

Adm.  Farragut  passes  the  Confederate  batteries  at 
Grand  Gulf,  Miss.,  with  3  gun-boats 1  Apr. 

Raid  of  mounted  infantry  from  Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  tow- 
ards Rome,  Ga.  The  entire  force,  1700  men,  with 
col.  A.  D.  Streight,  captured  by  the  confederates 
(Stkeight's  uaii>) 7  Apr.-3  May, 

Maj.-gen.  Burnside  orders  that  death  shall  be  the  pen- 
alty for  aiding  the  confederates,  sympathizers  with 
rebellion  be  sent  into  the  Confederate  lines,  13  Apr. 

Adm.  Porter,  with  8  gun-boats  and  3  steam  transports, 
passes  (down)  the  Confederate  batteries  at  Vicks- 
burg 16  Apr. 

Maj.-gen.  Hooker  crosses  the  Rappahannock  at  Kelly's 
Ford 28-29  Apr. 

'Gen.  Grant  crosses  the  Mississippi  at  Bruinsburg,  below 
VicUsburg  (Vicksb^rg  campaign) 30  Apr. 

Battle  of  CuANcriLLORSViLLE,  Va 2-4  May, 

["Stonewall"  Jackson  (Confederate  general), 
mortally  wounded  on  the  2d,  died  on  the  10th.] 

•Grand  Gulf,  below  Vicksburg,  abandoned  by  the  con- 
federates   3  May, 

•Clement  L.  Vallandigham  arrested  at  Dayton,  O.,  for 
treasonable  utterances,  by  orders  from  gen.  Burnside, 

4  May, 

•Gen.  Hooker  recrosses  the  Rappahannock 5  May, 

Gen.  Grant  occupies  Jackson,  Miss 14  May, 

C.  L.  Vallandigham,  convicted  by  court-martial  at 
Cincinnati,  of  disloyal  utterances,  and  sentenced  to 
close  confinement  during  the  war  in  some  fortress  of 
the  U.  S.  Gen.  Burnside  approves,  and  designates 
fort  Warren,  Boston 16  May, 

Battle  of  Champion  Hills,  Miss.  (Vicksbuhg  cam- 
paign)   16  May, 

Battle  of  Big  Black  River,  Miss 17  May, 

•Confederates  retire  within  the  defences  of  Vicksburg, 
and  the  siege  begins 18  May, 

U.  S.  forces  assault  the  works  at  Vicksburg  without 
success 21-22  May, 

President  rescinds  gen.  Burnside's  order  concerning 
C.  L.  Vallandigham,  and  sends  him  into  the  confed- 
eracy   22  May, 

Jklaj.-gen.  Banks,  investing  the  Confederate  works  at 
Port  Hudson,  assaults  them  without  success,  27  May, 

Tifty-fourth  Massachusetts  (colored),  the  first  negro 
regiment  sent  from  the  north,  departs  for  Hilton 
Head,  S.  C; 28  May, 

"Gen.  Lee  begins  his  movement  for  the  invasion  of  the 
north  (Gkttysburg,  Pa.,  Battle  of) 3  June, 

■Cavalry  battle  at  Beverh''s  Ford,  Va.,  between  gens. 
Pleasanton,  Buford,  and  Gregg,  and  the  Confederate 
gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart 9  June, 

•C.  L.  Vallandigham  nominated  for  governor  by  the 
Ohio  Democratic  convention 11  June, 

Gen.  Hooker  begins  the  movement  of  his  army  north- 
ward from  the  Rappahannock 13-15  June, 

Battle  of  Winchester,  Va. ;  gen.  Ewell  defeats  the  U.  S. 

I  troops  under  gen.  Milroy 14-15  June, 

Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  100,000  men  for  6  months  to 

resist  the  invasion  of  Pennsylvania 15  June, 

[Maryland  to  furnish  10,000,  Pennsylvania  50,000, 
W.  Virginia  10,000,  and  Ohio  30,000.     These  men 
were  not  used.] 
Cliarabersburg,  Pa.,  raided  by  Confederate  cavalry, 

II  15  June, 
[  Confederate  army  crosses  the  Potomac .  .  .  24-25  June, 
!    "Gen.  Rosecrans  finishes  the  Tullahoma  campaign, 

Tenn.,  forcing  the  confederates  across  the  Tennessee 

at  Bridgeport,  Ala 24  June-7  July, 

2« 


865  UNI 

Gen.  Rosecrans  advances  from  Murfreesborough  against 
gen.  Bragg  at  Tullahoma,  Tenn 24  June,  1 

Army  of  the  Potomac  crosses  the  Potomac. .  .26  June, 

Confederates  advance  to  within  13  miles  of  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.- 27  June, 

Maj.-gen.  Hooker  relieved  of  command  of  the  army  of 
the  Potomac,  and  maj.-gen.  George  (i.  Meade  suc- 
ceeds  27  June, 

U.  S.  and  Confederate  forces  concentrating  at  Gettys- 
burg, Pa.,  battle  of  Gettysburg  begins  1  July,  and 
continues  with  the  defeat  of  confederates  (GK-rrvs- 
BURG,  Pa.,  Battle  of 2-3  July, 

Franklin  Pierce,  ex-president  of  the  U.  S.,  addresses 
a  Democratic  mass-meeting  at  Concord,  N.  H., 

4  July, 
[Extract :  "  In  this  republic  ...  it  is  made  crim- 
inal ...  for  that  noble  martyr  of  free  speech,  Mr. 
Vallandigham,  to  discuss  public  aJBFairs  in  Ohio — ay, 
even  here  the  temporary  agents  of  the  sovereign 
people,  the  transitory  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment, tell  us  that  in  time  of  war  the  mere  arbitrary 
will  of  the  president  takes  the  i)lace  of  the  Consti- 
tution; and  the  president  himself  announces  to  us 
that  it  is  treasonable  to  speak  or  to  write  otherwise 
than  he  may  prescribe — nay,  that  it  is  treasonable 
even  to  be  silent."]  , 

Vicksburg  surrenders  to  gen.  Grant  (Vicksburg  cam- 
paign)  4  July, 

Four  thousand  Confederate  raiders,  with  10  guns,  under 
John  H.  Morgan,  cross  the  Ohio  river  at  Branden- 
burg, Ky.,  into  Indiana  (Morgan's  raid).  .  .7  July, 

Port  Hudson  surrenders  to  gen.  Banks  (PoRr  Hudson), 

8  July, 

Confederate  army  recrosses  the  Potomac  at  Williams- 
port  during  the  night  of 13  July, 

Draft  riot  in  New  York  city 13-16  July, 

Repulse  of  the  U.  S.  troops  in  their  assault  on  Fort 
Wagnp:r,  Morris  Island,  S.  C 18  July, 

Samuel  Houston  dies  at  Huntersville,  Tex.,  aged  70, 

25  July, 

John  J.  Crittenden  dies  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  aged  77, 

26  July, 

Pres.  Lincoln  proclaims  protection  of  colored  soldiers 
against  retaliation  by  the  confederates 30  July, 

Gov.  Seymour  of  N.  Y.  requests  pres.  Lincoln  to  sus- 
pend the  draft  for  troops  in  that  state 3  Aug. 

John  B.  Floyd,  ex-sec.  of  war  and  confederate  briga- 
dier-general, dies  at  Abingdon,  Va 26  Aug. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland  crosses  the  Tennessee  m  pur- 
suit of  gen.  Bragg.  . 29  Aug.-3  Sept. 

Advance  of  gen.  Burnside's  command  occupies  Knox- 
ville,  E.  Tenn 4  Sept. 

Confederates  evacuate  fort  Wagner  on  the  night  of, 

7  Sept. 

Gen.  Wood's  division  of  the  21st  corps,  army  of  the 
Cumberland,  occupies  Chattanooga,  Tenn. .  .9  Sept. 

Pres.  Lincoln  suspends  the  writ  of  habeas  corjms  by 
proclamation 15  Sept. 

Battle  of  Chickamauga 19-20  Sept. 

llth  and  12th  corps,  army  of  the  Potomac,  maj.-gen. 
Hooker,  ordered  to  Middle  Tennessee  to  reinforce  the 
army  of  the  Cumberland 23  Sept. 

20th  and  21st  corps  consolidated  into  the  4th  corps, 
maj.-gen.  Gordon  Granger  commander ;  maj.-gens. 
Alex.  McDowell  McCook  of  the  20th  corps  and  T. 
L.  Crittenden  of  the  21st  corps  relieved,  and  or- 
dered to  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  to  await  a  court  of  in- 
quiry upon  their  conduct  at  Chickamauga.  .28  Sept. 

Engagement  at  Bristow  Station,  Va.,  between  the  rear 
of  the  Potomac  army  and  A.  P.  Hill 14  Oct. 

Maj.-gen.  U.  S.  Grant  appointed  to  the  division  of  the 
Mississippi,  including  the  departments  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, Cumberland,  and  Ohio;  maj.-gen.  Wm.  S. 
Rosecrans  relieved  of  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Cumberland,  and  maj.-gen.  George  H.  Thomas  suc- 
ceeds, bv  general  order  No.  337,  War  department, 

16  Oct. 

Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  300,000  men  for  3  years.  .17  Oct. 

..'"     ^^     OF  THE       '*' 

(XJKIVERSIT 


UNI  * 

R»>Kulations  issued  for  the  re-enlistment  of  soldiers 
in  the  field  in  "  veteran  volunteer  regiments," 

28  Oct.  1863 

Gen.  Hooker  crosses  the  Tennessee  at  Bridgeport,  Ala., 
23  Oct.,  and  advances  to  the  Wauhatchie  valley,  at 
the  foot  of  Lookout  mountain,  on  the  west ,  .  27  Oct.    " 

Pontoon  bridge  thrown  across  the  Tennessee  at  Brown's 
Ferry,  below  Chattanooga 27  Oct.    " 

Battle  of  Wauhatchie  (Chattanooga  campaign), 

27  Oct.    " 

Gen.  Longstreet,  detached  from  the  Confederate  army 
before  Chattanooga,  advances  towards  Knoxville, 
E.Tennessee  (Chattanooga  campaign)..  .4  Nov.    " 

ICngagement  at  Rappahannock  Station  and  Kelly's 
Ford,  Va.  The  Potomac  army  succeeds  in  crossing 
the  Rappahannock,  Lee  retiring  to  the  line  of  the 
Rapidan 7  Nov.    " 

Confederate  forces  under  gen.  Longstreet  before  Knox- 
ville  19  Nov.    " 

Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain  (Chattanooga  cam- 
paign)   24  Nov.    " 

Battle  of  Chattanooga  or  Missionary  Ridge  (Chat- 
tanooga campaign) 25  Nov.    " 

At  Mine  Run,  Orange  county,  Va.,  the  advance  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  under  gen.  Meade  meets  the 
confederates  under  gen.  Lee.  Attacks  desultory; 
Meade  retires 27-30  Nov.    " 

Gen.  Longstreet  assaults  the  defences  of  Knoxville, 
especially  Fokt  Sanders;  repulsed  with  heavy 
loss 29  Nov.    " 

Gren.  Longstreet  raises  the  siege  of  Knoxville,  retreats 
towards  Virginia,  remaining  in  northeastern  Tennes- 
see during  the  winter ;  in  the  spring  he  joins  gen. 
Lee  at  Richmond 1-4  Dec.    " 

Gen.  Sherman's  command  and  the  4th  corps,  army  of 
the  Cumberland,  reinforce  Knoxville  from  Chatta- 
nooga   3-6  Dec.    '• 

Thirty-eighth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes.  .7  Dec.    " 

Schuyler  Colfax  of  Ind.  elected  speaker.  Pres.  Lin- 
coln proclaims  amnesty  to  all  confederates  on  re- 
turning to  their  allegiance 8  Dec.    " 

Total  debt  of  confederacy,  $1,220,866,042.50 ...  1  Jan.  1864 

Isaac  Murphy  inaugurated  provisional  governor  of  Ar- 
kansas  22  Jan.    " 

President  calls  for  500,000  men  for  3  years 1  Feb.    " 

Sherman's  Meridian  expedition  leaves  Vicksburg. 
Miss 3  Feb.    " 

More  than  100  Union  prisoners,  including  cols.  Thomas 
E.  Rose  and  col.  Streight,  escape  from  Libby  prison, 
Richmond,  Va.,  by  tunnelling  under  the  walls 
(Streight's  raid) 9  Feb.    " 

First  Federal  prisoners  received  at  Andersonville 
prison,  Ga 15  Feb.    " 

Second  Confederate  congress  meets  at  Richmond, 

19  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Cluster,  Fla 20  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Tunnel  HUl,  Ga 22-25  Feb.    " 

Congress  votes  to  every  Union  master  whose  slave  en- 
lists in  the  Federal  army  a  compensation  not  exceed- 
ing $300,  the  volunteer  to  be  free 24  Feb.    " 

Congress  revives  grade  of  lieutenant-general  in  the 
army 29  Feb.    " 

Secretary  of  the  treasury  authorized  to  borrow  $200,- 
000,000  upon  "5.40  bonds  " 3  Mch.    " 

Kilpatrick  attempts  in  vain  to  release  Union  prisoners 
at  Libby  prison,  28  Feb.  Col.  Dahlgren  loses  his 
life  in  a  raid 4  Mch.    " 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  commissioned  lieutenant-general,  9 
Mch. ;  takes  chief  command 10  Mch.    " 

Draft  for  200,000  men  for  the  navy  and  the  reserve 
ordered  for  15  Apr.  by  the  president 14  Mch.    " 

Gov.  Michael  Hahn  appointed  military  governor  of 
Louisiana 15  Mch.    " 

Enabling  act  for  admission  of  Nevada  and  Colorado, 

21  Mch.     " 

New  York  Sanitary  Commission  fair  (receipts  $1,200,- 
000)  opened.  ■ 4  Apr.    " 


UMI 

Battles  of  Sabine  Cross  Koads,  IMcasant  Grove,  and 
Pleasant  Hill,  La.  (Ricd  River  campaign), 

8-9  Apr.  1 

Fort  Pillow,  Tenn.,  captured  by  confederates  under 
Forrest,  and  colored  garrison  slaughtered.  .  .12  Apr. 

Enabling  act  taadmit  Nebraska  approved.    .  .19  Apr. 

Motto  "  In  God  we  Trust "  first  stamped  upon  the 
bronze  two-cent  coins  authorized  by  act  of  22  Apr. 

Hon.  Daniel  Clark  of  N.  H.  elected  president  of  the 
Senate  p7'o  tern 26  Apr. 

Arm)'  of  the  Potomac,  130,000  strong,  crosses  the  Rap- 
idan (Grant's  campaign  in  Vir(jima). .  ..4  May, 

Sherman  advances  southward  from  Chattanooga  (At- 
lanta campaign) 4  May, 

Sassacus  defeats  the  Confederate  ram  Albemarle,  in 
Albemarle  sound 5  May, 

Battle  of  the  Wilderness,  Va 5-6  May, 

Battle  of  Spottsylvania  Court-house,  Va 10  May, 

Battle  at  New  Market,  Va. ;  Sigel  repulsed  by  confed- 
erates  15  May, 

Confederates  under  Johnston  evacuate  Resaca,  Ga.  (At- 
lanta campaign) 15  May, 

Act  for  a  postal  money-order  system 17  May, 

Offices  of  the  New  York  Journal  of  Commerce  and 
Wo7-ld,  which  had  published  a  forged  proclamation 
of  the  president,  calling  for  400,000  troops,  seized 
and  held  several  days  by  order  of  the  secretary  of 

war 19  May, 

[On  1  July  gen.  John  A.  Dix  and  others  were  ar- 
rested, in  accordance  with  a  letter  from  gov.  Sey- 
mour to  district-attorney  A.  Oakey  Hall,  for  seizing 
these  oflfiices.] 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne  dies  at  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  aged 
60 19  May, 

Battles  near  Dallas,  Ga 25-28  May, 

Act  creating  Montana  territory  out  of  part  of  Idaho, 
approved 26  Maj-, 

Convention  of  radicals  at  Cleveland,  O.,  protests  against 
the  government's  policy,  and  nominates  gen.  John 
C.  Fremont  for  president  and  gen.  John  Cochrane 
for  vice-president,  by  acclamation 31  May, 

Morgan  raids  Kentucky  (Morgan's  raid) June, 

Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Va 1-3  June, 

Currency  bureau  of  the  treasury  established,  with  a 
comptroller  of  the  currency,  appointed  by  president 
by  act 3  June, 

Philadelphia  Sanitary  fair  (receipts  $1,080,000)  opens, 

7  June, 

Union  National  convention  meets  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
on  call  of  the  National  executive  committee,  22  Feb.; 
appoints  hon.  William  DennisonofO.  president;  ad- 
mits delegates  from  Virginia  and  Florida  to  seats 
without  votes,  and  rejects  delegates  from  South 
Carolina 7  June, 

National  Republican  convention  meets  at  Chicago, 

7  June, 
[On  the  1st  ballot  for  president,  Lincoln  received 
all  the  votes,  except  those  of  Missouri  for  Grant, 
which  were  changed  to  Lincoln  before  the  result 
was  announced.  1st  ballot  for  vice-president,  An- 
drew Johnson  200,  D,  S.  Dickinson  108,  H.  Ham- 
lin 150,  scattering  61 ;  after  many  changes  the  vote 
was  announced :  Johnson  494,  Dickinson  17,  Ham- 
lin 9.] 

Vallandigham  returns  to  Dayton,  O.,  from  Canada, 

15  June, 

General  assault  of  federals  on  Petersburg,  Va,, 

16-18  June, 

Confederate  cruiser  Alabama  fights  the  U.  S.  ship 
Kearsarge  off  Cherbourg,  France,  and  surrenders 
in  a  sinking  condition 19  June, 

IJattle  of  Weldon  Railroad,  Va 21-22  June, 

Lincoln  accepts  the  renomination  by  letter,  dated 
Washington 27  June, 

Battle  of  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Ga.  (Atlanta  cam- 
paign).  27  June, 

Repeal  of  Fugitive  Slave  law  of  1850  approved, 

28  June, 


UNI 


Act  authorizing   the  issue  of  bonds  not   to   exceed 
$400,000,000,  or  treasury  notes  not  to  exceed  $200,- 

000,000  and  bonds  for  same  amount 30  June,  1864 

Congress  grants  Yosemite  valley  and  Mariposa  Big 

Tree  grove  to  California  for  a  public  park.  .30  June,    " 
Secretary  Chase  resigns  30  June;  William  P.  Fessenden 

appointed 1  July,    " 

Confederates  evacuate  Marietta,  Ga '.'         " 

Act  prohibiting  the  coast-wise  slave-trade  forever  ap- 
proved   2  July,    " 

First  Session  adjourns "         " 

President  suspends  the  habeas  corpus   in  Kentucky, 

and  proclaims  martial  law 5  July,    " 

President,  under  resolution  of  Congress,  appoints  the 
1st  Thursday  of  August  as  a  day  of  humiliation  and 

prayer 7  July,    " 

President  by  proclamation  explains  veto,  2  July,  of  a 
Reconstruction  bill  passed  less  than  an  hour  before 

the  adjournment  of  Congress 8  July,    " 

Battle  of  Monocacy,  Md 9  July,    " 

Repulse  of  gen.  Early  (confederate)  at  fort  Stevens,  6 

miles  from  Washington 12  Julj',    "' 

Gold  reaches  285  per  cent.,  the  maximum.  .  .16  July,    " 
Hood  supersedes  Johnston  in  defence  of  Atlanta, 

17  July,    " 
President  calls  for  500,000  volunteers  fori,  2,  or  3  vears, 

18 'July,  " 
On  5  Jul\'  Horace  Greeley  received  a  letter  from 
George  N.  Sanders,  Clifton,  Canada,  averring  that 
Clement  C.  Clay  of  Ala.,  Jas.  P.  Holcombe  of  Va., 
and  the  writer,  confederates  in  Canada,  would  pro- 
ceed to  Washington  in  the  interest  of  peace  if  full 
protection  were  accorded  them.  Greeley  referred 
this  letter  to  the  president,  suggesting  with  it  a  plan 
of  adjustment.  The  president  requested  him  to  pro- 
ceed to  Niagara  falls  and  communicate  with  the 

1  parties  in  person 18  July,    " 

[A  fruitless  conference  was  the  result.] 
Battle   of  Peach   Tree   Creek,  Ga.  (Atlanta  cam- 
paign)   20  July,    " 

Battle  of  Decatur  or  Atlanta,  Ga 22  July,    " 

Battle  of  Ezra's  Church,  Ga 28  July,    " 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  raided  and  mostly  burned  (Gkant's 

Virginia  campaign) 30  July,    " 

Unsuccessful  mine  explosion  under  a  Confederate  fort, 
near  Petersburg,  Va.,  conducted  by  gen.  Burnside 

(Mine  explosion) 30  July,    " 

Confederate  steamer  Tallahassee,  built  in  England,  de- 
stroys many  U.  8.  merchantmen July -Aug.    '• 

Successful  attack  on  the  harbor  of  Mobile  ;  forts  Gaines, 
Morgan,  and  Powell  captured  by  fleet  under  Farragut 

and  land  forces  under  Granger 5-22  Aug.    " 

]\Iaj.-gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  appointed  to  the  army 
of  the  Shenandoah  (Grant's  Virginia  campaign), 

7  Aug.    " 
luiglish-built  cruiser  Georgia  captured  at  sea  by  the 

Niagara 15  Aug.    " 

Gen.  Grant  seizes  the  Weldon  railroad 18  Aug.    '• 

I  Democratic  National  convention  meets  at  Chicago, 
!  29  Aug. ;  Horatio  Seymour  chosen  president  of  the 
convention  and  platform  adopted,  30  Aug.  On  1st 
ballot  for  president,  gen.  George  B.  McClellan  of 
N.  J.  has  174  votes  (as  revised  and  declared,  202|^); 
nomination  made  unanimous.  George  H.  Pendle- 
ton of  O.  nominated  on  the  2d  ballot  for  vice-presi- 
dent   31  Aug.    " 

Battles  at  Jonesborough,  Ga.  (Atlanta  campaign), 

31  Aug.-l  Sept.    " 

Hood  evacuates  Atlanta,  Ga "  " 

Gen.  John  H.  Morgan  killed  at  Greeneville,  Tenn., 

4  Sept.    '• 
Gen.  McClellan's  letter  accepting  nomination,  dated 

Orange,  N.  J 8  Sept.    '' 

Fremont  withdraws  in  favor  of  Lincoln  and  Johnson, 

by  letter 17  Sept.    " 

Battle  of  Winchester,  Va 19  Sept.    " 

Battle  of  Fisher's  Hill,  Va 22  Sept.    " 

Gen.  Price  invades  Missouri 24  Sept.-28  Oct.    " 


867  UNI 

English-built  cruiser  Florida  captured  in  the  Brazilian 
harbor  of  Bahia  by  the  U.  S.  war-ship  Wachitseit, 
and  taken  to  Hampton  Roads,  where  she  is  sunk 
by  a  collision  a  few  days  after  (Brazil)  ....   7  Oct.  1864 

Chief-justice  Roger  B.  Taney  dies  in  Washington, 

12  Oct.    " 

Battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Va 19  Oct.    " 

Raid  on  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  by  confederates  from  Canada 
(Vermont) 19  Oct.    " 

Confederates  under  Price  enter  Linn  county,  Kan., 

23  Oct.    » 

Confederate  ram  Albemarle  blown  up  by  lieut.  Gush- 
ing, U.  S.  navy,  at  Plymouth,  N.  C 27  Oct.    " 

Battle  of  Hatcher's  Run,  Va "  " 

Nevada,  the  36th  state  in  order,  admitted  into  the 
Union  by  proclamation  of  the  president.  . .  .81  Oct.    " 

Mr.  Seward  telegraphs  the  mayor  of  New  York  of  a 
conspiracy  to  burn  the  principal  cities  of  the  North, 

2  Nov.    " 

Second  session  of  second  Confederate  congress  con- 
venes at  Richmond 7  Nov.    " 

McClellan  resigns  his  command  in  the  army. .  .8  Nov.    " 

At  the  general  election,  Lincoln  and  Johnson,  Repub- 
lican, carry  22  states;  McClellan  and  Pendleton,  3 
(New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Kentucky) ;  11  not 
voting „ 8  Nov.    " 

Atlanta  burned,  and  Sherman  begins  his  march  to  the 
sea 14  Nov.    " 

Blockade  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  Fernandina,  and  Pensacola, 
raised  by  proclamation  of  president 19  Nov.    " 

Benjamin  Silliman,  LL.D.,  born  1779,  dies  at  New 
Haven,  Conn 24  Nov.    " 

Confederate  incendiaries  fire  many  hotels  in  New  York, 

26  Nov.    " 

Battle  of  Franklin 30  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  convenes 5  Dec.    " 

Fourth  annual  message  of  pres.  Lincoln 6  Dec.    " 

Henry  Rowe  Schoolcraft,  LL.D.,  born  1793,  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C 10  Dec.    " 

Fort  McAllister,  Savannah,  Ga.,  captured  by  Hazen's 
division  of  Sherman's  army 13  Dec.    " 

Thomas  defeats  Hood  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  15-16  Dec.    " 

Pres.  Lincoln  calls  for  300,000  volunteers  to  make  up 
deficiency  in  call  18  July,  1864.  If  not  obtained 
before  15  Feb.,  1865,  a  draft  to  be  made 19  Dec.    " 

Savannah,  evacuated  by  confederates  20  Dec,  occupied 
by  Sherman 21  Dec.    " 

Grade  of  vice-admiral  established  for  the  U.  S.  Navy 
by  act  of  Congress 21  Dec.    " 

Fort  Fisher,  N.  C,  bombarded  by  gen.  Porter,  24  Dec, 
and  unsuccessfuUv  attacked  by  gens.  Butler  and  Por- 
ter  '. 25  Dec    " 

Vice-pres.  Hamlin  resumes  the  chair  in  the  Senate, 

5  Jan. 1865 

Gen.  Grierson's  raid ;  after  destroying  100  miles  of  rail- 
road, taking  600  prisoners  and  1000  contrabands,  he 
arrives  at  Vicksburg 5  Jan.    " 

Fort  Fisher  captured 15  Jan.    " 

Edward  Everett  dies  at  Boston,  aged  71 "  " 

Monitor  Patapsco  sunk  off  Charleston  by  a  torpedo, 

15  Jan.   « 

Joint  resolution,  proposing  a  Xlll.th  Amendment  to 
the  Constitution,  abolishing  slavery,  passes  the 
House,  119  to  56 31  Jan.    " 

Sherman  leaves  Savannah  and  starts  northward, 

1  Feb.    " 

President  and  sec.  Seward  meet  Alexander  H.  Ste- 
phens, vice-president  of  the  confederacy,  and  com- 
missioners R.  M.  T.  Hunter  and  judge  Campbell,  to 
treat  for  peace,  in  Hampton  Roads 2-3  Feb.    " 

Bennett  G.  Burley,  the  Confederate  raider  on  lake  Erie, 
surrendered  to  the  U.  S.  by  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment  3  Feb.    " 

Battle  of  Hatcher's  Run,  Va 5  Feb.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted;  necessary  to  a  choice,  117. 
For  president  and  vice-president,  Lincoln  and  John- 
son receive  212,  McClellan  and  Pendleton  21.  .8  Feb.    " 

Gen.  J.  M.  Schofield  appointed  to  command  depart- 


UNI  « 

ment  of  North  Carolina,  with  headquarters  at  Ra- 
leigh  9  Feb.  1865 

President  calls  an  extra  session  of  the  Senate,  4  Mch. 
1865 17  Feb.    " 

C-olunabia,  S.  C,  surrenders  to  gen.  Sherman. .     "  " 

I..ee  takes  command  of  the  Confederate  armies, 

18  Feb.    " 

Charleston,  S.  C. ,  evacuated  and  burned  by  gen.  Har- 
dee, 17  Feb.,  is  occupied  by  Federal  troops.  .18  Feb.    " 

Fort  Anderson  captured  by  federals  under  gen.  Cox, 

18  Feb.    " 

Wilmington,  N.  C,  captured  by  gen.  Schofield,  22  Feb.    " 

Secretary  of  the  treasury  authorized  to  borrow  $600,- 
000,000  on  bonds  at  not  exceeding  6  per  cent,  in  coin, 

3  Mch.    " 

Act  passed  to  establish  a  bureau  for  the  relief  of  freed- 
men  and  refugees 3  Mch.    " 

A  tax  of  10  per  cent,  imposed  on  notes  of  state  banks 
paid  out  after  1  July,  1866 3  Mch.    " 

Confederate  debt  disowned  by  U.  S.  Senate,  17  Feb.  ; 
by  House  of  Representatives 3  Mch.    " 

Andrew  Johnson  inaugurated  vice-president ;  oath  ad- 
ministered bv  H.  Hamlin  in  the  Senate  chamber, 

3  Mch.    " 
Thirty-eighth  Congi-ess  adjourns "      .  " 

Senate  assembles  in  special  session 4  Mch.    " 

Lincoln  inaugurated  president "        " 

[Second  term  ;  oath  administered  by  chief-justice 
Chase  at  the  Capitol.  In  his  inaugural  address  occur 
the  words :  "  With  malice  towards  none,  with  charitj' 
for  all,  with  firmness  in  the  right,  as  God  gives  us 
to  see  the  right,  let  us  strive  on  to  finish  the  work 
we  are  in ;  to  bind  up  the  nation's  wounds ;  to  care 
for  him  who  shall  have  borne  the  battle,  and  for  his 
widow  and  his  orphan ;  to  do  all  which  may  achieve 
and  cherish  a  just  and  a  lasting  peace  among  our- 
selves and  with  all  nations."] 

Twentieth  Administration— Kepublioan.    4  Mch.  1865 

to  3  Mch.  1869. 

Abralinm  Lincoln,  111.,  president. 
Andrew  Johnson,  Tenn.,  vice-president. 
CABINKT  (until  15  Apr.  1865). 
William  H.  Seward,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  state,  continued. 
Hugh  McCulloch,  Ind.,  sec.  of  the  treasury,  appointed  7  Mch. 

1865. 
Kdwin  M.  Stanton,  O.,  sec.  of  war,  continued. 
Gideon  Welles,  Conn.,  sec.  of  the  navy,  continued. 
John  P.  Usher,  Ind.,  sec.  of  the  interior,  continued. 
William  Dennison,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued. 
James  Speed,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  continued. 

L.  S.  Foster  of  Conn,  elected  president  pro  tern,  of  the 

Senate  (serves  through  the  session) 7  Mch.  1865 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns 11  Mch.    " 

Battle  of  Averysborough,  N.  C 15  Mch.    " 

Confederate  Congress  adjourns  sine  die 18  Mch.    " 

Battle  of  Bentonville,  N.  C 19  Mch.    " 

Armies  of  Sherman,  Terry,  and  Schofield  join  at  Golds- 
borough,  N.  C 23  Mch.    " 

Battle  of  Five  Forks,  Va 31  Mch.-l  Apr.    " 

Richmond    evacuated    by    confederates   and    partly 

burned 2  Apr.    " 

Selma,  Ala.,  captured  with  large  stores "       " 

Ewell's  division,  some  8000  men,  cut  off,  surrounded, 

and  captured  at  Sailor's  creek,  Va 6  Apr.    '' 

Correspondence  between  U.  S.  minister  Adams  in  Lon- 
don and  earl  Russell,  respecting  the  Alabama,  be- 
gins   7  Apr.    " 

Lee  surrenders  to  Grant  at  Appomattox  Court-house, 

Va 9  Apr.    " 

Montgomery,  Ala.,  surrenders  to  Wilson 11  Apr.    " 

Mobile  evacuated  by  confederates 12  Apr.    '• 

Secretary  of  war  issues  orders  to  stop  drafting  and  fur- 
ther purchase  of  war  materials 13  Apr.    " 

Gen.  Sherman  occupies  Raleigh,  N.  C "  " 

•^'  Stars  and  Stripes"  raised  over  Fort  Sumter, Charles- 
ton  14  Apr.    " 


^  UNI 

Pres.  Lincoln  shot  by  J.  Wilkes  Booth  in  Ford's 
theatre,  Washington  (Booth's  conspiracy), 

14  Apr.  1865 
Sec.  Seward  and  his  son  wounded  in  his  own  house  by 

an  assassin 14  Apr.    *• 

Pres.  Lincoln  dies  at  about  7.30  a.m 15  Apr.    '' 

Chief-justice  Chase  administers  the  oath  of  office  as 

president  to  Andrew  Johnson 15  Apr.    " 

PRES.  Johnson's  cabinet. 
William  If.  Seward,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  state,  continued. 
Hugh  McCulloch,  Ind,,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued, 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  0.,  sec.  of  war,  continued. 
U.  S.  Gi'ant,  111.,  sec,  of  war  (ad  interim),  from  12  Aug.  1807. 
Lorenzo  Thomas,  sec.  of  war  {ad  interim),  from  21  Feb.  1868. 
John  M.  Schofield,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  from  30  May,  1868. 
Gideon  Welles,  Conn,,  sec.  of  navy,  continued. 
John  P.  i/sAer,  Ind.,  sec.  of  interior,  continued. 
James  Harlan,  la,,  sec.  of  interior,  from  15  May,  1865. 
Orville  H.  Browning,  III.,  sec.  of  interior,  appointed  27  July, 

served  from  1  Sept.  1866. 
James  Speed,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  continued. 
Henry  Stanbery,  Ky.,  attorney-gen.,  from  23  July,  1866. 
William  M.  Evarts,  N.Y.,  attorney-gen.,  from  15  July,  1868. 
William  Dennison,  O.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued. 
Alexander   W.  RandaU,  Wis.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  25  Julv, 
1866. 

Funeral  services  of  pres,  Lincoln  at  the  Executive  man- 
sion at  noon,  and  appropriate  memorial  services  held 

throughout  the  country 19  Apr.  1865 

[Remains  of  the  president,  after  lying  in  state  at 
the  Capitol  through  the  20th,  conveyed  to  Spring- 
field, 111.,  ria  Baltimore,  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia, 
New  York,  Albany,  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Columbus, 
Indianapolis,  and  Chicago;  buried  at  Springfield 
(Lincoln's  monument),  4  May,] 

Macon,  Ga.,  occupied  by  Union  forces 20  Apr.    " 

J.  Wilkes  Booth,  discovered  in  a  barn  near  Bowling 
Green,  Va.,  shot  by  serg.  Boston  Corbett,  and  his 

accomplice  Harold  captured 26  Apr.    " 

Memorandum  for  a  peace,  signed  by  gens.  Sherman 
and  Johnston  at  Durham  Station,  N.  C,  18  Apr,,  is 
rejected  at  Washington  21  Apr.  Grant  arrives  at 
Raleigh  24  Apr.  ;  and  gen.  Johnston  surrenders  to 
Sherman  at  Bennett's  house,  near  Durham  Station, 

26  Apr.    " 
Executive  order  for  trial  by  military  commission  of 

alleged  assassins  of  pres.  Lincoln  issued 1  May,    " 

Reward  of  $100,000  offered  for  the  capture  of  Jefferson 

Davis  by  proclamation  of  president 2  May,    " 

Confederate  gen,  Richard  Taylor  surrenders  at  Citro- 

nelle,  near  Mobile,  Ala 4  May,    " 

Executive  order  re-establishing  authority  of  the  U.  S. 
in  Virginia,  recognizes  Francis  H.  Pierpont  as  gov- 
ernor     9  May,     " 

Jefferson  Davis  captured,  with  his  wife,  mother,  post- 
master-gen. Reagan,  col.  Harrison,  Johnson,  and  oth- 
ers, by  4th  Michigan  cavalry  under  col.  Pritchard, 

at  Irwinsville,  Ga 10  May,    " 

[Davis  taken  to  fortress  Monroe.] 
Last  fight  of  the  war  near  Palo  Pinto,  Tex,;  a  Federal 
force  under  col.  Barret  defeated  by  confederates  un- 
der gen.  Slaughter 13  May,    " 

Confederate  ram  Stonewall  surrenders  to  Spanish  au- 
thorities in  Cuba 20  May, 

Pres,  Johnson  proclaims  southern  ports  open.  .22  May, 
Grand  review  of  the  armies  of  the  Potomac,  Tennessee, 

and  Georgia  at  Washington,  D.  C 22-23  May, 

Gen.  E,  Kirby  Smith  surrenders  his  trans-Mississippi 

army ', 26  May, 

President  proclaims  general  amnesty  to  rebels,  with 

exceptions,  on  taking  oath  of  allegiance ...  29  May, 

William  W.  Holden  proclaimed  provisional  governor 

of  North  Carolina  by  pres.  Johnson 29  May, 

Day  of  humiliation  and  mourning  on  account  of  the 

assassination  of  Lincoln 1  June, 

British  government  rescinds  its  recognition  of  the  con- 
federates as  belligerents 2  June, 


UNI 


869 


UNI 


(lalveston,  Tex.,  the  last  seaport  held  bj'  the  South, 
surrenders 5  June,  1865 

French  government  rescinds  its  recognition  of  the  con- 
federates as  belligerents 6  June,    " 

Judge  William  L.  Sharkey  appointed  provisional  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  by  pres.  Johnson 13  June,    " 

Proclamation  of  president  removing  restrictions  on 
trade  east  of  the  Mississippi  after  1  July,  and  declar- 
ing insurrection  in  Tennessee  suppressed.  ..13  June,    •' 

Gen.  A.  J.  Hamilton  appointed  provisional  governor  of 
Texas  by  president 17  June,    " 

James  Johnson  appointed  provisional  governor  of 
Georgia 17  June,    " 

Lewis  E.  Parsons  proclaimed  provisional  governor  of 
Alabama 21  June,    " 

Proclamation  of  the  president  rescinding  the  blockade, 

23  June,    " 

Restriction  of  trade  west  of  the  Mississippi  removed 
by  proclamation  of  president 24  June,    " 

Benjamin  F.  Perry  proclaimed  provisional  governor  of 
South  Carolina 30  June,    " 

Execution  of  Lewis  Payne,  G,  A.  Atzerodt,  David  E. 
Harold,  and  Mary  E.  Surratt,  implicated  in  the  as- 
sassination of  Lincoln 7  July,    " 

William  Marvin  proclaimed  provisional  governor  of 
Florida 13  July,    " 

Confederate  privateer  Shenandoah  (capt.  Waddell)  de- 
stroys about  30  Federal  vessels  during Aug.    " 

^Mississippi  nullifies  the  ordinance  of  secession,  22  Aug.    '• 

All  restrictions  on  southern  ports  removed  after  1  Sept. 
by  proclamation  of  president 29  Aug.    " 

South  Carolina  repeals  ordinance  of  secession,  15  Sept.    " 

Alabama  annuls  the  ordinance  of  secession.  .  .25  Sept.    " 

North  Carolina  annuls  the  ordinance  of  secession, 

7  Oct.    " 

Alexander  H.  Stephens  of  Ga.,  John  H.  Reagan  of 
Texas,  John  A.  Campbell  of  Ala.,  George  A.  Tren- 
holm  of  S.  C,  and  Charles  Clark  of  Miss.,  paroled 
by  executive  order 11  Oct.    •' 

President  proclaims  end  of  martial  law  in  Kentucky, 

12  Oct.    " 

Great  Fenian  meeting  at  Philadelphia ;  the  Irish  re- 
public proclaimed 16-24  Oct.    " 

Florida  repeals  ordinance  of  secession 28  Oct.    " 

Georgia  repeals  ordinance  of  secession 30  Oct.    " 

National  thanksgiving  for  peace 2  Nov.    " 

Shenandoah,  capt.  Waddell,  reaches  Liverpool,  Engl., 
6  Nov. ;  he  had  first  heard  of  the  peace  2  Aug. ; 
vessel  given  up  to  British  government  and  crew 
paroled  8  Nov.,  and  the  vessel  given  to  the  Amer- 
ican consul 9  Nov.    " 

Capfc.Wirz,  after  military  trial,  begun  21  Aug.,  is  con- 
victed of  cruelty  to  Federal  prisoners  in  Anderson- 
ville,  and  hung 10  Nov.    " 

Ex.-pres.  Buchanan  publishes  a  vindication  of  his  ad- 
ministration   Nov.    •• 

Habeas  corpus  restored  in  the  northern  states  by 
president's  proclamation 1  Dec.    " 

Thirty-ninth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes.  .4  Dec.    " 

Lafayette  S.  Foster,  president  p7-o  tern,  of  the  Senate. 

Schuyler  Colfax  elected  speaker  of  the  House  by  a 
vote  of  139  to  36  for  James  Brooks  of  New  York. 
President's  annual  message  presented 4  Dec.    " 

House  appoints  as  committee  on  reconstruction  messrs. 
Stevens,  Washburn,  Morrill,  Grider,  Bingham,  Conk- 
ling,  Boutwell,  Blow,  and  Rogers 14  Dec.    " 

Sec.  Seward  declares  the  Xlll.th  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  abolishing  slavery,  ratified  by  Illinois, 
Rhode  Island,  Michigan,  Maryland,  New  York,  West 
Virginia,  Maine,  Kansas,  Massachusetts,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Nevada,  Indiana, 
Louisiana,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Vermont,  Tennes- 
see, Arkansas,  Connecticut,  New  Hampshire,  South 
Carolina,  Alabama,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  27 
states 18  Dec.    '• 

President  sends  a  message  to  Congress  on  the  insur- 
gent states,  with  report  of  gen.  Grant 18  Dec.    " 


Senate  appoints  as  committee  on  reconstruction  messrs. 
Fessenden,  Grimes,  Harris,  Howard,  Johnson,  and 
Williams 21  Dec.  1865 

Gov.  Holden  of  N.  C.  relieved  by  pres.  Johnson,  and 
governor-elect  Jonathan  Worth  appointed.  .23  Dec.    " 

Death  of  Joseph  Crele,  said  to  be  141  years  of  age; 
born  at  site  of  Detroit  in  1725 ;  dies  at  Caledonia, 
Wis 27  Jan.  1866 

Freedmen's  Bureau  bill  passed  bv  Senate,  25  Jan. ;  by 

House,  6  Feb.  1866 ;  vetoed .  .'. 19  Feb.    " 

[The  Senate  fails  to  pass  this  bill  over  the  presi- 
dent's veto,  vote  being  30  for  to  18  against.] 

President  denounces  Congress  and  the  Reconstruction 
committee,  in  a  speech  at  the  executive  mansion, 

22  Feb.    " 

Civil  Rights  bill  passed  16  Mch. ;  vetoed.  . .  .27  Mch.    " 

President  proclaims  the  insurrection  at  an  end  in 
Georgia,  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Alabama,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Missis- 
sippi, and  Florida 2  Apr.    " 

First  post  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  organ- 
ized at  Springfield,  111.  (Grand  army) 6  Apr.    " 

Civil  Rights  bill  passed  over  the  president's  veto, 

9  Apr.    ■■ 

Fair  held  in  Baltimore  for  the  relief  of  the  destitute 
in  the  southern  states  nets  §164,569. 97 Apr.    •' 

Race  riot  in  Memphis,  Tenn 1-2  May,     "• 

Boundary  of  Nevada  extended  1  degree  east,  by  act 
of  Congress 6  May,    "• 

Jefferson  Davis  indicted  for  complicity  in  the  assassi- 
nation of  pres.  Lincoln,  in  the  U.  S.  Circuit  court 
of  Virginia 8  May,     " 

Fourth  Wisconsin  cavalry  mustered  out,  after  serving 
5  years  and  1  da}' ;  the  longest  term  of  volunteers 
on  record 28  May,     " 

Death  of  gen.  Winfield  Scott  at  West  Point,  aged  80, 

29  May,     " 
Customs  officers  seize  1200  stands  of  Fenian  arms  at 

Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y.,  19  May,  and  1000  at  St.  Alban's, 
Vt 30  May,    " 

Fenian  raid  into  Canada ;  about  1200  men  cross  the 
Niagara  river  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  landing  near  old 
fort  Erie,  31  May,  1866.  After  a  skirmish  near 
Ridgeway  they  withdraw  to  the  U.  S.,  where  many 
are  arrested  for  violating  the  neutrality  laws,  and 
over  1000  paroled 2  June,    " 

President's  proclamation  against  the  invasion  of  Can- 
ada by  Fenians 6  June,     " 

Over  1000  Fenians  attack  St.  Armand,  Quebec,  and  are 
routed 9  June,    " 

XIV. th  Amendment  to  Constitution  passes  the  Sen- 
ate 8  June,  the  House  13  June ;  reaching  the  State 
department 16  June,    " 

Majority  of  Reconstruction  committee  report  the  late 
Confederate  States  not  entitled  to  representation  in 
Congress 18  June,    " 

Message  from  the  president  to  Congress  adverse  to 
presenting  the  XlV.th  Amendment  to  the  states, 

22  June,    " 

Great  fire  in  Portland,  Me 4  July,    •' 

James  H.  Lane,  senator  from  Kansas,  commits  suicide, 

11  July,     " 
[For  cause,  see  Blaine's  "  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress," vol.  ii.  p.  185-6.] 

Tennessee  readmitted  by  joint  resolution  of  Congress, 
approved 24  July,    " 

Congress  creates  the  grades  of  admiral  and  vice-admi- 
ral in  the  navy,  and  revives  that  of  general  in  the 
army  (Army,  Navy) 25  July,    " 

Atlantic  telegraph  completed 27  July,    " 

Act  increasing  and  fixing  the  military  peace  establish- 
ment   28  July,    "■ 

First  Session  adjourns "  '* 

Race  riot  in  New  Orleans,  many  negroes  killed. 

30  July,    '* 
National  Union  convention  of  Conservatives  in  Phil- 
adelphia ;  senator  James  R.  Doolittle,  president, 

14  Aug.    '* 


UNI 


870 


UNI 


This  convention  adopts  a  declaration  of  principles  vin- 
dicating the  president 17  Aug.  1866 

[I'he  previous  political  character  of  its  members 
made  this  convention  somewhat  noted  ;  it  contained 
prominent  citizens  whose  course  throughout  the  re- 
bellion had  been  patriotic,  such  as  Thurlow  Weed, 
Marshall  O.  Roberts,  Henry  J.  Kaytiioiid,  John  A. 
Dix,  and  Robert  S.  Hale  of  N.  Y.,  Cowan  of  Pa., 
Doolittle  of  Wis.,  and  others  of  previous  good  stand- 
ing in  the  Republican  party,  together  with  Vallan- 
digham  of  O.,  Fernando  Wood  and  Jas.  Brooks  of 
N.  Y.,  Burke  and  Sinclair  of  N.  H.,  Phelps  of  Vt., 
Campbell  of  Pa.,  Carmichael  of  Md.,  and  others,  who 
had  been  known  as  "copperhead"  or  "secession- 
ist," and  other  more  conservative  Democrats,  such 
as  Tilden,  Dean  Richmond,  and  Sanford  E.  Church 
of  N.  Y.,  Stockton  and  Parker  of  N.  J.,  Porter,  Bigler, 
and  Packer  of  Pa.,  English  of  Conn.,  Johnson  of  Md., 
and  many  others.] 

President  proclaims  the  decree  of  Maximilian,  9  July, 
1866,  closing  Mataraoras  and  other  Mexican  ports, 
null  and  void  as  against  the  U.  S 17  Aug.    " 

Insurrection  in  Texas  at  an  end  by  proclamation  of 
the  president 20  Aug.    " 

Pres.  Johnson  visits  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Chicago, 
etc.,  speaking  in  favor  of  his   policy  and  against 

Congress 24  Aug.-18  Sept.    " 

[In  this  journey,  then  popularly  known  as  "swing- 
ing around  the  circle,"  the  president  was  accompa- 
nied by  sec.  Seward,  sec.  Welles,  postmaster-gen. 
,  Randall,  gen.  Grant,  adra.  Farragut,  and  other  army 
officers  and  civilians.] 

Convention  of  Southern  Loyalists,  held  at  Philadel- 
phia  3-7  Sept.    " 

[This  convention  united  with  the  convention  of 
the  congressional  party  opposing  the  president's 
policy.] 

Corner-stone  of  monument  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas  laid 
in  Chicago 6  Sept.    " 

National  mass  convention  of  soldiers  and  sailors  held 
in  the  interest  of  the  president  at  Cleveland,  in  reso- 
lutions reported  by  col.  L.  D.  Campbell,  approve 
unanimously  the  action  of  the  Philadelphia  conven- 
tion of  17  Aug 18  Sept.    " 

Pittsburg  convention  of  soldiers  and  sailors  held  in 
opposition  to  the  president's  policy 25-26  Sept.    " 

Peabody  Institute, Baltimore, Md.,  inaugurated;  George 
Peabody  present 24  Oct.    " 

Soldiers  first  admitted  to  the  National  Home  for  Dis- 
abled Volunteers,  located  at  Togus,  near  Augusta, 
Me 10  Nov.    " 

A  gold  medal  for  Mrs.  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  gift  of 
40,000  French  citizens,  is  delivered  to  minister  Big- 

elow  at  Paris I  Dec.    " 

Second  Session  convenes ;  president's  message  received, 

3  Dec.    " 

Geo.  H.  Williams  of  Or.  introduces  bill  "  to  regulate 
the  tenure  of  civil  offices  " 3  Dec.    " 

Massacre  by  Indians  of  U.  S.  troops  at  fort  Philip  Kear- 
ney, near  Big  Horn,  Wyoming ;  3  officers  and  90 
men  killed  and  scalped 21  Dec.    " 

III  the  House  of  Representatives,  James  M.  Ashley  of 
O.  charges  pres.  Johnson  with  usurpation,  corrupt 
use  of  the  appointing,  pardoning,  and  veto  powers, 
and  corrupt  disposition  of  public  property,  and  in- 
terference in  elections.  The  case  is  referred  to  the 
judiciary  committee  by  108  to  39 7  Jan.  1867 

Bill  extending  suffrage  to  negroes  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  passed  by  Congress  14  Dec.  1866,  vetoed 
5  Jan. ;  passed  over  the  veto 8  Jan.    " 

N.  P.  Willis,  born  1807,  dies  at  Idle  wild  on  the  Hud- 
son   20  Jan.    " 

Evangelical  Alliance  of  the  U.  S.  organized  in  New 
York,  with  William  E.  Dodge  as  president.  .30  Jan.    " 

Congress  admits  Nebraska  as  a  state  over  the  presi- 
dent's veto 9  Feb.    " 

Alexander  Dallas  Bache,  LL.D.,  A.A.S.,  born  1806,  dies       ♦ 
at  Newport,  R.  1 17  Feb.    " 


Nebraska,  the  37th  in  order,  proclaimed  a  state  by  the 
president 1  Mch.  1867 

Tenure  of  Civil  Office  bill  passed  over  the  president's 
veto;  Senate,  35  to  11 ;   House,  133  to  37.  .  .2  Mch.    " 

Military  Reconstruction  act  introduced  in  the  House 
by  Thaddeus  Stevens,  Feb.  6,  providing  for  the  di- 
vision of  the  insurrectionary  states  into  5  military 
districts,  as  follows:  1st,  Virginia ;  2d,  North  and 
South  Carolina;  3d,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama ; 
4th,  Mississippi  and  Arkansas;  6th,  Louisiana  and 
Texas.  Passed  over  the  president's  veto ;  House, 
138  to  51 ;  Senate,  38  to  10 2  Mch.    " 

National  Bankruptcy  bill  passed "         " 

Department  of  F^ducation  established  by  act  of  Con- 
gress  2  Mch.    '■ 

Peonage  in  the  territory  of  New  Mexico  abolished  and 
forever  prohibited  by  act  of  Congress 2  Mch.    '• 

Committee  on  the  Judiciary  reports,  concerning  im- 
peachment, its  inability  to  conclude  its  labors  (re- 
port presented  at  3  a.m.  Sunday,  3  Mch.),  and  rec- 
ommends a  continuance  of  investigation  ...  .2  Mch.    '' 

B.  F".  Wade  of  O.  elected  president  pro  tem.   of  the 

Senate,  Mr.  F'oster  retiring 4  Mch.    " 

Thirty-ninth  Congress  adjourns "  " 

Fortieth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes "         " 

Schuyler  Colfax  re-elected  speaker  by  a  vote  of  127  to 
30'for  Samuel  S.  Marshall  of  111. 

[The  1st  session  of  the  40th  Congress  was  contin- 
ued by  repeated  adjournments,  sitting  lst,4-29Mch.; 
2d,  3-20  July ;  3d,  21  Nov.-2  Dec,  when  it  adjourned 
sine  die.  Congress  distrusting  the  president,  it  was 
deemed  advisable  "  that  the  president  should  not  be 
allowed  to  have  control  of  events  for  8  months  with- 
out the  supervision  of  the  legislative  branch  of  the 
government."  Benj.  F.  Butler  enters  Congress  for 
the  first  time  at  this  session  as  Republican  repre- 
sentative from  Massachusetts.] 

Charles  F\  Browne  (Artemus  Ward),  born  1834,  dies  at 
Southampton,  Engl 6  Mch. 

General  orders  No.  10,  issued  from  army  headquarters 
by  direction  of  the  president,  assigning  gen.  J.  M. 
Schofield  to  command  1st  military  district ;  gen. 
D.  E.  Sickles  to  command  2d  military  district ;  gen. 
G.  H.  Thomas  to  command  3d  military  district; 
gen.  E.  O.  C.  Ord  to  command  4th  military  district; 
gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan  to  command  6th  miiitary  dis- 
trict  11-12  Mch. 

Gen.  John  Pope  assigned  to  3d  militarv  district,  gen. 
Thomas  to  command  department  of  the  Cumberland, 

15  Mch. 

Henry  Barnard,  LL.D.,  appointed  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation   16  Mch. 

Peabody  Southern  Educational  Fund  (a  gift  of  $2,- 
100,000  from  George  Peabody)  transferred  to  a 
board  of  trustees,  rev.  dr.  Barnas  Sears  superinten- 
dent  22  Mch. 

Supplementary  Reconstruction  act  concurred  in  19 
Mch.,  vetoed  by  president  23  Mch.;  is  passed  over 
his  veto  by  the  House,  114  to  25,  and  bv  the  Senate, 
40  to  7 ! ! ...  23  Mch. 

Congress  adjourns  to  3  July,  after  a  session  of  26  days, 

29  Mch. 

Special  session  of  the  Senate  in  accordance  with  presi- 
dent's proclamation,  30  Mch.,  meets 1  Apr. 

Special  session  of  the  Senate  adjourns  srae  die,  19  Apr. 

Expedition  against  the  Indians  in  western  Kansas, 
led  by  gens.  Hancock  and  Custer 30  Apr. 

Jeflferson  Davis  taken  to  Richmond  on  habeas  corpus 
and  admitted  to  bail  in  $100,000 ;  sureties,  Horace 
Greeley  and  Augustus  Schell  of  New  York ;  Aris- 
tides  Welsh  and  David  K.  Jackman  of  Philadel- 
phia; W.  H.  McFarland,  Richard  B.  Haxall,  Isaac 
Davenport,  Abraham  Warwick,  G.  A.  Myers,  W.  W. 
Crump,  James  Lyons,  J.  A.  Meredith,  W.  H.  Lyons, 
John  M.Botts, Thomas  W.Boswell,  and  James  Thom- 
as, jr.,  of  Virginia 13  Ma\', 

Congress  reassembles 3  July, 


UNI  ^ 

.Supplementary  Reconstruction  bill,  reported  8  July, 
vetoed  and  passed  over  the  veto 19  July,  1867 

•Congress  adjourns  to  21  Nov.,  after  a  session  of  18 
days. 20  July,     " 

Catharine  Maria  Sedgwick,  authoress,  born  1789,  dies 
near  Roxbury,  Mass 31  July,     " 

John  H.  Surratt,  implicated  in  a.ssassination  of'pres. 
Lincoln,  is  arrested  in  Alexandria,  Egypt,  and  placed 
on  the  American  vessel  Swataj-a,  2i  Dec.  1866;  his 
trial  begins  10  June,  1867,  in  the  Criminal  court  for 
District  of  Columbia ;  the  jury,  disagreeing,  are  dis- 
missed  , 10  Aug.    " 

E.  M.  Stanton,  sec.  of  war,  refusing  to  resign  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  president,  5  Aug.,  is  suspended,  and  gen. 
Grant  appointed  secretary  ^?"o  tern.,  Stanton  submit- 
ting under  protest 12  Aug.    " 

•Sheridan  relieved  of  command  in  5th  military  district, 
and  gen.  Hancock  appointed 17  Aug.    " 

Cen.  Sickles  succeeded  by  gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby  as  com- 
mander of  2d  military  district. ..........  .26  Aug.    " 

"Woman's  SuflFrage  campaign  in  Kansas  conducted  by 
Lucy  Stone,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Elizabeth  Cady 
Stanton,  and  George  Francis  Train  with  the  Hutch- 
inson family  of  singers Sept.-Oct.    " 

■General  amnesty  proclaimed  bj'  the  president.  .7  Sept.    " 

National  cemetery  at  Antietam  dedicated.  .  .  .17  Sept.    " 

<jold  discovered  in  Wyoming,  and  South  Pass  City  es- 
tablished   Oct.    '• 

Elias  Howe,  inventor,  born  1819,  dies  at  Brooklyn,  L.  I., 

3  Oct.    " 

Formal  transfer  of  Alaska  by  Russia  to  gen.  Rousseau 
of  the  U.  S.  service  at  New  Archangel,  Sitka.  9  Oct.    '' 

Congress  reassembles 21  Nov.    " 

Congress  adjourns  sine  die  after  a  12  days'  session,  2  Dec.    " 
Second  Session  meets "        " 

President's  message  received  by  Congress 3  Dec.    " 

Resolution  to  impeach  the  president  negatived  in  the 
House  of  Representatives 7  Dec.    " 

Maj,-gen.  George  C.  Meade  appointed  to  command  of 
3d  military  district,  succeeding  Pope,  removed,  28  Dec.    " 

Senate  refuses  to  approve  of  the  suspension  of  secretary 
Stanton 13  Jan.  1868 

Act  exempting  cotton  from  internal  tax 3  Feb.    " 

Pres.  Johnson  removes  Stanton,  and  appoints  gen.  Lo- 
renzo Thomas  secretary  of  war  ad  interim ;  act  de- 
clared illegal  by  the  Senate 21  Feb.    " 

Mr.  Stanton  refuses  to  vacate,  and  has  Thomas  arrested 
and  held  to  bail  (discharged  24  Feb.) 22  Feb.    " 

House  of  Representatives  votes  to  impeach  the  presi- 
dent, 124  to  42 24  Feb.    " 

Impeachment  reported  at  the  bar  of  the  Senate  by 
Thaddeus  Stevens  and  John  A.  Bingham .  .  .25  Feb.    " 

Articles  of  impeachment  adopted  by  the  House,  and 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  B.  F.  Butler,  John  A.  Bingham, 
George  S.  Boutwell,  James  F.  Wilson,  Thomas  Will- 
iams, and  John  A.  Logan  elected  managers,  2  Mch.    " 

Senate  organizes  as  a  court  of  impeachment.  .  .5  Mch.    " 

Gen.  Hancock  succeeded  by  gen.  Buchanan  as  com- 
mander of  5th  military  district 18  Mch.    " 

Answer  of  pres.  Johnson  to  articles  of  impeachment  read 
in  court  by  his  counsel 23  Mch.    " 

Prosecution  begun  by  B.  F.  Butler 30  Mch.    " 

Chinese  embassy,  headed  by  Anson  Burlingame,  arrives 
at  San  Francisco 31  Mch.    " 

Benjamin  R.  Curtis  opens  the  defence  in  court  of  im- 
peachment   9  Apr.    " 

JVlemorial  monument  and  statue  of  pres.  Lincoln  un- 
veiled at  Washington 15  Apr.    " 

Public  dinner  to  Charles  Dickens  given  in  New  York 

city 18  Apr.    " 

Dickens  arrived  at  Boston,  Mass.,  19  Nov.  1867 
(his  2d  visit  to  the  U.  S.,  his  first  being  in  1842). 
He  gives  readings  from  his  own  works  in  most  of  the 
larger  cities  of  the  U.  S.,  and  sails  from  New  York 
city  on  his  return  voyage 22  Apr.    " 

Crand  Array  of  Republic  institutes  Memorial  or  Deco- 
ration day  by  order  designating  30  May  for  observ- 
ance   5  May,    " 


1  UNI 

Senate  votes  upon  11th  article  of  impeachment ;  35  (not 
two-thirds)  for  conviction,  19  for  acquittal.  .  16  May, 

Republican  National  convention  assembles  at  Chicago, 
and  Joseph  R.  Hawley  of  Conn,  chosen  permanent 
president,  20  May;  Ulysses  S.  Grant  nominated  for 
president  on  first  ballot;  on  the  fifth  ballot  for  vice- 
president,  Schuyler  Colfax  of  Ind.  receives  541  votes ; 
Benjamin  F.  Wade  of  O.,  38  ;  Reuben  E.  Fenton  of 
N.  Y,,  69 ; 21  May, 

Court  of  impeachment  acquits  the  president  on  articles 
ii.  and  iii.  by  same  vote  as  on  article  xi.,  and  adjourns 
sine  die  by  vote  of  34  to  16 26  May, 

Mr.  Stanton  resigns  as  secretary  of  war,  26  May,  and  is 
succeeded  by  gen.  Schofield .30  May, 

Ex-pres.  James  Buchanan,  born  1791,  dies  at  Wheat- 
land, Pa , * 1  June, 

Gen.  George  Stoneman  assigned  to  1st  militarj-  district, 
to  replace  Schofield '.  .1  June, 

Gen.  Irvin  McDowell  appointed  to  command  4th  mili- 
tary district,  28  Dec.  1867,  assumes  his  duties, 

4  June, 

Arkansas  admitted  to  representation  by  Congress  over 
president's  veto 22  June, 

Eight  hours  to  constitute  a  day's  work  for  all  laborers, 
workmen,  and  mechanics  in  government  employ,  by 
act  of 25  June, 

North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Louisiana,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  Florida  admitted  to  representation  in 
Congress  over  president's  veto 25  June, 

McDowell  relieved  and  gen.  Alvan  C.  Gillem  appointed 
to  command  of  4th  military  district 30  June, 

So  called  "  Burlingame  treaty  "  with  China  signed  at 
Washington 4  July, 

Amnesty  proclamation  by  the  president  pardoning  all 
late  rebels  not  under  presentment  or  indictment  in 
U.  S.  courts , 4  July, 

National  Democratic  convention  meets  in  Tammany 
Hall,  New  York,  4  July,  and  Horatio  Seymour  chosen 
permanent  president,  6  July  ;  Horatio  Seymour  nom- 
inated for  president  on  22d  ballot;  gen.  Frank  P.  Blair 
for  vice-president  unanimously  on  first  ballot,  9  July, 

Act  removing  legal  and  political  disabilities  imposed 
by  U.  S.  on  several  hundred  persons  in  the  southern 
states  as  mentioned  in  act   20  July, 

Sec,  Seward  announces  the  XlV.th  Amendment  to 
the  Constitution  adopted  by  the  votes  of  29  states 
(Connecticut,  New  Hampshire,  Tennessee,  New 
Jersey,  Oregon,  Vermont,  New  York,  Ohio,  Illinois, 
West  Virginia,  Kansas,  Maine,  Nevada,  Missouri, 
Indiana,  Minnesota,  Rhode  Island,  Wisconsin, 
Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Massachusetts,  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  Arkansas,  Florida,  North  Carolina,  Louisiana, 
South  Carolina,  and  Alabama) 20  July, 

Bill  for  payment  of  national  debt  and  reduction  of  rate 
of  interest  passed  by  Congress 25  July, 

Territory  of  Wyoming  created  of  parts  of  Dakota, 
Utah,  and  Idaho 25  July, 

Fheedmen's  Bureau  discontinued  after  1  Jan.  1869, 
by  act  of 25  July, 

U.  S.  laws  relating  to  customs,  commerce,  and  naviga- 
tion extended  over  Alaska,  by  act  of 27  July, 

Act  for  protection  of  naturalized  citizens  abroad,      " 

Second  Session  adjourns  to  21  Sept.,  after  sitting  239 
days 27  July, 

XlV.th  Amendment  ratified  by  Georgia,  21  July,  1868 ; 
proclaimed  by  president 27  July, 

Gen.  J.  Reynolds  appointed  to  command  5th  miUtary 
district  (Texas) 28  July, 

Thaddeus  Stevens,  born  1793,  dies  at  Washington, 

11  Aug. 

Ordinance  of  secession  declared  null  and  void  in  Louis- 
iana by  constitution,  ratified  by  the  people,  17-18  Aug, 

Col.  George  A.  Forsyth  engages  in  an  8-days  fight  with 
Indians  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Republican  river, 

Kan Sept. 

Second  Session  reassembles  for  one  day  and  adjourns  to 
16  Oct 21  Sept. 

Congress  meets  and  adjourns  to  10  Nov. 16  Oct. 


1868 


UNI 

Grant  and  Colfax,  Republicans,  elected  president  and 
vice-president  by  votes  of  26  states  and  a  popular 
vote  of  8,016,071 ;  Seymour  and  Blair,  Democrats, 
receive  votes  of  8  states  and  a  popular  vote  of  2,709,- 

613 3  Nov. 

Second  Session  meets  and  adjourns 10  Nov. 

Third  Session  meets 7  Dec. 

President  proclaims  unconditional  pardon  and  amnesty 
to  all  concerned  in  the  late  insurrection. . .  .25  Dec. 

Colored  National  convention,  Frederick  Douglass  presi- 
dent, meets  at  Washington 13  Jan. 

Objection  to  counting  electoral  votes  of  Georgia  made 
in  the  House  of  Representatives  by  Mr.  Butler  of 
Mass 10  Feb. 

Electoral  votes  counted  by  Congress:  for  Grant  and 
Colfax,  Republicans,  214 ;  for  Seymour  and  Blair, 
Democrats,  with  Georgia,  80,  without  Georgia,  71, 

10  Feb. 

A  nolle  prosequi  enteredincdse  of  JeflFerson  Davis,  1 1  Feb. 

Loans  of  money  on  U.  S.  notes  by  national  banks  for- 
bidden by  act  of. 19  Feb. 

XV.th  Amendment  totheConstitution,forbiddingstates 
to  restrict  the  elective  franchise  because  of  race,  color, 
or  previous  condition  of  servitude,  proposed  by  reso- 
lution of  Congress,  received  at  department  of  state, 

27  Feb. 

St.  Paul  and  St.  George  islands,  Alaska,  declared  a 
special  reservation  for  protection  of  fur  seal,  and 
landing  thereon  forbidden,  by  act 3  Mch. 

Speaker  Colfax  resigns,  T.  M.  Pomeroy  unanimously 
elected  speaker 3  Mch. 

Oath  of  office  administered  to  vice-president  Colfax, 

4  Mch. 
Fortieth  Congress  adjourns " 

Gen.  Grant  inaugurated  president " 


872 


UNI 


1868 


1869 


Twenty-first  Administration 

1869  to  3  Mch.  1873. 


Eepublican.    4  Mch. 


Ulysses  S.  Grant,  III,  president. 
Schuyler  Colfax,  Ind.,  vice-president. 

CABINKT. 

Elihu  B.  Washbui-n,  111 ,  sec.  of  state,  5  Mch.  1869. 
Hamilton  Fish,  N.  Y  ,  sec.  of  state,  11  Mch.  1869. 
George  S.  Boutwell,  Mass.,  sec.  of  treasury,  11  Mch.  1869. 
John  A.  Rawlins,  III,  sec.  of  war,  11  Mch.  1869. 
William  T.  Sherman,  O.,  sec.  of  war,  9  Sept.  1869. 
William  W.  Belknap,  la.,  sec.  of  war,  25  Oct.  1869. 
A  dolph  E.  Borie,  Pa.,  sec.  of  navy,  5  Mch.  1869. 
George  M.  Robeson,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  navy,  25  June,  1869. 
Jacob  D.  Cox,  O.,  sec.  of  interior,  5  Mch.  1869. 
Columbus  Delano,  O.,  sec.  of  interior,  1  Nov.  1870. 
John  A.  J.  Creswell,  Md.,  postmaster-gen.,  5  Mch.  1869. 
E.  Rockwood  Hoar,  Mass.,  attorney-gen  ,  5  Mch.  1869. 
A  mos  T.  Akerman,  Ga  ,  attorney-gen.,  23  June,  1870. 
George  H.  Williams,  Or.,  attorney-gen.,  14  Dec.  1871. 

Forty-first  Congress,  First  Session,  meets 4  Mch.  1869 

James  G.  Blaine  elected  speaker  by  135  to  57  for 
Michael  C.  Kerr  of  Ind. 

Gen.  Gillem  removed  from  4th  militarj'  district  (Mis- 
sissippi), and  gen.  Adelbert  Ames  appointed.  .Mch.    " 

A.  T.  Stewart,  nominated  and  confirmed  as  secretarj'  of 
the  treasury,  5  Mch.,  resigns  because  of  act  of  2  Sept., 
1789,  which  forbids  any  one  interested  in  importing 
to  hold  the  office 9  Mch.    " 

Earliest  practicable  redemption  of  U.  S.  notes  in  coin 
promised  by  act 18  Mch.    " 

H.  B.  Anthony  of  R.  I.  elected  president  jp7o  tern,  of  the 
Senate 23  Mch.    •' 

President's  message  to  the  Senate  on  claims  upon  Great 
Britain .7  Apr.    " 

President  calls  a  special  session  of  the  Senate  for  12 

Apr .8  Apr.    " 

Fi7'st  Session  adjourns 10  Apr.    " 

Special  session  of  the  Senate  meets 12  Apr.    " 

Gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby  assumes  command  of  the  military 
district  of  Virginia 20  Apr.    " 


Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns 23  Apr. 

Union  Pacific  railroad  opened  for  traffic  (Pacific  kail- 
noADs) 10  May, 

Filibustering  expedition  under  gen.  Tliomas  Jordan, 
fitted  out  in  New  York,  lands  on  north  coast  of  Cuba, 

12  May, 

Southern  Commercial  convention  meets  at  Memphis, 
Tenn. ;  1100  delegates  from  22  states 18  May, 

National  Commercial  convention  meets  at  New  Orleans, 

25  May, 

Great  peace  jubilee  at  lioston,  Mass.  (Music),  15  June, 

Adolph  E.  Borie,  sec.  of  navj',  resigns 22  June, 

Expedition  for  Cuba  under  col.  Ryan,  sailing  from  New 
York,  26  June,  is  captured  by  a  U.  S.  revenue  cutter, 

27  June, 

Soldiers'  National  monument  at  Gettysburg  dedicated, 

1  July, 

Irish  National  Republican  convention  meets  in  Chicago; 
221  delegates 4-5  July, 

U.  S.  end  of  the  Franco-American  cable  landed  at  Dux- 
bury,  Mass.,  23  July,  and  event  celebrated  .  .27  July, 

National  Labor  convention  meets  in  Philadelphia, 

16  Aug. 

National  Temperance  convention  (500  delegates)  meets 
in  Chicago 1-2  Sept. 

John  A.  Rawlins,  sec.  of  war,  and  gen.  Grant's  adjutant- 
general  throughout  the  war,  born  1831,  dies  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C 6  Sept. 

One  hundred  and  eight  men  suifocated  in  a  burning 
coal-mine  at  Avondale,  Pa 6  Sept. 

Commercial  convention  meets  at  Keokuk,  la.  .7  Sept. 

William  Pitt  Fessenden,  born  1806,  dies  at  Portland, 
Me 8  Sept. 

Financial  panic  in  New  York  city  culminates  in  "Black 
Friday";  gold  quoted  at  162J. 24  Sept. 

George  Peabo<iy  lands  at  New  York,  10  June;  he  en- 
dows several'  institutions,  adds  $1,400,000  to  his 
Southern  Education  fund,  and  leaves  for  London, 

30  Sept. 

Northwestern  branch  of  the  National  Home  for  Disa- 
bled Volunteer  Soldiers,  near  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  dedi- 
cated  Oct. 

Franklin  Pierce,  ex-president,  born  1804,  dies  at  Con- 
cord, N.  H , 8  Oct. 

Commercial  convention  held  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  520 
delegates  from  22  states,  ex-pres.  Millard  Fillmore 
presiding 13  Oct. 

Pere  Hyacinthe  arrives  at  New  York,  18  Oct.,  and  is 
introduced  in  public  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 

24  Oct. 

Steamboat  Stonewall  burned  on  the  Mississippi  below 
Cairo ;  about  200  persons  perish 27  Oct. 

U.  S.  branch  mint  at  Carson  City,  Nev.,  founded  1866, 
begins  operations 1  Nov. 

Adm.  Charles  Stewart,  born  1778,  dies  at  Bordentown, 
N.  J 6  Nov. 

Maj.-gen.  John  Ellis  Wool,  born  1784,  dies  at  Troj', 
N.  Y.    10  Nov. 

Reunion  of  Old  and  New  School  Presbyterian  churches 
at  Pittsburg,  Pa '. 12  Nov. 

National  Woman  Suffrage  convention  meets  at  Cleve- 
land, O.  (183  delegates  from  16  states.  Rev.  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  president),  and  organizes  American 

Woman's  Suffrage  Association 24  Nov. 

Second  Session  opens 6  Dec. 

National  Colored  Labor  convention  meets  at  Washing- 
ton  10  Dec. 

Wj'oming  gives  women  the  right  to  vote  and  hold 
office '. 10  Dec. 

George  H.  Peabody,  born  South  Danvers,  Mass.,  1795, 
dies  in  London,  4  Nov. ;  funeral  services  held  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  12  Nov.,  and  body  placed  on 
the  British  steamship  Monarch  for  transportation  to 
the  U.  S 11  Dec. 

Act  removing  legal  and  political  disabilities  from  large 
classes  of  persons  in  the  southern  states.  .    .14  Dec. 

Edwin  M.  Stanton,  born  1814,  dies  at  Washington, 
D.  C 24  Dec. 


UNI 

Telegraph  operators'  strike  throughout  the  country, 

4  Jan. 

Statue  of  Nathaniel  Greene,  placed  in  the  old  hall  of 

House  of  Representatives  b}^  Rhode  Island,  accepted 

by  resolution  of  Congress 20  Jan. 

.British  Peninsular  and    Oriental    steamsliip  Bombay 

collides  with  and  sinks  the  U.  S.  corvette  Oneida, 

.  about  20  miles  from  Yokohama,  Japan  ;  112  lives 

lost 23  Jan. 

Prince  Arthur  of  Great  Britain  reaches  New  York,  21 

Jan.,  and  is  presented  to  pres.  Grant 24  Jan. 

Virginia  readmitted  by  act  approved  26  Jan.,  and  gov- 
ernment transferred    to  civil   authorities   by  gen. 

Canby 27  Jan. 

•George  Peabody  buried  at  Peabody  (South  Danvers), 

Mass 8  Feb. 

•Congress  authorizes  the  secretary  of  war  to  establish 

a  weather  bureau  for  the  U.  S 9  Feb. 

Northern  Pacific  railroad  begun  at  the  Dalles  of  the  St. 

Louis,  Minn ,  .  .  . .    15  Feb. 

Anson  Burlingame,  born  1822,  dies  at  St.  Petersburg, 

Russia .  .  .23  Feb. 

^Mississippi  readmitted  by  act  approved " 

iHiram  R.  Revels  of  Miss.,  first  colored  member  of  the 

Senate,  sworn 25  Feb. 

Act  removing  legal  and  political  disabilities  from  many 

persons  in  the  southern  states 7  Mch, 

'Grand  jury  of  men  and  women  impanelled  at  Laramie, 

Wyo 7  Mch. 

Texas  readmitted  by  act  approved 30  Mch. 

•Sec.  Fish  proclaims  the  ratification  of  XV.th  Amend- 
ment by  29  states :  North  Carolina,  West  Virginia, 
Massachusetts,  Wisconsin,  Maine,  Louisiana,  Michi- 
gan, South  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Arkansas,  Con- 
necticut, Florida,  Illinois,  Indiana,  New  York,  New 
Hampshire,  Nevada,  Vermont,  Virginia,  Alabama, 
Missouri,  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Minnesota, 

Rhode  Island,  Nebraska,  Texas 30  Mch. 

Mass-meeting  of  Mormons  at  Salt  Lake  City  protest 
against  interference  by  Congress  with  polygamy, 

6  Apr. 
American  Anti-Slavery  Society,  after  an  existence  of 

37  years,  is  dissolved 9  Apr. 

Point  of  junction  of  Union  and  Central  Pacific  rail- 
roads fixed  northwest  of  the  station  at  Ogden,  Utah, 

by  act  of. 6  May, 

Proclamation  of  president  against  Fenian  invasion  of 

Canada 24  May, 

Fenian  army  of  500  invade  Canada  from  Fairfield,  Vt., 

and  are  driven  back 25-27  May, 

Act   to  enforce    the  right  to  vote  under  the  XV.th 

Amendment. ,  .  .31  May, 

Attorney-gen,  Hoar  resigns 15  June, 

U.  S.  department  of  justice  organized  by  act  of 

22  June, 

Treaty  to  annex  Dominican  Republic  and  lease  bay 

and  peninsula  of  Samana  concluded,  ^9  Nov.  1869; 

rejected  by  the  Senate . , 80  June, 

Congress  grants  the  widow  of  pres.  Lincoln  a  pension 

of  $3000  per  annum 14  July, 

Stone  presented  to  pres.  Lincoln  by  patriots  of  Rome 
is  given  to  the  Lincoln  Monument  Association  at 

Springfield,  111.,  by  Congress 14  July, 

Act  to  authorize  refunding  the  national  debt  at  5,  4l\, 

and  4  per  cent. 14  July, 

Georgia  readmitted  by  act  approved .•      1^  July> 

Act  reducing  the  U.  S.  army  to  a  peace  footing,      " 

•Second  Session  adjourns " 

First  through-car  from  the  Pacific  reaches  New  York, 

24  July, 
Adm.  David  C.  Farragut,  born  1801,  dies  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H 14  Aug, 

National  Labor  congress  meets  in  Cincinnati .  .  15  Aug. 
President  proclaims  neutrality  in  the  Franco-Prussian 

war 22  Aug. 

Irish  National  congress  assembles  at  Cincinnati,  23  Aug. 
National  Commercial  convention  meets  at  Cincinnati,  O., 

4  Oct. 
28* 


873 


UNI 


1870 


Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee,  born  1807,  dies  at  Lexington,  Va., 

12  Oct. 

President's  proclamation  forbidding  military  expedi- 
tions against  nations  at  peace  with  the  U.  S.,  12  Oct. 

Oliver  P.  Morton,  appointed  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
declines  for  political  reasons . 25  Oct. 

Jacob  D.  Cox,  secretary  of  interior,  resigns.  .  .  .30  Oct. 

John  Lothrop  Motley,  minister  to  England,  asked  to 
resign  by  the  president,  July,  1870;   disregarding 

the  request,  is  recalled Nov. 

Third  Session  opens 5  Dec. 

President's  annual  message  presented " 

J.  H.  Rainey  of  S.  C,  first  colored  member  of  House  of 
Representatives,  is  sworn  in 12  Dec. 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  America  organ- 
ized by  bishop  Paine  at  Jackson,  Tenn 16  Dec. 

Gen.  Robert  Schenck  appointed  minister  to  Great 
Britain 22  Dec. 

Resolution  authorizing  a  San  Domingo  commission 
approved  (B.  F.  Wade  of  O.,  A.  D.  White,  president 
of  Cornell  university,  and  S.  G.  Howe  of  Mass., 
named) 12  Jan. 

Supreme  court  decides  the  Legal  Tender  act  of  1862  con- 
stitutional  16  Jan. 

Statue  of  Lincoln  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capitol  un- 
veiled   .• .* 25  Jan. 

George  Ticknor,  historian,  born  1791,  dies  at  Boston, 

26  Jan. 

Act  for  a  commission  of  fish  and  fisheries  (Spencer  F. 
Baird  appointed) 9  Feb. 

District  of  Columbia  made  a  territorial  government,  by 
act  of 21  Feb. 

Act  for  celebration  of  centennial  of  Independence  by  an 
international  exhibition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876, 

3  Mch. 
Forty-first  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch. 

Forty-second  Congress,  First  Session,  meets " 

Speaker  of  the  House,  James  G.  Blaine  of  Me. 

Charles  Sumner,  chairman  of  Senate  Committee  on 
Foreign  Relations,  replaced  by  sen.  Cameron  of  Pa., 

10  Mch. 

President's  proclamation  against  unlawful  combinations 
of  armed  men  in  South  Carolina  (Ku-ki.ux),  24  Mch. 

Sen.  Sumner's  speech  on  the  resolutions  regarding  the 
employment  of  the  navy  on  the  coast  of  San  Domin- 
go during  negotiations  for  the  acquisition  of  part  of 

that  island ; 27  Mch. 

[The  acquisition  of  San  Domingo  by  annexation 
was  favored  by  the  president,  but  was  not  by  either 
the  House  or  the  Senate.  The  speeches  of  sen. 
Sumner  were  so  bitter  towards  the  measure  and  the 
administration  that  all  personal  intercourse  ceased 
between  him  and  the  president.] 

First  Civil-service  commission,  George  William  Curtis, 
Alexander  G.  Cattell,  Joseph  Medill,  D.  A.  Walker, 
E.  B.  EUicott,  Joseph  H.  Blackfan,and  David  C,  Cox, 
appointed  by  president Mch. 

William  H.  Gibson  (colored),  U.  S.  mail  agent  on  the 
Lexington  and  Louisville  railroad,  assaulted  at  North 
Benson,  Ky.,  26  Jan  ;  U.  S.  troops  sent  into  Ken- 
tucky, and  mail  withdrawn  on  that  route  for  one 
month Mch. 

San  Domingo  commission's  report  sent  to  Congress  with 
a  special  message  by  the  president 5  Apr. 

Act  to  enforce  the  XlV.th  Amendment  (Ku-klux  act), 

20  Apr. 

Branch  mint  at  Dahlonega,  Ga.,  conveyed  to  trustees 
of  the  North  Georgia  Agricultural  college  for  educa- 
tional purposes,  by  act  of. 20  Apr. 

First  Session  adjourns " 

Under  call,  dated  20  Apr.,  Senate  meets  in  special  ses- 
sion  10  May, 

Henry  B.  Anthony  elected  president  pro  teni.  of  the 
Senate .' .23  May, 

International  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  meets 
at  Washington,  D.  C 24  May, 

Extra  session  of  Senate  adjourns  sine  die 27  May, 


1870 


187 


UNI 

Hall's  Arctic  expedition  sails  from  New  York  (North- 
east ANi>  Northwest  passages) 29  June, 

Riot  in  New  York  city  between  Irish  Orangemen  and 
Catholics 12  July, 

First  narrow-gauge  (3  feet)  locomotive  built  in  the  U.  S. 
shipped  from  Philadelphia  for  the  Denver  and  Rio 
Grande  railroad 13  July, 

Tweed  Ring  frauds  first  exposed  in  the  New  York  Times, 

22  July, 

Boiler  on  Staten  Island  ferry-boat  Westfield  at  New 
York  explodes;  100  killed,  100  wounded. .  .30  July, 

Political  disturbance  in  Louisiana  begins  (Louisiana, 
1871-75) 8  Aug. 

National  Labor  congress  held  in  St.  Louis  ...  .10  Aug. 

Mass-meeting  in  New  York  held  to  consider  the  Tweed 
Ring  frauds  ;  committee  of  70  appointed. . .  .4  Sept. 

Pres.  Lincoln's  bodv  removed  to  the  permanent  vault 
at  Springfield,  111" 19  Sept. 

National  Commercial  convention  meets  at  Baltimore, 
Md 26  Sept. 

Brigham  Young  arrested  in  Salt  Lake  City  for  polyg- 
amy   2  Oct. 

Chicago  fire  breaks  out Sunday  evening,  8  Oct. 

Forest  fires  in  vicinity  of  Green  Bav  (Wisconsin), 

8-9  Oct. 

Proclamation  by  the  president  against  Ku-klux  in  South 
Carolina. . .  * 12  Oct. 

William  M.  Tweed  arrested  and  released  on  $2,000,000 
bail 27  Oct. 

Capt.  Charles  Francis  Hall,  Arctic  explorer,  dies  on  the 
Polaris 8  Nov. 

Grand-duke  Alexis  of  Russia  arrives  at  New  York  with  a 
fleet  of  war  vessels,  19  Nov.,  public  reception,  21  Nov. 

Russian  envoy  to  the  U.  S.,  Catacazy,  recalled,  owing 

.   to  personal  differences  with  sec.  Fish 25  Nov. 

Second  Session  convenes 4  Dec. 

Fish-Catacazy  correspondence  published 6  Dec. 

Attorney-gen.  A.  T.  Akerman  resigns  his  office,  13  Dec. 

Tweed  committed  to  the  Tombs,  but  released  on  writ  of 
habeas  corpus 16  Dec. 

President's  message  with  report  of  Civil-service  Reform 
commission 19  Dec. 

Brigham  Young  arrested  in  Salt  Lake  City  as  impli- 
cated in  murder  of  Richard  Yates 2  Jan. 

Col.  James  Fisk,  jr.,  shot  in  the  Grand  Central  Hotel, 
New  York,  by  Edward  S.  Stokes,  6  Jan.,  dies 
(Trials) 8  Jan. 

Congress  accepts  from  Rhode  Island  a  statue  of  Roger 
Williams  ....". 11  Jan. 

Sen.  Sumner's  speech  on  civil  rights 15  Jan. 

Liberal  Republican  movement  begins  with  a  conven- 
tion held  at  Jefferson  City,  Mo 24  Jan. 

Martin  J.  Spalding,  Roman  Catholic  archbishop  of 
Baltimore  and  primate  of  the  church  in  America, 
born  1810,  dies ; 7  Feb. 

Sen.  Sumner  offers  resolutions  to  investigate  sales  of 
ordnance  stores  by  the  governmentduring  the  Fran- 
co-German war 12  Feb. 

Labor  Reform  convention  meets  at  Columbus,  O.,  21 
Feb.,  and  nominates  judge  David  Davis  of  111.  for 
president,  and  judge  Joel  Parker  of  N.J.  for  vice- 
president 22  Feb. 

National  Prohibition  convention  at  Columbus,  O.,  nom- 
inates James  Black  of  Pa.  for  president,  and  John 
Russell  of  Mich,  for  vice-president 22  Feb. 

Yellowstone  National  park  established  by  act  ap- 
proved  1  Mch. 

Imperial  Japanese  embassy,  of  114  persons,  is  presented 
to  the  president  at  the  Executive  mansion.  .4  Mch. 

U.  S.  Centennial  commissioners  and  alternates  meet  in 
Philadelphia  and  organize,  electing  Joseph  R.  Haw- 
ley  president 4  Mch. 

Statues  of  Jonathan  Trumbull  and  Roger  Sherman  pre- 
sented to  the  Senate  by  Connecticut  for  the  old  Hall 
of  Representatives 8  Mch. 

Pres.  Grant  appoints  gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  U.S.A., 
prof.  Benjamin  Pierce,  U.  S.  coast  survey,  and  capt. 
Daniel  Araraen,  U.  S,  N.,  a  commission  to  examine 


874 


UNI 


1871 


1872 


plans  and  proposals  for  an  interoceanic  canal  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Darien Mch. 

Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  born  1791,  dies  in  New  York, 

2  Apr. 

National  convention  of  colored  men  at  New  Orleans; 
Frederick  Douglass,  chairman 10-14  Apr. 

Assassination  of  judge  J.  C.  Stephenson,  Thomas  E. 
Detro,  and  James  C.  Cline  at  Gun  City,  Mo.  (Mis- 
souri)     24  Apr. 

Sen.-elect  Matthew  W.  Ransom  from  N.  C.  admitted 
to  a  seat,  and  the  Senate  for  the  first  time  since  1861 
is  full 24  Apr. 

Brigham  Young  taken  to  camp  Douglas,  21  Mch.,  and 
released 30  Apr. 

Duty  on  tea  and  coffee  repealed  by  act  of 1  May, 

National  Liberal  Republican  convention  meets  in  Cin- 
cinnati, O.,  Carl  Schurz  permanent  president.  Hor- 
ace Greeley  of  N.  Y.  nominated  for  president  on  the 
6th  ballot,  3  May  ;  gov.  B.  Gratz  Brown  of  Mo.  for 

vice-president 1-3  May, 

[The  result  of  the  balloting  in  the  nomination  of 
Greeley  created  surprise  and  disappointment.  "That 
a  convention  which  owed  its  formal  call  to  a  body 
of  active  and  aggressive  free-traders,  should  commit 
its  standard  to  the  foremost  champion  of  protection 
in  the  country.  That  a  convention,  composed  largely 
of  Democrats,  should  select  him  who  had  waged  in- 
cessant and  unsparing  war  against  them  from  the 
hour  he  first  entered  political  life,  who  had  assailed 
them  with  all  the  terms  of  abuse  found  in  his  well- 
filled  armory  of  denunciation,  was  not  only  singular 
but  incongruous." — Blaine's  "  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress," vol.  ii.  p.  624.] 

Greeley's  letter  of  acceptance  dated 20  May, 

Political  disabilities  under  article  3  of  the  XlV.th 
Amendment  removed,  except  from  senators  and  rep- 
resentatives in  36th  and  37th  Congresses,  and  offi- 
cers of  the  judicial,  military,  and  naval  service  of 
the  U.  S.,  heads  of  departments,  and  foreign  minis- 
ters of  the  U.  S.,  by  act  of 22  May, 

Workingmen's  National  convention  at  New  York  nomi- 
nates Grant  and  Wilson  for  president  and  vice-presi- 
dent  23  May, 

Sumner  assails  the  president  in  the  Senate. .  .31  May, 
[  "  Sumner  seeks  to  prevent  the  renomination  of 
gen.  Grant  by  concentrating,  in  one  massive  broad- 
side, all  that  should  be  suggested  against  him." — 
Blaine's  "  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,"  vol.  ii.  p.  533.] 

B.  Gratz  Brown  accepts  the  nomination  for  vice-presi- 
dent  31  May, 

Dispute  with  Spain  respecting  the  imprisonment  of 
dr,  Howard,  an  American  citizen,  in  Cuba  since  13 
Dec.  1870,  settled,  and  dr.  Howard  released.  ,  .June, 

General  labor  strike  in  New  York  settled  (Strike), 

June, 

Centennial  Board  of  Finance  incorporated  by  act  of, 

•  1  June, 

James  Gordon  Bennett,  founder  of  the  New  York 
Herald,  born  1795,  dies  at  New  York 1  June, 

National  Republican  convention  at  Philadelphia,  5 
June,  Thomas  Settle  of  N.  C.  permanent  president. 
Grant  renominated  by  acclamation,  and  on  1st  ballot 
Henry  Wilson  of  Mass.  nominated  for  vice-president 
by  364^  votes  to  3211  votes  for  Schuyler  Colfax, 

6  June, 

Henry  B.  Anthony  chosen  president  pro  tern,  of  the 

Senate 8  June, 

Second  Session  adjourns 10  June, 

Grant  accepts  the  Republican  nomination.  ...     " 

Sen.  Wilson's  letter  of  acceptance  dated 14  June, 

World's  Peace  Jubilee  at  Boston  (Music), 

17  June-4  July, 

Liberal  Republican  Revenue  Reformers'  convention  at 
New  York  nominates  William  S.  Groesbeck  of  O.  for 
president,  and  Frederick  Law  Olmstead  of  N.  Y.  for 
vice-president 21  June, 

Judge  David  Davis  declines  the  Labor  Reform  nomi- 
nation for  president 24  June, 


187X1 


UNI 


875 


Joel  Parker,  nominated  for  vice-president  by  Labor  Re- 
form convention,  declines 28  June,  1872 

National  Democratic  convention  meets  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  9  July,  James  R.  Doolittle  of  Wis.  chairman. 
Horace  Greeley  of  N.  Y.  nominated  for  president  on 
1st  ballot  by  686  votes  out  of  732,  and  B.  Gratz 
Brown  of  Mo,  for  vice-president  by  713  votes  out  of 
732 9-10  July,    « 

Mr.  Greeley  accepts  the  nomination 12  July,    " 

Jesse  Olney,  geographer,  born  1798,  dies  at  Stratford, 
Conn 30  July,    « 

B.  Gratz  Brown  accepts  the  Baltimore  nomination, 

8  Aug.    « 

National  Labor  Reform  convention  at  Philadelphia 
nominates  Charles  O'Conor  for  president,  and  Eli 
Saulsbury  for  vice-president 22  Aug.    " 

O'Conor  declines  the  nomination 27  Aug.    " 

National  convention  of  "  Straight-out "  Democrats  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  repudiates  the  Baltimore  nominees, 
and  nominates  Charles  O'Conor  of  N.  Y.  for  presi- 
dent, and  John  Quincy  Adams  of  Mass.  for  vice-pres- 
ident (both  decline) 3-5  Sept.    " 

National  Industrial  Exposition  opens  at  Louisville,  Kv., 

3  Sept.    " 

Tribunal  at  Geneva,  under  article  vii.  of  the  treaty  of 
Washington,  8  May,  1871,  awards  to  the  U.  S.  $15,- 
500,000  as  indemnity  from  Great  Britain. .  .  14  Sept.    " 

Colored  Liberal  Republican  National  convention  at 
Louisville,  Ky.  delegates  from  23  states;  Greeley 
and  Brown  nominated 25  Sept.    " 

William  Henry  Seward,  born  1801,  dies  at  Auburn, 
N.  Y 10  Oct.    " 

"Epizootic,"  affecting  horses  throughout  the  country, 
reaches  the  city  of  New  York 23  Oct.    " 

Emperor  of  Germany,  arbitrator  in  the  San  Juan  diffi- 
culty, awards  the  islands  to  the  U.  S.  (Juan,  San), 

23  Oct.    » 

General  election :  Grant  and  Wilson  carry  31  states, 
popular  vote,  3,697,070 ;  Greeley  and  Brown,  6 
states,  popular  vote,  2,834,079 ;  Black  and  Russell, 
5608...    5  Nov.    " 

Great  tire  in  Boston ;  loss  180,000,000 9-10  Nov.    " 

Susan  B.  Anthony  and  14  other  females  prosecuted  for 
illegal  voting  in  Rochester,  N.  Y 18  Nov.    " 

Modoc  war  in  California 29  Nov.    " 

Horace  Greelev,  born  1811,  dies  at  Pleasantville,  N.  Y., 

29  Nov.    " 

Nicaragua  expedition,  in  charge  of  commander  E.  P. 
Lull,  sails  from  the  U.  S.  (returns  July,  1873).  .Dec.    " 
Third  Session  begins 2  Dec.    " 

President's  annual  message  received "         " 

Resolutions  of  Mr.  Blaine  adopted  in  the  House,  to  in- 
vestigate the  accusation  in  the  public  press  that 
members  of  the  House  had  been  bribed  in  behalf  of 
the  Union  Pacific  railroad  by  stock  in  the  Credit 
MoBiLiKK  of  America,  and  Luke  P.  Poland  of  Vt., 
Nathaniel  P.  Banks  of  Mass.,  James  B.  Beck  of  Ky., 
William  E.  Niblack  of  Ind.,  and  George  W.  Mc- 
Crary  of  la.,  appointed  the  committee 2  Dec.    " 

Edwin  Forrest,  the  tragedian,  born  1806,  dies  at  Phila- 
delphia.  12  Dec.    " 

Cri^dit  Mobilier  investigation  to  be  henceforth  con- 
ducted in  open  session  by  resolution  of  the  House, 

6  Jan. 1873 

Resolution  adopted  by  the  House  to  investigate  the 
relations  of  the  Credit  Mobilier  and  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad  company  to  the  government. 6  Jan.    " 

Committee  appointed  to  investigate:  J.  M.Wilson,  Ind.; 
Samuel  Shellabarger,  O.;  Henry  W.  Slocum,  N.  Y.; 
Thos.  Swaini,  :\[d. ;  and  Geo.  F.  Hoar,  Mass..  7  Jan.    " 
[This  committee  reported  20  Feb.] 

William  M.  Tweed  placed  on  trial 8  Jan.    " 

Act  to  abolish  the  grades  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral 
in  the  U.  S.  navy ;  no  future  appointments  to  be 
made 24  Jan.    " 

Jury  disagree  in  the  Tweed  trial 31  Jan.    '• 

Postal  franking  privilege  abolished  by  act  of  Congress, 

31  Jan.    " 


UNI 

"  Trade  dollar  "  ordered  and  silver  demonetized  by  act 
passing  the  Senate  6  Feb.  and  the  House 7  Feb.  1873 

Electoral  votes  counted 12  Feb.    " 

[Whole  number  of  electors,  366 ;  majority,  184. 
The  electoral  votes  of  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  were 
not  counted,  and  the  3  votes  of  Georgia,  cast  for 
Horace  Greeley  for  president,  were  excluded.  Num- 
ber of  votes  counted  for  president,  349;  for  vice- 
president,  352;  distributed  as  follows:  For  presi- 
dent, Ulysses  S.  Grant,  111.,  286 ;  B.  Gratz  Brown, 
Mo.,  18;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  Ind.,  42 ;  Charles  J. 
Jenkins,  Ga.,  2;  David  Davis,  111.,  1.  For  vice- 
president,  Henry  Wilson,  Mass.,  286;  B.  Gratz 
Brown,  Mo.,  47;  Nathaniel  P.  Banks,  Mass.,  1; 
George  W.  Julian,  Ind.,  5^  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  Ga., 
5 ;  John  M.  Palmer,  111.,  3 ;  Thomas  E.  Bramlette, 
Ky.,  3;  William  S.  Groesbeck,  O.,  1;  Willis  B. 
Machen,  Ky.,  1.] 

March  4, 1873,  designated  for  extraordinary  session  of 
Senate,  by  proclamation  of  president 21  Feb.    " 

Alexander  H.  Stephens  elected  to  43d  Congress  from 
Georgia 26  Feb.    " 

Resolutions  of  the  House  censuring  Oakes  Ames  of 
Mass.,  and  James  Brooks  of  N.  Y.,  for  connection 
with  Credit  Mobilier 27  Feb.    " 

Act  by  which  hereafter  no  Indian  nation  or  tribe  with- 
in the  territory  of  the  U.  S.  shall  be  acknowledged 
or  recognized  as  an  independent  nation,  tribe,  or 
power  with  whom  the  U.  S.  may  contract  by  treaty, 

3  Mch.    " 

Amendment  to  appropriation  bill  offered  by  B.  F.  But- 
ler, fixing  salary  of  the  president  of  the  U.  S.  at 
$50,000  per  year,  vice-president  $10,000,  and  sena- 
tors, representatives,  and  delegates,  including  those 
of  the  42d  Congress,  $7500,  besides  travelling  ex- 
penses (the  "Salary  Grab"  bill),  passed.  .  .  .3  Mch.    " 

Act  to  establish  10  life-saving  stations  on  the  coast  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Virginia, 
and  North  Carolina 3  Mch.    " 

Oath  of  office  administered  to  vice-pres. Wilson,  4  Mch.    " 
Forty-second  Congress  adjourns "         " 

Senate  convenes  in  special  session "         " 

Pres.  Grant  reinaugurated "         " 

Twenty-second  Administration— EepubKcan.    4  Mch. 

1873  to  3  Mch.  1877. 

Ulysses  S.  Grant,  111.,  president. 
Henry  Wilson,  Mass.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Hamilton  Fish,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued. 
William  A.  Richardson,  Mass.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  17  Mch.  1873. 
Benjamin  If.  Bristow,  Ky.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  4  June,  1874. 
Lot  M.  Morrill,  Me.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  7  Julj'^,  1876. 
Columbus  Delano,  O.,  sec.  of  interior,  continued. 
Zachariah  Chandler,  Mich.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  19  Oct.  1875. 
W.  W.  Belknap,  la.,  sec.  of  war,  continued. 
Alphonso  Taft,  O.,  sec.  of  war,  from  8  Mch.  1876. 
James  D.  Cameron,  Pa.,  sec.  of  war,  from  22  May,  1876. 
George  M.  Robeson,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued. 
John  A.  J.  Creswell,  Md.,  postmaster-gen.,  continued. 
James  W.  Marshall,  Va.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  7  July,  1874. 
Marshall  Jev^ell,  Conn.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  24  Aug.  1874. 
James  N.  Tyner,  Ind.,  postmaster-gen,,  from  12  July,  1876. 
George  H.  Williams,  Or.,  attorney-gen.,  continued. 
Edwards  Pierrepont,  N.  Y.,  attorney-gen.,  from  26  Apr.  1875. 
Alphonso  Taft,  O.,  attorney-gen., from  22  May,  1876. 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns 26  Mch.  1873 

VVhite  Star  steamship  A  tlantic  wrecked  on  Marr's  Rock, 

off  Nova  Scotia ;  547  lives  lost 1  Apr.    " 

Massacre  by  Indians  under  capt.  Jack  of  gen.  Canby, 

in  the  lava  beds  near  fort  Klamath,  Cal 11  Apr.    " 

James  Brooks  of  N.  Y.,  born  1810,  dies  at  Washing- 
ton  30  Apr.    " 

Rescue  of  19  persons  (late  of  the  Polaris')  from  float- 
ing ice  in  Baffin's  bay,  by  the  sealing- vessel  Tigress, 
capt.  Bartlett  of  Conception  bay,  Newfoundland, 

30  Apr.    " 


UNI 


876 


UNI 


One-cent  postal-cards  issued  by  the  U.  S.  government, 

1  May,  1873 
National  Cheap  Transportation  Association  organized 

in  New  York 6  May,    " 

Chief-justice  Salmon  P.  Chase,  born  1808,  dies  in  New 

York  city 7  May,    " 

Cakes  Ames,  member  of  Congress  from  Mass.,  "  father 

of  the  Credit  Mobilier,"  born  1804,  dies 8  May,    " 

President's  proclamation  dispersing  disorderly  bands  in 

Louisiana 22  May,    " 

U.  S.  Agricultural  congress,  organized  in  St.  Louis, 

1872,  meets  at  Indianapolis,  Ind 28  May,    " 

Nearly  all  the  Modocs  surrender,  22  May ;  capt.  Jack 

and  the  remainder  surrender 1  June,    " 

Susan  B.  Anthony  fined  $100  for  illegal  voting  at 

Rochester 18  June,    " 

Mavenscraig  of  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland,  in  75°  38'  N.  lat., 

and  65°  35'  W.  Ion.,  rescues  the  remainder  of  the 

crew  of  the  Polans 23  June,    " 

Hiram  Powers,  sculptor,  born  1805,  dies  at  Florence, 

Italy 27  June,    " 

Centennial  exposition  at  Philadelphia,  to  open  19  Apr. 

1876,  and  close  19  Oct.  following,  by  proclamation  of 

president 3  July,    " 

Site  of  Exposition  buildings  in  Fairmount  park,  Phila- 
delphia, transferred  to  the  Centennial  commission, 

4  July,    " 
England  pays  the  Alabama  award  ($15,500,000), 

5  Sept.    " 
Panic  begins  in  the  Stock  exchange.  New  York  city, 

19  Sept.    " 
New  York  Stock  exchange  closed  Sept.  20 ;  reopens, 

30  Sept.    « 

Execution  of  capt.  Jack  and  other  Modocs 3  Oct.    " 

Evangelical  Alliance  of  the  World  holds  a  session  in 

New  York 3-11  Oct.    " 

Virginius,  an  American  schooner,  suspected  of  convey- 
ing men  and  arms  from  New  York  to  the  insurgents 
in  Cuba,  is  captured  by  the  Spanish  gun-boat  Tor- 
nado, and  conveyed  to  Cuba 31  Oct.    " 

Above  90  insurgents  and  sailors  tried;  many  insur- 
gents and  6  British  and  30  Americans  shot .  4-7  Nov.    " 
William  M.  Tweed  convicted  (New  York).  .  .  19  Nov.    " 
Hoosac  tunnel  completed  (Tunnel) 27  Nov.    " 

Forty-third  Congress,  First  Session,  opens 1  Dec.    " 

Vote  for  speaker  of  the  House :  James  G.  Blaine,  189 ; 
Fernando  Wood,  76;  S.  S.  Cox,  2;  Hiester  Clymer,  1; 
Alexander  H.  Stephens,  1 1  Dec.    " 

Matthew  H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  chosen  president  pro 
tern,  of  Senate 11  Dec.    '• 

Prof.  Louis  J.  R.  Agassiz,  scientist,  born  1807,  dies  at 
Cambridge,  Mass 14  Dec.    " 

Virginius  surrendered  to  the  U.  S.  by  Spain ;  she 
founders  at  sea  off  cape  Fear  while  on  her  way  to 
New  York 19  Dec.    " 

Ex-mayor  Hall  of  New  York  acquitted 24  Dec.    " 

Survivors  of  the  Virginius  massacre,  102,  surrendered  to 
the  U.  S.  authorities  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  18  Dec, 
reach  New  York  on  the  Juniata 28  Dec.    " 

Leavenworth,  Kan.,  selected  as  the  site  for  the  National 
Military  prison 29  Dec.    " 

Women's  Temperance  crusade  begins  at  Hillsborough, 
O Dec.    " 

Chang  and  Eng,  the  Siamese  twins,  born  in  Siam,  15 
Apr.  1811,  came  to  the  U.  S.  1828,  die  at  their  home 
near  Salisbury,  N.  C,  Eng  surviving  Chang  about  2 
hours 17  Jan.  1874 

Act  of  3  Mch.  1873  ("  Salary  Grab  "  bill),  repealed,  ex- 
cept as  to  salaries  of  the  president  and  justices  of  the 
Supreme  court 20  Jan.    " 

Morrison  R.  Waite  appointed  and  confirmed  chief-jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  court 21  Jan.    " 

Act  authorizing  coinage  at  the  mint  of  coins  for  for- 
eign nations 29  Jan.    " 

Act  providing  for  busts  of  chief-justices  Taney  and 
Chase,  to  be  placed  in  the  Supreme  Court  room  of 
the  U.  S 29  Jan.    " 


Ex-pres.  Millard  Fillmore,  born  1800,  dies  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y 8  Mch.  1874 

Charles  Sumner,  born  1811,  dies  at  Washington,  D.  C, 

1 1  Mch.    " 

Bill  to  inflate  the  currency,  fixing  the  maximum  limit 
at  $400,000,000,  passed  by  Senate,  6  Apr.,  by  29  to 
24,  and  House,  14  Apr.,  by  140  to  1 02,  vetoed  .  22  A  pr.    " 

Condition  and  status  of  the  fur  trade  in  Alaska  to  bo 
investigated  by  special  government  agent,  bj'  act, 

22  Apr.    " 

Proclamation  of  president  commanding  turbulent  and 
disorderly  gatherings  in  Arkansas  to  disperse,  15  May.    " 

Reservoir  dam  on  Mill  river,  Mass. ,  bursts :  loss  of  prop- 
erty $1,500,000 ;  of  life  nearly  200  persons,  16  May,    " 

W.  A.  Richardson,  sec.  of  the  treasury,  resigns.  1  June,    " 

President  to  invite  foreign  governments  to  take  part  in 
the  Centennial  Exhibition,  by  act h  June,    ' 

Territorial  government  for  the  District  of  Columbia 
abolished,  and  a  board  of  3  governing  regents  pro- 
vided for,  by  act  of. 20  June,    ' 

Congress  appropriates  $300  or  less  to  purchase  and  re- 
store to  the  family  of  Lafayette  the  watch  presented 
him  by  gen.  Washington,  lost  during  his  visit  to 
the  U.  S.  in  1825,  and  since  found 22  June,    ' 

"  Hazing  "  at  the  Annapolis  Naval  academy  to  be  in- 
vestigated by  court-martial,  and  punished  by  dis- 
missal, by  act 23  June,    ' 

Court  of  Commissioners  of  Alabama  claims  constituted 
by  act  of  Congress 23  June,    ' 

Law  to  punish  by  imprisonment  and  fine  the  bringing 
into  the  U.  S.,  and  selling  or  holding  in  involuntary 
servitude  inveigled  or  kidnapped  foreigners,  28  June,     ' 
First  Session  adjourns "  ' 

Postmaster-gen.  A.  J.  Creswell  resigns 24  June,    ' 

Great  distress  in  Minnesota,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska  by 
the  grasshopper  plague July-Oct.    * 

Mysterious  abduction  of  Charley  Ross,  aged  4  years, 
from  his  father's  home  in  Germantown,  Pa.  (never 
found) 1  July,    ' 

Illinois  and  St.  Louis  railroad  bridge  over  the  Missis- 
sippi at  St.  Louis  opened 4  July,    " 

Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  demands  an  investigation 
of  Theodore  Tilton's  charges  against  him .  .  .7  July,    " 

Sixteen  negroes  forcibly  taken  outof  the  Trenton, Tenn., 
jail  by  disguised  men  and  shot 26  Aug.    " 

Rev.  H.  W.  Beecher  acquitted  by  a  committee  of  his 
church 28  Aug.    " 

Headquarters  of  the  U.  S.  army  removed  to  St.  Louis, 

1  Oct.    " 

Lincoln  monument  at  Springfield,  111.,  dedicated,  15  Oct.    " 

National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  organ- 
ized at  Cleveland,  O 19  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  opens 7  Dec.    " 

President's  message  received "         " 

Race  riot  at  Vicksburg,  Miss. ;  75  negroes  killed,     "         " 

Death  of  hon.  Ezra  Cornell,  born  1807,  occurs  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y. 9  Dec.    " 

Official  reception  given  king  Kalakaua  of  the  Hawaiian 
islands  by  Congress 18  Dec.    " 

President  by  proclamation  orders  turbulent  and  disor- 
derly gatherings  in  Mississippi  to  disperse.  .21  Dec.    " 

Gerrit  Smith,  philanthropist,  born  1797,  dies  at  New 
York  city 28  Dec.    " 

Sen.  Sherman's  bill  for  resumption  of  specie  payment, 
1  Jan.  1879, approved, with  special  message.  14  Jan.  1875 

President  calls  the  Senate  for  5  Mch 17  Feb.    " 

Indemnity  from  the  Spanish  government  for  families 
of  men  shot  in   the  Virginius  massacre  fixed   at 

$80,000 27  Feb.    " 

Civil  Rights  bill,  to  enforce  equal  enjoyment  of  inns, 

public  conveyances,  theatres,  etc.,  approved .  .1  Mch.    " 
Contract  with  James  B.  Eads  for  jetty-work  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river,  by  act  of.  . .  .3  Mch.    " 

Enabling  act  for  Colorado  passed "         '• 

Supplementary  Immigration  act  passed "         " 

Act  authorizing  twenty-cent  pieces  of  silver, .  .     "         " 
Part  of  island  of  Mackinac  made  a  national  park,  bv 
act  of 3  Mcii.    " 


UNI  877 

Forty-third  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch.  1875 

Special  session  of  Senate  convenes,  T.  W.  Ferry  presi- 
dent;:>ro  tern 5  Mch.    '* 

Gold  discovered  in  Deadwood  and  Whitewood  gulches, 
S.  Dakota 14  Mch.    " 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns 24  Mch.    " 

Wheeler  adjustment  of  Louisiana  state  governnoent 
(Louisiana,  1871-75) 14  Apr.    « 

Centenary  of  the  battle  of  Lexington 19  Apr.    " 

Archbishop  John  McCloskey  invested  with  the  biretta 
of  a  cardinal  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  in  St. 
Patrick's  cathedral,  N.  Y 27  Apr.    " 

Whiskey  frauds  in  western  states,  causing  a  loss  to 
the  U.  S.  of  $1,650,000  in  revenue  in  10  months, 
exposed 1  May,    " 

Secret  investigation  of  the  Whiskey  ring  by  sec. 
Bristow,  aided  by  Myron  Colony,  leads  to  seizure  of 
16  distilleries  and  many  rectifying-houses  in  St. 
Louis,  Milwaukee,  and  Chicago 10  May,    " 

George  H.  Williams,  attorney-general,  resigns,  22  Apr., 
to  take  effect 15  May,    " 

John  C.  Breckinridge,  born  1821,  dies  at  Lexington, 
Ky 17  May,   " 

Pres.  Grant's  letter  on  the  "  Third  term  "  appears, 

29  May,    " 

Centenary  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill 17  June,    " 

Jury  in  the  case  of  Tilton  vs.  Beecher  disagree  and  are 
discharged 2  July,    " 

Andrew  Johnson,  born  1808,  dies  near  Jonesborough 
Tenn 31  July,    " 

Hon.  Horace  Binney,  born  1780,  graduate  of  Harvard, 
1797,  and  oldest  member  of  Philadelphia  bar,  dies 
at  Philadelphia 12  Aug.    " 

Com.  Perry's  flag-ship,  the  Lawrence^  sunk  for  preser- 
vation in  Misery  bay,  lake  Erie,  in  July,  1815,  is 
raised  for  transportation  to  the  Centennial  exposi- 
tion  14  Sept.    " 

Democratic  conventions  of  New  York  declare  for  spe- 
cie resumption 16  Sept.    " 

Columbus  Delano,  secretary  of  the  interior,  resigns 
5  July ;  resignation  accepted 22  Sept.    *• 

Pres.  Grant  speaks  against  sectarian  schools  in  Des 
Moines,  la 29  Sept.    " 

Steamship  Pacific  founders  between  San  Francisco  and 
Portland ;  200  lives  lost 4  Nov.    " 

Henry  Wilson,  vice-president,  born  1812,  dies  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C 22  Nov.    " 

Thomas  W.  Ferry  of  Mich.,  president  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate,  becomes  acting  vice-president 22  Nov.    " 

William  B.  Astor,  born  1792,  dies  in  New  York,  24  Nov.    " 

Forty-fourth  Congress,  First  Session,  meets  ...  .6  Dec.    " 

Democratic  majority  ill  the  House  of  Representatives 
for  the  first  time  in  15  years ;  Michael  C.  Kerr  chos- 
en speaker  bv  173  to  106  for  James  G.  Blaine, 

6  Dec.    " 

Seventh  annual  message  of  pres.  Grant  advocates  un- 
sectarian  and  compulsory  education 7  Dec.     " 

Extensive  forgeries  of  E.  D.  Winslow  of  Boston  dis- 
covered, and  he  flees  the  country 25  Jan.  1876 

Reverdv  Johnson,  born  1796,  dies  at  Annapolis,  Md., 

10  Feb.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $1,500,000  to  complete  Centen- 
nial buildings,  etc.,  at  Philadelphia  ......  .16  Feb.    " 

Charlotte  Cushman,  born  1816,  dies  at  Boston,  Mass., 

18  Feb.    " 

W.  W.  Belknap,  secretary  of  war,  resigns ;  the  House, 
by  resolution,  impeaches  him 2  Mch.    " 

Articles  of  impeachment  presented  in  Senate.  .  4  Apr.    " 

Charles  A  Dana,  appointed  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
rejected  by  the  Senate 5  Apr.    " 

Alexander  T.  Stewart,  born  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  1803, 
dies  at  New  York 10  Apr.    " 

Statue  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  from  contributions  of 
freedmen,  unveiled  in  Lincoln  park,  Washington 
(Sculpture,  Ward,  John  Q.  A.) 14  Apr.    " 

Pres.  Grant  vetoes  Senate  bill  to  reduce  his  salary  after 
4  Mch.  1877,  from  $50,000  to  $25,000   19  Apr.    « 


UNI 

Message  from  pres.  Grant  justifying  his  absence  from 
the  seat  of  government  by  precedents 4  Mav, 

Dom  Pedro  IL,  emperor  of  Brazil,  with  the  empress 
Theresa,  arrives  in  New  York  15  Apr.,  and  is  pre- 
sented to  pres.  Grant 7  May, 

Centennial  exposition  at  Fairmount  park,  Philadel- 
phia, opened  by  pres.  Grant  and  dom  Pedro,  10  May, 

Prohibition  convention  at  Cleveland,  O.,  nominates 
gen.  Green  Clay  Smith  of  Ky.  for  president,  and  (i. 
T.  Stewart  of  O.  for  vice-president 17  May, 

National  Greenback  convention  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
nominates  Peter  Cooper  of  N.  Y.  for  president ;  U.  S. 
sen.  Newton  Booth,  nominated  for  vice-president, 
declines,  and  Samuel  F.  Gary  of  O.  substituted, 

18  May, 
Alphonso  Taft,  secretary  of  war,  resigns,  being  ap- 
pointed attorney-general 22  May, 

Peter  Cooper's  letter  of  acceptance 31  May, 

Edwards  Pierrepont,  attorney-general,  resigns,  1  June, 
Site  for  observatory  of  Mount  Hamilton,  Santa  Clara 
county,  Cal.,  granted  to  the  trustees  of  Lick  obser- 
vatory by  Congress 7  June, 

Ezra  D.  Winslow,  the  American  forger,  surrendered  by 

Great  Britain  (Extradition) 15  June, 

Republican  National  convention  meets  at  Cincinnati, 
O.,  14  June.  Edward  McPherson  of  Pa.  permanent 
president.  On  the  16th,  9  nominations  for  president 
are  made ;  votes  necessary  to  a  choice,  378 ;  on  the 
1st  ballot,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  has  61;  Jas.  G. 
Blaine,  285 ;  B.  H.  Bristow,  113 ;  on  the  7th  ballot, 
Hayes,  384;  Blaine,  351;  Bristow,  21 ;  for  vice- 
president,  William  A.  Wheeler  of  N.  Y.  unanimously 

elected  on  first  ballot 16  June, 

B.  H.  Bristow,  sec.  of  the  treasury,  resigns.  .  .20  June, 

Massacre  of  gen.  George  A.  Custer  and  276  men,  by 

Indians  under  Sitting  Bull,  near  the  Little  Big  Horn 

river,  Montana 25  June, 

President  suggests  public  religious  services  on  4  July, 

1876,  by  proclamation 26  June, 

Democratic  National  convention  at  St.  Louis,  gen.  John 
A.  McClernand  permanent  president,  27  June;  six 
nominations  for  president  made;  1st  ballot  gives 
Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  N.  Y.  417,  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks of  Ind.  140;  on  the  2d  ballot  Tilden  receives 
635  votes,  and  his  nomination  made  unanimous,  28 
June ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  nominated  for  vice- 
president  by  acclamation .  .29  June, 

Centenary  of  American  independence 4  July, 

R. B.  Hayes  accepts  Republican  nomination.  .  .8  July, 
Shooting  of  5  negro  militiamen  by  whites  at  Ham- 
burg (South  Carolina) 9  July, 

Postmaster-general  Jewell  resigns 11  July, 

W.  A.  Wheeler's  letter  of  acceptance. 15  July, 

Congress  authorizes  the  minting  of  not  less  than 
$10,000,000  in  silver  coin  to  exchange  for  legal- 
tender  notes,  and  declares  the  trade  dollar  no  longer 

a  legal  tender 22  July, 

Hendricks's  letter  of  acceptance  dated 24  July, 

Tilden's  letter  of  acceptance  dated 31  July, 

W.  W.  Belknap  acquitted  by  the  Senate ;  vote  on  first 

article,  35  guilty,  25  not  guilty 1  Aug. 

Colorado,  the  38th  state  in  order,  admitted  by  act  of 
3  Mch.  1875,  and  by  proclamation  of  president, 

1  Aug. 
Congress  appropriates  $200,000  to  complete  the  Wash- 
ington monument 2  Aug. 

First  Session  adjourns 15  Aug. 

Hon.  M.  C.  Kerr,  speaker  of  House  of  Representatives, 
born  1827,  dies  at  Rockbridge  Alum  springs,  Va., 

19  Aug. 
Bronze  statue  of  Lafayette,  the  gift  of  the  French  re- 
public to  New  York  city,  is  unveiled 6  Sept. 

Hallet's  Point  reef,  "Hell  gate,"  blown  up.  .  .24  Sept. 

Gen.  Braxton  Bragg,  born  about  1816,  dies  at  Galves- 
ton, Tex .27  Sept. 

By  proclamation  pres.  Grant  commands  disorderly  and 
turbulent  gatherings  in  South  Carolina  to  disperse, 

17  Oct. 


1876 


UNI 

Popular  vote  at  preaidential  election :  Hayes,  Republi- 
can, 4,033,295 ;  Tilden,  Democratic,  4,284,265;  Coop- 
er, Greenback,  81,737;  Smith,  Prohibition,  9522, 

7  Nov. 

International  exhibition  at  Philadelphia  closes,  10  Nov. 

Second  Session  meets;  Thomas  W.  Ferry  presiding  in 

the  Senate 4  Dec. 

In  the  House,  Samuel  J.  Randall  is  elected  speaker  by 
162  to  82  for  James  A.  Garfield 4  Dec. 

Pres.  (irant's  8th  annual  message 5  Dec. 

Brooklyn  theatre  burned  during  h  performance  of 
"The  Two  Orphans,"  and  295  lives  lost 5  Dec. 

First  incineration  in  the  U.  S.  of  body  of  baron  De 
Palm,  at  the  crematory  in  Washington,  Pa .  .6  Dec. 

Return ing-boards  give  Hayes  185  electoral  votes,  Tilden 
184 ;  election  disputed  (the  country  in  great  excite- 
ment till  the  following  March) .  .6  Dec. 

Com.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  born  1794,  dies  at  New  York, 

4  Jan. 

Two  governors,  NichoUs  (Dem.)  and  Packard  (Rep.), 
inaugurated  in  Louisiana 8  Jan. 

Joint  congressional  committee  agrees  upon  a  plan  for 
counting  the  electoral  votes 17  Jan. 

Act  passed  by  Senate,  25  Jan ,  by  47  to  17,  and  by 
House,  26  Jan.,  by  191  to  86,  provides  for  an  electoral 
commission  of  5  members  of  each  House,  elected 
viva-voce  on  the  Tuesday  before  the  first  Thursday 
in  Feb.  1877,  with  4  associate  justices  of  the  Supreme 
court  from  the  1st,  3d,  8th,  and  9th  circuits,  together 
with  a  5th  associate  justice  selected  by  the  other  4; 
the  commission  not  to  be  dissolved  when  organized, 
and  no  withdrawal  of  members  permitted  except  by 
death  or  physical  disability;  approved 29  Jan. 

Senate  elects  as  members  George  F.  Edmunds,  Oli- 
ver P.  Morton,  Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen,  Allen 
G.  Thurman,  Thomas  F.  Bayard ;  the  House  elects 
Henry  B.  Payne,  Eppa  Hunton,  Josiah  G.  Abbot, 
James  A.  Garfield,  George  F.  Hoar  ;  the  justices  of 
the  Supreme  court  designated  are  Nathan  Clifford, 
Samuel  F.  Miller,  Stephen  J.  Field,  and  William 
Strong,  and  select  Joseph  R.  Bradley  as  the  5th ;  in 
all  8  Republicans,  7  Democrats 30  Jan. 

Three  certificates  from  Florida  referred  to  the  Electoral 
commission,  and  the  vote  awarded  to  the  Republi- 
cans by  8  to  7 9  Feb. 

Prof.  A.  Graham  Bell  exhibits  his  Telephone  at  Sa- 
lem, Mass 12  Feb. 

Commission  awards  the  electoral  vote  of  Louisiana  to 
the  Republicans  by  vote  8  to  7 16  Feb. 

Contested  vote  of  Oregon  counted  for  the  Republicans 
by  the  commission  ;  8  to  7 23  Feb. 

Political  disabilities  of  Joseph  E.  Johnston  of  Va., 
under  the  XIV. th  Amendment,  removed  bv  act  of, 

'  23  Feb. 

Sen.  Francis  Kernan  of  N.  Y.  substituted  on  Electoral 
commission  for  sen.  Thurman,  physically  unable  to 
serve 26  Feb. 

Contested  vote  of  South  Carolina  awarded  to  Republi- 
cans by  Electoral  commission,  8  to  7 27  Feb. 

Election  of  R.  B.  Hayes  as  president  and  William  A. 
Wheeler  as  vice-president  confirmed,  and  joint  meet- 
ing of  2  Houses  of  Congress  dissolves  at  4.10  a.m., 

2Mch. 

Act  to  remove  political  disabilities  of  John  S.  Marma- 
duke  approved 2  Mch. 

President  calls  special  session  of  the  Senate  for  5  Mch. 
1877 2  Mch. 

House  of  Representatives  resolves  that  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  received  196  electoral 
votes  for  president  and  vice-president,  and  were 
elected,  136  yeas,  88  nays,  66  not  voting.  .  .  .3  Mch. 

R.  B.  Hayes  privately  takes  oath  of  office  as  president, 

7.05  P.M.,  Saturday,  3  Mch. 

Forty-fourth  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch. 

R.  B.  Hayes  inaugurated  and  publicly  takes  the  oath  of 
office 5  Mch. 

Special  sessi^on  of  Senate  convenes;  vice-president 
Wheeler  sworn  in 5  Mch. 


878 


UNI 


1876 


187; 


Twenty-third  Administration  —  Eepublican.    4  Mcli 

1877  to  3  Mch.  1881. 

Itutlierford  B.  Hayes,  O.,  president. 
William  A.  Wheeler,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

William  M.  Evarts,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  state,  from  12  Mch.  1877,] 
John  Sherman,  O.,  sec.  of  trcas.,  from  12  Mch.  1877. 
George  W.  McCrary,  la.,  sec.  of  war,  from  12  Mch.  1877. 
Alexander  Ranisey,  Minn.,  sec.  of  war,  from  10  Dec.  1879, 
Richaid  IV.  Thompson,  Ind.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  12  Mch.  1877,^ 
Nathan  Gaff,  jr.,  W.  Va.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  6  Jan.  1881. 
Carl  Schurz,  Mo.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  12  Mch.  1877. 
David  McK.  Key,  Tenn.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  12  Mch.  1877, 
Horace  Maynard,  Tenn.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  2  June,  1880. 
Charles  Devens,  Mass.,  attorney -gen.,  from  12  Mch.  1877. 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns 17  Mch.  187 

John  D.  Lee,  convicted  of  complicity  in  the  Mountain 
Meadow  massacre,  executed  (Massackes,  U.  S.  ; 
Utah)   23  Mch.    « 

Packard  legislature  in  Louisiana  breaks  up. .  .21  Apr.    " 

Forty-fourth  Congress  adjourning  without  making  the 
usual  appropriations  for  the  army  for  the  year  ending 
30  June,  1878,  the  president  calls  on  the  45th  Congress 
to  meet  15  Oct 5  May,    " 

Ex-pres.  Grant  leaves  Philadelphia  for  an  extended 
European  tour 17  May,    " 

John  L.  Motley,  historian,  born  1814,  dies  at  Dorset- 
shire, Engl 29  May,    « 

Ten  Molly  Maguires  hung,  6  at  Pottsville  and  4  at 
Mauch  Chunk,  Pa 21  June,    " 

Civil-service  order  issued  by  pres.  Hayes :  "  No  officer 
should  be  required  or  permitted  to  take  part  in  the 
management  of  political  organizations  or  election 
campaigns" 22  June,    " 

Strike  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  begins  at 
Martinsburg,  W.  Va.  (Mauyland,  Pennsylvania, 
West  Virginia,  and  other  states) 16  July,    " 

Proclamations  of  president  against  domestic  violence  in 
West  Virginia  (dated  18  July),  in  Maryland  (21 
July),  and  Pennsylvania 23  July,    " 

Two  satellites  of  Mars  discovered  by  prof.  Asaph  Hall 
of  the  U.  S nights'  of  11  and  17  Aug.    " 

Armed  band  of  Mexican  outlaws  forcibly  release  2  noto- 
rious criminals,  Esproneda  and  Garza,  from  jail  in 
Rio  Grande  Citj'^,  Tex.,  escaping  to  Mexico,  12  Aug.    " 

Brigham  Young,  b.  1801,  dies  at  Salt  Lake  City,  29  Aug.    « 

Monument  to  John  Brown  dedicated  at  Ossawatomie, 
Kan 30  Aug.    « 

War  with  the  Nez  Perces  Indians  breaks  out  in  Idaho,     ^ 
15  June ;  closed  by  surrender  of  Indians  to  col.  Miles, 

30  Sept.    « 
Forty-fifth  Congress,  First  Session  (extra),  opens,  15  Oct.    " 

Samuel  J.  Randall  elected  speaker  of  House  by  149  to 
132  for  James  A.  Garfield. 

Pres.  Hayes's  message 16  Oct.    " 

Bill  for  free  coinage  of  the  standard  silver  dollar  as  a 
legal  tender  introduced  in  the  House  by  Mr.  Bland 
of  Mo 5  Nov.    " 

Fisheries  commission,  under  treaty  of  Washington, 
awards  $5,500,000  in  gold  to  be  paid  by  the  U.  S.  to 
Great  Britain  for  fisheries  privilege 23  Nov.    " 

U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Huron  wrecked  in  a  gale  off  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina  near  Oregon  Inlet ;  over  100  lives 

lost 24  Nov.    « 

First  Session  adjourns 3  Dec. 

Second  Session  meets " 

President's  message  recommends  resumption  of  specie 
payment,  1  Jan.  1879 3  Dec. 

President  and  Mrs.  Hayes  celebrate  their  silver  wedding 
at  the  White  House 31  Dec. 

About  100  lives,  chiefly  railroad  engineers  and  artisans 
bound  for  Brazil,  lost  by  wreck  of  the  steamship 
Metropolis  near  Kitty  Hawk,  N.  C 31  Jan.  1878 

Greenback  National  convention  in  Toledo,  O.,  organizes 
a  National  Greenback  party,  with  judge  Francis  W. 
Hughes  as  president 22  Feb. 


UNI  879 

Bland  Silver  bill,  as  amended,  passed  over  the  pres- 
ident's veto 28  Feb.  1878 

Benjamin  F.  Wade,  born  1800,  dies  at  Jefferson,  O., 

2Mch.    '< 

American  register  to  be  issued  to,  and  naval  officers  de- 
tailed for,  the  Jeannette  (fitted  for  a  Polar  expedition 
by  James  Gordon  Bennett),  by  act  of. 18  Mch.    " 

William  M.  Tweed,  born  1823,  dies  in  Ludlow  Street 

jail.  New  York 12  Apr.    " 

Thomas  W.  Ferry  chosen  president  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate 17  Apr.    " 

First  train  on  the  Gilbert  Elevated  railroad,  New  York, 
is  run  on  Sixth  avenue 29  Apr.    " 

■Coinage  of  20-cent  silver  pieces  stopped  by  act  of  2  May,    " 

Prof.  Joseph  Henry  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
born  1797,  dies 13  May,    « 

■Select  committee  appointed  in  the  House  on  motion  of 
Mr.  Potter  to  investigate  alleged  frauds  in  the  presi- 
dential election  in  Louisiana  and  Florida. .  .17  May,    " 

Further  retirement  of  legal -tender  notes  forbidden; 
the  balance,  $350,000,000,  to  be  kept  in  circulation, 
by  act  of 31  May,    " 

Bill  to  repeal  the  Bankrupt  law  passed 7  June,    " 

Act  providing  for  government  of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia by  3  commissioners 11  June,    " 

William  Cullen  Bryant,  born  1794,  dies  in  New  York, 

12  June,    " 

It  is  made  unlawful  to  employ  the  army  as  a  posse 
comitatus  to  execute  laws  except  as  expressly  au- 
thorized by  the  Constitution 18  June,    " 

Act  for  additional  life-saving  stations  and  for  organiz- 
ing the  Life-saving  service 18  June,    " 

Act  to  relieve  political  disabilities  of  gen.  E.  Kirby 

Smith 19  June,    " 

Second  Session  adjourns 20  June,    " 

Yellow-fever  prevails  in  the  southern  states,  begin- 
ning at  New  Orleans about  10  to  15  July,    " 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  joins  the  Greenback  party.  .10  Aug.    " 

Repeal  of  Bankrupt  laws  of  1867  and  1874  takes  effect, 

1  Sept.    " 

First  resident  embassy  of  China  to  theU.  S.,  Chen  Lan 
Pin,  Yung  Wing,  and  36  others,  arrive  at  Washing- 
ton, 20  Sept.,  and  present  their  credentials. 28  Sept.    " 

Proclamation  of  president  warning  all  persons  to  de- 
sist from  violence  in  New  Mexico 7  Oct.    " 

Remains  of  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart  mysteriously  stolen 
from  the  vault  in  St.  Mark's  churchyard,  N.  Y.,  7  Nov.    " 
Third  Session  meets,  and  pres.  Hayes's  second  annual  mes- 
sage received 2  Dec.    " 

Gold  reaches  par  in  Wall  St.,  N.  Y.,  for  the  first  time 
since  13  Jan.  1862 17  Dec.    " 

Bayard  Taylor,  born  1825,  dies  at  Berlin,  Germany, 

19  Dec.    " 

Government  resumes  specie  payment 1  Jan.  1879 

Caleb  Gushing,  born  1800,  dies  at  Newburyport,  Mass., 

2  Jan.    " 

Potter  committee  of  House  of  Representatives  begins 
the  "  Cipher  Despatches  "  inquiry  at  Washington, 

21  Jan.    " 

Act  to  incorporate  the  Society  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  of 
New  Mexico,  passed  by  the  legislative  assembly  of 
New  Mexico  over  the  governor's  veto,  18  Jan.,  is  de- 
clared void  by  act  approved 3  Feb.    " 

During  the  debate  on  the  Chinese  Immigration  bill  in 
the  Senate,  for  the  first  time  a  colored  senator,  B.  K. 
Bruce  of  Miss.,  occupies  the  chair 14  Feb.    " 

Women  permitted  to  practise  before  the  Supreme 
court  by  act  of. 15  Feb.    " 

Sec.  of  navy  authorized  to  accept  for  a  voyage  of  ex- 
ploration by  Behring's  strait  the  ship  Jeannette,  ten- 
dered by  James  Gordon  Bennett,  by  act  of.  .27  Feb.    " 

Bill  to  restrict  Chinese  immigration  passes  the  Senate 
15  Feb.,  the  House  22  Feb.,  is  vetoed 1  Mch.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $250,000  as  a  perpetual  fund  for 
the  American  Printing-house  for  the  Blind  at  Louis- 
ville, Ky.  (incorporated  1858) 3  Mch.    " 

Act  for  taking  the  10th  and  subsequent  censuses,     "         " 

National  Board  of  Health  of  7  members  (one  from  a 


UNI 

state),  to  be  appointed  by  the  president  by  act  of, 

3  Mch.  1879 
Forfy-Jifth  Congress  adjourns "         « 

Congress  not  having  made  the  necessary  appropria- 
tions, pres.  Hayes  calls  an  extra  session  for  18  Mch., 

4  Mch.   «' 
Forty-sixth  Congress,  First  Session  (extra),meets  18 Mch.  « 

Samuel  J.  Randall  is  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  by 

143  to  125  for  James  A.  Garfield 18  Mch.    " 

[  "  For  the  first  time  since  the  Congress  that  was 
chosen  with  Mr.  Buchanan  in  1856,  the  Democratic 
party  was  in  control  of  both  branches."— ^/aiwe'* 
"  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,"  vol.  ii.  p.  642.] 

Negro  exodus  from  southern  states  to  Kansas, 

Mch.-Apr.    " 

Allen  G.  Thurman  of  O.  elected  president  pro  tern,  of 
the  Senate 15  Apr.    '* 

Proclamation  of  president  ordering  the  removal  of 
squatters  from  Missouri  and  Texas  settling  in  Okla- 
homa   26  Apr.    « 

Army  Appropriation  bill  vetoed 29  Apr.    « 

William  Lloyd  Garrison,  abolitionist,  born  1804,  dies 
in  New  York 24  May,    " 

Veto  of  the  Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial  Ap- 
propriation bill 29  May,    " 

Joint  resolution  to,  erect  a  monument  at  the  birth- 
place of  George  Washington    14  June,    "' 

Second  Army  Appropriation  bill  approved  bv  the 
president 23  June,    « 

Commission  of  7  members  for  the  improvement  of  Mis- 
sissippi river  to  be  appointed  by  the  president,  by 

act  of. .' 28  June,    « 

First  Session  adjourns 1  July,    " 

Yacht  Jeannette  sails  from  San  Francisco  for  the  Arctic 
regions  (Northeast  and  Northwest  passages), 

8  July,    « 

Confederate  gen.  John  B.  Hood,  born  1831,  dies  at  New 
Orleans 30  Aug.    " 

Excitement  over  elections  in  Maine  begins ...  8  Sept.    " 

Indian  massacre  at  the  White  River  agency,  Col.,  of 
N.  C.  Meeker  and  12  others ..29  Sept.    " 

Henry  C.  Carey,  political  economist,  born  1793,  dies  at 
Philadelphia .13  Oct.    " 

French  ocean  cable  landed  at  North  Eastham,  Mass., 

15  Nov.    " 
Second  Session  meets ;  pres.  Hayes's  third  annual  mes- 
sage received 1  Dec.    " 

Sec.  of  war  McCrary  resigns 10  Dec.    " 

Parnell  and  Dillon  arrive  at  New  York  2  Jan.,  and 
Parnell  addresses  a  large  meeting 4  Jan.  1880 

Second  proclamation  of  president  to  prevent  settlement 
of  Oklahoma 12  Feb.    " 

Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  banqueted  in  New  York,  1  Mch.    *' 

Denis  Kearney,  sand-lots  agitator  of  San  Francisco, 
sentenced  to  6  months'  imprisonment  and  $1000  fine 
(California) 15  Mch.    " 

U.  S.  steamer  Constellation,  commissioned  under  act  of 
25  Feb.  1880,  to  carry  contributions  for  relief  of  suf- 
fering poor  in  Ireland,  sails  from  New  York,  30  Mch.    " 

Allen  G.  Thurman,  elected  president  of  the  Senate  pro 
tern.,  serving  till  15  Apr 7  Apr.    " 

Congress  accepts  from  Thomas  Jefferson  Coolidge  and 
others,  of  Mass.,  the  desk  used  bj'  Thomas  Jefferson 
in  writing  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  to  be 
deposited  in  the  Department  of  State 28  Apr.    " 

Pres.  Hayes  authorized  to  accept  the  steamship  GuU 
nare  from  H.  W.  Howgate,  and  fit  her  up  to  establish 
a  temporary  station  for  Arctic  scientific  observation 
at  some  point  north  of  81°,  or  on  or  near  the  shore 
of  Lady  Franklin  bay 1  Maj',    " 

Appropriation  bill  vetoed  because  of  a  clause  modi- 
fying the  election  laws 4  May,    " 

Republican  Anti-Third- Terra  convention  held  at  St. 
Louis,  gen.  John  B.  Henderson  presiding. .  .6  May,    " 

Allen  G.  Thurman  chosen  president  pro  tern,  of  the 

Senate 6  May,    « 

Postmaster-gen.  Key  resigns May,    " 


UNI 

Republican  National  convention  meets  at  Chicago,  2 
June;  George  F.  Hoar  permanent  president, 3  June; 
14  nominations  made  for  president.  On  the  2d  ballot 
James  A.  Garfield's  name  appeared,  with  1  vote.  Un- 
til the  34th  ballot  the  votes  remained  substantially 
unchanged ;  the  5  most  important  ballots  are  given : 
Ist  2d.  34th.  35th.  36th. 
James  A.  Garfield. .    ..         1       17     260     399 

U.  S.  Grant 804    305     312     313     306 

James  G.Blaine... 284     282     275      57      42 

John  Sherman 93       94     107       99        3 

Garfield  nominated  for  president,  and  gen.  Chester  A. 
Arthur  of  N.  Y.  on  the  1st  ballot,  for  vice-president, 

7  June, 

Congress  appropriates  $100,000  or  less  to  carry  into 
effect  its  resolution  of  nearly  100  years  previously 
(29  Oct.  1781),  to  erect  a  marble  column  at  York- 
town,  Va., "  inscribed  with  a  succinct  narrative  of 
the  surrender  of  earl  Cornwallis  to  his  excellency 
gen.  Washington  " 7  June, 

Act  to  pay  the  Oneida  Historical  Society  $4100,  ac- 
cording to  resolution  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
4  Oct.  1777,  to  erect  a  monument  to  brig.-gen.  Her- 
kimer, killed  at  the  battle  of  Oriskany 8  June, 

Greenback  National  convention  meets  at  Chicago, 
9  June  ;    Richard  Trevellick    of  Mich,  president. 

'  After  an  informal  ballot,  James  B.  Weaver  of  la. 
receives  the  entire  vote  (718)  for  president,  and  B. 
J.  Chambers  of  Tex.  403  for  vice-president  to  311 

for  gen.  A.  M.  West  of  Miss 11  June, 

Second  Session  adjourns 16  June, 

Neal  Dow  of  Me.  nominated  for  president,  and  A.  M. 
Thompson  of  O.  for  vice-president,  by  Prohibition 
National  convention  at  Cleveland,  0 17  June, 

Samuel  J.  Tilden  declines  to  be  a  candidate  for  presi- 
dent, by  letter  of 18  June, 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  in  Cincinnati, 
22  June ;  John  W.  Stevenson  of  Ky.  chosen  perma- 
nent president  on  the  1st  ballot.  Winfield  S.  Han- 
cock has  171  and  Thomas  F.  Bayard  153J  out  of 
728^  cast,  23  June ;  2d  ballot :  Hancock  320,  Samuel 
J.  Randall  128J,  Bayard  113,  and  nomination  of  Han- 
cock made  unanimous.  For  vice-president,  William 
H.  English  of  Indiana  nominated  by  acclamation, 

24  June, 

Gen.  Weaver  accepts  Greenback  nomination. . .3  July, 

Gen.  Garfield  accepts  Republican  nomination .  .12  July, 

Steamer  Dessong,  with  Egyptian  obelisk  "  Cleopatra's 
Needle,"  arrives  in  New  York 20  July, 

Neal  Dow  accepts  Prohibition  nomination ...     " 

G^n.  Hancock  accepts  Democratic  nomination,  29  July, 

Dr.  Henry  S.  Tanner  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  completes 
at  New  York  a  fast  of  40  days,  living  upon  water 
alone 7  Aug. 

International  sheep-and-wool  show  held  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa Sept. 

Return  of  the  Schwatka  Arctic  Exploration  expedi- 
tion to  New  York 23  Sept. 

Arctic  steamer  Gulnare  returns  to  Washington,  10  Oct. 

Publication  of  forged  letters  on  the  Chinese  question 
(MoREY  letters)  attributed  to  gen.  Garfield,  ad- 
dressed to  a  mythical  person,  H.  L.  Morey  of  Lynn, 

20  Oct. 

Popular  vote  at  presidential  election  :  James  A.  Gar- 
field, Republican,  4,450,921 ;  Winfield  S.  Hancock, 
Democrat,  4,447,888;  James  B.  Weaver,  Greenback, 
307,740;  Neal  Dow,  Prohibition,  10,305 2  Nov. 

Lucretia  Mott,  born  1793,  dies  in  Montgomery  county, 
Pa 11  Nov. 

Electoral  votes  of  states,  except  Georgia,  cast.  .6  Dec, 
Third  Session  meets " 

Samuel  J.  Randall  speaker  of  House. 

President  Hayes's  4th  annual  message  presented .    " 

Electoral  vote  of  Georgia,  11  for  Hancock  and  English, 
cast 8  Dec. 

R.  W.  Thompson,  secretary  of  navy,  resigns.  .15  Dec. 

Nearly  1  mile  of  Broadway,  N.  Y.,  is  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity, Brush  system 20  Dec. 


1880 


0  UNI 

International  Sanitary  Conference,  called  by  resolution 
of  Congress,  14  May,  1880,  meets  at  Washington, 
D.  C 5  Jan.  18811: 

"Cleopatra's  Needle"  set  up  in  Central  park,  N.  Y., 

22  Jan.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted  in  Congress,  the  reading  of 
the  formal  parts  of  the  certificates  being  omitted : 
for  Garfield  and  Arthur,  Republicans,  214  ;  for  Han- 
cock and  English,  Democrats,  witli  Georgia,  155, 
without,  144.    Garfield  and  Arthur  declared  elected, 

9  Feb.    " 

Pres.  Haves  calls  the  Senate  in  extra  session  for  4  Mch. 
1881 . ! 28  Feb.    " 

President  vetoes  the  "Funding  act  of  1881". .  .3  Mch.    " 
Forty-sixth  Congress  adjourns "         '' 

Special  session  of  Senate  convenes,  Chester  A.  Arthur 
presiding 4  Mch.    '* 

James  A.  Garfield  inaugurated  president "         " 

Twenty-fourtli  Administration— Kepublioan.    4  Mch^ 

1881  to  3  Mch.  1885. 

James  A.  Garfield,  O.,  president. 
Chester  A.  Artliur,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 
cabinet. 
James  G.  Blaine,  Me.,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1881. 
William  Windom,  Minn.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  5  Mch.  1881. 
Samuel  J.  Kirkwood,  la.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  5  Mch.  1881.. 
Robert  T.  Lincoln,  111,,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1881. 
William  H,  Hunt,  La.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  5  Mch.  1881. 
Thomas  L.  James,  N.  Y.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  188L- 
Wayne  McVeagh,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1881. 

Postmaster-gen.  James  presents  to  president  the  pro- 
test of  himself,  vice -pres.  Arthur,  and  U.  S.  sens. 
Conkling  and  Piatt  of  N.  Y.  against  the  removal  of 
gen.  Merritt  from  the  collectorship  at  New  York,  and 
appointment  of  Mr.  Robertson,  without  consukiiig 
said  senators 28  Mch.  188t 

Investigation  of  alleged  "  Star  Route  "  frauds  leads  to 
resignation  of  second  assistant  postmaster- general 
Thomas  A.  Brady 20  Apr.    « 

Vinnie  Ream-Hoxie's  bronze  statue  of  adm.  Farragut 
unveiled  at  Washington,  D.  C 25  Apr.    " 

Sens.  Conkling  and  Piatt  of  N.  Y.  resign 16  May,    " 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns  sine  die. .  .  .20  May,    " 

Arctic  steamer  Jeawwe^te, crushed  in  the  ice  in  lat.  77°  N., 
Ion.  157°  W.,  is  abandoned  and  sinks  (Northeast 
AND  Northwest  passages) 12  June,    " 

Steam-whaler  Rodgers  despatched  from  San  Francisco 
by  the  Navv  department  in  search  of  the  Jeanneite, 

15  June,    '^ 

Sec.  Blaine  writes  to  American  ministers  at  princijial 
European  courts  that  any  movement  to  jointly  guar- 

.  antee  the  neutrality  of  the  interoceanic  canal  at 
Panama  would  be  regarded  by  the  U.  S.  as  an  un- 
called-for interference 24  June,    "• 

American  Association  of  the  Red  Cross,  organized  9 
June,  with  miss  Clara  Barton  as  president,  incorpo- 
rated (Red  Cross) 1  July,    " 

Pres.  Garfield  shot  by  Charles  Jules  Guiteau  in  the 
Baltimore  and  Potomac  railroad  station  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 2  July,    «- 

Lieut.  Adolphus  W.  Greely,  with  a  party  of  25  in  all, 
sails  from  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  in  the  Proteus 
to  establish  1  of  13  circumpolar  stations  for  scientific 
purposes  in  accordance  with  European  plans  (Ab- 
stinence, Northeast  and  Northwest  pas- 
sages)  7  July,    "• 

Warner  Miller  of  N.  Y.  elected  to  Senate  to  succeed 
Piatt 16  July,    '^ 

Elbridge  G.  Lapham  of  N.  Y.  elected  to  Senate  to  suc- 
ceed Conkling 22  July,    " 

Nathan  CliflFord,  U.  S.  Supreme  court  judge,  born  1803, 
dies  at  Cornish,  Me 25  July,    "• 

Wrangell  island  or  land,  off  the  Siberian  coast,  taken  pos- 
session of  in  name  of  the  U.  S.  by  capt.  Hooper  and 
Mr.  Reynolds  of  the  revenue  cutter  Corwin,  Vl  Aug.    '*" 

Forest   fires  in   Huron  and   Sanilac  counties,  Mich., 


UNI  881 

spread  over  1800  sq.  miles,  making  2900  families 

homeless,  and  destroying  138  lives Sept.  1881 

Pres.  Garfield  removed  from  Washington  to  the  Franck- 

lyn  cottage,  Elberon,  N.  J 6  Sept.    " 

Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  born  1824,  dies  at  Bristol, 

R.  1 13  Sept.    " 

Pres.  Garfield  dies  10.35  p.m 19  Sept.    " 

Vice-pres.  Arthur  sworn  as  president  at  his  residence 
in  New  York  city  between  2  and  3  o'clock  a.m.  by 

judge  John  R.  Brady .20  Sept.    " 

Pres.  Arthur  formally  takes  the  oath  of  office  in  Wash- 
ington   4 22  Sept.    " 

PRES.  Arthur's  cabinet., 
James  G.  Blaine,  Me.,  sec.  of  state,  continued. 
F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  N.  J.,  sec.  of  state,  from  12  Dec.  1881. 
William  Windom,  Minn.,  sec.  of  treas.,  continued. 
Charles  J.  Folger,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  27  Oct.  1881. 
Walter  Q.  Greskam,  Ind.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  24  Sept.  1884. 
Hugh  McCulloch,  Ind.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  28  Oct.  1884. 
Samuel  J.  Kirkwood,  la.,  sec.  of  interior,  continued. 
Henry  M.  Teller,  Col.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  6  Apr.  1882. 
Robert  T.  Lincoln,  111.,  sec.  of  w-ar,  continued. 
William  H.  Hunt,  La.,  sec.  of  navy,  continued. 
William  E.  Chandler,  N.  H.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  1  Apr.  1882. 
Thomas  L.  James,  N.  Y.,  postmaster- gen.,  continued. 
Timothy  0.  Hoioe,  Wis.,  postmaster-gen.  from  20  Dec.  1881. 
Walter  Q.  Gresham,  Ind.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  3  Apr.  1883. 
Frank  Hatton,  la.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  14  Oct.  1884. 
Wayne  McVeagh,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  continued. 
Benjamin  H.  Bi-ewster,  Pa.,  attorney-gen.,  from  19  Dec.  1881. 
President  calls  the  Senate  in  extra  session  for  10  Oct., 

23  Sept.  1881 
Funeral  train,  bearing  the  remains  of'pres.  Garfield, 

leaves  Washington  for  Cleveland,  O 23  Sept.    " 

Obsequies  of  pres.  Garfield  at  Cleveland ;  day  of  mourn- 
ing observed  throughout  the  country  under  procla- 
mation of  president,  dated  22  Sept 26  Sept.    " 

International  Cotton  exposition  opens  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 

5  Oct.    « 

Special  session  of  Senate  convenes 10  Oct.    " 

Thomas  F.  Bayard  elected  president^ro  tem.  of  Senate, 

10  Oct.    " 
J.  G.  Holland,  poet  and  author,  born  1819,  dies  at  New 

York  city 12  Oct.    " 

David  Davis  elected  president  joro  tem.  of  Senate.  13  Oct.    " 
One  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  surrender  of  lord 

Cornwallis  celebrated  at  Yorktown,  Va 19  Oct.    " 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns 25  Oct.    " 

Sec.  of  treas.  Windom  resigns 14  Nov.    " 

Resignation  of  attorney-gen.  McVeagh  accepted,      "         " 
Trial  of  Charles  J.  Guiteau  for  murder  begins  at  Wash- 
ington   14  Nov.    " 

Forty-seventh  Congress,  First  Session,  opens. .  .5  Dec.    " 
David   Davis   presiding  in   Senate ;   Joseph  Warren 
Keifer  of  O.  elected  speaker  by  148  votes  to  129  for 

Samuel  J.  Randall  of  Pa 5  Dec.    " 

Pres.  Arthur's  annual  message 6  Dec.    " 

Sec.  of  state  Blaine  resigns 15  Dec.    " 

Dr.  Isaac  I.  Hayes,  Arctic  explorer,  born  1832,  dies  in 

New  York  city 17  Dec.    '" 

Franking   privilege    granted    to    Lucretia,  widow  of 

■     James  A.  Garfield,  by  act  of 20  Dec.    " 

Exodus  of  colored  people  from  Edgefield  county,  S.  C, 

24-31  Dec.    " 
Postmaster-gen.  James  surrenders  his  department  to 

his  successor 6  Jan.  1882 

Congress  tenders  the  thanks  of  the  U.  S.  to  the  khedive 
of  Eg5'pt  for  the  obelisk  known  as  "  Cleopatra's 

Needle" 12  Jan.    " 

Guiteau  convicted  of  murder 25  Jan.    " 

Act  granting  an  additional  pension  to  Mary,  widow  of 

Abraham  Lincoln 2  Feb.    " 

Guiteau  sentenced  to  be  hanged  30  June 4  Feb.    " 

National  memorial  services  in  the  hall  of  House  of 
Representatives;  James  G.  Blaine  delivers  a  eulogy 
upon  the  late  pres.  Garfield 27  Feb.    " 


UNI 

Act  passed  for  the  apportionment,  after  3  Mch.  1883,  of 
representation  by  the  census  of  1880,  increasing  the 
number  of  representatives  to  325 28  Feb.  1882r 

Floods  in  the  Mississippi  valley .  .Feb.-Mch.    '« 

In  the  Criminal  court  of  the  District  of  Columbia  John 
W.  Dorsey,  John  M.  Peck,  John  R.  Miner,  Stejjhen 
W.  Dorsey,  M.  C.  Rerdell,  Thomas  J.  Brady,  William 
H.  Turner,  and  J.  L.  Sanderson  are  indicted  for 
frauds  and  conspiracy  to  defraud  the  government  in 
bids  for  mail  service  on  Star  routes 4  Mch.    " 

Edmunds's  law,  excluding  bigamists  and  polygamists 
in  the  territories  from  voting  or  holding  office,  passed, 

22  Mch.    '« 
Engineer  Melville  finds  the  bodies  of  DeLong  and  11  of 

his  men,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lena,  Siberia, 

23  Mch.    '"- 
Henry  W.  Longfellow,  born  1807,  dies  at  Cambridge, 

Mass 24  Mch.    " 

Northern  boundary  of  Nebraska  extended  to  43d  paral- 
lel by  act  of 28  Mch.    « 

Annual  pension  of  $5000  each  granted  to  widows  of 
James  A.  Garfield,  James  K.  Polk,  and  John  Tyler, 

by  act  of 31  Mch.    "^ 

Jesse  James,  notorious  desperado,  killed  at  St.  Joseph, 

Mo.,  by  the  Ford  brothers 3  Apr.    " 

Pres.  Arthur  vetoes  bill  restricting  Chinese  immigra- 
tion for  20  y earS 4  Apr.    " 

Sec.  of  the  interior  Kirkwood  resigns Apr.    " 

Sec.  of  the  navy  Hunt  resigns. "      " 

Elephant  "  Jumbo  "  arrives  in  New  York  from  Eng- 
land  9  Apr.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $10,000  for  a  monument  at  the 

grave  of  Thomas  Jefferson  at  Monticello,  Va.,  18  Apr.    "^ 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  b.  1803,  dies  at  Concord,  Mass., 

27  Apr.    " 
Proclamation  of  president  against  violence  in  Arizona, 

referring  to  the  "cowboys" 3  May,    "^ 

Pres.  Arthur  remits  the  unexecuted  part  of  the  sen- 
tence disqualifying  gen.  Fitz-John  Porter..  ,4  May,    " 
Immigration  of  Chinese  laborers  to  the  U.  S.  suspended 
for  10  3'ears,  and  admission  of  Chinese  to  citizenship 

prohibited  by  act  of 6  May,    '^ 

Lt.  James  B.  Lockwood  and  sergeant  Brainard  of  the 
Greely  expedition  reach  83°  23'  8"  N.  lat.  (North- 
east AND  Northwest  passages) 13  May,    "^ 

Bill  to  appoint  a  Tariff  commission  approved,  15  May,    " 
New  indictment  in  the  Star-route  trial  presented,  with 

Sanderson's  name  omitted 20  May,    " 

Lieut.  Danenhower,  dr.  Newcomb,  Cole,  and  Long 
Sing,  part  of  the  survivors  of  the  Jeannette,  arrive  in 

New  York 28  May,    «- 

Deadlock  in  the  House  of  Representatives  begins  25 
May,  over  contested  election  of  E.  M.  Mackey  of 
S.  C.  vs.  Samuel  Dibble  ;  the  former  finally  seated, 

31  May,    " 

New  Star-route  trial  begins 1  June,    "^ 

Iron-workers'  strike  begins "  " 

Guiteau  executed  at  Washington,  D.  C 30  June,    "■ 

Tariff  commission   meets  at  Washington ;    John   L. 

Hayes,  president 6  July,    " 

Mrs.  Lincoln,  widow  of  pres.  Lincoln,  dies  at  Spring- 
field, 111 16  July,    " 

Veto  of  River  and  Harbor  Appropriation  bill. .  .  1  Aug.  "^ 
[Extract  from  the  president's  veto  message:  "The 
appropriations  for  river  and  harbor  improvements 
have,  under  the  influences  to  which  I  have  alluded, 
increased  out  of  proportion  to  the  progress  of  the 
country,  great  as  it  has  been.  In  1870  the  aggre- 
gate appropriations  for  this  purpose  were  $3,975.900 ; 
1875,  $6,648,517;  1880,  $8,976,500;  1881,  $11, 451,000; 
while  the  present  act  appropriates  $18,743,875." 
River  and  Harbor  bills.] 
River  and  Harbor  Appropriation  bill  passed  over  the 

veto '. 2  Aug.    '* 

President  authorized  to  call  an  international  confer- 
ence at  Washington,  to  fix  on  a  common  prime 

meridian  for  the  world 3  Aug.    "^ 

First  Session  adjourns 8  Aug.    "^ 


UNI 

National  Mining  and  Industrial  exposition  held  at 
Denver,  Od Aug.  1882 

Verdict  in  Star- route  case:  Peck  and  Turner  not 
guiltv;  Miner  and  Rerdell  guilty;  jury  disagree  on 
the  others H  Sept.    " 

Engineer  G.  \V.  Melville  of  the  Jeannette  and  seamen 
William  Noros  and  William  Ninderman  arrive  at 
New  York 13  Sept.    " 

Iron-workers'  strike  ended 20  Sept.    " 

Bi-centennial  of  the  landing  of  William  Penn  cele- 
brated in  Philadelphia 22-27  Oct.    « 

Thurlow  Weed,  politician  and  journalist,  born  1798,dies, 

22  Nov.    " 
iSecond  Session  convenes 4  Dec.    " 

David  Davis  presiding  in  Senate, 

Tariff  commission  submits  an  exhaustive  report,     "         " 

New  trial  of  Star-route  cases  begins "         " 

Newhall  House,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  burned ;  nearly  100 
lives  lost 10  Jan.  1883 

Lot  M.  Morrill,  born  1813,  dies  at  Augusta,  Me.      "         " 

Act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  civil  service  of  the 
U.  S.,  under  which  Dorman  B.  Eaton  of  N.  Y.,  John 
M.  Gregory  of  111.,  and  Leroy  D.  Thoman  of  O.  were 
appointed  a  Civil-service  commission 16  Jan.    " 

William  E.  Dodge,  born  1805,  dies  at  New  York, 

9  Feb.    " 

In  Star-route  case  Rerdell  pleads  guilty,  and  offers  to 
testify  touching  the  conspiracy 15  Feb.    " 

Ohio  river  flood ;  at  Cincinnati  the  water  reaches  the 
height  of  66  ft.  4  in 15  Feb.    " 

George  F.  Edmunds  elected  president  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate .    3  Mch.    " 

Tariff  bill  approved "         " 

Foi-ty-seventh  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch.    " 

Alexander  H.  Stephens,  born  1812,  dies  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 

4  Mch.    " 

Envoys  from  the  queen  of  Madagascar  presented  to 
pres.  Arthur  in  Washington 7  Mch.    " 

Postmaster-gen.  T.  O.  Howe,  born  1816,  dies  at  Keno- 
sha, Wis 25  Mch.    " 

Four  survivors  of  the  Jeannette  arrive  at  New  York, 

27  Mch.    " 

Peter  Cooper,  bom  1791,  dies  at  New  York  city  .4  Apr.    " 

Brig-gen.  Joseph  K.  Barnes,  surgeon-general  of  the 
U.  S.  army  1864-82.  dies  at  Washington,  D.  C,  5  Apr.    " 

Ex-sen.  William  P.  Kellogg  of  La.  indicted  for  com- 
plicity in  Star-route  frauds  by  grand-jury  at  Wash- 
ington   18  Apr.    " 

Irish-American  National  convention  at  Horticultural 
hall,  Philadelphia;  nearly  1600  delegates;  Alex- 
ander Sullivan  of  Chicago  permanent  president. 
Object,  to  sustain  the  league  in  Ireland  and  to  pro- 
mote a  clearer  understanding  by  the  American  peo- 
ple of  the  Irish  question 26  Apr.    " 

New  Civil-service  rules  published  by  the  president, 

8  May,    " 

New  York  and  Brooklyn  bridge  opened 24  May,    " 

National  exposition  of  railway  appliances  opened  in 

Chicago 24  May,    " 

Panic  on  the   New  York  and  Brooklyn  bridge;   12 

killed,  29  injured .' 30  May,    " 

Remains  of  John  Howard  Payne,  author  of  "Home, 
Sweet  Home."  who  died  at  Tunis,  1  Apr.  1852,  are 
brought,  by  aid  of  W.  W.  Corcoran  of  Washington, 
and  interred  in  Oak  Hill  cemetery,  Wa.shington, 

9  June,  " 
Verdict  of  not  guilty  in  the  Star-route  case. . .  14  June,  " 
Celebration  of  the  333d  anniversary  of  Santa  Fe,  New 

Mexico 2  July,    " 

Charles  H.  Stratton  (Tom  Thumb),  born  1838,  dies  at 

Middleborough,  Mass 15  July,    " 

General  strike  of  telegraph  operators ;  1200  quit  work, 

12  o'clock  noon 19  July,    " 

Brig.-gen.  E.  O.  C.  Ord,  born  1818,  dies  at"  Havana, 

Cuba 22  July,    " 

Capt.  Matthew  Webb  drowned  in  swimming  the  Avhirl- 

pool  below. Niagara  (body  found  at  Lewiston  4  days 

later) *. 24  Julv,    " 


882  UNI 

Southern  exposition  opened  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  by  pres. 
Arthur 1  Aug.  1883 

American  Forestry  congress  meets  at  St.  Paul,  Minn., 

8  Aug.    " 

Boston  Foreign  exhibition  opens 3  Sept.    " 

Last  spike  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  driven  op- 
posite mouth  of  Gold  creek,  Mont.,  by  Henry  Villard 
(Pacific  railroads) 9  Sept.    " 

U.  S.  steamer  Yantic  and  Arctic  steamer  Proteus  leave 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  for  relief  of  Greely  expe- 
dition, 29  June;  the  Proteus  is  crushed  in  the  ice  at 
entrance  to  Smith's  sound,  23  July  ;  the  Yantic,  re- 
turning, arrives  at  St.  John's 13  Sept.    " 

Pres.  Arthur  receives  the  Corean  ambassadors  at  the 
Fifth  Avenue  hotel.  New  York  city 18  Sept.    " 

Direct  telegraphic  communication  between  U.  S.  and 
Brazil  via  Central  America  opened;  message  by 
pres.  Arthur  to  the  emperor 21  Sept.    " 

National  convention  of  colored  men  —  300  delegates 
from  27  states — meets  at  Louisville,  Ky.  .  .24  Sept.    " 

Centennial  of  the  disbanding  of  the  Army  of  the  Rev- 
olution celebrated  at  Newburg,  N.  Y 18  Oct.    " 

Lieut.-gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  succeeds  gen.  W.  T. 
Sherman,  retired,  in  command  of  U.  S.  army,  1  Nov.    " 

Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims,  surgeon,  born  1813,  dies .  .13  Nov.    " 

Standard  railroad  time  in  the  U.  S,  goes  into  effect 
(Standard  time) 18  Nov.    " 

Forty-eighth  Congress,  First  Session,  convenes,  3  Dec.    " 

George  F.  Edmunds  presiding  in  Senate ;  John  G.  Car- 
lisle chosen  speaker  of  the  House  by  190  votes,  to  113 
for  J.  Warren  Keifer. 

Pres.  Arthur's  thijd  annual  message .4  Dec.    " 

New  cantilever  bridge  opened  over  the  gorge  at  Ni- 
agara falls 20  Dec.    « 

President,  by  proclamation,  recommends  observance  by 
appropriate  exercises  of  the  100th  anniversary  of  the 
return  by  George  Washington  to  the  Continental 
Congress  at  Annapolis  (23  Dec.  1783)  of  his  commis- 
sion as  commander-in-chief 21  Dec.    " 

Dr.  Edward  Lasker,  distinguished  German  liberal,  dies 
suddenly  in  New  York  city 4  Jan.  1884 

George  F.  Edmunds  continued  as  president  pro  tern,  of 
the  Senate,  sen.  H.  B.  Anthony,  elected,  having  de- 
clined   14  Jan.    " 

Steamship  Citi/  of  Columbus  wrecked  on  Devil's  Bridge, 
off  Gay  Head,  Mass.;  97  lives  lost 18  Jan.    " 

WendelfPhillips,  born  1811,  dies  at  Boston,  Mass.,  2  Feb.    " 

Morrison  Tariff  bill  introduced  in  the  House. .  .  .4  Feb.    " 

Arnold  Henry  Guyot,  geographer,  born  1807,  dies  at 
Princeton,  N.  J .' 8  Feb.    " 

Joint  resolution  for  an  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Green- 
land to  relieve  the  Greel\'  Arctic  expedition,  13  Feb.    " 

Floods  in  the  Ohio  valley ;  the  river  rises  71  feet  at 
Cincinnati 14  Feb.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $300,000,  12  Feb.,  and  $200,000 
additional,  15  Feb.,  for  relief  of  flood  sufferers  in  the 
Ohio  valley 12  and  15  Feb.    " 

Funeral  services  in  New  Y''ork,  at  the  Church  of  the 
Holy  Trinity,  for  victims  of  the  Jeannette  Arctic 
expedition  (brought  to  New  York) 22  Feb.    " 

Pres.  Arthur,  by  special  message  to  Congress,  asks  ap- 
propriation to  reconstruct  the  navy 26  Mch.    " 

Three  days  of  mob  rule  in  Cincinnati,  arising  from  a 
verdict  of  manslaughter  against  William  Berner  for 
complicity  in  the  murder  of  his  emplover,  W.  H. 
Kirk 28-30  Mch.    " 

Government  offers  $25,000  for  the  discovery  and  rescue, 
or  ascertaining  the  fate,  of  the  Greely  Arctic  expe- 
dition, by  act  of 17  Apr.    " 

Steamer  Thetis  leaves  Brooklyn  navy-yard  for  relief 
of  Greely 1  May,    " 

Morrison  Tariff  bill  rejected  in  House  of  Representa- 
tives   6  May,    " 

Failure  of  the  Marine  bank  and  firm  of  Grant  &  Ward 
in  New  York  city 6  and  7  May,    " 

Statue  of  chief-justice  John  Marshall  unveiled  at 
Washington,  D.  C 10  May,    '' 


UNI 

Alert,  the  last  Greely  relief  steamer,  sails  from  Brook- 
lyn navy-yard 10  May, 

Charles  O'Conor,  born  1804,  dies  at  Nantucket,  12  May, 
Bill  repealing  the  test  oath  of  1862  approved  .       " 

Financial  crisis  in  New  York  city 14  May, 

National  Anti-monopoly  convention  in  Chicago  nomi- 
nates gen.  B.  F.  Butler  for  president;  the  candidate 
for  vice-president  left  to  the  committee.  ...  14  May, 
Act  passed  providing  for   the  civil  government    of 

Alaska 17  May, 

National  Greenback-Labor  convention  meets  in  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.,  28  May ;  James  B.  Weaver  permanent 
president ;  B.  F.  Butler  nominated  for  president,  and 
gen.  A.  M.  West  of  Miss,  for  vice-president ,  .  29  May, 
Republican  National  convention  meets  at  Chicago,  3 
June;  John  B.  Henderson  of  Mo.  permanent  presi- 
dent, 4  June ;  nominations  made  for  presidential  can- 
didates, 5  June ;  4  ballots  cast,  6  June ;  of  the  8  can- 
didates, James  G.  Blaine  receives  on  the  1st  ballot 
334|^  votes,  and  on  the  4th,  541 ;  Chester  A.  Arthur 
on  the  1st,  278,  on  the  4th,  207 ;  the  votes  necessary 
to  a  choice  being  411,  the  nomination  of  Blaine  is 
made  unanimous.     John  A.  Logan  nominated  for 

vice-president 6  June, 

Oen.  B.  F.  Butler  endorses  the  Greenback-Labor  plat- 
form   12  June, 

American  Prohibition  National  convention  at  meeting 
in  Chicago  nominates  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy  of  Kan. 
for  president,  and  John  A.  Conant  of  Conn,  for  vice- 
president  (candidates  withdraw  in  favor  of  St.  John 

and  Daniel  in  Aug.  following) 20  June, 

Lieut.  A.  W.  Greely  and  6  others  found  alive  by  search 
party  in  Thetis  and  Bear,  under  W.  S.  Schley,  in 
Smith  sound,  5  miles  off  cape  Sabine  (Abstinence, 
Northeast  and  Northwest  passages),  22  June, 
Act  passed  to  establish  a  bureau  of  labor  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  interior 27  June, 

Proclamation  by  president  warning  persons  not  to  settle 

on  Oklahoma  lands 1  July, 

Gen.  West  accepts  nomination  of  Greenback-Labor 

party 3  July, 

Bill  for  relief  of  Fitz-John  Porter  vetoed,  and  passed 
over  the  veto  by  House,  2  July,  is  killed  in  the 

Senate .3  July, 

Bureau  of  navigation  in  the  department  of  the  treasury, 

created  by  act  of  Congress,  approved 5  July, 

First  Session  adjourns 7  July, 

Paul  Morphy,  famous  CHESS-player,  dies  at  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  aged  47 10  July, 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  in  Chicago,  8 
July ;  William  F.  Vilas  chosen  permanent  president 
of  convention,  9  July;  balloting  for  9  candidates; 
necessary  to  a  choice,  547  votes :  on  1st  ballot 
Grover  Cleveland  of  N.  Y.  receives  392  votes,  T.  F. 
Bayard,  170,  and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  1,  10  July  -, 
2d  ballot:  Grover  Cleveland  475,  amended  683;  T. 
F.  Bayard  150J,  amended  81J;  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks 124|,  amended  45J.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of 
Ind.  nominated  for  vice-president  by  Democratic 

convention,  unanimously 11  July, 

Blaine's  letter  of  acceptance 18  July, 

Gen.  Logan's  letter  of  acceptance  published. .  .22  July, 

National  Prohibition  convention  meets  in  Pittsburg, 

Pa.,  23    July;    ex-gov.  John  P.  St.  John  of  Kan. 

nominated  for  president,  and  William  Daniel  of  Md. 

for  vice-president 24  July, 

National  Labor  party  at  Chicago  adopts  the  Democratic 

nominees  for  president  and  vice-president .  .30  July, 

Lieut.  Greely  and  his  men  reach  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  2 

Aug.,  and  are  publicly  welcomed 4  Aug. 

Corner-stone  of  pedestal  of  the  statue  of  "  Liberty  En- 
lightening the  World"  laid  on  Bedloe's  island,  New 

York  harbor 5  Aug. 

Thetis,  Bear,  and  A  lert,  with  bodies  of  the  dead  of  the 

Greel^'  expedition,  arrive  at  New  York 8  Aug. 

Gen.  A.  M.  West  of  Miss,  nominated  for  vice-president 
of  U.  S.  by  National  committee  of  the  Anti-monopoly 
party 16  Aug. 


1884 


3  UNI 

Butler's  letter  of  acceptance  published 19  Aug.  1884 

Cleveland's  letter  of  acceptance  published.  ...       "         " 

Hendricks's  letter  of  acceptance  published 20  Aug.    " 

St.  John  and  Daniel  announce  their  acceptance  of  the 
prohibition  nomination  at  a  temperance  camp-meet- 
ing at  Cuba,  N.  Y 25  Aug.    « 

International  Electrical  exhibition  opens  at  Philadel- 
phia  2  Sept.    " 

Charles  J.  Folger,  ex-secretary  of  the  treasurv,  born 

1818,  dies  at  Geneva,  N.  Y. 4  Sept.    " 

Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  of  Washington  accepts  the  nom- 
ination of  the  California  Woman's  Rights  convention 

for  president Sept.    " 

Messrs.  Fisher  and  Mulligan  publish  letters  of  J.  G. 
Blaine,  upon  which  he  is  charged  with  corruption  in 
legislation  favoring  the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith 

railroad  in  1876 16  Sept.    " 

International  Prime  Meridian  conference  opens  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  1  Oct.,  25  nations  represented; 
the  meridian  of  (xreenwich  is  recommended  by  21 
nations,  San  Domingo  opposing  it,  and  France  and 

Brazil  not  voting 13  Oct.    " 

Secretary  of  the  treasury  Gresham  resigns.  .  .  .28  Oct.    " 
Famous  alliterative  sentence  of  dr.  Burchard,  who,  at 
the  reception  by  Mr.  Blaine  of  a  delegation  of  cler- 
gymen in  New  York  city,  refers  to  the  Democracy 
as  the  party  wfiose  antecedents  have  been  "  rum, 

Romanism,  and  rebellion  " 29  Oct.    " 

Popular  vote  for  president :  Cleveland  and  Hendricks, 
Democrats,  4,911,017 ;  Blaine  and  Logan,  Republi- 
cans, 4,848,334;  Butler  and  West,  Greenback  and 
Anti-Monopoly,  133,825  ;  St.  John  and  Daniel,  Pro- 
hibition, 151,809 4  Nov.    " 

Capt.  David  L.  Pajme,  famous  leader  of  Oklahoma 

boomers,  dies  at  Wellington,  Kan 29  Nov.    " 

Second  Session  meets ;  sen.  Edmunds  presiding  in  Senate; 

president's  annual  message  presented 1  Dec.    " 

Capstone  of  the  Washington  monument,  Washington, 
D.  C.  (foundation  first  laid,  4  July,  1848),  is  em- 
bedded   6  Dec.    " 

World's  Industrial  Cotton  Centennial  exposition  opens 
at  New  Orleans ;  machinery  set  in  motion  by  pres. 
Arthur  by  telegraph  from  Washington,  and  opening 

address  sent  by  telegraph 16  Dec.    " 

Pres.  -  elect   Cleveland   resigns  as  governor   of  New 

York;  David  B.  Hill,  lieut.  gov.,  succeeds. .  .  .6  Jan.  1885 
Schuyler  Colfax,  born  1823,  dies  at  Manl^ato,  Minn., 

13  Jan.    " 
Electoral  votes  of  Iowa  and  Oregon  not  reaching  the 
sec.  of  state  before  the  first  Wednesday  in  January, 
Congress  appropriates  $1000  to  send  special  messen- 
gers for  them 17  Jan.     " 

Act  to  ascertain  claims  of  American  citizens  for  spolia- 
tions by  the  French  prior  to  31  July,  1801 .  .20  Jan.    " 
"  Liberty  bell,"  sent  from  Philadelphia,  arrives  at  the 

New  Orleans  exhibition 25  Jan.    " 

President  announces  the  expiration  on  1  July  of  the 
treaty  with  Great  Britain  concluded  8  Ma}-,  1871 

(Treaties) 31  Jan.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted  in  Congress :  For  Cleveland 
and  Hendricks,  219  ;  for  Blaine  and  Logan,  182.  In 
announcing  the  votes  for  Cleveland  and  Hendricks, 
sen.  Edmunds,  president  of  the  Senate  ^770  tern.,  uses 
the  expression,  "  and  so  appear  to  have  been  elect- 
ed;" and  adds  that  the  president  of  the  Senate 
makes  this  declaration  only  as  a  public  statement  of 
the  contents  of  papers  opened  and  read,  and  not  as 
possessing  any  authority  in  law  to  declare  any  legal 

conclusions  whatever H  Feb.    " 

Act  to  authorize  a  retired  list  at  three-quarter  pay  for 

private  and  non-commissioned  officers  in  U.  S.  armj' 

or  marine  corps  who  have  served  30  years .  .  14  Feb.     " 

Dedication  of  Washington  monument  at  Washington, 

D.  C. ;  orations  by  Robert  C.  Winthrop  of  Mass.  and 

John  W.  Daniels'  of  Va 21  Feb.    « 

Court  convened  15  Nov.  1884,  for  the  trial  of  brig.-gen. 
David  G.  Swaim  ;  judge  advocate-gen.  concludes  its 
work,  and  sentences  him  to  suspension  from  the  du- 


UNI 


884 


UNI 


ties  of  his  office  on  half-pav  for  12  years  (see  1  Dec. 
1894) 24  Feb.  1885 

President-elect,  in  a  letter  to  congressmen,  advises  sus- 
pension of  the  purchase  and  coinage  of  silver .  24  Feb.    " 

Act  to  prohibit  the  importation  and  migration  of  aliens 
under  contract  or  agreement  to  perform  labor,  except 
domestic  service,  or  skilled  labor  in  new  industries 
not  otherwise  obtainable 2G  Feb.    '* 

Special  session  of  Senate  called  for  4  Mch 27  Feb.    " 

Act  to  appoint  1  person  from  those  who  have  been 
generals  or  generals-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  U.  S. 
on  the  retired  list  with  rank  and  full  pay  (gen.  U.  S. 
Grant  so  appointed  by  pres.  Arthur),  approved,  3  Mch.    " 

Act  approved  appropriating  $1,895,000  for  4  new  ves- 
sels for  U.  S.  navy :  2  cruisers  and  2  gun-boats .  3  Mch.    " 

Oath  of  office  as  vice-  president  administered  to  Mr. 

Hendricks  by  sen.  Edmunds 3  Mch.    '* 

Forty-eighth  Congress  adjourns "         " 

Special  session  of  Senate,  vice-president  presiding, 

4  Mch.    " 

Cleveland  inaugurated  president ;  oath  administered  by 
chief-justice  Waite 4  Mch.    " 

Twenty-fifth  Administration— Democratic.    4  Mch. 

1885  to  3  Mch.  1889. 

Grorer  Cleyeland,  N.  Y.,  president. 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  Ind.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

[Named  in  order  of  succession  established  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, 19  Jan.  1886  (see  below)  ;  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture was  not  created  until  9  Feb.  1889.] 
Thomas  F.  Bayard,  Del.,  sec.  of  state,  from  6  Mch.  1885. 
Daniel  Manning,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  6  Mch.  1885. 
Charles  S.  Fairchild,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  treas.,  from  1  Apr.  1887. 
William  C.  Endicott,  Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  from  6  Mch.  1885. 
A  ugustus  H.  Garland,  Ark.,  attorney-gen.,  from  6  Mch.  1885. 
William  F.  Vilas,  Wis.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  6  Mch.  1887. 
Bon  M.  Dickinson,  Mich.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  16  Jan.  1888. 
WilHam  C.  Whitney,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  6  Mch.  1885. 
Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar,  La.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  6  Mch.  1885. 
William  F.  Vilas,  Wis,  sec.  of  interior,  from  16  Jan.  1888. 
Norman  J.  Coleman,Mo.,  sec.  of  agriculture,  from  12  Feb.  1889. 
Proclamation  of  president  warning  persons  against  at- 
tempting to  settle  on  Oklahoma  lands 13  Mch.  1885 

U  S.  government  determines  to  guarantee  free  and  un- 
interrupted transit  across  the  isthmus  of  Panama, 

now  threatened  by  insurgents 2  Apr.    " 

Special  session  of  Senate  adjourns "        " 

Richard  Grant  White,  Shakespearian  critic  and  philolo- 
gist, born  1822, dies  in  New  York  city.  ....  .8  Apr.    " 

Five  hundred  U.  S.  troops  enter  Panama,  arrest  Aizpuru, 
leader  of  insurgents,  and  protect  American  property, 

24  Apr.    " 
Revised  version  of  the  Old  Testament  published  in 

London  and  New  York  (Bible) 15  May,    " 

Apache  Indian  outbreak  under  Geronimo  in  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona 17  May,    " 

F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  ex-sec.  of  state,  born  1817,  dies  in 

Newark,  N.  J 20  May,    " 

Cotton  Centennial  exposition  at  New  Orleans  closes, 

31  May,    « 
Benjamin  Silliman,  chemist,  born  1816,  dies  at  New 

Haven,  Conn 14  June,    " 

James  D.  Fish,  president  of  the  suspended  Marine  bank 
of  New  York  city,  sentenced  to  10  years'  imprison- 
ment at  Sing  Sing 27  June,    " 

Niagara  Falls  reservation  formally  opened  to  the  pub- 
lic  15  July,    " 

Samuellrenaeus  Prime,  American  journalist,  born  1812, 

dies  at  Manchester,  Vt 18  July,    " 

Investigation  of  contract  for  ship-building  with  John 
Roach  instituted  by  sec.  of  navy  Whitney,  in  Mch. ; 

payments  to  Mr.  Roach  suspended 19  July,    " 

Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  dies  at  Mount  McGregor,  near  Sara- 
toga, N.  Y.,  8.08  A.M 23  July,    " 

Proclamation  of  president  suspending  all  public  business 
on  the  day  of  funeral  of  gen.  Grant 23  July,    *' 


Gen.  Grant  buried  at  Riverside  park,  New  York  city, 

8  Aug.  1885 

James  W.Marshall,  the  discoverer  of  gold  in  California, 
dies  there  in  poverty 8  Aug.    " 

Helen  Hunt  Jackson,  author,  born  1831,  dies  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal 12  Aug.    " 

Massacre  of  Chinese  at  Rock  Springs,  Wyo. ;  50  killed 
by  the  opposing  miners 2  Sept.    " 

Maj.  Aaron  Stafford,  last  surviving  officer  of  the  war  of 
1812,  dies  at  Waterville,  N.  Y.,  aged  95 6  Sept.    '♦ 

American  sloop  Puritan  wins  the  Americans  cup  in  a 
race  with  the  British  cutter  Genesta  at  New  York, 

14-16  Sept.    " 

William  Page,  American  artist,  born  1811,  dies  at  Tot- 
tenville,  N.  Y 1  Oct.    "- 

John  McCloskey,  first  American  cardinal,  born  1810, 
dies  at  New  York 10  Oct.    •'■ 

Breaking  up  at  1  blast  of  Flood  rock.  Hell  Gate,  N.  Y., 
covering  9  acres ;  282,730  pounds  of  explosive  used ; 
conducted  bv  gen.  John  Newton,  U.  S.  A.  (total  cost, 
$106,509.93)*' 10  Oct.    " 

H.  W.  Shaw  ("  Josh  Billings  "),  born  1818,  dies  at  Mon- 
terey, Cal 14  Oct.    "^ 

Gen.  George  B.  McClellan,  born  1826,  dies  at  Orange, 
N.  J 29  Oct.    " 

Ferdinand  Ward,  of  firm  of  Grant  &  Ward,  New  York 
citv,  indicted  4  June,  sentenced  to  10  years  in  Sing 
Sing 31  Oct.    '^ 

All  insurgents  and  unlawful  assemblages  in  Washing- 
ton territory  commanded  to  disperse  by  proclama- 
tion of  president 7  Nov.    "^ 

John  McCuUoch,  actor,  born  1837,  dies  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa .8  Nov.    '' 

North,  Central,  and  South  American  exposition  opened 
at  New  Orleans 10  Nov.    "^ 

Elizur  Wright,  abolitionist,  born  1804,  dies  at  Medford, 
Mass 22  Nov.    "^ 

Vice-pres.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  born  1819,  dies  at  In- 
dianapolis, Ind 25  Nov.    '' 

[His  death  left  the  country  without  any  one  in  the 
line  of  succession  of  the  president,  there  being  no  pres- 
ident j^ro  tern,  of  the  Senate  or  speaker  of  the  House.] 

Farmers'  congress,  at  its  5th  annual  meeting,  held  at 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  organizes  with  Robert  Beverly  of 
Va.  as  president 3  Dec.    '' 

Forty-ninth  Congress,  First  Session,  meets 7  Dec.    "^ 

John  Sherman  of  O.  elected  president  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate,  and  John  G.  Carlisle  of  Ky.  speaker  of  the 
House 7  Dec.    "■ 

Pres.  Cleveland's  first  annual  message 8  Dec.    " 

W.  H.  Vanderbilt,  born  1821,  dies  in  New  York  city, 

8  Dec.    "■ 

Robert  Toombs,  Confederate  sec.  of  state,  born  1810, 
dies  at  Washington,  Ga 15  Dec.    " 

Pension  of  $5000  per  annum  granted  to  Julia  D.  Grant, 
widow  of  gen.  Grant 26  Dec.    " 

Capt.  Emmet  Crawford,  U.  S.  A,,  shot  by  Mexicans 
probably  by  mistake  while  in  pursuit  of  Apaches,  50 
miles  southwest  of  Nacori,Mex.,  11  Jan.,  dies,  18  Jan.  1886 

Act  providing  that,  in  case  of  removal,  death,  resigna- 
tion, or  inability,  both  of  the  president  and  vice- 
president,  the  cabinet  officers  succeed  in  the  following 
order:  Sec.  of  state,  sec.  of  treas.,  sec.  of  war,  attorney- 
gen,,  postmaster-gen.,  sec.  of  navy,  and  sec.  of  in- 
terior   19  Jan.    " 

Four  hundred  Chinamen  driven  out  of  Seattle,  Wash- 
ington territory,  without  violence,  and  sent  to  San 
Francisco,  7  Feb. ;  riots  result,  and  U.  S.  troops  or- 
dered out 7-9  Feb.    " 

Proclamation  of  president  orders  unlawful  assemblages 
in  W^ashington  territory  to  disperse 9  Feb.    " 

Maj.-gen.  W.  S.  Hancock,  born  1824,  dies  at  Govern- 
or's island,  N.  Y 9  Feb.    " 

Horatio  Seymour,  born  1810,  dies  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 

12  Feb.    " 

Mr.  Morrison  introduces  his  tariff  bill  in  the  House, 

15  Feb.    " 


1 


UNI  ^ 

John  B.  Gough,  temperance  lecturer,  born  1817,  dies 
at  Frankford,  Pa 18  Feb.  1886 

Lay  Sang,  Chinese  merchant,  member  of  a  business 
firm  in  San  Francisco,  returning  from  Hong-Kong, 
is  refused  permission  to  land  at  San  Francisco,  al- 
though presenting  a  certificate  from  the  U.  S.  con- 
sul at  Hong-Kong 21  Feb.    " 

House  of  Representatives  appoints  a  committee  to  in- 
vestigate the  "  Pan-Electric  scandal,"  attorney-gen. 
Garland  being  accused  of  connivance,  in  a  govern- 
ment suit  against  the  Bell  Telephone  company,  with 
a  company  in  which  stock  was  given  him .  .  26  Feb.    " 

Message  of  pres.  Cleveland  to  the  Senate  on  suspen- 
sion from  office  and  the  constitutional  competence 
of  Congress  to  have  access  to  official  papers  and 
documents.  The  phrase  "  innocuous  desuetude  "  is 
here  applied  to  unenforced  laws 1  Mch.    " 

President  informs  Congress  that  the  nation  is  probably 
not  liable  for  the  Kock  Springs  Chinese  outrages, 
but  suggests  indemnity 2  Mch.    " 

Blair  Educational  bill  considered  and  passed  in  the 
Senate 5  Mch.    " 

Knights  of  Labor  strike  on  the  Gould  southwestern 
railway  system 6  Mch.    " 

Blair  Educational  bill  referred  to  House  committee  on 
education 9  Mch.    " 

Masked  strikers  disable  12  locomotives  at  Kansas  City, 
Mo 23  Mch.    « 

U.  S.  troops  ordered  to  St.  Louis  and  other  points,  to 
prevent  interruption  of  mail  transportation,  26  Mch.    " 

Pension  of  $2000  per  annum  granted  to  the  widow  of 
gen.  W.  S.  Hancock 29  Mch.    " 

Bill  for  the  free  coinage  of  silver  (without  limit)  de- 
feated in  the  House  by  163  to  126 8  Apr.    «• 

Six  strikers  killed  in  a  collision  with  sheriff's  officers 
at  East  St.  Louis,  111. 9  Aftr.    " 

Gov.  Alger  of  Mich.,  by  proclamation,  designates  "  Ar- 
bor day  "  to  be  celebrated  bv  general  tree-planting, 

11  Apr.    " 

Mr.  Morrison  reports  from  the  committee  on  ways 
a«d  means  his  tariff  bill 12  Apr.    " 

President's  message  suggesting  a  Commission  of  Labor, 
to  consider  and  settle,  when  possible,  controversies 
between  labor  and  capital 22  Apr.    " 

Great  railroad  strike  formally  declared  at  an  end  by 
Knights  of  Labor 4  May,    " 

Anarchist  riot,  "  Haymarket  massacre,"  in  Chicago, 
111 " 4  May,    " 

Act  of  Congress  to  provide  for  study  of  alcoholic  drinks 
and  narcotics,  and  their  effect  on  the  human  system, 
in  public  schools  of  territories.  District  of  Columbia, 
and  in  military  and  naval  academies  and  Indian  and 
colored  schools  of  the  U.  S 20  May,    " 

Henry  W.  Jaehne,  vice-president  of  the  New  York  city 
common  council,  sentenced  to  9  years  and  10  months 
in  Sing  Sing,  for  receiving  a  bribe  from  Jacob  Sharp's 
Broad wav  surface  road,  30  Aug.  1884  (New  York), 

20  May,    " 
Dr.  Dio  Lewis,  born  1823,  dies  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y., 

21  May,    " 
Twentv-two  anarchists  indicted  at  Chicago  for  murder, 

27  May,    " 

Pres.  Cleveland  married  to  Frances  Folsom  at  the 
White  House,  Washington,  D.  C 2  June,    " 

Johann  Most,  anarchist,  sentenced  in  New  York  city  to 
1  year's  imprisonment  and  $500  fine  for  inciting  to 
murder,  etc.,  and  his  companions  Schenck  and 
Braunschweig  to  9  months'  imprisonment. .  .2  June,    " 

General  "  tie-up  "  of  New  York  city  street-car  lines  by 
Knights  of  Labor 5  June,    " 

Morrison  Tariff  bill  defeated  in  House  of  Representa- 
tives by  157  to  140 17  June,    « 

Judge  David  Davis,  born  1815,  dies  at  Bloomington, 
111 26  June,    *' 

Franking  privilege  granted  to  the  widow  of  gen.  U.  S. 
Grant  by  act  of  Congress 28  June,    " 

Act  to  legalize  incorporation  of  national  trade  unions, 
headquarters  in  District  of  Columbia 29  June,-   " 


•  UNI 

James  Gibbons  created  archbishop  of  Baltimore,  7  June, 

and  invested  with  the  biretta 30  June,  1886 

Act  restoring  gen.  Fitz-John  Porter  to  the  army,  ap- 
proved   1  July,    " 

Paul  Hamilton  Hayne,  the  southern  poet,  born  1831, 

dies  near  Augusta,  Ga 7  July,    " 

C.  D.  Graham,  cooper,  passes  through  the  Whirlpool 
rapids  at  Niagara  falls  in  a  barrel  of  his  own  con- 
struction  11  July,    " 

Order  of  pres.  Cleveland  warning  office-holders  and 
subordinates  against  the  use  of  official  positions  to 
influence  political  movements 14  July,    " 

Bi-centennial  of  the  founding  of  the  city  of  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  celebrated 18-22  July,    " 

A.  K.  Cutting,  an  American  and  editor  of  a  paper  in 
Texas,  imprisoned  by  Mexican  authorities  at  Paso 
del  Norte  for  libel,  in  calling  a  Spanish-Mexican, 
Emilio  Medina,  a  "fraud  and  a  dead-beat".  .23  July,    " 

Act  taxing  and  regulating  the  manufacture  of  oleo- 
margarine  2  Aug.    " 

Sec.  Bayard  demands  the  immediate  release  of  Cutting, 
which  is  refused,  and  the  secretary  and  president 
having  exhausted  their  powers,  the  case  is  referred 
to  Congress 2  Aug.    " 

Fitz-John  Porter  appointed  to  a  colonelcy  in  the  army 
(Porter,  Case  of) 2  Aug.    " 

Act  to  increase  th'e  navy,  providing  for  4  double-tur- 
reted  monitors,  and  2  armed  vessels,  a  cruiser  and 
a  torpedo-boat,  to  be  built  of  American  steel  and 
domestic  armor-plate 3  Aug.    " 

Congress  authorizes  1,  2,  and  5  dollar  silver  certifi- 
cates  4  Aug.    " 

Samuel  J.  Tilden,  born  1814,  dies  at  Greystone,  N.  Y., 

4  Aug.    " 

By  joint  resolution.  Congress  accepts  from  Mrs.  Grant 
and  W.  H.  Vanderbilt  the  presents  of  various  for- 
eign governments  to  the  late  gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  5  Aug.    " 

First  Session  adjourns "  " 

[  During  this  session  of  Congress,  pres.  Cleveland 
vetoed  145  bills  out  of  1649  passed ;  of  977  private 
pension  bills  he  vetoed  123.} 

Cutting  found  guilty  by  Mexican  court,  6  Aug.,  and  sen- 
tenced to  1  year's  imprisonment  and  $600  fine,  7  Aug.    " 

Two  men  in  a  cask  pass  in  safety  through  the  Whirl- 
pool rapids  below  Niagara  falls 8  Aug.    " 

Seven  Chicago  anarchists  convicted  of  murder:  Au- 
gust Spies,  Michael  Schwab,  Samuel  Fielden,  Al- 
bert A.  Parsons,  Adolph  Fischer,  George  Engel,  and 
Louis  Lingg,  sentenced  to  death  ;  Oscar  W.  Neebe  to 
15  years'  imprisonment 20  Aug.    " 

William  J.  Kendall  of  Boston  swims  through  the  Ni- 
agara rapids  and  whirlpool  with  cork  life-preserver, 

22  Aug.    " 

Cutting  set  at  liberty  by  Mexican  authorities,  23  Aug.    " 

Lightning  ignites  70,000  pounds  of  dynamite  and  70 
tons  of  powder  at  Laflin  &  Rand's  powder-maga- 
zine near  Chicago,  111. ;  5  killed,  25  injured,  29  Aug.    " 

Charleston  Earthquake 31  Aug.    " 

Apache  Indian  chief  Geronimo,  with  his  band,  surren- 
ders to  gen.  Miles  at  Skeleton  canon,  Arizona, 4  Sept.    " 

American  yacht  Mayflower  defeats  the  British  yacht 
Galatea  off  New  York,  in  international  race  for  A  vier- 
ica's  cup 7  and  U  Sept.    " 

First  national  convention  of  anti-saloon  Republicans 
meets  at  Chicago ;  300  delegates 16  Sept.    " 

Asher  Brown  Durand,  line  engraver  and  painter,  born 
1796,  dies  at  South  Orange,  N.  J 17  Sept.    " 

Disastrous  gale  on  gulf  of  Mexico  and  floods  in  Texas; 
250  lives  lost,  2000  persons  left  desolate 12  Oct.    " 

"  Boodle  "  aldermen  in  New  York  city  arraigned  for 
bribery 19  Oct.    " 

Bartholdi's  statue  of  Liberty  Enlightening  the 
World  unveiled 28  Oct.    " 

Reception  to  French  delegates  to  the  Bartholdi  statue 
dedication  given  at  the  White  House,  Washington, 

4  Nov.    " 

Ex-pres.  Chester  A.  Arthur,  born  1830,  dies  at  New 
York 18  Nov.    " 


UNI 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  sr.,  born  1807,  dies  at  Boston, 
Mass. 21  Nov. 

Henry  M.  Stanley,  the  African  explorer,  received  in 
New  York 27  Nov. 

Arbor  day  celebrated  in  San  Francisco  by  school  chil- 
dren ;  40,000  young  trees  supplied  by  Adolph  Sutro 

for  the  occasion 27  Nov. 

Second  Session  begins 6  Dec. 

John  Sherman  of  O.  president  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate. 

President's  message  presented 6  Dec. 

Isaac  Lea,  LL,D.,  naturalist,  born  1792,  dies  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa 8  Dec. 

Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  born  1826,  dies  at  Washington, 
D.  C 26  Dec. 

John  Roach,  ship-builder,  born  1813,  dies  at  New  York 
city   10  Jan. 

Remnant  of  Table  Rock  at  Niagara  falls,  100  ft.  long, 
76  wide,  and  170  deep,  falls 12  Jan. 

Edward  L.  Youmans,  scientist,  born  1821,  dies  at  New 
York 18  Jan. 

Mexican-war  Pension  bill  approved 29  Jan. 

Act  fixing  2d  Monday  in  Januarj-^  for  meeting  of  elec- 
tors of  each  state  at  such  place  as  legislatures  may 
direct,  and  2d  Wednesday  in  February  for  counting 
electoral  votes  in  Congress 3  Feb. 

Interstate  Commerce  bill,  appointing  5  commissioners 
to  regulate  commerce  between  the  states,  approved, 

A    TPpK 

[Salary  of  each  $7000  per  annum.] 

Pension  bill  for  relief  of  dependent  parents  and  honor- 
ably discharged  soldiers  and  sailors  who  served  3 
months  in  the  civil  war,  now  disabled  and  depend- 
ent upon  their  own  labor,  vetoed 11  Feb. 

Daniel  Manning  resigns  as  secretarv  of  the  treasury, 

14  Feb. 

Union  Labor  party  organized  at  Cincinnati,  O.,  22  P'eb. 

Bill  to  prohibit  importation  of  opium  from  China  ap- 
proved   23  Feb. 

Act  prohibiting  the  hiring  or  contracting  out  of  the 
labor  of  prisoners  under  the  laws  of  the  U.  S.,  23  Feb. 

Veto  of  the  Dependent  Pension  bill  sustained  in  the 
House 24  Feb. 

Congress  appropriates  $147,748  to  indemnify  Chinese 
subjects  for  the  Rock  Springs  massacre 24  Feb. 

John  J.  Ingalls  elected  president  p?-o  tern,  of  the  Senate, 
in  place  of  John  Sherman  resigned 26  Feb. 

Act  to  organize  the  Hospital  corps  of  the  armv  of  the 
U.  S '.IMch. 

Act  to  establish  agricultural  experiment  stations  in 
colleges  established  by  act  of  2  July,  1862,  in  the 
several  states 2  Mch. 

President  authorized  to  adopt  retaliatory  measures  in 
the  fishery  dispute  with  Canada 2  Mch. 

Act  authorizing  the  president  to  deliver  the  so-called 
"  Twiggs  swords,"  captured  or  seized  by  gen.  B.  F. 
Butler  in  1862,  to  such  person  as  the  court  of  claims 
may  decide  to  be  the  owners 3  Mch. 

Tenure  of  Office  act  repealed « 

Act  for  return  and  recoinage  at  par  of  trade  dollars, 

3  Mch. 
Forty-ninth  Congress  adjourns " 

Henry  Ward  Beecher,  stricken  with  apoplexy  2  Mch., 
dies  in  Brooklyn 8  Mch. 

James  B.  Eads,  engineer,  born  1820,  dies  at  Nassau, 
N.  P.  (Mississippi  river) 8  Mch. 

Interstate  Commerce  commission  appointed  by  the 
president  22  Mch. 

Transatlantic  yacht  race  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Queens- 
town,  between  the  Coronet  and  Dauntless,  won  by 
the  former  in  14  days  19  hrs.  3  m.  14  sec,  sailing 
2934  miles 27  Mch. 

John  G.  Saxe,  poet,  born  1816,  dies  at  Albanv,  N.  Y. , 

31  Mch. 

Body  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  carefully  guarded  since  an 
effort  to  steal  it  from  the  sarcophagus  of  the  Lincoln 
monument,  Springfield,  111.,  made  in  1876,  is  buried 
in  a  grave  dug  in  the  crypt  and  covered  with  6  feet 
of  cement,  the  sarcophagus  being  replaced.  .14  Apr. 


1887 


6  UNI 

Monument  to  James  A.  Garfield  unveiled  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 12  May,  1887 

Fire  in  liorse-car  barns,  New  York  city ;  1200  horses 
suffocated 27  May,    " 

William  A.  Wheeler,  ex-vice-president,  born  1819,  dies 
at  Malone,  N.  Y 4  June,    " 

A  recommendation  made  by  adjt.-gen.  Drum  on  30 
Apr.,  to  return  flags,  both  Union  and  Confederate, 
captured  in  the  civil  war  and  stored  in  the  War  De- 
partment, approved  by  the  president  and  endorsed 
by  the  secretary  of  war,  is  revoked  by  pres.  Cleve- 
land as  not  authorized  by  law  nor  justifiable  as  an 
executive  act 16  June,    " 

Reunion  of  Union  and  Confederate  soldiers,  survivors 
of  the  Philadelphia  brigade  and  Pickett's  division, 
is  held  at  Gettysburg,  Pa 2-4  July,    " 

Jacob  Sharp,  found  guilty  of  bribing  New  York  alder- 
men, is  sentenced  to  4  years'  imprisonment  and  a  fine 
of  $5000 14  July,    " 

Miss  Dorothea  L,  Dix,  philanthropist,  born  1805,  dies 
at  Trenton,  N.  J 19  July,    "■ 

Failure  of  H.  S.  Ives  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  stock-brokers; 
liabilities,  $20,000,000 11  Aug.    " 

Spencer  F.  Baird,  naturalist,  born  1823,  dies  at  Wood's 
Holl,  Mass 19  Aug.    " 

Ninth  international  medical  congress  meets  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C 5  Sept.    " 

Labor  day  observed  as  a  legal  holiday  for  the  first  time 
in  New  York 5  Sept.    " 

Three  days'  centennial  celebration  of  the  formation  of 
the  Constitution  begins  at  Philadelphia,  .  .  .15  Sept.    " 

American  party  organized  in  Philadelphia 17  Sept.    " 

American  sloop  Volunteer  wins  the  international  yacht 
race  over  the  British  cutter  Tkisfle..27  and  30  Sept.    " 

Pres.  and  Mrs.  Cleveland  leave  Washington  for  a  tour 
of  the  West  and  South ! 30  Sept.    "■ 

Elihu  B.  Washburne,  born  1816,  dies  at  Chicago,  111., 

22  Oct.    '^ 

Sentence  of  anarchists  Fieldcn  and  Schwab  commuted 
to  imprisonment  for  life ;  Lingg  kills  himself  by  ex- 
ploding a  bomb  in  his  mouth 10  Nov.    " 

Chicago  anarchists  Spies,  Fischer,  Engel,  and  Parsons 
hanged 11  Nov.    " 

Johann  Most,  anarchist,  of  New  York,  arrested  for  in- 
cendiary language 17  Nov.    " 

Fiftieth  Congress,  First  Session,  opens  5  Dec.  1887;  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  president  pro  tem.  of  the  Sen- 
ate ;  John  G.  Carlisle  of  Ky.  elected  Speaker  of  the 
House  by  163  to  147  for  Thomas  B.  Reed 5  Dec.    « 

Pres.  Cleveland's  third  annual  message 6  Dec.    " 

Anarchist  Most  sentenced  to  1  year's  imprisonment, 

8  Dec.    " 

Cigar-shaped  raft  560  ft.  long,  65  wide,  38  high,  with 
draught  of  19  ft.  and  containing  27,000  logs,  which 
cost  $30,000,  and  launched  in  the  bay  of  Fundy, 
bound  for  New  York,  goes  to  pieces  off  Nantucket 
shoals  during  a  storm.  .  .    about  20  Dec.    " 

Ferdinand  Vandeveer  Hayden,  geologist,  born  1829, 
dies  at  Philadelphia 22  Dec.    " 

Ex-sec.  of  the  treas.  Manning,  born  1831,  dies  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y 24  Dec.    "  , 

Sec.  Lamar  resigns 7  Jan.  1888 

Asa  Gray,  botanist,  born  1810,  dies  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 

30  Jan.    " 

David  R.  Locke,  "  Petroleum  V.  Nasby,  Confederate  X 
Roads,"  born  1833,  dies  at  Toledo,  0 15  Feb.    " 

W.  W.  Corcoran,  philanthropist,  born  1798,  dies  at 
Washington,  D.  C 24  Feb.    " 

A.  Bronson  Alcott,  born  1799,  dies  at  Boston,  Mass.,  4 
Mch.,  and  Louise  M.  Alcott,  his  daughter,  novelist, 
born  1832,  dies  at  Boston 6  Mch.    " 

"Blizzard"  on  the  Atlantic  coast;  30  lives  lost; 
$10,000,000  worth  of  property  destroyed ;  about  4 
feet  of  snow  falls  in  New  York  city  and  drifts  in  the 
streets  10  to  20  feet  deep  (Storms) 12-13  Mch.    " 

Chief-justice  Morrison  R.  Waite,  born  1816,  dies  at 
Washington,  D.  C 23  Mch.    " 


i 


UNI 

CoHgress  votes  $1000  to  reward  the  Esquimaux  of  the 
Asiatic  coast  of  the  Arctic  ocean  for  acts  of  human- 
ity to  shipwrecked  seamen.. .    ,  .  .2  Apr. : 

Brighton  Beach  hotel,  Kings  county,  N.  Y.,  a  wooden 
structure  465  ft.  long,  150  deep,  and  3  stories  high, 
estimated  weight  5000  tons,  is  moved  back  from  the 
ocean  600  feet  by  112  platform  cars  on  24  parallel 
tracks  drawn  by  4  locomotives  attached  by  tackle, 

3  Apr.  et  seq. 

Roscoe  Conkling,  statesman,  born  1829,  dies  at  New 
York 18  Apr. 

Convention  of  delegates  from  nearly  all  the  Southern 
states  east  of  the  Mississippi  meets  at  Hot  Springs, 
N.  C,  to  promote  immigration 25  Apr. 

Belva  A.  Lockwood,  nominated  for  president  by  Equal 
Rights  convention  at  Des  Moines,  la. ....  .15  Ma}', 

Alson  J.  Streeter  of  111.  nominated  for  president,  and 
C.  E.  Cunningham  of  Ark.  for  vice-president,  by 
Union  Labor  party,  at  Cincinnati,  0 16  May, 

Robert  H.  Cowdrey  of  111.  nominated  for  president,  and 
W.  H.  T.  Wakefield  of  Kan.  for  vice-president  by 
United  Labor  convention  at  Cincinnati,  O.,  17  May, 

Clinton  B.  Fisk  of  N.  J.  nominated  for  president,  and 
John  A.  Brooks  of  Mo.  for  vice-president  by  Prohi- 
bition National  convention  at  Indianapolis,  31  May, 

Grade  of  lieut.-gen.  in  the  army  merged  into  grade  of 
general,  and  president  authorized  to  appoint  a  gen- 
eral of  the  army  by  act 1  June, 

P.  H.  Sheridan  commissioned  general  of  the  army, 

1  June, 

Lick  Observator)',  13  miles  east  from  San  Jose,  Cal., 
transferred  by  the  trustees  to  the  University  of 
California 1  June, 

Act  providing  for  execution  of  murderers  by  electricity 
in  New  York  state  signed  by  gov.  Hill   ...  .4  June, 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  in  St.  Louis, 
Patrick  A.  Collins  of  Mass.  permanent  president,  5 
June ;  Grover  Cleveland  nominated  for  president  by 
acclamation,  6  June  ;  Allen  G.  Thurman  of  O.  nomi- 
nated for  vice-president  by  690  to  105  for  Isaac  P. 
Gray  of  Ind.  and  25  for  John  C.  Black  of  111.,  7  June, 

Department  of  Labor,  in  charge  of  a  commissioner  of 
labor  to  be  appointed  by  the  president,  established 
by  act  of , .    13  June, 

Republican  National  convention  opens  in  Chicago,  19 
June :  M.  M.  Estee  of  Cal.  made  permanent  president, 
20  June;  19  candidates  are  balloted  for— necessary 
to  a  choice,  416.  2  ballots  are  cast  22  June,  3  on  23 
June,  and  3  on  25  June.  The  result  of  the  1st  and 
8th  ballots  for  the  4  principal  candidates  as  follows ; 


887 


UNI 


1st 


8th 
544 
118 
100 
59 


Benjamin  Harrison  of  Ind 80 

John  Sherman  of  0 229 

Russell  A.  Alger  of  Mich 84 

Walter  Q.  Gresham  of  111 .111 

Levi  P.  Morton  of  N.  Y.  nominated  for  vice-presi- 
dent     ,  .      , ,  25  June, 

Monument  to  Francis  Scott  Key  unveiled  in  Golden 
Gate  park,  San  Francisco,  Cal 4  July, 

Centennial  exposition  of  the  Ohio  valley  and  central 
states,  continuing  until  28  Oct.,  is  opened  at  Cin- 
cinnati, O ,  - , .  .    .4  July, 

Debate  on  Mills  Tariff  bill  in  the  House  closed,  19 
July,  and  bill  passed  by  162  to  149 21  July, 

Second  timber-raft  launched  at  Toggins,  bay  of  Fundy, 
25  July,  containing  22,000  logs  averaging  40  ft.  in 
length,  is  towed  in  safety  to  New  York,  arriving 

about  5  Aug. 

Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan,  born  1831,  dies  at  Nonquitt, 
Mass , 5  Aug. 

Candidates  of  Prohibition  party  publish  letters  of  ac- 
ceptance    , •  -  -  6  Aug. 

Gen.  J.  M.  Schofield  succeeds  to  command  of  army  of 
the  U.  S , .    14  Aug. 

James  Langdon  Curtis  of  N.  Y.  nominated  for  presi- 
dent, and  James  R.  Geer  (replaced  by  P.  D.  Wiggin- 
ton,  2  Oct.)  for  vice-president  by  the  American  party 
in  convention  at  Washington 15  Aug. 


President's  message  outlining  a  plan  of  retaliation  in 

the  matter  of  the  Fishery  treaty 23  Aug.  1888 

Grover  Cleveland's  letter  of  acceptance 8  Sept.    " 

Canadian  Retaliation  bill  passes  House  of  Represen- 
tatives by  176  to  4,  8  Sept. ;  referred  to  the  Senate 
committee  on  foreign  relations 10  Sept.    " 

Benjamin  Harrison's  letter  of  acceptance. .  .  .11  Sept.    " 

Richard  A.  Proctor,  astronomer,  born,  Engl.,  1837,  dies 
at  New  York  city 12  Sept.    "■ 

Immigration  of  Chinese  into  the  U.  S,,  except  offi- 
cials, teachers,  students,  merchants,  or  travellers  for 

pleasure,  prohibited  by  act  approved 13  Sept.    " 

Hodjii  Hussein  Ghooly  Khan,  first  minister  from  Per- 
sia to  the  U.  S.,  arrives  at  New  York ,30  Sept.    •'• 

Levi  P.  Morton's  letter  of  acceptance 2  Oct.    " 

Melville  W.  Fuller,  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  U.  S. 
30  Apr.,  is  confirmed,  20  July,  and  sworn  in,  8  Oct.    " 

Allen  G  Thurman's  letter  of  acceptance 12  Oct.    " 

First  Session  (321  days)  adjourns. . ,  . , 20  Oct.    " 

[This  was  the  longest  session  on  record.  15,585 
bills  and  joint  resolutions  were  introduced,  of  which 
1237  bills  and  57  joint  resolutions  became  laws.] 

Indiscreet  letter  on  American  politics  from  the  British 
minister,  lord  Sackville  West,  dated  Beverlv,  Mass., 
13  Sept.  1888,  to  Charles  F.  Murchison  of  Pomona, 
Cal.,  a  naturalized  Englishman  who  had  asked  ad- 
vice how  to  vote,  published.    25  Oct.    "■ 

Recall  of  minister  Sackville  suggested,  and  the  presi- 
dent refuses  to  recognize  him  officially 30  Oct.    '^ 

General  election,  popular  vote :  Cleveland,  Democrat, 
5,540,329',  Harrison.  Republican,  5,439,853;  Fisk, 
Prohibition,  249,506,  Streeter,  Union  Labor,  146,- 
935,  Cowdr\',  United  Labor,  2818;  Curtis,  Ameri- 
can, 1591.  Cleveland's  plurality,  100,476. .  .6  Nov.  " 
Second  Session  meets 3  Dec.    " 

President's  annual  message  presented "         " 

Oyster  war  in  Chester  river,  etc.  (Maryland),  11  Dec.    " 

Act  incorporating  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion     4  Jan. 188^ 

Upper  Suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  falls  torn  from  its 
cables  and  blown  into  the  river  during  a  gale,  10  Jan.    " 

Substitute  for  the  Mills  Tariff  bill  passes  the  Senate, 
22  Jan.;  is  debated  in  the  House  and  referred  to 
committee  on  ways  and  means 26  Jan.    " 

John  M.  Clayton,  Republican  candidate  for  Congress 
from  second  district,  Arkansas,  assassinated  at  Plura- 
mersville.  Ark 29  Jan.    " 

New  executive  department,  "  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture," created  by  act  of 9  Feb.     '* 

John  Call  Dalton,  physiologist,  born  1825,  dies  at  New 
York  city , 12  Feb.    '^ 

Norman  J.  Coleman  of  Mo.  appointed  first  secretary 
of  agriculture 12  Feb.    '* 

Electoral  votes  counted  in  Congress;  Benjamin  Har- 
rison of  Ind.  and  Levi  P.  Morton  of  N.  Y.,  Republi- 
cans, receive  233  votes ,  Grover  Cleveland  of  N.  Y. 
and  Allen  G.  Thurman  of  O.,  Democrats,  receive  168 
votes 13  Feb.    "■ 

Act  to  create  the  Maritime  Canal  company  of  Nica- 
ragua          .  .  .20  Feb.    "^ 

Act  dividing  Dakota  into  2  states,  and  enabling  the 
people  of  North  and  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and 
Washington  to  form  constitutions  and  state  govern- 
ments  22  Feb.    "■ 

Congress  appropriates  $250,000  to  aid  American  work- 
men thrown  out  of  employment  by  stoppage  of  work 
on  the  Panama  canal 25  Feb.    '^ 

President  calls  the  Senate  in  extraordinary  session,  4 
Mch 26  Feb.    " 

Bill  passed  retiring  gen.  William  S.  Rosecrans,  27  Feb.    *' 

Act  to  provide  for  taking  the  11th  and  subsequent 
censuses 1  Mch.    "^ 

Congress  appropriates  $100,000  for  a  permanent  coal- 
ing station  at  Pago  Pago,  Tutuilla,  Samoa.   .  .  2  Mch.    "- 

Bill  to  refund  to  the  states  and  territories  the  direct 
tax  levied  by  act  of  5  Aug.  1861,  vetoed  by  pres. 
Cleveland,  2  Mch.,  is  passed  by  the  Senate,  but  lost 
in  the  House 2  Mch.    « 


UNI  » 

Act  to  punish  the  use  of  the  tnails  in  "the  sawdust 
swindle"  or  "counterfeit-money  fraud,"  or  by  deal- 
ing; in  "green  articles,"  "green  coin,"  "bills,"  "pa- 
per goods,"  "green  cigars,"  etc.,  by  fine  and  impris- 
onment   2  Mch.  1889 

Levi  P.  Morton,  vice-president  elect,  takes  the  oath 

of  office  in  the  Senate 4  Mch.    " 

Fiftieth  Cotiffiess  adjourns "         " 

Special  session  of  the  Senate  convenes,  vice-pres.  Mor- 
ton presiding 4  Mch.    " 

Prea.  Harrison  inauguratctl "        " 

"Twenty-sixth  Administration— Eepublioan.     4  Mch. 

1889  to  3  Mob.  1893. 

Itenjaiiiin  Harrison,  Ind.,  president. 
Levi  P.  .Morton,  N.  Y.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

James  G.  Blaine,  Me.,  sec.  of  state,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
John  W.  Foster,  Ind.,  sec.  of  state,  from  29  June,  1892. 
William  Windom,  Minn.,  sec.  of  treasury,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
Charles  Foster,  O  ,  sec.  of  treasury,  from  24  Feb.  1891. 
Redfield  Proctor,  Vt.,  sec.  of  war,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
Stephen  B.  Elkins,  W.  Va.,  sec.  of  war,  from  24  Dec.  1891. 
William  H.  //.  MUler,  Ind.,  attorney-gen  ,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
John  Wanamaker,  Pa.,  postmaster-gen.,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
Benjamin  F.  Tracy,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
John  W.  Noble,  Mo.,  sec.  of  interior,  from  5  Mch.  1889. 
Jeremiah  M.  Rusk,  Wis.,  sec.  of  agriculture,  5  Mch.  1889. 
Sen.  Ingalls  re-elected  president  pro  tern,  of  Senate,  pre- 
siding imtil  18  Mch 7  Mch.  1889 

John  Ericsson,  scientist  and  inventor,  born  1803,  dies 

in  New  York  city 8  Mch.   " 

U.  S.  steamers  Trenton  and  Vandalia  wrecked  and  the 
Nipsic  stranded   in   a  storm  near  Apia,  Samoan 

ISLANDS 16  Mch.    " 

Proclamation  of  the  president  warning  persons  against 
entering  Behring  sea  for  unlawful  hunting  of  fur- 
bearing  animals 21  Mch.    " 

Staulev  Matthews,  associate  justice  of  Supreme  court  of 
U.  S.,  born  1824,  dies  in  Washington,  D.  C,  22  Mch.    " 

Extra  session  of  Senate  closes 2  Apr.    " 

Proclamation  of  president  designates  30  Apr.  1889,  the 

centennial  of  the  inauguration  of  Washington  as 

president,  as  a  day  of  special  thanksgiving. .  .4  Apr.    " 

■Oklahoma,  by  proclamation  of  president,  23  Mch.  1889, 

is  opened  for  settlement  at  noon,  and  city  of  Guthrie 

established 22  Apr.    " 

Simpson  dry-dock  at  Newport  News,  Va.,  the  largest  in 

the  U.  S.,  formally  opened 24  Apr.    " 

■Centennial  of  inauguration  of  pres.  Washington  cele- 
brated in  New  Y'ork  city  and  elsewhere, 

29  Apr.-l  May,    " 
Body  of  dr.  Cronin  of  Chicago,  who  had  disappeared 
3  weeks  previously,  found  in  a  sewer;    murdered. 

(Trials) 22  May,    " 

Johnstown  flood .31  May,    " 

John  Brown's  fort,  near  Harper's  Ferry,  swept  away 

by  flood  on  the  Potomac June,    " 

■City  of  Seattle,  W.  T.,  nearly  destroyed  by  fire;   30 

acres  burned  over;  loss,  $5,000,000 6  June,    " 

Simon  Cameron,  statesman,  born  1799,  dies  in  Donegal, 

Lancaster  county.  Pa 26  June,    " 

^laria  Mitchell,  astronomer,  born  1818,  dies  at  Lynn, 

Mass 28  June,    " 

Theodore  Dwight  Woolsey,  ex-president  of  Yale  col- 
lege, born  1801,  dies  at  New  Haven,  Conn ...  1  July,    " 
Mavor  of  New  York  calls  a  meeting  with  a  view  to 

holding  a  World's  Fair  in  1892 18  July,    " 

Sioux  reservation  in  Dakota  (11,000,000  acres)  ceded 

to  the  U.  S 6  Aug.    " 

Mayor  Grant  of  New  York  city  appoints  committees 

for  the  World's  Fair  in  1892 11  Aug.    " 

David  S.  Terry,  assaulting  judge  Stephen  Field  at  La- 
throp,  Cal.,  is  shot  dead  by  U.  S.  marshal  Nagle, 

14  Aug.    " 
Cronin  murder  trial  begins  in  Chicago  (Trials), 

30  Aug.    " 


«  UNI 

Deep  Harbor  convention,  with  delegates  from  16  states 
and  territories,  meets  at  Topeka,  Kan.,  to  consider 
the  security  of  a  harbor  on  the  Texas  coast  .  .  1  Oct.  1 

Pan-American  congress  organizes  in  Washington,  D.C., 

2  Oct. 

International  Marine  conference  meets  in  Washington, 
D.  C 16  Oct. 

Work  formall}'  begun  on  the  Nicaragua  canal  .22  Oct. 

North  and  South  Dakota  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
states  (39th  and  40th  in  order),  by  proclamation  of 
the  president 2  Nov. 

Maritime  exhibition  opens  in  Boston,  Mass. .  .  .4  Nov. 

Montana  (41st  state  in  order)  admitted  into  the  Union 
by  proclamation  of  president 8  Nov. 

Washington  (42d  state  in  order)  admitted  into  the 
Union  by  proclamation  of  president 11  Nov. 

Pan-American  delegates,  after  visiting  all  sections  of 
the  countr}',  a  journey  of  6000  miles,  return  to  Wash- 
ington   13  Nov. 

Great  fire  in  Lynn,  Mass. ;  80  acres  burned  over ;  296 
buildings  destroyed;  loss  over  $4,000,000.  .26  Nov. 

Fifty-first  Congress,  First  Session,  meets 2  Dec. 

Thomas  B.  Reed  of  Me.  elected  speaker  of  the  House. 

Pre.s.  Harrison's  first  annual  me.ssage 3  Dec. 

Jefferson  Davis,  ex-president  of  the  Confederacy,  born 
1808,  dies  at  New  Orleans 6  Dec. 

Committees  representing  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and 
Industrial  Union  and  the  Knights  of  Labor  meet  at 
St.  Louis  and  adopt  a  platform  of  principles  demand- 
ing the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver,  the  abo- 
lition of  national  banks  and  issue  of  legal-tender 
treasury  notes,  prohibiting  alien  ownership  of  land 
and  dealing  in  futuresof  agricultural  and  mechanical 
products 6  Dec. 

Auditorium  building  and  opera-house,  Chicago,  dedi- 
cated   9  Dec. 

Coughlin,  O'Sullivan,  and  Burke  sentenced  to  life  im- 
prisonment, and  Kunze  to  3  years,  for  complicity  in 
murder  of  dr.  Cronin  of  Chicago,and  Beggs  acquitted, 

16  Dec. 

"  La  grippe  "  invades  the  U.  S 21  Dec. 

Horatio  Allen,  first  locomotive  engineer  in  the  U.  S., 
dies  at  Montrose,  N.  J.,  aged  88 .- .  1  Jan. 

State  dinner  given  by  the  president  to  the  vice-presi- 
dent and  cabinet ^ 7  Jan. 

William  D.  KelW,  born  1814,  the  oldest  member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  term  of  service 
(since  1860)  as  well  as  in  years,  dies 9  Jan. 

Adam  Forepaugh,  veteran  circus  manager,  born  1831, 
dies  at  Philadelphia 22  Jan. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  league  organized  at 
Cleveland,  0 23  Jan. 

"  Nellie  Bly  "  (miss  Pink  E.  Corkran),  of  the  New  York 
World,  completes  a  trip  around  the  world  eastward 
in  72  days,  6  hrs.  11  min 25  Jan. 

House  of  Representatives  disputes  on  the  power  of  the 
speaker  to  count  a  quorum  when  members  present 
refuse  to  vote 29  Jan. 

Wife  and  daughter  of  sec.  of  the  navy  Tracj^  lose  their 
lives  in  the  burning  of  their  residence  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 3  Feb. 

Gentiles  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  for  the  first  time  ob- 
tain control  in  a  local  election 10  Feb. 

Proclamation  of  the  president  opening  part  of  the  Great 
Sioux  reservation  for  settlement 10  Feb. 

Proclamation  by  the  president  against  the  use  of  the 
Cherokee  strip  for  grazing  by  whites  under  private 
contract  with  the  Cherokees 17  Feb. 

John  Jacob  Astor,  born  1822,  dies  at  New  York,  leaving 
a  vast  fortune 22  Feb. 

Vote  in  the  House  of  Representatives  on  a  site  for  the 
World's  Columbian  exposition  results  :  Chicago,  157; 
New  York,  107 ;  St.  Louis,  26 ;  Washington,  D.  C,  18 : 
necessar}'-  to  a  choice,  155 24  Feb. 

U.  S.  steamer  Enterprise  arrives  at  New  York  with  the 
body  of  the  late  George  H.  Pendleton,  who  died  at 
Brussels,  24  Nov.  1889 27  Feb. 


1 


i 


1890 


I 


UNI 

North  American  Commercial  company  secures  the 
Alaskan  fur-seal  rights  (Alaska) 28  Feb. 

National  league  of  Republican  clubs  meets  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn 4  Mch. 

Act  authorizing  an  assistant  sec.  of  war  at  a  salary  of 
$4500 5  Mch. 

Owing  to  British  seal-poaching  in  American  waters, 
and  refusal  of  Great  Britain  to  recognize  a  close  sea- 
son, the  president  by  proclamation  warns  persons 
against  entering  Behring  sea  for  the  purpose  of  un- 
lawfully killing  fur-bearing  animals 15  Mch. 

Large  number  of  "boomers"  invade  the  Cherokee 
strip 23  Mch. 

Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck,  born  1809,  dies  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 23  Mch. 

Louisville  tornado  (Storms) 27  Mch. 

Australian  ballot-system  successfully  introduced  at  a 
state  election  in  Rhode  Island 2  Apr. 

Panic  in  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade 12  Apr. 

Samuel  J.  Randall,  born  1828,  dies  at  Washington,  D.C., 

13  Apr. 

McKinley  Tariff  bill  introduced  from  the  committee 
on  ways  and  means , 16  Apr. 

Pan-American  conference,  in  which  was  represented 
Hayti,  Nicaragua,  Peru,  Guatemala,  Colombia,  Ar- 
gentine Republic,  Costa  Rica,  Paraguay,  Brazil, 
Honduras,  Mexico,  Bolivia,  United  States,  Venezu- 
ela, Chili,  San  Salvador,  and  Ecuador,  adjourns, 

19  Apr. 

John  C.  Fremont  placed  on  the  army  retired-list,  with 
the  rank  of  major-general,  by  act  of  19  Apr.;  ap- 
proved  21  Apr. 

Pan-Electric  suit  decided  by  the  Supreme  court  in  favor 
of  ex- attorney-gen.  Garland 21  Apr. 

Commander  B.  H.  McCallaof  U.  S.  S.  Enterprise  court- 
raartialled  on  charges  of  malfeasance,  based  on  find- 
ings of  a  court  of  inquiry  which  met  11  Mch.  at 
Brooklyn  navy-yard 22  Apr. 

Congress  appropriates  $150,000  for  relief  of  sufferers 
from  floods  on  the  Mississippi 25  Apr. 

Act  passed  to  provide  for  celebrating  the  400th  anni- 
versary of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Christopher 
Columbus  by  an  international  exhibition  of  arts,  in- 
dustries, manufactures,  and  products  of  the  soil, 
mines,  and  sea,  at  Chicago,  III 25  Apr. 

Supreme  court  decides  that  imported  liquors  may  be 
carried  into  any  state,  and  sold  in  the  original 
packages,  without  reference  to  local  prohibitory  or 
restrictive  laws 28  Apr. 

Act  to  provide  for  a  temporary  government  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Oklahoma 2  May, 

Commander  B.  H.  McCalla  sentenced  to  be  suspended 
from  rank  and  duty  for  3  years ;  sentence  approved 
by  sec.  Tracy 15  May, 

McKinley  Tariff  bill  debated  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives 7-10  May,  and  passed  by  the  House,  164 
to  142 21  May, 

Work  of  taking  the  U.  S.  census  begins 2  June, 

McKinley  Tariff  bill  reported  in  the  Senate .  .  18  June, 

National  Commission  of  the  World's  Columbian  ex- 
position appointed  by  the  president ;  elects  ex-sen. 
Thomas  VV.  Palmer  of  Detroit  permanent  chairman, 
and  John  T.  Dickinson  of  Tex.  permanent  secretary, 

27  June, 

Bill  passes  granting  pensions  to  soldiers  and  sailors 
who  served  90  days  in  the  civil  war,  now  or  here- 
after disabled,  and  to  widows  and  minor  children 
and  dependent  parents 27  June, 

Bill  to  protect  trade  and  commerce  against  unlawful 
restraints  of  trusts,  monopolies,  etc.,  approved, 

2  July, 

Act  admitting  Idaho  as  a  state  (the  4Bd) 3  July, 

Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk,  born  1828,  dies  at  New  York  city, 

9  July, 

Act  admitting  Wyoming  as  a  state  (the  44th),  10  July, 

Act  authorizing  a  bridge  over  the  Hudson  river  be- 
tween New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  incorporating 
the  North  River  Bridge  company 11  July, 


1890 


UNI 

Maj.-gen.  John  C.  Fremont,  born  1813.  dies  at  New 
York 13  July, 

Act  authorizing  the  purchase  of  not  more  than  4,500,000 
ounces  of  silver  per  month  at  not  more  than  $1  for 
^^^I%\  grains,  and  to  issue  treasury  notes  therefor, 
and  coinage  of  2,000,000  ounces  per  month  until  1 
July,  1891,  and  thereafter  as  necessary. .  .  .14  July, 

C.  H.  F.  Peters,  American  astronomer,  discoverer  of  50 
asteroids,  born  1813,  dies. 18  July, 

Message  of  pres.  Harrison  recommends  legislation  clos- 
ing the  mails  and  express  lines  of  the  U.  S.  against 
lottery  companies .29  Julj'', 

Post-office  department  excludes  from  the  mails  Tolstoi's 
"  Kreutzer  Sonata  "  as  an  immoral  work ....  1  Aug. 

William  Kemmler,  murderer,  executed  bv  electricity  at 
Auburn  prison,  N.  Y.     (Trials) ' 6  Aug. 

Strike  of  3000  trainmen  on  the  New  York  Central 
failroad 8  Aug. 

Wilson  bill  as  amended,  authorizing  the  states  to  pro- 
hibit sale  of  imported  liquors  in  "  original  packages," 
approved g  Aug. 

John  Boyle  O'Reilly,  Irish  patriot  and  poet,  born  1844, 
dies  at  Hull,  Mass 10  Aug. 

First  annual  convention  of  letter-carriers  of  the  U.  S. 
held  at  JBoston,  Mass. ;  100  delegates 13  Aug. 

Act  establishing  a  National  military  park  at  the  battle- 
field of  Chickamauga 19  Aug. 

Body  of  capt.  John  Ericsson  sent  to  Sweden  on  the 
U.  S.  S.  Baltimore 23  Aug. 

Act  for  inspection  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  of 
salted  pork  and  bacon  for  export  and  of  foods  and 
drink  and  cattle  imported,  and  empowering  the  pres- 
ident to  retaliate  upon  foreign  nations  discriminating 
against  the  U.  S 30  Aug. 

Act  for  an  annual  appropriation  of  moneys  received 
from  the  sale  of  public  lands  to  Colleges  of  Agricult- 
ure and  Mechanics'  Arts  established  by  act  of  Con- 
gress 2  July,  1862 ;  each  state  and  territory  to  re- 
ceive $15,000  the  first  year,  increased  by  $1000 
annually,  until  $25,000  is  reached,  which  shall  be  a 
permanent  annual  donation 30  Aug. 

Single  Tax  convention  meets  in  New  York  city  2  Sept. 
and  adopts  a  platform 3  Sept. 

Criminal  jurisdiction  of  U.S.  Circuit  and  District  courts 
extended  to  the  Great  Lakes  and  connecting  waters 
by  act  of 4  Sept. 

Direct  Trade  convention,  with  delegates  from  6  cotton- 
producing  states,  organizes  at  Atlanta,  Ga.  .10  Sept. 

Strike  of  trainmen  on  the  N.  Y.  Central  railroad  de- 
clared off. 17  Sept. 

Dion  Boucicault,  dramatist,  born  1822,  dies  at  New 
York  city 18  Sept. 

Act  amending  sec.  3894  of  Revised  Statutes,  relating  to 
advertising  of  lottery  tickets,  approved.  .  .  .19  Sept. 

River  and  Harbor  bill,  appropriating  $24,981,295,  ap- 
proved  19  Sept. 

George  R.  Davis  of  111.  selected  as  director-gen.  of  the 
World's  Fair 19  Sept. 

Bronze  statue  of  Horace  Greeley,  by  John  Quincy 
Adams  Ward,  unveiled  in  front  of  the  Tribune  build- 
ing, New  York  city , 20  Sept. 

Act  reserving  as  a  public  park  the  big-tree  groves  in 
townships  17  and  18 south, in  California.. .  .25  Sept. 

Coinage  of  3-dollar  and  l-dollar  gold  pieces,  and  3-cent 
nickel  pieces  discontinued  by  act  of  (Coin),  26  Sept. 

Celebration  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  of  the  centennial  of 
the  introduction  of  cotton  spinning  into  America, 

29  Sept. 

Pension  of  Sarah  Dabney,  widow  of  John  Q.  Dabney, 
Revolutionary  .soldier,  increased  from  $12  to  $30  per 
month  by  act  20  June ;  also  of  Asenath  Turner,  wid- 
ow of  Samuel  Dunham,  and  Mary  Snead,  widow  of 
Bowdoin  Snead,  Revolutionary  pensioners,  30  Sept. 

McKinley  Tariff  bill  approved 1  Oct. 

Act  of  Congress  setting  apart  certain  tracts  of  land  in 

California  as  forest  reservations 1  Oct, 

Act  transferring  the  Weather  bureau  to  the  depart- 
ment of  agriculture 1  Oct. 


1890 


UNI 

Firrt  Session  (304  days)  adjourns 1  Oct. 

[This  was  the  second  lon^eat  session  ever  held; 
f6,972  bills  introduced,  nearly  1400  became  laws.] 

Louis  Philip{>e  Albert  d'Orl6ans,  comte  de  Paris,  vol- 
unteer aide  on  gen.  McClellan's  staflF  during  the  civil 
war,  arrives  in  New  York 3  Oct. 

Polygamy  abolished  as  an  institution  of  the  church  of 
Latter-dav  Saint;*  at  a  general  conference  in  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah 6  Oct. 

Daughters  of  the  American  revolution  organized  at 
Washington II  Oct. 

Associate-justice  Samuel  Miller  of  the  Supreme  court, 
struck  with  paralysis  10  Oct ,  dies  at  Washington, 

13  Oct. 

William  W.  Belknap,  ex-sec.  of  war,  born  1829,  dies  at 
Washington,  D.  C 13  Oct. 

Cliief  of  police  David  C.  Hennessy  of  New  Orleans 
waylaid  before  his  own  home  by  Italian  "  Maffia,"  to 
whose  band  he  had  traced  a  number  of  crimes,  and 
killed,  receiving  6  wounds 15  Oct. 

Religious  excitement  among  the  Indians  of  the  North- 
west ("Messiah  craze")  first  appears  3  June,  when 
3  Indian  chiefs,  representing  the  Comanches,  Chey- 
ennes,  and  Arapahoes,  meet  near  the  Crow  agency 
in  Montana  to  behold  the  Great  Spirit  on  the  rocks; 
it  develops  into  the  "  ghost  dances"  among  the  Sioux 
tribes  the  latter  part  of. Oct. 

Henry  M.  Stanley  begins  a  lecture  tour  at  New  York 
city 12  Nov. 

Benjamin   Penhallow   Shillaber,  "Mrs.   Partington," 

born  1814,  dies  at  Chelsea,  Mass 25  Nov. 

Second  Session  convenes 1  Dec. 

President's  message  read " 

David  Kalakaua,  king  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  lands 
at  San  Francisco,  Cal 4  Dec. 

Tatonka  Otanka,  "  Sitting  Bull,"  born  in  Dakota,  1837, 
who  posed  as  leading  apostle  in  the  ghost  dances, 
is  arrested,  and  is  killed  during  an  attempt  of  Ind- 
ians to  rescue  him,  near  Grand  river,  about  40  miles 
from  Standing  Rock  agency,  N.  Dak 15  Dec. 

Maj.-gen.  Alfred  H.  Terry,  bora  1827,  dies  at  New 
Haven,  Conn 16  Dec. 

Sec.  Blaine  proposes  to  the  British  minister  at  Wash- 
ington arbitration  in  the  Behring  Sea  difficulty 
(our  government  contending  that  the  phrase  "Pacific 
ocean,"  in  the  Russo-American  and  Anglo-Russian 
treaties  of  1824  and  1825,  does  not  include  ''  Behring 
sea") 17  Dec. 

Giovanni  Succi  concludes  a  fast  of  45  da3's  at  New 
York  (Abstinence) 20  Dec. 

By  proclamation  the  president  appoints  1  May,  1893, 
as  the  opening,  and  the  last  Thursday  of  Oct.  1893 
as  the  closing,  day  of  the  World's  Columbian  exposi- 
tion at  Chicago 24  Dec. 

Battle  with  "  Big  Foot's  "  baud  of  Indians  on  Wounded 
Knee  creek,  S.  Dak.;  among  the  Indians  killed 
were  44  squaws  and  18  pappooses;  loss  to  U.  S. 
troops,  32  killed,  39  wounded 29  Dec. 

Gen.  Francis  E.  Spinner,  U.  S.  ex-treasurer,  born  1802, 
dies  at  Jacksonville,  Fla 31  Dec. 

International  Monetary  conference  meets  at  Washing- 
ton  7  Jan. 

Motion  for  leave  to  tile  a  petition  for  a  writ  of  prohi- 
bition against  the  condemnation  of  the  Canadian 
sealer  W,  P.  Sayward,  condemned  by  the  U.  S.  Dis- 
trict court  in  Alaska  in  1887  for  violating  U.  S.  laws, 
by  taking  seals  in  Behring  sea,  and  appealed  to  the 
Supreme  court,  is  entered  on  behalf  of  the  attorney- 
general  of  Canada 12  Jan. 

Senate  passes  a  Free  Coinage  bill,  adopted  17  June, 
1890,  as  a  substitute  for  the  Financial  bill,  and  takes 
up  the  Federal  Election  bill  by  34  to  33 14  Jan. 

George  Bancroft,  historian,  born  1800,  dies  at  Washing- 
ton   17  Jan. 

Indian  chiefs  at  Pine  Ridge  agency,  14  Jan.,  agree  to 
surrender  to  gen.  Miles,  who  declares  the  Indian  out- 
break ended 19  Jan. 

Discussion  of  the  Federal  Election  bill  (H.  R.  11,045), 


890 


UNI 


1890  I  passed  by  House  of  Representatives  2  July,  1890, 

closes  in  the  Senate 19  Jan.  1891 

'       Aldrich  cloture  rule,  to  limit  debate,  submitted  29  Dec. 

I  1890,  is  considered  in  Senate 20  Jan.    " 

I       King  Kalakaua, born  1836,  dies  at  San  Francisco,  20  Jan.    " 
"      I       Representatives  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and  Industrial 
Union  in  Washington,  D.  C,  agree  upon  a  confeder- 

!  ation  of  the  labor  organizations 22  Jan.    " 

"      j       Aldrich  cloture  resolution  displaced  in  Senate  by  bill  for 

apportionment  of  representation,  by  35  to  34,  26  Jan.    '■ 
Over  100  miners  killed  by  an  explosion  of  fire-damp  in 

the  coke-mines  near  MU  Pleasant,  Pa 27  Jan.     " 

Secof  treas.  Windom,  born  1827,  dies  suddenly  of  heart- 
disease  at  a  banquet  at  Delmonico's,  New  York  city, 

29  Jan.    " 
Act  apportioning  representatives  in  Congress,  356  after 

3  Mch.  1893,  approved 7  Feb.    " 

Strike  involving  10,000  miners  begins  in  Connellsville 

coke  regions,  Pa 9  Feb.    " 

Adm.  David  Dixon  Porter,  born  1814,  dies  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 13  Feb.    " 

[With  him  expired  the  grade  of  admiral  in  the  navy.] 
Gen.  William  T.  Sherman,  born  1820,  dies  at  New  York, 

14  Feb.    " 
Gen.  Nathaniel  P.  Banks  placed  upon  the  pension  roll 

at  the  rate  of  $100  per  month 18  Feb.    " 

Sen.  Ingalls  chosen  president  of  the  Senate  pro  tern.,  25 
Feb.  1886,  and  continued  by  successive  elections  un- 
til 3  Apr.  1890.  On  12  Mch.  1890,  he  is  unanimously 
designated  to  preside  during  the  future  absences  of 
the  vice-president  and  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Senate, 
a  function  never  before  exercised  by  any  member  of 

the  Senate ;  he  resigns  this  office 19  Feb.     " 

Prof.  Alexander  Wiuchell,  geologist,  born  1824,  dies  at 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich 19  Feb.    " 

First  triennial  of  National  Council  of  Women  of  the 

U.  S.  meets  at  Washington,  D.  C 23  Feb.    " 

Act  torefund  to  the  states  i  15,227,632.03  collected  un- 
der the  direct-tax  act  of  1861,levving  $20,000,000, 

2  Mch.    " 
Act  authorizing  3  U.  S.  prisons  :  1  north,  another  south 
of  39°  and  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  the  3d  west 

of  the  Rocky  mountains 3  Mch.    " 

Congress  appropriates  $15,000  for  experiments  in  for- 
estry and  artificial  rain-making 3  Mch.    " 

Act  creating  9  Courts  of  Appeal  and  9  additional  U.  S. 

Circuit  Court  judges  approved 3  Mch.    " 

Act  granting  registry  to  certain  foreign-built  vessels 
with  subsidies;  the  mails  to  be  carried  when  required 
without  additional  compensation,  and  new  vessels  to 
be  built  suitable  for  conversion  into  auxiliary  cruis- 
ers or  transports 3  Mch.    " 

International  Copj'right  act  approved "         " 

Fifty-first  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch.    " 

[The  51st  Congress  was  nicknamed  the  "  Billion 
Dollar  Congress  "  from  the  grand  total  of  its  appro- 
priations.] 

"      I       Eleven  Italians  confined  in  the  parish  prison.  New  Or- 
I           leans,  on  charge  of  the  murder  of  chief  Hennessy,  6 
'■                 of  whom  had  just  been  acquitted  b}'^  jury  trial,  are 
j  massacred 14  Mch.   " 

1891  I       Baron  Fava,  Italian  minister  at  Washington,  protests 
against  the  New  Orleans  lynching 15  Mch.    " 

Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  born  1807,  dies  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 21  Mch.    " 

Italian  minister  Fava  recalled 31  Mch.    " 

Gen.  Albert  Pike,  born  1809,  dies  at  Washington,  D.  C, 

2  Apr.    " 

Sen.  George  F.  Edmunds  resigns,  to  take  effect  1  Nov., 

6  Apr.    " 

Phineas  T.  Barnum,  born  1810,  dies  at  Bridgeport, 
Conn 7  Apr.    " 

Patent  centennial  opened  in  Washington  by  pres.  Har- 
rison  8  Apr.    " 

Pres.  Harrison  and  party  leave  Washington  for  an  ex- 
tended trip  in  the  South  and  West 14  Apr.  ." 

Resignation  of  sen.  John  H.  Reagan  of  Tex.,  to  take 
effect  10  June 24  Apr.    " 


\ 


UNI 

Convention  of  International  Young  Women's  Christian 

Association  at  Scran  ton,  Pa 24-26  Apr.  1891 

China  formally  objects  to  Henry  W.  Blair  as  min- 
ister from  the  U.  S.,  because  of  his  speech  in  Con- 
gress against  the  Chinese 28  Apr.    " 

Verdict  of  "  not  guilty"  in  Millington  murder  case  at 

Denver,  Col .* 29  Apr.    " 

Charles  Pratt,  philanthropist,  born  1830,  dies  in  New 

York  city 4  May,    " 

U.  S.  marshal,  at  the  request  of  Chilian  minister,  seizes 
the  Chilian  insurgent  transport  Itata  at  San  Diego, 

Cal 6  May,    " 

Itata  sails  from  San  Diego,  carrying  off  the  U.  S.  dep- 
uty marshal 7  May,    " 

[The  marshal  was  landed  some  8  miles  south  of 
San  Diego,  and  the  Itata  took  from  the  American 
schooner  Robert  and  Minnie  a  cargo  of  arms  shipped 
fromIlion,N.Y.] 
U.  S.  cruiser  Charleston  sails  in  pursuit  of  the  Itata, 

9  May,    " 

Pres.  Harrison  returns  to  Washington 15  May,    "■ 

Kear-adm.  McCann  given  command  of  the  American 

vessels  in  the  South  Pacific 17  May,    " 

Trans-Mississippi  Commercial  congress  (1200  delegates) 

opens  at  Denver,  Col 19  May,    " 

People's  party  organized  at  the  National  Union  con- 
ference (1418  delegates  from  32  states)  at  Cincin- 
nati, O 19  May,    " 

President  opens  to  settlement  about  1,600,000  acres  of 
the  Fort  Berthold  Indian  reservation,  S.  Dak., 

20  May,    " 
Charleston  reaches  Callao  without  having   seen  the 

Itata 27  May,    '^ 

First  Sunday  opening  of  the  New  York  Metropolitan 

museum  ;  10,000  visitors 31  May,    " 

Benson   John   Lossing,  historian,  born  1813,  dies  at 

Chestnut  Ridge,  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y 3  June,    " 

Itata  surrenders  to  adms.  McCann  and  Brown  in  the 

harbor  of  Iquique  with  a  cargo  of  5000  rifles,  4  June,    " 
Lieut.  R.  E.  Peary  and  wife  (the  first  lady  to  join  a 

Polar  expedition)  sail  for  the  Arctic  regions,  6  June,    " 
Great  Britain  agrees  to  a  modus  vivendi,  a  close  season 
and  limited  privilege  in  the  seal  fisheries,  until  1 

May,  1892.     Proclaimed  by  president 15  June,    " 

Monument,  inscribed,  "  On  this  spot  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus first  set  foot  upon  the  soil  of  the  New 
World,"  erected  on  Watling  island  by  the  Chicago 

Herald 15  June,    " 

Nine  new  U.  S.  Circuit  courts  of  Appeal  formally  or- 
ganized  16  June,    " 

Rain-making  experiments  begun  in  Texas  under  the 

department  of  agriculture 23  June,    " 

Discovery  recorded  of  a  new  lake  forming  in  Salton 

Sink,  Ariz.,  owing  to  floods  on  the  Colorado,  29  June,    " 
Weather  bureau  transferred  from  war  department  to 
department  of  agriculture ;  prof.  Mark  W.  Harring- 
ton appointed  chief. 30  June,    " 

Ex-vice-pres.  Hannibal  Hamlin,  born   1809,  dies  at 

Bangor,  Me 4  July,    " 

Charleston  and  Itata  arrive  at  San  Diego,  Cal.,     "  " 

Four   murderers,  Slocum,  Smiler,  Wood,  and  Jugiro, 

executed  by  electricity  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.  .7  July,    " 
Secretary  of  the  treasury  accepts  $500  from  the  Itata 

for  violation  of  the  navigation  laws 8  July, 

Cargo  of  arms  and  ammunition  on  the  Itata  libelled  by 

the  U.  S.  marshal  at  San  Diego,  Cal 14  July,    " 

Statue  of  gen.  Stonewall  Jackson  unveiled  at  Lexing- 
ton, Va. ;  15,000  Confederate  veterans  present;  ora- 
tion by  gen.  Early 21  July, 

Smokeless  powder  used  for  the  first  time  in  this  coun- 
try in  experiments  at  Sandy  Hook,  N.  J .  .  .25  July,    '• 
Thomas  W,  Bocock,  born  1815,  for  14  years  in  congress 
from  Virginia  and  for  4  years  speaker  of  Confederate 

congress,  dies  in  Appomattox  co.,  Va 5  Aug. 

Two  vessels  seized  in  Behring  sea  for  unlawful  seal- 
ing  7  Aug.    '• 

James  Russell  Lowell,  born  1819,  dies  at  Cambridge, 
Mass 12  Aug.    '■ 


891  UNI 

Cherokee  strip  closed  to  the  whites  by  order  of  the 

president 13  Aug.  1891 

Sarah  Childress  Polk,  widow  of  ex-pres.  James  K.  Polk, 

born  1803,  dies  at  Nashville,  Tenn 14  Aug.    " 

Battle  monument,  308  feet  high,  at  Bennington,  Vt., 

dedicated;  address  by  pres.  Harrison 19  Aug.    " 

Over  60  persons  killed  by  a  falling  building  in  Park 

place.  New  York  city 22  Aug.    " 

II.  G.  Dyrenforth  and  staff  experiment  in  artificial 
rain  production  by  dynamite  bombs  exploded  in  the 

air,  etc.,  near  Midland,  Tex 18-26  Aug.    '• 

First  reunion  of  survivors  of  the  Black  Hawk  war  of 
1832  held  at  Lena,  111. ;  17  veterans  over  70  years 

old  present 28  Aug.    " 

Germany  removes  restrictions  on  imports  of  American 

pork 3  Sept.    " 

New  Chilian  government,  with  Jorge  Montt  as  presi- 
dent, officially  recognized   by  the  department  of 

state  at  Washington,  D.  C 7  Sept.    " 

Denmark  revokes  prohibition  of  import  of  American 

pork 8  Sept.    " 

Forest  reservation  in  Wyoming,  adjoining  Yellowstone 
National  park,  set  apart  by  proclamation  of  pres. 
Harrison,  30  Mch.,  and  supplementary  proclamation, 

10  Sept.    " 
William  Ferrel,  meteorologist,  born  1817,  dies  at  May- 
wood,  Kan 18  Sept.    « 

President  proclaims  the  ceded  Indian  lands  in  Okla- 
homa territorv  open  to  settlement  on  22  Sept., 

18  Sept.    " 
Opening  of  the  St.  Clair  river  tunnel  celebrated  at  Port 

Huron  and  Sarnia.  .•. 19  Sept.    " 

Russian  man-of-war  Alente  seizes  an  American  sealer, 
the  Lewis,  at  Behring's  island  and  carries  the  crew 

to  Vladivostocks  for  trial 2  Oct.    " 

Human   Freedom  league  organized  in  Independence 

hall,  Philadelphia 12  Oct.    " 

Boatswain,  mate,  and  6  sailors  of  the  U.  S.  cruiser 
Baltimoi-e  injured  by  a  mob  in  the  streets  of  Val- 
paraiso, Chili,  resulting  in  death  of  2  sailors  (see 

this  record,  21  Jan.-17  July,  1892).  ... 16  Oct.    ■' 

Nathaniel  Duncan  Ingraham,  formerly  of  the  U.  S. 
navy  (Koszta  affair),  afterwards  in  the  Confed- 
erate service,  dies  at  Charleston,  S.  C 16  Oct.    " 

James  Parton,  author,  born  1822,  dies  at  Newburyport, 

Mass 17  Oct.    '• 

Italy  withdraws  her  prohibition  of  American  pork, 

21  Oct.    " 
Officers  of  the  Louisiana  State  lottery  indicted  under 
U.  S.  law  by  the  grand-jurv  in  Sioux  Falls,  N.  Dak., 

23  Oct.    " 
First  Empire  State  express  train  runs  from  New  York 
to  Buffalo  via  N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  R.  in  8  hours 

42  min 26  Oct.    " 

Southern  States  exposition  opens  at  Augusta,  Ga., 

2  Nov.    " 
Itata  case  submitted  by  counsel  in  the  U.  S.  court  at 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 5  Nov.    " 

Sefior  Pedro  Montt,  minister  from  Chili,  officially  pre- 
sented to  pres.  Harrison 14  Nov.    " 

A  lunatic  enters  the  office  of  Russell  Sage  in  New  York 
city  with  a  hand-bag,  demands  $1,250,000,  and  on 
refusal  drops  the  bag  filled  with  explosives,  killing 
himself  and  a  bystander,  injuring  others,  and  wreck- 
ing the  building 4  Dec.    '• 

Sec.  of  war  Redfield  Proctor  resigns 5  Dec.    '• 

France  removes  restrictions  on  American  pork .  .6  Dec.    '• 
Martin  D.  Loppy,  murderer,  executed  at  Sing  Sing  by 

electricity 7  Dec. 

Fifty-second  Congress,  First  Session,  meets "       '• 

Charles  F.  Crisp  (Democrat)  of  Ga.  elected  speaker  of 

the  House 8  Dec.    '• 

Annual  message  of  pres.  Harrison 9  Dec.    '• 

U.  S.  Senate  ratifies  the  general  act  passed  by  the  Anti- 
slavery  conference  in  Brussels,  2  July,  1890,  11  Jan.  1892 
Forest  preserve  in  New  Mexico  set  apart  by  proclama- 
tion of  president H  Ja''-    " 


UNI 

Randolph  Rogers,  sculptor,  born  1825,  dies  at  Rome, 
N.  Y l**  J*"' 

Cong.  Bland  introduces  a"  Free  Coinage  bill  in  the 
House 21  Jan. 

Ultimatum  of  the  U.  S.  served  on  the  Chilian  govern- 
ment by  sec.  Blaine,  through  minister  Montt,  de- 
manding an  apology  for  the  assault  upon  the  sailors 
of  the  Baltimore  in'tlie  streets  of  Valparaiso,  an  in- 
demnity, and  the  withdrawal  of  the  insulting  circular 
of  minister  Matta 21  Jan. 

Satisfactory  answer  to  the  ultimatum  from  Chili  sub- 
mitted to  Congress  with  a  message  from  the  presi- 
dent   27  Jan. 

James  G.  Blaine  writes  to  chairman  Clarkson  of  the 
Republican  National  committee,  refusing  to  be  a 
candidate  for  president 6  Feb. 

Senate  Financial  committee  reports  against  3  Free  Sil- 
ver Coinage  bills 9  Feb. 

France,  Italy,  and  Sweden  chosen  as  Behring  Sea  arbi- 
trators   10  Feb. 

Bland  Free  Coinage  Silver  bill  reported  favorably  by 
the  House 10  Feb. 

Resolution  for  investigation  of  the  so-called  "  sweating 
system"  of  tenement  labor  upon  manufacture  of 
clothing,  etc 13  Feb. 

National  Real  Estate  association  formally  organized  in 
Nashville,  Tenn \ 18  Feb. 

First  Continental  congress  of  the  National  Society  of 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  Mrs.  Har- 
rison president-general,  opens  in  Washington,  22  Feb. 

National  Industrial  conference  meets  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
with  delegates  from  Farmers'  Alliance,  246 ;  Farm- 
ers'Mutual  Benefit  Association,  53;  Knights  of  Labor, 
82;  National  Farmers'  Alliance,  97 ;  National  Citi- 
zens' Alliance,  25;  Colored  Farmers'  Mutual  Benefit 
Association,  97  ;  National  Citizens'  Independent  Al- 
liance, 27 ;  Patrons  of  Industry,  25 ;  National 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  4.  Delegates 
decide  to  act  with  the  Pe»)ple's  party  in  the  presi- 
dential canvass 22  Feb. 

Treaty  signed  at  state  department,  Washington,  by 
sir  Julian  Pauncefote  and  sec.  Blaine,  referring  the 
Behring  Sea  dispute  to  an  international  arbitration 
commission  of  7  members 29  Feb. 

Ex-sec.  Bayard  opposes  the  free  coinage  of  silver  in  an 
open  letter 14  Mch. 

Forest  reserve.  Pike's  peak,  Col.,  set  apart  by  proclama- 
tion of  pres  Harrison 11  Feb.  and  18  Mch. 

Standard  oil  trust  dissolved 21  Mch. 

David  Hayes  Agnew,  surgeon,  born  1818,  dies  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa 22  Mch. 

Debate  on  the  Silver  bill  closes  in  House  of  Representa- 
tives and  fails  of  a  vote 24  Mch. 

Walt  Whitman,  poet,  born  1819,  dies  at  Camden,  N.  J., 

26  Mch. 

Treaty  with  foreign  powers  for  repressing  the  slave- 
trade  in  Africa  and  the  importation  of  fire-arms, 
ammunition,  and  spirituous  liquors,  signed  at  Wash- 
ington  2  Apr. 

Steamer  Missouri,  which  sailed  from  New  York,  15 
Mch.,  carrying  food  supplies  to  starving  Russians, 
arrives  at  Libau 3  Apr. 

President  proclaims  open  to  settlement  the  greater 
part  of  Lake  Traverse  Indian  reservation  in  North 
Dakota,  15  Apr 11  Apr. 

President  proclaims  open  to  settlement  Cheyenne  and 
Arapahoe  Indian  lands  in  Oklahoma,  19  Apr.,  about 
3,000,000  acres 12  Apr. 

Under  instruction  from  pres.  Harrison,  sec.  Blaine 
tenders  the  Italian  government,  as  a  voluntary  offer- 
ing for  distribution  among  the  relatives  of  Italians 
lynched  in  New  Orleans,  14  Mch.  1891,  $25,000, which 
is  accepted  and  paid 14  Apr. 

Baron  Fava  ordered  to  resume  his  position  as  minister 
to  the  U.  S.  by  the  Italian  government 16  Apr. 

Sec.  Blaine  and  sir  Julian  Pauncefote  conclude  a  new 
modus  Vivendi  for  the  Behring  sea 18  Apr. 

Bill  introduced  in  the  House  by  Mr.  Geary  of  California, 


1892 


UNI 

6  Jan.,  to  prohibit  absolutely  the  coming  of  Chinese 
into  the  U.  S.,  whether  subjects  of  the  Chinese  em- 
pire or  otherwise  ;  referred  to  the  committee  on  for- 
eign affairs.  On  19  Feb.  he  reports  a  substitute  from 
the  committee,  which,  taken  up  and  debated,  4  Apr., 
passes  the  House,  179-43,  107  not  voting.  Senate 
and  House  not  able  to  agree,  a  conference  is  held 
and  a  bill  presented,  which  passes  the  Mouse,  3  May, 
and  the  Senate,  4  May,  and  approved 5  May,  1892 

Behring  Sea  Arbitration  treaty  ratified 9  May,    " 

Act  to  encourage  American  shipping  approved,  10  May,    " 

Steamer  Conemaugh  sent  from  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia with  provisions  for  the  starving  Russians, 
arrives  at  Riga 12  May,    " 

Spain  removes  restriction  on  American  pork .  .  22  May, 

Sen.  Stewart's  bill  for  free  coinage  of  silver  taken  up 
by  the  Senate 26  May, 

Provision  for  closing  the  World's  Fair  government 
exhibit  on  Sundays  adopted  by  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives   26  May, 

James  G.  Blaine,  secretary  of  state,  resigns.  .  .  .4  June, 

Dam  at  Spartansburg.  Pa.,  bursts,  causing  a  flood  and 
the  breaking  of  tanks  of  gasoline,  which  ignites  on 
Oil  creek  between  Titusville  and  Oil  City ;  flood 
and  fire  result  in  the  loss  of  over  100  lives.    .5  June, 

Republican  National  convention  assembles  at  Minne- 
apolis, Minn.,  7  June ;  gov.  McKinley  of  O.  perma- 
nent chairman,  8  June  ;  on  1st  ballot  Benjamin  Har- 
rison receives  585i  votes;  Blaine,  182^;  McKinley, 
182;  Reed,  4;  Robert  T.  Lincoln,  1.  On  motion  of 
Charles  McKinley  the  nomination  of  Harrison  is 
made  unanimous.  At  the  evening  session  White- 
law  Reid  of  N.  Y.  is  nominated  for  vice-president  by 
acclamation 10  June, 

Pres.  Harrison,  by  message  to  Congress,  recommends 
retaliation  against  Canada  for  discrimination  against 
American  vessels 20  June, 

Democratic  National  convention  meets  in  Chicago,  111., 
21  June  ;  W.  L.  Wilson  of  W.  Va.  chosen  permament 
chairman,  22  June  ;  First  ballot  for  president  cast  23 
June:  Cleveland,  617^ ;  Hill,  115  ;  Boies,  103  ;  Gor- 
man, 36J ;  Carlisle,  14 ;  Cleveland  declared  nomi- 
nated ;  and  for  vice-president  Adlai  E.  S"tevenson  of 
111.  chosen  unanimously  on  first  ballot 23  June, 

National  Prohibition  convention  meets  at  Cincinnati, 
O .29  June, 

Congress  authorizes  the  president  to  proclaim  a  gen- 
eral holiday  commemorating  the  400th  anniversary 
of  the  discovery  of  America 29  June. 

John  W.  Foster  of  Ind.  confirmed  by  the  Senate  as  sec. 
of  state 29  June, 

Gen.  John  Bidwell  of  Cal.  nominated  for  president, 
and  J.  B.  Cranfell  of  Tex.  for  vice-president  by  the 
Prohibition  convention 30  June, 

Lock-out  of  strikers  at  the  Carnegie  Steel  company's 
mills  at  Homestead,  Pa.,  begins 1  July, 

Catholic  Sioux  congress  opens  at  the  Chej-enne  agen- 
cy, S.  Dak. ;  6000  Sioux  Indians  present, , .  .3  July, 

First  National  convention  of  the  People's  party  meets 
at  Omaha,  Neb.,  2  July ;  H.  L.  Loucks  of  S.  Dak. 
permanent  chairman.  Gen.  James  B.  Weaver  of  la. 
nominated  for  president,  4  July ;  gen.  James  G.  Field 
of  Va.  for  vice-president 5  July, 

Congress  appropriates  $50,000  for  site  and  pedestal  for 
a  statue  of  gen.  W.  T.  Sherman 5  July, 

Pinkerton  detectives,  attempting  to  land  from  a  barge 
at  the  Carnegie  mills,  Homestead,  Pa.,  are  attacked 
by  strikers;  several  detectives  and  strikers  killed 
or  wounded 6  July, 

Entire  National  Guard  of  Pennsylvania  is  ordered  to 
Homestead  by  gov.  Pattison 10  July, 

Lock-out  involving  3000  striking  miners  begins  in  the 
Coeur  d'Alene  mining  district,  in  Shoshone  county, 
Id.,  1  Apr. ;  an  attack  is  made  by  union  men  on 
new  hands  employed  in  the  Gem  mine,  in  which 
several  are  killed 11  July, 

Cyrus  W.  Field,  born  1819,  dies  at  Ardslev,  N.  Y., 

12  July, 


UNI  8 

Eiver  and  Harbor  bill,  appropriating  $21,153,618  and 
authorizing  in  contracts  $31,555,401,  approved, 

13  July,  1892 

Bland- Stewart  Free  Silver  bill,  passed  by  the  Senate, 
29  to  25,  1  July,  is  refused  consideration  in  the 
House  by  154  to  136 13  July,    *' 

Proclamation  of  president  commanding  all  persons  in 
insurrection  in  Idaho  to  disperse 16  July,    " 

Indemnity  of  $75,000  in  the  matter  of  the  Chilian  af- 
fair of  16  Oct.  1891,  accepted  from  Chili  by  U.  S. 
minister  Eagan  (the  monej'  to  be  distributed  among 
the  relatives  of  the  2  sailors  killed  and  those  who 
were  injured) 17  July,    " 

Proviso  for  closing  the  World's  Fair  on  Sunday  con- 
firmed by  Senate  14  July,  and  concurred  in  by 
House.  . 19  July,    " 

President  authorized  to  contract  for  1  armored  cruiser 
of  about  8000  tons  and  1  coast-line  battle-ship  of 
9000  tons,  by  act  approved 19  Jul}',    " 

Two  thousand  U.  S.  troops,  sent  by  pres.  Harrison  to 
the  Coeur  d'Alene  mining  district,  Id.,  occupj' Ward- 
ner,  14  Jul}-;  order  restored  among  the  strikers,  and 
soldiers  ordered  home 23  July,    " 

H.  C.  Frick,  chairman  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  company, 
shot  and  twice  wounded  by  a  Russian-Hebrew  an- 
archist named  Berkman 23  July,    " 

Private  lams  of  Company  K,  10th  regiment,  calling  for 
three  cheers  for  the  assassin,  is  hung  up  by  his  thumbs 
for  30  minutes  by  order  of  col.  Streeter.  .  .  .23  July,    " 

Act  authorizing  the  president  in  retaliation  to  demand 
tolls  for,  or  prohibit  the  passage  of,  St.  Mary's  Falls 
canal  by  foreign  vessels,  in  his  discretion .  .26  July,    " 

Act  granting  pensions  of  $8  per  month  to  survivors  of 
the  Indian  wars  of  1832-42  (Black  Hawk  war,  Creek 
war,  Cherokee  disturbance,  and  Seminole  war),  ap- 
proved  27  July,    " 

Act  changing  date  of  the  dedication  of  the  World's 
Fair  buildings  from  12  Oct.  to  21  Oct 4  Aug.    '• 

Act  granting  pensions  of  $12  per  month  to  all  nurses 
during  the  civil  war,  now  dependent 5  Aug.    " 

Bill  for  coinage  of  5,000,000  half-dollar  silver  pieces 
as  souvenirs  for  the  benefit  of  the  Columbian  exposi- 
tion,  on  condition  that  the  exposition  shall  not  be 
opened  on  Sunday 5  Aug.    " 

Train  in  charge  of  the  U.  S.  government,  carrying 
$20,000,000  in  gold,  leaves  San  Francisco  for  New 
York .  .5  Aug.    " 

Resolution  of  Congress  inviting  the  king  and  queen  of 
Spain   and    the  descendants  of  Columbus    to   the 

World's  Columbian  exposition 5  Aug.    " 

First  Session  adjourns "  " 

Miss  Lizzie  Borden  arrested  in  Fall  River,  Mass., 
charged  with  the  murder  (4  Aug.)  of  her  father 
and  step-mother  (Trials) 11  Aug.    " 

Violence  by  miners  in  Tennessee  opposed  to  convict 
labor,  quelled  by  National  Guard 13-16  Aug.    " 

Switchmen's  strike  on  Erie  railroad  begins  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  where  the  strikers  burn  freight  trains,  destroy- 
ing about  a  million  dollars'  worth  of  railroad  prop- 
erty   14  Aug.    " 

<Jen.  Doyle  orders  out  the  65th  and  74th  regiments  of 
National  Guard  at  Buffalo 15  Aug.    '• 

In  response  to  appeal  from  sheriff  and  mayor  of  Buffalo, 
gov.  Flower  of  N.  Y.  orders  out  about  8000  of  the 
National  Guard  from  New  York,  Brooklyn,  and  else- 
where to  protect  property  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  .17  Aug.    •• 

i'res.  Harrison,  in  retaliation  against  Canadian  meas- 
ures, proclaims  that  a  toll  of  20  cents  per  ton  be 
collected  from  1  Sept.  until  further  notice,  on  all 
freight  passing  through  St.  Mary's  Falls  canal  to 
any  port  of  the  dominion  of  Canada 20  Aug.    " 

Switchmen's  strike  at  Buffalo  declared  off  by  grand- 
master Sweeney 24  Aug.    " 

John  Bid  well's  letter  of  acceptance 25  Aug.    " 

Eight  delegates  of  Socialistic  Labor  party  in  New  York 
city  nominate  Simon  Wing  of  Mass.  for  president, 
and  Charles  H.  Matchett  of  N.  Y.  for  vice-president 
of  U.  S 28  Aug.    •• 


*  UNI 

Hamburg-American  steamship  Moravia  brings  to  New 
York  the  first  cases  of  cholera  (out  of  385  steerage 
passengers,  22  die  during  the  voyage) 30  Aug.  1892 

George  William  Curtis,  born  1824,  dies  at  West  Bright- 
on, Staten  Island 31  Aug.    " 

Pres.  Harrison  orders  20  days' quarantine  of  all  immi- 
grant vessels  from  cholera-infected  ports.  .  .  .1  Sept.   '• 

Pres.  Harrison's  letter  of  acceptance  published .  .5  Sept.    '■ 

John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  poet,  born  1807,  dies  at  Hamp- 
ton Falls,  N.  H 7  Sept.    '• 

Ex-sen.  Francis  Kernan,  born  1816,  dies  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 

7  Sept.    '• 

John  L.  Sullivan,  pugilist,  defeated  by  James  J.  Cor- 
bett  at  the  Olympic  club.  New  Orleans,  in  21  rounds 
(Boxing) 7  Sept.    '• 

Lieut.  Peary  and  party  arrive  at  St.  John's,  N.  F.,  on 
the  steamer  Kite,  sent  to  the  Arctic  regions  in  search 
of  them 11  Sept.    '' 

Cabin  passengers  of  the  Normanma  prevented  from 
landing  at  Fire  island,  by  injunction  restraining  the 
health  authorities  from  using  the  island  for  quaran- 
tine purposes,  12  Sept. ,  injunction  dissolved,  and  2 
regimeijts  of  National  Guard  and  Naval  reserves  or- 
dered out  by  gov.  Flower^  passengers  are  finally  suf- 
fered to  land 13  Sept.    " 

Gens.  Weaver  and  Field  accept  the  nomination  of  the 
People's  party. . . . '. 17  Sept.    " 

Gen.  John  Pope,  born  1823,  dies  at  Sandusky,  O., 

23  Sept.    " 

Patrick  S.  Gilmore,  leader  of  Gilmore's  band,  born  1829, 
dies  at  St.  Louis .  .  .24  Sept.    '" 

(irover  Cleveland's  letter  of  acceptance 26  Sept.    " 

Encounter  at  Coffeyville,  Kan  ;  the  famous  Dalton 
gang,  attempting  to  rob  the  banks,  are  annihilated 
by  a  marshal's  posse,  in  which  affray  4  citizens  are 
killed  by  the  desperadoes 5  Oct.    " 

Columbus-day  celebration  in  New  York  city  and  else- 
where     .      ...12  Oct.    " 

Opening  exercises  of  the  World's  Columbian  exposi- 
tion at  Chicago 21  Oct.    " 

Presidential  election  held 8  Nov.    " 

[Popular  vote:  Cleveland  and  Stevenson,  Demo- 
cratic, 5,556,533;  Harrison  and  Reid,  Republican, 
5,440,216 ;  Weaver  and  Field,  People's  party,  1,122,- 
045;  Bidwell  and  CranfiU,  Prohibition,  279,191 ; 
Wing  and  Matchett,  Social- Labor  party,  21,191.] 

Strike  at  the  Carnegie  mills,  Homestead,  Pa.,  declared 
off 20  Nov.    " 

Continental  congress  of  the  Salvation  Army  opens  in 
New  York 21  Nov.    " 

Jay  Gould,  born  1836,  dies  in  New  York  cit)',  leaving 
a  fortune  estimated  at  $72,000,000 2  Dec.    " 

U.  S.,  England,  and  Germany  agree  to  common  action 

in  restoring  order  in  Samoa 5  Dec.    " 

Second  Session  opens "         " 

Joint  resolution,  introduced  in  House  by  Mr.  Durborow 
of  111.  to  open  the  Exposition  on  Sunday,  referre<l  to 
committee  on  Columbian  exposition 5  Dec.    '• 

President's  message  read  in  House  and  Senate.  6  Dec.    '• 

Proclamations  of  the  president  setting  apart  the  South 
Platte  Forest  reserve  in  Colorado,  9  Dec:  San  Gabriel 
Timber  reservation,  California,  20  Dec. ;  Battlement 
Forest  reserve,  Colorado,  24  Dec;  and  Afognak 
Forest  and  Fish  Culture  reserve  in  Alaska.  .24  Dec.    " 

President  issues  a  proclamation  of  amnesty  to  Mor- 
mons liable  to  prosecution  for  polygamy  on  condition 
of  future  obedience  to  law 4  Jan.  1893 

Pensioners  of  Mexican  war  now  drawing  $8  to  receive 
$12  per  month,  by  act  of. 5  Jan.    '• 

Great  Northern  railroad  completed  to  Pacific.  .6  Jan.    '• 

Presidential  electors  meet  at  state  capitals  and  vote, 

9  Jan.    '• 

Gen.  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  born  at  Deerfield,  N.  H.,  5 
Nov.  1818,  dies  suddenly  at  Washington 11  Jan.    '• 

Ex-pres.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  born  at  Delaware,  O., 
1822,  dies  at  his  home  at  Fremont,  O. ......  17  Jan.    '• 

L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  ex -Confederate  general,  ex-senator, 
secretary  of  the  interior  in  Cleveland's  first  cabi- 


UNI 

net,  and  associate-justice  of  the  Supreme  court,  dies 
near  Macon,  (la 23  Jan.  1893 

Phillips  Brooks,  Protestant-Episcopal  bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts, born  at  Boston,  13  Dec  1835,  dies  there, 

23  Jan.    " 

James  G.  Blaine,  born  1830,  dies  at  his  home  in  Wash- 
ington  27  Jan.    " 

II.  E.  Jackson  of  Tenn.,  judge  of  the  6th  Federal  district, 
nominated  to  succeed  justice  Lamar 2  Feb.    " 

Bill  to  repeal  the  silver  purchase  clause  of  the  Sherman 
act  calleil  up  by  sen.  Hill 6  Feb.    " 

Electoral  votes  counted 8  Feb.    " 

[For  Cleveland  and  Stevenson,  277 ;  for  Harrison 
and  Reid,  145 ;  for  Weaver  and  Field,  22.] 

Hawaiian  commission  reaches  Washington,  3  Feb. ; 
treaty  of  annexation  signed,  14  Feb.,  and  laid  before 
the  Senate 15  Feb.    '• 

Act  for  a  national  quarantine  against  cholera  approved, 

15  Feb.    " 

Gen.  P.  T.  G.  Beauregard,  born  near  New  Orleans,  28 
May,  1818,  dies  at  New  Orleans,  La 20  Feb.    " 

President  suspends  part  of  the  proclamation  of  18  Aug. 
1892,  imposing  tolls  on  freight  for  Canada  through 
the  St.  Mary's  Falls  canal ,21  Feb.    " 

Inraan  line  steamers  City  of  New  York  and  City  of  Paris 
transferred  from  British  to  American  registry ;  the 
stars  and  stripes  raised  on  the  City  of  New  York  hy 
pres.  Harrison 22  Feb.    *' 

Sec.  of  state  Foster  resigns  to  sit  on  the  Behring  Sea 
tribunal  at  Paris 23  Feb.    " 

Proclamations  of  president  setting  apart  the  Sierra 
Forest  reserve,  Cal.,  14  Feb. ;  Pacific  Coast  reserve, 
Washington,  20  Feb.;  Grand  Canon  Forest  re- 
serve, Arizona,  20  Feb. ;  Trabuco  Canon  Forest 
reserve  and  another  timber  reserve  ii'i  California, 

25  Feb.    " 

Diplomatic  Appropriation  act,  authorizing  the  presi- 
dent at  his  discretion  to  confer  on  the  envoys  to  any 
government  the  same  rank  as  its  representative  in 
the  U.  S.,  approved 1  Mch.    " 

Act  requiring  inter-state  railroads  after  1  Jan.  1898  to 
use  only  cars  with  automatic  couplers  and  engines 
with  air-brakes  approved 2  Mch.    " 

Fiftj'-second  Congress  appropriates  $1,026,822,049.72, 
more  by  $38,400,000  than  the  51st,  the  so-called 

"Billion  Dollar"  Congress 3  Mch.    " 

Fifty-second  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch.    " 

Twenty-seventh  Administration— Democratic.    4  Mch. 

1893  to  3  Mch.  1897. 

OroT^T  Clerelnnd,  N.  Y.,  president. 
Adiai  E.  SteTensoif,  111.,  vice-president. 

CABINET. 

Walter  Q.  Gresham,  111.,  sec.  of  state,  from  6  Mch,  1893. 
John  G.  Carlisle,  Ky.,  sec.  of  treas.,  "  "  " 
Daniel  S.  Lamoni,  N.  Y.,  sec.  of  war,  "  ''  " 
Richard  Olney,  Mass.,  attorney-gen.,  "  "  " 
Wilson  8.  Bissell,  N.  Y.,  postmaster-gen.,"  "  " 
William  L.  Wilson,  «  «     1  Mch.  1895. 

Hilary  A.  Herbert,  Ala.,  sec.  of  navy,  from  6  Mch.  1893. 
Hoke  Smith,  Ga.,  sec.  of  interior,  "         "  " 

J.  Sterling  Morton,  Neb.,  sec.  of  agriculture,  from  6  Mch.  1893. 

Senate  assembles  in  extra  session 4  Mch.  1893 

President  withdraws  the  Hawaiian  treaty  from   the 

Senate 9  Mch. 

Hawaiian  princess  Kaiulani  and  suite  reach  Washing- 
ton, 8  Mch.,  and  are  received  at  the  White  House, 

13  Mch. 
Extradition  treaty  with  Sweden  ratified  and  proclaimed, 

18  Mch. 

Ex-representative  Blount  sails  from  San  Francisco  for 

Honolulu  on  the  revenue  cutter  Rush  on  his  special 

mission  to  Hawaii. . 20  Mch. 

President  informed  that  Great  Britain  and  France  have 
raised  their  representatives  to  the  U.  S.  to  the  rank 

of  ambassadors 24  Mch. 

A  threatening  outbreak  on  the  Choctaw  reservation, 


894 


UNI 

Ind.  Ter.,  between  rival  Indian  factions,  results  in  a 
battle;  several  are  wounded 28  Mch.  1893 

Edmund  Kirby  Smith,  Confederate  general,  born  at 
St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  16  May,  1824,  dies  in  Sewaiiee, 
Tenn 28  Mch.    « 

Gen.  Hiram  Berdan,  inventor  of  a  long-range  rifle,  dies 
at  Washington,  D.  C 31  Mch.    " 

Thomas  F.  Bayard  of  Del.  nominated  ambassador  to  the 
court  of  St.  James  (the  first  ambassador  of  the  U.  S.), 
30  Mch. ;  he  takes  the  oath  of  office.  ...    .  .  .3  Apr.    " 

Arguments  of  English  and  American  ref)rcscntatives 
begun  before  the  Court  of  Arbitration  in  the  Behring 
Sea  dispute 4  Apr.    " 

Minister  Hicks  telegraphing  that  the  consular  agency 
at  Mollendo,  Peru,  was  attacked,  25  Mch.,  and  the 
agent  shot,  sec.  Gresham  directs  a  protest  and  a  de- 
mand for  reparation 6  Apr.    " 

Chief  of  the  diplomatic  service  to  France,  James  B. 
Eustis  of  La.,  raised  to  the  rank  of  ambassador, 

8  Apr.    " 

Caravel  Santa  Maria,  a  reproduction  of  the  flag-ship 
of  Columbus,  given  to  the  U.  S.  by  Spain,  2(5  Mch., 
reaches  Havana 9  Ajir.    "■ 

Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  received  by  the  president  as  am- 
bassador from  Great  Britain 11  Apr.    " 

American  Railway  union  organized  at  Chicago, 

12  Apr.    " 

M.  Patenotre  received  by  the  president  as  ambassador 
from  France 12  Apr.    " 

Duke  of  Veragua  and  party  arrive  at  New  York  and 
are  publicly  received 15  Apr.    " 

Senate  special  session  adjourns "         " 

Spanisli  caravels  reach  Hampton  Roads,  21  Apr.;  New 
York  harbor 24  Apr.    " 

Original  Paul  Jones  flag  raised  and  saluted  at  the  High- 
lands of  Navesink,  N.  J 25  Apr.    " 

Gen.  John  M.  Corse,  the  hero  of  Allatoona,  Ga.,  dies 
at  the  "  Hemlocks,"  Mass 27  Apr.    " 

International  Columbian  naval  review  in  New  York 
harbor  and  Hudson  river;  pres.  Cleveland  reviews 
the  fleet  on  the  Dolphin,  passing  between  lines  of 
ships  3  miles  in  length;  10  nations  represented  by 
36  war-ships  and  over  10,000  officers  and  men, 

27  Apr.    " 

Liberty  bell  received  at  Chicago  with  honors  (Bells), 

29  Apr.    " 

World's  Columbian  exposition  formally  opened  at 
Chicago  by  pres.  Cleveland 1  Ma)',    " 

Secretary  of  the  treasurj"^  issues  an  order,  supplemented 
by  a  circular  from  the  attorney-general,  suspending 
arrests  under  the  Chinese  Exclusion  act  until  further 
orders 4  May,    " 

James  H.  Blount  of  Ga.  appointed  minister  to  Hawaii 
to  succeed  John  L.  Stevens,  resigned 9  May,    " 

Joseph  Francis,  inventor  of  the  life-saving  car,for  which 
a  special  gold  medal  was  awarded,  27  Aug.  1888,  and 
presented  by  Congress,  12  Apr.  1890,  dies  at  Coopers- 
town,  N.  Y.,aged  92 10  May,    " 

Locomotive  engine  No.  999  of  the  New  York  Central  & 
Hudson  River  railroad  runs  a  mile  in  32  sec.  between 
Rochester  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y 11  May,    " 

Geary  Chinese  Exclusion  act  upheld  as  constitutional 
by  the  Supreme  court  in  special  session;  arguments 
begun,  10  May ;  decision  reached 15  May,    " 

Secretary  of  state  defers  deportation  of  Chinese  under 
the  Geary  act  until  Congress  shall  appropriate  suffi- 
cient funds ■ .  17  May,    " 

Infanta  Eulalie  arrives  in  New  York  with  her  husband, 
prince  Antoine,  to  represent  the  queen  regent  of 
Spain  at  the  World's  Fair 18  May,    " 

Cherokee  strip  between  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  con- 
taining 6,072,754  acres,  purchased  by  the  government 
for  $8,596,736,  to  be  added  to  Oklahoma ...  18  May,    " 

Jefferson  Davis's  remains  removed  from  New  Orleans, 
28  May,  and  reinterred  in  Hollywood  cemetery, 
Richmond,  Va '. 31  May,    " 

Official  notice  that  the  Italian  and  German  legations 
at  Washington  are  made  embassies. .  .  2  and  3  June,    " 


UNI 

President  promulgates  the  extradition  treaty  with 
Russia,  ratified  at  St.  Petersburg,  21  Apr.,  to  go  into 
effect  24  June 5  June, 

Edwin  T.  Booth,  actor,  born  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  13 
Nov.  1833,  dies  in  New  York  city 7  June, 

Gold  reserve  in  the  U.  S.  treasury  falls  below  $89,600,- 
000 8  June, 

Floor  of  Ford's  theatre,  Washington,  D.  C,  used  by  the 
pension  record  division  of  the  war  office,  falls  while 
nearh'  400  government  clerks  are  at  work  in  the 
building;  21  killed,  68  injured 9  June, 

Battle-ship  Massachusetts  launched  at  messrs.  Cramp 
&  Sons'  ship-yards  in  Philadelphia 10  June, 

Viking  ship,  representing  Lief  Ericson's  "  Cockstab 
Find,"  which  left  Bergen,  Norway,  30  Apr.,  for  the 
World's  Fair  at  Chicago,  reaches  New  York, 

17  June, 

U.  S.  sen.  Leland  Stanford,  ex-governor  of  California, 
born  1824,  dies  at  Palo  Alto,  Cal 20  June, 

Gov.  Altgeld  of  111.  pardons  Fielden,  Schwab,  and 
Neebe,  anarchists  engaged  in  the  Haymarket  riot, 

26  June, 

Pres.  Cleveland  calls  an  extra  session  of  Congress  to 
meet  7  Aug 30  June, 

Frequent  failures  among  national,  state,  and  private 
banks July-Sept. 

Lieut.  Peary  leaves  New  York  on  his  2d  Greenland  ex- 
pedition   2  July, 

First  summer  meeting  for  university  extension  stu- 
dents called  in  Philadelphia  by  the  Society  for  the 
Extension  of  University  Teaching 5  July, 

Justice  Blatchford,  of  the  Supreme  court,  born  9  Mch. 
1820,  dies  at  Newport,  R.  1 7  July, 

Colorado  Silver  convention  opens  in  Denver,  and  issues 
an  appeal  to  the  people  of  the  U.  S 11  July, 

Institute  of  Christian  Sociology  organized  at  Chau- 
tauqua, prof.  R.  T.  Ely,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  first  president.  .  .  .19-20  July, 

Ex-gov.  G.  C.  Perkins  appointed  by  gov.  Markhara  of 
California  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  the  late  sen. 
Stanford 22  July, 

First  convention  of  the  National  Bimetallic  league  in 
Chicago 1  Aug. 

Fifiy-third  Congress,  First  Session  (extra)  assembles, 

7  Aug. 

Senate  composed  of  44  Democrats,  37  Republicans,  4 
Populists,  with  3  vacancies.  House  composed  of  216 
Democrats,  125  Republicans,  11  Populists,  with  4 
vacancies.     C.  F.  Crisp  of  Ga.  elected  speaker, 

7  Aug. 

President's  message,  recommending  the  repeal  of  the 
purchase  clause  of  the  Sherman  Silver  act ...  8  Aug. 

"Currency  famine"  early  in  August;  premiums  for 
small  bills  reach  $25  per  $1000 10  Aug. 

Wilson  bill  to  repeal  the  Silver  Purchase  law  intro- 
duced in  the  House 11  Aug. 

U.  S.  cruiser  Minneapolis  launched  at  Cramp  &  Sons' 
ship-yards,  Philadelphia 12  Aug. 

Decision  of  Behring  Sea  Court  of  Arbitration,  denying 
the  right  of  the  U.  S.  to  a  close  sea,  but  adopting 
regulations  forbidding  the  killing  of  seals  within 
50  miles  of  Pribylov  islands,  or  outside  that  limit 
from  1  May  to  31  July 15  Aug. 

Legislatures  of  Montana,  Washington,  and  Wyoming 
adjourning  without  electing  senators  for  6  years, 
beginning  4  Mch.  1893,  the  Senate  decides  that  when 
a  state  legislature  has  the  opportunity  to  elect  and 
fails,  an  appointment  by  the  governor  is  void.  This 
left  3  vacancies  in  the  Senate 23  Aug. 

Severe  hurricane  in  South  Atlantic  states;  more  than 
600  lives  lost  at  Beaufort,  Port  Royal,  and  adjacent 
places 28  Aug. 

Wilson  bill,  repealing  the  purchasing  clause  of  the 
*'  Sherman  act,''  passes  the  House;  yeas,  239 ;  nays, 
109 ;  not  voting,  5 28  Aug. 

Wilson  bill  reported  in  the  Senate  from  the  finance 
committee,  with  amendments,  pledging  the  govem- 


896 


1893 


tJNI 

ment  to  maintain  bimetalism,  by  sen.  Voorhees  of 
Iiid '. 29  Aug. 

Official  data  show  560  state  and  private  bank  suspen- 
sions and  72  resumptions  and  155  n^ational  bank 
suspensions  and  70  resumptions 

from  1  Jan.  to  1  Sept. 

Albert  S.  Willis  of  Ky.  appointed  minister  to  Hawaii, 
to  succeed  Mr.  Blount 3  Sept. 

Second  World's  Sunday-school  convention  meets  at  St. 
Louis 4  Sept. 

Pan-American  Medical  congress  opened  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  by  pres.  Cleveland ;  over  1000  physicians  in 
attendance 5  Sept. 

Hamilton  Fish,  LL.D.,  statesman,  born  3  Aug.  1808, 
dies  at  Garrisons,  N.  Y 7  Sept. 

Envoy  to  Germany  made  an  ambassador 8  Sept. 

World's  Parliamknt  of  Religions  begins  its  ses- 
sions in  Chicago,  111 U  Sept. 

Twenty  masked  robbers  hold  up  a  train  on  the  Lake 
Shore  railroad,  near  Kendallville,  Ind.,  shoot  the 
engineer,  and,  by  dynamite,  secure  nearly  $20,000 
from  the  express  car '  .  12  Sept. 

Five  thousand  ounces  of  gold,  worth  $134,000,  missed 
from  the  U.  S.  mint  at  Philadelphia,  in  a  vault 
not  opened  since  1887.  The  money  was  stolen  by 
weigh  clerk  H.  S.  Cochran,  who  restores  $107,000, 

14  Sept 

Cherokee  outlet,  Oklahoma,  opened  to  settlement  un- 
der proclamation  of  the  president,  19  Aug.  1893 ; 
100,000  persons  make  a  rush  for  the  6,000,000  acres 
of  land 16  Sept. 

Centennial  of  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the 
Capitol  celebrated  at  Washington;  William  Wirt 
Henry  of  Va.  chief  orator 18  Sept 

Destructive  storm  on  the  gulf  of  Mexico;  over  2000 
lives  lost  along  the  coast,  with  a  large  loss  of  prop- 
erty  2  Oct 

Pan-American  Bimetallic  convention  meets  at  St 
Louis 3  Oct. 

Tucker  bill  to  repeal  the  Federal  Election  laws 
passes  the  House  bv  201  to  102 ;  not  voting,  50, 

10  Oct 

Senate  sits  continuously  to  force  a  vote  on  the  Repeal 
bill,  from  11  a.m.  Wednesday,  11  Oct,  to  1.45  a.m. 
Friday,  when  it  adjourns  for  want  of  a  quorum. 
Sen.  Allen  of  Neb.  holds  the  floor  for  14  hours,  in  the 
longest  continuous  speech  ever  made  in  the  Senate, 

13  Oct 

American  yacht  Vigilant  wins  the  3d  of  5  races  for  the 
America's  cup,  off  Sandy  Hook,  N.  J.,  defeating  the 
English  Valkyrie 13  Oct 

Sec.  Gresham  issues  confidential  instructions  to  minis- 
ter Willis,  outlining  the  plan  of  the  president  for 
reinstating  the  queen  at  Hawaii  by  moral  force,  un- 
der certain  conditions , ,18  Oct. 

Lucy  Stone  (Blackwell), founder  of  the  American  Wom- 
an Suffrage  association,  born  13  Oct.  1818,  dies  at 
Dorchester,  Mass 18  Oct 

Philip  Schaff,  scholar  and  clergyman,  born  in  Switzer- 
land, 1819,  dies  in  New  York' city 20  Oct 

Rear-adm.  Stanton  removed  from  command  of  the 
South  Atlantic  squadron,  on  charge  of  saluting  the 
flag-ship  of  adm.  Mello,  leader  of  the  Brazilian  rev- 
olutionists (Rio  Janeiro) 25  Oct 

Battle -ship  Oregon  launched  at  San  Francisco, 

26  Oct 

World's  Columbian  Exposition  closed. . .  .30  Oct 
Senate  passes  the  Wilson  bill  to  repeal  the  Silver  Pur- 
chase law,  with  the  Voorhees  amendment,  by  43  to  32 
(23  Republicans,  20  Democrats  for;  19  Democrats, 
9  Republicans,  4  Populists  against;  10  not  voting), 

30  Oct 
Wilson  bill  as  amended  passes  the  House  by  193  to  94; 

not  voting,  66 ;  and  is  approved 1  Nov. 

McCreary  Chinese  Exclusion  bill,  as  amended  by  Mr. 
Geary,  passes  the  House  by  178  to  9,  16  Oct.,  and 
Senate  2  Nov.  The  bill  extends  the  time  of  reg- 
istration 6  months  from  date;  approved. . .  .3  Nov. 


189S 


I 


UNI 

First  Session  (extra)  acJjonrns 3  Nov. 

Francis  Parkmau,  Aruericaii  historian,  born  1823,  dies 
at  Jamaica  i'lains,  near  Boston 8  Nov. 

Extradition  treaty  with  Norway  ratified  8  Nov.,  and 
proclaimed 9  Nov. 

Supreme  court  decides  that  the  great  lakes  of  this 
country  and  their  connecting  waters  are  included 
in  the  term  '•  liigh  seas  " 20  Nov. 

Jeremiah  M.  Kusk,  ex-secretary  of  agriculture,  dies  at 
his  home  in  Viroqua,  Wis.,  aged  53 21  Nov. 

J.  R.  Sovereign  of  la.  appointed  to  succeed  grand- 
master workman  Powderly  (for  15  years  at  the  head 
of  the  Knights  of  Labor),  at  the  annual  convention 
at  rhiladelphia,  Ta 14-28  Nov. 

Pauline  Cushman  (Fryer),  actress,  scout,  and  spy  in 
the  Federal  army  during  the  civil  war,  dies  in  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  aged  GO 2  Dec. 

Supreme  court  declares  the  alien  contract  labor  law 

constitutional 4  Dec. 

JSecond  Session  assembles.     President's  message  received 
and  read .  .  4  Dec. 

Bill  to  admit  Utah  to  the  Union  passes  the  House, 

13  Dec. 

Bill  to  admit  Arizona  to  the  Union  passes  the  House, 
15  Dec. ;  referred  to  the  committee  on  territories  in 
the  Senate 18  Dec. 

President's  message  to  Congress  defining  his  position 
in  the  Hawaiian  controversy 18  Dec. 

Wilson  Tariff  bill  reported  in  the  House  from  the  ways 
and  means  committee 19  Dec. 

Rear-adra.  Stanton  restored  to  rank,  and  assigned 
to  command  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron, 

•      21  Dec. 

Senate  committee  begins  the  investigation  of  pres. 
Cleveland's  Hawaiian  policy .27  Dec. 

Debate  on  the  Wilson  Tariff  bill  begins  in  the  House, 

8  Jan. 

William  B.  Hornblower  of  N.  Y.  nominated  associate- 
justice  of  the  Supreme  court  in  place  of  Blatchford, 
deceased,  19  Sept.  1893 ;  rejected  by  the  Senate, 
through  the  influence  of  sen.  Hill  of  N.  Y.,  by  30 
to  24 15  Jan. 

John  H.  Gear  of  la.  elected  U.  S.  senator 16  Jan. 

Sec.  Carlisle  announces  an  issue  of  $50,000,000  10-year 
5  per  cent,  bonds,  payable  in  coin 17  Jan. 

D.  S.  sen.  Edward  C.  Walthall  from  Mississippi  resigns, 

18  Jan. 

Income-tax  clause  attached  to  the  Tariflf  bill  in  the 
House  by  175  to  56,  31  Jan.,  and  the  bill  amended 
passed  by  204  to  140 ;  not  voting,  8 1  Feb. 

Old  corvette  Kkahsargk,  which  fought  and  sank  the 
Alabama  off  Cherbourg,  France,  during  the  civil 
war,  is  wrecked  on  Roncardo  reef,  about  200  miles 
N.E.  from  Bluefields,  Nicaragua  -,  no  lives  lost, 

2  Feb. 

Bland  Silver  bill,  providing  for  the  coinage  of  seignior- 
age to  the  amount  of  $55,000,000,  introduced  in  the 
House 7  Feb. 

McCreary  resolutions  on  Hawaii,  upholding  the  ad- 
riiinistration  policy,  pass  the  House  by  177  to  76  j 
not  voting,  98  . 7  Feb. 

F'ederal  Election  I^ws  Repeal  bill  passes  the  Senate  by 

39  to  28,  7  Feb. ;  approved ,8  Feb. 

[This  bill  repealed  all  statutes  relating  to  super- 
visors and  special  deputy-marshals.  The  election 
laws,  often  called  "the  Force  Bills,"  were  originally 
passed  31  May,  1870,  and  further  strengthened  by 
act  of  20  Apr.  1871,  to  protect  the  colored  voter  at 
the  polls.] 

Wheeler  H.  Peckham  of  N.  Y.  nominated  associate- 
justice  of  the  Supreme  court,  22  Jan. ;  nomination 
rejected  by  the  Senate,  through  the  influence  of  sen. 
Hill  of  N.  Y.,  by  41  to  32 16  Feb. 

Sen.  E.  D.  White  of  La.  nominated  as  associate-justice 
and  confirmed 19  Feb. 

BlandSilver  bill  passes  the  House  by  168  to  129;  not 
voting,  56 1  Mch. 

l!T.  C.  Blanchard,  representative  in  Congress,  appointed 


896 


1894 


UNI 

by  the  governor  of  Louisiana,  qualifies  as  successor 

to  sen.  White 12  Mch.  1 

Bland  bill  passes  the  Senate  bv  44  to  31  ;  not  voting, 

10 " 15  Mch. 

Tariff  bill,  with  amendments,  reported  in  the  Senate 

from  the  committee  on  finance  by  sen.  Voorhees, 

20  Mch. 
J.  S.  Coxey's  Army  of  the  Commonweal  starts  from 

Massillon,  O.,  for  Washington  with  about  100  men, 

25  Mch. 
Alfred  Holt  Colquitt,  U.  S.  senator  from  Ga.,  dies  at 

Washington,  D.  C,  in  his  70th  year 26  Mch. 

Pres.  Cleveland  vetoes  the  Bland  bill  for  coinage  of 

seigniorage 29  Mch. 

Sen.  Voorhees  opens  the  tariff  debate  in  the  Senate, 

2  Apr. 
Kelly's  Industrial  army,  350  strong,  leaves  San  Fran- 
cisco for  Oakland  on  its  way  to  Washington, 

3  Apr. 
Bill  to  carry  out  the  terms  of  the  Behring  Sea  tri- 
bunal passes  the  Senate,  3  Apr.,  and  is  approved, 

6  Apr. 

President  proclaims  the  award  of  the  Behring  Sea  tri- 
bunal      9  Apr. 

Patrick  Walsh,  editor  of  the  Augusta  Chronicle,  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  of  Ga.  to  succeed  U.  S,  sen. 
Colquitt,  2  Apr.,  qualifies 9  Apr. 

Kelly's  army,  augmented  to  1200  men,  seizes  a  Union 
Pacific  railroad  train  of  20  coal-cars  and  proceeds 
eastward 12  Apr. 

Sen.  Zebulon  B.  Vance  of  N.  C.  dies  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  aged  64 14  Apr. 

Gen.  Henry  W.  Slocum  dies  at  his  home  in  Brooklyn, 
aged  66 14  Apr. 

Henry  S.  Ives,  nicknamed  the  "  Napoleon  of  finance," 
dies  of  consumption  near  Asheville,  N.  C . .  .  17  Apr. 

Ex-gov.  Thomas  J.  Jarvis,  appointed  19  Apr.  to  suc- 
ceed the  late  sen.  Vance  of  N.  C,  qualifies. .  .26  Apr. 

Gen.  Coxey's  army  of  Commonwealers  arrives  at 
Brightwood  park,  near  Washington,  D.  C.  .  .29  Apr. 

Francis  B.  Stockbridge,  U.  S.  senator  from  Michigan, 
dies  at  Chicago,  aged  68 30  Apr. 

Leaders  of  Coxey's  army  arrested  for  trespassing 
on  the  grounds  of  the  Capitol,  and  imprisoned, 

1  May, 

Canadian  revenue  cutter  Petrel  seizes  2  American 
steamboats  on  lake  Erie  and  arrests  48  residents  of 
Ohio  on  charge  of  illegal  fishing  in  Canadian  waters, 

9  May, 

John  Patton,  jr.,  appointed  U.  S.  senator,  to  succeed 
F.  B.  Stockbridge,  by  gov.  Rich  of  Mich.,  5  May, 
qualifies 10  May, 

Days  of  grace  on  notes,  drafts,  etc.,  in  New  York  abol- 
ished after  1  Jan.  1895,  by  act  of 10  May, 

Richard  Croker  resigns  as  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive, and  as  chairman  of  the  finance  committee 
of  Tammany  Hall ;  John  McQuade  succeeds  him, 

10  May, 

W.  H.  Edwards,  consul  -  general  at  Berlin,  dies, 

16  May, 

General  assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  church  convicts 
prof.  Henry  P.  Smith  of  heresv  by  a  vote  of  396  to 
101 '. 26  May, 

Kelly's  Industrial  army,  1100  strong,  reaches  St. 
Louis,  28  May,  divides,  and  proceeds  down  the 
Mississippi  and  up  the  Ohio  towards  Washington, 

31  May, 

Frye's  California  army  arrives  in  detachments  at 
Washington early  part  of  Juno, 

Rhode  Island  legislature  elects  ex-gov.  George  P.  Wet- 
more  as  successor  to  U.  S.  sen.  Dixon 12  June, 

American  Railway  union  boycott  of  the  Pullman  Pal- 
ace Car  company  grows  into  a  general  western  rail- 
road strike  (Strike) 27  June, 

Bill  making  the  1st  Monday  in  Sept.  a  legal  holiday, 
"  Labor  day,"  in  the  U.  S.,  approved 28  June, 

Rear-adm.  William  Grenville  Temple,  U.  S.  N.,  dies  at 
Washington,  aged  70 28  June, 


UNI  i 

Kelly's  army  reaches  the  vicinity  of  Washington, 

about  1  July,  1894 
U.  S.  judges  Groscup  and  Woods  of  the  northern  dis- 
trict of  Illinois  enjoin  pres.  Debs  of  the  American 
Railvva}'  union  and  others  from  interference  with 

trains  carrying  U.  S.  mails 2  July,    " 

Secretary  of  war  announces  that  the  U.  S.  troops  at 
fort  Sheridan — 8  companies  of  infantry,  2  troops  of 
cavalrj',  and  a  battery  of  light  artillery — have  been 
ordered  to  Chicago  to  enforce  the  laws  of  the  U.  S., 

3  July,  " 
'Gorman  Compromise  Tariff  bill  passes  the  Senate: 
yeas,  39  (37  Democrats,  2  Populists) ;  nays,  34  (31 
Republicans,  2  Populists,  1  Democrat  [Mr.  Hill  of 
N.  Y.J  ) ;  with  634  amendments  to  the  original  Wil- 
son bill  of  the  House 3  Jul}',    " 

Gov.  Altgeld  of  Illinois  protests  against  ordering  Fed- 
eral troops  into  the  state 5  July,    " 

National  convention  in  interest  of  good  roads  opens,  at 

Asbury  Park,  N.  J 5  Julv,    " 

Proclamation  of  president  warning  unlawful  assem- 
blages in  the  state  of  Illinois  to  disperse,  8  July,  and 
a  second  proclamation  referring  to  states  in  the 

northwest 9  July,    " 

Pres.  Debs,  vice-pres.  Howard,  and  other  leaders  in  the 
American  Railway  union  strike,  indicted  by  the 
Federal  grand  jury  for  conspiracy  to  obstruct  the 
mails  and  hinder  the  execution  of  laws ....  10  July,  " 
Joint  committee  of  the  Senate  and  House  on  naval 
affairs  agrees  on  a  scheme  of  promotion  in  the  navy, 

13  July,    " 
Pres.  Cleveland  signs  the  Enabling  act  to  admit  Utah 

into  the  Union 17  July,    " 

Representative  Wilson  from  West  Virginia  reads  in 
the  House  a  personal  letter  from  the  president  con- 
demning the  Senate  tarift'bill .19  July,    " 

Gen.  Coxc}',  after  a  short  term  in  the  district  jail,  dis- 
bands his  army,  stating  that  his  plan  had  failed  and 
that  they  would  have  to  look  out  for  themselves, 

26  July,    " 
Ex-judge  advocate-gen.  Joseph  Holt,  U.  S.  army,  re- 
tired, born  Jan.  1807  dies  in  Washington,  D.  C., 

1  Aug.    " 
.        -American  Railway  union  strike,  virtually   ended   14 
■■p       July,  when  the  strikers  returned  to  work  in  large 

|Hfc^  numbers,  is  formally  declared  off 3  Aug.    " 

^^^J.  S.  treasury  gold  reserve  reaches  the  lowest  point 
^^H    since  the  resumption  of  specie  payments,  namelv, 

^m    $52,189,500 7  Aug.    " 

^K  Pres.  Cleveland  recognizes  the  new  republic  of  Hawaii, 
■I  8  Aug.    '^ 

^B  A  detachment  of  militia  drives  the  remnant  of  the 
^K>       Kelly  and  Frye  industrial  armies  across  the  Poto- 

1^       "mac 11  Aug.    " 

[They  were  finally  furnished  transportation  to 
their  western  homes  by  the  government.] 
U.  S.  Senate  ratifies  the  new  Chinese  treaty  regulating 

immigration,  signed  Mch.,  by  47  to  20 13  Aug.    " 

[Formally  proclaimed  by  the  president,  8  Dec] 
House  passes  the  Senate  Tariff  bill  by  182  yeas  (175 
Democrats,  7  Populists)  to  106  nays  (93  Republicans, 
13  Democrats),  and  passes  bills  for  free  coal,  iron, 

barbed  wire,  and  sugar 13  Aug.    " 

Tariff  bill  becomes  a  law  without  the  president's  sig- 
nature (Tariff) midnight  27  Aug.    " 

•Second  Sessio?i  (268  days)  adjourns 28  Aug.    " 

Ten  towns  in  Minnesota,  6  in  Wisconsin,  and  3  in 

Michigan  totally  destroyed  by  forest  fires Aug.    " 

Gen.  N.  P.  Banks,  born  30'jan.  i816,  dies  at  Waltham, 

Mass 1  Sept.    " 

Samuel  J.  Kirkwood,  U.  S.  ex-senator,  ex-secretary  of 
the  interior,  and  war  governor  of  Iowa,  dies  at  Des 

Moines,  aged  81 1  Sept.    " 

Maj.-gen.  George  Stoneman,  ex-governor  of  California, 

born  8  Aug.  1822,  dies  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y 5  Sept.    " 

Successful  strike  of  United  Garment  Workers  and 
United  Brotherhood  of  Tailors  in  New  York,  Brook- 
lyn, and  vicinitv 4  to  13  Sept.    " 

29 


UNI 

Pres.  Cleveland  proclaims  amnesty  to  persons  convicted 

of  polygamy  under  the  Edmunds  act 27  Sept. 

Proclamation  of  president  setting  apart  the  Ashland 

Forest  reserve  in  Oregon  .... 28  Sept. 

Brig.-gen.  John  P.  Hawkins,  commissary-gen.  of  sul)- 

sistence,  U.  S.  army,  retired 29  Sept. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  born  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  29 

Aug.  1809,  dies  at  his  residence  in  Boston ...  .7  Oct. 

Andrew  G.  Curtin,  war  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  dies 

at  Bellefonte,  Pa.,  aged  77 7  Oct. 

Col.  Michael  Morgan  made  commissary- gen.,  U.  S. 

army,  and  brig.-gen .8  Oct. 

Corner-stone  of  the  Commercial  Travellers'  Home  of 

the  U.  S.  laid  at  Binghamton,  N.  Y.    9  Oct. 

Train  on  the  Fredericksburg  and  Potomac  railroad  held 
up  41  miles  south  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  robbed 

of  $150,000 12  Oct. 

Memorial  tablet  to  memory  of  Robert  C.  Morris,  the 
financier  of  the  Revolution,  unveiled  at   Batavia, 

N.  Y. ;  oration  by  sec.  of  treas.  Carlisle 13  Oct. 

Sec.  Carlisle  offers  for  sale  $50,000,000  of  U.  S.  5-per- 
cent. 10-year  bonds 13  Nov. 

[Awarded  to  the  Stewart  svndicate  of  New  York 
cit}',  26  Nov.] 
Dr.  James  McCosh,  ex-president  of  Princeton  college, 

dies  in  Princeton,  N«  J.,  aged  83 16  Nov. 

Rev.  dr.  W.  G.  T.  Shedd,  theologian  and  scholar,  dies 

in  New  York  city,  aged  74 17  Nov. 

New  treaty  with  Japan  signed  at  Washington,  23  Nov. 
President  remits  the  unexpired  portion  of  brig.-gen. 

Swaim's  sentence  (see  Feb.  1886) 1  Dec. 

John  Burns,  the  English  labor  leader  and  member  of 

Parliament,  arrives  at  New  York 1  Dec. 

[Returned  to  England,  3  Jan.  1895.] 

Third  Session  convenes 3  Dec. 

Emigrant  convention  with  China  ratified 7  Dec. 

During  the  year  1893  charges  were  made  accusing 
superintendent  Z.  R.  Brock  way  of  the  Elmira  re- 
formatory, N.  Y.,  of  mismanagement,  together  with 
cruel  and  inhuman  treatment  of  the  prisoners.  To 
investigate  these  charges,  gov.  Flower  appointed  a. 
committee  of  3  which  met  at  Elmira,  11  May,  1894. 
After  a  thorough  and  extended  investigation,  2  of  the 
committee  report  favorably  to  Brockway  and  the  3d 
unfavorably.     Gov.  Flower  dismisses  the  charges, 

10  Dec. 

Ex-gov.  B.  R.  Tillman  elected  U.  S.  senator  by  South 

Carolina  legislature  to  succeed  M.  C.  Butler,  11  Dec. 

Pres.  Cleveland  issues  an  order  placing  in  the  classified 

civil  service  the  internal-revenue  force 12  Dec. 

Eugene  V.  Debs  sentenced  to  6  months'  imprisonment, 
and  his  associates  to  3  months'  imprisonment  for 
contempt  of  court  (sentence  to  begin  8  Jan.  1895), 

14  Dec. 
Mosquito  reservation  formally  incorporated  with  Nic- 
aragua  17  Dec. 

Brig-gen.  Swaim,  judge  advocate-gen.,  retired,  24  Dec. 
Philological  congress  in  the  U.  S.  opens  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia  ...  .27  Dec. 
Act  to  establish  a  National  Military  park  at  the  battle- 
field of  Pittsburg  Landing  or  Shiloh  approved,  28  Dec. 
James  G.  Fair,  U.  S.  ex-senator  from  California,  dies  at 

San  Francisco,  aged  63 29  Dec. 

[Estate  estimated  at  $40,000,000.] 
Lexow  committee,  investigating  the  methods  of  the 
police  department  of  New  York  city,  holds  its  last 

session 29  Dec. 

[This  committee  was  appointed  under  a  resolution 
offered  by  Clarence  Lexow  in  the  Senate  of  New 
York,  24  Jan.  1894,  and  passed  unanimously,  charges 
against  the  police  of  the  city  of  New  York  having 
been  made  publicly  by  the  rev.  dr.  Charles  H.  Park- 
hurst  of  that  city.  The  committee  was  appointed 
31  Jan.,  with  sen.  Lexow  chairman.  Investigation 
commenced  on  9  Mch.,  at  the  court-room  of  the 
County  court-house  in  New  York,  with  William  A. 
Sutherland  as  counsel  for  the  committee  until  13 
Apr.,  when  John  W.  Goff  appeared  as  counsel.     At 


1894 


UNI  898 

the  end  of  June  the  committee  adjourned  until  10 
Sept.,  and  continued  with  one  or  two  short  intermis- 
sions until  29  Dec.  The  evidence  confirmed  the 
charges.  The  committee  submitted  its  report  to  the 
legislature  at  Albany,  18  Jan.  1896.  The  examina- 
tion and  testimony  of  the  700  witnesses  making 
10,576  printed  pages.] 
President  nominates  col.  G.  N.  Lieber  to  be  judge-ad- 
vocate-gen. in  place  of  brig.-gen.  David  G.  Swaim, 

retired 3  Jan.  1895 

Royalist  uprising  at  Waikiki  Beach,  about  5  miles  from 
Honolulu,  for  the  purpose  of  overthrowing  the  gov- 
ernment (easily  suppressed) 6  Jan.    " 

Brooklyn  street-car  strike,  attended  with  great  loss  of 
property  and  several  lives,  without  beneficial  result 

to  the  strikers 10  Jan.    " 

Senate  passes  the  Urgency  Deficiency  bill,  including 

appropriations  for  collecting  the  income  tax,  16  Jan.    " 
M.  Casimir-Perier  resigns  the  presidency  of  France, 

15  Jan.    " 
M.  Felix  Faure  elected  to  the  presidency  of  France, 

17  Jan.    " 

Nicaragua  Canal  bill  passes  the  Senate 26  Jan.    " 

Loss  of  the  North  German  Lloj'd  steamship  Elbe  off 

the  coast  of  Holland  (Wrecks) 30  Jan.    " 

Springer  (Administration)  Finance  bill,  authorizing 
the  issue  of  $500,000,000  of  gold  bonds,  etc.,  de- 
feated in  the  House  (136  to  162) 5  Feb.    " 

Joint  resolution  passed  to  revive  the  grade  of  lieut.- 
gen.  in  the  army  for  the  benefit  of  maj.-gen.  John 
M.  Schofield;  signed  by  the  president,  and  con- 
firmed   6  Feb.    " 

Brig.-gen.  Thomas  H.  Ruger,  U.  S.  army,  nominated  by 

the  president  to  be  maj.-gen 8  Feb.    " 

President  sends  a  message  to  Congress  advising  it  of 

a  loan  of  $62,400,000  @  4  per  cent,  for  30  years, 

under  provision  of  the  act  of  14  Jan.  1875. . .  .8  Feb.    " 

At  an  executor's  sale  in  New  York  city  240  paintings, 

by  George  Inness,  sold  for  $108,670 ;  sale  for  3  days, 

closing 14  Feb.    " 

Frederick  Douglass,  colored,  celebrated  in  the  history 
of  the  country,  dies  at  Anacostia,  D.  C,  aged  about 

78  years 20  Feb.    " 

Postmaster-gen.  Wilson  S.  Bissell  resigns  ...  .27  Feb.    " 
Wm.  L.  Wilson  of  West  Virginia  appointed  postmas- 
ter-gen., and  confirmed 1  Mch.    " 

Fifty-third  Congress  adjourns 4  Mch.    " 

[Appropriations  allowed  for  the  year  $498,952,524, 
of  which  $141,381,570  was  for  pensions.] 
Steamship  AUianga  fired  upon  by  Spanish  cruiser 

Conde  de  Venadito 5  Mch.    " 

Riot  and  massacre  on  the  levee,  New  Orleans,  12  Mch.  " 
United  Workmen,  Ancient  Order  of,  founded  1868. 
Object,  fraternal  and  beneficiary ;  number  of  grand  lodges,  27 ; 
number  of  sub-lodges,  4200;  number  of  members,  267,611. 
Benefits  disbursed  since  organization  for  beneficiary  fund, 
$37,776,350;  for  charity,  $5,000,000;  beneficiary  fund,  $4,762,- 
157.  The  chief  officer  is  termed  supreme  master-workman. 
This  order  stands  third  in  the  list  of  fraternal  organizations, 
in  the  number  of  members  being  exceeded  by  the  Freemasons 
and  Odd-fellows  only. 

unity.     Christian  unity. 

univer§al  §ufrrag[e  (pkbisciiumX  one  of  the  6  points 
of  the  charter  (Chartists),  was  adopted  in  the  constitution  of 
France  in  1791,  and  used  in  the  election  of  president  in  1851 
and  of  emperor  in  1862,  and  by  the  Italian  states  in  voting  for 
annexation  to  Sardinia  in  1860, 1861, 1866,  and  1870. 

Universaii§t§,  a  sect  who  believe  in  the  final  salvation 
of  all.  This  doctrine,  declared  in  the  Talmud,  and  ascribed  to 
Origen  about  230,  was  advocated  by  other  early  fathers,  but 
opposed  by  St.  Augustine,  about  420;  and  condemned  by  the 
5th  general  council  at  Constantinople,  May,  June,  553.  It  was 
received  by  the  Unitarians  in  the  17th  century,  and  avowed 
by  many  clergymen  of  the  church  of  England.  James  Relly, 
who  published  his  "  Union  "  in  1760,  founded  the  sect  of  Uni- 
versalists  in  Britain;  and  John  Murray,  in  America,  about 
1770.     The  sect  barely  exists  in  Great  Britain,  but  flourishes 


UNI 

in  the  United  States.  Before  1818,  many  Universalists  in  th& 
United  States  were  believers  in  future  retribution,  and  the 
terms  Restorationists  and  Universalists  were  used  synony- 
mously. In  1818  Hosea  Ballou  taught  that  retribution'is  con- 
fined to  this  life,  and  those  who  could  not  accept  this  doctrine- 
formed  a  distinct  sect  and  took  the  name  of  Universal  Resto- 
rationists at  Mendon,Mass.,  17  Aug.  1831.  The  present  strength 
of  the  Universalists  in  the  U.  S.  (1891)  is:  parishes,  947 ;. 
church-members,  41,177. 

univerMlty,  a  school  for  universal  knowledge,  an  as- 
sociation of  men  for  the  purpose  of  study  empowered  to- 
confer  degrees  which  are  recognized  throughout  Christendom, 
often  endowed  by  the  State.  The  most  ancient  universities- 
in  Europe  are  those  of  Cambridge,  Paris,  Oxford,  Cordova,. 
and  Bologna.  In  old  Aberdeen  was  a  monastery,  in  which 
youths  were  instructed  in  theology,  the  canon  law,  and  the 
school  philosophy,  at  least  200  years  before  the  imiversity  and 
King's  college  were  founded.  Degreks.  For  leading  uni- 
versities in  the  U.  S.,  Colleges  and  states  separately. 

DATES    OF    the    FOUNDING    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL    UNIVERSI- 
TIES   IN    EUROPE. 

(Arranged  according  to  dates,  some  of  them  now  extinct.) 


Founded. 
.  (?)  635 
...  792 
...  879 
. ..  968 
...1116 
...1209 
...1215 
...1224= 
...122ijr 
...1229 
...1233 
...1239 
...1243 
...1245 
...1253 
...1279 
...1289 
...13(X) 


.1305 
.1307 
.1332 
.1339 
.1346 
,1348 
.1354 
.1364 


Name.  Country. 

Cambridge England. 

Paris France.. 

Oxford England 

Cordova Spain... 

Bologna Italy 

Valencia Spain. . . 

Arezzo Italy 

Naples "     ... 

Padua "     ... 

Toulouse France.. 

Salerno Italy 

Salamanca Spain. . . 

Genoa Italy 

Rome "    

Sorbonne. France.. 

Coimbra Portugal 

MontpcUier. . .  France.. 

Lyons " 

Lerida Spain. . . 

^Avignon France. . 

Orleans " 

Perugia Italy 

Cahors France. . 

Grenoble '* 

Valladolid Spain... 

Prague Bohemia 

Huesca Spain... 

Cracow Poland.. 

Angers France " 

Vienna Austria 1365 

Funfkirchen. .  Hungary 1367 

Geneva Switzerland  .  1368 

Sienna.: Italy 1380 

Cologne Germany 1385 

Heidelberg..,.         "       1386 

Erfurt Thuringia    . .  1390 

Ferrara Italy 1391 

WQrzburg Germany 1403 

Turin Italy 1405 

Leipsic Saxony 1409 

"St.  Andrews. . .  Scotland 1411 

Rostock Mecklenberg.1419 

Dole ...  Burgundy.. .  .1422 

Louvaine Belgium 1426 

Poitiers France 1431 

Florence Italy 1439 

Mechlin Belgium 1440 

Palermo Italy 1447 

Glasgow Scotland 1450 

Valence France 1454 

Freibourg Germany 1460 

Nantes France " 

Basle Switzerland. .    ' ' 

Bourges France 1463 

"^Mafnz"}-- Germany 1467 

Bordeaux France 1472 

Treves Germany 1473 

Saragossa Spain 1474 

Upsal Sweden 1476 

Copenhagen. . .  Denmark " 

Tubingen Germany 1477 

Parma Italy 1482 

Munster Prussia 1491 

Aberdeen Scotland 1494 

Toledo Spain 1499 

Alcala "    " 

Wittenberg  . . .  Germany 1502 

Seville Spain 1504 

Frankfort-on 


the-Oder. 


Prussia 1506 


Urbino 

Milan 

Dillingen. .. 

Douay 

Ingolstadt . , 
Helmstadt. . 


Graz. 

Dublin 

Paderborn . . 

Venirie 

Pavia 

Harder  wijk. 

Giessen 


Name.  Country.        Founded.. 

Siguenza Spain 151T 

Compostella...      "    " 

Marburg Prussia 152T 

Debreczin Hungary 1531 

Evora Portugal 153$ 

Grenada Spain 15^7 

Strasburg Germany 153* 

KOnigsberg . . .        "       1544 

Jena Thuringia 1547 

Greifswald. ...  Germany " 

Rhei  ms France 1548 

^  Italy 1552 

"      1564r 

"    1565- 

Swabia " 

France 1568- 

Bavaria 1573: 

Brunswick.  ..1675> 

Leyden Holland "i 

Edinburgh Scotland 1582 

Franeker Belgium 1585- 

Austria 1586 

Ireland 1591 

Germany 1592: 

Italy " 

"     1599 

Holland 1600- 

Groningen Holland 1614- 

Salzburg Austria 1623 

Mantua Italy 1625- 

Dorpat Livonia 1632 

Utrecht Holland 1634 

Buda-Pest Hungary 1635 

Bamberg Bavaria 1648 

Kiel Germany 1665 

Bruges Belgium " 

Lund Sweden 1668 

Besanf  on France 1676- 

Innsbruck Tyrol 1692 

Dresden Saxony 1694 

Halle "         ....    " 

Breslan Prussia 1702 

Dijon France 1722 

Pan Italy " 

Cameriiio "    1727 

G5ttingeu Hanover 1736- 

Erlangeu Bavaria 1743 

Nancy France 1769 

Stuttgart Germany 1775 

Lemberg Austria 1784 

Wilnaor  Vilna.  Russia 1803 

Kieflf "     " 

Moscow "     " 

Caen France " 

Kasan Russia 1804 

KharkofT. "     " 

Berlin Germany 1810- 

Christiania Norway 1811 

Ghent Belgium 1816 

Liege "       " 

Bonn Germany 1818 

St.  Petersburg.  Russia 1819- 

London England 1826- 

Helsingfors...  Finland " 

Munich Bavaria " 

Durham England 1831 

Zurich Switzerland.  .1832 

Brussels Belgium 1834 

Berne Switzerland. .    " 


Name. 
McGill... 

Toronto. 


Country.        Founded. 

(  Montreal,  ( 
I  Can. . . .  f 
'  Toronto,  |        jg2-j 


1821 


UNI  » 

DATKS    OF    THE    FOUNDING    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL     UNIVERSI- 
TIES IN  EUROPE. — {Continued.) 

Name.  Country.        Founded.        Name.  Country.         Founded. 

Madrid Spain 1836    Czernowitz Austria 1875 

Allien.s Greece "      Amsterdam  ..Holland 1877 

London England 1837    Irish Ireland 1879 

Barcelona Spain 1841    yworia  (  Manchester, )  .'o^.^ 

Odessa Russia 1865   Victoria |     ^^g, J 1880 

Agram Austria 1869  j 

OF   THE   BRITISH   COLONIES. 

Name.  Country.        Founded. 

Calcutta India 1857 

Bombay "     " 

Madras "    " 

Can ...  )••••""-'■  ,  New  Zealand. .  New  Zealand .  1870 

Queens j '=S°°;i- •■'^V''*'''- ■■  •{ '"Sia^".- 1- -^^'^ 

si^-y I  ^'«,yal°r!-«^ ;  ^'p'  '^"'-^■i  ^"e.'.":?'!""' 

Melbourne Victoria 1855  '  Punjab India 1883 

imiversity  boat-races.    Boat-races. 

university  extension,  a  plan  originating  at  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  England,  in  1872,  for  extending  the 
advantages  of  university  instruction  by  lectures  and  classes 
at  important  centres.  The  popular  favor  and  success  of  the 
scheme  in  England  encouraged  Provost  William  Pepper,  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  to  introduce  it  in  the  tJnited 
States  in  1890.  From  this  beginning  the  movement  has 
spread  through  the  country.  The  plan  of  instruction  includes 
a  course  of  from  6  to  12  lectures  on  diiferent  branches  of  edu- 
cation, some  attention  being  given  to  class  work,  as  reference 
reading,  examinations,  etc.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the 
plan  of  instruction  is  too  limited  as  well  as  too  general  in  its 
topics  to  be  of  much  disciplinary  service;  but  it  is  popular  and 
doubtless  useful  in  awakening  interestin  many  subjectsof  study. 

uniinoivn  tong[ues.    Irvingites. 

Upsa'ia,  a  city  of  Sweden.  The  Swedish  rulers  were 
kings  of  Upsala  till  1001.  The  university  was  founded  in  1476, 
by  Sten  Sture,  the  "protector,"  and  opened  21  Sept.  1477. 
Celebration  of  foundation  of  university,  Sept.  1877. 

lira'nium,  a  brittle  gray  metal  discovered  by  Klaproth 
in  1789,  in  the  mineral  pitchblende ;  lately  employed  in  man- 
ufacturing glass  for  philosophical  purposes. 

U'ranus,  a  planet  with  4  satellites,  was  discovered  by 
"William  Herschel,  13  Mch.  1781 ;  first  called  Georgium  Sidus, 
after  George  III. ;  next  Herschel ;  and  finally  Uranus.  Its 
mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  1,753,869,000  miles,  and  its 
diameter  is  32,250  miles,  density  about  that  of  ice.  It  re- 
ceives from  the  sun  about  ^|^  of  the  heat  received  by  the 
earth.  The  completion  of  its  first  revolution  (in  84  years  7 
days)  since  discovery  was  celebrated  on  20  Mch.  1865.  Its 
perturbations  led  to  the  discovery  of  Neptune  in  1846.  Uranus 
is  accompanied  bv  at  least 4  satellites;  Herschel  discovered  2, 
11  Jan.  1787,  Lassell  1,  14  Sept.  1847,  and  O.  Struve  1,  8  Oct. 
1847.  Herschel  thought  he  had  discovered  6,  which,  with  the 
2  discovered  later,  would  make  8,  but  4  of  them  are  unverified. 

Urbi'no,  the  ancient  Urbinum  Hortense,  central  Italy, 
capital  of  a  duchy  created  for  Malatesta,  1474.  It  was  treacher- 
ously seized  by  Caesar  Borgia,  1502 ;  captured  by  Julius  II., 
1503,  and  given  to  Borgia,  1504;  given  to  Lorenzo  de' Medici 
by  Leo  X.,  1516;  after  many  vicissitudes  recovered  by  the 
duke  Francesco,  1522 ;  on  the  duke's  resig^iation  annexed  to 
the  Papal  States,  1631 ;  annexed  to  Italy,  1860. 
•  Urim  and  Tliummini,  "Light  and  Perfection" 
(Exod.  xxviii.  30),  words  connected  with  the  breastplate  worn 
by  the  high-priest  when  he  entered  the  holy  place  to  obtain 
an  answer  from  God  (1490  b.c.). 

Ursa  Major,  "  Great  Bear  "  constellation,  one  of  the 
most  familiar  in  the  heavens.    It  contains  the  "  Pointers,"  and 
is  popularly  known  as  the  "  Butcher's  Cleaver  "  and  "  Charles's 
Wain." 
"  And  we  danced  about  the  May-pole  and  in  the  hazel  copse, 

Till  Charles's  Wain  came  out  above  the  tall  white  chimney-tops." 
—Tennyson's  "  May  Queen." 

Ur'SUline  nuns  (so  called  from  St.  Ursula),  founded 
originally  by  St.  Angela  of  Brescia,  about  1537.  Several  com- 
munities'existed  in  England,  and  some  still  exist  in  Ireland. 
First  convent  in  America  built  at  Quebec,  founded  by  madame 
delaPeltrie,  1641. 


^  UTA 

U'ruguay,  Banda  Orientale  (the  "  Eastern  side  "),  a  re- 
public in  South  America,  formerly  part  of  the  viceroyalty  of 
Buenos  Ayres ;  declared  its  independence,  25  Aug.  1825 ;  recog- 
nized, 4  Oct.  1828;  constitution  proclaimed,  18  July,  1830. 
Area,  72,110  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890,  684,000.  In  form  the  gov- 
ernment is  similar  to  that  of  the  United  States. 

Ushant  (ush'-ang),  an  island  near  Brest,  N.W.  France, 
near  which  2  naval  battles  were  fought  between  the  Hritish 
and  French  fleets.  The  first,  27  July,  1778,  indecisive.  The 
English  under  adm.  Keppel,  the  French  under  count  d'Orvil- 
liers.  The  second  fought  1  June,  1794.  The  English  under 
lord  Howe,  with  25  ships,  defeated  the  French,  26  ships,  under 
Villaret-Joyeuse.  As  the  battle  saved  to  the  French  a  large 
fleet  of  merchantmen,  they  claimed  the  honors  of  the  day. 

U'SUry  is  payment  for  the  use  of  money,  interest ;  but 
is  commonly  applied  to  an  excess  of  interest  above  the  legal 
rate.  The  Jews  might  take  interest  from  strangers,  but 
not  from  their  brethren,  1491  b.c.  (Exod.  xxii.  25;  Deut. 
xxiii.  19).  This  law  was  enforced  by  Nehemiah,  445  b.c. 
(Neh.  v.).  Usury  was  prohibited  by  the  English  Parliament, 
1341.  Until  the  15th  century  no  Christians  were  allowed  to 
receive  interest  of  money,  and  Jews  were  the  only  usurers,  and 
therefore  often  banished  and  persecuted  ;  Jews.  By  37  Hen. 
VIII.  the  rate  of  interest  was  fixed  at  10  per  cent.,  1545.  This 
statute  was  repealed  by  Edward  VI.,  but  re-enacted  13  Eliz. 
1570.     Interest.         * 

Utah,  a  state  of  the  United  States,  the  45th  in  admis- 
sion, is  bounded  on  the  north  b}'  Idaho  and  Wyoming,  east 
by  Wyoming  and  Colorado, 
pTv/yyVVi  south  by  Arizona,  and  west 

^;^^^^^^^^h^  by  Nevada.    Area,  84,970  sq. 

ry^^^^^^^^(^%^-7         miles.  Iving  between  109°  and 
\/f^M^^^^^^^^%?        1 14°  W.  Ion.,  and  north  of  37° 
0  l/n/r^^^'^^^^      N.  lat.     Pop.   1890,   207,905. 
5r     (■**'*^H^^Si/''-"'|    ^'Ki     Capital,  Salt  Lake  City. 
^A^i  O.m'^J^^^^^^^^f^^^' W'  ^/>'      Franciscan  friars,  Silvestre 
c\>  vi^^^^^^^^^^i^J'^^  ^®'62  ^®  Escalante  and 

^y'^i^^i^L^^Wh^'^^A^  Francisco   Atanasio   Do- 

Zjsv,  ^^^^^^^'^  -^^  minguez,  looking   for   a 

^:^j\,'3«5®   -i>^rJ  route    from    Santa    Y6 

^>^>^jli2^<S^  to  Monterey,  Cal.,  reach 

^''VVv^  Utah  and  Sevier  lakes, 

Sept.  1776 
Great  Salt  lake  discovered  by  James  Bridger,  a  trapper  on  Bear 

river 1825 

One  hundred  and  twenty  men  under  William  H.  Ashley  come 
to  Utah  lake  from  St.  Louis  through  South  pass,  and  build 

fort  Ashley " 

Jedediah  S.  Smith  and  15  trappers  march  from  Great  Salt  lake 
to  Utah  lake,  and  thence  crossing  the  Sevier  river  westward 

to  San  Gabriel  mission,  Cal.,  1826,  return  to  Utah 1827 

J.  Bartleson  and  27  emigrants  for  California  proceed  from 

Soda  springs  to  Corrine  and  thence  into  Nevada Aug.  1841 

Marcus  Whitman  and  A.  L.  Lovejoy,  on  their  way  from  Oregon 
to  the  U.  S.,  pass  through  Utah  from  fort  Hall  by  way  of  Uin- 
tah, Taos,  and  Santa  Fe 1842 

Col.  John  C.  Fremont,  with  Kit  Carson  and  3  others,  explores 

Great  Salt  lake  in  a  rubber  boat 8  Sept.  1843 

Brigham  Young  and  142  Mormons,  in  search  of  a  location  for 
their  new  Zion.  journey  from  the  Mormon  camp,  near  Coun- 
cil Bluffs,  up  the  Platte  valley  and  through  South  pass  to  the 

site  of  Salt  Lake  City 21  July,  1847 

Mormons  to  the  number  of  1553,with  580  wagons,  leave  Council 

Bluffs,  4  July,  and  reach  Salt  lake Sept.     " 

Utah  included  in  the  cession  by  Mexico  to  the  U.  S.  by  the 

treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 2  Feb.  1848 

James  Brown  purchases  the  tract  where  Ogdeu  now  stands 
from  Miles  M.  Goodyear,  who  held  it  by  Spanish  grant  as 

early  as  1841 6  June,     " 

Provisional  government  for  the  state  of  Deseret,  with  capUal 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  formed  by  a  convention  which  met  at  Salt 
Lake  City  4  Mch.,  and  chose  Brigham  Young  governor,  12 

Mch.     First  general  assembly  convenes 2  July,  1849 

City  of  Provo  founded " 

Perpetual  Emigration  Fund  company,  to  aid  poor  emigrants 

from  Europe,  is  organized  at  Salt  lake 6  Oct.     " 

First  number  of  the  Deseret  News  published  at  Salt  Lake  City, 

Willard  Richards  editor 15  June,  1850 

City  of  Ogden  laid  out  by  Brigham  Young  and  others Aug.     " 

Territory  of  Utah  created  by  act  of  Congress 9  Sept.     " 

Salt  Lake  City  incorporated Jan-  1851 

Coal  discovered  on  Coal  creek  at  Cedar  City May,     " 

Capt.  J.  W.  Gunnison,  engaged  in  a  government  survey  in  Utah, 
massacred  by  the  Pah  Utes  while  exploring  lake  Sevier,  with 

5  out  of  10  companions 26  Oct.  1855 

A  mob  of  armed  Mormons  compels  associate -judge  W.  W. 
Drummond  of  the  U.  S.  District  court,  who  had  become  un- 
popular, to  adjourn  his  court  sine  die Feb.  1856 

First  "hand-cart"  emigrants  reach  Great  Salt  lake  on  foot 


UTA 


900 


UXM 


ftpom  Iowa  with  20  hand-carts  and  1  wagon  to  each  100  emi- 
grants   ••!<>  Sept.  1856 

Judge  nrninmond  resigns 'M  Mch.  1857 

Army  of  I'tah,  sent  by  pres.  Buchanan  as  a  jMsse  comitatus  to 
sustain  the  governor,  begins  to  assemble  at  fori  Leavenworth, 

June,     " 
Nauvoo  legion,  organized  in  1840,  is  reorganized  in  Utah.  .July,     " 

Alfrod  Cumming  appointed  governor  of  Utah 11  July,     " 

Mountain  .Meadows  massacre,  about  30  miles  southwest  from 
Cedar  City;  Arkansas  emigrants,  30  families,  are  fired  upon 
by  Indians,  7  Sept. ;  forming  a  corral,  after  a  siege  of  4  days 
they  surrender  to  a  company  of  the  Mormon  Nauvoo  legion, 
headed  bv  John  I).  Lee,  who  promises  protection,  but  all  ex- 
cept 17  children  under  7  years  of  age  are  massacred  by  Ind- 
ians and  Mormons 11  Sept.     " 

Brigbam  Young  by  proclamation  forbids  armed  forces  to  enter 
Salt  I.ake  Ciiy,"directs  the  troops  in  the  territory  to  repel 

such  invasion,  and  declares  martial  law 15  Sept.     " 

Mormons  under  m^.  Lot  Smith  destroy  on  the  Green  river  and 
Big  Sandv  3  or  more  supply  trains  destined  for  the  army  of 

Utah . . . .' 5-6  Oct.     ' ' 

Army  of  Utah,  under  col.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  is  ordered  to 
fort  Badger,  and  into  winter-quarters  at  camp  Scott,  2  or  3 

miles  from  fort  Badger  and  115  from  Salt  Lake  City Nov.     " 

Gov.  Cummings  at  camp  Scott  proclaims  the  territory  in  re- 
bellion  27.  Nov.     " 

Col.  Thomas  L.  Kane  arrives  at  Salt  Lake  City  as  a  peacemaker, 

with  credentials  from  pres.  Buchanan 25  Feb.  1858 

Gov.  Cummings  visits  Salt  Lake  City  with  col.  Kane,  leaving 

camp  Scott 5  Apr.     " 

A  constitution  for  the  state  of  Deseret,  formed  by  a  people's 
convention  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  Mch.  1856,  is  tabled  in  the 

U.  S.  Senate 20  Apr.     " 

Proclamation  by  pres.  Buchanan  oflering  amnesty  to  Mormons 
who  submit  to  federal  authority,  issued  6  Apr.,  is  accepted 

by  the  Mormon  leaders 2  June,     " 

Van  of  the  army  of  Utah  finds  Salt  Lake  City  deserted ;  30,000 

Mormons  had  moved  southward 26  June,     " 

Gov.  Cumming  resigns  and  leaves  Salt  Lake  City May,  1861 

Another  convention  meets  20  Jan.,  finishes  a  constitution  for 

the  state  of  Deseret,  23  Jan.,  ratified  by  the  people.. .  .3  Mch.  1862 
Act  of  Congress  passed  to  punish  and  prevent  polygamy  in  the 

territories 1  July,     " 

Mormon  apostates,  known  as  Morrisites,  indicted  for  armed 
resistance  to  law,  when  summoned  to  surrender  by  the  sher- 
iff, resist  for  3  days,  13-16  June,  1862, until  their  leader,  Joseph 
Morris,  and  others  are  killed;  tried  before  judge  Kinney,  7 

are  convicted  of  murder  in  the  second  degree Mch.  1863 

Gov.  James  Duane  Doty  d 13  June,  1865 

University  of  Deseret  at  Salt  Lake  City,  chartered  1850,  organ- 
ized  8  Mch.  1869 

Mass-meeting  of  Mormons  at  Salt  Lake  City  to  protest  against 

interference  by  Congress  with  polygamy 5  Apr.  1870 

<tov.  J.  Wilson  Shaffer  by  proclamation  forbids  the  review  of 

the  Nauvoo  legion  of  13,000  men 15  Sept.     " 

Vernon  H.  Vaughan  succeeds  gov.  Shaffer,  who  d Oct.     " 

2ion's  Co-operative  Mercantile  institution  incorporated  .1  Dec.     " 
Companies  of  the  Nauvoo  legion,  assembling,  are  dispersed  by 

federal  authority 4  July,  1871 

Brigham  Young,  ordered  to  be  tried  for  bigamy,  escapes; 
Hawkins,  an  elder,  sentenced  to  3  years'  imprisonment  for 

adultery " 

Brigham  Young  surrenders  for  trial;  proceedings  anmilled  by 

the  Supreme  court 1872 

Brigham  Young  resigns  temporal  power 10  Apr.  1873 

Brigham  Young  again  indicted  for  polygamy Oct.  1874 

Adjudged  to  support  one  of  his  wives  while  she  sues  for  divorce, 
Mch. ;  imprisoned  in  his  own  house  for  non-compliance,Nov. ; 

discharged Dec.  1875 

John  D.  Lee,  convicted  of  murder  in  the  first  degree  for  the 
Mountain  Meadows  massacre,  11  Sept.  1857,  is  shot  on  the 

site  of  it '. 23  Mch.  1877 

Brigham  Young  d 29  Aug.     " 

Brigham  Young  college  at  Logan  opened Sept.  1878 

School  districts  formed  and  a  tax  levied  for  school  buildings. . .  1880 
Edmunds  law  against  polygamy,  amending  law  of  1862,  22  Mch.  1882 

Utah  Deaf  Mute  institute  at  Salt  Lake  City  opened 1884 

Asylum  for  the  insane  near  Provo  opened 1885 

Congress  authorizes  an  Industrial  home  at  Salt  Lake  City  for 

women  renouncing  polygamy,  and  their  children 1886 

Edmunds-Tucker  Anti-polygamy  law  approved 3  Mch.  1887 

Reform  school  at  Ogden  opened 31  Oct.  1889 

Site  for  Agricultural  college  selected  at  Logan;  construction 

begun,  June,  1889;  college  opened 4  Sept.  1890 

New  school-law  making  public-schools  free " 

Methodist  university  at  Ogden  founded " 

Gentiles  for  the  first  time  control  a  municipal  election  in  Salt 

Lake  City 10  Feb.     " 

New  free- school  law,  a  territorial  bureau  of  statistics  estab- 
lished, and  8  per  cent,  made  the  legal  rate  of  interest  by  leg- 
islature at  session 13  Jan.-13  Mch.     " 

Mormon  church  renounces  polygamy  at  a  general  conference 

in  Salt  Lake  City 6  Oct.     ' ' 

Territorial  Reform  school  destroyed  by  fire 24  June,  1891 

First  election  under  national  party  lines;  Mormon  Republican 

and  Democratic  votes  about  equal 4  Aug.     " 

Irrigation  convention;  delegates  from  nearly  every  state  and 
territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  at  Salt  Lake  City.  .15  Sept.     " 


I 


Cap-stone  of  temple  in  Salt  Lake  City  laid  by  pres.  Woodruff  of 
the  church  of  the  Latter-Day  Saints 6  Apr.  1892 

Congress  al)olishes  the  Utah  commission  of  5,  under  act  of  22 
Mch.  1882,  and  transfers  their  duties  to  the  governor,  chief- 
justice,  and  secretary  of  Utah 14  July,     «' 

President  issues  a  proclamation  of  amnesty  tc  Mormons  liable 
to  prosecution  for  polygamy 4  Jan.  1893 

New  temple  at  Salt  Lake  City,  begun  40  years  before,  dedicated, 

6  Apr.     " 

Bill  passes  the  House  of  Representatives  admitting  Utah, 

13  Dec.     " 

Bill  passes  the  Senate  admitting  Utah 10  July,  1894 

[The  admission  being  under  certain  conditions,  one  of 
which  is  "  that  polygamous  or  plural  marriages  are  forever 
prohibited."] 

Act  permitting  Utah  to  hold  a  constitutional  convention  and 
become  a  state,  signed 17  July,     " 


Brigham  Young 

GOVERNORS. 

. . . .       assumes  office 

IS.-jl 

1857 

1861 

18C2 

1863 

1865 

1870 

Alfred  Cumming 

John  W.  Dawson 

Stephen  S.  Harding.... 
James  Duane  Doty 

J.  Wilson  Shaffer 

Vernon  H.  Vaughn 

George  L.  Woods 

1871 

S.  B.  Axtell 

1874 

George  W.  Emery 

Eli  H.Murray 

Caleb  W.  West 

1875 

1879 

1886 

Arthur  L.  Thomas 

Caleb  W.  West 

1889 

1893 

Utes.     Indians. 

U'tica  (N.  Africa),  an  ancient  Tyrian  colony,  an  ally  of 
Carthage,  named  in  the  treaty  with  the  Romans,  348  B.C. 
Here  Cato  the  Younger,  after  the  defeat  of  the  partisans  of 
Pompey  at  Thapsus,  committed  suicide,  46  B.C.  Utica  flour- 
ished after  the  fall  of  Carthage,  and  was  made  a  Roman  city 
b\'  Augustus  on  account  of  its  favoring  Julius  Caesar.  It  suf- 
fered by  the  invasion  of  the  Vandals,  439,  and  of  the  Saracens, 
about  700. 

UtilitR'rianisin,  termed  the  "greatest  happiness 
principle,"  the  philosophy  which  proposes  as  the  test  of  moral 
good  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest  number;  a  doc- 
trine ascribed  to  Priestley  by  Bentham.  The  doctrine  is] 
found  in  the  writings  of  Locke,  Hartley,  Hume,  and  Paley;: 
but  was  formed  into  an  ethical  system  by  Jeremy  Bentham  in 
his  "  Introduction  to  the  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legislation,"  ^ 
1780-89,  and  by  John  Stuart  Mill,  who  died  9  May,  1873.  Mill  | 
founded  a  small  "utilitarian  society"  in  1822.  He  took  the  i 
name  from  an  expression  in  Gait's  "  Annals  of  the  Parish." 

Uto'pia  (Gr.  oy,  not,  and  tottoq,  place ;  properly  "  no- 
where"), a  name  given  by  sir  Thomas  More  to  an  imaginary  1 
island  representing  the  "best  state  of  a  public  weale,"  de-; 
scribed  in  a  book  in  Latin  published  1548.  The  work  is  con- 
sidered a  satire  on  the  state  of  Europe  at  the  time.  An  Eng- 
lish translation  was  published  in  1551. 

U'trecllt  (the  Roman  Trajectum  ad  Rhenum)  became* 
an  independent  bishopric  about  695.  The  last  prelate,  Henry 
of  Bavaria,  weary  of  his  turbulent  subjects,  sold  his  temporal : 
government  to  the  emperor  Charles  V;  in  1528.  The  union 
of  the  7  united  provinces — viz.,  Holland,  Zealand,  Utrecht, 
Friesland,  Groningen,  Overj'ssel,and  Guelderland — was  formed 
here  for  their  mutual  defence  against  Spain, 23  Jan.  1579;  300th 
anniversary  celebrated  23  Jan.  1879.  The  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
which  terminated  the  wars  of  queen  Anne,  was  signed  by  the 
ministers  of  Great  Britain  and  France  and  the  other  allies, 
except  the  empire,  11  Apr.  1713.  It  secured  Protestant  suc- 
cession in  England,  separation  of  the  French  and  Spanish 
crowns,  destruction  of  the  works  of  Dunkirk,  enlargement  of 
the  British  colonies  and  plantations  in  America,  and  full  satis- 
faction for  the  claims  of  the  allies.  Utrecht  surrendered  to 
the  Prussians,  9  May,  1787 ;  was  acquired  by  the  French,  18 
Jan.  1795;  and  restored  at  the  peace,  1814. 

Ux'marl,  a  place  with  extensive  ruins  in  Yucatan. 
Their  origin  is  unknown.  They  are  evidently  due  to  a  more 
advanced  civilization  than  that  found  there  by  the  Spaniards. 
They  cover  several  square  miles.  America,  Copan,  audj 
Palenquk. 


901 


VAL 


V,  a  character  derived  from  the  Greek  T,  upsilon.  The 
22d  letter  in  the  English  alphabet  is  the  older  form  of  tlic 
letter  u,  and  only  recently  distinguished  from  it;  but  while  u 
is  a  vowel,  v  is  always  a  consonant.  The  letter  v  designates 
the  number  5. 

Taecina'tiOIl  (from  Variola  vaccina,  the  cow-pox), 
discovered  by  dr.  Edward  Jenner.  He  was  born  in  Berkeley, 
Gloucestershire,  Engl.,  17  May,  1749,  and  educated  in  medi- 
cine, partly  by  John  Hunter.  Having  heard  that  milkmaids 
•^vho  had  had  cow-pox  never  took  small-pox,  he,  about  1780, 
conceived  the  idea  of  vaccination.  He  made  the  first  experi- 
ment on  a  healthy  child  at  Berkeley,  14  May,  1796,  with  pus 
from  a  milkmaid  who  had  caught  cow-pox  from  cows.  He  an- 
nounced his  success,  1798,  and  vaccination,  begun  21  Jan.  1799, 
soon  became  general,  after  much  opposition.  Dr.  Jenner  re- 
ceived 10,000/.  from  the  British  Parliament,  2  June,  1802,  and 
20,000/.  in  1807.  The  first  national  institution  for  vaccination, 
the  Royal  Jennerian  Institution,  was  founded  in  London,  19 
Jan.  1803.  The  emperor  Napoleon  valued  dr.  Jenner  highly, 
and  liberated  dr.  Wickhara,  a  prisoner  of  war,  at  his  request, 
and  subsequently  whole  families  of  English,  refusing  nothing 
that  he  asked.  Vaccination,  although  much  opposed,  ex- 
tended throughout  Europe  before  1816.  Dr.  Jenner  died  sud- 
denly, 26  Jan.  1823. 

Royal  Jennerian  and  London  vaccine  institution  founded 1803 

Vaccination  act,  3  and  4  Vict,  passed 23  July,  1840 

John  Badcock,  of  Brighton,  begins  to  inoculate  cows  with  small- 
pox to  produce  new  lymph  for  vaccination about     " 

Blue-book  of  "  Papers  on  the  History  and  Practice  of  Vaccina- 
tion," edited  by  John  Simon,  is  published  by  the  board  of 

health 1857 

Statue,  subscribed  for  by  all  nations,  is  erected  to  Jenner's 

memory  in  Trafalgar  square 30  Apr.  1858 

It  is  removed  to  Kensington 1862 

Vaccination  is  made  compulsory  in  England  in  1853,  and  in 

Ireland  and  Scotland 1863 

Statue  to  Jenner  erected  by  the  French  at  Boulogne;  inaugu- 
rated  11  Sept.  1865 

Vaccination  direct  from  the  cow  or  calf  advocated  and  prac- 
tised in  Brussels,  etc 1879-81 

Successful  vaccination  of  68,900  sheep  by  M.  Pasteur  of  Paris 

up  to 1  Oct.  1881 

Grocers'  company  of  London  offers  lOOOZ.  for  a  method  of  prop- 
agating vaccine  contagion  apart  from  the  animal  body, 

30  May,  1883 
Estimate  published :  750,000  infants  vaccinated ;  50  die  of  dis- 
ease in  consequence Oct.  1887 

Royal  commission  of  inquiry  appointed,  England 29  May,  1889 

Hydrophobia. 

Tacu  11111,  partial,  reducing  the  pressure  of  the  atmos- 
phere, vastly  increases  its  absorption  of  moisture.  This  prin- 
ciple has  been  utilized  by  M.  Emil  Passburg  of  Breslau  in  an 
apparatus  for  drying  grain,  used  since  1888. 

Ya€lilllo'lli§  la'cu§,  the  Vadimonian  lake,  Umbria, 
central  Italy,  near  which  the  Etruscans  were  totally  defeated 
in  2  severe  engagements  by  the  Roman  consuls — I,  by  Fa- 
bius  Maximus,  309  b.c;  2,  by  Cornelius  Dolabella,  283. 

vagrant  (Lat.  vagor,  to  wander),  a  person  aimlessly 
wandering  from  place  to  place,  a  vagabond,  a  tramp.  By 
English  law  a  vagrant  was  whipped  and  sworn  to  return  to  the 
place  where  he  was  born,  or  had  last  dwelt  for  3  years,  1530. 
A  vagrant  a  second  time  convicted  was  to  lose  the  upper  part 
of  the  gristle  of  his  right  ear,  1535;  a  third  time  convicted, 
death.  A  vagabond  to  be  branded  with  a  V,  and  be  a  slave 
for  2  years,  1547.  If  he  absconded  and  was  caught,  he  was  to 
be  branded  with  S,  and  be  a  slave  for  life.  Vagrants  were 
punished  by  whipping,  jailing,  boring  the  ears,  and  death  for 
a  second  offence,  1572.  Milder  statutes  were  enacted  during 
the  reigns  of  George  II.  and  George  HI.  The  present  Vagrant 
act  was  passed  in  England  in  1824. 

Valencay  {oal-an-say'),  a  chateau  near  Chateauroux, 
central  France,  where  Napoleon  I.  imprisoned  Ferdinand  of 
Spain  from  1808  to  1813.  The  kingdom  was  restored  to  Fer- 
dinand by  treaty  signed  8  Dec.  1813. 

Valen'cia,  a  city  of  E.  Spain,  the  Valentia  Edetanorum 
of  the  Romans,  became  the  capital  of  a  Moorish  kingdom,  1000; 
annexed  to  Aragon,  1238.     Its  university,  founded,  it  is  said, 


in  the  13th  century,  was  revived  in  the  15th.  Valencia  was 
taken  by  the  earl  of  Peterborough  in  1705,  but  submitted  to 
the  Bourbons  after  the  unfortunate  battle  of  Almanza,  in  1707, 
It  resisted  the  attempts  of  marshal  Moncey,  but  was  taken 
from  the  Spaniards  with  a  garrison  of  more  than  16,000  men, 
and  immense  stores,  by  the  French  under  Suchet,  9  Jan.  1812. 
Valencieniie§  (val-en-see-en),  N.  France.  This  city 
(the  Roman  Vatentiance),  after  many  changes,  was  taken  by- 
Louis  XIV.  in  1677,  and  annexed  1678.  It  was  besieged  from 
23  May  to  28  July,  1793,  when  the  French  garrison  surren- 
dered to  the  allies  under  the  duke  of  York.  It  was  retaken, 
together  with  Conde,  by  the  French,  27-30  Aug.  1794;  on 
capitulation,  the  garrison  and  1100  emigrants  were  made  pris- 
oners, with  immense  stores. 

Valen'tia,  a  Roman  province,  including  the  country 
between  the  walls  of  Severus  and  Adrian,  was  reconquered 
from  the  Picts  and  Scots  by  Theodosius,  and  named  after  Val- 
entinian  I.,  the  reigning  emperor,  368. 

Taleiltine'§  day  (14  Feb.).     Valentine  is  said  to 
have  been  a  bishop,  martyred  under  Claudius  II.  at  Rome ; 
others  say  under  Aurelian,  in  271.     The  origin  of  the  ancient 
custom  of  "  choosing  a  valentine  "  has  been  much  controverted. 
"  To  morrow  is  Saint  Valentine's  day 
All  in  the  morning  betime, 
And  I  a  maid  at  your  window, 
To  be  your  Valentine." 

— Shakespeare,  "Hamlet,"  act  iv.  sc.  v, 

Taleiltin'ian§,  followers  of  Valentine,  a  priest,  who, 
on  being  disappointed  of  a  bishopric,  forsook  the  Christian 
faith,  declaring  there  were  30  gods  and  goddesses,  15  of  each 
sex,  which  he  called  iEones,  or  Ages.  He  taught  in  the  2d 
century,  and  published  a  gospel  and  psalms;  his  followers 
added  other  errors. 

Valhalla  (Icel.  valhol',  gen.  valhallar,  lit.  the  hall  of 
the  slain,  from  valr,  the  slain,  and  hoU,  hall).  In  Scandinavian 
mythology  the  place  of  immortality  for  the  souls  of  heroes 
slain  in  battle,  selected  by  female  deities  called  in  Icelandic 
Valkyriur,  choosers  of  the  slain.  Here  they  feast  daily  with 
Odin,  eating  boar's  flesh  and  drinking  mead  from  the  skulls  of 
their  slain  enemies.  A  name  given  to  the  Pantheon  or  Temple 
of  Fame,  built  by  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria  at  Donaustauf,  near 
Ratisbon.  Begun  18  Oct.  1830,  and  dedicated  18  Oct.  1842. 
It  is  consecrated  to  the  great  men  of  Germany,  and  contains 
statues  and  memorials  of  them. 

Valkyriur.     Valhalla. 

Valladolid',  a  city  of  Spain,  the  Roman  Pintia  and 
the  Moorish  Belad  Walid;  was  recovered  for  the  Christians 
by  Ordofio  II.,  the  first  king  of  Leon,  914-23.  It  became  the 
capital  of  Castile  in  the  15th  centnr3\  It  was  taken  by  the 
French,  Jan.  1808 ;  and  captured  by  the  English,  4  June,  1813. 
Here  died  Christopher  Columbus,  20  May,  1506. 

Tallaillbro'§a,  a  town  of  central  Italy.  A  Benedic- 
tine abbey  was  founded  here  by  John  Gualbert,  about  1038. 
The  monks  were  termed  Vallambrosians. 

Vallandigliani,  Arrest  of.     United  States,  1863. 

Valley  Forge,  encampment  of  the  army  of  11,000 
Americans  during  the  winter  of  1777-78,  from  19  Dec.  to  18 
June,  about  20  miles  northwest  from  Philadelphia,  on  the 
Schuylkill.  Famous  for  the  suffering  and  privations  of  the 
American  troops  (in  log  huts  14  by  16  ft.)  during  the  severe 
winter. 

Valmy,  a  village  of  N.E.  France.  Here  the  French 
under  Kellermann  defeated  the  Prussians  under  the  duke  of 
Brunswick,  20  Sept.  1792.  The  victory  was  of  immense  ad- 
vantage to  the  republican  cause,  and  Kellermann  was  made 
dukeofValmy  in  1808. 

Valoi§  {val-wah'),  a  countj'  in  N.  France  given  by  Philip 
HI.  to  his  younger  son  Charles,  whose  son  Philip  became  king 
as  Philip  IV.  in  1328.     France. 

Valparai'§0,  principal  port  of  Chili,  South  America. 


902 


VAL 

Here  cH>m.  Porter,  after  a  desperate  fight,  surrendered  his  ves- 
sel, the  AAwr,  to  the  British  ships  Cherube  ami  Pha;bt,2S  Mch. 
1814.     Navai.  BATTLK8.     Pop.  1891,  105,000. 

Valtel'llne,  N.  Italy,  a  district  near  the  Rhtetian  Alps, 
«ei*eil  bv  the  Grison  league,  1512,  and  ceded  to  it,  1530.  At 
the  in««tij:ation  of  Spain,  the  Catholics  rose  and  massacred  the 
Protestants,  19-21  July,  1620.  After  much  contention  be- 
tween the  French  and  Austrians,  the  neutrality  of  the  \  altel- 
Hne  was  assured  in  1639.  It  was  annexed  to  the  Cisalpine 
Republic  ia  1797;  to  Italy,  1807;  to  Austria,  1814;  to  Italy, 
1860. 

var%-B$«or  or  vaV'a§or.  The  first  dignity  in  Eng- 
land beneath  a  peer  was  anciently  that  of  vidames,vice'domint, 
or  ralntsors.  Valvasors  are  mentioned  by  ancient  lawyers  as 
riri  magncB  dignitatis,  and  sir  Edward  Coke  speaks  highly  of 
them.  Now,  the  first  personal  dignity  after  the  nobility  is  a 
knight  of  the  (\tiTi^x.- Blackstone. 

TaU'erde,  Battle  of.     New  Mexico,  1862. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  Administration  of.  United 
States,  1837. 

Taiia'dium  (from  Vanadis,  the  Scandinavian  Venus), 
roeul  tUscovered  by  Sefstrom,  in  1830,  in  iron  ore.  A  similar 
metal,  discovered  in  lead  ore  by  Del  Rio  in  1801,  and  named 
etytkronium,  was  proved  by  Wdhler  to  be  vanadium.  Vana- 
dium was  discovered  in  the  copper-bearing  beds  in  Cheshire, 
in  1865,  by  H.  E.  Koscoe,  by  whom  its  peculiarities  were  fur- 
ther studied,  and  published  in  1867-68.  It  is  likely  to  be  use- 
ful in  photography  and  dyeing. 

VanC0U'ver'§  l§laild,  North  Pacific  ocean,  near 
the  mainland  of  the  state  of  Washington,  U.  S.,  and  British 
Columbia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  gulf  of  Georgia. 
It  is  about  300  miles  long,  and  was  named  after  capt.  Geo. 
Vancouver,  an  English  navigator,  who  was  sent  on  a  voyage 
of  discoverj'  to  seek  any  navigable  communication  between 
the  North  Pacific  and  North  Atlantic  oceans.  He  sailed  7  Jan. 
1791,  and  returned  24  Sept.  1795.  He  compiled  an  account 
of  his  survey  of  the  northwest  coast  of  America,  and  died  in 
1798.  Settlements,  made  here  by  the  English  in  1781,  were 
seized  by  the  Spaniards  in  1789,  but  restored.  By  treaty  with 
the  U.  S.,  in  1846,  the  island  was  secured  to  Great  Britain.  It 
has  become  of  importance  since  the  discovery  of  gold  in  the 
neighboring  mainland,  in  1858,  and  the  colonization  of  British 
Columbia.  The  island  was  united  with  British  Columbia  in 
Aug.  1866;  and  on  24  May,  1868,  Victoria,  founded  in  1857, 
was  declared  the  capital. 

Vail'dal§,  a  Germanic  race,  attacked  the  Roman  em- 
pire in  the  3d  century,  and  began  to  ravage  Germany  and 
Gaul,  406-14;  their  kingdom  in  Spain  was  founded  in  411; 
under  Genseric  they  invaded  and  conquered  the  Roman  ter- 
ritories in  Africa,  429,  and  took  Carthage,  Oct.  439.  They 
were  subdued  by  Belisarius  in  534.  They  were  driven  out  by 
the  Saracen  Moors.  The  dukes  of  Mecklenburg  style  them- 
selves princes  of  the  Vandals. 

VANDAL  KINGS  IN  AFRICA. 

496.  Thrasimund. 
523.  Hilderic. 
531.  Gelimer. 

Van  DIemen's  Land.    Tasmania. 

Varan'giaili,  northern  pirates  who  invaded  Flanders 
about  813 ;  France  about  840 ;  Italy,  852.  Their  leader,  Ruric, 
invited  by  the  Novgorodians  to  help  them,  founded  the  Rus- 
sian monarchy,  862. 

Varennes  (va-ren'),  a  town  in  N.E.  France,  is  cele- 
brated for  the  arrest  of  Louis  XVI.,  his  queen,  sister,  and  2 
children.  They  fled  from  the  Tuileries  on  21  June,  1791 ; 
were  overtaken  here  next  day,  and  conducted  back  to  Paris, 
mainly  through  Drouet,  the  postmaster,  who  at  an  intermedi- 
ate town  recognized  the  king. 

variable  §tar§.  Those  which  change  in  brilliancy; 
mostly  in  regular  periods,  varying  from  70  years  or  more  to  a 
few  hours.  The  first  observed  was  a  small  star  of  Cetus,  or 
the  Whale,  by  Daniel  Fabricius,  13  Aug.  1596.  In  October 
of  same  year  the  star  had  vanished.  Since  then  many  simi- 
lar variations  have  been  observed  by  Goodricke,  Herschel, 


429.  Genseric  (Mecklexbchg). 
477.  Hunneric,  his  son. 
484.  Gundamund. 


VEH 

and  other  astronomers,  until  the  number  of  variable  stars  in- 
cluded in  standard  catalogues  is  234,  with  126  "  suspected,"  and 
new  ones  are  disoovereil  every  year.  In  many  cases  the  change 
is  explained  by  the  revolution  of  a  dark  or  less  bright  com- 
panion, intercepting  part  of  its  light;  but  some  astronomers 
incline  to  think  all  the  fixed  stars  aifected  in  brilliancy  by  in- 
ternal commotions,  and  that  these  variations  may  be  impor- 
tant enough  in  some  of  them  to  account  for  changes  of  mag- 
nitude. 

Varna,  a  fortified  seaport  in  Bulgaria,  formerly  Euro- 
pean Turkey.  A  great  battle  was  fought  near  this  place,  10 
Nov.  1444,  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II.  defeating  the  Hun- 
garians under  king  Ladislaus  and  John  Huimiades,  with  great 
slaughter,  killing  the  king  and  capturing  Hunniade.s,  who. 
had  urged  the  Christians  to  keep  the  truce  recently  made  at 
Szegedin  for  10  years.  The  emperor  Nicholas  of  Russia  arrived 
before  Varna,  the  headquarters  of  his  army,  besieging  the  place, 
5  Aug.  1828.  The  Turkish  garrison  made  a  vigorous  sortie, 
7  Aug.;  and  another  on  the  21st,  but  were  repulsed.  Varna 
surrendered  1 1  Oct.  1828.  It  was  restored  at  the  peace  in  1829 ; 
its  fortifications  were  dismantled,  but  have  been  restored.  The 
allied  armies  disembarked  at  Varna,  29  May,  1854,  and  sailed 
for  the  Crimea,  3  Sept.  They  suffered  severely  from  cholera. 
Under  the  treaty  of  Berlin,Varna  was  evacuated  by  the  Turks, 
and  occupied  by  Russians,  autumn,  1878. 

vas§alag^e.     Feudal  laws,  Slavery. 

Va§§ar  college,  the  first  institution  in  the  world 
designed  to  give  women  a  full  collegiate  education,  was  found- 
ed at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  in  1861,  by  Matthew  Vassar.  His 
first  bequest  was  $408,000,  with  additions  of  as  much  more. 
It  was  opened,  Sept.  1865,  with  a  full  faculty  and  350  stu- 
dents. It  has  been  successful,  and  is  considered  a  model  in- 
stitution. 

Vaisy  (yas'see'),  a  town  of  N.E.  France.  The  massacre 
of  the  Protestants  at  this  place  by  the  duke  of  Guise,  on  1  Mch. 
1562,  led  to  desolating  civil  wars. 

Vat'ican,  Rome,  the  ancient  Mons  Vaticanus,  a  hill  of 
Rome.  The  foundation  of  the  palace  is  ascribed  to  Coustan- 
tine,  Liberius,  and  Symmachus.  It  became  the  residence  of 
the  pope  at  his  return  from  Avignon,  1377.  It  is  said  to  con- 
tain 7000  rooms,  rich  in  works  of  art,  ancient  and  modern. 
The  library,  founded  by  pope  Nicholas  V.,  1448,  is  rich  in 
printed  books  and  MSS. — Pistolesi's  description  of  the  Vati- 
can, with  numerous  plates,  pub.  1829-38.— The  phrase  "  Thun- 
ders of  the  Vatican  "  was  first  used  by  Voltaire,  1748.  The  an- 
cient Vatican  codex  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  in  Greek 
was  published  at  Rome  in  1857.    "  Vatican  Decrees,"  Councils 

OF  THE  CHURCH. 

Vaud  {vo).  a  Swiss  canton,  long  held  by  the  Franks,  the 
kings  of  Burgundy,  emperors  of  Germany,  dukes  of  Zahrin- 
gen,  and  dukes  of  Savoy,  was  conquered  by  the  Bernese,  Jan. 
1536,  and  annexed,  1554.  Vaud,  made  independent  in  1798, 
joined  the  confederation  in  1815.  A  new  constitution  was 
obtained  in  1830,  after  agitation. 

Vaudol§.     Waldenses. 

Vedas,  the  sacred  books  of  the  Hindus,  in  Sanscrit, 
were  probably  written  about  1000  b.c.  Veda  means  knowl- 
edge. These  writings  comprise  hymns,  prayers,  and  liturgical 
formulae,  supposed  to  have  been  revealed  to  certain  Brahmins. 
They  are  divided  into  4  parts  or  books,  called  (in  the  order  in 
which  they  were  written)  the  Rig- Veda,  Sama-Veda,  Yajur- 
Veda,  and  the  Atharva-Veda.  Often  spoken  of  as  separate 
Vedas.  Prof.  Max  MUller  published  them  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  East  India  company  in  1849-74.  4  volumes  of 
a  translation  by  H.  H.  Wilson,  pub.  1850-67;  vols.  v.  and  vi., 
completing  the  work,  pub.  1889.  A  new  edition  of  Max  Mul- 
ler's  text  in  progress,  2  vols.  pub.  1890. 

VehmiC  tribunali  (Ger.  Vehmgerichte,  FeJmge- 
richte,  or  Femgerichte),  secret  tribunals  in  Westphalia  to 
maintain  religion  and  the  public  peace,  founded  in  the  time  of 
Charlemagne,  rose  to  importance  in  1182,  when  Westphalia 
became  subject  to  the  archbishop  of  Cologne.  Persons  of  ex- 
alted rank  were  at  times  seized,  tried,  and  executed  by  them. 
The  emperors  endeavored  to  suppress  them,  but  did  not  suc- 
ceed till  the  16th  century.     Their  last  court,  it  is  said,  was 


VEI 


903 


VEN 


held  in  1568.  Sir  W.  Scott  has  described  them  in  "  Anne  of 
Geierstein."  A  remnant  of  this  tribunal  was  abolished  by- 
Jerome  Bonaparte,  king  of  Westphalia,  in  1811. 

"Veil  (ve'i),  an  independent  Latin  city  near  Rome.  Be- 
tween the  Romans  and  Veientes  frequent  wars  occurred,  till 
Veil  was  destroyed,  after  10  years'  siege,  396  b.c.  A  Roman 
family,  the  Fabii,  who  had  seceded  from  Rome  for  political 
reasons,  were  surprised  and  destroyed  at  the  river  Cremera  by 
the  Veientes,  477  B.C. 

veloc'Ipedes.     Bicycle. 

velvet  (from  O.  It.  veluto),  a  cloth  made  from  silk  or 
cotton  with  a  close  pile.  The  manufacture,  long  confined  to 
Genoa,  Lucca,  and  other  places  in  Italy,  was  carried  to  France, 
and  thence  to  England,  about  1685.  Velvet  is  mentioned  by 
Joinville  in  1272;  and  Richard  II.,  in  his  will,  directed  his 
body  to  be  clothed  "  in  velveto,"  1399.  Jerome  Lanyer  in 
London  patented  "  velvet  paper  "  in  1634. 

Vendee.     La  Vendue. 

Vendemiaire  12,  13,  14  (3,  4,  5  Oct.),  1795,  Barras 
and  Napoleon  Bonaparte  suppressed  a  royalist  revolt  against 
ithe  convention. 

Tendome  column  (132  feet  2  inches  high),  erected 
in  the  Place  Vendome,  Paris,  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1806  to  com- 
memorate his  successful  campaign  in  Germany  in  1805.  On 
its  side  were  bass-reliefs  by  Launay.  It  was  pulled  down 
by  the  communists  "in  the  name  of  international  frater- 
nity," 16  May,  1871 ;  restored  by  the  National  Assembly,  31 
Aug.  1874;  statue  of  Napoleon  I.  on  the  top  replaced,  28  Dec. 
1875. 

Ven'eti,  maritime  Gauls,  of  uncertain  origin,  inhabiting 
Arraorica,  N.W.  France.  They  rose  against  the  Romans,  57 
B.C.,  and  were  quelled  by  Julius  Caesar,  who  defeated  their 
fleet,  56,  and  exterminated  an  active  commercial  race. 

Vene'tia.     Venice. 

Venezue'la,  a  South  American  republic.  When  the 
Spaniards  landed  here  in  1499,  they  observed  some  huts  in  an 
Indian  village  named  Cora,  built  upon  piles  to  raise  them  above 
the  stagnant  water  on  the  plain,  and  gave  it  the  name  of 
Venezuela,  or  Little  Venice.  In  Julj^,  1814,  a  congressional 
assembly  declared  the  sovereignty  of  the  people,  which  was 
recognized  in  1818.  It  formed  part  of  the  republic  of  Co- 
lombia till  it  separated  from  the  federal  union,  Nov.  1829.  The 
charter  or  fundamental  law  in  force  from  1830,  and  re-pro- 
claimed with  alterations  on  Mch.  28, 1864,  and  Apr.  1881,  is 
modelled  on  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Area, 
594,165  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890,  2,285,054. 

Independence  recognized  by  Spain 1845 

Gen.  D.  T.  Monagas  elected  president 1855 

A  new  constitution  promulgated 1864 

Renunciation  of  papal  authority Sept.  1876 

[The  country  is  in  an  almost  constant  state  of  insurrection.] 

"  Veni,  vidi,  vici,"  "  I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered." 
Zela. 

Venice,  a  city  of  N.  Italy  in  the  province  of  Venetia. 
The  Veneti,  said  to  be  descendants  of  Antenor,  a  Trojan  prince, 
who  settled  here  with  a  colony  of  Paphlagonians  after  the 
fall  of  Troy,  made  an  alliance  with  the  Romans,  215  b.c.,  who 
founded  Aquileia,  181,  and  gradually  acquired  the  whole  coun- 
try. Under  the  empire,  Venetia  included  Padua,  Verona,  and 
other  important  places.  Population  of  Venice  in  1857, 1 18,173 ; 
in  1890,  158,019 ;  and  of  the  province,  2,985,036.  Area  of  the 
province,  9059  sq.  miles.  New  line  of  steamers  for  the  East 
started  from  Venice  by  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  company, 
July,  1872. 
Venice  founded  by  families  from  Aquileia  and  Padua  fleeing 

from  Attila about    452 

First  doge  (or  dnke)  chosen,  Anafesto  Paiilulio 697 

Bishopric  founded "733 

Doge  Orso  slain;  an  annual  magistrate  {maestro  di  militi,  mas- 
ter of  the  militia)  appointed 737 

Diodato,  son  of  Orso.  made  doge 742 

Two  doges  reign :  Maurizio  Galbaio  and  bis  son  Giovanni 777 

Rialto  made  tiie  seat  of  government 811 

Venice  independent  of  the  Eastern  empire,  and  acquires  the 

maritime  cities  of  Dalmatia  and  Istria 997 

Its  navy  and  commerce  increase 1000-1100 

Venetians  aid  capture  of  Tyre  and  acquire  the  third  part,  1124; 
and  ravage  the  Greek  archipelago 1125 


Bank  of  Venice  established 1157 

Ceremony  of  wedding  the  Adriatic  instituted about  1177 

Zara  captured  by  the  Venetians 24  Nov.  1202 

Venetians  aid  crusaders  with  men,  horses,  and  ships " 

Crete  purchased 1204 

Venice  helps  in  the  Latin  conquest  of  Constantinople,  and  ob- 
tains power  in  the  East 1204-5 

Four  bronze  horses  by  Lysippus,  from  Constantinople,  placed 

at  St.  Mark's  by  doge  Pietro  Ziani,  d 1229 

Venetians  defeat  Genoese  near  Negropont 1263 

War  with  Genoa 1293 

Venetian  fleet  defeated  by  Genoese  in   the  Adriatic,  8  Sept. 

1298 ;  peace 1299 

Louis  of  Hungary  defeated  at  Zara 1  July,  1346 

Severe  contest  with  Genoa 1350-81 

Doge  Marino  Faliero,  to  avenge  an  insult,  conspires  against  the 

republic;  beheaded 17  Apr.  1355 

Venetians  lose  Istria  and  Dalmatia 1358 

War  with  Genoese,  who  defeat  Venetians  at  Pola,  and  attack 

Venice;  vigorous  defence 1377 

Genoese  fleet  captured  at  Chiozza 1380 

Peace  concluded 1381 

V^enice  flourishes  under  Antonio  Vernieri 1382-1400 

War  with  Padua;  conquest  of  Padua  and  Verona 1404 

With  Milan ;  conquest  of  Brescia,  1425 ;  of  Bergamo 1428 

Plague  in  Venice 1447 

War  against  Milan,  1430;  conquest  of  Ravenna 1454 

War  with  Turks  ;  many  Eastern  possessions  lost 1461-77 

Venetians  take  Athens,  1466;  and  Cyprus 1475 

Venice  excommunicated,  1483;  joins  league  against  Naples. 

1493;  helps  to  overcome  Charles  VIII.  of  France 1495 

Injured  by  the  discovery  of  America  (1492)  and  the  passage  to 

the  Indies 1497 

Venetians  nearly  ruined  by  the  League  of  Cambray 1508 

They  assist  in  defeating  the  Turks  at  Lepanto 7  Oct.  1571 

Turks  retake  Cyprus " 

Destructive  fire  at  Venice 1577 

"  Bridge  of  Sighs,"  a  single  span  (enclosed)  connecting  the  ducal 

palace  with  the  prisons,  built,  some  say,  by  the  builder  of  the 

Rialto,  and  others  by  the  architect  San  Sovino about  1580 

[Those  who  passed  over  it  after  trial  were  prisoners  on  their 

way  to  execution ;  hence  the  name. 

"  I  stood  in  Venice  on  the  Bridge  of  Sighs, 
A  palace  and  a  prison  on  each  hand." 

— Byron,  "  Childe  Harold,"  canto  iv.  stanza  i.] 

Rialto  bridge  and  Piazza  di  San  Marco  erected about  1592 

Paul  V. 's  interdict  on  Venice  (1606)  disregarded 1607 

Naval  victories  over  Turks:  at  Scio,  1651;  and  in  the  Darda- 
nelles   1655 

Turks  take  Candia  after  24  years'  siege 1669 

Venice  recovers  part  of  the  Morea,  1683-99 ;  loses  it 1715-39 

Bonaparte  seizes  Venice,  and  by  treaty  at  Campo  Formio  gives 

part  to  Austria,  and  the  rest  to  the  Cisalpine  republic 1797 

Venice  annexed  to  Italy  by  treaty  of  Presburg 26  Dec.  1805 

Transferred  to  empire  of  Austria 1814 

Venice  declared  a  free  port 24  Jan.  1830 

Insurrection,  22  Mch.  1848;  the  city,  defended  by  Daniel  Manin, 

surrenders  to  Austrians  after  a  long  siege 22  Aug.  1849 

Venetia  surrendered  to  Napoleon  III.,  for  Italy  (by  treaty  of 

Vienna),  3  Oct. ;  transferred  to  Italy 17  Oct.  1866 

Plebiscitum:  651,758  votes  for  annexation  to  Italy;  69  against, 

22  Oct.      " 
Masterpiece  of  Titian  ("  Death  of  Peter  Martyr  ")  destroyed  by 

the  burning  of  a  chapel 15  Aug.  1867 

Remains  of  Daniel  Manin  (brought  from  Paris)  buried  in  St. 

Mark's 23  Mch.  1868 

His  statue  unveiled 22  Mch.  1875 

Restoration  of  palace  of  the  doges  completed  and  opened.  .Nov.  1889 
[Venice  has  had  122  doges  :  Anafesto,  a.d.  697,  to  Luigi 

Manin,  1797.  J 

ventilators  were  invented  by  the  rev.  dr.  Hales,  and 
described  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  May,  1741 ;  and  a 
ventilator  for  ships  was  announced  by  Mr.  Triewald  in  Nov. 
same  year.  The  marquess  of  Chabannes's  plan  for  warming 
and  ventilating  theatres  and  houses  for  audiences  was  applied 
in  London  about  1819.  The  systems  of  dr.  Reid  (about  1834) 
and  others  followed,  with  much  controversy.  Dr.  Arnott's 
work  on  this  subject  was  published  in  1838. 

ventriroquism  ("speaking  from  the  belly")  is  evi- 
dently described  in  Isa.  xxix.  4  (about  712  B.C.).  Among 
eminent  ventriloquists  were  baron  Mengen  and  M.  Saint  Gille, 
about  1772  (whose  experiments  were  examined  by  a  commis- 
sion of  the  French  academy);  Thomas  King  (about  1716), 
Charles  Mathews  (1824),  and  M.  Alexandre  (1822). 

Venu§,  the  second  planet  from  the  sun,  its  mean  distance 
being  66,134,000  miles,  and  its  orbit  almost  a  circle.  Its  period 
is  224  days  17  hours  ;  its  orbital  velocity  78,000  miles  an  hour. 
Its  diameter  is  about  7510  miles,  and  its  daily  revolution  was 
determined  by  Cassini  in  1667  at  23  hours  21  minutes  23  sec- 
onds, but  there  is  some  uncertainty  from  recent  observations. 
The  rare  transits  of  Venus  across  the  sun's  disc  are  watched 
by  astronomers  with  great  interest,  as  one  of  the  best  means 
of  determining  the  sun's  distance  from  us.     Transits  occur 


VEN 


904 


VER 


in  pairo,  8  veare  apart,  at  int€r>wl8  of  more  than  a  century. 
Tnuwita  occurretl  5  June,  1761,  8  June,  1769,  8  Dec.  1874,  6 
Dec  1882 ;  next  transits  8  June,  2004,  6  June,  2012,  the  pairs 
oocurrintj  aliernatelv  in  Dec.  and  in  June.  The  transit  of 
Venus  over  the  sun  was  predicted  by  Kepler,  but  not  observed. 
The  ant  ever  observed  was  by  the  rev.  Jeremiah  Horrox,  or 
Horrock^and  his  friend  William  Crabtree,  on  24  Nov.  1(539,  as 
pnnlicteil  by  Horrox  in  1638.  The  astronomer-royal  Maske- 
Ivne  observed  one  at  St.  Helena,  6  June,  1761.  Capt.  Cook 
made  his  first  voyage  in  the  Emieavor  to  Otaheite  to  observe 
a  transit  of  Venus,  8  June,  1769. 
Halley  explains  iho  method  of  determining  the  distance  of  the 


by  the  trausit . 


1716 


Another  melhotl  by  Delisle about  1743 

Both  pUns  used l^ec   1874 

Expeditions  for  accurate  observation  on  8  Dec.  astronomical 
day  (ordinary  day,  9  Dec),  are  sent  to  difforent  parts  of  the     ^^ 

globe  by  all  the  great  powers ^  •  •  • 

Transit  observed  at  Bath,  Penzance,  Cork.  Cape  Town,  Wash- 
iBKton,  D.  C,  Melbourne,  and  many  other  places  (Sun), 

6  Dec.  1882 

TenUS,  the  Roman  goddess  of  love  and  beauty,  identified 
with  the  Greek  Aphrodite.  To  represent  her  in  marble  has 
always  been  a  favorite  work  of  famous  sculptors,  the  most  cele- 
brateil  statues  being  the  Venus  di  Medici  found  near  Tivoli 
early  in  the  17th  century,  and  at  first  placed  in  the  Medici  pal- 
ace in  Rome  (whence  the  name),  removed  to  Florence,  1680, 
and  the  Venus  of  Melos,  or  Milo,  discovered  on  the  island  of 
Melos  by  a  farmer  in  1820,  placed  in  the  Louvre,  1834,  sup- 
posed to' be  the  work  of  the  4th  century  b.c.  Of  less  note  are 
the  Venus  of  Aries,  the  Venus  of  Capua,  the  Venus  of  the 
Capitol,  and  later  the  Venus  Borghese  by  Canova,  whose  model 
was  Pauline  Bonaparte.     Sculpture. 

Vera  Cruz,  a  seaport  town  of  Mexico,  built  about 
1600,  was  taken  by  U.  S.  troops  in  1847,  and  by  the  allies  on 
17  Dec.  1861,  during  the  intervention ;  retaken  by  the  liberals 
under  Juarez,  27  June,  1867. 

Vercel'll  (the  ancient  Vercellce),  a  town  of  Piedmont, 
near  which  Marius  defeated  the  Cimbri,  101  B.C.,  was  the  seat 
of  a  republic  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Spaniards,  1630 ;  French,  1704 ;  and  allies,  1706 ;  and  after- 
wards shared  the  fortunes  of  Piedmont. 

Ver'den,  a  town  of  Hanover.  Here  Charlemagne  mas- 
sacred about  4500  Saxons,  who  had  rebelled  and  relapsed  into 
idolatry,  782. 


Fort  Dummer  built  by  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  on  the 
Connecticut  river  at  Brattleborough 1724 

French  settle  at  Chimuoy  Point,  Addison  township,  Vt 1T30 

Township  Number  One,  now  Westminster,  laid  out  between 
the  great  falls  and  the  land  grant  of  171(5,  by  the  general 
court  of  Mas.S!K'husett8 19  Nov.  1736 

Grant  of  Walloomsack,  1200  acres,  mostly  in  New  York,  but 
extending  into  the  township  of  Bennington 1739 

Gov.  Wenlworth  of  New  Hampshire  makes  a  grant  of  Ben- 
nington   1749 

Bennington  settled 17C1 

Northern  boundary  of  Vermont  fixed  at  45°  N.  lat 1763 

Proclamation  by  lieut.-gov.  Colden  of  New  York  claiming  the 
territory  west  of  the  Connecticut,  now  V^ermont,  under 
grants  from  Charles  II.  to  the  duke  of  York,  and  ordering 
the  sheriff  to  return  the  names  of  those  who  had  settled  on 

it  under  titles  from  New  Hampshire 28  Dec.     " 

[This  claim  was  not  settled  until  1790.] 

Gov.  Wentworth,  after  granting  about  130  townships  west  of 
the  Connecticut,  proclaims  the  claims  of  New  York  obsolete, 
and  jurisdiction  belong*to  New  Hampshire 13  Mch.  17G*- 

New  York  appeals  to  the  king,  who  decides  the  Connecticut 
river  to  be  the  eastern  boundary  of  New  York 20  July,     " 

Lieut. -gov.  Colden  proclaims  Vermont  annexed  to  New  York, 

10  Apr.  1765 

First  New  York  patent  for  lands  in  Vermont,  under  Colden's 
proclamation,  for  20,000  acres,  called  Princetown,  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Batteukill,  between  Arlington  and  Dorset, 

21  May,     " 

Samuel  Robinson,  appointed  by  1000  settlers  under  the  New 
Hampshire  grants  to  present  their  petition  to  the  king,  sails 
from  New  York  for  England 25  Dec.  1766- 

King  George  III.  forbids  New  York,  until  authorized,  to  grant 
land  in  Vermont 24  July,  17G7 

Lieut. -gov.  Colden  disregards  the  order,  and  between  Sept. 
1769  and  Oct.  1770,  grants  600,000  acres 1769-Ta' 

New-Yorkers,  claiming  the  farm  of  James  Breakenridgo  in  the 
township  of  Bennington  (part  of  the  Walloomsack  grant  of 
1739),  send  commissioners  and  surveyors  who  are  dispensed 
by  friends  of  Breakenridge 19  Oct.  1709' 

Ejectment  suits  for  lands  claimed  by  New  York  at  Albany  are 
decided  against  settlers  under  New  Hampshire  grants.  .June,  1770' 

Sheriff  Ten  Kyck,  with  a  posse  of  about  300  citizens  of  All)any, 
attempts  to  take  Breakenridge's  farm  for  New  York  claim- 
ants, but  is  driven  off  by  armed  settlers 19  July,  1771 

Organization  of  the  "Green  Mountain  Boys"  under  command 
of  col.  Ethan  Allen,  for  opposing  "the  Yorkers" " 

Jehiel  Hawley  and  James  Breakenridge  appointed  by  deputies 
of  Bennington  at  Manchester.  21  Oct.,  to  petition  the  king 
to  confirm  their  grants  from  New  Hampshire 21  Oct.  1772. 

Green  Mountain  Boys  visit  Durham  (Clarendon)  twice,  armed 
and  with  threats,  to  compel  the  inhabitants  to  acknowledge 
the  New  Hampshire  title Oct. -Nov.  1773-. 

Gov.  Tryon  of  New  York,  by  proclamation,  commands  Ethan 
Allen,  Seth  Warner,  Remember  Baker.  Robert  Cochran.  Peleg 
Sunderland,  Silvanus  Brown,  James  Breakenridge,  and  John 
Smith  to  surrender  within  30  days,  offering  1.50i.  for  capture 
of  Allen,  and  bOl.  each  for  cai)ture  of  the  others 9  Mch.  1771- 


Verdnn'  (the  ancient  Verodunum),  a  first-class  fortress  .  Convention  at  Manchester  resolves  that  whoever  takes  a  com- 
the  Meuse,  N.E.  France,  made  a  magazine  for  his  legions        mission  of  the  peace  froin  New  York  will  be  deenied  an 

'  '  ^  °  enemy  to  his  country  and  the  common  cause 12-13  Apr. 

Benjamin  Hough,  an  inhabitant  of  New  Hampshire  grants,  fa- 
voring New  York,  procures  a  commission  as  justice  of  the 


by  Julius  Caesar.  It  was  acquired  by  the  Franks  in  the  6th 
century,  and  formed  part  of  the  dominions  of  Lothaire  by  the 
treaty  of  Verdun,  843,  when  the  empire  was  divided  between 
the  sons  of  Louis  I.  It  was  taken  and  annexed  to  the  empire 
by  Otho  I.  about  939.  It  surrendered  to  France  in  1552,  and 
was  formally  ceded  in  1648.  It  was  taken  and  held  by  the 
Prussians  43  days,  Sept.-Oct.  1792.  Gen.  Beaurepaire,  the 
commandant,  committed  suicide  before  the  surrender,  and  14 
ladies  were  executed  on  28  May,  1794,  for  appealing  to  the 
king  of  Prussia  for  the  town.  Verdun  surrendered  to  the  Ger- 
mans, 8  Nov.  1870,  after  a  brave  defence.  It  was  the  last 
place  held  by  the  Germans,  and  was  given  up  15,  16  Sept. 
1873,  and  the  troops  retired. 

Vermont,  a  New  England  state,  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  province  of  Qaebec,'east  by  New  Hampshire, 
south  by  Massachusetts,  and 
west  by  New  York  and  lake 
Champlain.  It  lies  between 
42°  44'  to  45°  43'  N.  lat.,  and 
71°  38'  to  73°  25'  W.  Ion. 
Area,  9565  sq.  miles,  in  14 
counties ;  pop.  1890,  332,422. 
Capital,  Montpelier. 
Samuel  de  Champlain  ex- 
plores the  lake  bearing 

his  name 1609 

.\bout  44,000  acres  in  south- 
ern Vermont,  granted  to 
the  colony  of  Connecticut, 
-  in  1715,  as  an  equivalent 
for  lands  granted  by  Massachusetts  in  Connecticut  territory, 
transferred  to  William  Dummer,  Anthonv  Stoddard,  Willinm 
Brattle,  and  John  Wh ite .' 1716 


He  is  found  guilty  of  violating  the  resolution  of  Apr. 
1774,  publicly  whipped,  and  sent  to  New  York 30  Jan.  1775- 

People,  to  resist  the  holding  of  court  under  royal  authority  at 
Westminster  appointed  for  14  Mch.  1775,  assemble  at  the 
court-house,  13  Mch.  A  guard  left  during  the  night  is  fired 
upon  by  sheriff  Patterson  and  his  posse  a  little  before  mid- 
night, wounding  10,  2  mortally,  and  7  are  taken  prisoners. 
In  the  morning  court  is  opened,  but  the  judge  and  officers 
are  imprisoned  at  Northampton  by  the  mob 14  Mch.      " 

Ethan  Allen,  with  83  men,  captures  Fort  Ticonderoga, 

10  May,     " 

Ethan  Allen  and  38  men,  captured  in  an  attack  on  Montreal, 
sent  in  irons  to  England 25  Sept.     " 

Convention  of  the  New  Hampshire  grants  at  Dorset;  56  dele- 
gates from  33  towns,  to  form  a  separate  state 25  Sept.  177(> 

Convention  at  Westminster  declares  Vermont  "a  separate,  free, 
and  independent  jurisdiction  or  state,  as '  New  Connecticut,' " 

17  Jan.  177T- 

Convention  at  Windsor  names  the  state  Vermont,  adopts  a 
constitution,  and  appoints  a  provisional  council  of  safety  for 
the  state 2-8  July,      ' 

British  troops  under  gens.  Fraser  and  Riedesel  attack  and  dis- 
perse the  rear  guard  of  St.  Clair's  army  under  cols.  Francis 
and  Warner  at  Hubbardton 7  July,      • 

Council  of  Vermont  appoints  "commissioners  of  sequestra- 
tion "  to  seize  property  of  "  all  persons  in  the  state  who  had 
repaired  to  the  enemy" 28  July,       ' 

Battle  of  Bennington  ;  gen.  Burgoyne  sends  about  1000  German 
troops  under  cols.  Baume  and  Breyman  to  seize  provisions  at 
Bennington;  they  are  routed  by  Americans  under  gen.  Stark, 

16  Aug.      " 

Legislature  at  Windsor  divides  the  state  into  2  counties:  one 
east  of  the  Green  mountains,  called  Cumberland,  and  another 
west,  called  Bennington 12  Mch.  1773; 

Stockade  fort  and  blockhouse  erected  at  Rutland Apr.     " 

Col.  Ethan  Allen,  prisoner  of  the  British  since  1775,  exchanged, 
is  welcomed  to  Bennington  by  a  salute  of  14  guns,  "one  for 
young  Vermont " 31  May, 


VER 


905 


VER 


•Convention  of  towns  on  both  sides  of  the  Connecticut  river,  in- 
cluding 8  from  Vermont,  at  Cornish,  N.  H.,  proposes  to  form 

a  state,  with  capital  on  the  Connecticut 9  Dec.  1778 

.Assembly  of  Vermont  declares  the  union  of  1778,  with  the  16 

towns  east  of  the  Connecticut,  null  and  void I'i  Feb.  1779 

9>egislalure  of  New  York  refers  to  Congress  to  determine  equita- 
bly the  controversy  between  New  York  and  Vermont, 

21  Oct.     " 
Pamphlet,  "  Vermont's  Appeal  to  the  Candid  and  Impartial 
World,"  for  independence,  pub.  at  Hartford  by  Hudson  & 

Goodwin Dec.      " 

Town  of  Royalton  attacked  by  300  Indians  from  Canada;  many 

buildings  burned 16  Oct.  1780 

Massachusetts  assents  to  the  independence  of  Vermont. .  .Mch.  1781 
Towns  east  of  the  Connecticut  annexed  to  Vermont  at  their  re- 
quest  Apr.      " 

First  newspaper  in  Vermont,  the  Vermont  Gazette  ^or  Green 
Mountain  Post-boy,  printed  at  Westminster  by  Judah  Paddock 

Spoouer  and  Timothy  Green " 

<Col.  Ira  Allen,  commissioner  to  exchange  prisoners  with  the 
British,  reaches  Isle  aux  Noix,  a  few  mfles  north  of  the  Ca- 
nadian line,  about  8  May,  and  spends  17  days  in  conference; 
a  union  of  Vermont  with  the  British  is  proposed,  under  in- 
structions from  gen.  Haldimand,  by  encouraging  which  Allen 
eflects  an  exchange  of  prisoners  and  cessation  of  hostilities 

on  the  border May,     " 

-jDuas  Fay,  Ira  Allen,  and  Bazaleel  Woodward  sent  by  the  legis- 
lature to  represent  the  cause  .of  Vermont  to  the  Continental 

Congress .22  June,     ' ' 

<Jongress  resolves  that  an  indispensable  preliminary  to  the  ad- 
mission of  Vermont  as  a  state  should  be  the  relinquishing  of 
territory  east  of  the  Connecticut  and  west  of  the  present  New 
York  state  line,  20  Aug.  1781 ;    the  legislature  dissolves  its 

eastern  and  western  unions 22  Feb.  1782 

Kesidents  of  Brattleborough.  Guilford,  and  Halifax,  in  a  peti- 
tion prepared  by  Charles  Phelps  to  gov.  Clinton  of  New  York, 
complain  of  the  Vermont  government,  and  ask  New  York  to 

assume  jurisdiction  over  Windham  county 30  Apr.     " 

<Jov.  Chittenden  commissions  gen.  Ethan  Allen, 2 Sept.,  to  raise 
250  volunteers,  and  march  into  Windham  county  as  a  posse 
comitatus  to  enforce  Vermont  laws.  This  force,  doubled  by 
volunteers  from  Windham  county,  arrests  some  20  leaders  of 
the  rebellion,  Charles  Phelps  escaping,  10  Sept. ;  these  leaders 
are  tried  at  Westminster  and  banished  from  the  state, 

11  Sept.     " 
First  school  law ;  towns  are  empowered  to  form  school  districts 

and  to  elect  trustees 22  Oct.     " 

I..egislature  establishes  post-ofBces  and  a  postmaster-general; 

"  the  rates  of  postage  to  be  the  same  as  in  the  U.  S." 1784 

<iriint  to  Reuben  Harmon,  jr.,  of  Rupert,  of  the  exclusive  privi- 
lege of  coining  copper  for  a  limited  period 1785 

As  provided  by  state  constitution,  the  first  council  of  censors 
meets  and  suggests  changes  in  the  constitution,  and  calls  a 

convention " 

■Constitution  framed  by  a  convention,  4  July,  1786,  is  adopted 

by  the  legislature  and  declared Mch.  1787 

Cthan  Allen,  b.  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  10  Jan.  1737,  d.  at  Burling- 
ton  12  Feb.  1789 

l^ew  York  consents  to  the  admission  of  Vermont  into  the  Union, 
renouncing  her  claims  for  $30,000,  and  the  legislature  of  Ver- 
mont ratifles  the  agreement 28  Oct.  1790 

Vermont  adopts  the  Constitution  of  the  U.  S.  without  amend- 
ments  10  Jan.  1791 

Vermont  admitted  by  act  of  Congress  of  18  Feb.,  to  take  effect, 

4  Mch.     " 
■Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Windsor,  4  July;  completes 

it.s  labors 9  July,  1793 

Constitution  of  1793  adopted  by  the  legislature 2  Nov.  1796 

liov.  Thomas  Chittenden  resigns  on  account  of  failing  health 

(1797),  and  d.  at  Williston 25  Aug.  1797 

University  of  Vermont  and  State  Agricultural  school  at  Burling- 
ton, chartered  1791,  opened 1800 

Middlebury  college  at  Middlebury,  chartered  1800,  opened 1801 

Legislature  meets  at  Montpelier  as  the  capital 1808 

State  prison  at  Windsor  established  by  law " 

Steamboat  The  Vermont  launched  at  Burlington  by  John  and 

James  Winans 1809 

Flag  ship  Saratoga,  of  26  guns,  and  several  small  vessels,  built 
upon  Otter  creek  during  the  winter  of  1813-14,  under  Thomas 
McDonough,  engage  in   the  battle  of  Plattsburg  and  lake 

Champlain ;  Americans  victorious 11  Sept.  1814 

Pres.  James  Monroe  makes  a  tour  through  Vermont 1817 

Death  of  dr.  Jonas  Fay  at  Burlington,  aged  81 6  Mch.  1818 

Norwich  university  founded  at  Norwich 1819 

Resolutions  of  the  Vermont  legislature  presented  in  the  U.  S. 
Senate,  declaring  slavery  a  moral  and  political  evil,  and  that 

Congress  has  the  right  to  prohibit  its  extension 9  Dec.  1820 

Thaddeus  Fairbanks  starts  a  foundery  at  St.  Johnsbury 1823 

Gen.  Lafayette  lays  the  corner-stone  of  the  new  university 
building  at  Burlington,  to  replace  that  destroyed  by  flre  in 

1S24. 29  June,  1825 

Act  for  the  establishment  of  common  schools 1827 

Chester  A.  Arthur  born  at  Fairfield 5  Oct.  1830 

Anti- Masonic  governor,  William  A.  Palmer,  elected 1831 

House  of  Representatives  divided  into  a  Senate  and  General 

Assembly •  ^^^^ 

Vermont  asylum  for  the  insane  at  Brattleborough,  incorporated 

Nov.  1834,  is  opened Dec.     " 

Legislature  adopts  anti-slavery  resolutions 

State  capitol  at  Montpelier  completed 

Small  band  of  Vermont  patriots,  organized  on  the  Canada  side 

id* 


1837 


of  the  Vermont  line  to  invade  the  province,  threatened  by 
1600  or  1700  Canadian  troops,  decide  to  return  to  Vermont, 

but  are  compelled  to  surrender  by  gen.  Wool Dec.  1838 

Marble  first  quarried  at  Rutland 1844 

License  law  passed " 

School  fund  abolished  to  pay  the  state  debt 1845 

First  slate  quarry  in  the  state  ojicned  at  Fairhaven,  Rutland 

county " 

Act  providing  state  superintendent  of  common  schools,  with 

town  superintendents  and  district  committees 5  Nov.     " 

Local  Option  law  passed 1846 

Two  brass  field-pieces,  captured  at  Bennington,  given  Vermont 

by  Congress 10  July,  1848 

Jacob  Collamer  appointed  postmaster  general 8  Mch.  1849 

Railroad  jubilee  at  Burlington,  celebrating  the  union  of  the 
lakes  and  the  Atlantic  by  railroad  through  V^ermont, 

25  June,  1850 

Vermont  State  Teachers'  Association  organized ' " 

Maine  Prohibition  law  pas.sed 20  Dec.  1852 

State  Board  of  Education  established 1856 

Capitol  at  Montpelier  burned 6  Jan.  1857 

Personal  Liberty  bill,  "  to  secure  freedom  to  all  persons  within 

the  state,"  passed 25  Nov.  1858 

Under  the  call  of  pres.  Lincoln  and  gov.  Fairbanks,  15  Apr.,  the 

first  Vermont  regiment  reaches  New  York  city 10  May,  1861 

Personal  Liberty  bill  of  1858  repealed  as  inconsistent  with  the 

Constitution  of  the  U.  S " 

Southern  refugees  in  Canada,  under  lieut.  Bennett  H.  Young, 
rob  the  banks  of  St.  Albans,  escaping  into  Canada  with  over 

$200,000 19  Oct.  1864 

Vermont  Reform  school  at  Waterbury  opened June,  1866 

Home  for  destitute  children  established  at  Burlington " 

Norwich  university  removed  to  Northfield " 

Vermont  ratifles  the  ;^IV.th  Amendment 9  Nov.     " 

State  Normal  school  at  Castleton  opened 1867 

State,Normal  School  at  Johnson  opened. " 

Vermont  State  Normal  school  at  Randolph  opened " 

Vermont  ratifies  theXV.th  Amendment 21  Oct.  1869 

Gov.  P.  J.  Washburn  d. ;  lieut. -gov.  W.  Hendee  succeeds, 

7  Feb.  1870 
Five  hundred   Fenians,  marshalled  and  armed  at  Fairfield, 
invade  Canada  and  are  driven  back  by  Canadian  militia. 

May,     " 
State  constitution  amended:  council  of  censors  abolished ;  leg- 
islative sessions  and  state  elections  made  biennial 1871 

Board  of  Education  abolished  and  the  office  of  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Education,  filled  by  the  legislature,  created 1874 

State  Reform  school  at  Waterbury  destroyed  by  fire.. .  .12  Feb.     " 
Vergennes  selected  as  location  for  the  new  State  Reform  school, 

Jan.  1875 
Estate,  valued  at  $200,000.  left  to  the  state  as  a  common  school 
fund  by  Arunah  Huntington,  who  d.  at  Brantford,  Canada, 

10  Jan.  1877 
Celebration  at  Bennington  of  100th  anniversary  of  the  battle  of 

Bennington 15-16  Aug.     " 

Revision  of  state  laws  of  Vermont  under  act  of  1878  completed,  1880 

Manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  prohibited 1882 

State  Soldiers'  Home  located  at  Bennington 5  Feb.  1887 

$100,000  appropriated  for  a  state  insane  asylum  at  Waterbury,  1888 

State  Board  of  Trade  organized " 

Redfield  Proctor  appointed  secretary  of  war 5  Mch.  1889 

Australian  Ballot  law  passed  at  session 1  Oct. -25  Nov.  1890 

Geo.  F.  Edmunds  resigns  from  the  U.  S.  Senate,  to  take  effect 

1  Xov 6  Apr.  1891 

Ex  gov.  Paul  Dillingham  d.  at  Waterbury 26  July,     " 

Celebration  of  centennial  of  admission  of  Vermont  into  the 
Union  and  dedication  of  the  battle  monument  (308  ft.  high) 

at  Bennington 19  Aug.     " 

Legislature  called  in  special  session  concerning  direct- tax  money 

refunded  by  Congress 25  Aug.     " 

Ex-gov.  John  Gregory  Smith  d.  at  St.  Albans 6  Nov.     " 

Redfield  Proctor  appointed  U.  S.  senator,  25  Aug. ;  qualifies, 

7  Dec.     " 
Redfield  Proctor  elected  U.  S.  senator 19  Oct.  1892 


GOVERNORS. 


Thomas  Chittenden. . 

Moses  Robinson 

Thomas  Chittenden. . 

PaulBrigham 

Isaac  Tichenor 

Israel  Smith 

Isaac  Tichenor 

Jonas  Galusha 

Martin  Chittenden. . . 

Jonas  Galusha 

Richard  Skinner 

C.  P.  Van  Ness 

Ezra  Butler 

Samuel  C.  Crafts 

William  A.  Palmer. . . 

S.  H.  .Jenison 

Charles  Paine 

John  Mattocks 

William  Slade 

Horace  Eaton 

Carlos  Coolidge 

Charles  K.  Williams. 
Erastus  Fairbanks... 
John  S.  Robinson 


1777 
1789 
1790 
1797 

1807 
1808 
1809 
1813 
1815 
1820 
1823 
1826 
1828 
1831 
1835 
1841 
1843 
1844 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1852 
1853 


Assumes 

Stephen  Royce 

Ryland  Fletcher 

HilandHall 

Erastus  Fairbanks 

Frederick  Holbrook 

J.  Gregory  Smith 

Paul  Dillingham 

John  B.  Page 

Peter  T.  Washburn 

G.  W.  Hendee 

John  W.  Stewart 

Julius  Converse 

Asahel  Peck 

Horace  Fairbanks 

Redfield  Proctor 

Roswell  Farnham 

John  L.  Barstow 

Samuel  E.  Pingree 

Ebenezer  J.  Ormsbee 

William  P.  Dillingham 

Carroll  S.  Page 

Levi  K.  Fuller 

Urban  A.  Woodruff". 


office. 
1854 
1856 
1858 
1860 
]8t51 
1863 
1865 
1867 
1«69 
1870 

1872 
1874 
1876 

1878 
1880 
1882 
1884 
1886 
1888 
1890 
1892 
1894 


VER 


906 


VES 


UfllTBD  STATES  SENATORS  FROM   THE  STATE   OF  VERMONT. 


No.  of  CongrM*. 


Date. 


»n  R.  Ilrmdlfty.. 

ll«M«RobiBK>D..... 

Iwao  TicbeAor. 

KlUah  Pkine 

Nathaniel  Cblpman. 

Stephen  R  Bradley  . 

Israel  Smith 

Jonathan  Robinson  . 

Dudley  Chaoc 

Isaac  Tiohenor. 

James  Fisk 

William  A.  Palmer. . 
Horatio  Seymour  . . . 

Dudley  Chace. 

Samuel  Prentiss 

BeiUamin  Swift 

Samuel  S.  Phelps  ... 
Samuel  C.  Crafts.... 

William  Upham 

Samuels.  Phelps.... 

Solomon  Foot, 

Lawrence  Brainerd. . 

Jacob  Collamer , 

George  F.  Edmunda . 

Lulce  P.  Poland 

Justin  S.  .Morrill 

Red  field  Proctor 


2d  to 

2d  •' 

4th  " 

4th  " 

6th  " 


4th 
4th 
6th 
7th 
8th 


7th  "  13th 

8th  "  10th 
10th  "  14th 
13th  "  16ih 
14th  "  17  Ih 

15th 
16th  to  19tb 
17th  "  23d 


19th 
22d 


26tb 


22d 

27th 

2fith 

32d 

27th 

28th  to  33d 

33d 

32d  to  39th 

33d 
34th  to  39th 
39th  "  52d 

39th 

40th  to  

52d  " 


1791  to  1796 
1791  "  1796 
1796  "  1797 

1796  "  1801 

1797  "  1803 

1801  "  1813 

1803  "  1807 

1807  "  1816 

1813  "  1817 

1816  "  1821 

1817  "  1818 

1818  "  1825 
1821  "  1833 
1825  "  1831 
1831  "  1842 
1833  "  1839 
1839  "  1851 

1842  "  1843 

1843  "  1853 

1853  "  1854 

1851  "  1866 

1854  "  1855 

1855  "  1865 

1866  "  1891 
1865 

1867  to  

1891  "  


Resigned  1797. 


Resigned  1796. 

Elected  iu  place  of  Robinson. 

Resigned  1801. 

(Elected  in  place  of  Paine ;  elected  president  pro  tern.  14  Dec  1802- 
[     25  Feb.  and  2  Mch,  1803-28  Dec.  1808. 

Resigned  1807. 

Elected  in  place  of  Smith. 

Resigned  1815. 

Elected  in  place  of  Chace.     Resigned  1818. 
Elected  in  place  of  Fisk. 


Resigned  1842. 


Appointed  pro  tem.  in  place  of  Prentiss. 

Died  1853. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Upham. 

:  President  pro  tem.  16  Feb.  and  18  July,  1861;  23  Feb.  1864. 
;     1866. 

Elected  in  place  of  Upham. 

Died  1865. 

Elected  in  place  of  Foot.     Resigned  1891. 

Appointed  in  place  of  Collamer. 

Terra  expires  1897. 

Elected  in  place  of  Edmunds.     Term  expires  1899. 


Died! 


Vero'na,  a  fortified  city  of  N.  Italy,  was  founded  by  the 
Gauls  or  Etruscans.  Campus  Raudius.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  Catullus  and  the  celebrated  architect  Vitru- 
vius,  and  probably  of  the  biographer  Cornelius  Nepos  and  the 
elder  Pliny.  The  amphitheatre  was  built  by  Titus,  a.d.  82. 
Verona  has  been  the  site  of  many  conflicts.  It  was  taken  by 
Constantine,  312 ;  and  on  27  Sept.  489,  Theodoric  defeated  Odo- 
acer,  king  of  Italy.  Verona  was  taken  by  Charlemagne,  774. 
About  1260  Mastino  della  Scala  was  elected  podesta,  and  his 
descendants  (the  Scaligeri)  ruled  till  subdued  by  the  Visconti, 
dukes  of  Milan,  1387.  Verona  was  conquered  by  the  Vene- 
tians, 1405,  and  held  by  them,  with  some  intermissions,  till  its 
capture  by  the  Fr«nch  general  Massena,  3  June,  1796.  Near 
to  it  Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia  defeated  the  Austrians,  6  May, 
1848.  Verona  was  1  of  4  strong  Austrian  fortresses  termed 
the  Quadrangle,  or  Quadrilateral.  It  was  surrendered  to 
the  Italian  government,  16  Oct.  1866.  Above  50,000  coins  of 
Gallienus  and  other  emperors,  chiefly  bronze,  discovered  near 
Verona,  Jan.  1877. 

Yer§aille§  {ver-say'-ye),  near  Paris,  was  a  small  village, 
in  a  forest  30  miles  in  circuit,  where  Louis  XIII.  built  a  hunt- 
ing-seat about  1632.  Louis  XIV.,  between  1661  and  1687, 
enlarged  it  into  a  magnificent  palace,  which  became  the  usual 
residence  of  the  kings  of  France.  By  the  treaty  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  revolted  colonies  of  North  America, 
signed  at  Paris,  the  United  States  was  admitted  to  be  sover- 
eign and  independent,  3  Sept.  1783.  On  the  same  day  a  treaty 
was  signed  at  Versailles  between  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Spain,  by  which  Pondicherry  and  Carical,  with  other  posses- 
sions in  Bengal,  were  restored  to  France,  and  Trincomalee  re- 
stored to  the  Dutch.  Here  was  held  the  military  festival  of 
the  royal  guards,  1  Oct.  1789,  which  was  followed  (on  the  5th 
and  6th)  by  the  attack  of  the  mob,  who  massacred  the  guards 
and  brought  the  king  back  to  Paris.  Versailles  became  the 
residence  of  Louis  Philippe  in  1830.  The  historical  gallery 
was  opened  in  1837.  Versailles,  with  the  troops  there,  surren- 
dered to  the  Germans,  19  Sept.  1870,  and  the  crown-prince  of 
Prussia  entered  the  next  day ;  and  on  26  Sept.  he  awarded 
the  iron  cross  to  above  30  soldiers  at  the  foot  of  the  statue  of 
Louis  XIV.  The  palace  was  converted  into  a  hospital.  The 
royal  headquarters  were  removed  here  from  Ferriferes,  5  Oct 
After  the  peace  Versailles  became  the  seat  of  the  French  gov- 
ernment (France),  Mch.  1871. 

verse  (Lat.  versus,  a  line,  a  row— in  particular,  a  line  of 
poetry,  a  succession  of  feet  written  or  printed  in  one  line ;  met- 
rical composition  in  general,  rhymed  or  unrhymed).  Surrey's 
translation  of  part  of  Virgil's  "!lEneid  "  into  blank  verse  is  the 
hrst  English  composition  of  the  kind,  omitting  tragedy,  extant 
m  the  English  language  (pub.  in  1547).  The  verse  previously 
used  in  grave  compositions  was  the  stanza  of  8  lines,  the  ottava 
nma  (adopted,  with  the  addition  of  one  line,  in  the  "  Faerie 


Queene,"  by  Spenser,  who  probably  borrowed  it  from  Ariosto- 
and  Tasso).  Boccaccio  introduced  it  into  Italy  in  his  "  Te- 
seide,"  having  copied  it  from  the  old  French  chansons.  Tris- 
sino  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  introducer  of  blank  verse- 
among  the  moderns,  about  1508. —  Vossius.  Elegy,  Hexa- 
meter, Iambic,  Literature,  Poetry,  etc. 

Veseronee',  a  village  of  S.E.  France,  near  Vienne. 
Here  Gondemar,  king  of  the  Burgundians,  defeated  and  killed 
Clodomir,  king  of  Orleans,  and  revenged  the  murder  of  his 
brother  Sigismond  and  his  family,  524.  This  conflict  is  called 
also  the  battle  of  Voiron. 

Vespucius,  Americus.     America. 

Vesta,  a  goddess  among  the  Romans,  identified  with  the 
Greek  Hestia,  presiding  over  public  and  private  hearths. — One 
of  the  asteroids  discovered  by  dr.  Olbers  of  Bremen,  29  Mch.. 
1807. 

vestals,  virgin  priestesses,  took  care  of  the  perpetual  fire- 
consecrated  to  Vesta.  The  mother  of  Romulus  was  a  vestal.. 
Numa  is  said  to  have  appointed  4,  710  b.c.,  and  Tarquin  added 
2,  and  the  number  remained  6  ever  after.  If  any  of  them  vio- 
lated her  vow  of  chastity,  she  was  buried  alive  in  the  Campus 
Sceleratus.  Minutia  was  so  buried  for  breaking  her  virgin 
vow,  337  B.C. ;  Sextilia,  273  b.c.  ;  and  Cornelia  Maximiliana, 
92  A.D.  Chastity.  The  order  was  abolished  by  Theodosius,. 
389. 

"Vestiges   of  the  IVatural   History  of 

Creation,"  a  work  which  upholds  the  doctrine  of  pro- 
gressive development  in  organic  creation,  ascribed  to  Robert 
Chambers  and  others,  first  appeared  in  1844,  and  occasioned 
much  controversy. 

Vesuvius,  an  active  and  destructive  volcano,  near  Na- 
ples in  Italy. 

Cities  of  Pompeii   and  Herculaneum  are  overwhelmed,  and      ^ 
more  than  200,000  persons  perish,  among  them  Pliny  the 

elder 24  Aug.      79' 

Torre  del  Greco  with  4000  persons  destroyed 17  Dec.  1631 

Violent  eruption 24  Nov.  1759 

Another,  being  the  34th  from  the  time  of  the  destruction  of 

Pompeii  and  Herculaneum 8  Aug.  1767. 

Destructive  eruption,  the  lava  flowing  over  5000  acres  of  rich 
vineyards  and  cultivated  land,  and  Torre  del  Greco  again 
burned  ;  the  top  of  the  mountain  falls,  forming  a  crater  2 

miles  in  circumference June,  1794 

Severe  eruption Oct.  182^ 

Another       "       May,  1855 

Destructive  eruption Slay-June,  1858 

Torre  del  Greco  again  destroyed Dec.  1861 

Severe  eruption Feb.  1865 

Almost  constant  eruption,  commencing  12  Nov.  1867,  and  con- 
tinuing throughout 1867-68 

Phenomena  observed  by  profs.  Tyndall,  Miller,  sir  John  Lub- 
bock, and  other  scientific  men Apr.  T868; 

Severe  eruption,  60  lives  lost 23  Apr. -3  May,  1872 

Active 187& 

Another  eruption;  lava  thrown  to  the  height  of  300  ft.  .20  Sept.  1878- 


VET 


907 


VET 


Another 11  June,  1879 

Intermittent 2  May,  1885 

New  crater  formed 8  June,  1891 

Brazilian  tourist  falls  into  the  crater July,     " 

Active 13  Sept.  1892 

veto  (a  Lat.  verb,  I  forbid)^  the  power  of  the  executive 
in  a  government  to  negative  legislation.  The  president  of  the 
United  States  may  treat  a  bill  passed  by  Congress  in  any  of  5 


ways :  (1)  Sign  it ;  (2)  sign  it  with  a  protest ;  (3)  if  presented 
more  than  10  days  before  the  close  of  the  session,  and  he  takes 
no  action,  at  the  expiration  of  10  days  it  becomes  a  law  with- 
out his  signature;  (4)  if  presented  within  10  days  of  the  close 
of  the  session,  and  he  fails  to  return  it,  it  does  not  become  a 
law ;  this  is  termed  a  "  pocket  veto  " ;  (5)  veto  it,  giving  his 
reasons  to  Congress. 


BILLS  VETOED   BY  THE   PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


President. 

N..      I 

Date. 

Subject  of  bill. 

Remarks. 

1 

5  Apr.   1792 

Apportionment  of  Representation. 

Washington,  2 

2 

28  Feb.   1797 

Reduction  of  the  Army. 
Incorporating  Church  at  Alexandria. 

3 

21  Feb.   1811 

4 

28  Feb.      " 

Relief 

5 

3  Apr.   1812 

Trials  in  District  Courts. 

Madison,  6 

6 

6  Nov.     " 

Naturalization 

Pocketed. 

-7 

30  Jan.    1815 

Incorporation  of  National  Bank. 

8 
9 

3  Mch.  1817 

4  May,  1822 

Internal  Improvements. 

Internal  Improvements,  Cumberland  Road. 

Internal  Improvements,  Maysville  Road,  Ky. 

Monroe,  1 

10 

27  May,  1830 

U 

31  May,     " 

Internal  Improvements,  Turnpike  Stock. 

12 

«^      \\ 

Internal  Improvements,  Light  houses  and  Beacons 

Pocketed. 

13 
H 

Internal  Improvements,  Canal  Stock 

Pocketed. 

10  July,  1832 

Extension  of  Charter  of  U.  S.  Bank. 

15 

6D/8C.      " 

Interest  of  State  Claims 

Pocketed. 

Jackson, 12 

16 

17 

4  Dec.   1833 

River  and  Harbor 

Pocketed. 

Proceeds  of  Land  Sales 

Pocketed. 

18 
19 

1  Dec    1834 

Internal  Improvements  Wabash  river 

Pocketed. 

3  Mch.  1835 

Compromise  Claims  against  the  Two  Sicilies. 

20 

9  June,  1836 

Regulations  for  Congressional  Sessions. 

21 
22 

3  Mch.  1837 
16  Aug.  1841 

Funds  receivable  from  U.  S.  Revenue .* 

Pocketed. 

Incorporating  Fiscal  Bank. 

23 

9  Sept.     " 

Incorporating  Fiscal  Corporation. 

24 

29  June,  1842 

First  Whig  Tariff. 

25 

9  Aug.      " 

Second  Whig  Tariff. 

Tyler,  9 

26 
27 
28 
29 

14  Dec.      " 

Proceeds  of  Public  Land  Sales 

Pocketed. 

Testimony  in  Contested  Elections 

Pocketed. 

18  Dec.      " 
11  June,  1844 

Payment  of  Cherokee  Certificates 

Pocketed. 

River  and  Harbor. 

30 
31 

20  Feb.   1845 
3  Aug.  1846 

Revenue  Cutters  and  Steamers  for  Defence 

Passed  over  the  veto,  the  first. 

River  and  Harbor. 

Polk,  3 

32 

8  Aug.      " 

French  Spoliation  Claims. 

33 
34 

15  Dec.   1847 
3  Mav,  1854 

Tnfpmfil  Irnnrnvpmpn ts                          .         ..    ............. 

Pocketed. 

liltt:i  Litll    Xlkl\J\  \}\  ClIlCllLO.  • ........••••• 

Land  Grant  for  Indigent  lusnne. 

35 

4  Aug.     " 

Internal  Improvements. 

36 

17  Feb.   1855 

French  Spoliation  Claims. 

37 

3  Mch.     " 

Subsidy  for  Ocean  Mails. 

Pierce,  9 

38 
39 
40 

19  May,  1856 

Tnfornal  Tmiimi^Ampnf fl    HTlRciiRQirini 

Passed  over  veto. 

llllcl  Uctl  1  III  pi  uv  i>  III  cuts,  uxinoiDoi  \tyi  .................. 

Internal  Improvements  St.  Clair  Flats,  Mich 

Passed  over  veto. 

22  May,     " 

Internal  Improvements,  St.  Mary's  river,  Mich 

Passed  over  veto. 

41 

11  Aug.     " 

Internal  Improvements,  Des  .Moines  river,  Mich 

Passed  over  veto. 

42 
43 

14  Aug.      " 
7  Jan.   1859 

Internal  Improvements  Patapsco  river,  Md 

Passed  over  veto. 

Overland  Mails '. 

Pocketed. 

44 

24  Feb.      " 

Land  Grants  for  Agricultural  Colleges. 

45 
46 
47 

IFeb.   1860 
6  Feb.     " 
17  Apr.      " 

Tntprnnl  Tmnrnrprnpnt'5    St    Clair  Flats    Mich 

Pocketed. 

Buchanan,  7 

Tntfirrinl  Tmnrnv'PiTipnf <?    MiSRissinni  river     

Pocketed. 

XlilCl  Uctl     I  III  pi  UV  CIlIVlJ  to,     ITLIOOlOOippi     AJV^t..... 

Relief  of  A.  Edwards  &  Co. 

48 

22  June,    " 

Homestead. 

49 
50 

25  Jan.    1861 
23  June,  1862 

Relief  of  Hockaday  &  Legget. 
Bank  Notes  in  District  of  Columbia. 

Lincoln,  3 

51 

2  July,    " 

Medical  Offices  in  the  Army. 

52 
53 

5  Jan.    1865 
19  Feb.   1866 

Correcting  Clerical  Errors 

Pocketed. 

Freedmen's  Bureau. 

54 

n  Mch.     " 
15  May,     " 

Civil  Riffhts                                      

Passed  over  veto. 

55 

VI  V  II    Xvlgll  tiS 

Admission  of  Colorado. 

56 

15  June,    " 

Public  Lands  (Montana  Iron  company). 

57 
68 

15  July,    " 
28  July,    " 

Continuation  of  Freedmen's  Bureau 

Passed  over  veto. 

Survey  District  of  Montana. 

59 
60 

5  Jan.    1867 
29  Jan.      " 

CinfFmfro  in  Tlietrif  t  nf  Columbia         

Passed  over  veto. 

OUllldgc    111    17lOtl  l\j\i  ui   vjvfiuixx^yn*. 

Admission  of  Colorado. 

61 
62 
63 

2  Mch.     " 

A/lrniaainn   nf  Mpl"»rjic;lra                   . .■■•■>..■••■•• 

Passed  over  veto. 

>\U[llloolUIJ   Ul    i^CUIdOIVC* ••.«••■••••■•• 

Tonnro  nf  OflRpp •■•■....... 

Passed  over  veto. 

Johnson,  21 

J.WIiUIty  yji  \Jiii\j\j  .....-...••• • •••.••••.•• 

Reconstruction 

Passed  over  veto. 

64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 

23  Mch.     " 
19  July,     " 

QiTnT^Iomon till  Rpi^nn<5trnPt,ifin 

Passed  over  veto. 

OuppitJllltJUtai  xvtjV^uiioti  uv^vivu 

Qnririltitnonf sil   RppntiQlrilPliOTl .. 

Passed  over  veto. 

Tnifil'  T?iacr»lntir*n  RAcnrmtnif^tiOD 

Passed  over  veto. 

25  Mch.  1868 
20  June,    " 
25  June,    " 
20  July,     " 

llUlUt  IvCoUlULIUIl    rVC^-'UUOlI  uv<i;i  V"  ...• • ••... 

Amending  Judiciary 

Passed  over  veto. 

AHmiGcinn  nf  Arlranciflc:  ^rpmnRtrUCted^ 

Passed  over  veto. 

A  Hmiccinn  n^  ^nn  tlipril  St.Jlt.PR 

Passed  over  veto. 

Atlllllo&IUlJ    Ul    OUU  LIICI  11    OLcil/tJO •.•«••• ■•   •■ 

Exclusion  of  EIe(;toral  Votes  of  Unreconstructed  States 

Passed  over  veto. 

71 

72 

25  July,     " 
13  Feb.   1869 

T^iGr*nntinnanpp  nf  F'rPPdlTlPn'fi   RurGflll. 

Passed  over  veto. 

Trustees  of  Colored  Schools  in  District  of  Columbia. 

73 
74 
75 

22  Feb.      " 
11  .hm.   1870 
14  July,     " 

Tariff  on  Copper 

Passed  over  veto. 

Relief  Private 

Passed  one  House  over  veto. 

Southern  Union  Troops. 

76 

4  Jan.    1871 

Relief 

77 
78 

7  Feb.      " 
1  Apr.  1872 

Relief 

Relief 

Passed  one  House  over  veto. 

79 

Relief 

80 

10  Apr.      " 

Relief 

Grant,  43 

81 

15  Apr.      " 

Pension,  Private. 

82 

22  Apr.      " 

Pension. 

83 

14  May,     " 

"P^Ticinn    \f Q r\T   Ann   \f finttrnTYierv           . 

Passed  over  veto. 

xcliolUli,  ividiy  Aiiii   iTiuiit^uiiicij' 

84 

1  June,    " 

Pension. 

85 

7  June,    " 

Relief 

86 

6  Jan.    1873 

Relief 

87 

22  Jan.      " 

New  Trial  in  Court  of  Claims. 

88 

29  Jan.      " 

Relief  of  East  Tennessee  University. 

VET 


908 


VET 


BILLS  VKTOKD  BY  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.— (Continued.} 


Gnuit,' 


Hayes,  12 


Arthur,  4 


Clereland,  301 


91 
93 

93 
94 
9fi 
9« 
97 
98 
99 
100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
126 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 

132 

133 
134 
135 
136 

{IS} 

139 
140 

to 
156 
157 
158 
159 

to 
226 
227 
228 

to 
231 
232 
233 


237 
238 

to 
261 
262 
263 

to 
272 
273 

(2761 
(277i 
(278 
to 
<292 
293 
294 
295 
to 
297 
298 
299 
to 
307 
308 
309) 
to 
311) 


1876 


8  Feb.  1873 

10  Apr.  1874 
22  Apr.     " 
12  May,     " 

30  Jan.   1875 

12  Feb. 

3  Feb. 
27  Mch. 

31  Mcb. 
18  Apr. 
26  May, 

9  June, 
30  June, 

11  July, 

13  July, 
20  July, 

4  Aug. 
15  Aug. 


15  Jan.    1877 
23  Jan.      " 

26  Jan.      " 

14  Feb.     " 

28  Feb.      " 

1878 
6  Mch.     " 
1  Mch.  1879 

29  Apr.      " 
12  May,     " 

29  May,     " 
23  June,    " 

27  June,    " 

4  May",' 1880 

15  June,    " 

3  Mch.  1881 

4  Apr.   1882 
IJuly,    " 

1  Aug.     " 

2  July,  1884 

10  Mch.  1886 

11  Mch.     " 
26  Apr.      " 

30  Apr.      " 

8  May,     " 

17  May,     " 
May, 
to 
19  June, 


June, 

to 

6  July, 


July, 
July, 

July, 
July, 

July, 

to 
Feb.   ] 
Feb. 
Feb. 

to 
Feb. 
Feb. 


26  Feb. 


4  Apr. 
to 
3  May, 
7  May, 
9  May, 

!  to 

f  18  May, 


to 
26  May, 
28  May, 


of  bill. 


^ 


Reltef. 

Relief. 

Relief. 

Inflation  of  Currency. 

Relief. 

Relief 

Pension. 

Custody  of  Indian  Trust  Funds. 

Relief 

Relief  of  G.  B.  Tyler  and  E.  H.  Luckett. 

Reduction  of  President's  Salary. 

Recording  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Relief. 

Internal  Improvements. 

Relief  of  Nelson  Tiffany 

Pension. 

Post-offlce  Statutes. 

Relief 

Paving  Pennsylvania  ave. 

Sale  of  Indian  Lands 

Relief. 

Homestead  Entries. 

District  of  Columbia's  Police 

Diplomatic  Congratulations. 

Relief 

Relief 

Advertising  of  Executive  Department. 

Relief 

Standard  Silver  Dollar 

Special  Term  of  Courts  in  Mississippi. 

Restriction  of  Chinese  Immigration. 

Army  Appropriation. 

Interference  at  Elections. 

Civil  Appropriations. 

Payment  of  Marshals. 

Relief 

Payment  of  Marshals. 

Payment  of  Marshals. 

Payment  of  Marshals. 

Refunding  the  National  Debt. 

Chinese  Immigration. 

Carriage  of  Passengers  at  Sea. 

River  and  Harbor  bill 


Passed  over  veto. 


Passed  over  veto. 


Passed  over  veto. 

Passed  in  the  House  over  veto. 


Passed  over  veto. 


Relief  of  Fitz-John  Porter. 

Relief 

Settlers'  Titles  to  Des  Moines  Public  Lands. 

Bodies  for  Dissection. 

Omaha  a  Port  of  Entry. 

Pensions. 

Springfield  a  Port  of  Entry. 

Pensions,  Private. 


Public  Building  at  Sioux  City,  la. 

Public  Building  at  Zanesville,  0. 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

Public  Building  at  Duliith,  Minn. 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

Right  of  Way  to  Railroad  in  North  Montana. 
Pension,  Private. 

Public  Building  in  Dayton,  0 

Public  Building  in  Asheville,  N.  C. 
Bridge  across  Lake  Champlain. 
Public  Building  at  Springfield,  Mass. 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

Texas  Seed  Bill. 

Pensions. 

Public  Building  at  Lynn,  Mass. 
Pensions,  Private. 

Public  Building  at  Portsmouth, 0.,  and  Lafayette,  Ind. 
Pensions  and  Reliefs. 

Sale  of  Indian  Land. 

Public  Building  at  AUentown,  Pa. 

Pensions. 

Use  of  Castle  Island,  Boston  Harbor. 


Passed  over  the  veto. 
f  Passed  over  the  veto  in  the  House, 
t     168-78 ;  vote  in  the  Senate,  27-27. 

Passed  over  the  veto  in  the  Senate. 


Passed  over  the  veto  in  the  Senate. 


Passed  over  veto. 


Public  Building  at  Youngstown,  0. 
Pensions. 


VIC 


909 


VIC 


BILLS   VETOED 

BY  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. - 

{Continued.) 

President. 

No. 

Date. 

Subject  of  bill. 

Remarks. 

312 

29  May,  1888 

Public  Building  at  Columbus,  Ga. 

313 

5  June,    " 

Public  Building  at  Bar  Harbor,  Me. 

314 
/•315 

u            u     ■> 

Government  Land  Purchase,  Council  Bluffs,  la. 

1  010 

to 

to 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

(344 

26  July,     "    ) 

345 

u             u 

Right  of  Way  for  Railroad  through  Indian  Lands. 

346 

3  Aug.      " 

Relief. 

347 

7  Aug.      " 

Land  Grant  to  Tacoma,  Wash. 

(348 

(  9  Aug.      "    ) 

)  to 

to 

Pensions,  Private. 

(361 

(10  Aug.      "    ) 

362 
(373) 

14  Aug.      " 

Additional  Copies  of  U.  S.  Map  for  1886. 

aeveland,  301 

"to     "    i 

27  Aug.    ;;  ) 

Pensions  and  Reliefs. 

374 

Public  Building,  Sioux  City,  la. 

!  "to  ■■ 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

(385) 

(13  Sept.     " 

386 

24  Sept.     " 

Land  Grant  to  Kansas. 

387 

u               u 

Sale  of  Military  Reservation  in  Kansas. 

(388) 

(10  Oct.      "  "J 

to 

i       to       I 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

424  j 

(14  Feb.   1889) 

425' 

21  Feb.      " 

Quieting  Settlers'  Titles  on  the  Des  Moines  river. 

^^32 

(23  Feb.      "   ) 

\         to          I 

Pensions  and  Reliefs,  Private. 

l26Feb.      "   j 

433 

2  Mch      " 

Refunding  the  Direct  Tax 

Parj^I^H  rtVAl*  t1l#>  17PtA  in  f Ti^  CiAnnf  a 

434 

26  Apr.  1890 

City  of  Ogden  Increased  Indebtedness.             * 

X  a.oo\7u  uvci    tuc  VCLU  ill  tlic  OcUatc. 

435 

29  Apr.      " 

Public  Building,  Dallas,  Tex. 

436 

4  June,    " 

Public  Building,  Hudson,  N.  Y. 

437 

12  June,    " 

Public  Building,  Tuscaloosa,  Ala. 

438 

17  June,    " 

To  change  boundary  of  Uncompahgre  Reservation. 

439 

20  June,    " 

(Bonds  issued  by  Maricopa  countv,  Arizona,  for  certain 
\     Railroad. 

440 

9  July,     " 

Indian  Payment. 

441 

30  Sept.     " 

Relief  of  Capt.  Charles  B.  Stivers. 

442 

1  Oct.       " 

Relief  of  the  Portland  Company. 

443 

(t                u 

Relief  of  Charles  B.  Chouteau. 

Harrison,  19 

444 

11          11 

Pool  Selling  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

445 

24  Dec.      " 

Public  Building,  Bar  Harbor,  Me. 

446 

26  Jan.   1891 

Bonds,  Oklahoma  City,  Oklahoma  Territory. 

447 

26  Feb.      " 

(Act  to  Establish  the  Record  and  Pension  of  the  War 
(     Department,  etc. 

448 

2  Mch.     " 

Relief  of  George  W.  Lawrence. 

449 
450 

451 

19  July,  1892 
29  July,     " 

3  Aug.      " 

An  Act  to  Establish  Circuit  Court  of  Appeal,  etc. 
Relief  of  William  McGarrhan 

(Senate  fails  to  pass  it  over  the 
\     veto,  17  Jan.  1893. 

( An  Act  to  provide  for  bringing  Suit  against  the  United 

)     States. 

(An  Act  to  prescribe  the  number  of  District  Attorneys) 

452 

27  Feb.   1893 

-i     and  Marshal's  in  the  Judicial  Districts  of  the  state  ^ 
of  Alabama. ) 

Passed  over  the  veto,  2  Mch.  1893. 

vice  or  vi§e,  an  instrument  which  Archytas  of  Taren- 
tura,  disciple  of  Pythagoras,  is  said  to  have  invented,  with  the 
pulley  and  other  implements,  420  b.C. 

Vicenza  {vee-chen'-tsa),  the  ancient  Vicentia,  N.  Italy, 
was  the  seat  of  a  republic  in  the  12th  century.  It  suffered  by 
ravages  of  Aiaric,  401,  and  Attila,  452.  Having  joined  the 
Lombard  league,  it  was  sacked  by  Frederic  II.,  1236.  After 
many  changes  it  was  subjected  to  Venice,  and  with  it  fell 
under  the  French  domination,  1796  ;  and  was  given  to  Austria 
in  1814.  Having  revolted,  it  was  retaken  by  Radetzky,  11 
June,  1848.    It  was  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  Oct.  1866. 

vice-president  of  the  United  States.    He 

presides  in  the  Senate,  and  on  the  death,  resignation,  or  disa- 
bility of  the  president,  succeeds  him.  4  vice-presidents  have 
in  this  way  become  presidents  :  John  Tyler,  succeeding  Will- 
iam Henry  Harrison,  who  died  4  Apr.  1841;  Millard  Fillmore, 
succeeding  Zachary  Taylor,  who  died  9  July,  1850 ;  Andrew 
Johnson,  succeeding  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  died  15  Apr.  1865 ; 
Chester  A.  Arthur,  succeeding  James  A.  Garfield,  who  died  19 
Oct.  1881.  For  their  administrations,  United  States  for  the 
years  as  above. 

Ticksburg,  Miss.,  Campaigns  for  the  possession  of. 
Vicksburg,  about  400  miles  above  New  Orleans,  and  about  the 
same  distance  from  Cairo,  stands  on  a  high  bluff  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi  river,  which  just  above  the  town  runs 
for  several  miles  in  a  northeasterly  direction,  then,  suddenly 
changing  its  course,  it  passes  Vicksburg,  flowing  southwesterly, 
forming  a  peninsula  several  miles  in  length  and  from  three- 
quarters  to  a  mile  in  width  directly  opposite  the  town.  It 
was  connected  with  Jackson,  the  capital  of  the  state,  about  45 
miles  to  the  east,  by  the  Vicksburg  and  Jackson  railroad,  and 


west  of  the  river  it  drew  the  land-commerce  of  northern  Lou- 
isiana and  Texas  by  the  Vicksburg  and  Shreveport  railroad, 
the  only  railroad  communication  the  confederacy  had  with  her 
territory  west  of  the  Mississippi,  thus  making  Vicksburg  the 
most  important  point  to  the  confederacy  on  the  river.  The 
place  is  easily  defensible,  the  high  bluflFs  extending  along  the 
river  banks  from  Warrenton,  about  8  miles  below,  to  Haines's 
Bluff,  15  miles  above,  where  they  terminate  at  the  Yazoo  river. 
The  country  to  the  north  on  the  same  side  of  the  river  is  filled 
with  swamps,  lagoons,  sloughs,  and  bayous,  through  which 
flows  the  sluggish  Yazoo,  which  empties  into  the  Mississippi 
9  miles  above  Vicksburg.  The  country  west  of  Vicksburg 
across  the  Mississippi  is  also  covered  with  swamps  and  bayous; 
to  the  east  the  ground  is  higher,  but  much  broken,  the  Big 
Black  river  flowing  through  it. 

First  advance  against  Vicksburg  made  from  New  Orleans,  after 
its  occupancy  by  gen.  Butler,  when  Samuel  P.  Lee,  command- 
ing the  advance  naval  division  of  Farragut's  squadron,  de- 
manded its  surrender  and  was  refused.  M.  L.  Smith  com- 
mands the  military  defences  with  10,000  men 18  May.  1862 

Gen.  Thomas  Williams,  with  4  regiments  and  8  guns,  from 

Baton  Rouge,  occupies  the  peninsula  opposite 24  June,     " 

Gen.  Williams  begins  to  cut  a  canal  across  the  peninsula  oppo- 
site Vicksburg,  to  change  the  course  of  the  river 27  June,     " 

Farragut  runs  the  Vicksburg  blockade  to  join  Davis,  and  bom- 
bards Vicksburg 28  June.     " 

Van  Dorn  takes  command  at  Vicksburg 28  July.     "■ 

Expedition  up  the  Yazoo  to  destroy  the  ram  Arkansas  meets 
her  coming  down  and  retires;  the  ram  enters  the  Mississippi 

and  takes  refuge  under  the  guns  of  Vicksburg 15  July,     " 

Ellet  and  W.  D.  Porter,  with  the  Qtieen  of  the  West  and  Essex, 
attack  the  ram,  are  repulsed,  and  with  difficulty  escape, 

22  July,     " 

Williams's  canal  proves  a  failure "  "■ 

Williams's  force  leaves  for  Baton  Rouge 24  July,     ■•' 

Breckenridge  attacks  gen.  Williams's  force  at  Baton  Rouge,  but 
is  repulsed ;  gen.  Williams  killed 5  Aug.     " 


VIO 


1862 


OMtruction  of  the  ram  Arkanxu  by  com.  Porter  In  the  Eis^x^  ^^^ 

VIckrturg't  defenoM  stronRthened  and  a  lino  of  works  built 

ISnif  ibo  bluir  trom  Haines's  Bluff  to  Warrenton . .  Aug  -Oct.     " 
Deoartiueut   of  Mississippi   and   East   Louisiana  consiituled 
(Coufedenito)  under  m^J  -gen.  John  C.  Pomborton,  who  s^uper- 
iedes  Van  i>oru  and  assumes  command  at  Vicksburg,  H  Oct      '« 

Grants  Campaign  against  Vicksburg .18b2-()J 

JranTs  advance  was  at  Bolivar.  S.W.  Tennessee  while 
Sherman  was  at  Memphis.  Tha confederates  occupied  Grand 
Junitiou  on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad,  and  the 
entire  line  of  the  Mississippi  Central  south  fVom  that  point. 
<Jraul  moved  by  the  Mississippi  Central  against  V  icksburg, 
•1  Sov  186-1  (Kcupied  Grand  Junction  8  Nov.  and  Holly 
Springs,  13  Nov..  the  confederates  in  the  meanwhile  retiring 
south  of  the  Tallahatchie.]  .„-.•„         r  r.»„ 

Grant  at  Oxford.  Miss.,  and  liis  advance  at  CoffeeviUe.. .  .5  Dec 
From  this  iwint  he  suggests  to  Halleck  the  Importance  of  mov- 
luK  ainiinst  Vicksburg'  from  Memphis  and  Helena  by  the 
M^i^ippi  river   gen.  Sherman  ordered  by  Grant  to  proceed 

aninst  Vicksburg  with  30,000  men  by  the  river 8  Dec.     " 

Col   R.C   Murphy,  8th  Wisconsin,  with  1500  men,  guarding 
Grants  supply  depot  at  Holly  Springs,  surrenders  to  gen. 
Van  Dorn  without  defence;  entire  stores  destroyed.  .20  Dec. 
[Murphy  was  dismissed  from  the  service.] 

Grant  compelled  by  this  disaster  to  retire .Dec. 

Sherman  embarks  from  Memphis  with  20,000  men.  20  Dec. ;  is 
reinforced  by  12,000  men  at  Helena;  convoyed  up  the  Yazoo 
by  Porters  fleet,  26  Dec. ;  lands  near  Chickasaw  bayou,  about 
12  miles  fh)m  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo,  27  Dec. ;  advances 
against  the  defences  on  the  blufls,  about  5  miles  to  the  north 
of  Vicksburg;  assaults,  and  is  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  208 
killed.  1005  wounded,  563  missing;  total,  1776  . . .  .27-28  Dec.  " 
M%j.-gen.  John  A.  McClernand  supersedes  Sherman  in  com- 
mand before  Vicksburg 2  Jan.  1863 

E.xpedition  re  embarks  and  returns  to  Milliken's  Bend,  about  20 

miles  above  Vicksburg  on  the  Mississippi 2-3  Jan.     " 

This  expedition,  McClernand  in  command,  moves  against  Ar- 
kansas ix)st  (Arkansas,  1863) 4  Jan.     " 

Which  it  captures 18  Jan.     " 

Occupation  of  Young's  Point,  9  miles  above  Vicksburg,  on  the 

opposite  bank 21  Jan. 

Work  commenced  reopening  Williams's  canal  across  the  penin- 
sula for  getting  below  Vicksburg 22  Jan.     " 

Grant  reaches  Young's  Point  and  assumes  command. .  .29  Jan.     " 
Oueen  of  the  West,  capt.  C.  R.  Ellet,  runs  by  the  Vicksburg  bat- 

^teries.. 10  Feb.     «' 

Queen  of  the  West  captured  by  confederates 13  Feb.     " 

Iron-clad  Indianola  passes  the  Vicksburg  batteries, 

night  of  13  Feb.     " 

Confederates  capture  the  Indianola 24  Feb.     " 

Porter  sends  his  "dummy"  past  Vicksburg;  in  the  panic 
which  follows  the  confederates  destroy  the  Queen  of  the  West 

and  the  Indianola,  which  they  were  repairing 24  Feb.     " 

Mississippi  breaks  the  levee  and  stops  work  on  the  canal;  the 

project  abandoned 8  Mch.     " 

Attempt  to  open  a  route  below  Vicksburg  by  lake  Providence, 

about  40  miles  above  Young's  Point;  abandoned 16  Mch.     " 

Third  attempt  to  gain  the  rear  of  Vicksburg  by  the  Yazoo  pass; 
this  pass  leaves  the  Mississippi  a  few  miles  below  Helena, 
Ark.;  by  means  of  this  pass  and  the  bayous,  etc.,  it  was 
thought  possible  to  gain  the  Yazoo  river  and  thus  the  high- 
lands in  the  rear  of  Vicksburg;  abandoned 23  Mch.     " 

Fourth  attempt  to  gain  the  rear  of  Vicksburg,  by  the  Steele 
bayou  route;  Steele  bayou  starts  about  30  miles  above 
Young's  Point,  and  connecting  with  other  bayous,  creeks, 
etc.,  empties  into  the  Yazoo  about  25  miles  above  Vicksburg; 

abandoned 20  Mch.     " 

After  these  failures  3  plans  are  suggested:  (1)  assault  the  Con- 
federate batteries;  (2)  return  to  Memphis  and  renew  the 
campaign  by  the  Mississippi  Central  railroad;  (3)  cross  the 
Mississippi  below  Vicksburg  and  gain  its  rear,  trusting  to  the 
country  for  supplies.  Grant  decides  on  the  last,  and  McCler- 
nand, with  the  13th  corps,  starts  from  Milliken's  Bend  for 
New  Carthage,  about  20  miles  below  Vicksburg,  29  Mch.,  ar- 
riving with  1  division  and  its  artillery 6  Apr.     " 

[Stopped  at  New  Carthage  by  a  break  in  the  levee;  Grant 

decided  to  cross  at  Hard  Times,  a  little  below  Grand  Gulf, 

about  70  miles  south  from  Milliken's  Bend.] 

At  Grand  Gulf  the  confederates  well  fortified;  to  silence  these 

batteries  adm.  Porter,  with  the  river  fleet,  runs  the  batteries 

at  Vicksburg night  of  16  Apr.     " 

To  support  Porter  in  attacking  Grand  Gulf,  Grant  orders  gen. 
Sherman,  who  had  been  left  above  Vicksburg,  to  make  a 
feint  on  the  Confederate  batteries  at  Haines's  Bluff,  while 

Porter  attacks  Grand  Gulf  with  8  gun-boats 29  Apr.     " 

Porter  unable  to  silence  the  guns  at  Grand  Gulf,  but  at  Bruins- 
burg,  a  few  miles  below,  McClernand  crosses,  followed  by 

McPherson 30  Apr.     " 

Confederates  under  Bowen  defeated  at  Port  Gibson 2  May,     " 

Grlerson's  raid  to  help  Grant  below  Vicksburg,  from  La  Grange, 
Tenn.,  17  Apr.,  to  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  600  miles  in  16  days, 

fighting  and  destroying  railroads 2  May,     " 

[Grant  says,  "This  raid  was  of  great  importance"  as  it 
"attracted  the  attention  of  the  enemy  from  the  main  move- 
ment against  Vicksburg."— "Personal  Memoirs."] 

Confederates  evacuate  Grand  Gulf 3  May,     " 

Sherman  joins  Grant 6-8  May,     " 

[Corps  under  Grant  during  the  campaign  in  the  rear  of 
Vicksburg  and  during  the  siege  were  the  13th,  maj.  -gen.  John 
A.  McClernand  commanding;  15th  corps,  W.  T.  Sherman,  and 


910  VIC 

the  17th,  James  B.  McPherson,  in  all  about  50,000  men,  in- 
eluding  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artiilery.] 

McPherson  defeats  Gregg  and  Walker  at  Raymond,  near  Jackson, 

12  May,  : 

Capture  of  Jackson  by  Sherman  and  McPherson 14  May, 

Grant,  ascertaining  that  Pomberiou  is  advancing  from  Vicks- 
burg, recalls  SJlierman  and  McPherson  from  Jackson  to  an- 
ticipate this  attack;  meets  Pomberlon  at  Cuampion  Hill.«<, 
25  miles  west  of  Jackson,  and  defeats  him  (Battles),  16  May. 

Pemberton  makes  a  stand  on  the  banks  of  the  Big  Black  river 
and  is  defeated 17  May, 

Pemberton  retires  within  the  fortlflcations  of  Vicksburg, 

17  May, 

Grant  invests  Vicksburg;  Sherman  establishes  himself  on  the 
Yazoo;  Porter  opens  communications  for  Grant's  army  by 
the  Yazoo 18  May, 

First  assault  on  Vicksburg  repulsed 19  May, 

Secopd  assault  on  Vicksburg  repulsed 22  May, 

McClernand  relieved  of  command  of  the  13th  corps.. .  .18  June, 
[For  issuing  a  congratulatory  order  to  his  command,  30 
May.     See  Official  Records,  "  War  of  the  Rebellion,"  series  L 
vol.  xxiv.  part  1.     Reports,  pp.  137-86.] 

Surrender  of  Vicksburg  with  27,000  men,  128  pieces  of  artillery, 
and  80  siege-guns 4  July, 


UNION     LOSSES     FUOM 


1     MAY    UNTIL 
VICKSBURG. 


THE     SURRENDER    OF 


Port  Gibson 

Raymond 

Jackson 

Champion  Hills 

Big  Black 

Skirmishes  before  Vicksbyrg, 

18,20,21  May 

1st  assault,  19  May 

2d       "       22  May 

Siege,  23  May-4  July^_  . . .  .^ 

Total 


131 
66 
42 

410 


157 
501 
120 


1511 


inded, 


719 
339 
251 
1844 
237 

194 

777 
2:>51 
484 


Missing. 


25 
37 

7 
187 


147 
37 


453 


Total. 


875 
442 
300 
2441 
279 

241 

942 

3199 

641 


Confederate  losses  about  10,000  prior  to  the  surrender. 

Confederate  gen.  Johnston,  on  hearing  of  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg, 
falls  back  and  occupies  Jackson;  Grant  orders  Sherman  to  proceed 
against  him,  and  by  11  July  he  is  close  to  the  defences  of  the  city; 
on  the  17th  Johnston  evacuates  and  retires  eastward.  Chatta- 
nooga campaign. 

Victoria,  formerly  Port  Phillip,  a  British  col- 
ony in  S.  Australia,  between  New  South  Wales  and  South  Aus- 
tralia. In  1798,  Bass,  in  his  whale-boat  expedition,  visited 
Western  Port,  one  of  its  harbors;  and  in  1802  Flinders  sailed 
into  Port  Phillip  bay.  The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in 
a  parliament  of  2  chambers,  and  the  executive  in  a  governor 
appointed  bv  the  crown.  Area,  87,884  sq.  miles;  pop.  1836, 
224;  1846,32,879;  1857,403,519;  1871,729,654;  1891,1,140,411. 
Col.  Collins  lauds  with  convicts  to  found  a  settlement  at  Port 

Phillip,  but  afterwards  removed  to  Van  Diemen's  Land 1804 

Messrs. Hume  and  Hovell,  stock-owners  from  New  South  Wales, 
explore  part  of  the  country,  but  do  not  discover  its  great  ad- 

I      vantages 1824 

Edward  Henty  (of  a  Sussex  family)  comes  from  Tasmania  with 
cattle,  sheep,  shepherds,  etc.,  and  settles  in  Portland  bay; 

his  brothers,  Stephen,  George,  and  John,  follow  soon 1832 

John  Batman  enters  between  the  heads  of  Port  Phillip,  and 
purchases  a  large  tract  of  land  from  the  aborigines  for  a  few 
gewgaws  and  blankets;  he  soon  after,  with  15  associates 
from  Hobarton,  takes  up  600,000  acres  in  the  present  Geelong 

country May,  1835 

Launceston  associates,  and  John  Pascoe  Falkner,  ascend  the 
Yarra-Yarra  (or  ever-flowing)  river,  and  encamp  on  the  site 

of  Melbourne " 

Colonists  (450  in  number)  possess  140,000  sheep,  2500  cattle, 
and  150  houses;  sir  R.  Bourke,  governor  of  New  South  Wales, 
visits  the  colony,  determines  the  sites  of  towns,  and  causes 
the  land  to  be  surveyed  and  resold,  setting  aside  contending 

claims;  he  appoints  capt.  Lonsdale  chief-magistrate 1837 

Colony  named  Victoria 1839 

Province  declared  independent  of  New  South  Wales;  a  reward 
of^OO;.  offered  for  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Victoria,  which 
is  soon  found  near  Melbourne,  and  profitably  worked.. .  .Aug.  1851 

[From  30  Sept.  to  31  Dec.  1851,  30,311  ounces  of  gold  were 
obtained  from  Ballarat;  and  from  29  Oct.  to  31  Dec.  94,524 
ounces  from  mount  Alexander — total,  124,835  ounces.] 

Representative  constitution  granted 1855 

Parliament  opened 26  Nov.  1857 

Great  opposition  to  reception  of  convicts  in  any  part  of  Aus- 
tralia; a  ship  containing  them  sent  back Oct.  1864 

First  woollen  and  paper  manufactories  established May,  1868 

Payment  (3001.  a  year)  to  members  of  Parliament  begins 1872 

International  exhibition  at  Melbourne  opened 1  Oct.  1880 

Chinese  immigrants  virtually  excluded 1885 

Government  submits  to  the  protectionists;  the  import  duties 

increased  and  new  ones  imposed 13  Sept.  1880 

Irrigation  conference  at  Melbourne;  250,000Z.  advanced  by  the 
state 25  Mch.  1890 

Victoria  CrOlS,  an  order  of  merit  instituted  by  the 


VIC 


English  government  to  reward  gallantry  in  all  ranks  of  the 
army  and  navy,  5  Feb.  1856.  It  is  a  Maltese  cross  made  of 
Russian  cannon  from  Sebastopol.  Queen  Victoria  conferred 
the  honor  on  62  persons  (of  both  services)  on  Friday,  26  June, 
1857  ;  and  on  many  of  the  Indian  array,  2  Aug.  1858. 

Victoria  ^yanza.     Africa,  1863,  75,  etc. 

Victoria  Railway  bridge.    Bridges. 

Victoria  regia,  the  magnificent  water-lily  taken  to 
England  from  Guiana  by  sir  Robert  Schomburgk,  in  1838,  and 
named  after  the  queen.  Fine  specimens  are  at  the  Botanic 
gardens  at  Kew,  Regent's  park,  etc.  It  was  grown  in  the  open 
air  in  1855  by  messrs.  Weeks  of  Chelsea. 

Vict'liallers,    an    ancient    trade    in    England.     The 
Vinters'  company  of  London  was  founded  1437 ;  their  hall 
rebuilt  in  1823. 
None  shall  sell  less  than  one  full  quart  of  the  best  beer  or  ale 

for  Id.  and  two  quarts  of  the  smaller  sort  for  Id 1603 

Power  of  licensing  public-houses  granted  to  sir  Giles  Mompes- 

son  and  sir  Francis  Mitchel 1621 

Number  in  England  then  about  13,000 " 

In  Great  Britain  about  76,000  public-houses 1790 

Licensed  victuallers  in  the  United  Kingdom,  99,465 1872 

New  licensing  act,  regulating  hours  of  opening  and  shutting, 

etc.,  passed  and  came  into  execution 10  Aug.     " 

[It  caused  much  irritation,  and  was  said  to  have  conduced  to 

the  fall  of  the  Gladstone  ministry,  1874.] 

Vienna  (the  Roman  Vindobona),  capital  of  the  margra- 
viate  of  Austria,  984 ;  virtual  capital  of  the  German  empire, 
1273  ;  since  1806  capital  of  the  Austrian  provinces  only.  Pop. 
in  1857, 476,222 ;  1872, 901,000 ;  1880, 1,103,857  ;  1890, 1,864,- 
.548. 

Vienna  made  an  imperial  city 1136 

Walled  and  enlarged  with  the  ransom  paid  for  Richard  I.  of 

England.  40.000i 1194 

Besieged  by  the  Turks  under  Solyman  the  Magnificent,  with 

300,000  men ;  forced  to  raise  the  siege  with  the  loss  of  70,000 

of  his  best  troops 1529 

Besieged  by  the  Turks July,  1683 

;Siege  raised  by  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  who  defeats  the 

Turkish  army  of  100,000 12  Sept.     " 

Vienna  taken  by  the  French  under  prince  Murat,  14  Nov.  1805; 

evacuated 12  Jan.  1806 

■Captured  by  Napoleon  1 13  May,  1809 

Restored  on  the  conclusion  of  peace 14  Oct.     " 

Congress  of  sovereigns  at  Vienna Nov.  1814 

Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  founded 1846 

Vienna  bombarded  by  Windischgratz  and  Jellachich,  28  Oct. ;  it 

capitulates 30  Oct.  1848 

Conferences  on  Russo-Turkish  war  held  at  Vienna 1853-55 

Fortifications  demolished;  the  city  enlarged  and  beautified,  1857-58 

Imperial  parliament  (Reichsrath)  meets  here 31  May,  1860 

Prussians  encamp  near  Vienna;  stateof  siege  proclaimed,  July,  1866 

Ring  theatre  burned;  447  persons  perish  out  of  2000 8  Dec.  1881 

.Joseph  Pircher,  a  gilder,  climbs  the  spire  of  St.  Stephen's  ca- 
thedral, 432  feet  high,  and  places  a  banner  on  the  cross, 

18  Aug.  1886 
•City  enlarged  by  incorporating  the  suburbs Dec.  1891 

TREATIES  OF  VIENNA. 

1.  Between  the  emperor  of  Germany  and  the  king  of  Spain,  con- 
firming to  each  other  such  parts  of  the  Spanish  dominions  as 
they  respectively  possessed,  and  by  a  private  treaty  the  emperor 
engaged  to  use  his  powers  to  procure  the  restoration  of  Gibraltar 
to  Spain,  and  to  place  the  Pretender  on  the  throne  of  Great  Brit- 
ain.    Spain  guaranteed  the  Pragmatic  Sanction.     30  Apr.  1725. 

■2.  Alliance  between  the  emperor  of  Germany,  Charles  VI.,  George 
II.,  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  states  of  Holland,  by  which  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction  was  guaranteed,  and  the  disputes  as  to  the 
Spanish  succession  terminated.  (Spain  acceded  to  the  treaty  on 
22  July. )    Signed  16  Mch.  1731. 

.3.  Peace  between  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  of  Germany  and  the  king 
of  France,  Louis  XV. ;  the  latter  power  guaranteed  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction,  and  Lorraine  was  ceded  to  France.  Signed  18  Nov.  1738. 
Pragmatic  Sanction. 

•4.  Between  Napoleon  I.  of  France  and  Francis  (II.  of  Germany)  I. 
of  Austria.  Austria  ceded  to  France  the  Tyrol,  Dalmatia,  and 
other  territories,  which  were  shortly  after  declared  united  to 
France  as  the  Illyrian  Provinces,  and  engaged  to  adhere  to  the 
prohibitory  system  adopted  towards  England  by  France  and  Rus- 
sia.    14  Oct.  1809. 

■5.  Between  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  confirming 
the  principles  of  the  treaty  of  Chaumont,  1  Mch.  1814.  Signed  23 
Mch.  1815. 

6.  Between  the  king  of  the  Netherlands  on  the  one  part  and  Great 
Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  on  the  other,  enlarging  the 
Dutch  territories,  and  vesting  the  sovereignty  in  the  house  of 
Orange.     31  May,  1815. 

7.  Denmark  ceded  Swedish  Pomerania  and  Rugen  to  Prussia,  in  ex- 
change for  Lauenburg,  4  June,  1815. 

8.  Commercial  treatv  for  12  years  between  Austria  and  Prussia. 
Signed  at  Vienna,  19  Feb.  1853. 

■S.  For  the  maintenance  of  Turkey,  by  Great  Britain,  France,  Aus- 
tria, and  Russia.     Signed  9  Apr.  1854. 


911  viN 

10.  Between  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Denmark,  Denmark  ceding  the 
duchies.     30  Oct.  1864. 

11.  Peace  between  Austria  and  Italy;  Venetia  given  up  to  Italy. 
3  Oct.  1866. 

Vienne  (vi-en),  the  ancient  Vienna  Allobrogum,  a  town 
of  S.E.  France.  Here  the  emperor  Valentinian  II.  was  put  to 
death  by  Arbogastes,  15  May,  392,  and  a  short  reaction  in  favor 
of  paganism  followed.  Vienne  was  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Burgundy  in  432  and  879,  and  sometimes  gave  its  name  to 
the  kingdom.  A  general  council  was  held  here  in  1311.  Vienne 
was  annexed  to  the  French  monarchy,  1448. 

Vigilance  committee.     California,  1851-56. 

Vigo  {vee'go),  a  seaport  town  of  N.W.  Spain,  was  attacked 
and  burned  by  the  English  under  Drake  and  Norris  in  1589.  Sir 
George  Rooke,  with  the  combined  English  and  Dutch  fleets, 
attacked  the  French  fleet  and  the  Spanish  galleons  in  the  port 
of  Vigo,  when  several  men-of-war  and  galleons  were  taken, 
and  many  destroyed,  and  abundance  of  plate  and  other  valu- 
able effects  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  conquerors,  12  Oct.  1702. 
Vigo  was  taken  by  lord  Cobham  in  1719,  but  relinquished  after 
raising  contributions.  It  was  again  taken  by  the  British,  27 
Mch.  1809. 

viking'§,  Scandinavian  chiefs,  Swedes,  Danes,  and  Norse- 
men, who  in  the  4th  century  migrated— eastward,  to  the  coun- 
tries beyond  the  Baltic ;  westward  and  southward,  chiefly  to 
the  British  Isles. ,  Paul  B.  du  Chaillu,  in  his  "  Viking  Age," 
de.scribes  the  vikings  as  the  ancestors  of  the  English. 

Villere'S  plantation,  La.,  about  9  miles  south 
from  New  Orleans,  where  an  indecisive  engagement  was 
fought  on  the  night  of  23  Dec.  1814,  between  American  forces 
under  Jackson  and  British  under  gen.  Keene.  The  Ameri- 
cans numbered  about  1800  and  the  British  2500.  The  British 
lost  400  and  the  Americans  over  200 ;  both  retired.  United 
States,  1814. 

Viile'ta,  a  town  of  Paraguay,  South  America.  Here 
Lopez  and  the  Paraguayans  were  defeated  by  the  Brazilians 
and  their  allies,  11  Dec.  1868.  Lopez  and  200  men  fled,  3000 
prisoners  were  made,  and  the  war  was  ended. 

Vimeira  (ye-ma'e-ra),  a  town  of  Portugal,  where  the 
British  and  Spanish  forces,  under  sir  Arthur  Wellesley,  defeat- 
ed the  French,  under  marshal  Junot,  duke  of  Abrantes,  21  Aug. 
1808.  The  attack,  made  and  repulsed  with  great  bravery, 
was  then  repeated  by  Kellermann  with  the  French  reserve  in 
vain.  The  French,  charged  with  the  bayonet,  withdrew  on  all 
points  in  confusion,  leaving  many  prisoners. 

Vincennes  {vin-sm'),  a  strong  castle  near  Paris;  a 
residence  of  the  French  kings  from  the  12th  to  the  14th  cen- 
tury. Henry  V.  of  England  died  at  the  Bois  de  Vincennes, 
31  Aug.  1422.  At  the  fosse  of  the  castle,  Louis  due  d'Enghien 
was  shot  by  order  of  Napoleon,  after  a  hasty  trial,  early  on 
the  morning  of  22  Mch.  1804.     Indiana. 

Vincent  de  Paul,  St.,  Charitable  Society  of, 
founded  in  1833,  in  France,  by  12  young  men.  It  extends  its 
beneficial  operations  into  Britain.  The  jealousy  of  the  French 
government  suppressed  its  central  committee  of  Paris  in  Oct. 
1861.  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  was  born  1576;  established  the 
congregation  of  Lazarists,  or  Vincentines,  1625;  Sisters  of 
Charity,  1634;  a  foundling  hospital,  1648.     He  died  1660. 

Vincent,  St.,  West  Indies,  long  a  neutral  island;  but 
at  the  peace  of  1763  the  French  agreed  that  the  right  to  it 
should  be  vested  in  the  English.  The  latter  soon  after  en- 
gaged in  war  against  the  Caribs,  on  the  windward  side  of  the 
island,  and  forced  them  to  a  peace,  ceding  a  large  tract  to  the 
British  crown.  In  1779  the  Caribs  greatly  aided  the  French 
in  the  reduction  of  the  island,  but  they  restored  it  in  1783. 
In  1795  the  French  landed  troops,  and  again  instigated  the 
Caribs  to  an  insurrection,  which  was  not  subdued  for  several 
months.  A  great  eruption  of  the  Souffrifere  mountain,  after 
the  lapse  of  nearlv  a  centurv,  occurred  in  1812.  Area,  132  sq. 
miles.     Pop.  186i,  31,755 ;  'l891,  41,054, 

Vincy,  N.  France.  Here  Charles  Martel  defeated  the 
Neustrians,  21  May,  717,  and  acquired  their  country. 

vine  (Lat.  vinea,  a  climbing  plant  with  a  woody  stem  of 
the  genus  vitis;  the  fruit  is  the  grape).  The  vine  was  planted 
by  Noah,  2347  b.o.  (Gen.  ix.  20).     A  colony  of  vine-dressers 


VIN 


912 


VI R 


from  Phocea,  in  Ionia,  settled  at  Marseilles,  and  instructetl  the 
South  Gaula  in  tillage,  vine  -  dressing,  and  commerce,  about 
tiOO  B.C.  Some  think  the  vine  a  native  of  Languedoc,  Pro- 
vence, and  Sicily ;  and  growing  spontaneously  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean shores  of  Italy,  France,  and  Spain.  The  vine  was  car- 
riml  into  Champagne,  and  part  of  Germany,  by  the  emperor 
Pmbus,  about  279  a.d.  The  vine  and  sugar-cane  were  planted 
iu  Madeira  in  1420.  In  the  gardens  of  Hampton-court  palace 
is  an  old  vine,  said  to  surpass  any  in  Europe.  The  Tokay  vines 
were  planted  in  1350.  Fix)wers  ani>  Plants. 
I'liM  disrate.     In  the  spring  of  1845  E.  Tucker,  of  Margate,  ob 

served  a  fbngus  (since  named  ohiium  Tttckeri)  on  grapes  iu  tlic 

hot  houses  of  Mr.  Slater,  of  Margate.     It  is  a  whitish  mildew, 

and  totally  destroys  the  fruit. 
The  spoces  of  this  oidium  were  found  in  the  vineries  at  Versailles  in 

1847.    The  disease  soon  reached  the  irellised  vines,  and  iu  185(t 

many  lost  all  their  produce. 
In  1852  it  spread  over  France,  Italy,  Spain,  Syria,  and  in  Zante  and 

Cephalonia  attacked  the  currants,  reducing  the  crop  to  one  twelfth 

of  the  usual  amount. 
Through  its  ravages  the  wine  manufacture  iu  Madeira  ceased  for 

several  years. 
Attempts  to  arrest  the  progress  of  this  disease  have  had  little  suc- 
cess.   Sulphur-dust  is  the  most  efficacious  remedy. 
Thediseasehnd  much  abated  in  France.  Portugal, and  Madeira  in  1863. 

In  186*i  Califoruian  vines  were  introduced  into  the  two  latter. 
New  malady  (microscopic  insect,  phylloxera  vaslalrix)  in  S. 

France,  observed 1865 

Remedy,  sulphuret  of  carbon,  recommended  by  M.  Dumas,  Aug.  1873 
Not  successful :  great  destruction :  12,000i.  offered  for  a  remedy, 

July,  1876 
Phylloxera  prevalent  in  Malaga  and  France;  reported  July- 

Aug.  1878;  Portugal,  Italy,  Spain,  Sept -Nov.  1879;  appears 

in  Victoria,  Australia Nov.  1880 

Phylloxera  congress  at  Bordeaux 10-16  Oct.  1881 

PhvUoxera  driven  out  of  W.  France  through  the  researches  of 

il.  Pasteur. 1883-91 

Grapbs,  Wink. 

Tineg^ar,  dilute  acetic  acid  obtained  by  the  acetous  fer- 
mentation of  spirits.  The  ancients  had  several  kinds,  which 
they  used  for  drink.  The  Roman  soldiers  were  accustomed  to 
take  it  in  their  marches.  The  Bible  represents  Boaz,  a  rich 
citizen  of  Bethlehem,  as  providing  vinegar  for  his  reapers 
(1312  B.C.),  a  custom  still  prevalent  in  Spain  and  Italy. 

Yineirar  Hill,  near  Enniscorthy,  in  Wexford,  S.E. 
Ireland.  Here  the  Irish  rebels,  headed  by  father  John,  a 
priest,  encamped  and  committed  outrages  on  the  surrounding 
country.  They  were  gradually  surrounded  by  the  British 
troops,  commanded  by  Lake,  21  June,  1798 ;  and  after  a  fierce 
struggle,  with  much  slaughter,  dispersed. 

Tfol  and  violill.  The  lyre  of  the  Greeks  became  our 
harp,  and  the  viol  of  the  middle  ages  became  the  violin.  The 
violin  is  mentioned  as  early  as  1206,  in  the  legendary  life  of 
St  Christopher.  It  was  introduced  into  England,  some  say, 
by  Charles  II.  Straduarius  (or  Stradivarius)  of  Cremona  was 
a  renowned  violin-maker  (1700  to  1722).  The  eminent  vio- 
linist Paganini  died  at  Nice,  27  May,  1840. 

Virg^ill  lilands,  West  Indies,  an  eastern  group  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  (1494) :  Virgin  Gorda,  Tortola,  Anegada, 
etc.,  and  the  Danish  isles,  St.  Thomas,  Santa  Cruz,  and  St.  John. 
Tortola  settled  by  Dutch  buccaneers  about  1648;  expelled  by 

the  English  (who  have  held  it  since) 1666 

Earthquake  at  St.  Thomas  and  other  isles;  much  damage;  few 

•i'^es  lost Nov.  1867 

St.  Thomas  settled  by  Danes  1672,  and  St.  John  a  few  years 
after;  held  by  the  British  1801-2,  1807-15;  proposed  sale  to 
the  U.  S.  for  1,500,500^.  to  be  made  a  "territory."  Danish 
proclamation,  25  Oct.  1867;  purchase  declined  by  U.  S.  Senate, 

23  Mch.-May,  1870 
[By  a  hurricane  off  St.  Thomas,  the  British  mail  steamers 
Rhone  and  Wye  were  wrecked;  the  Conway  and  Derwent, 
and  above  50  other  vessels,  driven  ashore;  about  1000  per- 
sons said  to  have  perished.] 
Santa  Cruz.  A  negro  insurrection;  M.  Fontaine,  a  planter, 
killed;  Fredericksted  and  36  out  of  50  sugar  plantations 
burned,  and  about  3000  whites  rendered  homeless ;  suppressed 
by  coL  Garde,  the  governor ;  about  200  negroes  killed,  1-5  Oct.  1878 

Virgin  Mary.  The  Assumption  of  the  Virgin  is  a 
festival  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches,  in  honor  of  the  sup- 
posed ascent  of  Mary  into  heaven,  15  Aug.  45  a.d.  The  Pres- 
entation of  the  Virgin  is  a  feast  celebrated  21  Nov.,  said  to 
have  been  instituted  among  the  Greeks  in  the  11th  century; 
its  institution  in  the  West  is  ascribed  to  pope  Gregory  XL, 
1372.     Annunciation;  Conception,  Immaculate. 

Vir'ginali,  an  early  keyed  instrument  of  the  kind 
termed  clavichords;   used  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries; 


played  on  by  queen  Elizabeth  and  iMary  queen  of  Scots.  Ac- 
cording to  Johnson,  named  from  young  women  being  the 
usual  performers.  Tallis,  Morley,  Purcell,  Gibbons,  and  Bull 
composed  for  this  instrument. 

Virg^iiiia.    Decemviiu. 

Tirgillia,  one  of  the  13  original  states  of  the  U.  S.,  lies 
between  36°  30'  and  39°  40'  N.  lat.  and  75°  25'  and  83-"'  34' 
W.  Ion.     It  is  bounded  north 
and   west   by   Kentucky    and 
West  Virginia,  north  and  east 
by  Maryland,  Chesapeake  bay,, 
and   the  Atlantic  ocean,  and 
on  the  south  by  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee.    It  is  425  mile* 
length  east  and  west  and 
205  miles  in  breadth  north  and' 
south.     Area,  40,125  sq.  miles 
in  100  counties;  pop.  1890,  1,- 
655,980.     Capital,  Richmond. 
Lucas  Vasquez  de  Ayllons 
supposed    entry    of    the 
James  river  (America,  Principal  persons  connected  with  dis- 
covery, etc. ) 1527 

Capt.  Philip  Amidas  and  Arthur  Barlow  leave  the  Thames  in 

2  small  vessels  fitted  out  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh 27  Apr.  1584 

They  enter  Ocracock  inlet  and  land  on  the  island  of  Wocoken 

in  Albemarle  sound 13  July,     " 

After  exploring  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  sounds  and  the  island 
of  Roanoke,  they  take  2  natives,  Manteo  and  W^auchese,  to 

England Sept.     "^ 

[This  country,  lying  between  34°  and  45°  of  N.  lat.,  called 
Virginia,  in  honor  of  queen  Elizabeth.] 
Sir  Waiter  Raleigh  despatches  7  vessels  from  Plymouth  under  sir 
Richard  Grenville  to  plant  settlements  in  the  territory. 9  Apr.  1585- 

Grenville  lands  on  the  island  of  Wocoken 26  July,     " 

Leaving  108  men  under  Ralph  Lane  as  colonists,  Grenville  re- 
turns to  England 25  Aug.      " 

Sir  Francis  Drake  with  23  ships  anchors  outside  of  Roanoke 

inlet 10  June,  1586. 

Drake  sails  for  England  with  all  the  colonists,  who  had  become 
very  despondent,  thus  ending  the  first  settlement  of  the  Eng- 
lish in  America 19  June,     " 

Another  ship  of  100  tons,  sent  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  at  his  own 
expense  with  supplies,  arrives  at  Roanoke  a  few  days  later; 

finding  the  colonists  gone  she  returns  to  England June,     "- 

Sir  Richard  Grenville  with  3  ships  visits  Roanoke  about  15 
days  after  the  departure  of  Drake,  and  leaves  15  men  plenti- 
fully supplied  for  2  years  to  keep  the  land " 

New  colony  of  150,  sent  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  charge  of  John 

White,  leaves  Plymouth 26  Apr.  1E8T 

They  reach  Roanoke  to  find  that  the  men  left  by  Grenville  have 

been  murdered  by  Indians 22  July,     " 

Eleanor  Dare,  wifeof  one  of  the  assistants,  gives  birth  to  the  first 

Englishchildon  American  soil  (named  Virginia  Dare),  18  Aug.      " 
John  White  returns  to  England  at  request  of  colonists  for  sup- 
plies,leavingbehind89men,17  women,aud2children,27  Aug.     " 

John  White  returns  to  Roanoke 9  Aug.  1590 

[He  found  the  settlement  deserted.  Its  fate  is  conjectural. 
White's  delay  in  returning  was  due  to  the  engrossing  efforts 
of  England  to  repel  the  Spanish  armada.] 
James  I.  of  England  grants  the  London  company,  including  sir 
Thomas  Gates,  sir  George  Somers,  Richard  Hakluyt  (the  his- 
torian), and  Edward  M.  Wingfleld  the  exclusive  right  to  oc- 
cupy the  land  from  34°  to  38°  N.  lat 10  Apr.  1606- 

Three  vessels— Susan  Constant,  of  100  tons,  capt.  Christopher 
Newport;  6rOod-speed,  of 40 tons,  capt.  Bartholomew  Gosnold; 
and  Discovery,  20  tons,  capt.  John  Ratcliffe— with  105  emi- 
grants sail  from  the  Downs,  Engl,  destined  for  Virginia,  19  Dec.      " 
They  enter  Chesapeake  bay,  naming  the  capes  at  its  entrance 

Charles  and  Henry,  after  the  sons  of  king  James 26  Apr.  160T 

They  enter  the  James  river  and  land  at  a  place  they  name 

Jamestown 13  May,     ' ' 

Edward  M.  Wingfield  chosen  president " 

Christopher  Newport  sails  to  England  for  provision  and  more 

settlers 15  June,     " 

Bartholomew  Gosnold,  the  projector  of  the  settlement,  dies  and 

is  buried  at  Jamestown 22  Aug.      " 

Before  autumn  50  more  die;  Wingfield  is  deposed  and  John 
Ratcliffe  chosen  president,  whose  incompetence  gives  the 

control  to  capt.  John  Smith  during  the  autumn  of. " 

Capt.  John  Smith,  in  exploring  the  Chickahominy,  is  attacked 

by  Indians  and  captured;  his  companions  killed Dec.     " 

Condemned  to  death  by  Powhatan,  he  is  saved  by  his  daughter 

Pocahontas Dec.     " 

[The  truth  of  this  story  is  disputed.     See  Charles  Deane's 
introduction  to  Smith's  "True  Relation."] 
Capt.  Newport  returns  with  supplies  and  120  immigrants. 8  .Jan.  160ft 
Newport  returns  to  England  with  a  ship-load  of  worthless  earth, 

supposed  to  contain  gold 10  Apr.     " 

Capt.  John  Smith  explores  the  region  of  the  Chesapeake  bay, 
nearly  3000  sq.  miles,  as  far  north  as  Wyoming  valley. 24  July,     " 

[His  map  is  so  exact  that  it  was  adduced  as  authority  as 
late  as  1873.—"  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America," 
vol.  iii.  p.  132.] 


VIR 


913 


VIR 


Smith  returns  to  Jamestown 7  Sept.  1608 

He  is  made  president  of  the  council 10  Sept.     ' ' 

Newport  arrives  with  supplies  and  about  70  immigrants,  among 
them  2  women,  the  first  in  this  colony Sept.     " 

Smith  compels  the  colonists  to  labor  6  hours  each  day 1608-9 

New  charter  granted  the  London  company  under  the  title  of 
"Adventurers  and  Planters  of  the  City  of  London,"  with  am- 
pler privileges 23  May,  1609 

["  The  new  charter  transferred  to  the  company  the  powers 
which  had  before  been  reserved  to  the  king.  The  lives,  liber- 
ty, and  fortune  of  the  colonists  were  placed  at  the  arbitrary 
will  of  a  governor,  who  was  to  be  appointed  by  a  commercial 
corporation." — BancrnfVs  "Hist.  U  S.,"  vol.  i.  p.  137, 9th  ed.] 

Nine  vessels,  with  more  than  500  emigrants,  many  swine,  and 

a  few  horses,  sail  from  England  for  Virginia 12  June,     " 

[Two  of  the  vessels  were  driven  on  the  Bermudas  and 
wrecked;  the  rest  reached  Virginia] 

Cupt.  John  Smith,  disabled  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder,  em- 
barks for  England about  29  Sept.    " 

[He  never  returned  to  Virginia.] 

Colony  reduced  from  490  to  60  in  6  months 1609-10 

[This  is  known  in  Virginia  history  as  "  the  starving  time. "] 

Sir  Thomas  Gates  and  the  passengers  wrecked  on  the  Bermu- 
das construct  2  vessels  and  reach  Jamestown 24  May,  1610 

In  their  destitution  the  whole  colony  leave  Jamestown  for 
Newfoundland  in  their  few  small  vessels;  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  they  meet  a  boat  of  lord  Delaware's,  whose  ships  had 
just  arrived  with  more  colonists  and  supplies,  and  together 
they  return  to  Jamestown 8  June,     " 

Lord  Delaware  the  tirst  executive  of  Virginia  called  governor; 
owing  to  ill-health  he  embarks  for  England 28  Mch.  1611 

Sir  Thomas  Dale  reaches  Jamestown  from  England  with  3  ves- 
sels and  Jimpie  supplies,  and  assumes  the  government,  12  May,     " 

Sir  Thomas  Gates,  with  his  wife  and  daughters,  bringing  in  6 
ships  300  settlers,  100  cows  and  other  cattle,  and  an  abundant 
supply  of  provisions,  arrives  at  Jamestown  early  in Aug.     " 

Third  charter  granted  transfers  the  control  from  the  council 
or  the  king  to  the  London  company 12  Mch.  1612 

Capt.  Samuel  Argall,  in  a  foraging  expedition,  entices  Pocahon- 
tas, daughter  of  Powhatan,  on  his  vessel  and  brings  her  to 
Jamestown " 

Marriage  of  Pocahontas  to  John  Rolfe  by  the  rev.  Alexander 
VVhitaker  at  Jamestown  (she  had  previously  been  baptized 
and  named  Rebecca) 5  Apr.  1613 

First  establishment  of  fixed  property  in  the  soil;  the  company 
granting  50  acres  to  every  freeman  in  fee-simple  (Land) 1615 

Sir  Thomas  Dale  embarks  with  John  Rolfe  and  his  wife  Poca- 
hontas, reaching  Plymouth 12  June,  1616 

[Pocahontas  soon  after  presented  at  the  court  of  James.] 

Pocahontas  dies  at  Gravesend,  Kent,  when  about  to  embark  for 

Virginia,  aged  22,  leaving  one  child 21  Mch.  1617 

["  From  her  child,  a  son,  can  be  traced  descendants  both  in 
England  and  America." — "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America,"  vol.  iii.  p.  141.] 

Capt.  Samuel  Argall  returns  toVirginia  as  deputy-governor  with 
100  settlers,  and  John  Rolfe  as  secretary 15  May,     " 

First  seal  (colonial)  of  Virginia " 

Lord  Delaware  embarks  in  the  Neptune  with  200  settlers  and 
supplies  ;  he  dies  on  the  passage 18  Apr.  1618 

Powhatan  d " 

Deputy-gov.  Argall,  convicted  of  malfeasance  and  oppressive 
exaction,  escapes 9  Apr.  1619 

Sir  George  Yeardley  succeeds  Lord  Delaware  as  governor,  and 
arrives  at  Jamestown 19  Apr.     ' ' 

First  representative  legislative  assembly  ever  held  in  America 

meets  at  Jamestown 30  July,     " 

[It  was  composed  of  22  burgesses  ;  all  interests  of  the 
colony  were  debated.  No  legislation  was  of  force  till  ratified 
by  the  company  in  England.] 

Dutch  man-of-war  sells  colonists  at  Jamestown  20  negroes,  Aug.     " 
["  This  is  the  epoch  of  the  introduction  of  negro  slavery  in 
the  English  colonies."— .Bancro/Y's  "  Hist,  of  the  U.  S.,"  vol.  i. 
p.  177.] 

Earl  of  Southampton,  the  early  patron  of  Shakespeare,  elected 
treasurer  of  the  London  company 28  June,  1620 

Population  estimated  at  4000,  and  40,000  pounds  of  tobacco 
shipped  to  England " 

England  claims  a  monopoly  of  trade  of  her  plantations Oct.  1621 

London  company  begins  to  ship  respectable  young  women  to 

supply  the  colonists  with  wives " 

[They  were  sold  for  120  lbs.  of  tobacco  each,  or  the  cost  ot 
bringing  them  over.  Offers  were  made  and  matches  agreed 
upon;  the  men  paying  for  their  partners,  whom  they  imme- 
diately married.     These  unions  were  often  happy.] 

Sir  Francis  VVyatt  chosen  governor,  and  with  9  ships  with 
emigrants  and  supplies,  reaches  Virginia Oct.     " 

Cotton-seed  planted  as  an  experiment  for  the  first  time " 

Indians  rise  and  massacre  the  wliites  at  nearly  all  the  planta- 
tions, extending  140  miles  on  both  sides  of  the  river;  only 
Jamestown  and  the  nearest  settlements  saved,  a  converted 

Indian  revealing  the  plot 22  Mch.  1622 

[About  347  persons  were  killed  in  a  few  hours;  80  planta- 
tions were  reduced  to  8.  A  war  ensued,  with  little  loss  to 
the  colonists;  no  settled  peace  for  14  years.] 

Dissensions  arising  in  the  Virginia  company,  and  king  James 
wishing  to  annul  the  charter,  appoints  commissioners  to  in- 
vestigate it,  who  advise  a  dissolution May,  1623 

Charter  annulled  by  the  King's  Bench 16  June,  1624 

[The  company  had  spent  .$7.50,000,  had  sent  9000  emigrants 
to  Virginia,  and  granted  the  colony  free  government.] 

Death  of  James  L  and  accession  of  Charles  1 27  Mch.  1625 


Sir  Francis  Wyatt  succeeded  by  sir  George  Yeardley  as  govern- 
or   May,  162G 

Gov.  Yeardley  d 14  Nov.  1627 

Council  elects  Francis  West,  a  younger  brother  of  lord  Delaware, 

governor 15  Nov.     " 

Gov.  West  goes  to  England,  dr.  John  Potts  succeeds 5  Mch.  162S 

Population,  5000 1629 

George  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore,  arrives  in  Virginia  in  the  au- 
tumn of. " 

[He  visited  the  territory  about  Chesapeake  bay,  and,  return- 
ing to  England,  obtained  a  patent  for  the  territory  now  Mary- 
land.] 
Ministers  of  the  gospel  are  ordered  to  conform  in  all  things  to 

the  canons  of  the  church  of  England 1629-30 

Gov.  Potts  superseded  as  governor  by  sir  John  Harvey. .  .Mch.  1630' 

Trouble  with  Maryland  as  to  land  titles 1632-44 

Virginia  divided  into  8  counties  or  shires,  viz.,  Elizabeth  City, 
Warwick,  James  City,  Charles  City,  Henrico,  Isle  of  Wight, 

York,  and  Accomac 1634 

William  Clayborne,  a  Virginia  contestant,  sent  to  England  by 
gov.  Harvey  to  answer  for  attempting  to  establish  his  claim 

against  Maryland 1635 

Gov.  Harvey  deposed  by  the  Virginia  assembly,  and  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  impeach  him  in  England.  He  accom- 
panies the  commission " 

John  West  acting  governor  during  the  absence  of  gov.  Harvey,  1635-36 

Harvey,  reinstated  by  Charles,  returns 1837 

Sir  Francis  Wyatt  succeeds  Harvey  as  governor Nov.  163^ 

Sir  William  Berkeley  appointed  governor,  and  arrives  in  Vir- 
ginia   Feb.  1642 

Massachu.setts  sends  3  clergymen  to  Virginia  at  the  request  of 

Puritans  there " 

Virginia  assembly  enacts  that  all  ministers  in  the  colony  shall 
conform  to  the  9rder  and  constitution  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land or  depart 164S 

Indians,  incited  by  Opechancanough,  sachem  of  the  Powhatans, 
attack  the  outlying  settlements  and  massacre  300  colonists, 

18  Apr.  1644 
Indians  are  quickly  overcome,  and  the  aged  Opechancanough 

is  captured  and  dies  in  prison " 

Gov.  Berkeley  sails  for  England  for  a  year's  visit,  and  leaves 

Richard  Kemp  as  deputy June,     " 

Virginia  in  sympathy  with  the  Cavaliers  of  England.  Popula- 
tion consists  of  20,000  whites  and  300  negroes;  average  year- 
ly export  of  tobacco,  1,500.000  lbs 1648 

Dissenters  having  increased  to  118,  encounter  all  the  rigor  of 
colonial  authority,  and  are  suppressed  by  imprisonment  and 

banishment " 

Virginians  continue  their  allegiance  to  Charles  II.  after  the 

execution  of  Charles  1 30  Jan.  1649 

Three  hundred  and  thirty  adherents  of  Charles  I.  come  to  Vir- 
ginia near  the  close  of " 

Gov.  Berkeley  sends  col.  Henry  Norwood  to  Breda  to  invite 

Charles  IL  to  Virginia 1650 

King  Charles  II.  sends  a  new  commission  to  Berkeley  as  gov- 
ernor, dated 3  June,     " 

Capt.  Robert  Dennis,  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  common- 
wealth to  reduce  Virginia,  arrives  at  Jamestown Mch.  1652 

Colony  surrenders 12  Mch.     " 

Provisional  government  organized,  Richard  Bennett  governor, 

30  Apr.     " 

Richard  Bennett  succeeded  by  Edward  Digges  as  governor 1655 

Col.  Edward  Hill  attacks  the  Indians  at  the  falls  of  James  riv- 
er and  is. repulsed  with  loss 1656 

[Bloody  Run,  near  Richmond,  received  its  name  from  this 
encounter.] 

Samuel  Matthews  succeeds  Edward  Digges  as  governor 1657 

Gov.  Matthews  d Jan.  1659 

Sir  William  Berkeley  elected  governor 23  Mch.  1660 

Charles  II.  monarchy  re-established  in  England 29  May,     " 

New   commission   as  governor  transmitted  to   Berkeley  by 

Charles  II 31  July,     " 

Gov.  Berkeley  goes  to  England  to  defend  the  colony  against 

the  Navigation  act 30  Apr.  1661 

Col.  Francis  Morrison  acting  governor 1661-62 

Quakers  and  other  separatists  persecuted  by  fines  and  banish- 
ment   1662 

Virginia  assigned  for  31  years  to  lords  Arlington  and  Culpepper 

by  Charles  II.,at  the  yearly  rental  of  40  shillings 1673 

[This  grant  covered  not  merely  the  wild  lands,  but  private 
plantations  long  settled  and  improved.] 
Colonists  become  dissatisfied  with  their  oppressive  and  un- 
equal taxes.   "To  produce  an  insurrection  nothing  was  want- 
ing but  an  excuse  for  appearing  in  arms  " 1674-75 

Susquehanna  Indians,  driven  from  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake, 
commence  depredations  on  the   colonists  of  Virginia  and 

Maryland 1675 

These  Indians  are  attacked  in  their  fort,  near  the  present  site 
of  Washington,  by  1000  men  from  Virginia  and  Maryland, 
under  col.  John  Washington,  great  grandfather  of  George 

Washington " 

Six  Indian  chiefs,  sent  out  the  fort  for  a  parley,  are  killed " 

Indians  escape  from  the  fort  and  spread  dismay  and  havoc 

upon  the  plantations  along  the  James  and  Rappahannock. . .      " 
Assembly  meets  and  declares  war  against  them.    500  men  gath- 
ered under  sir  Henry  Chicheley Mch.  1676 

When  about  to  march,  gov.  Berkeley  orders  the  force  disbanded,     " 
Alarmed  colonists  choose  Nathaniel  Bacon  (b.  in  Suffolk,  Engl.) 
as  their  leader  ;  he,  failing  to  procure  a  commission  from 
the  governor,  marches  against  the  Indians  without  one  and 


defeats  them 


May, 


CALIFORHI^L^ 


VIR 

Gov  Berkeley  proclaims  Bacon  a  rebel 29  May, 

Baoon  cltH-ted  a  membor  i>f  the  new  assembly 

He  18  taiuuretl  ou  his  way  to  Jamosiown,  tried  before  the  gov- 
oruor  and  couucil,  aud  released  on  iJarole •'yP?» 

Bacon  bolure  the  assembly  asks  the  governor  for  i)ardou,vvhich 
is  granted 6  June, 

Bacon  leaves  Jamestown •'  "^61 

He  returns  with  600  men  and  again  demands  a  commission 
against  the  Indians.  Ho  is  made  commander-in-chief  and 
authoriaswl  by  the  assembly  to  raise  1000  men,  and  this  is 
ratiflcil  bv  the  governor Juue. 

Bacon  while  engaged  in  a  successful  campaign  ugaiust  the 
Indians,  is  again  proclaimed  a  rebel  and  a  traitor  by  gov. 
Berkeley \:\;-r  "'^  '''^^I' 

Governor,  unable  to  resist  Bacon,  Is  compelled  to  retreat  to 
A'comac Aug. 

Gaiherlng  8t)me  vessels  and  about  1000  men,  the  governor  re- 
turns to  Jamestown "^  Sept. 

Bacon  marches  to  Jamestown  and  drives  out  the  governor  aud 
his  (bllowera 18  Sept. 

He  bums  Jamestown 19  Sept. 

[It  consisted  of  a  state-house,  church,  and  about  18  houses, 
mostly  of  briuk.] 

€ov.  Berkeley  retires  again  to  Accomac,  while  Bacon  suddenly 
sickens  of  a  malignant  fever,  u  result  of  exposure  and  anx- 
iety, and  d '. 26  Oct. 

(•'  Nobody  of  later  times  knew  where  Nathaniel  Bacon  was 
buried."  The  death  of  Bacon  ended  the  rebellion,  as  there 
was  no  competent  leader  left.  23  were  executed  for  this  re- 
bellion, more  than  those  killed  on  both  sides  during  the  war.] 

News  of  this  rebellion  in  England  prevents  the  issue  of  the 
promised  liberal  charter,  just  ready  to  pass  the  seals Oct. 

Three  commissioners  despatched  to  Virginia  and  1  regiment  of 
soldiers  arrive 29  Feb. 

Gov.  Berkeley,  being  recalled  by  the  king,  sails  for  England 
greatly  disliked '. 27  Apr. 

Gov.  Berkeley  succeeded  by  sir  Herbert  Jeffreys,  who  d.  .Dec. 

William  Byrd  builds  a  mill  and  trading-house  upon  the  present 
site  of  Richmond,  the  place  known  as  "Byrd's  warehouse," 

Sir  Henry  Chicheley  governor  until 10  May, 

[Succeeded  by  lord  Culpepper.] 

John  Buckner  brings  a  printing-press  to  Virginia  and  prints 
the  session  laws,  but  is  called  to  account  by  gov.  Culpepper 
and  the  council,  and  obliged  to  give  bonds  to  print  nothing 
more  till  the  king's  pleasure  be  known;  all  printing  forbid- 
den in  the  colony 

Lord  Culpepper  succeeded  by  lord  Howard  of  Efflngham 

Gov.  Efflngham  visits  gov.  Dongan  of  New  York,  and  at  Albany 
concludes  a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois  chiefs. July, 

Accession  of  James  II.  to  the  throne 6  Feb. 

Many  j)ersons  engaged  in  the  rebellion  of  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth transported  to  V^irginia 

Gov.  Efflngham  embarks  for  England,  and  the  assembly  sends 
col.  Ludwell  to  lay  the  grievances  of  the  colony  before  the 
English  government 

William  and  Mary  proclaimed  in  Virginia Apr. 

Huguenots  of  France  first  come  to  Virginia 

Francis  Nicholson,  formerly  governor  of  New  York,  appointed 
governor  of  Virginia 3  June, 

First  assembly  under  William  and  Mary  at  Jamestown Ai)r. 

Rev.  James  Blair  obtains  from  William  and  Mary  a  charter  for 

William  and  Mary  college  at  Williamsburg Feb. 

[The  plan  of  the  building  was  drawn  by  sir  Christopher 
Wren.  It  was  amply  endowed.  Rev.  Mr.Blair  was  its  first 
president] 

Sir  Edmund  Andros,  formerly  governor  of  New  York  and  New 
England,  succeeds  Nicholson  as  governor  of  Virginia. . .  Feb. 

Francis  Nicholson  again  governor  of  Virginia .Nov. 

Williamsburg  settled 

First  commencement  at  William  and  Mary  college 

Williamsburg  made  the  capital 

Edward  Nott  appointed  lieut.  -governor 13  Aug. 

Gov.  Nicholson  recalled 

George  Hamilton,  earl  of  Orkney,  appointed  governor  of  Vir- 


914 


VIR 


1676 


1678 
1679 


1682 
1684 


1685 


1698 
1699 
1700 

u 

1704 
1705 


gin 


[From  this  time  the  office  became  a  pensionary  sinecure, 
the  governor  residing  in  England,  and  out  of  a  salary  of 
2000/.  paid  his  deputy,  the  actual  governor,  8001.] 

Edward  Nott  d.  in  office Aug.  1706 

Robert  Hunter  appointed  lieut. -governor,  but  is  captured  on 

the  voyage  by  the  French 1708 

Affairs  of  the  colony  managed  by  the  council,  Edward  Jennings 

president 1705-10 

Col.  Alexander  Spotswood  arrives  in  Virginia  as  lieut. -gov- 
ernor  June,  1710 

[He  was  received  with  satisfaction  by  the  people,  and 
granted  the  right  of  habeas  corpus,  hitherto  withheld.] 
Gov.  Spotswood  explores  the  country  west  as  far  as  the  Shenan- 
doah valley,  crossing  the  Blue  Ridge;  the  expedition  occu- 
pies 6  weeks Aug. -Sept. 

Gov.  Spotswood  sends  lieut.  Maynard  of  the  British  navy  with  2 
small  vessels  into  Pamlico  bay  in  pursuit  of  the  pirate  John 

Teach  or  "Blackbeard" 21  Nov. 

[Maynard  sailed  back  with  the  head  of  the  pirate  chief  as 
a  trophy.  13  captured  pirates  hung  at  Williamsburg.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  then  a  printer's  apprentice  at  Boston,  Mass., 
wrote  a  ballad  on  Blackbeard's  fate,  which  was  sold  in  the 
streets  of  that  city.] 

Gov.  Spotswood  effects  a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois 1722  I 

Gov.  Spotswood  succeeded  by  Hugh  Drysdale "     I 

Gov.  Drysdale  succeeded  by  William  Gooch 1727  I 


1716 


1718 


Boundary  established  between  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. . .  1728 

Alexander  Spotswood  appointed  deputy  postmaster-general  of 
the  colony,  and  through  him  Benj.  Franklin  is  appointed 
postmaster  of  Pennsylvania 1730 

First  settler  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  Joist  Hite,  who  takes 
up  40,000  acres  and  enters  upon  possession  with  a  jiarty  from 
Pennsylvania 1732 

Richard  Henry  Lee  b.  at  Stratford  on  the  Potomac 20  Jan.     " 

Geo.  Washington  b.  Westmoreland  county 22  Feb.     " 

Patrick  Henry  b.  at  Studley,  Hanover  county 29  May,  1736 

First  newspaper  in  Virginia,  the  Virginia  Gazette,  published  by 
William  Parks,  weekly,  at  15s.  per  annum,  appears  at  Will- 
iamsburg  Aug.     " 

Richmond  settled  by  William  Byrd 1739 

Virginia  raises  a  regiment  to  assist  in  the  reduction  of  Cartha- 
gena,  W.  Indies.  Lawrence  AVashington,  half-brother  of 
George  Washington,  is  a  captain  in  it,  embarking 1740 

iMount  Vernon  named  by  Lawrence  Washington  after  adm. 
Vernon,  who  commanded  the  fleet  against  Carthagena " 

George  Whitefield  comes  to  Virginia " 

Richmond  incorporated 1742 

Augustine  Washington,  father  of  George  Washington,  d.  ..Apr.  1743 

Thomas  Jefferson  b.  in  Albemarle  county 2  Apr.      " 

Dr.  Thomas  Walker,  of  the  council  of  \nrginia,  crosses  and 
names  the  Cumberland  mountains 1747 

Harper's  Ferry  named  after  Robert  Harper,  an  English  mill- 
wright, who  obtains  a  grant  of  it  from  lord  Fairfax 1748 

[The  first  survey  of  it  was  made  by  Washington.] 

Thomas  Lee,  of  the  council,  proposes  to  form  the  Ohio  com- 
pany, consisting  of  himself  and  12  others,  among  them 
Lawrence  and  Augustine  Washington " 

They  obtain  a  grant  of  ()00,000  acres  west  of  the  mountains  and 
south  of  the  Ohio  river  between  the  Mouongahela  aud  the 
Kanawha Mch.  1749 

William  Gooch,  governor  of  Virginia  for  22  years,  retires  to 
England Aug.     " 

Christopher  Gist  is  sent  to  explore  the  Ohio  country  as  far  as 
the  falls  of  the  Ohio  by  the  Ohio  company 1750-51 

John  Robinson,  president  of  the  council,  acting  governor,  dy- 
ing, is  succeeded  first  by  Thomas  Lee,  then  by  Lewis  Bur- 
well 1750-51 

Robert  Dinwiddie  appointed  lieut. -governor,  and  arrives  in  Vir- 
ginia early  in 

By  treaty  the  western  Indians  at  Logstown,  a  trading-post 
about  17  miles  northwest  from  Pittsburg,  agree  not  to  molest 
any  settlement  on  the  south  side  of  the  Ohio 13  June, 

Gov.  Dinwiddie  sends  Washington  (then  21  years  old)  as  a  com- 
missioner to  investigate  the  proceedings  of  the  French  on 
the  Ohio;  Washington  leaves  Williamsburg  with  a  few  at- 
tendants  30  Oct. 

Christopher  Gist  meets  Washington  at  Cumberland  and  ac- 
companies him 14  Nov. 

They  arrive  at  Logstown 24  Nov. 

They  reach  fort  Le  Bceuf  on  French  creek,  Pa.,  about  15  miles 
south  of  lake  Erie 11  Dec. 

Deliver  gov.  Dinwiddie's  letter  to  St.  Pierre,  commandant  at 
Le  Bceuf,  receive  a  written  reply,  and  return 16  Dec. 

Reach  Williamsburg  in  11  weeks,  after  a  journey  of  1500  miles 

through  an  almost  trackless  wilderness 16  Jan. 

[The  answer  of  the  French  was  evasive  and  unsatisfactory.] 

Assembly  vote  10,000Z.  for  an  expedition  to  protect  the  Ohio 
company  in  settling  the  territory  on  the  Ohio  and  building 
fortifications Feb. 

Washington,  with  2  companies,  sent  by  gov.  Dinwiddie  to  the 
Great  Meadows Apr. 

Washington  attacks  a  small  party  of  French  near  the  Great 

Meadows 28  May, 

[The  leader,  M.  De  Jumonville,  was  killed ;  first  bloodshed 
in  this  war.] 

Washington  surrenders  fort  Necessity,  a  rude  stockade  at  the 
Great  Meadows,  to  the  French  after  a  spirited  defence,  and 

with  military  honors  leads  out  its  garrison 3  July, 

["In  the  whole  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  to  its  head-springs 
in  the  Alleghanies,  no  standard  floated  but  that  of  France. '  '— 
5ancro/rs  "Hist.  U.  S."] 

Fort  Cumberland,  about  55  miles  northwest  of  Winchester, 


1752 


1753 


built. 


Gen.  Edward  Braddock  arrives  in  Virginia  as  commander-in- 
chief  of  all  the  forces  in  America Feb. 

Gen.  Braddock  starts  from  fort  Cumberland  for  fort  Duquesne 
with  2150  men  (Pennsylvania) 7-8-10  June, 

Consternation  on  the  western  frontier  of  Virginia  in  conse- 
quence of  Braddock's  defeat 

Virginia  assembly  votes  40,000i.  for  the  public  service;  calls  out 
1500  men  for  active  duty,  and  appoints  Washington  com- 
mander-in-chief  Aug. 

Assembly  allows  Washington  'SOOl.  as  a  compensation  for  his 
losses  at  the  battle  of  Monongahela  (Pennsylvania,  1755),  Aug. 

Washington  visits  gov.  Shirley  at  Boston  to  deliver  to  him  a 
memorial  from  the  officers  of  the  Virginia  regiment  asking 
king's  commissions,  and  also  to  acquaint  himself  with  the 

governor's  military  plans Feb.-Mch. 

[During  this  journey  made  on  horseback,  while  a  guest  of 
his  friend  Beverly  Robinson,  Washington  became  acquainted 
with  miss  Mary  Phillipse,  afterwards  wife  of  col.  Roger  Mor- 
ris, an  officer  in  the  British  army.] 

Winchester  incorporated  1752 ;  the  only  settlement  not  deserted 
west  of  the  Blue  Ridge 

Gov.  Robert  Dinwiddie  retires Ian. 

[John  Blair,  president  of  the  council,  acting  governor.] 

Francis  Fauquier,  appointed  governor,  arrives 7  June, 


1758 


VIR 


915 


VIR 


Oen.  John  Forbes's  expedition  against  fort  Duquesne  (Pennsyl- 
vania)   July,  1758 

Washington  commands  a  regiment,  and  from  it  garrisons  fort 
Pitt  (formerly  Duquesne),  then  considered  within  the  juris- 
diction of  Virginia.  He  marches  back  to  Wmchester  and 
takes  his  seat  in  the  assembly,  resigning  his  commission  after 
more  than  5  years'  continuous  service Dec.     " 

/He  marries  Martha,  widow  of  John  Parke  Custis,  and  daughter 
of  John  Dandridge G  Jan.  1759 
Patrick  Henry's  speech  in  the  "  Parsons'  case  " 1  Dec.  1763 

Stamp  act  approved  by  the  king 22  Mch.  1765 

Patrick  Henry  introduces  in  the  Virginiaassembly  5  resolutions 

against  the  Stamp  act 30  May,     " 

[During  the  debate,  referring  to  the  fate  of  Tarquin,  Caesar, 
and  Charles  I.,  he  boldly  exclaimed  that  George  III.  might 
profit  by  their  example.  The  resolutions  passed  by  a  close 
vote;  the  5th  by  a  majority  of  1.] 

Virginia  prevented  by  gov.  Fauquier  from  sending  delegates  to 
the  congress  in  New  York  to  oppose  the  Stamp  act Oct.     '' 

George  Mercer  appointed  distributer  of  stamps,  but  not  permit- 
ted to  serve Oct.     ♦' 

Repeal  of  the  Stamp  act Mch.  1766 

Gov.  Fauquier  d 1768 

Norborne  Berkeley,  baron  de  Boutetourt,  arrives  in  Virginia  as 
governor Nov.     " 

Gov.  Boutetourt  d Oct.  1770 

[William  Nelson,  president  of  the  council,  acting  governor.] 

John  Murray,  earl  of  Dunmore,  governor,  arrives  at  Williams- 
burg   1772 

Virginia  House  of  Assembly  appoints  a  "  Committee  of  Corre- 
spondence," and  recommends  similar  appointments  to  the 
other  colonies  to  promote  union Mch.  1773 

Gov.  Dunmore  dissolves  the  house  of  burgesses  for  setting  apart 
1  June  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  in  sympathy  with  the 
people  of  Boston 25  May,  1774 

First  Continental  Congress  meets  at  Philadelphia;  Peyton  Ran- 
dolph of  Virginia  president 5  Sept.     " 

Indian  war " 

[Gov.  Dunmore's  conduct  of  the  expedition  from  fort  Pitt 
to  meet  gen.  Lewis  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha  sug- 
gests i)remeditated  treachery.  (See  "Narrative  and  Critical 
History  of  America,"  vol  vi.  p.  716.)  This  war  was  caused  by 
the  cold-blooded  murder  of  the  family  and  relatives  of  Logan, 
chief  of  the  Mingoes,  and  other  atrocities  by  the  frontier  men.] 

Battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  at  the  junction  of  the  Great  Kanawha 

and  Ohio,  opposite  the  present  town  of  Gallipolis,  0 10  Oct.     " 

[About  1200  Virginians  under  gen.  Andrew  Lewis  were  at- 
tacked by  1500  Indians  led  by  Cornstalk  and  Logan.    The  Ind- 
ians, after  fighting  all  day,  retreated.    The  Virginians  lost  75 
killed  and  140  wounded.] 
k/  Speech  of  Patrick  Henry  before  the  convention  in  the  old 

church  at  Richmond,  urging  resistance  to  England. .  .20  Mch.  1775 

Gov.  Dunmore  removes  the  gunpowder  at  Williamsburg  to  a 
British  man-of-war  in  the  James  river 20  Apr. 

Gov.  Dimmore  leaves  Williamsburg,  taking  refuge  on  board  the 
Fowey,  a  British  ship,  at  Yorktown 8  June, 

GeorgeWashingtonappointedcommander-in-chiefof  the  Amer- 
ican forces  by  Congress 15  June, 

Virginia  convention  appoints  a  Committee  of  Safety,  with  Ed- 

.    mnud  Pendleton  president July, 

%/Tliis  convention  appoints  Patrick  Henry  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Virginian  forces 

Battle  of  Great  Bridge,  near  the  Dismal  Swamp,  12  miles  from 

Norfolk 9  Dec. 

[Col.  William  Woodford's  successful  defence  against  troops 
of  lord  Dunmore,  who  lost  55  killed  and  wounded.  John 
Marshall,  afterwards  chief-justice  of  the  U.  S.,  was  a  lieuten- 
ant under  Woodford.  This  was  the  first  bloodshed  of  the 
Revolution  in  Virginia.] 

•  Lord  Dunmore  burns  Norfolk 1  Jan.  1776 
Patrick  Henry,  feeling  slighted,  resigns  as  commander-in-chief, 

Feb.     " 

^  Patrick  Henry  elected  a  delegate  to  the  convention Apr.     " 

Convention  instructs  her  delegates  to  Congress  to  advocate  in- 
dependence   15  .May,     " 

Declaration  of  rights  by  George  Mason  adopted  by  the  conven- 
tion   12  June,     " 

V  Patrick  Henry  elected  governor  of  Virginia Tune,     " 

•  State  constitution  adopted,  and  colonial  government  ceases  in 

Virginia 29  June,      '| 

Kentucky  made  a  countv  of  Virgin. a " 

Henry  Clay  born  in  "The  Slashes,"  Hanover  county.  ..12  Apr.  1777 
Maj.  George  Roger  Clarke  sent  by  gov.  Henry  with  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  British  fort  at  Kaskaskia  (now  in  Illinois) 

and  captures  it 4  July,  1778 

He  also  occupies  Vincennes  (Illinois) Aug.     " 

All  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio  river  occupied  by  Clarke 
is  made  by  the  Virginia  assembly  into  the  county  of  Illi- 
nois   Oct.     ' ' 

Col.  John  Todd  appointed  its  county-lieutenant 12  Dec.     " 

Richmond  becomes  the  capital  of  the  state 1779 

Virginia  tenders  to  Congress  the  entire  region  beyond  the  Ohio,  1780 
[This  vast  domain  extended  to  the  Mississippi.     Virginia 
retained  the  jurisdiction  of  the  remaining  territory  east  of 
the  Mississippi  river  and  north  of  35°  30'.] 

Virginia  charters  the  town  of  Louisville,  Ky " 

Virginia  issues  $30,000,000,  and  makes  it  legal  tender  at  $40  for 

$1 ; " 

Benedict  Arnold,  with  1600  men,  enters  the  James  river  by 

order  of  sir  Henry  Clinton 2  Jan.  1781 

He  plunders  Richmond  and  destroys  stores 5-6  Jan.     " 


He  fixes  headquarters  at  Portsmouth 20  Mch.  1781 

Gen.  Phillips,  with  2000  men,  reinforces  him 27  Mch. 

Phillips  and  Arnold  leave  Portsmouth  18  Apr.  and  occupy  Peters- 
burg, driving  out  baron  Steuben  and  gen.  Nelson 24  Apr. 

Gen.  Lafayette  approaches  Petersburg 11  May, 

Gen.  Phillips  dies  at  Petersburg 13  May, 

Lord  Cornwaliis  reaches  Petersburg 19  May, 

Corn wallis  sends  Arnold  to  New  York May, 

Cornwaliis  starts  in  pursuit  of  Lafayette " 

Lafayette  and  Wayne  unite  their  forces 7  June, 

Cornwaliis  retires  to  Williamsburg 25  June, 

[Estimated  destruction  of  property  by  the  British  during 
this  campaign  in  Virginia,  $15,000,000.] 
Lafayette  attacks  Cornwaliis  near  Green  Springs,  and  is  re- 
pulsed   6  July, 

Cornwaliis  crosses  the  James  and  reaches  Portsmouth.  .9  July, 

Cornwaliis  retires  with  his  army  to  Yorktown 4  Aug. 

Gen.  Lafayette  at  the  forks  of  the  Pamunky  and  Mattaponey, 

13  Aug. 
American  and  French  army  starts  for  Yorktown,  Va.,  from  the 

Hudson  river 25  Aug. 

Count  deGrasse  arrives  in  the  Chesapeake  with  26  French  ships 

of  the  line,  besides  frigates  and  transports 30  Aug. 

Combined  army  passes  Philadelphia  on  the  way  to  Yorktown, 

2  Sept. 
Count  de  St.  Simon  lands  3200  French  at  Jamestown  island,  and 

Lafayette  joins  him  at  Green  Spring 3  Sept. 

They  occupy  Williamsburg,  about  15  miles  from  Yorktown, 

5  Sept. 
British  fleet  under  adm. Graves  appears  off  the  Chesapeake,  and 

skirmishes  with  the  French  fleet 7  Sept. 

Washington  reaches  Williamsburg 14  Sept. 

He  visits  count  de  Grasse  to  plan  the  siege 18  Sept. 

French  and  American  army  (about  16,000)  advances  within  2 

miles  of  the  British  outposts 28  Sept. 

First  parallel  of  the  American  opened  on  Yorktown. .  .5-6  Oct. 

Storming  parties  (American  under  col.  Alexander  Hamilton  and 

French  under  baron  de  Viomenil)  carry  2  British  redoubts, 

14  Oct. 
Lieut,  -col.  Abercrombie  vainly  assaults  the  French  batteries  on 

the  morning  of 16  Oct. 

Cornwaliis  attempts  to  escape  across  the  river  to  Gloucester 

Point  on  the  n  ght  of 16  Oct. 

[He  was  prevented  by  a  storm.] 

Negotiations  for  capitulation  begin 17  Oct. 

Cornwaliis  surrenders  7247  men,  75  brass  guns,  69  iron  guns, 

19  Oct. 

[Several  vessels,  with  900  oflBcers  and  men,  surrendered  to 
the  French  fleet.  Casualties  during  the  siege:  Americans, 
23  killed,  65  wounded;  French.  52  killed,  134  wounded;  Brit- 
ish, 156  killed,  326  wounded,  70  missing.  This  victory,  large- 
ly dte  to  chance,  virtually  ended  the  war. — "Narrative  and 
Critical  Hist.-  of  America,"  vol.  vi.  p.  504.] 
Adm.  Digby  appears  off  the  capes  of  the  Chesapeake  with  25 
, ships  of  the  line,  2  50-gun  ships,  and  8  frigates,  carrying  sir 

Henry  Clinton  and  7000  troops 24  Oct.     " 

Learning  of  the  surrender,  he  returns  to  New  York 29  Oct.     " 

Thomas  Fairfax,  6th  lord  and  baron  of  Cameron,  dies  at  his 
lodge,  Greenway  court,  Frederick  county,  aged  90  years, 

12  Dec.     " 
[He  was  a  stanch  loyalist,  but  took  no  part  in  the  war. 
Learning  that  his  friend  Washington  had  compelled  Corn- 
waliis to  surrender,  he  was  overcome  with  emotion,  exclaim- 
ing, "It  is  time  for  me  to  die."] 
Northwest  territory,  ceded  by  Virginia  to  the  U.  S.,  accepted  by 

Congress 1784 

Religious  Freedom  act  passed 1785 

It  is  made  treason  to  erect  a  new  state  in  the  territory  of  Vir- 
ginia without  permission  from  the  assembly Oct.     " 

Legislature  authorizes  the  5  counties  of  Kentucky  to  elect  5 

delegates  each  to  consider  an  independent  government. Nov.     " 
James  Rumsey  moves  a  boat  by  steam  on  the  Potomac. .  .Mch.  1786 

Lynchburg  on  the  James  river  laid  out " 

Kentucky  favors  separation  at  a  convention  held  at  Danville, 

7  Sept.  1787 
Convention  at  Richmond  on  the  Federal  Constitution.  .2  June,  1788 
Patrick  Henry,  James  Monroe,  George  Mason,  etc.,  oppose  it; 
James  Madison,  Edmund  Pendleton,  John  Marshall,  etc.,  ad- 
vocate it.     It  is  ratified,  89  to  79 25  June,     " 

Virginia  cedes  40  sq.  miles  south  of  the  Potomac  to  the  U.  S. 

for  a  Federal  district 1790 

[This  land  was  restored  to  Virginia  by  Congress  in  July, 
1846.     District  of  Columbia.] 
Government  armory  and   manufactory  located  at   Harper's 

Ferry 4  Mch.  1798 

Patrick  Henry  d 6  June,  1799 

George  Washington  d 14  Dec.     " 

Insurrection  of  the  negroes  under  one  Gabriel,  slave  of  a  plant- 
er near  Richmond 1800 

[Most  of  the  negroes  were  captured  and  executed.] 
John  Marshall  of  Virginia  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  Su- 
preme court 31  Jan.  1801 

Richmond  Enquirer  appears  at  Richmond 9  Mch.  1804 

Trial  of  Aaron  Burr  for  high-treason  at  Richmond 1  Sept.  1807 

Verdict,  not  proven,  returned  (Burr's  conspiracy) 9  Sept.     " 

Theatre  at  Richmond  burned 26  Dec.  1811 

(During  a  play  called  "The  Bleeding  Nun  "  about  70  per- 
ished, among  them  the  governor,  George  W.  Smith.] 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  company  chartered 27  Jan.  1824 

University  of  Virginia  opened 25  Mch.  1825 

[It  was  chartered  1819.] 


VIR 

Tb«  Whig,  newBiwpor.  appoars  lu  Richmond. •  VpVh 

A«»inbly  coudeinus  the  larifl  as  uucouslilutlonal 21  Feb. 

G«oloKlcal  survey  of  Virgin  in  ordered  (completed  in  6  years) . . 

Sixty  gold  mines  or  "diggings"  worked  in  Virginia  (26  in 
Siwilsvlvttuia  and  15  In  Orange  county) •  •  •  • 

John  IJrown.  with  several  men,  rents  a  small  fiirm  near  Har 
iwr'H  Kerry •'""®' 

Bn>wn.  with  16  whiles  and  6  blacks,  captures  the  U.  S.  armory 
building  at  Han»er'8  Kerry  on  the  night  of 16  Oct. 

Alliicked  by  V.  S.  troo|>a  under  col.  Robert  E.  I.ee,  he  is  capt- 
ured with  the  survivors 18  Oct. 

He  is  hung  at  Charleston,  Va.  (Brown'8,  John,  insurbkction). 

Gov.  Ix>tther  calls  an  extra  session  of  the  legislature,  which 

orders  a  convention 13  "I***- 

Convention  n^jecU  an  ordinance  of  secession,  89  to  46. .  .4  Apr. 
It  chooses  3  commissioners  to  ask  of  the  president  his  policy 

towanls  the  Confederate  Stales *  Apr. 

First  shot  at  fort  Sumter  (Vom  Stevens's  battery,  fired  by 
Edmund  Ruffln  of  Virginia  at  his  earnest  request  (United 

States) .12  Apr. 

Virginian  commissioners  present  their  credentials  to  the  pres- 
ident  13  Apr. 

President  answers  the  commissioners,  refusing  to  acknowledge 
the  Confederate  Slates 15  Apr. 

Gov.  [.etcher  refuses  to  furnish  troops  at  the  call  of  the  presi- 
dent   16  Apr. 

Virginia  Stale  convention  passes  a  secession  ordinance,  88  to 
M,  subject  to  a  vote  of  the  people 17  Apr. 

Gov.  I^etther  by  proclamatiou  recognizes  the  Confederacy,  and 
orders  the  stale  troops  in  readiness 17  Apr. 

Norfolk  harbor  obstructed  by  sinking  vessels,  by  order  of  gov. 
Letrher 17  Apr. 

Gen.  W.  B.  Talieferro  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Virginia 
troops  at  Norfolk  18  Apr. 

Harper's  Kerry,  threatened  by  Virginia  militia,  is  evacuated 
by  lieut.  Jones  and  45  regulars,  after  destroying  public  prop- 
erly   18  Apr. 

Norfolk  navy-yard  evacuated  and  property  destroyed.  .20  Apr. 
[Among  the  ships  scuttled  and  sunk  was  the  Merrimac, 
aaerwards  raised  and  iron  clad.     See  9  Mch.  1862.] 

Robert  K.  I.ee  nominated  by  the  governor  and  confirmed  by 
Ihe  convention  as  commander  of  the  state  forces 21  Apr. 

Virginia  convention  sends  commissioners  to  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  vice-president  of  the  Confederacy,  to  treat  for  the 
annexation  of  Virginia 24  Apr. 

Governors  proclamation  that  Virginia  is  a  member  of  the  Con- 
federacy (subject  to  popular  vote  in  May) 25  Apr. 

Richmond  becomes  the  capital  of  the  Confederacy  and  general 
rendezvous  of  southern  troops May, 

Virginia  incorporated  with  the  Confederacy,  and  gen.  Robert 
E.  Lee  in  command  of  the  Virginia  Confederate  forces, 

6  May, 

Gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler  takes  command  at  fortress  Monroe, 

22  May, 

People  confirm  the  secession  ordinance 23  May, 

First  advance  of  the  federals  into  Virginia. 24  May, 

[3  regiments  crossed  at  Georgetown,  4  at  Washington,  and  1 
(Ellsworth  Zouaves)  at  Alexandria.] 

Col.  E.  E.  Ellsworth  enters  Alexandria  in  command  of  the  New 
York  Fire  Zouaves,  and  is  shot  by  Jackson,  a  hotel-keeper 
at  Alexandria,  while  taking  down  a  Confederate  flag, 

24  May, 
[Jackson  was  instantly  shot  by  Francis  E.  Brownell,  one  of 
the  Zouaves.] 

Slaves  around  fortress  Monroe  entering  the  Federal  lines  are 
declared  "contrabrand  "  by  gen.  B.  F.  Butler 27  May, 

Occupation  of  Newport  New^s  by  the  federals 27-29  May, 

Federal  troops  cross  the  Ohio  at  Wheeling  and  at  Parkersburg, 

27  May, 

Occupy  GraOon,  W.  Va 30  May, 

Affair  at  Philippi,  confederates  retreat  to  Beverly 3  June, 

Gen.  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard  proclaims  to  the  people  of  Loudoun, 
Fairfax,  and  Prince  William  counties  that  the  federals  are 
warring  for  "  Beauty  and  Booty  "... ,5  June, 

Virginia  troops  transferred  to  the  Confederate  government  by 
the  governor 8  June, 

Affair  at  Big  Bethel,  near  fortress  Monroe 10  June, 

[Maj.  Theodore  Winlhrop,  aid  to  gen.  Butler,  killed.     The 
federals  repulsed  with  slight  loss.] 

Gen.  Patterson  crosses  the  Potomac  at  Williamsport 2  July, 

[His  advance  defeated  gen.  Jackson's  brigade  at  Falling  Wa- 
ter.] 

Affair  at  Rich  Mountain.  W.  Va. :  the  confederates  under  col. 
George  H.  Pegram  defeated  by  the  federals  under  gen.  Rose- 
crans 11  July, 

Battle  at  Carricksford,  W.  Va. ;  confederates  defeated  with  the 
loss  of  their  general,  Robert  S.  Garnett 14  July, 

Battle  of  Bill  Ru.v 21  July, 

Gen.  Patterson  relieves  gen.  Nathaniel  P.  Banks  in  command 

of  the  department  of  the  Shenandoah 25  July, 

'j.  gen.  George  B.  McClellan  appointed  to  the  army  of  the 

Potomac 27  July, 

JIding  or  accepting  office  under  the  Federal  government  de- 
clared treason  by  the  state 1  Aug. 

Battle  of  Ball's  Blcff 21  Oct. 

West  Virginia  votes  for  a  separation  from  Virginia;  vote  sub- 
stantially .unanimous 24  Oct. 

Confederate  armies  in  Virginia  reorganized  under  gen.  Joseph 
E.  Johnston 9  Nov. 

Union  troops  occupy  Big  Bethel 3  Jan. 


916 


VIR 


1826 
1829 
1836 


1861 


At  Hampton  Roads  the  Confederate  ram  Merrimac,  capt.  Frank- 
lin Buchanan,  sinks  the  Federal  ship  Cumberland,  captures 
the  Congress,  and  forces  the  Minnesota  aground 8  Mch. 

Battle  between  the  Merrimac  and  Monitor,  lieut.  Worden  com- 
mander; Merrimac  retires 9  Mch. 

Manassas  Junction  evacuated  by  the  confederates 10  Mch. 

Battle  of  Winchester  or  Kernstown,  gen.  James  Shields  com- 
manding Federal  forces;  gen.  "Stonewall"  Jackson,  confed- 
erates ;  confederates  retire 23  Mch. 

Peninsular  campaign  in  Virginia  begun " 

Norfolk  reoccupied  by  Union  troops 11  May, 

Confederates  under  "Stonewall"  Jackson  drive  gen.  Banks 
from  Winchester 25  May, 

Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  assumes  command  of  the  Confederate  forces 
in  Virginia 3  June, 

Battle  of  Cross- Keys:  gen.  Fremont  attacks  a  part  of  Jackson's 
command  under  gen.  Ewell,  but  retires  (Cross-Kkys,  Pknin- 

SULAR  CAMPAIGN) 8  June. 

Battle  of  Port  Republic:  the  federals  with  2  brigades  (3000) 
defeated  by  "Stonewall"  Jackson  (8000)  (Peninsular  cam- 
paign)   9  June, 

Maj. -gen.  John  Pope  appointed  to  the  army  of  Virginia  (Pope's 
Virginia  campaign) 26  June, 

Lee  advances  into  Maryland;  "  Stonewall "  Jackson  crosses  the 
Potomac  at  White's  ford,  near  Leesburg 5  Sept. 

"Stonewall"  Jackson  captures  Harper's  Ferry  (Maryland 
campaign) 15  Sept. 

Battle  of  Fredericksburg 13  Dec. 

Battle  of  Chancellorsville 2,  3,  4  May, 

Federals  under  Millroy  driven  out  of  Winchester  by  the  Con- 
federate gen.  Ewell  (Gettysburg) ".  .15  June, 

Grant's  campaign  in  Virginia  begins 4  May, 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  forbids  civil  government  in  Norfolk  liy  F.  H. 

Pierpont  as  loyal  governor  of  Virginia 30  June, 

[On  appeal,  the  president  sustained  gen.  Butler.] 

Maj. -gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  appointedto  the  army  of  the  Shen- 
andoah   7  Aug. 

Battle  of  Winchester 19  Sept. 

Battle  of  Fisher's  Hill 22  Sept. 

Battle  of  Cedar  Creek 19  Oct. 

Confederates  abandon  and  partly  burn  Richmond 2  Apr. 

Surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  (Grant's  Virginia  campaign), 

9  Apr. 

Francis  H.  Pierpont  recognized  as  governor  of  Virginia  by  a 
proclamation  of  pres.  Johnson 9  May, 

Gov.  Pierpont  assumes  office 26  May, 

XIV. th  Amendment  rejected  by  Virginia 

By  act  of  Congress  the  Federal  government  assumes  the  gov- 
ernment of  V^irginia 2  Mch. 

Gen.  Schofield  assigned  to  the  1st  Military  District 13  Mch. 

Gen.  Schofield  prescribes  regulations  for  registering  voters  for 
a  state  convention 13  May, 

Election  for  a  convention  to  frame  a  constitution 22  Oct. 

[Vote  for,  107,342;  against,  61,887.] 

Convention  meets  3  Dec,  adjourns  20  Dec.  1867,  to 2  Jan. 

Convention  reassembles " 

Convention  adopts  a  constitution  by  51  to  36 17  Apr. 

[It  was  to  be  submitted  to  the  people  2  June;  state  officers 
and  representatives  of  Congress  to  be  elected  at  the  same 
time.  The  assembly  to  meet  24  June.  No  election  was  held, 
the  state  remaining  under  military  authority.] 

Gen.  Schofield  relieved,  and  gen.  George  Stoneman  assigned  to 
the  command 1  June, 

Gen.  George  Stoneman  relieved,  and  gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby  assumes 
command 20  Apr. 

Virginia  adopts  her  new  constitution  at  an  election  by  a  ma- 
jority of  39,957 6  July, 

[It  recognizes  equal  civil  rights  irrespective  of  race,  color, 
or  former  condition.     Gilbert  C.  Walker  elected  governor.] 

Legislature  assembles  at  Richmond 5  Oct. 

[The  first  deliberative  assembly  of  the  state  for  3  years,  and 
the  first  regular  legislature  for  10.] 

XlV.th  and  XV.th  Amendments  to  the  Federal  Constitution 
ratified 8  Oct. 

Act  admitting  Virginia  into  the  Union  without  further  condi- 
tions approved 26  Jan. 

Gen.  Canby  turns  the  state  over  to  the  civil  authorities, 

27  Jan. 

Gov.  Walker  proclaims  the  final  reconstruction  of  the  state, 

8  Feb. 

Capitol  at  Richmond  falls,  the  galleries  giving  away;  about  60 
persons  killed  and  120  injured 27  Apr. 

Freshets  in  the  James  and  Shenandoah  valleys;  $5,000,000 
worth  of  property  destroyed Sept. 

Burning  of  the  Spotswood  hotel  at  Richmond 25  Dec. 

State  Board  of  Health  organized  in  Virginia 

Gen.  Grant  has  a  majority  for  president  of  1975  over  Horace 
Greeley 

State  Board  of  Immigration  established 

Completion  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  railroad  between  Rich- 
mond and  Huntington  on  the  Ohio;  length  421  miles 

Richmond  and  Atlantic  "  Air  Line  "  railroad  opened 

James  river  free  bridge  at  Richmond  completed 

Constitutional  amendment  abolishing  the  township  system  rati- 
fied  

Educational  convention  (colored)  meets  at  Richmond.  .24  Aug. 

Statue  of  gen.  Thomas  ("Stonewall  ")  Jackson  unveiled  on  Cap 
itol  square  at  Richmond 26  Oct. 

Violent  earthquake  shock  at  Richmond 22  Dec. 

W.  W.  Corcoran  of  Washington  gives  the  University  of  Virginia 
$55,000 


1863 
1864 


1872 
1873 


1874 
1875 


Edward  Maria  Wingfleld., 

John  Ratcliflfe 

Capt.  John  Smith 

George  Percy . . 


Lord  Delaware.. , 
Sir  Thomas  Dale.. 


Sir  Thomas  Gates.. 


1607  to  1608 

1608  "  1610 

1610  '•  1611 

GOVERNORS. 
1611 
1611 

1611  to  1614 


Sir  Thomas  Dale |  1614  "  1616 

George  Yeardley .1  1616  "  1617 

Samuel  Argall j  1617  "  1619 

Sir  George  Yeardlev 1619  "  1621 

Sir  Francis  Wyatt 1621  "  1626 

Sir  George  Yeardley !  1626  -'1627 

Francis  West i  1627  "  1629 

John  Potts 1629 


Deposed  from  the  oflQce 

by  the  colonists. 
Relieved. 
Returns  to  England. 


Returns  to  England. 
(Dep.  gov.     Superseded 
\     by  sir  Thomas  Gates. 
(Dep.  gov.     Returns  to 
(     England. 

JDep.  gov.     Returns  to 
(     England. 

Dep.  gov. 

"  Depose*. 

Returns  to  England. 

Dies  in  office. 

Acting. 

(      "  Relieved    by 

(    John  Harvey. 


VIR  917 

Twenty-four  U.  S.  soldiers  posted  at  Petersburg  to  protect  the 
polls 4-13  Nov.  1876 

Readjusters,  formerly  Democrats,  organize  as  a  party. .  .25  Feb.  1879 

Readjusters  hold  a  state  convention  at  Richmond 7  July,  1880 

One  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  cele- 
brated at  Yorktown 19  Oct.  1881 

[Robert  C.  Winthrop  of  Massachusetts  delivered  the  oration. 
Representatives  of  the  families  of  Lafayette,  count  Rocham- 
beau.  and  baron  Steuben  were  present.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  monument  (122  ft.  high),  to  commemorate  this  victory, 
was  laid  18  Oct.  1881;  military  review  20,  and  naval  21 
Oct.  ] 

Act  passed  making  receivable  for  taxes  only  gold,  silver,  U.  S. 
Treasury  notes,  national  bank-notes,  and  currency  (excluding 
coupons  on  state  bonds) 26  Jan.  1882 

"  Riddleberger  act"  passed,  oflfering  terms  of  settlement  with 
state  bond-holders 14  Feb.     " 

All  acts  for  punishment  by  stripes  repealed,  and  other  punish- 
ment substituted " 

Legislature  meets  in  extra  session 7  Mch.-22  Apr.     " 

Amendment  to  state  constitution  abrogating  capitation  tax  as  a 
condition  of  voting  ratified  by  vote,  107,303  to  66,131,  at  elec- 
tion  Nov.     " 

Virginia  Normal  and  Collegiate  institute  established  at  Peters- 
burg   1883 

Extra  session  of  the  legislature Aug.-Dec.  1884 

Southwestern  Lunatic  asylum  provided  for  by  law " 

State  Woman  Normal  school  established  at  Farmville " 

U.  S.  Supreme  court  decides  that  coupons  are  a  good  tender  in 
payment  of  taxes  in  Virginia 20  Apr.  1885 

Act  to  establish  an  Agricultural  Experiment  station  at  the 
Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  college  at  Blacksburg; 
one  appointing  a  commission  to  fix  the  boundary  line  with 
North  Carolina,  and  a  Local  Option  act  passed  by  legislature, 
which  adjourns 5  Mch.  1886 

Legislature  convenes  in  extra  session  16  Mch.  1887;  among 
other  acts  passes  one  to  punish  persons  fraudulently  using 
coupons,  and  adjourns 24  May,  1887 

Board  of  Agriculture  established  by  legislature,  which  ad- 
journs  5  Mch.  1888 

College  of  William  and  Mary  becomes  State  Male  Normal  col- 
lege by  act  approved 5  Mch.     " 

Nineteenth  Jan.  (gen.  Robert  E.  Lee's  birthday)  made  a  legal 
holiday  by  legislature  at  session  ending 1  Mch.  1890 

Mercie's  equestrian  statue  of  gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  unveiled  at 
Richmond 29  May,     " 

Monument  to  the  Confederate  dead  unveiled  at  Fredericks- 
burg  10  June,  1891 

Statue  of  gen.  Stonewall  Jackson  unveiled  at  Lexington;  15,000 
Confederate  veterans  present;  oration  by  gen.  Early, 

21  July,     " 

Thomas  W.  Bocock,  born  1815,  for  14  years  a  congressman  and 
for  4  years  s|)eaker  of  the  Confederate  Congress,  dies  in  Ap- 
pomattox county 5  Aug.     " 

Appomattox  Courthouse  building  destroyed  by  fire 3  Feb.  1892 

Legislature  ratifies  a  final  settlement  of  the  State  debt  with  the 
bond-holders.  $19,000,000  in  bonds,  to  run  100  years  at  2  per 
cent,  for  10  years  and  3  per  cent,  for  90  years,  to  be  issued  for 
the  $28,000,000  outstanding Feb.     " 

Senator  John  S.  Barbour  dies  suddenly  in  Washington, 

14  May,     " 

Eppa  Hunton  of  Warrenton,  under  executive  appointment  28 
May,  qualifies  as  U.  S.  senator 1  June,     " 

Corner-stone  of  new  Chamber  of  Commerce  laid  at  Richmond, 

25  Aug.     " 

Convention  of  Southern  governors  meet  at  Richmond  in  the 
interest  of  the  South 12  Apr.  1893 

Remains  of  Jefferson  Davis,  brought  from  New  Orleans,  buried 
in  Hollywood  cemetery,  Richmond 31  May,     *' 

Jubal  A.  Early,  confederate  general,  dies  at  Lynchburg, 

2  Mch.  1894 

Monument  at  Fredericksburg,  erected  to  the  memory  of  the 
mother  of  Washington,  unveiled 10  May,     " 

GOVERNORS   UNDER  THE   COLONIAL   GOVERNMENT. 
PRESIDENTS  OF   THE   COUNCIL. 


VIR 
GOVERNORS.— (Continued  J 


Name. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

John  Harvey 

1629  to  1635 

1635  "  1636 

1636  "  1639 
1639  "  1641 
1641  "  1652 
1652  "  1655 

1655  "  1656 

1656  "  1660 

1660  "  1661 

1661  "  1663 

1663  "  1677 

1677  "  1678 

1678  "  1680 

1680  "  1684 

1684  "  1688 
1688  "  1690 
1690  "  1692 
1692  "  1698 
1698  "  1705 

1705  "  1706 

1706  "  1710 
1710  "  1722 
1722  "  1726 
1726  "  1749 
1749  "  1752 
1749  "  1752 
1752  "  1758 
1758  "  1768 
1768  "  1770 
1770  "  1772 
1772  "  1775 

\  Goes  to  England  to  an- 
(     swer  charges. 
Acting. 

John  West 

John  Harvey 

Sir  Francis  Wyatt 

Sir  William  Berkeley 

Richard  Bennett 

(Appointed  by  the  Com- 
■{     monwealth    of   Eng- 
land 
(Appointed  by  the  Com- 
<     monwealth   of   Eng- 
(     l.nd. 

Edward  Digges 

Samuel  Matthews         .  .. 

Sir  William  Berkeley 

Col.  Francis  Moryson 

Sir  William  Berkeley 

Sir  Herbert  Jeffreys 

Sir  Henry  Chicheley 

Lord  Culpepper 

Returns  to  England. 

Acting. 
(  Retires  to  England  to 
\     remain. 

Lt-gov.    Dies  in  office. 

Dep.  gov. 
(Recalled  and  deprived 
(     of  his  office. 

Retires  to  England. 

Acting. 

Lord  Howard  of  Effingham. 
Nathaniel  Bacon 

Francis  Nicholson     . 

Sir  Edmund  Andros 

Francis  Nicholson 

Removed. 

Edward  Nott 

Dep.gov.  Dies  in  office. 

Lt-gov.     Removed. 
''          Dies  in  office 

Edmund  Jennings 

Alexander  Spotswood 

Hugh  Drysdale 

William  Gouch. . . .». 

Thomas  Lee  and ) 

}  Acting. 
Lt.  gov. 

Lewis  Burwell j 

Robert  Dinwiddle    

Francis  Fauquier 

Lord  Boutetourt  .   . 

"           Dies 

William  Nelson  . .  . . 

Lord  Dunmore 

/Last  of  the  royal  gov- 
(    ernors. 

Provisional  convention from  17  July,  1775,  to  12  June,  1776 

GOVERNORS  UNDER  THE  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS  AND  THE 
CONSTITUTION. 


Patrick  Henry 1776  to  1779 

Thomas  .Jefferson 1779  "  1781 

Thomas  Nelson 1781 

Benjamin  Harrison 1781  to  1784 

Patrick  Henry 1784  "  1786 

Edmund  Randolph 1786  "  1788 

Beverly  Randolph 1788  "  1791 

Henry  Lee 1791  "  1794 

Robert  Brooke 1794  "  1796 

James  Wood j  1796  "  1799 

James  Monroe i  1799  "  1802 

John  Page 1802  "  1805 

William  H.  Cabell 1805  "  1808 

John  Tyler 1  1808  "  1811 

James  Monroe I         1811 

George  W.  Smith i  1811  to  1812 


Date. 


James  Barbour ,  1812 

Wilson  C.  Nicholas i  1814 

James  P.  Preston 

Thomas  M.  Randolph. 

James  Pleasants . . 

John  Tyler 

William  B.  Giles 


1816 
1819 
1822 
1825 
1826 

John  Floyd [  1829 

Littleton  W.  Tazewell j  1833 

Wypdham  Robertson I  1836 

David  Campbell 1837 

Thomas  W.  Gilmer 1840 


John  Rutherford. 
John  M.  Gregory.. 
James  McDowell.. 
William  Smith... 

John  B.  Floyd 

John  Johnson 

Joseph  Johnson. . 
Henry  A.  Wise. .. 

John  Letcher 


1841 
1842 
1843 
1846 
1849 
1851 
1852 


1814 
1816 
1819 
1822 
1825 
1826 
1829 
1833 
1836 
1837 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1846 
1849 
1851 
1852 
1856 


1860  "  1864 


William  Smith 1864 

Francis  A.  Pierpont j  1863 

Henry  A.  Wells i  1867 


1865 
1867 


Gilbert  C.  Walker. 1869  "  1874 


James  L.  Kemper. ;  1874  "  1878 

F.  W.  M.  Holliday !  1878  "  1882 

W.  E.  Cameron 1882  "  1886 

Fitz-Hugh  Lee 1886  "  1890 

Philip  W.  McKinney I  1890  "  1894 

Charles  T.  O'Ferrall |  1894  "  1808 


Resigns. 


Democrat. 


Resigns. 
Democrat. 


(  Also  governor  under  the 
(     Confederacy. 
Confederate  governor. 

j  Provisional  governor. 
\  Resigns  Sept.  1869. 
(Provisional  governor 
^  from  Sept.  1869,  to 
(  Jan.  1870. 
I  Democrat.  Maj.  -  gen. 
(     Confederate  army. 

Democrat. 

Readjuster  Democrat. 


VIR 


918 


VIV 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 


Nmm. 

No.  of  CongT^. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

1st  to    2d 

Ist 

Ist 
1st  to    4th 
ad     '•     3d 

3d     •♦    8th 

4tb  '•    8th 

6th   "    8th 

8th  "  11th 

8th   '•  14th 

8th 

8th 

nth  to  13th 

13th  "  19th 

14th 

15ih 

16th  to  17th 

17th  "  18th 

18th   "  22d 

19th  "  20th 

20th  "  24th 

22d     "  23d 
23d     "  24th 
24th  "  25lh 
24th   "  29th 
26th    "  27  th 
27th   "  30ih 
29th    "  30th 
29th   "  37th 

30th   "  37th 
37th 
37th 
38th 

1789  to  1792 

1789  "   1790 
1790 

1790  to  1796 
1792   "   1794 

1794   "   1799 

1796   "   1803 
1800    "  1804 
1804   "   1809 
1804   "   1815 

1803 
1803  to  1804 
1809   "  1814 

1815  "    1825 

1816  "   1817 

1817  "    1819 
1819  "   1822 
1822   "  1824 

1824  "   1832 

1825  "  1827 
1827   "  1836 

1833  "  1834 

1834  '•  1836 
1836    "  1837 

1836  "   1845 

1837  "   1841 
1841    "   1847 
1845   "   1847 
1847    "   1861 

1847    "  1861 

1861 
1861  to  1863 
1863    "   1864 

President  pro  tem.  18  Apr.  1792.     Resigned  1792. 

Died  1790. 

Appointed  pro  tem.  in  place  of  Grayson. 

Elected  in  place  of  Grayson. 

Klected  in  place  of  Lee.     Resigned  1794. 
(  Elected  in  place  of  Taylor;  president  »>-o  tem.  7  Dec.  1795; 
(     1799. 

Died  1803. 

Resigned  1804. 

Resigned  1815. 

Appointed  pro  tem.  in  place  of  Mason. 

Resigned  1804. 

Died  iu  office  1814. 

President  pro  tem.  15  Feb.  1819.     Resigned  1825. 

Elected  in  place  of  Giles. 

Resigned  1819. 

Elected  in  place  of  Eppes.     Resigned  1822. 

Elected  in  place  of  Pleasants.     Died  1824. 
(  Elected  in  place  of  Taylor.     President  pro  tem.  9  July,  1832. 
\     signed  1882. 

Elected  in  place  of  Barbour. 

(Defeated  Randolph  for  the  Senate.     President  pro  tem.  3 
t    1835.     Resigned  1836. 

Resigned  1834. 

Elected  in  place  of  Rives.     Resigned  1836. 

Elected  in  place  of  Leigh.           "        18.37. 

Elected  in  place  of  Tyler. 

Elected  in  place  of  Parker. 

( Elected  in  place  of  Pennybacker;  president  pro  tem.  6  Jan 
I     4  Mch.  1857;  expelled  July,  1861. 

Expelled  July,  1861. 

Elected  in  place  of  Hunter. 

Elected  in  place  of  Mason. 

Died. 

James  Monroe 

Henry  Taiewell 

died 

tStAvnna  ThnmSAII   VaJUIU         . . 

Dirilu.in  (htrv  VirhnlAD             .. .. 

Jimo^  HHrbour 

Anui^toail  T  M&son. 

Johu  W   KuiWR      

James  I'lf'as&ots. 

.Inhn  Tavlor        

I  ittlAtnn  W  Tazewell      

Re- 

John  Randolph 

John  Tyler. 

Mch. 

William  C  Rives ; 

Richard  E  Parker. 

William  H.  Roane 

William  S  Archer 

Isaac  S.  Pennvbacker 

James  M  Mason     

and 

Robert  M.  T.  Hunter 

John  S  Carlile        

WaitemanT.  Willey 

John  J.  Bowden 

John  W.  Johnston. . 

John  F.  Lewis 

Robert  E.  Withers.. 
William  .Mahone... 
H.  H.  Riddleberger. 
John  W.  Daniels... 
John  S.  Barbour..;. 

Eppa  Hunton 

Thomas  S.  Martin. . 


39th  and  40th  Congresses  vacant. 

41st  1870  to  1883  I 

41st  to  44th  1870  "  1875 

44th  "  47th  1875  "  1881 

47th  ''  50th  1881  "  1887 

48th  "  51st  1883  "  1889 

50th  "  1887  "  

5l8t  "  52d  1889  "  1892 

52d  "  54th  1892  "  1895 

54th  "  1895  "  


Term  expires  1899. 
Died  1892. 

Term  expires  1901. 


Yirg^iniUi.     United  States,  Oct.-Dec.  1873. 

VI§COIIti  {vis-con'ti),  a  noble  Italian  family,  which  ruled 
in  Milan  from  about  1277  to  1447 ;  the  heiress  of  the  family 
married  Francesco  Sforza,  who  became  duke  1450. 

ViiCOUnt  (vi'count)  {Vice  Comes),  anciently  the  deputy 
of  an  earl.  The  first  viscount  in  England  created  by  patent 
was  John,  lord  Beaumont,  whom  Henry  VI.  created  viscount 
Beaumont,  giving  him  precedence  above  all  barons,  10  Feb. 
1440. — Ashmole.  This  title  is  of  older  date  in  Ireland  and 
France.  John  Barry,  lord  Barry,  was  made  viscount  Butte- 
vant,  in  Ireland,  9  Rich.  II.  1385. — Beatson. 

Yisll'nu,  the  second  person  of  the  Hindu  triad  sustaining 
the  role  of  Preserver.  In  the  earlier  Vedas  he  appears  as  a  mani- 
festation of  the  sun.  When  necessary  in  certain  crises  he  assumes 
the  human  form  and  preserves  by  his  power  the  human  race. 

iriitble  speech,  as  Alex.  Melville  Bell  calls  his  "  Uni- 
versal Self- Interpreting  Physiological  Alphabet,"  comprises 
30  symbols  representing  the  forms  of  the  mouth  when  uttering 
sounds.  About  50  symbols,  he  asserts,  would  be  required  to 
represent  the  sounds  of  all  known  languages.  He  expounded 
his  system  to  the  Society  of  Arts,  London,  14  Mch.  1866,  and 
published  a  book  in  1867. 

Yi§ig^Oth§,  or  western  Goths,  separated  from  the  Ostro- 
goths about  330.  Goths.  The  emperor  Valens,  about  369,  al- 
lowed them  to  cross  the  Danube  and  settle  in  Roman  territories 
on  condition  of  serving  when  wanted  in  the  Roman  armies;  and 
Theodosius  the  Great  permitted  them  to  form  distinct  corps  with 
their  own  officers.  In  400,under  Alaric,they  invaded  Italv,and 
though  at  first  defeated  by  Stilicho,they  took  Rome,  4 10.  They 
founded  the  kingdom  of  Toulouse,  414 ;  conquered  the  Alani, 
and  extended  theirrule  into  Spain,  414,  which  they  occupied  un- 
til conquered  by  the  Saracens  under  Muza,  711,  when  their  last 
king,  Roderic,  was  defeated  and  slain.  Spain.  Their  rule  in 
France  ended  with  their  defeat  by  Clovis  at  Vougle,  507. 

Vftal  force,  defined  by  Humboldt  as  "an  unknown 
cause  preventing  the  elements  from  obeying  primitive  affini- 
ties."   This  theory  is  rejected  by  many  physiologists,  and  ani- 


mal motion  is  attributed  to  muscular  and  nervous  irritabilitj-, 
illustrated  by  the  researches  of  Galvani,  Humboldt,  sir  Charles 
Bell,  Marshall  Hall,  and  others.  The  subject  is  fully  discussed 
by  Huxley  and  other  physiologists. 

Vitto'ria,  a  town  of  N.  Spain,  the  site  of  a  victory  of 
Wellington  over  the  French  armies  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  king 
of  Spain,  and  marshal  Jourdan,  21  June,  1813.  The  hostile 
armies  were  nearly  equal,  from  70,000  to  75,000  each.  After 
a  long  struggle,  the  French  were  driven,  towards  evening, 
through  the  town  of  Vittoria,  and  were  thrown  into  irretriev- 
able confusion.  The  British  loss  was  22  officers  and  479  men 
killed  ;  167  officers  and  2640  men  v/ounded.  Marshal  Jourdan 
lost  161  pieces  of  cannon,  451  wagons  of  ammunition,  his  bag- 
gage, provisions,  cattle,  and  treasure,  with  his  baton  as  a  mar- 
shal of  France.  Continuing  the  pursuit  on  the  25th,  Welling- 
ton took  Jourdan's  only  remaining  gun, 

Vivisec'tion  (Lat.  vivus,  alive,  and  secare,  to  cut),  the 
dissection  of  living  subjects.  Physiological  experiments  upon 
living  animals  having  much  increased,  societies  for  the  pre- 
vention of  cruelty  to  animals  in  Dresden  and  Paris  in  1859 
asked  of  several  eminent  scientific  men  the  value  of  knowledge 
thus  acquired.  Their  judgment  was  not  unanimous.  The 
London  society  took  up  the  question  in  1860,  and  printed  a 
pamphlet  by  G.  Macilwain  against  vivisection.  In  Aug.  1862, 
an  international  conference  to  discuss  the  question  was  held  at 
the  Crystal  palace,  Sydenham.  After  another  discussion  in 
1866,  a  prize  was  awarded  by  the  London  society.  Sir  Charles 
Bell's  opinion  of  vivisection  was  that  it  either  obscured  the 
subject  it  was  meant  to  illustrate,  or  mi.sled  men  into  serious 
practical  errors.  But  of  late  years  discoveries  of  vast  impor- 
tance in  the  treatment  of  disease  have  been  made  by  experi- 
ments on  living  organisms,  and  scientific  opinion  is  practically 
unanimous  that  this  method  is  valuable  and  indispensable  to 
the  progressive  art  of  healing,  though  so  liable  to  abuse  that 
it  ought  to  be  practised  with  caution  and  limited  by  necessity. 
Discussion  revived  by  prosecution  of  dr.  Sohiff"  in  Florence, 

who  justified  vivisection  under  anaesthetics 1873-7ft 

Rival  societies:  1.  Society  for  the  Abolition  of  Vivisection, 


VIZ 


919 


1875;  2.  International  Association  for  Total  Suppression  of 

Vivisection Ig76 

[Commission  (viscount  Cardwell,  prof.  Huxley,  and  others") 
to  inquire  into  the  practice,  appointed  23  June,  1875;  report 
signed,  8  Jan.;  pul).  Mch.  1876;  bill  to  regulate  vivisection 
(Cruelty  to  Animals  act)  introduced  In  Parliament;  opposed 
by  the  medical  profession,  June,  July;  passed,  15  Aug.  1876. 
Vivisectors  to  have  a  license  or  certificate.] 

Resolutions  in  favor  of  vivisection,  by  the  International  Medi- 
cal congress,  London 9  Aug.  1881 

Prof  Terrier  (who  experimented  on  brains  of  monkeys  under 
anaesthetics)  and  others  prosecuted;  no  conviction Nov.     " 

Dr.  Koch  of  Berlin  demonstrates  the  cause  of  tubercular  dis- 
ease to  be  minute  organisms  termed  bacilli 1882 

Bill  before  the  British  Parliament  to  prohibit  vivisection  talked 
out 4  Apr.  1883 

Four  hundred  and  forty-one  experiments  in  Great  Britain  in. .  1884 

Instructed  by  dr.  Ferriers  vivisection  experiments,  dr.  Hughes 
Bennett  localizes  in  a  man's  bruin  a  tumor,  which  is  re- 
moved by  dr.  Godlee 25  Nov.     " 

One  thousand  and  sixty-nine  experiments  in  Great  Britain  in  1888 

Dr.  Nicolaier,  a  German,  experiments  with  live  animals,  inocu- 
lating them  for  tetanus  (lock-jaw),  1884;  further  discoveries 
in  dr.  Koch's  laboratory  at  Berlin,  and  at  Bologna  by  prof. 

Tizzoni  and  Cattani 1889 

[These  and  all  other  investigations  in  this  direction  place 
it  beyond  doubt  that  all  forms  of  tetanus  are  due  to  the  drum- 
stick-shaped bacillus  of  Nicolaier] 

Pasteur's  experiments  with  animals  inoculated  for  hydrophobia 
result  in  a  cure  for  it 1885-90 

Medical  science. 

vizier',  jg^rand,  an  officer  of  the  Porte,  said  to  have 
been  first  appointed  by  Amurath  I.,  about  1386.  The  office 
was  abolished  in  1838,  but  has  since  been  frequently  revived 

and  suppressed. 

VOlapiik  (vo-la-pUk'),  from  2  words  in  the  new  lan- 
guage :  vol,  world,  universe,  and  puk,  speech,  discourse,  etc.  An 
attempt  to  form  a  universal  language  by  Johann  M.  Schleyer,  a 
German  teacher  at  Constance,  Germanj',  about  1879,  by  a  selec- 
tion of  words  or  roots  from  most  of  the  modern  European  lan- 
guages, and  from  Latin.  Its  peculiarities  are:  (1)  Alphabet  con- 
sists of  27  letters,  8  vowels  and  19  consonants.  (2)  Each  letter 
has  but  one  sound.  (3)  Consonants  are  sounded  as  in  English, 
except  c  and^;  g  is  always  hard,  and  h  is  an  aspirate.  (4)  Ac- 
cent invariably  on  the  last  syllable.  (5)  One  conjugation  and 
no  irregular  verbs.  (6)  All  word  forms  and  inflections  are  regu- 
lar. (7)  Adjectives,  verbs,  and  adverbs  regularly  formed  frotn 
substantives.  (8)  w  becomes  v,  and  I  is  substituted  for  r. 
(9)  Words  are  as  far  as  possible  reduced  to  one  syllable.  (10) 
Nouns  have  one  declension  and  4  cases.  (11)  Adjectives  are 
formed  by  adding  ik  to  the  substantive,  and  adverbs  by  add- 
ing 0  to  the  adjective,  as  fam,  glory ;  famik,  glorious ;  and 
famiko,  gloriously.  It  was  adopted  for  international  corre- 
spondence by  many  business  houses,  and  schools  of  volapUk 
were  opened  in  many  cities ;  but  it  is  now  nearly  forgotten. 

VOlca'no  (Ital.,  from  Lat.Fo?canMs,  Vulcan,  god  of  fire), 
originally  the  name  of  Etna,  in  which  Roman  mythology 
placed  the  forge  where  Vulcan  wrought  the  thunderbolts  of 
Jupiter;  later  a  general  name  for  a  mountain  with  a  crater  or 
opening  into  a  mass  of  molten  rock  within  the  earth.  Such 
mountains  are  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  but  are  mostly 
near  the  sea.  They  are  very  variable  in  activity,  and  usually 
intermittent ;  sometimes  quiet  for  many  years  or  even  centu- 
ries, and  again  extremely  violent,  throwing  high  in  the  air 
vast  columns  of  smoke  and  fire  with  cinders,  and  pouring 
through  crevices  streams  of  lava  or  melted  rocks,  which  at 
times  cover  large  tracts  of  land.  Many  volcanoes,  once  ac- 
tive, have  been  quiescent  from  the  dawn  of  history.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  active  and  extinct  volcanoes  located  by 
groups.  Under  the  2  systems  of  central  and  linear,  the 
former  consisting  of  several  vents  grouped  together,  but  one 
of  which  is  usually  in  eruption  at  any  one  time.  The 
latter  system  consists  of  vents  extending  in  one  direction 
along  a  range  of  mountains,  as  the  Andes  in  South  America, 
and  extending  into  North  America  as  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Some,  long  regarded  as  extinct,  have  suddenly  become  active. 

CENTRAL   SYSTEM — GROUPS. 
MEDITERRANEAN   SEA. 


Name  of  group. 

No. 

Remarks. 

I.  Etna,  Sicily 

II.  Vbsuvics,  Italy  .... 

III.  Lipari  islands 

1 
1 

2 

Active. 

( Stromboli   the  principal,  always 
'     active,  called  the  Light -house 
(    of  the  Mediterranean. 

VOL 

ATLANTIC  OCEAN. 


Name  of  group. 


IV.  Jan  Mayen  island. . . 

V.  Iceland 

VI.  Azores 

VII.  Canary  islands 

VIIL  Cape  Verde  islands. 
IX.  Ascension  •'     . 

X.  Tristan    d'Acunha) 

islands \ 

XI.  Trinidad  island 

XII.  Traverse  isles 


Remarks 


(  Active.    Most  northern  volcanoes 
I     on  the  globe.     Lat.  70°  49'  N. 

Hecla  the  principal.     All  active. 

1  active. 


Active. 


(Teneriffe  quiet.) 


INDIAN  OCEAN. 

Xm.  Mauritius  and  Bour-)|    „  i  ,  „„,,_ 
bon  isles Jj    ^  |  1  active. 

PACIFIC  OCEAN. 

XIV.  Hawaii  archipelago. 

4 

(3  active. 
1     cipal. 
Active. 

XV.  Galapagos  islands. . . 

XVI.  Marquesas      "     ... 

XVII.  Society            "     ... 

XVIII.  Easter             "     ... 

1 
1 

1 
1 

WESTERN   ASIA. 

XIX.  El  Burs,  Ararat,  etc.  |    3  j  1  active. 

EASTERN  AFRICA. 

XX.  Zanguebar 

2 

Mauna  Loa  the  prin^ 


LLNEAR   system — GROUPS. 
MEDITERRANEAN   SEA. 

I.  Santorini,Gr. islands!    1  I  Active. 

ASIA. 

II.  Thian-Shan i    2  I  Active. 

III.  Red  sea 2      1  active. 

IV.  Kamtchatka |  21  I  All  active. 

PACIFIC   OCEAN,  SOUTH. 

V.  Friendly  isles i    4  i  2  active. 

VL  Australasian  isles. . .  |  13  I  All  active. 

PACIFIC   OCEAN,  NORTH. 

vn.  Moluccas,  Philip 
pine,  Formosa. . , 

VIII.  Ladrone  isles 

IX.  Benin  Sima  isles. . 

X.  Japan , 

XI.  Kurile  isles 

XII.  Aleutian  isles , 


At  least  25  active. 

3  active. 

Active. 

From  15  to  19  active. 

11  active. 

23      " 


INDIAN   OCEAN,  SUNDA. 

|47  are  on  the  island  of  Java,  16  of 


XIII.  Sunda  isles. 


I  them  active,  and  7  on  the  island 

j  of  Sumatra.     On  the  island  of 

]  Krakatoa  the  greatest  eruption 

I  of  modern  times  occurred,  26- 


[   28  Aug.  1883. 
AMERICA. 


Java. 


XIV.  North  Paciflc  coast.. 
XV  Mexico 

10 
7 
36 
10 
17 
12 
22 
3 

3 

408 

4  active. 

5  " 

XVI.  Central 

25      " 

XVII.  West  Indies 

XVIII.  South,  Quito 

XIX.    "  Peru  and  Bolivia 
XX     "  Chili    

9     "     Highest  in  the  world. 

17      " 

XXI.  Terra  del  Fuego  .... 
XXII.  Antarctic  continent. 

( Active.    Erebus,  on  Victoria  Land,. 
77°  32'  S.  lat.,  is  the  most  south- 
(     em  volcano  known. 

VolSCi  (wols'kee  or  vol'se),  an  ancient  Latin  people,  fre- 
quently at  war  with  the  Romans.  From  their  capital,  Corioli, 
Caius  Martius  (who  defeated  them  about  490  b.c.)  derived  his 
name  Coriolanus.  The  legend  of  his  banishment  by  his  ungrate- 
ful countrymen,  of  his  revenge  by  bringing  the  Volsci  to  the 
gates  of  Rome,  yet  afterwards  sparing  the  city  at  the  entrea- 
tiesof  his  mother  Volumnia  (487  B.c.),is  immortalized  in  Shake- 
speare's tragedy  of  "  Coriolanus."  The  Volsci  and  their  allies 
were  subdued  at  Sutrium  by  the  consul  Valerius  Corvus  (346- 
B.C.),  and  incorporated  with  the  Roman  people  about  338  b.c. 

voltaic  pile  or  battery  was  constructed  by  Gal- 
vani.  Galvanism  under  Electricity.  The  principle  was 
discovered  by  Alessandro  Volta,  of  Como  (b.  1745),  for  30 
years  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Pavia,  and  announced 
by  him  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1793.  The  battery 
was  first  .set  up  in  1800.  Volta  was  made  an  Italian  count  and 
senator  bj'  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  and  was  greatly  honored. 
While  young  he  invented  the  electrophorus,  electric  pistol^ 


VOL  ^ 

Mad  hvdrogen  Ump.  He  dieil  in  1826,  aged  81.  The  form  of 
Che  voluic  battery  has  been  greatly  improved  by  recent  elec- 
trieians.  The  nitVic-acid  battery  of  sir  W.  R  Grove  was  con- 
structed in  1839;  Alfreil  Smee's  battery  in  1840;  the  carbon 
battery  of  pruf.  Hubert  Bnnsen  in  1842.  Grove's  is  best  known 
ill  Knglaiid;  Biinsen's  on  the  European  continent.     CorPKK. 

voluntary  contributions,  public  and  private, 
to  the  United  States  government  during  the  civil  war,  1861- 
imo,  were  not  less  than  $500,000,000.— Greeley's  "American 
Ooitlict,"  vol.  ii.  ap|>ended  notes  ii.  Tiiia  came  in  all  amounts, 
from  one  cent  up  to  Cornelius  Vanderbilt's  gift  of  a  fully 
equippetl  war-steamer  valued  at  $800,000.  Johnstown  Flood, 
Sanit.vhv  C0M.MISS10N,  etc. 

volunteers.     Ahmv,  Unitku  States. 

vote.     Popular  votk;  for  electoral,  United  States. 

Vouyl^  or  Voullle  iyool-ya'),  a  town  of  S.W.  France, 
near  Poitiers,  where  Alaric  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  was  de- 
feateil  and  slain  by  Clovis,  king  of  France,  507,  who  subdued  the 
whole  country  from  the  Loire  to  the  Pyrenees.  Peace  fol- 
lowetl  between  the  Franks  and  Visigoths,  who  had  been  set- 
tleil  above  100  years  in  that  part  of  Gaul  called  Septimania. 
Clovis  soon  after  made  Paris  his  capital. 


)  WAH 

VOyagpes.  America,  Circumnavigatoks,  Expedi- 
tions, Northeast  and  Northwest  passages,  et«. 

YuTcan  (Lat.  Volcanus),  the  Roman  god  of  fire  and  the 
worker  of  metals,  the  same  with  Hephaestus  of  the  Greeks ; 
according  to  Homer,  the  son  of  Zeus  and  Here.  Vulcan  is 
the  "Tubal-Cain  "of  heathen  mythology.— This  name  has  also 
been  given  to  a  conjectural  planet  between  the  orbit  of  Mer- 
cury and  the  sun ;  first  reported  by  M.  Lescorbault,  a  physician 
of  Orgeres,  France,  26  Mch.  1859.  The  French  astronomer  Le 
Verrier  accepted  it,  but  nothing  has  been  seen  of  it  by  other 
astronomers. 

Vul'gate  (from  vulgatus,  published),  a  term  applied  to 
the  Latin  version  of  the  Scriptures  which  is  authorized  by 
the  council  of  Trent  (1546),  and  which  is  attributed  to  St. 
Jerome,  about  384.  The  older  version,  called  the  Italic,  is 
said  to  have  been  made  in  the  beginning  of  the  2d  century. 
A  critical  edition  was  printed  by  order  of  pope  Sixtus  V. 
in  1590,  which,  being  considered  inaccurate,  was  superseded 
by  the  edition  of  pope  Clement  V.  in  1592.  The  earliest 
printed  Vulgate  is  without  date,  by  Gutenberg  and  Faust, 
probably  about  1455 ;  the  first  dated  (Faust  and  Schoffer)  is 
1462.     Bible. 


W 


W,  the  23d  letter  and  18th  consonant  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet. It  began  to  be  used  in  the  Uth  century,  and  owes  its 
origin  to  the  upsilon  of  the  Greeks.  It  was  made  by  doubling 
the  u  or  v  sign. 

^^Waelit  de§  Dcutschen  Yaterlands" 

("Watch  of  the  German  Fatherland").  German  national 
hymn,  by  Reichardt,  first  performed  2  Aug.  1825.  Very  popu- 
lar during  the  war  1870-71. 

IVadal,  Sultanate  of,  is  at  present  the  most  pow- 
erful state  in  Central  Soudan,  and  occupies,  with  its  tributary 
states,  the  whole  region  between  Dar-Fur  and  lake  Chad, 
and  from  the  southern  verge  of  the  Sahara  southward  to  the 


COMPARISON    OF   AVERAGE    WAGES    PAID 


PER    DAY    IN    THE 
THE    OCCUPATIONS 


divide,  between  lake  Chad  and  the  Congo  basin.    Area,  172,- 
000  sq.  miles ;  pop.  2,600,000. 

^vager  of  battle.     Appeal. 

wag'es,  earnings  of  persons  in  the  emploj'ment  of  others. 
— A  thinson.  The  purchasing  power  of  money,  cost  of  Ii  ving,etc., 
cannotbe  excludedin  considering  the  subject  of  wages.  On  com- 
paring wages  now  customary,  with  those  formerly  paid,  it  will 
be  seen  that  they  have  materially  increased,  especially  in  the 
United  States,  while  the  average  price  of  provisions  has  remained 
about  the  same ;  some  articles  as  beef,  potatoes,  apples,  butter, 
eggs,  milk, and  coffee,  being  dearer,  while  the  cereals,  sugar,  and 
tea,  are  cheaper.     The  following  tables  show  the  facts  in  detail. 

FOR    THE    YEARS    1800,    1840,    1890,    IN 


UNITED    STATES 
MENTIONED. 


Blacksmitha. 

Carpenters. 

Laborers : 
Farm,  etc. 

Masons, 
bricklayers, 
plasterers. 

House 
painters. 

Plumbers. 

• 

Printers. 

Weavers. 

Tailors. 

Slioemakers. 

1800    

fO.75 
1.40 
2.50 

fl.OO 
1.40 
2.50 

$0.50 
0.90 

$1.00 
1    .^iO 

$1.00 
1.50 
2.50 

$2  ."66 
3.00 

$1.00        1     $0.50 
1.25               0.90 
2  25            1  -  f>n 

$0.75 
1.25 
2  00 

$0.75 

1840    

1.00 

1890       

1.50        !        3.00 

2.00 

COMPARISON   OF 

THE 

PRICE 

OF    PROVISIONS 

IN    THE    UNITED 

STATES    FOR 

THE 

YEARS    1800,  1840,  1890,  1895. 

Beef. 

Ham. 

Pork. 

Lard. 

Corn- 
meal. 

m..    1  '•"'0"'. 
*^^'*-   [wheat. 

Pota- 
toes. 

Apples. 

Beans. 

Butter. 

Cheese. 

Eggs. 

Milk. 

Sugar. 

Coffee. 

Tea. 

1800 

per  lb. 

$0.08 
0.09 
0.14 
0.14 

per  lb. 
$0.12 
0.11 
0.13 
0.13 

per  lb. 
$0.11 
0.09 
0.11 
0.11 

per  lb. 
$0.13 
0.10 
0.10 
0.10 

per  lb. 
$0.04 
0.02 
0.02 
0.02 

per  lb. 
$0.06 
0.05 
0.08 
0.08 

perbl. 
$9.00 
7.00 
6.00 
4.50 

perbu. 
$0.50 
0.60 
0.75 
0.75 

per  bu. 

$0.35 
0.80 
1.00 
1.00 

per  qt. 
$0.05 
0.07 
0.10 
0.08 

per  lb. 
$0.16 
0.18 
0.26 
0.26 

per  lb. 
$0.14 
0.10 
0.15 
0.15 

per  doz. 

10.12 
0.16 
0.22 
0.22 

perqt. 
$0.04 
0.05 
0.06 
0.06 

per  lb. 
$0.16 
0.11 
0.06 
0.045 

per  lb. 
$0.27 
0.20 
0.30 
0.30 

per  Id. 
$0.95 

1840 

0.75 

1890 

1895 

0.50 
0.50 

Thus  wages  have  increased  more  than  100  per  cent,  during 
the  last  90  years.  The  progression  of  division  of  labor  in  large 
establishments  prevents  an  exact  comparison  in  many  cases ; 
but  the  instances  recorded  represent  a  fair  average  concerning 
the  wages  of  the  skilled  artisan  and  common  laborer.  "  A  man 
who  performed  what  is  now  called  unskilled  labor — sawing  wood, 
digging  ditches,  mixing  mortar,  cutting  hay,  etc. — received  2s. 
or  25  cents  per  day  in  1784,  yet  the  pay  was  twice  as  great  as 
in  l77i."—McMa'ster's  "  Hist.  U.  S.,"  vol.  i.  p.  96.  "  Hours  of 
labor  from  sunrise  to  sunset,  at  40  cents  per  day,  in  1800 ;  or 
by  the  month,  $Q  iii  the  summer,  and  $5  in  the  winter,  with 
board — $65  a  year  average,  with  board  and  perhaps  lodging." 
— Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  617.  "  A  few  classes  of  artisans  greatly  in 
demand,  as  ship-carpenters,  were  paid  $2  per  day,  1810-20, 
but  they  were  the  exception." — Ibid,,  vol.  iii.  p.  510. 

Iff'a'g^rani,  a  village  near  Vienna,  where  Napoleon  I. 
defeated  the  archduke  Charles,  5,  6  July,  1809,  with  great 
slaughter  on  both  sides ;  20,000  Austrians  were  taken  by  the 


French,  and  the  defeated  army  retired  to  Moravia.  An  ar- 
mistice was  signed  on  the  12th;  and  on  24  Oct.,  by  a  treaty 
of  peace,  Austria  ceded  all  her  sea-coast  to  France;  the  king- 
doms of  Saxony  and  Bavaria  were  enlarged  at  her  expense ; 
part  of  Galicia  was  ceded  to  Russia,  and  Joseph  Bonaparte 
was  recognized  as  king  of  Spain. 

Waha'bees  or  l¥a1ia'bite§,  a  warlike  Mahome- 
tan reforming  sect,  claiming  to  be  the  only  true  followers  of  the 
prophet,  established  themselves  in  Arabia  about  1750,  under 
Abd-el-Wahab,  who  died  1787.  His  grandson,  Saoud,  in  1801, 
defeated  an  expedition  headed  by  the  caliph  of  Bagdad.  In 
1803  this  sect  seized  Mecca  and  Medina,  and  continued  their 
conquests,  although  their  chief  was  assassinated  in  the  midst 
of  his  victories.  His  son,  Abdallah,  long  resisted  Mahommed 
Ali,  pacha  of  Egypt,  but  in  1818  was  defeated  and  taken  pri.s- 
oner  by  Ibrahim  Pacha,  who  sent  him  to  Constantinople, 
where  he  was  put  to  death.  The  sect,  now  flourishing,  is  de- 
scribed by  W.  Gifford  Palgrave,  in  his  "  Journey  and  Residence 


WAI 


921 


WAL 


in  Arabia  in  1862-63,"  published  in  1865.  It  is  influential  in 
India,  and  is  suspected  of  a  tendency  to  insurrection. 

waits,  a  name  given  in  England  to  night  minstrels  who 
perform  shortly  before  Christmas.  The  name  was  given  to 
the  musicians  attached  to  the  court  of  the  king.  A  company 
of  waits  was  established  at  Exeter  in  1400  to  "pipe  the 
watch."  The  waits  in  London  and  Westminster  were  long 
officially  recognized  by  the  corporation. 

Wakefield,  W.  Yorkshire,  Engl.,  an  ancient  town. 
Near  it  a  battle  was  fought  between  the  adherents  of  Mar- 
garet, the  queen  of  Henry  VI.,  and  the  duke  of  York,  in  which 
the  latter  was  slain,  and  3000  Yorkists  fell  upon  the  field,  31 
Dec.  1460.  The  earl  of  Warwick  supported  the  cause  of  the 
duke's  son,  the  earl  of  March,  afterwards  Edward  IV.,  and  the 
civil  war  was  continued. 

WakefleUl  e§tate,  Va.,on  which  Washington  was 
born,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  junction  of  Pope's  creek  with 
the  Potomac,  in  Westmoreland  county.  The  house  was  de- 
stroyed before  the  Revolution,  but  upon  its  site  Geo.  W.  P. 
Custis  placed  a  slab  of  freestone,  June,  1815,  with  the  simple 
inscription  :  here,  the  11th  of  February  (o.  s.),  1732,  george 

AVASHINGTON  WAS  BOKN. 

Wakei.  (1)  The  ancient  parish  festivals  on  the  saint's 
day  to  commemorate  the  dedication  of  the  church;  regulated  in 
1536,  but  gradually  became  obsolete.  (2)  Watching  with  a  dead 
body  prior  to  burial,  by  friends  and  neighbors  of  the  deceased. 
Custom  formerly  prevalent  in  Scotland  and  still  in  Ireland. 

"Walcliereil  {waVker-en),  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Scheldt,  Holland.  The  unfortunate  expedition  of  the  British 
to  this  isle  in  1809  consisted  of  35  ships  of  the  line,  200  smaller 
vessels,  principally  transports,  and  40,000  land  forces,  the  latter 
under  the  earl  of  Chatham,  the  fleet  under  sir  Richard  Strach- 
an.  For  a  long  time  its  destination  remained  secret;  but  be- 
fore 28  July,  1809,  when  it  set  sail,  the  French  journals  had 
fixed  Walcheren  as  the  point  of  attack.  Flushing  was  in- 
vested in  Aug. ;  a  bombardment  followed,  and  the  place  was 
taken  15  Aug. ;  but  neither  the  naval  commander  nor  his  own 
officers  could  drive  the  earl  to  vigorous  action  until  the  chance 
of  success  was  gone,  and  he  had  to  return  with  such  troops  as 
disease  had  spared.  The  place  was  evacuated  23  Dec.  1809. 
The  House  of  Commons  instituted  an  inquiry,  and  lord  Chat- 
ham resigned  his  post  of  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  to  pre- 
vent greater  disgrace ;  but  the  policy  of  ministers  in  planning 
the  expedition  was,  nevertheless,  approved.  The  following 
epigram,  of  which  various  readings  exist,  appeared  at  the  time: 

"Lord  Ciuitham  [or  the  warrior  earl],  with  [his]  sabre  drawn, 
Stood  waiting  for  sir  Richard  Strachan  ; 
Sir  Richard,  longing  [or  eager]  to  be  at  "em, 
Stood  waiting  for  the  earl  of  Chatham." 

Wal'deiises  (also  called  Valdenses,  Vallenses,  and  Vau- 
dois),  asect  inhabiting  the  Cottian  Alps,  derive  their  name, 
according  to  some   authors,  from  Peter  de  Waldo,  of  Lyons 
(1170).     They  were  known,  however,  as  early  as  1100,  their 
confession  of  faith  published  1120.    Their  doctrine  condemned 
by  the  council  of  Lateran,  1179.     They  had  a  translation  of 
the  Bible,  and  allied  themselves  to  the  Albigenses,  whose  | 
persecution  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Holy  Office  or  In-  j 
quisition.     The  Waldenses  settled  in  the  valleys  of  Piedmont 
about  1375,  but  were  frequently  dreadfully  persecuted,  notably  | 
1545-46, 1560, 1655-56,  when  Oliver  Cromwell,  by  threats,  ob-  ' 
tained  some  degree  of  toleration  for  them ;  again  in  1663-64 
and  1686.     They  were  permitted  to  have  a  church  at  Turin,  t 
Dec.  1853.     In  Mch.  1868,  it  was  stated  that  there  were  in  | 
Italy  28  ordained  Waldensian  ministers  and  30  other  teachers.  ; 
Early  in  1893  a  delegation  was  sent  to  the  United  States  to 
investigate  the  advantages  of  forming  a  settlement  in  some  j 
favorable  locality.     It  resulted  in  their  purchasing  several 
thousand  acres  of  land  in  Burke  county,  N.  C,  and  establish- 
ing a  colony  the  same  year,  calling  the  place  Waldese. 

Wales,  Cambria,  Cymru,  the  land  of  the  Cymry,  called 
by  the  Romans  Britannia  Secunda.  Welsh  and  Wales  are 
corruptions  of  Teutonic  epithets  of  foreigners,  especiall}^  Gauls. 
After  the  Roman  emperor  Honorius  gave  up  Britain,  Vorti- 
gern  was  elected  king  of  South  Britain.  He  invited  the 
Saxons  over  to  defend  his  country  against  the  Picts  and  Scots; 
but  the  Saxons  perfidiously  sent  for  reinforcements,  consisting 
of  Saxons,  Danes,  and  Angles,  and  made  themselves  masters 


of  South  Britain.  Many  of  the  Britons  retired  to  Wales,  and 
defended  against  the  Saxons  their  inaccessible  mountains^ 
about  447.  Thus  Wales  remained  unconquered  till  Henry  II.  ' 
subdued  South  Wales  in  1157;  and  in  1282  Edward  I.  reduced 
the  whole  country,  its  independence  ending  by  the  death  of 
Llewelyn,  the  last  prince.  In  1284  the  queen  gave  birth  to  a 
son  at  Caernarvon,  whom  Edward  styled  prince  of  Wales— a 
title  since  given  to  the  heir-apparent  to  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain.  Wales  was  incorporated  with  England  by  act  of 
Parliament,  1536.  Area,  7363  sq.  miles,  in  12  counties;  pop, 
1891,1,518,914.     Bards,  Britain.  /^ 

Ostorius  Scapula,  propraetor  of  Britain,  defeats  the  Cymry 56 

Supreme  authority  in  Britannica  Secunda  intrusted  to  Sueto- 

nius  Paulinus,  who  causes  desolating  wars 58-61 

Conquests  by  Julius  Frontinus [\      iq 

Silures  totally  defeated ."."'.!.'.".'!'.!!!!!".!!       " 

Roman  Julius  Agricola  cotiimands  in  Britain 73 

Bran  ab  Llyr,  the  Blessed,  dies  about 80 

Druidical  class  gradually  dissolved  by  the-influence'ofChri's- 

tianityin 300-40O 

Britons  defeat  the  Saxons 447-4:48 

Vortigern  king '..".....,.       " 

Renowned  Arthur  elected  king !about    50O 

Defeats  Saxons about    527 

Cadwallawn,  king  of  Gwynedd,  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Sax- 
ons at  Denisburn about    634 

Dyvnwal  Moelmud,  from  Armorica,  said  to  have  reigned  west 

of  the  Tamar  and  Severn  over  the  Cymry about    640 

Reign  of  Roderic  the  Great 844 

He  unites  the  pettystates  into  one  principality;  d 877 

Division  of  Wales— into  north,  south,  and  central  (or  Powvs- 

land) :..      cc 

Welsh  princes  submit  to  Alfred ',    885 

Danes  land  in  Anglesey " ' .     900 

Laws  enacted  by  Howel  Dha,  prince  of  all  Wales about    92a 

Athelstan  subdues  the  Welsh 933 

Civil  wars  at  his  death about    948 

Sons  of  Howel  Dha  defeated  by  sons  of  Idwal  Voel 954 

Edgar  invades  Wales about    973 

Devastations  committed  by  Edwin,  the  son  of  Eineon 980 

Danes  invade  Wales;  lay  Anglesey  waste,  etc 980-1000 

Country  reduced  by  Aedan,  prince  of  North  Wales " 

Aedan,  the  usurper,  slain  in  battle  by  Llewelyn 1015 

Part  of  Wales  laid  waste  by  the  forces  of  Harold 1063 

William  L  claims  feudal  authority  over  Wales ; 107O 

Rhys  ab  Owain  kills  king  Bleddyn,  1073;  defeated  and  slain. . .  1077 

Ravaging  invasion  of  Hugh,  earl  of  Chester 1079-80 

Invasion  of  the  Irisli  and  Scots 1O8O 

William  I.  invades  Wales 108I 

Battle  of  Llechryd 1087 

[The  sons  of  Bleddyn  ab  Cynvyn  were  slain  by  Rhys  ab 

Tewdwr,  the  reigning  prince.] 

Rhys  ab  Tewdwr  slain;  S.  Wales  conquered  by  the  English 1090 

Invasion  of  the  English  under  William  II 1095-97 

Settlement  in  Wales  of  a  colony  of  Flemings 1106 

Nest,  wife  of  Gerald  de  Windsor,  seized  by  Owain,  son  of  Cadw- 

gan  ab  Bleddyn 1108 

Cardigan  conquered  by  Strongbow 1109 

Cadwgan  assassinated 1112 

Gruffydd  ab  Rhys  lays  claim  to  the  sovereignly 1113- 

Another  body  of  Flemings  settle  in  Pembrokeshire " 

[Their  posterity  differ  from  the  true  British  in  language, 

manners,  and  customs.] 
Civil  war  in  South  Wales  and  Powysland;  the  English  occupy 

the  country;  Henry  I.  erects  castles  in  Wales 1114  et  seq. 

Owain  killed  in  battle  with  Gerald  de  Windsor 1116 

Revolt  of  Owen  Gwynedd  on  the  death  of  Henry  I. ;  part  of 

South  Wales  laid  waste 1135 

English  defeated  in  several  battles ll3d 

Strongbow,  earl  of  Pembroke,  invested  with  the  powers  of  a 

count  palatine  in  Pembroke 1138 

Henry  II.  invades  Wales;  resisted  by  Owen  Gwynedd;  subdues 

South  Wales 1157 

Princes  of  Wales  combine  to  recover  independence 1164 

Prince  Jladoc  said  to  have  emigrated  to  America about  1169 

Anglesey  devastated 1173 

Crusades  preached  by  Baldwin,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 1188 

Earl  of  Chester's  inroad  into  North  Wales 1210 

King  John  invades  Wales,  laying  waste  a  great  part;  exacts 

tribute  and  allegiance 1211 

Pope  incites  the  Welsh  to  resist  John 1212 

Revolt  of  the  Flemings 1220 

Llewelyn,  prince  of  North  Wales,  commits  great  ravages;  re- 
pulses Henry  III 1228 

Earl  of  Pembroke  and  other  nobles  join   Llewelyn  against 

Henry  III.,  1233;  a  truce 1234 

Prince  David  ravages  the  marches,  etc 1244 

Invasion  of  Henry  III 1245 

Anglesey  cruelly  devastated  by  the  English St'iu.     " 

Llewelyn  ap  Griffith,  the  last  prince 124& 

Welsh  princes  combine  against  the  English 1256 

Invasion  by  the  English,  who  retreat  with  loss 1257 

Welsh  offers  of  peace  refused 1257-62 

Llewelyn's  incursions  into  English  territory 1263 

Reported  conference  between  him   and  Simon  de  Montfort 

against  the  Plantagenets 1265 

Llewelyn  does  homage  to  Henry  III.  for  a  treaty Sept.  1267 


WAL 


922 


WAR 


Edwmid  I.  tummoDs  IJewolvn  to  Westminster;  on  his  reAisal, 

dtpoMS  htm,  l-iTti ;  and  iiivudes  Wales June,  1277 

Lleireiyii  lubmitd  and  obtains  good  terms. 10  Nov.     " 

He  m«rrl«8  Eleanor  do  .Moutfort. 13  Oct.     " 

3oas  of  Grutlydd  traachorously  drowned  in  the  Dee  by  earl 

Warreone  and  Roger  Mortimer;  insurrection 1281 

Bawardeu  castle  taken  by  surprise  by  Llewelyn  and  his  broth- 
er David,  21  Hch. ;  thej  destroy  Flint  and  Khuddlan  castles. 

Kruiileas  negotiations. Nov.  1282 

Battle  l>etweeu  Llewelyn  and  the  English  near  Aber  Edw;  Lle- 
welyn slain,  after  the  battle,  by  Adam  Frankton 11  Dec.     " 

PTihco  David  surrenders,  and  is  executed 1288 

WiiM  tlnally  sulMlued  by  Edward  I " 

First  English  prince  of  Wales,  son  of  Edward,  born  at  Caernar 

von  cast le 25  A  pr.  1284 

Statute  of  Wales  enacted 19  Mch.     " 

Insurrections  suppressed  and  leaders  e.xecuted 1287-1320 

Owain  Glyndwr  or  Owen  Glendower  (descendant  of  the  last 

prince,  Llewelyn),  relwis 1400 

Radnor  and  other  places  taken  by  Owain. Glyndwr 1401 

Allies  with  Scots  and  the  Percies;  besieges  Caernarvon 1402 

>iid  seizes  Harlocli  castle 1404 

Makes  a  treaty  with  France 10  May,     " 

Harlech  castle  retaken  by  the  English  forces 1407 

Loees  his  allies  by  their  defeat  at  Branhara  moor 19  Feb.  1408 

Ravages  the  English  territories 1409 

Refuses  to  ask  for  terms  or  submit;  d 21  Sept.  1415 

His  son  submits. 24  Feb.  1416 

Margaret  of  Ai\jou,  queen  of  Henry  VL,  takes  refuge  in  Harlech 

castle 1459 

Town  of  Denbigh  burned 1460 

Earl  of  Richmond,  afterwards  Henry  VIL,  lands  in  Pembroke, 

and  is  aided  by  the  Welsh Aug.  1485 

Palatine  jurisdictions  in  Wales  abolished  by  Henry  VIII 1535 

Monmouth  made  an  English  county;  counties  of  Brecknock, 

Denbigh,  and  Radnor  formed " 

Act  for  "  laws  and  justice  to  be  administered  in  Wales  in  same 

form  as  in  England,"  27  Hen.  VIII " 

"Wales  incorporated  into  England  by  Parliament 1536 

Divided  into  12  counties 1543 

Dr.  Ferrar.  bishop  of  St.  David's,  burned  for  heresy. .  .30  Mch.  1555 
Lewis  Owain,  a  baron  of  the  exchequer,  attacked  and  murdered 

on  his  assize  tour. '< 

Bible  and  prayer-book  ordered  translated  into  Welsh,  and  divine 

service  to  be  in  that  language 1562 

Welsh  Bible  printed 1588 

First  congregation  of  dissenters  assembled  in  Wales;  Vavasour 

Powel  apprehended  while  preaching 1620 

Beaumaris  castle  garrisoned  for  king  Charles  1 1642 

Powys  castle  taken  by  sir  Thomas  Myddelton Oct.  1644 

Or.  lAUd,  formerly  bishop  of  St.  David's,  beheaded  on  Tower 

^  hill 10  Jan.  1645 

Surrender  of  Hawarden  castle  to  parliament  general  Mytton. . .     " 

Charles  I.  takes  refuge  in  Denbigh " 

Rhuddlan  castle  surrenders " 

Harlech  castle  surrenders  to  Cromwell's  army  under  Mytton. .  1647 
Battle  of  St.  Fagan's;  the  Welsh  defeated  by  col.  Hortou,  Crom- 
well's lieutenant 8  May,  1648 

Beaumaris  castle  surrenders  to  Cromwell .     " 

Pembroke  castle  taken 1649 

Lords  marchers'  court  suppressed i(588 

"Charitable  Society  of  Ancient  Britons"  and  Welsh  charity 

schools,  established  (now  at  Ashford) 1715 

■Cymmrodorion  Society  (charitable)  established !i'751-81 

French  land  in  Pembrokeshire,  and  are  made  prisoners. .  .Feb.  1797 
Rebecca  or  "Becca"  riots  against  toll-gates,  Feb.;   an  old 
woman,  a  toll  -  keeper,  murdered,  10  Sept.  ;  many  persons 

tried  and  punished Oct  1843 

Cambrian  Archaeological  Association  founded..........  1846 

Subscriptions  begun  for  a  university  in  Wales ....".  Dec   1863 

National  unsectarian  university  college  at  Aberystwyth  opened, 

9  Oct    1872 
Cymmrodorion  Society,  to  promote  literature  and  art,  re-estab- 
lished   jg^ij 

"  ^f ^*i?^ ' '  '■'"'^ !  P®°P^®  <**"  Rhayader  on  'the  Wye  capture "flsh 
i  legally,  and  resist  water  bailiffs Dec.  1878 Jan.  1879 

National  council  of  Wales  meets  at  Aberystwyth ;  advocates  dis- 
establishment and  disendowment  of  the  church,  home  rule, 
etc <^  Qgj,   iggY 

Mr.  Dillwyn's  motion  for  disestablishment  of  church  in  Wales 
rejected  by  the  commons  (284-231) 14  Mav   1889 

Tithes  collected  by  the  help  of  the  military Aug  1890 

Proposed  disestablishment  of  the  church  in  Wales  negatived 
by  the  commons  (235-203),  20  Feb.  1891 ;  and  again  (267-220), 

23  Feb.'  1892 
SOVEREIGNS   OF    WALES. 

■eSO.  Cadwallawn,  king  of  Gwynedd. 

634.  Cadwaladyr,  his  sou. 

661.  Idwal,  son. 

728.  Rhodri,or  Roderic;  heroic  defender. 

75.5.  Cynan  and  Howel,  sons;  incessant  war. 

818.  Mervyn;  son-in-law.  and  Essylt  (wife). 

844.  Roderic  the  Great,  son. 

PRINCES  OF  GWYNEDD,  OR  NORTH  WALES,  AND  FREQUENTLY 
OF  ALL  WALES. 

877.  Anarawd.  son  of  Roderic 

915.  Idwal  Voel. 

943.  Howel  Dha  the  Good,  prince  of  all  Wales. 

548.  lefan  and  lago ;  sons  of  Idwal. 


1301. 


1343. 
1376. 


972.  Howel  ap  lefan,  the  Bad. 

984.  Cadwallon,  brother. 

985.  Meredilii  ap  Owen  ap  Howel  Dha. 

992.  Idwal  ap  Moyric  ap  Edwal  Voel;  able,  brave. 

998.  Aedan,  a  usurper. 
1015.   Llewelyn  ap  Sitsyllt;  good  sovereign. 
1023.  lago  ap  Idwal  ap  Meyric. 
1039.  Grirtith  ap  Llewelyn  ap  Sitsyllt;  killed. 
1067.  Bleddyn. 
1073.  Trahaern  ap  Caradoc. 
1079.  Griffith  ap  Cynan;  able,  warlike,  generous. 
1137.  Owain  Gwynedd;  energetic,  successful  warrior. 
1169.  Howell,  son. 

"     David  ap  Owain  Gwynedd,  brother;  married  sister  of  Henry  II 
1194.  Llewelyn  the  Great. 
1240.  David  ap  Llewelyn. 

1246.  Llewelyn  ap  Griffith,  last  prince  of  the  blood;  slain  after  bat- 
tle, 11  Dec.  1282. 

ENGLISH  PRINCES  OF  WALES. 
1284.  Edward  Plantagenet  (afterwards  king  Edward  II.),  sou  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  born  in  Caernarvon  castle  on  '25  Apr.  1284.  It  is 
asserted  that  immediately  after  his  birth  the  king  held  him 
in  his  arms  before  the  Welsh  chieftains  as  their  future  sov- 
ereign, saying,  in  the  Welsh  language,  "  Eich  Dyn,"  liter- 
ally, "This  is  your  man  "—that  is,  "This  is  your  country- 
man and  king. "  Ich  dien. 
Edward  of  Caernarvon,  made  prince  of  Wales  and  earl  of 

Chester. 
Edward  the  Black  Prince. 
Richard  his  son  (afterwards  Richard  II.). 
1399.  Henry  (afterwards  Henry  V.).  son  of  Henry  IV. 
1454.  Edward,  son  of  Henry  VI. ;  slain  at  Tewkesbury,  4  May,  1471. 
147L  Edward  (afterwards  Edward  V.),  son  of  Edward  IV 
1483.  Edward,  son  of  Richard  III. ;  d.  1484. 
1489.  Arthur,  son  of  Henry  VII. ;  d.  1502. 
1503.  Henry,  his  brother  (afterwards  Henry  VIII.). 

Edward,  his  son  (afterwards  Edward  VI.),  was  duke  of  Corn- 
wall, and  not  prince  of  Wales. 
1610.  Henry  Frederic,  son  of  James  I. ;  d.  6  Nov.  1612. 
1616.  Charles,  his  brother  (afterwards  Charles  I.). 

Charles,  his  son  (afterwards  Charles  II.),  never  created  prince 
of  Wales. 
1714.  George  Augustus  (afterwards  George  XL). 
1729.  Frederic  Lewis,  his  son;  d.  '20  Mch.  175L 
1751.  George,  his  son  (afterwards  George  III.). 
1762.  George,  his  son  (afterwards  George  IV.);  b.  12  Aug. 
1841.  Albert  Edward,  son  of  queen  Victoria;  b.  9  Nov. 

IValharia.     Valhalla. 

IValker's  expeditions.    Filibusters. 

IValiabout  bay.     New  York,  1623. 

IValla'cllia,  one  of  the  fornaer  Danubian  princi- 
palities of  Europe.  On  23  Dec.  1861,  the  union  of  Walla- 
chia  and  Moldavia,  under  the  name  of  Eoumania,  was  pro- 
claimed at  Jassy  and  Bucharest. 

"Waller's  plot.  Edmund  Waller,  the  poet,  and  others, 
conspired  to  disarm  the  London  militia  and  let  in  the  royal- 
ists. May,  1643.  The  plan  was  detected  and  punished,  June- 
July,  1643.  Waller  betrayed  his  confederates,  and  was  suffered 
to  emigrate. 

Wallis'i  voyage.  Capt.  Wallis  sailed  from  England 
on  his  voyage  round  the  world,  26  July,  1766 ;  and  returned  to 
England,  19  May,  1768. 

IrValloons',  descendants  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 
the  Low  Countries.  Some  of  them  fled  to  England  from  the 
persecution  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  the  governor  of  the  Low 
Countries  for  Philip  IL  of  Spain,  1666.  A  church  was  given 
to  them  by  queen  Elizabeth  at  Sandwich,  and  they  still  have 
one  at  Canterbury.  Their  language  is  considered  to  be  based 
on  that  of  the  ancient  Gauls.     New  York,  1623. 

ivalls.     Hadrian's,  Roman  and  Chinese. 

'Walpur'g'a,  Saint,  traditional  character  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury, England  and  Germany.  The  name  has  been  associated 
with  noted  popular  German  superstitions,  as  Walpurgis-Night, 
30  Apr. ;  1  May,  Witch's  Sabbath  meeting,  with  the  devil  as 
master  of  ceremonies.     Famous  from  Goethe's  "Faust." 

"■Faust  We  climb  the  Brocken's  top  in  the  Walpurgis-Night." 
—Goethe's  "Faust"  (Taylor's  translation). 

ivaltz,  the  popular  German  national  dance,  was  introduced 
into  England  by  baron  Neuman  and  others  in  ISl'B.—Raikes. 

Wailderillg  Jeir.     Jew,  The  Wandering. 

"Wail'di  wash,  a  town  of  S.  India.  Here  the  French, 
under  Lally,  were  defeated  by  col.  Eyre  Coote,  22  Jan.  1760. 

war,  called  by  Erasmus  "  the  malady  of  princes."  Osy- 
mandyas  of  Egypt,  the  first  warlike  king,  passed  into  Asia,  and 
conquered  Bactria,  2100  -B.C.— Usher. 


LIST   OF    MOST    CELEBRATED    WARS. 


WAR 


Trojan 

Messenian 

Persian-Grecian 

(  1st.. . . 
Sacred  <  2d 

i  3d. . . . 
Peloponnesian  . 
Greco-Persian  . . 


Samnite 

Punic,  1st,  2d,  3d 

Roman  Grecian 

Jugiirthine 

Social 

Mithridatic 

Gladiatorial 

Gallic 

Civil,  Roman 

Jewish 

Dacian 


1193-1184 
743-669 
504-469 
595-586 ) 
448-447 [ 
357-346) 
431-404 
334-331 

343-290 

264-146 

200-146 

112-106 

90-88 


Barbarian 

Saracen  or  Moslem — 


Crusades. 


Hundred   Years,   in] 
France 


Austro-Swiss . 
Hussite 


Roses,  England 

Civil,  in  France 

Spanish,  Netherlands.. 
Thirty  Years 


Civil,  in  England 

Spanish  Succession., 
Swedish-Russian — 


Austrian  Succession  . . 

Seven  Years 

Revolution,  American 

French  Revolution 


Napoleonic. 


United  States-England 
Greek  of  Independence 
Mexican 


Crimean 
Italian . . 


Civil,  United  States. 


Seven  Weeks 

Franco-Prussian. 


73-71 
58-51 

50-31 

A.D. 

70 

86-100 

410-553 

710-1492 


1337-1437 

1385-1389 
1419-1436 

1455-1471 

1562-1593 
1567-1609 

1618-1648 
1642-1660 
1701-1714 

1700-1709 
1740-1748 
175&-1763 
1775-1783 

1792-1799 

1800-1815 

1812-1815 
1821-1828 
1846-1847 

1854-1856 
1859 

1861-1865 


Russo-Turkish, 


1866 
1870 

1877 


Greeks  capture  Troy 

Sparta  conquers  Messenia. 
Greece  successfully  resists  Persia. 

Intestine  Greek;  without  result. 


Lacedaemonians  take  Athens 

Greece  conquers  Persia 

Romans  subjugate  the  Samnites. 

Romans  destroy  Carthage 

Rome  subdues  Greece 


Romans  conquer  Numidia 

The  Socii  obtain  right  of  Roman 

citizenship. 

Mithridates  defeated 

Gladiators  defeated 

Gaul  conquered 

Establishment    of   the   Roman ) 

empire | 

Jerusalem    taken;    temple    de- j 

stroyed J 

Country    beyond    the    Danube) 

conquered ) 

Barbarians  capture   Rome  and  > 

ravage  Italy ) 

Occupy  Spain,  but  driven  from  ) 

France ) 

Christians  take  Jerusalem  andl 

occupy   ports    of  Sepia,  but  ! 

are  Anally  driven  out  by  the  j 

Moslems J 

English  lose  all  their  possessions  j 

in  France  but  Calais,  although  | 

France  suffers  sorely ) 

Swiss  secure  their  independence. . 
Religious  toleration 


House  of  York  supplants  House ) 
of  Lancaster 1 


Edict  of  Nantes. 


; Netherlands  made  independent) 
[     of  Spain ) 

[Freedom    of     religious    faith.) 

[     Peace  of  Westphalia i 

I  Estabhshment  of  the  Common- 1 
1     wealth ) 


Treaty  of  Utrecht. 


Defeat  of  Charles  XII. 


Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 

[Peace  of  Paris.     Prussia  holds) 

[     part  of  Silesia ) 

[  Peace  of  Paris.     Independence  ] 

\     of  the  English  colonies ) 

Successful  resistance  to  the  re- 
instatement of  the  Bourbons 
on  the  French  throne 

Revives    Europe    and     places) 
France  in  the  first  position  . .  | 

United    States    entirely    inde-) 

pendent  of  Great  Britain j 

Independence  of  Greece  secured. 

Boundaries  established 


Peace  of  Paris. 


Principal  battles. 


Siege 

Marathon,   Thermopylae,    Sa- 
lamis,  Platsea,  Mycale 


Naval 

Granicus,  Issus,  Arbela 

Caudine  Forks,  Sentinum 

(Ticinus.Trebia,  Thrasymenus. 
t    Cannae,  Metaurus,  Zama... 

Cynoscephalae,  Pydna '. 


Chaeronea,  Cabeira 
Petelia 


Peace  of  Villafranca. 


Abolition  of  slavery. 


( Prussia  defeats  Austria  and  be- 
{  comes  supreme  in  Germany. 
(Germans  defeat  French,  take 
)  Paris,  and  add  Alsace  and 
(     Lorraine  to  Germany 

f Peace  of  San  Stefano.     Treaty: 
[     of  Berlin ; 

Treatv  of  Shunonoseki 


Pharsalia,    Thapsus,    Munda, 
Philippi,  Actium 

Siege 


Xeres,  Tours,  Tarifa,  Grenada. 


(Crecy,  Calais  taken,  Poictiers, 
(     Agincourt 


Sempach,  Nafels.. 
Prague 


( St.  Albans,  Bloreheath,  Wake- 
I  field,Towton,Barnet,Tewkes- 
(    bury 

^Dreux,  St. Denis,  Jarnac,  Mon-) 
(    contour,  Ivry J 

(  Zutphen,  Nieuport,  sieges  and ) 
[     naval ) 

( Dessau,  Leipsic,  1-2,  Lech,  ) 
(  Lutzen,  Nordlingen,  1-2 — ) 
(Edgehill,  Marston  Moor,) 
\     Naseby,  Dunbar,  Worcester,  j 

(Blenheim,  Ramillies,  Turin,) 
j     Oudenarde,  Malplaquet > 

Narva,  Pultowa 


ChineseJapanese !  1894-1895 

For  a  fuller  account  consult  the  nations  mentioned.    Army,  Battles. 


(Dettingen,  Fontenoy,  Placen- 

\     tia,  Laffeldt 

jPrague,Kollin,Rosbach,Lissa, 

(    Torgau  

(Bunker  Hill,  Saratoga,  Mon- 

(    mouth,  Yorktown 

( Valmy,  Jemmapes,Wattignies, 
]  Loano,  Lodi,  Areola,  Pyra- 
(     raids 

(Marengo,  Trafalgar,  Austerlitz, 
Jena,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Wa- 
gram,  Borodino,  Leipsic, 
Ligny,  Waterloo 

C  Mostly  naval,  with  the  exception 
[  of  New  Orleans. 
Navarino,  naval. 
( Buena  Vista,  Cerro  Gordo, Cap- ) 
(  ture  of  the  City  of  Mexico. .  | 
/Alma,  Balaklava,  Inkermann,  1 
\    Malakhofif ) 


Magenta,  Solferino 

Bull  Run,  Shiloh,  Seven  Days. 
Bull  Run,  2d,  Antietam^ 
Murfreesborough,   Chancel 

'^  lorsville,  Vicksburg,  Gettys-  j- 
burg,  Chickamauga,  Chatta 
nooga,  Virginia   campaign, 
Atlanta  campaign,  etc 

KOniggratz  or  Sadowa 


( worth,      Gravelotte,     Sedan, 
\     Metz,  Paris,  etc 


Plevna,  ShipkaPass,  Kars,  etc. 


r Japanese  occupy  Korea,  Port) 

Arthur,  Wei-Hai-Wei,  "' 
1     Chang, 


Port) 
Nin-y 


Hector,  Agamemnon. 
[Miltiades,  Leonidas,  Themis- 
tocles.  Pausanias,  Leotychi- 
I  des— Greek. 


Pericles.  Alcibiades,  I^ysander. 

Alexander  the  Great,  Darius. 
I  Fabius  Maximus,  Caius  Pon- 
(   tius. 

Fabius,  Scipio,  Hannibal. 
(Flaminius,   .^Emilius    Paulus, 
(   Mummius,  Perseus. 

Metellus,  Marius 


LucuUus,  Pompey,  Sulla. 
Spartacus,  Crassus. 


(Pompey,  Caesar,  Brutus,  Cas- 
(  sius,  Anthony,  Augustus. 

Titus. 
Trajan. 

Alaric,  Genseric,  Totila. 

(Musa,  Tarik,  Charles  Martel, 
\   Cid  Rodrigo. 

Crusades. 


r Edward  III.  of  England;  Ed- 
I  ward.  Black  prince,  of  Eng- 
(   land;  Henry  V.  of  England. 

{Arnold      von      Winckelried, 
Leopold  II. 
John  Ziska,  Sigismund. 
f  Richard,  duke  of  York  ;   Ed- 
j    ward,  duke  of  York;   War- 
]    wick,    earl    of ;     Margaret, 
[   queen  ;  Henry  VI. 
( Duke  of  Anjou,  Henry  III. ; 
I    Henry  IV.,  Conde. 
William  I.,  prince  of  Orange; 
Maurice;  duke  of  Alva;  Alex- 
ander Farnese.dukeof  Parma. 
Gustavus   Adolphus,  Wallen- 
stein,  Tilly,  Turenne. 
1  'r  i  nee  Rupert,F'ai  rfax,  Charles 
I.,  Cromwell. 

Duke  of  Marlborough,  prince 
Eugene,  marshal  Tallard, 
marshal  Villars. 
(Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  Peter 
(  the  Great  of  Russia. 
( MarshalSaxe,Georgen.ofEng- 
(    land,  duke  of  Cumberland. 

Daun,  Frederick  the  Great. 

(Washington,  Burgoyne,  Clin- 
(   ton,  Howe. 

(  Kellermann,Dumouriez,Jour- 
I  dan,  Moreau,  Hoche,  Napo- 
(   leon. 

(Napoleon, Wellington,  Nelson, 
Blucher,  Alexander  I..  Fran- 
cis I.,  and  Frederic  William 
IIL,  etc. 


Taylor,  Scott,  Santa  Afia. 
Lord  Raglan,  marshal  St.  Ar- 
naud,    prince     Menschikoff. 
gen.  Canrobert. 
(Napoleon  III.,  Victor  Emman- 
(    uel,  Francis  Joseph  I. 

(McClellan,  Grant,  Sherman, 
.^Sheridan,  Thomas,  Lee, 
I  Johnston. 


Marshal  Benedek,  William  I. 
(William  I..VonMoltke,crown- 
J    princeFrederick,princeFred- 
]    erick  Charles,  Napoleon  III., 
[   MacMahon,  Bazaine,  Trochu. 

!  Grand  duke  Nicholas,  Gourko. 
Skobelelf.  Todleben,   Osman 
Pacha,  Mukhtar  Pacha. 
I  Count  Oyama,  prince  Arisa- 
\  gawa,  prince  Komatsu. 


WAR 


924 


WAS 


1495 


1496 


Wnrbeck'u  liimirrectloii.  Perkin  Warbeck, 
the  ton  of  a  Florentine  Jew,  to  whom  Edward  IV.  had  stood 
Bodfaiher,  was  |>er8uadcd  by  Margare^  duchess  of  liurgundy, 
Sster  to  liicharvl  III.,  to  iierstinate  her  nephew  Kichard, 
Edwanl  V.'s  brother,  which  he  did  first  in  Ireland,  where  he 
landed,  1492.  The  imposture  was  discovered  by  Henry  VII., 
1493.  Some  writers  have  defended  Warbeck's  claims. 
Warbeck  nltcmpta  to  land  in  Kent  with  600  men;  169  are 

Uken  prisoners  and  executed ;:;••;  e  '  •., "  V 

Recommeuded  by  the  king  of  Franco  to  .lames  IV.  of  Scotland, 
^Jglves  h..n  his  kinswoman,  lord  Huntley's  danghtcr,  in 

marriage,  when  he  assumes  the  title  of  Richard  IV.    James 

IV.  Invades  Kugland  in  his  favor.  :•••■•. •  •  •  •  ••••••;•• 

Leaves  Scotland  and  goes  to  Bodmin  in  Cornwall,  where  3000 

it\\n  him • .-... oCpt.    1 4 J i 

Ou  the  approach  of  Henry  takes  sanctflary  at  Beaulieu;  sur-     ^ 

renders;  taken  to  London •  •  •  • -"^^ 

Said  to  have  been  set  in  the  shocks  at  Westminster  and  Cheap- 

side,  and  sent  to  the  Tower J  u^®.  l*-*^ 

Accused  of  plotting  with  the  earl  of  Warwick  to  escape  by 

murdering  the  lieutenant,  Aug.:  the  plot  fails,  and  he  is 

banged  at  Tyburn,  23  Nov. ;  earl  beheaded 28  Nov. 

Wardian  Ca§e8.  In  1829  N.  B.  Ward,  from  observ- 
ing a  small  fern  and  grass  growing  in  a  closed  glass  bottle,  in 
which  he  had  placed  a  chrysalis  covered  with  moist  earth, 
was  letl  to  construct  his  well-known  closely  glazed  cases,  which 
afford  to  plants  light,  heat,  and  moisture,  and  exclude  deleteri- 
ous gases,  smoke,  etc.  They  are  particularly  adapted  for  ferns. 
In  1833  they  were  first  employed  for  the  transmission  of  plants 
to  Sydney,  etc,  with  success,  and  prof.  Faraday  lectured  on  the 
subject,  1838. 

War'eaw,  the  metropolis  of  Poland  up  to  1772,  now 
the  capital  of  Russian  Poland.  The  diet  was  transferred  to 
this  citv  from  Cracow  in  1566,  and  it  became  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment in  1689.     Pop.  1859,  162,777. 

Poles  defeated  in  3  days'  battle  by  the  Swedes 28-30  July,  1656 

Alliance  at  Warsaw  of  Austria  and  Poland  against  Turkey,  in 

pursuance  of  which  John  Sobieski  assists  in  raising  the 

siege  of  Vienna  (Sept.  following)  ;  signed 31  Mch.  1683 

Warsaw  surrenders  to  Charles  XII 1703 

Treaty  of  Warsaw  between  Russia  and  Poland 24  Feb.  1768 

Russian  garrison  expelled  with  loss  of  2000  killed  and  500 

wounded,  and  36  pieces  of  cannon 17  Apr.  1794 

Poles  defeated  by  the  Russians  at  Maciejovice 4  Oct.      " 

King  of  Prussia  besieges  Warsaw,  July;  compelled  to  raise  the 

siege,  Sept. ;  it  is  taken  by  the  Russians Nov.     " 

Suwarrow,  Russian  general,  after  the  destruction  of  Warsaw, 

cruelly  butchers  30,000  Poles 4  Nov.     " 

Warsaw  made  a  duchy  and  given  to  the  house  of  Saxony, 

Aug.  1807 
Duchy  overrun  by  the  Russians;  Warsaw  made  the  residence 

of  a  Russian  viceroy 1813 

Liist  Polish  revolution  at  Warsaw  begins 29  Nov.  1830 

Battle  of  Grochow,  near  Warsaw,  the  Russians  driven  back 

with  the  loss  of  7000  men 25  Feb.  1831 

Battle  of  Warsaw;  after  2  days'  hard  fighting  the  city  capitu- 
lates, and  is  occupied  by  the  Russians;  Polish  army  retires 

towards  Plock  and  Modlin 6-8  Sept.     " 

Czar  meets  the  emperor  of  Austria  and  the  regent  of  Prussia; 

no  result. 20-25  Oct.  1860 

Poland,  1861-65. 

l^artburg^,  a  castle  in  Saxony,  N.  Germany,  where 
Luther  was  conveyed  for  safety  by  the  elector  Frederick  after 
the  diet  of  Worms,  Apr.  1521,  and  translated  the  Bible  into  Ger- 
man. 

IfVailling^ton,  a  western  frontier  state  of  the  United 
States,  between  lat.  4.5°  40'  and  49°  N.,  and  Ion.  117°  and  124° 
W.,  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca 
and  British  America,  east  by 
Idaho,  south  by  Oregon,  and 
\ve.st  by  the   Pacific  ocean. 
Area,  69,180  sq.  miles,  in  34 
counties;,  pop.  1890,  349,390. 
Capital,  Olympia. 
Juan  Perez,  in  the  ship  San- 
tiago, coasts  the  shore  of 
Washington  and  discov- 
ers mount  Olympus, 

10-11  Aug.  1773 
Bruno  Heceta,  at  the  head 
of  a  Spanish  expedition,  discovers  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia rivert 1775 

Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  explored  and  named  by  capt.  Meares 

after  a  Greek  mariner  of  that  name 1788  !  Act  of  Congress  approved,  organizing  as  the  territory  of  Idaho 

Capt.  Meares  sails   from   Nootka  southward,  names  mount            i      that  part  of  Washington  east  of  Oregon  and  of  the  117th  me- 
Olympus,  and  discovers  and  names  Shoal-water  bay.  .5  July,     "     I      ridian  of  west  longitude 3  Mch. 


Capt.  Robert  Gray  discovers  (iray  harbor,  which  he  names  Bul- 
lluch  harbor,  and  Columbia  river,  which  he  enters. .  .11  May, 

Lieut.  Broughton,  of  the  British  navy,  ascends  Columbia  river 
about  100  miles Oct. -Nov. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  U.  S.  government  exploring  expedition  de- 
scends the  Columbia  river,  reaching  its  mouth 5  Nov. 

Capt.  Meriwether  Lewis  explores  the  coast  from  Columbia  river 
to  Shoalwater  bay 18  Nov. 

Fort  Okanagan,  built  by  David  Stuart  on  the  Okanagan,  a 
branch  of  the  Columbia Aug. 

Pierre  Dorion  and  2  others  massacred  by  Indians  on  the  Snake 
river Jan. 

Fort  Walla  Walla,  on  the  Columbia  river,  built  by  the  Hudson 
Bay  company 

Exploring  party  under  James  McMillan  leaves  Astoria,  18  Nov. 
1824;  ascends  the  Chehalis  river  to  Black  river,  thence  to 
Turn  water  lake;  thence  by  an  Indian  portage  it  descends 
the  Eld  inlet  to  Puget  sound Dec. 

Convention  with  Russia  at  St.  Petersburg,  5-7  Apr.  1824,  regu- 
lating fishing  and  trading  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  fixing  54° 
40'  as  the  northern  boundary  of  the  U.  S. ;  ratified. .  .12  Jan. 

Fort  Colville  built  by  Hudson  Bay  comi)auy  at  Kettle  falls,  on 
the  Columbia 

Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth,  with  21  men,  starts  from  Boston  overland 
for  Oregon,  and  with  a  remnant  of  his  party  descends  the 
Columbia,  arriving  at  fort  Vancouver 29  Oct. 

Fort  Nisqually  built  by  Archibald  McDonald  4  or  5  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Nisqually  river ' 

Mission  station  established  at  Waiilatpu,  near  Walla  Walla,  by 
the  revs.  Whitman,  Spalding,  and  Gray 

Lieut.  R.  E.  .lohnson.  of  the  U.  S.  exploring  expedition,  with  3 
men  from  Nisqually,  visits  forts  Okanagan,  Colville,  Lapwai, 
and  Walla  Walla,  and  returns  by  Yakima  river May-July, 

Michael  T.  Simmons,  with  5  families,  settles  at  Tumwater,  at 
the  head  of  Budd  inlet,  naming  it  New  Market Oct. 

Congress  notifies  Great  Britain  that  the  conventions  of  1818 
and  1827,  for  joint  occupation  of  Oregon  territory  (including 
Washington)  will  terminate  after  12  months 9  Feb. 

Sraithfleld,  afterwards  (1850)  Olympia,  founded  by  Levi  L. 
Smith 

Indian  massacre  at  the  Presbyterian  mission  at  Waiilatpu;  dr. 
M.  Whitman  and  family  killed 29  Nov. 

Fort  Steilacoom,  on  Puget  sound,  established July, 

Convention  of  26  delegates  at  Cowlitz  landing  memorializes 
Congress  for  a  separate  government  for  "Columbia  "  (Oregon 
north  of  the  Columbia) 29  Aug. 

Seattle  founded ;  named  from  a  noted  Indian  chief 

Coal  discovered  near  Bellingham  bay  by  William  Battle 

First  number  of  the  Columbian,  a  weekly  newspaper,  issued 
at  Olympia 11  Sept. 

Congress  establishes  a  territorial  government  for  Washington 
(Oregon  north  of  the  Columbia),  and  confirms  titles  of  lands 
held  by  missionary  stations  before  the  establishment  of  Ore- 
gon, not  exceeding  640  acres  each,  to  their  religious  societies. 

2  Mch. 

T.  J.  Dryer  and  party  ascend  mount  St.  Helen,  which  they  dis- 
cover to  be  an  expiring  volcano 

Wagon  road  opened  over  the  Cascade  mountains,  and  35  wag- 
ons, with  100  or  200  emigrants,  reach  Puget  sound 

I.  I.  Stevens,  appointed  governor  of  the  territory,  arrives  at 
Olympia,  26  Nov.,  and  organizes  the  government 28  Nov. 

First  Federal  court  held  in  Washington  at  Cowlitz  landing  by 
judge  Monroe 2  Jan. 

Treaty  at  Point  Elliott,  near  the  mouth  of  Snohomish  river, 
with  2500  Indians,  agreeing  upon  a  reservation  on  the  Lumini 
river,  22  Jan..  and  later  with  the  tribes  farther  north,  select- 
ing a  reservation  about  the  head  of  Hood  canal Jan. 

Capital  fixed  at  Olympia  by  act  of  legislature 

Gold  discovered  near  fort  Colville 

Treaty  with  the  Nez  Perces,Cayuses,  Walla  Wallas,  and  Yakimas 
at  Waiilatpu,  by  commissioners  from  gov.  Stevens.  .11  June, 

Indian  war  begins;  Indians  attack  84  soldiers  under  maj.  G.  0. 
Haller,  sent  from  fort  Dallas,  3  Oct.,  for  the  Yakima  country, 

6  Oct. 

Three  families  massacred  by  Indians  in  White  River  valley. 

28  Oct. 

Indians  under  Leschi,  Owhi.  Tecumseh,  and  Curley,  attacking 
Seattle,  dispersed  by  shells  from  the  sloop-of  war  Decatur, 

26  Jan. 

Indians  defeated  in  an  attack  on  troops  at  White  river,  8  Mch. 

Yakimas  and  Klikitats  sweep  down  upon  the  Cascades,  mas- 
sacre the  family  of  B.  W.  Brown,  26  Mch.,  and  besiege  the 
garrison  until  relieved  by  troops  under  col.  Wright,  28  Mch. 

Leschi,  arrested  Nov.  1856,  is  3  times  tried  for  murder  and 
condemned,  and  is  finally  hanged 19  Feb. 

Col.  George  Wright  subdues  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  and  Spokanes, 
and  executes  treaties  of  peace  at  the  mission  on  a  branch  of 
the  Coeur  d'Alc-nes 17-23  Sept. 

Light-house  on  cape  Shoalwater,  first  illuminated 1  Oct. 

First  vessel  direct  from  China  to  enter  Puget  sound,  the  Lizzie 
Jarvis,  arrives  and  secures  a  cargo  of  spars Oct. 

That  part  of  Oregon  territory  not  included  in  the  state  is  add- 
ed to  Washington  territory  by  Congress 14  Feb, 

Fort  Colville  established  a  few  miles  east  of  the  old  Hudson 
Bay  company's  fort 20  June, 

First  cargo  of  yellow-fir  spars  shipped  to  Atlantic  ports  of  the 
U.  S.  from  Port  Gamble,  in  the  Law$on,  of  Bath,  Me 

University  of  Washington  at  Seattle,  chartered  18G1,  opened 


1805 

1811 

1814 
181& 

1824 
1825 

1832 
1833 
1835 

1841 
1845 

1846 


1847 
1849 


1851 
1852 


1853 


1854 


1858 


1860 
1862 


1863 


WAS 


925 


WAT 


Capitol  at  Olympia  completed 1863 

William  and  George  Hume  and  A.  S.  Hapgood  erect  the  first 
factory  at  Eagle  Cliff,  on  the  Columbia  river,  for  canning 

salmon 1866 

Penitentiary  located  on  McNeil's  island,  near  Steilacoom,  by 

commissioners  appointed 1869 

{government  buildings  at  fort  Steilacoom  converted  into  a  ter- 
ritorial insane  asylum,  and  occupied Aug.  1871 

Tacoma  on  Commencement  bay,  Puget  sound,  selected  as  the 

Western  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 1872 

[Then  the  site  of  a  sawmill  and  a  few  cabins.] 

First  .settler  at  Spokane  Falls 1878 

Constitutional  convention  meets  at  Walla  Walla  11  June,  1878, 

sits  24  days.     Constitution  ratified  by  the  people Nov.      " 

Whitman  college  at  Walla  Walla,  opened  1882,  chartered 1883 

Attempts  of  Knights  of  Labor  to  expel  the  Chinese  from  Wash- 
ington lead  to  riots.  Gov.  Squire,  by  proclamation,  calls  on 
citizens  to  preserve  peace,  5  Nov.  1885;  and  a  riot  occurring 

in  Seattle,  7  Feb.  1886,  he  declares  martial  law 8  Feb.  1886 

Northwest  Normal  school  at  Lynden  opened " 

Washington  School  for  Defective  Youth  at  Vancouver  opened,     " 

Penitentiary  at  Walla  Walla  completed 1887 

New  insane  asylum  at  Steilacoom  completed 1888 

Washington  admitted  to  the  Union 22  Feb.  1889 

Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  which  meets  at  Olympia, 
3  July;  ratified  by  the  people  40,152  to  11,879.     Articles  for 

woman  suffrage  and  prohibition  are  rejected 1  Oct.      " 

President  proclaims  Washington  a  state  from 11  Nov.     " 

New  insane  asylum  at  Medicine  lake  erected 1889-90 

Legislature  passes  the  Australian  Ballot  bill 19  Mch.  1890 

New  legislative  apportionment  law,  on  the  census  of  1890, 

enacted  by  the  legislature  at  special  session  3-11  Sept.     " 

Forty-five  men  buried  under  20,000  cubic  feet  of  rock  by  the 

premature  explosion  of  a  blast  at  Spokane  Falls 7  Sept.     " 

Work  begun  at  excavating  for  commerce  a  solid  deposit  of 
borax  in  Douglas  county,  8)4  feet  thick,  IX  miles  long,  and 

)4  mile  wide,  discovered  in  1875 1891 

New  U.  S.  naval  station  established  at  Port  Orchard Sept.     " 

Centennial  of  the  discovery  of  Puget  sound  celebrated  at  Port 
Townsend 7  May,  1892 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

I.  I.  Stevens assumes  office 28  Nov.  1853 

Fayette  McMullen "  Sept.  1857 

C.  H.  Mason,  acting "  July,  1858 

Richard  D.  Gholson " "      1859 

Henry  M.  McGill,  acting ...  "  May,  1860 

W.  H.  Wallace "  1861 

L.  J.  S.  Turney,  acting "  " 

William  Pickering '•  June,  1862 

Marshall  F.  Moore "  1867 

Alvan  Flanders "  1869 

Edward  S.  Salomon "  1870 

Elisha  Pvre  Ferry "  1872 

William  A.  Newell "  1880 

Watson  C.  Squire "  1884 

Eugene  Semple "  1887 

Miles  C.  Moore "  1888 

STATE-  GOVERNORS. 

. .  .assumes  office 18  No%'.  1889 

"  Jan.  1893 


Elisha  P.  Ferry  . . 
John  H.  McGraw. 


UNITED     STATES 

SENATORS     FROM    THE 
INGTON. 

STATE    OF    WASH- 

Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

•Date. 

Remarks. 

John  B.  Allen 

Watson  C.  Squire.. 
Vacant  * 

51st  to  53d 

51st  "   

53d    " 

1890  to  1893 
1890  " 

Term  expires  1897. 

John  L.  Wilson.... 

54th  "  

1895       

Term  expires  1899. 

«  The  state  legislature  having  failed  to  elect  a  U.  S.  senator  1893,  the  governor 
appointed  John  B.  Allen,  whom  the  U.  S.  Senate  refused  to  seat. 

^Vasllington,  City  of.     District  of  Columbia. 
"  ^Vashington  crossing  the  Delaware," 

a  celebrated  painting  by  Thontias  Sully  (b.  England,  1783 ;  d. 
Philadelphia,  1872)  painted  about  1820.  Now  in  possession 
of  Boston  museum. 

'Wasllington,  Fort.    Fort  Washington. 

Washington,  George,  Administration  of.  United 
States,  1789-97. 

Washington  monument,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  corner-stone  was  laid,  4  July,  1848,  with  Masonic  rites, 
Robert  C.  Winthrop  delivering  the  oration.  The  work  pro- 
ceeded until  1854,  when  it  ceased  for  want  of  funds.  In  1880 
it  was  resumed  by  the  government,  and  completed  1884,  the 
entire  cost  being  $1,200,000.  It  is  a  white  obelisk,  555  ft.  high, 
being  the  loftiest  structure  in  the  world,  except  the  Eiffel 
tower  in  Paris.  The  base  is  55  ft.  square,  with  walls  15  ft. 
thick.  The  exterior  is  of  crystal  Maryland  marble ;  while 
the  interior,  lighted  by  electricity,  is  occupied  by  a  stairway 
of  800  steps,  extending  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  and  an 
elevator  which  rises  in  7  minutes.  ' 


W^ashington's  birthday.  First  recorded  cele- 
bration occurred  in  Richmond,  Va.,  Feb.  11  (o.  s.)  1782.  It 
was  celebrated  there  and  in  other  places  on  11  Feb.  each  year 
until  1793,  when  22  Feb.  was  adopted,  according  to  the  new 

style. 

Washington's,  George,  record. 

Birth,  Wakefield  estate,  Virginia 1732 

In  the  French  war  (Virginia) 1753  et  seq. 

Marriage,  etc.,  p.  658. 
Army,  pp.  49  and  54. 

Nominated  commander-in-chief  (United  States) 1775 

At  Cambridge,  Mass.  (United  States) " 

Unfurls  flag  (United  States) 1776 

Monmouth,  battle  of;  also,  United  States, 

Conway  Cabal.  28-29  June  and  12  Aug.  1778 

At  Newburg  (United  States) 1783 

Addresses  state  governors  (United  States) '• 

Issues  farewell  address  (United  State.s) " 

Takes  leave  of  offlc-ers  (United  States) " 

At  constitutional  convention,  p.  200. 

Arrives  at  New  York,  takes  oath  of  ofQce,  etc.  (New  York) 1789 

Eulogy  on  (United  States) Dec.  1799 

Wasp  and  Frolic.     Naval  battles. 
Wasp,    Cruise   of  the.      Naval  battles;    United 
States,  1816. 

W^at  Tyler's  insurrection.  Tylers  insur- 
rection. 

watch  of  I^ondon,  at  night,  appointed  1253,  pro- 
claimed the  hour  with  a  bell  before  the  introduction  of  public 
clocks. — Hardie.  The  old  watch  was  discontinued,  and  a  new 
police  (on  duty  night  and  day)  commenced,  29  Sept.  1829. 
Police. 

'watches  are  said  to  have  been  invented  at  Nuremberg, 
1447;  although  tradition  asserts  that  Robert,  king  of  Scot- 
land, had  a  watch  about  1310. 

Watches  first  used  in  astronomical  observations  by  Purbach. .   1500 
Authors  assert  that  the  emperor  Charles  V.  was  the  first  who 
had  a  real  watch,  though  some  call  it  a  small  table-clock. . .  1530 

Watches  first  brought  to  England  from  Germany 1577 

A  watch  which  belonged  to  queen  Elizabeth  is  preserved  in  the 

library  of  the  Royal  Institution,  London. 
Spring  pocket-watches  (watches  proporly  so  called)  are  as- 
cribed to  dr.  Hooke  by  the  English,  and  to  M.  Huyghens  by 
the  Dutch.  Dr.  Derham,  in  his  '-Artificial  Clockmaker,"  says 
that  dr.  Hooke  was  the  inventor;  and  he  appears  to  have  pro- 
duced the  pendulum  watch  about  1658;  an  inscription  on  one 
of  the  double-balance  watches  presented  to  Charles  II.  reads, 
"  Rob.  Hooke,  inven.  1658;  T.  Tompion,  fecit,  1675." 

Repeating  watches  invented  by  Barlowe 1676 

Harrison's  first  timepiece  produced  (Harrison's  timepiece).  . .  1735 
Watches  for  the  United  States  were  formerly  supplied  from 
England,  France,  and  Switzerland.  In  1850  Aaron  Dennison 
of  Boston  and  Edward  Howard,  experts  in  watch  and  clock 
work,  began  making  watches  by  machiner}'.  They  soon  re- 
moved their  works  to  Waltham,  Mass.,  where  they  have  be- 
come the  largest  in  the  world,  with  about  2800  operatives, 
turning  out  daily  2000  watches.  A  second  centre  of  watch 
manufacture  is  at  Elgin,  111.     Clock. 

water.  Thales  of  Miletus,  founder  of  the  Ionic  sect, 
considered  water  to  be  the  original  principle  of  everything, 
about  594  b.c. — Stanley.  In  the  Roman  church  water  was 
first  mixed  with  the  sacramental  wine,  122. — Lenglet.  In 
cooling  water  contracts  till  it  is  reduced  to  40°  Fahr. ;  it  then 
begins  to  expand  till  it  becomes  ice  at  32°.  A  cubic  foot  of 
water  weighs  62.5  lbs.  avoirdupois ;  a  cubic  foot  of  ice  weighs 
57.25  lbs. 
Cavendish  and  Watt  demonstrate  that  water  is  composed  of 

8  parts  of  oxygen  and  1  part  of  hydrogen 1781-84 

Water  decomposed  into  oxygen  and  hydrogen  gases  by  Lavoi- 
sier, 1783;  by  the  voltaic  battery  by  Nicholson  and  Carlisle, 
1800;  by  the  heat  of  the  oxy-liydrogen  flame  by  W.  R  Grove,  1846 
Aqueducts,  Croton  aqueduct,  etc. 

water-bed.    Bed. 
water-clock.    Clock. 

water-color  painting  has  been  gradually  raised 
from  the  hard,  dry  style  of  the  last  century  to  its  present  brill- 
iancy, by  the  efforts  of  Nicholson,  Copley  Fielding,  Sandby, 
Varley,  the  great  Turner,  Pyne,  Cattermole,  Prout,  etc.  The 
Water-color  Society's  exhibition  (England),  which  began  in 
1805,  was  made  royal  in  1881 ;  the  diplomas  were  to  be  signed 
by  the  queen  after  Nov.  1882.  The  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water-colors  established  about  1831  (made  royal  in  1883). 
The  first  organized  movement  in  associating  water-color  paint- 


WAT 


926 


en  in  the  Unitetl  Sutes  was  made  in  1850;  it  was  unsuccess- 
ful, and  ccasetl  in  1854.  In  1866  the  Artists'  Funil  Society,  in 
its  annual  oxhibition  held  in  the  National  Academy  of  Design, 
New  York,  made  a  feature  of  this  branch  of  art,  and  exhibited 
a  collection  i»f  works  by  native  and  foreign  painters.  The 
result  was  the  organization,  in  Dec.  1866,  of  the  American 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colors. 

WUtcr-fflaftM,  a  liquid  mixture  of  sand  (silex)  and  one 
of  the  alkalies  ([wtash  or  soda).  (Jlauber  {De  Lithiase)  men- 
tions  a  similar  mixture  in  1644.  Dr.  Von  Fuchs,  the  modern 
inventor,  gave  an  account  of  his  process  in  1825;  and  Frederick 
Kanjwme,  of  Ipswich,  ignorant  of  Von  Fuchs's  discovery,  pa- 
tentetl  a  motie  of  preparing  water-glass  in  1845,  which  he  has 
since  greatly  improved.  In  1857,  M.  Kuhlmann,  of  Lille,  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  setting  forth  the  advantageous  employment 
of  water-glass  in  hardening  porous  stone  and  in  stereochromy. 
It  has  been  applied  to  the  exterior  of  many  buildings  in  France 
and  England.  The  memoirs  of  Von  Fuchs  and  Kuhlmann 
were  translated  and  printed  in  England  in  1859,  by  direction 
of  the  prince-consort. 

Wat'erloo,  a  village  of  Belgium,  the  site  of  the  great 
battle,  on  Sunday,  18  June,  1815,  between  71,947  French,  with 
246  guns,  under  Napoleon,  and  the  allies  under  the  duke  of 
Wellington,  with  67,661  men  and  156  guns.  The  French  con- 
tinued their  attacks  from  about  10  in  the  morning  until  5  in 
the  afternoon,  when  16,000  Prussians  reached  the  field ;  and  by 
7,  the  force  under  Blucher  amounted  to  above  50,000  men,  with 
104  guns.  Wellington  then  moved  forward  his  whole  army. 
A  rout  ensued,  with  great  carnage.  Of  the  British  (23,991), 
93  officers  and  1916  men  were  killed  and  missing,  and  363  offi- 
cers and  4560  men  wounded— total,  6932 ;  and  the  total  loss 
of  the  allied  army  amounted  to  4206  killed,  14,539  wounded, 
and  4231  missing,  making  22,976  hors  de  combat.  Napoleon, 
quitting  the  wreck  of  his  army,  returned  to  Paris;  and,  find- 
ing it  impossible  to  raise  another,  abdicated. — P.  Nicolas.  Na- 
poleon attributed  his  defeat  to  the  failure  of  marshal  Grouchy 
to  keep  Blucher  from  reinforcing  Wellington.  It  is  now  con- 
ceded that  this  is  correct ;  that  Napoleon  would  have  defeated 
Wellington  by  4  p.m.  had  it  not  been  (1)  for  the  anticipated 
reinforcements  and  (2)  for  the  actual.  It  was  without  doubt 
known  at  an  early  hour  to  Wellington  that  Blucher  would  be 
on  the  field  as  early  as  2  p.m.,  if  not  before,  and  it  was  about 
this  time  that  detachments  of  the  Prussian  army  appeared  on 
the  French  left.  With  this  expected  and  certain  aid  the  Brit- 
ish held  on,  bearing  blow  after  blow  with  dogged  resolution, 
knowing  that  help  was  approaching.  Had  Grouchy  placed  his 
forces  (35,000)  between  the  British  and  Prussian  armies,  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  would  have  been  a  French  victory. 
Waterloo  monument,  over  the  remains  of  the  oflacers  and  men 
who  fell  in  the  campaign  of  1815,  erected  by  queen  Victoria 
in  a  cemetery  at  Brussels,  unveiled  by  the  duke  of  Cam- 
bridge   26  Aug.  1890 

Gen.  Geo.  Whichcote,  b.  21  Dec.  1794,  who  fought  in  the  Span- 
ish campaigns  and  at  Waterloo,  d 26  Aug.  1891 

William  Hewitt,  lieutenant-colonel,  last  surviving  British  offi- 
cer at  this  battle,  d.  aged  96 26  Oct.     " 

IVaterlOO  bridge  (London).  A  bridge  here  over 
the  Thames  was  repeatedly  suggested  during  the  last  century, 
but  no  actual  preparations  for  it  were  made  till  1806,  when  G. 
Dodd  procured  an  act  of  Parliament,  and  gave  the  present  site, 
plan,  and  dimensions  of  the  bridge ;  but,  under  some  disagree- 
ment with  the  committee,  he  was  superseded  by  John  Rennie, 
who  completed  this  noble  structure.  It  was  commenced  11 
Oct.  1811,  and  opened  18  June,  1817,  on  the  anniversary  of  the 
battle  of  Waterloo,  the  prince-regent,  the  duke  of  Wellington, 
etc.,  being  present.  Its  length  within  abutments  is  1242  feet ; 
its  width  within  balustrades  is  42  feet;  and  the  span  of  each 
of  the  9  arches  is  120  feet.  Bought  for  475,000/.  by  the  Met- 
ropolitan Board  of  Works ;  opened  toll-free,  5  Oct.  1878 ;  lit  by 
electric  light  from  10  Oct.  1879. 

ivater-inilli,  for  grinding  corn,  are  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Belisarius,  the  general  of  Justinian,  while  besieged 
in  Rome  by  the  Goths,  555.  The  ancients  parched  their  corn, 
and  pounded  it  in  mortars.  Afterwards  mills  were  invented, 
which  were  turned  by  men  and  beasts  with  great  labor ;  yet 
Pliny  mentions  wheels  turned  by  water.     Telodynamic 

TR.V2JSMITTER. 

^iV^ater-§pout§.     Storms. 


WEA 
Roman  roads. 


IVatliiig  street. 

MflXiWyinXe^sXwat-teen'yie),  a  village  of  N.  France* 
Here  Jourdan  and  tne  French  republicans  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians  under  the  prince  of  Coburg,  and  raised  the  siege  of  Mau- 
beuge,  14-16  Oct.  1793. 

'Wauhatell'ie,  Battle  of.    Chattamooga  campaign. 

wave  prilielple  (in  accordance  with  which  the 
curves  of  the  hull  of  a  ship  should  be  adapted  to  the  curves  of 
a  wave  of  the  sea)  formed  the  subject  of  experiments  begun  by 
John  Scott  Russell  in  1832,  for  increasing  the  speed  of  ships. 
Col.  Beaufoy  is  said  to  have  spent  30,000/.  in  researches  upon 
this  matter.  It  was  taken  up  by  the  British  Association,  who 
have  published  reports.  The  principle  has  been  adopted  by 
naval  architects.    Light,  Unuulatory  theory. 

Wa'verley  novels.  The  publication  of  the  series 
began  with  '♦  Waverley  ;  or,  'Tis  Sixty  Years  Since,"  in  1814, 
and  closed  with  "  Tales  of  my  Landlord,"  4th  series,  in  1831. 
The  authorship  was  acknowledged  by  sir  Walter  Scott,  at  a 
dinner,  23  Feb.  1827.  The  original  MSS.  of  several  of  Scott's 
poems  and  novels  were  sold  by  auction  by  Christie  &  Man- 
son  for  1255  guineas,  6  July,  1867.     Literature. 

liVavre  {vav'r),  a  village  in  Belgium,  15  miles  southeast 
from  Brussels.  Here  Grouchy  attacked  the  Prussians  under 
Thielman,  18  June,  1815,  instead  of  hastening  to  the  support 
of  Napoleon  at  Waterloo. 

Wawz  or  "Wawre,  a  town  of  Poland.  The  Poles 
under  Skrzynecki  attacked  the  Russians  at  Wawz,  and  after  2 
days'  hard  fighting  all  the  Russian  positions  were  carried  by 
storm,  and  they  retreated,  with  the  loss  of  12,000  men  and  2000' 
prisoners,  31  Mch.  1831.  The  loss  of  the  Poles  was  small,  but 
their  triumph  was  soon  followed  by  defeat  and  ruin. 

wax  (A.  S.  weax,  Ger.  Wachs),  a  substance  secreted  by 
bees  and  used  in  constructing  their  cells,  also  a  substance 
formed  in  leaves  and  fruit  and  certain  plants.  It  came  into 
use  for  candles  in  the  12th  century;  and  wax  candles  were 
esteemed  a  luxury  in  1300,  and  were  rare.  In  China,  candlea 
of  vegetable  wax  have  been  in  use  for  centuries.  Candi.es. 
The  wax- tree,  Ligustrum  lucidum,  was  taken  to  England  from 
China  before  1794.— Sealing-wax  was  not  brought  into  use  in 
England  until  about  1556.  Its  use  has  been  almost  superseded 
by  adhesive  envelopes,  since  1844. 

waxwork.  Exhibitions  of  models  in  wax  were  pop- 
ular in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries.  The  collection  of  wax 
figures  exhibited  by  Mrs.  Salmon  at  Aldgate,  early  in  the  last 
century,  was  removed  to  Fleet  street,  London,  and  shown  there 
till  1812,  when  it  was  sold,  it  is  said,  for  50/.  Mme.  Tns- 
saud,  a  skilful  modeller,  exhibited  her  collection  of  models  and 
casts  of  eminent  persons,  witli  costumes  and  other  relics,  in  the 
boulevard  du  Temple,  Paris,  1785.  In  1802  she  exhibited 
it  at  the  Lyceum,  Strand,  London,  and  afterwards  at  other 
places.  The  interest  of  the  exhibition  has  been  energetically 
sustained  for  many  years  at  Baker  street,  London,  W.,  and  lat- 
terly at  Marylebone  road,  by  Mme.  Tussaud  and  her  family ; 
she  died  15  Apr.  1850,  aged  90.  Early  in  1889  the  collection 
was  purchased  by  a  company,  John  Tussaud  being  engaged  as- 
manager.  Louis  Tussaud  opened  a  new  exhibition  of  wax- 
works at  207  Regent  street,  24  Dec.  1890 ;  it  was  destroyed  by- 
fire,  20  June,  1891 ;  estimated  loss.  10,000/. 

Wayne'i  Indian  eampaii^n.    Ohio,  1793. 

we.  Sovereigns  generally  use  we  for  /,  a  style  which, 
began  with  king  John,  1199.— Co^e.  The  German  emperors 
and  French  kings  used  the  plural  about  1200. 

Weald  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  the  site  of  very  large,  an- 
cient forests ;  St.  Leonard's  still  remaining ;  near  which,  in  the 
Wealden  formation,  dr.  G.  A.  Mantell  discovered  the  remains- 
of  huge  extinct  animals,  1825  et  seq.  R.  Furley  published  an 
exhaustive  "  History  of  the  Weald  of  Kent,"  1871-74. 

"  Wealth  of  IVationi,"  an  inquiry  into  the  cause 
of;  by  Adam  Smith,  pub.  1776.  Of  this  work  Buckle  says, 
"  probably  the  most  important  book  which  has  ever  been  writ- 
ten, whether  we  consider  the  amount  of  original  thought  it 
contains  or  its  practical  influence." 

Weather  bureau.  The  United  States  Weather 
bureau,  fr<Jm  its  organization  in  1870  until  30  June,  1891,, 


WEA 


927 


when  it  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
was  a  division  of  the  U.  S.  Signal  service  under  the  War  de- 
partment. It  was  organized  by  chief  signal  officer  brig.-gen. 
Albert  J.  Myer,  under  act  of  Congress  9  Feb.  1870,  the  first 
legislation  of  the  U.  S.  for  a  national  weather  service.  Mete- 
orological reports  had  been  collected  and  maps  sent  out  daily 
by  prof.  Henry  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1854,  and 
European  governments  had  issued  storm  warnings  in  Holland, 
France,  and  England ;  but  prof.  Cleveland  Abbe,  meteorolo- 
gist, of  Cincinnati,  originated  the  present  system  of  weather 
forecasts.  Prof.  Abbe  began  the  publication  of  the  Weather 
Bulletin  of  the  Cincinnati  Observatory,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1  Sept.  1869.  His  success 
led  prof.  Lapham  of  Milwaukee  to  cause  memorials  for  a  na- 
tional system,  to  be  indorsed  by  all  chambers  of  commerce 
and  boards  of  trade,  and  presented  to  Congress  with  a  bill  by 
gen.  H.  E.  Paine,  resulting  in  the  act  of  1870.  The  great 
value  of  the  service  lies  in  simultaneous  weather  observations 
throughout  the  U.  S.,  transmitted  twice  daily  by  telegraph  to 
Washington,  from  which  are  made  synoptic  weather  maps 
and  press  reports  telegraphed  to  all  points.  Cautionarj'  storm- 
signals  are  displayed  for  the  shipping  at  all  seaport  and  lake 
stations,  and  special  flood  reports  at  river  stations.  For  the 
benefit  of  agriculture,  special  Farmers^  Bulletins  are  issued 
from  the  Washington  office  at  1  a.m.,  and  distributed  by  the 
"  Railway  Weather  Bulletin  service,"  so  that,  in  the  remotest 
sections,  the  farmer  may  know  at  an  early  hour  the  "  proba- 
bilities" for  the  day.  The  title  "Old  Probabilities,"  famil- 
iarly applied  to  the  head  of  the  Weather  bureau,  was  first 
given  in  1869  to  prof.  Abbe,  and  he  was  chosen  in  1870  by 
gen.  Myer  to  prepare  "  probabilities  "  or  storm-warnings. 
First  weather,  bulletins  of  simultaneous  observations  issued 

and  telegraphed  to  more  than  '20  cities 4  Nov.  1870 

First  storm-warning  bulletins  along  the  lakes  issued  about, 

10-15  Nov.     " 

Systematic  tri-daily  weather  predictions  begun 12  Feb.  1871 

Display  of  cautionary  signals  on  the  sea-coasts  and  lakes  be- 
gun  24  Oct.     " 

Signal  service  charged  to  extend  its  researches  in  the  interest 

of  agriculture,  by  act  approved 10  June,  1872 

Signal-service  stations  established  at  light-house  and  life-sav- 
ing stations  on  the  lakes  and  sea-coast,  by  act  of. 3  Mch.  1873 

Monthly  Weather  Review  first  published " 

System  of  international  co-operative  simultaneous  weather 
observation,  proposed  by  gen.  Myer  at  the  congress  of  mete- 
orologists convened  at  Vienna,  is  begun Sept.     " 

All  Smithsonian  weather  observers  transferred  to  the  signal 

service  at  the  instance  of  prof.  Joseph  Henry 2  Feb.  1874 

Meteorological  reports  of  army  post  surgeons  ordered  by  the 

surgeon -general  to  be  sent  to  the  chief  signal  office.  .19  Juue,     " 
Daily  publication  of  Bulletin  of  International  Simultaneous 
Meteorological  Observations  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  be- 
gun at  "Washington 1  Jan.  1875 

Publication  of  graphic  synoptic  International  Weather  Maps 
of  Simultaneous  Observations  begun  by  gen.  Myer., .  .1  July,  1878 

Gen.  Albert  J.  Myer,  b.  1828,  d.  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y 24  Aug.  1880 

Brig.-gen.  W.  B.  Hazen  appointed  chief  signal  officer 6  Dec.     " 

Gen.  Hazen,  b.  1830,  d.  at  Washington 16  Jan.  1887 

Gen.  A.  W.  Greely  appointed  chief  signal  officer 3  Mch.     " 

Weather  bureau  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 

and  prof.  Mark  W.  Harrington  appointed  chief 30  June,  1891 

weaving^  (weave,  Dut.  weven,  Ger.  weben,  Sanscr.  vap), 
the  art  of  forming  cloth  in  a  loom,  appears  to  have  been  prac- 
tised in  China  more  than  a  thousand  years  before  it  was  known 
in  Europe  or  Asia.  The  Egyptians  ascribed  the  art  to  Isis,  the 
Greeks  to  Pallas  Athene,  and  the  Peruvians  to  the  wife  of  Manco 
Capac.  Our  Saviour's  vest,  or  coat,  is  reported  to  have  had  no 
seam,  being  woven  from  the  top  throughout  in  one  whole  piece. 
The  print  of  a  frame  for  weaving  such  a  vest  may  be  seen  in 
Calmet's  "  Dictionary,"  under  the  word  Vestments.  2  weavers 
from  Brabant  settled  at  York,  Engl.,  where  they  manufact- 
ured woollens,  which,  says  king  Edward,  "may  prove  of  great 
benefit  to  us  and  our  subjects"  (1331).  Flemish  dyers,  cloth- 
drapers,  linen-makers,  silk-throwsters,  etc.,  settled  at  Canter- 
bury, Norwich,  Colchester,  Southampton,  and  other  places,  on 
account  of  the  duke  of  Alva's  persecution,  1567.     Loom. 

\vecldi]lg[>rillg§  were  used  by  the  ancients,  and  put 
upon  the  left  third  finger,  from  a  supposed  connection  of  a 
vein  there  with  the  heart.  According  to  Pliny,  they  were  made 
of  iron ;  in  the  time  of  Tertullian  of  gold.  Wedding-rings  in 
England  are  of  standard  gold  by  statute,  1855.     Auriatic. 

Weddillg^§.  Silver  weddings  are  celebrated  after  a 
union  of  25  years,  golden  weddings  after  60  years,  and  dia- 
mond weddings  after  60  years. 


WEL 

Wedgwood  ware,  pottery  and  porcelain  produced 
by  Josiah  Wedgwood  of  Staffordshire,  Engl.,  in  1762.  His^ 
potteries,  termed  Etruria,  were  founded  in  1771.  Previous  ta 
1763  much  earthenware  was  imported  from  France  and  Hol- 
land.    Pottery. 

Wedlie§day,  the  4th  day  of  the  week,  so  called  from, 
the  Saxon  idol  Woden,  or  Odin,  worshipped  on  this  day. 
Woden  was  the  reputed  author  of  magic  and  the  inventor  of 
all  the  arts,  and  was  thought  to  answer  to  the  Mercury  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans. 

iveek,  a  period  of  7  days,  supposed  to  have  been  first 
used  among  the  Jews,  who  observed  as  holy  the  sabbath  or 
7th  day.  They  had  3  sorts  of  weeks — the  common  one  of  7 
days ;  the  2d  of  7  years ;  the  3d  of  7  times  7  years,  at  the  end 
of  which  was  the  jubilee.  All  the  present  English  names  of 
days  are  derived  from  the  Saxon  names  of  gods ;  and  it  is  for 
this  reason  that  Quakers  regard  it  as  idolatry  to  use  these- 
names,  and  substitute  numbers  (1st  day,  etc.)  for  them. 

Latin.  French. 

Dies  Solis,  Day  of  the  Sun,  Dimanche. 

Dies  Lunse,  Day  of  the  Moon,  Lundi. 

Dies  Martis,  Day  of  Mars,  Mardi. 

Dies  Mercurii,  Day  of  Mercury,  Mercredi. 

Dies  Jovis,  Day  of  Jupiter,  Jeudi. 

Dies  Veneris,  Day  of  Venus,  Vendredi. 

DiesSaturni,  Day  of  Saturn,  Samedi. 

English.  «  Saxon.  German. 

Sunday,  Sun's  day,  Sonntag. 

Monday,  Moon's  day,  Montag. 

Tuesday,  Tiw's  day,  Dienstag. 

Wednesday,  Woden's  day,  Mittwoche    (mid-week; 

or  i  gi  nally  Woden'sTag). 

Thursday,  Thor's  day,  Donnerstag. 

Friday,  Friga's  day,  Freitag. 

Saturday,  Saterne's  day,  Samstag,  or  Sonnabend. 

weeping  willow  (Lat.  Salix  Bahylonica).  Said 
to  have  been  introduced  into  England  from  the  East  in  1722, 
and  into  the  United  States  in  1775,  by  one  of  the  British  offi- 
cers who  came  to  Boston  with  the  army,  bringing  a  twig. 
This  twig  came  into  possession  of  John  Parke  Custis,  who 
planted  it  on  his  estate  at  Abingdon,  Va.,  where  it  became  the, 
progenitor  of  this  species  in  the  U.  S. 

weigllt§  and  measures.  These  and  the  stamping^ 
of  gold  and  silver  money  are  attributed  to  Pheidon,  tyrant  of 
Argos,895  b.c.  Arundelian  marbl?:s.  Weights  were  orig- 
inally taken  from  grains  of  wheat,  the  lowest  being  still  called 
a grsim.—Chalmeis.  Critii,  Metric  system,  and  Standard- 
measures. 
Much  information  is  given  by  H.  W.  Chisholm  in  his  work  "On  the^ 

Science  of  Weighing  and  Measuring."    1877. 
Jews  ascribed  weights  and  measures  to  Cain;  Egyptians  to  Theuth, 

or  Thoth;  Greeks  to  Hermes  (the  Roniiin  Mercury). 
Basis  of  ancient  measures  was  the  natural  dimensions  of  the  humaa 
body;  the  digit,  or  breadth  of  the  middle  part  of  the  first  joint  of 
the  forefinger,  being  the  lowest  unit  of  the  scale. 
Egyptian  cubit  (6  palms),  under  the  Pharaohs,  was  about  18.24  Eng- 
lish inches;  cubit  of  Ptolemy  about  21.87  inches;  he  determined 
the  length  of  a  stadium  and  of  a  degree. 
Sacred  cubit  of  the  Jews  (Newton),  24.7  inches. 
Assyrian  weights  are  described  by  Mr.  Layard  in  his  '•'■  Nineveh." 
Grecian  7roi)r  =  1.01  ft.,  and  a  oTabiov  or  great  measure  =  (507  ft. 
Roman  pes  =11.65  in. ;  while  the  milliare  =  ^Vp  of  i  mile. 
Grecian  5pdx/uri  =  2. 46  drs.  avoirdupois;  while  Che  Roman  libra  z= 

11  oz.  8.6  drs.  avoirdupois. 
Standard  measure  was  originally  kept  at  Winchester,  Engl.,  by 

the  law  of  king  Edgar 972 

Standard  weights  and  measures  were  provided  for  the  kingdom 

of  England  by  the  sheriffs  of  London,  9  Rich.  1 1197 

Public  weighing-machine  was  set  up  in  London,  and  all  com- 
modities ordered  to  be  weighed  by  the  city  officer,  called  the 
weigh-master,  who  was  to  do  justice  between  buyer  and  sell- 
er, sUt.  3  Edw.  II.  (Stow) 1309 

Edward  III.  ordered  that  there  should  be  "one  weight,  meas- 
ure, and  yard  "  throughout  the  kingdom 1353- 

First  statute,  directing  the  use  of  avoirdupois  weight,  of  24 

Hen.  VIII 1532 

Weights  and  measures  ordered  to  be  examined  by  the  justices 

at  quarter-sessions,  35  Geo.  Ill 1795 

Again  regulated 1800- 

Statute  for  establishing  uniformity  of  weights  and  measures, 

1824,  took  efliect  throughout  the  United  Kingdom 1  Jan.  1826- 

Specific  gravities.     Elements. 

Wein§l>er^,  City  of.    Guelphs. 
Weldon  Road,  Battle  of.     Grant's  campaign  in. 
Virginia. 
Welland  eanal.    Canals. 

W^ell§  were  dug  by  Abraham,  1892  B.C.,  and  Isaac,  1804 


WEN  ^ 

(Gen.  xxi.  80,  ami  xxvi.  J 9).  Danaus  is  said  to  have  intro- 
duc€«l  well-digging  into  Greece  from  Egypt.  Norton's  "  tube- 
well,"  patentetl  Oct.  18G7,  is  said  to  be  the  invention  of  Hiram 
J.  Messenger,  Stephen  Brewer,  and  Byron  Mudge,  Americans, 
of  the  stale  of  New  York.  The  apparatus  consists  of  an  iron 
lube  jwrforated  with  holes  at  the  lower  end,  and  shod  with  a 
•teel  |K)int,  which  readily  enters  the  hardest  soil  when  forcibly 
driven.  It  was  used  with  great  advantage  during  the  civil  war, 
1801-04;  by  the  British  in  their  campaign  in  Abyssinia,  1867- 
1868;  and  by  the  Russians  in  Khiva,  1873.  Autksian  wells. 
WCIICiS,  a  branch  of  the  Slavonic  family  which  spread 
over  Germany  in  the  6th  century,  and  settled  especially  in  the 
northeastern  parts. 

WCHlcyail  WEctllodlstS.  The  term  "  Wesleyan  " 
is  applied  to  all  Methodistj  in  England,  but  in  the  United 
States  only  to  an  organization  that  withdrew  from  the  Meth- 
otlist  Episcopal  church  in  1843,  dissatisfied  with  the  attitude 
of  the  Methixlist  Episcopal  church  towards  slavery.  It  has 
no  distinctive  doctrines,  anil  has  not  increased  in  strength  or 
im|)ortance.  According  to  the  census  of  1890  it  has  in  the 
U.  S.  341  churches,  with  16,492  members.     Methodism. 

West  African  §Cttletnent§  under  the  English 
government  and  protection.  Gold  Coast  extends  along  the 
gulf  of  Guinea  350  miles.  Area,  15,000  sq.  miles  (under  Eng- 
lish protection,  46,600  sq.  miles) ;  pop.  1,905,000.  Lagos,  an 
island  on  the  slave  coast,  with  a  protectorate  extending  some 
distance  inland.  Area,  1071  sq.  miles ;  pop.  100,000.  Gam- 
bia^ at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Gambia.  Area,  2700  sq.  miles ; 
pop.  50,000.  Sierre  Leone,  area,  15,000  sq.  miles ;  pop.  180,000. 
Each  with  a  governor  appointed  by  the  i3riti8h  crown. 

West  Indies,  islands  discovered  by  Columbus  (Amer- 
ica), form  a  long  archipelago  reaching  from  Florida  and  Yu- 
catan to  the  shores  of  Venezuela,  South  America,  separating 
the  open  Atlantic  from  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean 
sea.     So  called  because  they  were  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  In- 
dia.    3  great  divisions  are  recognized  in  this  archipelago : 
I.  Greater  Antilles:  Cuba,  Hayti,  Porto  Rico,  aud  Jamaica. 
»  II.  Bahamas:  Extending  from  about  20°  to  27°  N.  lat.,  forming  a 
British  colonial  possession,  few  inhabited;  Nassau,  on  Prov- 
idence island,  the  capital.    They  form  a  barrier  which  throws 
the  Gulf  stream  upon  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S.,  thus 
greatly  modifying  the  climate  of  the  eastern  U.S.  and  northern 


Europe. 


III.  I^esser  An- 
tilles. 


Leeward 
isles. 


Virgin  islands 


Possessors. 

British,  Danish, 

Spanish. 

British. 


Anguilla 

St.  Christopher  (St.  i  ^^ 

Kitt's) \ 

St.  Martin French,  Dutch 


St.  Bartholomew. 


French. 
Dutch. 


Windward 
isles. 


St.  Eustatius 

Nevis 

Barbuda 

Antigua 

Montserret 

Guadeloupe 

Marie-Galante 

[  Dominica 

f  Martinique 

St.  Lucia 

St.  Vincent 

Grenada 

Barbadoes 

Tobago 

Trinidad 

Oruba 

Curaf oa 

Buen  Ayre 

Aves  (Bird)  islands 

Los  Roques 

Orchilla 

(  Blanquella 

For  special  information  see  each  separately. 

West  Point,  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  a  town  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Hudson  river,  52  miles  from  New  York  city ;  pop. 
about  1400.  Site  of  forts  Clinton  and  Putnam,  built  during  the 
Revolution ;  also  scene  of  Arnold's  treason.  United  States, 
1780. 

West  Point  military  academy,  the  only 

school  to  educate  oflficers  for  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
occupies  2200  acres  at  West  Point.  The  27  sec.  of  the  act  of 
Congress,  16  Mch.1802,  by  which  the  military  peace  establish- 
ment was  determined,  provided  for  a  corps  of  engineers  to  be 
stationed  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  and  to  constitute  a  military 


British. 


French. 

British. 
French. 
British. 


Dutch. 


Venezuela. 


8  WES 

academy,  the  senior  engineer  officer,  Jonathan  Williams,  maj. 
of  engineers,  to  be  superintendent.  By  act  of  25  Feb.  1803, 
the  president  was  empowered  to  appoint  a  teacher  of  French 
and  one  of  drawing.  Further  provisions  made  by  Congress 
for  it  29  Apr.  1812,  defining  the  principles  upon  which  the 
school  has  since  been  conducted.  This  act  established  the 
following  departments:  Engineering,  philosophy,  mathemat- 
ics, French,  Spanish,  drawing,  geograpliy,  history,  ethics, 
chemistry,  mineralogy,  geology,  infantry  tactics,  practical  en- 
gineering, artillery  and  cavalry  practice,  ordnance  and  gun- 
nery, equitation,  fencing,  and  bayonet  exercise.  Requirements 
for  admission,  time  of  study  and  service,  rate  of  pay  and  emolu- 
ments prescribed.  On  28  July,  1817,  brevet-maj.  Sylvanus 
Thayer,  of  the  corps  of  engineers,  known  as  "  the  Father  of  the 
academy,"  assumed  control  as  superintendent.  "  From  this 
period  the  commencement  of  whatever  success  as  an  educational 
institution  and  whatever  reputation  the  academy  may  posse.ss 
throughout  the  country  and  abroad  for  its  strict, impartial, salu- 
tary, elevating,  and  disciplinary  government  must  be  dated." 
—Capt.  Edward  C.  Boynton,  "  History  of  West  Point,"  p.  217. 
First  graduates,  Joseph  G.  Swift  and  Simon  M.  Levy..  .12  Oct.  1802 
3  graduates 1803  |  15  graduates 1808 


1809 
1810 
1811 


2  "         1804 

3  "         1805 

15  "         1806    19 

5  "         1807 

[Total,  1802-94  Inclusive,  3616.] 

Permanent  superintendent  appointed 1815 

Board  of  visitors  ai)pointed 1816- 

[Board  of  visitors  are  appointed  annually.  7  by  the  presi- 
dent, 2  by  the  president  of  the  Senate,  and  3  by  the  speaker 
of  the  House.  They  visit  the  academy  in  June  and  are  pres- 
ent at  the  graduation  of  the  class.] 

Uniforms  prescribed " 

Class  rank  inaugurated isiS 

Martial  law  introduced ;  first  court-martial " 

[Cadets  held  to  be  subject  to  the  rules  and  articles  of  war. 
Opinion  confirmed  by  pres.  Monroe  and  Calhoun,  sec.  of  war.] 

Severer  regulations  introduced " 

[By  sec.  28,  act  of  Congress,  5  July,  1838.  cadets  to  serve 
the  government  8  years  unless  sooner  discharged.] 

[Congress  organized  a  commission  of  2  senators,  2  repre- 
sentatives, and  2  army  officers  to  examine  the  academy,  to 
ascertain  what  changes,  if  any,  were  necessary,  etc.  It  con- 
sisted of  Jefferson  Davis  and  Solomon  Foot,  of  the  Senate; 
John  Cochrane  and  Henry  W.  Davis,  of  the  House ;  maj.  Rob- 
ert Anderson  and  capt.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  U.  S.  army.  They 
met  at  West  Point,  17  July,  1860,  and  on  13  Dec,  in  a  report  of 
350  pages,  recommended  the  reorganization  of  the  academy.] 
Total  number  of  cadets  present  at  the  academy  on  1 

Nov.  1860 278 

From  the  southern  states 86 

Of  these  from  the  south,  the  number  discharged,  dis- 
missed, and  resigned,  from  causes  connected  with 

the  civil  war,  was 65 

Leaving  at  the  academy  from  the  south  to  prosecute 

their  studies 21 

Of  the  1249  living  graduates  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war,  919  remained  loyal, 

283  joined  the  confederates, 
47  neutral  or  unknown, 

1249  total. 
By  act  of  Congress,  3  Aug.  1861,  the  oath  of  allegiance  was  amended 
so  as  to  abjure  all  allegiance,  sovereignty,  or  fealty  conceived  to 
be  due  any  state,  county,  or  country  whatsoever,  and  pledge  an 
unqualified  support  to  the  Constitution  and  the  national  govern- 
ment. By  provision  of  law,  each  congressional  district  and  ter- 
ritorial district,  as  well  as  the  District  of  Columbia,  is  entitled 
to  1  cadet.  Appointments  from  the  first  two  are  made  on  the 
nomination  to  the  sec.  of  war  by  the  representative  in  Congress 
from  his  own  district.  However  large  the  number  of  applicants 
from  any  district,  the  appointee  is  selected  at  the  instance  of  the 
representative.  The  pres.  of  the  U.  S.  is  authorized  to  appoint  10 
cadets  at  large  independent  of  residence.  Candidate  must  be  over 
16  and  under  21  years  of  age,  and  at  least  5  ft.  high;  must  be  able 
to  read  and  write  well,  and  grounded  in  the  first  4  rules  of  arith- 
metic, etc. ;  subject  to  examination  by  the  medical  board  at  West 
Point. 

SUPERINTENDKNTS  OF  WEST   POINT. 


L  Jonathan  Williams...  1802-12 

2.  Joseph  G.  Swift 1812-17 

3.  Sylvanus  Thayer 1817-33 

4.  Rene  E.  De  Russy.. .  .1833-38 

5.  Richard  Delafleld 1838-45 

6.  Henry  Brewerton 1845-52 

7.  Robert  E.  Lee 1852-55 

8.  John  G.  Barnard 1855-56 

9.  Richard  Delafleld 1856-61 

10.  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard..  1861 

[Served  5  days.  Ap- 
pointed by  John  Floyd, 
sec.  of  war;  relieved 
by  Joseph  Holt.] 


11.  Alexander  H.  Bow- 

man  

12.  Zealous  B.  Tower. . '.  .1864 

13.  George  W.  Cullum . . .  1864-66 

14.  Thomas  G.  Pitcher.  ..1866-71 

15.  Thos.  H.  Ruger 1871-76 

16.  Gen.  John  M.  Scho- )  ,„„„  q. 

field }  1876-81 

^'^'  ^^"rd^"''^''^'  ^'"""i  1881-82 

18.  Wesley  Merritt". '. ....  1882-87 

19.  John  G.  Parke 1887-89 

20.  Jas.  M.  Wilson 
2L  0.  H.  Ernst 1894 


1861-64 


WES 


929 


WES 


-GRADUATES    RANKING    No.  1    FROM    1818  TO   1861    (NO   CLASS    RANK    PRIOR   TO    1818),  WITH    THE    CLASS    AND    GRADTT 
ATING    RANK    OF    OTHERS    WHO    BECAME    DISTINGUISHED    IN    THE    CIVIL    WAR  »»«AUU- 


Class  rank,  No.  1.     Name. 


Richard  Delafleld , 

William  A.  Eleason 

Stei)lien  Tuttle 

Edward  A.  Courtenay 

George  Dutton 

Alfred  Mordecai 

Deiin  is  A.  Mahan 

Alexander  D.  Bache 

William  H.  C.  Bartlett 

Ebenezer  S.  Sibley 

Albert  E.  Church 

Charles  Mason 

Alexander  J.  Swift 

Roswell  Park 

George  W.  Ward 

P'rederic  A.  Smith 

Wm.  D.  Eraser  (named  Wm.  Smith  at  graduation) 

George  W.  Morell 

George  L.  Welcker 

Henry  W.  Benham 


William  H.  Wright. 


Isaac  J.  Stevens. , 


Paul  0.  Hebert. 


Zealous  B.  Tower  , 


Henry  L.  Eustis.. 


William  B.  Franklin.. 
William  G.  Peck 

William  H.  C.  Whiting, 


C.  Seaforth  Stewart. 


John  C.  Symmes. . . . . . 

William  P.  Trowbridge. 

Quincy  A.  Gilmore 

Frederick  E.  Prime... 
George  L.  Andrews  . . . 

Thomas  Lincoln  Casey 

James  B.  McPherson. . 
G.  W.  Custis  Lee 

Cyrus  B.  Oomstock  . . . 

30 


Year  of 
graduation. 


1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 

1822 

1823 
1824 
1825 


1827 
1828 


1830 

1831 

1832 
1833 
1834 

1835 


1837 


1840 


1841 


1843 
1844 

1845 


No.  in 
Class. 


1848 

1849 

1850 
1851 

1852 

1853 
1854 

1855 


56 


43 


46 


34 


Remarks. 


Retired 
Died,  1839. 
Died,  1835. 
Resigned,  1834. 

Died,  1857 , 

Resigned,  1861. 

Died,  1867 

Resigned,  1829 

Resigned,  1864 

Resigned,  1831 

Died,  1847 

Resigned,  1836 

Resigned,  1836. 

Died,  1852 

Died,  1856. 

( Resigned,  1837 ;  re-cn- 
\    teredthe  army,  1861 

Died,  1848 


Died,  1845 


[■Resigned,  1853;  re-en-  ] 
J  tered  the  army,  ! 
1  1861  ;  killed  at  f" 
[  Chantilly,  1862....  J 
f  Resigned,  1845 ;  reap- 1 
pointed,  1847;  re-  ! 
signed,  1848;  joined  | 
the  rebellion J 


Resigned,  1864. 

Resigned,  1866. 
Resigned,  1865. 


^Resigned,  1861;) 
[    joined  the  rebellion  J 


Retired,  186L. 
Resigned,  1856. 


Killed  before  Atlanta,  ^ 
Ga.,  1864, aged  35..) 

Resigned,  1861  ;) 
joined  the  rebellion) 


Class  rank  of  disllngulahed  officers  graduating  at 
the  time. 


(David  Hunter 25 

(Joseph  K.  T.  Mansfleld '. 2 

f  Robert  A  nderson 15 

(Charles  F.  Smith .......19 

? Albert  Sidney  Johnston 8 

(S.  P.  Heintzelman 17 

Leonidas  Polk q 

Jefferson  Davis ....23 

<).  McKnight  Mitchel !l5 

Joseph  E.  Johnston 13 

Robert  E.  Lee , 2 

J.  B.  Magruder ' 15 

(Samuel  R.  Curtis .27 

(A.  A.  Humphreys 13 

George  W.  Cullum s 

("George  G.  Meade 19 

(Gordon  Granger .35 

Thomas  W.  Sherman 18 

( Joseph  Hooker 29 

I  John  Sedgwick 24 

!  Braxton  Bragg , 5 

]  Jubal  A.  Early 18 

J.  C.  Pemberton 27 

[William  H.  French 22 

flrvin  McDowell..; 23 

J  Andrew  J.  Smith 36 

1  P.  G.  T.  Beauregard 2 

[  William  J.  Hardee 26 

f  Edward  R.  S.  Canby 30 

J  Henry  W.  Halleck 3 

]  Edward  0.  C.  Ord 17 

[  Henry  J.  Hunt 19 

r William  Tecumseh  Sherman 7 

-i  George  H.  Thomas 12 

(Richard  S.  Ewell 13 

f  John  F.  Reynolds 26 

I  Don  Carlos  Buell 32 

^  Nathaniel  Lyon 11 

I  Horatio  G.  Wright 2 

( John  M.  Brannan 23 

(  John  Newton 2 

William  S.  Rosecrans 5 

I  John  Pope 17 

■>  (George  Sykes 39 

D.  H.  Hill 28 

I  James  Longstreet 54 

I  Earl  Van  Dorn 52 

(Christopher  G.  Auger 16 

^Ulysses  S.  Crant 21 

( Frederick  Steele 30 

I  W'infleld  S.  Hancock 18 

-^Alfred  Pleasanton 7 

(S.  B.  Buckner 11 

(  Fitz-John  Porter 8 

I  Charles  P.  Stone 7 

Thomas  J.  Wood 5 

William  F.  Smith 4 

Edmund  Kirby  Smith 25 

( George  B.  McClellan 2 

George  Stoneman 33 

J  Darius  Couch 13 

j  John  G.  Foster 4 

Thomas  J.  Jackson,  "  Stonewall  " 17 

(  George  Pickett 59 

f  Ambrose  E.  Burnside 18 

I  Orlando  B.  Wilcox 8 

J  Charles  Griffin 23 

]  John  Gibbon 20 

Romey  n  B.  Ay  res 22 

[  Ambrose  P.  Hill 15 

]  John  G.  Parke 2 

(Absalom  Baird 9 

G.  K.  Warren 2 

r  David  Stanley 9 

j  Henry  W.  Slocum 7 

1  Alexander  McDowell  McCook 30 

[  George  W.  Crook 32 

John  M.  Schofield 7 

Philip  H.  Sheridan 34 

J.  B.  Hood 44 

(0.  0.  Howard 4 

(J-  E.  B.  Stuart 13 

i  William  B.  Hazen 28 
Godfrey  Weitzel 2 
William  B.  Averell 26 
David  McM.  Gregg 8 
Alfred  T.  0.  Torbert 21 


WES 


980 


WES 


GRADUATES  RANKING  Na  1,  ETC..  WHO  BECAME  DISTINGUISHED  IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR. -(Continued. 


George  W.  Snyder. 
John  C.  Palfrey  •• . 

William  I'.  hiiiH>. .. 
Wim»m  K.  Merrill. 
Walter  McFarlaud  . 


Henry  A.  Dupoot. 


Yaarof 
grMluktton. 


1866 
1867 


1869 
1860 


18C1 


Nn.  in 

ClMi. 


Remarkt. 


Died,  1861. 
Resigned,  1863. 


Class  rank  of  distiuguUhed  officers  graduating  at 
the  time. 


/Wesley  Merritt 22 

\James  H.  Wilson & 

? Judson  Kili>atrick 17 

-^  Emory  Upton 8 

(George  A.  Custer 34 


West  Saxons.     Britain. 

West  Virginia,  a  state  of  the  United  States  formed 
from  Virginia  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  is  of  irregular 
shape,  a  narrow  strip  known 
as  the  Panhandle  extending 
north  between  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio  some  70  miles,  and 
Maryland  cutting  a  triangle 
out  of  the  northeastern  por- 
tion*. It  lies  between  lat.  37° 
5'  and  40°  37'  N.,  and  Ion.  77° 
4'  and  82°  40'  W.  Its  general 
boundary  is  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland  on  the  north,  Vir- 
ginia on  the  east  and  south, 
and  Kentucky  and  Ohio  on 
the  west.  Area,  24,780  sq. 
miles  in  54  counties.  Pop.  1890,  762,794.  Capital,  Charles- 
ton.    Virginia. 

Harper's  Ferry  established  as  a  ferry 1748 

Baptist  church  formed  at  Opequon,  Berkeley  county,  under 

charge  of  rev.  John  Gerard  from  New  England 1754 

Battle  of  the  Trough,  near  Moorefield.  A  small  baud  of  set- 
tlers pursuing  Indians  under  Kill  Buck  are  hemmed  in  bfc- 
tween  mounuin  and  river,  and  obliged  to  retreat  with  loss 

of  half  their  number. spring  of  1756 

Massacre  of  the  garrison  of  fort  Seybert,  12  miles  from  site  of 

Franklin,  by  Indians May,  1758 

Romney  laid  out  and  named  by  lord  Fairfax Nov.  1762 

Capt.  William  Arbuckle.  the  first  white  man  to  traverse  the 

Kanawha  valley,  reaches  the  site  of  Point  Pleasant 1764 

English  exploring  expedition  under  col.  Crogan  descends  the 
Ohio,  encamping  at  West  Columbia  and  Little  Guyandotte 

river May,  1765 

George  Washington,  on  a  surveying  expedition  to  the  Ohio, 

passes  through  Romney 9  Oct.  1770 

Indians  attack  the  crew  of  a  trading  canoe  from  Pittsburg  on 
the  Ohio,  near  Wheeling,  killing  1  man,  thus  breaking  a  10 
years'  truce,  16  Apr.     The  settlers  declare  war  and  engage 

in  a  battle  near  the  mouth  of  Captina  creek 27  Apr.  1774 

Fort  Union  built  on  site  of  Lewisburg " 

Fort  Fincastle,  afterwards  fort  Henry,  at  Wheeling,  built " 

Battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha 

( Vl  RGINIA) 10  Oct.       " 

Fort  Randolph,  at  Point  Pleasant,  begun "         " 

John  Harvie  and  John  Nevill,  chosen  to  represent  western 
Virginia  in  the  Virginia  convention,  are  admitted  to  seats, 

21  Mch.  1775 

Convention  of  Virginia  frontiersmen  west  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  at  Pittsburg  elects  John  Harvie  and  George  Rodes 
delegates  to  Continental  Congress 16  May,     " 

Tory  insurrection  under  John  Claypole,  a  resident  of  Hardy 
county,  suppressed  by  troops  under  gen.  Morgan June,     " 

Capt.  Foreman  and  21  men  massacred  by  Indians  about  4 
miles  from  Moundsville 25  Sept.  1777 

Fort  Hknky  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Indians  under  Simon 
Girty 27-28  Sept.     " 

Cornstalk,  Shawnee  chief,  murdered  at  Point  Pleasant, 

10  Nov.     " 

Fort  Randolph  besieged  by  Indians May,  1778 

Attack  by  the  Indians  on  Donnally's  fort,  10  miles  northwest 
of  Lewisburg May,     " 

By  grant  to  William  Penn  in  1681,  the  western  boundary  of 
Pennsylvania  is  the  meridian  5  degrees  west  of  the  Dela- 
ware. Virginia  in  ceding  to  the  U.  S.  lands  beyond  the  Ohio, 
in  1784,  reserved  a  strip  about  70  miles  long  upon  the  Ohio 
west  of  Pennsylvania,  now  known  as  the  Panhandle.  .1  Mch.  1784 

General  assembly  directs  the  establishment  of  Morgantown, 

Oct.  1785 

Wheeling  laid  out  in  town  lots  by  col.  Ebenezer  Zane 1793 

Charleston  created  by  act  of  legislature 19  Dec.  1794 

Aaron  Burr  visits  Herman  Blennerhassett  at  his  island  in  the 
Ohio,  2  miles  below  Parkersburg  (Blennerhassett's  island; 
U.viTED  States) 1805 

First  steamboat  on  the  Great  Kanawha,  the  Robert  Thompson, 
ascends  the  river  from  Point  Pleasant  to  Red  House  shoals. .  1819 

Bethany  college  at  Bethany,  chartered  1840,  opened 1841 

Wheeling  female  college  at  Wheeling,  chartered  1848,  opened. .  1850 

John  Brown,  seeking  "to  free  the  slaves,"  captures  Harper's 
Ferry  (Brown's,  John,  isscrrection;  Virginia)  ..  16-17  Oct.  1859 


Petroleum  discovered  at  Burning  Springs,  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Kanawha 1860 

First  public  Union  meeting  in  West  Virginia,  declaring  against 
secession,  held  at  Preston 12  Nov.     " 

Forty-six  delegates  from  what  is  now  West  Virginia  vote  on 
the  ordinance  of  secession;  9  for,  29  against;  7  are  absent, 
1  excused 17  Apr.  1861 

Garrison  at  Harper's  Ferry  burn  the  arsenal  and  flee  into 
Maryland 21  Apr.     " 

West  Virginia  declares  for  the  Union "         '' 

First  Wheeling  convention  on  the  future  of  western  Virginia 
meets  in  Washington  hall.  Wheeling 13  May,     "■ 

First  Virginia  federal  infantry  mustered  in  on  Wheeling  isl- 
and by  maj.  Oaks 15  May,     " 

Second  Wheeling  convention  meets  at  Washington  hall.  Wheel- 
ing, 11  June,  1861;  adopts  a  declaration  of  rights,  13  June; 
an  ordinance  to  reorganize  the  state  government,  19  June; 
and  elects  Francis  H.  Pierpont  governor 20  June,      ' 

Gen.  Rosecrans  defeats  confederates  under  gen.  R.  S.  Garnett, 
in  the  battle  of  Rich  mountain 11  July,     •' 

Battle  of  Carnifex  Ferry;  confederates  under  gen.  H.  A.  Wise 
attacked  by  federals  under  Kosecrans 10  Sept.     ' ' 

Gen.  Reynolds  repulses  confederates  under  Lee  in  battle  at 
Cheat  mountain 12-14  Sept.     " 

Convention  at  Wheeling  passes  an  ordinance  to  form  a  new 
state  in  western  Virginia  called  Kanawha,  20  Aug.  1861; 
ordinance  ratified  by  popular  vote  of  18,408  to  781.. .  .24  Oct.     " 

Federals  burn  Guyandotte 11  Nov.     " 

Constitution  for  a  new  state,  named  West  Virginia,  framed  by 
convention  which  meets  at  Wheeling,  26  Nov.  1861,  and  com- 
pletes its  labors,  18  Feb.;  constitution  ratified  by  popular 
vote  of  18,862  to  514 Apr.  1802 

General  assembly  of  reorganized  Virginia  at  Wheeling  assents 
to  the  erection  of  the  new  state  of  West  Virginia 12  May,     " 

Harper's  Ferry  surrendered  by  gen.  Dixon  H.  Miles  to  confed- 
erates under  Stonewall  Jackson  (Maryland  campaign), 

15  Sept.     •' 

Gen.  J.  A.  J.  Lightburn  retreats  through  the  Kanawha  valley, 
pursued  by  confederates  under  gen.  Loriug " 

Congress  admits  West  Virginia  into  the  Union  from  20  June, 
1863 31  Dec.     " 

Confederates  under  gen.  Jones  burn  100,000  barrels  of  petro- 
leum at  Burning  Snrings 9  May,  1803 

Inauguration  of  new*state  government  takes  place  at  Wheel- 


ing. 


20  June,     " 

Supreme  court  of  appeals  organized  at  Wheeling 9  July,     " 

Gen.  W.  W.  Averill  defeats  maj.  John  Echols  in  battle  of  Droop 
mountain 6  Nov.     " 

Hospital  for  the  insane  at  Weston  opened 18G4 

Transfer  of  the  counties  of  Berkeley  (5  Aug.  1863)  and  Jeffer- 
son (2  Nov.  1863)  from  the  state  of  Virginia  to  West  Virginia 
is  recognized  by  joint  resolution  of  Congress 10  Mch.  1866 

Amendments  to  state  constitution  ratified  excluding  from  citi- 
zenship all  who  had,  subsequent  to  June,  1861,  given  volun- 
tary aid  to  the  southern  Confederacy 24  May,     " 

State  penitentiary  located  at  Moundsville  by  act  of  7  Feb. 
1866,  begun July,     " 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XIV. th  Amendment  to  federal  Consti- 
tution  16  Jan. 

Fairmount  State  Normal  school  at  Fairmount  opened 

Storer  college  at  Harper's  Ferry  opened 

West  Virginia  university  at  Morgantown  opened 17  June, 

Marshall  college,  State  Normal  school  at  Huntington,  opened. . 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV. th  Amendment  to  federal  Constitu- 
tion   3  Mch. 

Charleston  chosen  as  seat  of  government  by  legislature,  20 
Feb.  1869,  from 30  Apr. 

State  Normal  school  at  West  Liberty  opened 

West  Virginia  School  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Blind  at  Romney 
opened 

Amendment  to  sec.  i.  art.  iii.  of  the  state  constitution,  rehabili- 
tating citizens  disfranchised,  ratified  by  the  people. .  .27  Apr. 

Constitution  framed  by  a  convention  which  meets  at  Charles- 
ton, 16  Jan.  1872,  and  completes  its  labors,  9  Apr.  1872;  rati- 
fied by  the  people 22  Aug. 

Shepherd  college.  State  Normal  college  at  Shepherdtown, 
opened " 

State  Normal  school  at  Glenviile  opened 1873 

Legislature  meets  at  Wheeling  as  temporary  seat  of  govern- 
ment by  act  of  20  Feb.  1875 10  Nov.  1875 

Broaddus  college  at  Clarksburg,  opened  1871,  chartered 1877 

Strike  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  begun  at  Martins- 
burg  V 16  July,     " 

At  election  held  by  act  of  21  Feb.  1877,  to  locate  the  state  cap- 
ital after  1  May,  1885,  Charleston  has  41,288  votes,  Clarks- 
burg, 30,812,  Martinsburg,  8049 7  Aug.     " 

Nathan  Goff,  jr.,  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy 6  Jan.  1881 


1867 


1868 


1870 


1871 


1872 


WES 


931 


WES 


Act  striking  the  word  "white  "  out  of  the  "  Woods  Jury  law  " 
ofl872-73 1881 

Act  passed  establishing  a  state  Board  of  Health 11  June,     " 

West  Virginia  Normal  and.  Classical  Academy  at  Buckhannon 
opened 1882 

West  Virginia  Immigration  and  Development  Association  or- 
ganized at  Wheeling 29  Feb.  1888 

Returns  of  election  for  governor  in  Nov.  1888  were:  Nathan 
Goff,  Rep.,  78,714;  A  B.  Fleming.  Dem.,  78,604.  Fleming 
contests  for  fraudulent  returns,  and  is  declared  elected  by  a 
party  vote  of  the  legislature,  43  to  40 4  Feb.  1890 

State  Reform  school  opened July,     " 

Hatlield-ilcCoy  feud  ended  by  a  marriage 21  Mch.  1891 


First  state  Board  of  Agriculture  meets  at  the  capitol  in  Charles- 
ton  4  May, 

Stephen  B.  Elkins  qualifies  as  U.  S.  secretary  of  war 24  Dec. 

GOVERNOK8  OF  WEST   VIRGINIA. 

Arthur  I.  Boreman inaugurated 

William  E.  Stevenson "         

John  J.  Jacob "         

Henry  M.  Mathews "         

Jacob  B.  Jackson "    ... 

E.  Willis  Wilson " 

A.B.Fleming "         

William  A.  McCorkle "         


1891 


1871 

1877 
1881 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE   STATE   OF  WEST   VIRGINIA. 


Name. 


Waitman  T.  Willey. . . 
Peter  G.  Van  Winkle. 
Arthur  I.  Boreman. . . 

Henry  G.  Davis 

Allen  T.  Capertou 

Samuel  Price 

Frank  Hereford 

Johnson  N.  Camden . . 

John  E.  Kenna 

Charles  E.  Faulkner.. 
Johnson  N.  Camden.. 
Stephen  B.  Elkins 


No.  of  Congress. 


38th  to  42d 
38th  "  41st 
41st  "  44th 
42d  "  48th 

44th 

44th 
44th  to  47th 
47th  "  50th 
48th  "  52d 

50th  "  

53d  "  54th 
54th  "  


Date. 


1863  to  1871 
1863  "  1869 
1869  "  1875 
1871  "  1883 
1875  "  1876 

1876 
1877  to  1881 
1881  "  1887 
1883  "  1893 

1887  "  

1893  "  1895 
1895    "  


Seated  7  Dec. 


Died  in  office. 

Appointed  pro  tern,  in  place  of  Caperton. 

Elected  in  place  of  Caperton.  . 

Died  in  office,  11  Jan.  1893. 
Term  expires  1899. 
Elected  in  place  of  Kenna. 
Term  expires  1901. 


IVestern  Australia,  formerly  Swan  River 

settlement,  projected  by  col.  Peel  in  1828.  Regula- 
tions issued  from  the  colonial  office,  and  capt.  Stirling,  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor,  17  Jan.  1829,  arrived  at  the 
appointed  site  in  Aug.  The  3  towns  of  Perth,  Freemantle, 
and  Guildford  were  founded  the  same  year.  In  Mch.  1830,  50 
ships,  with  2000  emigrants,  with  property  amounting  to  1,000,- 
000/.,  had  arrived  before  many  dwellings  had  been  erected 
or  land  surveyed.  The  more  energetic  settlers  left  for  home 
or  the  neighboring  colonies,  and  the  colony  languished  for  20 
years  for  want  of  suitable  inhabitants— the  first  settlers,  from 
their  previous  habits  and  rank,  proving  unfit  for  the  rough 
work  of  colonization.  In  1848  the  colonists  requested  that 
convicts  might  be  sent  out,  and  in  1849  a  band  arrived,  who 
were  kindly  received  and  well  treated.  The  best  results  en- 
sued. By'  1853  2000  had  arrived,  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Perth  had  requested  that  1000  should  be  sent  annually.  The 
reception  of  convicts  was  stopped  because  of  energetic  opposi- 
tion by  other  Australian  colonies  (1865).— The  settlement  of 
King  George's  sound  was  founded  in  1826  by  the  government 
of  New  South  Wales.  It  was  used  as  a  military  station  for  4 
years.  In  1830  the  home  government  ordered  the  settlement 
to  be  transferred  to  Swan  River.  Since  steam  communication 
began,  the  little  town  of  Albany  here,  from  a  coaling-station,  has 
become  a  thriving  seaport.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  used 
by  whalers.  A  journal  called  the  Freemantle  Gazette  was  pub- 
lished here  in  Mch.  1831.  In  1890  it  became  self-governing; 
power  vested  in  a  governor,  legislative  council,  and  assembly. 
Area,  1,060,000  sq.  miles;  pop.  1891,  49,782.  Capital,  Perth ; 
pop.  1891,  9617. 

IVestern  churcli,  called  also  the  Latin  or  Ro- 
man, broke  off  communion  with  the  Greek  or  Eastern  church 
653.  (iKp:EK  CHUKCH.  Its  history  is  mainly  that  of  the 
Popes  and  of  the  European  kingdoms.  This  church  was  dis- 
turbed by  the  Arian  heresy  about  345  and  500;  by  Pelagianism, 
about  409;  by  image-worship  about  600;  by  the  celibacy  of 
the  clergy  and  the  rise  of  monastic  orders,  about  649;  by  the 
contests  between  emperors  and  popes  on  ecclesiastical  investi- 
tures between  1073  and  1173;  by  the  Reformation  of  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries ;  by  the  contests  of  Jesuits  and  Jansenists 
in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries;  and  by  modern  philosophy, 
rationalism,  and  ultramontanism  in  the  19th. 

Western  empire.  The  Roman  empire  was  divid- 
ed into  Eastern  and  Western  by  Diocletian  in  296 ;  but  was 
reunited  under  Constans  in  340.  It  was  again  divided  into 
Eastern  and  Western  by  Valentinian  and  Valens,  the  former 
having  the  Western  portion,  or  Rome,  364.    Eastern  empire, 

Italy,  Rome. 

emperoks. 

364.  Valentinian,  son  of  Gratian.  takes  the  Western,  and  his  brother 

Valens  the  Eastern  empire. 
367.  Gratian,  a  yoUth,  son  of  Valentinian,  made  a  colleague  by  his 

father.  ,      .      ,      . 

375.  Valentinian  II.,  another  son,  very  young,  is,  on  the  death  of 

his  father,  associated  with  Gratian,  who  is  assassinated  by 


his  general,  Andragathius,  in  383.     Valentinian  murdered  by 
an  officer,  Arbogastes,  in  392. 
392.  Eugenius,  a  usurpfer,  assumes  the  imperial  dignity;   he  and 
Arbogastes  are  defeated  by 

394.  Theodosius  the  Great,  who  becomes  sole  emperor. 
[Andragathius  threw  himself  into  the  sea,  and  Arbogastes  died 

by  his  own  hand.] 

395.  Honorius,  son  of  Theodosius,  reigns,  on  his  father's  death,  in  the 

West,andhisbrotherArcadiusintheEast.    Honoriusdies,423. 

423.  John,  the  Notary,  usurper,  defeated  and  slain  near  Ravenna. 

425.  Valentinian  III.,  son  of  the  empress  Placidia,  daughter  of  Theo- 
dosius the  Great;  murdered  at  the  instance  of 

455.  Maximus:  he  marries  Eudoxia,  widow  of  Valentinian,  who,  to 
avenge  her  first  husband,  invites  the  African  Vandals  into 
Italy,  and  Rome  is  sacked.     Maximus  stoned. 
"    Marcus  Msecilius  Avitus;  forced  to  resign,  and  dies  in  his  flight 
towards  the  Alps. 

457.  Julius  Valerius  Majorianus;  murdered  at  the  instance  of  his 
minister,  Ricimer,  who  raises 

461.  Libius  Severus  to  the  throne,  but  holds  the  supreme  power; 
Severus  poisoned  by  Ricimer. 

465.  [Interregnum.      Ricimer  retains  the  authority,  without  the 
title  of  emperor.] 

467.  Antbemius,  chosen  by  the  senate  and  army;   murdered  by 
Ricimer,  who  dies  soon  after. 

472.  Flavius-Anicius  Olybiius;  slain  by  the  Goths  soon  after. 

473.  Glycerius;  forced  to  abdicate  by 

474.  Julius  Nepos:  deposed  by  his  general,  Orestes,  and  retires  to 

Salonse. 

475.  Romulus  (called  Augustulus,  or  Little  Augustus),  son  of  Orestes. 

Orestes  is  slain,  and  the  emperor  deposed  by 

476.  Odoacer,  king  of  the  Heruli;  takes  Rome,  assumes  the  style 

king  of  Italy;  end  of  the  Western  empire. 
Germany,  Italy,  Rome. 

Western    Reserve,  Ohio.      Connecticut,  1786, 
1792,  '95,  1800. 

Westminster  atotoey,  originally  the  church  erected 
by  Edward  the  Confessor  as  part  of  an  abbey  within  his  palace- 
grounds,  is  on  the  site  of  still  earlier  churches ;  and  from  the 
time  of  Harold  has  been  the  coronation  church  of  the  monarchs 
of  England.     Christopher  Wren,  in  his  survey  of  the  present 
edifice,  found  nothing  to  show  that  it  was  erected  on  the  ruins 
of  a  pagan  temple.     The  earliest  edifice,  of  the  7th  centurj',  is 
ascribed  to  St.  Sebert,  king  of  Essex. 
Church,  becoming  ruinous,  splendidly  rebuilt  by  Edward  the 
Confessor  (10.55-65)  and  filled  with  monks  from  Exeter  (Pope 
Nicholas  II.  assigned  it  for  the  inauguration  of  the  kings); 

dedicated 28  Dec.  1065 

Rebuilt  in  a  magnificent  style  by  Henry  III 1220-69 

In  the  reigns  of  Edward  II.,  Edward  III,  and  Richard  II.,  the 
great  cloisters,  abbot's  house,  and  principal  monastic  build- 
ings erected 1300-1400 

Western  parts  of  the  nave  and  aisles  rebuilt  between. .1340  and  1483 
West  front  and  the  great  window  built  by  Richard  III.  isind 
Henry  VII. ;  the  latter  commenced  the  chapel  which  bears 

his  name;  the  first  stone  laid 24  Jan.  1502-3 

Abbev  dissolved  and  made  a  bishopric 1540 

Made" a  collegiate  church  by  Elizabeth 1560 

Made  a  barrack  for  soldiers  (Mercurius  Rusticus) July,  1643 

Great  west  window  and   the  western  towers  rebuilt  in  the 

reigns  of  George  I.  and  II 1714-60 

Choir  injured  by  fire 9  July,  1803 

Mr.  Wyatt  commences  restoring  the  dilapidated  parts,  at  an 

expense  of  42.000i 1809 

Eight  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  foundation  celebrated, 

^  28  Dec.  1865 


WES  "> 

Weiiliiilniitor  Confession  of  Faltli  atul 
Caleolll»in»  were  drawn  up  by  the  "Assembly  of  Di- 
vines" (jMirtlv  consisting  of  laymen),  who  sat  by  authority  of 
Parliament  in  Henry  VI  I.'s  chapel,  Westminster,  from  1643  to 
I(M7.  These  have  ever  since  been  the  doctrinal  standards  of 
Sct>tch  Presbyterians. 

WestUl'hlMter  Hall,  London,  first  built  by  William 
Kufus  in  I0i)7,  for  a  banqueting-hall;  and  here,  in  1099,  on 
hi.H  return  from  Normandy,  "he  kept  his  feast  of  Whitsuntide 
very  n>yallv."  The  hall  became  ruinous  before  the  reign  of 
Kicliard  II.',  who  repaired  it  in  1397,  raised  the  walls,  altered 
the  windows,  and  added  a  new  roof,  a  stately  porch,  and  other 
buildings.  In  123G,  Henry  III.,  on  New  Year's  Day,  caused 
6(H>0  |HM)r  penkMis  to  be  entertained  in  this  hall,  and  in  the 
other  riM)ms  of  his  palace,  as  a  celebration  of  queen  Eleanor's 
coronation;  and  here  Richard  II.  held  his  Christmas  festival 
in  1397,  when  the  number  of  the  guests  each  day  the  feast 
lasted  was  10,000.—- 4>Vow.  The  courts  of  law  were  established 
here  by  king  John.— Idem.  Removed  to  the  new  buildings 
in  the  Strand,  Jan.  1883.  Westminster  Hall  was  long  believed 
to  be  the  largest  room  in  Europe  unsupported  by  pillars  (ex- 
cept a  hall  of  justice  at  Padua) ;  it  is  270  feet  in  length,  74  feet 
broad.  The  roof  and  windows  greatly  injured  by  an  explosion 
of  dynamite,  24  Jan.  1885. 

Westplia'lia,  Germany.  This  duchy  belonged  in 
former  times  to  the  dukes  of  Saxony,  and  afterwards  became 
subject  to  the  archbishop  of  Cologne.  On  the  secularization, 
in  1802,  it  was  made  over  to  Hesse-Darmstadt ;  and  in  1814 
was  ceded  for  an  equivalent  to  Prussia.  The  kingdom  of 
Westphalia,  one  of  the  temporary  kingdoms  of  Bonaparte, 
composed  of  conquests  from  Prussia,  Hesse-Cassel,  Hanover, 
and  the  smaller  states  to  the  west  of  the  Elbe,  was  created  by 
decree  18  Aug.  1806,  and  Jerome  Bonaparte  appointed  king  1 
Dec.  1807.  Hanover  was  annexed  to  it,  1  Mch.  1810.  The 
kingdom  was  abolished  in  1813,  and  the  countries  were  re- 
stored to  their  former  rulers. 

Wcitpha'lta  or  ]flun§ter,  Peace  of,  the  treaties 
signed  at  Osnaburg,  6  Aug.,  and  at  Miinster,  24  Oct.  1648,  be- 
tween France,  the  emperor  of  Germany,  and  Sweden ;  Spain 
continuing  the  war  against  France.  By  this  peace  (ending  the 
Thirty  Years'  war)  the  principle  of  a  balance  of  power  in  Europe 
was  first  recognized ;  Alsace  given  to  France,  and  part  of  Pome- 
rania  and  some  other  districts  to  Sweden ;  the  Lower  Palatinate 
restored  to  the  elector  palatine ;  the  religious  and  political 
rights  of  the  German  states  established ;  and  the  independence 
of  the  Swiss  Confederation  recognized  by  Germany. 

IVllCat,  a  grain  of  the  order  Gramimae  of  the  species 
Triticum  (from  the  h&t.  tritum, "  rabhed"  or  "ground,"  allud- 
ing to  the  manner  of  preparing  it  for  food),  and  closely  re- 
lated to  barley  and  rye.  It  is  the  most  valuable  of  cereals  for 
food,  and  has  been  in  use  from  the  remotest  ages.  It  may 
have  been  derived  from  the  species  yEgilopsoota  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region.  It  was  introduced  into  England  about  the 
6th  century,  and  into  America  by  the  Spaniards  in  1530,  and 
by  the  English  into  their  colonies  at  their  first  settlements. 
The  2  principal  varieties  are  spring  wheat,  sown  in  the  spring 
and  ripening  the  same  summer,  and  winter  wheat,  sown  in  the 
early  autumn  and  ripening  the  next  summer.  It  can  be  cul- 
tivated as  far  north  as  45°  and  in  southern  latitudes  to  the 
height  of  2000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

PRODUCTION    OF    WHEAT    IN    THE   PRINCIPAL  WHEAT-GROW- 
ING COUNTRIES   IN  THE  WORLD   FOR  THE  YEAR   1891. 
Bushels. 

United  States 612,000,000 

India 250,000,000 

France 230,000,000 

Russia 190,000,000 

Austro- Hungary 160,000,000 

Italy 105,000,000 

Germany 90,000,000 

Spain 76,000,000 

Great  Britain 72,000,000 

Roumania 65,000,000 

Canada 62,000,000 

Australia 45,000,000 

Argentine  Republic 40,000,000 

Egypt  and  Algeria 40,000,000 

Total 2,037,000,000 

Other  countries 150,000.000 

Grand  total 2,187,000,000 


i  WHI 

The  wheat  crop  in  the  United  States  for  1892  was  515,949,000 
bu.,  acreage,  38,554,430;  1893,  396,131,725  bu.,  the  smallest 
crop  since  1885,  acreage,  34,629,418.     Agriculture. 

wheel,  Breaking  on  the.  A  barbarous  mode  of  death 
of  great  antiquitv,  ordered  by  Francis  I.  for  robbers,  about 
1535. 

Wlli;;s.  In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  England  the 
name  Whig  was  a  term  of  reproach  given  by  the  court  party 
to  their  antagonists  for  holding  the  principles  of  the  "  Whigs," 
or  fanatical  Covenanters  in  Scotland ;  and  in  return  the  name 
Tory  was  given  to  the  court  party,  comparing  them  to  the 
tories,  or  popish  robbers  in  Ireland. — Bake?:  The  distinction 
arose  out  of  the  discovery  of  the  Meal-tuu  plot  in  1678. 
Upon  bringing  up  the  meal  plot  before  Parliament,  2  parties 
were  formed:  those  who  doubted  the  plot  styled  those  who 
believed  in  it  Whigs;  these  styled  their  adversaries  Tories. 
In  time  these  names,  given  as  marks  of  opprobrium,  became 
honored  distinctions. — Hume.  The  Whigs  brought  about 
the  revolution  of  1688-89,  and  established  the  Protestant  suc- 
cession. They  were  chiefly  instrumental  in  obtaining  the 
abolition  of  the  slave-trade  and  slavery,  the  repeal  of  the  Test 
and  Corporation  act,  Catholic  emancipation,  parliamentary  and 
municipal  reform,  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws,  and  similar 
measures.  'J  he  Whig  club  was  established  b}'  Charles  James 
Fox.  The  principal  Whig  ministries  of  England  were:  Go- 
dolphin's,  Halifax's,  Walpole's,  Rockingham's,  Grenville's, 
Grey's,  Melbourne's,  Russell's,  Palmerston's,  and  Gladstone's. 
For  Whigs  in  the  United  States,  see  Political  parties. 

whip,  the  popular  title  of  the  patronage  secretary  of 
the  treasury  of  Great  Britain,  whose  duty  it  is  to  collect  mem- 
bers to  make  a  house  on  important  occasions,  etc.     Sir  Wm. 
Hayter,  the  Liberal  "whip,"  1850-58,  received  a  testimonial 
for  his  energetic  services  early  in  1861.     The  right  hon.  Wm. 
P.  Adam,  an  able  whip,  died  governor  of  Madras,  24  May,  1881. 
The  management  of  the  House  of  Commons  by  bribery  is  said  to 
have  begun  with  Clifford  of  the  "  Cabal  "  ministry,  and  continued 
by  Whigs  and  Tories.     Mr.  Roberts  (under  Henry  Pelham)  is  said 
to  have  paid  members  sums  of  1000/.,  500/.,  etc.,  to  each  at  the 
close  of  a  session  for  their  support. — Wraxall. 

IVhiskey  in§urreetion,  a  popular  outbreak  in 
western  Pennsylvania,  in  the  summer  of  1794,  on  account  of 
the  imposition  of  duties  on  domestic  distilled  spirits.  The 
insurgents  put  16,000  men  in  the  field,  maltreated  the  excise 
oflftcers,  committed  manj'^  outrages,  and  defied  the  national 
government.  The  governor  of  Pennsylvania  refusing  to  act, 
Washington,  as  president  of  the  United  States,  called  out  13,- 
000,  afterwards  increasing  the  number  to  15,000,  militiamen 
of  Virginia,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey  ;  and, 
putting  gen.  Henry  Lee  of  Virginia  in  command,  ordered  a 
movement  against  the  insurgents  on  I  Sept.  1794.  The 
prompt  response  to  the  call  for  militia  intimidated  the  insur» 
gents  into  complete  submission.  Among  the  leaders  in  this 
insurrection  was  Albert  Gallatin,  afterwards  sec.  of  the  treas- 
ury. It  cost  the  national  government  $1,500,000,  but  was 
useful  by  showing  its  power  to  cope  with  so  formidable  an 
outbreak. 

\wlli§t,  a  game  at  cards,  became  popular  at  the  end  of 
the  17th  century. 

"Whist,"  a  poem 1791 

Laws  by  "Cavendish,"  compiled about  1861 

Edmund  Hoyle,  who  published  his  "Short  Treatise"  about 

1742,  died  in  1769,  aged  97;  lord  Peterborough  introduced 

short  whist  early  in  the  present  century;  the  laws  revised  . .  1864 
James  Clay,  M.P.,  an  eminent  player,  d 26  Sept.  1871 

l¥hite  Friar§.     Carmelites. 

"  White  Hor§e."    Ashdown. 

White  House,  Washington,  the  residence  of  the 
president,  gives  name  to  the  executive  of  the  United  States, 
as  St.  James's  palace  does  to  that  of  Great  Britain.  The  cor- 
ner-stone was  laid  1792;  building  first  occupied,  by  pres.  Adams, 
1800;  burned  by  the  British,  1814:  restoration  completed,  1818. 

White  House,  on  the  Pamunkey,  Va.,  belonging  to 
Mrs.  Robert  E.  Lee,  was  made  the  headquarters  of  gen.  Mc- 
Clellan,  and  its  vicinity  the  depot  of  supplies  while  engaged  in 
his  advance  on  Richmond  in  1862. 

White  Mountains,  in  New  Hampshire,  covering 
1300  sq.  miles  in  several  short  ranges.     In  the  Presidential 


WHI  i 

range  tower  the  peaks  of  mounts  Washington,  6292  ft. , 
Adams,  5794;  Jefferson,  5714 ;  Madison,  5365 ;  Monroe,  5384; 
Jackson,  and  others.  They  were  called  Waumbek  Methna 
by  the  Indians,  a  name  adopted  by  Whittier  in  his  ballad  of 
"  Mary  Garvin  " : 

"  From  the  heart  of  Waumbek  Methna, 

From  the  lake  that  never  fails, 
Falls  the  Saco  in  the  green  lap 

Of  Conway's  intervales." 
Mount  Washington  has  a  carriage-road  ascending  its  rocky 
slope  to  the  summit.  The  first  cog-rail  mountain  railway  in 
the  world  was  built  to  the  summit  in  1868-69,  rising  3730  ft. 
in  less  than  3  miles,  the  steepest  grade  being  13J  ins.  in  a  yard. 
Appalachian  Mountains. 

White  Plains,  a  post-village  of  New  York.  Here 
Washington  opposed  the  advance  of  the  British  forces  under  sir 
William  Howe,  28  Oct.  1776.  It  terminated  in  the  defeat  of 
the  Americans,  whose  losses  were  about  300  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  prisoners.     New  York,  United  States. 

White  tower,  the  keep  or  citadel  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  a  large,  square,  irregular  building,  erected  in  1070  by 
abbot  Gundulph,  afterwards  bishop  of  Rochester.  It  measures 
116  feet  by  96,  and  is  92  feet  in  height;  the  walls  are  11  feet 
thick,  with  a  winding  staircase  along  2  sides,  like  that  in 
Dover  Castle.  It  contains  an  extensive  armory.  Within 
this  tower  is  the  ancient  chapel  of  St.  John,  originally  used 
by  the  English  monarchs.  The  turret  at  the  northeast  angle, 
the  highest  of  the  4,  was  used  for  astronomical  purposes  by 
Flamsteed  before  the  erection  of  the  royal  observatory  at 
Greenwich. 

Whiteehapel,  a  parish  in  E.  London.  In  this  par- 
isli  much  excitement  was  caused  by  the  murder  and  brutal 
mutilation  of  unfortunate  women  at  different  times  and  ap- 
parently by  the  same  person.  Smith,  3  Apr.;  Martha  Tur- 
ner, 7  Aug.;  Nichols, 31  Aug.;  Chapman,  8  Sept.;  Watts  and 
Conway,  30  Sept. ;  Mary  Jane  Kelly,  9  Nov.,  and  Rose  Millet, 
28  Dec.  1888.  Alice  McKenzie,  17  July,  and  another  woman, 
10  Sept.  1889.  Frances  Coles,  13  Feb.  1891.  The  evidence 
showed  a  murderer  possessed  of  surgical  knowledge.  Active 
measures  were  taken  to  discover  the  perpetrator  of  these  mur- 
ders in  vain;  but  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  was  Fred- 
erick Bailey  Deeming  alias  Albert  Oliver  Williams,  executed 
at  Melbourne,  Australia,  1892.     Trials,  1892. 

Whitefleidite§.  George  Whitefield,  the  founder  of 
the  "  Calvinistic  Methodists,"  born  in  England,  1714,  was  the 
son  of  an  innkeeper  at  Gloucester,  where  he  received  his  first 
education.  He  was  admitted  a  servitor  at  Oxford  in  1732, 
became  a  companion  of  the  Wesleys  there,  and  aided  them 
in  founding  Methodism.  He  left  them  in  1741,  on  account  of 
their  rejection  of  the  doctrine  of  election.  He  was  the  most 
eloquent  preacher  of  his  day.  His  first  sermon  was  preached 
in  1736,  and  he  commenced  field- preaching  in  1739.  He  is 
said  to  have  delivered  18,000  sermons  in  34  years.  He  visited 
America  in  1738,  1739, 1744,  and  several  times  after,  and  died 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  30  Sept.  1770.  His  followers  are 
termed  "  the  countess  of  Huntingdon's  connection,"  from  his 
having  become  her  chaplain  in  1748,  and  from  her  energetic 
support  of  the  sect  by  establishing  a  college  at  Trevecca,  1767. 
There  were  109  chapels  of  this  connection  in  1851 ;  but  many 
of  his  followers  have  joined  the  Independents.  Georgia, 
1739-40;  Massachusetts;  Pennsylvania. 

Whitsuntide,  a  festival  appointed  to  commemorate 
the  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost  upon  the  apostles;  the  newly 
baptized  persons,  or  catechumens,  are  said  to  have  worn  white 
i,'arments  on  Whit-Sunday.  This  feast  is  movable,  being 
always  exactly  7  weeks  after  Easter.  Rogation  week  is  the 
week  before  Whit-Sunday. 

Whittington's  charities.  Sir  Richard  Whit- 
tington,  a  citizen  and  mercer  of  London,  served  the  office  of 
lord  mayor  3  times,  the  last  in  1419.  Many  false  stories  are 
connected  with  his  name,  and  his  munificent  charities  are  lit- 
tle known.  He  founded  his  college,  dedicated  to  the  Holy 
(ihost  and  the  Virgin  Mary,  in  1424;  and  his  almshouses  in 
1429;  the  latter,"  originally  built  in  London,  now  stand  on 
llighgate  hill  (built  1808),  near  the  supposed  site  of  the  famous 
stone  which  commemorated  the  legend  of  his  return  to  Lon- 


=*  WIL 

don,  after  leaving  it  in  despair.  Stopping  to  rest  on  this  stone, 
immediately  after  his  departure  from  London,  his  ear  caught 
the  sound  of  the  London  bells,  which,  to  his  disturbed  fancy, 
repeated  over  and  over  again,  "Turn  again,  Whittington,  thrice 
lord  mayor  of  London."  Heeding  the  words  he  returned,  his 
success  in  later  years  fulfilling  the  prophecy. 

Wick'liffltes,  the  followers  of  John  Wickliffe  (b. 
1324),  a  professor  of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Oxford  and 
rector  of  Lutterworth  in  Leicestershire.  He  was  a  forerunner 
of  the  reformation  of  the  English  church,  being  among  the 
first  who  opposed  the  authority  of  the  pope,  transubstantia- 
tion,  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  etc.  WicklifTe,  protected  bv 
John  of  Gaunt,  Edward's  son  and  Richard's  uncle,  was  viru- 
lently persecuted  by  the  church,  and  only  saved  from  martyr- 
dom by  a  paralytic  attack,  which  caused  his  death,  31  Dec. 
1384,  in  his  60th  year.  The  council  of  Constance,  in  1414, 
decreed  his  bones  to  be  disinterred  and  burned,  which  was 
done  by  the  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  his  dust  was  cast  into  the 
river  Swift,  1415.  Wickliffe's  English  version  of  the  Bible 
was  commenced  in  1380;  a  noble  edition  of  it  was  printed  at 
Oxford  in  1850.     Lollards. 

widows.  The  Jewish  law  required  a  man's  brother  to 
marry  his  widow  (1490  b.c).  For  the  burning  of  widows  in 
India,  Suttees.  According  to  Swedenborg,  widows  signify  in 
the  Scriptures  those  without  truth  but  desiring  it. 

Wight,  Isle  of,  the  Roman  Vecht,  or  Victis,  an  island  in 
the  British  channel,  was  conquered  by  Vespasian  in  the  reign  of 
Claudius.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Saxons  under  Cerdic  about 
530 ;  by  the  Danes,  787,  and  in  1001,  when  they  held  it  for  sev- 
eral years.  It  was  invaded  by  the  French,  July,  1377,  and  has 
several  times  suffered  from  invasion  by  them.  In  1442,  Henry 
VI.  alienated  the  isle  to  Henry  de  Beauchamp,  first  premier 
eari  of  England  and  then  duke  of  Warwick,  and  afterward* 
crowned  him  king  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  with  his  own  hands; 
but  for  want  of  heirs  male  his  regal  title  died  with  him,  and 
the  isle  reverted  to  the  crown.  Charles  I.,  after  his  flight  from 
Hampton  court,  was  a  prisoner  in  Carisbrooke  castle,  in  1647. 
In  the  time  of  Charies  II.  timber  was  very  plentiful.  In  this 
isle  is  queen  Victoria's  marine  residence,  Osborne  house;  also 
the  former  residence  of  Tennyson. 

W^ilderness  battles.  Grant's  campaign  in 
Virginia  ;  United  States,  May,  1864. 

IVilites's  Exploring^  expedition.    United 

States,  1838  and  1842. 

Williams,  Eleazar,  was  a  reputed  son  of  Thomas  Will- 
iams, son  of  Eunice,  daughter  of  rev.  John  Williams  (Massa- 
chusetts, 1704).  In  1853-54  rev.  Mr.  Hanson  published  a 
series  of  papers  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  under  the  title  "  Have 
We  a  Bourbon  Among  Us  ?'^  and  afterwards  in  a  volume,  en- 
titled "The  Lost  Prince,"  asserting  the  identity  of  Mr.  William.s 
with  the  son  of  Louis  XVI.,  whose  death  from  neglect  in  prison, 
8  June,  1795,  has  often  been  doubted,  many  rumors  being  cur- 
rent regarding  his  fate.  One  story  was  that  he  had  been  se- 
cretly conveyed  to  the  United  Stales  and  placed  among  the 
Indians,  etc.  So  strong  was  the  case  presented  by  Mr,  Hanson, 
that  in  1854  the  prince  de  Joinville  visited  Mr,  Williams  at 
Green  Bay,  Wis.,  but  without  definite  results.  Mr.  Williams 
died  at  Hogansburg,  N.  Y.,  28  Aug.  1858,  aged  72.  He  was 
from  1826  an  ordained  Episcopal  missionary,  and  labored  in 
northern  New  York  and  Wisconsin  among  the  Indians,  trans- 
lating the  "  Book  of  Common  Prayers  "  into  the  Mohawk  lan- 
guage, and  also  prepared  an  Iroquois  spelling-book. 

Williamsburg^,  Va.,  Battle  of.  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. 

w^illoAV-Ieaves.    Sun. 

W^ills  and  testaments,  as  indicating  in  writing  what 
a  person  desires  to  be  done  with  his  real  and  personal  estate 
after  death,  are  of  high  antiquity  (Gen.  xlviii.).  Solon  in- 
troduced them  at  Athens,  578  b.c.  There  are  regulations  re- 
specting wills  in  the  Koran.  Trebatius  Testa,  the  civilian, 
introduced  codicils  to  wills  at  Rome,  31  b.c.  The  power  of 
bequeathing  lands  by  will  was  confirmed  to  English  subjects, 
1  Hen.  I.  1100;  but  with  restrictions  and  limitations  respect- 
ing the  feudal  system,  which  were  taken  off  by  the  statute 
of  32  Hen.  VIII.  1541. — Blackstone's  Commentaries.    The  first 


WIL 


984 


WIN 


will  of  a  sovereign  on  record  is  said  to  be  that  of  Richard  II. 
1399;  but  in  fact  Kdward  the  Confessor  made  a  will,  1066. 
Ttio  will  of  i\lirr  the  Great,  described  in  the  mmoires  df  la  Cheva- 
li^re  dJitm  as  a  "plan  for  comiiassing  European  supremacy,' 
left  for  his  nuc«-e88or«.  and  de|H)siteU  in  the  archives  of  the  palace 
of  IVterhoff  near  St.  Petersburg  It  advoaited  '  approach  as  near 
M  iHjasible  to  Consuutlnople  and  towards  the  Indies;  wars  with 
Turkey  and  I'orsiu;  iwssosiiion  of  the  shores  of  the  Black  sea  and 
the  lUiltic."  etc.  The  existence  of  the  will  (denied  by  the  czars) 
was  first  announced  bv  M.  lieeur,  In  his  "  l'rogr{>8  de  la  Puissance 
Ruase  "  published  at  Paris  in  181'2.  In  1863,  dr.  Berkholz  of  Riga 
aaaerted  that  the  will  was  a  forgery,  probably  dictated  by  Napoleon 
I  W.  J  Thorns,  the  antiquary,  and  others,  contend  for  the  genuine- 
DMB  of  the  will,  June,  1878. 

BxIraeUfrom  the  Latt  Will  of  Napoleon  I.,  Emperor  of  France. 
fHe  died  6  May,  1821,  11  days  after  he  had  signed  these  documents- 
Tiie  original,  In  French,  occupies  about  2C  pages  in  Peignol's  "Tes- 
Uuionts  Ketnarquables,"  1829.] 

•This  day,  24  April,  1821,  at  Longwood,  in  the  Island  of  St.  Helena. 
This  is  niv  testament,  or  act  of  my  last  will:  .  .  . 

••I  leave  the  comte  Montholou  2,000,000  francs  as  a  proof  of  my 
8;ili.«faction  for  the  attentions  he  has  paid  to  me  for  these  6  years, 
and  to  indemnif\-  him  for  the  losses  which  my  residence  in  St.  Hele- 
na has  occasioned  him.  I  leave  to  the  comte  Bertraud  500,000  francs. 
I  leave  to  Marchand,  my  first  valet-de-chambre,  400,000  francs;  the 
services  he  has  |)erfornied  for  me  are  those  of  a  friend.  I  desire  that 
he  may  marry  a  widow,  sister,  or  daughter  of  an  officer  or  soldier  of 
my  old  guard.  To  St.  Denis,  100,000  francs.  To  Novarre.  100,000 
rruncs.  To  Pijerou,  100,000  francs.  To  Archambaud,  60,000  francs. 
To  Cuvier,  50,(K)0  francs.     To  Chandelle,  idem. 

"  To  the  Abb«5  Vignali.  100,000  francs.  I  desire  that  he  maybuild 
his  house  near  I'onte  Novo  de  Rossiuo.  To  the  comte  Las  Casas, 
100,000  francs.  To  comte  Lavalette,  100,000  francs.  To  the  surgeon- 
m  chief  I^irrey,  100,000  francs.  He  is  the  most  virtuous  man  I  have 
known.    To  gen.  Brayer,  100,000  francs. 

'•To  gen.  I^fevre  Desnouettes,  100,000  francs.  To  gen.  Drouet, 
100.000  (Vanes.  To  gen.  Cambronne,  100,000  francs.  To  the  chil- 
dren of  gen.  Muton  Duvernais,  100,000  francs.  To  the  children  of 
the  brave  I^bedoydre,  100,000  francs.  To  the  children  of  gen.  Girard, 
killed  at  Ligny,  100,000  francs.  To  the  children  of  gen.  Chartrand, 
100,000  francs".  To  the  children  of  the  virtuous  gen.  Travost,  100,- 
000  francs.  To  gen.  Lallemand,  the  elder,  100,000  francs.  To  gen. 
Clausel.  100,000  francs.  To  Costa  Bastilica  also  100,000  francs.  To 
the  baron  de  Menevalle,  100,000  francs.  To  Arnault,  author  of 
•'Marius,'  100,000  francs. 

"To  col.  Marbot,  100,000  francs;  I  request  him  to  continue  to  | 
vrite  for  the  defence  and  glory  of  the  French  armies,  and  to  con-  : 
found  the  calumniators  and  the  apostates.  To  the  baron  Bignon,  I 
100,000  francs  ;  I  request  him  to  write  the  history  of  French  diplo-  | 
macy  from  1792  to  181.5.  To  Poggi  de  Talaro,  100,000  francs.  To  the  ; 
surgeon  Emmery,  100.000.  | 

"These  sums  shall  be  taken  from  the  6,000,000  which  I  deposited  ' 
on  tearing  Paris  in  1815,  and  from  the  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent, 
since  July,  1815;  theaccountofwhichshallbeadjiisted  with  the  bank- 
ers by  the  comtes  Montholon  and  Bertrand  and  by  Marchand. 

"These  legacies,  in  case  of  death,  shall  be  paid  to  the  widows 
and  children,  and  in  their  default,  shall  revert  to  the  capital.  I  in- 
stitute the  comtes  Montholon,  Bertrand,  and  Marchand  my  testa- 
mentary executors.  This  present  testament,  written  entirely  by  my 
own  hand,  is  signed  and  sealed  with  my  arms.  ,i  ^.t     . 

'•  24  April.  1821,  Longwood. "  in apoleon. 

The  following  are  part  of  the  8  codicil's  to  the  preceding  will  of 

the  emperor: 

"  On  the  liquidation  of  my  civil  list  of  Italy— such  as  money,  jew-  j 
els,  plate,  linen,  coffers,  caskets  of  which  the  viceroy  is  the  deposi- 
tary, and  which  belong  to  me — I  dispose  of  2,000,000,  which  I  leave 
to  my  most  faithful  servants.  I  hope  that,  without  their  showing 
any  cause,  my  son  Eugene  Napoleon  will  discharge  them  faithfully,  j 
He  cannot  forget  the  40,000,000  which  I  have  given  him  in  Italy,  or 
by  the  right  {parage)  of  his  mother's  inheritance. 

"  FrAn  the  funds  remitted  in  gold  to  the  empress  Maria  Louisa,  | 
my  very  dear  and  well-beloved  spouse  at  Orleans,  in  1814:,  there  re-  | 
main  due  to  me  2,000.000,  which  I  dispose  of  by  the  present  codi-  j 
cil.  in  order  to  recompense  my  most  faithful  servants,  whom  I  be- 
side recommend  to  the  protection  of  my  dear  Maria  Louisa.  I  leave 
200,000  francs  to  comte  Montholon,  100,000  francs  of  which  he  shall  j 
pay  into  the  chest  of  the  treasurer  (las  Casas)  for  the  same  purpose  I 
as  the  above,  to  be  employed  according  to  my  dispositions  in  lega-  I 
cies  of  conscience.  [ 

"  10,000  francs  to  the  subofflcer  Cantillon  [d.  July,  1869],  who  has 
^mdergone  a  prosecution,  being  accused  of  a  desire  to  assassinate 
lord  Wellington,  of  which  he  has  been  declared  innocent.     Cantillon  | 
had  as  much  right  to  assassinate  that  oligarch,  as  the  latter  had  to  ; 
send  me  to  perish  on  the  rock  of  St  Helena,"  etc.  i 

Letter  to  M.  Lafitte.  j 

"  Monsieur  Lafitte.— I  remitted  to  you  in  1815,  at  the  moment  i 
of  my  departure  from  Paris,  a  sum  of  nearly  6,000,000.  for  which  | 
you  gave  me  a  double  receipt.     I  have  cancelled  one  of  these  re- 
ceipts, and  I  have  charged  comte  Montholon  to  present  to  you  the  , 
other  receipt,  in  order  that  you  may.  after  my  death,  deliver  to  him 
the  said  sum  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent.,  from  the  1st  of 
July,  1815,  deducting  the  payments  with  which  you  have  been  charged 
in  virtue  of  my  order.    I  have  also  remitted  to  you  a  box  containing 
my  medallion.     I  beg  you  will  deliver  it  to  comte  .Montholon. 

"  This  letter  having  no  other  object,  I  pray  God,  monsieur  Lafitte, 
that  he  may  have  you  in  his  holy  and  worthy  keeping. 

"Napoleon.       | 

"  Longwood,  in  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  25  April,  1821."  i 


The  following  will  of  Napoleon  III.  was  published  in  tue  Times,  30 
Apr.  1873:  "  April  24, 18C5. 

"This  is  my  will.  I  commend  my  son  and  my  wife  to  the  high 
constituted  authorities  of  the  state  {aux  grands  corps  de  Vitat),  to  the 
people,  and  the  army.  The  empress  Eugenie  possesses  all  the  quali- 
ties requisite  for  conducting  the  regency  well,  and  my  son  disjjlays 
a  disposition  and  judgment  which  will  render  him  worthy  of  his 
high  destinies.  Let  him  never  forget  the  motto  of  the  head  of  our 
family,  '  Everything  for  the  French  people.'  Let  him  fix  in  his  mind 
the  writings  of  the  prisoner  of  St.  Helena;  let  him  study  the  empe- 
ror's deeds  and  correspondence;  finally,  let  him  remember,  when 
circumstances  so  permit,  that  the  cause  of  the  peoples  is  the  cause  of 
France.  Power  is  a  heavy  burden,  because  one  cannot  always  do  all 
the  good  one  could  wish,  and  because  your  contemporaries  seldom 
render  you  justice,  so  that,  in  order  to  fulfil  one's  mission,  one  must 
have  faith  in,  and  consciousness  of,  one's  duty.  It  is  necessary  to 
consider  that  from  heaven  on  higli  those  wliom  you  have  loved  re- 
gard and  protect  you;  it  is  the  soul  of  my  illustrious  uncle  that  has 
always  inspired  and  sustained  me.  The  like  will  apply  to  my  son, 
for  he  will  always  be  worthy  of  his  name.  I  leave  to  the  empress 
Eugenie  all  my  private  proi)erty.  It  is  my  desire  that  on  the  major- 
ity of  my  son  she  shall  inhabit  the  Elysde  and  Biarritz.  I  trust  that 
my  memory  will  be  dear  to  her,  and  that  after  my  death  she  will 
forget  the  griefs  I  may  have  caused  her.  With  regard  to  my  son,  let 
him  keep  as  a  talisman  the  seal  I  used  to  wear  attached  to  my 
watch,  and  which  comes  from  my  mother;  let  him  carefully  pre- 
serve everything  that  comes  to  me  from  the  emperor,  my  uncle,  and 
let  him  be  convinced  that  my  heart  and  my  soul  remain  with  him. 
I  make  no  mention  of  my  faithful  servants.  I  am  convinced  that 
the  empress  and  my  son  will  never  al)andon  them.  I  shall  die  in  tlie 
Catholic,  Apostolic,  and  Roman  religion,  which  my  son  will  always 
honor  by  his  piety.  Done,  written,  and  signed  with  my  hand  at  the 
palace  of  the  Tuileries,  the  24th  of  April,  1865.  "Napoleon." 

The  will  of  Prince  Louis  Napoleon  was  written  with  his  own  hand, 
and  signed  26  Feb.  1879,  the  night  before  he  sailed  for  South  Africa 
(where  he  was  killed  while  on  a  reconnoitring  party,  1  June,  1879). 
He  states  that  he  dies  in  the  Catholic  religion;  expresses  his  love 
for  his  country,  his  mother  the  empress,  and  his  friends;  and  his 
gratitude  to  the  queen  and  royal  family  of  England,  and  to  the 
English  people  for  their  cordial  hospitality.  He  constitutes  his 
mother  sole  legatee;  bequeaths  legacies  and  memorials  to  prince 
J.  N.  Murat,  M.  F.  Pietri,  baron  Corvisart,  M.  Rouher,  and  others; 
and  assigns  to  Victor,  the  eldest  son  of  prince  Napoleon  Jerome, 
the  task  of  continuing  the  work  of  Napoleon  I.  and  Napoleon  IIL 
Executors,  MM.  Rouher  and  Pietri. 

Wirmillg^tOIl,  a  town  of  North  Carolina,  was  held  by 
the  confederates;  resisted  severe  attacks  of  the  federals  in 
Dec.  1864.  Fort  Fisher  was  taken  bj-^  assault  on  15  Jan., 
and  Wilmington  was  evacuated  bv  the  confederates,  22  Feb. 
1865. 

Wilmot  proviso.  While  a  bill  was  pending  in 
Congress  to  authorize  the  president  to  purchase  territory  in 
negotiating  peace  with  Mexico,  David  Wilmot  of  Pennsyl- 
vania offered  an  amendment,  8  Aug.  1846,  providing  *'  that,  as 
an  express  and  fundamental  condition  to  the  acquisition  of 
any  territory  from  the  republic  of  Mexico,  neither  slavery  nor 
involuntary  servitude  should  ever  exist  in  any  part  of  said 
territory."  This  "  proviso  "  was  adopted  hj  the  House  of 
Representatives,  but  rejected  by  the  Senate.  It  became  the 
doctrinal  foundation  of  the  Free -soil  party  in  1848,  and  of 
the  Republican  party  in  1856. 

Wilson's  Creelt,  Battle  of,  a  few  miles  from  Spring- 
field, Mo.  Here,  early  on  the  morning  of  10  Aug.  1861,  the 
Union  forces,  about  6000  men,  under  gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,  at- 
tacked the  confederates,  20,000  strong,  under  McCuUoch  and 
Price,  but  were  obliged  to  retire,  after  severe  fighting  and  the 
death  of  gen.  Lyon,  with  a  loss  of  1235  in  all ;  Confederate  loss 
about  the  same. 

^Vinchester,  Hampshire,  Engl.,  an  ancient  city,  per- 
haps founded  by  Celtic  Britons,  with  the  fabulous  date  392  b.c. 
It  was  made  the  capital  of  the  West  Saxon  kingdom  under 
Cerdic,  about  520;  and  of  England  b}^  Egbert,  827;  it  became 
the  residence  of  Alfred,  879-901.  In  the  reign  of  William  I. 
London  began  to  rival  it;  and  the  destruction  of  religious 
houses  by  Henry  Vltl.  almost  ruined  it.  Several  kings  re- 
sided at  Winchester,  and  many  parliaments  were  held  there. 
Memorials  of  its  ancient  superiority  exist  in  the  national  de- 
nomination of  measures  of  quantity,  as  Winchester  ell,  Win- 
chester bushel,  etc.,  the  use  of  which  has  been  replaced  by  im- 
perial measures.  The  cathedral  church  was  first  founded  and 
endowed  by  Cynegils,  or  Kenegilsus,  the  first  Christian  king 
of  the  West  Saxons.  Becoming  ruinous,  the  present  fabric 
was  begun  by  bishop  Walkelyn,  the  34th  bishop,  1073.  The 
church  was  first  dedicated  to  St.  Amphibalus,  then  to  St. 
Peter,  and  afterwards  to  St.  Swithin,  once  bishop  here.  Dedi- 
cated to  the  Holy  Trinity  by  Henry  VIII.     St.  Birinus  was 


WIN 


935 


WIS 


the  first  bishop  of  the  West  Saxons,  his  seat  Dorchester,  636 ; 
VVina,  in  660,  was  the  first  bishop  of  Winchester. 

Winche§teP,  Va.  This  town  is  situated  in  the 
Shenandoah  valley.  During  the  civil  war  there  were  sev- 
eral conflicts  here  of  greater  or  less  importance.  Here,  on 
-23  Mch.  1862,  gen.  Shields  repulsed  "Stonewall"  Jackson. 
Jackson  attacked  gen.  Banks  at  this  place,  25  May,  and  forced 
him  to  retreat.  Gen.  Milroy  held  the  town  with  7000  men  at 
the  time  of  Lee's  invasion,  June,  1863.  On  the  approach  of 
the  confederates  he  retreated,  15  June,  and  a  column  of  the 
«nemy  gaining  his  rear,  while  another  attacked  in  front,  he 
was  defeated,  his  force  dispersed,  and  2300  captured.  In  the 
autumn  of  1864,  gen.  Sheridan,  commanding  the  army  of  the 
Upper  Potomac,  held  a  strong  position  near  the  railroad  from 
Harper's  Ferry  towards  Winchester.  The  confederate  general 
Early  commanded  a  large  force  in  the  valley  of  the  Shenan- 
<loah,  and  on  18  Sept.  was  posted  on  the  Opequan  creek,  near 
Winchester.  Sheridan  gained  the  rear  of  the  confederates,  and 
on  19  Sept.  defeated  them,  capturing  4500  prisoners.  On  the 
Confederate  side  gens.  Rhodes  and  Godwin  were  killed ;  on  the 
Federal,  gen.  D.  A.  Russell  was  killed,  and  gens.  Upton,  Mcin- 
tosh, and  Chapman  were  wounded.  The  Federal  loss  was  over 
BOOO.  The  Confederate  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  3500. 
(Jkant's  campaign  in  Virginia,  Peninsular  campaign,  etc. 

Winclie§ter  §Chool,  founded  by  bishop  William  of 
Wykeham,  1382-87;  the  500th  anniversary  of  the  laying  of  the 
first  stone  of  New  college,  26  Mch.  1387,  celebrated  26  Mch.  1887. 

wind.     Meteorology,  Storms. 

Windlllill§  are  of  great  antiquity,  said  to  be  of  Roman 
or  Saracen  invention,  and  originally  introduced  into  Europe 
by  the  knights  of  St.  John,  who  had  seen  them  in  the  cru- 
sades.— Baker.  Windmills  were  first  known  in  Spain,  France, 
and  Germany,  in  1299. — Anderson.  Wind  saw-mills  were  in- 
vented by  a  Dutchman  in  1633,  when  one  was  erected  near  the 
Strand,  in  London. 

WitldOWi.  There  were  glass  windows  in  Pompeii, 
79  A.i).,  as  is  evident  from  its  ruins.  It  is  certain  that  win- 
dows of  some  kind  were  glazed  so  early  as  the  3d  century,  if 
not  before,  though  the  fashion  was  not  introduced  until  it  was 
done  by  Benedict  Biscop,  about  650.  In  England  windows 
of  glass  were  used  in  private  houses,  but  the  glass  was  im- 
ported, 1177. — A  nderson. 

W^ind§or  castle,  Berkshire,  Engl.,  a  residence  of 
the  British  sovereigns,  begun  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and 
enlarged  by  Henry  I.  about  1110.  Edward  IIL,  who  was  born 
here,  13  Nov.  1312,  caused  the  old  building,  except  3  towers  at 
the  west  end,  to  be  taken  down,  re  erected  the  whole  castle 
under  the  direction  of  William  of  Wj'keham,  1356,  and  built 
St.  George's  chapel.  He  assessed  every  county  in  England 
to  send  him  workmen.  James  I.  of  Scotland  was  imprisoned 
here,  1406-23.  Several  additions  were  made  by  Henrv  VIII. 
Elizabeth  made  tlie  grand  north  terrace;  and  Charles  II.  re- 
paired and  beautified  it,  1676-80. 

Windsor  Forest,  south  and  west  of  the  town  of  Windsor,  was  formerly 
120  miles  in  circumference  ;  in  1607  it  was  11)4  miles  round,  but 
it  has  since  been  reduced  in  its  bounds  to  about  56  miles.  It  was 
surveyed  in  1789,  and  found  to  contain  59,600  acres. 
-On  the  south  side  is  Windsor  Great  park,  of  about  3800  acres. 
Little  Park,  on  the  north  and  east  sidesof  the  castle,  con  tains  about  500 
acres.  The  fine  gardens  have  been  improved  by  the  addition  of  the 
house  and  gardens  of  the  duke  of  St.  Albans,  purchased  by  the  crown. 

Windward  i§les.     West  Indies. 

wine,  properly  the  fermented  juice  of  the  grape;  but 
that  of  other  fruits  is  sometimes  called  by  this  name.  "  Noah 
planted  a  vineyard,  and  drank  of  the  wine,"  2347  b.c.  (Gen. 
ix.  20).  Vine.  Ching-Noung,  emperor  of  China,  is  said  to 
have  made  rice  wine,  1998  B.C.  The  art  of  making  wine  is 
said  to  have  been  brought  from  India  b}'^  Bacchus.  Christ 
changed  water  into  wine  at  the  marriage  of  Cana  in  Galilee, 
30  A.I).  (John  ii.  3-10). 
Wine  sold  in  England  by  apothecaries  as  a  cordial  in  1300  and  after, 

although  there  is  mention  of  "wine  for  the  king"  so  early  as  John. 
Wine  produced  m  the  U.  S.  1889-90  was  24,306,905  gals.,  of  which 

14,626,000  gals,  were  produced  in  California;  New  York  follows 

ne.xt  with  2,528,250  gals.     Florida  has  recently  given  promise  of 

becoming  an  important  wine-producing  state,  although  she  does 

not  appear  in  the  report  cited. 

fVinnebag'oei,  a  tribe  of  the  Dakotas.     Indians. 


wire.     The   invention  of  drawing  wire  is  ascribed  to 

Rodolph  of  Nuremberg,  about  1410.     Mills  for  this  purpose 

were  first  set  up  at  Nuremberg  in  1563.     The  first  wire-mill 

in  England  was  erected  in  Mortlake  in  16^3. — Mortimer. 
Wi§C«»n§in,  one  of  the  western  states  of  the  United 

States,  lying  between  lat.  42°  27'  and  47°  N.  and  Ion.  86°  53' 
and  92°  53'  W.,  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  lake  Superior  and 
Michigan,  on  the  east  by  Mich- 
igan and  lake  Michigan,  on  the 
south  by  Illinois,  and  west  by 
Iowa  and  Minnesota,  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  St.  Croix  rivers 
marking  almost  the  entire 
boundary- line  on  the  west. 
Area,  56,040  sq.  miles  in  68 
counties;  pop.  1890,  1,686,880. 
Capital,  Madison. 
Jean  Nicolet,  interpreter  at 
Three  Rivers,  exi)lores  the 
Fox  river 1634 

Sieur  Radisson  and  sieur  des  Groseilliers,  French  traders,  win- 
ter in  the  Green  Bay  country '. i658 

Radisson  and  Groseilliers  ascend  the  Fox  river 1659 

Radisson  and  Groseilliers  bwild  a  stockade  on  Chequamegon 
bay  where  Ashland  now  is 1661 

Jesuit  missionary  to  the  Hurons.  Ren6  Menard,  loses  his  life 
near  the  Black  riveu June,  1662 

Father  Claude  Allouez  establishes  a  mission  at  La  Pointe,  on 
Chequamegon  bay i665 

Mission  established  at  the  Rapids  de  Pfere  on  the  Fox  river, 
near  Green  bay,  by  father  Allouez 1670 

Father  Marquette  and  M.  Joliet  from  Michilimackinac  enter 
Green  bay  and  pass  Fox  river  portage  to  the  Wisconsin  river, 
10  June,  and  down  the  Wisconsin,  discovering  the  Mi.ssis- 
sippi 17  June,  1673 

Marquette  coasts  lake  Michigan  from  Green  bay,  reaching  the 
site  of  Chicago 4  Dec.  1674 

La  Salle,  leaving  his  ship  the  Griffin  at  Green  bay,  sails  up  the 
coast  of  lake  Michigan 1679 

Daniel  Grayson  Duluth  ascends  the  Bois  Brul^  from  lake  Supe- 
rior, and  descends  the  St.  Croix  to  the  Mississippi  river 1680 

Father  Louis  Hennepin,  with  Duluth,  journeys  from  lake  St. 
Francis  to  Green  bay  by  way  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,     " 

Pierre  le  Sueur  reaches  the  Mississippi  river  via  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin 1683 

Nicholas  Perrot,  appointed  commandant  of  the  West,  winters 
near  Trempeleau,  which  he  reaches  via  the  Fox  and  Wis- 
consin rivers  from  Green  bay 1685 

Father  St.  Cosme  visits  site  of  Milwaukee  on  his  way  by  boat 
from  Green  bay  to  the  Mississippi  river 7  Oct.  1699 

Le  Seuer  discovers  lead  mines  in  southwestern  Wisconsin 1700 

Marin,  the  French  leader,  sent  by  the  Quebec  government,  at- 
tacks the  Fox  Indians  at  Winnebago  Rapids  (Neenah), 

winter  of  1706-7 

De  lyouvigny,  sent  to  destroy  the  Fox  tribes,  leaves  Quebec  14 
Mch. ;  fights  the  battle  of  Buttes  des  Morts  on  the  Fox  river, 
and  reaches  Quebec  again 12  Oct.  1716 

Francis  Renault  engages  in  mining  on  the  Mississippi  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin 1719 

De  Lignery  makes  a  treaty  with  the  Sacs,  Foxes,  and  Winne- 
bagoes  by  which  the  French  may  cross  W^isconsin  to  trade 
with  the  Sioux  on  lake  Pepin 7  June,  1726 

Cardinell,  a  French  soldier,  and  his  wife,  settle  at  Prairie  du 
Chien «' 

Fort  Beauharnois,  on  lake  Pepin,  established  by  the  French, 
with  sieur  de  la  PerriSre  as  commandant 1727 

Fort  St.  Francis,  at  Green  bay,  on  site  of  fort  Howard  about 
1718-21,  is  destroyed,  to  keep  it  from  the  Indians 1728 

Expedition  fitted  against  the  Fox  Indians  by  the  marquis  de 
Beauharnois  ascends  the  Fox  river,  burning  deserted  Indian 
villages Aug.     " 

Expedition  against  the  Fox  Indians  under  De  Villiers 1730 

Fort  La  Baye  built  by  the  French  on  the  site  of  fort  Howard. .      " 

Expedition  against  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  by  the  French  under 
De  Noyelle 1735 

Legardeur  Saint  Pierre,  commandant  at  lake  Pepin,  evacuates 
his  post,  fearing  massacre  by  the  Indians 1737 

Massacre  of  11  Frenchmen  at  Green  bay,  by  the  Menomonee 
Indians ." 1758 

Wisconsin  becomes  English  territory 8  Sept.  1760 

Capt.  Belfour  and  lieut.  Gorrell  with  English  troops  occupy 
Green  Bay,  which  Belfour  names  fort  Edward  Augustus,  12  Oct.  1761 

English  abandon  fort  Edward  Augustus  on  account  of  the  Pon- 
tiac  war.  cross  lake  Michigan  to  L'Arbre  Croche  and  thence 
to  Montreal 21  June,  1763 

Trade  with  the  Chippewas  at  Chequamegon  bay  reopened  by 
Henry,  an  English  trader ■. '.  1765 

Augustin  de  Langlade  and  his  son  Charles  Michel  settle  per- 
manently at  Green  Bay 1766 

Jonathan  Carver,  exploring  the  northwest  as  a  trader  and  trav- 
eller, by  way  of  Green  buy  and  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers, 
reaches  Prairie  du  Chien 15  Oct.      " 

John  Long,  an  English  trader,  visits  Green  Bay  and  Prairie  du 
Chien June,  1780 


WIS  ' 

Basil  OirarU,  Augustin  Angl,  and  Pierre  Antaya  settle  Prairie 

du  Cliifu • 1"°1 

Uuroiii  iJarth  engages  lu  the  carrying  trade  at  the  portage 

ftom  the  Fox  lo  the  Wiscousin  rivers 1793 

Trading  poeta  esUblished  ut  Kewaunee,  Sheboygan,  Manito- 
woc, and  Mllwaukco,  by  Jacques  Vieau 1796 

Wtetem  poeta  aurreudered  by  Kugland  to  the  U.  S 1  June,  1796 

Wlscoosiu  included  lu  the  territory  of  Indiana,  created  by  act 

approved 7  May,  1800 

Judge  Charles  Reaume  appointed  justice  of  the  peace  at  Green 

Bay  by  gov.  William  Henry  Harrison  of  Iiuliaud 1803 

By  treaty  of  St.  liOuis  the  united  Sacs  and  Foxes  cede  to  the  U.  S. 

laud,  a  portion  of  which  lies  hi  southern  Wisconsin. .  .3  Nov  1804 
Wisconsin  included  in  the  territory  of  Illinois,  created  by  act 

a|)proved • 3  Feb.  1809 

Thomas  NutuU  and  John  Bradbury,  naturalists,  explore  Wis- 
consin       " 

Gov.  Clarke  takes  possession  of  Prairie  du  Chien  and  builds 

fort  Shelby 1813 

Fort  Shelby  surrendered  to  the  British  under  col.  McKay, 

19  July,  1814 
U  &  troops  occupy  Prairie  du  Chien  and  commence  fort  Craw- 
ford on  the  site  of  fort  McKay,  formerly  fort  Shelby   . .  June,  1816 
Fort  Howard,  on  Green  bay.  built  and  garrisoned  by  American 

troops  under  col.  John  Miller '* 

First  grist  mill  in  western  Wisconsin  built  at  Prairie  du  Chien 

by  John  Shaw 1818 

Solomon  Juneau  arrives  at  Milwaukee 14  Sept.     " 

Wisconsin  attached  to  Michigan  territory  upon  admission  of 

Illinois  into  the  Union 3  Dec.     " 

Col.  William  S.  Hamilton,  having  a  contract  to  supply  the  gar 
rison  at  fort  Howard  with  provisions,  drives  several  hundred 
cattle  frum  lower  Illinois  north  along  the  west  shore  of  lake 

Michigan  to  Green  Bay 1823 

Episcopal  mission  established  near  Green  Bay.   " 

First  term  of  U.  S.  District  court  held  at  Green  Bay,  James  D. 

Doty,  judge 4  Oct.  1824 

Winnebago  Indians  massacre  3  whites  at  Prairie  du  Chien, 

28  June,  1827 
Treaty  concluded  with  the  Menomonee  and  other  Indian  tribes 

at  Butte  des  .Morta 11  Aug.     " 

Fort  Winnebago  built  at  the  portage  between  the  Fox  and  Wis- 
consin rivers 1828 

Methodist  mission  established  at  Green  Bay 1829 

Battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights  ;  Black  Hawk  attacked  by  Illinois 
troops  under  gen.  James  D.  Henry,  and  Wisconsin  rangers 

under  maj   Henry  Dodge 21July,  1832 

Black  Hawk's  band  destroyed  by  U  S.  troops  and  crew  of  govern- 
ment steamboat  Warrior,  at  mouth  of  Bad  Axe  river,  2  Aug.     " 
Black  Hawk  delivered  to  gen.  Street,  agent  of  the  Winneba- 

goes,  by  his  captors,  Cha-etar  and  One-eyed  Decorra.  27  Aug.     '' 
Treaty  with  the  Winnebagoesat  Rock  Island,  ceding  to  U  S.  their 

lands  east  of  the  Mississippi  and  west  of  Green  bay,  15  Sept.      " 
First  newspaper,  the   Green  Bay  Intelligencer,  published  at 

Green  Bay 11  Dec.  1833 

Land  offices  established  at  Mineral  Point  and  Green  Bay. 1834 

Military  road  from  fort  Howard  to  fort  Crawford  begun. .  1  June,  1835 

First  steamboat  makes  port  at  Milwaukee 17  June,     " 

Territory  of  Wisconsin  created  by  act  of  20  Apr.,  and  govern. 

ment  organized  at  Mineral  Point 4  July,  1836 

Milwaukee  Advertiser  published  at  Milwaukee 14  July,     " 

Real-estate  speculation  at  Kewaunee,  owing  to  discovery  of 

gold,  at  its  height " 

First  session  of  the  assembly  held  at  Belmont,  Iowa  county, 

25  Oct.     " 

First  permanent  settlement  of  Madison Apr  1837 

Comer  stone  of  capitol  at  Madison  laid.. 4  July,     " 

Gov  Dodge  of  Wisconsin  territory,  by  treaty  with  the  Ojibways 
at  fort  Snelling,  obtains  cession  to  the  U.  S.  of  the  pine  forests 

of  the  valley  of  the  St.  Croix  and  its  tributaries 29  July,     " 

Assembly  meets  at  Burlington,  Des  Moines  county 6  Nov.      " 

Portage  c:inal,  connecting  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,  begun  by 

the  U  S 1838 

Legislature  assembles  at  Madison 26  Nov.      " 

Mitchell's  bank  at  Milwaukee  established 1839 

"The  Wisconsin  Phalanx,"  a  community  on  Fourier's  system, 

established  at  Ceresco,  now  Ripen ' May,  1844 

Mormon  colony,  an  offshoot  from  Nauvoo,  led  by  James  Jesse 

Strang,  is  founded  on  White  river  at  Voree 1845 

Enabling  act  for  the  state  of  Wisconsin  passed  by  Congress, 

6  Aug.  1846 
State  constitution  prohibiting  banks  and  banking,  framed  by  a 
convention  at  Madison,  5  Oct.  to  16  Dec.  1846,  is  rejected  by 

the  people Apr.  1847 

Troops  from  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  leave  Detroit  by  boat  for 

Vera  Cruz,  enlisted  in  the  Mexican  war.  24  Apr.      " 

Beloit  college  at  Beloit,  chartered  1846,  opened " 

First  railroad  charter  in  Wisconsin  granted  to  the  Milwaukee 

and  Waukesha  Railroad  company > 

Conventiou  assembles  at  Madison.  15  Dec.  1847,  fhimes  a  con- 
stitution, and  adjourns,  1  Feb.  1848.    Constitution  ratified  by 

a  popular  vote  of  16,442  to  6149.    13  Mch.  1848 

Wisconsin  admitted  into  the  Union  by  act  approved. .  .29  May,     " 
First  slate  legislature  convenes  5  imie,  and  officers  take  the 

oath.  ...  7June,     " 

First  telegram  received  at  Milwaukee  from  Chicago 17  Jan.  1849 

State  Historical  Society  organized  at  Madison 30  Jan.     " 

Lawrence  university  at  Appleton  chartered  and  opened " 

University  of  Wisconsin  at  Madison,  chartered  1848,  opened. .      " 
Amendment  to  the  constitution  conferring  suffrage  on  colored 
men  receives  a  majority  of  votes  oast,  but  not  a  majority  of 


6  WIS 

all  who  voted  for  state  officers,  and  the  canvassers  declare 

it  rejected (!  Nov.  1849 

Wisconsin  School  for  the  Blind  at  Janesville  opened 1  Aug.  1850 

First  railroad  train  between  Milwaukee  and  Waukesha Feb.  1861 

Question  of  banks  or  no  banks  submitted  to  the  people  of 
Wisconsin  by  act  of  5  Mch.  1851  ,  31,219  votes  in  favor  to 

9126  opposed " 

State  prison  at  Waupun  opened 1852 

Wisconsin  School  for  the  Deaf  at  Delavan  opened " 

St.  Clara  academy,  at  Sinsinawa  Mound,  opened  1845,  chartered,     " 

Capital  punishment  in  Wisconsin  abolished July,  1853 

Milwaukee  college  at  Milwaukee  chartered  and  opened " 

Meeting  at  Kipon,  called  by  A.  E.  Bovay,  Jediah  Boweu,  and 
others  to  organize  the  Republican  parly,  and  Mr.  Bovay  sug- 
gests the  name  "  Rei)ublican  " 28  Feb.  1854 

Title  "Republican"  adopted  for  the  parly  at  a  mass  conven- 
tion in  Capitol  park  at  Madison 13  July,     " 

A  negro,  Joshua  Glover,  claimed  as  a  slave  by  a  Missourian 
named  Garland,  being  forcibly  released  from  prison  in  Mil- 
waukee, federal  and  slate  authorities  dispute  on  the  legality 

of  the  Fugitive  Slave  law.  " 

Act  passed  to  extinguish  the  title  of  the  Chippewa  Indians  to 
lands  owned  and  clsiimed  by  them  in  Wisconsin  and  the  ter- 
ritory of  Minnesota 19  Dec.     " 

Sherman  M.  Booth  of  Milwaukee,  convicted  in  the  Federal  Dis- 
trict court  of  Wisconsin  of  violating  the  Fugitive  Slave  law 
by  aiding  in  the  liberation  of  Glover,  and  fined  and  impris- 
oned, is  discharged  by  the  Supreme  court,  which  pronounces 

the  law  unconstitutional 3  Feb.  1855- 

Downer  college  at  Fox  lake  chartered  and  opened " 

William  A.  Barstow,  Dem.,  ex-governor,  and  Coles  Bashford, 
Rep.,  each  claiming  lo  be  elected  governor  by  the  people, 
take  the  oath  of  office,  the  one  at  the  capitol,  the  other  in' 

the  Supreme  court-room 7  Jan.  1856 

Assembly  recognizes  Barstow  as  governor  and  the  Senate  as 

governor  de  facto 10  Jan.     " 

Supreme  court  of  Wisconsin  summons  Barstow  to  show  by 

what  authority  he  claims  to  hold  the  office 17  Jan.      " 

Supreme  court  decides  that  Barstow  has  been  counted  in  upon 
fraudulent  returns  ;  lieut.-gov.  McArlhur  fills  the  office  for 

4  days,  when  Coles  Bashford  assumes  office 21  Mch.      " 

Seminary  of  St.  Francis  of  Sales,  at  St.  Francis,  chartered  and 

opened " 

First  railway  reaches  the  Mississippi  river  at  Prairie  du  Chien, 

15  Apr.  1857 
Wisconsin  Industrial  School  for  Boys,  at  Waukesha,  opened, 

23  July,  1860 

Hospital  for  the  insane  at  Madison  opened " 

First  Wisconsin  regiment,  mustered  into  service  17  May,  1861, 

receives  marching  orders 7  June,  1861 

About  700  Confederate  prisoners  are  received  at  camp  Randall, 

Madison.  Apr.  18G2. 

Gov.  Harvey  dies  on  his  way  to  the  battlefield  of  Shiloh  to  look 

after  the  welfare  of  Wisconsin  soldiers Apr.      " 

Personal  Liberty  law  repealed July,     " 

Negro  suffrage  amendment  to  the  constitution  rejected  by  vote 

of  55,591  to  46,588 ; Nov.  1865 

Home  for  soldiers'  orphans  opened  1  Jan.  1866,  established  by 

private  subscription,  becomes  a  state  institution 31  Mch.  1866 

Fourth  regiment  Wisconsin  cavalry  mustered  out  after  a  ser- 
vice of  5  years  and  1  day,  the  longest  term  on  record  of  a 

volunteer  organization 28  May,     •' 

Alexander  W.  Randall  appointed  postmaster-general.  .25  July,     " 
Supreme  court  sustains  the  amendment  to  the  constitution  giv- 
ing suffrage  to  colored  men,  as  ratified  by  the  people  in  1849,     " 

State  Normal  school  at  Platteville  opened •' 

Northwestern  university  at  Watertown,  opened  1865,  chartered,  1867 

State  Normal  school  at  Whitewater  opened 1868 

Legislature  ratifies  the  XV.  th  Amendment  to  Constitution  of 

theU.  S , 9  Mch.  1869 

Northwestern  branch  of  the  National  Home  for  Disabled  Vol- 
unteer Soldiers,  near  Milwaukee,  dedicated Oct.     " 

Catholic  Normal  School  ofthe  Holy  Family,at  St.  Francis, opened,  1871 
A  ' '  whirlwind  of  fire ' '  10  miles  in  width  sweeps  over  the  counties 
bordering  on  Green  bay.     Loss  of  life,  1000  persons,  burned, 
drowned,  or  smothered;  of  property,  over  $3,000,000,  8-9  Oct.     " 
State  Board  of  Charities  and  Reform  appointed  by  gov.  Fair- 
child  ;  4  men  and  1  woman " 

College  for  women  opened  at  Madison  in  connection  with  the 

state  university 20  Dec.     " 

Act  punishing  intoxication  by  fine  and  imprisonment 1872: 

Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Oshkosh  opened Apr,  1873 

First  state  meeting  of  the  "American  Constitutional  Union," 

666  delegates,  at  Milwaukee 7  Aug.     " 

"  Potter  Railroad  law,"  relating  to  railroads,  express,  and  tele- 
graph companies,  fixing  rates  of  transportation,  and  provid- 
ing for  railroad  commissioners H  Mch.  1874 

St.  Paul  and  Northern  railroads  announce  to  the  governor  that 

they  cannot  obey  the  Potter  law 27  Apr.     " 

Supreme  court  sustains  the  Potter  law Sept.     " 

First  cotton  cloth  manufactured  in  Wisconsin,  at  Janesville. . .  1875 
Real  estate  of  soldiers'  orphans'  home  transferred  to  the  re- 
gents of  the  slate  university  for  a  medical  college " 

Wisconsin  Industrial  School  for  Girls  at  Milwaukee  opened " 

State  Normal  school  at  River  Falls  opened " 

Supreme  court  rejects  the  application  of  miss  Lavinia  Goodell 
for  admission  to  the  bar,  as  a  calling  inconsistent  with  the 

duties  of  the  sex Jan.  1876 

Potter  Railroad  law  of  1874  made  much  less  stringent.  .18  Feb.  " 
St.  John's  Catholic  Deaf  Mute  institution  at  St.  Francis  opened,  " 
Legislature  enables  women  to  practise  law 1877 


WIT 

State  park  established  in  Lincoln  county  by  act  of  legislature. . 

National  German-American  teachers'  seminary  at  Milwaukee 
opened .- 

Legislature  passes  a  compulsory  Education  law 

Death  of  "Old  Abe,"  the  Wisconsin  war  eagle,  belonging  to 
company  C,  Eighth  Wisconsin  infantry,  the  survivor  of  36 
battles  and  numerous  wounds Mch. 

Timothy  0.  Howe  appointed  postmaster-general 20  Dec. 

Milwaukee  Day  School  for  the  Deaf  at  Milwaukee  opened 

Science  hall  of  the  state  university  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss 
$200,000 ■ 1  Dec. 

William  F.  Vilas  appointed  postmaster-general 6  Mch. 

Women  empowered  to  vote  at  school  elections 

Legislature  appropriates  $5000  yearly  to  hold  farmers' institutes, 

State  Normal  school  at  Milwaukee  opened 

Anarchist  riots  in  Milwaukee 5  May, 

State  public  school  at  Sparta  opened 13  Nov. 

Oral  department  of  public  schools  at  La  Crosse  opened 

State  Normal  school  at  Oshkosh  opened 

William  F.  Vilas  appointed  secretary  of  the  interior 16  Jan. 

Jeremiah  M.  Rusk  appointed  secretary  of  agriculture. .  .5  Mch. 

Annual  meeting  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  held  at 
Milwaukee 27  Aug. 

Acts  passed  to  secure  a  secret  ballot  at  elections 

Local  Option  law  passed,  providing  for  a  vote  on  the  question 
of  license  on  petition  of  10  per  cent,  of  the  voters  in  any  town 
or  village 

Bennet  School  law  of  1889,  requiring  schools  recognized  by  the 
state  to  teach  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  and  U.  S.  history 
in  English,  is  rescinded  by  vote  of  the  people Nov. 

Ex-sec.  Vilas  chosen  U.  S.  senator 27  Jan. 

Ex-gov.  Harrison  Ludington  dies  at  Milwaukee,  aged  78, 17  June, 

Dr.  Isaac  Leo  Nicholson  enthroned  as  bishop  of  Milwaukee, 
the  first  ceremony  of  the  kind  in  the  U.  S 10  Nov. 

Charles  Kendall  Adams,  ex-president  of  Cornell  university,  ac- 
cepts the  presidency  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.. 30  July, 

Legislature  in  special  session  to  reapportion  the  state.  .17  Oct. 

Destructive  fire  in  Milwaukee  ;  over  300  buildings  destroyed 
and  10  lives  lost ;  loss  in  property  over  $5,000,000 28  Oct. 

Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy,  naturalist,  dies  at  Racine,  aged  76 8  Dec. 

TERRITORIAL  GOVERNORS. 

Henry  Dodge assumes  office 

James  D.  Doty " 

Nathaniel  P.  Tallmadge " 

Henry  Dodge " 


93; 


1878 

1879 

1881 

1883 

1884 
1885 


1890 
1891 


1892 


.1842 
.1844 
.1845 

.1848 
.1852 
.1854 
.1856 
.1858 


STATE  GOVERNORS  (term  2  years). 

Nelson  Dewey assumes  office 

I-eonard  J.  Farwell " 

William  A.  Barstow " 

Coles  Bashford " 

Alexander  W.  Randall " 

Louis  P.  Harvey " 

Edward  Salomon " 

James  T.  Lewis " 

Lucius  Fairchild " 

C.  C.  Washburn " 

"William  R.  Taylor " 

Harrison  Ludington " 

William  E.  Smith " 

Jeremiah  M.  Rusk "  

William  D.  Hoard " 

Geo.  AV.  Peck 

William  H.  Upham '•  1891 

UNITED  STATES  SENATORS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


.1864 
.1866 
.1872 
.1874 
.1876 
.1878 
.1882 
.1889 
.1891 


Name. 


Henry  Dodge 

Isaac  P.  Walker  . . 
Charles  Durkee... 
James  R.  Doolittle 
Timothy  0.  Howe. 
Matt.  H.  Carpenter 
Angus  Cameron. . . 
Matt.  H.  Carpenter 
Philetus  Sawyer. . 
Angus  Cameron. . . 
John  E.  Spooner. . 
William  F.  Vilas.. 
John  L.  Mitchell.. 


No.  of  Congress 


30th  to  35th 
30th  "  34th 
34th  "  37th 
35th  "  41st 
37th  "  46th 
41st  "  44th 
44th  "  46th 

46th 
46th  to  53d 
46th  "  49th 
49th  "  52d 
52d  "  


Date. 


1848  to  1857 
1848  "  1855 
1855  "  1861 
1857  "  1869 
1861  "  1879 
1869  "  1875 
1875  "  1881 
1879  "  1881 
1881  "  1893 
1881  "  1885 
1885  "  1891 

1891  "  

1893  "  


Seated  23  June. 
Seated  26  June. 


/Pres.  pro  tern.   12 

\    Mch.  1873. 

f  Died  in  office,   24 

\     Jan.  1881. 

( Elected  in  place  of 

(     Carpenter. 

Term  expires  1897. 
Term  expires  1899. 


"ivitclicraft,  the  practices  and  powers  of  a  witch,  a  wom- 
an supposed  to  have  supernatural  power  and  knowledge  given 
her  by  evil  spirits.  The  Jewish  law  (Exod.  xxii.  18),  1491  b.c., 
■decreed,  "  Thou  shalt  not  suffer  a  witch  to  live."  Saul,  after 
banishing  or  condemning  witchcraft,  consulted  the  witch  of  En- 
dor,  1056  B.C.  (1  Sam.  xxviii.).  Bishop  Hutchinson's  historical 
"Essay  on  Witchcraft"  was  published  1718.  Pope  Innocent 
VIII.  issued  a  bull  against  witchcraft,  1484.  Thousands  of  inno- 
cent persons  were  burned,  and  others  killed  by  the  tests  applied. 

Many  Templars  burned  at  Paris  for  witchcraft,  etc 1309 

Joan  of  Arc  burned  at  Rouen  as  a  witch 30  May,  1431 

About  500  witches  burned  in  Geneva  in  3  months 1515 

Great  number  in  France,  when  1  sorcerer  confessed  to  having 

1200  associates about  1520 

Many  witches  burned  in  the  diocese  of  Como  in  a  year,  .about  1524 

Nine  hundred  burned  in  Lorraine 1580-95 

30* 


WIT 

One  hundred  and  fifty-seven  burned  at  WQrzburg,  old  and 

young,  learned  and  ignorant between  1027-29 

Grandier,  the  parish  priest  at  Loudon,  burned  on  a  charge  of 

having  bewitched  a  whole  convent  of  nuns 1634 

In  Bretagne  20  poor  women  put  to  death  as  witches 1654 

Maria  Renata  burned  at  Wurzburg 1749 

At  Kalisk,  in  Poland,  9  old  women,  charged  witli  having  be- 
witched and  rendered  unfruitful  the  lands  belonging  to  that 

palatinate,  were  burned 17  Jan.  1775 

Five  women  condemned  to  death  by  the  Brahmans,  at  Patna 
for  sorcery,  and  executed 15  Dec'  1802 

WITCHCRAFT   IN   GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Statutes  made  all  witchcraft  and  sorcery  felony  without  benefit  of 
clergy,  33  Hen.  VIII.  1541,  5  Eliz.  1562,  and  1  James  I.  1603. 

The  73d  canon  of  the  church  prohibits  the  clergy  from  casting  out 
devils,  1603. 

Barrington  estimates  the  judicial  murders  for  witchcraft  in  Ene- 
land  in  200  years  at  30,000. 

Matthew  Hopkins,  "witch  finder,"  causes  judicial  murder  of  about 
100  persons  in  Essex,  Norfolk,  and  Sufl'olk,  1645-47. 

Sir  Matthew  Hale  burned  2  persons  for  witchcraft  in  1664. 

Seventeen  or  18  persons  burned  at  St.  Osyths,  in  Essex,  about  1676. 

Two  pretended  witches  were  executed  at  Northampton  in  1705  and 
5  others  7  years  afterwards.  ' 

In  1716  Mrs.  Hicks,  and  her  daughter,  aged  9,  were  hanged  at  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

Northamptonshire  and  Huntingdon  preserved  the  superstition  about 
witchcraft  later  than  other  counties. 

In  Scotland  thousands  of  persons  were  burned  in  about  100  years* 
among  them  persons  of  high  rank,  while  all  orders  in  the  state 
concurred.  James  I.  even  caused  a  whole  assize  to  be  prosecuted 
for  an  acquittal.  The  king  published  his  "  Daemonologie  "  in  Ed- 
inburgh, 1597.     Ttie  last  sufferer  was  at  Dornoch  in  1722. 

Laws  against  witchcraft  had  lain  dormant  for  many  years,  when,  an 
ignorant  person  attempting  to  revive  them  (by  a  bill  against  a 
poor  old  woman  in  Surrey  for  witchcraft),  they  were  repealed 
10  Geo.  IL  1736.  Belief  in  witchcraft  still  abounds  in  the  coun- 
try districts  of  England.  On  4  Sept.  1863,  a  poor  old  paralyzed 
Frenchman  died  from  being  ducked  as  a  wizard  at  Castle  Hed- 
ingham,  Essex,  and  similar  cases  have  since  occurred. 

Ann  Turner,  old;  killed  as  a  witch  by  a  half-insane  man  at  Long 
Compton,  Warwickshire,  17  Sept.  1875. 

witchcraft,  Salem.  A  grewsome  chapter  in  the 
history  of  popular  delusions  is  the  record  of  that  which  is  known 
in  American  history  as  Salem  witchcraft.  The  people  of  Mas- 
sachusetts generally  believed  in  witchcraft.  It  had  taken 
strong  hold  upon  their  feelings,  and  in  Mch.  1692,  excitement 
suddenly  broke  out  at  Danvers  (part  of  Salem),  Mass.,  and 
spread  like  an  epidemic.  It  commenced  in  the  family  of  the 
rev.  Samuel  Parris.  The  principal  accusers  and  witnesses  in 
the  witchcraft  prosecution  were  8  females,  nearly  all  young 
girls,  viz.:  Abigail  Williams,  aged  11  years;  Mary  Walcut, 
17;  Ann  Putnam,  12;  Mary  Lewis,  a  servant,  17;  Mary  War- 
ren, 20;  Elizabeth  Booth,  18;  Sarah  Churchill,  20;  and  Su- 
sannah Sheldon.     But  2  of  these  could  write  their  names. 

Brokers  "  Annals  of  Witchcraft  in  New  England." 

First  person  tried  is  Bridget  Bishop,  on  charges  by  the  rev. 

Samuel  Parris,  and  she  is  hanged  as  a  witch 10  June,  1692 

Susannah  Martin  hanged  as  a  witch 19  July,     " 

Sarah  Good  hanged  as  a  witch "  <* 

[She  is  said  to  have  exclaimed,  at  the  time  of  her  execution, 
to  the  rev.  Nicholas  Noyes,  who  was  very  active  in  these 
prosecutions,  "If  you  take  my  life,  God  will  give  you  blood 
to  drink.''  Hawthorne  has  put  this  expression  in  the  mouth 
of  "Old  Matthew  Maule,"  in  "The  House  of  the  Seven 
Gables."] 

Sarah  Wildes  hanged  as  a  witch 19  July,     " 

Elizabeth  How  hanged  as  a  witch "      '     <« 

Rebecca  Nourse  hanged  as  a  witch "  " 

[Mrs.  Nourse  was  acquitted,  but  the  court,  being  determined 
on  her  death,  sent  the  jury  out  again  and  forced  a  verdict  of 
guilty.     She  was  a  lady  of  worth,  but  old  and  in  ill-health.] 

George  Burroughs  executed 19  Aug.     " 

[He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  college,  1670.  Had  been 
a  minister  at  Salem.] 

John  Proctor  executed 19  Aug.     " 

John  Willard  executed "  " 

[He  was  a  resident  of  Salem,  and  had  been  a  deputy  in 
making  arrests;  becoming  satisfied  that  the  persons  accused 
were  innocent,  he  was  "cried  out  upon, "and  in  attempting 
to  escape  he  was  captured  and  executed.] 

Martha  Carrier  executed 19  Aug.     " 

{Her  children  forced  by  torture  to  testify  against  her.] 

George  Jacobs,  sen.,  executed 19  Aug.     " 

[His  granddaughter  testified  against  him  at  his  trial,  but 
acknowledged  her  perfidy  in  a  piteous  letter  when  too  late.— 
Bancroft's  "Hist,  of  U.  S."] 
Giles  Corey,  upwards  of  80  years  of  age,  refusing  to  plead,  is 
pressed  to  death;  the  only  instance  of  this  horrible  punish- 
ment in  New  England 17  Sept.     " 

"  Then  by  the  statute  you  will  be  condemned 
To  the  peine  forte  et  dure  !    To  have  your  body 
Pressed  by  great  weights  until  you  are  dead." 
— Longfellow,  "  Giles  Corey  "  ("  New  England  Tragedies  "),  act  iv. 

Martha  Corey,  wife  of  Giles  Corey,  Mary  Easty,  Alice  Parker, 
Mary  Parker,  Ann  Pudeator  (70  years  old),  Willmot  Reed, 


WIT  ^ 

Ifuntrvt  Soott,  and  Samuel  Wardwell  (he  first  confessed,  the 
(tnlvone  to  do  so,  but  declared  his  Innocence  at  his  ezeou- 

tloo)  In  banged.. ! '-W  Sept  1692 

fAt  the  execuilou  of  these  victims  Nicholas  Noyos,  the 
minister  at  Salem,  is  said  to  have  exclaimed,  pointing  to  the 
bodies  swinging.  "There  hang  8  flrebmnds  of  holl."] 

Cotton  .Mather's  uarrativo  of  "The  Wonders  of  the  Invisible 

World  "  a  plott  for  the  truth  of  wilchcn»ft Oct.     " 

fThis  book  was  approved  by  the  president  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, gov.  I'hipps,  aud  William  Sloughton,  then  lieutenant- 
governor  of  .Massachusetts,  and  afterwurds  chief  justice  of 
Uie  Superior  couru— /J<i«erq/it'»  '•  Hist,  of  the  U.  S. "] 

Mrs.  Hale,  wife  of  the  minister  of  the  First  church  at  Beverly, 

•ooused  of  being  a  witch Oct.     " 

["The  whole  community  became  convinced  that  the  ac- 
cusers, In  crying  out  upon  Mrs.  Hale,  had  perjured  them- 
selves, and  from  thill  moment  their  power  was  destroyed; 
the  awful  delusion  was  dispelled,  and  a  close  put  to  one  of 
iho  most  tremendous  tmgedies  in  the  history  ofreallife— 
the  wildest  storm  that  ever  raged  in  the  moral  world."— 
Upham's  "  Witchcraft  in  Sulem,"  vol.  ii.  p.  346.] 

An  attempt  is  made  to  convict  Sarah  Daston,  a  woman  of  80, 
who  for  -ic)  years  had  been  reputed  a  witch ;  but  the  common 
mind  is  disenthralled;  the  jury  acquits  her Feb.  1693 

Prosecutions  for  witchcraft  cease Apr.     " 

Sir  William  Fhipps  by  proclamation  discharges  all  imprisoned 

for  witchcraft ." ^lay-     "  , 

[The  number  released  is  said  to  have  been  about  150.  The  total 
number  executed  for  witchcraft  in  Salem  at  this  time  was  21  ; 
others  had  been  executed  before,  notably  Anne  Hibbins,  1656,  but 
none  after.  "  All  things  considered,  the  outbreak  of  witchcraft  in 
169*2  is  one  of  the  most  surprising  events  of  history— the  smallness 
of  the  number  of  those  engaged  in  it  at  its  beginning,  their  youth 
and  position  in  society,  and  their  ability  to  deceive  everybody  so 
long.  In  any  view  that  has  yet  been  taken  of  it,  its  narrator  has 
found  himself  baffled  to  a  degree  beyond  that  of  any  other  event 
in  the  whole  range  of  history  to  account  satisfactorily  for  the  con- 
duct of  the  young  females  through  whose  instrumentality  it  was 
carried  on.  It  required  more  devilish  ability  to  deceive,  adroit- 
ness to  blind  the  understanding,  and  keep  a  consciousness  of  that 
ability  among  themselves,  than  ever  fell  to  the  lot  of  a  like  number 
of  impostors  in  any  age  of  which  the  writer  has  ever  read.  .  .  .  The 
most  active  participants  in  pushing  the  prosecutions  were  the  rev. 
Samuel  Parris,  rev.  Nicholas  Noyes,  and  the  rev.  Cotton  Mather; 
and  among  the  judges  William  Stoughton,  Samuel  Sewell,  and 
John  Hathorne.  The  accusers  were  never  punished ;  and  of  those 
who  caused  the  prosecutions,  says  Hutchinson,  some  proved  prof- 
ligate, abandoned  to  all  vice,  others  passed  their  days  in  obscurity 
and  contempt."— Z)raA;e's  "Annals  of  Witchcraft  in  New  England." 
"It  is  safe  to  say  that  if  gov.  Bradstreet  had  not  been  superseded 
by  the  arrival  of  sir  William  Phipps  as  governor  under  the  new 
charter,  the  witch  prosecution  of  1692  would  never  have  taken 
place." — f/pAam's"  Salem  Witchcraft,  "vol.  i.  p.  451.  "A  little  at- 
tention must  force  conviction  that  the  whole  was  a  scene  of  fraud  and 
imposition*  begun  by  young  girls,  who  at  first  perhaps  thought  of 
nothingmore  than  being  pitiedand  indulged,  andcontinned  by  adult 
persons,  who  were  afraid  of  being  accused  themselves.  The  one  and 
the  other,  rather  than  confess  their  fraud,  suffered  the  lives  of  so 
many  innocents  to  be  taken  away  through  the  credulity  of  judges 
and  juries." — Hutchinson's  "History  of  MassachusettsBay."] 

wi'tena-mor,  vri'tena-g^emot',  or  wi  tan, 

the  assennbling  of  the  wise  men,  the  great  council  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  A  witena-naot  was  called  in  Winchester  by  Egbert, 
800,  and  in  London,  833,  to  consult  on  the  proper  means  to 
repel  the  Danes,  and,  among  others,  one  in  1066,  choosing 
Harold  as  king.     Parliament. 

liVitepsfe',  a  town  of  Russia,  near  which  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  French  under  marshal  Victor,  duke  of 
Belluno,  and  the  Russians,  commanded  by  gen.  Wittgenstein. 
The  French  were  defeated  after  a  desperate  engagement,  with 
the  loss  of  about  3000  men  on  both  sides,  14  Nov.  1812. 

IVitneiS  (from  A.  S.  witnes  =  one  that  knows ;  from 
witan,  to  know,  to  attest,  to  give  testimony).  Two  or  more 
witnesses  were  required  by  the  law  of  Moses,  1451  b.c.  (Dent, 
xvii.  6),  and  by  the  early  Christian  church  in  cases  of  dis- 
cipline (2  Cor.  xiii.  1),  60  a.d.  The  evidence  of  2  witnesses 
required  to  attaint  for  high-treason,  25  Edw.  III.  1352.  Lord 
Ellenborough  ruled  that  no  witness  is  obliged  to  give  answers 
which  may  tend  to  degrade  himself,  10  Dec.  1802. 

Avive§.     Marriage. 

^Vizard  of  tlie  North,  a  name  given  to  sir  Wal- 
ter Scott, on  account  of  his  romances;  also  to  Mr.  Anderson, 
the  conjurer,  who  died  3  Feb.  1874. 

Robert  Houdin's  "Confidences  d'un  Prestidigitateur,"pub 1859 

Herr  Herrmann,  an  eminent  conjurer  or  prestidigitateur,  b. 

Hanover,  d.  at  Carlsbad,  aged  71 8  Jan.  1887 

Woman'§  €hri§tian Temperance  Union 

was  an  outgrowth  of  the  woman's  crusade  against  the  saloons, 
which  began  in  Hillsborough,  O.,  23  Dec.  1873.  The  Na- 
tional Association  was  organized  at  Cleveland,  O.,  17-18  Nov. 


i  WOM 

1874.  It  now  has  a  membership  of  nearly  200,000.  The  Chil- 
dren's Society  under  its  auspices,  with  a  membership  of  200,000 
to  300,000,  is  known  as  the  Loyal  Temperance  Legion.  The 
Womati's  Christian  Temperance  Union  has  a  publishing  house 
in  Chicago,  and  national  headquarters  at  Evanston,  111.  In  1883 
was  formed  an  international  union  with  the  title,  "  The  World's 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,"of  which  Mrs.Margaret 
Bright  Lucas,  sister  of  John  Bright,  was  chosen  president. 

women,  Advancement  of.  But  few  names  of  women 
appear  in  history.  In  most  lands  and  times  they  have  been 
without  share  in  public  life  or  in  government,  and  have  been 
deprived  by  law  of  equality  in  the  acquisition  and  ownership 
of  property.  The  history  of  woman  is  mostly  "  domestic " 
history,  that  of  the  patient  "  GriseUla  "—largely  a  story  of 
suffering  and  wrong  at  the  hands  of  masculine  riilers,  fathers, 
and  husbands,  and  without  legal  redress.  The  sex  has  been 
from  the  first  unrepresented  in  governing  bodies.  But  the 
progress  of  civilization  has  been  marked  by  the  steady  in- 
crease of  the  intelligence  and  influence  of  women  in  all  de- 
partments of  activity  which  they  have  entered,  and  multi- 
tudes of  social  thinkers  now  advocate  the  abolition  of  all 
distinctions  in  civil  and  political  rights  founded  on  sex. 

ADVANCEMENT  OF   WOMEN    IN   ENGLAND. 

Mary  WoUstonecraft's  "  Vindication  of  the  Rights  of  Women," 
pub 1791 

Great  advance  in  the  legal  rights,  position,  and  employment  of 
women 1837-92 

Women's  hospitals  founded ;  Soho 1842 

Woman's  Medical  Society  and  Obstetrical  college  founded,  about  1864 

Woman's  suffrage  for  members  of  Parliament  proposed  by  J.  S. 
Mill ;  negatived  by  196  against  73 20  May,  1807 

Lily  Maxwell,  a  shopkeeper  at  Manchester,  votes  for  Jacob 
Bright 26  Nov.     " 

First  annual  meeting  of  the  Manchester  National  Society  for 
Women's  Suffrage 30  Oct.  1868 

Female  suffrage  held  illegal  by  the  court  of  common  pleas, 

7-9  Nov.     " 

John  S.  Mill's  "Subjection  of  Women,"  pub 1869 

Women's  Club  and  Institute,  Newman  street,  London,  W., 
opened Jan.     " 

Women's  Disabilities  Removal  bill  rejected  by  the  Commons 

(220  to  94) 12  May,  1870 

[It  was  presented  every  year,  and  the  vote  stood  217  to  103, 
7  Mch.  1879.] 

Woman's  hospital  founded  at  Marylebone 1871 

Miss  Garrett  and  miss  Davies  elected  members  of  the  metro- 
politan school-board 29  Nov.  1873 

Medical  school  for  women  opened Oct.  1874 

Miss  Merington  elected  guardian  of  the  poor  for  Kensington 
(the  first  case  in  London) Apr.  1876 

Women  permitted  to  be  registered  under  "Medical  act"  by  39 
and  40  Vict.  c.  41 11  Aug.     " 

University  of  London;  senate  votes  for  granting  degrees  to 
women,  28  Feb. ;  convocation  votes  against  it,  8  May,  and 
July,  1877;  votes  for  a  supplemental  charter  granting  it  (242- 
132),  15  Jan. ;  charter  granted 28  Mch.  1878 

Great  meeting  for  woman's  suffrage;  St.  James's  hall. .  .6  May,  1880 

Women  to  be  admitted  to  examinations  for  honors  at  Oxford, 
by  statute 29  Apr.  1884 

Woman's  householders'  suffrage  (widows  and  spinsters)  proposed 
by  Mr.  Woodall  in  the  commons,  10  June;  negatived  (271- 
135),  12-13  June;  miss  H.  Miiller  refuses  to  pay  queen's  taxes, 
and  her  goods  are  distrained 2  July,     " 

Woman's  suffrage  granted  in  Madras  presidency,  India,  28  Sept.  1885 

Woman's  Suffrage  Society,  first  annual  meeting July,  1886 

Women's  hospital  with  female  practitioners  founded  by  the 
princess  of  Wales  in  Euston  road 7  May,  1889 

Mrs.  Scharlieb  made  M.D 16  May,     " 

International  "Council  ofWomen,"  advocating  women's  rights, 
meets  at  Paris 25  June,     " 

Miss  A.  F.  Ramsay  and  miss  B.  M.  Hervey  obtain  high  univer- 
sity honors  18  June,  1887,  and  miss  G.  P.  Fawcett 7  June,  1890' 

Two  ladies  elected  for  the  London  common  council.  This  de- 
clared illegal;  a  bill  to  legalize  it  rejected  by  the  lords,  20 
May,  1889.  and  9  June,  1890;  by  the  commons 26  May,  1891 

Women  in  New  Zealand  authorized  to  serve  in  parliament  and 
vote  at  elections;  bill  passed  4  Sept. ;  rejected  by  the  legis- 
lative council 10  Sept.     " 

Woman's  Suffrage  bill;  lords  read  first  time  3  July;  negatived, 
10  July,  1884;  again,  28  July,  1885;  again  negatived  by  the 
lords,  16  Mch.  1886;  again,  13  Sept.  1887,  13  Apr.  1888, 18  Mch. 
1889 ;  again 1891-92 

Sir  Albert  Rollit's  bill  for  the  extension  of  the  parliamentary 
franchise  to  women  rejected  by  the  commons  (175-152),  27  Apr.  1892 

ADVANCEMENT  OF   WOMEN   IN   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Oberlin  college,  0.,  made  no  distinction  as  to  sex  from  its  foun- 
dation      1833 

[Many  colleges  in  the  U.  S.  now  admit  female  students  un- 
der the  same  conditions  as  males.] 

Elizabeth  Blackwell  graduates  from  the  medical  department, 
Geneva  college  (the  first  M.  D.  in  the  U.  S. ) 1849 

Her  sister  Emily  graduates  from  the  Cleveland  Medical  college,  1852. 


WON 


939 


WOO 


First  woman's  hospital  in  the  world  founded  at  New  York  city 

by  dr.  Marion  Sims 1857 

[In  Philadelphia,  18G2;  in  Boston,  incorporated,  1863;  in 
Chicago,  1865;  in  San  Francisco,  1875;  in  Minneapolis,  1882.] 

Arabella  A.  Mansfield  of  Mt.  Pleasant,  la.,  admitted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  law June,  1869 

Mrs.  Myra  Bradwell  of  Chicago  applies  for  a  license  as  an  at- 

torney-at-law " 

[The  Superior  court  of  Illinois  refused,  and  the  Supreme 
court  of  the  U.  S.  affirmed  the  decision.  Women  now  admit- 
ted to  the  practice  of  law  in  Illinois  by  statute.] 

American  Woman's  Suffrage  Association  formed  by  Lucy  Stone 
Blackwell " 

First  convention  held  at  Case  hall,  Cleveland,  0 24  Nov.      " 

[Unites  with  the  National  Woman's  Suffrage  Association, 
forming  the  National  American  Woman's  Suffrage  Associa- 
tion, 18',)0.] 

Marilla  M.  Ricker  of  Dover,  N.  H.,  attempts  to  vote;  her  vote 
refused  for  non-registration,  although  her  name  had  been 
offered  for  registry Mch.  1870 

Mrs.  Ada  H.  Kepley  of  EfBngham,  111.,  the  first  graduate  from  a 
law-school,  Union  College  of  Law,  Chicago 30  June,     " 

Women  admitted  into  the  department  of  medicine  and  surgery 
in  the  University  of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor 1871 

Illinois  enacts  that  no  person  shall  be  precluded  or  debarred 
from  any  occupation,  profession,  or  employment  (except 

military)  on  account  of  sex Mch.  1872 

[Women  are  now  admitted  to  many  medical  colleges 
throughout  the  U.  S.] 

Susan  B.Anthony  votes  at  the  presidential  election  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y 5  Nov.      '• 

She  is  convicted  of  illegal  voting  and  fined  $100 18  June,  1873 

Dr.  Sarah  H.  Stevenson  of  Chicago  admitted  as  a  delegate  (the 
first  woman)  to  the  American  Medical  Association  at  Phila- 
delphia   1876 

Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  admitted  to  practice  before  the  Supreme 
court  of  the  U.  S.  1879;  disability  removed  by  an  act  of  Con- 
gress approved 15  Feb.  1879 

[Others  since  admitted :  Laura  De  Force  Gordon  ofStockton, 
Cal. ;  Ada  M.  Bittenbender  of  Lincoln,  Neb. ;  Carrie  Barnhara 
Kilgore  of  Philadelphia;  Clara  M.  Foltz  of  San  Diego,  Cal. ; 
Lelia  Robinson-Sawtelle  of  Boston ;  Emma  M.  Gillet  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C] 

Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  accepts  the  nomination  for  presidentof  the 
U.  S.  from  the  California  Woman's  Suffrage  convention,  Sept.  1884 

A  select  committee  of  the  U.  S.  Senate,  Feb.  7,  1889,  and  the 
House  judiciary  committee,  May  29,  1890,  reported  in  favor 
of  amending  the  Constitution  to  permit  woman  suffrage. 
Congress  did  not  act  upon  these  reports. 

School  suffrage  for  women  exists  in  some  form  in  most  of  the 
states  where  asked  for;  the  number  is  now  32. 

Women  vote  on  equal  terms  with  men  in  Wyoming,  since  1870, 
under  the  state  constitution,  ratified  by  the  people  before  ad- 
mission by  Congress,  10  July,  1890. 

Women  voted  in  Utah  until  excluded  by  the  Edmunds  law. 

In  adopting  a  state  constitution  in  Washington,  women  were 
debarred  from  voting,  although  previously  allowed. 

In  Kansas  women  have  suffrage  in  municipal  elections,  and 
the  number  of  voters  is  constantly  increasing;  in  1891  60,000 
women  voted  in  that  state. 

People  vote  in  favor  of  woman's  suffrage  in  Colorado  in  the 
state  election  of 1893 

Montana  women  who  are  tax-payers  have  the  same  privileges 
at  the  polls  as  the  men. 

New  York  state  convention  to  revise  the  constitution  decided 
against  a  woman's  suffrage  amendment  by  a  vote  of  97  to  58,  1894 

Supreme  court  of  New  Jersey  decides  against  the  right  of 
women  to  vote  at  school  elections 1894 

Twenty-seventh  annual  convention  of  the  American  Woman's 

Suffrage  Association  begins  at  Atlanta,  Ga 31  Jan.  1895 

[Susan  B.  Anthony,  president.] 

Second  triennial  session  of  the  National  "Council  of  Women" 
of  the  U.  S.  begins  at  Washington,  D.  C,  18  Feb. ;  ends.,  2  Mch.  1895 

Area  of  countries  in  the  whole  world  in  which  women  have  acquired 
at  least  partial  suffrage  within  25  years  is  about  20,000,000  sq. 
miles,  with  a  population  of  over  385,000,000. 

wonders  (seven)  of  the  world.    These  have 

been  reputed  to  be  :  1.  The  pj^rannids  of  EgN'pt.  2.  The  mau- 
soleum or  tomb  built  for  Mausolus.  king  of  Caria,  by  Arte- 
misia, his  queen.  3.  The  temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus.  4. 
The  walls  and  hanging  gardens  of  the  city  of  Babylon.  5. 
The  vast  brazen  image  of  the  sun  at  Rhodes,  called  the 
Colossus.  6.  The  ivory  and  gold  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympus. 
7.  The  pharos  or  watch-tower,  built  by  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
king  of  P^gypt.  Some  place  the  great  wall  of  China  in  the 
list.     See  separate  articles. 

wood.     The  following  table  shows  the  specific  gravity 
of  timber  in  general  use,  water  being  100 : 


Name. 

Lignum-vitaa. 

Ebony 

Box,  French  . 

Oak,  Live 

Cocoa  palm . . 
Mahogany 


Specific  gravity. 
133 

133 

132 

126 

106 

106 


Spanish 85 


Name.  Specific  gravity. 

Oak,  English 93 

Logwood 91 

Beech 85 

Hazel. . : 85 

Ash 84 

Gum 84 

Hickory 80 


Name. 

Plum 79 

Apple 79 

Dogwood 75 

Maple,  Hard 75 

Locust 72 

Rosewood 72 

Teak 72 

Cherry 71 

Persimmon 71 

Pear 66 

Pine,  Pitch 66 

Cypress 64 

Sycamore 62 

Chestnut 61 

Basswood,  Linden 60 


Specific  gravity.         Name.  Specific  gravity. 

Hackmatack 59 

Elm 59 

Pine,  Red 59 

Birch.. 56 

Cedar 56 

Larch 54 

Poplar,  white- wood 52 

Black- walnut 50 

Fir,  Norway  spruce 50 

Sassafras 48 

Poplar,  common 38 

Tamarack 38 

Butternut 37 

Hemlock 36 

Cork 24 


The  solid  portion  (Jignin)  of  all  woods  whatever,  under  all 
circumstances  of  growth,  is  nearly  the  same  ;  the  specific  grav- 
ity being  as  1.46  to  1.53.  The  comparative  value  of  the  differ- 
ent woods  in  common  use  for  fuel  is  as  follows : 

Shell-bark  hickory 1.        Hard  maple 6 

Red-heart      "        81     New  Jersey  pine 54 

White  oak 81     Spruce 52 

Beech 7      Hemlock 44 

Red  oak 69 

The  age  and  growth  of  a  tree  are  indicated  by  the  number  and 
width  of  the  rings  of  annual  increase  shown  by  a  cross-section. 
Timber  requires  from  2  to  8  years  to  be  seasoned  thoroughly, 
according  to  its  dimensions.  In  a  perfectly  dry  atmosphere  the 
durability  of  woods  is  almost  unlimited.  "  Rafters  of  roofs  are 
known  to  have  esfisted  1000  years,  and  piles  submerged  in  fresh 
water  have  been  found  perfectly  sound  800  years  after  driving. 

wood  pavement.     Pavements. 

WOOd-eutS.     Engraving. 

W^oods.     Forests. 

Wood's  half-penee,  for  circulation  in  Ireland  and 
America,  were  coined  by  virtue  of  a  patent,  passed  1722-23. 
Against  them,  dr.  Jonathan  Swift,  by  his  "  Drapier's  Letters," 
raised  such  opposition  that  Wood  was  virtually  banished  the 
Icingdom.  The  half-pence  were  assayed  in  England  by  sir 
Isaac  Newton,  and  proved  to  be  genuine,  in  1724.  Coin; 
United  States,  1722. 

•Woodstock,  a  town  of  Oxfordshire,  Engl.  In  Wood- 
stock, now  Blenheim  park,  originall}'^  stood  a  royal  palace,  in 
which  king  Ethelred  held  a  parliament  and  Alfred  the  Great 
translated  "  Boethiusde  Consolatione  Philosophi«e,"888.  Henry 
I. beautified  the  palace;  and  here  resided  Rosamond,  mistress  of 
Henry  II.,  1154.  In  it  were  born  Edmund,  second  son  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  1301,  and  Edward,  eldest  son  of  Edward  III.,  1330 ;  and 
here  the  princess  Elizabeth  was  confined  by  her  sister  Mary, 
1554.  A  splendid  mansion,  built  at  the  expense  of  the  nation 
for  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  was  erected  here  to  commemorate 
his  victory  at  Blenheim  in  1704.  At  that  time  every  trace  of 
the  ancient  edifice  was  removed,  and  2  elms  were  planted  on 
its  site.  Blenheim.  Scott's  romance,  "Woodstock,"  was  pub. 
June,  1826 ;  Marshall's  "  Hist,  of  Woodstock,"  1873.  ^ 

wool.  From  the  earliest  times  to  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth  the  wool  of  Great  Britain  was  not  only  superior  to 
that  of  Spain,  but  accounted  the  finest  in  the  world ;  and  even 
in  the  times  of  the  Romans  a  manufacture  of  woollen  cloths 
was  established  at  Winchester  for  the  use  of  the  emperors. — 
Anderson.  In  later  times  wool  was  manufactured  in  PIngland, 
and  is  mentioned  1185,  but  not  in  any  quantity  until  1331, 
when  the  weaving  of  it  was  introduced  by  John  Kempe  and 
other  artisans  from  Flanders.  This  was  the  real  origin  of 
English  manufacture,  6  Edw.  III.  1331. — Rymers  "Foedera." 
For  the  introduction  of  sheep  into  the  United  States,  Shekp. 

WOOL  PRODUCTION  IN  THE   UNITED  STATES  FOR  THE  YEARS 
GIVEN. 


Total  produc- 

Retained for 

Per  cent. 

Year. 

Production. 

Imports. 

tion  and  im- 

home  consump- 

of 

porte. 

tion. 

imports. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1870.  .  . 

162,000,000 

49,230,199 

211.230,199 

209,367,254 

23.3 

1875.  . . 

181,000000 

54,901,700 

235,991,700 

232,156,099 

23.3 

1877. . . 

200,000,000 

42,171,192 

242,171,192 

239,002.636 

17.4 

1880. . . 

232,500,000 

128,131,747 

360,631,747 

356,791.676 

35.5 

1883. . . 

290,000,000 

70,575,478 

360,575,478 

356,500,961 

19.7 

1885. . . 

30^,000,000 

70,596,170 

378,596,170 

375,392,825 

18.8 

1886. . . 

302,000,000 

129,084,958 

431,084,958 

422.412,452 

306 

1888... 

269,000,000 

113,558,753 

382,558,753 

378,176,858 

30.0 

1890. . . 

265,000,000 

105,431,281 

370,431.281 

366,911.772 

27.7 

1892. . . 

340,000,000 

167,784,000 

507,784,000 

503.474,500 

33 

woo 


940 


WOR 


ToUl  priKluction  of  wool  in  the  world  in  1891  was  2,456,778,- 
600  Iba.,  Australia  standing  Ist,  Argentine  Republic  2d,  and 
the  U.  S.  3d. 

IVOOllCII  Clotll.     Woollen  cloths  were  made  an  ar- 
ticle of  commerce  in  the  time  of  Julius  Osar,  and  are  famil- 
iarly alluded  to  by  him.     Wkanino.  ^  ^ 
Jews  forbidden  to  wear  garraeuts  of  woollen  and  linen  to- 

ntlier    ^*^^ 

Seventy  himilies  of  clolhworkors  (IVoni  the  Netherlands)  set-  a.d. 

tied  In  Kngland  by  Kdwtird  III.  (Kymer) 1331 

"Worsted  nmnufaclure  in  Norfolk •  •  •  •  1340 

Hlanket.«  llrst  made  lu  Kngland  (Camden) about     ' 

Woollens  made  at  Kendal •••••  •••••     1390 

No  oloiU  but  of  Wales  or  Ireland  to  be  imported  into  Eng- 

lau  J 1*63 

Medleys,  or  mixed  broadcloth,  first  made • .  1614 

Manufacture  of  fine  cloth  begun  at  Sedan,  in  France,  under  the 

patronage  of  cardinal  Mazarin •  •  •  •  •  16*6 

Broadcloth  llrst  dressed  and  dyed  in  England,  by  Brewer,  from 

the  Low  Countries 1667 

British  and  Irish  woollens  prohibited  in  France 1677 

All  persons  to  bo  buried  in  woollens,  and  the  persons  directing 

burial  otherwise  to  forfeit  5i.,  29  Charles  II 1678 

In  the  United  States,  prior  to  the  Revolution,  the  manufact- 
ure of  woollen  cloth  was  confined  to  the  private  loom,  and  was 
of  a  "  home"  or  "domestic"  character;  but  after  the  war  fac- 
tories were  erected,  and  the  manufacture  of  woollen  goods  rap- 
idly developed  down  to  the  period  of  the  embargo.  American 
woollens,  selling  for  $1.06  per  yard,  equalled  in  quality  British 
goods  of  double  the  width,  costing  $3.50  per  yard.  After  the 
war  of  1812-15  the  woollen  industry  revived  and  rapidly  ex- 
tended until  1827,  but  the  increase  has  since  been  less  rapid 
and  less  remunerative. 

l¥OOlsack,  the  seat  of  the  lord  high  chancellor  of 
England  in  the  House  of  Lords,  a  large  square  bag  of  wool, 
without  back  or  arms,  covered  with  red  cloth.  Wool  was  the 
staple  commodity  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III., 
when  the  woolsack  first  came  into  use. 

^Voolwich,  Kent,  the  most  ancient  military  and 
naval  arsenal  in  England.  Its  royal  dockyard,  where  men- 
of-war  were  built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  was  closed  1 
Oct.  1869.  Here  ffar?^  Grace  de  Dieu  was  built,  1512;  and 
here  she  was  burned  in  1552.  The  royal  arsenal  was  formed 
jibout  1720,  on  the  site  of  a  rabbit-warren ;  it  contains  vast 
magazines  of  great  guns,  mortars,  bombs,  powder,  and  other 
warlike  stores ;  a  foundry,  with  many  furnaces,  for  casting 
ordnance;  and  a  great  laboratory,  where  fireworks,  cartridges, 
grenades,  etc.,  are  made  for  the  government.  The  Royal  Mili- 
tary academy  was  erected  in  the  royal  arsenal,  but  was  not 
completely  formed  until  19  Geo.  II.  1745. 

"Worcester  (woos'tei-),  Battle  of,  3  Sept.  1651,  when  the 
Scots  army  which  came  to  England  to  reinstate  Charles  II. 
was  defeated  by  Cromwell,  who  called  it  his  crowning  mercy. 
Charles  with  diflSculty  escaped  to  France.  More  than  2000 
royalists  were  slain,  and  tffost  of  the  8000  prisoners  were  sold 
as  slaves  to  American  colonists.    'Boscobel. 

"Wordsworth  Society,  formed  "as  a  bond  of 
imion  among  those  who  are  in  sympathy  with  the  general 
teaching  and  spirit  of  Wordsworth,"  and  *'  to  promote  and  ex- 
tend the  study  of  the  poet's  works,"  etc.,  was  founded  at  Gras- 
tnere,  Westmoreland,  30  Sept.  1880.  President,  dr.  Charles 
Wordsworth,  bishop  of  St.  Andrews. 

-workillgmen.  Knights  of  Labor,  Labor,  So- 
cialism, Wages,  etc. 

world.     Creation,  Globe. 

World's  Columbian  Exposition,  held  at 

Chicago,  111.,  1  May  to  30  Oct.  1893,  surpassed,  except  in  at- 
tendance, which  fell  short  of  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1889  by 
a  daily  average  of  about  22,000,  all  previous  world's  fairs. 
Jackson  park  and  the  Midway  Plaisance,  the  site  of  the  ex- 
position, cover  633  acres  of  land  on  the  shore  of  lake  Michigan, 
and  of  this  about  190  acres  were  under  roof.  The  28  main  ex- 
position buildings  occupied  142J  acres,  the  balance  being  cov- 
ered by  state  and  foreign  buildings  and  concessions,  A  plat 
of  the  grounds  was  submitted  by  the  Board  of  Consulting 
Architects,  1  Dec.  1890.  Ground  was  broken  in  Feb.  follow- 
ing, and  about  1,500,000  cubic  yards  of  earth  were  handled  in 
carrying  out  the  design,  which  called  for  a  system  of  lagoons 


joined  by  canals,  the  principal  buildings  each  having  a  water 
as  well  as  a  land  frontage.  The  entrance  from  the  lake  was 
through  a  peristyle  600  ft.  long,  60  ft.  wide,  and  GO  ft.  liigli, 
the  grand  archway  at  its  centre  forming  a  portal  from  lake 
Michigan  to  the  basin  in  the  Grand  Central  Court.  A  few 
statistics  of  one  of  the  main  buildings,  that  assigned  to  the  de- 
partments of  manufactures  and  liberal  arts,  will  serve  to  illus- 
trate the  magnificent  scale  upon  which  the  exposition  was  laid 
out.  This  building,  the  largest  in  the  world,  measured  1687 
by  787  ft.,  and  covered  30J  acres.  The  central  hall,  1280  by 
380  ft.,  was  open  to  the  roof  (237.6  ft.)  without  a  supporting 
pillar.  The  walls  of  the  4  central  pavilions  were  122  ft.  high, 
the  4  corner  pavilions  97  ft.,  and  the  main  walls  66  ft.  There 
were  11  acres  of  skylight,  and  40  car-loads  of  glass  in  the 
roof,  and  it  required  7,000,000  ft.  of  lumber  and  6  car-loads  of 
nails  to  lay  the  floor.  Including  the  galleries,  there  were  44 
acres  of  exhibition  space  in  the  building,  and  from  necessity 
the  Anthropological  building,  covering  2.2  acres,  was  after- 
wards erected  to  supply  the  space  demanded  bj'  exhibitors  in 
these  two  departments.  Painting  of  this  building,  by  means 
of  spraying  machines,  was  begun  8  Dec.  1892,  and  completed 
in  about  6  weeks,  50  tons  of  paint  being  used.  The  exterior 
was  covered  with  staff,  a  composition  of  plaster,  cement,  and 
hemp  or  similar  fibre  moulded  for  ornamentation  and  treated 
to  represent  marble.  Most  of  the  World's  Fair  buildings  were 
covered  with  this  material,  30,000  tons  being  used  for  the  pur- 
pose ;  hence  the  fair  became  familiarly  known  as  the  "  White 
City."  Tables  giving  items  of  interest  about  the  main  build- 
ings and  those  erected  by  the  several  states  and  territories  will 
be  found  below.  Among  other  special  buildings  and  exhibits 
may  be  mentioned:  Music  Hall  Peristyle  and  Casino,  Choral 
Hall,  Children's  building,  the  Saw  Mill,  Cold  Storage  build- 
ing. Convent  of  La  Rabida,  Battle-ship  Illinois,  the  Krupp 
Gun  Exhibit,  and  the  Ferris  Wheel.  The  last  named  was 
located  near  the  western  approach  to  the  Midway  Plaisance 
noted  above;  a  strip  of  land  600  ft.  wide  and  |  of  a  mile  long, 
connecting  Jackson  and  Washington  parks,  given  up  to  pri- 
vate concessions  and  amusement  attractions.  52  foreign 
powers  officially  participated  in  the  Exposition,  their  appro- 
priations amounting  to  over  $6,000,000;  and  14  more  had 
individual  exhibitions  in  the  several  great  departments  or  on 
the  Midway  Plaisance.  Foreign  powers  which  appropriated 
$100,000  or  more  were  as  follows : 

Ceylon $125,000 

New  South  Wales 150,000 

Guatemala 200,000 

Jai)an 630,000 

Netherlands 100,000 


Argentine  Republic $100,000 

Austria 110,000 

Brazil 600,000 

Costa  Rica 150,000 

Ecuador 125,000 

France 733,000 

Germany 800,000 

Great  Britain 291,000 

Canada 450,000 


I'aragu.iy 100,000 

Spain 200,000 

Sweden 108,000 


comparative  statistics  of  world  s  fairs. 


Where  held. 

Year. 

Acres  of 
build- 
ings. 

Days 

open. 

Number 
of  ex- 
hibitors. 

Number  of 
admissions. 

Total 
receipts. 

London 

Paris      

1851 
1855 
1862 
1867 
1873 
1876 
1878 
1889 
1893 

21 

g^ 

40 
56 
60 

142>^ 

144 

185 
171 
217 
186 
159 
194 
183 
178 

17,900 
23,950 
28,653 
50,236 
42,000 
60,000 
52,000 
60,000 
65,422 

6,170,000 
5,162,330 
6,211,103 
10,200,000 
7,254,687 
9,789,392 
16,032,725 
32.354,111 
27,529,400 

$2,530,000 
1,280,000 
2,942.410 
2,103,675 
1,030,000 
3,813,749 
2,531.650 
8,380,000 

14,117,332 

London 

Paris 

Vienna 

Philadelphia.. 
Paris 

Chicago 

ATTENDANCE   AT   WORLD'S   COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITION,  1893. 


Month. 

Days 
open. 

Paid  .admissions. 

Free  ad- 
missions. 

Total 

Adults. 

Children. 

Total, 

admissions. 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . . 

28 
30 
30 
31 
30 
30 

1,027,212 
2,541,958 
2,619,605 
3,328,522 
4,477,467 
6,228,510 

22,825 
133,155 
140,658 
186,971 
182,404 
587,925 

1,050,037 
2,676,113 
2,760,263 
3,515,493 
4,659,871 
6.816,435 

481,947 
902,721 
1,217,239 
1,172,215 
1,149,071 
1,128,995 

1,531,984 
3,577,834 
3,977,502 
4,687,708 
5,808,942 
7,945,430 

Totals.... 

179 

20,223,274 

1,253,938,21,477,212 

6,052,188^27,529,400 

Dr.  Charles  M.  Zaremba  of  Chicago  claims  to  have  conceived 
and  suggested  the  idea  of  celebrating  the  4th  centenary  of 
the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  by  a  world's  fair, 

9  Sept.  1876 

Alexander  D.  Anderson,  sec.  of  the  Board  of  Trade  at  Washing 
ton,  D.  C,  claims  to  have  presented  the  project  of  a  world's 


WOR 


941 


fair,  to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Washington,  at  a  public  meet- 
ing held  there 25  Feb.  1886 

Hon.  Ferry  Belmont  of  New  York  submits  to  the  House 
of  Representatives,  in  behalf  of  a  committee,  a  unani- 
mous report  (No.  2601,  50th  Congress,  first  session)  in  fa- 
vor of  the  project,  designating  Washington  as  the  place, 

16  June,  1888 
Mayor  of  New  York  city  issues  invitations  to  500  prominent 
citizens,  requesting  them  to  meet  and  discuss  plans  to  secure 

the  fair 17  July,  1889 

Committee  of  100,  appointed  by  mayor  De  Witt  C.  Cregier 
of  Chicago  to  secure  the  fair  for  that  city,  meets  in  the 
council  chamber  and  appoints  an  executive  committee, 

1  Aug.     " 
Business  men  of  St.  Louis  assemble  at  the  invitation  of  the 
mayor  of  that  city,  and  decide  to  attempt  to  secure  the  fair, 

11  Aug.     " 
License  granted  to  a  corporation  styled  "The  World's  Exposi- 
tion of  1892,"  with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000,  at  Springfield,  111., 
for  the  holding  of  an  international  exposition  at  Chicago, 

14  Aug.     " 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  through  its  Board  of  Trade,  enters  the  lists, 

1  Oct.     " 
World's  Fair  bill  introduced  in  the  Senate  by  U.  S.  senator  Cul- 

lom  of  Illinois .19  Dec.     " 

Hearing  before  Senate  committee  on  selection  of  site;  New 
York  represented  bv  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Chicago  by  mayor 

Cregier * 11  Jan.  1890 

House  of  Representatives  votes  on  the  question  of  filling 
in  the  blank  in  the  World's  Fair  bill  with  the  name 
of  a  city  in  which  the  exposition  should  be  held.  First 
ballot,  Chicago,  115;  New  York,  70;  St.  Louis,  61;  Wash- 
ington, 58;  Cumberland  Gap,  1.  Eighth  ballot,  Chicago, 
157;  New  York,  107;  St.  Louis,  25;  AVa.shington,  18.  Nec- 
essary to  a  choice,  154,  and  site  secured  for  Chicago, 

24  Feb.     ' ' 
First  meeting  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  held  at  the  Sherman  house 12  Apr.     " 

World's  Fair  bill,  fixing  date  of  opening  of  the  fair  1  May,  1893, 

signed  by  the  president 28  Apr.     " 

Board  of  directors  elect  permanent  oflBcers:  Lyman  J.  Gage, 
president;  Thos.  B.  Bryan,  1st  vice-president;  and  Potter 

Palmer,  2d  vice-president 30  Apr.     '' 

Pres.  Harrison  appoints  members  of  the  national  commission 
on  nominations  made  by  the  governors  of  the  several  states 

and  territories 26  May,     '• 

First  session  of  the  national  commission  held  at  the  Grand 

Pacific  hotel,  Chicago 26  June,     " 

Hon.  Thomas  W.  Palmer  of  Michigan  elected  president  of  the 

national  commission 27  June,     '• 

National  commission  formally  accepts  Jackson  park  and  Mid- 
way Plaisance  as  the  site  for  the  exposition 2  July,     " 

Bill  amending  the  constitution  of  Illinois,  to  authorize  Chicago 
to  issue  $5,000,000  of  bonds  in  aid  of  the  exposition;  signed 

by  gov.  Fifer. 5  Aug.     " 

Col.  George  R.  Davis  of  Chicago  elected  director-gen.  of  the 

exDOSition 19  Sept.     " 

D.  H.  Burnham  of  Chicago  appointed  chief  of  construction, 

Oct.     " 
Board  of  lady  managers  organized;   Mrs.  Potter  Palmer  of 

Chicago  elected  president 20  Nov.     " 

Proclamation  issued  by  pres.  Harrison  declaring  that  the  ex- 
position will  open  1  May,  1893,  and  in  the  name  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  people  of  the  U.  S.  inviting  "all  nations  of 
the  earth  to  participate  in  the  commemoration  of  an  event 
that  is  pre  eminent  in  human  history,  and  of  lasting  interest 

to  mankind" 24  Dec.     " 

Wm.  T.  Baker  elected  to  succeed  Lyman  T.  Gage  as  president 

of  Board  of  Directors 14  Apr.  1891 

Proviso  for  closing  the  fair  on  Sunday  passed  by  the  Senate  in 
committee  of  the  whole,  14  July,  and  concurred  in  by  the 

House 19  July,  1892 

Date  of  dedication  of  World's  Fair  buildings  changed  from  12 

Oct.  to  21  Oct 4  Aug.     " 

Congress  by  resolution  extends  an  invitation  to  the  king 
and  queen  of  Spain  and  the  descendants  of  Columbus 
to  participate  in  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

5  Aug.      " 
Congress  passes  a  bill  authorizing  a  gift  of  $2,500,000  to  the 

exposition  in  souvenir  silver  half-dollars 5  Aug.     " 

Pres.  W.  T.  Baker  resigns,  and  H.  N.  Higinbotham  is  elected  in 

his  stead 18  Aug.     " 

Title  of  "director  of  works"  conferred  on  chief  of  construc- 
tion, D.  H.  Burnham Oct.      " 

Buildings  dedicated 21  Oct.     " 

[The  programme  comprised:  1,  "Columbian  march,"  com- 
posed by  John  K.  Paine  of  Cambridge;  2,  Prayer  by  bishop 
Fowler;  3,  Address,  director- gen.  Davis;  4,  Dedicatory  ode, 
by  miss  Harriet  Stone  Monroe,  read  by  Mrs.  LeMoyne;  5, 
Addresses  by  pres.  Higinbotham,  D.  H.  Burnham,  pres. 
Palmer,  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  and  vice-pres.  Levi  P.  Mor- 
ton, who  represented  pres.  Harrison;  6,  Dedicatory  ora- 
tion. Henry  Watterson;  7,  Anthem,  "  Star  -  Spangled  Ban- 
ner;" 8,  Oration,  Chauncey  M.  Depew;  9,  Prayer,  cardinal 
Gibbons;  10,  Benediction,  rev.  H.  C.  McCosh;  11,  National 
salute.] 
Joint  resolution  for  opening  the  fair  on  Sunday  introduced  in 
the  House  of , Representatives  by  congressman  Burborow  of 

Illinois  and  referred  to  committee 5  Dep.     " 

Pres.  Cleveland,  the  duke  of  Veragua,  and  the  Liberty  bell  re- 
ceived at  Chicago  with  honors 29  Apr.  1893 


WOR 

Opening  exercises  held  in  front  of  Administration  building. 

1  May,  1893 
[Programme:  1,  "Columbian march;"  2,  Prayer,  rev.  Will- 
iam H.  Milburn,  chaplain  U.  S.  Senate;  3,  Poem,  "The  Proph- 
ecy," Wm.  A.  Croffut,  read  by  miss  Jessie  Couthoui ;  4,  Over- 
ture from  "Rienzi;"  5,  History  of  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  exposition,  director  -  gen.  Geo.  R.  Davis;  6, 
Address,  pres.  Cleveland  (at  the  close  of  his  address  pres. 
Cleveland  touched  an  electric  button,  and  the  machin- 
ery of  the  great  fair  was  set  in  motion  at  12.04  p.m.);  7, 
Hallelujah  chorus,  "America."  (Total  attendance  1  May. 
137,557.)] 

Sunday,  fair  closed 7  May      " 

First  illumination  of  buildings  by  electricity  and  search-lights' 
.       .  8  May,     " 
Local  directory  votes  to  open  the  grounds,  but  not  the  exhibi- 
tion buildings,  on  Sunday 12  May      '* 

Sunday,  fair  closed 14  May,'     " 

Congress  of  Woman's  Progress  opens 15  May'     " 

Public  Press  congress  opens 18  May,     " 

Sunday,  fair  closed 21  May,     " 

First  open-air  concert  by  Sousa's  military  band '. .  .22  May',     " 

World's  Fair  National  commissioners  vote  to  adopt  the  judici- 
ary committee's  minority  report  in  favor  of  Sunday  opening, 

23  May,     " 
Haydn's  "Creation"  given  by  Columbian  chorus  in  Festival 

hall 25  May,     " 

Sunday,  gates  open  all  day;  paid  admissions,  77,212;  15  state 
buildings  closed,  also  the  U.  S.  government,  British  govern- 
ment, and  other  foreign  exhibitions 28  May,     " 

Congress  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  opens 29  May,     " 

Decoration  day:  attendance,  139,979;  Montana  silver  statue, 

Ada  Rehan,  in  Mines  building,  unveiled 30  May,     " 

Argument  on  the  proceeding  of  the  government  to  close  the 
gates  of  the  fair  on  Sunday  begun  in  the  Federal  court  in 

Chicago. 31  May,     " 

Congress  of  Temperance  opens 5  June,     " 

Infanta  Eulalia  visits  the  exposition;  total  attendance,  168,996, 

8  June,     " 

Congress  of  Moral  and  Social  Reform  opens 12  June,     " 

German-American  day:  attendance,  200,718 15  June,     " 

Federal  Court  of  Appeals,  chief-justice  Fuller,  decides  that  the 
World's  Fair  corporation  has  the  right  to  open  the  gates  on 

Sunday 17  June,     " 

Congress  of  Commerce  and  Fi nance  opens 19  June,     ' ' 

Formal  opening  of  the  Ferris  wheel 21  June,     " 

Religious  services  held  in  Festival  hall,  Sunday 25  June,     " 

Children's  chorus,  1200  voices,  at  Festival  hall 26  June,     " 

Congress  of  Music  opens 3  July,     " 

Grand  Fourth-of-July  celebration  from  sunrise  to  sunset;  total 

attendance,  330,542 4  July,     " 

[Addresses  by  vice-pres.  Stevenson,  Hampton  L.  Carson  of 
Philadelphia,  and  mayor  Harrison;  Paul  Jones  flag  unfurled; 
monument  of  souvenir  coins  in  Manufactures  building  un- 
veiled.] 

Spanish  caravels  arrive  in  Chicago 7  July,     " 

Cold  Storage  building  burned;  17  firemen  lose  their  lives  in 

the  fire 10  July,     " 

Congress  of  Literature  opens "  " 

Viking  ship  arrives  at  the  pier  near  battle-ship  Illinois, 

12  July,     " 

Congress  of  Education  opens 17  July,     " 

Sunday,  fair  closed  by  order  of  directors 23  July,     " 

Congresses  of  Engineering,  Art,  Architecture,  etc.,  open, 

31  July,     " 
Directors  fined  by  judge  Stein  for  contempt  of  court  in  closing 

the  fair  on  Sunday,  23  July 2  Aug.      '■'■ 

Congress  of  Government,  Law  Reform,  Political  Science,  etc., 

opens 7  Aug.     " 

British  Empire  day:  total  attendance,  213,436 19  Aug.     " 

Congress  of  Science  and  Philosophy  opens 21  Aug.     " 

Colored  people's  day:  attendance,  180,225 25  Aug.     «' 

[Oration  by  hon.  Frederick  Douglass.] 

Congress  of  Labor  opens 28  Aug.     " 

New  Columbian  liberty  bell  dedicated 9  Sept.     " 

Parliament  of  Religions  opens  in  Chicago 11  Sept.     " 

Spanish  caravels  transferred  to  the  U.  S.  government  by  capt. 

Concas  on  behalf  of  the  Spanish  government 12  Sept.     " 

Knights  of  Honor  day :  attendance,  256,930 23  Sept.     " 

Odd  Fellows'  day :  attendance,  238,360 26  Sept.     " 

Chicago  day :  attendance,  761,942 9  Oct.     " 

Firemen's  day:  attendance,  349,491 10  Oct.     " 

Special  days  and  amusements  for  children 18,  19,  20  Oct.     " 

[While  the  average  daily  attendance  of  children  was  about 
5  per  cent,  of  the  paid  admissions,  it  rose  to  over  20  per  cent, 
on  these  days,  the  paid  admissions  being  65,199  children  and 
240,762  adults  on  19  Oct.] 

Manhattan  day:  attendance,  339,811 21  Oct.     '' 

Marshall  Field  subscribes  $1,000,000  conditionally  for  a  Me- 

!      morial  museum  on  the  World's  Fair  grounds 27  Oct.     " 

Fair  officially  closed 30  Oct.     "■ 

:  Roof  of  Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  building  gives  way  under 

a  weight  of  snow  and  ice 9  Dec.     " 

One  of  several  fires  among  the  buildings  destroys  the  Casino, 
Peristyle,  and  Music  hall,  and  damages  the  Manufactures  and 

Liberal  Arts  building 8  Jan.  1894= 

Field  Columbian  museum  dedicated 2  June,     " 

Fire  destroys  the  Terminal  station.  Administration  building, 
Manufactures,  Electricity  and  Mining,  Agriculture  and  Ma- 
chinery buildings;  the  supposed  work  of  incendiaries, 

5  July,     " 


WOR 


942 


WOR 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE   BUILDINGS  OF  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


rin  -«.»-  and  territories  not  mentioned  about  f  ».'-.3,000  was  raised  for  fair  purposes,  chiefly  by  private  subscription, 
^^J'^yT|rrr>,K>hit.  in  sections  of  the  main  exhibition  buildings.] 

for  the  m 

ost  part 

suit. 

Chtof  oommtaionw. 

FuDd 

nUMdfor 

■Sir 

Dewriptton  of  tute  building. 

Cult  of 
•tet«  build- 
ing. 

When  dedicated. 

Architect. 

1  Attend- 
Special        ance  on 
state  day.      special 
1  state  day. 

Arkansas. 

rallforota 

Colorado 

James.  Mitchell.... 
Irving  M.  Scott.... 
Gov.  Davis  H.Walte 
Gov.  1.  B.Morris... 
Thos.  B.Smith 

Arthur  C.  Jackson. 

James  M.Wells.... 

Lafayette  Funk.... 
Clem  Studcbaker. . 
James  0.  Crosby. . . 

M.W.  Cobun 

W.  H.  Dulaney 

A.  A.  Wooda 

Hall  C.  Burleigh... 

Gov.  Frank  Brown. 

(Gen.    Francis    A.  \ 
[    Walker ) 

Isaac  M.Weston... 

D.  A.  Monfort 

N.  A.  Gentry 

Stephen  De Wolfe.. 

Chas.  A.  Coe 

Chas.  H.  Amsden.. 

Stephen  J.  Meeker, 

ChaunceyM.Depew 

Martin  Hector 

W.  W.  Peabody. . . . 

(Gov.  Robert  E.Pat-) 
\     tison ) 

$66,000 

650,000 

167,000 

75,000 

20,000 
60,000 
100,000 

French  rococo 

Old  California  mission 
Spnuisli  renaissance. 

$18,000 
76,000 
35,000 
15,000 

8,000 
20,000 

30,000 

250,000 
75,000 
35,000 

25,000 

.      18,000. 
18,000 

►  22,000 
.      12,000 

►  65,000 

50,000 

.      30,000 
.      50,000 
.      20,000 
.      20,000 
.      10,000 

■  40,000 
.    150,000 

■  18,000 

.      35,000 

-      80,000 

;)        8,000 
OQ  000 

15  June,  1893 
19  June,    " 

22  Oct.    1892 

18  May,  1893 
15  June,    " 
22  Oct.    1892 

K                        IC 

1  June,1893 

10  Aug.      " 

24  May,     " 

22  Oct.    1892 

17  May,  1893 

19  July,     " 

8  June,    " 
26  June,    " 

1  May,     " 

22  Oct.    1892 

20  May,  1893 
22  Oct.    1892 

10  TnUr    1  8Q?l 

Mrs.  Jean  Douglas. 

A.  Page  Brown 

H.  T.  E.Wendell 

J.  W.  Northrup 

W.  W.  Boynton  &  Co. 

Seymour  Davis 

Maury  &  Dodd 

C.  S.  Frost. 

Peabody  &  Stearns. . 

W.C.Whitney 

Galbraith  &  Fuller.. 
Henry  Voss 

9  Sei)t. 

12  Sept. 
11    Oct. 

23  Aug. 

13  Sept. 

24  Aug. 
27  Sept. 
20  Sept. 

11  Sept. 
1  June 

12  Sept. 
17  June 

13  Sept. 

13  Oct. 
30  Aug. 
20  Sept. 

8  June 

4  Sept. 
10    Oct. 

14  Sept. 
7  Sept. 

5  Oct. 

Ifi'Seijt. 

15  Sept. 

9  Aug. 

23  Aug. 

6  Sept. 

9  Sept. 

16  Sept. 

277,118 
206.931 
349,877 

Conneotiout.... 
Delaware 

Florida 

Idaho         

(Southern  colonial) 
\     (native  woods) —  ) 
(Miniature  of  old  fort) 
J     Marion  at  St.  Au-  ^ 

(    gustine ) 

(3-story  log-cabin) 

\         /C.i.ioo  otirla\                     i 

192,003 
202,527 

800  000  •'■     Italian  renaissance. . . 

288,921 

Indiana 

Iowa.  

136,000 
130,000 

166,000 

175,000 
36,000 

57,000 
60,000 
175,000 

275,000 

150,000 
150,000 
100,000 
85,000 
25,000 

130,000 

600,000 

70,000 

200,000 
360,000 

57,500 

85,000 
40,000 
39,750 

75,000 

100,000 

40,000 

212,000 
30,000 
50,600 

30,000) 
35,000 
17,500 

French  Gothic 

French  chateau 

(2 -story   frame   and) 
J     staff,  with   ellipti-V 
I     cal  glass  dome ) 

Southern  colonial. . . . 

(Colonial     (imitation) 

)     of  Creole  home)...  1 

'  Lower  story,  granite ' 

(octagonal) 

Upper    story,   wood 
(square) , 

238,289 
220,260 

Kansas. 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Ifaine    

202,932 
61,727 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Monuna 

Nebraska. 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

206,931 

184,775 

202,527 

255,743 
197,493 
220,260 
168,996 

f  Modelled  after  the] 

John    Hancock 
■      house.  Beacon  St., 

Boston , 

Renaissance  (native) 

material) ) 

Italian  renaissance. . . 
Spanish         " 

Corinthian  order 

G.  B.  Howe. 

Chas.  Ailing  Gifford. 

(McKim,    Meade    &) 
\    White ) 

Modelled  after  Wash- 
ington's headquar- 
ters at  Morristown, 
I     N.J J 

Pompeiian 

("2 -story,  with  gable] 
ends  of  brick  and 
sides    timber   and 
plaster 

Colonial 

198,858 

North  Dakota... 
Ohio 

J.  L.  Silsbee 

I  Jas.  W.  H.  McLaugh- 1 

349,491 
238,718 

Pennsylvania... 

(Colonial  (front  a  re-] 
■}     production  of  In- 
(    dependence  hall).. J 
Greek  (araphiprostyh 

Romanesque    

Theo.  P.  Lonsdale.... 

(Stone,  Carpenter  &) 
[    Wilson ) 

J.  R.  Gordon 

J.  L.  Silsbee 

245,467 

Rhode  Island. . . 

South  Dakota... 
Texas 

(E.  Benjamin   An) 
\    drews ) 

L.  G.  Ochsenreiter.. 

H.  B.  Andrews 

B.  B.  Smalley 

A.S.  Buford 

N.  G.  Blalock 

W.N.  Chancellor... 

A.  Ledyard  Smith. . 
John  S.  Harper. . . . 
R.  C.  Chambers. . . . 

S.  P.  Behan. 

W.  T.  Thornton 

Gov.  A.  J.  Seay 

222,452 

Spanish 

30000     ^O.Tnlv.'     " 

246,717 

8,000 

25,000 

i 

-  i     50,000 

20,000 

30,000 

.      20,000 

15,000 

i 

• !      7,500 

10  May,     " 

17  May,     " 

20  June,    " 
23  May,     " 

8  Sept.     " 

198,414 
145,. 533 

192,003 
217,683 

277,118 

Virginia. 

Washington.... 

West  Virginia... 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Utah 

Washington's  home, 
Mt.  Vernon  (repro- 
duced)   

(Foundation    of    im- 
1      mense    logs ;    en- 
1  '  trance  a   great 

(     stone  arch ^ 

/Colonial  (W.  Va.  res- 

(     idence) 

1  Representation  of  a 
)     Wisconsin  home.. 

French  chateau 

( Facade  (modern  re- 

\     naissance) 

[Composite    (lower 

story  supported  by 

^      Doric  columns;  3 

departments,  1  for 

[     each  territory) 

Wra.  Waters 

Van  Brunt  &  Howe. 
Dallas  &  Hedges. . . . 

Seymour  Davis 

Arizona 

New  Mexico. . . . 
Oklahoma. 

246,717 

STATISTICAL  TABLE  OF  MAIN  EXHIBITION  BUILDINGS. 
[Total  cost  of  buildings,  $7,290,000.] 


Name  of  bnilding. 

Administration 

Agriculture 

Annex 

Assembly  hall,  etc. 
Live-stock  pavilion 

Sheds,  etc 

Dairy 

Electricity 

Fine  Arts , 

Two  annexes , 

Fisheries 

Two  annexes 

Forestry 


DimenBlons. 


262X262 
500X800 
300X550 
125X450 
280X440 

100X200 

345X690 
320x500 
120X200 
165X365 
135  diam. 
208X528 


1.6 
9.21 


1.3 

2 
40. 

.5 
5.5 
3.7 
1 
L4 

.8 
2.5 


Cost. 


$450,000 
618,000 
100,000 
335,000 
30,000 
400,000 
670,000 

224,000 
100.000 


Style  of  architecture. 


French  renaissance. 
Classic  " 


Corinthian. 
Classic 


Spanish  Romanesque. 
Rustic 


Name  of  architect. 


Richard  M.  Hunt,  New  York. . . 
/McKim,  Meade  &  White,  New) 
\    York / 

Holabird  &  Roche,  Chicago,  111. 

C.  B.  Atwood 

{Van  Brunt  &  Howe,  Kansas) 
City / 

Charles  B.  Atwood 


Henry  Ives  Cobb,  Chicago.. 
C.  B.  Atwood 


25  May,  1891 
18  July,     " 


24  Oct. 
20  May, 
19  Sept. 


12  Aug. 
18  Sept. 


WOR 


943 


WRE 


STATISTICAL  TABLE   OF   MAIN   EXHIBITION  BVUhmNGS.— (Continued.) 


Name  of  building. 

U.  S.  governmeut 

Horticulture 

Eight  greenhouses. . . 
Machinery  hall 

Annex 

Power  house 

Pumping  works 

Machine  shop 

Manufactures  and  Liberal 
Arts 

Anthropological 

Mines  and  Mining 

Transportation 

Annex 

"Woman's 


style  of  architecture. 


Name  of  architect. 


Contract  let. 


345X415 

250X988 
24X100 
492X846 
490X550 
100X461) 
77X84  y 
146X250) 

787X1687 

255X415 
350X700 
256X960 
425X900 
199X388 


3.3 
5.7 
.5 
9.61 
6.2) 

2.1 


2.2 
5.6 
5.6 

8.8 
L8 


$400,000 

300,000 

5,000 


85,000 

1,500,000 

100,000 
265,000 

370,000 

138,000 


Classic 

Venetian  renaissance. . 


Renaissance  of  Seville. 


Italian  renaissance 

Romanesque  (approx-) 

imately) J 

Italian  renaissance 


Windrim  &  Edbrook« 

W.  L.  B.  Jenney,  Chicago. 


Peabody  &  Stearns,  Boston. 


George  B.  Post,  New  York. 


S.  S.  Beman,  Chicago 

Adler  &  Sullivan,  Chicago.. . 
Miss  Sophia  B.  Hayden,  Boston 


9  June,  1891 

24  Sept.     " 

25  May,     " 

14  May,  " 
24  June,  " 
3  June,    " 


Worms,  a  city  on  the  Rhine,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt.  The 
Roman  city,  Borbetoraagus,  was  plundered  by  the  Alemanni, 
354,  and  by  Attila,  451 ;  rebuilt  by  Clevis  I.  about  475.  Here 
Charlemagne  resided  in  806.  Here  was  held  the  imperial 
diet  before  which  Martin  Luther  was  summoned,  4  Apr.  1521, 
and  by  which  he  was  proscribed.  Luther  was  met  by  2000 
persons  on  foot  and  on  horseback,  at  the  distance  of  a  league 
from  Worms.  When  Spalatin  sent  to  warn  him  of  his  danger, 
he  answered,  •'  If  there  were  as  many  devils  in  Worms  as  there 
are  tiles  upon  the  roofs  of  its  houses,  I  would  go  on."  He  ap- 
peared before  the  emperor,  the  archduke  Ferdinand,  6  electors. 
24  dukes,  7  margraves,  30  bishops  and  prelates,  and  many 
princes,  counts,  lords,  and  ambassadors,  17  Apr.,  acknowledged 
his  writings  and  opinions,  and  left  Worms,  in  fact,  a  conqueror. 
Yet,  to  save  his  life,  he  had  to  remain  in  seclusion  under  the 
protection  of  the  elector  of  Saxony  for  about  a  year.  The 
edict  putting  him  under  the  ban  of  the  empire  was  issued  26 
May,  1521.  Worms  was  burned,  by  order  of  Louis  XIV.,  1689, 
the  cathedral  excepted ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French,  under 
Custine,  4  Oct.  1792.  A  memorial  statue  of  Luther  at  Worms 
was  uncovered,  25  June,  1868,  in  the  presence  of  the  king  of 
Prussia  and  other  sovereigns. 

WOr§llip.  The  first  worship  mentioned  is  that  of  Abel, 
3872  B.C.  (Gen.  iv.).  "  Men  began  to  call  on  the  name  of  the 
Lord,"  3769  b.c.  (Gen.  iv.).  The  Jewish  order  of  worship 
was  set  up  by  Moses,  1490  b.c.  Solomon  consecrated  the  tem- 
ple, 1004  B.C.  To  tlie  corruptions  of  the  simple  worship  of  the 
patriarchs  all  the  Egyptian  and  Greek  idolatries  owed  their 
origin.  Athotes,  son  of  Menes,  king  of  Upper  Egypt,  2112  B.C., 
is  supposed  to  be  the  Cojjt  of  the  Egyptians,  and  the  Toth,  or 
Hermes,  of  the  Greeks,  the  Mercury  of  the  Latins,  and  the 
Teutaies  of  the  Celts  or  Gauls. —  Usher, 

worship  in  England.  The  Druids  were  the  priests 
here,  at  the  invasion  of  the  Romans  (55  B.C.),  who  eventually 
introduced  Christianity,  which  was  almost  extirpated  by  the 
victorious  Saxons  (455),  who  were  pagans.  The  Roman 
Catholic  form  of  Christianity  was  introduced  by  Augustine, 
696,  and  continued  till  the  Reformation.     Sects. 

worsted,  spun  wool,  obtained  its  name  from  having 
been  first  spun  at  a  town  called  Worsted,  in  Norfolk,  in  which 
the  inventor  lived,  and  where  manufactures  of  worsted  are 
still  extensively  carried  on,  14  Edw.  HI.  1340. — Anderson. 
"A  worsted-stocking  knave"  is  a  term  of  reproach  or  con- 
tempt used  by  Shakespeare. 

WortU  SUr  Sauer  (voi-t  sur  so-air'),  a  town  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  N.E.  France.  After  storming 
Wissembourg,  on  4  Aug.  1870,  the  crown-prince  of  Prussia,  with 
the  3d  array  (about  150,000),  marched  rapidly  forward  and  sur- 
prised part  of  the  French  army  under  marshal  MacMahon,  in- 
cluding the  corps  of  Canrobert  and  part  of  that  of  Failly  (about 
47,000),  and  defeated  it  in  a  long,  desperate,  and  sanguinary 
engagement  near  this  place,  6  Aug.  The  battle  lasted  from 
9  A.M.  till  4  P.M.  The  chief  struggles  occurred  in  the  country 
round  Reichshoifen  and  in  the  village  of  Froeschweiller ;  the 
French  are  said  to  have  charged  the  German  line  11  times, each 
time  breaking  it,  but  always  finding  a  fresh  mass  behind. 
The  ridge  on  which  Worth  stands  was  not  captured  until  the 
French  were  taken  in  flank  by  the  Bavarians  and  Wlirtera- 
bergers.  Nearly  all  MacMahon's  staff  were  killed,  and  the 
marshal  himself,  unhorsed,  fell  fainting  into  a  ditch,  from 
which  he  was  rescued  by  a  soldier.    He  then,  on  foot,  directed 


the  retreat  towards  Saverne,  to  cover  the  passes  of  the  Vosges. 
The  victory  is  attributed  to  the  great  numerical  superiority  of 
the  Germans  as  well  as  to  their  excellent  strategy.  The 
French  loss  has  been  estimated  at  5000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  55,000  prisoners,  2  eagles,  6  mitrailleuses,  35  cannon,  and 
much  baggage.  The  Germans  are  stated  to  have  had  above 
8000  men  put  hors  de  combat.  It  was  admitted  that  Mac- 
Mahon acted  as  an  able  and  brave  commander. 

VTOrtllies,  nine,  a  term  long  ago  applied  to  the  fol- 
lowing eminent  men : 


Jews.  Died  B.C. 

Joshua 1426 

David 1015 

Judas  Maccabseus 161 

Christians. 


Heathens.  Died  b  c. 

Hector  of  Troy 1184 

Alexander  the  Great 393 

Julius  Caesar 44 

Died  A.D. 


King  Arthur  of  Britain 542 

Charlemagne  of  France 814 

Godfrey  of  Bouillon 1100 

In  some  lists,  Gideon  and  Samson  are  given  instead  of  Hector  and 
Arthur.  In  Shakespeare's  "Love's  Labor's  Lost,"  act  v.  sc.  ii., 
Hercules  and  Porapey  appear  as  worthies. 

wrecks.  Statistics  of  wrecks  and  shipping  disasters 
on  or  near  the  coasts  and  on  the  rivers  of  the  United  States 
and  to  American  vessels  in  foreign  waters,  collected  under  act 
of  Congress,  20  June,  1874,  are  published  in  the  "Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  U.  S,  Life-saving  Service."  During  10  years, 
from  1  June,  1879,  to  1  June,  1889,  they  show  a  yearly  average 
of  1919  wrecks,  involving  the  loss  of  535  lives.  During  the 
same  period  of  10  years,  of  British  vessels  (exclusive  of  the 
royal  navy),  there  were  6641  totally  wrecked,  while  the  loss  to 
life  by  wrecks  and  casualties  of  all  kinds  on  British  vessels, 
navy  excluded,  was  19,130.  During  the  same  10  years  1777 
German  vessels  were  wrecked,  with  a  loss  of  3460  lives ;  and 
on  the  German  coast  2640  wrecks  occurred,  involving  the  loss 
of  391  lives.  On  the  French  coast,  during  5  years  (1877-81), 
1346  wrecks  occurred,  with  loss  of  949  lives ;  and  on  the  Italian 
coast,  for  the  years  1886  to  1890  inclusive,  the  records  show  483 
wrecks,  with  loss  of  116  lives. 

WKECKS  AND  CASUALTIES  IN   AMERICAN   WATERS,  AND    DIS- 
ASTERS TO   AMERICAN   VESSELS   IN   FOREIGN   WATERS. 


Atlantic 

and  gulf 

coast. 

Pacific 
coast. 

Great 
lakes. 

Rivers. 

At  sea 

or  in  foreign 

waters. 

Totals.     . 

Year. 

■i 

. 

1^- 

■s 

i 

^ 

£ 

»• 

1 

j<i 

? 

s 

» 

S 

f. 

S 

S 

2 

2 

S 

t 

S 

^ 

2 

^ 

3 

^ 

•^ 

^ 

J 

•^ 

J 

•^ 

J 

1879-80  1,008 

107 

112 

7 

552 

35 

211 

38 

435 

230 

2,318 

417 

1880-81     798 

95 

74 

5 

545 

128 

238 

52 

374 

325 

2,029 

605 

1881-82     937 

59 

93 

2 

506 

73 

.236 

118 

323 

242 

2,095 

494 

1882-83     801 

63 

88 

42 

468 

60 

241 

168 

361 

186 

1,959 

519 

1883-84]    970 

201 

65 

7 

433 

83 1    250 

42 

452 

465 

2,170 

798 

1884-851    834 

40 

68 

n 

358 

18     255 

44 

385 

175 

1,900 

288 

1885-86  1,158  133 

75 

20 

330 

78     268 

38 

464 

262 

2,295 

531 

1886-871    640,   69 

56 

41 

323 

103     177 

89 

298 

227 

1,494 

529 

1887-881    651    64 

58 

72 

301 

83     165 

16 

286 

303 

1,461 

538 

1888-89     662  106 

74 

44 

258 

261    164 

77 

310 

385 

1,468 

638 

Totals  8,459  937 

763:251 

4,074 

687  j  2, 205 

682 

3,688 

2,800 

19,189 

5,357 

NOTABLE  WRECKS   AND   SHIPPING  DISASTERS   IN   NORTH  AND 
SOUTH  AMERICAN  WATERS. 
Atlantic  Ocean,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  etc. 
British  powder  ship  Morning  Star  struck  by  lightning  and 

blown  up  in  New  York  harbor 9  Aug.  1778 

Thunderer,  74  guns ;  Stirling  Castle,  64 ;  Defiance,  64 ;  Phosniz, 
44;  La  Blanche,  32;  Lam-el,  28;  Shark,  28;  Andromeda,  28; 
Deal  Castle,  24;  Penelope,  24;  Scarborough,  20;  Barbadoes. 


WRE 

14*  ChmmOeon,  14;  Endeavour,  14;  and  Victor,  10— all  lost 

tn  tbt  Mine  siorm  in  the  West  Indies Oct. 

X«  Tribum,  3«  gun«s  wrecked  off  Hallfkx;  300  lives  lost 

Transport  jEneat  wr«:ked  off  Newfoundland;  340  lives  lost 

Transport  Harpoomer  wrecked  near  Newfoundland;  200  lives 

l^^l^  ^ 10  Nov. 

ManxlDe  of  steam  fVigate  Fulton  explodes  at  Brooklyn  navy- 

yju^-  vessel  entirely  destroyed;  26  lives  lost 4  June. 

Brig  lihloto  lost  in  storm  on  Kagged  island,  N.  S. ;  all  on  board, 

137  in  number,  perish 9  Apr. 

Lad^  Skfrt»rookf,  fVom  Ix)ndonderry  to  Quebec;  lost  near  cape 

Kmy  ;  273  persons  jwrish ;  32  only  saved 19  Aug. 

Ship"La</y  «/  the  Lakf,  on  jmssage  to  Quebec,  wrecked  on  an 

iceberg;  216  lives  lost w'^K^'^^Y^ 

Steamboat  Ro}tal  Tar,  of  St.  John's,  N.  B.,  destroyed  by  Are  in 

renobscot  bay ;  32  li  ves  lost 25  Oct. 

Ship  Bruto/,  on  passage  from  Liverpool  to  New  York,  wrecked 

near  Rookaway,  I..  I. ;  70  lives  lost 20  Nov. 

Ship  Mexico,  from  Liverpool,  wreclted  on  Hampstead  beach, 

L.  I.;  lOS  lives  lost 3  Jan. 

Steamboat  Home,  on  passage  from  Now  York  to  Charleston, 

&  C    wrecked  in  a  gale  near  Ocracoke;  about  100  lives  lost, 

9  Oct. 
Steamboat  Pulaski,  trom  Savannah  to  Baltimore,  bursts  a 

boiler  off  coast  of  North  Carolina;  of  nearly  200  passengers 

and  crow  only  GO  are  saved 14  June, 

Steamboat  Lexington,  New  York  to  Stonington,  burned  off 

Eden's  Neck.  I^  I. ;  140  lives  lost 13  Jan. 

Brig  Florence,  Rotterdam  to  New  York,  wrecked  off  southeast 

coast  of  Newfoundland ;  50  lives  lost 9  Aug. 

Steamer  President,  New  York  to  Liverpool,  sailed  11  Mch.  with 

13(5  persons  on  board;  not  heard  from  after  storm  of, 

13  Mch. 
Steamboat  Medora  of  Baltimore  explodes  her  boiler  just  after 

leaving  the  wharf;  28  killed  and  40  injured 14  Apr. 

Phanix  wrecked  in  a  storm  off  the  coast  of  Newfoundland; 

many  lives  lost. 26  Nov. 

Steamer  Ttoeed  lost  off  Yucatan;  60  lives  lost 12  Feb. 

Brig  Sutley,  from  Picton,  N.  S.,  to  Fall  River,  Mass.,  wrecked 

in  Vineyard  sound;  30  drowned 27  June, 

Steamer  Xew  York,  from  Galveston  to  New  Orleans,  founders 

at  sea;  about  20  lives  lost 7  Sept. 

All  but  12  out  of  104  vessels  in  port  at  Havana  sink  or  are 

wrecked,  and  50  coastwise  vessels  destroyed  by  a  hurricane, 

10-11  Oct. 
U.  S.  brig  Somers  struck  by  a  squall  off  Vera  Cruz  and  sunk; 

41  lives  lost  (SoMKRS,  Muti.xy  on;  Medals) 8  Dec. 

American  emigrant  ship   William  and  Mary  wrecked  on  a 

sunken  reef  near  the  Bahamas;  about  170  persons  perish, 

3  May, 
Aurora  of  Hull  sails  from  New  York  26  Apr.  and  founders; 

about  25  lives  lost 20  May, 

Ship  Staffordshire,  from  Liverpool  to  Boston,  strikes  on  Blande 
rock,  south  of  Seal  island;  178  lives  lost 30  Dec. 

Steamer  San  Francisco,  bound  for  California  with  700  U.  S. 
troops,  founders  at  sea,  and  240  of  the  soldiers  are  swept 
from  the  deck  and  perish 23-31  Dec. 

Steamer  Georgia,  from  Montgomery,  Ala.,  destroyed  by  flre  at 
New  Orleans;  60  lives  lost 28  Jan. 

Ship  PovohcUan,  from  Havre  to  New  York,  with  311  emigrants, 
goes  ashore  in  a  gale  on  Long  Beach,  7  miles  north  of  Egg 
Harbor  light,  and  is  wrecked,  no  passenger  saved 16  Apr. 

Steamer  Arctic  from  Liverpool,  struck  by  the  Vesta,  40  miles  off 
cape  Race,  Newfoundland,  in  a  fog,  and  sinks;  over  3.o0  lives 
lost 27  Sept. 

Steamship  Pacific,  Collins  line,  240  persons  on  board,  never 
heard  from  after  leaving  port 23  Sept. 

French  steamer  Le  Lyonnais  sunk  off  Nantucket  by  collision 
with  the  bark  Adriatic  ;  260  lives  lost 2  Nov. 

Steamship  Tempest,  Anchor  line,  150  persons  on  board,  never 
heard  from  after  leaving  port 26  Feb. 

Steamship  Louisiana,  from  New  Orleans  to  Galveston,  burned 
near  Galveston ;  55  lives  lost 31  May, 

Steamer  J.  W.  Harris  sunk  in  collision  with  steamer  if e^ropoKs 
in  I..ong  Island  sound;  14  lives  lost 8  Aug. 

Steamer  Central  America,  from  Havana  to  New  York,  springs 
aleak  in  a  heavy  storm,  8  Sept. ;  100  persons  are  taken  off  by 
a  passing  vessel,  12  Sept.,  and  soon  after  she  sinks,  carrying 
down  over  400  persons 12  Sept. 

Steamship  Indian,  from  Liverpool  to  Portland,  strikes  on  Seal 
ledge,  about  65  miles  east  of  Halifax,  and  breaks  in  two  amid- 
ships; 24  lives  lost 21  Nov. 

New  mail  steamer  Httn^anan  wrecked  near  cape  Sable,  N.  S. ; 
all  on  board  (205)  lost night  of  19-20  Feb. 

Steamer  Canadian  strikes  on  ice  field  in  strait  of  Belle  Isle, 
Newfoundland,  and  founders  in  half  an  hour;  35  lives  lost, 

4  June, 
British  mail  steamer  Anglo-Saxon  wrecked  in  a  dense  fog  on 

reef  off  cape  Race,  Newfoundland;  about  237  out  of  446  lives 
lost 27  Apr. 

Steamer  Constitution  wrecked  on  cape  Lookout  shoals;  40  lives 
lost 25  Dec. 

Steamer  Evening  Star,  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans,  foun- 
ders at  sea;  about  2.50  lives  lost 3  Oct. 

Royal  mail  steamers  Rhone  and  Wye  entirely  wrecked,  and  more 
than  50  other  vessels  driven  ashore  at  St.  Thomas,  West  In- 
dies, by  a  hurricane;  about  1000  lives  lost 29  Oct. 

Steamship  City  of  Boston,  Inman  line,  177  persons  on  board, 
never  heard  from  after  leaving  port 28  Jan. 


1780 
1797 
1805 
1816 
1829 
1831 


1837 


1840 

1841 
1842 
1843 


1853 


1856 


18G3 
1865 
1866 

1867 
1870 


944  WRE 

Steamer  Varuna,  New  York  for  Galveston,  founders  off  Flor- 
ida coast  with  36  passengers  and  all  the  crew  except  5, 

20  Oct.  1870 
Steamer  Kensington  collides  with  bark  Templar  off  cape  Hat- 

leras;  both  wrecked  and  many  lives  lost 27  Jan.  1871 

Staten  Island  ferry-boat  West  field  explodes  at  New  York;  100 

lives  lost.  200  persons  injured 30  July,     " 

Steamer  .America,  fl"om  Buenos  Ayres  to  Montevideo,  burned ;  60 

lives  lost 23  Dec.      " 

Steamer  .fl/e«s  sunk  in  collision  on  Long  Island  sound;  60  lives 

lost 30  Aug.  1872 

Steamer  Missouri,  from  New  York  to  Havana,  burned  at  sea;  32 

lives  lost 22  Oct.     " 

White  Star  steamer  Atlantic  strikes  on  Marr's  rock,  off  Nova 

Scotia;  547  lives  lost  out  of  976 1  Apr.  1873 

French  steamer  Vilte  du  Havre,  from  New  York  to  Havre,  sunk 

in  16  minutes  in  mid-ocean  by  collision  with  ship  Loch  Earn; 

230  lives  lost  out  of  313 23  Nov.     " 

American  steamer  City  of  Waco  burned  off  Galveston  bar;  53 

lives  lost ■ 9  Nov.  1875' 

Loss  of  12  American  whaling  ships  in  Arctic  ice,  reported  by 

whaling  bark  Florence ;  about  100  lives  lost 12  Oct.  1876- 

British  ship  Circassian  stranded  on  Bridgehampton  beach,  L.  I. ; 

28  lives  lost ^ 29  Dec.      " 

American  steamer  George  Cromwell  stranded  off  cape  St.  Mary's, 

Newfoundland;  30  lives  lost 5  Jan.  18TT 

American  steamer  George  Washington  stranded  off  Mistaken 

Point,  Newfoundland ;  25  lives  lost 20  Jan.      " 

American  steamer  Leo  burned  83  miles  south  of  Tybee  light, 

Ga. ;  23  lives  lost 13  Apr.      '" 

U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Huron  wrecked  on  coast  of  North  Carolina; 

about  100  lives  lost 24  Nov.     " 

Steamer  J/e<ropoKs  wrecked  on  North  Carolina  coast;  about  100 

lives  lost 31  Jan.  1878 

American  steamer  Emily  B.  Souder  founders  off  cape  Hatteras, 

N.  C. ;  38  lives  lost. . . '. 10  Dec.     " 

Thirteen    American   fishing   schooners   founder   off  George's 

bank,  Newfoundland;  144  lives  lost 12-16  Feb.  1879' 

American  steamer  Champion  wrecked  in  collision  with  ship 

Lady  Octavia,  15  miles  from  Delaware  light-ship;  31  lives 

lost 7  Nov.      " 

American   steamer  Narragansett  wrecked   in   collision   near 

Cornfield  Point  shoal,  Long  Island  sound;  27  lives  lost, 

11  June,  1880 
American  steamer  Seawanhaka  burned  off  Ward's  island,  N.  Y. ; 

24  lives  lost 28  June,     '• 

American  steamer  San  Salvador  lost  at  sea  from  Honduras  to 

Cuba;  29  lives  lost Aug.      " 

Steamer  City  of  Vera  Cruz  founders  off  Florida  coast;  68  lives 

lost 29  Aug.      " 

Steamer  Bahama  founders  between  Porto  Rico  and  New  York; 

20  lives  lost 4  Feb.  1882 

Thirty-five  wrecks  during  a  storm  off  Newfoundland, 

about  19  Dec.      " 
Six  American  schooners  founder  off  St.  George's  bank;  76  lives 

lost Nov.  18>S3 

American  steamshipCity  of  Columbus  wrecked  on  Devil's  bridge, 

off  Gay  Head  light,  Mass. ;  99  lives  lost 18  Jan.  1884 

Belgian  White  Cross  line  steamship  Daniel  Steinman  struck  on 

rock  off  Sambro  head,  N.  S. ;  131  lives  lost 3  Apr.     " 

Three  American  schooners  lost  at  sea  between  Gloucester  and 

St.  George's  bank;  42  lives  lost 26  Dec.  1885 

Cunard  steamer  Oregon,  from  Liverpool  to  New  York,  run  into 

by  an  unknown  schooner,  18  miles  east  of  I>ong  Island;  all 

the  passengers  (631)  and  crew  (205)  taken  off  in  safety,  the 

ship  sinking  8  hours  afterwards 14  Mch.  1886 

Three  Atlantic  steamers  stranded  in  one  day :  the  Persian  Mon- 
arch on  the  Portland  breakwater,  the  Cunard  steiimer  Pavo- 

nia  on  High  Pine  ledge,  Massachusetts  bay,  and  the  Beaver 

line  steamer  Lake  Huron  on  Madame  island,  7  miles  below 

Quebec ;  each  owing  to  heavy  fog 29  Oct.      " 

German  ship  Elizabeth  stranded  near  Dam  Neck  mills,  Va. ;  22 

lives  lost 8  Jan.  1887 

Kapunda,  from  London  for  western  Australia,  collides  with  the 

bark  Ada  Melmore  off  coast  of  Brazil  and  founders;   more 

than  300  lives  lost 20  Jan.      " 

American  sloop  yacht  Mystery,  on  a  pleasure  trip,  capsizes  off 

Barren  island,  Jamaica  bay,  N.  Y. ;  25  lives  lost 10  July,     " 

Steamer  Vizcaya,  from   New  York  to   Havana,  run   into  by 

schooner  Cornelius  Hargraves  near  Barnegat  light,  N.  J.; 

both  vessels  sink  within  7  minutes;  about  70  lives  lost, 

29  Oct.  1890 
Brazilian  turret-ship  wrecked  near  the  mouth  of  the  La  Platta; 

120  lives  lost , 22  May,  1892 

Haytian  war-ship  Petron  wrecked  off  cape  Tiburon;  79  lives 

lost 6  Sept.  1893 

Dynamite  cruiser  Vesuvius  ordered  to  destroy  all  derelicts  along 

the  Atlantic  coast 5  Oct.      " 

Ward  line  steamer  City  of  Alexandria,  from  Havana  to  New 

York,  burned  at  sea;  30  lives  lost 2  Nov.     " 

Steamer  Jason  wrecked  off  cape  Cod,  Mass. ;  20  lives  lost,  6  Dec.     " 
U.  S.  corvette  Kearsarge  wrecked  on  Roncardo  reef,  about 

200  miles  northeast  from  Bluefield,  Nicaragua 2  Feb.  1894 

Pacific  Ocean. 

Independence  wrecked  on  Margaretta  island,  off  coast  ot  Lower 
California,  the  vessel  taking  fire;  140  persons  drowned  or 
burned  to  death,  a  few  escaping  with  great  suffering  on  a 
barren  shore 16  Feb.  1853 

Explosion  of  steamboat  Gazelle  at  Canemah,  Or. ;  21  killed  and 
many  wounded 8  Apr.  1854 


WRE 


945 


WRE 


Steamboat  Secretary,  crossing  San  Pablo  bay  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Petaluma,  bursts  her  boiler;  more  than  50  lives  lost, 

15  Apr.  1854 

■Chilian  war-steamer  Cazador,  leaving  Talcahuano  with  358  per- 
sons on  board,  strikes  a  rock  and  sinks;  314  lives  lost, 

30  Jan.  1856 

Steamer  Northerner  wrecked  on  a  rock  near  cape  Mendocino, 
between  San  Francisco  and  Oregon;  38  lives  lost 6  Jan.  1860 

American  steamer  Pacific  collides,  30  miles  southwest  of  cape 
Flattery;  236  lives  lost 4  Nov.  1875 

American  schooner  Sunshine  stranded  near  cape  Foulweather, 
Or.;  20  lives  lost 18  Nov.     " 

English  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  company's  steamship  Eten 
wrecked  about  70  miles  north  of  Valparaiso;  about  100  out 
of  160  lost;  many  rescued  by  English  ship  Amethyst, 

15  July,  1877 

Steamer  Atacama  wrecked  22  miles  south  of  Caldera,  near  Co- 
piapo,  Chili ;  about  104  lives  lost end  of  Nov.     " 

American  bark  Malleville  stranded  on  Vancouver's  island;  19 
lives  lost 10  Oct.  1882 

Grappler  burned  near  Bute  inlet.  Vancouver  island;  about  70 
lives  lost ' about  3  May,  1883 

American  schooner  Flying  Scud,  bound  for  Kadiak,  Alaska, 
never  heard  from ;  24  persons  on  board Nov.  1886 

American  schooner  Harvey  Mills  founders,  60  miles  southwest 
of  cape  Flattery,  Wash. ;  23  lives  lost. 14  Dec.     " 

American  bark  Atlantic  stranded  at  entrance  to  Golden  Gate, 
Cal. ;  27  lives  lost 17  Dec.     " 

American  ship  St.  Stephen,  from  Port  Townsend  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, founders  at  sea;  27  lives  lost » Apr.  1887 

British  bark  Abercoi-n  stranded  on  Damon's  Point,  north  of 
Gray's  harbor,  AVash. ;  22  lives  lost 30  Jan.  1888 

American  ferry-boat  Julia  explodes  her  boiler  at  South  Vallejo, 
Cal.;  30  lives  lost 27  Feb.     " 

American  bark  Ohio  stranded  near  Point  Hope,  Alaska;  25 
lives  lost 3  Oct.     " 

American  steamer  Alaskan  founders  at  sea  between  Aslona, 
Or.,  and  San  Francisco;  26  lives  lost 13  May,  1889 

Ship  Elizabeth  wrecked  at  entrance  to  San  Francisco  harbor; 
18  lives  lost 22  Feb.  1891 

Blanco  Encalada,  flagship  of  the  revolutionary  party  in  Chili, 
is  blown  up  by  a  torpedo  in  Caldera  bay;  upwards  of  200 
lives  lost 22  Apr.     " 

Great  Lakes. 

Steamboat  Washington  takes  Are  on  lake  Erie,  near  Silver 
creek;  40  to  50  lives  lost 16  June,  1838 

Steamboat  Erie  burned  on  lake  Erie  about  33  miles  from  Buf- 
falo ;  about  170  lives  lost 9  Aug.  1841 

Steamer  Phcenix  burned  on  lake  Michigan,  15  miles  oflf  She- 
boygan; about  240  lives  lost,  mostly  emigrants  from  Holland, 

21  Nov.  1847 

Steamer  Anthony  Wayne,  from  Sandusky  to  Buffalo  on  lake 
Erie,  explodes  her  boiler  and  sinks;  38  killed  or  missing, 

27  Apr.  1850 

Steamer  Griffith,  from  Erie  to  Cleveland,  burned;  only  30  or  40 
out  of  330  lives  saved 17  June,     " 

Steamer  Atlantic  collides  with  propeller  Ogdenshurg  on  lake 
Erie  and  sinks  in  lialf  an  hour;  250  lives  lost 20  Aug.  1852 

Steamer  E.  K.  Collins,  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to  Cleveland,  takes 
fire  on  the  lake  and  is  burned;  23  lives  lost 8  Oct.  1854 

Steamer  Noriliern  Indiana  burned  on  lake  Erie;  over  30  lives 
lost 17  July,  1856 

Steamer  Niagara  burned  on  lake  Michigan;  60  to  70  lives  lost, 

24  Sept.     " 

American  steamer  Lady  Elgin  sunk  in  collision  with  schooner 
A  ugustus  on  lake  Michigan ;  of  385  persons  on  board,  287  lost, 
including  Herbert  Ingram,  M.  P.,  founder  of  the  Illustrated 
London  News,  and  his  son 8  Sept.  1860 

Steamer  Sea  Bird  burned  on  lake  Michigan;  100  lives  lost, 

9  Apr.  1868 

Steamer  Hippocampus  wrecked  in  lake  Michigan ;  many  lives 
lost 8  Sept.     " 

American  steamer  Equinox  founders  on  lake  Michigan,  8  miles 
off  Point  Au  Sable ;  26  lives  lost 9  Sept.  1875 

American  steamer  St.  Clair  burned  on  lake  Superior,  near 
Fourteen  Mile  Point 9  July,  1876 

American  steamer  Alpena  founders  on  lake  Michigan ;  60  lives 
lost 16  Oct.  1880 

Northwest  transit  service  steamer  Asia  founders  between  On- 
tario and  Sault  Ste.  Marie;  about  98  lives  lost 14  Sept.  1882 

American  steamer  Manistee  founders  off  Eagle  Harbor,  lake 
Michigan;  30  lives  lost 14  Nov.  1883 

British  steamer  A  Igoma  stranded  on  south  shore  Isle  Royal, 
lake  Superior;  48  lives  lost 7  Nov.  1885 

American  steamer  Champlain  burned  off  Fisherman's  island, 
lake  Michigan;  22  lives  lost 17  June,  1887 

American  steamer  Vernon  founders  on  lake  Michigan;  41  lives 
Jo.st 29  Oct.     " 

Steel  steamer  Western  Reserve  breaks  in  two  on  lake  Superior; 
26  persons  drowned ". 1  Sept.  1892 

Propeller  Wocoken  ashore  off  Long  Point,  lake  Erie;  14  lives 
lost 14  Oct.  1893 

I'ropeller  Dean  Richmond  founders  off  Dunkirk,  lake  Erie;  23 
lives  lost... 14  Oct.     " 

Propellers  Philadelphia  and  Albany  collide  off  Ft.  Aux  Barques, 
lake  Huron;  24  lives  lost 7  Nov.     " 

Mississippi  River. 
Steamboat  Brandyunne  burned  near  Memphis;  about  110  lives 
lost 9  Apr.  1832 


Steamer  Rob  Roy  explodes  near  Columbia;  about  20  lives  lost, 

9  June,  1836 
Steamer  Ben  Sherrod,  racing  with  steamer  Prairie,  takes  fire 

30  miles  below  Natchez;  175  lives  lost 9  May,  1837 

Steamer  Dubuque  explodes  near  Bloomington,  Wis. ;  20  lives 

lost 15  Aug.      " 

Steamer  Monmouth  collides  with  ship  Trenton,  in  tow  of  steam- 
er Warren,  near  Prophet  island,  and  sinks;  of  490  emigrant 

Creek  Indians,  234  perish 29  Oct.     " 

Steamer  Gen.  Brown  explodes  at  Helena;  60  killed  and  injured, 

25  Nov.  1838 
Steamer  Edna  collapses  flues  near  mouth  of  Missouri;  33  lives 

lost 28  June.  1842 

Steamer  Eliza  strikes  on  snag  2  miles  below  mouth  of  the  Ohio 

and  sinks;  30  to  40  lives  lost 13  Oct.     " 

Steamer  Clipper  bursts  her  boiler  at  bayou  Sara,  La. ;  20  killed, 

19  Sept.  1843 
Steamer  Shepherdess  strikes  a  snag  below  St.  Louis;  20  to  30 

drowned 4  Jan.  1844 

Steamers  De  Soto  and  Buckeye  collide;  the  latter  sinks  and 

more  than  60  persons  are  drowned 28  Feb.     " 

Steamer  Belle  of  Clarksville  run  down  by  the  Louisiana  and 

sunk ;  more  than  30  drowned 14  Dec.     " 

Steamer  Edward  Bates  collapses  2  boiler  flues;  28  killed, 

12  Aug.  1848 
Twenty-three  steamboats  with  their  cargoes  burned  at  St. 

Louis 17  May,  1849 

Steamer  Louisiana  explodes  at  New  Orleans;  60  killed,  80  in- 
jured, and  12  missing 15  Nov.     " 

Steamer  Anglo-Norman  explodes  at  New  Orleans;  75  to  100 

killed,  wounded,  or  missing 13  Dec.  1850 

Eight  steamboats  destroyed  by  fire  at  New  Orleans;  37  lives 

lost 4  Feb.  1854 

Steamer  Caroh'n^ burned  at  the  mouth  of  the  White  river;  45 

lives  lost 5  Mch.     " 

^iGSLinQr  Pennsylvania  bursts  her  boiler  80  miles  below  Mem- 
phis; about  100  lives  lost 13  June,  1858 

Steamer  Prtncess  explodes  boiler  and  burns  near  Baton  Rouge; 

25  killed,  35  injured 27  Feb.  1859 

Steamer  Ben  W.  Lewis  bursts  boiler  at  Cairo;  50  lives  lost. 

24  June,  1860 
Steamer  Miami  explodes  boilers,  burns,  and  sinks;   150  lives 

lost 30  Jan.  1866 

Steamer  Stonewall  burned  below  Cairo;  200  lives  lost. .  .27  Oct.  1869 

Steamer  T.  L.  McGili  burned ;  58  lives  lost 14  Jan.  1871 

Steamer  H.  R.  Arthur  explodes;  87  lives  lost 28  Jan.     " 

Steamer  Oceanus  explodes;  40  lives  lost 11  Apr.  1872 

Steajner  George  Wolfe  explodes;  30  lives  lost .23  Aug.  1873 

Steamer  Golden  City  burned  near  Memphis;  20  lives  lost, 

30  Mch.  1882 
Steamer  Robert  E.  Lee  burned  30  miles  below  Vicksburg;  21 

lives  lost 30  Sept.     " 

Steamer  Yazoo  strikes  a  log  35-mile  point  above  New  Orleans, 

and  sinks;  19  lives  lost 4  Mch.  1883 

Flues  of  steamer  La  Mascotte  collapse  and  vessel  burned  near 

Crawford's  Landing,  Mo. ;  34  lives  lost 5  Oct.  1886 

Steamer  Kate  Adams  burned  near  Commerce  Landing;  33  lives 

lost 24  Dec.  1888 

Steamer  John  H.  Hanna  burned  opposite  Plaquemine,  La. ;  22 

lives  lost 24  Dec.     " 

Steamer  Corona  explodes;  38  lives  lost 3  Oct.  1889 

Ohio  and  other  American  Rivers. 
Steamer  Benjamin  Franklin  explodes  near  Montgomery,  Ala. ; 

25  to  30  ki'Ued  and  injured 13  Mch.  1836 

Boiler  of  steamer  Moselle  explodes  soon  after  leaving  her  dock 

at  Cincinnati ;  over  100  lives  lost 2.5  Apr.  1838 

Steamer  Shamrock  bursts  her  boiler  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river 

and  sinks;  68  lives  lost 9  July,  1842 

Steamer  Lucy  Walker  explodes  3  boilers  simultaneously  at 

New  Albany,  Ind. ;  50  to  60  killed  and  about  20  wounded, 

2.8  Oct.  1844 
Steamer  Stvallow  is  broken  on  a  rock  in  the  Hudson  river,  near 

Athens 7  Mch.  1845 

Steamer  Tuscaloosa.  10  miles  above  Mobile,  bursts  2  boilers; 

about  20  killed  and  many  injured 28  Jan.  1847 

Brig  Carrick  wrecked  in  a  gale  in  the  St.  Lawrence;  170  emi- 
grants perish 19  May,     " 

Steamer  Talisman  collides  with  the  Tempest  on  the  Ohio  be- 
tween Pittsburg  and  St.  Louis;  more  than  100  lives  lost, 

19  Nov.     " 
Boilers  of  steamer  £/««  Ridge  on  the  Ohio  river  explode;  30 

lives  lost 8  Jan.  1848 

Steamer  Orville  St.  Johns  burned  near  Montgomery.  Ala.  ;  30 

lives  lost 7  Mch.  1850 

Steamboat  Henry  Clay  burned  on  the  Hudson  river;  over  70 

lives  lost 27  July,  1852 

Boiler  of  siedimer  Reindeer  on  the  Hudson  explodes;  38  lives 

lost,  20  injured 4  Sept.     " 

Steamer  Reindeer  bursts  a  flue  at  Cannelton,  Ind.,  Ohio  river; 

50  killed  or  injured 14  Mch.  1854 

Steamer  Montreal,  from  Quebec  to  Montreal,  burned;  nearly 

250  lives  lost,  mostly  emigrants 26  June,  1857 

Steamer  J/i,9S(mri  explodes  her  boilers  on  the  Ohio;  100  lives 

lost 30  ;ian.  1866 

Steamer  Magnolia  explodes  boilers  on  the  Ohio  river;  80  lives 

lost 18  Mch.  1868 

Steamers  United  States  and  America  collide  in  the  Ohio  river 

near  Warsaw  and  burn  ;  great  loss  of  life 4  Dec.     " 

Steamer  Wawasset  burned  in  the  Potomac  river;  75  lives  lost, 

8  Aug.  1873 


WRE 


946 


WRE 


1881 


Fat  Rogern  buroed  on  the  OhJo;  60  lives  lost, 

'Jo  July,   1874 
SlwimvacJit  Mamie  cul  in  two  by  steamer  Garland  on  the 

Deinill  river;  16  lives  lost •••  ••:-^  •'"  >;- 

Steamer    Victoria  capsixed  u)n  Thames  river,  Canada;    200 

drowned  ^^  *"'y) 

StMuner  W<^  Foint  burned  in  York  river,  Va. ;  19  lives  lost, 

20  Dec.     " 
Steamer  Sdota  wrecked  in  collision  on  the  Ohio  river;  67 

lives  lost ■*  ''"'y'  ^^^ 

Steamer  If.  H.  OanUtfr  burned  on  the  Tombigbee  river,  3 
miles  below  Gainesville,  Ala. ;  21  lives  lost 1  Mob.  1887 

KOTABLK     WRKCKS     AND     SHIPPING      DISASTERS     IN 
FOKKION     WATERS. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  Mediterranean  Sea,  etc. 

Mary  Rose.  60  guns,  from  Portsmouth  to  Spithead,  upset  in  a 
squall ;  all  on  boiird  perish 20  July,  1545 

Stirling  CatUe,  70  guns;  Mary,  70  guus;  Northumberland,  70 
guns,  lost  on  the  Uoodwin  sands;  Vanguard,  70  guns,  sunk 
at  Cbalhani;  Yi^rk,  70  guus,  lost  near  Harwich,  all  lost  but 
4  men;  Raolution,  60  guns,  coast  of  Sussex;  Newcastle.  60 
ffuns,  at  Spithead,  193  drowned;  Reserve,  60  guns,  at  Yar- 
mouth, 173  perish night  of  26  Nov.  1703 

Auociatton,  70  guns,  sinks  with  800  men,  and  other  vessels 
wrecked  off  Scilly  isles 22  Oct.  1707 

Prince  George,  80  guns,  burned  in  lat.  48°  N.  on  way  to  Gibral-  i 

tar;  about  400  perish 13  Apr.  1758 

LichMUL  60  guns,  lost  on  the  coast  of  Barbary;  130  of  the  ! 

criw^rish  ..?. 29  Nov.     " 

Sloop  of- war  Swan  \vrecked  off  Waterford;  130  drowned, 

4  Aug.  1782 

Man  of  war  Royal  George,  108  guns,  while  keeled  over  to  repair 
a  pipe  at  Spithead,  is  foundered  by  a  gust  of  wind  and  sinks; 

about  600  j)ersons  perish 29  Aug.     " 

[Portions  of  vessel  and  cargo  were  raised  under  superin- 
tendence of  sir  Charles  Pasley  about  58  years  later.] 

East  Indianian  Count  Belgioioso  wrecked  off  Dublin  bay;  147 
lives  lost 13  Mch.  1783 

Ckarlemont  packet,  from  Holyhead  to  Dublin,  wrecked;  104 
drowned 22  Dec.  1790 

.4 mpAum,  38  guus,  blown  up  while  at  anchor  in  Plymouth  sound, 
and  all  the  crew  on  board,  250  persons,  perish 22  Sept.  1796 

Nassau,  64  guns,  wrecked  on  Haak  bank,  Texel ;  100  perish, 

25  Oct.  1799 

Sceptre,  64  guns,  wrecked  in  Table  bay,  cape  of  Good  Hope; 
291  of  the  crew  perish 5  Nov.     " 

Ship-of  war  Queen  Charlotte,  110  guns,  burned  off  Leghorn; 
673  lives  lost  by  flre  or  drowning 17  Mch.  1800 

Invincible,  74  guns,  wrecked  near  Yarmouth;  capt.  John  Ren- 
nie  and  the  crew,  except  126,  perish 16  Mch.  1801 

East  Indiainan  Abergavenny  wrecked  on  the  Bill  of  Portland; 
more  than  300  persons  perish 6  Feb.  1805 

Transport  Aurora  lost  on  Goodwin  sands;  300  perish.  .21  Dec.     " 

Packet  King  George  lost  on  the  Hoyle  bank;  125  persons 
drowned 21  Sept.  1806 

Athenien.  64  guns,  wrecked  near  Tunis;  347  perish 27  Oct.     " 

Ajax,  74  guns,  burned  off  the  island  of  Tenedos;  250  lives  lost, 

14  Feb.  1807 

Park-gate  packet  Prince  of  Wales  and  transport  Rochdale 
wrecked  on  Dunleary  point  near  Dublin;  nearly  300  lives 
lost 19  Nov.     " 

Minotaur,  74gim8,  wrecked  on  the  Haak  bank,  Texel;  360 lives 
lost 22  Dec.  1810 

Frigate  Saldanha  wrecked  on  the  Irish  coast;  300  persons 
perish 4  Dec.  1811 

St.  George  of  98  and  Defence  of  74  guns  and  the  Hero  stranded 
on  the  coast  of  Jutland ;  adm.  Reynolds  and  all  the  crews 
(about  2000  men)  perish,  except  18  seamen 24  Dec.     " 

Transport  Seahorse  wrecked  near  Tramore  bay;  365  persons, 
chiefly  soldiers,  and  most  of  the  crew,  drowned 30  Jan.  1816 

Transports  Lord  Melville  and  Boadicea,  with  upwards  of  200 
soldiers  with  their  wives  and  children,  lost  near  Kinsale, 
Ireland;  almost  all  perish 31  Jan.     " 

Medusa,  French  frigate,  bound  for  Senegambia,  wrecked  off 

cape  Finisterre 22  June,     " 

[400  on  board.  A  raft  is  built  to  hold  about  200,  and  the 
rest  embark  in  boats,  17  July;  15  are  rescued  from  the  raft 
alive.  "  A  scene  from  the  wreck  of  the  Medusa,'"  a  greatly 
noted  painting  by  G^ricault.] 

Kent,  East  ludiaman,  burned  in  the  bay  of  Biscay 29  Feb.  1825 

Steam-packet  Rothsay  Castle  wrecked  near  Liverpool;  more 
than  100  lives  lost.. . .-. 19  Aug.  1831 

Ship  Amp'iitrite,  with  women  convicts  to  New  South  Wales, 
-  lost  on  Boulogne  sands;  out  of  131  persons  only  3  are  saved, 

30  Aug.  1833 

English  ship  Jane  and  Margaret,  from  Liverpool  to  New  York, 
wrecked  near  the  Isle  of  Man ;  over  200  lives  lost Feb.  1837 

Steamer  Forfarshire,  from  Hull  to  Dundee,  wrecked  in  a  gale; 
38  persons  drowned;  15  persons  saved  by  the  keeper  of  the 
Outer-Fern  light-house,  James  Darling,  and  his  heroic 
daughter  Grace,  who  venture  out  to  their  rescue  in  a  coble, 
notwithstanding  a  tremendous  sea 6  Sept.  1838 

Steamer  Thames,  from  Dublin  to  Liverpool,  wrecked  off  St. 

Ives;  the  captain  and  55  persons  perish 4  Jan.  1841 

Governor  Fenner,  from  Liverpool  to  America,  run  down  off 
Holyhead' by  the  steamer  Nottingham,  out  of  Dublin;  122 

lives  lost 19  Feb.     " 

William  Browne  of  Philadelphia  wrecked  by  striking  ice  on  her 
passage  from  England  to  America;   about  70  lives  lost;  16 


passengers,  who  had  been  received  into  the  long-boat,  are 
thrown  overboard  by  the  crow  to  lighten  her 19  Apr. 

Transports  Abercrombie,  Robinson,  and  Waterloo  wrecked  in 
Tabic  bay,  cape  of  Good  Hope;  of  330  persons  on  board  the 
latter  vessel,  189,  principally  convicts,  perish 28  Aug. 

East  ludiaman  Reliance,  from  China  to  London,  wrecked  olf 
Merlemont,  near  Boulogne;  of  116  persons  on  board  only  7 
are  saved 13  Nov. 

Emigrant  ship  Exmouth,  from  Londonderry  to  Quebec,  wrecked ; 
of  210  persons  on  board  nearly  ail  are  drowned 28  Apr. 

British  steam-frigate  Avenger  wrecked  off  north  coast  of  Africa; 
officers  and  crew  of  nearly  200  lost 20  Dec. 

American  emigrant  ship  Ocean  Monarch  burned  to  the  water's 
edge  off  Great  Ormo's  Head,  Carnarvonshire,  N.  Wales;  of 
the  nearly  400  persons  on  board  178  perish,  and  156  of  the 
remainder  are  saved  by  crews  and  passengers  of  the  Brazilian 
steam-frigate  Alfonso  and  the  yacht  Queen  of  the  Ocean;  the 
ship  had  sailed  from  Liverpool '. 24  Aug. 

Emigrant  ship  Caleb  Grimshaw  takes  flre,  12  Nov. ;  00  passen- 
gers leave  on  a  raft  the  following  day  and  are  lost;  the  re- 
maining 400  are  rescued  by  capt.  Cook  of  the  British  bark 
Sarah 16  Nov. 

Steamer  Royal  Adelaide  wrecked  on  tlie  Tongue  sands  off 
Margate ;  upwards  of  400  lives  lost 30  Mch. 

Steamship  Orion  strikes  on  a  sunken  rock  on  shore  northward 
of  Portpatrick  and  instantly  fllls;  of  200  passengers  more 
than  50  are  drowned 18  June, 

Emigrant  ship  Edmund,  with  nearly  200  passengers  from  Lim- 
erick to  New  York,  wrecked  off'  the  western  coast  of  Ireland; 
about  100  lives  lost 12  Nov. 

West  India  mail  steamer  Amazon  destroyed  by  fire  at  sea  about 

110  miles  W.S.W.  of  Scilly 4  Jan. 

[Out  of  161  persons  on  board,  102  perished  by  flre  or  drown- 
ing, 21  saved  by  life-boats,  25  picked  up  by  passing  Dutch 
vessel,  and  13  picked  up  in  the  bay  of  Biscay.] 

Troop -ship  Birkenhead,  from  Queenstown  to  cape  of  Good 
Hope,  strikes  on  a  pinnacle  rock  off  Simon's  bay.  South 
Africa;  out  of  638,  454  of  the  crew  and  soldiers  peri.sh, 

26  Feb. 

Steamship  St.  George,,  from  Liverpool  to  New  York,  with  121 
emigrants  and  a  crew  of  29  seamen,  destroyed  by  flre  at  sea 
(the  crew  and  70  of  the  passengers  saved  by  the  American  ship 
Orlando  and  conveyed  to  Havre) 24  Dec. 

Steamship  Queen  Victoria,  from  liiverpool,  wrecked  off  the 
Bailey  light-house,  near  Dublin,  in  a  snow-storm;  67  lost  out 
of  120 15  Feb. 

Emigrant  vessel  Annie  Jane,  of  Liverpool,  driven  on  shore  on 
the  Barra  islands,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland;  about  348 
lives  lost 29  Sept. 

Emigrant  ship  Tayleur  driven  on  the  rocks  off  Lambay  island, 
north  of  Howth ;  about  380  lives  lost 20  Jan. 

British  steamer  City  of  Glasgow  sails  from  Liverpool  for 
Philadelphia  with  450  passengers  and  is  never  heard  from, 

Mch. 

Eleven  transports  wrecked,  6  disabled,  and  the  new  steamship 
Prince  sunk,  with  total  loss  of  nearly  500  lives  and  a  cargo  of 
supplies  for  the  army  in  the  Crimea  valued  at  500,000/.,  in 
the  storm  on  the  Black  sea 13-16  Nov. 

Emigrant  vessel  John  wrecked  on  the  M uncles  rocks  off  Fal- 
mouth; 200  lives  lost 1  May, 

Collins  line  steamer  Pacific  leaves  Liverpool  for  New  York 
with  240  persons  on  board  and  is  never  heard  from. .  23  Sept. 

Steam  emigrant-ship  Austria,  from  Hamburg  to  New  York, 
burns  in  the  middle  of  the  Atlantic  ocean;  of  538  persons 
on  board  only  67  are  saved 13  Sept. 

American  ship  Pomona,  Liverpool  to  New  York,  wrecked  on 
Blackwater  bank,  the  master  mistaking  the  Blackwater  for 
the  Tuskar  light;  only  24  out  of  419  persons  saved, 

night  of  27-28  Apr. 

Screw  steamer  Royal  Charter  totally  wrecked  off'  Moolfra  on 
the  Anglesea  coast;  446  lives  lost,  with  800,000/.  of  gold  ($4,- 
000,000),  much  of  which  has  been  recovered, 

night  of  25-26  Oct. 

Steamer  Ondine  lost  through  collision  with  the  Heroine  of 
Bideford,  abreast  of  Beachy  Head;  60  lives  lost 19  Feb. 

American  emigrant  vessel  Luna  wrecked  on  rocks  off  Barfleur; 
about  100  lives  lest 19  Feb. 

Steamer  London,  on  her  way  to  Melbourne,  founders  in  the 
bay  of  Biscay;  about  220  lives  lost 11  Jan. 

British  steamship  City  of  Boston  sails  from  New  York  for  Liv- 
erpool, 28  Jan.  1870;  never  since  seen;  a  board,  stating  that 
she  was  sinking,  found  in  Cornwall 11  Feb. 

British  iron-clad  Cap/am  founders  in  a  squall  off  Finisterre;  18 
of  the  crew  saved ;  472  lives  lost 7  Sept. 

Iron  screw  steamer  Cambria  lost  in  a  storm  off  Inishtrahul 
island,  northwest  of  Ireland;  about  170  lives  lost 19  Oct. 

Steamer  Delaware  wrecked  off  Scilly  rocks;  only  2  out  of  47 
saved 20  Dec. 

Northfieet,  laden  with  railway  iron  for  Van  Diemeu's  Land,  run 
into  by  a  foreign  steamer  (probably  a  Spanish  vessel,  the  Mu- 

rillo)  off  Dungeness;  about  300  lives  lost 22  Jan. 

Hamburg  mail-steamer  Schiller  wrecked  in  a  fog  on  rocks  off 

the  Scilly  isles;  200  lives  lost 7  May, 

Atlantic  steamer  Deutschland,  from  Bremen  to  New  York, 
during  a  gale,  wrecked  on  sand-bank,  the  Kentish  Knock,  at 
mouth  of  the  Thames;  157  lives  lost  (many  emigrants), 

6  Dec. 
American  ship  Harvest  Queen  wrecked  by  collision  about  45 

miles  from  Queenstown ;  27  lives  lost 31  Dec. 

American  ship  George  Green  stranded  near  Dartmouth,  Engl. ; 
24  lives  lost. 22  Jan. 


1841 
1842 


1847 


:.  1848 


1849 
1850 


1853 


1855 
1856 


1860 

1866 
187C 


1873 
1875. 


187T 


WRE  947 

Frigate  Eurydice,  British  training-ship,  returning  from  the 
Bermudas,  founders  off  Dunnose  headland,  near  Ventnor, 
Isle  of  Wight,  through  a  squall;  about  300  lives  lost,  24  Mch.  1878 

Iron  saloon-steamer  Princess  Alice,  with  about  900  persons, 
principally  women  and  children,  from  Sheerness,  nnmedi- 
utely  sunk  by  collision  with  the  large  screw-steamer  Bywell 
Castle,  in  the  Thames,  about  a  mile  below  Woolwich  arsenal; 
less  than  200  persons  saved;  640  bodies  recovered 3  Sept.     " 

French  steamer  Byzantin  sunk  in  collision  with  the  English 
steamer  Rinaldo  in  the  Dardanelles  during  a  gale;  over  200 
lives  lost 18  Dec.     *' 

Dominion  steamer  Borussia  springs  aleak  in  the  Atlantic  after 
leaving  Corunna,  Spain,  and  sinks;  10  out  of  184  saved, 

2  Dec.  1879 

British  training-ship  Atalanta  leaves  the  Bermudas  on  a  trial 
voyage  with  15  officers  and  265  men  and  boys,  and  is  never 
heard  from 31  Jan.  1880 

French  steamer  Oncle  Joseph  sinks  by  collision  with  Italian 
steamer  Ortigia  oflfSpezzia;  about  50  out  of  300  saved, 

24  Nov.      " 

Screw  mail-steamer  Teuton  strikes  on  a  rock  near  cape  Agulhas, 
cape ofGood  Hope,  and  founders;  nearly  200 lives  lost,  30  Aug.  1881 

Coasting  steamer  Daphne  keels  over  during  launch  in  the 
Clyde;  about  124  drowned 3  July,  1883 

Bark  Ponema  collides  with  the  steamship  State  of  Florida  about 
1200  miles  from  coast  of  Ireland;  both  vessels  sink;  only  35 
out  of  180  persons  saved 18  Apr.  1884 

Collision  between  Spanish  steamer  Gijon  and  British  steamer 
Laxham  off  cape  Finisterre;  both  sink;  over  150  lives  lost, 

22  July,     " 

British  gunboat  Wasp  wrecked  on  north  side  of  Tory  island  off 
Donegal;  52  lives  lost 22  Sept.     " 

Red  Star  steamer  W.  A.  Scholten  collides  with  the  steamer 
Mary  Rosa  in  the  English  channel,  near  Dover,  during  a  fog; 
the  Scholten  sinks ;  loss.of  life,  134 19  Nov.  1887 

American  ship  Alfred  D.  Snow  stranded  off  coast  of  Ireland; 
30  lives  lost 4  Jan.  1888 

Collision  between  the  steamship  Geiser  and  Thingvalla  of  the 
Danish  line;  105  lives  lost  by  sinking  of  the  Geiser.  .14  Aug.     " 

Collision  between  Italian  steamship  Sud  America  and  French 
steamer  Z/a  France  near  Port  Luz  (Grand  Canary);  89  lives 
lost 13  Sept.     " 

Steamer  Persia  goes  ashore  on  the  island  of  Corsica;  about  130 
lives  lost 2  Jan.  1890 

British  torpedo  cruiser  Serpent  wrecked  in  a  storm  off  north- 
west coast  of  Spain,  about  20  miles  from  Corunna;  only  3 
out  of  170  officers  and  men  saved 10  Nov.     " 

Anchor  line  steamer  Utopia,  with  850  passengers  and  crew, 
collides  with  British  steamer  Anson  off  Ragged  Staff,  Gibral- 
tar; Utopia  sinks  and  574  persons  are  drowned 17  Mch.  1891 

Italian  mail-steamer  Taormina  run  down  off  cape  Sunium 
(Colonna)  by  Greek  steamer  Thessalia;  about  50  lives  lost, 

10  Sept.      " 

British  ship  Thracian  founders  off  the  Isle  of  man ;  23  lives  lost, 

15  Aug.  1892 

Anchor  line  steamer  Roumania  wrecked  off  the  Portuguese 
coast;  113  lives  lost  out  of  122 28  Oct.     " 

Anchor  line  steamer  Trinalria  wrecked  on  the  Bermellas  rocks 
on  the  west  coast  of  Spain ;  30  of  a  crew  of  37  and  all  the  pas- 
sengers lost 8  Feb.  1893 

British  battle-ship  Victoria  sunk  by  a  collision  with  her  sister- 
ship  Camperdown,  during  a  manoeuvre  off  Tripoli,  Syria; 
vice  adm.  sir  George  Tryon,  22  officers,  and  336  of  the  crew 
drowned 22  June,     " 

German  Lloyd  steamer  Elbe  sunk  by  a  collision  with  British 
steamer  Crathie  in  the  North  sea;  out  of  355  passengers  and 
crew  only  20  saved,  one  a  woman 30  Jan.  1895 

Spanish  cruiser  Reina  Regenta  foundered  in  the  Atlantic  at  the 

entrance  of  the  Mediterranean;  over  400  persons  drowned, 

^     ..    ^  .        -  11  Mch.     " 

Pacific  Ocean,  etc. 

Clipper  Dunbar  wrecked  on  the  rocks  near  Sydney,  Australia; 
out  of  121  persons  on  board  only  1  saved,  who  was  on  the 
rocks  for  30  hours 20  Aug.  1857 

St.  Paul,  from  Hong-Kong  to  Sydney,  Australia,  with  327 
Chinese  emigrants,  wrecked  on  the  island  of  Rossel,  30  Sept. 
1858;  the  captain  and  8  of  thercrew,  who  left  the  island  for 
assistance,  are  picked  up  by  the  schooner  Prince  of  Den- 
mark. French  steamer  Styx,  sent  to  the  island,  finds  that 
the  emigrants  and  crew  have  been  massacred  and  devoured 
by  the  natives,  except  one  Chinaman  rescued 25  Jan.  1859 

British  steamer  Orpheus,  a  new  vessel,  wrecked  on  Manakau 
bar,  west  coast  of  New  Zealand;  70  persons  saved;  about  190 
perish 7  Feb.  1863 

British  steamer  Racehorse  wrecked  off  Chefoo  cape,  Chinese 
coast;  99  lives  lost 4  Nov.  1864 

General  Grant  wrecked  off  Auckland  isles  on  voyage  from 
Melbourne  to  London ;  only  13  out  of  about  100  saved.  .May,  1866 

American  vessel  Oneida  run  down  by  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
steamer  Bombay,  off  Yokohama;  about  115  lives  lost,  24  Jan.  1870 

Emigrant  vessel  Cospatrick,  on  her  way  to  Auckland,  New  Zea- 
land, takes  fire  at  midnight,  17  Nov. ;  only  5  or  6  out  of  476 
escape,  who  are  picked  up  27  Nov.,  and  arrive  at  St.  Helena, 

6  Dec.  1874 

Australian  Steam  Navigation  company's  steamer  Ly-ee-moo 
wrecked  off  Green  cape  on  voyage  from  Melbourne  to  Syd- 
ney ;  70  lives  lost 30  May,  1886 

American  ship  Abbie  Carver,  from  Hong-Kong  to  Callao,  Peru, 
lost  at  sea;  20  persons  perish 13  Aug.     " 

British  steamer  Wah  Yeung,  trading  between  Canton  and  Hong- 
Kong,  burns;  400  lives  lost 15  Nov.  1887 


WUR 

U.  S.  steamers  Trenton  and  Vandalia  wrecked,  and  the  Nipsic 

stranded,  in  a  storm  at  Apia,  Samoan  islands;  51  lives  lost. 

In  the  same  storm  the  German  steamers  Adler  and  Eber  are 

wrecked,  with  a  loss  of  96  lives 16  Mch.  1889' 

British  steamer  Duburg  wrecked  in  the  Chinese  sea;  400  lives 

lost 17  Feb.  1890 

Quetta,  of  the  Queensland  line,  strikes  on  a  rock  off  cape  York, 

Torres  strait,  and  founders  in  3  minutes;  124  lives  lost, 

1  Mch.     " 
Turkish  wooden  frigate  Ertogrul  founders  in  a  gale  off  south 

coast  of  Japan;  only  6  officers  and  57  men  saved  out  of  a 

crew  of  nearly  600 19  Sept.      " 

British  steamer  Shanghai  burned  in  the  China  sea;  about  100 

lives  lost 27  Dec.     " 

British  ship  St.  Catharis  wrecked  off  the  Caroline  islands;  90 

lives  lost 16  Apr.  1891 

Steamer  Namchow  wrecked  in  the  China  sea;  414  lives  lost, 

13  Jan.  1892 
Steamer  Wairaropa  wrecked  off  the  coast  of  New  Zealand;  134 

lives  lost 1  Nov.  1894 

Indian  Ocean. 

Pembroke,  60  guns,  founders  near  Porto  Nuovo;  330  of  her 
crew  perish 13  Apr.  1749 

Due  d^Aquitaine,  64  guns,  and  Sunderland,  60  guns,  lost  off 
Pondicherry ;  all  perish l  Jan.  1761 

East  Indiaman  Grosvenor  wrecked  off  the  coast  of  Caffraria, 

4  Aug.  1782 

East  Indiaman  Protector  wrecked  at  Bengal;  of  178  persons 
on  board,  170  perish 21  Nov.  183» 

Troop  ship  Lady  Nugent  sails  from  Madras,  10  May.  1854; 
founders  in  a  hurricane;  350  rank  and  file  of  the  Madras 
light  infantry,  officers  and  crew,  in  all  400  souls,  perish.  May,  l«54r 

Emigrant  vessel  *  Eagle  Speed  founders  near  Calcutta;  265 
coolies  drowned 24  Aug.  186& 

Steamer  Enterprise  founders  in  the  bay  of  Bengal;  77  lives 
lost 2  Nov.  1891 

British  ship  Germania  wrecked  in  a  cvclone  in  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal; 64  lives  lost '. 29  May,  1893 

[For  the  list  of  vessels  sailing  from  port  and  never  afterwards 
heard  of.  Steam  navigation.] 

IWriting'.  Pictures  are  considered  the  first  essay  toward* 
writing.  The  most  ancient  remains  of  writing  are  upon  hard 
substances,  such  as  stones  and  metals,  used  by  the  ancients  for 
edicts  and  matters  of  public  interest.  Athotes,  or  Hermes, 
is  said  to  have  written  a  history  of  the  Egyptians,  and  to  have 
been  the  author  of  the  hieroglyphics,  2112  b.c. —  Usher.  Writ- 
ing is  said  to  have  been  taught  to  the  Latins  by  Europa,^ 
daughter  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phoenicia,  1494  b.c. — Thucydides. 
Cadmus,  the  founder  of  Cadmea,  1493  b.c.,  brought  the  Phoe- 
nician letters  into  Greece. —  Vossius.  The  commandments 
were  written  on  2  tables  of  stone,  1491  b.c. —  Usher.  The 
Greeks  and  Romans  used  wax  table-books,  and  continued  the 
use  of  them  long  after  papyrus  was  known.  Paper,  Papy- 
rus, Parchment.  Thomas  Astle's  "History  of  Writing" 
was  first  pub.  in  1784 ;  Natalis  de  Wailly's  "  Elemens  de  Paleo- 
graphie,"  1838.  Alphabet,  Hieroglyphics,  Literature^ 
Manuscript,  etc. 

Wrox'eter,  in  Shropshire,  Engl.,  the  Roman  city  Uri- 
conium.  Roman  inscriptions,  ruins,  seals,  and  coins  were  found 
here  in  1752.  New  discoveries  having  been  made,  a  committee 
for  further  investigation  met  at  Shrewsbury  on  11  Nov.  1858. 
Excavations  were  commenced  in  Feb.  1859,  which  were  con- 
tinued till  May.  Large  portions  of  the  old  town  were  discov- 
ered; also  specimens  of  glass  and  pottery,  personal  ornaments 
and  toys,  household  utensils  and  implements  of  trade,  cinerary 
urns,  and  bones  of  man  and  of  the  smaller  animals.  A  com- 
mittee was  formed  in  London  in  Aug.  1859,  with  the  view  of 
continuing  these  investigations,  which  were  resumed  in  1861,^ 
through  the  liberality  of  the  late  Beriah  Botfield,  M.P.  The 
investigations,  stopped  through  want  of  fimds,  were  resumed 
for  a  short  time  in  1867.  Thomas  Wright  pub.  "  Uriconium  " 
in  1872. 

Wiirtembers^,  originally  part  of  Swabia,  was  made  a 
county  for  Ulric  L,  about  1265,  and  a  duchy  for  Eberhard  in 
1494.  The  dukes  were  Protestants  until  1722,  when  the 
reigning  prince  became  a  Roman  Catholic.  Wurtemberg  has 
been  repeatedly  traversed  by  armies,  particularly  since  the 
great  French  revolution  of  1793.  Moreau  made  his  celebrated 
retreat  23  Oct.  1796.  It  is  a  constitutional  hereditary  mon- 
archy. The  political  constitution  is  dated  25  Sept.  1819. 
Wiirtemberg  opposed  Prussia  in  the  war,  June,  1866,  but 
made  peace,  13  Aug.  following;  in  Oct.  1867,  joined  the  ZoU- 
verein,  but  sent  a  contingent  to  Prussia  in  the  war,  1870. 
Area, 7528  sq.  miles;  pop.  in  1871,  1,818,539;  1875,  1,881,505; 
1890,  2,036,556. 


WYO 


948 


Wromlnff,  •  western  inland  state  of  the  United  States, 
^ying  between  Ut.  41°  and  46°  N.  and  Ion.  104°  and  111°  W., 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Montana,  east  by  South  Da- 
kota and  Nebraska,  south  by 
Colorado  and  Utah,  and  west 
by  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Montana. 
Area,  97,890  sq.  miles  in  12 
counties.     Pop.  1890,  60,705. 
Capital,  Cheyenne. 
Sieur  de  la  Verendrye  and 
bis   sous,  from    Canada, 
travel   as    far   south   as 

Wind  rivor 1743-44 

Job!i  Colter  winters  on  the 
headwaters  of  Pryor's 
fork,  1806;  visits  Sho- 
shone lake,  crosses  the  Rocky  mounliiins  to  the  head  of 
Green  river,  and  returns  to  the  head  of  Wind  river  and 

Pryor's  fork 1807 

Eiekiel  Williams,  trapper,  wanders  fTom  the  Yellowstone  to 

the  South  Platte  through  Wyoming " 

First  recorded  expedition  from  the  east,  the  Pacific  Fur  com- 
pany, on  the  way  to  Oregon  under  Wilson  Price  Hunt,  passes 
through  Wyoming,  crossing  Powder  River  valley  and  Big 
Horn  mountains  to  the  Wind  river,  thence  to  the  Snake 

river 1811 

William  H.  Ashley,  of  the  North  American  Fur  company,  with 

300  men,  explores  the  Sweetwater  and  Green  rivers 1824 

Capt.  E.  L.  Bonneville  leads  the  first  caravan,  110  trappers  and 
20  wagons,  from  the  Platte  through  South  pass  to  the  Green 

river.     At  the  junction  of  Lead  creek  he  builds  a  fort 1832 

William  Sublette  and  Robert  Campbell  erect  a  fort  on  I^aramie 

fork,  which  they  name  fort  William,  since  fort  Laramie 1834 

First  emigrant  train  for  Oregon  and  California  crosses  Wyo- 


ming. 


1841 

Fort  Bridger  erected  on  Green  river  by  James  Bridger,  a  fa- 
mous trapper 1842 

CoL  J.  C.  Fremont,  with  a  government  exploring  expedition,  as- 
cends and  names  Fremont's  peak " 

Mormon  pioneers,  led  by  Brigham  Young,  pass  fort  Laramie  on 
their  way  to  Great  Salt  lake  through  South  pass 1  June,  1847 

Part  of  Wyoming  is  included  in  the  territory  acquired  by  the 
U.  S.  from  Mexico  by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 

2  Feb.  1848 

Fort  liaramie  transferred  to  the  U.  S 1849 

Fort  Bridger  sold  for  $8000  to  the  Mormons 1853 

Sioux  Indian  war  begins;  lieut.  Grattan  and  28  men  sent  from 
fort  Laramie  to  arrest  an  Indian  who  had  shot  a  cow  of  a 
Mormon  emigrant.  The  Indians  refusing  to  give  up  the  cul- 
prit,  Grattan  fires,  and  the  whole  party  are  killed,  summer  of  1854 

Sir  George  Gore  of  Sligo,  Ireland,  with  his  private  hunting 
expedition,  winters  at  fort  Laramie,  1854,  and  with  James 
Bridger  as  guide  travels  north  to  Powder  river 1855 

Oil  is  collected  from  a  spring  near  Poison  Spider  creek,  and 
sold  along  the  Mormon  trail  for  axle-grease 1863 

Bill  introduced  in  Congress  by  James  M.  Ashley  of  Ohio  to  pro- 
vide a  temporary  government  for  "the  territory  of  Wyo- 

„m'ng" 1865 

Massacre  of  U.  S.  troops  by  the  Indians  in  a  sortie,  under  col. 
Fetterman,  from  fort  Philip  Kearney,  near  Big  Horn ;  3  officers 
and  90  men  killed  and  scalped 21  Dec.  1866 

Gold  discovered  on  the  sources  of  the  Sweetwater 1867 

Cheyenne  first  settled,  July,  1867,  and  a  city  government  estab- 
lished, with  H.  M.  Hook  as  mayor Aug.     '< 

First  newspaper  published  in  the  territory,  the  Cheyenne  Even- 
ing Leader,  19  Sept. ;   Daily  Argus,  25  Oct. ;    and  Rocky 
.     Mountain  Star,  S  Bee <( 

First  passenger  train  from  Omaha  arrives  at  Cheyenne, 

13  Nov.     " 

Laramie  city  located  on  the  Union  Pacific  railroad Apr.  1868 

Territory  of  Wyoming  organized  bv  act  of  Congress  out  of  parts 
of  Dakota,  Utah,  and  Idaho 25  July      " 

Coal  discovered  3  miles  from  Evanston,  1868,  and  first  mine 
opened. 1869 

Cheyenne  designated  as  the  capital  of  Wyoming,  and  first  ter- 
ritorial court  held  there 7  Sept.     " 

Act  approved  giving  wOmen  the  right  to  vote  and  hold  office 
in  Wyoming 10  Dec.     " 

Grand  jury  of  men  and  women  impanelled  at  liaramie. .7  Mch.  1870 

Lieut.  Gustavus  C.  Doane  makes  a  reconnaissance  from  fort 
Ellis.  Mont.,  to  Yellowstone  lake,  via  the  Gallatin  river " 

Act  of  Congress  approved  setting  apart  3575  square  miles  near 
the  headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  as  a  public  park. . .  1  Mch.  1872 


Military  expedition  under  capt.  Jones  proceeds  north   from 
Bryan  on  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  through  the  Wiud  River 

valley  and  the  Yellowstone  National  park  to  fort  Ellis 1873 

Gov.  William  Hale  d 13  Jan.  1885 

Two  hundred  miners  attack  400  Chinese,  imported  to  work  in 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  coal  mines,  and  drive  them  to  the 

hills,  massacring  many 2  Sept.     " 

Treaty  concluded  with  the  Shoshones  and  Bannacks  at  fort 

Bridger,  setting  apart  a  reservation  in  Wyoming 3  July,  1886 

Laramie  glass  company  inaugurate  the  first  window -glass 

factory  west  of  Illinois 6  Apr.  1887 

University  of  Wyoming  at  Laramie  chartered  1886;  corner- 
stone laid  27  Sept.  1886;  and  opened Sept.     " 

New  capitol  at  Cheyenne  occupied  by  the  legislature 1888 

Building  for  a  school  for  the  deaf  and  blind  at  Cheyenne  com- 
pleted      u 

Penitentiary,  to  bo  located  at  Rawlins,  provided  for  by  act  of 

legislature " 

Insane  asylum  at  Evanston  opened Apr  1889 

Constitutional  convention  as.sembles  at  Cheyenne,  3-30  Sept. ; 
constitution  submitted  to  the  people,  and  ratified  by  a  vote 

of  6272  for  to  1923  against Nov.     " 

Legislature  i)asses  the  Australian  Ballot  law 1890 

Wyoming  admitted  to  the  Union  by  act  of  Congress  approved, 

10  July,     " 
State  admitted  into  the  Union  by  proclamation  of  the  presi- 
dent  10  July,     " 

Francis  E.  Warren  inaugurated  first  governor  of  the  state  of 

Wyoming 14  Oct.     " 

First  state  legislature  convenes  at  Cheyenne 13  Nov.     " 

Forest  reservation  in  Wyoming  adjacent  to  Yellowstone  park  set 

apart  by  proclamation  of  pres.  Harrison,  30  Mch.  and  10  Sept.  1891 
Shoshone  and  Arapahoe  Indians  cede  to  the  U.  S.  1,000.000 

acres  of  land  at  55  cents  per  acre 16  Oct.     " 

Five  hundred  cowboys    set  out  to   exterminate   the  cattle 

thieves  in  Wyoming  and  Montana 10  Apr.  1892 

U.  S.  troops  called  out  to  suppress  the  cowboy  disturbance, 

13  Apr.     " 
All  persons  engaged  in  resisting  the  laws  and  processes  of  the 
U.  S.  courts  in  Wyoming  commanded  to  desist,  by  proclama- 
tion of  pres.  Harrison 30  July,     " 

TKRKITOKIAL  GOVKRNOItS. 

John  A.  Campbell assumes  office 

•John  M.  Thayer "  

John  M.  Hoy t "  

William  Hale "  

F.E.Warren "  

Thomas  Moonlight..; "  

F.E.Warren "  


1869 
1875 
1879 


1885 

.24  Jan.  1887 
1889 


STATK    GOVERNORS. 

F.  E.  Warren inaugunitod 14  Oct.  1890 

Amos  W.  Barber acting 1892 

John  E.  Osborne 1893-95 

William  A.  Richards 1895-99 


UNITED    STATES    SENATORS    FROM   THE   STATE   OF   WYOMING. 

Name. 

No.  of  Congress. 

Date. 

Remarks. 

Francis  E.  Warren. 
Joseph  M.  Carey. . . 
Vacant* 

52d.tO  53d 

52d    "    54th 

53d 

54th  " 

54th" 

1891  to  1893 
1891  "  1895 

1895  "  

1895  "  

F.  E.Warren 

C.D.Clark 

Term  expires  1901 
"       1899 

*  The  legislature  having  failed  to  elect  a  senator,  the  U.  S.  Senate  refused  to  seat 
the  appointee  of  the  governor. 

Wyoming,  Massacre  of.  A  Tory  leader  named  John 
Butler,  at  the  head  of  loyalists  and  Indians,  entered  the  beau- 
tiful Wyoming  valley,  in  Pennsylvania,  at  the  beginning  of 
Jul}-^,  1778.  Most  of  the  able-bodied  men  were  away  with  the 
army.  Col.  Zebulon  Butler  was  there,  and  he  rallied  what 
force  he  could  to  confront  the  invaders.  They  had  an  engage- 
ment a  little  above  Wilkesbarre  on  4  July.  The  Americans 
were  driven  back,  and  took  refuge  in  a  fort.  They  then  sur- 
rendered, with  promise  of  protection ;  but  before  sunset  the 
Indians,  thirsting  for  blood,  spread  over  the  valley,  set  fire  to 
dwellings,  and  murdered  many  of  the  inhabitants.  The  valley 
was  made  a  desolation  before  midnight.  This  massacre  is  the 
subject  of  Campbell's  poem,  "Gertrude  of  Wyoming,"  pub.  in 
1809.  Its  history  is  best  detailed  in  Charles  Miner's  "History 
of  Wyoming,"  Philadelphia,  1846.     Susquehanna  settlers. 


X,  the.24th  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  from  the  Greek 
to  the  Latin,  thence  to  the  English,  where  it  is  superfluous, 
smce  it  represents  no  sound  not  already  provided  for  by  other 
letters.     It  is  initial  only  in  a  few  words  borrowed  from  the 


Greek,  and  then  has  the  sound  of  z.  As  a  numeral  X  stands 
for  10,  it  being  a  double  (l)  5.  It  is  also  an  abbreviation  for 
Christ,  from  the  Greek  letter  X  (ch),  beginning  of  XpitrTog. 
Xn  is  also  written  for  Christian,  and  Xmas  for  Christmas. 


XAN 


949 


YAR 


Some  suppose  X  to  have  been  the  sign  seen  in  the  heavens  by  i 
the  emperor  Constantine. 

Xanthian  inarble§.     British  Museum. 

Xan'tllica,  a  military  festival  observed  by  the  Mace- 
donians in  the  month  called  Xanthicus  (April),  instituted  about 
392  B.C. 

Xail'tllUS,  an  ancient  city  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  was 
taken  by  Harpagus  for  Cyrus,  about  646  b.c.,  when  the  inhab-  | 
itants  buried  themselves  in  the  ruins.  It  was  besieged  by  the 
Romans  under  Brutus,  42  b.c.  After  a  great  struggle,  the  in- 
habitants set  fire  to  their  city,  destroyed  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren, and  perished.  The  conqueror  wished  to  spare  them,  and 
offered  rewards  to  his  soldiers  if  they  brought  any  of  the  Xan- 
thians  into  his  presence;  but  only  150  were  saved. — Plutarch. 
— A  river  of  Troas  in  Asia  Minor,  the  same  as  Scamander,  and 
according  to  Homer  called  Xanthus  by  the  gods  and  Scaman- 
der by  men. 

Xenophon.     Retreat  of  the  ten  thousand. 

Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  S.W.  Spain,  the  Asta  Re- 

(jia  of  the  Romans,  and  the  seat  of  the  wine-trade  in  Spain,  of 
which  the  principal  wine  is  that  so  well  known  as  Sherry, 
an  English  corruption  of  Xeres.  Xeres  is  a  handsome  and 
large  town,  of  great  antiquity.  At  the  battle  of  Xeres,  26 
July,  711,  Roderic,  the  last  Gothic  sovereign  of  Spain,  was  de- 


feated and  slain  by  the  Saracens,  commanded  by  Tarik  and 
Muza. 

Xerxe§'§  campaii^II.  Xerxes  crossed  the  Helles- 
pont by  a  bridge  of  boats,  and  eYitered  Greece  in  the  spring 
of  480  B.C.  with  an  army  which,  with  the  numerous  retinue  of 
servants,  eunuchs,  and  women  that  attended  it,  amounted 
(according  to  some  historians)  to  5,283,220  souls.  Herodotus 
states  the  armament  to  have  consisted  of  3000  sail,  conveying 
1,700,000  foot,  besides  cavalry  and  the  marines  and  attend- 
ants of  the  camp.  This  multitude  was  stopped  at  Tiikumop- 
YL^  by  the  valor  of  300  Spartans  under  Leonidas,  7-9  Aug. 
480  B.C.  The  fleet  of  Xerxes  was  defeated  at  Artemisium 
and  Salamis,  20  Oct.  480  b.c;  and  he  hastened  back  to 
Persia,  leaving  behind  Mardonius,  the  best  of  his  generals, 
who,  with  an  army  of  300,000  men,  was  defeated  and  slain  at 
Plat^a,  22  Sept.  479  b.c.  Xerxes  was  assassinated  by  Arta- 
banus,  465  b.c. 

Ximena,  S.  Spain,  the  site  of  a  battle  between  the 
Spanish  army  under  the  command  of  gen.  Ballasteros,  and 
the  French  corps  commanded  by  gen.  Regnier,  10  Sept.  1811. 
The  Spaniards  defeated  their  adversaries ;  the  loss  was  great 
on  both  sides. 

XylOtechnog^rapllica,  a  process  for  staining  wood 
various  colors,  invented  and  patented  by  A.  F.  Brophy ;  an- 
nounced early  in  1875. 


Y,  the  25th  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  coming  through 
the  Latin,  from  the  Greek  T  (upsilon).  In  A.  S.  it  is  always 
a  vowel,  but  in  modern  English  both  a  vowel  and  a  consonant. 
y  is  substituted  for^  in  numerous  A.  S.  words — as  year  for  gear^ 
day  for  daeg.  In  early  English  it  occurs  often  as  a  prefix  to 
the  perfect  participles  of  verbs,  representing  the  Ger.  and  A.  S. 
ge :  yclad,  clad ;  yclept,  called ;  ydrad,  dreaded.  In  all  of  these 
y  has  the  sound  of  e. 

yacht  (from  the  Y)\xtc\ijaght),  a  light  vessel  for  pleasure 
or  races.     Sailing. 

Yale  UIliver§ity.  Charter  for  a  college  at  New 
Haven  granted  by  the  General  court  9  Oct.  1701.  College  es- 
tablished at  Saybrook  "as  the  most  convenient  place  at  pres- 
ent." 

First  commencement  held  at  Saybrook 13  Sept.  1702 

College  removed  from  Saybrook  to  New  Haven 30  Oct.  1717 

First  commencement  at  New  Haven;  8  are  graduated.  A  mi- 
nority of  the  trustees,  wishing  to  locate  the  college  at  Weth- 
ersfield,  hold  a  commencement  there  at  the  same  time,  and 

graduate  5  others 12  Sept.  1718 

[Opposition  to  removing  the  books  of  the  college  library 
from  Saybrook  to  New  Haven;  about  250  valuable  books  and 
some  important  papers  were  scattered  and  lost.    The  opposi- 
tion soon  subsided.] 
College  receives  the  name  of  Yale  after  Elihu  Yale,  of  London, 

Engl 12  Sept.     " 

Elihu  Yale  dies  in  England 8  July,  1721 

[Ho  was  a  son  of  Thomas  Yale,  and  was  born  at  New  Ha- 
ven, 5  Apr.  1648.  His  father  settled  at  New  Haven  in  1638. 
He  sent  his  son  to  England  at  the  age  of  10  to  complete  his  ed- 
ucation. At  30  the  son  removed  to  India,  where  he  remained 
20  years,  married,  and  acquired  a  large  fortune,  was  made 
governor  of  the  East  India  company  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  His  donations  at  different  times  to  Yale  college 
amounted  in  all  to  about  $2000.  He  intended  to  give  the 
college  about  $2500  more,  but  died  before  completing  the  gift. 
"  Never  was  human  distinction  so  cheaply  purchased  as  that 
which  perpetuates  the  otherwise  almost  unknown  names  of 
John  Harvard  and  Elihu  Yale. '  '—Johnston's  ' '  Connecticut. "] 

Sheffield  Scientific  school  established 1847 

[According  to  the  catalogue  of  1892-93  the  number  of  stu- 
dents was  1969;  of  these  966  were  students  of  Yale  college, 
529  of  the  Sheffield  Scientific  school,  and  the  others  of  art, 
music,  divinity,  medicine,  and  law.  Commencement  occurs 
on  28  June,  and  the  first  term  begins  28  Sept.] 

presidents  of  YALE  COLLEGE  FROM  ITS  BEGINNING. 

Rev.  Abraham  Pierson 1701-1707 

"    Timothy  Cutler,  S.T.D 1719-1722 

"    Elisha  WiUiams 1726-1739 

"    Thomas  Clap 1739-1766 

"    Naphtali  Daggett,  S.T.D 1766-1777 

"    Ezra  Stiles,  S.T.D.,  LL.D 1777-1795 


Rev.  Timothy  Dwight,  S.T.D.,  LL.D 1795-1817 

"    Jeremiah  Day,  "  "      1817-1846 

' '    Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  D.  D. ,  LL.  D 1846-1871 

"    Noah  Porter,  "        "    1871-1886 

"    Timothy  Dwight,  "         "    1886- 

COLLEGES,  Libraries. 

Yankee,  from  "  Yangees,"  a  corruption  of  "English,"' 
the  name  originally  given  by  the  Massachusetts  Indians  to 
the  colonists ;,  applied  solely  to  New-Englanders  by  British 
soldiers  in  the  American  war  (1775-81) ;  afterwards  by  for- 
eigners to  all  natives  of  the  United  States;  and  latterly  by 
the  confederates  of  the  South  to  the  federals  of  the  North 
during  the  civil  war,  1861-65. 

"  Yankee  Doodle,"  a  popular  national  air  of  the 
United  States,  with  nothing  to  recommend  it  except  its  lively 
spirit.  Its  origin  is  involved  in  obscurity,  but  it  was  introduced 
by  the  British  troops  about  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and 
was  taken  up  by  the  Americans.  While  the  British  were  yet  in 
Boston  in  the  summer  of  1775  some  poet  among  them  wrote  a 
poem  in  derision  of  the  New  England  troops.  It  is  the  original 
"  Yankee  Doodle  "  song.  The  following  is  one  of  the  stanzas  i 
"And  captain  Davis  had  a  gun, 

He  kind  a  clapped  his  hand  on  't, 
And  stuck  a  crooked  stabbingiron 
Upon  the  little  end  on  't." 

yard,  the  fundamental  unit  of  English  long-measure — 
3  ft.  or  36  ins.  The  word  is  derived  from  the  Saxon  geard,  or 
gyrd,  a  rod  or  shoot,  or  from  gyrdan,  to  enclose,  being  anciently 
the  circumference  of  the  body,  until  Henry  I.  decreed  that  it 
should  be  the  length  of  his  arm  (doubtless  a  fable).  Stand- 
ard MEASURES. 

Yarmoiltll,  Oreat,  a  sea-port  of  Norfolk,  Engl.,  on 
the  North  sea,  was  a  royal  demesne  in  the  reign  of  William  I., 
as  appears  from  Domesday  book,  1086.  It  obtained  a  charter 
from  John,  and  one  from  Henry  III.  In  1348.  a  plague  here 
carried  oflf  7000  persons;  and  did  much  havoc  again  in  1579 
and  1664.     Pop.  1881,  46,767;  1891,  49,318. 

Theatre  built 1778 

Nelson's  pillar,  a  fluted  column  140  ft.  in  heipht.  erected 1817 

Suspension  chain  bridge  over  the  Bure,  built  by  R.  Cory,  at  an 
expense  of  about  4000/. ;  owing  to  the  weight  of  a  vast  num- 
ber of  persons  who  assembled  on  it  to  witness  an  exhibition 
on  the  water,  it  suddenly  gave  way,  and  79  lives  (mostly  chil- 
dren) were  lost 2  May,  1845 

Yarmouth  disfranchised  for  bribery  and  corruption  by  the  Re- 
form act .' Aug.  1867 

Yarrovir  or  Yarrow  water,  a  small  river  in  Sel- 


YAZ 


960 


YEO 


kirk  county,  Scotl^  made  familtAr  by  several  poems,  especially 
by  Wm.  Hamilton's  "The  Braes  of  Yarrow." 

•'SwTOl  smoll  ihP  birk,  fcrwn  grows,  green  grows  the  grass, 
Yellow  on  Yarrow  brai'S  Iho  gowau, 
Fair  bangs  thf  apple  Prao  tlio  rock. 
Sweet  is  the  wave  of  Yarrow  flowan." 
And  Wordsworth's  8  poems,  "Yarrow  Unvisited,"  "Visited," 
and  "  Kevisited."     The  following  2  stanzas  are  selected  from 
"  Yarrow  Unvisiteti,"  to  show  its  exquisite  beauty. 
"  "Oh,  green."  said  I,  'are  Yarrow's  hohns, 
And  sweet  is  Yarrow  flowing! 
Fair  hangs  the  apple  frae  the  rock, 
But  we  will  leave  it  growing.' " 

"The  swan  on  still  Saint  Mary's  Lake 
Floats  double,  swan  and  shadow! 
We  will  not  see  them,  will  not  go 
To-day,  nor  yet  to  morrow,"  etc. 

Yazoo  iipcCUlatioil§,  attempts  made  in  1789  and 
1794  to  obtain  large  grants  of  western  land  in  Georgia,  by  land 
companies  formed  in  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Georgia.  In 
1785  the  atate  erected  a  large  tract  of  land  on  the  Mississippi 
river  into  a  county  called  Bourbon,  over  which  were  appointed 
civil  and  judicial  officers.  The  intervention  of  Spanish  claim- 
ants and  settlers  caused  the  repeal  of  this  act  in  1788,  but  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  3  large  land  companies,  who  secured 
from  the  legislature  grants  of  15,500,000  acres,  for  which  they 
pr«i|>osed  to  pay  $207,580.  Within  9  daj's  of  its  presentation 
a  bill  was  passed  and  signed  by  the  governor  of  Georgia,  21 
Dec.  1789,  but  the  sale  was  never  completed.  In  1794  new 
proposals  were  made  to  the  legislature,  and  after  considerable 
opposition  a  bill  was  passed  7  Jan.  1795,  and  grants  of  land 
were  made  to  "  the  Georgia,"  "  the  Georgia  Mississippi,"  "  the 
Upper  Mis.sis.sippi,"  and  "  the  Tennessee  "  companies,  by  which 
they  obtained  some  35,000,000  acres,  at  about  IJ  cents  per 
acre.  The  people,  aroused,  remonstrated  against  the  injustice, 
and  at  the  next  election  nearly  every  member  of  the  legislature 
was  pledged  to  vote  for  repeal,  gen.  James  Jackson  resigning 
his  seat  in  the  U.  S.  Senate  to  work  against  the  obnoxious  act 
in  the  legislature.  Largelj'^  through  his  efforts  the  Rescinding 
act  was  passed,  the  governor  concurring,  13  Feb.  1796.  By  this 
act  the  enrolled  bill  and  usurped  act  of  7  Jan.  1795  were  pub- 
licly and  solemnly  burned  in  the  square  before  the  State-house 
in  l.^uisville.  As  some  of  the  land  thus  fraudulently  obtained 
had  been  disposed  of  to  companies  in  New  England  and  else- 
where, the  Rescinding  act  led  to  numerous  lawsuits,  which  were 
not  entirely  settled  until  a  final  disposition  of  the  whole  subject 
was  made  by  the  U.  S.  Congress  in  1814,  Georgia  having  in 
1802  ceded  most  of  her  western  territory  to  the  U.  S. 

year,  time  of  the  earth's  revolution  around  the  sun ;  A.  S. 
gear.     The  Egyptians,  it  is  said,  were  the  first  who  fixed  the 
length  of  the  year. 
Roman  year  introduced  by  Romulus,  738  b.c.  ;  corrected  by  Numa, 

713  B.c. ;  and  again  by  Julius  Csesar,  4.5  B.C. 
Solar  or  astronomical  year  was  estimated  to  comprise  365  days, 
5  hours,  48  minutes,  51  seconds,  and  6  decimals,  265  B.C.,  being 
about  3  seconds  more  than  the  present  estimate. 
Lunar  year  (12  lunar  months,  or  354  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes) 
was  in  use  among  the  Chaldseans,  Persians,  and  Jews.     Once  in 
every  3  years  was  added  another  lunar  month,  to  make  the  solar 
and  the  lunar  year  nearly  agree.     But,  though  the  months  Were 
lunar,  the  year  was  solar;  that  is,  the  first  month  was  of  30  days, 
and  the  second  of  29,  and  so  alternately:  and  the  month  added 
triennially  was  called  the  second  Adar.    The  Jews  afterwards  fol- 
lowed the  Roman  manner  of  computation. 
Sidereal  year,  or  the  sun's  return  to  the  same  star,  is  365  days,  6 

hours.  9  minutes,  9.6  seconds. 
The  Jews  dated  the  beginning  of  the  sacred  year  in  Mch.,and  civil 
year  in  Sept. ;  the  Athenians  began  the  year  in  June;  the  Mace- 
donians on  24  Sept. ;  the  Christians  of  Egypt  and  Ethiopia  on  29 
or  30  Aug. ;  and  the  Persians  and  Armenians  on  11  Aug.    Nearly 
all  Christian  nations  now  commence  the  year  on  1  Jan. 
In  France,  the  Merovingian  kings  began  the  year  with  Mch. ;  the 
Carlovingians  sometimes  began  the  year  with  Christmas,  25  Dec. ; 
and  sometimes  with  Easter,  which,  being  a  movable  feast,  led  to 
much  confusion. 
Charles  IX.  of  France,  in  1564,  published  an  arrSt,  the  last  article  of 
which  ordered  that  the  year  be  constantly  and  universally  begun 
and  written  on  and  from  1  .Ian. 
The  beginning  of  the  year  has  been  reckoned  from  the  day  celebrat- 
mg  the  birth  of  Christ,  25  Dec. ;  his  circumcision,  1  Jan. ;  his  con- 
ception, 25  Mch. ;  and  his  resurrection.  Easter. 
The  English  began  their  year  on  25  Dec.  until  the  time  of  William 
the  Conqueror.     This  prince,  having  been  crowned  on  1  Jan., 
gave  occasion  to  the  English  to  begin  their  year  at  that  time,  to 
make  it  agree  with  the  then  most  remarkable  period  of  their  his- 
tory.—Stow.    Until  the  act  for  altering  the  Style,  in  1752,  when 
the  year  was  ordered  to  begin  on  1  Jan.,  it  did  not  legally  and 


generally  commence  in  England  until  25  Mch.  In  Scotland,  at 
that  period,  the  year  began  on  1  Jan.  This  difference  caused  great 
practical  inconveniences;  and  Jan.,  Feb.,  and  part  of  Mch.  some- 
times bore  2  dates,  as  it  is  often  found  in  old  records,  1745-1746,  or 
1745-6,  or  174*/6.  Such  a  reckoning  often  led  to  chronological  mis- 
takes; for  instance,  it  is  popular  to  say  the  "  revolution  of  1688," 
as  that  event  was  completed  in  Feb.  1688,  according  to  the  then 
mode  of  computation;  but  if  the  year  were  held  to  begin,  as  it 
does  now,  on  1  Jan.,  it  would  be  the  revolution  of  1689. 

The  year  in  the  northern  regions  of  Siberia  and  Lapland  is  described 
in  the  following  calendar,  given  by  a  traveller:  "23  June,  snow 
melts.  1  July,  snow  gone.  9  July,  fields  quite  green.  17  July, 
plants  at  full  growth.  25  July,  plants  in  flower.  2  Aug.,  fruits 
ripe.  10  Aug.,  plants  shed  their  seed.  18  Aug.,  snow."  The 
snow  continues  upon  the  ground  from  18  Aug.  of  one  year  to  23 
June  of  the  year  following,  being  309  days  out  of  365;  so  that 
while  the  3  seasons  of  spring,  summer,  and  autumn  are  together 
only  56  days,  or  8  weeks,  the  winter  is  of  44  weeks'  duration  iu 
these  countries. 

Year  of  our  Lord.    Year  of  grace.     Anno  Domini  (a.d.). 

Year  and  a  day.  A  space  of  time  in  law,  and  in  many  cases  estab- 
lishes and  flxes  a  right;  as  in  an  estray,  on  proclamation,  if  the 
owner  does  not  claim  it  within  the  time,  it  is  forfeited.  The  term 
arose  in  the  Norman  law,  which  enacted  that  a  beast  found  on 
land,  if  unclaimed  for  a  year  and  a  day,  belonged  to  the  lord  of 
the  soil.     It  is  otherwise  a  legal  space  of  time. 

Calendar,  Epact,  French  revolutionary  calendar,  Mahometan 
YEAR,  New  style,  Planets,  Sabbatical  year.  Sidereal  time, 
etc. 

yea§t,  a  substance  causing  fermentation.  It  was  discov- 
ered by  both  Cagniard  de  la  Tour  and  Schwann,  in  1836,  to  be 
a  vegetable  cell  or  fungus. 

yellow-fever,  an  American  pestilence,  made  its  ap- 
pearance at  Philadelphia,  where  it  committed  great  ravages, 
1699.  It  appeared  in  several  islands  of  the  West  Indies  in 
1732,  1739,  and  1745.  It  raged  with  unparalleled  violence  at 
Philadelphia  in  Oct.  1762 ;  and  most  awfully  at  New  York  in 
the  beginning  of  Aug.  1791.  This  fever  again  spread  great 
devastation  at  Philadelphia  in  July,  1793,  carrying  off  several 
thousand  persons. — Hardie.  It  again  appeared  in  Oct.  1797; 
and  spread  its  ravages  over  the  northern  coast  of  America, 
Sept.  1798.  It  reappeared  at  Philadelphia  in  the  summer  of 
1802;  and  broke  out  in  Spain,  in  Sept.  1803.  The  yellow- 
fever  was  ver}'  violent  at  Gibraltar  in  1804  and  1814 ;  in  the 
Mauritius,  July,  1815;  at  Antigua,  in  Sept.  1816  ;  and  it  raged 
with  dreadful  consequences  at  Cadiz  and  the  isle  of  St.  Leon 
in  Sept.  1819.  A  malignant  fever  raged  at  Gibraltar  in  Sept. 
1828,  and  did  not  terminate  until  the  following  year.  Yellow- 
fever  ravaged  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth,  Va.,  in  1855 ;  Wil- 
mington, N.  C.,  in  1862;  and  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1876.  It  has 
been  epidemic  at  New  Orleans  many  times. 


YELLOW-B^EVER  IN   NEW  OKLEANS. 


1847. 
1853. 
1855. 


No.  of 
deaths. 
.  2350 
.  7848 
.  2670 


Year. 
1858. 
1867. 
1868. 


No.  of 
deaths. 
.  4845 
,  3107 
.  3977 


Memphis  was  almost  depopulated  by  this  scourge  in  1878-79. 
During  1878  there  were  5160  deaths  there  from  the  fever; 
and  during  1879,  although  the  population  was  reduced  to  18,- 
500,  there  were  1532  cases  and  485  deaths.  The  fever  ap- 
peared as  an  epidemic  in  New  Orleans,  12  July,  1878,  and 
spread  rapidly  to  interior  towns,  some  of  which  were  depopu- 
lated. The  total  number  of  cases  in  the  United  States  during 
1878  was  65,976,  with  14,809  deaths.  The  first  case  in  1879 
was  reported  5  July ;  first  case  in  Memphis,  8  July. 

Yellowstone  IVational  park  covers  an  area 
of  3575  square  miles,  most  of  it  in  northwestern  Wyoming. 
Set  apart  and  to  be  known  as  the  "Yellowstone  National 
park,"  by  act  of  Congress,  1  Mch.  1872. 

"  Yeoman  of  the  Guard  "  {yo-man),  an  opera, 
by  Arthur  S.  Sullivan,  1888.     Music. 

Yeomen  of  the  Ouard  (yomen),  a  peculiar  body 
of  foot  guards  to  the  king's  person,  instituted  at  the  coronation 
of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  30  Oct.  1485,  which  originally 
consisted  of  50  men  under  a  captain.  They  were  called  beef- 
eaters, a  corruption  of  buffetiers,  being  attendants  on  the  king's 
buffet  or  sideboard.  Battlk-axe.  They  were  of  a  larger 
stature  than  other  guards,  being  required  to  be  over  6  feet  in 
height,  and  were  armed  with  arquebuses  and  other  arms. 
The  band  was  increased  by  Henry's  successors  to  100  men, 
and  70  supernumeraries;  and  when  one  of  the  hundred  died 
it  was  ordered  that  his  place  should  be  supplied  out  of  the  70. 
They  were  clad  after  the  manner  of  king  Henry  VIII. — Ash- 


YEW 


951 


■mole's  "  Instit."  This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  permanent 
military  band  instituted  in  England.  John,  earl  of  Oxford, 
was  the  first  captain  in  1486. — Beatson's  "  Pol.  Index." 

yew-tree  (Taxus).  The  reason  for  planting  yew-trees 
in  church-yards  was  (these  being  fenced)  to  secure  the  trees 
from  cattle,  and  preserve  them  for  the  encouragement  of  arch- 
erv.  A  general  plantation  of  them  for  the  use  of  archers  was 
ordered  by  Richard  III.,  14B3.—Stow's  "  Chron."  Near  Foun- 
tains Abbey,  Yorkshire,  were  7  yew-trees,  called  the  Seven 
Sisters,  supposed  to  have  been  planted  before  1088 ;  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  largest  was  34  feet  7  inches  round  the  trunk. 
In  1851  a  yew-tree  was  said  to  be  growing  in  the  church-yard 
of  (iresford,  North  Wales,  whose  circumference  was  27  feet  9 
inches,  being  the  largest  and  oldest  yew-tree  in  the  British 
dominions;  but  tradition  regards  some  yews  in  England  as 
older  than  the  introduction  of  Christianity.  The  old  yew-tree 
mentioned  in  the  survey  taken  of  Richmond  palace,  in  1649, 
is  said  to  be  still  standing. 

Yezdegird',  or  Per§ian  era,  was  formerly  uni- 
versally adopted  in  Persia,  and  is  still  used  by  the  Parsees  in 
India,  and  by  the  Arabs,  in  certain  computations.  This  era 
began  on  26  June,  632,  when  Yezdegird  was  elected  king  of 
Persia.  The  year  consisted  of  365  days  only,  and  therefore  its 
■commencement,  like  that  of  the  old  Egyptian  and  Armenian 
year,  anticipated  the  Julian  year  by  1  day  in  every  4  years. 
This  difference  amounted  to  nearly  112  days  in  the  year  1075, 
when  it  was  reformed  by  Jelaledin,  who  ordered  that  in  future 
the  Persian  year  should  receive  an  additional  day  whenever 
necessary  to  postpone  the  commencement  of  the  following 
year,  that  it  might  occur  on  the  day  of  the  sun's  passing  the 
same  degree  of  the  ecliptic. 

Yggdraiil  (ig'dra-sU),  in  Scandinavian  mythology,  the 
world-tree  or  askr  yggdi-asil,  ash-tree  of  existence.  The  name  is 
derived  from  Odin's  name  Yggi'  (the  deep  thinker),  and  drasil 
=z carrier — it  therefore  means  the  Bearer  or  Manifestor  of  God. 
It  includes  in  unity  Heaven,  Earth,  and  Hell;  its  branches 
extend  through  all  the  world  and  beyond  heaven ;  its  3  roots 
centre  in  Heaven,  Earth,  and  Hell.  Its  heavenly  root  is  termed 
Urdu?';  its  earthly  root,  il/i»«r ;  and  that  in  Hell,  Hoergelmir. 
Tlie  conception  of  this  tree  is  one  of  the  boldest  and  most  phil- 
osophic in  Scandinavian  mythology.  All  things  owe  their  life, 
tlioughts,  feelings,  in  fact  everything,  to  the  sustenance  derived 
from  it.  It  seems  to  be  a  crude  conception  of  the  Tree  of  Life 
of  the  Bible,  the  leaves  of  which  "  were  for  the  healing  of  the 
nations." 

yoRe  is  spoken  of  as  a  type  of  servitude.  The  ceremony 
of  making  prisoners  pass  under  it  was  practised  by  the  Sam- 
nites  towards  the  Romans,  321  b.c.  Caudine  forks.  This 
disgrace  was  afterwards  inflicted  by  the  Romans  upon  their 
vanquished  enemies. — Dufresnoy. 

Yokohama.     Japan. 

York,  in  the  N.  of  England,  a  town  of  the  Brigantes, 
named  Evrauc,  settled  by  the  Romans  during  the  second  cam- 
paign of  Agricola,  about  79,  and  named  Eboracum  or  Eburacum; 
it  became  the  metropolis  of  the  north.     Pop.  1891,  66,984. 

Emperor  Severiis  dies  here 4  Feb.    211 

Here  Constantius  Chlorus  dies,  and  his  son  Constantine  the 

Great  proclaimed  emperor 25  July,    30(5 

Abbey  of  St.  Mary's  founded  by  Siward  the  Dane 1050 

York  burned  by  the  Danes,  allies  of  Edgar  Atheling,  and  all 

the  Normans  slain 1069 

•City  and  many  churches  destroyed  by  fire 3  June,  1137 

Massacre  and  suicide  of  many  Jews 1190 

York  receives  its  charter  from  Richard  II.,  and  the  mayor  is 

made  a  lord 1389 

<iuildhall  erected 144(5 

Richard  III.  crowned  again  here 8  Sept.  1483 

€astle  built  by  Richard  III.,  1484,  and  rebuilt  as  a  jail 1741 

DUKES. 

1385.  Edmund  Plantagenet  (5th  son  of  king  Edward  III.);  created 
duke,  6  Aug. ;  d.  1402. 

1406.  Edward  (his  son)  was  degraded  by  Henry  lY.  in  1399,  but  re- 
stored in  1414;  killed  at  Agincourt,  1415;  succeeded  by  his 
nephew, 

1415.  Richard  (son  of  Richard,  earl  of  Cambridge,  who  was  beheaded 
for  treason  in  Ul.'j);  became  regent  of  France  in  1435; 
quelled  the  rebellion  in  Ireland  in  1449;  claimed  the  throne, 
and  was  appointed  protector  in  1454;  his  office  was  annulled; 
he  began  the  civil  war  in  1455,  and  was  slain  after  his  defeat 
at  Wakefield  in  1460. 

1460    Edward  (his  son),  afterwards  king  Edward  IV. 


YOU 

1474.  Richard  (his  second  son),  said  to  have  been  murdered  in  the 

Tower,  1483. 
1494.  Henry  Tudor,  afterwards  Henry  VIII. 
1605.  Charles  Stuart,  afterwards  Charles  I. 
1892.  Prince  George  of  Wales. 

DUKES  OF  YORK  AND  ALBANY. 

1643.  James  Stuart  (second  son  of  Charles  I.),  afterwards  James  II. 
1716.  Ernest  (brother  of  George  I.);  d.  1728. 
1760.   Edward  (brother  of  George  III.);  d.  1767. 
1784.  Frederic  (son  of  George  III.),  b.  16  Aug.  1763. 

York.     Toronto. 

York,  Archbishopric  of.  The  most  ancient  metropolitan 
see  in  England,  erected,  it  is  said,  by  king  Lucius  about  180, 
when  Christianity  was  first  partly  established  in  England.  The 
bishop  Eborius  was  present  at  the  council  of  Aries,  314.  The 
see  was  overturned  by  the  Saxons,  and  was  revived  by  pope 
Gregory  on  their  conversion,  and  Paulinus  is  said  to  have 
been  consecrated  archbishop,  21  July,  625.  York  and  Durham 
were  long  the  only  two  sees  in  the  north  of  England,  until 
Henry  I.  erected  a  bishopric  at  Carlisle,  and  Henry  VIII.  an- 
other at  Chester.  York  was  the  metropolitan  see  of  the  Scot- 
tish bishops ;  but  during  the  time  of  archbishop  Nevil,  1464, 
they  withdrew  their  obedience,  and  had  archbishops  of  their 
own.  Much  dispute  arose  between  the  two  English  metro- 
politans about  precedency,  as  pope  Gregory's  institutions  were 
thought  to  mean  that  whichever  was  first  confirmed  should  be 
superior ;  appeal  was  made  to  the  court  of  Rome  by  both  par- 
ties, and  it  was  determined  in  favor  of  Canterbury.  The 
archbishop  of  York  is  styled  primate  of  England,  while  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  is  primate  of  all  England.  The 
province  of  York  now  contains  the  dioceses  of  York,  Carlisle, 
Chester,  Durham,  Sodor  and  Man,  Manchester,  and  Ripon. 
York  has  yielded  to  the  church  of  Rome  8  saints  and  3  cardi- 
nals, and  to  England  12  lord-chancellors,  2  lord-treasurers,  and 
2  lord-presidents  of  the  north. 

York  and  L<anea§ter,  Wars  of.    Roses. 

York  IIim§ter  (dedicated  to  St.  Peter).  The  first 
Christian  church  erected  here,  which  appears  to  have  been 
preceded  by  a  Roman  temple,  was  built  of  wood  by  Edwin, 
king  of  Northumbria,  about  625,  and  of  stone  about  635.  It 
was  damaged  by  fire  in  741,  and  was  rebuilt  by  archbishop 
Albert  about  780.  It  was  again  destroyed  by  fire  in  the  year 
1069,  and  rebuilt  by  archbishop  Thomas  of  Bayeux.  It  was 
once  more  burned  down  in  1137,  with  St.  Mary's  abbey  and  39 
parish  churches  in  York.  Archbishop  Roger  built  the  choir, 
1154-81 ;  Walter  Gray  added  the  south  transept  in  1227 ;  John 
de  Romayne,  the  treasurer  of  the  cathedral,  built  the  north 
transept  in  1260.  His  son,  archbishop  Romanus,  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  nave  in  1291.  In  1330,  William  de  Melton 
built  the  2  western  towers,  which  were  finished  by  John  de 
Birmingham  in  1342.  Archbishop  Thoresby,  in  1361,  began 
to  rebuild  the  choir  in  accordance  with  the  magnificence  of 
the  nave,  and  he  also  rebuilt  the  lantern-tower.  The  minster 
was  set  on  fire  by  Jonathan  Martin,  a  lunatic,  and  the  roof  of 
the  choir  and  its  internal  fittings  destroyed,  2  Feb.  1829;  the 
damage,  estimated  at  60,000^.,  was  repaired  in  1832  under  sir 
Robert  Smirke.  An  accidental  fire  broke  out,  and  in  one  hour 
reduced  the  belfry  to  a  shell,  destroyed  the  roof  of  the  nave, 
and  much  damaged  the  edifice,  20  May,  1840.  This  was  re- 
stored by  Sidney  Smirke,  at  a  cost  of  23,000/.,  1841. 

YorktO^wn,  Va.    Virginia,  1781-1881 ;  Peninsular 

CAMPAIGN. 

Yo§eillite  Qyo-sem'l-te)  valley  (from  an  Indian  word 
signifying  "grizzly  bear"),  in  Mariposa  county,  Cal.,  which 
Congress  granted  to  California  in  1864  to  be  pre.served  as  a  state 
park.  This  valley  is  situated  in  the  Sierra  mountains  at  an  ele- 
vation of  4000  feet.  It  is  about  20  miles  long  and  10  wide,  and 
contains  about  36,000  acres.  This  valley  presents  more  grand 
ana  beautiful  scenery  than  is  found  in  any  like  area  in  the 
world.  Here  are  found  the  world-renowned  "  El  Capitan," 
"Cathedral  Rock,"  the  "Three  Brothers,"  the  "Sentinel," 
the  "Dome,"  the  "Half  Dome,"  the  "Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Yosemite  falls,"  the  "Bridal  Veil,"  "Mirror  Lake," 
etc.,  etc. 

Yoiin;;    I9Ien'§    Christian    associations. 

The  parent  English-speaking  association  was  organized  at  Lon- 
don by  George  Williams,  6  June,  1844.     In  1891  there  were 


YOU 


952 


ZEL 


in  the  world  4151  aasociations,  as  follows:  United  States, 
1305;  Canada,  80;  Great  Britain,  614;  Germany,  800;  scat- 
tered, 1852.  Total  membership  of  the  American  associations, 
235^. 

IfmiUreiil  assoolation  organised 9  Dec.  1851 

Boaton  association  organized 29  Dec.     " 

Ftrai  international  couveiitioii  or  associations  of  the  U.  S.  and 

British  provinces  lield  at  liuflulo,  NY 7  June,  1864 

First  world's  conforouce  convenes  in  Paris 19  Aug.  1865 

l'nite<l  States  CJiristian  Commission  organized  at  a  convention 

of  Voung  Men's  Christian  nssm-iations  in  New  Yorlc.  1(5  Nov.  1861 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  (international)  organ- 
ized   188C 

Youiifc  People'!  soeleliei  of  Cliri§tian 
Endeavor  are  local  church  societies  of  young  people,  to 
promote  earnest  Christian  life  among  their  members.  The 
first  society  was  organized  in  the  Williston  Congregational 
church,  Rev.  F.  E.  Clark,  pastor,  Portland,  Me.,  2  Feb.  1881. 
The  10th  international  convention  of  Christian  Endeavor 
societies  met  in  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  9  July,  1891,  at  which 
time  the  report  showed  16,274  local  societies  and  1,008,980 
members  in  30  denominations,  with  370  societies  in  foreign 


countries.     The  United  Society,  simply  a  bureau  of  general 
information,  is  located  in  Boston,  Mass, 

yt'trilini,  a  rare  metal.  The  earth  yttria  was  discov- 
ered by  prof.  Gadolin  in  a  mineral  at  Ytterby,  in  Sweden,  1794. 
The  metal  was  first  obtained  by  Wohler  in  1828.  It  is  of  a 
dark-gray  color,  and  brittle. 

Yucatan',  a  peninsular  state  of  Central  America,  dis- 
covered by  Francis  Fernandez  Cordova,  1517;  conquered  by 
Bernal  Diaz,  1522.  It  is  under  the  Mexican  government. 
For  its  ancient  cities,  Amekica,  Copan,  Mitla,  PAi.iiNQUK^ 
U-XMAL,  etc.     Area,  85,203  sq.  miles;  pop.  1890,  329,621. 

"  YvetOt  {ev-to')  Roi  d'L.e"  ("The  King  of  Yve- 
tot"),  a  song  of  Beranger  which  appeared  in  1813  and  passed 
into  literature  as  a  type  of  the  "  roi  bon  enfant." 

Yvres,  now  Ivry  (e-vree'),  a  town  of  N.W.  France, 
where  a  battle  was  fought,  14  Mch.  1590,  between  Henry  IV. 
of  France,  aided  by  his  chief  nobility,  and  the  generals  of  the 
Catholic  League,  over  whom  the  king  obtained  a  complete 
victory. 


Z,  a  consonant  and  the  26th  and  last  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet.  This  letter  is  from  the  Latin,  thence  from  the 
Greek.  It  was  formerly  called  izzard  and  zed — izzard,  prob- 
ably, from  »,  hard. —  Webster. 

Zag^ab',  a  city  of  Hungary.  Here  Andrew  II.  defeated 
the  invader  Charles  Martel,  to  whom  the  pope  had  assigned 
his  crown,  1292. 

Zah'ringen,  Baden,  the  seat  of  dukes,  ancestors  of 
the  grand-dukes  of  Baden,  descended  from  Herman  I.,  mar- 
grave, 1074.     Baden. 

Zama,  a  town  near  ancient  Carthage,  celebrated  for  the 
victory  gained  there,  202  b.c.,  by  Scipio  (who  for  this  victory 
was  called  Africanus)  over  Hannibal.  The  success  of  Scipio, 
whom  the  Romans  had  sent  into  Africa,  and,  latterly,  the  ill- 
success  of  Hannibal  in  Italy,  determined  the  Carthagenians  to 
recall  him  to  defend  their  city  and  territory.  The  armies  of 
the  two  generals,  according  to  Arnold,  were  about  equal,  and 
the  battle  was  fought  with  the  determination  that  might  be 
expected  of  veteran  troops  under  such  commanders;  but  sev- 
eral manoeuvres  of  Hannibal  failed  in  execution,  of  which 
advantage  was  taken  by  Scipio.  As  a  result  the  Carthage- 
nians sustained  such  a  defeat  that  they  were  obliged  to  submit 
to  the  following  terms:  "To  make  amends  for  the  injuries 
done  to  the  Romans  during  the  truce;  to  restore  all  prisoners 
and  de.serters;  to  give  up  all  their  ships  of  war  except  10,  and 
all  their  elephants;  to  engage  in  no  wars  without  the  consent 
of  the  Romans;  to  restore  to  the  Numidian  prince  Masinissa 
(ally  of  the  Romans)  all  possessions  belonging  to  him ;  to  feed 
the  Roman  army  3  months,  and  pay  it  until  it  should  be  re- 
called home;  to  pay  a  contribution  of  10,000  Euboic  talents, 
at  the  rate  of  200  talents  a  year,  for  50  years ;  and  to  give  100 
hostages,  between  the  ages  of  14  and  30,  to  be  selected  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  Roman  general."— .4  mold.  These  terms  virtu- 
ally annihilated  the  power  of  the  Carthagenians;  and  their 
record  from  this  time  is  but  a  mournful  page  of  history. 

Zambe'zi,  a  river  of  E.  Africa,  explored  by  Livingstone 
1851-56,  1858-64.  His  book  published  Nov.  1865.  British 
Zambezia  or  British  Central  Africa  includes  the  whole  region 
between  the  northern  boundaries  of  the  South  African  Republic 
and  the  southern  boundaries  of  the  Congo  Free  State,  and  hav- 
ing for  its  eastern  and  western  boundaries  the  Portuguese  and 
German  spheres.  Boundaries  defined  with  Germany  1890,  and 
with  Portugal  1891. 

A  royal  charter  granted  the  British  South  Africa  company,  29  Oct.  1889 
(Object  of  the  company  to  encourage  emigration  a'nd  colo- 
nization, promote  trade  and  commerce,  and  develop  the 

mines,  etc.,  of  the  most  of  this  territory.] 
Nyassaland,  the  district  to  the  west  of  lalce  Nyassa,  proclaimed 

under  the  protectorate  of  Great  Britain 14  May,  1891 

[Total  area  of  the  sphere  of  British  influence  in  this  part 

of  Africa  exceeds  500,000  sq.  miles.] 


Agreement  between  Great  Britain  and  Portugal  respecting  the 
navigation  of  the  Zambezi  river,  of  which  Portugal  controls 
the  mouth  and  several  hundred  miles  inland 19  Mch.  1892- 

Zamo'ra,  a  town  of  Spain.  Here  Alphonso  the  Great 
defeated  the  Moors  in  901. 

Zanzaleen§'.  This  sect  rose  in  Syria,  under  Zanza- . 
lee,  535;  he  taught  that  water  baptism  is  of  no  efficacy,  and 
that  it  is  necessary  to  be  baptized  by  fire,  with  the  application 
of  a  red-hot  iron.     This  sect  was  at  one  time  very  numerous. 

Zanzibar'  or  Zang-uebar',  an  island  east  of 

Africa,  metropolis  of  the  possessions  of  the  imaum  of  Muscat., 
and  chief  market  for  ivory,  gum,  coral,  and  cloves,  and  also 
for  slaves.  At  the  death  of  the  seyyid  (or  lord),  miscalled 
"imaum"  and  "sultan"  of  Mii.scat,  f856,  his  dominions  were 
divided  between  his  son.s.  Muscat.  Majid  obtained  Zanzi- 
bar, after  a  contest  with  his  brother,  Barghash  Seyyid,  who 
however,  succeeded  at  his  death,  7  Oct.  1870.  An  expedition 
for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the  slave-trade  was  sent  to  Zan- 
zibar, under  the  command  of  sir  Bartle  Frere,  20  Nov.  1872; 
arrived  about  12  Jan.  1873.  After  some  delay  and  negotiation 
by  dr.  Kirke,  a  treaty  was  signed  abolishing  the  trade,  5  June, 
1873.  The  contract  for  the  mail  to  Zanzibar  was  censured  as 
too  expensive  in  July,  1873,  and  altered.  The  seyyid  Barg- 
hash visited  England  in  1875 ;  arrived,  9  June  ;  received  by  the- 
queen,  21  June  ;  received  freedom  of  London,  12  July  ;  sailed 
for  France,  15  July.  He  decreed  confiscation  of  slaves  brought 
to  Zanzibar,  18  Apr.  1876.  The  sultan  ceded  to  the  Imperial 
British  East  Africa  company  in  1888,  a  second  cession  in  1889,. 
and  finally  a  third  in  1891,  territory  extending  along  the 
Zanzibar  coast  400  miles,  in  perpetuity,  for  which  he  receives- 
an  annual  payment  of  16,000/.  This  territory  is  now  known 
as  Ibea,  formed  of  the  initial  letters  of  the  company's  name. 
Anglo-Fkench,  Gekman,  etc.,  agkeements. 

ze,  ZOW,  Ziere§,  for  ye,  you,  and  yours.  The  letter 
z  was  retained  in  Scotland  and  was  commonly  written  for  the 
letter  y  so  late  as  the  reign  of  queen  Mary,  up  to  which  period 
many  books  in  the  Scottish  language  were  printed  in  Edin- 
burgh with  these  words. 

Zealand,  one  of  the  13  provinces  which  formed  the 
league  of  Utrecht,  1579.     Holland,  New  Zealand. 

Ze'la,  a  city  of  N.E.  Asia  Minor,  where  Julius  Caesar  de- 
feated Pharnaces,  king  of  Pontus,  son  of  Mithridates.  Caesar, 
in  announcing  his  victorj^,  sent  his  famous  despatch  to  the 
senate  of  Rome,  in  these  words,  Vejii,  vidi,  ri«— "  I  came,  I 
saw,  I  conquered"  (perhaps  the  shortest  despatch  on  record). 
This  battle  ended  the  war;  Pharnaces  escaped  into  Bosporus, 
where  he  was  slain  by  his  lieutenant,  Asander ;  Pontus  wa* 
made  a  Roman  province,  and  Bosporus  given  to  Mithridates^ 
of  Pergamus,  47  b.c. 


ZEN 


953 


ZUL 


Zeildave^ta  (zen-dd-ves'td),  ancient  sacred  books  of 
the  ParseeSjOf  which  3  out  of  21  are  extant.  The  age  of  these 
books  is  much  disputed.  Prof.  Max  Muller  says  that  the  MSS. 
had  been  preserved  by  the  Parsee  priests  at  Bombay,  where  a 
colony  of  tire-worshippers  had  fled  in  the  10th  century.  An- 
quetil  Duperron's  French  translation,  from  a  modern  Persian 
version,  was  pub.  in  1771 ;  edition  by  Eugene  Burnouf,  1829-43. 

Zenker's  trial.     New  York,  1734. 

Zeno.     Philosophy. 

Zenobia,  Queen  of  the  East.     Palmyra. 

Zeilta,  Hungary,  the  scene  of  a  battle  where  the  Aus- 
trians,  under  prince  Eugene,  defeated  the  Turks,  11  Sept.  1697. 
This  victory  led  to  the  peace  of  Carlowitz,  ratified  Jan.  1699. 

ZetU'ltium.  After  defeating  Samuel,  king  of  Bulgaria, 
here,  29  July,  1014,  the  emperor  Basil  II.  blinded  his  15,000 
prisoners,  except  one  in  a  hundred,  to  whom  he  left  one  eye. 
The  king  died  of  grief. 

zinc,  the  ore  of  zinc,  calamine  or  spelter,  known  to  the 
Greeks,  who  used  it  in  the  manufacture  of  brass.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  known  in  China  also,  and  is  noticed  by  European 
writers  as  early  as  1231;  though  the  method  of  extracting  it 
from  the  ore  was  unknown  for  nearly  500  years  after.  The 
metal  zinc  is  mentioned  by  Paracelsus  (d.  1541).  A  mine  of 
zinc  was  discovered  on  lord  Ribblesdale's  estate.  Craven,  York- 
shire, in  1809.  Zincography  was  introduced  in  London  shortly 
after  lithography  became  known  in  England,  in  1817.  Li- 
thography. Zinc  is  much  used  in  voltaic  batteries,  and  its 
application  in  manufactures  has  greatly  increased  of  late  years. 
Photozincography,  under  Photography. 

Zirco'niuill,  the  metallic  base  of  the  earth  zirconia, 
discovered  by  Klaproth  in  1789 ;  from  this  Berzelius  obtained 
the  metal  in  1824.  Zirconia  is  found  in  the  sand  of  the  rivers 
of  Ceylon.     The  metal  is  a  black  powder. 

Zoarite§  or  Society  of  Separati§t§,  origi- 
nated among  dissenters  from  the  Established  church  at  Wur- 
temberg,  who  emigrated  to  America  under  Joseph  Biiumeler, 
arriving  at  Philadelphia  in  Aug.  1817.  They  purchased  a 
military  grant  of  5600  acres  in  Ohio  (Tuscarawas  count}'), 
where  they  built  the  first  log  hut  1  Dec.  1817.  Articles  of 
agreement  for  a  community  of  goods  were  signed  15  Apr.  1819. 
Marriage,  previously  prohibited,  has  been  permitted  since  1828. 
In  1832  the  legislature  incorporated  the  "  Separatist  Societv 
ofZoar." 

zodiac  (Gr.  ^lohaKOQ,  the  zodiac — from  (^u}diov,  a  little 
animal,  diminutive  of  ^wor,  an  animal,  because  the  signs  of 
the  zodiac  are  represented  principally  by  figures  of  animals), 
an  imaginary  belt  in  the  heavens,  extending  about  8°  on  each 
side  of  the  ecliptic,  within  which  the  apparent  motions  of  the 
sun,  moon,  and  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  planets  are  con- 
fined ;  divided  into  12  parts,  called  the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  Its 
obliquity  was  discovered,  its  12  signs  named,  and  their  situa- 
tions assigned  them  by  Anaxiraander,  about  560  b.c.  The 
Greeks  and  Arabians  borrowed  the  zodiac  from  the  Hindus. 
— Sir  W.  Jones.  The  zodiacal  light  was  observ^ed  by  Tycho 
Brahe,  Descartes,  and  others,  and  named  by  Cassini,  1683. 
Constellations,  Stars. 

ZollVercill  (tsol'fer-ine)  (Customs  Union'),  the  German 
commercial  union,  projected  by  Prussia  1818,  and  gradually 
joined  by  nearly  all  German  states  except  Austria.  On  19 
Feb.  1853,  an  important  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
between  Austria  and  Prussia,  to  last  from  Jan.  1854  to  Dec. 
1865,  was  signed,  to  which  the  other  states  of  the  Zollverein 
gave  in  their  adhesion  on  5  Apr.  1853.  In  Nov.  1861,  Prussia 
threatened  to  withdraw  unless  certain  changes  were  made. 
By  the  treaty  of  8  July,  1867,  between  the  North  German 
confederation  and  the  southern  states  (Bavaria,  Wurtemberg, 
iiaden,  and  Hesse),  various  changes  were  made,  and  by  other 
treaties  signed  in  Oct.  these  states  agreed  to  send  delegates  to 
a  customs  parliament  to  be  held  at  Berlin.  A  session  of  this 
parliament  was  opened  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  27  Apr.  and 
closed  23  May,  1868. 

zoology  (from  ^wov,  Gr.  for  animal),  the  division  of 
biology  which  treats  of  animals ;  Aristotle  (322-284  b.c.)  the 
founder  of  the  science.     Systems  of  classification  have  been ,  I 


made  by  John  Ray  (1628-1705),  Charles  Liime  (1707-78),  G. 

Buffon  (1707-88),  and  George  Cuvier  (1769-1832). 

Linnaeus  divided  the  animal  kingdom  into  (5  clusses— Mammalia, 
which  includes  all  animals  that  suckle  their  young;  Aves.  birds  ; 
Amphibia,  or  amphibious  animals  ;  Pisces,  fishes  ;  Insecta,  in- 
sects ;   ri?r7Hes,  worms;  1741. 

Cuvier  (d.  in  Paris,  13  May,  1832)  in  his  great  work.  '-Rcgue  Ani- 
mal," pub.  in  1816,  distributed  the  animals  into  4  great  divisions— 
Vertehrata  (back-boned);  the  MoUusca  (soft-bodied);  the  Articu- 
lata  (jointed);  and  the  Radiata  (the  organs  disposed  round  a 
centre). 

In  1859  prof.  Owen  made  known  a  system  of  arranging  the  class 
Mammalia  according  to  the  nature  of  their  brains. 

Zoological  Society  of  London  (originally  the  Zoological  club)  was 
founded  in  1826,  and  its  gardens  in  the  Regent's  park  were  opened 
in  Apr.  1827;  the  society  was  chartered  27  Mch.  1829.  2072  ani- 
mals in  the  gardens,  31  Dec.  1871;  about  500  animals  from  India 
given  by  the  prince  of  Wales,  May,  1876. 

Zorildorif,  a  village  of  Prussia,  where,  in  a  battle  be- 
tween the  Prussian  and  Russian  armies,  the  former,  commanded 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  defeated  the  forces  of  the  czarina,  whose 
loss  amounted  to  21,529  men,  while  that  of  the  Prussians  was 
about  11,000,  25,  26  Aug.  1758. 

ZOUavC§  and  foot-clia§§eur§.  When  the  French 
established  a  regency  at  Algiers  in  1830,  they  hoped  to  find 
the  employment  of  native  troops  advantageous,  and  selected 
the  Zooaouas,  a  congregation  of  daring  Arab  tribes.  In  time 
numbers  of  red  republicans  and  other  enthusiastic  Frenchmen 
joined  the  regiments,  adopting  the  costume,  etc. ;  eventually 
the  Africans  disappeared  from  the  ranks,  and  no  more  were 
added.  Among  their  colonels  were  Lamoriciere  and  Cavai- 
gnac.  The  French  zouaves  formed  an  important  part  of  the 
army  in  the  Crimean  war,  1854-55.  A  few  regiments  were 
introduced  into  the  U.  S.  army,  1861,  chiefly  through  the  in- 
fluence of  col.  E.  E.  Ellsworth,  but  the  costume  soon  disap- 
peared, not  being  adapted  to  severe  service  and  being  too  con- 
spicuous in  battle. 

Zug[  (tsoog),  the  smallest  canton  of  Switzerland,  joined 
the  confederation  1352,  and  the  Sonderbund  1846. 

Zuidcr  zee  or  ^outh  sea,  a  gulf  in  the  Nether- 
lands, formerlj'  a  lake,  united  with  the  North  sea  by  inunda- 
tions in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  In  1875  the  Dutch 
chamber  voted  9,500,000/.  to  drain  the  submerged  land,  and  to 
erect  a  dike  26  feet  above  the  water  and  25  miles  long,  thus 
adding  759  sq.  miles  to  the  country.  The  Dutch  Texel  fleet 
here  surrendered  to  adm.  Mitchell,  30  Aug.  1799. 

Zlling'lians,  the  followers  of  the  reformer  Ulric 
Zuingli,  who  at  Zurich  declaimed  against  the  church  of  Rome, 
and  separated  Switzerland  from  the  papal  dominion  as  Luther 
did  Saxony.  He  procured  2  assemblies  to  be  called :  by  the 
first  he  was  authorized  to  proceed,  by  the  second  the  ceremo- 
nies of  the  Romish  church  were  abolished,  1519.  Zuingli  died 
in  arms,  being'  slain  in  a  skirmish  against  his  popish  opponents, 
11  Oct.  1531.   The  Zuinglians  were  also  called  Sacramentarians. 

Zu'luiand,  S.E.  Africa,  a  British  protectorate  admin- 
istered by  the  governor  of  Natal,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  river  Tugela.  This  territory  extends  to  the  coast  and  in- 
cludes St.  Lucia  bay.  It  was  formally  declared  British  terri- 
tory in  May,  1887.  Area,  8900  sq.  miies,  and  with  Tongaland 
14,220  sq.  miles,  with  a  population  of  not  less  than  180,000 
blacks. 

Cety wayo  (hetch-way'o)  succeeds  to  the  rulership 1872 

Organizes  an  armed  resistance  to  the  British 1876 

Great  Britain  sends  the  90th  regiment  and  a  battery,  at  the  re- 
quest of  sir  Bartle  Frere,  governor  at  the  Cape,  to  oppose  the 

Zulus -Ian.  1878 

British,  under  lord  Chelmsford,  cross  the  Tugela  and  enter 

Zululand 21  Jan.  1879 

Col.  Pearsou  defeats  the  Zulus  and  advances  to  Echowe  (which 

he  fortifies) 21  Jan.     " 

British  camp  at  Isandula  or  Isandlwana.  about  10  miles  from 
Rorke's  Drift  (on  the  Tugela),  surprised  and  attacked  by 
about  15,000  Zulus;  5  companies  of  the  24th  regiment  and 
many  natives  killed,  with  cols.  Durnford  and  Pulleine.  and 
other  officers;  total  loss  about  837;  2000  Zulus  said  to  have 
been  killed  (lieuts.  Melville  andCoghill  said  to  have  perished 

while  preserving  the  colors) 22  Jan.     " 

Rorke's    Drift  severely  attacked;    successfully  defended   by 

lieuts.  Chard  and  Bromhead 22  Jan.     " 

Zulus  attack  Inkanyana;  defeated  by  col.  Evelyn  Wood,  24  Jan.     " 
Reinforcements  requested;  troops  rapidly  sent  off  from  Eng- 
land  19  Feb.  et  seq.     " 

Prince  Louis  Napoleon,  requesting  to  join  the  British,  permitted 
to  go  as  a  guest;  sails 27  Feb.     " 


ZUL 


954 


ZUY 


! 


AninU  of  the  Titmar  with  800  men,  etc,  «t  Maritzburg,  11  Mch.  1879 
Britleb  convoy  neer  Itombi  rirer  out  to  pieces  by  Zulus;  wagons 

and  stores  captured:  capt  David  Moriarty  lolled  — 12  Mch.     " 
Cetywnro's  brother  Oham,  with  600  men,  Joins  the  British; 

MunouuciMl 18  Mch.     " 

Col.  Kvelyn  Wood  attacks  the  Zulus  on  thoZlobani  mountains; 

tiumTsmuoh  loss.  28  Mch. ;  gains  victory  at  Kambula,  29  Mch.     " 

Untisli  Hilvance  to  relieve  Kchowe. "  " 

Zulus  (IffeatiHl  nt  (Jingliilovo 2  Apr.     '* 

Cul  I'oarwin  mnrrlios  out  of  Echowe 2,  3  Apr.     " 

Sir  (Jnrnot  Wolseley.  apj>o;nted  commander-in-chief,  governor 

of  SMh\.  etc ,  sail.s  for  the  Cape May,     " 

British  total  loss,  11S»  killed;  8A  die  of  disease;  announced, 

27  May,     " 
Cetywayo  said  to  have  suppressed  nn  insurrection,  and  to  have 

retired  to  his  kraal  (or  villaRe)  at  Ulundi May,     " 

Reconnoitring  |>arty,  uudercapt.  J.  Brenton  Carey, on  Imbabani, 

near  the  .Moznui  river,  surprised;   prince  I^ouis  Napoleon 

(acting  as  commander)  killed 1  June,     " 

Sir  O.  Wolseley  arrives  at  the  Cape 23  June,     " 

Sir  O.  Wolseley  sworn  in  as  high  -  commissioner  at  Pieter- 

maritzburg 28  or  29  June,     " 

Cety  wayo  totally  defeated  at  Ulundi 4  July,     " 

Lord  Chelmsfont  resigns 15  July,     " 

Sentence  u|>on  capt.  Carey  respecting  the  death  of  prince  Na- 
poleon quashed 22  Aug.     " 

Pursuit  of  Cety  wayo ;  captured  by  maj.  Richard  Marter.  28  Aug.     ' ' 
Meeting  of  sir  G.  Wolseley  with  Zulu  chiefs;  settlement  by 

treaty:  Zululand  to  be  divided  into  13  independent  districts; 

John  Dunn  to  be  a  chief ;  British  residents  in  each  district 


(to  be  eyes  and  ears);  celilmte  military  system  abolished- 
no  arms  to  be  imported;  ancient  laws  and  liberties  retained 
(John  Dunn,  20  years  in  Zululand,  conforms  to  Zulu  ways), 

1  86nt    18^9 
Sir  G.  Wolseley's  despatch,  announcing  end  of  the  war,  dated  ' 

[Cost  of  Zulu  war,  about  4,920,000^.]  '^  ^^V^-     " 

Cety  wayo  visits  England;  received  l)y  the  queen U  auit   1882 

Cetywayo's  kingdom  restored  to  him  with  restrictions,  29  .Jan    1883 

He  dies o  ji.„i "  ,00. 

British  flag  raised  at  St.  Lucia  bay " ' ' "     Dec       ° 

Zululand  annexed  to  Natal  as  a  British  possession  '.'.".  .2*1' June',  1887 
Zll'riell  was  admitted  a  member  and  made  head  of 
the  Swiss  confederacy,  1351,  and  was  the  first  town  in  Swit- 
zerland that  separated  from  the  church  of  Rome.     Switzkk- 

LAND. 

Zut'pllCn,  a  town  of  Holland.  At  a  battle  here,  22 
Sept.  1586,  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  Dutch,  the  amiable 
sir  Philip  Sidney,  the  author  of  "Arcadia,"  was  mortally 
wounded.  He  died  7  Oct.  He  was  serving  with  the  PLnglisb 
auxiliaries,  commanded  by  the  earl  of  Leicester. 

Zuyder  zee.    Zuidkr  zee. 

Zuyper  l$luy§,  Holland.  Here  sir  Ralph  Abercromby 
defeated  an  attack  of  the  French  under  Brune ;  the  latter  suf- 
fered great  loss,  9  Sept.  1799. 


THE    END 


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