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Full text of "Harper's encyclopædia of United States history from 458 A.D. to 1905"

EDITION 



HARPER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA 

of 

UNITED STATES HISTORY 

FROM 458 A.D. TO 1905 

BASED UPON THE PLAN OF 

BENSON JOHN LOSSINQ, LL.D. 

SOMETIME EDITOR OF "THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL RECORD" AND AUTHOR OF 
" THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION " ' ' THE PICTORIAL FIELD- 
BOOK OF THE WAR OF l8l2 " ETC., ETC., ETC. 

WITH SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS COVERING EVERY PHASE OF AMERICAN HISTORY AND 
DEVELOPMENT BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES, INCLUDING 



JOHN FISKE. 



THE AMERICAN HISTORIAN 

WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D. 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY AT HARVARD 

JOHN B. MOORE. 

PROF. OF INTERNATIONAL LAlf AT COLUMBIA 

JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D. 

PROF. OF LITERATURE AT UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA 

WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. 

U. S. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION 



WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D. 

PRESIDEN T UF PR INCE TON UNI VERSI 7 Y 

GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY UNIV. OF TORONTO 

MOSES COIT TYLER, LL.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY AT CORNELL 

EDWARD G. BOURNE, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF HISTORY AT YALE 

R. J. H. GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. 

PROF. OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AT COLUMBIA 

ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D. 

CAPTAIN UNITED STATES NAVY (Retired) 



ETC., ETC., ETC., ETC. 
WITH A PREFACE ON THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY BY 

WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LL.D. 

PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 

AUTHOR OF 

"A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE*' ETC., ETC. 

WITH ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, PORTRAITS, MAPS, PLANS, &c. 

COMPLETE IN TEN VOLUMES 
VOL. IV 



HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 
NEW YORK = 1905 = LONDON 



Copyright, 1905, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 

Copyright, 1901, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 

All rights reservttf. 



LIST OF PLATES 



PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT Frontispiece 

PRESIDENT J. A. GARFIELD Facing page 16 

GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT 132 

PRESIDENT BENJAMIN HARRISON 256 

PRESIDENT W. H. HARRISON 272 

PRESIDENT R. B. HAYES " "336 

MAP 

HAWAII Facing page 320 



HARPER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA 



OF 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



G. 

Gabriel's Insurrection (1800), Thorn- 1818 he participated in the Seminole 
as Prosser, of Richmond, Va., owned a War. Later he went with Jackson to 
slave called " Jack Bowler," or " General Pensacola, when the latter took posses- 
Gabriel," who fomented an insurrection sion of Florida, and was the first white 
among the slaves, with the intention of man to cross that peninsula from the At- 
murderiMg the inhabitants of Richmond, lantic to the Gulf. In 1853 he was minis- 
The militia was ordered out; the ring- ter to Mexico, and on Dec. 10 of that year 
leaders were captured and punished. negotiated a treaty by which a new boun- 

Gadsden, CHRISTOPHER, patriot; born dary was made between the United States 
in Charleston, S. C., in 1724; was edu- and Mexico. He died in Charleston, S. C., 
cated in England; became a merchant in Dec. 25, 1858. 

Charleston, and a sturdy champion of Gadsden Purchase, the name applied 
the rights of the colonies. He was a dele- to the land bought from Mexico in 1853, 
gate to the Stamp Act Congress, and ever because its transfer was negotiated by 
advocated openly republican principles. Gen. James Gadsden, who was United 
He was also a member of the first Con- States minister to Mexico when the pur- 
tinental Congress. Chosen a colonel in chase was made. It includes a strip of 
1775, he was active in the defence of land extending from Rio Grande del 
Charleston in 1776, when he was made a Norte, near El Paso, westward about 500 
brigadier-general. He was active in civil miles to the Colorado and the border of 
affairs, and was one of the many civil- Lower California, and from the Gila 
ians made prisoners by Sir Henry Clinton River to the border fixed by the treaty, 
and carried to St. Augustine. He was ex- Its greatest breadth is 120 miles; area, 
changed in 1781 and carried to Philadel- 45,535 square miles; cost, $10,000,000. 
phia. In 1782 he was elected governor of Gag-rule. Adopted by Congress on 
his State, but declined on account of in- motion of John C. Calhoun in January, 
firmity. He died in Charleston, S. C., 1830, providing that all anti-slavery peti- 
Aug. 28, 1805. See ST. AUGUSTINE. tions be laid on the table unnoticed. It 

Gadsden, JAMES, statesman; born in was abolished Dec. 3, 1844. 
Charleston, S. C., May 15, 1788; grad- Gage, LYMAN JUDSON, financier; born 
uated at Yale College in 1806. During in De Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., June 
the War of 1812 his service was marked 28, 1836; was educated at the Academy 
with distinction, and when peace was in Rome, N. Y. ; entered the Oneida Cen- 
concluded he became aide to General tral Bank when seventeen years old, re- 
Jackson in the expedition to investigate maining there till 1855, when he re- 
the military defences of the Gulf of Mex- moved to Chicago. In 1868 he was made 
ico and the southwestern frontier. In cashier, in 1882 vice - president, and 
iv. A 



GAGE 



in 1891 president of the First National 
Bank of Chicago. He was the first presi- 
dent of the board of directors of the 




LYMAX JUDSON GAGE. 

World's Columbian Exposition; served 
three times as president of the American 
Bankers' Association; first president of 
the Chicago Bankers' Club; and twice 
president of the Civil Federation of Chi- 
cago. In 1897-1902, he was Secretary of 
the United States Treasury. See EM- 
BARGO ACTS. 

Gage, MATILDA JOSLYN, social re- 
former; born in Cicero, N. Y., March 24, 
1826; was an active writer and speaker 
on behalf of woman's suffrage and the 
abolition of slavery. In 1872 she was 
elected president of the National Woman's 
Suffrage Association. In connection with 
SUSAN B. ANTHONY (q. v.) and ELIZA- 
BETH CADY STANTON (q. v.) she wrote 
The History of Woman Suffrage, and 
independently Woman as an Inventor. 
She died in Chicago, 111., March 18, 
1898. 

Gage, THOMAS, military officer; born 
in England about 1721; was second son 
of Viscount Gage; entered the army in 



his youth; was with Braddock at his 
defeat on the Monongahela, when he was 
lieutenant-colonel; and led the advance. 
In that hot encounter he was wounded. 
Late in 1758 he married a daughter of 
Peter Kemble, president of the council 
of New Jersey. Gage served under Am- 
herst in northern New York and Canada, 
and on the capture of Montreal by the 
English in 1760 he was made military 
governor of that city. He was promoted 
tc major-general, and in 1763 succeeded 
Amherst as commander-in-chief of the 
British forces in North America. In 1774 
he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of 
Massachusetts, and occupied Boston with 
troops, much to the annoyance and irri- 
tation of the inhabitants. Acting under 
instructions from his government rather 
than in accordance with his conscience 
and judgment, he took measures which 
brought on armed resistance to British 
rule in the colonies. When his demand 
for 20,000 armed men at Boston was re- 
ceived by the ministry they laughed in 
derision, believing that a few soldiers 
could accomplish all that was necessary 
to make the patriots cower. 

Lord Dartmouth wrote to Gage, in the 
King's name, that the disturbers of the 
peace in Boston appeared to him like a 
rude rabble " without a plan, without 
concert, and without conduct," and 
thought a small force would be able to 
encounter them. He instructed him that 
the first step to be taken towards the re- 
establishment of government would be to 
arrest and imprison the principal actors 
and abettors in the Provincial Congress, 
whose proceedings appeared like rebellion 
and treason. He suggested that the meas- 
ure must be kept a secret until the mo- 
ment of execution. " If it cannot be ac- 
complished," said Dartmouth, " without 
bloodshed, and should be a signal for hos- 
tilities, I must again repeat, that any 
efforts of the people, unprepared to en- 
counter with a regular force, cannot be 
very formidable." This was written only 
a few weeks before the affairs at Lexing- 
ton and Concord. Dartmouth continued, 
" The charter of Massachusetts empowers 
the governor to use and exercise the law 
martial in time of rebellion." It appears, 
from statements in official despatches, he 
believed there was an "actual and open 



GAGE, THOMAS 



rebellion " in that province, and therefore 
the exercise of his powers named were 
justifiable. The movements of ministers 
were keenly watched. " Your chief de- 





pendence," wrote Franklin to Massachu- 
setts, " must be on your own virtue and 
unanimity, which, under God, will bring 
you through all difficulties." Gamier, the 
French ambassador at London, wrote to 
Vergennes, " The minister must recede 
or lose America forever." 

In his report of the battle of Bunker 
Hill, General Gage said to Lord Dart- 
mouth, " The trials we have had show the 
rebels are not the despicable rabble too 
many have supposed them to be; and I 
find it owing to a military spirit encour- 
aged among them for a few years past, 
joined with uncommon zeal and enthu- 
siasm. They intrench and raise batteries 
they have engineers. They have forti- 
fied all the heights and passes around this 
town (Boston), which it is not impossible 
for them to annoy. The conquest of this 
country is not easy; you have to cope with 



vast numbers. In all their wars against 
the French they never showed so much 
conduct, attention, and perseverance as 
they do now. I think it is my duty to let 
your lordship know the true situation of 
affairs." Franklin wrote to his English 
friends, "Americans will fight; England 
has lost her colonies forever." 

Gage, performing no act of courage dur- 
ing the summer of 1775, while Washington 
was besieging Boston, endeavored to ter- 
rify the Americans and to keep up the 
spirits of his own soldiers by warning the 
former that thousands of veteran warriors 
were coming from Russia and the German 
principalities to crush the " unnatural re- 
bellion." He vented his ill humor upon 
American prisoners in his hands, casting 
into prison officers of high rank, thinking 
thus to terrify the common soldiery, whose 
intelligence and courage he entirely under- 
rated in reality, though praising them 
when it suited his purpose. Against this 
treatment Washington remonstrated; but 
Gage insolently scorned to promise " re- 
ciprocity with rebels," and replied: 
" Britons, ever pre-eminent in mercy, have 
overlooked the criminal in the captive; 
your prisoners, whose lives, by the laws 
of the land, are destined to the cord, have 
hitherto been treated with care and kind- 
ness indiscriminately, it is true, for I 
acknowledge no rank that is not derived 
from the King." Washington remembered 
that Gage's want of presence of mind had 
lost the battle of the Monongahela and 
replied, in a dignified manner : " I shall 
not stoop to retort and invective. You 
affect sir, to despise all rank not de- 
rived from the same source as your own. 
I cannot conceive one more honorable 
than that which flows from the uncor- 
rupted choice of a brave and free peo- 
ple, the purest source and original foun- 
tain of all power. Far from making it 
a plea for cruelty, a mind of true mag- 
nanimity would comprehend and re- 
spect it." 

After the affairs at Lexington, Concord, 
and Bunker Hill, Gage was ungenerously 
held responsible for the blunders of the 
ministry, and resigned his command in 
October, 1775, when he was succeeded by 
Gen. William Howe as chief of the forces in 
America. He died in England, April 2, 
1787. 



GAILLARDET GAINES 



Gaillardet, THEODORE FREDERIC, jour- 
nalist; born in Auxerre, France, April 7, 
1808; emigrated to the United States and 
established the Courrier des Etats-Unis 
in New York; took part in the Presiden- 
tial canvass of 1872 on behalf of Horace 
Greeley. He is the author of Profession 
de foi et considerations sur le systeme re- 
publicaln des Etats-Unis, and of a large 
number of communications on American 
subjects which appeared in the leading 
French newspapers. He died in Plessy- 
Bouchard, France, Aug. 12, 1882. 

Gaine, HUGH, journalist; born in Ire- 
land in 1726; emigrated to America and 
became a printer in New York City in 
1750; established The Mercury in 1752, 
originally a Whig journal. After the capt- 
ure of New York by the English, The 
Mercury was a strong advocate of the 
British. Upon the conclusion of the Rev- 
olutionary War he was permitted to re- 
main in New York, but was obliged to give 
up the publication of his newspaper. He 
died in New York City, April 25, 1807. 

Gaines, EDMUND PENDLETON, military 
officer; born in Culpeper county, Va., 
March 20, 1777; removed with his family 
to Tennessee in 1790; entered the army as 
ensign in 1799; and was promoted to lieu- 
tonant-colonel in the summer of 1812. He 
rose to brigadier-general in March, 1814; 




KUMUND PENDLETON GAINES. 

his general good services during the war, 
Congress gave him thanks and a- gold 
medal. Gaines served under Jackson in. 
the Creek War, and fought the Seminoles 
in 1836. Late in life he married Myra 
Clark, of New Orleans, heiress of a large 
estate, who, after his death, became fa- 




GENERAL GAINES'S MEDAL. 

and after his gallant conduct at Fort mous for her successful persistence in liti- 
Erie in August, that year, he was brevet- gation to secure her rights. He died in 
ted major-general. For that exploit, and New Orleans, June 6, 1849. 

4 



GAINES GAINES'S MILL 



Gaines, FORT. See MOBILE; MORGAN 
AND GAINES, FORTS. 

Gaines, MYRA CLARK, claimant; wife 
of Edmund Pendleton Gaines; daughter of 
Daniel Clark, who was born in Sligo, 
Ireland, and emigrated to New Orleans, 
where Myra was born in 1805. Her fa- 
ther inherited a large estate from his 
uncle in 1799, and died in New Orleans, 
Aug. 16, 1813, devising all his property 
to his mother, Mary Clark. Myra married 
first W. W. Whitney in 1832, and on his 
death General Gaines in 1839. She 
claimed the estate of her father, who 
was reputed a bachelor at the time of his 
death, and after a litigation of over fifty 
years she succeeded in establishing her 
rights. She died in New Orleans, Jan. 
9, 1885. 

Gaines's Mill, BATTLE OF. In June, 
1862, General McClellan transferred his 
army from the Chickahominy and his 
stores from the Pamunkey to the James 
River. He ordered the stores and muni- 
tions of war to be sent to Savage's Sta- 
tion, and what could not be removed to 
be burned, and supplies to be sent to the 
James as speedily as possible. He also 
sent his wounded to the same station, and 
prepared to cross the Chickahominy for 
the flight with the right wing a perilous 
undertaking, for Jackson and Ewell were 
prepared to fall on Porter's flank. This 
movement was so secretly and skilfully 
made, however, that Lee was not informed 
of the fact until twenty-four hours after 
it was actually begun on the morning of 
the 27th. The duty of protecting the 
stores in their removal was assigned to 
General Porter. His corps (the 5th) was 
jlfco charged with the duty of carrying 
away the siege-guns and covering the army 
in its march to the James. These troops 
were accordingly arrayed on the rising 
ground near Gaines's Mills, on the arc of 
a circle between Cold Harbor and the 
Chickahominy, when they were attacked 
by a Confederate force, in the afternoon, 
led by Generals Longstreet and A. P. Hill. 
A few of the siege-guns were yet in posi- 
tion. Morell's division occupied the left, 
Sykes's regulars and DuryeVs Zouaves 
the right, and McCalPs division formed a 
second line, his left touching Butterfield's 
right. Seymour's brigade and horse-bat- 
teries commanded the rear, and cavalry 



under Gen. Philip St. George Cooke were 
on flanking service near the Chickahom- 
iny. The brunt of the battle first fell upon 
Sykes, who threw the assailants back in 
confusion with great loss. Longstreet 
pushed forward with his veterans to their 
relief, and was joined by Jackson and D. 
H. Hill. EwelPs division also came into 
action. The Confederate line, now in com- 
plete order, made a general advance. A 
very severe battle ensued. 

Slocum's division was sent to Porter's 
aid by McClellan, making his entire force 
about 35,000. For hours the struggle 
along the whole line was fierce and per- 
sistent, and for a long time the issue was 
doubtful. At five o'clock Porter called 
for more aid, and McClellan sent him the 
brigades of Meagher and French, of Rich- 
ardson's division. The Confederates were 
making desperate efforts to break the 
line of the Nationals, but for a long time 
it stood firm, though continually grow- 
ing thinner. Finally a furious assault by 
Jackson and the divisions of Longstreet 
and Whiting was made upon Butterfield's 
brigade, which had long been fighting. It 
gave way and fell back, and with it sev- 
eral batteries. Then the whole line fell 
back. Porter called up all of his reserves 
and remaining artillery (about eighty 
guns), covered the retreat of his infantry, 
and checked the advance of the victors for 
a moment. Just then General Cooke, 
without orders, attacked the Confederate 
flank with his cavalry, which was repulsed 
and thrown into disorder. The horses, 
terrified by the tremendous roar of nearly 
200 cannon and the rattle of thousands 
of muskets, rushed back through the 
Union batteries, giving the impression 
that it was a charge of Confederate cav- 
alry. The artillerists recoiledj and Por- 
ter's whole force was pressed back to the 
river. While flying in fearful disorder, 
French and Meagher appeared, and gather- 
ing up the vast multitude of strugglers, 
checked the flight. Behind these the scat- 
tered brigades were speedily formed, while 
National batteries poured a destructive 
storm of shot and shell upon the head of 
the Confederate column. Seeing fresh 
troops on their front, and ignorant of their 
number, the Confederates fell back and 
rested upon the field they had won at a 
fearful cost. In this battle the Nationals 



GAITHER GALLATIN 



lost about 8,000 men, of whom 6,000 were 
killed or wounded. The loss of the Con- 
federates was about 5,000. General Reyn- 
olds was made prisoner. Porter lost 
twenty-two siege-guns. During the night 
he withdrew to the right side of the 
Chickahominy, destroying the bridges be- 
hind him. 

Gaither, HENRY, military officer; born 
in Maryland in 1751; was actively en- 
gaged throughout the Revolutionary War ; 
served under General St. Clair in the cam- 
paign against the Miami Indians in 1791 ; 
and at one time was in command of Fort 
Adams and Fort Stoddart. He died in 
Georgetown, D. C., June 22, 1811. 

Gale, LEVIN, lawyer ; born in Cecil coun- 
ty, Md., in 1824; was admitted to the bar 
and began practice at Elkton, Md. He 
published A List of English Statutes Sup- 
posed to be Applicable to the Several 
States of the Union. He died in Balti- 
more, Md., April 28, 1875. 

Gales, JOSEPH, journalist; born near 
Sheffield, England, April 10, 1786. His 
father emigrated to the United States in 
1793, and established the Independent 
Gazetteer in Philadelphia, and in 1799 re- 
moved to Raleigh, N. C., where he estab- 
lished the Register. Joseph became a 
printer, and subsequently a partner of 
Samuel Harrison Smith, publisher of the 
National Intelligencer, in Washington, 
D. C., the successor of the Independent 
Gazetteer. In connection with William 
Winston Sea ton he made the Intelligencer 
a daily newspaper. Both partners were 
efficient reporters, and to their interest 
and foresight is due the preservation of 
many important speeches, notably those 
of Webster and Hayne. Gales died in 
Washington, D. C., July 21, 1860. 

Gallagher, WILLIAM DAVIS, journalist; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 21, 1808; 
became a printer and eventually an edi- 
tor; was connected with the Backwoods- 
man at Xenia; the Cincinnati Mirror; 
the Western Literary Journal and Month- 
ly Review; The Hesperian; Ohio State 
Journal, and the Cincinnati Gazette. 
Among his writings are A Journey 
Through Kentucky and Mississippi; The 
Progress and Resources of the Northwest. 
He died in 1894. 

Gallatin, ALBERT, financier; born in 
Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761; was 



a graduate of the University of Geneva. 
Both of his parents were of distinguished 
families, and died while he was an infant. 
Feeling great sympathy for the Americans 




ALBERT GALLATIN. 

struggling for liberty, he came to Massa- 
chusetts in 1780, entered the military 
service, and for a few months command- 
ed the post at Passamaquoddy. At the 
close of the war he taught French in 
Harvard University. Having received his 
patrimonial estate in 1784, he invested 
it in land in western Virginia; and in 
1786 he settled on land on the banks of 
the Monongahela, in Fayette county, Pa., 
which he had purchased, and became 
naturalized. Having served in the Penn- 
sylvania State convention and in the legis- 
lature (1789 and 1790-92), he was chosen 
United States Senator in 1793, but was 
declared ineligible on the ground that he 
had not been a citizen of the United States 
the required nine years. He was instru- 
mental in bringing about a peaceful ter- 
mination of the " Whiskey Insurrection," 
and was elected a member of the House 
of Representatives in 1795. An active 
member of the Republican, or Democratic, 
party, he even went so far, in a speech 
in Congress (1796), as to charge Wash- 
ington and Jay with having pusillani- 
mously surrendered the honor of their 
country. This, from the lips of a young 
foreigner, exasperated the Federalists. 
He was a leader of the Democrats in the 
House, and directed his attention par- 
ticularly to financial matters. Mr. Gal- 
latin remained in Congress until 1801, 



GALLATIN GALLITZIN 



when President Jefferson appointed him 
Secretary of the Treasury, which office he 
held until 1813, and obtained the credit 
of being one of the best financiers of the 
age. 

The opponents of Jefferson's adminis- 
tration complained vehemently, in 1808, 
that the country was threatened with 
direct taxation at a time when the sources 
of its wealth, by the orders and decrees 
of Great Britain and France, were drying 
up. Gallatin replied to these complaints 
by reproducing a flattering but delusive 
suggestion contained in his annual re- 
port the preceding year. He suggested 
that, as the United States were not likely 
to be involved in frequent wars, a revenue 
derived solely from duties on imports, 
even though liable to diminution during 
war, would yet amply suffice to pay off, 
during long intervals of peace, the ex- 
penses of such wars as might be under- 
taken. Should the United States become 
involved in war with both France and 
Great Britain, no internal taxes would be 
necessary to carry it on, nor any other 
financial expedient, beyond borrowing 
money and doubling the duties on imports. 
The scheme, afterwards tried, bore bitter 
fruit. 

Gallatin's influence was felt in other de- 
partments of the government and in the 
politics of the country. Opposed to going 
to war with Great Britain in 1812, he fix- 
erted all his influence to avert it. In 
March, 1813, he was appointed one of the 
envoys to Russia to negotiate for the 
mediation of the Czar between the United 
States and Great Britain. He sailed for 
St. Petersburg, but the Senate, in special 
session, refused to ratify his appointment 
because he was Secretary of the Treasury. 
The attempt at mediation was unsuccess- 
ful. When, in January, 1814, Great Brit- 
ain proposed a direct negotiation for peace, 
Gallatin, who was still abroad, was ap- 
pointed one of the United States commis- 
sioners to negotiate. Ho resigned his 
Secretaryship. In 1815 he was appointed 
minister to France, where he remained 
until 1823. He refused a seat in the cabi- 
net of Monroe on his return, and declined 
to be a candidate for Vice-President, to 
which the dominant Democratic party 
nominated him. President Adams ap- 
pointed him minister to Great Britain, 



where he negotiated several important 
commercial conventions. Returning to the 
United States in 1827, he took up his resi- 
dence in the city of New York. He was 
the chief founder (1842) and first presi- 
dent of the American Ethnological Society, 
and was president of the New York His- 
torical Society from 1843 until his death, 
in Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. Although 
strictly in private life, Mr. Gallatin took 
special interest in the progress of the 
country. 

Gallaudet, THOMAS HOPKINS, educator ; 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 10, 1787; 
graduated at Yale College in 1805, where 
he was a tutor for a while. At An- 
dover Theological Seminary he prepared 
for the ministry, and was licensed to 
preach in 1814. Becoming interested in 
the deaf and dumb, he began his labors 
for their instruction in 1817, with a class 
of seven pupils. He became one of the 
most useful men of his time, labored inces- 
santly for the benefit of the deaf and 
dumb, and was the founder of the first in- 
stitution in America for their instruction. 
He was president of it until 1830, when 
he resigned. The asylum was located at 
Hartford, where Dr. Gallaudet became 
chaplain for the Connecticut Retreat for 
the Insane in 1833, which office he re- 
tained until his death, Sept. 9, 1851. Dr. 
Gallaudet published several works for the 
instruction of the young, besides other 
books. He was of Huguenot descent. 
His two sons, THOMAS and EDWARD 
MINER, also devoted their lives to the in- 
struction of the deaf and dumb. The 
former, an Episcopal clergyman, was in- 
strumental in organizing churches for the 
deaf and dumb; and the latter established 
in Washington, D. C., the National Deaf- 
Mute College, in 1864, of which he became 
president. THOMAS died Aug. 27, 1902. 

Gallinger, JACOB H., legislator ; born in 
Cornwall, Ont., March 28, 1837; was a 
printer; later studied medicine and prac- 
tised till he became a member of Congress. 
He was a member of the New Hampshire 
legislature in 1872-73 and in 1891 ; of the 
State constitution convention in 1876; of 
the State Senate in 1878, 1879, and 1880, 
and its president in 1879 and 1880; mem- 
ber of Congress in 1885-89; and United 
States Senator in 1891-1909. 

Gallitzin, PRINCE DEMETBIUS Auous- 



GALLOWAY GAL VESTON 



TINE, clergyman; born in The Hague, Hol- 
land, Dec. 22, 1770, where his father was 
Russian ambassador. He belonged to one 
of the oldest and richest families among 
the Russian nobles. In 1792 he came 
to the United States for the purpose of 
travel, but determined to become a Roman 
Catholic priest. He entered the St. Sul- 
pice Seminary in Baltimore, and was or- 
dained a priest March 18, 1795, being the 
first priest who had both received holy 
orders and been ordained in the United 
States. He was sent on missions, but was 
recalled in consequence of his impetuos- 
ity and over-zeal. In 1799 he was ap- 
pointed pastor at Maguire's settlement. 
He purchased 20,000 acres in the present 
Cambria county, Pa., which he divided 
into farms and offered to settlers on easy 
terms. Although constantly hampered by 
lack of money to carry out the grand 
schemes he contemplated, his colony took 
root and soon sent out branches. He had 
adopted the name of Schmettau, which 
was anglicized into Smith, but in 1811 
he resumed his own name. He died in 
Loretto, Pa., May 6, 1841. 

Galloway, JOSEPH, loyalist; born near 
West River, Anne Arundel co., Md., about 
1730; was a member of the Pennsylvania 
Assembly in 1764, and at one time Speaker 
and, with Franklin, advocated a change of 
the government of Pennsylvania from the 
proprietary to the royal form. A mem- 
ber of the first Continental Congress, he 
Was conservative in his views, yet his line 
of argument in his first debates tended 
towards political independence. He pro- 
posed a plan of colonial government, which 
was rejected. It contemplated a govern- 
ment with a president-general appointed 
by the King, and a grand council, chosen 
every three years by the colonial assem- 
blies, who were to be authorized to act 
jointly with Parliament in the regulation 
of the affairs of the colonies. Parliament 
was to have superior authority, with a 
right to revise all acts of the grand coun- 
cil, which, in turn, was to have a negative 
in British statutes relating to the colonies. 
This plan was, at first, favorably consid- 
ered by many in the Congress; but it was 
rejected, and not permitted to be entered 
on the minutes of the journal. 

After the question of independence be- 
gan to be seriously agitated, Galloway 



3 



abandoned the Whig, or republican, cause, 
and Was thenceforward an uncompromis- 
ing Tory. When the British army evacu- 
ated Philadelphia, in 1778, he left his 
country, with his daughter, went to Eng- 
land, and never returned. He died in 
Watford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803. 

Gaily, MERRITT, inventor; born near 
Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1838; learned 
the printer's trade; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Rochester in 1863, and at 
the Auburn Theological Seminary in 1866; 
was a Presbyterian minister for three 
years. In 1869 he founded a manufactory 
for the construction of the " Universal " 
printing-press, which he had shortly before 
designed. His patents aggregate more 
than 400, including the " Orchestrone," 
an automatic musical instrument; the 
back vent system, for tubular church 
organs; the counterpoise pneumatic sys- 
tem of the seolian, pianola, and other 
automatic musical instruments; a ma- 
chine for making type from cold metal; 
differential telephone; etc. 

Galveston, city, seaport, and commer- 
cial metropolis of Texas; on an island of 
the same name. It was settled in 1837; 
captured by National forces in 1862; re- 
taken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly 
destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited 
by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8, 
1900, which destroyed nearly 3,000 build- 
ings, caused a loss of between 8,000 and 
10,000 lives, and damaged property and 
trade to the extent of more than $45,000,- 
000. To prevent a recurrence of the dis- 
aster the city constructed a sea-wall, 17,- 
593 feet long, 16 feet wide at the base, 5 
feet wide at the top, standing 17 feet 
above mean low tide, and having a rip- 
rap apron extending 27 feet out on the 
Gulf side. The wall was completed in 
July, 1904, and cost $1,198,118. The pro- 
tective scheme also provided for the eleva- 
tion of the grade of the city from one to 
fifteen feet, so that it will slope gradu- 
ally from the top of the sea-wall. This 
work will cost $1,500,000 more. The 
foreign commerce of the port in the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1904, was: Imports, 
$1,847,646; exports, $145,316,457; the 
manufactures in the census year 1900 
aggregated in value $5,016,360; the assess- 
ed property valuation in 1903 was $20,- 
574,098; and the net city debt, $2,747,541. 



GALVEZ GANSE 

The population in 1890 was 29,084; in 16, 1779. Galvez, without waiting to be 

1900, 37,789. reinforced, marched north and took Fort 

In the early part of the Civil War at- Manchac, Baton Rouge, Fort Panmure, 

tempts were made to " repossess " impor- and Fort Natchez. In February, 1780, he 

tant posts in Texas, especially Galveston. captured Mobile; and soon after invaded 

On May 17, 1862, Henry Eagle, in com- Florida, where he met with several suc- 

inand of war-vessels in front of Galves- cesses. On May 9, 1781, he forced the sur- 

ton, demanded its surrender, under a render of Pensacola and gained control of 

threat of an attack from a large land and the whole western coast of Florida. He 

naval force that would soon appear, died in the city of Mexico, Nov. 30, 1786. 

" When those forces appear," said the See VASCO DA GAMA. 

authorities, "we shall reply." So mat- Gamble, HAMILTON Ro WAN, statesman; 

ters remained until Oct. 8, when Galves- born in Winchester, Va., Nov. 29, 1798; 

ton was formally surrendered by its civil admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1817; 

authorities to Commodore Renshaw, of went to Missouri in 1818. In 1861 the 

the National navy. To hold the city more State constitution convention appointed 

securely, a Massachusetts regiment, under him provisional governor. He served in 

Colonel Burrill, was sent there from New this office until his death in Jefferson City, 

Orleans. In front of the city (Dec. 28) Mo., Jan. 31, 1864. 

lay six National war-vessels, under the Gamble, ROBERT JACKSON, lawyer; 
command of Renshaw. General Magruder, born in Akron, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1851 ; was 
of the Confederate army, then in com- graduated at Lawrence University in 
mand of the Department of Texas, col- 1874; admitted to the bar in 1875, and 
lected a land and naval force near Galves- began practice in Yankton, Dak. ; was a 
ton, and before daylight on Jan. 2, 1863, State Senator in 1885; a member of Con- 
he attacked the National forces by land gress in 1895-97 and in 1899-1902; and a 
and water. At first the men from Massa- United States Senator from South Dakota 
chusetts repulsed those of Magruder, but, in 1901-07'. 

Confederate vessels coming up with a Gammell, WILLIAM, educator; born in 

fresh supply, the National soldiers were Medfield, Mass., Feb. 10, 1812; gradu- 

overpowered. After a brief action, the ated at Brown University in 1831; be- 

Harriet Lane (one of the National ves- name professor of history and political 

sels) was captured, and the Westfield, economy there in 1880. His publications 

Renshaw's flag-ship, was blown up by his include the lives of Roger Williams and 

order, to prevent her falling into the Gov. Samuel Ward, in Sparks's American 

hands of the Confederates. The firing Biographies. He died in Providence, R. I., 

of the magazine of the Westfield was done April 3, 1889. 

prematurely, by an intoxicated man, and Gannett, HENRY, scientist; born in 

Commodore Renshaw, a lieutenant, and an Bath, Me., Aug. 24, 1846; graduated at 

engineer, with about a dozen of her crew, Lawrence Scientific School in 1869; be- 

perished by the explosion. Nearly as came connected with the United States 

many officers and men were killed in a gig Geological Survey in 1882. He is the au- 

lying by the side of the Westfield. Ma- thor of Statistical Outlines of the Tenth 

gruder's victory was almost a barren one, and Eleventh Censuses ; Commercial Geog- 

for Farragut re-established the blockade raphy ; Building of a Nation; United 

before the Harriet Lane could be converted States; and was employed on the 10th, 

into a Confederate cruiser. llth, and 12th Censuses, and on those of 

Galvez, BERNARDO, military officer; born Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, 

in Malaga, Spain, in 1755; became govern- Ganse, HERVEY DODDRIDGE, clergyman; 

or of Louisiana in 1776; secretly aided the born in Fishkill, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1822; 

Americans with military supplies and graduated at Columbia University in 

$70,000 in money in 1778. About the 1839, and at the New Brunswick Theo- 

same time Spain's offer of mediation be- logical Seminary in 1843; was ordained 

tween the United States and Great Brit- to the ministry of the Dutch Reformed 

a in was declined, whereupon Spain de- Church. He was the author of Bible 

clared war against Great Britain, June Slave-holding not Sinful, a reply to Dr. 

9 



GANSEVOOKT GABCIA 



Samuel B. How's Slave-holding not Sin- general. General Gansevoort filled civil 
ful. offices, particularly that of commissioner 

Gansevoort, HENRY SANDFORD, military for Indian affairs, with great fidelity. In 
officer; born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1803 he was made military agent and 
1835; grandson of Gen. Peter Ganse- brigadier-general in the regular army. He 
voort; entered the regular artillery ser- died in Albany, N. Y., July 2, 1812. 
vice, April, 1861, and fought gallantly Garakonthie, DANIEL, chief of the On- 
during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, ondaga Indians. In 1658, although the 
and in several battles afterwards. He French were compelled to flee from On- 
first became lieutenant-colonel and then ondaga, Garakonthie became a protector 
colonel of the 13th N. Y. Volunteer Cav- of Christian doctrines and an advocate for 
airy, with which he performed gallant peace. It was not, however, till 1669 
service in Virginia. In 1865 he Avas that he was converted and baptized. The 
brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers name Daniel was given him at his bap- 
" for faithful and meritorious services," tism, and he learned to read and write, 
and became captain of artillery in the reg- His influence went far in checking the 
ular army. His health failed, and when superstition of the Indians and in set- 
returning from the Bahama Islands he died, tling difficulties between Indian tribes, 
April 12, 1871. and also in protecting French colonists. 

Gansevoort, PETER, military officer; He died in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1676. 
born in Albany, N. Y., July 17, 1749; Garcia, CALIXTO, military officer; born 
was appointed major of a New York regi- in Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836. He 
ment in July, 1775, and in August joined studied law and began practice, but subse- 
the army, under Montgomery, that in- quently joined the struggling patriots in 

Cuba, and in 1868 (with Carlos Manuel 
Cespedes and Marmol) planned the revo- 
lution which is known historically as 
the " Ten Years' War." On Oct. 10, 1868, 
he took up arms with Marmol at the head 
of 150 men. For a time great success 
attended them, and they captured many 
towns. For courage and ability in these 
actions Garcia Avas made brigadier-gen- 
eral under Gomez. Later the provisional 
government made him commander-in-chief 
of the Cuban forces in place of Gomez, 
removed. On Sept. 3, 1873, his victorious 
career suffered a decided reverse. With 
tAventy men he Avas attacked by 500 Span- 
iards at San Antonio del Babor. When 
commanded to surrender he determined to 
die by his own hand rather than submit 
to capture. Placing a revolver in his 
mouth he fired upward. The ball came 
PETKR GANSEVOORT. ut a t his forehead, and he carried a scar 

for life. He Avas taken to Manzanillo in 

vaded Canada. He rose to colonel the his wounded condition, and when he re- 
next year; and in April, 1777, he Avas covered was sent to Spain. After peace 
put in command of Fort Schuyler (see was made in 1878 he Avas pardoned and 
STANAVIX, FORT), Avhich he gallantly de- returned to Cuba. He did not, however, 
fended against the British and Indians in consider the peace either honorable or 
August. He most effectually co-operated binding, and took part in the " little 
with Sullivan in his campaign in 1779, Avar," in which he fought with Maceo. 
and afterwards in the Mohawk region. He was compelled to surrender, and was 
In 1781 he received from the legislature sent to Madrid, where he spent seventeen 
of New York the commission of brigadier- years under the surveillance of the po- 

10 







GARDE GARDNER 




CALIXTO GARCIA. 



ary, 1782. He was the author of Anec- 
dotes of the Revolutionary War, with 
Sketches of Character of Persons most 
Distinguished in the Southern States for 
Civil and Military Services. He died in 
Charleston, Feb. 29, 1829. 

Gardiner, LION, military officer; born 
in England in 1599; was sent to America 
in 1635 by the proprietors for the pur- 
pose of laying out a city, towns, and forts 
at the mouth of the Connecticut River. 
He built the fort which he called Say- 
brook after Lord Saye and Sele and Lord 
Brooke. In 1639 he purchased Gardiner's 
Island, at the extremity of Long Island, 
then known by the Indian name of Man- 
chonat, and at first called Isle of Wight 
by Gardiner. He secured a patent for the 
island, which made it a " plantation " en- 
tirely distinct and separate from any of 
lice. In September, 1895, he crossed the the colonies. It contains about 3,300 
frontier into France, sailed to New York, acres, and has descended by law of entail 
and on Jan. 26, 1896, planned a filibuster- through eight lords of the manor, the 
ing expedition which was successful, last being David Johnson, who died in 
Afterwards, while fitting out another ex- 1829. From him the property was passed 
pedition, he was arrested by the United through the hands of his two brothers and 
States government. He forfeited his bail, two sons. This is believed to be the only 
and on March 15, 1896, met the Ber- property in the United States which has 
muda, a filibustering steamer, off Cape descended by entail to its present holders 
Plenlopen, and reached Cuba with sixty- (see ENTAIL OF ESTATES). The manor 
two Cubans, six field-guns, and a quantity house built in 1775 is still in existence, 
of dynamite. He won several brilliant The island was resorted to by Captain 
victories, among them that at Victoria de Kidd, who buried treasures there which 
los Yunos, the loss of which was one of were afterwards secured by Governor 
the reasons for the recall of General Wey- Bellomont, of New York. Gardiner died 
ler. After the occupation of Santiago in Easthampton, N. Y., in 1663. 
by the Americans, Garcia withdrew from Gardner, CALEB, military officer; born 
the Cuban army, because General Shafter in Newport, R. I., in 1739. When the 
would not turn over to him the command Revolutionary War began he recruited a 
of Santiago; but he was subsequently rec- company and joined Richmond's regiment; 
onciled to the new military conditions, in 1778 he greatly distinguished himself 
In November of the same year (1898), by piloting with his own hands to a place 
he came to the United States as chair- of safety the French fleet under Count 
man of a commission to present the views d'Estaing, who was blockaded in the 
of the Cuban leaders to President Me- harbor at Newport by a large British 
Kinley, but before accomplishing his pur- squadron. As a reward for this feat the 
pose he suddenly died, Dec. 11. High French King sent him a money gift. He 
official and military honors were paid to died in Newport, R. I., Dec. 24, 1806. 
his remains in Washington. Gardner, CHARLES K., military officer; 

Garde, PIERRE PAUL FRANCIS DE LA. born in Morris county, N. J., in 1787; 



See JESUIT MISSIONS. 



joined the army in May, 1808; served 



Garden, ALEXANDER, military officer; in the War of 1812, being present at the 
born in Charleston, S. C., Dec. 4, 1757; actions of Chrysler's Field, Chippewa, 
was educated abroad ; returning to Amer- Niagara, and Fort Erie ; was in the Treas- 
ica, he entered the Continental army in ury Department in 1850-67. His publi- 
1780; was promoted lieutenant in Febru- cations include A Dictionary of Commis> 

11 



GARDNER GARFIELD 



sioned Officers who have served in the 
Army of the United States from 1789 to 
1853; A Compendium of Military Tactics; 
and A Permanent Designation of Compa- 
nies, and Company Books, by the First 
Letters of the Alphabet. He died in Wash- 
ington, D. C., Nov. 1, 1869. 

Gardner, DORSET, lexicographer; born 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 1, 1842; was 
educated at Yale University. His publi- 
cations include A Condensed Etymological 
Dictionary of the English Language; a 
rearrangement of Webster's American 
Dictionary of the English Language; etc. 
He died in Short Hills, N. J., Nov. 30, 1894. 

Gardner, JOHN LANE, military officer; 
born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1793; took 
part in the War of 1812 as lieutenant of 
infantry; was also in the war with the 



Seminoles in Florida and in the Mexican 
W T ar, where he received brevets for gallant 
conduct at the battles of Cerro Gordo and 
Contreras. He was in command at Charles- 
ton when South Carolina seceded, but was 
relieved from his command by order of 
Secretary Floyd. He was succeeded in 
the command of Fort Moultrie by Maj. 
Robert Anderson. He died in Wilming- 
ton, Del., Feb. 19, 1869. See MOULTRIE, 
FORT. 

Gardner, THOMAS, military officer; 
born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1724; was 
a member of the committee of safety in 
1775, and in the same year raised a regi- 
ment in accordance with instructions from 
the Provincial Congress. At the battle 
of Bunker Hill he was severely wounded, 
and died the next day. 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 

Garfield, JAMES ABRAM, twentieth President of the United States, and en- 
President of the United States; born in tered upon his duties on March 4, 1881. 
Orange, Cuyahoga co., O., Nov. 19, 1831. After an administration of four months, 
Left an orphan, his childhood and youth he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a 
were spent alternately in school and in disappointed office-seeker, in Washing- 
labor for his support. He drove horses ton, July 2, 1881, and lingered until 
on the Ohio canal; learned the carpen- 
ter's trade; worked at it during school 
vacations; entered the Geauga Academy, 
at Chester, O., in 1850, and, at the end 
of four years, had fitted himself for 
junior in college. He entered Williams 
College, Mass., that year; graduated in 
1S56; and then, till 1861, was first an in- 
structor in Hiram College, and afterwards 
its president; gave his first vote for the 
Republican candidates, and took part in 
the canvass as a promising orator; stud- 
ied law; was a member of the Ohio State 
Senate in 1859, and often preached to 
congregations of the Disciples' Church, 
of which he was a member. A firm sup- 
porter of the government, Garfield en- 
tered the military service in its defence, 
and in eastern Kentucky and elsewhere 
proved himself a skilful soldier, becom- 
ing a major-general of volunteers in 1863. 
In that year he was elected to Congress, 
nhere his career as a statesman was 
marvellous. He grasped every topic in 

debate with a master's hand. In 1880 Sept. 19 following, when he died at El- 
he was elected to the United States Sen- beron, on the sea-shore, in New Jersey, 
ate, and in the same year was elected His death was sincerely mourned in all 

12 




GABFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



parts of the civilized world. See ELAINE, 
JAMES GILLESPIE; GUITEAU, CHARLES J. 

Inaugural Address. On March 4, 1881, 
President Garfield delivered the following 
inaugural address, in which he eloquently 
considered the condition of the country at 
the turning of a century of its constitu- 
tional existence: 



Fellow-Citizens, We stand to-day upon 
an eminence which overlooks 100 years 
of national life a century crowded with 
perils, but crowned with the triumphs of 
liberty and law. Before continuing the 
onward inarch let us pause on this height 
for a moment to strengthen our faith and 
renew our hope by a glance at the path- 
way along which our people have trav- 
elled. 

It is now three days more than 100 
years since the adoption of the first writ- 
ten Constitution of the United States 
the Articles of Confederation and 
Perpetual Union. The new republic was 
then beset with danger on every hand. It 
had not conquered a place in the family 
of nations. The decisive battle of the war 
for independence, whose centennial an- 
niversary will soon be gratefully cele- 
brated at Yorktown, had not yet been 
fought. The colonists were struggling 
not only against the armies of a great 
nation, but against the settled opinions 
of mankind; for the world did not then 
believe that the supreme authority of 
government could be safely intrusted to 
the guardianship of the people themselves. 

We cannot overestimate the fervent love 
of liberty, the intelligent courage, and the 
sum of common - sense with which our 
fathers made the great experiment of self- 
government. When they found, after a 
short trial, that the confederacy of States 
was too weak to meet the necessities of a 
vigorous and expanding republic, they 
boldly set it aside, and in its stead estab- 
lished a national union, founded directly 
upon the will of the people, endowed with 
full power of self-preservation and ample 
authority for the accomplishment of its 
great object. 

Under this Constitution the boundaries 
of freedom have been enlarged, the foun- 
dations of order and peace have been 
strengthened, and the growth of our peo- 
ple in all the better elements of national 



life has indicated the wisdom of the 
founders and given new hope to their de- 
scendants. Under this Constitution our 
people long ago made themselves safe 
against danger from without and secured 
for their mariners and flag equality of 
rights on all the seas. Under this Consti- 
tution twenty-five States have been add- 
ed to the Union, with constitutions and 
laws, framed and enforced by their own 
citizens, to secure the manifold blessings 
of local self-government. 

The jurisdiction of this Constitution 
now covers an area fifty times greater than 
that of the original thirteen States and a 
population twenty times greater than that 
of 1780. 

The supreme trial of the Constitution 
came at last under the tremendous press- 
ure of civil war. We ourselves are wit- 
nesses that the Union emerged from the 
blood and fire of that conflict purified and 
made stronger for all the beneficent pur- 
poses of good government. 

And now, at the close of this first cen- 
tury of growth, with the inspirations of 
its history in their hearts, our people have 
lately reviewed the condition of the na- 
tion, passed judgment upon the conduct 
and opinions of political parties, and have 
registered their will concerning the future 
administration of the government. To in- 
terpret and to execute that will in accord- 
ance with the Constitution is the para- 
mount duty of the executive. 

Even from this brief review it is mani- 
fest that the nation is resolutely facing 
to the front, resolved to employ its best 
energies in developing the great possibili- 
ties of the future. Sacredly preserving 
whatever has been gained to liberty and 
good government during the century, our 
people are determined to leave behind them 
all those bitter controversies concerning 
things which have been irrevocably set- 
tled, and the further discussion of which 
can only stir up strife and delay the on- 
ward march. 

The supremacy of the nation and its 
laws should be no longer a subject of de- 
bate. That discussion, which for half a 
century threatened the existence of the 
Union, was closed at last in the high court 
of war by a decree from which there is no 
appeal that the Constitution and the 
laws made in pursuance thereof are and 



13 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABBABT 



shall continue to be the supreme law of 
the land, binding alike upon the States 
and the people. This decree does not dis- 
turb the autonomy of the States nor in- 
terfere with any of their necessary rights 
of local self-government, but it does fix 
and establish the permanent supremacy of 
the Union. 

The will of the nation, speaking with 
the voice of battle and through the amend- 
ed Constitution, has fulfilled the great 
promise of 1776 by proclaiming " liberty 
throughout the land to all the inhabitants 
thereof." 

The elevation of the negro race from 
slavery to the full rights of citizenship 
is the most important political change we 
have known since the adoption of the Con- 
stitution of 1787. No thoughtful man can 
fail to appreciate its beneficent effect upon 
our institutions and people. It has 
freed us from the perpetual danger of 
war and dissolution. It has added im- 
mensely to the moral and industrial 
forces of our people. It has liberated the 
master as well as the slave from a re- 
lation which wronged and enfeebled both. 
It has surrendered to their own guardian- 
ship the manhood of more than 5,000,000 
people, and has opened to each one of 
them a career of freedom and usefulness. 
It has given new inspiration to the power 
of self-help in both races by making labor 
more honorable to the one and more neces- 
sary to the other. The influence of this 
force will grow greater and bear richer 
fruit with the coming years. 

No doubt this great change has caused 
serious disturbance to our Southern com- 
munities. This is to be deplored, though 
it was perhaps unavoidable. But those 
who resisted the change should remember 
that under our institutions there was no 
middle ground for the negro race between 
slavery and equal citizenship. There can 
be no permanent disfranchised peasantry 
in the United States. Freedom can never 
yield its fulness of blessings so long as 
the law or its administration places the 
smallest obstacle in the pathway of any 
virtuous citizen. 

The emancipated race has already made 
remarkable progress. With unquestion- 
ing devotion to the Union, with a patience 
and gentleness not born of fear, they 
have " followed the light as God gave 



them to see the light." They are rapidly 
laying the material foundations of self- 
support, widening their circle of intel- 
ligence, and beginning to enjoy the bless- 
ings that gather around the homes of the 
industrious poor. They deserve the gen- 
erous encouragement of all good men. So 
far as my authority can lawfully extend, 
they shall enjoy the full and equal pro- 
tection of the Constitution and the laws. 

The free enjoyment of equal suffrage 
is still in question, and a frank statement 
of the issue may aid its solution. It is 
alleged that in many communities negro 
citizens are practically denied the free- 
dom of the ballot. In so far as the truth 
of this allegation is admitted, it is answer- 
ed that in many places honest local gov- 
ernment is impossible if the mass of un- 
educated negroes are allowed to vote. 
These are grave allegations. So far as 
the latter is true, it is the only palliation 
that can be offered for opposing the free- 
dom of the ballot. Bad local government 
is certainly a great evil, which ought to be 
prevented; but to violate the freedom and 
sanctities of the suffrage is more than an 
evil. It is a crime which, if persisted in, 
will destroy the government itself. Sui- 
cide is not a remedy. If in other lands 
it be high treason to compass the death 
of the king, it shall be counted no less a 
crime here to strangle our sovereign power 
and stifle its voice. 

It has been said that unsettled ques- 
tions have no pity for the repose of na- 
tions. It should be said with the utmost 
emphasis that this question of the suffrage 
will never give repose or safety to the 
States or to the nation until each, within 
its own jurisdiction, makes and keeps the 
ballot free and pure by the strong 
sanctions of the law. 

But the danger which arises from 
ignorance in the voter cannot be denied. 
It covers a field far wider than that of 
negro suffrage and the present condition 
of the race. It is a danger that lurks 
and hides in the sources and fountains of 
power in every State. We have no stand- 
ard by which to measure the disaster that 
may be brought upon us by ignorance and 
vice in the citizens when joined to cor- 
ruption and fraud in the suffrage. 

The voters of the Union, who make and 
unmake constitutions, and upon whose will 



14 






GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

hang the destinies of our governments, to our moral and material well-being unite 

can transmit their supreme authority to us and offer ample employment of our 

no successors save the coming generation best powers. Let all our people, leaving 

of voters, who are the sole heirs of behind them the battle-fields of dead issues, 

sovereign power. If that generation comes move forward and in their strength of 

to its inheritance blinded by ignorance liberty and the restored Union win the 

and corrupted by vice, the fall of the re- grander victories of peace, 

public will be certain and remediless. The prosperity which now prevails is 

The census has already sounded the without parallel in our history. Fruitful 

alarm in the appalling figures which mark seasons have done much to secure it, but 

how dangerously high the tide of illit- they have not done all. The preservation 

eracy has risen among our voters and of the public credit and the resumption of 

their children. specie payments, so successfully attained 

To the South this question is of supreme by the administration of my predecessors, 

importance. But the responsibility for have enabled our people to secure the 

the existence of slavery did not rest upon blessings which the seasons brought, 

the South alone. The nation itself is re- By the experience of commercial nations 

sponsible for the extension of the suffrage, in all ages it has been found that gold 

and is under special obligations to aid in and silver afford the only safe foundation 

removing the illiteracy which it has added for a monetary system. Confusion has 

to the voting population. For the North recently been created by variations in the 

and South alike there is but one remedy, relative value of the two metals, but I 

All the constitutional power of the nation confidently believe that arrangements can 

and of the States, and all the volunteer be made between the leading commercial 

forces of the people, should be surrendered nations which will secure the general use 

to meet this danger by the savory in- of both metals. Congress should provide 

fluence of universal education. that the compulsory coinage of silver now 

It is the high privilege and sacred duty required by law may not disturb our 

of those now living to educate their sue- monetary system by driving either metal 

cessors and fit them, by intelligence and out of circulation. If possible, such an 

virtue, for the inheritance which awaits adjustment should be made that the pur- 

them. chasing power of every coined dollar will 

In this beneficent work sections and be exactly equal to its debt-paying power 
races should be forgotten and partisan- in all the markets of the world, 
ship should be unknown. Let our people The chief duty of the national govern- 
find a new meaning in the divine oracle ment in connection with the currency of 
which declares that "a little child shall the country is to coin money and declare 
lead them," for our own little children its value. Grave doubts have been enter- 
will soon control the destinies of the re- tained whether Congress is authorized by 
public. the Constitution to make any form of pa- 

My countrymen, we do not now differ per money legal tender. The present issue 

in our judgment concerning the contro- of United States notes has been sustained 

versies of past generations, and fifty years by the necessities of war; but such paper 

hence our children will not be divided in should depend for its value and currency 

their opinions concerning our contro- upon its convenience in use and its prompt 

versies. They will surely bless their redemption in coin at the will of the 

fathers and their fathers' God that the holder, and not upon its compulsory cir- 

Union was preserved, that slavery was dilation. These notes are not money, but 

overthrown, and that both races were promises to pay money. If the holders 

made equal before the law. We may demand it, the promise should be kept, 

hasten or we may retard, but we cannot The refunding of the national debt at 

prevent, the final reconciliation. Is it a lower rate of interest should be accom- 

not possible for us now to make a truce plished without compelling the withdrawal 

with time by anticipating and accepting of the national bank notes, and thus dis- 

its inevitable verdict? turbing the business of the country. 

Enterprises of the highest importance I venture to refer to the position I have 

15 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

occupied on financial questions during a lishment of religion or prohibiting the free 
long service in Congress, and to say that exercise thereof. The Territories of the 
time and experience have strengthened the United States are subject to the direct 
opinions I have so often expressed on legislative authority of Congress, and 
these subjects. hence the general government is respon- 

The finances of the government shall sible for any violation of the Constitution 
suffer no detriment which it may be pos- in any of them. It is therefore a reproach 
sible for my administration to prevent. to the government that in the most popu- 

The interests of agriculture deserve lous of the Territories the constitutional 
more attention from the government than guarantee is not enjoyed by the people, and 
they have yet received. The farms of the the authority of Congress is set at naught. 
United States afford homes and employ- The Mormon Church not only offends the 
ment for more than one-half our people, moral sense of manhood by sanctioning 
and furnish much the largest part of all polygamy, but prevents the administration 
our exports. As the government lights of justice through ordinary instrumen- 
our coasts for the protection of mariners talities of law. 

and the benefit of commerce, so it should In my judgment it is the duty of Con- 
give to the tillers of the soil the best lights gress, while respecting to the uttermost 
of practical science and experience. the conscientious convictions and relig- 

Our manufactures are rapidly making ious scruples of every citizen, to prohibit 
us industrially independent, and are open- within its jurisdiction all criminal prac- 
ing to capital and labor new and profit- tices, especially of that class which de- 
able fields of employment. Their steady stroy the family relations and endanger 
and healthy growth should still be ma- social order. Nor can any ecclesiastical 
tured. Our facilities for transportation organization be safely permitted to usurp 
should be promoted by the continued im- in the smallest degree the functions and 
provement of our harbors and great in- powers of the national government, 
terior water-ways and by the increase of The civil service can never be placed 
our tonnage on the ocean. on a satisfactory basis until it is regu- 

The development of the world's com- lated by law. For the good of the ser- 
merce has led to an urgent demand for vice itself, for the protection of those 
shortening the great sea voyage around who are intrusted with the appointing 
Cape Horn by constructing ship-canals power against the waste of time and 
or railways across the isthmus which obstruction to the public business caused 
unites the continents. Various plans to by the inordinate pressure for place, and 
this end have been suggested and will need for the protection of incumbents against 
consideration, but none of them has been intrigue and wrong, I shall at the proper 
sufficiently matured to warrant the United time ask Congress to fix the tenure of the 
States in extending pecuniary aid. The minor offices of the several executive de- 
subject, however, is one which will im- partments, and prescribe the grounds upon 
mediately engage the attention of the gov- which removals shall be made during the 
ernment with a view to a thorough pro- terms for which incumbents have been 
tection to American interests. We will appointed. 

urge no narrow policy nor seek peculiar or Finally, acting always within the au- 
exclusive privileges in any commercial thority and limitations of the Constitu- 
route; but, in the language of my pred- tion, invading neither the rights of the 
ecessor, I believe it to be the right " and States nor the reserved rights of the peo- 
duty of the United States to assert and pie, it will be the purpose of my adminis- 
maintain such supervision and authority tration to maintain the authority of the 
over any interoceanic canal across the nation in all places within its juris- 
isthmus that connects North and South diction; to enforce obedience to all the 
America as will protect our national in- laws of the Union in the interests of the 
terests." people; to demand rigid economy in all 

The Constitution guarantees absolute the expenditures of the government, and 
religious freedom. Congress is prohibited to require the honest and faithful service 
from making any law respecting an estab- of all executive officers, remembering that 

16 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



the offices were created, not for the bene- 
fit of incumbents or their supporters, but 
for the service of the government. 

And now, fellow-citizens, I am about to 
assume the great trust which you have 
committed to my hands. I appeal to you 
for that earnest and thoughtful support 
which makes this government in fact, 
as it is in law, a government of the 
people. 

I shall greatly rely upon the wisdom 
and patriotism of Congress, and of those 
who may share with me the responsibilities 
and duties of administration, and, above 
all, upon our efforts to promote the wel- 
fare of this great people and their gov- 
ernments I reverently invoke the support 
and blessings of Almighty God. 

The Western Reserve. On Sept. 1C, 
1873, General Garfield delivered the ad- 
dress that follows before the Historical 
Society of Geauga county, Ohio: 



From the historian's stand-point, our 
country is peculiarly and exceptionally 
fortunate. The origin of nearly all great 
nations, ancient and modern, is shrouded 
in fable or traditionary legend. The story 
of the founding of Rome by the wolf- 
nursed brothers, Romulus and Remus, has 
long been classed among myths of history; 
and the more modern story of Hengist and 
Horsa leading the Saxons to England is 
almost equally legendary. The origin of 
Paris can never be known. Its founda- 
tion was iaid long before Gaul had written 
records. But the settlement, civilization, 
and political institutions of our country 
can be traced from their first hour by the 
clear light of history. It is true that 
over this continent hangs an impenetrable 
veil of tradition, mystery, and silence. 
But it is the tradition of races fast pass- 
ing away; the mystery of a still earlier 
race, which flourished and perished long 
before its discovery by the Europeans. 
The story of the Mound-builders can never 
be told. The fate of the Indian tribes 
will soon be a half-forgotten tale. But 
the history of European civilization and 
institutions on this continent can bo 
traced with precision and fulness, unless 
we become forgetful of the past, and neg- 
lect to save and perpetuate its precious 
memorials. 

In discussing the scope of historical 

IV. B 17 



study in reference to our country, I will 
call attention to a few general facts con- 
cerning its discovery and settlement. 

First. The Romantic Period of Dis- 
covery on this Continent. 

There can scarcely be found in the 
realms of romance anything more fasci- 
nating than tne records of discovery and 
adventure during the two centuries that 
followed the landing of Columbus on the 
soil of the New World. The greed for 
gold; the passion for adventure; the 
spirit of chivalry; the enthusiasm and 
fanaticism of religion all conspired to 
throw into America the hardiest and most 
daring spirits of Europe, and made the 
vast wilderness of the New World the 
theatre of the most stirring achievements 
that history has recorded. 

Early in the sixteenth century, Spain, 
turning from the conquest of Granada and 
her triumph over the Moors, followed her 
golden dreams of the New World with the 
same spirit that in an earlier day ani- 
mated her Crusaders. In 1528 Ponce de 
Leon began his search for the fountain of 
perpetual youth, the tradition of which 
he had learned among the natives of the 
West Indies. He discovered the low-lying 
coasts of Florida-, and explored its in- 
terior. Instead of the fountain of youth, 
he found his grave among its everglades. 

A few years later De Soto, who had ac- 
companied Pizarro in the conquest of 
Peru, landed in Florida with a gallant 
array of knights and nobles, and com- 
menced his explorations through the west- 
ern wilderness. In 1541 he reached the 
banks of the Mississippi River, and, cross- 
ing it, pushed his discoveries westward 
over the great plains; but, finding neither 
the gold nor the South Sea of his dreams, 
he returned to be buried in the waters of 
the great river he had discovered. 

While England was more leisurely ex- 
ploring the bays and rivers of the Atlan- 
tic coast, and searching for gold and pel- 
try, the chevaliers and priests of France 
were chasing their dreams in the North, 
searching for a passage to China and the 
realms of Far Cathay, and telling the 
mystery of the Cross to the Indian tribes 
of the fa-r West. Coasting northward, 
her bold navigators discovered the mouth 
of the St. Lawrence; and in 1525 Cartier 
sailed up its broad current to the rocky 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 

heights of Quebec, and to the rapids above the westward, and on the 16th of June 

Montreal, which were afterwards named reached the Mississippi near the spot 

La Chine, in derision of the belief that where now stands the city of Prairie du 

the adventurers were about to find China. Chien. To-morrow will be the 200th anni- 

In 1609 Champlain pushed above the versary of that discovery. One hundred 
rapids and discovered the beautiful lake and thirty-two years before that time De 
that bears his name. In 1615 Priest La Soto had seen the same river more than 
Caron pushed northward and westward 1,000 miles below; but during that in- 
through the wilderness and discovered terval it is not known that any white man 
Lake Huron. had looked upon its waters. 

In 1635 the Jesuit missionaries founded Turning southward, these brave priests 

the Mission St. Mary. In 1654 another descended the great river, amid the awful 

priest had entered the wilderness of solitudes. The stories of demons and 

northern New York and found the salt monsters of the wilderness which abounded 

springs of Onondaga. In 1659-60 French among the Indian tribes did not deter 

traders and priests passed the winter on them from pushing their discoveries. 

Lake Superior and established missions They continued their journey southward 

along its shores. to the mouth of the Arkansas River, tell- 

Among the earlier discoverers, no name ing as best they could the story of the 

shines out with more brilliancy than that Cross to the wild tribes along the shores. 

of the Chevalier La Salle. The story of Returning from the Kaskaskias, and 

his explorations can scarcely be equalled travelling thence to Lake Michigan, they 

in romantic interest by any of the stirring reached Green Bay at the end of Septem- 

tales of the Crusaders. Born of a proud ber, 1673, having on their journey pad- 

and wealthy family in the north of France, died their canoes more than 2,500 miles, 

he was destined for the service of the Marquette remained to establish missions 

church and of the Jesuit order. But his among the Indians, and to die, three years 

restless spirit, fired with the love of ad- Jater, on the western shore of Lake Michi- 

venture, broke away from the ecclesiasti- gan, while Joliet returned to Quebec to re- 

cal restraints to confront the dangers of port his discoveries. 

the New World, and to extend the empire In the mean time Count Frontenac, a 
of Louis XIV. From the best evidence ac- noble of France, had been made governor 
cessible, it appears that he was the first of Canada, and found in La Salle a fit 
white man that saw the Ohio River. At counsellor and assistant in his vast 
twenty-six years of age we find him with schemes of discovery. La Salle was sent 
a small party, near the western extremity to France, to enlist the Court and the 
of Lake Ontario, boldly entering the do- ministers of Louis; and in 1677-78 re- 
main of the dreaded Iroquois, travelling turned to Canada, with full power under 
southward and westward through the win- Frontenac to carry forward his grand en- 
try wilderness until he reached a branch terprises. He had developed three great 
of the Ohio, probably the Alleghany. He purposes: first, to realize the old plan of 
followed it to the main stream, and de- Champlain, the finding of a pathway to 
scended that, until in the winter of 1669 China across the American continent; 
and 1670 he reached the Falls of the Ohio, second, to occupy and develop the regions 
near the present site of Louisville. His of the northern lakes; and, third, to de- 
companions refusing to go farther, he re- scend the Mississippi and establish a for- 
turned to Quebec, and prepared for still tified post at its mouth, thus securing an 
greater undertakings. outlet for the trade of the interior and 

In the mean time the Jesuit missionaries checking the progress of Spain on the 

had been pushing their discoveries on the Gulf of Mexico. 

northern lake. In 1673 Joliet and Mar- In pursuance of this plan, we find La 
quette started from Green Bay, dragging Salle and his companions, in January, 
their canoes up the rapids of Fox River; 1679, dragging their cannon and ma- 
crossed Lake Winnebago; found Indian terials for ship-building around the Falls 
guides to conduct them to the waters of of Niagara, and laying the keel of a ves- 
the Wisconsin; descended that stream to sel 2 leagues above the cataract, at the 

18 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



mouth of Cayuga Creek. She was a 
schooner of 45 tons burden, and was 
named The Griffin. On Aug. 7, 1679, 
with an armament of five cannon and 
a crew and company of thirty-four men, 
she started on her voyage up Lake Erie, 
the first sail ever spread over the waters 
of our lake. On the fourth day she en- 
tered Detroit River; and, after en- 
countering a terrible storm on Lake 
Huron, passed the strait and reached 
Green Bay early in September. A few 
weeks later she started back for Niagara, 
laden with furs, and was never heard 
from. 

While awaiting the supplies which The 
Griffin was expected to bring, La Salle 
explored Lake Michigan to its southern 
extremity, ascended the St. Joseph, crossed 
the portage to Kankakee, descended the 
Illinois, and, landing at an Indian vil- 
lage on the site of the present village 
of Utica, 111., celebrated mass on New 
Year's Day, 1680. Before the winter 
was ended he became certain that The 
Griffin was lost. But, undaunted by 
his disasters, on March 3, with five com- 
panions, he began the incredible feat of 
making the journey to Quebec on foot 
in the dead of winter. This he accom- 
plished. He reorganized his expedition, 
conquered every difficulty, and on Dec. 
21, 1681, with a party of fifty-four 
Frenchmen and friendly Indians, set out 
for the present site of Chicago, and by 
way of the Illinois River reached the 
Mississippi, Feb. 6, 1682. He descended 
its stream, and on April 9, 1682, stand- 
ing on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, 
solemnly proclaimed to his companions 
and to the wilderness that, in the name 
of Louis the Great, he took possession of 
the Great Valley watered by the Missis- 
sippi River. He set up a column, and in- 
scribed upon it the arms of France, and 
named the country Louisiana. Upon this 
act rested the claim of France to the vast 
region stretching from the Alleghany to 
the Rocky Mountains, from the Rio 
Grande and the Gulf to the farthest 
springs of the Missouri. 

I will not follow further the career of 
the great explorers. Enough has been said 
to exhibit the spirit and character of their 
work. T would I were able to inspire the, 
young men of this country with a desire 



to read the history of these stirring days 
of discovery that opened up to Europe 
the mysteries of this New World. 

As Irving has well said of their work: 
"It was poetry put into action; it was 
the knight-errantry of the Old World car- 
ried into the depths of the American 
wilderness. The personal adventures; the 
feats of individual prowess; the pictu- 
resque descriptions of steel-clad cavaliers, 
with lance and helm and prancing steed, 
glittering through the wilderness of 
Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and the 
prairies of the far West would seem to 
us mere fictions of romance did they not 
come to us in the matter-of-fact narra- 
tives of those who were eye-witnesses, and 
who recorded minute memoranda of every 
incident." 

Second. The Struggle for National Do- 
minion. 

I next invite your attention to the less 
stirring but not less important struggle 
for the possession of the New World which 
succeeded the period of discovery. 

At the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
tury North America was claimed mainly 
by three great powers. Spain held pos- 
session of Mexico and a belt reaching 
eastward to the Atlantic and northward 
to the southern line of Georgia except a 
portion near the mouth of the Mississippi 
held by the French. England held from 
the Spanish line on the south to the 
northern lakes and the St. Lawrence and 
westward to the Alleghanies. France held 
all north of the lakes and west of the Al- 
leghanies, and southward to the posses- 
sions of Spain. Some of the boundary- 
lines were but vaguely defined, others 
were disputed; but the general outlines 
were as stated. 

Besides the struggle for national pos- 
session, the religious element entered 
largely into the contest. It was a strug- 
gle between the Catholic and Protestant 
faiths. The Protestant colonies of Eng- 
land were enveloped on three sides by the 
vigorous and perfectly organized Catholic 
powers of France and Spain. 

Indeed, at an early date, by the bull of 
Pope Alexander VI., all America had been 
given to the Spaniards. But France, with 
a zeal equal to that of Spain, had entered 
the list to contest for the prize. So far 
as the religious struggle was concerned, 
19 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 



wisdom of Governor Spotswood, and per- 
ceived that an empire was soon to be 
saved or lost. 

In 1748 a company was organized by 
Thomas Lee and Lawrence and Augustine 
Washington, under the name of " The Ohio 
Company," and received a royal grant of 
500,000 acres of land in the valley of the 
Ohio. In 1751 a British trading-post was 
established on the Big Miami; but in the 
following year it was destroyed by the 
French. Many similar efforts of the Eng- 
lish colonists were resisted by the French ; 
and during the years 1751-53 it became 
manifest that a great struggle was im- 
minent between the French and the Eng- 
lish for the possession of the West. The 
British ministers were too much absorbed 
in intrigues at home to appreciate the im- 
portance of this contest; and they did 



the efforts of France and Spain were re- 
sisted only by the Protestants of the At- 
lantic coast. 

The main chain of the Alleghanies was 
supposed to be impassable until 1714, 
when Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, 
led an expedition to discover a pass to 
the great valley beyond. He found one 
somewhere near the western boundary of 
Virginia, and by it descended to the Ohio, 
On his return he established the " Trans- 
montane Order," or " Knights of the 
Golden Horse-shoe." On the sandy plains 
of eastern Virginia horse-shoes were rare- 
ly used, but, in climbing the mountains, 
he had found them necessary, and, on 
creating his companions knights of this 
new order, he gave to each a golden horse- 
shoe, inscribed with the motto, 

Sic Juvat transcendere montes." 

He represented to the British ministry to protect their rights in the valley of the 

the great importance of planting settle- Ohio. 

ments in the western valley; and, with the In 1753 the Ohio Company had opened 

foresight of a statesman, pointed out the a road > by " Will's Creek," into the west- 

danger of allowing the French the undis- ern valley, and were preparing to locate 

puted possession of that rich region. their colony. At the same time the 

The progress of England had been French had sent a force to occupy 

slower, but more certain, than that of her an( i hold the line of the Ohio. As the 

great rival. While the French were es- Ohio Company was under the especial 

tablishing trading-posts at points widely protection of Virginia, the governor of 

remote from each other, along the lakes that colony determined to send a mes- 

and the Mississippi, and in the wilderness senger to the commander of the French 

of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the English forces and demand the reason for in- 

were slowly but firmly planting their set- vading the British dominions. For this 

tlements on the Atlantic slope, and pre- purpose he selected George Washington, 

paring to contest for the rich prize of the then twenty-one years of age, who, with 

great West. They possessed one great six assistants, set out from Williams- 

advantage over their French rivals. They burg, Va., in the middle of November, for 

had cultivated the friendship of the Iro- Hi* waters of the Ohio and the lakes. 

quois Confederacy, the most powerful com- After a journey of nine days through 

bination of Indian tribes known to the sleet and snow, he reached the Ohio, at 

New World. That confederacy held pos- the junction of the Alleghany and the 

session of the southern shores of lakes Monongahela; and his quick eye seemed 

Ontario and Erie ; and their hostility to to foresee the destiny of the place. " I 

the French had confined the settlements spent some time," said he, " in viewing 

of that people mainly to the northern the rivers. The land in the fork has the 

shores. absolute command of both." On this spot 

During the first half of the eighteenth Fort Pitt was afterwards built, and still 

century many treaties were made by the later the city of Pittsburg. 

English with these confederated tribes, As Bancroft has said, "After creating 

and some valuable grants of land were ob- in imagination a fortress and city, his 

tained on the eastern slope of the Missis- party swam across the Alleghany, and 

sippi Valley. v/rapped their blankets around them for 

About the middle of that century the the night on the northwest bank." Pro- 

British government began to recognize the ceeding down the Ohio to Logstown, he 

20 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

held a council with the Shawnees and the the Maumee; and, setting out from the 

DelaWares, who promised to secure the point where Sandusky City now stands, 

aid of the Six Nations in resisting the crossed the Huron River to the northern 

French. He then proceeded to the French branch of White Woman's River, and, 

posts at Venango and Fort Le Boeuf (the passing thence by the English village of 

latter 15 miles from Lake Erie), and Beaver stown, and up the Ohio, reached 

warned the commanders that the rights Fort Pitt on Jan. 23, 1761, just a month' 

of Virginia must not be invaded. He re- after he left Detroit. 

ceived for his answer that the French Under the leadership of Pitt, England 

would seize every Englishman in the Ohio was finally triumphant in this great 

Valley. struggle; and by the treaty of Paris, of 

Returning to Virginia in January, Feb. 10, 1763, she acquired Canada and 

1754, he reported to the governor, and all the territory east of the Mississippi 

immediate preparations were made by River, and southward to the Spanish ter- 

ihe colonists to maintain their rights in ritory, excepting New Orleans and the 

the West and resist the incursions of the island on which it is situated. 

French. In this movement originated the During the twelve years which followed 

first military union among the English the treaty of Paris, the English colonists 

colonists. were pushing their settlements into the 

Although peace existed between France newly acquired territory; but they en- 
and England, formidable preparations countered the opposition of the Six Na- 
were made by the latter to repel en- tions and their allies, who made fruitless 
croachments on the frontier, from Ohio efforts to capture the British posts De- 
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Braddock troit, Niagara, and Fort Pitt, 
was sent to America, and in 1755, at At length, in 1768, Sir William John- 
Alexandria, Va., he planned four expe- son concluded a treaty at Fort Stanwix 
ditions against the French. with these tribes, by which all the lands 

It is not necessary to speak in detail south of the Ohio and the Allcghany were 
of the war that followed. After Brad- sold to the British, the Indians to re- 
dock's defeat, near the forks of the Ohio, main in undisturbed possession of the 
which occurred on July 9, 1755, England territory north and west of those rivers, 
herself took active measures for prose- New companies were organized to occupy 
cuting the war. the territory thus obtained. 

On Nov. 25, 1758, Forbes captured Fort " Among the foremost speculators in 

Duquesne, which thus passed into the pos- Western lands at that time," says the 

session of the English, and was named author of Annals of the West, " was 

Fort Pitt, in honor of the great minister. George Washington." In 1769 he was one 

In 1759 Quebec was captured by General of the signers of a petition to the King for 

Wolfe; and the same year Niagara fell a grant of 2,500.000 acres in the West. In 

into the hands of the English. 1770 he crossed the mountains and de- 

In 1760 an English force, under Major scended the Ohio to the mouth of the 

Rogers, moved westward from Niagara, Great Kanawha, to locate the 10,000 

to occupy the French posts on the upper acres to which he was entitled for services 

lakes. They coasted along the south in the French War. 

shore of Erie, the first English-speaking Virginians planted settlements in Ken- 
people that sailed its waters. Near the tucky; and pioneers from all the colonies 
mouth of the Grand River they met in began to occupy the frontiers, from the 
council the chiefs of the great warrior Alleghany to the Tennessee. 
Pontiac. A few weeks later they took Third. The War of the Revolution, and 
possession of Detroit. " Thus," says Mr. its Relations to the West. 
Bancroft, " was Michigan won by Great How came the thirteen colonies to pos- 
Britain, though not for itself. There sess the valley of the Mississippi? The 
were those who foresaw that the acquisi- obiect of their struggle was independence, 
tion of Canada was the prelude of Ameri- and yet by the treaty of peace in 1783 
can independence." not only was the independence of the 

Late in December Rogers returned to thirteen colonies conceded, but there was 

21 



GAKFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

granted to the new republic a western with the importance of warding off these 

territory bounded by the northern lakes, dangers, he appealed to the governor, 

the Mississippi, and the French and Span- I'atrick Henry, and received from him 

ish possessions. authority to enlist seven companies to go 

How did these hills and valleys become to Kentucky subject to his orders, and 

a part of the United States? It is truo serve for three months after their arrival 

that by virtue of royal charters several in the West. This was a public commis- 

of the colonies set up claims extending to sion. 

the " South Sea." The knowledge which Another document, bearing date Will- 
the English possessed of the geography of iamsburg, Jan. 2, 1778, was a secret com- 
this country at that time is illustrated mission, which authorized him, in the 
by the fact that Capt. John Smith was name of Virginia, to capture the military 
commissioned to sail up the Chickahom- posts held by the British in the Northwest, 
iny and find a passage to China! But the Armed with this authority, he proceeded 
claims of the colonies were too vague to Pittsburg, where he obtained ammuni- 
to be of any consequence in determining tion and floated it down the river to Ken- 
the boundaries of the two governments, tucky, succeeded in enlisting seven corn- 
Virginia had indeed extended her settle- panics of pioneers, and in the month of 
ments into the region south of the Ohio June, 1778, commenced his march through 
River, and during the Revolution had the untrodden wilderness to the region of 
annexed that country to the Old Do- the Illinois. With a daring that is scarce- 
minion, calling it the county of Kentucky, ly equalled in the annals of war, he capt- 
But previous to the Revolution the colo- ured the garrisons of Kaskaskia, St. Vin- 
iiies had taken no such action in refer- cent, and Cahokia, and sent his prisoners 
ence to the territory northwest of the to the governor of Virginia, and by his 
Ohio. energy and skill won over the French in- 

The cession of that great territory, un- habitants of that region to the Ameri- 

der the treaty of 1783, was due mainly to can cause. 

the foresight, the courage, and the en- In October, 1778, the House of Burgesses 

durance of one man, who never received passed an act declaring that " all the citi- 

from his country any adequate recogni- zens of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 

tion for his great service. That man was who are already settled there, or shall 

George Rogers Clark; and it is worth your hereafter be settled on the west side of 

while to consider the work he accom- the Ohio, shall be included in the District 

plished. Born in Virginia, he was in early of Kentucky, which shall be called 

life a surveyor, and afterwards served in Illinois county." In other words, George 

Lord Dunmore's War. In 1776 he settled Rogers Clark conquered the Territory of 

in Kentucky, and was, in fact, the founder the Northwest in the name of Virginia, 

of that commonwealth. As the war of and the flag of the republic covered it at 

the Revolution progressed, he saw that the close of the war. 

the pioneers west of the Alleghanies were In negotiating the treaty of peace at 
threatened by two formidable dangers: Paris, in 1783, the British commission- 
first, by the Indians, many of whom had ers insisted on the Ohio River as the 
joined the standard of Great Britain; northwestern boundary of the United 
and, second, by the success of the war it- States; and it was found that the only 
self. For, should the colonies obtain their tenable ground on which the American 
independence while the British held pos- commissioners relied, to sustain our claim 
session of the Mississippi Valley, the Al- to the Lakes nnd the Mississippi as the 
leghanies would be the western boundary boundary, was the fact that George Rogers 
of the new republic, and the pioneers of Clark had conquered the country, and Vir- 
tlie West would remain subject to Great ginia was in undisputed possession of it 
Britain. at the cessation of hostilities. 

Inspired by these views, he made two In his Notes on the Early Settlement 
journeys to Virginia to represent the of the Northwest Territory, Judge Bur- 
case to the authorities of that colony, net says, "That fact [the capture of the 
Failing to impress the House of Burgesses British posts] was confirmed and admit- 

22 



GABFIELD, JAMES ABEAM 

ted, and was the chief ground on which Washington a portrait of Clark, which 
the British commissioners reluctantly gives unmistakable evidence of a char- 
abandoned their claim." acter of rare grasp and power. No one 

It is a stain upon the honor of our can look upon that remarkable face with- 

country that such a man the leader of out knowing that the original was a man 

pioneers who made the first lodgment of unusual force. 

on the site now occupied by Louis- Fourth. Organization and Settlement 

ville, who was in fact the founder of the of the Northwest Territory. 

State of Kentucky, and who by his per- Soon after the close of the Revolution 

sonal foresight and energy gave nine great our Western country was divided into 

States to the republic was allowed to three territories the Territory of the 

sink under a load of debt incurred for Mississippi, the Territory south of the 

the honor and glory of his country. Ohio, and the Territory northwest of tho 

In 1799 Judge Burnet rode some 10 Ohio. For the purposes of this address 

or 12 miles from Louisville into the I shall consider only the organization 

country to visit this veteran hero. He and settlement of the latter. 

says he was induced to make this visit It would be difficult to find any country 

by the veneration he entertained for so covered with conflicting claims of title 

Clark's military talents and services. as the territory of the Northwest. Sev- 

" He had," says Burnet, " the appear- eral States, still asserting the validity of 
ance of a man born to command, and fit- their royal charters, set up claims more or 
ted by nature for his destiny. There was less definite to portions of this territory, 
a gravity and solemnity in his demeanor First by royal charter of 1662, confirm- 
resembling that which so eminently dis- ing a council charter of 1630, Connecticut 
tinguished the venerated Father of his claimed a strip of land bounded on the 
Country. A person familiar with the east by the Narraganset River, north by 
lives and character of the military vet- Massachusetts, south by Long Island 
erans of Rome in the days of her great- Sound, and extending westward between 
est power might readily have selected this the parallels of 41 and 42 2' north lati- 
remarka'ble man as a specimen of the tude, to the mythical " South Sea." Sec- 
model he had formed of them in his own ond New York, by her charter of 1614, 
mind; but he was rapidly falling a vie- claimed a territory marked by definite 
tim to his extreme sensibility, and to the boundaries, lying across the boundaries of 
ingratitude of his native State, under the Connecticut charter. Third by the 
whose banner he had fought bravely and grant to William Penn, in 1664, Pennsyl- 
with great success. vania claimed a territory overlapping part 

" The time will certainly come when of the territory of both these colonies, 

the enlightened and magnanimous citi- Fourth the charter of Massachusetts also 

zens of Louisville will remember the debt conflicted with some of the claims above 

of gratitude they owe the memory of that mentioned. Fifth Virginia claimed the 

distinguished man. He was the leader whole of the Northwest territory by right 

of the pioneers who made the first lodg- of conquest, and in 1779, by an act of her 

ment on the site now covered by their legislature, annexed it as a county, 

rich and splendid city. He was its pro- Sixth several grants had been made of 

tector during the years of its infancy, and special tracts to incorporated companies 

in the period of its greatest danger. Yet by the different States. And, finally, the 

the traveller, who had read of his achieve- whole territory of the Northwest was 

ments, admired his character, and visited claimed by the Indians as their own. 

the theatre of his brilliant deeds, discov- The claims of New York, Massachu- 

ers nothing indicating the place where his setts, and part of the claim of Pennsylva- 

remains are deposited, and where he can nia had been settled before the war by 

go and pay a tribute of respect to the royal commissioners; the others were still 

memory of the departed and gallant hero." unadjusted. It became evident that no 

This eulogy of Judge Burnet is fully satisfactory settlement could be made ex- 
warranted by the facts of history. There cept by Congress. That body urged the 
is preserved in the War Department at several States to make a cession of the 

23 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 

lands they claimed, and thus enable the overwhelming defeat on Nov. 4 of that 

general government to open the North- year, near the head-waters of the Wa- 

west for settlement. bash. 

On March 1, 1784, Thomas Jefferson, It was evident that nothing but a war 
Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lee, and James so decisive as to break the power of the 
Monroe, delegates in Congress, executed a Western tribes could make the settlement 
deed of cession in the name of Virginia, of Ohio possible. There are but few 
by which they transferred to the United things in the career of George Washington 
States the title of Virginia to the North- that so strikingly illustrate his sagacity 
west Territory, but reserving to that State and prudence as the policy he pursued in 
150,000 acres of land which Virginia had reference to this subject. He made prep- 
promised to George Rogers Clark, and to avations for organizing an army of 5,000 
the officers and soldiers who with him men, appointed General Wayne to the 
captured the British posts in the West, command of a special force, and early in 
Also, another tract of land between the 1792 drafted detailed instructions for giv- 
Scioto and Little Miami, to enable Vir- ing it special discipline to fit it for Indian 
ginia to pay her promised bounties to her warfare. During that and the following 
officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary year he exhausted every means to secure 
army. the peace of the West by treaties with the 

On Oct. 27, 1784, a treaty was made tribes. 

at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, N. Y.) with But agents of England and Spain were 

the Six Nations, by which these tribes busy in intrigues with the Indians in 

ceded to the United States their vague hopes of recovering a portion of the great 

claims to the lands north and west of empire they had lost by the treaty of 

the Ohio. On Jan. 31, 1785, a treaty was 1783. So far were the efforts of England 

made at Fort Mclntosh (now the town carried that a British force was sent to 

of Beaver, Pa.) with the four Western the rapids of the Maumee, where they 

tribes, the Wyandottes, the Delawares, built a fort, and inspired the Indians 

the Chippewas, and the Tawas, by which with the hope that the British would join 

all their lands in the Northwest Territory them in fighting the forces of the United 

were ceded to the United States, except States. 

that portion bounded by a line from the All efforts to make a peaceable settle- 
mouth of the Cuyahoga up that river ment on any other basis than the abandon- 
to the portage between the Cuyahoga and ment on the part of the United States 
Tuscarawas, thence down that branch to of all territory north of the Ohio having 
the mouth of Sandy, thence westwardly to failed, General Wayne proceeded with that 
the portage of the Big Miami, which runs wonderful vigor which had made him fam- 
into the Ohio, thence along the portage ous on so many fields of the Revolution, 
to the Great Miami or Maumee, and down and on Aug. 20, 1794, defeated the Ind- 
the southeast side of the river to its ians and their allies on the banks of the 
mouth, thence along the shore of Lake Maumee, and completely broke the power 
Erie to the mouth of the Cuyahoga. The of their confederation, 
territory thus described was to be forever On Aug. 3, 1795, General Wayne con- 
thc exclusive possession of these Indians, eluded at Greenville a treaty of lasting 

In 1788 a settlement was made at Ma- peace with these tribes and thus opened 

rietta., and soon after other settlements the State to settlement. In this treaty 

were begun. But the Indians were dis- there was reserved to the Indians the 

satisfied, and, by the intrigues of their same territory west of the Cuyahoga as 

late allies, the British, a savage and described in the treaty of Fort Mclntosh 

bloody war ensued, which delayed for of 1785. 

several years the settlement of the State. Fifth. Settlement of the Western Re- 

The campaign of General Harmar in 1790 serve. 

was only a partial success. In the fol- I have now noticed briefly the adjust- 
lowing year a more formidable force was ment of the several claims to the North- 
placed under the command of General western Territory, excepting that of Con- 
St. Clair, who suffered a disastrous and necticut. It has already been seen that 

24 






GABFIELD, JAMES ABRAM 



Connecticut claimed a strip westward from 
the Narraganset River to the Mississippi, 
between the parallels of 41 and 42 2'; 
but that portion of her claim which cross- 
ed the territory of New York and Penn- 
sylvania had been extinguished by adjust- 
ment. Her claim to the territory west of 
Pennsylvania was unsettled until Sept. 14, 
1786, when she ceded it all to the United 
States, except that portion lying between 
the parallels above named and a line 120 
miles west of the western line of Penn- 
sylvania and parallel with it. This tract 
of country was about the size of the pres- 
ent State, and was called " New Con- 
necticut." 

In May, 1792, the legislature of Con- 
necticut granted to those of her citizens 
whose property had been burned or other- 
wise spoliated by the British during the 
war of the Revolution half a million of 
acres from the west end of the reserve. 
These were called " The Fire Lands." 

On Sept. 5, 1795, Connecticut executed 
a deed to John Caldwell, Jonathan Brace, 
and John Morgan, trustees for the Con- 
necticut Land Company, for 3,000,000 
acres of reserve lying west of Pennsyl- 
vania, for $1,200,000, or at the rate of 
40 cents per acre. The State gave only 
a quit-claim deed, transferring only such 
title as she possessed, and leaving all the 
remaining Indian titles to the reserve to 
be extinguished by the purchasers them- 
selves. With the exception of a few hun- 
dred acres previously sold in the neigh- 
borhood of the Salt Spring tract on the 
Mahoning, all titles to lands on the re- 
serve east of " The Fire Lands " rest on 
this quit-claim deed of Connecticut to 
the three trustees, who were all living 
as late as 1836, and joined in making 
deeds to the lands on the reserve. 

On the same day that the trust deed 
was made, articles of association were 
signed by the proprietors, providing for 
the government of the company. The 
management of its affairs was intrusted 
to seven directors. They determined to 
extinguish the Indian title, and survey 
their land into townships 5 miles square. 
Moses Cleaveland, one of the directors, 
was made general agent; Augustus Por- 
ter, principal surveyor; and Seth Pease, 
astronomer and surveyor. To these were 
added four assistant surveyors, a com- 



missary, a physician, and thirty-seven 
other employees. This party assembled 
at Schenectady, N. Y., in the spring of 
1796, and prepared for their expedition. 

It is interesting to follow them on 
their way to the Reserve. They ascended 
the Mohawk River in bateaux, passing 
through Little Falls, and from the present 
city of Rome took their boats and stores 
across into Wood Creek. Passing down 
the stream, they crossed the Oneida Lake, 
thence down the Oswego to Lake Ontario, 
coasting along the lake to Niagara. After 
encountering innumerable hardships, the 
party reached Buffalo on June 17, where 
they met Red Jacket and the principal 
chiefs of the Six Nations, and on the 23d 
of that month completed a contract with 
those chiefs, by which they purchased all 
the rights of those Indians to the lands 
en the Reserve, for 500, New York cur- 
rency, to be paid in goods to the Western 
Indians, and two beef cattle and 100 gal- 
lons of whiskey to the Eastern Indians, 
besides gifts and provisions to all of 
them. 

Setting out from Buffalo on June 27, 
they coasted along the shore of the lake, 
some of the party in boats and others 
marching along the banks. 

In the journal of Seth Pease, published 
in Whittlesey's History of Cleveland, I 
find the following: 

" Monday, July 4, 1796. We that came 
by land arrived at the confines of New 
Connecticut, and gave three cheers pre- 
cisely at five o'clock P.M. We then pro- 
ceeded to Conneaut, at five hours thirty 
minutes, our boats got on an hour after; 
we pitched our tents on the east side." 

In the journal of General Cleavela-nd is 
the following entry: 

" On this Creek (' Conneaugh ') , in New 
Connecticut Land, July 4, 1796, under 
General Moses Cleaveland, the surveyors 
and men sent by the Connecticut Land 
Company to survey and settle the Con- 
necticut Reserve, were the first English 
people who took possession of it. ... 

" We gave three cheers and christen- 
ed the place Fort Independence ; and, af- 
ter many difficulties, perplexities, and 
hardships were surmounted, and we were 
on the good and promised land, felt that 
a just tribute of respect to the day ought 
to be paid. There were in all, including 



25 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

women and children, fifty in number. The There are townships on this Western 
men, under Captain Tinker, ranged them- Reserve which are more thoroughly New 
selves on the beach and fired a federal England in character and spirit than most 
salute of fifteen rounds, and then the of the towns of the New England of to- 
sixteenth in honor of New Connecticut, day. Cut off as they were from the 
Drank several toasts. . . . Closed with metropolitan life that had gradually been 
three cheers. Drank several pails of grog, moulding and changing the spirit of New 
Supped and retired in good order." England, they preserved here in the wil- 
Three days afterwards General Cleave- derness the characteristics of New Eng- 
land held a council with Paqua, chief of land, as it was when they left it at the 
the Massasagas, whose village was at Con- beginning of the century. This has given 
neaut Creek. The friendship of these Ind- to the people of the Western Reserve 
ians was purchased by a few trinkets and those strongly marked qualities which 
$25 worth of whiskey. have always distinguished them. 

A cabin was erected on the bank of Con- For a long time it was difficult to as- 
neaut Creek; and, in honor of the com- certain the political and legal status 
missary of the expedition, was called of the settlers on the Reserve. The State 
" Stow Castle." At this time the white of Connecticut did not assume jurisdic- 
inhabitants west of the Genesee River and tion over its people, because the State 
along the coasts of the lakes were as fol- had parted with her claim to the soil, 
lows : the garrison at Niagara, two fam- By a proclamation of Governor St. Glair, 
ilies at Lewiston, one at Buffalo, one at in 1788, Washington county had been or- 
Cleveland, and one at Sandusky. There ganized, having its limits extended west- 
were no other families east of Detroit; ward to the Scioto and northward to the 
and, with the exception of a few advent- mouth of the Cuyahoga, with Marietta as 
urers at the Salt Springs of the Mahon- the county seat. These limits included 
ing, the interior of New Connecticut was a portion of the Western Reserve. But 
an unbroken wilderness. the Connecticut settlers did not consider 
The work of surveying was commenced this a practical government, and most of 
at once. One party went southward on them doubted its legality, 
the Pennsylvania line to find the 41st By the end of the century seven coun- 
parallel, and began the survey; another, ties, Washington, Hamilton, Ross, Wayne, 
under General Cleaveland, coasted along Adams, Jefferson, and Knox, had been 
the lake to the mouth of the Cuyahoga, created, but none of them were of any 
which they reached on July 22, and there practical service to the settlers on the 
laid the foundation of the chief city of the Reserve. No magistrate had been ap- 
Reserve. A large portion of the survey pointed for that portion of the country, 
was made during that season, and the no civil process was. established, and no 
work was completed in the following mode existed of making legal conveyances, 
year. But in the year 1800 the State of Con- 
By the close of the year 1800 there necticut, by act of her legislature, trans- 
were thirty-two settlements on the Re- ferred to the national government all 
serve, though as yet no organization of her claim to civil jurisdiction. Congress 
government had been established. But assumed the political control, and the 
the pioneers were a people who "had been President conveyed by patent the fee of 
trained in the principles and practices of the soil to the government of the State 
civil order ; and these were transplanted for the use of the grantees and the parties 
to their new home. In New Connecticut claiming under them. Whereupon, in pur- 
there was but little of that lawlessness suance of this authority, on Sept. 
which so often characterizes the people 22, 1800, Governor St. Clair issued 
of a new country. In many instances a proclamation establishing the county 
a township organization was completed of Trumbull, to include within its boun- 
and their minister chosen before the pio- daries the " Fire Lands " and adjacent 
neers left home. Thus they planted the islands, and ordered an election to be 
institutions and opinions of Old Connecti- held at Warren, its county seat, on 
cut in their new wilderness homes. the second Tuesday of October. At that 

26 



GARFIELD, JAMES ABBAM 

election forty - two votes were cast, of hear me to the duty they owe to them- 
which General Edward Paine received selves and their ancestors to study care- 
thirty-eight, and was thus elected a mem- fully and reverently the history of the 
ber of the Territorial legislature. All great work which has been accomplished 
the early deeds on the Reserve are pre- in this New Connecticut, 
served in the records of Trumbull county. The pioneers who first broke ground 
A treaty was held at Fort Industry here accomplished a work unlike that 
on July 4, 1805, between the commis- which fell to the lot of any succeeding 
sioners of the Connecticut Land Company generation. The hardships they endured, 
and the Indians, by which all the lands the obstacles they encountered, the life 
in the Reserve west of the Cuyahoga be- they led, the peculiar qualities they need- 
longing to the Indians were ceded to the ed in their undertakings, and the traits 
Connecticut Company. of character developed by their works 

Geauga was the second county of the stand alone in our history. The genera- 
Reserve. It was created by an act of tion that knew these first pioneers is fast 
the legislature, Dec. 31, 1805; and by a passing away. But there are sitting in 
subsequent act its boundaries were made this audience to-day a few men and wom- 
to include the present territory of Cuy- en whose memories date back to the early 
ahoga county as far west as the Four- settlement. Here sits a gentleman near 
teenth Range. me who is older than the Western Re- 

Portage county was established on Feb. serve. He remembers a time when the 
10. 1807; and on June 16, 1810, the act axe of the Connecticut pioneer had never 
establishing Cuyahoga county went into awakened the echoes of the wilderness 
operation. But that act all of Geauga here. How strange and wonderful a 
west of the Ninth Range was made a part transformation has taken place since he 
of Cuyahoga county. Ashtabula county was a child! It is our sacred duty to 
was established on Jan. 22, 1811. rescue from oblivion the stirring recol- 

A considerable number of Indians re- lections of such men, and preserve them 
mained on the Western Reserve until the as memorials of the past, as lessons for 
breaking out of the War of 1812. Most our own inspiration and the instruction 
of the Canadian tribes took up arms o f those who shall come after us. 
against the United States in that struggle, The materials for a history of this Re- 
and a portion of the Indians of the West- serve are rich and abundant. Its pioneers 
ern Reserve joined their Canadian breth- were not ignorant and thoughtless ad- 
ren. At the close of that war occasional venturers, but men of established charac- 
bands of these Indians returned to their ter, whose opinions on civil and religious 
old haunts on the Cuyahoga and the Ma- liberty had grown with their growth and 
honing; but the inhabitants of the Re- become the settled convictions of their 
serve soon made them understand that maturer years. Both here and in Con- 
they were unwelcome visitors after the necticut the family records, journals, and 
part they had taken against us. Thus letters, which are preserved in hundreds 
the War of 1812 substantially cleared the of families, if brought out and arranged 
Reserve of its Indian inhabitants. in order, would throw a flood of light 

In this brief survey I have attempted on every page of our history. Even the 
to indicate the general character of the brief notice which informed the citizens 
leading events connected with the discov- of this county that a meeting was to be 
ery and settlement of our country. I held here to-day to organize a Pioneer 
cannot, on this occasion, further pursue Society has called this great audience to- 
the history of the settlement and building gether, and they have brought with them 
up of the counties and townships of the many rich historical memorials. They 
Western Reserve. I have already noticed have brought old colonial commissions 
the peculiar character of the people who given to early Connecticut soldiers of the 
converted this wilderness into the land of Revolution, who became pioneers of the 
happy homes which we now behold on ev- Reserve and whose children are here to- 
ery hand. But I desire to call the atten- day. They have brought church and oth- 
tion of the young men and women who er records which date back to the begin- 

27 



GARIBALDI 



ning of these settlements. They have 
shown us implements of industry which 
the pioneers brought in with them, many 
of which have been superseded by the supe- 
rior mechanical contrivances of our time. 
Some of these implements are symbols of 
the spirit and character of the pioneers 
of the Reserve. Here is a broad - axe 
brought from Connecticut by John Ford, 
father of the late governor of Ohio; and 
we are told that the first work done with 
this axe by that sturdy old pioneer, after 
he had finished a few cabins for the fam- 
ilies that came with him, was to hew out 
the timbers for an academy, the Burton 
Academy, to which so many of our older 
men owe the foundation of their educa- 
tion, and from which sprang the Western 
Reserve College. 

These pioneers knew well that the 
three great forces which constitute the 
strength and glory of a free government 
are the family, the school, and the church. 
These three they planted here, and they 
nourished and cherished them with an 
energy and devotion scarcely equalled in 
any other quarter of the world. On this 
height were planted in the wilderness the 
symbols of this trinity of powers; and 
here, let us hope, may be maintained for- 
ever the ancient faith of our fathers in 
the sanctity of the home, the intelligence 
of the school, and the faithfulness of the 
church. Where these three combine in 
prosperous union, the safety and prosperity 
of the nation are assured. The glory of 
our country can never be dimmed while 
these three lights are kept shining with 
an undimmed lustre. 

Garibaldi, GIUSEPPE, patriot; born at 
Nice, Italy, July 4, 1807; because of his 
political opinions was driven into exile 
in 1834, and went to South America, where 
he was employed in the service first of 
the republic of Rio Grande do Sul, and 
subsequently in that of Uruguay, in 1836- 
48. Returning to Italy, he entered the 
service of the Roman republic in 1849, and 
supreme command was given to him and 
to General Roselli. The grand defence of 
Rome against French intervention in 1840 
was due principally to his tact and brav- 
ery. After this cause became hopeless, 
in 1850, he came to the United States, 
where he became a naturalized citizen, 
and where for about three years he fol- 



lowed the occupation of a soap-boiler 
on Staten Island. In 1854 he returned 
to Italy, and purchased the northern part 
of Caprera, where he remained until 1859, 
when he organized and commanded an in- 
dependent corps, known as the " Hunters 




GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI. 

of the Alps," in the Sardinian service 
during the war of Sardinia and France 
against Austria. Secretly abetted by Sar- 
dinia, after peace was made, he organ- 
ized an expedition against the Two Sici- 
lies, having as his object the union of 
Italy. In May, 1860, he descended upon 
Sicily with 1,000 volunteers, and when 
he had made himself dictator he crossed 
to the mainland and expelled Francis II. 
from Naples and entered the capital, Sept. 
7, 1860. Upon the union of the Two Sici- 
lies with Sardinia, and the proclamation of 
Victor Emmanuel as King of Italy, March 
17, 1860, he retired to Caprera. Anxious 
for the complete unification of Italy, he 
organized an expedition against Rome 
in 1862, but was defeated and taken pris- 
oner by the Sardinians at Aspromonte, 
in August. A few years later he was again 
in arms against the Pope. Marching 
into the Campagna, he defeated the Papal 
troops at Monterotondo on Oct. 25, 1867, 
but shortly after, while moving upon 
Rome, he was defeated by the French and 
Papal army near Mentana. In 1870 the 



28 



GARLAND GARRISON 

misfortunes of France and an appeal force of the National army at Carrick's 

from Gambetta decided him to take up Ford, in which action his troops were 

the French cause against the Germans, defeated and himself killed, July 13. 
He received the command of a corps call- Gamier, JULIEN. See JESUIT Mis- 

ed the "Volunteers of the Vosges." His SIGNS. 

son Riceiotti won a small victory over Garrard, KENNEK, military officer ; born 
the Germans on Oct. 19, and that the in Cincinnati, O., in 1830; graduated at 
latter advanced no further in that direc- the United States Military Academy in 
tion was due to the management of 1851; was taken prisoner by the Con- 
Garibaldi. He died at Caprera, June 1, federates while on frontier duty in 
1882. Texas, April 12, 1861, and paroled until 

Garland, AUGUSTUS HILL; born in Tip- exchanged in August, 1862; served with 

ton county, Tenn., June 11, 1832; was ad- marked distinction through the remainder 

mitted to* the bar of Arkansas in 1853, to of the war, taking part in many impor- 

which State his parents had removed when tant actions, including that of Blakely, 

he was a child. He opposed the secession which place was captured by his command; 

of his State, but accepted the same and was brevetted major-general, U. S. A., Nov. 

was sent as delegate to the Provisional 9, 1866. He died in Cincinnati, O., May 

Congress at Montgomery, Ala., in 1861. 15, 1879. 

He was also elected to the first Confederate Garrett, EDMUND H., author; born in 

Congress, and afterwards to the Confeder- Albany, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1853; was edu- 

ate Senate. In 1867 he was elected United cated in Paris. His publications include 

States Senator, but was not allowed to Three Heroines of New England Romance; 

take his seat; in 1876 was again elected Romance and Reality of the Puritan 

in place of Powell Clayton, and was ad- Coast; and the Pilgrim Shore. 
mitted. He remained in the Senate until Garrett, THOMAS, abolitionist; born in 

March, 1885, when he resigned to take Upper Darby, Pa., Aug. 21, 1783; acquired 

the post of Attorney-General of the United a fortune in the iron business. In 1807 

States, offered him by President Cleve- his sympathy for the slaves was first 

land. He resumed practice in 1889, and aroused, and for forty years thereafter 

died in court, in Washington, D. C., Jan. he aided escaping slaves so skilfully that 

26, 1899. when their owners found the fugitives 

Garlington, ERNEST A., military offi- had reached his house they generally 

cer; born in Newberry Court-house, S. C., abandoned the chase. He was instru- 

Feb. 20, 1853; graduated at the United mental within the limits of the law in 

States Military Academy in 1876; com- liberating about 3,000 slaves from Mary- 

manded the Greeley Relief Expedition in land, Delaware, and Virginia. Later, 

1883 (see ARCTIC EXPLORATION) ; was in- however, he was forced to part with his 

spector-general of a cavalry division in whole fortune in paying damages to the 

Cuba in 1898, and participated in the owners of runaway slaves. Afterwards 

siege of Santiago. His publications in- his friends loaned him money to again 

elude Historical Sketches of the 7th engage in business, and before his death 

Cavalry Regiment ; Cavalry Outposts, Ad- he accumulated a second fortune. He 

vance and Rear Guards; Reconnoissance, died in Wilmington, Del., Jan. 23, 1871. 
etc. Garrison, JOSEPH FITHIAN, clergyman; 

Garnett, ROBERT SELDEN, military of- born in Fairton, N. J., Jan. 20, 1823; 
ficer; born in Essex county, Va., Dec. 16, graduated at Princeton College in 1842; 
1819; graduated at the United States Mill- became a Protestant Episcopal minister 
tary Academy in 1841; served as aide to in 1855; later accepted the chair of Litur- 
General Taylor in the war with Mexico, gics and Canon Law in the Philadelphia 
When the Civil War broke out he re- Divinity School. His publications in- 
signed from the National army, and in elude The Formation of the Protestant 
June, 1861, was appointed brigadier-gen- Episcopal Church in the United States, 
eral in the Confederate service, and assign- etc. 

ed to the western part of Virginia. In Garrison, WENDELL PHILLIPS, journal- 

the following month he was met by a large ist ; born in Cambridgeport, Mass., June 

29 



GARRISON 



4, 1840; graduated at Harvard in 1861; received about $30,000 as a national tes- 
became literary editor of The Nation; timonial from his friends for his ardu- 
author of^The Benson Family of Newport, ous labors in the cause of humanity. He 
It. L; joint author of Life of William died in New York, May 24, 1879. See 
Lloyd (iarrison. PHILLIPS, WENDELL. 

Garrison, WILLIAM LLOYD, abolitionist; Lessons of Independence Day. On July 
born in Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 12, 4, 1842, he delivered the following oration 
1804; was a shoemaker's apprentice, but in Boston: 
finally learned the art of printing, and 

became a contributor to the press in early I present myself as the advocate of my 
life. In all his writings he showed a enslaved countrymen, at a time when 
philanthropic spirit, and a sympathy for their claims cannot be shuffled out of 
the oppressed everywhere. In 1827 he sight, and on an occasion which entitles 
edited the National Philanthropist, in me to a respectful hearing in their behalf. 
Boston; and, as assistant editor of a Ba 1 - If I am asked to prove their title to lib- 
timore paper, he denounced the taking of erty, my answer is, that the Fourth of 
a cargo of slaves from that city to New July is not a day to be wasted in estab- 
Orleans as " domestic piracy." For this lishing " self-evident truths." In the 
he was fined, and imprisoned forty-nine name of the God who has made us of one 
days, until Arthur Tappan, of New York, blood, and in whose image we are created; 
paid the fine. On Jan. 1, 1831, he began in the name of the Messiah, who came to 
the publication of his famous Liberator, a bind up the broken-hearted, to proclaim 
weekly newspaper and uncompromising liberty to the captives, and the opening 
opponent of slavery, which was discontin- of a prison to them that are bound 1 
ued in 1865, when the result for which he demand the immediate emancipation of 
had devoted the best energies of his life those who are pining in slavery on the 
had been effected by the Emancipation American soil, whether they are fatten- 
Proclamation of President Lincoln. Mr. ing for the shambles in Maryland and 
Garrison was a founder (1832) of the Virginia. "or are wasting, as with a pesti- 
American Anti-slavery Society, and was lent disease, on the cotton and sugar plan- 
its president from that time until 1865. tations of Alabama and Louisiana; wheth- 
er they are male or female, young or old, 
vigorous or infirm. I make this demand, 
not for the children merely, but the par- 
ents also; not for one, but for all; not 
with restrictions and limitations, but un- 
conditionally. I assert their perfect 
equality with ourselves, as a part of the 
human race, and their inalienable right 
to liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 
That this demand is founded in justice, 
and is therefore irresistible, the whole 
ration is this day acknowledging, as upon 
oath at the bar of the world. And not 
until, by a formal vote, the people re- 
pudiate the Declaration of Independence 
as a false and dangerous instrument, and 
cease to keep this festival in honor of lib- 
erty, as unworthy of note or remem- 
brance; not until they spike every cannon, 
and muffle every bell, and disband every 
Attending, as a delegate, the World's Anti- procession, and quench every bonfire, and 
slavery Convention, in London (1840), he gag every orator; not until they brand 
refused to take his seat, because the worn- Washington, and Adams, and Jefferson, and 
en delegates from the United States were Hancock as fanatics and madmen; not 
refused seats in that body. In 1866 ne until they place themselves again in the 

30 




WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 

condition of colonial subserviency to sequences! To save them from danger, I 
Great Britain, or transform this republic am not obligated to suppress the truth, 
into a-n imperial government; not until or to stop proclaiming liberty "through 
they cease pointing exultingly to Bunker out all the land, unto all the inhabitants 
Hill, and the plains of Concord and Lex- thereof." No, indeed. There are two 
ington; not, in fine, until they deny the important truths, which, as far as prac- 
authority of God, and proclaim them- ticable, I mean every slave shall be made 
selves to be destitute of principles and to understand. The h'rst is, that he has 
humanity, will I argue the question, as a right to his freedom now; the other is, 
one of doubtful disputation, on an occa- that this is recognized as a self-evident 
sion like this, whether our slaves are en- truth in the Declaration of Independence, 
titled to the rights and privileges of free- Sedition, forsooth. Why, what are the 
men. That question is settled irrevoca- American people doing this day? In 
bly. There is no man to be found, un- theory, maintaining the freedom and equal- 
less he has a brow of brass and a heart ity of the human race; and, in practice, 
cf stone, who will dare to contest it on declaring that all tyrants ought to be 
a day like this. A state of vassalage is extirpated from the face of the earth! 
pronounced, by universal acclamation, to We are giving to our slaves the follow- 
be such as no man, or body of men, ought ing easy sums for resolution: If the 
to submit to for one moment. I there- principle involved in a threepenny tax 
fore tell the American slaves that the on tea justified a seven years' war, how 
time for their emancipation is come; that, much blood may be lawfully spilt in 
their own task-masters being witnesses, resisting the principle that one human 
they are created equal to the rest of man- being has a right to the body and 
kind, and possess an inalienable right to soul of another, on account of the color 
liberty; and that no man has a right to of the skin? Again, if the impressment 
hold them in bondage. I counsel them of 6,000 American seamen by Great Brit- 
r.ot to fight for their freedom, both on ac- ain furnished sufficient cause for a bloody 
count of the hopelessness of the effort, struggle with that nation, and the sac- 
and because it is rendering evil for evil ; rifice of hundreds of millions of capital 
but I tell them, not less emphatically, it in self-defence, how many lives may be 
is not wrong for them to refuse to wear taken, by way of retribution, on account 
the yoke of slavery any longer. Let them of the enslavement as chattels of more 
shed no blood enter into no conspiracies than 2,000,000 of American laborers? 
raise no murderous revolts; but, how- Oppression and insurrection go hand-in- 
ever and wherever they can break their hand, as cause and effect are allied to- 
fetters, God give them courage to do so! gether. In what age of the world have 
And should they attempt to elope from tyrants reigned with impunity, or the 
their house of bondage, and come to the victims of tyranny not resisted unto 
North, may each of them find a covert blood? Besides our grand insurrection 
from the search of the spoiler, and an against the authority of the mother coun- 
imincible public sentiment to shield them try, there have been many insurrections, 
from the grasp of the kidnapper! Sue- during the last 200 years, in various 
cess attend them in their flight to Can- sections of the land, on the part of the 
ada, to touch whose monarchical soil victims of our tyranny, but without the 
insures freedom to every republican success that attended our own struggle, 
slave ! The last was the memorable one in 
Is this preaching sedition? Sedition Southampton, Va., headed by a black 
against what? Not the lives of the patriot, nicknamed, in the contemptuous 
Southern oppressors, for I renew the nomenclature of slavery, " Nat " Turner, 
solemn injunction, " Shed no blood!" but The name does not strike the ear so 
against unlawful authority, and barba- harmoniously as that of Washington, or 
rous usage, and unrequited toil. If slave- Lafayette, or Hancock, or Warren ; but 
holders are still obstinately bent upon the name is nothing. It is not in the 
plundering and starving their long-suf- power of all the slave - holders upon 
fering victims, let them look well to con- earth to render odious the memory of 

31 



GABBISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 

that sable chieftain. " Resistance to ty- their rights, but also of their wrongs ! 
rants is obedience to God " was our Rev- That must be a rare piece of information 
olutionary motto. We acted upon that to them, truly. Tell a man who has just 
motto what more did Nat Turner? Says had his back flayed by the lash, till a 
George McDuffie : " A people who deliber- pool of blood is at his feet, that somebody 
ately submit to oppression, with a full has flogged him! Tell him who wears an 
knowledge that they are oppressed, are fit iron collar upon his neck, and a chain 
only to be slaves. No tyrant ever made upon his heels, that his limbs are fettered, 
a slave; no community, however small, as if he knew it not! Tell those who re- 
having the spirit of freedom, ever yet had coive no compensation for their toil that 
a master. It does not belong to men to they are unrighteously defrauded! In 
count the costs and calculate the hazards spite of all their whippings, and depriva- 
of vindicating their rights and defending tions, and forcible separations, like cattle 
their liberties." So reasoned Nat Turner, in the market, it seems that the poor 
and acted accordingly. Was he a patriot, slaves realized a heaven of blissful igno- 
or a monster? Do we mean to say to the ranee, until their halcyon dreams were 
oppressed of all nations, in the sixty- third disturbed by the pictorial representations 
year of our independence, and on July 4, and exciting descriptions of the aboli- 
that our example in 1776 was a bad one, tionists! What! have not the slaves 
and ought not to be followed? As a eyes? Have they not hands, organs, di- 
Christian non-resident I, for one, am pre- mensions, senses, affections, passions? 
pared to say so ; but are the people ready Are they not fed with the same food, hurt 
to say no chains ought to be broken by with the same weapons, subject to the 
the hands of violence, and no blood spilt same diseases, healed by the same means, 
in defence of inalienable human rights, in warmed and cooled by the same winter and 
any quarter of the globe? If not, then summer, as freemen are? "If we prick 
our slaves will peradventure take us them, do they not bleed? If we tickle 
at our word and there will be given unto them, do they not laugh? If we poison them, 
us blood to drink, for we are worthy, do they not die? And if we wrong them, 
Why accuse abolitionists of stirring them will they not be revenged?" 
up to insurrection? The charge is false; "For the slave-holders," we are told, 
but what if it were true ? If any man " there is no peace, by night or by day ; 
has a right to fight for liberty, this right but every moment is a moment of alarm, 
equally extends to all men subjected to and their enemies are of their own house- 
bondage. In claiming this right for them- hold." It is the hand of a friendly vindi- 
selves, the American people necessarily cator, moreover, that rolls up the cur- 
concede it to all mankind. If, therefore, tain! What but the most atrocious 
they are found tyrannizing over any part tyranny on the part of the masters, and 
of the human race, they voluntarily seal the most terrible sufferings on the part 
their own death-warrant, and confess that O f the slaves, can account for such alarm, 
they deserve to perish. suc h insecurity, such apprehensions that 

" even a more horrible catastrophe " than 

"What are the banners ye exalt? the deeds that of arson and murder may transpire 

Th fame r ? iSed ^^ *****"' Pyramid f nightly? It requires all the villany that 

Ye show the wound that still in history has ever been charged upon Southern op- 
bleeds, pressors, and all the wretchedness that 
And talk exulting of the patriot's name hag ever been ascribe d to the oppressed, 

Then, when your words have waked a kin- , , , r , ,, , 

dred flame to work out so fearful a result and that 

And slaves behold the freedom ye adore, the statement is true, the most distin- 

And deeper feel their sorrow and their g u i s hed slave-holders have more than once 

Ye 8 doub e ie all the fetters that they wore, c f tified , That * true > the entire code 

And press them down to earth, till hope of slave laws whips and yokes and fet- 

exults no more!" tors the nightly patrol restriction of 

locomotion on the part of the slaves, ex- 

But. it seems, abolitionists have the cept with passes muskets, pistols, and 

audacity to tell the slaves, not only of bowie-knives in the bed-chambers during 

32 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 



the hours of rest the fear of intercom- 
munication of colored freemen and the 
slaves the prohibition of even alphabeti- 
cal instruction, under pains and penalties, 
to the victims of wrong the refusal to 
admit their testimony against persons of 
a white complexion the wild consterna- 
tion and furious gnashing of teeth exhib- 
ited by the chivalric oppressors at the 
sight of an anti-slavery publication the 
rewards offered for the persons of aboli- 
tionists the whipping of Dresser, and 
the murder of Lovejoy the plundering of 
the United States mail the application 
of lynch law to all who are found sym- 
pathizing with the slave population as 
men, south of the Potomac the reign of 
mobocracy in place of constitutional law 
and, finally, the Pharaoh-like conduct of 
the masters, in imposing new burdens and 
heavier fetters upon their down-trodden 
vassals all these things, together with a 
long catalogue of others, prove that the 
abolitionists have not " set aught down 
in malice'* against the South; that 
they have exaggerated nothing. They 
warn us, as with miraculous speech, that, 
unless justice be speedily done, a bloody 
catastrophe is to come, which will roll a 
gory tide of desolation through the land, 
and may, peradventure, blot out the mem- 
ory of the scenes of Santo Domingo. They 
are the premonitory rumblings of a great 
earthquake the lava token of a heaving 
volcano! God grant that, while there is 
time and a way to escape, we may give 
heed to these signals of impending retri- 
bution ! 

One thing I know full well. Calumni- 
ated, abhorred, persecuted as the aboli- 
tionists have been, they constitute the 
body-guard of the slave-holders, not to 
strengthen their opposition, but to shield 
them from the vengeance of their slaves. 

Instead of seeking their destruction, 
abolitionists are endeavoring to save them 
from midnight conflagration and sudden 
death, by beseeching them to remove the 
cause of insurrection; and by holding 
out to slaves the hope of a peaceful de- 
liverance. We do not desire that any 
should perish. Having a conscience void 
of offence in this matter, and cherishing 
a love for our race which is " without par- 
tiality and without hypocrisy," no im- 
peachment of our motives, or assault upon 
iv. o 33 



our character, can disturb the serenity of 
our minds; nor can any threats of vio- 
lence, or prospect of suffering, deter us 
from our purpose. That we manifest a 
bad spirit is not to be denied on the tes- 
timony of the Southern slave-driver, or his 
Northern apologist. That our philan- 
thropy is exclusive, in the favor of but 
one party, is not proved by our denouncing 
the oppressor, and sympathizing with his 
victim. That we are seeking popularity, 
is not apparent from our advocating an 
odious and unpopular cause, and vindicat- 
ing, at the loss of our reputation, the 
rights of a people who are reckoned among 
the offscouring of all things. That our 
motives are disinterested, they who swim 
with the popular current, and partake 
of the gains of unrighteousness, and 
plunder the laborers of their wages, are 
net competent to determine. That our 
language is uncharitable and un-Christian, 
they who revile us as madmen, fanatics, 
incendiaries, traitors, cut-throats, etc., 
cannot be allowed to testify. That our 
measures are violent is not demon- 
strated by the fact that we wield no 
physical weapons, pledge ourselves not to 
countenance insurrection, and present the 
peaceful front of non-resistance to those 
who put our lives in peril. That our ob- 
ject is chimerical or unrighteous is not 
substantiated by the fact of its being 
commenced by Almighty God, and sup- 
ported by His omnipotence, as well as ap- 
proved by the wise and good in every age 
and in all countries. If the charge, so 
often brought against us, be true, that 
our temper is rancorous, and our spirit 
turbulent, how has it happened that, dur- 
ing so long a conflict with slavery, not a 
single instance can be found in which an 
abolitionist has committed a breach of 
the peace, or violated any law of his 
country? If it be true that we are not 
actuated by the highest principles of rec- 
titude, nor governed by the spirit of for- 
bearance, I ask once more how it has 
come to pass that, when our meetings 
have been repeatedly broken up by lawless 
men, our property burned in the streets, 
our dwellings sacked, our persons brutally 
assailed, and our lives put in imminent 
peril, we have refused to lift a finger in 
self-defence, or to maintain our rights 
in the spirit of worldly patriotism? 



GABBISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 



If it must be so, let the defenders of 
slavery still have all the brick-bats, 
bowie-knives, and pistols, which the land 
can furnish; but let us possess all the 
arguments, facts, warnings, and promises 
which insure the final triumph of our 
holy cause. 

Nothing is easier than for the abo- 
litionists, if they were so disposed, as it 
were in the twinkling of an eye, to " cry 
havoc and let slip the dogs of war," and 
fill this whole land with the horrors of a 
civil and servile commotion. It is only 
for them to hoist but one signal, to kindle 
but a single torch, to give but a single 
bugle-call, and the 3,000,000 of colored vic- 
tims of oppression, both bond and free, 
would start up as one man, and make 
the American soil drunk with the blood 
of the slain. How fearful and tremen- 
dous is the power, for good and evil, thun 
lodged in their hands! Besides being 
stimulated by a desire to redress the 
wrongs of their enslaved countrymen, 
they could plead in extenuation of their 
conduct for resorting to arms (and their 
plea would be valid, according to the 
theory and practice of republicanism ) , 
that they had cruel wrongs of their own 
to avenge, and sacred rights to secure, 
inasmuch as they are thrust out beyond 
the pale of the Constitution, excluded from 
one-half of the Union by the fiat of the 
lynch code, deprived of the protection ot 
the law, and branded as traitors, because 
they dare to assert that God wills all men 
to be free! Now, I frankly put it to 
the understandings of Southern men, 
whether, in view of these considerations, 
it is adding anything to their safety, or 
postponing the much-dreaded catastrophe 
a single hour whether, in fact, it is 
not increasing their peril, and rendering 
an early explosion more probable for 
them to persevere in aggravating the con- 
dition of their slaves, by tightening their 
chains and increasing the heavy burdens 
or wreaking their malice upon the free 
people of color or in adopting every base 
and unlawful measure to wound the char- 
acter, destroy the property, and jeopard 
the lives of abolitionists, and thus leaving 
no stone unturned to inflame them to des- 
peration? All this Southern men have 
done, and are still doing, as if animated 
by an insane desire to be destroyed. 



The object of the Anti-slavery Asso- 
ciation is not to destroy men's lives, des- 
pots though they be, but to prevent the 
spilling of human blood. It is to en- 
lighten the understanding, arouse the con- 
science, affect the heart. We rely upon 
moral power alone for success. The 
ground upon which we stand belongs to 
no sect or party it is holy ground. 
Whatever else may divide us in opinion, 
in this one thing we are agreed, that 
slave-holding is a crime under all circum- 
stances, and ought to be immediately and 
unconditionally abandoned. We enforce 
upon no man either a political or a re- 
ligious test as a condition of membership; 
but at the same time we expect every 
abolitionist to carry out his principles 
consistently, impartially, faithfully, in 
whatever station he may be called to act, 
or wherever conscience may lead him to 
go. I hail this union of hearts as a 
bright omen that all is not lost. To the 
slave-holding South it is more terrible 
than a military army with banners. It is 
indeed a sublime spectacle to see men for- 
getting their jarring creeds and party 
affinities, and embracing each other as one 
and indivisible in a struggle in behalf of 
our common Christianity and our com- 
mon nature. God grant that no root of 
bitterness may spring up to divide us 
asunder ! " United we stand, divided we 
fall," and if we fall what remains for our 
country but a fearful looking for of judg- 
ment and of fiery indignation that shall 
consume it? Fall we cannot if our trust 
be in the Lord of Hosts and in the power 
of His might not in man, nor any body 
of men. Divided we cannot be if we truly 
"remember them that are in bonds as 
bound with them," and love our neighbors 
as ourselves. 

Genuine abolitionism is not a hobby 
got up for personal or associated aggran- 
dizement; it is not a political ruse; it is 
not a spasm of sympathy which lasts but 
for a- moment, leaving the system weak 
and worn ; it is not a fever of enthusiasm ; 
it is not the fruit of fanaticism; it is not 
a spirit of faction. It is of Heaven, not 
of men. It lives in the heart as a vital 
principle. It is an essential part of 
Christianity, and aside from it there can 
be no humanity. Its scope is not con- 
fined to the slave population of the United 
34 



GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD 



States, but embraces mankind. Opposi- 
tion cannot weary it out, force cannot put 
it down, fire cannot consume it. It is the 
spirit of Jesus, who was sent " to bind 
up the broken-hearted, to proclaim liberty 
to the captives, and the opening of the 
prison to them that are bound; to pro- 
claim the acceptable year of the Lord, 
and the day of vengeance of our God." 
Its principles are self-evident, its meas- 
ures rational, its purpose? merciful and 
just. It cannot be diverted from the 
path of duty, though all earth and hell 
oppose; for it is lifted far above all 
earth-born fear. When it fairly takes 
possession of the soul, you may trust the 
soul -carrier anywhere, that he will not be 
recreant to humanity. In short, it is a 
life, not an impulse- a quenchless flame 
of philanthropy, not a transient spark of 
sentimentalism. 

Will it be retorted that we dare not 
resist that we are cowards? Cowards! 
no man believes it. They are the dastards 
who maintain might makes right; whose 
arguments are brick-bats and rotten eggs; 
whose weapons are dirks and bowie- 
knives; and whose code of justice is lynch 
law. A love of liberty, instead of un- 
nerving men, makes them intrepid, heroic, 
invincible. It was so at Thermopylae it 
was so on Bunker Hill. 

Who so tranquil, who so little agi- 
tated, in storm or sunshine, as the abo- 
litionists? But what consternation, what 
running to and fro like men at their wits' 
end, what trepidation, what anguish of 
spirit, on the part of their enemies ! How 
Southern slave-mongers quake and tremble 
at the faintest whisperings of an abo- 
litionist? For, truly, " the thief doth fear 
each bush an officer." Oh! the great poet 
of nature is right 

" Thrice is he arm'd that hath his quarrel 

just; 

And he but naked, though lock'd up in steel, 
Whose conscience with injustice is cor- 
rupted." 

A greater than Shakespeare certifies 
the "wicked flee when no man pursueth; 
but the righteous are bold as a lion." In 
this great contest of right against wrong, 
of liberty against slavery, who are the 
wicked, if they be not those who, like 
vultures and vampires, are gorging them- 



selves with human blood; if they be not 
the plunderers of the poor, the spoilers 
of the defenceless, the traffickers in 
" slaves and the souls of men " ? Who are 
the cowards, if not those who shrink from 
manly argumentation, the light of truth, 
the concussion of mind, and a fair field; 
if not those whose prowess, stimulated 
by whiskey potations or the spirit of mur- 
der, grows rampant as the darkness of 
night approaches; whose shouts and yells 
are savage and fiend-like; who furiously 
exclaim: "Down with free discussion! 
down with the liberty of the press! down 
with the right of petition! down with 
constitutional law!"; who rifle mail-bags, 
throw type and printing-presses into the 
river, burn public halls dedicated to " vir- 
tue, liberty, and independence," and assas- 
sinate the defenders of inalienable human 
rights? 

And who are the righteous, in this case, 
if they be not those who will "have no 
fellowship with the unfruitful words of 
darkness, but rather reprove them " ; who 
maintain that the laborer is worthy of his 
hire, that the marriage institution is sa- 
cred, that slavery is a system cursed of 
God, that tyrants are the enemies of man- 
kind, and that immediate emancipation 
should be given to all who are pining in 
bondage? Who are the truly brave, if 
not those who demand for truth and error 
alike free speech, a, free press, an open 
arena, the right of petition, a-nd no 
quarter? If not those, who, instead of 
skulking from the light, stand forth in the 
noontide blaze of day, and challenge 
their opponents to emerge from their 
wolf-like dens, that, by a rigid examina- 
tion, it may be seen who has stolen the 
wedge of gold, in whose pocket are the 
thirty pieces of silver, and whose gar- 
ments are stained with the blood of inno- 
cence ? 

The charge, then, that we are beside 
ourselves, that we are both violent and 
cowardly, is demonstrated to be false, in 
a signal manner. I thank God that the 
weapons of our warfare are not carnal, 
but spiritual. I thank Him that, by His 
grace, and by our deep concern for the op- 
pressed, we have been enabled, in Chris- 
tian magnanimity, to pity and pray for 
our enemies, and to overcome their evil 
with good. Overcome, I say: not merely 



35 



GASPE GASPEE 

suffered unresistingly, but conquered glo- aground upon a low, sandy point (ever 

riously. since known as Gaspee Point) on the 

Gaspe, PHILIP IGNATIUS, military offi- west side of Narraganset Bay. The same 

cer; born in Canada, April 5, 1714; joined night (June 9, 17 72), sixty-four armed men 

the army in 1727; served in a campaign went down from Providence in boats, capt- 




BURNING OF THE GASPEE. 

against the Natchez and Chicache Ind- ured the people on board the Gaspee, and 

ians in 1739; took part in the defeat of burned the vessel. A large reward was 

Washington at Fort Necessity; led the offered for the discovery of the perpetra- 

Canadian militia when Fort Carillon was tors (who were well known in Provi- 

attacked by the English, and was largely dence), but they were not betrayed, 

instrumental in their defeat. He died in Joseph Wanton, the royal governor of 

Canada, June 19, 1787. Rhode Island, issued a proclamation or- 

Gaspee, an armed schooner in the Brit- dering diligent search for the perpetra- 

ish revenue service, which greatly annoyed tors of the act. Admiral Montague made 

the American navigators in Narraganset endeavors towards the same end, and the 

Bay by her commander haughtily demand- home government offered a reward of 

ing the lowering of their flags whenever $5,000 for the leader, with the promise of 

they passed her, in token of submission, a pardon if the informer should be an 

They often disobeyed. For this disobedi- accomplice. Not one of the men betrayed 

enr-e a Providence sloop was chased by the their trusted leader, ABRAHAM WHIPPLE 

schooner. The former, by taking a pe- ( q. v. ) , afterwards a commodore in the 

culiar course, caused the latter to run Continental navy. When, subsequently, 

36 






GASPEE 



the colonists were at war with Great 
Britain, the act of Captain Whipple 
was avowed, and Sir James Wallace, 
in command of a British ship-of-war 
in Narraganset Bay, wrote as fol- 
lows to the perpetrator of the act: 
" You, Abraham Whipple, on June 
9, 1772, burned his Majesty's vessel, 
the Gaspee, and I will hang you at 
the yard-arm." Whipple coolly re- 
plied: "Sir, always catch your man 
before you hang him." A ballad was 
written at the time, containing fifty- 
eight lines of doggerel verse, which 
ended as follows: 

" Now, for to find these people out, 
King George has offered very stout, 
One thousand pounds to find out one 
That wounded William Duddington. 
One thousand more he says he'll spare 
For those who say the sheriff's were. 
One thousand more there doth remain 
For to find out the leader's name ; 
Likewise five hundred pounds per man 
For any one of all the clan. 
But, let him try his utmost skill, 
I'm apt to think he never will 
Find out any of those hearts of gold, 
Though he should offer fifty-fold." 

After the destruction of the Gaspee, 
a commission, composed of Admiral 
Montague, the vice-admiralty judge at 
Boston, the chief-justices of Massachusetts 
(Peter Oliver), New York (D. Horsman- 
den), and New Jersey (F. Smyth), and 
the governor of Rhode Island (J. Wan- 
ton), met at Newport to inquire into the 
affair. Robert Auchmuty took the place 




SIGNATURES OF THE COMMISSIONERS. 



of Montague. The commissioners were 
notified that there had been no neglect of 
duty or connivance on the part of the 
provincial government, and it was inti- 
mated that this special court was unneces- 
sary and alarming. The Assembly of Rhode 
Island met at East Greenwich to watch 




GASTON GATES 




HORATIO GATES. 



the commissioners, and Governor Wanton 
laid before it his instructions to arrest 
offenders, and send them to England for 
trial. Chief - Justice Stephen Hopkins 
asked the Assembly how he should act. 
They left it to his discretion, for they 
were assured of his patriotism and sound 
judgment. " Then," said Hopkins, in the 
presence of both Houses, " for the purpose 
of transportation for trial I will neither 
apprehend any person by my own order, 
nor suffer any executive officer in the 
colony to do it." The commissioners ad- 
journed without eliciting any positive 
knowledge of the persons who destroyed 
the vessel. See BROWN, JOHN. 

Gaston, WILLIAM, jurist; born at New- 
bern, N. C., Sept. 19, 1778; graduated 
at the College of New Jersey in 1796, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1798, 
when he soon became the leading lawyer 
in his State. Serving in his State legis- 
lature, he was elected to Congress in 1812, 
and remained in that body until 1817. 
The laws and judicial organization of his made commander of the Southern Depart- 
State bear marks of his wisdom. He was ment, but made a disastrous campaign, his 
judge of the Supreme Court of North army being utterly defeated and routed 
Carolina from 1834 till his death, m by Corn wall is near Camden, S. C., in 
Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 23, 1844. Judge Gas- August, 1780. This defeat terminated 
ton was an advocate of free suffrage for Gates's military career. He was removed 
colored men. from command and suspended from ser- 

Gates, HORATIO, military officer ; born vice, but was finally vindicated, and re- 
in Maldon, England, in 1728 ; was a god- instated in command in 1782. He re- 
son of Horace Walpole ; entered the Brit- tired to his estate in Virginia, and in 
ish army in his youth, and rose rapidly 1790 made his residence in New York 
to the rank of major ; came to America; City, having first emancipated all his 
was severely wounded at Braddock's de- slaves, and provided for such of them 
feat (1755); and was aide to General as could not take care of themselves. He 
Monckton in the expedition against Mar- was presented with the freedom of the 
tinique in 1762. After the peace he city of New York, and elected to the State 
bought an estate in Virginia, and when legislature, but declined to serve. He died 
the Revolutionary War broke out Con- in New York City, April 10, 1806. 
gress appointed him (June, 1775) ad- Gates, SIR THOMAS, colonial governor; 
jutant-general of the Continental army, born in England in the sixteenth century, 
with the rank of brigadier-general. In and lived during a part of the seventeenth ; 
1776-77 he was twice in command of the ] e ft England with 500 settlers for the Vir- 
Northern army, having, through intrigue, g i n i a colony in 1609. The expedition con- 
displaced General Schuyler. He gained s i s ted of ten ships, three of which were 
undeserved honors as commander of the ] os t during the voyage, which did not end 
troops that defeated and captured Bur- till May 24, 1610. Gates soon after re- 
goyne and his army in the fall of 1777. turned to England to report the affairs 
He soon afterwards intrigued for the po- O f the colony, and collected 300 new 
sition of Washington as commander-in- emigrants, with whom he arrived in Vir- 
chief, using his power as president of the gi n i a in August, 1611. He then became 
board of war for the purpose, but igno- governor of the colony, but returned 
miniously failed. In June, 1780, he was fi na iiy to England in 1614. 

38 



GATES GAYARRE 



Gates, WILLIAM, military officer; born sociate of the National Academy of Design 
in Massachusetts in 1788; graduated at in 1879, and academician in 1882. He has 
West Point in 1806; served throughout the made a specialty of historical paintings, 
War of 1812, the Florida War, and the war and has contributed many drawings il- 
with Mexico. He was retired from active lustrating the wars of the United States 
service in 1863, and died in New York to the illustrated periodicals. 
City, Oct. 7, 1868. Gray, EBENEZER, clergyman; born in 

Gatling, RICHARD JORDAN, inventor; Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1696; gradu- 
born in Hertford county, N. C., Sept. 12, ated at Harvard in 1714; became pastor 
1818. His first invention was a screw of the Congregational church at Hing- 

ham, Mass., which he served for seventy 
years. During the Revolution he sympa- 
thized with the British. The sermon 
which he preached upon the completion 
of his eighty-fifth year was published in 
America and reprinted in England. It 
is generally known as The Old Man's Cal- 
endar. He died in Hingham,Mass.,in 1787. 
Gay, PICARD DU, explorer; born in 
France and lived in the seventeenth cen- 
tury; was with Michael Ako and Father 
Hennepin on an expedition to discover the 
sources of the Mississippi River. On April 
11, 1680, they reached Wisconsin, and not 
long afterwards discovered the cataract 
which Hennepin named the " Falls of St. 
Anthony." They remained in this district 
about three months, and then returned 
to Canada by the way of the St. Lawrence 
River. 

Gay, SYDNEY HOWARD, historian; born 
in Hingham, Mass., in 1814; began the 
study of law, but abandoned it and con- 
nected himself with the anti-slavery move- 

for propelling water-craft. Later he de- ment; was editor of the Anti - slavery 
signed a machine for sowing rice, and, Standard in 1844-57; managing editor of 
on removing to St. Louis in 1844, adapted the New York Tribune for some years; and 
it to sowing wheat in drills. In 1861 subsequently was connected with the Chi- 
he conceived the idea of his revolving bat- cago Tribune and the New York Evening 
tery gun. This was first manufactured Post. He wrote a History of the United 
in 1862, at Indianapolis. Subsequently States (4 volumes), to which William Cul- 
twelve were made and used on the James len Bryant furnished a preface, and also 
River, Va., by General Butler. In 1866 many valuable suggestions. He died on 
Gatling further improved this invention, Staten Island, N. Y., June 25, 1888. 
and after satisfactory trials at Washing- Gayarre*, CHARLES ETIENNE ARTHUR, 
ton and Fort Monroe the Gatling gun was historian; born in New Orleans, La., Jan. 
adopted by the United States government. 9, 1805; studied law in Philadelphia; ad- 
It is now in use also in nearly all Euro- mitted to the New Orleans bar in 1830; 
pean countries. In 1886 he invented a served his State in various capacities until 
new gun-metal, composed of steel and alu- 1835, when he was elected to the United 
minum. Later Congress voted him $40,000 States Senate, but was unable to take his 
for proof experiments in a new method of seat on account of ill health. He was 
casting cannon. He died in New York, abroad eight years, and on his return was 
Feb. 26, 1903. again sent to the State legislature; sub- 

Gaul, GILBERT WILLIAM, artist; born in sequently appointed secretary of state. 
Jersey City, March 31, 1855; elected as- Among his works are Louisiana as a 

39 







GEARY GEIGER 



French Colony; Louisiana under the 
Spanish Domination; Louisiana: Its Colo- 
nization, History and Romance; A Com- 
plete History of Louisiana, etc. He died 
in New Orleans, La., Feb. 11, 1895. 

Geary, JOHN WHITE, military officer; 
born in Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland 
co., Pa., Dec. 30, 1819; became a civil 
engineer, and served as lieutenant-colonel 
of a Pennsylvania regiment of volunteers 
in the war with Mexico, wherein he was 
wounded, and for gallant services was 
made colonel of his regiment. He was 
first commander of the city of Mexico 
after its capture. He went to San Fran- 
cisco in 1848, and was the first mayor of 
that city. Returning to Pennsylvania, he 
was appointed territorial governor of 
Kansas in July, 1856, an office he held 
one year. Early in 1861 he raised and 
equipped the 28th regiment of Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers. In the spring of 1862 



ernor of Savannah and brevet major-gen- 
eral. In 1866 he was elected governor of 
Pennsylvania, and held the office till with- 
in two weeks of his death, in Harris- 
burg, Feb. 8, 1873. 

Geddes, JAMES LORRAINE, military offi- 
cer; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 
19, 1827; emigrated to Canada in 1837; 
subsequently returned to the continent and 
enlisted in the Indian army, serving in 
the Punjab campaign; emigrated to Iowa 
in 1857; at the outbreak of the Civil War 
enlisted as a private, but soon received a 
commission, and ultimately was made 
brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He 
wrote a number of war songs which be- 
came very popular, among them The Stars 
and Stripes and The Soldier's Battle-pray- 
er. He died in Ames, la., Feb. 21, 1887. 

Geiger, EMILY, heroine; born in South 
Carolina about 1760. While General 
Greene was pursuing Lord Rawdon 




EMILY GEIGKR'S ARREST. 



he was promoted brigadier general, and towards Orangeburg, he wished to send 
did good service throughout the war, be- a message to General Sumter, then on the 
coming, at the end of Sherman's march Santee, to take a position in front of the 
from Atlanta to the sea, military gov- enemy and impede his flight. The errand 

40 



GELELEMEND GENERAL ARMSTRONG 

was a most perilous one, and no man in General Armstrong, THE, a noted 
the army was bold enough to undertake it, privateer, fitted out in New York in 
for the Tories were everywhere on the 1812. The merchants of New York fitted 
alert. Emily Geiger, a girl of eighteen out no less than twenty-six fast-sailing 
years of age, volunteered to carry the let- privateers and letters-of-marque within 
ter to Sumter. Greene told her its con- 120 days after the declaration of war 
tents, so that, in case she found it neces- (1812), carrying about 200 pieces of artil- 
sary to destroy it, the message might be lery, and manned by over 2,000 seamen, 
delivered orally. The girl mounted a fleet Among the most noted of these privateers 
horse, crossed the Wateree at the Camden was the General Armstrong, a moderate- 
ferry, and, while passing through a dry sized schooner, mounting a " Long Tom " 
swamp, was arrested by some Tory scouts. 42-pounder and eighteen carronades. Her 
As she came from the direction of Greene's complement was 140 men; her first corn- 
army, her errand was suspected. She was mander was Captain Barnard; her sec- 
taken to a house at the edge of a swamp, ond, Capt. G. R. Champlin. Early in 
and a woman employed to search her. March, 1813, while Champlin was cruising 
When left alone, she ate up Greene's let- oil* the Surinam River, on the coast of 
ter, piece by piece, and no evidence being South America, he gave chase to the Brit- 
found against her, she was released with ish sloop-of-war Coquette, mounting twen- 
inany apologies. She passed on to Sum- ty-seven guns and manned by 126 men 
ter's camp, and very soon he and Marion and boys. They engaged in conflict be- 
wcre co-operating with Greene. Emily tween nine and ten o'clock (March 11, 
afterwards married a rich planter on the 1813). Supposing his antagonist to be a 
Congaree. British letter-of-marque, Champlin ran 

Gelelemend, or Kill-Buck, a chief of the Armstrong down upon her, with the 
the Delaware Indians; born in Penn- intention of boarding her. When it was 
sylvania in 1737. During the Revolution- too late, Champlin discovered that she 
ary War he did all in his power to keep was a heavier vessel than he suspected, 
his people neutral, a stand which aroused They poured heavy shot into each other, 
the animosity of those in his tribe who and for a while the fight was very obsti- 
had joined the English. In 1788 he join- nate, within pistol-shot distance. Champ- 
ed the Moravian mission in Salem, 0., Hn was wounded and his vessel severely 
receiving the name of William Henry, bruised, but, getting free from the Co- 
He died in Goshen, O., in 1811. quette by a vigorous use of sweeps, the 

Genealogies, AMERICAN. In recent Armstrong escaped under a heavy fire 
years, and especially since the organization from her antagonist. The Tammany So- 
of the various patriotic societies, there ciety of New York gave the captain an 
has been a much larger attention paid to elegant sword, and voted thanks to his 
the gathering and perfecting of family companions in the fight. In 1814 the 
records than ever before. The chief pres- General Armstrong was under the com- 
ent desire is confined in a large measure mand of Capt. Samuel C. Reid, and in 
to an ambition to become allied to one September she was in the harbor of Fayal, 
or more of the patriotic orders, and this one of the islands of the Azores, belong- 
desire has become so widely spread and ing to Portugal. It was a neutral port, 
deep-rooted that the public libraries of and Reid did not expect to be disturbed 
the country have found it necessary to there by British vessels. He was mis- 
assemble county histories and genealogical taken. 

works in one place for the convenience On the 26th Commodore Lloyd appeared 

of this class of investigators. The same off the harbor with his flag-ship, the 

desire has also increased the publication Piantagenet, seventy-four guns; the frig- 

of family records. The genealogical lit- ate Rota, forty-four, Captain Somerville; 

erature of the United States is now ex- and the brig Carnation, eighteen, Captain 

ceedingly voluminous. One of the earliest Bentham; each with a full complement 

and most important publications of this of men. The Armstrong had only seven 

character is Savage's Neiv England Gene- guns and ninety men, including her offi- 

alogies. cers. In violation of the laws and usages 

41 



GENERAL ARMSTRONG GENEST 



of neutrality, Lloyd sent into the harbor, for the destruction of the American vessel 
at eight o'clock in the evening, four large in their neutral port. This was refused, 
and well-armed launches, manned by and neither the owners of the vessel nor 
about forty men each. At that time Reid, their heirs ever received indemnification 
suspecting mischief, was warping his ves- for their losses either from Great Britain 
sel under the guns of the castle. The or Portugal. 

moon was shining brightly. The barges Genest, or Genet, EDMOND CHARLES, 
and the privateer opened fire almost diplomatist; born in Versailles, France, 
simultaneously, and the launches were Jan. 8, 1765. His literary talent was 
driven off with heavy loss. At midnight early developed. At the age of twelve 
fourteen launches were sent in, manned years he received from the King of Swe- 
by about 500 men. A terrible conflict en- 
sued, which lasted forty minutes, when 
the launches were again repulsed, with a 
loss of 120 killed and 130 wounded. At 
daylight (Sept. 27) a third attack was 
made by the brig Carnation, which opened 
heavily, but was soon so cut up by the 
well-directed guns of the Armstrong that 
she hastily withdrew. The privateer was 
also much damaged, and it being evident 
that she could not endure a fourth attack, 
Captain Reid directed her to be scuttled, 
to prevent her falling into the hands of 
the British. She was then abandoned, 
when the British boarded her and set her 
on fire. While the British lost over 300 
men in the three attacks, the Armstrong 
lost only two men killed and seven wound- 
ed during the ten hours. 

To Captain Reid and his brave men is 
justly due the credit of saving New 
Orleans from capture. Lloyd's squadron 
was a part of the expedition then gath- 
ering at Jamaica for the invasion of 

Louisiana. The object of the attack on den a gold medal for a translation of the 
the Armstrong was to capture her, and history of Eric XIV. into Swedish, with 
make her a useful auxiliary in the work, notes by himself. He was a brother of 
She so crippled her assailants that they the celebrated Madame Campan, and was 
did not reach Jamaica until ten days brought up in the French Court; yet he 
later than the expedition intended to sail was a republican. Attached to the em- 
from there. It had waited tor Lloyd, and bassies of Berlin, Vienna, London, and 
when it approached New Orleans Jackson St. Petersburg, he maintained his repub- 
had made ample arrangements to receive lican bias, and on his return from the 
the invaders. Had they arrived ten days Russian Court (1792) was appointed min- 
sooner the city must have fallen. The ister to the United States. He had al- 
State of New York gave Captain Reid ready been made adjutant-general of the 
thanks and a sword, and he was greeted armies of France and minister to Hol- 
with enthusiasm on his return to the land by the revolutionists, and employed 
United States. The Portuguese government in revolutionizing Geneva and annexing 
demanded and received from the British it to France. He arrived at Charleston, 
an apology for the violation of neu- S. C., April 9, 1793. He was received 
trality, and restitution for the destruc- with open arms by the Republican, or 
tion of Portuguese property at Fayal dur- Democratic, party. He was disposed to 
ing the action. That government also de- treat the United States government with 
manded satisfaction and indemnification contempt, believing the people would 

42 




EDMOND CHARLES GEXEST. 



GENEST, EDMOND CHARLES 



not sustain it in its coldness towards out of the presence of Washington, he be- 



the French revolutionists. He came with 
blank commissions for naval and military 
service, and before he proceeded to the 
seat of government to present his creden- 
tials he fitted out two privateers at 
Charleston to prey on British commerce, 
and gave authority to every French con- 
sul in America to constitute himself a 
court of admiralty to dispose of prizes 
brought into American ports by French 
cruisers. One of these vessels, L'Embus- 
cade, went prowling up the coast, seizing 
several small vessels, and finally captur- 
ing a British merchantman within the 
capes of the Delaware, when she proceeded 
in triumph to Philadelphia, where she 
was received with acclamations of joy by 
the excited people. Upon the bow of 
L'Embuscade, her foremast, and her stern 
liberty-caps were conspicuous, and the 
British colors were reversed in the prize, 
with the French colors flying above them. 
Fourteen days later Genest arrived by 
land at Philadelphia, where, according to 
preconcert, a number of citizens met him 
at the Schuylkill and escorted him into 
the city, while cannon roared and church 
bells rang out merry peals of welcome. 
There he received addresses from various 
societies, and so anxious were his admir- 
ers to do homage to the representative of 
the authors of the Reign of Terror ,in 
France that they invited him to a public 
dinner before he had presented his cre- 
dentials to the President of the United 
States. 

Genest presented his credentials to 
Washington in person (April 19, 1793), 
and found himself in an atmosphere of the 
most profound dignity. He felt his own 
littleness as a mere political enthusiast 
while standing before the representative 
of true democracy in America, and of the 
soundest principles of the American re- 
public. He withdrew from the audience 
abashed and subdued. He had heard ex- 
pressions of sincere regard for the people 
of France that touched the sensibilities 
of his heart, and he had felt, in the cour- 
tesy and severe simplicity and frankness 
of the President's manner, wholly free 
from effervescent enthusiasm, a withering 
rebuke, not only of the adulators in pub- 
lic places, but also of his own pretensions, 
aspirations, and offensive conduct. Once 



came the same defiant champion of the 
" rights of the people," affecting to be 
shocked at the evidences of monarchical 
sympathies in the President's house. He 
there saw a bust of Louis XVI., and de- 
clared its presence in the house of the 
President of the United States was an 
<k insult to France," and he was " aston- 
ished " to find that relatives of Lafayette 
had lately been admitted to the presence 
of the President. His feelings were speed- 
ily soothed in a great banquet-hall of his 
republican friends, May 23, 1793, where 
his ears were greeted with the Marseilles 
Hymn, and his eyes delighted with a " tree 
of Liberty" on the table. His heart was 
made glad by having the red cap of Lib- 
e7 ty placed on his own head first and then 
upon the head of each guest, while the 
wearer, under the inspiration of its sym- 
bolism, uttered some patriotic sentiment. 
At dinner, at which the governor of Penn- 
sylvania (Mifflin) was present, a roasted 
pig received the name of the murdered 
French King, and the head, severed from 
his body, was carried around to each of 
the guests, who, after placing the cap of 
Liberty on his own head, pronounced the 
word " tyrant," and proceeded to mangle 
with his knife that of the poor pig. One 
of the Republican taverns in Philadelphia 
displayed as a- sign a revolting picture of 
the mutilated and blood-stained corpse of 
Queen Marie Antoinette. 

This madness ran a short course, and its 
victims became heartily ashamed of it. 
Genest took this for a genuine and settled 
feeling, and acted upon it. Meanwhile 
the insulted government took most digni- 
fied action. The captured British mer- 
chantman was restored to its owners, and 
the privateers were ordered out of Ameri- 
can waters. Orders were sent to the col- 
lectors at all American ports to seize all 
vessels fitted out as privateers, and to 
prevent the sale of any prize captured by 
such vessels. Chief-Justice Jay declared 
it to be the duty of grand juries to present 
all persons guilty of such violation of the 
laws of nations with respect to any of the 
belligerent powers. The French ambassa- 
dor and his friends were greatly irritated. 
He protested, and the Secretary of State 
(Jefferson), who had favored the enthu- 
siasm of Genest's reception, finding he had 



43 



GENEST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES 



a troublesome friend on his hands, plain- 
ly told Genest that Toy commissioning pri- 
vateers he had violated the sovereignty of 
the United States. With offensive per- 
tinacity, Genest denied this doctrine as 
contrary to right, justice, and the laws 
of nations, and threatened to " appeal 
from the President to the people " ; and in 
this the Republican newspapers sustained 
him. Secret Democratic societies which 
had been formed became more bold and 
active, and Genest, mistaking the popular 
clamor for the deliberate voice of the na- 
tion, actually undertook to fit out a pri- 
vateer at Philadelphia, in defiance of the 
government, during the President's ab- 
sence at Mount Vernon. It was a vessel 
captured by L'Embuscade, and Genest 
named her The Little Democrat. 

Governor Mifflin, like Jefferson, had be- 
come sick of the " Citizen," and he inter- 
fered. Genest would not heed his threats 
nor the persuasion of Jefferson. He de- 
nounced the President as unfaithful to 
the wishes of the people, and resolved to 
force him to call Congress together. 
Washington, on his return to Philadel- 
phia, and informed of the insolence of 
Genest, exclaimed, " Is the minister of the 
French republic to set the acts of the gov- 
ernment at defiance with impunity?" His 
cabinet answered "No!" The most ex- 
acting country could not counsel longer 
forbearance, and the French government 
was requested, July, 1793, to recall its 
minister; and it was done. There was a 
reaction in the public mind towards a 
more patriotic attitude. The insolence of 
Genest had shocked the national pride. 
On April 22, 1793, the President issued 
a proclamation of neutrality, which the 
radical Democrats denounced as an 
" edict of royalty." Genest succeeded by 
M. Fouchet, a man equally indiscreet 
did not leave the country, as he did not 
think it prudent to return. Marrying the 
daughter of Gov. George Clinton, he be- 
came a naturalized citizen of the United 
States. He was twice married, his second 
wife being a daughter of Mr. Osgood, the 
first Postmaster-General under the new 
Constitution. Fond of agriculture, he 
took great interest in its pursuit ; and his 
last illness was occasioned by attendance 
at a meeting of an agricultural society 
of which he was the president. He was 



known as " Citizen Genest," a title as- 
sumed by the French revolutionists, and 
imitated by their American admirers. He 
died in Schodak, N. Y., July 14, 1834. 

Geneva Convention. See RED CROSS. 

Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration. See 
ALABAMA CLAIMS. 

Gentry, MEREDITH POINDEXTER, legis- 
lator; born in North Carolina, Sept. 15, 
1809; removed with his father to Tennes- 
see in 1813; elected to the State legislat- 
ure in 1835; to Congress in 1839. When 
his State seceded he entered the Confed- 
erate Congress. He died at Nashville, 
Tenn., Nov. 2, 1866. 

Geographical Society, AMERICAN, an 
organization established in 1852. It aims 
to encourage geographical exploration 
and discovery; to examine and spread 
new geographical information; and to 
found a suitable place in New York where 
accurate information of every part of the 
globe may be obtained. Its headquarters 
are at 11 West Twenty-ninth street, New 
York City. Its officers in 1900 were: 
President, Seth Low; vice-presidents, W. 
H. H. Moore, Gen. Egbert L. Viele, C. C. 
Tiffany, D.D.; corresponding secretaries 
foreign, William Libbey ; domestic, Chand- 
ler Robbins; recording secretary, Anton 
A. Raven. The membership in 1900 was 
1,200. 

Geological Society of America, 
founded in 1888. Officers: President, 
George M. Dawson, Canadian Geological 
Survey, Ottawa, Canada; secretary, H. L. 
Fairchild, University of Rochester; treas- 
urer, I. C. White; editor of the Bulletin 
of the Geological Society of America, J. 
Stanley Brown. In 1900 there were 245 
fellows. The entrance fee is $10, and the 
annual dues $10. 

Geological Survey of the United 
States, a branch of the Department of 
the Interior, founded in 1879, when it in- 
cluded only the geological examination of 
the Territories; but in 1881 it was en- 
larged so as to comprise the entire 
country, and its corps were gradually in- 
creased till the survey became the most 
important of all governmental organiza- 
tions for the purpose of geological ex- 
amination. The director of the lurvey 
has charge of the classification of the 
public lands, the examination of the geo- 
logical structures, mineral resources, and 



44 






GEORGE I. GEORGE II. 

products of the national domain, and of George (AUGUSTUS) II., King of Great 
the survey of the forest reserves. In Britain; son of the preceding and Sophia 
1900 the chief officers were: Director, Dorothea; born in Hanover, Oct. 20, 1683. 
Charles D. Wolcott; Division of Hydrog- In his childhood and youth he was neg- 
raphy, chief, F. H. Newell; Division of lected by his father, and was brought up 
Mineral Resources, chief, David T. Day; by his grandmother, the Electress So- 
Division of Physical and Chemical Re- phia. In 1705 he married a daughter of 
searches, chief, G. F. Becker; Division of the Margrave of Brandenburg- Anspach, a 
Topography, Forest Reserves, Henry woman of superior character and ability. 
Gannett. He was made a peer of England the next 
George (LEWIS) I., King of Great year, with the chief title of Duke of 
Britain, born in Osnabriick, Hanover, May Cambridge. He was a brave soldier under 
28, 1660; eldest son of Ernest Augustus, the Duke of Marlborough. In 1714 he ac- 
Elector of Hanover, and the first sover- companied his father to England, and was 
cign of the Hanoverian line. His mother proclaimed Prince of Wales Sept. 22. The 
\vas Sophia, daughter of James I. of Eng- prince and his father hated each other 
land. In 1681 he went to England to cordially, and he was made an instrument 
seek the hand of his cousin, the Princess of intrigue against the latter. The Prin- 
Anne (afterwards Queen), in marriage, cess of Wales was very popular, and the 
but, being ordered by his father not to father also hated her. At one time the 
proceed in the business, he returned, and King proposed to send the prince to Amer- 
married his cousin Sophia Dorothea. By ica, there to be disposed of so that he 
act of the convention of Parliament in should have no more trouble with him. 
1689, and by Parliament in 1701, the sue- He was crowned King Oct. 11, 1727. His 
cession of the English crown was so fixed most able minister was Walpole (as he 
that in the event of a failure of heirs by was of George I.), and he and the clever 
William and Mary, and Anne, it should Queen ruled the realm for fourteen years, 
be limited to the Electress Sophia, of He, in turn, hated his son Frederick, 
Hanover, George's mother, passing over Prince of Wales, as bitterly as he had 
nearer heirs who were Roman Catholics, been hated by his father. It was during 
By the treaty of union with Scotland the later years of the reign of George II. 
(1707) the same succession was secured that the War of the Austrian Suc- 
for its crown. By the death of Sophia cession and the French and Indian Wai- 
three months before Queen Anne died, (in which the English- American colonies 
George became heir-apparent to the throne were conspicuously engaged) occurred, 
of the latter because of failure of heirs, During that reign England had grown 
arid he succeeded her. His son, the Prince amazingly in material and moral strength 
of Wales, became openly hostile to his among the nations. The wisdom of Will- 
father in 1718, and at Leicester House iam Pitt had done much towards the ac- 
he established a sort of rival court. This quirement of the fame of England, which 
enmity arose from the treatment of the had never been greater than in 1760. 
prince's mother, the unfortunate Sophia George died suddenly, like his father, in 
Dorothea (to whom he was much at- Kensington Palace, Oct. 25, 1760. He had 
tached), who, accused of intrigue with never been popular with the English 
Count Konigsmarck, was divorced in 1694, people. 

and imprisoned from that time until her There had been peace between France 
death in 1726. George I. was a man of and England for about thirty years after 
moderate intellectual ability, a cruel hus- the death of Queen Anne, during which 
band, a bad father, but not a bad sover- time the colonists in America had enjoyed 
eign, for he allowed able men to manage comparative repose. Then the selfish 
the affairs of the kingdom. He was taken strifes of European monarchs kindled war 
with a fit In his carriage, while on his again. In March, 1744, France declared 
way to Osnabrttck, and died before ho war against Great Britain, and the colo- 
reached that place, June 10, 1727. His nists cheerfully prepared to begin the con- 
son, George, by the unfortunate Sophia test in America as King George's War; in 
succeeded him. Europe, the War of the Austrian Succes- 

45 



GEORGE II. GEORGE III. 



sion. A contest arose between Maria 
Theresa, Empress of Hungary, and the 
Elector of Bavaria, for the Austrian 
throne. The King of England espoused 
the cause of the empress, while the King 
of France took part with her opponent. 
This caused France to declare war against 
Great Britain. The French had built the 
strong fort of Louisburg, on the island of 
Cape Breton, after the treaty of Utrecht, 
and, because of its strength, it was called 
the Gibraltar of America. When the war 
was proclaimed, Governor Shirley, of Mas- 
sachusetts, perceiving the importance of 
that place in the coming contest, plans 
for its capture were speedily laid before 
the Massachusetts legislature. That body 
hesitated, but the measure was finally 
agreed upon by a majority of only one 
vote. Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and 
Connecticut furnished their proper quota 
of troops. New York sent artillery, and 
Pennsylvania provisions. Commodore 
Warren was in the West Indies with a 
fleet, and was expected to join the provin- 
cials in the expedition. After waiting 
some time, the colonial forces, under Sir 
William Pepperell, sailed, April 4, 1745, 
for Louisburg. Warren joined them at 
Canso early in May, and on the llth 
the combined land forces, 4,000 strong, 
debarked at Gabarus Bay, a short dis- 
tance from the fortress. The first intima- 
tion the French had of danger near was 
the sudden appearance of this formidable 
armament. Consternation prevailed in 
the fort and the town. A regular siege 
was begun on May 31. Other English 
vessels of war arrived, and the combined 
fleet and army prepared for attack on 
June 29. Unable to make a successful re- 
sistance, the fortress, the town of Louis- 
burg, and the island of Cape Breton were 
surrendered to the English on the 28th. 
This event mortified the pride of France, 
and the following year the Duke d'Anville 
was sent with a powerful naval armament 
to recover the lost fortress, and to destroy 
English settlements along the seaboard. 
Storms wrecked many of his vessels, sick- 
ness swept away hundreds of his men, and 
D'Anville abandoned the enterprise with- 
out striking a blow. Anchoring at Che- 
bucto (now Halifax), D'Anville died 
there by poison, it is believed. With the 
capture of Louisburg the war ended in the 



colonies. By a treaty made at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, all prisoners and property seized 
by either party were restored. The strug- 
gle had been costly, and fruitless of good 
except in making a revelation of the 
strength of the colonists. 

George (WILLIAM FREDERICK) III., 
King of Great Britain; born in London, 
June 4, 1737; grandson of George II. 
His mind was narrow, his disposition 
was crafty and arbitrary, and during 
his long reign, while he was sane, 
his years were passed in continual com- 
bat against the growing liberal spirit of 
the age. Being a native of England (which 
his two royal predecessors were not), and 
young and moral, he was at first pop- 
ular on his accession to the throne, Oct. 
26, 1760. In his first speech in Parlia- 
ment he expressed pride in his English 
birth, and thereby great enthusiasm in 
his favor was excited. On Sept. 8, 1761, 
he married Charlotte Sophia, sister of the 
Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who shared 
his throne fifty-seven years, and bore him 
fifteen children, all but two of whom grew 
to maturity. Unfortunately for his king- 
dom, he neglected the wise counsels of 
Pitt, and made his preceptor, the Scotch 
Earl of Bute, his prime minister and con- 
fidential friend. The minister and his 
master became very unpopular, and in 
1763 Bute resigned, and was succeeded by 
GEORGE GRENVILLE (q. v.), who inaugu- 
rated the Stamp Act policy and other ob- 
noxious measures towards the English- 
American colonies, which caused great dis- 
content, a fierce quarrel, a long war, the 
final dismemberment" of the British em- 
pire, a-nd the political independence of the 
colonies. With the Stamp Act began the 
terribly stormy period of the reign of 
George III. In 1783 he was compelled to 
acknowledge the independence of his lost 
American colonies. Then he had continual 
quarrels with his ministry, and talked of 
leaving England and retiring to his little 
kingdom of Hanover, but refrained on be- 
ing assured that it Avould be much easier for 
him to leave England than to return to it. 

Like his two royal predecessors, George 
hated his oldest son, the Prince of Wales, 
because he was generally in political op- 
position to him and led a loose life. After 
a serious dispute with Russia, which 
threatened to seize Turkey, and another 



46 



GEORGE III. 




GEORGE III. 



with Spain, war with revolutionized 
France began in 1793, and the most arbi- 
trary rule was exercised in England, driv- 
ing the people at times to the verge of 
revolution. Ireland was goaded into re- 
bellion, which was suppressed by the most 
cruel methods equal in atrocity to any 
perpetrated by the French in La Vendee 
and Brittany. The union of Great Brit- 
ain and Ireland was effected in 1800, the 
parliament of the latter ceasing to exist. 
Against the King's wishes, peace was made 
with France in 1802; but war was again 
begun the next year. Then came the 
struggle with Napoleon Bonaparte, which 
lasted until the overthrow of that ruler 



at Waterloo, June, 1815. In 1810 the 
King lost his youngest and favorite 
daughter, Amelia, by death. His anxiety 
during her illness deprived him of reason. 
He had been threatened with insanity once 
or twice before; now his mind was cloud- 
ed forever. The first indication of his 
malady appeared on the day of the com- 
pletion of the fiftieth year of his reign, 
Oct. 25, 1810. From that date his reign 
ceased in fact, and his son George, Prince 
of Wales, was made regent of the king- 
dom (Feb. 5, 1811). For nearly nine 
years the care of his person was intrusted 
to the faithful Queen. In 1819 the Duke 
of York assumed the responsibility. The 



47 



GEORGE III. 



Queen was simple in her tastes and habits, 
rjgid in the performance of moral duties, 
kind and benevolent. Their lives were 
models of moral purity and domestic hap- 
piness. The King died in Windsor Castle, 
Jan. 29, 1820. 

There were members of the aristocracy 
that, through envy, hated Pitt, who, in 
spite of them, had been called to the 
highest offices in the kingdom. When 
young Prince George heard of the death 
of the King, he went to Carleton House, 
the residence of his mother, and sent for 
Newcastle, Pitt's political enemy. He 
und Lord Bute prevailed upon the young 
King to discard Pitt and favor their own 
schemes. Newcastle prepared the first 
speech from the throne of George III.; 
and when Pitt, as prime minister, went 
to him and presented the draft of an ad- 
dress to be pronounced at the meeting of 
Ihe Privy Council, he was politely in- 
formed that the speech was already pre- 
pared and the preliminaries were ar- 
ranged. Pitt immediately perceived that 
the King's tutor and warm personal 
friend of the young King's mother, the 
Earl of Bute, had made the arrangements, 
and would occupy a conspicuous place 
in the administration. George chose Bute 
for his counsellor and guide, and Pitt, 
to whom England, more than to any other 
man, owed its present power and glory, 
was allowed to retire and have his place 
filled by this Scotch adventurer. The 
people of England were disgusted, and 
by this blunder George created a power- 
ful opposition party at the beginning of 
his reign. 

The people of New York City, grateful 
for the repeal of the Stamp Act, voted a 
statue to the King and to Pitt. That of 
the former was equestrian, made of lead, 
and gilded. It was placed in the centre 
of the Bowling Green, near Fort George, 
at the foot of Broadway. Raised upon a 
pedestal, with the head of the King and 
the horse facing westward, it made an 
imposing appearance. It was set up, with 
great parade, Aug. 21, 1770. Within six 
years afterwards the people pulled it 
down, with demonstrations of contempt. 
Washington occupied New York with 
Continental troops in the summer of 1776. 
There he received the Declaration of 
Independence (July 9), and it was read 



to the army. The same evening a large 
concourse of soldiers and civilians as- 
sembled at the Bowling Green, pulled 
down the statue, broke it in pieces, and 
sent a portion to the house of Oliver Wol- 
cott, on the western edge of Connecticut, 
where it was run into bullets by his 
family. In a letter to General Gates 
upon this event, Ebenezer Hazard wrote: 
" His "[the King's] troops will probably 
have melted majesty fired at them." The 
venerable ZACHABIAH GREENE (q. v. ), 
who was present at the pulling down of 
the statue, said the artist had made an 
omission of stirrups for the saddle of the 
horse, and it was a common remark of the 
soldiers, " The King ought to ride a hard- 
trotting horse without stirrups." Por- 
tions of that statue are now in possession 
of the New York Historical Society. 




USUAL APPEARANCE OF GEORGE III. ABOUT 1776. 
(Prom a sketch by Gear.) 

The arrival of Richard Penn in London 
with the second petition of Congress 
aroused the anger of the King towards, 
and his fixed determination concerning, 



48 



GEORGE III. 



the " rebellious colonies." He refused to 
.see Perm or receive the petition, and on 
Aug. 23 he issued a proclamation for sup- 
pressing rebellion and sedition in Amer- 
ica. " There is reason," said the procla- 
mation, " to apprehend that such re- 
bellion [in America] hath been much pro- 
moted and encouraged by the traitorous 
correspondence, counsels, and comfort of 
divers wicked and desperate persons with- 
in our realm," and he called upon all 
officers of the realm, civil and military, 
and all his subjects, to disclose all " trait- 
orous conspiracies," giving information 
of the same to one of the secretaries of 
state, " in order to bring to condign pun- 
ishment the authors, perpetrators, and 
abettors of such traitorous designs." This 
proclamation was aimed at Chatham and 
Camden in the House of Lords, and Barre 
in the House of Commons, and their ac- 
tive political friends. When it was read 
to the people at the Royal Exchange it 
was received with a general hiss from the 
populace. But the stubborn King would 
not yield. He would rather perish than 
consent to repeal the alterations in the 
charter of Massachusetts, or yield the 
absolute authority of Parliament. And 
North, who in his heart thought the King 
wrong, supported him chiefly, as was al- 
leged, because he loved office with its 
power and emoluments better than jus- 
tice. When, in November, the wife of 
John Adams read the King's proclamation, 
she wrote to her husband, saying, " This 
intelligence will make a plain path for 
you, though a dangerous one. I could 
not join to-day in the petitions of our 
T vorthy pastors for a reconciliation be- 
tween our no longer parent state, but ty- 
rant state, and the colonies. Let us sepa- 
rate; they are unworthy to be our 
brethren. Let us renounce them; and, 
instead of supplications as formerly for 
their prosperity and happiness, let us be- 
seech the Almighty to blast their coun- 
cils and bring to naught all their de- 
vices." The proclamation stimulated Con- 
gress to recommend the formation of State 
governments, and filled the minds and 
hearts of the people with thoughts of, 
and desires for, independence. Encour- 
aged by Franklin, Rush, and others, 
THOMAS PAINE (q. v.), an emigrant from 
England, and a clear and powerful writer, 



prepared an appeal to the people of Amer- 
ica in favor of independence. 

The British ministry, either blind or 
wicked, misled George III. into the be- 
lief that a few regiments could subdue 
Massachusetts, and that New York could 
easily be seduced to the support of the 
crown by immunities and benefactions. 
The deceived monarch, therefore, ordered 
letters to be written to Gage, at the mid- 
dle of April, 1775, to take possession of 
every colonial fort; to seize and secure 
all military stores of every kind col- 
lected for " the rebels " ; to arrest and im- 
prison all such as should be thought to 
have committed treason; to repress re- 
bellion by force; to make the public 
safety the first object of consideration, 
and to substitute more coercive measures 
for ordinary forms of procedure, without 
pausing to require the aid of a civil 
magistrate. Four regiments, at first 
destined for Boston, were ordered to New 
York, to assist in the progress of in- 
trigue; and a vessel carried out six pack- 
ages of pamphlets, containing a very 
soothing and complimentary Address of 
the People of Great Britain to the In- 
habitants of America, written by Sir John 
Dalrymple, at the request of Lord North. 
The Americans were not coaxed by this 
persuasive pamphlet, nor awed by the at- 
tempts to execute the sanguinary orders 
of Lord Dartmouth to Gage. 

The great landholders in England, as 
well as the more warlike classes, had be- 
come sick of trying to tax the Americans 
without their consent. Indeed, all classes 
were convinced of its futility, and yearned 
for a change in the policy. Even the stub- 
born King, though unrelenting in his pur- 
pose to bring the Americans into submis- 
sion, declared that the man who should 
approve the taxing of them, in connection 
with all its consequences, was "more fit 
for a madhouse than for a seat in Parlia- 
ment." In the House of Commons (June, 
1779), Lord John Cavendish moved for 
orders to withdraw the British forces em- 
ployed in America ; and the Duke of Rich- 
mond, in the House of Lords, proposed a 
total change of measures in America and 
Ireland. In both Houses these sensible 
measures were supported by increasing 
numbers. North was frequently dropping 
hints to the King that the advantages to 



IV. D 



49 



GEORGE III. GEORGE IV. 

be gained by continuing the war would dent of the Royal Society in this wise: 
never repay its expenses. The King, dis- The King unjustly requested the society to 
turbed by these propositions and the yield- publish, with the authority of its name, 
ing disposition of his chief minister, sum- a contradiction of a scientific opinion of 
moned them all to his library, June 21, the rebellious Franklin. Pr ingle replied 
1779, where, in a speech of more than an that it was not in his power to reverse 
liour in length, he expressed to them " the the order of nature, and resigned. The 
dictates of his frequent and severe self- pliant Sir Joseph Banks, with the prac- 
examination." He declared his firm reso- tice of a true courtier, advocated the opin- 
lution to carry on the war against Amer- ion patronized by his majesty, and was 
ica, France, and Spain ; and that, " before appointed president of the Royal Society, 
he would hear of any man's readiness to As before stated, King George was 
come into office, he would expect to see it greatly disturbed by the action of Parlia- 
signed, under his own hand, that he was ment concerning the cessation of war in 
resolved to keep the empire entire, and America. He said they had lost the feel- 
that, consequently, no troops should be ings of Englishmen; and he took to heart 
withdrawn from America, nor its inde- what he called " the cruel usage of all the 
pendence ever be allowed." Stubbornly powers of Europe," who, excepting Spain, 
blind to well-known facts, he persisted in had expressed a desire for the freedom 
believing that, " with the activity of Clin- and independence of the United States. 
ton, and the Indians in the rear, the prov- His ministry (North's) having resigned, 
inces, even now, would submit." This ob- he was compelled to accept a liberal one. 
stinacy left him only weak men to sup- Lord Shelbourne brought about the call of 
port him; for it ranged every able states- Lord Rockingham (whom the King dis- 
man and publicist in the kingdom on the liked) to form a cabinet, and when his 
side of the opposition. majesty finally yielded, he said, " Neces- 
Wright, in his England under the House sity made me yield to the advice of Lord 
of Hanover, says that, notwithstanding Shelbourne." And when, finally, he was 
the King, in his speech from the throne, compelled to acknowledge the indepen- 
Dec. 5, 1783, had said, " I have sacrificed dence of the United States, he said, " I 
every consideration of my own to the feel sensibly this dismemberment of 
wishes and opinions of my people. I make America from the empire, and I should be 
ft my humble and earnest prayer to Al- miserable, indeed, if I did not feel that 
mighty God that Great Britain may not no blame on that account can be laid at 
feel the evils which might result from so my door," when he had been the chief 
great a dismemberment of the empire, and obstacle to reconciliation from the begin- 
that America may be far from those ning of the quarrel. He had such a poor 
calamities which have formerly proved, in opinion of the Americans that he consoled 
the mother country, how essential mon- himself for the dismemberment by saying, 
archy is to the enjoyment of constitu- " It may not in the end be an evil that 
tional liberty. Religion, language, inter- they will become aliens of the kingdom." 
ests, affection may and I hope will yet George (AUGUSTUS FREDERICK) IV., 
prove a bond of permanent union between King of Great Britain; born in St. 
the two countries. To this end neither James's Palace, London, Aug. 12, 1762. 
attention nor disposition shall be want- In consequence of the insanity of George 
ing on my part," he nevertheless detest- III., George, the Prince of Wales, was 
ed everything American. The acknowledg- created by Parliament regent of the king- 
ment of the independence of the United dom. The act for that purpose passed 
States was wrung from him by dire ne- Feb. 5, 1811, and from that time until 
cessity. Ever since the beginning of the the death of his father, George was act- 
troubles he had thoroughly hated Frank- ing monarch. On Jan. 9, 1813, he issued 
lin personally, to whom, on account of his from the royal palace at Westminster a 
coolness and adroitness, he had given the manifesto concerning the causes of the 
name of " Arch Rebel." The King carried war with the United States, and the sub- 
his prejudices so far that Sir John Prin- jects of blockades and impressments. He 
gle was driven to resign his place as Presi- declared the war was not the consequence 

50 



GEORGE IV. GEORGE 



of any fault of Great Britain, but that 
it had been brought on by the partial con- 
duct of the American government in over- 
looking the aggressions of the French, 
and in their negotiations with them. He 




alleged that a quarrel with Great Britain 
had been sought because she had adopted 
measures solely retaliatory as to France, 
and that as these measures had been 
abandoned by a repeal of the Orders in 
Council, the war was now continued on 
the questions of impressment and search. 
On this point he took such a decisive po- 
sition that the door for negotiation which 
the recommendation of the committee of 
the American Congress on foreign rela- 
tions proposed to open seemed irrevocably 
shut. " His royal highness," said the 
manifesto, " can never admit that the ex- 
ercise of the undoubted and hitherto un- 
disputed right of searching neutral mer- 
chant vessels in time of war, and the 
impressment of British seamen when 
found therein, can be deemed any viola- 
tion of a neutral flag; neither can he ad- 
mit that the taking of such seamen from 
on board such vessels can be considered 
by any neutral state as a hostile measure 
or a justifiable cause of war." After re- 
affirming the old English doctrine of the 
impossibility of self-expatriation of a 
British subject, the manifesto continued: 
"But if to the practice of the United 



States to harbor British seamen be added 
their asserted right to transfer the al- 
legiance of British subjects, and thus to 
cancel the jurisdiction of their legitimate 
sovereign by acts of naturalization and 
certificates of citizenship, which they pre- 
tend to be as valid out of their own 
territory as within it, it is obvious that 
to abandon this ancient right of Great 
Britain, and to admit these naval pre- 
tensions of the United States, would be 
to expose the very foundations of our 
maritime strength." The manifesto 
charged the United States government 
with systematic efforts to inflame the 
people against Great Britain; of ungener- 
ous conduct towards Spain, Great Brit- 
ain's ally, and of deserting the cause of 
neutrality. He spoke of the subserviency 
of the United States to the ruler of 
France, and against this course of con- 
duct the prince regent solemnly protested. 
He thought that while Great Britain was 
contending for the liberties of mankind, 
she had a right to expect from the United 
States far different treatment not an 
" abettor of French tyranny." George 
became King in 1820, and died in Windsor, 
June 26, 1830. 

George, FORT, the name of four de- 
fensive works connected with warfare in 
the United States. The first was erected 
near the outlet of Lake George, N. Y., 
and, with FORT WILLIAM HENRY (q. v.) 
and other works, was the scene of im- 
portant operations during the FRENCH 
AND INDIAN WAR (q. v.) of 1755-59. 

The second was on Long Island. In 
the autumn of 1780, some Rhode Island 




51 



OLD RELIC AT FORT GEORGK. 

Tory refugees took possession of the 
manor-house of Gen. John Smith, at 
Smith's Point, L. I., fortified it and the 
grounds around it, and named the works 
Fort George, which they designed as a de- 



GEORGE, FORT 



pository of stores for the British in New 
York. They began cutting wood for the 
British army in the city. At the solicita- 
tion of General Smith, and the approval 
of Washington, Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge 
crossed the Sound from Fairfield, with 
eighty dismounted dragoons, and landed, 
on the evening of Nov. 21, at Woodville. 
There he remained until the next night, 
on account of a storm. At the mills, 2 
miles from Fort George, he found a faith- 
ful guide, and at dawn he and his follow- 
ers burst through the stockade, rushed 
across the parade, shouting "Washing- 
ton and glory!" and so furiously assailed 



1,800. Besides that fort, they had several 
works along the Niagara River. The 
American troops were debarked May 8, 
and Chauncey sailed for Sackett's Harbor 
for supplies and reinforcements for the 
army. He returned to Dearborn's camp, 
in the Madison, on May 22, and the same 
evening Commodore Perry arrived there. 
Arrangements were immediately made for 
an attack on Fort George. The commo- 
dore and Perry reconnoitred the enemy's 
batteries in the Lady of the Lake. Dear- 
born was ill, but on the morning of the 
27th the troops were conveyed by the 
squadron to a point a little westward of 




FORT GEORQE, OLD NEW YORK CITY. 

the redoubt on three sides that the garri- 
son surrendered without resistance. Tall- 
madge demolished the fort, burned vessels 
lying at the wharf, and, with 300 prison- 
ers, started for Fairfield. For this ex- the mouth of the Niagara, and landed 
ploit Tallmadge received the thanks of under cover of the guns of the fleet. The 
Congress. advance was led by Col. Winfield Scott, 
Another Fort George was near the accompanied by Commodore Perry, who 
mouth of the Niagara River. After the had charge of the boats. He and Scott 
capture of York, the victors left that both leaped into the water at the head of 
place early in May, 1813, to attack Fort the first division of the men, and, in the 
George. Stormy weather had detained face of a galling fire and gleaming bay- 
them at York for a week. Losses and onets, they ascended the bank. The other 
sickness had reduced the number of the troops followed, and, after a severe con- 
troops to 1,000. These were again con- flict on the plain, the British fell back 
veyed by the fleet of Chauncey, who, with discomfited. General Vincent, satisfied 
Dearborn and other naval commanders, that he must retreat, and knowing Fort 
went before in the pilot-schooner Lady George to be untenable, ordered the gar- 
of the Lake, and selected a landing-place rison to spike the guns, destroy the am- 
4 miles east of Fort Niagara. The British munition, and abandon it. This was 
force at Fort George and vicinity, under done, and the whole British force retreat- 
General Vincent, then numbered about ed westward to a strong position among 

52 



GEORGE GEORGE GRISWOLD 




HENRY GEORGE. 



the hills, at a place called " The Beaver the autumn of 1897 he was nominated for 
Dams," about 18 miles from the Niagara mayor of Greater New York, by several 
River. There Vincent had a deposit of organizations. Later these bodies united 
stores and provisions. The garrisons of under the name of the " Democracy of 
forts Erie and Chippewa abandoned them, 
and the whole Niagara frontier passed into 
the hands of the Americans. 

Still another Fort George was at the 
end of Manhattan Island. When the 
English captured New Amsterdam the 
name was changed to New York, and 
the fort to Fort James, and later to Fort 
George. 

George, HENRY, political economist; 
born in Philadelphia., Pa., Sept. 2, 1839; 
was educated in the public school of his 
native place, and after working in a store 
for a short time, went to sea and served 
as a cabin-boy for fourteen months. Later 
he shipped as an ordinary seaman on a 
coasting vessel running between Phila- 
delphia and Boston. In 1858 he went to 
British Columbia in search of gold, but, 
meeting with disappointment, went to 
San Francisco in 1860, and with two others 

established a paper called the Journal. Thomas Jefferson," and Mr. George accept- 
II is inability to secure news from the ed the nomination. He began the cam- 
Eastern States because he was not a mem- paign with great energy. On the night 
ber of the press association led to the before his death he delivered four ad- 
speedy failure of this enterprise. After dresses. He retired about twelve o'clock, 
various other unsuccessful projects he was was seized with apoplexy, and died before 
offered a place on the staff of the San morning, Oct. 29. His son, Henry George, 
Francisco Times, of which he later became Jr., was placed at the head of the ticket, 
managing editor. He was subsequently and continued the canvass. Mr. George's 
connected with the San Francisco Chron- writings include Progress and Poverty; 
ide. the San Francisco Herald, and the The Irish Land Question; Social Prob- 
Oakland Recorder. In 1872 he was a dele- terns; Protection or Free Trade; a num- 
gate to the convention which nominated, ber of pamphlets on The Condition of 
Horace Greeley for the Presidency, and Labor; An Open Letter to Pope Leo 
in the same year he established the San XIII.; A Perplexed Philosopher; and 
Francisco Evening Post, the first one - cent The Science of Political Economy. See 
paper on the Pacific coast. In 1880 he SINGLE TAX. 

removed to New York, and in the following George, WILLIAM REUBEN, reformer ; 
year went to Ireland to write up the land born in West Dryden, N. Y., June 4, 1866 ; 
question for several American newspa- settled in New York City in 1880. Later 
pers. In 1886 he was the candidate of he became interested in the welfare of the 
the UNITED LABOR PARTY (q. v.) for children of the very poor. In 1895 he 
mayor of New York, and in the election founded the "Junior Republic," a move- 
polled 68,110 votes. In 1887 he founded ment in which children govern themselves, 
The Standard and with the REV. EDWARD receiving pay for all the work they per- 
McGLYNN, D.D. (q. v.), an eminent Ro- form. Since this plan was instituted it 
man Catholic priest, organized the Anti- has become a successful method in caring 
poverty Society. In the same year he for delinquent and dependent children, 
was an unsuccessful candidate for secre- George Griswold, THE, a ship sent 
tary of state. In 1889 he went to Eng- from the United States in 1862 with food 
land, and in 1890 visited Australia. In for starving English operatives. The 

53 



GEORGIA 



blockade of Southern ports had caused a Vice-President of the Confederacy. The 
lack of the cotton supply in England and governor of Georgia ordered the seizure 
the running of mills on half-time or shut- of the public property of the United 
ting them up altogether. This produced States within the limits of his State, and 
wide-spread distress in the manufacturing war made havoc on its coasts and in 
districts. In Lancashire alone 1,000,000 the interior. Sherman swept through the 
depended for bread on the mills. In 1862 State with a large army late in 1864, 
a pitiful cry of distress came over the " living off the country," and within its 
sea. It was heard by the loyal people of borders the President of the Confederacy 
the North, who, repressing their just re- was captured in May, 1865 (see DAVIS, 
sentment against the British government JEFFERSON). Within its borders was the 
for the "aid and comfort" it had given famous Andersonville prison - pen (see 
to the enemies of the republic, heeded the CONFEDERATE PRISONS). In June, 1865, 
cry, and the George Griswold was laden 
at New York, chiefly through the liberal- 
ity of merchants there, with food for the 
starving English operatives of the value 
of more than $200,000. With her was 
sent a government war-vessel as a con- 
voy to protect her precious freight from 
any possible attack of the Anglo - Con- 
federate cruiser ALABAMA (q. v.), which 
was then lighting the ocean with a 
blaze of American merchant vessels 
which she had set on fire. See COTTON 
FAMINE. 

Georgia, the latest settled State of 
the original thirteen. It framed its first 
State constitution in 1777, its second in 
1789, and a third in 1798, which was 
several times amended. On June 2, 1788, 
Georgia ratified the national Constitution. 
The settlers on the frontier suffered 

much from incursions of the CREEK and a provisional governor was appointed for 
CHEROKEE INDIANS (qq. v.) , but their the State. A convention held at Milledge- 
friendship was secured by treaties in ville late in October repealed the ordinance 
1790-91. By a treaty in 1802 the Creeks of secession, declared the war debt void, 
ceded to the United States a large tract, amended the constitution so as to abolish 
which was afterwards assigned to Georgia, slavery, and in November elected a gov- 
now forming the southwestern counties of ernor, legislature, and members of Con- 
the State. The same year Georgia ceded gress. Congress did not approve these 
to the United States all its claims to the measures, and the Senators and Represent- 
lands westward of the boundaries of its atives chosen were not admitted to seats, 
present limits. Finally difficulties arose In 1867, Georgia, with Alabama and 
between the State and the national gov- Florida, formed a military district, an<] 
ernment respecting the Cherokees, and was placed under military rule. A con. 
on their removal to the country west of vention at Atlanta, in March, 1868 
the Mississippi, in 1838, Georgia came framed a constitution, which was rati 
into possession of all their lands. Imme- fied in April by a majority of nearly 18,. 
diately after the election of Mr. Lincoln 000 votes. On June 25, Congress, by act, 
in 1860, the politicians of Georgia took provided for the readmission of Georgia, 
measures for accomplishing the secession with other States, upon their ratification 
of the State. Its delegates in the Con- of the Fourteenth Amendment to the na* 
federate government organized at Mont- tional Constitution. For a violation of 
gomery, Ala., were conspicuous, ALEX- the RECONSTRUCTION ACT (q. v.) , in not 
ANDER H. STEPHENS (q. v.) being made permitting colored men, legally elected, to 

54 




SEAL OP GEORGIA. 



GEORGIA 



occupy seats in the legislature, Georgia 
representatives were not permitted to take 
seats in Congress. The Supreme Court of 
tbe State declared that negroes were en- 
titled to hold office. A new election was 
held, both houses of the State legislat- 
ure were duly organized, Jan. 31, 1869, all 
the requirements of Congress were acceded 
to, and, by act of July 15, Georgia was 
readmitted into the Union. Its represent- 
atives took their seats in December, 1869. 
Since the close of the war Georgia has 
had a most remarkable material develop- 
ment, caused in large part by the intro- 
duction of cotton manufacturing. Its 
mills are among the largest in the world, 
and their output is steadily increasing. 
The State was the first to feel the life 
of the "New South." The Cotton Expo- 
stition in 1881 and the Cotton States and 
International Exposition in 1895, both in 
Atlanta, showed to the world the prac- 
tical accomplishments under the new 
order of things, and greatly stimulated 
all industrial efforts. In 1900 the as- 
sessed valuation of all taxable property 
was $435,000,000, and the recognized 
bonded debt was $7,836,000. The popu- 
lation in 1890 was 1,837,353; in 1900, 
2,216,331. 

When, in 1729, the proprietors of the 
Carolinas surrendered their charter to the 



crown, the whole country southward of 
the Savannah River to the vicinity of St. 
Augustine was a wilderness, peopled by 
native tribes, and was claimed by the 
Spaniards as a part of Florida. The Eng- 
lish disputed the claim, and war clouds 
seemed to be gathering. At that juncture 
GEN. JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE (q. v.) , 
commiserating the wretched condition of 
prisoners for debt who crowded the Eng- 
lish prisons, proposed in Parliament the 
founding of a colony in America, partly 
for the benefit of this unfortunate class, 
and as an asylum for oppressed Protes- 
tants of Germany and other Continental 
states. A committee of inquiry reported 
favorably, and the plan, as proposed by 
Oglethorpe, was approved by King George 
II. A royal charter was obtained for a 
corporation (June 9, 1732) for twenty- 
one years, " in trust for the poor," to 
establish a colony in the disputed terri- 
tory south of the Savannah, to be called 
Georgia, in honor of the King. Individ- 
uals subscribed largely to defray the ex- 
penses of emigrants, and within two years 
Parliament appropriated $160,000 for the 
same purpose. The trustees, appointed 
by the crown, possessed all legislative and 
executive power, and there was no politi- 
cal liberty for the people. In November, 
1732, Oglethorpe left England with 120 




THE LANDING OF OGLETHORPE IN GEORGIA. 

55 



GEORGIA 




THK CAPITOL, ATLANTA, GEORGIA. 



emigrants, and, after a passage of fifty with 300 emigrants, among them 150 
days, touched at Charleston, giving great Highlanders skilled in military affairs, 
joy to the inhabitants, for he was about John and Charles Wesley and George 
to erect a barrier between them and the Whitefield came to spread the gospel 
Indians and Spaniards. Landing a large among the people and the surrounding 
portion of the emigrants on Port Royal heathen. Moravians had also settled in 
Island, he proceeded to the Savannah Georgia, but the little colony was threat- 
River with the remainder, and upon ened with disaster. The jealous Span- 
Yamacraw Bluff (the site of Savannah) lards at St. Augustine showed signs of 
he laid the foundations of the future hostility. Against this expected trouble 
State in the ensuing spring of 1733. The Oglethorpe had prepared by building forts 
rest of the emigrants soon joined him. in that direction. Finally, in 1739, war 
They built a fort, and called the place broke out between England and Spain, 
Savannah, the Indian name of the river, and Oglethorpe was made commander of 
and there he held a friendly conference the South Carolina and Georgia troops, 
with the Indians, with whom satisfactory With 1,000 men and some Indians he in- 
arrangements for obtaining sovereignty vaded Florida, but returned unsuccessful, 
of the domain were made. Within eight In 1742 the Spaniards retaliated, and, 
years 2,500 emigrants were sent over from with a strong land and naval force, threat- 
England at an expense to the trustees of ened the Georgia colony with destruction. 
$400,000. Disaster was averted by a stratagem em- 
The condition upon which the lands ployed by Oglethorpe, and peace was re- 
were parcelled out was military duty; and stored. 

so grievous were the restrictions, that Slavery was prohibited in the colony, 
many colonists went into South Carolina, and the people murmured. Many settle- 
where they could obtain land in fee. ments were abandoned, for tillers of the 
Nevertheless, the colony increased in num- soil were few. Finally, in 1750, the re- 
bers, a great many emigrants coming from strictions concerning slavery were re- 
Scotland and Germany. Oglethorpe went moved; and in 1752, the trustees having 
to England in 1734, and returned in 1736 surrendered their charter to the crown, 

56 



GEORGIA 

Georgia became a royal province, with dom. The code of laws and regulations 
privileges similar to the others. A Gen- adopted by the trustees provided that 
eral Assembly was established in 1755, each tract of land granted to a settler 
and in 17 63 all the lands between the should be accepted as a pledge that the 
Savannah and St. Mary rivers were, by owner should take up arms for the com- 
royal proclamation, annexed to Georgia, mon defence whenever required; that no 
The colony prospered from the time of the tract should exceed 25 acres in extent, 
transfer to the crown. The Georgians and no person should possess more than 
sympathized with their Northern breth- 500 acres; that no woman should be 
ren in their political grievances, and bore capable of succeeding to landed property; 
a conspicuous part in the war for inde- that, in default of male heirs, the prop- 
pendence. A State constitution was erty of a proprietor should revert to the 
adopted by a convention on Feb. 5, 1777, trustees, to be again granted to another 
and Georgia took its place among the emigrant; that if any portion of land 
independent States of the Union, with granted should not, within eighteen years 
BUTTON GWINNETT (q. t?.)> one of the thereafter, be cleared, fenced, and culti- 
signers of the Declaration of Indepen- rated, it should relapse to the trustees, 
dence, as acting governor. It was recommended that the daughters 

Under the King's charter for planting of a deceased proprietor having no male 
the new colony, there were twenty-one heirs, unless provided for by marriage, 
trustees. Lord (Viscount) Perceval was should have some compensation, and his 
chosen president of the trustees, and a widow have the use of his house and half 
code of regulations for the colony, with his land during her life. No inhabitant 
agreements and stipulations, was speed- was permitted to leave the province with- 
ily prepared. The title of the association out a license; the importation of rum was 
was, Trustees for Settling and Estab- disallowed; trade with the West Indies 
lishing the Colony of Georgia. The was declared unlawful, and negro slavery 
trustees were: Anthony, Earl of Shaftes- was absolutely forbidden. It has been 
bury, John (Lord) Perceval, Edward well said that, with one or two exceptions, 
Digby, George Carpenter, James Edward this code did not exhibit a trace of com- 
Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas mon-sense. It is no wonder the colony 
Tower, Robert Moore, Robert Hucks, did not prosper, for the laws were hostile 
Roger Holland, William Sloper, Francis to contentment, discouraging every plant- 
Eyles, John La Roche, James Vernon, er whose children were girls, and offering 
William Beletha, John Burton, Richard very poor incentives to industry. When, 
Bundy, Arthur Beaford, Samuel Smith, in 1752, the trusteeship expired, and Geor- 
Adam Anderson, and Thomas Coram. gia was made a royal province, its growth 
They were vested with legislative powers was rapid. 

for the government of the colony, for the In 1742 the Spaniards at St. Augus- 
space of twenty-one years, at the expira- tine determined to invade, seize, and hold 
tion of which time a permanent govern- Georgia, and capture or drive the English 
ment was to be established by the King or settlers from it. With a fleet of thirty- 
his successor, in accordance with British six vessels from Cuba and a land force 
law and usage. They adopted a seal for about 3,000 strong, they entered the harbor 
the colony, which indicated the avowed of St. Simon's in July. Oglethorpe, always 
intention of making it a silk-producing vigilant, had learned of preparations for 
commonwealth. On one side was repre- this expedition, and he was on St. Simon's 
sented a group of toiling silk-worms, and Island before them, but with less than 
the motto, " Non siU, sed alius"; on the 1.000 men, including Indians, for the gov- 
other, the genius of the colony, between ernor of South Carolina had failed to fur- 
two urns (two rivers), with a cap of nish men or supplies. The task of defend- 
liberty on her head, in her hands a spear ing both provinces from invasion devolved 
and a horn of plenty, and the words, upon the Georgians. When the Spanish 
" Colonia Georgia Aug." This was a fleet appeared Oglethorpe went on board 
strange seal for a colony whose toilers his own little vessels and addressed the 
and others possessed no political free- seamen with encouraging words; but when 

57 



GEORGIA 



he saw the ships of the enemy pass the 
English batteries at the southern end of 
the island, he knew resistance would be 
in vain, so he ordered his squadron to 
run up to Frederica, while he spiked the 
guns at St. Simon's and retreated with 
his troops. There, waiting for reinforce- 
ments from South Carolina (which did 
not come), he was annoyed by attacks 
from Spanish detachments, but always re- 
pulsed them. Finally, he proceeded to 
make a night attack on the Spanish camp 
at St. Simon's. When near the camp a 
Frenchman in his army ran ahead, fired 
his musket, and deserted to the enemy. 
The Spaniards were aroused, and Ogle- 
thorpe fell back to Frederica, and accom- 
plished the punishment of the deserter in 
a novel way. He addressed a letter to 
the Frenchman as a spy in the Spanish 
camp, telling him to represent the Geor- 
gians as very weak in numbers and arms, 
and to advise the Spaniards to attack 
them at once; and if they would not do 
so, to try and persuade them to remain at 
St. Simon's three days longer; for within 
that time a British fleet, with 2,000 land 
troops, would arrive to attack St. Augus- 
tine. This letter was sent. to the deserter 
by a Spanish prisoner, who, as it was ex- 
pected he would, carried it to the Spanish 
commander. The Frenchman was put in 
irons, and afterwards hanged. A council 
of war was held, and while it was in 
session vessels from Carolina, seen at sea, 
were mistaken for the British fleet al- 
luded to. The Spaniards determined to 
attack Oglethorpe immediately, and then 
hasten to the defence of St. Augustine. 
They advanced on Frederica, along a nar- 
row road flanked by a forest and a 
morass; and when within a mile of the 
fort Oglethorpe and his Highlanders, ly- 
ing in ambush, fell upon them furiously. 
Nearly the whole of the advanced division 
were killed or captured, and a second, 
^pressing forward, shared their fate. The 
Spaniards retreated in confusion, leaving 
about 200 dead on the field. They fled 
to their ships, and in them to St. Augus- 
tine, to find that they had been out- 
generaled by Oglethorpe. The place of the 
slaughter is called "Bloody Marsh" to 
this day. This stratagem probably saved 
Georgia and South Carolina from utter 
destruction. 



Sir James Wright was appointed royal 
governor of Georgia in 1764. He ruled 
wisely, but was a warm adherent of the 
royal cause. His influence kept down 
open resistance to the acts of Parliament 
for some time; but when that resistance 
became strong, it was suddenly overpower- 
ing. In January, 1776, Joseph Haber- 
sham, a member of the Assembly, raised 
a party of volunteers and made Governor 
Wright a prisoner, but set him free on 
his parole not to leave his own house. 
This parole he violated. A sentinel was 
placed before his door, and all intercourse 
between Wright and friends of the crown 
was forbidden. One stormy night (Feb. 
11, 1776), Governor Wright escaped from 
a back window of his house, with an at- 
tendant, fled to a boat at the river-side, 
and went down the Savannah 5 miles to 
Bonaventure, the residence of his com- 
panion; thence he was conveyed before 
daylight to the British armed ship Scar- 
borough, in Tybee Sound. So ended the 
rule of the last royal governor in Georgia. 
Sir James was a native of Charleston, 
S. C.; the son of a chief -justice (Robert 
Wright) of that province; agent of the 
province in Great Britain; and attorney- 
general; and in 1760 was appointed chief- 
justice and lieutenant-governor. In 1772 
he was created a baronet. After his 
escape from Savannah he retired to 
England, losing all his large estate in 
Georgia by confiscation. He died in 
1786. 

Late in 1771 Noble Wimberley Jones 
was chosen speaker of the Georgia As- 
sembly. He was a man of exemplary life, 
but the royal governor, Sir James Wright, 
who had reported him a strong opposer 
of government measures, would not con- 
sent to the choice. The Assembly voted 
this interference a breach of their privi- 
leges. Hillsborough, the secretary of 
state for the colonies, censured the House 
for their "unwarrantable and inconsist- 
ent arrogance," and directed the governor 
to "put his negative upon any person 
whom they should next elect for speaker, 
and to dissolve the Assembly in case they 
should question the right of such nega- 
tive." So the affections of the colonies, 
one after another, were alienated from 
the mother country by her unwise 
rulers. 



58 



GEORGIA 

The Provincial Congress of Georgia as- approach. He crossed and pursued, and 
sembled at Tondee's Long Room, in Savan- at Brier Creek, about half-way to Savan- 
nah, July 4, 1775, at which delegates from nah, he lay encamped, when he was sur- 
fourteen districts and parishes were in prised, and, after a sharp skirmish, was 
attendance namely, from the districts defeated, and his troops dispersed.' The 
of Savannah, Vernonburg, Acton, Sea Isl- British reoccupied Augusta and opened 
and, and Little Ogeechee, and the parishes a communication with the South Caro- 
of St. Matthew, St. Philip, St. George, lina Tories and the friendly Creek Ind- 
St. Andrew, St. David, St. Thomas, St. ians. Now secured in the quiet posses- 
Mary, St. Paul, and St. John. Archi- sion of Georgia, Prevost issued a procla- 
bald Bullock was elected president of the mation reinstating Sir James Wright as 
Congress, and George Walton secretary, governor, and the laws as they had 
The Congress adopted the American been before 1775. Savannah became the 
Association, and appointed as delegates headquarters of the British army in the 
to the Continental Congress Lyman Hall South. 

(already there), Archibald Bullock, Dr. By a compact between the national gov- 
Jones, John Houstoun, and Rev. Dr. Zub- ernment and Georgia, made in 1802, they 
ley, a Swiss by birth, who soon became a forever agreed, in consideration of the lat- 
Tory. Sir James Wright (the governor) ter relinquishing her claim to the Missis- 
issued proclamations to quench the flames sippi territory, to extinguish, at the na- 
of patriotism, but in vain. His power tional expense, the Indian title to the 
had departed forever. lands occupied by them in Georgia, " when- 

In the winter of 1778-79, General Lin- ever it could be peaceably done on reason- 
coin was sent to Georgia to take the place able terms." Since making that agree- 
of General Howe. General Prevost, com- ment, the national government had ex- 
manding the British forces in east Flor- tinguished the Indian title to about 
ida, was ordered to Savannah, to join 15,000,000 acres, and conveyed the same 
Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell for the sub- to the State of Georgia. There still re- 
jugation of Georgia to British rule. On mained 9,537,000 acres in possession of 
his way, Prevost captured Sunbury (Jan. the Indians, of which 5,292,000 acres be- 
9, 1779) and took 200 Continental prison- longed to the Cherokees and the remainder 
ers. As soon as he reached Savannah he to the Creek nation. In 1824 the State 
sent Campbell against Augusta, which government became clamorous for the en- 
was abandoned by the garrison, who es- tire removal of the Indians from the corn- 
ea ped across the river. The State now mon wealth, and, at the solicitation of 
seemed at the mercy of the invader. An Governor Troup, President Monroe ap- 
invasion of South Carolina was antici- pointed two commissioners, selected by 
pated. The militia of that State were the governor, to make a treaty with the 
summoned to the field. Lincoln was at Creeks for the purchase of their lands. 
Charleston. With militia lately arrived The latter were unwilling to sell and move 
from North Carolina and the fragments away, for they had begun to enjoy the 
of Howe's force, he had about 1,400 men, arts and comforts of civilization. They 
whom he stationed to guard the fords passed a law forbidding the sale of any 
of the Savannah. The force under Pre- of their lands, on pain of death. After 
vest was much larger, but he hesitated the breaking up of the general council, a 
to cross the river, the marshy borders of few of the chiefs violated this law by 
which were often overflowed to the width negotiating with the United States com- 
of 3 or 4 miles, threaded only at missioners. By these chiefs, who were 
one or two points by a narrow causeway, only a fraction of the leaders of the tribes, 
A detachment sent by Prevost to take all the lands of the Creeks in Georgia 
possession of Port Royal Island was re- were ceded to the United States. The 
pulsed by Colonel Moultrie. Lincoln, be- treaty was ratified by the United States 
ing reinforced, sent Colonel Ashe, of North Senate, March 3, 1825. When informa- 
Carolina, with 1,400 troops, to drive the tion of these proceedings reached the 
British from Augusta. The British fled Creeks, a secret council determined not to 
down the Georgia side of the river at his accept the treaty and to slay Mclntosh, 

59 



GEORGIA 



the chief of the party who had assented to 
it. He and another chief were shot, April 
30. A new question now arose. Govern- 
or Troup contended that upon the ratifi- 
cation of the treaty the fee simple of the 
lands vested in Georgia. He took meas- 
ures for a survey of the lands, under the 
authority of the legislature of Georgia, 
and to distribute them among the white 
inhabitants of the State. The remon- 
strances of the Creeks caused President 
Adams to appoint a special agent to in- 
vestigate the matter, and General Gaines 
was sent with a competent force to pre- 
vent any disturbance. The agent reported 
that bad faith and corruption had marked 
the treaty, and that forty-nine-fiftieths of 
the Creeks were hostile to it. The Presi- 
dent determined not to allow interference 
with the Indians until the next meeting of 
Congress. Troup determined, at first, to 
execute the treaty in spite of the Presi- 
dent, but the firmness of the latter made 
the governor hesitate. A new negotia- 
tion was opened with the Creeks, and 
finally resulted in the cession of all the 
Creek lands in Georgia to the United 
States. By this new treaty the Creeks 
retained all their lands in Alabama, 
which had been ceded by a former 
treaty. 

On the recommendation of Senator 
Toombs and others at Washington, in the 
winter of 1860-61, the governor of Geor- 
gia (Joseph Brown) ordered the seizure 
of the United States coast defences on the 
border of the State before the secession 
convention met. Fort Pulaski, on Cock- 
spur Island, at the mouth of the Savan- 
nah River, and Fort Jackson, near the city 
of Savannah, were seized on Jan. 3, 1861. 
On the same day the National arsenal at 
Savannah was taken possession of by Con- 
federates, and 700 State troops, by the 
orders and in the presence of the governor, 
took possession of the arsenal at Augusta, 
Jan. 24, when the National troops there 
were sent to New York. In the arsenal 
were 22.000 muskets and rifles, some can- 
non, and a large amount of munitions of 
war. The forts were without garrisons, 
and each was in charge of only two or 
three men. 

Late in November, 1861, Commodore 
Dupont went down the coast from PORT 
ROYAL (q. v.) with a part of his fleet, 



and with ease took possession of the Big 
Tybee Island, at the mouth of the Savan- 
nah River, from which Fort Pulaski, 
which was within easy mortar distance, 
might be assailed, and the harbor of Sa- 
vannah perfectly sealed against block- 
ade runners. On the approach of the 
National gunboats the defences were aban- 
doned, and on Nov. 25, Dupont wrote to 
the Secretary of War: "The flag of the 
United States is flying over the territory 
of Georgia." Before the close of the year 
the National authority was supreme from 
Warsaw Sound, below the mouth of the 
Savannah, to the North Edisto River, be- 
low Charleston. Every fort on the islands 
of that region had been abandoned, and 
there was nothing to make serious oppo- 
sition to National authority. When the 
National forces reached those sea islands 
along the coasts of South Carolina and 
Georgia, there was a vast quantity of val- 
uable sea-island cotton, gathered and un- 
gathered, upon them. When the first 
panic was over the Confederates re- 
turned, stealthily, and applied the torch 
to millions of dollars' worth of this 
staple. 

On Jan. 2, 1861, elections were held 
in Georgia for members of a convention 
to consider the subject of secession. The 
people, outside of the leading politicians 
and their followers, were opposed to seces- 
sion ; and Alexander H. Stephens, the most 
consistent and able statesman in Georgia, 
though believing in the right of secession, 
opposed the measure as unnecessary and 
full of danger to the public welfare. On 
the other hand, Robert Toombs, a shallow 
but popular leader, unscrupulous ir 
methods of leadership, goaded the people 
on to disaster by harangues, telegraphic 
despatches, circulars, etc. He was then 
one of the most active of the conspirators 
in the national Congress, and worked 
night and day to precipitate his State into 
revolution. The vote at the election was 
from 25,000 to 30,000 less than usual, and 
there was a decided majority of the mem- 
bers elected against secession. The con- 
vention assembled at Milledgeville, the 
capital of the State, on Jan. 16. There 
were 295 members present, who chose Mr. 
Crawford to preside. " With all the ap- 
pliances brought to bear, with all the 
fierce, rushing, maddening events of the 



60 



GEORGIA 



hour," said the writer of the day, " the 
co-operationists had a majority, notwith- 
standing the falling-off of nearly 30,000, 
and an absolute majority of elected dele- 
gates of twenty-nine. But, upon assem- 
bling, by coaxing, bullying, and all other 
arts, the majority was changed." On the 
18th a resolution was passed by a vote of 
105 to 130, declaring it to be the right 
and duty of the State to withdraw from 
the Union. On the same day they ap- 
pointed a committee to draft an ordinance 
of secession. It was reported almost im- 
mediately, and was shorter than any of 
its predecessors. It was in a single para- 
graph, and simply declared the repeal and 
abrogation of all laws which bound the 
commonwealth to the Union, and that the 
State of Georgia was in " full possession 
and exercise of all the rights of sover- 
eignty which belong and appertain to a 
free and independent State." The ordi- 
nance elicited many warm expressions of 
Union sentiments. Mr. Stephens made a 
telling speech in favor of the Union, and he 
and his brother Linton voted against seces- 
sion in every form. When, at two o'clock 
in the afternoon of Jan. 19, 1861, the or- 
dinance of secession was adopted, by a 
vote of 208 against 89, Stephens declared 
that he should go with his State, and, 
in accordance with a resolution adopted, 
he signed the ordinance. A resolution to 
submit the ordinance to the people of the 
State for ratification or rejection was re- 
jected by a large majority. At that stage 
of the proceedings, a copy of a resolution 
passed by the legislature of the State of 
New York, tendering to the President of 
the United States all the available forces 
of the State, to enable him to enforce the 
laws, was received, and produced much ex- 
citement. Toombs immediately offered the 
following resolution, which was adopted 
unanimously : " As a response to the reso- 
lution of New York, that this convention 
highly approve of 'the energetic and pa- 
triotic conduct of the governor of Georgia 
in taking possession of FORT PULASKT 
(q. v.) by Georgia troops, and request 
him to hold possession until the relations 
of Georgia with the federal government 
be determined by this convention, and that 
a copy of this resolution be ordered to be 
transmitted to the governor of New 
York." 



While General Mitchel was holding the 
Charleston and Memphis Railway in 
northern Alabama, he set on foot one of 
the most daring enterprises attempted 
during the war. It was an effort to break 
up railway communications between Chat- 
tanooga and Atlanta, in Georgia. For 
this purpose J. J. Andrews, who had been 
engaged in the secret service by General 
Buell, was employed. In April, 1862, 
with twenty picked men, in the guise of 
Confederates from Kentucky seeking 
Georgia's freedom, Andrews walked to 
Marietta. At that place they took the 
cars for a station not far from the foot 
of Great Kenesaw Mountain, and there, 
while the engineer and conductor were at 
breakfast, they uncoupled the engine, 
tender, and box-car from the passenger 
train and started up the road at full 
speed. They told inquirers where they 
were compelled to stop that they were con- 
veying powder to Beauregard's army. 
They passed several trains before they 
began to destroy the road. The first train 
that came to a broken spot had its engine 
reversed and became a pursuer of the 
raiders. Onward they dashed with the 
speed of a gale, passing other trains, 
when, at an important curve in the road, 
after destroying the track a considerable 
distance, Andrews said, " Only one more 
train to pass, boys, and then we will put 
our engine at full speed, burn the bridges 
after us, dash through Chattanooga, and 
on to Mitchel, at Huntsville." The excit- 
ing chase continued many miles. The 
raiders cut telegraph wires and tore up 
tracks. The pursuers gained upon them. 
Finally their lubricating oil became ex- 
hausted, and such was the speed of the 
engine that the brass journals in which 
the axles revolved were melted. Fuel fail- 
ing, the raiders were compelled to leave 
their conveyance, 15 miles from Chatta- 
nooga, and take refuge in the tangled 
woods on Chickamauga Creek. A great 
man-hunt was organized. The mountain 
passes were picketed, and thousands of 
horse and foot soldiers scoured the country 
in all directions. The whole party were 
finally captured, and Andrews and seven 
of his companions were hanged. To each 
of the survivors the Secretary of War gave 
a bronze medal in token of approval. See 
UNITED STATES, GEORGIA, vol. ix. 



61 



GEORGIA GERARD DE RAYNEVAL 



GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA-COLONIAL. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS (Continued). 



Name. 


Date. 


Remarks. 


John Reynolds 


1754 




Henry Ellis 


1757 




James Wright . . . : 


1760 




Archibald Bullock, acting 
Button Gvvinuett, acting.. 
John A Trueitleu 


1776 
1777 
1777 


( Appointed by the 
\ Georgia Assembly. 
j Under the new State 


John Houstoun 
Georgia in the hands of) 
the British, with Sir ! 
James Wright as roy- j 


1778 

1779 
1781 


I constitution. 


John Martin 


1782 


Chosen by Assembly. 




1783 




John Houstoun 


1784 






1785 




Edward Telfair 


1786 




George Matthews 


1787 




George Handley 


1788 





UNDER THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 



Name. 


Date. 




1789-90 


Fd ward Telfair 


1790-93 




1793-96 




1796-98 




1798-1801 




1801 


Josiah Tattnall 


1801-2 


John Milledge 


1802-6 




1806-9 


David B Mitchell 


1809-13 




1813-15 




1815-17 




1817-19 


Matthew Talbot acting 


1819 


John Clark 


1819-23 


George M Troup 


1823-27 


John Forsyth 


1827-29 




1829-31 


Wilson Lumpkin 


1831-35 


William Schley 


1835-37 




1837-39 


Charles J McDonald 


1839-43 


George W Crawford . . . 


1843-47 




1847-51 


Howell Cobb .... 


1851-53 


Herschel V Johnson 


1853-57 




1857-65 


James Johnson 


1865 




1865-67 


Gen T H Ruger 


1867-68 




1868-72 


James Milton Smith 


1872-77 


Alfred H Colquitt 


1877-82 


Alexander H Stephens .. ... 


1882-83 


Henry D McDaniel 


1883-86 


John B Gordon 


1886-90 




1890 94 


William Y Atkinson 


1895 98 


Allen D (Jaudler . . . 


1898-1902 


Joseph M. Terrell 


1902-5 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



Name. 


No. of Congress. 


Date. 


William Few 


1st and 2d 


1789 to 1793 


James Gunn 


1st to 7th 


1789 " 1801 




3d 


1794 " 1795 


George Watson . . . 


4th 


1795 


Josiah Tattnall 


4th to 3th 


1796 to 1799 


Abraham Baldwin 


(ith " 9th 


1799 " 1807 


James Jackson 


7th " 8th 


1801 " 1806 


John Milledge 


9th " 12th 


1806 " 1809 


George Jones 
William H. Crawford.... 


10th 
10th to 12th 


1807 
1807 to 1813 



Name. 


No. of Congress. 


Date. 


Charles Tait 


llth 


1809 


William B. Bullock 
William Wyatt Bibb 


13th 
13th to 14th 
14th " 15th 


1813 
1813 to 1816 
1816 u 1819 


John Forsyth 


15th 


1819 


John Elliott 
Freeman Walker 
Nicholas Ware 


16th to 18th 
10th 
17th to 18th 


1819 to 1824 
1819 " 1821 
1821 " 1824 


Thomas W. Cobb 
John McPherson Berrien. 
Oliver H. Prince 


18th " 20th 
19th " 20th 
20th 


1824 " 1828 
1825 " 1829 
1828 


John Forsyth 


21st to 23d 


1829 to 1834 


George M Troup 


21st " 22d 


1829 " 1833 


Alfred Cuthbert 
John P. King 


23d " 27 tb 
23d " 24th 


1834 " 1843 
1833 " 1837 


Wilson Lumpkin 
John McPherson Berrien. 
Walter T. Colquitt 
Herschel V. Johnson 
William C. Dawson 
Robert M. Charlton 
Robert Toombs 


25th " 26th 
27th " 32d 
28th " 30th 
30th 
31st to 33d 
32d 
33d to 36th 


1837 " 1841 
1841 " 1852 
1843 " 1848 
1848 
1849 to 1855 
1852 
1853 to 1861 


Alfred Iverson 


34th " 36th 


1855 " 1861 




36th " 41st 


1861 " 1871 


Joshua Hill . . 


41st " 42d 


1871 " 1873 


H. V. M. Miller. 


41st 


1871 


Thomas M. Norwood 
John B Gordon.... 


42d to 43d 
43d " 46th 


1871 to 1875 
1873 " 1881 


Benjamin H. Hill 


45th " 47th 


1877 " 1882 


Joseph E. Brown 
Pope Barrow 


47th " 51st 
47th 


1881 " 1891 

1882 


Alfred H Colquitt 


48th to 53d 


1883 to 1894 


John B Gordon 


52d " 55th 


1891 " 1897 


Augustus 0. Bacon 
Alexander S. Clay 


54th " 
55th " 


1895 " 
1897 " 









Gerard, JAMES WATSON, lawyer; born 
in New York City in 1794; graduated 
at Columbia in 1811; practised law 
in New York till 1869; secured the incor- 
poration of the House of Refuge for Ju- 
venile Delinquents in New York, which 
was the first institution of this kind in 
the United States. He was also an ar- 
dent advocate for a uniformed police. He 
died in New York, Feb. 7, 1874. 

Gerard de Rayneval, CONRAD ALEX- 
ANDRE, diplomatist; born in France. On 
the ratification of the treaty between 
France and the United States, of Feb. 6, 
1778, diplomatic relations were fully es- 
tablished between the two governments by 
the French sending M. Gerard (who had 
been an active participator in the ne- 
gotiations) as minister plenipotentiary 
to the young republic. He sailed for 
America in D'Estaing's flag-ship, in com- 
pany with Silas Deane, and arrived at 
Philadelphia early in July. There being 
no traditionary rules of etiquette suitable 
for the occasion, the ceremonials which 
took place at his reception by Congress, 
on Aug. 0, were entirely new. Richard 
Henry Lee and Samuel Adams, delegates 



62 



GERARD Dfi RAYNEVAL GERMAIN 



in Congress, in a coach drawn by six 
horses, provided by that body, waited upon 
the minister at his lodgings. A few min- 
utes afterwards the two delegates and 
M. Gerard entered the coach; the minis- 
ter's chariot, being behind, received his 
secretary. The carriages arrived at the 
State-house a little before one o'clock, 
when the minister was conducted by 
Messrs. Lee and Adams to a chair in the 
Congress chamber, the members of that 
body and the president sitting; M. 
Gerard, being seated, presented his cre- 
dentials into the hands of his secretary, 
who advanced and delivered them to the 
president of Congress. The secretary of 
Congress then read and translated them, 
which being done, Mr. Lee introduced the 
minister to Congress, at the same moment 
the minister and Congress rising. M. 
Gerard bowed to the president (Henry 
Laurens) and Congress, and they bowed 
to him, whereupon the whole seated them- 
selves. In a moment the minister arose, 
made a speech to Congress (they sitting), 
and then, seating himself, he gave a copy 
of his speech to his secretary, who pre- 
sented it to the president. The presi- 
dent and Congress then rose, when the 
former made a reply to the speech of the 
minister, the latter standing. Then all 
were again seated, when the president 
gave a copy of his answer to the secre- 
tary of Congress, who presented it to the 
minister. The president, the Congress, 
and the minister then arose again to- 
gether. The minister bowed to the presi- 




dent, who returned the salute, and then 
to the Congress, who bowed in return; 
and the minister, having bowed to the 
president, and received his bow in return, 
withdrew, and was attended home in the 



same manner in which he had been con- 
ducted to the audience. Within the bar 
of the House, the Congress formed a semi- 
circle on each side of the president and 
the minister, the president sitting at one 
extremity of the semicircle, at a table 
upon a platform elevated two steps, the 
minister sitting at the opposite extremity 
of the semicircle, in an arm-chair, upon 
the same level with the Congress. The 
door of the Congress chamber being 
thrown open below the bar, about 200 
gentlemen were admitted to the audience, 
among whom were the vice-presidents of 
the supreme executive council of Penn- 
sylvania, the supreme executive council, 
the speaker and members of the assembly, 
several foreigners of distinction, and 
officers of the army. The audience being 
over, the Congress and the minister at a 
proper hour repaired to an entertainment 
given by the Congress to the minister, 
at which were present, by invitation, sev- 
eral foreigners of distinction and gentle- 
men of public character. Such was the 
unostentatious manner in which the first 
foreign minister of the United States was 
received, and he from the gayest court in 
Europe. M. Gerard died in Strasburg 
in April, 1790. 

Gerhardt, KARL, sculptor; born in Bos- 
ton, Mass., Jan. 7, 1853. He has made 
a specialty of portraiture. Among his 
works are busts of General Grant, Henry 
Ward Beecher, Mark Twain, and statues 
of General Putnam, Nathan Hale, and 
John Fitch. 

Germain, LORD GEORGE, VISCOUNT 
SACKVILLE, statesman; born in England, 
Jan. 26, 1716; third son of the first Duke 
of Dorset, lord-lieutenant of Ireland; was 
educated there; entered the army, and 
rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. 
He entered Parliament in 1761, and was 
made colonial secretary in 1775, ever 
evincing a most vindictive spirit towards 
the Americans. He became so unpopular 
at home that, during the London riots in 
1780, he felt compelled to barricade his 
house in the city. So consonant were his 
views with those of the King that he was 
a great favorite at court. His influence 
over the young King at the time of his 
coronation, and soon afterwards, was so 
well known that a handbill appeared 
with the words, " No Lord George Sack- 



GERMAN FLATS GERMAN MERCENARIES 



ville! No Petticoat Government!" allud- 
ing to the influence of the monarch's 
mother. He died in England, Aug. 26, 
1785. 

Lord George seemed to take pride and 
comfort in employing agents who would 




LORD GEORGE GERMAIN. 

incite the savages of the wilderness to 
fall on the Americans. He complained 
of the humanity of Carleton, who, in the 
autumn of 1776, hesitated to employ the 
Indians in war; but in Hamilton, govern- 
or of Detroit, he found a ready agent in 
the carrying out of his cruel schemes. 
Early in September (1776) that function- 
ary wrote he had assembled small parties 
of Indians in council, and that the Ot- 
tawas, Chippewas, Wyandottes, and Potta- 
wattomies, with the Senecas, would " fall 
on the scattered settlers on the Ohio and 
its branches " ; and saying of the Ameri- 
cans, " Their arrogance, disloyalty, and 
imprudence has justly drawn upon them 
this deplorable sort of war." It was Ger- 
main and his agents (sometimes un- 
worthy ones) who excited the Indians to 
scalp and murder the white settlers, with- 
out distinction of age or sex, all along 
the frontier line from New York to 
Georgia. He reproved every commander 
who showed signs of mercy in his conduct 
in this business. 

German Flats. Sir William Johnson 
concluded a treaty of peace with the West- 
ern Indians at German Flats, N. Y., in 
1765. During the Revolution the Six Na- 



tions were induced by him to aid the Brit- 
ish, and were led by Joseph Brant and 
Walter Butler. The Indians plundered 
and burned Cobleskill, Springfield, Ger- 
man Flats, and Cherry Valley. In retali- 
ation the Americans, led by Colonel Van 
Schaick and Colonel Willett, laid waste 
the Indian villages, seizing all provisions 
and weapons which they could find. 

German Mercenaries. Soon after the 
opening of the British Parliament in the 
autumn of 1775, that body, stimulated 
by Lord North, the premier, and Lord 
George Germain, secretary for the colo- 
nies, and at the suggestion of Admiral 
Howe, promptly voted 25,000 men for 
service against the Americans. It was 
difficult to obtain enlistments in Great 
Britain, and mercenaries were sought in 
Germany. At the close of the year, and 
at the beginning of 1776, bargains were 
effected between representatives of the 
British government and the reigning 
princes of Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau, 
Brunswick, Anhalt, Anspach, and Wai- 
deck. In the bargains, the fundamental 
law of trade supply and demand pre- 
vailed. The King of England had money, 
but lacked troops; the German rulers had 
troops, but wanted money. The bargain 
was a natural one on business principles; 
the morality of the transaction was an- 
other affair. About 30,000 German 
troops, most of them well disciplined, 
were hired. The German rulers were to 
receive for each soldier a bounty of 
$35, besides an annual subsidy, the 
whole amounting to a large sum. 

The British government agreed to make 
restitution for all soldiers who might per- 
ish from contagious disease while being 
transported in ships and in engagements 
during sieges. They were to take an oath 
of allegiance to the British sovereign dur- 
ing their service, without its interfering 
with similar oaths to their respective 
rulers. Their chief commanders, when 
they sailed for America, were Generals 
Baron de Riedesel, Baron Knyphausen. 
and De Heister. The general name of 
" Hessians " was given to them by the 
Americans, and, because they were merce- 
naries, they were heartily detested by the 
colonists. When any brutal act of op- 
pression or wrong was to be carried out, 
such as a plundering or burning expedi- 



64 



GERMANTOWN 



tion, the Hessians were generally em- it was resolved to attack the British array 
ployed in the service. The transaction at Germantown. Washington had been 
was regarded by other nations as disgrace- reinforced by Maryland and New Jersey 
ful to the British. The King of Great troops. His army moved in four columns 
Britain shrank from the odium it inflict- during the night of Oct. 3, the divisions 
ed, and refused to give commissions to of Sullivan and Wayne, flanked by Gen- 
German recruiting officers (for he knew eral Conway's brigade on the right, mov- 
their methods of forcing men into the ing by way of Chestnut Hill, while Arm- 
service ) , saying, " It, in plain English, strong, with Pennsylvania militia, made 
amounts to making me a kidnapper, which a circuit to gain the left and rear of the 
I cannot think a very honorable occupa- enemy. The divisions of Greene and 
tion." All Europe cried "Shame!" and Stephen, flanked by McDougalFs brigade 
Frederick the Great, of Prussia, took every ( two-thirds of the whole army ) , moved 
opportunity to express his contempt for on a circuitous route to attack the front 
the " scandalous man-traffic " of his neigh- of the British right wing, while the Mary- 
bors. Without these troops, the war land and New Jersey militia, under Small- 
would have been short. A part of them, wood and Forman, marched to fall upon 
under Riedesel, went to Canada (May, the rear of that wing. Lord Stirling, 
1776) ; the remainder, under Knyphausen with the brigades of Nash and Maxwell, 
and De Heister, join- 
ed the British under 
Howe, before New 
York, and had their 
first encounter on 
Long Island, Aug. 27. 
See HESSIANS. 

Germantown, BAT- 
TLE OF. There were 
formidable obstructions 
in the Delaware River 
below Philadelphia, 
placed there by the 
Americans, and also two 
forts and a redoubt that 
commanded the stream. 
The British fleet was in 
Delaware Bay, Sept. 
25, 1777, but could 
not reach Philadel- 
phia before these ob- 
structions were re- 
moved. General Howe 
prepared to assist his 
brother in removing 
these obstructions, 
and sent strong de- 
tachments from his 
army to occupy the 
shores of the Delaware 
below Philadelphia, 
which the Americans 
still held. Perceiving MAP OF BATTLE. 

the weakening of 

Howe's army, and feeling the neces- formed the reserve. Howe's force stretched 
sity of speedily striking a blow that across the country from Germantown, 
should revive the spirits of the Americans, with a battalion of light infantry and 
iv. E 65 




GEBMANTOWN GERONIMO 



Simcoe's Queen's Rangers (American loy- 
alists) in the front. In advance of the 
left wing were other light infantry, to 
support pickets on Mount Airy, and the 




CHEW'S HOUSE. 

extreme left was guarded by Hessian 
yagers (riflemen). Near the large stone 
mansion of Chief-Justice Chew (see illus- 
tration), at the head of the village, was a 
strong regiment under Colonel Musgrave. 
Washington's army, moving stealthily, 
tried to reach Chestnut Hill before the 
dawn (Oct. 4), but failed. It was near 
sunrise when they emerged from the woods 
on that eminence. The whole country 
was enveloped in a thick fog. The Brit- 
ish were surprised. The troops of Wayne 
and Sullivan fell, unexpectedly and with 
heavy force, upon the British infantry in 
front, and they were hurled back upon 
their main line in confusion by a storm 
of grape-shot. This cannonade awakened 
Cornwallis, who was sleeping soundly in 
Philadelphia, unconscious of danger near. 
Howe, too, nearer the army, was aroused 
from slumber, and arrived near the scene 
of conflict to meet his flying battalions. 
Then he hastened to his camp, to prepare 
his troops for action. Musgrave sent a 
part of his regiment to support the fugi- 
tives, and, with six companies, took refuge 
in Chew's strong dwelling. He barricaded 
the doors and lower windows, and made 
it a castle. From its upper windows he 
poured such a volley of bullets upon 
Woodford's pursuing brigade that their 
march was checked. The fire of the 



American small-arms upon the building 
was ineffectual. Finally Maxwell's artil- 
lerists brought cannon to bear upon the 
house, but its strong walls resisted the 
heavy, round shot. Then an attempt 
was made to set fire to the man- 
sion. This check in the pursuit 
brought back Wayne's division, 
leaving Sullivan's flank uncovered. 
This event, and the failure of 
Greene to attack at the time or- 
dered, disconcerted Washington's 
plans. Greene's troops had fallen 
into confusion in the fog, as they 
traversed the broken country, but 
they soon smote the British right 
with force. The failure of the other 
troops to co-operate with them by 
turning the British left caused 
Greene to fail, and the golden op- 
portunity to strike a crushing blow 
had passed. 

In the fog that still prevailed, 
parties of Americans attacked each 
other on the field; and it was after- 
wards ascertained that, while the assault 
on Chew's house was in progress, the whole 
British army were preparing to fly across 
the Schuylkill, and rendezvous at Chester. 
At that moment of panic General Grey ob- 
served that his flanks were secure, and 
Knyphausen marched with his whole force 
to assist the beleaguered garrison and the 
contending regiments in the village. 
Then a short and severe battle occurred in 
the heart of Germantown. The Ameri- 
cans could not discern the number of their 
assailants in the confusing mist, when 
suddenly the cry of a trooper, " We are 
surrounded!" produced a panic, and the 
patriots retreated in great confusion. 
The struggle lasted about three hours. 
The Americans lost about 600 killed, 
wounded, and missing; the British about 
800. Washington fell back to his encamp- 
ment on Skippack Creek. General Nash, 
while covering the retreat with his bri- 
gade, was mortally wounded. 

Geronimo, Apache Indian chief; became 
a war-chief when sixteen years old, and 
for almost fifty years led a band of blood- 
thirsty savages; was a constant terror to 
the settlers in the Southwest, where he 
perpetrated many frightful atrocities. He 
was captured near Prescott, Ariz., in 1886, 
by Generals Miles and Lawton, after a 



GERRISH GERRYMANDERING 



continued chase of four years, at the ex- 
pense of hundreds of lives. He was first 




imprisoned at Mount Vernon, Ala., but 
later at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 

Gerrish, THEODORE, author; born in 
Houlton, Me., June 19, 1846; received 
an academic education; served in the Civil 
War, being wounded four times. In 1871- 
88 he was a Methodist Episcopal min- 
ister at various places in Maine. His pub- 
lications include Reminiscences of the 
War; The Blue and the Gray, etc. 

Gerry, ELBRIDGE, signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence ; born in Marblehead, 
Mass., July 17, 1744; graduated at Har- 
vard in 1762; took part in the early 
strife before the Revolution, and in 1772 
represented his native town in the State 
legislature. Gerry was the first to pro- 
pose, in the Provincial Congress of Massa- 
chusetts, a law for fitting out armed ves- 
sels and establishing a court of admi- 
ralty. He took a seat in the Continental 
Congress early in 1776, signed the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and remained in 
that body, with few intermissions, until 
1785. He was an efficient member of 
finance committees in the Congress, and 
was president of the treasury board in 
1780. A delegate in the convention that 
framed the national Constitution, he was 



one of those who refused to sign the in- 
strument. He was a member of Congress 
from 1789 to 1793, and in 1797 was sent 
as one of the special envoys on a mission 
to France. He was elected governor of 
Massachusetts by the Democratic party 
in 1810, and in 1812 was chosen Vice- 
President of the United States. He died 
in Washington, D. C., while Vice-Presi- 
dent, Nov. 23, 1814. 

Gerrymandering, a political term em- 
ployed in the United States since 1812. 
After a bitter contest for power in Massa- 
chusetts between the Federalists and 
Democrats, the latter succeeded, in 1811, 
in electing their candidate for governor, 
Elbridge Gerry, and a majority of both 
Houses of the legislature. In order to se- 
cure the election of United States Senators 
in the future, it was important to per- 
petuate this possession of power, and 
measures were taken to retain a Demo- 
cratic majority in the State Senate in 
all future years. The senatorial districts 
had been formed without any division of 
counties. This arrangement, for the pur- 
pose alluded to, was now disturbed. The 
legislature proceeded to rearrange the 
senatorial districts of the State. They 
divided counties in opposition to the pro- 
tests and strong constitutional arguments 




KLBRIDGE GERRY. 



of the Federalists; and those of Essex 
and Worcester were so divided as to form 



07 



GERRYMANDERING GETTYSBURG 



a Democratic majority in each of those Gerstaecker, FRIEDBICH, German au- 
Federal counties, without any apparent thor; born in Hamburg, Germany, May 
regard to convenience or propriety. The 16, 1816; emigrated to America in 1837; 
work was sanctioned and became a law remained in the country about six years, 
by the signature of Governor Gerry, for when he returned to Germany, but sub- 
which act the opposition severely castigat- sequently made many trips to every quar- 
ed him through the newspapers and at ter of the globe. He is best known by his 
public gatherings. In Essex county the writings, originally published in German, 
arrangement of the district, in relation but many of which were translated and re- 
to the towns, was singular and absurd, published in the United States. Among 
Russell, the veteran editor of the Boston his writings are The Regulators of Ar- 
Centinel, who had fought against the kansas; Pictures of the Mississippi; Jour- 
scheme valiantly, took a map of that ney through the United States, Mexico, 
county, and designated by particular col- etc.; Incidents of Life on the Mississippi, 
oring the towns thus selected, and hung etc. He died in Vienna, Austria, May 31, 
it on the wall of his editorial room. One 1872. 

day Gilbert Stuart, the eminent painter, Getty, GEORGE WASHINGTON, military 
looked at the map, and said the towns officer; born in Georgetown, D. C., Oct. 
which Russell had thus distinguished re- 2, 1819; was graduated at West Point 
sembled some monstrous animal. He took in 1840; served in the war with Mexico, 
a pencil, and with a few touches repre- and in the Seminole War in Florida; and, 
sented a head, wings, claws, and tail, becoming brigadier-general of volunteers 
" There," said Stuart, " that will do for in 1862, did excellent service in the cam- 
a salamander." Russell, who was busy paign on the Peninsula. He was in the 
with his pen, looked up at the hideous battles of South Mountain, Antietam, and 
figure, and exclaimed, " Salamander ! Fredericksburg in 1862; also in the cam- 
Call it Gerry-mander" The word was im- paign against Richmond in 1864 until 

August, when he was brevetted 
major - general of volunteers. 
He was in the army in the 
Shenandoah Valley the remain- 
der of the year. He was also 
in the battle at Sailor's Creek, 
and at the surrender of Lee. 
On Aug. 1, 1864, he was bre- 
vetted major-general of volun- 
teers, and March 13, 1865, ma- 
jor-general in the regular army. 
He was commissioned colonel 
of the 37th Infantry in 1866, 
and retired Oct. 2, 1883. His 
last service was as commander 
of the United States troops 
along the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad during the riots of 
1877. He died in Forest Glen, 
Md., Oct. 2, 1901. 

Gettysburg, BATTLE OF. On 
the day when General Meade 
took command of the Army of 
the Potomac, June 28, 1863, 
Lee was about to cross the Sus- 
mediately adopted into the political quehanna at Harrisburg and march on 
vocabulary as a term of reproach for Philadelphia. The militia of Pennsylvania, 
those who change boundaries of districts who had shown great apathy in responding 
for a partisan purpose. to the call for help, now, when danger was 

68 




THE GERRY-MANDER. 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 




POSITION OF THE NORTHERN AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES, SUNSET, JUNE 30, 1863. 



at their door, turn- 
ed out with con- 
siderable spirit; 
and Lee, observing 
this, and hearing 
that the augment- 
ed Army of the 
Potomac was in 
Maryland and 
threatening h i s 
rear and flanks, 
immediately aban- 
doned his scheme 
for further inva- 
sion, and ordered 
a retrograde move- 
ment. On the 
same day, Stuart, 
with a large force 
of cavalry, crossed 
the Potomac, push- 
ed on to Westmin- 
ster, at the right 

of the Nationals, crossed over to Car- Marsh Creek, a few miles distant, was 
lisle, encountering Kilpatrick and his cav- then advancing with his own corps, fol- 
airy, and followed Ewell in his march lowed by Howard's, having those of Sickles 
towards Gettsyburg. Longstreet had been and Slocum within call. The sound of 
ordered to cross the South Mountain fire-arms quickened his pace, and he 
range, and press on through Gettysburg marched rapidly to the relief of Buford, 
to Baltimore to keep Meade from cutting who was holding the Confederates in 
Lee's communications. Lee hoped to crush check. While Reynolds was placing some 
Meade, and then march in triumph on of his troops on the Chambersburg road, 
Baltimore and Washington; or, in the Confederates made an attack, when a 
case of failure, to secure a direct line volley of musketry from the 56th Penn- 
of retreat into Virginia. Meanwhile sylvania led by Col. J. W. Hoffman, opened 
Meade was pushing towards the Susque- the decisive battle of Gettysburg, 
hanna with cautious movement, and on Meredith's " Iron Brigade " then 
the evening of June 30 he discover- charged into a wood in the rear of the 
ed Lee's evident intention to give bat- Seminary, to fall upon Hill's right, under 
tie at once. On the day before, Kil- General Archer. The Nationals were 
patrick and Custer's ca,.- 7 had de- pushed back, but other troops, under the 
feated some of Stuart's a few miles from personal direction of Reynolds, struck 
Gettysburg. Buford's cavalry entered Archer's flank, and captured that officer 
Gettysburg; and on the 30th the left wing and 800 of his men. At the moment 
of Meade's army, led by General Reyn- when this charge was made, the bullet of 
olds, arrived near there. At the same a Mississippi sharp-shooter pierced Reyn- 
time the corps of Hill and Longstreet olds's neck, when he fell forward and ex- 
were approaching from Chambersburg, and pired. General Doubleday had just ar- 
Ewell was marching down from Carlisle rived, and took Reynolds's place, leaving 
in full force. On the morning of July 1 his own division in charge of General 
Buford, with 6,000 cavalry, met the van Rowley. Very soon the Mississippi bri- 
of Lee's army, led by General Heth, be- gade, under General Davis, was captured, 
tween Seminary Ridge (a little way from and at noon the whole of the 1st Corps, 
Gettysburg) and a parallel ridge a little under General Doubleday, was well post- 
farther west, when a sharp skirmish en- ed on Seminary Ridge, and the remain- 
sued. Reynolds, who had bivouacked at der of Hill's corps was rapidly approach- 

69 



GETTYSBUBG, BATTLE OF 



ing. Meanwhile, the advance division of of Reynolds, and he ordered General Han- 
EwelPs corps had taken a position on a cock, Howard's junior, to leave his corps 
ridge north of the town, connecting with with Gibbons and take the chief command 
Hill, and seriously menacing the National at Gettysburg. He arrived just as the 
right, held by General Cutler. Double- beaten forces were hurrying towards 
day sent aid to Cutler, when a severe Cemetery Hill. He reported to Meade 
struggle ensued for some time, and three that he was satisfied with Howard's dis- 
1 North Carolina regiments were captured, position of the troops. The latter had 
Now the battle assumed far grander pro- called early upon Slocum and Sickles, and 
portions. Howard's corps, animated by both promptly responded. Sickles joined 
the sounds of battle on its front, pressed the left of the troops on Cemetery Hill 
rapidly forward, and reached the field of that night. Hancock had gone back; and, 
strife at a little past noon. He left Stein- meeting his own corps, posted it a mile 
wehr's brigade on Cemetery Hill, placed and a half in the rear of Cemetery Hill. 
General Schurz in temporary charge of Meade had now given orders for the con- 
the corps, and, ranking Doubleday, took centration of his whole army at Gettys- 
the chief command of all the troops in burg, and he aroused them at one o'clock 
action. The Confederate numbers were in the morning of July 2, when only the 
continually augmented, and, to meet an corps of Sykes and Sedgwick were absent, 
expected attack from the north and west, Lee, too, had been bringing forward his 
Howard was compelled to extend the Na- troops as rapidly as possible, making his 
tional lines, then quite thin, about 3 headquarters on Seminary Ridge. On the 
miles, with Gulp's Hill on the right, morning of the 2d a greater portion of 
Round Top on the left, and Cemetery Hill the two armies confronted each other, 
in the centre, forming the apex of a Both commanders seemed averse to tak- 
redan. At about three o'clock in the ing the initiative of battle. The Nation- 
afternoon there was a general advance als had the advantage of position, their 
of the Confederates, and a terrible battle lines projecting in wedge-form towards 
ensued, with heavy losses on both sides, the Confederate centre, with steep rocky 
The Nationals were defeated. They had acclivities along their front. It was late 
anxiously looked for reinforcements from in the afternoon before a decided move- 
the scattered corps of the Army of the inent was made. Sickles, on the left, be- 
Potomac. These speedily came, but not tween Cemetery Hill and Round Top, ex- 
pecting an at- 
tack, had ad- 
vanced his corps 
well towards 
the heaviest 
columns of the 
Confederates. 
Then Lee at- 
tacked him with 
Longstreet's 
corps. There 
was first a se- 
v e r e struggle 
for the posses- 
sion of the 
rocky eminence 
on Meade's ex- 
treme left, 
where Birney 

until the preliminary engagement in the was stationed. The Nationals won. 
great battle of Gettysburg was ended. Meanwhile there was a fierce contest 

General Meade was at Taneytown, 13 near the centre, between Little Round 
miles distant, when he heard of the death Top and Cemetery Hill. While yet there 

70 




\VHKRE THE BATTLE BEGAN. 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 




BATTLE-GROUND OF LITTLB BOUND TOP. 



was strife for the former, General Craw- where General Slocum was in chief com 
ford, with six regiments of Pennsylvania mand. Ewell had attacked him with a 
reserves, swept down its northwestern part of his corps at the time Longstreet 
side with tremendous shouts, and drove assailed the left. The assault was vigor- 
the Confederates through the woods to ous. Up the northern slopes of Cemetery 
the Emmettsburg road, making 300 of Hill the Confederates pressed in the face 
them prisoners. Generals Humphreys of a murderous fire of canister and shrap- 
and Graham were then in an advanced nel to the muzzles of the guns. Another 
position, the former with his right on part of Swell's corps attempted to turn 
the Emmettsburg road, when Hill, ad- the National right by attacking its weak- 
vancing in heavy force from Seminary ened part on Gulp's Hill. The Confeder- 
Ridge, fell upon him and pushed him ates were repulsed at the right centre; 
back, with a loss of half his men and, after a severe battle on the extreme 
and three guns. In this onset Sickles right of the Nationals, the Confederates 
lost a leg, and Birney took command there were firmly held in check. So end- 
of the corps. Elated by this success, ed, at about ten o'clock at night, the see- 
the Confederates pushed up to the base ond day's battle at Gettysburg, when 
of Cemetery Hill and its southern slope, nearly 40,000 men of the two armies, who 
throwing themselves recklessly upon sup- were " effective " thirty-six hours before, 
posed weak points. In this contest were dead or wounded. 
Meade led troops in person. Finally The advantage seemed to be with the 
Hancock, just at sunset, directed a general Confederates, for they held the ground in 
charge, chiefly by fresh troops under advance of Gettysburg which the Na- 
Doubleday, who had hastened to his as- tionals had held the previous day. Dur- 
sistance from the rear of Cemetery Hill, ing the night Meade made provision for 
These, with Humphreys's shattered regi- expelling the Confederate intrusion on the 
ments, drove the Confederates back and National right by placing a heavy artil- 
recaptured four guns. The battle ended lery force in that direction. Under cover 
on the left centre at twilight. Then the of these guns a strong force made an at- 
battle was renewed on the National right, tack, and for four hours Geary's division 

71 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 



kept up a desperate struggle. Then the 
Confederates fell back, and the right was 
made secure. Now Ewell was repulsed on 
the right, and Round Top, on the left, 
was impregnable; so Lee determined to 
strike Meade's centre with a force that 
should crush it. At noon (July 3) he 
had 145 cannon in battery along the line 
occupied by Longstreet and Hill. All 
night General Hunt, of the Nationals, had 
been arranging the artillery from Ceme- 
tery Hill to Little Round Top, where the 
expected blow would fall. Lee determined 
to aim his chief blow at Hancock's posi- 
tion on Cemetery Hill. At 1 o'clock P.M. 
115 of his cannon opened a rapid concen- 
trated fire on the devoted point. Four- 
score National guns replied, and for two 
hours more than 200 cannon shook the 
surrounding country with their detona- 
tions. Then the Confederate infantry, in 
a line 3 miles in length, preceded by 
a host of skirmishers, flowed swiftly over 



the undulating plain. Behind these was 
a heavy reserve. Pickett, with his Vir- 
ginians, led the van, well supported, in a 
charge upon Cemetery Hill. In all, his 
troops were about 15,000 strong. The 
cannon had now almost ceased thundering, 
and were succeeded by the awful roll of 
musketry. Shot and shell from Han- 
cock's batteries now made fearful lanes 
through the oncoming Confederate ranks. 
Hancock was wounded, and Gibbons was 
placed in command. Pickett pressed on- 
ward, when the divisions of Hayes and 
Gibbons opened an appalling and con- 
tinuous fire upon them. The Confed- 
erates gave way, and 2,000 men were 
made prisoners, and fifteen battle-flags be- 
came trophies of victory for Hayes. Still 
Pickett moved on, scaled Cemetery Hill, 
burst through Hancock's line, drove back 
a portion of General Webb's brigade, and 
planted the Confederate flag on a stonewall. 
But Pickett could go no farther. Then 




GENERAL PICKETT AT CEMETERY HILL. 

72 



GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF 




VIEW FROM LITTLE ROUND TOP. 



Stannard's Vermont brigade of Double- 
day's division opened such a destructive 
fire on Pickett's troops that they gave 
way. Very soon 2,500 of them were made 
prisoners, and with them twelve battle- 
flags, and three-fourths of his gallant men 
were dead or captives. Wilcox supported 
Pic-kett, and met a similar fate at the 
hands of the Vermonters. Meanwhile 
Crawford had advanced upon the Confed- 
erate right from near Little Round Top. 
The Confederates fled; and in this sortie 
the whole ground lost by Sickles was re- 
covered, with 260 men captives, 7,000 
small-arms, a cannon, and wounded Union- 
ists, who had lain nearly twenty-four 
hours uncared for. Thus, at near sunset, 
July 3, 1863, ended the battle of Gettys- 
burg. During that night and all the next 
day Lee's army on Seminary Ridge pre- 
pared for flight back to Virginia. His in- 
vasion was a failure; and on Sunday 
morning, July 5, his whole army was 
moving towards the Potomac. 

This battle, in its far-reaching effects, 
was the most important of the war. The 
National loss in men, from the morning 
of the 1st until the evening of the 3d of 
July, was reported by Meade to be 23,186, 
of whom 2,834 were killed, 13,709 wound- 
ed, and 6,643 missing. Lee's loss was 
probably about 30,000. The battle-ground 
is now the National Soldiers' Cemetery, 



nearly all of the Confederate dead having 
been removed to Southern cemeteries. 
The battle-field is now studded with State 
and regimental monuments marking the 
most important spots in the three-days' 
battle. Near the centre of the battle-field 
stands a national monument of gray gran- 
ite, erected at a cost of $50,000, and also 
a bronze statue of General Reynolds. 

Almost immediately after the battle the 
government determined to acquire and set 
apart the battle-field for a National Sol- 
diers' Cemetery. On Nov. 19, 1863, the 
field, which then contained the graves of 
3,580 Union soldiers, was dedicated by 
President Lincoln, who delivered the fol- 
lowing memorable speech: 

" Fourscore and seven years ago our 
fathers brought forth on this continent a 
new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedi- 
cated to the proposition that all men are 
created equal. 

" Now we are engaged in a great civil 
war, testing whether that nation, or any na- 
tion so conceived and so dedicated, can long 
endure. We are met on a great battle- 
field of that war. We have come to dedicate 
a portion of that field as a final resting- 
place for those who here gave their lives 
that thatnation might live. It is altogether 
fitting and proper that we should do this. 

" But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedi- 
cate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot 



73 



GETTYSBURG GHENT 



hallow this ground. The brave men, liv- and that government of the people, by the 
ing and dead, who struggled here have people, for the people, shall not perish 
consecrated it, far above our poor power from the earth." See ADAMS, CHARLES 
to add or detract. The world will little FRANCIS; EVERETT, EDWARD. 

Ghent, TREATY OF, the treaty between 
the United States and Great Britain, 
which terminated the War of 1812. The 
American commissioners were John 
Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry 
Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Galla- 
tin; the British commissioners were 
Lord Gambier, Henry Goulburn, and Will- 
iam Adams. The American commis- 
sioners assembled in the city of Ghent, 
Belgium, in July, 1814; the British com- 
missioners early in the following month. 
The terms of the treaty were concluded 
Dec. 24, following, and the ratifications 
were exchanged Feb. 17, 1815. While the 
negotiations were in progress the leading 
citizens of Ghent took great interest in 
the matter. Their sympathies were with 
the Americans, and they mingled their 
rejoicings with the commissioners when 
the work was done. On Oct. 27 the 
Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts at 
Ghent invited the American commis- 
sioners to attend their exercises, when they 
were all elected honorary members of the 
academy. A sumptuous dinner was 
given, at which the intendant, or chief 
magistrate, of Ghent offered the following 
sentiment : " Our distinguished guests 
and fellow-members, the American minis- 
ters may they succeed in making an 
honorable peace to secure the liberty and 
independence of their country." The 
band then played Hail, Columbia. The 
British commissioners were not present. 
After the treaty was concluded, the 
American commissioners dined the British 
commissioners, at which Count H. van 

note, nor long remember, what we say Steinhuyser, the intendant of the depart- 
here, but it can never forget what they ment, was present. Sentiments of mutual 
did here. It is for us the living, rather, friendship were offered. A few days after- 
to be dedicated here to the unfinished wards the intendant gave an entertainment 
work which they who fought here have to the commissioners of both nations, 
thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather The leading provisions of the treaty 
for us to be here dedicated to the great were: (1) Restoration of all territory, 
task remaining before us, that from these places, and possessions taken by either 
honored dead we take increased devotion party from the other during the war, ex- 
to that cause for which they gave the last cept the islands mentioned in Article IV. 
full measure of devotion, that we here Public property remaining in such places 
highly resolve that these dead shall not at the time of ratifying the treaty was 
have died in vain, that this nation, under not to be destroyed or carried away, and 
God, shall have a new birth of freedom, the same engagement was made as to 

74 




THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT AT GETTYSBURG. 



GHENT GIBAttt/r 



slaves and other private property (Article 
I.). (2) Article IV. provides the appoint- 
ment of a commission to decide to which 
of the two powers certain islands in and 
near Passamaquoddy Bay belong; and if 
the commission should fail to come to a 
decision, the subject was to be referred 
to some friendly sovereign or state. (3) 
Articles V.-VI1I. provide for several com- 
missions to settle the line of boundary as 
described in the treaty of 1783, one com- 
mission to settle the line from the river 
St. Croix to where the 45th parallel 
cuts the river St. Lawrence (called the 
Iroquois or Cataraqua in the treaty) ; an- 
other to determine the middle of the wa- 
ter communications from that point to 
Lake Superior; and a third to adjust the 



deavors to abolish the slave-trade, as be- 
ing " irreconcilable with the principles of 
humanity and justice. ' 

Gherardi, BANCROFT, naval officer ; born 
in Jackson, La., Nov. 10, 1832; appointed 
midshipman June 29, 1846; took part in 
the attack on Fort Macon and in the bat- 
tle of Mobile Bay ; promoted to rear-ad- 
miral in 1887; retired Nov. 10, 1894. 

Giauque, FLORIEN, author; born near 
Berlin, O., May 11, 1843; served in the 
Civil War in 1862-65; graduated at 
Kenyon College in 1869; admitted to the 
bar in 1875. His publications include Re- 
vised Statutes of Ohio; Present Value Ta- 
bles; Naturalization and Election Laws of 
the United States; Ohio Election Laws, etc. 

Gibault, PETEK, Roman Catholic priest. 




limits from the " water-communication be- The bishop of Quebec in 1770 sent him to 

tween Lakes Huron and Superior to the the territory now included in Illinois and 

most northwestern point of the Lake of Louisiana. He lived a portion of the time 

the Woods." If either of these commis- in Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. 

sions should not make a decision, the sub- Genevieve. During the Revolutionary War, 

ject was to be referred to a friendly sover- through his influence, the settlers in this 

eign or state as before. (4) Article IX. territory, who were mostly French, became 

binds both parties to use their best en- ardent advocates of the American cause, 

75 



GIBBES GIBBON 



and he also induced the Indians to remain 15th of October, 1764, as I sat musing 
neutral. Judge Law says: "Next to Clark amid the ruins of the Capitol, while bare- 
and Vigo, the United States are indebt- footed friars were singing vespers in the 
ed more to Father Gibault for the acces- Temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writ- 
sion of the States comprised in what was ing the decline and fall of the city first 
the original Northwest Territory than to started to my mind." But that work 
any other man." was not seriously begun until 1770, and 

Gibbes, ROBERT WILSON, historian; the first volume was completed in 1775. 
born in Charleston, S. C., July 8, 1809; In 1774 he became a member of the House 
graduated at the South Carolina Col- of Commons, and at first took sides with 
lege in 1827; was the editor of the Week- the Americans, writing much in their 
ly Banner and the Daily South-Carolini- favor. He finally became a firm sup- 
em, and was also twice elected mayor of porter of the British ministry in their 
Columbia. During the Civil War he was proceedings against the Americans, writ- 
surgeon-general of South Carolina. Among iug in their defence a pamphlet in the 
his writings are A Documentary History French language, when he was provided 
of the American Revolution, consisting of by them with a lucrative sinecure office 
letters and papers relating to the contest worth $4,000 a year. His mouth (or, 
for liberty, chiefly in South Carolina. He rather, pen) was thus stopped by the 
died in Columbia, S. C., Oct. 15, 1866. government favor. To this venality the 

Gibbes, WILLIAM HASELL, lawyer; born following epigram alludes. It was writ- 
in Charleston, S. C., March 16, 1754; stud- ten, it is said, by Charles James Fox: 
ied law in London, and was one of the King George> in a fright> lest Gibbon should 
thirty Americans living there who signed a 
petition to the King against the Parlia- 
mentary enactments which resulted in the 
Revolutionary War. He entered the Con- 
tinental army as captain-lieutenant of ar- 
tillery. In 1783-1825 he was master in chan- 
cery of South Carolina. He died in 1831. 

Gibbon, EDWARD, historian; born in 
Putney, Surrey, England, April 27, 1737; 
was from infancy feeble in physical con- 
stitution. His first serious attempt at 
authorship was when he was only a 
youth a treatise on the age of Sesostris. 
He was fond of Oriental research. Read- 
ing Bossuet's Variations of Protestant- 
ism and Exposition of Catholic Doctrine, 
he became a Roman Catholic, and at 
length a free-thinker. He was a student 
at Oxford when he abjured Protestantism, 
and was expelled. He read with avidity 
the Latin, Greek, and French classics, and 
became passionately fond of historical re- 
search. He also studied practically the 
military art, as a member of the Hamp- 
shire militia, with his father. In 1751 
he published a defence of classical studies 
against the attacks of the French phi- 
losophers. In 1764 he went to Rome, and 
studied its antiquities with delight and 
seriousness, and there he conceived the 
idea of writing his great work, The De- 



write 

The story of Britain's disgrace, 
Thought no means more sure his pen to 

secure 
Than to give the historian a place. 

But his caution is vain, 'tis the curse of 

his reign 

That his projects should never succeed ; 
Though he write not a line, yet a cause of 

decline 
In the author's example we read." 




EDWARD GIBBON. 



On the downfall of the North adminis- 



eline and Fall of the Roman Empire, tration, and the loss of his salary, Gib- 
It was at Rome," he wrote, "on the bon left England and went to live at 

76 




GIBBON GIBBONS 

Lausanne, Switzerland. There he com- Charles College, Maryland, and in 1857 
pleted his great work in June, 1787, and, was transferred to St. Mary ; s Seminary, 
sending the manuscript to England, it Baltimore. He was ordained a priest 
was issued on his fifty-first birthday. It June 30, 1861; was made an assistant in 
is said that his booksellers realized a 
profit on the work of $300,000, while the 
author's profits were only $30,000. On 
setting out for England, in the spring of 
1793, he was afflicted with a very serious 
malady, which he had long concealed, 
until it finally developed into a fatal dis- 
order, which terminated his life suddenly 
in London, Jan. 16, 1794. 

Gibbon, JOHN, military officer; born 
near Holmesburg, Pa., April 20, 1827; 
graduated at West Point in 1847; served 
to the close of the Mexican War in the 
artillery. During the Civil War he was 
chief of artillery to General McDowell till 
May, 1862, when he was promoted briga- 
dier-general of volunteers. His brigade 
was in constant service, and Gibbon was 
soon promoted colonel, U. S. A., and ma- CARDINAL GIBBONS. 

jor-general, U. S. V. He took part in the 

battles of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Baltimore; and 
and Petersburg. He received the brevet soon after was appointed pastor of St. 
of major-general, U. S. A., March 13, 1865. Bridget's Church, in Canton, a suburb of 
He published The Artillerist's Manual. He Baltimore. Subsequently he was private 
died in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 6, 1896. secretary to Archbishop Spalding, and 

Gibbons, ABIGAIL HOPPER, philanthro- chancellor of the diocese. In October, 
pist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1866, he was appointed assistant chan- 
1801; wife of James Sloan Gibbons; was cellor to the Second Plenary Council of 
the chief founder of the Isaac T. Hopper the American Roman Catholic Church, 
Home, and was interested in numerous which met in Baltimore, and in 1868 
other charitable movements. During the became vicar-apostolic of North Carolina, 
draft riots of 1863 her home was among with the title of bishop. On May 20, 
the first to- be entered by the mob be- 1877, he was appointed coadjutor arch- 
cause of her abolition sympathies. She bishop of Baltimore, and on Oct. 3 of the 
died in New York City, Jan. 10, 1893. same year succeeded to the see. In No- 

Gibbons, EDWARD, colonist; born in vember, 1884, he presided at the Third 
England; came to America in 1629 and National Council at Baltimore. In 1886 
settled in Boston; became sergeant-major he was elevated to the dignity of cardi- 
of the Suffolk regiment in 1644; was nal, being the second prelate in the United 
major-general of militia in 1649-50. He States to attain that high distinction, 
was a member of the commission of 1643 Cardinal Gibbons boldly put an end to 
to establish the confederation of the CAHENSLEYISM (q. v.) in the United 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, States, and has shown himself to be a 
and New Haven colonies. He died in Bos- thorough American citizen. He is the 
ton, Mass., Dec. 9, 1654. author of The Faith of Our Fathers; Our 

Gibbons, JAMES, clergyman; born in Christian Heritage; and The Ambassador 
Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834; removed of Christ. 

to Ireland with his parents at an early Gibbons, JAMES SLOAN, banker; born 
age, and there received his preliminary in Wilmington, Del., July 1, 1810; set- 
education, and in 1848 returned with his tied in New York City in 1835, and en- 
parents to the United States, settling in gaged in banking. His publications in- 
New Orleans. In 1855 he entered St. elude The Banks of New York, their Deal- 

77 



GIBBONS GIBSON 

ers, the Clear ing -House, and the Panic In the battle, Nov. 4, 1791, in which St. 

of 1851 ; The Public Debt of the United Clair was defeated, Colonel Gibson was 

States; and a song, We are Coming, Father mortally wounded, dying in Fort Jeffer- 

Abraham, Three Hundred Thousand More son, O., Dec. 14, 1791. His brother JOHN 

(popular during the Civil War). He died was also a soldier of the Revolution; born 

in New York City, Oct. 17, 1892. in Lancaster, Pa., May 23, 1730; was in 

Gibbons, JOSEPH, abolitionist ; born in Forbes's expedition against Fort Duquesne, 

Lancaster, Pa., Aug. 14, 1818; grad- and acted a conspicuous part in Dunmore's 

uated at Jefferson College in 1845; was war in 1774. He commanded a Conti- 

one of the principal conductors of the nental regiment in the Revolutionary War. 

** underground railroad," through which He was made a judge of the Common 

institution he and his father aided hun- Pleas of Alleghany county, and in 1800 

dreds of slaves to freedom. He died in was appointed by Jefferson secretary of 

Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 8, 1883. the Territory of Indiana. He died near 

Gibbs, ALFRED, military officer; born Pittsburg, Pa., April 10, 1822. 
in Sunswick, Long Island, N. Y., April Gibson, JAMES, merchant; born in Lon- 
23, 1823; graduated at West Point in don in 1690; became a merchant in Bos- 
1846: served under Scott in Mexico, and ton, Mass.; took part in the capture of 
afterwards against the Indians ; and Louisburg, and after its surrender superin- 
when the Civil War broke out he was in tended the removal of the prisoners to 
Texas. He was made prisoner, and when France. He published an account of the 
exchanged in 1862 he was made colonel Louisburg expedition, under the title of 
of the 130th New York Volunteers, and A Boston Merchant of 1745. He died in 
served under Sheridan, in the latter part the West Indies in 1752. 
of the war, in command of a cavalry Gibson, JOHN, military officer; born in 
brigade. He was active in the Army of Lancaster, Pa., May 23, 1740. While still 
the Potomac at all times, and was a a boy he was with the expedition which 
thoroughly trustworthy officer. In March, captured Fort Duquesne in 1757. He mar- 
1865, he was brevetted major-general of ried the Indian chief Logan's sister; took 
volunteers. He was mustered out of the part in the negotiations between Logan 
service Feb. 1, 1866; was commissioned and Lord Dunmore in 1774; was in active 
major of the 7th Cavalry on July 28 fol- service throughout the Revolutionary 
lowing; and served in Kansas till his War. In 1801 Jefferson appointed him sec- 
death, in Fort Leavenworth, Dec. 26, 1868. retary of the Indiana Territory, which of- 

Gibbs, GEORGE, historian; born in fi ce he held till it became a State. He died 
Astoria, N. Y., July 17, 1815; was at- at Braddock's Field, Pa., April 10, 1822. 
tached to the United States boundary Gibson, PARIS, legislator; born in 
commission for many years; did military Brownfield, Me., July 1, 1830; was gradu- 
duty in Washington during the Civil ate d at Bowdoin College in 1851; re- 
War; was a member of the New York raove d to Minneapolis, Minn., in 1858, 
Historical Society for many years and w here with W. W. Eastman he built the 
its secretary for six years. Among his fi rs t flour and woollen mills in the city; 
works are Memoirs of the Administrations mem ber of the convention that framed the 
of Washington and John Adams; A constitution of Montana in 1889; elected 
Dictionary of the Chinese Jargon; Ethnol- a State Senator in 1891 ; and a United 
ogy and Philology of America, etc. He States Senator in 1901. 
died in New Haven, Conn., April 9, 1873. Gibson, RANDALL LEE, statesman ; born 

Gibson, GEORGE, military officer; born in Spring Hill, Ky., Sept. 10, 1832; grad- 
in Lancaster, Pa., Oct. 10, 1747. On the uated at Yale in 1853; at the begin- 
breaking-out of the Revolution he raised ning of the Civil War enlisted as a private, 
a company of 100 men at Fort Pitt, who but soon received a commission as captain 
were distinguished for their bravery and in the Louisiana Artillery, and sub- 
as sharp-shooters, and were called " Gib- sequently was elected colonel of the 13th 
son's Lambs." These did good service Louisiana Infantry. He took part in the 
throughout the war. A part of the time battles of Shiloh, Murfreesboro, and 
Gibson was colonel of a Virginia regiment. Chickamauga. At Nashville he covered 

78 



GIBSON GILBERT 



the retreat of Hood's army. After the appealed to his constituents for a re- 
war he resumed the practice of law and election. He was sent back within six 
was elected to the United States House of weeks, and subsequently re-elected, serving 
Representatives, but was not allowed to in all twenty years. Giddings opposed the 
take his seat until a subsequent election, annexation of Texas. During the contro- 
In 1882 and 1888 he was elected to the versy in reference to the northern boun- 
United States Senate. He died in Hot dary of the United States he held that 
Springs, Ark., Dec. 15, 1892. the United States was entitled to the line 

Gibson, TOBIAS, clergyman; born in " Fifty-four, forty." He refused to support 
Liberty, S. C., Nov. 10, 1771; became a the candidates of his party if their views 
minister of the Methodist Church in 1792; on the slavery question were not in con- 
went as a missionary to Natchez in 1800; forrnity with his own. As a result of this 
travelled alone through the forests for opposition ROBERT C. WINTHROP (q. v.) 
GOO miles to the Cumberland River; sailed failed of an election to the speakership 
800 miles in a canoe to the Ohio River; in 1849, the Democratic candidate, HOWELL 
and then went down the Mississippi. He COBB (q. v.) , of Georgia, being success- 
is noted chiefly for the introduction of ful. Giddings opposed the Fugitive Slave 
Methodism in the Southwest. He died in Law and the repeal of the Missouri Corn- 
Natchez, Tenn., April 10, 1804. 

Giddings, FRANKLIN HENRY, educator; 
born in Sherman, Conn., March 23, 1855; 
graduated at Union College in 1877; be- 
came Professor of Sociology in Colum- 
bia University in 1894. He is the au- 
thor of Democracy and Empire; The 
Principle of Sociology; Modern Distri- 
butive Process; Theory of Socialization, 
etc. 

Giddings, JOSHUA REED, statesman; 
born in Athens, Pa., Oct. 6, 1795. His 
parents removed to Ohio, and in 1812 he 
enlisted in a regiment under Colonel 
Hayes, which was sent on an expedition 
against the Sandusky Indians. In 1826 
he was elected to the Ohio legislature; in 
1838 to the United States Congress. 
While still a young man Giddings was 
known to be an active abolitionist. In 
1841 the Creole sailed from Virginia to 
Louisiana with a cargo of slaves who, on 
the voyage, secured possession of the ves- 
sel and put into Nassau, Bahama Isl- 
ands. In accordance with British law promise. He published a selection of his 
these negroes were declared free men. speeches and The Rebellion: Its Authors 
The United States set up a claim against and Causes. He died in Montreal, Canada, 
the British government for indemnity, where he was United States consul-gen- 
Giddings offered a resolution in the House eral, May 27, 1864. 

to the effect that slavery was an abridg- Gilbert, DAVID McCoN AUGHT, clergy 
ment of a natural right, and had no effect man; born in Gettysburg, Pa., Feb. 4, 
outside of the territory or jurisdiction 1836; graduated at Pennsylvania College 
that created it; and that the negroes on in 1857; ordained to the ministry 
the Creole had simply asserted their nat- of the Lutheran Church in 1860. His 
ural rights. Under the leadership of publications include The Lutheran Church 
John Minor Botts, of Virginia, the House in Virginia, 1776-1876; The Synod of Vir- 
censured Giddings, and as it gave him no ginia, Its History and Work; Miihlen- 
opportunity for defence he resigned and berg's Ministry in Virginia, a Chapter of 

79 




J. B. GIDDIXGS. 



GILBERT 



Colonial Luther o-Episcopal Church His- Discourse of a Discoverie for a New Pas- 
tory, etc. sage to Cathaia and the East Indies. He 

Gilbert, RUFUS HENBY, inventor; born obtained letters-patent from Queen Eliza- 
in Guilford, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1832; studied both, dated June 11, 1578, empowering 
medicine; served as surgeon throughout him to discover and possess any lands in 
the Civil War. He is best known through North America then unsettled, he to pay 
the Gilbert Elevated Railroad Company, to the crown one-fifth of all gold and silver 
which extended from the Battery through which the countries he might discover and 
Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue to colonize should produce. It invested him 
Thirtieth Street, New York City. This with powers of an absolute ruler over his 
was the first elevated railroad. Soon after colony, provided the laws should not be 
the Sixth Avenue railroad was built, and in derogation of supreme allegiance to the 
these two were merged into one with the crown. It guaranteed to his followers all 
other elevated railroads in New York the rights of Englishmen; and it also 
City, under the title of the Metropolitan guaranteed the absolute right of a ter- 
Elevated Railroad Company. He died in ritory where they might settle, within 
New York City, July 10, 1885. 200 leagues of which no settlement should 

Gilbert, SIB HUMPHBEY, navigator; be permitted until the expiration of six 
born at Compton, near Dartmouth, Eng- years. This was the first colonial charter 
land, in 1539; half-brother of Sir Walter granted by an English monarch. Armed 
Raleigh. Finishing his studies at Eton and with this, Gilbert sailed for Newfound- 
Oxford, he entered upon the military pro- land in 157C with a small squadron; for 
fession; and being successful in suppress- he did not believe there would be profit 
ing a rebellion in Ireland in 1570, he was in searching for gold in the higher lati- 
made commander-in-chief and governor of tudes, to which Frobisher had been. 
Munster, and was knighted by the lord- He was accompanied by Raleigh; but 
deputy. Returning to England soon after- heavy storms and Spanish war-ships de- 
wards, he married a rich heiress. In stroyed one of his vessels, and the re- 
mainder were compelled to turn back. 
Gilbert was too much impoverished 
to undertake another expedition until 
four years afterwards, when Raleigh 
and his friends fitted out a small 
squadron, which sailed from Plym- 
outh under the command of Gilbert. 
The Queen, in token of her good-will, 
had sent him as a present a golden 
anchor, guided by a woman. The 
flotilla reached Newfoundland in 
August, and entered the harbor of St. 
John, where Cartier had found La 
Roque almost fifty years before. 
There, on the shore, Gilbert set up a 
column with the arms of England 
upon it, and in the presence of hun- 
dreds of fishermen from western Eu- 
rope, whom he had summoned to the 
spot, he took possession of the island 
in the name of his Queen. Storms 
had shattered his vessels, but, after 
making slight repairs, Gilbert pro- 
ceeded to explore the coasts south- 

1572 he commanded a squadron of nine ward. Off Cape Breton he encountered a 
ships to reinforce an armament intended fierce tempest, which dashed the larger 
for the recovery of Flushing; and soon vessel, in which he sailed, in pieces on the 
after his return he published (1576) a rocks, and about 100 men perished. The 

80 




SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT. 



GILBERT GILLMORE 



commander was saved, and took refuge in 
a little vessel (the Squirrel) of ten tons. 
His little squadron was dispersed, and 
with the other vessel (the Hind), he 
turned his prow homeward. Again, in 
a rising September gale, the commander of 
the Hind shouted to Gilbert that they 
were in great peril. The intrepid navi- 
gator was sitting abaft, with a book in 
his hand, and calmly replied, " We are as 
near heaven on the sea as on land." The 
gale increased, and when night fell the 
darkness was intense. At about midnight 
the men on the Hind saw the lights of 
the Squirrel suddenly go out. The little 
bark had plunged beneath the waves, and 
all on board perished, Sept. 9, 1583. Only 
the Hind escaped, and bore the news of the 
disaster to England. 

Gilbert, THOMAS, royalist; born in 
1714; took part in the capture of Louis- 
burg in 1745, and also in the attack on 
Crown Point in 1755. He raised a com- 
pany of 300 royalists at the request of 
General Gage, but was obliged to leave 
the country, as the legislature of Massa- 
chusetts had declared him " a public 
enemy." He died in New Brunswick in 
1796. 

Gilder, WILLIAM HENRY, explorer ; born 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 16, 1838; served 
through the Civil War and received the 
brevet of major at its close. In 1878 he 
was appointed second in command of the 
expedition to King William's Land, and 
while so engaged made a sledge- journey 
of 3,251 statute miles, the longest on 
record. In 1881 he was with the Rodger s 
expedition to look for the Jeannette. After 
the Rodgers was burned he journeyed from 
Bering Strait across Siberia, a distance of 
2,000 miles, in the depth of winter, and 
sent a despatch of the misfortune to the 
Secretary of the Navy. His publications 
include Schwatka,'s Search, and Ice-Pack 
and Tundra. He died in Morristown, 
N. J., Feb. 5, 1900. 

Giles, WILLIAM BRANCH, legislator; 
born in Amelia county, Va., Aug. 12, 1762; 
was a member of Congress in 1791-1803, 
with the exception of two years. Origi- 
nally a Federalist he soon affiliated 
with the Democrats; attacked Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, ac- 
cusing him of corruption; he also opposed 
the ratification of the treaty with Great 



Britain in 1796, and opposed the proposed 
war with France in 1798. He was ap- 
pointed United States Senator in 1804, 
and was subsequently elected, serving 
until March 3, 1815, when he resigned; 
governor of Virginia in 1826-30, resign- 
ing to take part in the Constitutional 
Convention. He died in Albemarle county, 
Va., Dec. 4, 1830. 

Gillet, RANSOM H., legislator; born in 
New Lebanon, N. Y., Jan. 27, 1800; elected 
to Congress in 1833; appointed Indian 
commissioner in 1837; register of the 
Treasury in 1845; solicitor of the Court of 
Claims in 1858. He wrote a History of the 
Democratic Party; Life of Silas Wright; 
and The Federal Government. He died in 
Washington, D. C., Oct. 24, 1876. 

Gillett, EZRA HALL, educator; born in 
Colchester, Conn., July 15, 1823; gradu- 
ted at Yale in 1841; appointed Professor 
of Political Economy in the University of 
New York in 1868. Among his writings 
are History of the Presbyterian Church 
in the United States; Ancient Cities and 
Empires, etc. 

Gillmore, JAMES CLARKSON, naval offi- 
cer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 10, 
1854; graduated at the United States 
Naval Academy in 1875; promoted lieu- 
tenant in 1891. He was ordered to 
Manila, Jan. 14, 1899, where he was as- 
signed to the Yorktown. In April of that 
year he was captured with seven others 
while scouting at Baler, Luzon. After 
spending over eighteen months in captiv- 
ity and suffering great privations the 
party was rescued in the mountains near 
Cagayan by Col. Luther R. Hare, in De- 
cember, 1899. 

Gillmore, QUINCY ADAMS, military offi- 
cer; born in Black River, Lorain co., O., 
Feb. 28, 1825; graduated at West Point 
in 1849, and entered the engineer corps. 
He was for four years (1852-56) assist- 
ant instructor of engineering at West 
Point. In October, 1861, he was appointed 
chief engineer of an expedition against 
the Southern coasts under Gen. W. T. 
Sherman. He superintended the construc- 
tion of the fortifications at Hilton Head, 
.and planned and executed measures for 
the capture of Fort Pulaski in the spring 
of 1862, when he was made brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers. After service in west- 
ern Virginia and Kentucky, he was brevet- 



IV.- 



81 



GILLO N OILMAN 




QUINCY ADAMS GILLMORE. 

ted colonel in the United States army, and 
succeeded Hunter (June, 1863) in com- 
mand of the Department of South Caro- 
lina, when he was promoted to major- 
general. After a long and unsuccessful 
attempt to capture Charleston in 1862, he 
was assigned to the command of the 10th 
Army Corps, and in the autumn of 1863, 
resumed operations in Charleston Harbor, 
which resulted in his occupation of Mor- 
ris Island, the reduction of Fort Sumter, 
and the reduction and capture of Fort 
Wagner and Battery Gregg. General 
Gillmore was the author of many works 
on engineering and a notable one on The 
Strength of the Building Stones of the 
United States (1874). For these services 
during the war he was brevetted major- 
general in the regular army. He died in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., April 7, 1888. 

Gillon, ALEXANDER, naval officer; born 
in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1741 ; came to 
America and settled in Charleston, S. C., 
in 1766. He captured three British 
cruisers in May, 1777; was promoted com- 
modore in 1778; and captured the Bahama 
islands in May, 1782, while commander 
of a large fleet. He died at Gillon's Re- 
treat, on the Congaree River, S. C., Oct. 
6, 1794. 

Oilman, ARTHUR, author; born in Al- 
ton, 111., June 22, 1837 ; was the executive 
officer of the Harvard Annex, and its re- 
gent when it became Radcliffe College. 
Among his works are Tales of the Path- 
finders; The Discovery of America; The 



Colonization of- America; The Making of 
the American Nation, etc. 

Oilman, DANIEL COIT, educator; born 
in Norwich, Conn., July 6, 1831; grad- 
uated at Yale University in 1852; and 
continued his studies in Berlin. In 1856- 
72 he served as librarian, secretary of 
the Sheffield Scientific School, and Pro- 
fessor of Physical and Political Geog- 
raphy at Yale University; in 1872 be- 
came president of the University of Cali- 
fornia, where he remained until 1875, 
when he was chosen president of Johns 
Hopkins University, which had just been 
founded. In 1893-99 he was president of 
the American Oriental Society; in 1896- 
97 a member of the United States com- 
mission on the boundary - line between 
Venezuela and British Guiana; in 1901 re- 
signed the presidency of the university 
and became editor-in-chief of The New 
International Cyclopcedia and president 
of the National Civil Service Reform 
League; and in 1902 was elected president 
of the Carnegie Institution. He has writ- 
ten Life of James Monroe; University 




DANIEL COIT OILMAN. 

Problems; Introduction to De Tocque- 
ville's Democracy in America; etc. 

Oilman, NICHOLAS, legislator; born in 
Exeter, N. H., Aug. 3, 1755; entered the 
Continental army in 1776; and served dur- 
ing the remainder of the war. He was 
with Washington at the surrender of 
Yorktown, where it became his duty to 
take an account of the prisoners. In 
September, 1787, he was a delegate to the 



82 



GILMAN GILMORE 

convention to frame the Constitution of dered in 18G3, although the spirit of 

the United States; and in 1805-14 held patriotism had somewhat waned, he re- 

a seat in the United States Senate. He cruited the 18th Infantry, the 1st Heavy 

died in Exeter, N. H., May 2, 1814. Artillery, and the 1st Cavalry, which 

Oilman, NICHOLAS PAINE, educator; brought the whole number of New Hamp- 

born in Quincy, 111., Dec. 21, 1849; was shire troops supplied during the war up 

graduated at Harvard Divinity School in to 31,000, about 10 per cent, of the popu- 

1871; became Professor of Sociology and lation. He died in Concord, N. H., April 

Ethics in the Meadville Theological School 17, 1867. 

in 1895. He published Socialism and the Gilmore, PATRICK SARSFIELD, musi- 

American Spirit, etc. cian and composer; born near Dublin, Ire- 

Gilmer, GEORGE ROCKINGHAM, lawyer; land, Dec. 25, 1830; was employed for a 
born in Wilkes (now Oglethorpe) county, short time in a mercantile house in Ath- 
Ga., April 11, 1790. He was made lieu- lone, when his employer, having noticed 
tenant of the 43d Infantry in 1813, and his remarkable taste for music, hired him 
sent against the Creek Indians; was gov- to instruct his son in music. In 1849 he 
ernor of Georgia in 1829-31 and 1837-39. came to the United States, went to Bos- 
He was the author of Georgians (a his- ton, and became the leader of a band, 
torical work). He died in Lexington, Ga., His fame as a cornet player soon spread 
Nov. 15, 1859. throughout the country. After having 

Gilmer, THOMAS WALKER, statesman; been bandmaster in nearly 1,000 concerts 

born in Virginia; governor of the State he established in 1858 what became popu- 

in 1840; member of Congress, 1841-44, larly known as Gilmore's Band, and which 

when he became Secretary of the Navy; later gave concerts throughout the United 

killed by the explosion of a gun on the States and in more than half of Europe. 

Princeton ten days later, Feb. 28, 1844. When the Civil War broke out Gilmore 

Gilmor, HARRY, military officer; born and his band volunteered and went to the 

in Baltimore county, Md., Jan. 24, 1838; f ron t with the 24th Massachusetts Regi- 

entered the Confederate army at the be- ment. He was with General Burnside in 

ginning of the Civil War. In May, 1863, North Carolina, and later, while in New 

he recruited a battalion of cavalry and Orleans, General Banks placed him in 

was commissioned major. He was the charge of all the bands in the Department 

author of Four Years in the Saddle. He o f the Gulf. After the war he returned 

died in Baltimore, Md., March 4, 1883. to Boston and resumed his profession. In 

Gilmore, JAMES ROBERTS, author; born 1869 he organized a great peace jubilee 
in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1823. In July, in Boston, in which over 20,000 people, 
1864, with Colonel Jaquess he was sent 2,000 musicians, and the best military 
on an unofficial mission to the Confederate bands of Europe took part. He conducted 
government to see if peace could be estab- a similar grand musical event in 1872. 
lished. Jefferson Davis gave answer that In 1873 he removed to New York, and be- 
no proposition of peace would be con- came bandmaster of the ?2d Regiment, 
sidored except the independence of the During 1873-76 he gave more than 600 
Confederacy. Mr. Gilmore's publications concerts in what was known as Gilmore's 
include My Southern Friends; Down in Garden. In the latter year his band was 
Tennessee; Life of Garfield'; the Rear- employed to play at the Centennial Expo- 
Guard of the Revolution; Among the Pines sition in Philadelphia. Later he took 
(a novel which had a remarkable sale) ; the band to Europe, where he gave con- 
John Sevier as a Commomoealth-Builder ; certs in all the principal cities. Two 
The Advcmce-Guard of Western Civiliza- d a y s before his death he was appointed 
tion; etc. He died in Glens Falls, N. Y., musical director of the World's Columbian 
Nov. 16, 1903. Exposition. Among his most popular 

Gilmore, JOSEPH ALBREE, "war gov- compositions are Good News from Home; 

ernor"; born in Weston, Vt., June 10, When Johnny Comes Marching Home; and 

1811; settled in Concord, N. H., in 1842; The Voice of the Departing Soul, or Death 

elected governor of New Hampshire in at the Door (which was rendered at his 

1863 and 1864. When a draft was or- own funeral). His anthems are Co- 

83 



GILPIN GIST 



lumUa; Ireland to England; and a na- morality, leaving them to adopt their own 
tional air for the republic of Brazil. He religious opinions. The beneficiaries are 
died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 1892. admitted between the age of six and ten 

Gilpin, HENRY DILWOOD, lawyer; born years; fed, clothed, and educated; and 
in Lancaster, England, April 14, 1801; between the age of fourteen and eighteen 
graduated at the University of Pennsyl- are bound out to mechanical, agricultural, 
vania in 1819; began law practice in or commercial occupations. At the end 
Philadelphia in 1822; was Attorney-Gen- of 1900 the college reported sixty-seven 
eral of the United States in 1840-41. His professors and instructors; 1,731 students, 
publications include Reports of Cases in 16,800 volumes in the library, 4,754 grad- 
the United States District Court for the uates, and $15,958,293 in productive funds. 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 1828- A. H. Fetterolf, LL.D., was president. 
36; Opinions of the Attorney-Generals of Girard College. See GIRARD, STEPHEN. 
the United States, from the Beginning of Girty, SIMON, partisan; born in Penn- 
the Government to 18J^1. He also edited sylvania about 1750; was a spy for the 
The Papers of James Madison. He died British at Fort Pitt in 1774. When the 
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 29, 1860. Revolutionary War broke out he became a 

Girard, STEPHEN, philanthropist; born leader of the Indians and took part in 
near Bordeaux, France, May 24, 1750; numerous atrocities. In 1778 he went to 
engaged in the merchant service in early Detroit, inciting the Indians on the way 
life; established himself in mercantile to hostility against the United States, 
business in Philadelphia in 1769, and He was present when COL. WILLIAM CRAW- 
traded to the West Indies until the be- FORD (q. v.) was tortured to death by the 
ginning of the Revolutionary War. Re- savages, and it is alleged that he mani- 
suming his West India trade after the fested joy in Crawford's agony. In 1791 
war, he accumulated a large fortune; but he was present at the defeat of Gen. 
the foundation of his great wealth was Arthur St. Clair, and while Gen. William 
laid by events of the negro insurrection Butler lay wounded he ordered an Indian 
in Santo Domingo. Two of his vessels to kill and scalp him. He also took up 
being there, planters placed their effects the cause of the British in the War of 
on board of them, but lost their lives in 1812. He died in Canada about 1815. 
the massacre that ensued The property 
of owners that could not be found was 
left in Girard's possession. In 1812 he 
bought the building and much of the stock 
of the old United States Bank, and began 
business as a private banker. He amassed 
a large fortune, and at his death, in Phil- 
adelphia, Dec. 26, 1831, left property 
valued at almost $9,000,000. Besides 
large bequests to public institutions, he 
gave to Philadelphia $500,000 for the im- 
provement of the city. His most nota- 
worthy gift was $2,000,000 and a plot of 
ground in Philadelphia for the erection 
and support of a college for orphans, 
which was opened Jan. 1, 1848. In it as 
many poor white orphan boys as the en- 
dowment will support are admitted. By 
a provision of the will of the founder, no 
ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any 
sect whatever is to hold any connection 
with the college, or be admitted to the 
premises as a visitor; but the officers of 
the institution are required to instruct 




MORDECAI GIST. 



Gist, MORDECAI, military officer; born 



the pupils in the purest principles of in Baltimore, Md., in 1743; was captain 

84 



GLADDEN GLENDALE 



of the first troops raised in Maryland at 
the- breaking out of the Revolution; was 
made major of Smallwood's regiment in 
1776; and commanded it at the battle of 
Long Island. Promoted to colonel in 
1777, anrt brigadier-general early in 1779, 
he did good service throughout the war, 
saving the remnant of the army after 
Gates's defeat, and being present at the 
surrender of Cornwallis. He died in 
Charleston, S. C., Sept. 2, 1792. 

Gladden, WASHINGTON, clergyman ; 
born at Pottsgrove, Pa., Feb. 11, 1836; 



Gleig, GEORGE ROBERT, author ; born in 
Stirling, Scotland, April 20, 1796; was 
educated at Glasgow and Baliol College. 
His publications include Campaigns of 
Washington and New Orleans, etc. He 
died in Berkshire, England, July 11, 
1888. 

Glendale, or Frazier's Farm, BATTLE 
OF. There was a sharp contest at White 
Oak Swamp Bridge on the morning of 
June 30, 1862, after the Army of the Po- 
tomac had passed on its way to the James 
River. General Franklin had been left 




BATTLE OF GLENDALE, OR FRAZIER'S FARM. 



ordained in 1860; connected with the In- 
dependent as editor, 1871-75, and Sunday 
Afternoon, 1875-82. He has been a suc- 
cessful lecturer and writer for many 
years. See PROTESTANTISM IN THE UNIT- 
ED STATES. 

Glass. The oldest bottle glass man- 
ufactory in the United States was estab- 
lished at Glassboro, N. J., in 1775; a cut- 
glass manufactory was established at 
White's Mill, Pa., in 1852. To-day the 
United States manufactures more glass of 
almost every variety than any country in 
the world. 



with a rear-guard to protect the passage 
of the bridge and to cover the withdrawal 
of the wagon-trains at that point. The 
Confederate pursuers, in two columns, 
were checked by the destruction of the 
bridges. Jackson, at noon, was met at 
the site of the destroyed bridge by the 
troops of Smith, Richardson, and Nablee, 
and the batteries of Ayres and Hazard, 
who kepi: him at bay during the day and 
evening. Hazard was mortally wounded, 
and his force was cut up, but Ayres kept 
up a cannonade with great spirit. Dur- 
ing the night the Nationals retired, leav- 



85 



GLENDALE GLYNN 

mg 350 sick and wounded behind, and was in a strong position on Malvern Hill, 

some disabled guns. At the same time a obout 18 miles from Richmond, 

sharp battle had been going on at Glen- Glendy, JOHN, clergyman; born in Lon- 

dale, or Nelson's, or Frazier's Farm, about donderry, Ireland, June 24, 1755; edu- 

2 miles distant. cated at the University of Glasgow; came 

Near Willis's Church General McCalPs to the United States in 1799, and settled 

division was posted in reserve, General in Norfolk, Va. ; was chaplain of the 

Meade's division on the right, Seymour's House of Representatives in 1815-16. He 

on the left, and that of Reynolds (who was the author of Oration in Commemora- 

\\as a prisoner) under Col. S. G. Sim- tion of Washington. He died in Phila- 

mons. The artillery was all in front of delphia, Pa., Oct. 4, 1832. 

the line. Sumner was some distance to Glenn, JAMES, colonial governor; was 

the left, with Sedgwick's division; Hooker governor of South Carolina in 1744-55; 

was at Sumner's left; and Kearny was made a treaty with the Cherokee Indians 

at the right of McCall. Longstreet and by which a large piece of territory was 

Hill had tried to intercept McClellan's ceded to the British government. He was 

army there, but were too late, and found the author of A Description of South 

themselves confronted by these Nationals. Carolina. 

General Lee and Jefferson Davis were with Glisson, OLIVER S., naval officer; born 
Longstreet. The Confederates waited for in Ohio in 1809; entered the navy in 1826; 
Magruder to come up, and it was between in 1862 was commander of the Mount 
three and four o'clock in the afternoon be- Vernon, which rescued the transport Mis- 
fore they began an attack. Longstreet sissippi, on which were General Butler 
then fell heavily upon McCall's Pennsyl- and 1,500 men. This vessel had grounded 
vania reserves, 6,000 strong. He was re- on the Frying-Pan Shoals, off North Caro- 
pulsed by four regiments, led by Colonel lina, while on the way to New Orleans. 
Simmons, who captured 200 of his men He was promoted rear-admiral in 1870; 
and drove them back to the woods. Then retired in 1871. He died in Philadelphia, 
the fugitives turned, and, by a murder- Pa., Nov. 20, 1890. 

ous fire, made the pursuers recoil and flee Glover, JOHN, military officer; born in 

to the forest. In that encounter the Salem, Mass., Nov. 5, 1732; at the begin- 

slaughter was dreadful. ning of the Revolution raised 1,000 men 

The first struggle was quickly followed at Marblehead and joined the army at 
by others. The contending lines swayed Cambridge. His regiment, being corn- 
in charges and counter-charges for two posed almost wholly of fishermen, was 
hours. The Confederates tried to break called the "Amphibious Regiment/' and 
the National line. Finally General in the retreat from Long Island it manned 
Meagher appeared with his Irish brigade, the boats. It also manned the boats at 
and made such a desperate charge across the crossing of the Delaware before the 
an open field that the Confederates were victory at Trenton. Glover was made 
driven to the woods. Then Randall's bat- brigadier-general in February, 1777, and 
tery was captured by the Confederates, joined the Northern army under General 
when McCall and Meade fought desperate- Schuyler. He did good service in the cam- 
ly for the recovery of the guns and carried paign of that year, and led Burgoyne's 
them back. Meade had been severely captive troops to Cambridge. He was 
wounded. Just at dark McCall was capt- afterwards with Greene in New Jersey, 
ured, and the command devolved on Sey- and Sullivan in Rhode Island. He died in 
mour. Very soon afterwards troops of Marblehead, Jan. 30, 1797. 
Hooker and Kearny came to help the re- Glynn, JAMES, naval officer; born about 
serves, the Confederates were driven to 1800; joined the navy in March, 1815; 
the woods, and the battle at Glendale served in the Mexican War. In June, 
ended. Before dawn the next morning 1846, eighteen Americans were wrecked 
the National troops were all silently with- in Yeddo and made prisoners in Nagasaki, 
drawn ; and early the next day the Army Japan. Later Glynn, in command of the 
of the Potomac, united for the first time Prcble, ran within a mile of Nagasaki, and 
since the Chickahominy first divided it, through the urgency of his demand 



GMEINEB.-GOFFE 



secured the release of all the seamen. 
This success led Glynn to propose that the 
United States attempt to open trade with 
Japan by diplomacy. The plan was suc- 
cessfully carried out by Commodore 
Perry. Glynn was promoted captain in 
1855. He died May 13, 1871. 

Gmeiner, JOHN, clergyman; born in 
Baernan, Bavaria, Dec. 5, 1847; came to 
the United States in 1849; was ordained 
a Roman Catholic priest in 1870; became 
professor of ecclesiastical history and 
homiletics in the Seminary of St. Francis 
of Sales, Milwaukee, in 1876. His publica- 
tions include The Church and the Various 
Nationalities of the United States, etc. 

Gobin, JOHN PETER SHINDEL, lawyer; 
born in Sunbury, Pa., Jan. 26, 1837; be- 
came a brevet brigadier-general in the 
Civil War; brigadier-general of United 
States volunteers in the war against 
Spain (1898); lieutenant-governor of 
Pennsylvania in 1898; commander of the 
National Guard of Pennsylvania during 
the coal strike of 1902; State Senator 
since 1884; and commander-in-chief G. A. 
R. in 1897-98. 

Godfrey, THOMAS, inventor; born in 
Bristol, Pa., in 1704; was by trade a 
glazier, and became a self-taught mathe- 
matician. In 1730 he communicated to 
James Logan, who had befriended him, 
an improvement on Davis's quadrant. In 
May, 1742, Logan addressed a letter to 
Dr. Edmund Hadley, in England, describ- 
ing fully Godfrey's instrument. Hadley 
did not notice it, when Logan sent a copy 
of this letter to Hadley, together with 
Godfrey's account of his inventions, to a 
friend, to be placed before the Royal So- 
ciety. Hadley, the vice-president, had 
presented a paper, a year before, describ- 
ing a reflecting-quadrant like Godfrey's. 
They both seem to have hit upon the same 
invention; and the society, deciding that 
both were entitled to the honor, sent God- 
frey household furniture of the value of 
$1,000. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in 
December, 1749. 

Godkin, EDWIN LAWRENCE, journalist; 
born in Ireland, Oct. 2, 1831; graduated 
at Queen's College, Belfast, in 1851 ; was 
the first editor of the Nation, which was 
merged with the New York Evening Post 
in 1882, which he also edited till 1899. 
He is the author of Problems of Democ- 



racy; Unforeseen Tendencies of Democ- 
racy; Reflections and Comments, etc. He 
died in Brixham, England, May 20, 1902. 
See NEWSPAPERS. 

God Save the King (or Queen), 
the national hymn of Great Britain; sup- 
posed to have been written early in the 
eighteenth century as a Jacobite song, 
and the air has been, by some, attributed 
to Handel. It was sung with as much 
unction in the English-American colonies 
as in England. The air did not originate 
with Handel in the reign of George I., for 
it existed in the reign of Louis XIV. of 
France. Even the words are almost a 
literal translation of a canticle which was 
sung by the maidens of St. Cyr whenever 
King Louis entered the chapel of that 
establishment to hear the morning prayer. 
The author of the words was De Brinon, 
and the music was by the eminent Lulli. 
The following is a copy of the words: 

" Grand Dieu sauve le Roi ! 
Grand Dieu venge le Roi ! 

Vive le Roi! 
Que toujours glorieux, 
Louis victorieux ! 
Voye ses ennemis 

Toujours soumis ! 
Grand Dieu sauve le Roil 
Grand Dieu sauve le Roi ! 

Vive le Roi!" 

Other authorities credit Henry Carey with 
the authorship of both words and music 
of the English hymn. The music of My 
Country, 'tis of Thee (words by REV. S. F. 
SMITH, D.D., q. v.) , is the same as that 
of God Save the King. 

Godwin, PARKE, author; born in Pater- 
son, N. J., Feb. 25, 1816; graduated at 
Princeton in 1834; one of the editors of 
the New York Evening Post from 1836 
to 1886. Among his works are Pacific 
and Constructive Democracy; Dictionary 
of Biography; Political Essays; etc. He 
died in New York, Jan. 7, 1904. 

Goff, NATHAN, statesman; born in 
Clarksburg, W. Va., Oct. 9, 1843; enlisted 
in the National army in 1861; Secretary 
of the Navy in 1881; member of Congress, 
1883-89. 

Goffe, WILLIAM, regicide; born in Eng- 
land about 1605; son of a Puritan cler- 
gyman. With his father-in-law, General 
Whalley, he arrived in Boston in the sum- 
mer of 16GO, and shared his fortunes in 



87 



GOIOGWEN GOLDEN HILL 

America, becoming a major-general in South Carolina, $160,000; South Dakota, 

1665. When, during King Philip's War, $6,469,500; Texas, $6,900; Utah, $3,450,- 

Hadley was surrounded by the Indians, 800; Vermont, $100; Virginia, $7,000; 

and the alarmed citizens every moment Washington, $685,000; and Wyoming, 

expected an attack (1675), Goffe sud- $29,200. 

denly appeared amorig them, took com- Golden Circle, THE. The scheme for 
mand, and led them so skilfully that establishing an empire whose corner-stone 
the Indians were soon repulsed. He as should be negro slavery contemplated for 
suddenly disappeared. His person wag the area of that empire the domain in- 
a stranger to the inhabitants, and he was eluded within a circle the centre of which 
regarded by them as an angel sent for was Havana, Cuba, with a radius of 16 
their deliverance. Soon after Goffe's ar- degrees latitude and longitude. It will 
rival in Boston, a fencing-master erected be perceived, by drawing that circle upon 
a platform on the Common, and dared any a map, that it included the thirteen slave- 
man to fight him with swords. Goffc, labor States of the American republic, 
armed with a huge cheese covered with a It reached northward to the Pennsylvania 
cloth for a shield, and a mop filled with line, the old "Mason and Dixon's 
muddy water, appeared before the cham- line," and southward to the Isthmus of 
pion, who immediately made a thrust at Darien. It embraced the West India Isl- 
his antagonist. Goffe caught and held ands and those of the Caribbean Sea, 
the fencing-master's sword in the cheese with a greater part of Mexico and Central 
and besmeared him with the mud in his America. The plan of the plotters seems 
mop. The enraged fencing-master caught to have been to first secure Cuba and then 
up a broadsword, when Goffe cried, the other islands of that tropical region, 
" Hold ! I have hitherto played with you ; with Mexico and Central America ; and 
if you attack me I will surely kill you." then to sever the slave-labor States from 
The alarmed champion dropped his sword, the Union, making the former a part of 
and exclaimed, " Who can you be ? You the great empire, within what they called 
must be either Goffe, or Whalley, or the " The Golden Circle." In furtherance of 
devil, for there are no other persons who this plan, a secret association known as 
could beat me." He died, either in Hart- the " Order of the Lone Star " was formed, 
ford, Conn., in 1679, or in New Haven, Another association was subsequently 
in 1680. See REGICIDES. organized as its successor, the members 
Goiogwen. See CAYUGA INDIANS. of which were called " KNIGHTS OF THE 
Gold. The total production of the GOLDEN CIRCLE" (q. v.}. Their chief 
world of this metal in the calendar year purpose seems to have been the corrupt- 
1900 amounted in value to $256,462,438, ing of the patriotism of the people to 
a decrease from $313,645,534 in 1899, facilitate the iniquitous design. The lat- 
owing to the British-Boer war in the ter association played a conspicuous part 
former South African (or Transvaal) re- as abettors of the enemies of the republic 
public. Among countries the United during the Civil War. They were the effi- 
States led, with $78,658,785 ; Australia cient allies of those who openly made war 
ranking second with $75,283,215; Canada on the Union. 

third (because of the Klondike produc- Golden Gate. See SAN FRANCISCO. 
tion) with $26,000,000; and Russia, Golden Hill, BATTLE OF. The Bos- 
fourth with $23,000,862. The production ton Massacre holds a conspicuous place 
in the American States and Territories in history; but nearly two months before, 
was, in round numbers, as follows: Ala- a more significant event of a similar 
bama, $4,300; Alaska, $5,450,500; Ari- character occurred in the city of New 
zona, $2,566,000; California, $15,198,000; York. British soldiers had destroyed the 
Colorado, $25,892,000; Georgia, $113.000; Liberty Pole (Jan. 16, 1770), and, two 
Idaho, $1,889,000; Maine, $3,600; Mary- days afterwards, two of them caught post- 
land, $800; Michigan, $100; Missouri, ing scurrilous handbills throughout the 
$100; Montana, $4,760,000; Nevada, city, abusing the Sons of Liberty, were 
$2,219,000; New Mexico, $584,000; North taken before the mayor. Twenty armed 
Carolina, $34,500; Oregon, $1,429,500; soldiers went to their rescue, when they 

88 



GOLDEN HORSESHOE GOLDSBOROUGH 



were opposed by a crowd of citizens, who Nearly all the National troops in North 
seized stakes from carts and sleds stand- Carolina were encamped that night 
ing near. The mayor ordered the soldiers around Goldsboro. Gen. Joseph E. John- 
to their barracks. They obeyed, and were ston, with the combined and concentrated 
followed by the exasperated citizens to forces of Beauregard, Hardee, Hood, the 
Golden Hill (on the line of Cliff Street, garrison from Augusta, Hoke, and the 
between Fulton Street and Maiden Lane), cavalry of Wheeler and Hampton, was at 
where the soldiers, reinforced, charged Smithfield, half-way between Goldsboro 
upon their pursuers. The citizens re- and Raleigh, with about 40,000 troops, 
sisted with clubs, and a severe conflict en- mostly veterans. 

sued, during which an old sailor was Goldsborough, CHARLES WASHINGTON, 
mortally wounded by a bayonet. The author; born in Cambridge, Md., April 
mayor appeared and ordered the soldiers 18, 1779; became secretary of the naval 
to disperse; but they refused, when a board in 1841. He was the author of 
party of " Liberty Boys," who were play- The United States Naval Chronicle; and 
ing ball on the corner of John Street and History of the American Navy. He died 
Broadway, dispersed them. The soldiers in Washington, D. C., Sept. 14, 1843. 
made another attack on citizens in the Goldsborough, JOHN RODGERS, naval 
afternoon; and these conflicts continued, officer; born in Washington, D. C., July 
with intermissions, about two days, dur- 2, 1808; entered the navy in 1824; was 
ing which time several persons were badly midshipman on the Warren in 1824-30, 
injured. Twice the soldiers were dis- when the Mediterranean fleet was search- 
armed by the citizens. See LIBERTY ing for Greek pirates. He captured the 
POLES. Helene, on which were four guns and fifty- 

Golden Horseshoe, KNIGHTS OF THE. eight pirates, with a launch and nineteen 
Sir Alexander Spottswood in 1716 headed men. During the Civil War, while in 
an expedition to visit the country beyond command of the Union, he sunk the York, 
the Blue Ridge Mountains. On their re- a Confederate steamer, and rendered other 
tarn to Williainsburg, Spottswood had important service; retired in 1870. He 
small golden horseshoes made, set with died in Washington, D. C., June 22, 1877. 
garnets, and inscribed " Sic juvat tran- Goldsborough, Louis MALESHERBES, 
scendere monies" which he presented to naval officer ; born in Washington, D. C., 
those who had taken part in the expedi- Feb. 18, 1805; was appointed midship- 
tion. 

Goldsboro, JUNCTION OF NATIONAL 
ARMIES AT. The Confederates under Hoko 
fled from Wilmington northward, towards 
Goldsboro, towards which the Nationals 
I'nder Schofield were pressing. It was at 
the railroad crossing of the Neuse River. 
General Cox, with 5,000 of Palmer's 
troops, crossed from Newbern and es- 
tnblished a depot of supplies at Kingston, 
after a moderate battle on the way with 
Hoke. Perceiving the Confederate force 
to be about equal to his own, Schofield or- 
dered Cox to intrench and wait for ex- 
peted reinforcements. On March 10, 
18(55, Hoke pressed Cox and attacked him, 
but was repulsed with severe loss 1,500 
men. The Nationals lost about 300. The 
Confederates fled across the Neuse, and 
Schofield entered Goldsboro on the 20th. 
Then Terry, who had been left at Wil- 
mington, joined Schofield (March 22), and man in 1821, and lieutenant in 1825. In 
the next day Sherman arrived there, the SEMINOLE WAR (q. v.) he commanded 

89 




LOUIS M. GOLDSBOROUOH. 



GOLD STANDABD ACT 

a company of mounted volunteers, and a reserve fund of $150,000,000 in gold coin 

also an armed steamer. Made commander and bu l lion . .which fund shall be used for 

i i. AU TV/T 1x7 f*uch redemption purposes only, and whenever 

in 1841, he took part in the Mexican War. and as often as y said / O ' tes shall be re . 

From 1853 to 1857 he was superintendent deemed from said fund it shall be the duty of 

of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. In the Secretary of the Treasury to use said 

thp Qiimmpr nf 18fil hp v* lsippd in Pnm u tes so redeemed to restore and maintain 

' such reserve fund in the manner following, 

mand of the North Atlantic blockading to wit : 

squadron, and with Burnside commanded "First. By exchanging the notes so re- 

the joint expedition to the sounds of JS^jJ^JJjJSJ gold coin in the * eneral fund 

North Carolina. For his services in the ., geconTBy' accepting deposits of gold 

capture of Roanoke Island Congress coin at the treasury or at any sub-treasury 

thanked him. He afterwards dispersed in exchange for the United States notes so 

the Confederate fleet under Lynch in * J* By procur , ng goM co , n by ^ uge 

JNorth Carolina waters. He was made O f said notes, in accordance with the pro- 

rear-admiral July 16, 1862; became com- visions of Section 3,700 of the Revised Stat- 

mander of the European squadron in ute f f the United States. 

,<.,,,; -, . TQ-O TT j- 3 " If the Secretary of the Treasury is unable 

1865; and was retired in 1873. He died to restore and maintain the gold > ln in the 

in Washington, D. C., Feb. 20, 1877. reserve fund by the foregoing methods, and 

Gold Standard Act. The bill in the the amount of such gold coin and bullion in 

fiftv-sixth Congress first session entitled said fund sba11 at any time fal1 below $ 10( V 

.ss, n on, ei ea, 000>000> then it shall be his duty to restore 

An act to define and nx the standard the same to tbe maximum sum of $150,000,000 

of value, to maintain the parity of all by borrowing money on the credit of the 

forms of money issued or coined by the United States, and for the debt thus incurred 

United States, to refund the public debt, S ffSS&STMSSMS 

and for other purposes," as reported from prescribe, in denominations of $50 or any 

the conference committee of the two multiple thereof, bearing interest at the rate 

Houses, passed the Senate March 6, 1900, c "Pf exceedi f 3 per centum per annum, 

-_ , ' payable quarterly, such bonds to be payable 

by a party vote of 44 to 26 (one Demo- at the pleasure of the United States after 

crat, Mr. Lindsay, of Kentucky, support- one year from the date of their issue, and to 

ing the bill, and one Republican, Mr. be . Payable, principal and interest, in gold 

Chandler, of New Hampshire, voting Z$ t %Z? % iPSl * 5 

against it), and the House of Represen- duties of the United States, as well as from 

tatives March 13, by a vote of 166 yeas taxation in any form by or under State, mu- 

to 120 nays, ten members present -and j^-^-^J-**-.**** 

not voting. The President signed the first b e covered into the general fund of the 

bill March 14. treasury and then exchanged, in the manner 

By this act the dollar consisting of hereinbefore provided, for an equal amount of 

twenty-five and eight-tenths grains of f n e d ttS^J&SttSft 

gold, nine-tenths fine, shall be the stan- his discretion, use said notes in exchange for 

dard of value, and all forms of money ld or to purchase or redeem any bonds of 
issued or coined shall be maintained at 



a parity of value with this gold standard. cep t that they shall not be used to meet de- 

The United States notes and treasury ficiencies in the current revenues. 

notes shall be redeemed in gold coin, and . " Tha << United . States notes when redeemed 

*A w, 4-- t A *<tiKnnnnnnn * 1,1 m accordance with the provisions of this sec- 

a redemption fund of $150,000,000 of gold tion shall be re i ss ued, but shall be held in the 

coin and bullion is set aside for that pur- reserve fund until exchanged for gold, as 

pose only. The following is the text of herein provided ; and the gold coin and bull- 

the section carrying out this provision: SJ^JTM? ^^M 

this section, shall at no time exceed the max- 

" SEO. 2. That United States notes, and imum sum of $150,000,000." 
Treasury notes issued under the act of July 

14. 1890, when presented to the treasury for m . , , , , ,., , ,. 

redemption, shall be redeemed in gold coin of The le g al tender quality of the silver 

the standard fixed in the first section of this dollar and other money coined or issued 

act, and in order to secure the prompt and by the United States is not affected by 

certain redemption of such notes as herein ,j, , 

provided it shall be the duty of the Secretary l 

of the Treasury to set apart in the treasury The deposit of gold com with the treas- 

90 



GOLD STANDARD ACT GOMEZ 

urer, and the issue of gold certificates difference between their present worth, com- 
therefor, and the coinage of silver bullion P , uted as aforesaid, and their par value, and 
. , , .,. the payments to be made hereunder shall 
in the treasury into subsidiary silver be he i d to be payable on account of the sink- 
coin are provided for. ing-fund created by Section 3,694 of the Re- 

The National Bank Law is amended to vised Statutes. 

upritiit hinks tn bp prpatprl with $2^000 " And provided further, That the 2 per cen- 

1 turn bonds to be issued under the provisions 

capital in places whose population does O f this act shall be issued at not less than 

not exceed 3,000. Provision is made for par, and they shall be numbered consecutively 

the refunding of outstanding bonds at a ! n the order of their issue, and when payment 

, is made the last numbers issued shall be 

low rate of interest, and under it bonds flrst paidj and this order snall be followed 

bearing 3, 4, and 5 per cent, interest have until all the bonds are paid, and whenever 

been refunded for bonds bearing 2 per anv of tne outstanding bonds are called for 

cent The followin" are the sections P avment interest thereon shall cease three 

J months after such call ; and there is hereby 

covering these amendments: appropriated out of any money in the treas- 
ury not otherwise appropriated, to effect the 

"SEC 10. That Section 5,138 of the Re- exchanges of bonds provided for in this act, a 

vised Statutes is hereby amended so as to sum not excee ding one-fifteenth of 1 per cen- 

read as follows: tum of the face value of gaid bond to 

'.Section 5,138 No association shall be the expense of preparing and issuing the 

organized with a less capita] than $100,000, same and other expenses incident thereto." 
except that banks with a capital of not less 

than $50,000 may with the approval of the Section 12 provides for the issue of cir- 
Secretary of the Treasury, be organized in , ,. 

any place the population of which does not Cll]atm g note s to banks on deposit of 

exceed 6,000 inhabitants, and except that bonds, and for additional deposits when 

banks with a capital of not less than $25,000 there is a depreciation in the value of 

T^^:^^ ^anTpl^thl j^ T >: total amount of notes issued 

population of which does not exceed 3,000 iJ any national banking association may 

inhabitants. No association shall be organ- equal at any time, but shall not exceed, 

iZ6( J ^ A ty the PP ulation of which ex- Uie amount at any such time of it ca j. 

ceeds 50,000 persons with a capital of less . n .-, . 

than $200,000.' tal stock actually paid in. 

" SEC. 11. That the Secretary of the Treas- Every national banking association 

ury is hereby authorized to receive at the shall pay a tax in January and July 

treasury any of the outstanding bonds of n e n . tn t^, A.-U ^t ^ 

the United States bearing interest at 5 of one-fourth of 1 per cent, on the aver- 

per centum per annum, payable February 1, a e amount of such of its notes in circula- 

1904, and any bonds of the United States tion as are based on its deposit of 2 per 

bearing interest at 4 per centum per annum, cent bond and h t h n b . 

payable July 1, 1907, and any bonds of the v . ,, ., . 

United States bearing interest at 3 per cen- heu of the ta *es on its notes in circula- 

tum per annum, payable August 1, 1908, and tion imposed by Section 5,214 of the Re- 

to issue in exchange therefor an equal amount v i se d Statutes. Provision for interna- 

of coupon or registered bonds of the United 4.: nna -i K^/^oii^ i *v i 

States in such form as he may prescribe, in tlonal bimetallism is made in the final 

denominations of $50 or any multiple thereof, section of the act, which is as follows: 
bearing interest at the rate of 2 per centum 

per annum, payable quarterly, such bonds " SEC. 14. That the provisions of this act 

to be payable at the pleasure of the United are not intended to preclude the accomplish- 

States after thirty years from the date of ment of international bimetallism whenever 

their issue, and said bonds to be payable, conditions shall make it expedient and prac- 

principal and interest, in gold coin of the ticable to secure the same by concurrent 

present standard value, and to be exempt action of the leading commercial nations of 

from the payment of all taxes or duties of the world and at a ratio which shall insure 

the United States, as well as from taxation permanence of relative value between gold 

in any form by or under State, municipal, or and silver." 
local authority. 

" Provided, That such outstanding bonds Goliad, MASSACRE AT. See FANNIN, 

may be received in exchange at a valuation JAMES W 

S'tfSTJS r r ee P n?uT U-num fUS ,*>">?. M-.MO, military officer; born 

in consideration of the reduction of interest of Spanish parents in Bam, San Domingo, 

effected, the Secretary of the Treasury is in 1838. He entered the Spanish army, 

authorized to pay to the holders of the out- and ; ser ved as a lieutenant of cavalry dur- 

standing bonds surrendered for exchange, out . ,, , ,. f ., , . , , , 

of any money in the treasury not otherwise m g the last occupation of that island by 

appropriated, a sum not greater than the Spain. In the war with Haiti he greatly 

91 



GOMEZ GOOD 

distinguished himself in the battle of San been proclaimed president of the new revo- 
Tome, where with twenty men he routed lutionary party, sent for him he promptly 
a much superior force. After San Domin- responded. Landing secretly on the 
go became free he went with the Spanish Cuban shore with Maceo and Marti, he 
troops to Cuba, and for a time was in pledged his faith with theirs, and began 
Santiago. Becoming dissatisfied with the the war which ended with the American 
way in which the Spanish general, Villar, occupation in 1898. On Feb. 24, 1899, 
treated some starving Cuban refugees he he was permitted to march through 
called him a coward and personally as- Havana with an escort of 2,500 of his 
saulted him. He at once became a bitter soldiers, and on the following night was 
enemy of Spain, left the Spanish army, given a grand reception and banquet in 
and settled down as a planter; but when that city by the United States military 
the Ten Years' War broke out in 1868 authorities. In the following month the 
he joined the insurgents and received a Cuban military assembly removed him 
command from the Cuban president,- from his command as general-in-chief of 
Cespedes. Along with the latter and Gen- the Cuban army, because the United States 
eral Agramonte, he captured Jugnani, authorities treated with him instead of 
Bayamo, Tunas, and Holguin. He also it concerning the distribution of $3,000,- 
took Guaimaro, Nuevitas, Santa Cruz, and 000 among the bona-fide Cuban soldiers ; 

but he ignored the action of the as- 
sembly and gave invaluable assistance to 
General Brooke, then American gov- 
ernor-general. See CUBA; GARCIA, CA- 
LIXTO. 

Gonannhatenha, FRANCES, Indian 
squaw; born in Onondaga, N. Y.; con- 
verted to Christianity; captured by a 
hostile party; was tortured, and entreat- 
ed by a relative to recant. She refused, 
and was killed in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1692. 
Gompers, SAMUEL, labor leader; born 
in England, Jan. 27, 1850; an advocate 
of trades-unions for thirty-five years; one 
of the founders of the American Federa- 
tion of Labor and its president, with the 
exception of one year, since 1882. He has 
written largely on the labor question. 

Gooch, SIR WILLIAM, colonial governor; 
born in Yarmouth, Eng., Oct. 21, 1681: 
had been an officer under Marlborough, 
and in 1740 commanded in the unsuccess- 
Cascorro, and fought in the battles of ful attack on Carthagena. In 1746 he 
Palo Sico and Las Guasimas. Later he was made a brigadier - general and was 
invaded Santa Clara and defeated Gen- knighted, and in 1747 a major-general, 
eral Jovellar. He was promoted to the He ruled with equity in Virginia, and was 
rank of major-general, and when General never complained of. He returned to Eng- 
Agramonte died succeeded him as com- land in 1749, and died in London, Dec. 17, 
mander-in-chief. When Gen. Martinez 1751. 

Campos was sent to Cuba in 1878 and Good, JAMES ISAAC, clergyman; born 
succeeded in persuading the Cuban leaders in York, Pa., Dec. 31, 1850; graduated 
to make terms of peace, General Gomez at Lafayette College in 1872, and later at 
withdrew to Jamaica, refusing to remain Union Theological Seminary; ordained a 
under Spanish rule. Subsequently he minister of the German Reformed Church; 
went to San Domingo, where he lived on became Professor of Dogmatics and Pas- 
a farm until the beginning of the revolu- toral Theology at Ursinus College, Phila- 
tion in 1895. When Jose" Marti, who had delphia, in 1893. His publications in- 

92 




MAXIMO GOMEZ. 



GOODE GOODWIN 

elude History of the Reformed Church in country, particularly in suburban dis- 

the United States, etc. tricts, was almost entirely in the hands 

Goode, WILLIAM ATHELSTANE MERE- of county, township, and village officials. 

DITH, author; born in Newfoundland, As the wheel grew in popularity, and peo- 

June 10, 1875; was a correspondent on pie found it an admirable means of travel 

board the flag-ship New York for the an agitation sprang up for the better 

Associated Press during the war with improvement of roads leading through 

Spain. He is the author of With Sampson various parts of the country which the 

Through the War. devotees of the wheel had come to pat- 

Goodrich, AARON, jurist; born in ronize. This agitation by petitions and 

Sempronius, N. Y., July 6, 1807 ; was ad- bills personally introduced was soon mani- 

mitted to the bar and began practice in fested in State legislatures and boards 

Stewart county, Tenn.; secretary of the of county commissioners. In the Middle 

United States legation at Brussels in States, particularly, the movement for 

1861-69. He published A History of the good roads was actively promoted by the 

Character and Achievements of the So- League of American Wheelmen, which 

called Christopher Columbus. issued numerous guide-maps for " cen- 

Goodrich, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, clergy- tury " runs, showing the best roads for 

man; born in Ridgefield, Conn., in 1790; wheelmen between popular points. State 

graduated at Yale College in 1812. His Good Koads associations were formed, 

publications include Lives of the Signers; and these in turn formed a national, or 

History of the United States of America; interstate, association. The latter body 

Child's History of the United States; held a convention in Chicago in November, 

Great Events of American History, etc. 1900, with delegates from thirty - eight 

He died in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 4, 1862. States present. The State associations 

Goodrich, FRANK BOOTT, author; born operate principally in their respective ter- 

in Boston, Mass., Dec. 14, 1826; grad- ritories with a view of securing the im- 

uated at Harvard College in 1845. His provements of the roads therein, while 

publications include History of Maritime the national association seeks to secure 

Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery; congressional action for the improvement 

The Tribute-book, a Record of the Munifi- of the highways of the country. Much 

cence, Self-sacrifice, and Patriotism of had already been accomplished at the 

the American People during the War for time of this convention, and the radical 

the Union. He died in Morristown, N. J., improvements were undoubtedly due first 

March 15, 1894. to the wide-spread use of the bicycle and 

Goodrich, SAMUEL GRISWOLD, author; more recently to that of the automobile, 
popularly known as " Peter Parley " ; born Good Templars, INDEPENDENT ORDER 
in Ridgefield, Conn., Aug. 19, 1793; was OF, an organization the members of which 
a publisher in Hartford in 1824; soon pledge themselves not to make, buy, 
afterwards he settled in Boston, and for sell, furnish, or cause to be furnished, in- 
many years edited The Token. He began toxicating liquors to others as a beverage, 
the issuing of Peter Parley's Tales in 1827, It originated in the United States in 1851, 
and continued them until 1857. He also and in Birmingham, England, in 1868. 
published geographical and historical The order has since developed into aii in- 
school-books. From 1841 to 1854 he ternational organization, with supreme 
edited and published Merry's Museum and headquarters in Birmingham, England. 
Parley's Magazine. Of 170 volumes writ- In 1901 there were over 100 grand lodges 
ten by him, 116 bear the name of "Peter and a membership of nearly 500,000. The 
Parley"; and more than 7,000,000 copies order has a membership in nearly every 
of his books for the young have been sold. State in the Union, and it also has a 
Mr. Goodrich was American consul at juvenile branch comprising about 200,000 
Paris during Fillmore's administration, members. 
He died in New York City, May 9, 1860. Goodwin, DANIEL, lawyer; born in New 

Good Roads. Prior to the advent and York City, Nov. 26, 1832; graduated at 

popularity of the bicycle, the matter of Hamilton College in 1852; admitted to the 

improving the public thoroughfares of the bar; became United States commissioner 

93 



GOODWIN GORDON 

for Illinois in 1861. He published James 1879. His publications include Congres- 

Pitts and His Sons in the American Rev- sional Currency; Befo' de War; Echoes 

olution, etc. in Negro Dialect (with Thomas Nelson 

Goodwin, NATHANIEL, genealogist ; born Page); and For Truth and Freedom: 

in Hartford, Conn., March 5, 1782. His Poems of Commemoration. 
publications include Descendants of Gordon, GEORGE HENRY, military offi- 

Thomas Olcott; The Foote Family; and cer; born in Charlestown, Mass., July 19, 

Genealogical Notes of Some of the First 1825; graduated at the United States 

Settlers of Connecticut and Massachu- Military Academy in 1846; served in the 

setts. He died in Hartford, Conn., May 29, war with Mexico, participating in the 

1855. siege of Vera Cruz, the actions of Cerro 

Goodwin, WILLIAM FREDERICK, author; Gordo, Contreras, and Chapultepec, and 

born in Limington, Me., Sept. 27, 1823; the capture of the city of Mexico. During 

graduated at Bowdoin College in 1848; the Civil War his bravery was conspicu- 

began law practice in Concord, N. H., in ous in many battles. He received the 

1855; served with distinction in the Civil brevet of major-general of volunteers in 

War; was promoted captain in 1864. His April, 1865. He was the author of The 

publications include a History of the Con- Army of Virginia from Cedar Mountain 

stitution of New Hampshire of 1776, 1784, to Alexandria; A War Diary; and From 

1792; Record of Narragansett Toivnship, Brook to Cedar Mountain. He died in 

No. 1, etc. He died in Concord, N. H., Framingham, Mass., Aug. 30, 1886. 
March 12, 1872. Gordon, JOHN BROWN, military officer; 

Goodyear, CHARLES, inventor; born in born in Upson county, Ga., Feb. 6. 1832; 
North Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800; was was educated at the University of Geor- 
an early manufacturer of India rubber, gia; studied law; was admitted to the 
and made vast improvements in its prac- bar, and shortly after he began to prac- 
tical use in the arts. His first impor- tise the Civil War broke out, and he en- 
tant discovery was made in 1836 a tered the Confederate army as a captain 
method of treating the surface of the gum. of infantry. He passed successively 
This process was superseded by his dis- through all grades to the rank of lieuten^ 
co very early in 1849 of a superior method ant-general. During the war he was 
of vulcanization. He procured patent wounded in battle eight times, the wound 
after patent for improvements in this received at Antietam being very severe, 
method, until he had more than sixty in He was a candidate for governor of Geor- 
number, in America and Europe. He gia on the Democratic ticket in 1868, and 
obtained the highest marks of distinction claimed the election, but his Republican 
at the international exhibitions at London opponent, Rufus B. Bullock, was given 
and Paris. He saw, before his death, his the office. He was a member of the Na- 
material applied to almost 500 uses, and tional Democratic conventions of 1868 
to give employment in England, France, and 1872, and presidential elector for the 
Germany, and the United States to about same years. He was elected to the United 
60,000 persons. He died in New York States Senate in 1873; re-elected in 1879; 
City, July 1, 1860. resigned in 1880, and again elected in 

Gookin, DANIEL, military officer; born 1891; and was governor of Georgia in 
in Kent, England, about 1612; removed 1887-90. On May 31, 1900, he was elected 
to Virginia with his father in 1621 ; set- commander - in - chief of the United Con- 
tied in Cambridge, Mass., in 1644; be- federate Veterans. General Gordon at- 
came major-general of the colony in 1681. tained wide popularity as a lecturer on the 
He was author of Historical Collections events of the Civil War. He died in 
of the Indians of Massachusetts. He died Miami, Fla., Jan. 9, 1904. 
in Cambridge, Mass., March 19, 1687. Gordon, PATRICK, colonial governor; 

Gordon, ANTHONY. See JESUIT Mis- born in England in 1644; became governor 

STONS. of Pennsylvania in 1726. He was the au- 

Gordon, ARMISTEAD CHURCHILL, law- thor of Two Indian Treaties at Conesto- 

yer; born in Albemarle county, Va., Dec. goe. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 

20, 1855; was admitted to the bar in 5, 1736. 

94 



GORDON GOUGES 



Gordon, THOMAS F., historian; born 
in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1787; practised 
law. His publications include Digest of 
the Laws of the United States; History 
of Pennsylvania from its Discovery to 
1776; History of New Jersey from its Dis- 
covery to 1789; History of America; Gaz- 
etteer of New Jersey; Gazetteer of New 
York, and Gazetteer of Pennsylvania. He 
died in Beverly, N. J., Jan. 17, 1860. 

Gordon, WILLIAM, historian; born in 
Hitchin, England, in 1730; came to 
America in 1770; and was ordained at 
Roxbury in 1772. He took an active 
part in public affairs during the Revolu- 
tion, and in 1778 the College of New Jer- 
sey conferred upon him the degree of 
doctor of divinity. Returning to Eng- 
land in 1786, he wrote and published a 
history of the Revolution, in 4 volumes, 
ootavo. He died in Ipswich, England, 
Oct. 19, 1807. 

Gordy, WILBUR FISK, educator; born 
near Salisbury, Md., June 14, 1854; grad- 
uated at Wesleyan University in 1880; 
later became supervising principal of the 
Hartford (Conn.) public schools. He is 
author of A School History of the United 
States, and joint author of The Pathfind- 
er in American History. 

Gorges, SIR FERUINANDO, colonial pro- 
prietor; born in Ashton Phillips, Somer- 
set, England, about 1565 ; was associated 
with the courtiers of Queen Elizabeth; 
was engaged in the conspiracy of the 
Earl of Essex against the Queen's council 
(1600); and testified against him at his 
trial for treason (1601). Having served 
in the royal navy with distinction, he 
was appointed governor of Plymouth in 
1G04. A friend of Raleigh, he became 
imbued with that great man's desire to 
plant a colony in America, and when Cap- 
tain Weymouth returned from the New 
England coast (1605), and brought cap- 
tive natives with him, Gorges took three 
of them into his own home, from whom, 
after instructing them in the English 
language, he gained much information 
about their country. Gorges now became 
chiefly instrumental in forming the 
PLYMOUTH COMPANY (q. v.), to settle 
western Virginia, and from that time 
he was a very active member, defending 
its rights before Parliament, and stimu- 
lating by his own zeal his desponding 



associates. In 1615, after the return of 
CAPT. JOHN SMITH (q. v.) , he set sail 
for New England, but a storm compelled 
the vessel to put back, while another 
vessel, under CAPT. THOMAS DERMER 
( q. v. ) , prosecuted the voyage. Gorges 
sent out a party (1616), which encamped 
on the River Saco through the winter; 
and in 1619-20 Captain Dernier repeated 
the voyage. The new charter obtained 
by the company created such a despotic 
monopoly that it was strongly opposed 
in and out of Parliament, and was finally 
dissolved in 1635. Gorges had, mean- 
while, prosecuted colonization schemes 
with vigor. With John Mason and others 
he obtained grants of land (1622), which 
now compose a part of Maine and New 
Hampshire, and settlements were at- 
tempted there. His son Robert was ap- 
pointed " general governor of the 
country," and a settlement was made 
(1624)' on the site of York, Me. After 
the dissolution of the company (1635), 
Gorges, then a vigorous man of sixty 
years, was appointed (1637) governor- 
general of New England, with the powers 
of a palatine, and prepared to come to 
America, but was prevented by an acci- 
dent to the ship in which he was to sail. 
He made laws for his palatinate, but 
they were not acceptable. Gorges en- 
joyed his viceregal honors a few years, 
and died in England in 1647. 

His son Robert had a tract of land be- 
stowed upon him in New England, on 
the coast of Massachusetts Bay, extend- 
ing 10 miles along the coast and 30 miles 
inland. He was appointed lieutenant- 
general of New England, with a council, 
of whom Francis West, who had been 
commissioned "Admiral of New Eng- 
land," by the council of Plymouth, and 
the governor of New Plymouth for the 
time being, were to be members, having 
the power to restrain interlopers. West, 
as admiral, attempted to force tribute 
from the fishing- vessels on the coast. 
Gorges brought to New England with 
him a clergyman named Morrell, ap- 
pointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
to act as commissioner of ecclesiastical 
affairs; also a number of indentured 
servants. After being a year at Plymouth, 
Gorges attempted to plant a colony at 
Wissagus. He had encountered Weston, 






95 



GORHAM GOSNOLD 

who came over to look after his colony, London, and embarked for Boston in 

and took proceedings against him as an 1636, where he soon became entangled in 

interloper. See WESTON'S COLONY. theological disputes and removed to Plym- 

Gorham, NATHANIEL, statesman; born outh. There he preached such heterodox 
in Charlestown, Mass., May 27, 1738; doctrines that he was banished as a heretic 
was a delegate to the Continental Congress in the winter of 1637-38. With a few 
(1782-83 and from 1785 to 1787); and followers he went to Rhode Island, where 
was chosen its president in June, 1786. He he was publicly whipped for calling the 
was a member of the convention that magistrates " just-asses," and other re- 
framed the national Constitution, and ex- bellious acts. In 1641 he was compelled 
erted great power in procuring its ratifica- to leave the island. He took refuge with 
tion by Massachusetts. He died in Roger Williams at Providence, but soon 
Charlestown, June 11, 1796. See HOLLAND made himself so obnoxious there that he 
LAND COMPANY. escaped public scorn by removing (1642) 

Gorman, ARTHUR PUE, legislator; born to a spot on the west side of Narraganset 

in Howard county, Md., March 11, 1839; Bay, where he bought land of Mianto- 

was a page in the United States Senate in nomoh and planted a settlement. The next 

1852-66; collector of internal revenue for year inferior sachems disputed his title 

the Fifth District of Maryland in 1866- to the land; and, calling upon Massa- 

69; appointed director of the Chesapeake chusetts to assist them, an armed force 

& Ohio Canal Company in the latter was sent to arrest Gorton and his follow- 

year, becoming president in 1872; was a ers, and a portion of them were taken to 

State Senator in 1875-81; member of the Boston and tried as "damnable heretics." 

Maryland House of Delegates in 1869-75; For a while they endured confinement and 

and a United States Senator in 1881-99 hard labor, in irons, and in 1644 they 

and in 1903-09. In March, 1903, he was were banished from the colony. Gorton 

chosen the Democratic leader in the United went to England and obtained from the 

States Senate. ' Earl of Warwick an order that the cler- 

Gorrie, PETER DOUGLAS, clergyman; gyman and his followers should have 
born in Glasgow, Scotland, April 21, 1813; peace at the settlement they had chosen, 
came to the United States in 1820, and He called the place Warwick when he re- 
was ordained in the Methodist Epis- turned to it in 1648. There he preached 
copal Church. He was the author of on Sunday and performed civil service 
The Churches and Sects in the United during the week. He died in Rhode Isl- 
States; Black River Conference Memori- and late in 1677. 

al; etc. He died in Potsdam, N. Y., Sept. Gosnold, BARTHOLOMEW, navigator; 

12, 1884. born in England; date unknown; became 

Gorringe, HENRY HONEYCHURCH, naval a stanch friend of Sir Walter Raleigh, 

officer; born in Barbadoes, W. I., Aug. Because of Raleigh's failure, he did not 

11, 1841; came to the United States in lose faith. The long routes of the vessels 

early life; served through the Civil War by way of the West Indies seemed to him 

with marked distinction; was promoted unnecessary, and he advocated the feasi- 

lieutenant-commander in December, 1868. bility of a more direct course across the 

He became widely known in 1880-81 Atlantic. He was offered the command of 

through having charge of the transporta- an expedition by the Earl of Southampton, 

tion of the Egyptian obelisk (Cleopatra's to make a small settlement in the more 

Needle) presented to the United States northerly part of America; and on April 

by the Khedive of Egypt, and erected in 26, 1602, Gosnold sailed from Falmouth, 

Central Park, New York City, Jan. 23, England, in a small vessel, with twenty 

1881. The total cost of transportation colonists and eight mariners. He took 

$100,000 was paid by William H. Van- the proposed shorter route, and touched 

derbilt. Gorringe published a History of the continent near Nahant, Mass., it is 

Egyptian Obelisks. He died in New York supposed, eighteen days after his depart- 

City, July 7, 1885. ure from England. Finding no good har- 

Gorton, SAMUEL, clergyman; born in bor there, he sailed southward, discovered 

England about 1600; was a clothier in and named Cape Cod, and landed there. 

96 



GOSNOLD GOUGE 

This was the first time the shorter (pres- Gospel, SOCIETY FOR THE PROPAGATION 
ent) route from England to New York OF THE. EDWARD WINSLOW (q. v.} , the 
and Boston had been traversed; and it was third governor of the Plymouth colony, 
the first time an Englishman sef foot on became greatly interested in the spiritual 
New England soil. Gosnold passed concerns of the Indians of New England; 
around the cape, and entered Buzzard's and when, in 1649, he went to England 
Bay, where he found an attractive group on account of the colony, he induced lead- 
of Islands, and he named the westernmost ing men there to join in the formation of 
Elizabeth, in honor of his Queen. The a society for the propagation of the Gos- 
wbole group bear that name. He and his pel among the natives in America. The 
followers landed on Elizabeth Island, and society soon afterwards began its work 
vere charmed with the luxuriance of veg- in America, and gradually extended its 
elation, the abundance of small fruits, labors to other English colonies. In 1701 
and the general aspect of nature. (June 16) it was incorporated under the 
Gosnold determined to plant his colony title of the Society for the Propagation 
tht-re, and on a small rocky island, in the of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Will- 
bosom of a great pond, he built a fort; iam III. zealously promoted the opera- 
and, had the courage of the colonists held tions of the society, for he perceived that 
out, Gosnold would have had the im- in a community of religion there was se- 
mortal honor of making the first perma- curity for political obedience. The society 
nent English settlement in America, still exists, and its operations are widely 
Afraid of the Indians, fearing starvation, extended over the East and West Indies, 
wondering what the winter would be, and Southern Africa, Australia, and islands 
disagreeing about the division of profits, of the Southern Ocean, 
they were seized with a depressing home- Gosport Navy- Yard. See NORFOLK. 
sickness. So, loading the vessel with Goss, ELBRIDOE HENRY, author; born 
sassafras-root (then esteemed in Europe in Boston, Mass., Dec. 22, 1830; received 
for its medicinal qualities), furs gathered common-school education. His publica- 
from the natives, and other products, tions include Early Bells of Massachu- 
they abandoned the little paradise of setts; Centennial Fourth Address; Life of 
beauty, and in less than four months after Col. Paul Revere-; History of Melrose, etc. 
their departure from England they had Goss, WARREN LEE, author; born in 
returned; and, speaking in glowing terms Brewster, Mass., Aug. 19, 1838; received 
of the land they had discovered, Raleigh an academic education and studied law; 
advised the planting of settlements in served in the Civil War; was captured 
that region, and British merchants after- and imprisoned in Libby, Belle Isle, 
wards undertook it. Elizabeth Island Andersonville, Charleston, and Florence, 
now bears its original name of Cottyunk. S. C. ; released in November, 1805. His 
Gosnold soon afterwards organized a com- publications include The Soldier's Story 
pany for colonization in Virginia. A f Captivity at Andersonville; The Recol- 
charter was granted him and his associ- lections of a Private; In the Navy, etc. 
ates by James L, dated April 10, 1606, Gottheil, GUSTAVE, rabbi; born in 
the first under which the English were Pinne, Germany, May 28, 1827; educated 
srttled in America. He sailed Dec. 19, at the University of Berlin; was assist- 
1606, with three small vessels and 105 ant rabbi at Berlin in 1855-60; rabbi at 
adventurers, of whom only twelve were Manchester, England, in 1860-72; rabbi 
laborers; and, passing between Capes of the Temple Emanuel in New York City 
Henry and Charles, went up the James after 1873. He died in New York, April 
River in April, 1607, and landed where 15, 1903. His son, RICHARD GOTTHEIL, 
they built Jamestown afterwards. The is the Professor of Rabbinical Literature 
place was an unhealthful one, and Gos- and Semitic Languages in Columbia Uni- 
nold remonstrated against founding the versity, and the author of the article on 
settlement there, but in vain. Sickness Jews and Judaism in vol. v., p. 146. 
and other causes destroyed nearly half the Gouge, WILLIAM M., author; born in 
number before autumn. Among the vie- Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 10, 1796; was 
tims was Gosnold, who died Aug. 22, 1607. connected with the United States Treasury 

LV. Q 97 



GOUGH GOULD 



Department for thirty years. His publi- bis life to the cause of temperance be- 
cations include History of the American rame irresistible. He left Worcester, and 
Banking System; Fiscal History of Texas, with a carpet-bag in hand travelled on 
etc. He died in Trenton, N. J., July 14, toot through the New England States, 
1863. lecturing wherever he could gain auditors. 

Gough, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW, temper- His intense earnestness and powers of ex- 
ance lecturer; born in Sandgate, Kent, pression and imitation enabled him to 
England, Aug. 22, 1817; was educated sway audiences in a manner attained by 
principally by his mother, and when few speakers. For more than seventeen 
twelve years old came to the United years he lectured on temperance, speaking 
States. In 1831 he was employed in a to more than 5,000 audiences. In 1854 
publishing house in New York City, and ne went to England, intending to remain 
there learned the bookbinding trade. In but a short time. His success, however, 
1833 he lost his place and soon drifted was so great that he stayed for two years, 
into the worst habits of dissipation. For In 1857 he again went to England and 
several years he spent his time in drink- lectured for three years. In 1859 he be- 
ing resorts, making his meagre living by gan to speak before lyceums on literary 
singing and by his wonderful powers of and social topics, though his chief subject 
comic delineation. In 1842 he went to was always temperance. He published a 
work in Worcester, Mass., where he was number of works, including Autobiog- 
soon looked upon as a hopeless drunkard, raphy; Orations; Temperance Addresses; 
In October of that year a little kindness Temperance Lectures; and Sunlight and 
extended to him by a Quaker led him to a Shadow, or Gleanings from My Lifework. 
temperance meeting, where he signed a He died in Frankford, Pa., Feb. 18, 1886. 
pledge which he faithfully kept for sev- Gould, BENJAMIN APTHORP, astrono- 
eral months, when some old companions mer; born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 

1824; graduated at Harvard in 1844, 
and went abroad for further study in 
1845. Returning to the United States in 
1848 he settled in Cambridge, Mass., and 
early in 1849 started the Astronomical 
Journal, in which were published the re- 
sults of many original investigations. In 
1851 he took cnarge of the longitude oper- 
ations of the United States Coast Survey. 
After the Atlantic cable was laid in 1866, 
he went to Valencia, Ireland, and founded 
a station where he could determine the 
difference in longitude between America 
and Europe. He also, by exact observa- 
tions, connected the two continents. 
These were the first determinations, by 
telegraph, of transatlantic longitude, and 
they resulted in founding a regular series 
of longitudinal measurements from Louisi- 
ana to the Ural Mountains. In 1856-59 
Dr. Gould was director of the Dudley Ob- 
servatory in Albany, N. Y. In this build- 
ing the normal clock was first employed 
to give time throughout the observatory 
by telegraph. He later greatly improved 
this clock, which is now used in all parts 
of the world. In 1868 he organized and 
directed the national observatory at Cor- 

led him astray. He soon, however, con- doba, in the Argentine Republic. He 
quered his appetite, and a desire to give there mapped out a large part of the 

98 




JOHN B. GOUGH. 



GOULD 




the war with Spain began in 1898 
she gave the United States gov- 
ernment $100,000 to be used at 
the discretion of the authorities. 
She was also actively identified 
with the Woman's National War 
Relief Association and freely con- 
tributed to its work. When the 
sick, wounded, and convalescent 
soldiers from Cuba were taken to 
Camp Wikoff on Long Island, she 
gave her personal services and 
also $25,000 for needed supplies. 
Among her other benefactions are 
$250,000 to the University of New 
York for a new library (secretly 
given in 1895), and later $60,000 
for additional cost; $60,000 to 
Rutgers College, New Brunswick, 
N. J.; $10,000 for the engineering 
school of the University of New 
York; $8,000 to Vassar College; 
$100,000 to the University of New 
York for a Hall of Fame; $250,- 
000 for the erection of a Presby- 
terian church at Roxbury, N. Y., 
and $50,000 for a building for the 
Naval Branch of the Young Men's 
Christian Association in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. 

Gould, JAY, capitalist; born in 
Roxbury, N. Y., May 27, 1836; 
studied in Hobart Academy and! 

southern heavens. He also organized a afterwards was employed as book-keeper in 
national meteorological office, which was a blacksmith shop. Later he learned sur- 
connected with branch stations extending veying and was given employment in 
from the tropics to Terra del Fuego, and making surveys for a map of Ulster 
from the Andes Mountains to the Atlan- county. After completing the survey 
tic. He returned from South America in of several other counties, he became 
1885, and died in Cambridge, Mass., Nov. interested in the lumbering business with 
26, 1896. His publications include In- Zadock Pratt, whose share he later pur- 
vfstigations in the Military and Anthro- chased. Just before the panic of 1857 he 
pological Statistics of American Soldiers; sold his lumber business and went to 
Investigations of the Orbit of Comet V.; Stroudsburg, Pa., where he entered a 
Report of the Discovery of the Planet bank. It was at this time that he 
Neptune; Discussions of Observations first became interested in railroad en- 
Made by the United States Astronomical terprises. Removing to New York City 
Expedition to Chile to Determine the Solar he became a broker, dealing at first in 
1'urallax; The Transatlantic Longitude as Erie Railroad bonds. In 1868 he was 
Determined by the Coast Survey; Ura- elected president of that company and re- 
nornetry of the Southern Heavens; Ances- mained in that office till 1872, when the 
try of Zaccheus Gould, etc. company was reorganized, and he was 

Gould, HELEN MILLER, philanthropist; forced as a result of long litigation to re- 
born in New York City, June 20, 1868; store $7,550,000, a portion of the amount 
daughter of Jay Gould ; has been actively which it was alleged he had wrongfully ac- 
associated with benevolent work. When quired. While president of the Erie com- 

99 



BENJAMIN A. GOULD. 



GOURGES GOVERNMENT 



pany he invested heavily in stocks of an important place in English political 
various railroads and telegraph companies, history, but in the general history of the 
After losing his office in the Erie company development of the idea of a written con- 
he applied himself to the Pacific railroads, stitution. 
in which he had become interested, the The following is its text: 
elevated railroads of New York, and the 

Western Union Telegraph Company. He The government of the Commonwealth 
built many branch roads, took a number of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and 
of roads from receivers, and brought the dominions thereunto belonging, 
about combinations which effected what I. That the supreme legislative author- 
was known as the " Gould System." He ity of the Commonwealth of England, 
was actively connected with the BLACK Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions 
FRIDAY ( q. v.) and other financial sen- thereunto belonging, shall be and reside in 
sations. His financial standing having one person, and the people assembled in 
been assailed in 1882, he exhibited to a Parliament; the style of which person 
committee of financiers stocks and bonds shall be the Lord Protector of the Corn- 
to the face value of $53,000,000, and slated monwealth of England, Scotland, and Ire- 
land. 

II. That the exercise of the chief magis- 
tracy and the administration of the gov- 
ernment over the said countries and 
dominions, and the people thereof, shall be 
in the Lord Protector, assisted with a 
council, the number whereof shall not 
exceed twenty-one, nor be less than thir- 
teen. 

III. That all writs, processes, commis- 
sions, patents, grants, and other things, 
vhich now run in the name and style 
of the keepers of the liberty of England, 
by authority of Parliament, shall run in 
the name and style of the Lord Protector, 
from whom, for the future, shall be de- 
rived all magistracy and honours in these 
three nations; and have the power of par- 
dons (except in case of murders and trea- 
son) and benefit of all forfeitures for 

that he could produce $20,000,000 more if the public use; and shall govern the said 
desired. He died in New York City, Dec. countries and dominions in all things by 
2, 1892. the advice of the council, and accord 

Gourges, DOMINIC DE. See FLORIDA. in? to these presents and the laws. 

Government, INSTRUMENT OF. A con- IV. That the Lord Protector, the Par- 
stitution adopted by Cromwell and his liament sitting, shall dispose and order 
council of officers when the Little Parlia- the militia and forces, both by sea a-nd 
ment dissolved itself in December, 1653, land, for the peace and good of the three 
surrendering authority to Cromwell as nations, by consent of Parliament; and 
Lord Protector. It is therefore to be re- that the Lord Protector, with the advice 
garded as the constitutional basis of defini- and consent of the major part of the 
tion of the Protectorate; and under it the council, shall dispose and order the militia 
reformed Parliament met in September, for the ends aforesaid in the intervals of 
1G54. This assembly proceeded to settle Parliament. 

the government on a Parliamentary basis, V. That the Lord Protector, by the ad- 
taking the " Instrument " as the ground- vice aforesaid, shall direct in all things 
work of the new constitution, and carry- concerning the keeping and holding of a 
ing it clause by clause. The Instrument good correspondency with foreign kings, 
of Government holds therefore not only princes, and states; and also, with the 

100 




JAY GOULD. 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

consent of the major part of the council, Plymouth, 2 ; Clifton, Dartmouth, Hardness, 
have the power of war and peace. ] 5 Totnes, 1 ; Barnstable, 1 ; Tiverton, 1 ; 

VI. That the laws shall not be altered, " oniton V h 1 ; ^"t? 1 ! 111 ^: ? orcheste T r ' 1; 

Weymouth and Melcomb-Regis, 1 ; Lyme- 

fiiispended, abrogated, or repealed, nor Reg i s , i ; Poo ie, 1 ; Durham, '2 ; City of Dur- 
any new law made, nor any tax, charge, ham, 1 ; Essex, 13 ; Maiden, 1 ; Colchester, 2 ; 
or imposition laid upon the people, but Gloucestershire, 5; Gloucester, 2; Tewkes- 
by common consent in Parliament, save {& STESM ??T2i,l; 
only as is expressed in the thirtieth ar- 5 ; St. Alban's, 1 ; Hertford, 1 ; Huntingdon- 
tide, shire, 3 ; Huntingdon, 1 ; Kent, 11 ; Canter- 

VII. That there shall be a Parliament Jury 2 ; Rochester, 1; Maidstone, 1; Dover, 

1 ; Sandwich, 1 ; Queenborough, 1 ; Lan- 

summoned to meet at Westminster upon casu ire, 4; Preston, 1; Lancaster, 1; Liver- 

the third day of September, 1654, and pool, 1 ; Manchester, 1 ; Leicestershire, 4 ; 

that successively a Parliament shall be Leicester, 2 ; Lincolnshire, 10 ; Lincoln, 2 ; 

summoned once in every third year, to g-J^j ?$* i ?~ 6 j % 

be accounted from the dissolution of the minster, 2 ; Monmouthshire, 3 ; Norfolk, 10 ; 

present Parliament. Norwich, 2 ; Lynn-Regis, 2 ; Great Yarmouth, 

VIII. That neither the Parliament to 2; Northamptonshire 6 ; Peterborough, 1; 

Northampton, 1 ; Nottinghamshire, 4 ; Not- 

be next summoned, nor any successive tingham , 2 ; Northumberland, 3 ; New- 
Parliaments, shall, during the time of castle-upon-Tyne, 1 ; Berwick, 1 ; Oxford- 
five months, to be accounted from the shire, 5 ; Oxford City, 1 ; Oxford University, 
day of their last meeting be adjourned, l^^^^^T B^gnort^T 
prorogued, or dissolved, without their own Lu dlow, 1 ; Staffordshire, 3 ; Lichfleld, 1 ; 
consent. Stafford, 1 ; Newcastle-under-Lyne, 1 ; Som- 

IX. That as well the next as all other "setshlre, 11 : Bristol, 2 ; Taunton, 2 ; Bath, 
successive Parliaments, shall be sum- Ji* M2SZ'?:' SoWUpST 
moned and elected in manner hereafter Portsmouth, 1 ; Isle of Wight, 2 ; Andover, 
expressed ; that is to say, the persons to 1 ; Suffolk, 10 ; Ipswich, 2 ; Bury St. Ed- 
be chosen within England Wales and munds 2 '< Dunwich, 1 ; Sudbury, 1 ; Surrey, 

na, Wales, , 1 6 . Southwark 2 ; Guildford, 1; Reigate, 1; 

Isles of Jersey, Guernsey, and the town Sussex, 9 ; Chichester, 1 ; Lewes, 1 ; East 
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, to sit and serve Grinstead, 1 ; Arundel, 1 ; Rye, 1 ; Westmore- 

ivi PnrlinTnpnf >nll HP nnH nnt pvpppfl land 2 > Warwickshire, 4 ; Coventry, 2 ; War- 
rliament, shall be, an< exceed, w WIltshlref 10 New Sarumj 2 . Marl . 

the number of four hundred. The per- bor0 ugh, 1; Devizes, 1; Worcestershire, 5; 

sons to be chosen within Scotland, to sit Worcester, 2. 

and serve in Parliament, shall be, and not Yorkshire. West Riding 6 ; East Riding, 

exceed, the number of thirty; and the per- , ^tyf York,^ ^ngs- 

sons to be chosen to sit in Parliament for i ; Richmond, 1 ; Leeds, 1 ; Halifax, 1. 
Ireland shall be, and not exceed, the num- Wales. Anglesey, 2 ; Brecknockshire, 2 ; 

i, _ ~ f +1, :..+,, Cardiganshire, 2 ; Carmarthenshire, 2 ; Car- 
narvonshire, 2; Denbighshire, 2; Flintshire, 

X. That the persons to be elected to 2 ; Glamorganshire, 2 ; Cardiff, 1 ; Merioneth- 
sit in Parliament from time to time, for shire, 1 ; Montgomeryshire, 2 ; Pembrokeshire, 
1he several counties of England, Wales, 2; Haverfordwest, 1; Radnorshire, 2. 

the Isles of Jersey and Guernsey, and 

the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and all The distribution of the persons to be 
Places within the same respectively, shall chosen for Scotland and Ireland, and the 
be according to the proportions and several counties, cities, and places there- 
numbers hereafter expressed: that is to > sha11 be according to such propor- 

tions and number as shall be agreed upon 
and declared by the Lord Protector and 

Bedfordshire, 5 ; Bedford Town, 1 ; Berk- the major part of the council, before the 
shire, 5 ; Abingdon, 1 ; Reading, 1 ; Bucking- sending forth writs of summons for the 
hamshire, 5 ; Buckingham Town, 1 ; Ayles- next Par ii ame nt. 

XL That the summons to Parliament 
shall be by writ under the Great Seal of 
England, directed to the sheriffs of the 
several and respective counties, with such 
alteration as may suit with the present 



1 ; Isle of Ely, 2 ; Cheshire, 4 ; Chester, 1 

Cornwall, 8 ; Launceston, 1 ; Truro, 1 

Penryn, 1 ; East Looe and West Looe, 1 

Cumberland, 2 ; Carlisle, 1 ; Derbyshire, 4 

Derby Town, 1 ; Devonshire, 11 ; Exeter, 2 



101 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 



government, to be made b,y the Lord 
I'rotector and hie council, which the 
Chancellor, Keeper, or Commissioners of 
the Great Seal shall seal, issue, and send 
abroad by warrant from the Lord Pro- 
tector. If the Lord Protector shall not 
give warrant for issuing of writs of sum- 
mons for the next Parliament, before the 
first of June, 1654, or for the Triennial 
Parliaments, before the first day of 
August in every third year, to be ac- 
counted as aforesaid; that then the 
Chancellor, Keeper, or Commissioners of 
the Great Seal for the time being, shall, 
without any warrant or direction, within 
seven days after the said first day of 
June, 1654, seal, issue, and send abroad 
writs of summons (changing therein 
what is to be changed as aforesaid) to 
the several and respective sheriffs of 
England, Scotland, and Ireland, for sum- 
moning the Parliament to meet at West- 
minster, the third day of September next: 
and shall likewise, within seven days 
after the said first day of August, in every 
third year, to be accounted from the dis- 
solution of the precedent Parliament, 
seal, issue, and send forth abroad several 
writs of summons (changing therein 
what is to be changed) as aforesaid, for 
summoning the Parliament to meet at 
Westminster the sixth of November in 
that third year. That the said several 
and respective sheriffs, shall, within ten 
days after the receipt of such writ as 
aforesaid, cause the same to be pro- 
claimed and published in every market- 
town within his county upon the market- 
days thereof, between twelve and three 
of the clock; and shall then also publish 
and declare the certain day of the week 
and month, for choosing members to serve 
in Parliament for the body of the said 
county, according to the tenor of the said 
writ, which shall be upon Wednesday five 
weeks after the date of the writ; and 
shall likewise declare the place where the 
election shall be made: for which pur- 
pose he shall appoint the most con- 
venient place for the whole county to 
meet in; and shall send precepts for elec- 
tions to be made in all and every city, 
town, borough, or place within his 
county, where elections are to be made 
by virtue of these presents, to the Mayor, 
Sheriff, or other head officer of such city, 



town, borough, or place, within three 
days after the receipt of such writ and 
writs; which the said Mayors, Sheriffs, 
and officers respectively are to make pub- 
lication of, and of the certain day for 
such elections to be made in the said 
city, town, or place aforesaid, and to 
cause elections to be made accordingly. 

XII. That at the day and place of elec- 
tions, the Sheriff of each county, and the 
said Mayors, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, and other 
head officers within their cities, towns, 
boroughs, and places respectively, shall 
take view of the said elections, and shall 
make return into the chancery within 
twenty days after the said elections, of 
the persons elected by the greater num- 
ber of electors, under their hands and 
seals, between him on the one part, and 
the electors on the other part; wherein 
shall be contained, that the persons 
elected shall not have power to alter the 
government as it is hereby settled in one 
single person and a Parliament. 

XIII. That the Sheriff, who shall wit- 
tingly and willingly make any false re- 
turn, or neglect his duty, shall incur the 
penalty of 2000 marks of lawful English 
money; the one moiety to the Lord Pro- 
tector, and the other moiety to such per- 
son as will sue for the same. 

XIV. That all and every person and 
persons, who have aided, advised, assisted, 
or abetted in any war against the Par- 
liament, since the first day of January 
1641 (unless they have been since in the 
service of Parliament, and given signal 
testimony of their good affection there- 
unto) shall be disabled and incapable to 
be elected, or to give any vote in the elec- 
tion of any members to serve in the next 
Parliament, or in the three succeeding 
Triennial Parliaments. 

XV. That all such, who have advised, 
assisted, or abetted the rebellion of Ire- 
land, shall be disabled and incapable for 
ever to be elected, or give any vote in 
the election of any member to serve in 
Parliament; as also all such who do or 
shall profess the Roman Catholic religion. 

XVI. That all votes and elections given 
or made contrary, or not according to 
these qualifications, shall be null and 
void; and if any person, who is hereby 
made incapable, shall give his vote for 
election of members to serve in Parlia- 



102 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

ment, such person shall lose and forfeit sities, cities, boroughs, and places afore- 
one full year's value in his real estate, said, by such persons, and in such man- 
and one full third part of his personal ner, as if several and respective writs of 
estate; one moiety thereof to the Lord summons to Parliament under the Great 
Protector, and the other moiety to him Seal had issued and been awarded accord- 
or them who shall sue for the same. ing to the tenor aforesaid: that if the 

XVII. That the persons who shall be sheriff, or other persons authorized, shall 
elected to serve in Parliament, shall be neglect his or their duty herein, that all 
such (and no other than such) as are and every such sheriff and person author- 
persons of known integrity, fearing God, ized as aforesaid, so neglecting his or their 
and of good conversation, and being of duty, shall, for every such offence, be 
the age of twenty-one years. guilty of high treason, and shall suffer 

XVIII. That all and every person and the pains and penalties thereof. 

persons seized or possessed to his own XXI. That the clerk, called the clerk 
use, of any estate, real or personal, to of the Commonwealth in Chancery for the 
the value of 200, and not within the time being, and all others, who shall after- 
aforesaid exceptions, shall be capable to wards execute that office, to whom the 
elect members to serve in Parliament for returns shall be made, shall for the next 
counties. Parliament, and the two succeeding Trien- 

XIX. That the Chancellor, Keeper, or nial Parliaments, the next day after such 
Commissioners of the Great Seal, shall return, certify the names of the several 
be sworn before they enter into their of- persons so returned, and of the places for 
fices, truly and faithfully to issue forth, which he and they were chosen respec- 
and send abroad, writs of summons to tively, unto the Council; who shall peruse 
Parliament, at the times and in the man- the said returns and examine whether the 
ner before expressed; and in case of neg- persons so elected and returned be such as 
lect or failure to issue and send abroad is agreeable to the qualifications, and not 
writs accordingly, he or they shall for disabled to be elected: and that every per- 
every such offence be guilty of high trea- son and persons being so duly elected, and 
son, and suffer the pains and penalties being approved of by the major part of the 
thereof. Council to be persons not disabled, but 

XX. That in case writs be not issued qualified as aforesaid, shall be esteemed 
out, as is before expressed, but that there a member of Parliament, and be admitted 
be a neglect therein, fifteen days after the to sit in Parliament and not otherwise, 
time wherein the same ought to be issued XXII. That the persons so chosen and 
out by the Chancellor, Keeper, or Com- assembled in manner aforesaid, or any 
missioners of the Great Seal; that then sixty of them, shall be, and be deemed 
the Parliament shall, as often as such the Parliament of England, Scotland, and 
failure shall happen, assemble and be held Ireland; and the supreme legislative 
at Westminster, in the usual place, at power to be and reside in the Lord Pro- 
the time prefixed, in manner and by the tector and such Parliament, in manner 
means hereafter expressed; that is to herein expressed. 

say, that the sheriffs of the several and XXIII. That the Lord Protector, with 
respective counties, sheriffdoms, cities, bor- the advice of the major part of the Coun- 
oughs, and places aforesaid, within Eng- cil, shall at any other time than is before 
land, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the expressed, when the necessities of the 
Chancellors, Masters, and Scholars of the State shall require it, summon Par- 
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, liaments in manner before expressed, which 
and the Mayor and Bailiffs of the borough shall not be adjourned, prorogued, or dis- 
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and other places solved without their own consent, during 
aforesaid respectively, shall at the sev- the first three months of their sitting, 
eral courts and places to be appointed as And in case of future war with any for- 
aforesaid, within thirty days after the eign State, a Parliament shall be forth- 
said fifteen days, cause such members with summoned for their advice concern- 
to be chosen for their said several and ing the same. 

respective counties, sheriffdoms, univer- XXIV. That all Bills agreed unto by 

103 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

the Parliament, shall be presented to the may, at any time before the meeting of 
Lord Protector for his consent; and in the next Parliament, add to the Council 
case he shall not give his consent thereto such persons as they shall think fit, pro- 
within twenty days after they shall be pre- vided the number of the Council be not 
sented to him, or give satisfaction to the made thereby to exceed twenty-one, and 
Parliament within the time limited, that the quorum to be proportioned according- 
then, upon declaration of the Parliament ly by the Lord Protector and the major 
that the Lord Protector hath not con- part of the Council. 

sented nor given satisfaction, such Bills XXVII. That a constant yearly reve- 
shall pass into and become laws, although nue shall be raised, settled, and estab- 
he shall not give his consent thereunto; lished for maintaining of 10,000 horse and 
provided such bills contain nothing in dragoons, and 20,000 foot, in England, 
them contrary to the matters contained Scotland and Ireland, for the defence and 
in these presents. security thereof, and also for a convenient 

XXV. That Henry Lawrence, Esq., number of ships for guarding of the seas; 
&c., or any seven of them, shall be a Coun- besides 200,000 per annum for defraying 
cil for the purposes expressed in this the other necessary charges of admin- 
writing; and upon the death or other re- istration of justice, and other expenses of 
moval of any of them, the Parliament the Government, which revenue shall be 
shall nominate six persons of ability, in- raised by the customs, and such other 
tegrity, and fearing God, for every one ways and means as shall be agreed upon 
that is dead or removed ; out of which the by the Lord Protector and the Council, 
major part of the Council shall elect two, and shall not be taken away or dimin- 
and present them to the Lord Protector, ished, nor the way agreed upon for raising 
of which he shall elect one; and in case the same altered, but by the consent of 
the Parliament shall not nominate within the Lord Protector and the Parliament, 
twenty days after notice given unto them XXVIII. That the said yearly revenue 
thereof, the major part of the Council shall be paid into the public treasury, 
shall nominate three as aforesaid to the and shall be issued out for the uses afore- 
Lord Protector, who out of them shall said. 

supply the vacancy; and until this choice XXIX. That in case there shall not be 

be made, the remaining part of the Coun- cause hereafter to keep up so great a de- 

cil shall execute as fully in all things, as fence both at land or sea, but that there 

if their number were full. And in case be an abatement made thereof, the money 

of corruption, or other miscarriage in any which will be saved thereby shall remain 

of the Council in their trust, the Parlia- in bank for the public service, and not be 

ment shall appoint seven of their number, employed to any other use but by con- 

and the Council six, who, together with sent of Parliament, or, in the intervals of 

the Lord Chancellor, Lord Keeper, or Com- Parliament, by the Lord Protector and 

missioners of the Great Seal for the time major part of the Council, 
being, shall have power to hear and de- XXX. That the raising of money for 

termine such corruption and miscarriage, defraying the charge of the present ex- 

and to award and inflict punishment, as traordinary forces, both at sea and land, 

the nature of the offence shall deserve, in respect of the present wars, shall be by 

which punishment shall not be pardoned consent of Parliament, and not otherwise: 

or remitted by the Lord Protector; and, save only that the Lord Protector, with 

in the interval of Parliaments, the major the consent of the major part of the Coun- 

part of the Council, with the consent of cil, for preventing the disorders and dan- 

the Lord Protector, may, for corruption or gers which might otherwise fall out both 

other miscarriage as aforesaid, suspend by sea and land, shall ha'/e power, until 

any of their number from the exercise of the meeting of the first Parliament, to 

their trust, if they shall find it just, until raise money for the purposes aforesaid; 

the matter shall be heard and examined as and also to make laws and ordinances for 

aforesaid. the peace and welfare of these nations 

XXVI. That the Lord Protector and where it shall be necessary, which shall 
the major part of the Council aforesaid be binding and in force, until order shall 

104 



GOVERNMENT, INSTRUMENT OF 

be taken in Parliament concerning the election be past, the Council shall take 

same. care of the Government, and administer 

XXXI. That the lands, tenements, in all things as fully as the Lord Pro- 
rents, royalties, jurisdictions and heredit- tector, or the Lord Protector and Council 
aments which remain yet unsold or undis- are enabled to do. 

posed of, by Act or Ordinance of Parlia- XXXIII. That Oliver Cromwell, Cap- 

ment, belonging to the Commonwealth tain - General of the forces of England, 

(except the forests and chases, and the Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is here- 

honours and manors belonging to the by declared to be, Lord Protector of the 

same; the lands of the rebels in Ireland, Commonwealth of England, Scotland and 

lying in the four counties of Dublin, Cork, Ireland, and the dominions thereto be- 

Kilda.re, and Carlow; the lands forfeited longing, for his life. 

by the people of Scotland in the late XXXIV. That the Chancellor, Keeper 
wars, and also the lands of Papists and or Commissioners of the. Great Seal, the 
delinquents in England who have not yet Treasurer, Admiral. Chief Governors of 
compounded ) , shall be vested in the Lord Ireland and Scotland, and the Chief Jus- 
Protector, to hold, to him and his sue- tices of both the Benches, shall be chosen 
cessors, Lords Protectors of these nations, by the approbation of Parliament; and, 
ard shall not be alienated but by consent in the intervals of Parliament, by the 
in Parliament. And all debts, fines, is- approbation of the major part of the 
sues, amercements, penalties and profits, Council, to be afterwards approved by 
certain and casual, due to the Keepers the Parliament. 

of the liberties of England by authority XXXV. That the Christian religion, as 

of Parliament, shall be due to the Lord contained in the Scriptures, be held forth 

Protector, and be payable into his public and recommended as the public profession 

receipt, and shall be recovered and pros- of these nations ; and that, as soon as may 

ecuted in his name. be, a provision, less subject to scruple and 

XXXII. That the office of Lord Pro- contention, and more certain than the 
tector over these nations shall be elective present, be made for the encouragement 
and not hereditary; and upon the death and maintenance of able and painful 
of the Lord Protector, another fit person teachers, for the instructing the people, 
shall be forthwith elected to succeed him and for discovery and confutation of er- 
in the Government; which election shall ror, hereby, and whatever is contrary to 
be by the Council, who, immediately upon sound doctrine; and until such provision 
the death of the Lord Protector, shall as- be made, the present maintenance shall 
semble in the Chamber where they usu- not be taken away or impeached. 

ally sit in Council; and, having given XXXVI. That to the public profession 

notice to all their members of the cause held forth none shall be compelled by 

of their assembling, shall, being thirteen penalties or otherwise; but that endeav- 

at least present, proceed to the election; ours be used to win them by sound doc- 

and, before they depart the said Chamber, trine and the example of a good conversa- 

shall elect a fit person to succeed in the tion. 

Government, and forthwith cause procla- XXXVII. That such as profess faith in 

mation thereof to be made in all the three God by Jesus Christ (though differing 

iiations as shall be requisite; and the in judgment from the doctrine, worship 

person that they, or the major part of or discipline publicly held forth) shall 

them, shall elect as aforesaid, shall be, not be restrained from, but shall be pro- 

and shall be taken to be. Lord Protector tected in, the profession of the faith and 

over these nations of England, Scotland exercise of their religion ; so as they abuse 

nd Ireland, and the dominions thereto not this liberty to the civil injury of 

belonging. Provided that none of the others and to the actual disturbance of 

children of the late King, nor any of his the public peace on their parts; provided 

line or family, be elected to be Lord Pro- this liberty be not extended to Popery or 

toetor or other Chief Magistrate over Prelacy, nor to such as, under the pro- 

these nations, or any the dominions there- fession of Christ, hold forth and practice 

to belonging. And until the aforesaid licentiousness. 

105 



GOVERNMENT GRADY 



XXXVIII. That all laws, statutes and ing to the best of their knowledge; and 
ordinances, and clauses in any law, that in the election of every successive 
statute or ordinance to the contrary of Lord Protector they shall proceed therein 
the aforesaid liberty, shall be esteemed as impartially, and do nothing therein for 
null and void. any promise, fear, favour or reward. 

XXXIX. That the Acts and Ordinances Government of the United States, 
of Parliament made for the sale or other See CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL. 
disposition of the lands, rents and here- Grady, HENRY WOODFEN, journalist; 
ditaments of the late King, Queen, and born in Athens, Ga., in 1851 ; was educated 
Prince, of Archbishops and Bishops, &c., in the universities of Georgia and Vir- 
Deans and Chapters, the lands of delin- ginia, and entered journalism soon after 
quents and forest-lands, or any of them, the close of the Civil War. From the 
or of any other lands, tenements, rents beginning he made a specialty of seeking 
and hereditaments belonging to the Com- the requirements of the South for its re- 
monwealth, shall nowise be impeached or habilitation in prosperity. His early pub- 
made invalid, but shall remain good and lications, relating to the resources and 
firm; and that the securities given by possibilities of the State of Georgia, were 
Act and Ordinance of Parliament for published in the Atlanta Constitution. 
any sum or sums of money, by any of the The clearness and practical vein of these 
said lands, the exercise, or any other pub- letters attracted the attention of the editor 
lie revenue; and also the securities given of the New York Herald, who appointed 
by the public faith of the nation, and the Mr. Grady a correspondent for that paper, 
engagement of the public faith for satis- In 1872 he became interested in the At- 
f action of debts and damages, shall re- lanta Herald, and in 1880 he bought a 
main firm and good, and not be made void 

and invalid upon any pretence whatso- 
ever. 

XL. That the Articles given to or made 
with the enemy, and afterwards confirmed 
by Parliament, shall be performed and 
made good to the persons concerned there- 
in; and that such appeals as were de- 
pending in the last Parliament for relief 
concerning bills of sale of delinquent's 
estates, may be heard and determined the 
next Parliament, any thing in this writ- 
ing or otherwise to the contrary notwith- 
standing. 

XLI. That every successive Lord Pro- 
tector over these nations shall take and 
subscribe a solemn oath, in the presence 
of the Council, and such others as they 
shall call to them, that he will seek the 
peace, quiet and welfare of these nations, 
cause law and justice to be equally ad- 
ministered; and that he will not violate 
or infringe the matters and things con- 
tained in this writing, and in all other 
things will, to his power and to the best 
of his understanding, govern these nations 
according to the laws, statutes and cus- 
toms thereof. quarter interest in the Atlanta Constitu- 

XLTI. That each person of the Council tion for $20,000, which sum was loaned 
shall, before they enter upon their trust, him by Cyrus W. Field, and was repaid 
take and subscribe an oath, that they will with interest within two years. During 
be true and faithful in their trust, accord- these years Mr. Grady was known chiefly 

10G 




HENRY WOODFEN GRADY. 



GRADY, HENRY WOODFEN 

as a painstaking journalist, warmly de- courtesy to-night. I am not troubled 

voted to the promotion of the interests about those from whom I come. You re- 

of the Southern States. In 1886 he ac- member the man whose wife sent him to 

cepted an invitation from the New Eng- a neighbor with a pitcher of milk, and 

land Society of New York to deliver the who, tripping on the top step, fell, with 

formal speech at its annual dinner (Dec. such casual interruptions as the landings 

22). He chose for his subject "The New afforded, into the basement; and, while 

South," and the speech in its composition picking himself up, had the pleasure of 

and delivery gave him a sudden and wide hearing his wife call out: 

fame as an orator. On Dec. 12, 1889, he "John, did you break the pitcher?" 

delivered by invitation an address before " No, I didn't," said John, " but I be 

the Merchants' Association in Boston on dinged if I don't." 

"The Future of the Negro," and this So, while those who call to me from 

speech still farther increased his fame, behind may inspire me with energy, if not 

He was ill at the time of its delivery, be- with courage, I ask an indulgent hearing 

came worse before leaving Boston, and from you. I beg that you will bring 

died in Athens, Ga., on the 23d of that your full faith in American fairness and 

month. The citizens of Atlanta, grateful frankness to judgment upon what I shall 

for what he had done for the city, State, say. There was an old preacher once 

and the South, testified their appreciation who told some boys of the Bible lesson he 

of his worth by erecting in that city the was going to read in the morning. The 

Grady Memorial Hospital, which was for- boys, finding the place, glued together 

mally opened June 2, 1892. the connection pages. The next morning 

he read on the bottom of one page: 

The Netv South. "There was a South "When Noah was 120 years old he took 

of slavery and secession that South is unto himself a wife, who was " then 

dead. There is a South of union and turning the page " 140 cubits long, 40 

freedom that South, thank God, is living, cubits wide, built of gopher wood, and 

breathing, growing every hour." These covered with pitch inside and out." He 

words, delivered from the immortal lips was naturally puzzled at this. He read 

of Benjamin H. Hill, at Tammany Hall, it again, verified it, and then he said: 

in 1866, true then, and truer now, I " My friends, this is the first time I ever 

shall make my text to-night. met this in the Bible, but I accept it as 

Mr. President and Gentlemen, Let me an evidence of the assertion that we are 

express to you my appreciation of the fearfully and wonderfully made." If I 

kindness by which I am permitted to ad- could get you to hold such faith to-night, 

dress you. I make this abrupt acknowl- 1 could proceed cheerfully to the task I 

edgment advisedly, for I feel that if, when otherwise approach with a sense of con- 

T raised my provincial voice in this ancient secration. 

and august presence, I could find courage Pardon me one word, Mr. President, 

for no more than the opening sentence, spoken for the sole purpose of getting 

it would be well if, in that sentence, I had into the volumes that go out annually 

met in a rough sense my obligation as a freighted with the rich eloquence of your 

guest, and had perished, so to speak, with speakers the fact that the Cavalier, as 

courtesy on the lips and grace in my heart, well as the Puritan, was on the conti- 

Permitted, through your kindness, to nent in its early days, and that he was 
catch my second wind, let me say that I " up and able to be about." I have read 
appreciate the significance of being the your books carefully, and I find no men- 
first Southerner to speak at this board, tion of that fact, which seems to me an 
which bears the substance, if it surpasses important one for preserving a sort of 
the semblance, of original New England historical equilibrium, if for nothing else, 
hospitality, and honors a sentiment that Let me remind you that the Virginia 
in turn honors you, but in which my per- Cavalier first challenged France on this 
sonality is lost and the compliment to my continent; that Cavalier John Smith 
people made plain. gave New England its very name, and 

I bespeak t! e utmost stretch of your was so pleased with the job that he has 

107 



GBADY, HENRY WOODFEXT 

been handing his own name around ever ting crown to a life consecrated from the 
since; and that, while Miles Standish cradle to human liberty. Let us, each 
was cutting off men's ears for courting cherishing the traditions and honoring his 
a girl without her parents' consent, and fathers, build with reverent hands to the 
forbade men to kiss their wives on Sun- type of his simple but sublime life, in 
day, the Cavalier was courting everything which all types are honored; and in our 
in sight; and that the Almighty had common glory as Americans there will be 
vouchsafed great increase to the Cavalier plenty and some to spare for your fore- 
colonies, the huts in the wilderness being fathers and for mine, 
as full as the nests in the woods. In speaking to the toast with which 

But having incorporated the Cavalier you have honored me, I accept the term, 
as a fact in your charming little book, I " The New South." as in no sense dis- 
shall let him work out his own salva- paraging to the old. Dear to me, sir, is 
tion, as he has always done with engag- the home of my childhood and the tradi- 
ing gallantry, and we will hold no con- tions of my people. I would not, if I 
troversy as to his merits. Why should could, dim the glory they won in peace 
we? Neither Puritan nor Cavalier long and war, or by word or deed take aught 
survived as such. The virtues and tradi- from the splendor and grace of their civ- 
tions of both happily still live for the ilization, never equalled, and, perhaps, 
inspiration of their sons and the saving never to be equalled in its chivalric 
of the old fashion. Both Puritan and strength and grace. There is a New 
Cavalier were lost in the storm of the South, not through protest against the 
first Revolution, and the American citi- old, but because of new conditions, new 
zen, supplanting both, and stronger than adjustments, and, if you please, new ideas 
either, took possession of the republic and aspirations. It is to this that I ad- 
bought by their common blood and fash- dress myself, and to the consideration of 
ioned to wisdom, and charged himself which I hasten, lest it become the Old 
with teaching men government and estab- South before I get to it. Age does not 
lishing the voice of the people as the endow all things with strength and virtue, 
voice of God. nor are all new things to be despised. 

My friend, Dr. Talmage, has told you The shoemaker who put over his door, 
that the typical American has yet to "John Smith's Shop, Founded in 1760," 
come. Let me tell you that he has al- was more than matched by his young rival 
ready come. Great types, like valuable across the street, who hung out his sign, 
plants, are slow to flower and fruit. But " Bill Jones, Established 1886. No Old 
from the union of these colonist Puritans Stock Kept in This Shop." 
and Cavaliers, from the straightening of Dr. Talmage has drawn for you, with a 
their purposes and the crossing of their master hand, the picture of your return- 
blood, slow perfecting through a century, ing armies. He has told you how, in the 
came he who stands as the first typical pomp and circumstance of war, they came 
American, the first who comprehended back to you, marching with proud and vie- 
within himseli all the strength and gen- torious tread, reading their glory in a 
tleness, all the majesty and grace of this nation's eye. Will you bear with me 
republic Abraham Lincoln. He was the while I tell you of another army that 
sum of Puritan and Cavajier; for in his sought its home at the close of the late 
ardent nature were fused the virtues of war? An army that marched home in de- 
both, and in the depths of his great soul feat and not in victory; in pathos and not 
the faults of both were lost. He was in splendor, but in glory that equalled 
greater than Puritan, greater than Cava- yours, and to hearts as loving as ever wel- 
lier, in that he was American, and that corned heroes. Let me picture to you the 
in his homely form were first gathered footsore Confederate soldier as, button- 
the vast and thrilling forces of his ideal ing up in his faded gray jacket the parole 
government, charging it with such tre- which was to bear testimony to his chil- 
mendous meaning, and so elevating it dren of his fidelity and faith, he turned 
above human suffering that martyrdom, his face southward from ADpomattox in 
though infamously aimed, came as a fit- April, 1865. Think of > .in as ragged, 

108 



GBADY, HENRY WOODFEN 

half starved, heavy hearted, enfeebled by '" You may leave the South if you want 

want and wounds; having fought to ex- to, but I am going to Sandersville, kiss 

haustion he surrenders his gun, wrings my wife and raise a crop, and if the 

the hands of his comrades in silence, and, Yankees fool with me any more I will 

lifting his tear-stained and pallid face whip 'em again." I want to say of Gen- 

for the last time to the graves that dot eral Sherman who is considered an able 

the old Virginia hills, pulls his gray cap man in our parts, though some people 

over his brow and begins the slow and think he is kind of careless about fire 

painful journey. What does he find? that from the ashes he left us in 1864, 

Let me ask you who went to your homes we have raised a brave and beautiful city; 

eager to find, in the welcome you had that somehow or other we have caught the 

justly earned, full payment for four years' sunshine in the bricks and mortar of our 

sacrifice, what does he find when, having homes, and have builded therein not one 

followed the battle-stained cross against ignoble prejudice or memory, 
overwhelming odds, dreading death not But in all this what have we accom- 

half so much as surrender, he reaches the plished? What is the sum of our work? 

home he left so prosperous and beautiful? We have found out that in the general 

He finds the house in ruins, his farm de- summary the free negro counts more than 

vastated, his slaves free, his stock killed, he did as a slave. We have planted the 

his barn empty, his trade destroyed, his school-house on the hill-top and made it 

money worthless, his social system, feudal free to white and black. We have sowed 

in its magnificence, swept away; his peo- towns and cities in the place of theories, 

pie without law or legal status; his com- and put business above politics. We have 

rades slain, and the burdens of others challenged your spinners in Massachu- 

heavy on his shoulders. Crushed by de- setts and your iron-makers in Pennsyl- 

feat, his very traditions gone, without vania. We have learned that the $4,000,- 

money, credit, employment, material train- 000 annually received from our cotton 

ing, and besides all this, confronted with crop will make us rich, when the supplies 

the gravest problem that ever met human that make it are home-raised. We have 

intelligence the establishing of a status reduced the commercial rate from 24 to 

for the vast body of liberated slaves. 4 per cent., and are floating 4 per cent. 

What does he do this hero in gray bonds. We have learned that one North- 

with a heart of gold? Does he sit down era emigrant is worth fifty foreigners, 

in sullenness and despair? Not for a day. and have smoothed the path to the 

Surely God, who has stripped him of his southward, wiped out the place where 

prosperity, inspired him in his adver- Mason and Dixon's line used to be, and 

sity. As ruin was never before so over- hung out our latch-string to you and 

whelming, never was restoration swifter, yours. 

This soldier stepped from the trenches W T e have reached the point that marks 

into the furrow; horses that had charged perfect harmony in every household, when 

Federal guns marched before the plough, the husband confesses that the pies which 

and field that ran red with human blood his wife cooks are as good as those his 

in April were green with the harvest of mother used to bake; and we admit that 

June; women reared in luxury cut up the sun shines as brightly and the moon 

their dresses and made breeches for their as softly as it did " before the war." We 

husbands, and, with a patience and hero- have established thrift in the city and 

ism that fit women always as a garment, country. We have fallen in love with 

gave their hands to work. There was lit- work. We have restored comfort to homes 

tie bitterness in all this. Cheerfulness from which culture and elegance never 

and frankness prevailed. " Bill Arp " departed. We have let economy take root 

struck the key-note when he said : " Well, and spread among us as rank as the crab- 

I killed as many of them as they did of grass which sprung from Sherman's cav- 

me, and now I am going to work." Or airy camps, until we are ready to lay 

the soldier returning home from defeat odds on the Georgia Y r ankee, as he manu- 

and roasting some corn on the road-side, factures relics of the battle-field in a one- 

who made the remark to his comrades: story shanty and squeezes pure olive oil 

109 



GRADY, HENRY WOODFEN 

out of his cotton-seed, against any down- to be praised for knowing a paying thing 

Easter that ever swapped wooden nutmegs when they saw it. 

for flannel sausages in the valley of Vsr- The relations of the Southern people 

mont. with the negro are close and cordial. We 

Above all, we know that we have remember with what fidelity for four years 

achieved in these " piping times of peace," he guarded our defenceless women and 

a fuller independence for the South than children, whose husbands and fathers were 

that which our fathers sought to win in fighting against his freedom. To his 

the forum by their eloquence, or compel credit be it said that whenever he struck 

on the field by their swords. a blow for his own liberty he fought in 

It is a rare privilege, sir, to have had open battle, and when at last he raised 
part, however h amble, in this work. Never his black and humble hands that the 
was nobler duty confided to human hands shackles might be struck off, those hands 
than the uplifting and upbuilding of the were innocent of wrong against his help- 
prostrate and bleeding South, misguided, less charges, and worthy to be taken in 
perhaps, but beautiful in her suffering, loving grasp by every man who honors 
and honest, brave, and generous always, loyalty and devotion. 

In the record of her social, industrial, Humans have maltreated him, rascals 

and political illustrations we await with have misled him, philanthropists estab- 

ccnfidence the verdict of the world. lished a bank for him, but the South with 

But what of the negro? Have we solved the North protest against injustice to this 

the problem he presents, or progressed in simple and sincere people. To liberty and 

honor and equity towards the solution? enfranchisement is as far as the law can 

Let the record speak to the point. No carry the negro. The rest must be left 

section shows a more prosperous laboring to conscience and common - sense. It 

population than the negroes of the South ; should be left to those among whom his 

none in fuller sympathy with the employ- lot is cast, with whom he is indissolubly 

ing and land-owning class. He shares our connected, and whose prosperity depends 

school fund, has the fullest protection upon their possessing his intelligent sym- 

of our laws and the friendship of our pathy and confidence. Faith has been 

people. Self-interest, as well as honor, de- kept with him in spite of calumnious 

mand that they should have this. Our assertions to the contrary by those who 

future, our very existence, depends upon assume to speak for us, or by frank op- 

our working out this problem in full and ponents. Faith will be kept with him 

exact justice. We understand when Lin- in future if the South holds her reason 

coin signed the Emancipation Procla- and integrity. 

mation, your victory was assured; for he But have we kept faith with you? In 
then coihmitted you to the cause of hu- the fullest sense, yes. When Lee sur- 
man liberty, against which the arms of rendered I don't say when Johnston sur- 
man cannot prevail; while those of our rendered, because I understand he still al- 
statesmen who trusted to make slavery ludes to the time when he met General 
the corner - stone of the Confederacy Sherman last as the time when he " de- 
doomed us to defeat as far as they could, termined to abandon any further prose- 
committing us to a cause that reason cution of the struggle " when Lee sur- 
could not defend or the sword maintain rendered, I say, and Johnston quit, the 
in the sight of advancing civilization. South became, and has been, loyal to the 
Had Mr. Toombs said, which he did not Union. We fought hard enough to know 
say, that he would call the roll of his that we were whipped, and in perfect 
slaves at the foot of Bunker Hill, he would frankness accepted as final the arbitra- 
have been foolish, for he might have known ment of the sword to which we had ap- 
that whenever slavery became entangled pealed. The South found her jewel in 
in war it must perish, and that the chat- the toad's head of defeat. The shackles 
tel in human flesh ended forever in New that had held her in narrow limitations 
England when your fathers, not to be fell forever when the shackles of the 
blamed for parting with what did not negro slave were broken, 
pay, sold their slaves to our fathers, not Under the old regime the negroes were 

110 



GBADY, HENRY WOODFEN 



slaTes to the South, the South was a slave 
to the system. The old plantation, with 
its simple police regulation and its feudal 
habit, was the only type possible under 
slavery. Thus was gathered in the hands 
of a splendid and chivalric oligarchy the 
substance that should have been diffused 
among the people, as the rich blood, under 
certain artificial conditions, is gathered 
at the heart, filling that with affluent 
rapture, but leaving the body chill and 
colorless. 

The Old South rested everything on 
slavery and agriculture, unconscious that 
these neither give nor maintain healthy 
growth. The New South presents a per- 
fect democracy, the oligarchs leading in 
the popular movement a social system 
compact and closely knitted, less splendid 
on the surface but stronger at the core; 
a hundred farms for every plantation, 
fifty homes for every palace, and a di- 
versified industry that meets the complex 
needs of this complex age. 

The New South is enamored of her new 
work. Her soul is stirred with the breath 
of a new life. The light of a grander day 
is falling fair on her face. She is thrill- 
ing with the consciousness of a growing 
power and prosperity. As she stands up- 
right, full-statured and equal among the 
people of the earth, breathing the keen 
air and looking out upon the expanding 
horizon, she understands that her emanci- 
pation came because, in the inscrutable 
wisdom of God, her honest purpose was 
crossed and her brave armies were beaten. 

This is said in no spirit of time-serving 
or apology. The South has nothing for 
which to apologize. She believes that the 
late struggle between the States was war 
and not rebellion, revolution and not con- 
spiracy, and that her convictions were as 
honest as yours. I should be unjust to 
the dauntless spirit of the South and to 
my own convictions if I did not make this 
plain in this presence. The South has 
nothing to take back. In my native town 
of Athens is a monument that crowns its 
central hills a plain, white shaft. Deep 
cut into its shining side is a name dear 
to me above the names of men, that of a 
brave and simple man who died in brave 
and simple faith. Not for all the glories 
of New England from Plymouth Rock 
all the way would I exchange the heri- 



tage he left me in his soldier's death. To 
the feet of that shaft I shall send my 
children's children to reverence him who 
ennobled their name with his heroic blood. 
But, sir, speaking from the shadow of 
that memory, which 1 honor as I do noth- 
ing else on earth, I say that the cause in 
which he suffered and for which he gave 
his life was adjudged by higher and fuller 
wisdom than his or mine, and I am glad 
that the omniscient God held the balance 
of battle in His almighty hand, and that 
human slavery was swept forever from 
American soil the American Union saved 
from the wreck of war. 

This message, Mr. President, comes to 
you from consecrated ground. Every foot 
of the soil about the city in which I live 
is sacred as a battle-ground of the re- 
public. Every hill that invests it is 
hallowed by the blood of your brothers 
who died for your victory, and doubly 
hallowed to us by the blood of those who 
died hopeless, but undaunted, in defeat 
sacred soil to all of us, rich with memo- 
ries that make us purer and stronger and 
better, silent but stanch witnesses in its 
red desolation of the matchless valor of 
American hearts and the deathless glory 
of American arms speaking an eloquent 
witness in its white peace and prosperity 
to the indissoluble union of American 
States and the imperishable brotherhood 
of the American people. 

Now, what answer has New England 
to this message? Will she permit the 
prejudice of war to remain in the hearts 
of the conquerors, when it has died in 
the hearts of the conquered? Will she 
transmit this prejudice to the next gener- 
ation, that in their hearts, which never 
felt the generous ardor of conflict, it 
may perpetuate itself? Will she with- 
hold, save in strained courtesy, the hand 
which, straight from the soldier's heart, 
Grant offered to Lee at Appomattox? 
Will she make the vision of a restored 
and happy people, which gathered above 
the couch of your dying captain, filling 
his heart with grace, touching his lips 
with praise and glorifying his path to 
the grave will she make this vision 
on which the last sigh of his expiring 
soul breathed a benediction, a cheat and 
a delusion? If she does, the South, never 
abject in asking for comradeship, must 



111 



GRAEBNER GRAHAME 

accept with dignity its refusal; but if have been instrumental in saving the gov- 
she does not if she accepts with frank- ernment $250,000 by successfully con- 
ness and sincerity this message of good- eluding the " Indian factorage " aFairs. 
will and friendship, then will the proph- He died in" Washington, D. C., in August, 
eey of Webster, delivered in this very 1830. 

society forty years ago, amid tremendous Graham, JAMES DUNCAN, military offi- 
applause, be verified in its fullest and cer; born in Prince William county, Va., 
final sense, when he said: "Standing April 4, 1799; graduated at the United 
hand to hand, and clasping hands, we States Military Academy in 1817; ap- 
should remain united as we have been pointed a topographical engineer in 1829; 
for sixty years, citizens of the same made the survey of the northeast boun- 
country, members of the same govern- dary of the United States; represented the 
ment, united, all united now and united United States under the treaty of Wash- 
forever." There have been difficulties, ington in determining the boundary be- 
contentions, and controversies, but I tell tween the United States and the British 
you that, in my judgment, provinces, etc.; promoted colonel of engi- 
neers, June 1, 1863. He died in Boston, 
" Those opposed eyes, M _ 9S ._ _ 
Which like the meteors of a troubled heaven, Ma s s -> ^'ec. 28, Io5. 

All of one nature, of one substance bred, Graham, JOSEPH, military officer; born 
Did lately meet in th' intestine shock, i n Chester county, Pa., Oct. 13, 1759; re- 
Shall now in mutual well beseeming ranks ed t N th Carolina at an earl age> 
March all one way." ... -__ , , . J 

In 1778 he joined the Continental army 

Graebner, AUGUST L., theologian; born an d served through the remainder of the 
in Frankentrost, Mich., July 10, 1849; war w ith gallantry; in 1780 received 
graduated at Concordia College, Fort three bullet wounds and six sabre-thrusts 
Wayne, Ind., and at the Concordia Theo- while guarding the retreat of Maj. W. R. 
logical Seminary, St. Louis, where he be- Davie, near Charlotte; later, after his re- 
came Professor of Theology in 1887. He covery, he defeated 600 Tories near Fay- 
is the author of History of the Lutheran etteville with a force of 136 men. In 1814 
Church in America; Half a Century of he was commissioned major-general, when 
Sound Lutheranism in America, etc. he led 1,000 men from North Carolina 

Graham, DAVID, lawyer; born in Lon- against the Creek Indians. He died in 

don, England, Feb. 8, 1808; came to the Lincoln county, N. C., Nov. 12, 1836. 

United States with his father ; was ad- Graham, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, Senator ; 

mitted to the bar and gained renown in born in Lincoln county, N. C., Sept. 5, 

his profession. He was the author of 1804; graduated at the University of 

Practice of the Supreme Court of the North Carolina in 1824; admitted to the 

State of New York; New Trials; Courts bar; began practice in Hillsboro, N. C.; 

of Law and Equity in the State of New United States Senator in 1840-43; gov- 

York, etc. He died in Nice, France, May ernor of North Carolina in 1844-48; and 

27, 1852. Secretary of the Navy in 1850-52. He 

Graham, GEORGE, lawyer; born in wa s a Senator in the Confederate Con- 
Dumfries, Va., about 1772; graduated gress from 1864 until the close of the 
at Columbia College in 1790; began the war. He died in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 
practice of law in Dumfries, but later Aug. 11, 1875. 

settled in Fairfax county, where he re- Grahame, JAMES, historian; born in 
cruited the "Fairfax Light-horse" which Glasgow, Scotland, Dec. 21, 1790; grad- 
he led in the War of 1812. He was act- uated at Cambridge University; and ad- 
ing Secretary of War in 1815-18; and was mitted to the Scottish bar in 1812. His 
then sent on a perilous mission to Gal- publications include History of the Rise 
veston Island, where General Lallemande, and Progress of the United States of 
the chief of artillery in Napoleon's army, North America till the British Revolution 
had founded a colony with 600 armed set- of 1688; Who is to Blame? or Cursory 
tiers, whom he persuaded to give up their Review of the American Apology for 
undertaking and submit to the United American Accession to Negro Slavery, etc. 
States government. He is also said to He died in London, England, July 3, 1842. 

112 



GBAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC 

Grand Army of the Republic, THE. crease of membership followed, causing 
The order of the Grand Army of the Re- almost a total disruption of the order in 
public was organized in the State of Illi- the West. In May, 1869, a change in the 
nois, early in the year 1866. To Dr. B. F. ritual was made, providing for three 
Stephenson, of Springfield, 111., belongs grades of membership, but this met with 
the honor of suggesting the formation little favor, and in 1871 all sections pro- 
of this union of veteran soldiers, and of viding for degrees or ranks among mem- 
launching the organization into exist- bers were stricken from the rules. At 
ence. The object of the combination was the same time, a rule was adopted pro- 
to afford assistance to disabled and un- hibiting the use of the organization for 
employed soldiers. Dr. Stephenson had any partisan purpose whatever, a prin- 
been a surgeon in a volunteer regiment ciple which has ever since been strictly 
during the war, and was firmly convinced adhered to. Following is the record of 
that an organization of the returned the national encampments of the Grand 
volunteers, for mutual benefit, was im- Army of the Republic held thus far, with 
peratively needed. A ritual was drafted the names of the commanders-in-chief 
under his supervision, and the first post elected: 

of the new order was formed at Decatur, 1. Indianapolis, Ind., 1866 ; S. A. Hurl- 

Ul. Other posts were soon mustered bu Illinois. 

throughout Illinois and contiguous mLfs d P ' Pa " ' J0hn ^^ 

States, and the first department (State) 3. Cincinnati, O., 1869; John A. Logan, 

convention was held at Springfield, 111., Illinois. 

July 12, 1866. Gen. John M. Palmer was no Washington, 1870 ; John A. Logan, Illi- 

there elected department commander. 5 / Boston, Mass., 1871 ; A. E. Burnside, 

Oct. 31, 1866, Dr. Stephenson, as pro- Rhode Island. 

visional commander-in-chief, sent out an 6 - Cleveland, O., 1872; A. E. Burnside, 

order to all the posts then formed, call- ^ an aTO Conn., 1873; Charles 

ing for the first national convention of Devens, Jr., Massachusetts, 

the Grand Army of the Republic. This 8. Harrisburg, Pa., 1874 ; Charles Devens, 

was held in Indianapolis, Ind., on Nov. Jr ^ ^ass achusetts. 

on * n . 9. Chicago, 111., 1875 ; John F. Hartranft, 

20 following, and representatives were Pennsylvania. 

present from the States of Illinois, Mis- 10. Philadelphia, Pa., 1876 ; John P. Har- 

souri, Kansas, Wisconsin, New York, tranft, Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Kentucky, Indi- &!?& '" 18 " ' J hD C " 

ana, and the District of Columbia. Gen. 12. Springfield, Mass., 1878 ; John C. Robin- 

S. A. Hurlbut was elected as com- son, New York. 

mander-in-chief. During the year 1867 gh ^ Q 1 ^ 7 ' N * Y " 1879 ; william Earn - 

the order spread rapidly. The various S JJ' Dayton, O., 1880 ; Louis Wagner, Penn- 

States completed their work of depart- sylvania. 

ment organization, and posts were formed 15 - Indianapolis, Ind., 1881 ; George S. 

in all the large cities and in many coun- VffiEfSE' 1882 ; Pau, Van Der 

ties. I he second national encampment, Voort, Nebraska. 

meeting in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 15, 17. 'Denver, Col., 1883; Robert B. Beatte, 

1868, found the order in a most promis- Pennsylvania. 

T 1000 -n, .e 18 - Minneapolis, Minn., 1884; John S. 

ing condition. In 1868, the first ob- K untz, Ohio. 

servance of May 30 as a memorial day 19. Portland, Me., 1885 ; S. S. Burdett, 

by the Grand Army was ordered, and on Washington. 

May 11, 1870, May 30 was fixed upon for ch ?- ^ l8C0 ' C&1 " 1886 ; Ludus Falr ' 

the annual observance by an article 21.' St. Louis] Mo., 1887; John P. Rea, 

adopted as part of the rules and regula- Minnesota. 

tions of the order. Unfortunately, dur- M^f^ 1111111 " 18 ' " 1888 ; Willlam Warner > 

ing the warmly contested political cam- ^Milwaukee, Wis., 1889; Russell A. 

paign of 1868, the idea that the Army Alger, Michigan. 

was intended as a political organization 24 - Boston, Mass., 1890 ; Wheelock G. 

gained currency, with the result of in- ^f^ST*,*, 1891; John P.,me r , 

jnrmg the order greatly. A heavy de- New York. 
IV. H 113 



GRAND GULF GRAND REMONSTRANCE 



26. Washington, 1892 ; A. G. Weissert, 
Wisconsin. 

27. Indianapolis, Ind., 1893; John G. B. 
Adams, Massachusetts. 

28. Pittsburg, Pa., 1894 ; Thomas G. Law- 
ler, Illinois. 

29. Louisville, Ky., 1895 ; Ivan N. Walker, 
Indiana. 

30. St. Paul, Minn., 1896; Thaddeus S. 
Clarkson, Nebraska. 

31. Buffalo, N. Y., 1897 ; John P. S. Gobin, 
Pennsylvania. 

32. Cincinnati, O., 1898 ; *James A. Sexton, 
Illinois. 

33. Cincinnati, O., 1898; W. C. Johnson, 
Ohio. 

34. Philadelphia, Pa., 1899 ; Albert D. 
Shaw, New York. 

35. Chicago, 111., 1900; Leo Rassieur, 
Missouri. 

36. Denver, Col., 1901 ; Eli Torrance, Mis- 
souri. 

37. Washington, D. C., 1902 ; Thomas J. 
Stewart, Pennsylvania. 

38. San Francisco, Cal., 1903 ; John C. 
Black, Illinois. 

39. Boston, Mass., 1904; W. W. Black- 
mar, Massachusetts. 



Grand Gulf, BATTLE AT. On the morn- 
ing of April 29, 1863, Admiral Porter at- 
tacked the Confederate batteries at Grand 



transports, as he had done at Vicksburg 
and Warrenton, while the army (on the 
west side of the river) should move down 
to Rodney, below, where it might cross 
without much opposition. At six o'clock 
in the evening, under cover of a heavy fire 
from the fleet, all the transports passed by 
in good condition. 

Grand Remonstrance, THE. This re- 
markable document was a statement of 
the cause of the British Parliament 
against King Charles I., and was laid be- 
fore the House of Commons by John 
Pym in November, 1641. It was adopted 
after a few days' debate, and was pre- 
sented to the King on Dec. 1. As a reply, 
the King undertook the arrest and im- 
peachment of Pym and four of his most 
active associates on Jan. 3, 1642; with- 
drew from London in the following week. 
On Aug. 9 the King issued a proclama- 
tion " for suppressing the present rebel- 
lion under the command of Robert, Earl 
of Essex," and inaugurated the Civil War 
by raising his standard at Nottingham on 
Aug. 22. 




ATTACK OP THE GUNBOATS ON GRAND GDLF. 

Gulf, on the Mississippi, and after a con- The remonstrance and its introductory 
test of over five hours silenced the lower petition are here given in full : 
batteries. Grant, becoming convinced that 

Porter could not take the batteries, ordered Most Gracious Sovereign, Your Maj- 
him to run by them with gunboats and esty's most humble and faithful subjects 

the Commons in this present Parliament 

* Died Feb 5 1899 assembled, do with much thankfulness 

114 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

and joy acknowledge the great mercy great danger of this kingdom, and most 

and favour of God, in giving your Maj- grievous affliction of your loyal subjects, 

esty a safe and peaceful return out of have so far prevailed as to corrupt divers 

Scotland into your kingdom of England, of your Bishops and others in prime 

where the pressing dangers and dis- places of the Church, and also to bring 

tempers of the State have caused us with divers of these instruments to be of your 

much earnestness to desire the comfort of Privy Council, and other employments of 

your gracious presence, and likewise the trust and nearness about your Majesty, 

unity and justice of your royal authority, the Prince, and the rest of your royal 

to give more life and power to the dutiful children. 

and loyal counsels and endeavours of your And by this means have had such an 
Parliament, for the prevention of that operation in your counsel and the most 
eminent ruin and destruction wherein important affairs and proceedings of your 
your kingdoms of England and Scotland government, that a most dangerous 
are threatened. The duty which we owe division and chargeable preparation for 
to your Majesty and our country, cannot war betwixt your kingdoms of England 
but make us very sensible and apprehen- and Scotland, the increase of jealousies 
give, that the multiplicity, sharpness and betwixt your Majesty and your most 
malignity of those evils under which we obedient subjects, the violent distraction 
have now many years suffered, are fo- and interruption of this Parliament, the 
mented and cherished by a corrupt and insurrection of the Papists in your king- 
ill-affected party, who amongst other their dom of Ireland, and bloody massacre of 
mischievous devices for the alteration of your people, have been not only en- 
religion and government, have sought by deavoured and attempted, but in a great 
many false scandals and imputations, measure compassed and effected, 
cunningly insinuated and dispersed For preventing the final accomplishment 
amongst the people, to blemish and dis- whereof, your poor subjects are enforced 
grace our proceedings in this Parliament, to engage their persons and estates to 
and to get themselves a party and fac- the maintaining of a very expensive and 
tion amongst your subjects, for the better dangerous war, notwithstanding they 
strengthening themselves in their wicked have already since the beginning of this 
courses, and hindering those provisions Parliament undergone the charge of 150,- 
and remedies which might, by the wisdom 000 sterling, or thereabouts, for the neces- 
of your Majesty and counsel of your Par- sary support and supply of your Majesty 
liament, be opposed against them. in these present and perilous designs. 

For preventing whereof, and the better And because all our most faithful en- 
information of your Majesty, your Peers deavours and engagements will be in- 
and all other your loyal subjects, we have effectual for the peace, safety and pres- 
been necessitated to make a declaration of ervation of your Majesty and your peo- 
the state of the kingdom, both before and pie, if some present, real and effectual 
since the assembly of this Parliament, course be not taken for suppressing this 
unto this time, which we do humbly pre- wicked and malignant party: 
sent to your Majesty, without the least We, your most humble and obedient 
intention to lay any blemish upon your subjects, do with all faithfulness and 
royal person, but only to represent how humility beseech your Majesty, 
your royal authority and trust have been 1. That you will be graciously pleased 
abused, to the great prejudice and danger to concur with the humble desires of your 
of your Majesty, and of all your good sub- people in a parliamentary way, for the 
jects. preserving the peace and safety of the 

And because we have reason to believe kingdom from the malicious designs of 

that those malignant parties, whose pro- the Popish party: 

ceedings evidently appear to be mainly For depriving the Bishops of their votes 

for the advantage and increase of Popery, in Parliament, and abridging their im- 

is composed, set up, and acted by the sub- moderate power usurped over the Clergy, 

tile practice of the Jesuits and other engi- and other your good subjects, which they 

neers and factors for Rome, and to the have perniciously abused to the hazard 

115 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

of religion, and great prejudice and op- and faithfulness of affection and zeal 
pression of the laws of the kingdom, and to the public good of this kingdom, and 



just liberty of your people: 

For the taking away such oppressions in 
religion, Church government and disci- 
pline, as have been brought in and foment- 
ed by them: 

For uniting all such your loyal subjects 



His Majesty's honour and service for the 
space of twelve months, wrestled with 
great dangers and fears, the pressing 
miseries and calamities, the various dis- 
tempers and disorders which had not only 
assaulted, but even overwhelmed and ex- 



together as join in the same fundamental tinguished the liberty, peace and pros- 
truths against the Papists, by removing perity of this kingdom, the comfort and 
some oppressions and unnecessary cere- hopes of all His Majesty's good subjects, 
monies by which divers weak consciences and exceedingly weakened and under- 
have been scrupled, and seem to be divided mined the foundation and strength of his 
from the rest, and for the due execution 
of those good laws which have been made 



for securing 
jects. 



the liberty of your sub- 



own royal throne, do yet find an abound- 
ing malignity and opposition in those 
parties and factions who have been the 
cause of those evils, and do still labour 



2. That your Majesty will likewise be to cast aspersions upon that which hath 



pleased to remove from your council all 
such as persist to favour and promote 



been done, and to raise many difficulties 
for the hindrance of that which remains 



any of those pressures and corruptions yet undone, and to foment jealousies be- 



wherein your people have been grieved, 
and that for the future your Majesty will 



tween the King and Parliament, that so 
they may deprive him and his people of 



vouchsafe to employ such persons in your the fruit of his own gracious intentions, 



great and public affairs, and to take such 
to be near you in places of trust, as your 
Parliament may have cause to confide in; 
that in your princely goodness to your 
people you will reject and refuse all 
mediation and solicitation to the con- 
trary, how powerful and near soever. 

3. That you will be pleased to forbear 
to alienate any of the forfeited and 
escheated lands in Ireland which shall 



and their humble desires of procuring 
the public peace, safety and happiness of 
this realm. 

For the preventing of those miserable 
effects which such malicious endeavours 
may produce, we have thought good to 
declare the root and the growth of these 
mischievous designs: the maturity and 
ripeness to which they have attained be- 
fore the beginning of the Parliament: the 



accrue to your Crown by reason of this effectual means which have been used for 

rebellion, that out of them the Crown may the extirpation of those dangerous evils, 

be the better supported, and some satisfac- and the progress which hath therein been 

tion made to your subjects of this king- made by His Majesty's goodness and the 

dom for the great expenses they are like wisdom of the Parliament: the ways of 

to undergo [in] this war. obstruction and opposition by which that 

Which humble desires of ours being progress hath been interrupted: the 

graciously fulfilled by your Majesty, we courses to be taken for the removing those 

will, by the blessing and favour of God, obstacles, and for the accomplishing of 

most cheerfully undergo the hazard and our most dutiful and faithful intentions 



expenses of this war, and apply ourselves 
to such other courses and counsels as may 
support your real estate with honour and 
plenty at home, with power and reputa- 
tion abroad, and by our loyal affections, 
obedience and service, lay a sure and last- 



and endeavours of restoring and estab- 
lishing the ancient honour, greatness and 
security of this Crown and nation. 

The root of all this mischief we find 
to be a malignant and pernicious design 
of subverting the fundamental laws and 



ing foundation of the greatness and pros- principles of government, upon which the 
perity of your Majesty, and your royal religion and justice of this kingdom are 



prosperity in future times. 

The Grand Remonstrance. The Com- 
mons in this present Parliament as- 



firmly established. The actors and pro- 
moters hereof have been: 

1. The Jesuited Papists, who hate the 



sembled, having with much earnestness laws, as the obstacles of that change and 

116 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

subversion of religion which they so much King and people, and have caused the 

long for. great distractions under which we both 

2. The Bishops, and the corrupt part of suffer. 

the Clergy, who cherish formality and As in all compounded bodies the oper- 

superstition as the natural effects and ations are qualified according to the pre- 

more probable supports of their own dominant element, so in this mixed party, 

ecclesiastical tyranny and usurpation. the Jesuited counsels, being most active 

3. Such Councillors and Courtiers as for and prevailing, may easily be discovered 
private ends have engaged themselves to to have had the greatest sway in all their 
further the interests of some foreign determinations, and if they be not pre- 
princes or states to the prejudice of His vented, are likely to devour the rest, or 
Majesty and the State at home. to turn them into their own nature. 

The common principles by which they In the beginning of His Majesty's reign 

moulded and governed all their particular the party began to revive and flourish 

counsels and actions were these: again, having been somewhat damped by 

First, to maintain continual differences the breach with Spain in the last year of 
and discontents between the King and the King James, and by His Majesty's mar- 
people, upon questions of prerogative and riage with France ; the interests and coun- 
liberty, that so they might have the ad- sels of that State being not so contrary to 
vantage of siding with him, and under the good of religion and the prosperity of 
the notions of men addicted to his service, this kingdom as those of Spain; and the 
gain to themselves and their parties the Papists of England, having been ever more 
places of greatest trust and power in the addicted to Spain than France, yet they 
kingdom. still retained a purpose and resolution to 

A second, to suppress the purity and weaken the Protestant parties in all parts, 

power of religion, and such persons as and even in France, whereby to make way 

were best affected to it, as being contrary for the change of religion which they 

to their own ends, and the greatest im- intended at home. 

pediment to that change which they 1. The first effect and evidence of their 

thought to introduce. recovery and strength was the dissolution 

A third, to conjoin those parties of the of the Parliament at Oxford, after there 

kingdom which were most propitious to had been given two subsidies to His 

their own ends, and to divide those who Majesty, and before they received relief 

were most opposite, which consisted in in any one grievance many other more 

many particular observations. miserable effects followed. 

To cherish the Arminian part in those 2. The loss of the Rochel fleet, by the 
points wherein they agree with the help of our shipping, set forth and de- 
Papists, to multiply and enlarge the dif- livered over to the French in opposition 
ference between the common Protestants to the advice of Parliament, which left 
and those whom they call Puritans, to that town without defence by sea, and 
introduce and countenance such opinions made way not only to the loss of that im- 
and ceremonies as are fittest for accom- portant place, but likewise to the loss of 
modation with Popery, to increase and all the strength and security of the Prot- 
maintain ignorance, looseness and profane- estant religion of France, 
ness in the people ; that of those three 3. The diverting of His Majesty's course 
parties, Papists, Arminians and Liber- of wars from the West Indies, which was 
tines, they might compose a body fit to the most facile and hopeful way for this 
act such counsels and resolutions as were kingdom to prevail against the Span- 
most conducible to their own ends. iard, to an expenseful and successless 

A fourth, to disaffcct the King to Par- attempt upon Cadiz, which was so order- 

liaments by slander and false imputations, ed as if it had rather been intended to 

and by putting him upon other ways of make us weary of war than to prosper 

supply, which in show and appearance in it. 

were fuller of advantage than the ordinary 4. The precipitate breach with France, 

course of subsidies, though in truth they by taking their ships to a great value 

brought more loss than gain both to the without making recompense to the Eng- 

117 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



lish, whose goods were thereupon imbarred 
and confiscated in that kingdom. 

5. The peace with Spain without consent 
of Parliament, contrary to the promise of 
King James to both Houses, whereby the 
Palatine's cause was deserted and left to 
chargeable and hopeless treaties, which for 
the most part were managed by those who 
might justly be suspected to be no friends 
to that cause. 

6. The charging of the kingdom with 
billeted soldiers in all parts of it, and the 
concomitant design of German horse, that 
the land might either submit with fear or 
be enforced with rigour to such arbitrary 
contributions as should be required of 
them. 

7. The dissolving of Parliament in the 
second year of His Majesty's reign, after 
a declaration of their intent to grant five 
subsidies. 

8. The exacting of the like proportion 
of five subsidies, after the Parliament dis- 
solved, by commission of loan, and divers 
gentlemen and others imprisoned for not 
yielding to pay that loan, whereby many 
of them contracted such sicknesses as cost 
them their lives. 

9. Great sums of money required and 
raised by privy seals. 

10. An unjust and pernicious attempt 
to extort great payments from the subject 
by way of excise, and a commission issued 
under the seal to that purpose. 

11. The Petition of Right, which was 
granted in full Parliament, blasted, with 
an illegal declaration to make it destruc- 
tive to itself, to the power of Parliament, 
to the liberty of the subject, and to that 
purpose printed with it, and the Petition 
made of no use but to show the bold and 
presumptuous injustice of such ministers 
as durst break the laws and suppress the 
liberties of the kingdom, after they had 
been so solemnly and evidently declared. 

12. Another Parliament dissolved 4 
Car., the privilege of Parliament broken, 
by imprisoning divers members of the 
House, detaining them close prisoners for 
many months together, without the liberty 
of using books, pen, ink or paper ; denying 
them all the comforts of life, all means of 
preservation of health, not permitting 
their wives to come unto them even in the 
time of their sickness. 

13. And for the completing of that 

1 



cruelty, after years spent in such miser- 
able durance, depriving them of the neces- 
sary means of spiritual consolation, not 
suffering them to go abroad to enjoy God's 
ordinances in God's House, or God's min- 
isters to come to them to minister com- 
fort to them in their private chambers. 

14. And to keep them still in this op- 
pressed condition, not admitting them to 
be bailed according to law, yet vexing 
them with informations in inferior courts, 
sentencing and fining some of them for 
matters done in Parliament; and extort- 
ing the payments of those fines from them, 
enforcing others to put in security of 
good behavior before they could be re- 
leased. 

15. The imprisonment of the rest, which 
refused to be bound, still continued, 
which might have been perpetual if neces- 
sity had not the last year brought another 
Parliament to relieve them, of whom one 
died by the cruelty and harshness of his 
imprisonment, which would admit of no 
relaxation, notwithstanding the imminent 
danger of his life did sufficiently appear 
by the declaration of his physician, and 
his release, or at least his refreshment, 
was sought by many humble petitions, 
and his blood still cries either for 
vengeance or repentance of those Ministers 
of State, who have at once obstructed the 
course both of His Majesty's justice and 
mercy. 

16. Upon the dissolution of both these 
Parliaments, untrue and scandalous dec- 
larations were published to asperse their 
proceedings, and some of their members 
unjustly ; to make them odious, and colour 
the violence which was used against them ; 
proclamations set out to the same pur- 
pose; and to the great dejecting of the 
hearts of the people, forbidding them even 
to speak of Parliaments. 

17. After the breach of the Parliament 
in the fourth of His Majesty, injustice, 
oppression and violence broke in upon 
us without any restraint or moderation, 
and yet the first project was the great 
sums exacted thorough the whole kingdom 
for default of knighthood, which seemed 
to have some colour and shadow of a law, 
yet if it be rightly examined by that 
obsolete law which was pretended for it, 
it will be found to be against all the rules 
of justice, both in respect of the persons 

18 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

charged, the proportion of the fines de- 27. The monopolies of soap, salt, wine, 

manded, and the absurd and unreasonable leather, sea-coal, and in a manner of all 

manner of their proceedings. things of most common and necessary 

18. Tonnage and Poundage hath been use. 

received without colour or pretence of 28. The restraint of the liberties of the 

law; many other heavy impositions con- subjects in their habitation, trades and 

tinned against law, and some so unrea- other interests. 

sonable that the sum of the charge ex- 29. Their vexation and oppression by 

ceeds the value of the goods. purveyors, clerks of the market and salt- 

19. The Book of Rates lately enhanced petre men. 

to a high proportion, and such mer- 30. The sale of pretended nuisances, as 

chants that would not submit to their il- building in and about London, 

legal and unreasonable payments, were 31. Conversion of arable into pasture, 

vexed and oppressed above measure; and continuance of pasture, under the name 

the ordinary course of justice, the com- of depopulation, have driven many mill- 

mon birthright of the subject of England, ions out of the subjects' purses, with- 

wholly obstructed unto them. ' out any considerable profit to His Maj- 

20. And although all this was taken esty. 

upon pretence of guarding the seas, yet 32. Large quantities of common and 

a new unheard-of tax of ship-money was several grounds hath been taken from the 

devised, and upon the same pretence, by subject by colour of the Statute of Im- 

both of which there was charged upon provement, and by abuse of the Commis- 

the subject near 700,000 some years, sion of Sewers, without their consent, and 

and yet the merchants have been left against it. 

so naked to the violence of the Turkish 33. And not only private interest, but 

pirates, that many great ships of value also public faith, have been broken in 

and thousands of His Majesty's subjects seizing of the money and bullion in the 

have been taken by them, and do still re- mint, and the whole kingdom like to be 

main in miserable slavery. robbed at once in that abominable project 

21. The enlargements of forests, con- of brass money. 

trary to Carta de Foresta, and the com- 34. Great numbers of His Majesty's 

position thereupon. subjects for refusing those unlawful 

22. The exactions of coat and conduct charges, have been vexed with long and 
money and divers other military charges, expensive suits, some fined and censured, 

23. The taking away the arms of others committed to long and hard im- 
trained bands of divers counties. prisonments and confinements, to the loss 

24. The desperate design of engrossing of health in many, of life in some, and 
all the gunpowder into one hand, keep- others have had their houses broken up, 
ing it in the Tower of London, and set- their goods seized, some have been re- 
ting so high a rate upon it that the poorer strained from their lawful callings, 
sort were not able to buy it, nor could 35. Ships have been interrupted in their 
any have it without license, thereby to voyages, surprised at sea in a hostile 
leave the several parts of the kingdom manner by projectors, as by a common 
destitute of their necessary defence, and enemy. 

by selling so dear that which was sold to 36. Merchants prohibited to unlade 

make an unlawful advantage of it, to their goods in such ports as were for 

'the great charge and detriment of the their own advantage, and forced to bring 

subject. them to those places which were much 

25. The general destruction of the for the advantage of the monopolisers 
King's timber, especially that in the For- and projectors. 

est of Deane, sold to Papists, which was 37. The Court of Star Chamber hath 

the best store-house of this kingdom for abounded in extravagant censures, not 

the maintenance of our shipping. only for the maintenance and improvement 

26. The taking away of men's right, of monopolies and other unlawful taxes, 
under the colour of the King's title to but for divers other causes where there 
land, between high and low water marks, hath been no offence, or very small; 

119 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

whereby His Majesty's subjects have been 47. The Common Law Courts, feeling 

oppressed by grievous fines, imprison- all men more inclined to seek justice there, 

ments, stigmatisings, mutilations, whip- where it may be fitted to their own desire, 

pings, pillories, gags, confinements, ban- are known frequently to forsake the rules 

ishments; after so rigid a manner as hath of the Common Law, and straying beyond 

not only deprived men of the society of their bounds, under pretence of equity, 

their friends, exercise of their professions, to do injustice. 

comfort of books, use of paper or ink, but 48. Titles of honour, judicial places, 

even violated that near union which God sergeantships at law, and other offices 

hath established between men and their have been sold for great sums of money, 

wives, by forced and constrained separa- whereby the common justice of the king- 

tioii, whereby they have been bereaved of dom hath been much endangered, not only 

the comfort and conversation one of an- by opening a way of employment in places 

other for many years together, without of great trust, and advantage to men of 

hope of relief, if God had not by His over- weak parts, but also by giving occasion 

ruling providence given some interruption to bribery, extortion, partiality, it seldom 

to the prevailing power, and counsel of happening that places ill-gotten are well 

those who were the authors and promot- used. 

ers of such peremptory and heady courses. 40. Commissions have been granted for 

38. Judges have been put out of their examining the excess of fees, and when 
places for refusing to do against their great exactions have been discovered, corn- 
oaths and consciences; others have been positions have been made with delin- 
so awed that they durst not do their quents, not only for the time past, but 
duties, and the better to hold a rod over likewise for immunity and security in 
them, the clause Quam diu se bene ges- offending for the time to come, which 
serit was left out of their patents, and a under colour of remedy hath but con- 
new clause, Durante bene placito, inserted, firmed and increased the grievance to the 

39. Lawyers have been checked for be- subject. 

ing faithful to their clients; solicitors 50. The usual course of pricking Sher- 

and attorneys have been threatened, and iffs not observed, but many times Sheriffs 

some punished, for following lawful suits, made in an extraordinary way, sometimes 

And by this means all the approaches to as a punishment and charge unto them; 

justice were interrupted and forecluded. sometimes such were pricked out as would 

40. New oaths have been forced upon be instruments to execute whatsoever they 
the subject against law. would have to be done. 

41. New judicatories erected without 51. The Bishops and the rest of the 
law. The Council Table have by their Clergy did triumph in the suspensions, ex- 
orders offered to bind the subjects in their communications, deprivations, and degra- 
freeholds, estates, suits and actions. dations of divers painful, learned and 

42. The pretended Court of the Earl pious ministers, in the vexation and griev- 
Marshal was arbitrary and illegal in its ous oppression of great numbers of His 
being and proceedings. Majesty's good subjects. 

43. The Chancery, Exchequer Chamber, 52. The High Commission grew to such 
Court of Wards, and other English Courts, excess of sharpness and severity as was 
have been grievous in exceeding their ju- not much less than the Romish Inquisi- 
risdiction. tion, and yet in many cases by the Arch- 

44. The estate of many families weak- bishop's power was made much more 
ened, and some ruined by excessive fines, heavy, being assisted and strengthened by 
exacted from them for compositions of authority of the Council Table, 
wardships. 53. The Bishops and their Courts were 

45. All leases of above a hundred years as eager in the country; although their 
made to draw on wardship contrary to jurisdiction could not reach so high in 
law. rigour and extremity of punishment, yet 

46. Undue proceedings used in the find- were they no less grievous in respect of 
ing of officers to make the jury find for the generality and multiplicity of vexa- 
the King. tions, which lighting upon the meaner 

120 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



sort of tradesmen and artificers did im- 
poverish many thousands. 

54. And so afflict and trouble others, 
that great numbers to avoid their miseries 
departed out of the kingdom, some into 
New England and other parts of America, 
others into Holland. 

55. Where they have transported their 
manufactures of cloth, which is not only 
a loss by diminishing the present stock of 
the kingdom, but a great mischief by im- 
pairing and endangering the loss of that 
particular trade of clothing, which hath 
been a plentiful fountain of wealth and 
honour to this nation. 

56. Those were fittest for ecclesiastical 
preferment, and soonest obtained it, who 
were most officious in promoting supersti- 
tion, most virulent in railing against god- 
liness and honesty. 

57. The most public and solemn sermons 
before His Majesty were either to advance 
prerogative above law, and decry the prop- 
erty of the subject, or full of such kind 
of invectives. 

58. Whereby they might make those 
odious who sought to maintain the re- 
ligion, laws and liberties of the kingdom, 
and such men were sure to be weeded out 
of the commission of the peace, and out 
of all other employments of power in the 
government of the country. 

59. Many noble personages were coun- 
cillors in name, but the power and author- 
ity remained in a few of such as were 
most addicted to this party, whose resolu- 
tions and determinations were brought to 
the table for countenance and execution, 
and not for debate and deliberation, and 
no man could offer to oppose them with- 
out disgrace and hazard to himself. 

60. Nay, all those that did not wholly 
concur and actively contribute to the fur- 
therance of their designs, though other- 
wise persons of never so great honour and 
abilities, were so far from being employed 
in any place of trust and power, that they 
were neglected, discountenanced, and upon 
all occasions injured and oppressed. 

61. This faction was grown to that 
height and entireness of power, that now 
they began to think of finishing their 
work, which consisted of these three parts. 

62. I. The government must be set free 
from all restraint of laws concerning our 
persons and estates. 



63. II. There must be a conjunction be- 
tween Papists and Protestants in doctrine, 
discipline and ceremonies; only it must 
not yet be called Popery. 

64. III. The Puritans, under which 
name they include all those that desire to 
preserve the laws and liberties of the king- 
dom, and to maintain religion in the 
power of it, must be either rooted out of 
the kingdom with force, or driven out 
with fear. 

65. For the effecting of this it was 
thought necessary to reduce Scotland to 
such Popish superstitions and innovations 
as might make them apt to join with Eng- 
land in that great change which was in- 
tended. 

66. Whereupon new canons and a new 
liturgy were pressed upon them, and when 
they refused to admit of them, an army 
was raised to force them to it, towards 
which the Clergy and the Papists were 
very forward in their contribution. 

67. The Scots likewise raised an army 
for their defence. 

68. And when both armies were come to- 
gether, and ready for a bloody encounter, 
His Majesty's own gracious disposition, 
and the counsel of the English nobility 
and dutiful submission of the Scots, did 
so far prevail against the evil counsel of 
others, that a pacification was made, and 
His Majesty returned with peace and 
much honour to London. 

69. The unexpected reconciliation was 
most acceptable to all the kingdom, ex- 
cept to the malignant party; whereof the 
Archbishop and the Earl of Strafford 
being heads, they and their faction begun 
to inveigh against the peace, and to ag- 
gravate the proceedings of the states, 
which so increased His Majesty, that he 
forthwith prepared again for war. 

70. And such was their confidence, that 
having corrupted and distempered the 
whole frame and government of the king- 
dom, they did now hope to corrupt that 
which was the only means to restore all 
to a right frame and temper again. 

71. To which end they persuaded His 
Majesty to call a Parliament, not to seek 
counsel and advice of them, but to draw 
countenance and supply from them, and 
to engage the whole kingdom in their 
quarrel. 

72. And in the meantime continued all 



121 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

their unjust levies of money, resolving 78. Thereupon they wickedly advised 

either to make the Parliament pliant to the King to break off the Parliament and 

their will, and to establish mischief by a to return to the ways of confusion, in 

law, or else to break it, and with more which their own evil intentions were most 

colour to go on by violence to take what likely to prosper and succeed, 

they could not obtain by consent. The 79. After the Parliament ended the 

ground alleged for the justification of 5th of May, 1640, this party grew so bold 

this war was this, as to counsel the King to supply himself 

73. That the undutiful demands of the out of his subjects' estates by his own 
Parliaments in Scotland was a sufficient power, at his own will, without their con- 
reason for His Majesty to take arms sent. 

against them, without hearing the reason 80. The very next day some members 

of those demands, and thereupon a new of both Houses had their studies and cabi- 

army was prepared against them, their nets, yea, their pockets searched: another 

ships were seized in all ports both of of them not long after was committed 

England and Ireland, and at sea, their close prisoner for not delivering some peti- 

petitions rejected, their commissioners re- tions which he received by authority of 

fused audience. that House. 

74. The whole kingdom most miserably 81. And if harsher courses were in- 
distempered with levies of men and tended (as was reported) it is very prob- 
money, and imprisonments of those who able that the sickness of the Earl of Straf- 
denied to submit to those levies. ford, and the tumultuous rising in South- 

75. The Earl of Strafford passed into wark and about Lambeth were the causes 
Ireland, caused the Parliament there to that such violent intentions were not 
declare against the Scots, to give four brought to execution. 

subsidies towards that war, and to en- 82. A false and scandalous Declaration 

gage themselves, their lives and fortunes, against the House of Commons was pub- 

for the prosecution of it, and gave direc- lished in His Majesty's name, which yet 

tions for an army of eight thousand foot wrought little effect with the people, but 

and one thousand horse to be levied there, only to manifest the impudence of those 

which were for the most part Papists. who were authors of it. 

76. The Parliament met upon the 13th 83. A forced loan of money was at- 
of April, 1640. The Earl of Strafford and tempted in the City of London. 
Archbishop of Canterbury, with their 84. The Lord Mayor and Aldermen in 
party, so prevailed with His Majesty, that their several wards, enjoined to bring in 
the House of Commons was pressed to a list of the names of such persons as 
yield a supply for maintenance of the war they judged fit to lend, and of the sums 
with Scotland, before they had provided they should lend. And such Aldermen as 
any relief for the great and pressing refused to do so were committed to prison, 
grievances of the people, which being 85. The Archbishop and the other 
against the fundamental privilege and Bishops and Clergy continued the Convo- 
proceeding of Parliament, was yet in cation, and by a new commission turned 
humble respect to His Majesty, so far ad- it into a provincial Synod, in which, by 
mitted as that they agreed to take the an unheard-of presumption, they made 
matter of supply into consideration, and canons that contain in them many mat- 
two several days it was debated. ters contrary to the King's prerogative, to 

77. Twelve- subsidies were demanded for the fundamental laws and statutes of the 
the release of ship-money alone, a third realm, to the right of Parliaments, to the 
day was appointed for conclusion, when property and liberty of the subject, and 
the heads of that party begun to fear the matters tending to sedition and of dan- 
people might close with the King, in gerous consequence, thereby establishing 
falsifying his desires of money; but that their own usurpations, justifying their 
withal they were like to blast their altar-worship, and those other supersti- 
malicious designs against Scotland, find- tious innovations which they formerly in- 
ing them very much indisposed to give troduced without warrant of law. 

any countenance to that war. 86. They imposed a new oath upon 

122 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



divers of His Majesty's subjects, both 
ecclesiastical and lay, for maintenance of 
their own tyranny, and laid a great tax 
on the Clergy, for supply of His Majesty, 
and generally they showed themselves very 
affectionate to the war with Scotland, 
which was by some of them styled Bellum 
Episcopate, and a prayer composed and en- 
joined to be read in all churches, calling 
the Scots rebels, to put the two nations 
in blood and make them irreconcileable. 

87. All those pretended canons and con- 
stitutions were armed with the several 
censures of suspension, excommunication, 
deprivation, by which they would have 
thrust out all the good ministers, and 
most of the well-affected people of the 
kingdom, and left an easy passage to their 
own design of reconciliation with Rome. 

88. The Popish party enjoyed such ex- 
emptions from penal laws as amounted to 
a toleration, besides many other encour- 
agements and Court favours. 

89. They had a Secretary of State, Sir 
Francis Windebanck, a powerful^gent for 
speeding all their desires. 

90. A Pope's Nuncio residing here, to 
act and govern them according to such in- 
fluences as he received from Rome, and to 
intercede for them with the most powerful 
concurrence of the foreign Princes of that 
religion. 

91. By his authority the Papists of all 
sorts, nobility, gentry, and clergy were 
convocated after the manner of a Parlia- 
ment. 

92. New jurisdictions were erected of 
Romish Archbishops, taxes levied, an- 
other state moulded within this state in- 
dependent in government, contrary in in- 
terest and affection, secretly corrupting 
the ignorant or negligent professors of our 
religion, and closely uniting and combin- 
ing themselves against such as were 
found in this posture, waiting for an op- 
portunity by force to destroy those whom 
they could not hope to seduce. 

93. For the effecting whereof they were 
strengthened with arms and munitions, 
encouraged by superstitious prayers, en- 
joined by the Nuncio to be weekly made 
for the prosperity of some great design. 

94. And such power had they at Court, 
that secretly a commission was issued out, 
or intended to be issued to some great 
men of that profession, for the levying of 



soldiers, and to command and employ 
them according to private instructions, 
which we doubt were framed for the ad- 
vantage of those who were the contrivers 
of them. 

95. His Majesty's treasure was con- 
sumed, his revenue anticipated. 

96. His servants and officers compelled 
to lend great sums of money. 

97. Multitudes were called to the 
Council Table, who were tired with long 
attendances there for refusing illegal pay- 
ments. 

98. The prisons were filled with their 
commitments; many of the Sheriffs sum- 
moned into the Star Chamber, and some 
imprisoned for not being quick enough 
in levying the ship-money; the people 
languished under grief and fear, no vis- 
ible hope being left but in desperation. 

99. The nobility began to weary of 
their silence and patience, and sensible 
of the duty and trust which belongs to 
them: and thereupon some of the most 
ancient of them did petition His Majesty 
at such a time, when evil counsels were 
so strong, that they had occasion to ex- 
pect more hazard to themselves, than re- 
dress of those public evils for which they 
interceded. 

100. Whilst the kingdom was in this 
agitation and distemper, the Scots, re- 
strained in their trades, impoverished by 
the loss of many of their ships, bereaved 
of all possibility of satisfying His Maj- 
esty by any naked supplication, entered 
with a powerful army into the kingdom, 
and without any hostile act or spoil in 
the country they passed, more than forc- 
ing a passage over the Tyne at Newburn, 
near Newcastle, possessed themselves of 
Newcastle, and had a fair opportunity to 
press on further upon the King's army. 

101. But duty and reverence to His 
Majesty, and brotherly love to the Eng- 
lish nation, made them stay there, where- 
by the King had leisure to entertain bet- 
ter counsels. 

102. Wherein God so blessed and di- 
rected him that he summoned the Great 
Council of Peers to meet at York upon 
the 24th of September, and there declared 
a Parliament to begin the 3d of Novem- 
ber then following. 

103. The Scots, the first day of the 
Great Council, presented an humble Pe- 



123 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

tition to His Majesty, whereupon the 119. Besides the inferior monopolies, 
Treaty was appointed at Ripon. which, if they could be exactly computed, 

104. A present cessation of arms would make up a great sum. 

agreed upon, and the full conclusion of 120. That which is more beneficial than 

all differences referred to the wisdom and all this is, that the root of these evils 

care of the Parliament. is taken away, which was the arbitrary 

105. At our first meeting, all oppo- power pretended to be in His Majesty of 
sitions seemed to vanish, the mischiefs taxing the subject, or charging their es- 
were so evident which those evil counsel- tates without consent in Parliament, 
iors produced, that no man durst stand which is now declared to be against law 
up to defend them: yet the work itself by the judgment of both Houses, and like- 
afforded difficulty enough. wise by an Act of Parliament. 

106. The multiplied evils and corrup- 121. Another step of great advantage 
tion of fifteen years, strengthened by cus- is this, the living grievances, the evil 
torn and authority, and the concurrent counsellors and actors of these mischiefs 
interest of many powerful delinquents, have been so quelled. 

were now to be brought to judgment and 122. By the justice done upon the Earl 
reformation. of Stratford, the flight of the Lord Finch 

107. The King's household was to be and Secretary Windebanck. 

provided for: they had brought him to 123. The accusation and imprisonment 

that want, that he could not supply his of the Archbishop of Canterbury, of 

ordinary and necessary expenses without Judge Berkeley; and 

the assistance of his people. 124. The impeachment of divers other 

108. Two armies were to be paid, which Bishops and Judges, that it is like not 
amounted very near to eighty thousand only to be an ease to the present times, 
pounds a month. but a preservation to the future. 

109. The people were to be tenderly 125. The discontinuance of Parliaments 
charged, having been formerly exhausted is prevented by the Bill for a triennial 
with many burdensome projects. Parliament, and the abrupt dissolution 

110. The difficulties seemed to be insu- of this Parliament by another Bill, by 
perable, which by the Divine Providence which it is provided it shall not be dis- 
we have overcome. The contrarieties in- solved or adjourned without the consent 
compatible, which yet in a great measure of both Houses. 

we have reconciled. 126. Which two laws well considered 

111. Six subsidies have been granted may be thought more advantageous than 
and a Bill of poll-money, which if it be all the former, because they secure a full 
duly levied, may equal six subsidies more, operation of the present remedy, and af- 
in all 600,000. ford a perpetual spring of remedies for 

112. Besides we have contracted a debt the future. 

to the Scots of 220,000, yet God hath so 127. The Star Chamber. 

blessed the endeavours of this Parliament, 128. The High Commission. 

that the kingdom is a great gainer by all 129. The Courts of the President and 

these charges. Council in the North were so many forges 

113. The ship-money is abolished, which of misery, oppression and violence, and 
cost the kingdom about 200,000 a year, are all taken away, whereby men are more 

114. The coat and conduct-money, and secured in their persons, liberties and es- 
other military charges are taken away, tates, than they could be by any law or 
which in many countries amounted to example for the regulation of those Courts 
little less than the ship-money. or terror of the Judges. 

115. The monopolies are all suppressed, 130. The immoderate power of the 
whereof some few did prejudice the sub- Council Table, and the excessive abuse of 
ject, above 1,000,000 yearly. that power is so ordered and restrained, 

116. The soap 100,000. that we may well hope that no such 

117. The wine 300,000. things as were frequently done by them, 

118. The leather must needs exceed to the prejudice of the public liberty, will 
both, and salt could be no less than that, appear in future times but only in stories, 

124 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

to give us and our posterity more occasion government of the kingdom, may be more 

to praise God for His Majesty's goodness, certainly provided for. 

and the faithful endeavours of this Par- 140. The regulating of courts of justice, 

liament. and abridging both the delays and charges 

131. The canons and power of canon- of law-suits. 

making are blasted by the votes of both 141. The settling of some good courses 

Houses. for preventing the exportation of gold 

132. The exorbitant power of Bishops and silver, and the inequality of exchanges 
and their courts are much abated, by some between us and other nations, for the 
provisions in the Bill against the High advancing of native commodities, increase 
Commission Court, the authors of the of our manufactures, and well balancing 
many innovations in doctrine and cere- of trade, whereby the stock of the king- 
monies, dom may be increased, or at least kept 

133. The ministers that have been scan- from impairing, as through neglect hereof 
dalous in their lives, have been so terri- it hath done for many years last past, 
fled in just complaints and accusations, 142. Improving the herring-fishing upon 
that we may well hope they will be more our coasts, which will be of mighty use 
modest for the time to come; either in- in the employment of the poor, and a 
wardly convicted by the sight of their plentiful nursery of mariners for enabling 
own folly, or outwardly restrained by the the kingdom in any great action. 

fear of punishment. 143. The oppositions, obstructions and 

134. The forests are by a good law re- other difficulties wherewith we have been 
duced to their right bounds. encountered, and which still lie in our way 

135. The encroachments and oppressions with some strength and much obstinacy, 
of the Stannary Courts, the extortions of are these: the malignant party whom we 
the clerk of the market. have formerly described to be the actors 

136. And the compulsion of the subject and promoters of all our misery, they 
to receive the Order of Knighthood against have taken heart again. 

his will, paying of fines for not receiving 144. They have been able to prefer 

it, and the vexatious proceedings there- some of their own factors and agents to 

upon for levying of those fines, are by degrees of honour, to places of trust and 

other beneficial laws reformed and pre- employment, even during the Parliament, 

vented. 145. They have endeavoured to work in 

137. Many excellent laws and provisions His Majesty ill impressions and opinions 
are in preparation for removing the in- of our proceedings, as if we had alto- 
ordinate power, vexation and usurpation gether done our own work, and not his; 
of Bishops, for reforming the pride and and had obtained from him many things 
idleness of many of the clergy, for easing very prejudicial to the Crown, both in 
the people of unnecessary ceremonies in respect of prerogative and profit, 
religion, for censuring and removing un- 146. To wipe out this slander we think 
worthy and unprofitable ministers, and good only to say thus much: that all 
for maintaining godly and diligent preach- that we have done is for His Majesty, his 
era through the kingdom. greatness, honour and support, when we 

138. Other things of main importance yield to give 25,000 a month for the 
for the good of this kingdom are in relief of the Northern Counties; this 
proposition, though little could hith- was given to the King, for he was bound 
erto be done in regard of the many other to protect his subjects. 

more pressing businesses, which yet be- 147. They were His Majesty's evil 

fore the end of this Session we hope counsellors, and their ill instruments 

may receive some progress and perfec- that were actors in those grievances 

tion. which brought in the Scots. 

139. The establishing and ordering the 148. And if His Majesty please to force 
King's revenue, that so the abuse of offi- those who were the authors of this war 
cers and superfluity of expenses may be to make satisfaction, as he might justly 
cut off, and the necessary disbursements and easily do, it seems very reasonable 
for His Majesty's honour, the defence and that the people might well be excused 

125 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 



from taking upon them this burden, being 
altogether innocent and free from being 
any cause of it. 

149. When we undertook the charge 
of the army, which cost above 50,000 
a month, was not this given to the King? 
Was it not His Majesty's army? Were 
not all the commanders under contract 
with His Majesty, at higher rates and 
greater wages than ordinary? 

150. And have not we taken upon us 
to discharge all the brotherly assistance 
of 300,000, which we gave the Scots? 
Was it not toward repair of those dam- 
ages and losses which they received from 
the King's ships and from his ministers? 

151. These three particulars amount to 
above 1,100,000. 

152. Besides, His Majesty hath received 
by impositions upon merchandise at least 
400,000. 

153. So that His Majesty hath had 
out of the subjects' purse since the Par- 
liament began 1,500,000, and yet these 
men can be so impudent as to tell His 
Majesty that we have done nothing for 
him. 

154. As to the second branch of this 
slander, we acknowledge with much 
thankfulness that His Majesty hath 
passed more good Bills to the advantage 
of the subjects than have been in many 
ages. 

155. But withal we cannot forget that 
these venomous councils did manifest 
themselves in some endeavours to hinder 
these good acts. 

156. And for both Houses of Parlia- 
ment we may with truth and modesty say 
thus much: that we have ever been care- 
ful not to desire anything that should 
weaken the Crown either in just profit or 
useful power. 

157. The triennial Parliament for the 
matter of it, doth not extend to so much 
as by law we ought to have required 
(there being two statutes still in force 
for a Parliament to be once a year), and 
for the manner of it, it is in the King's 
power that it shall never take effect, if 
he by a timely summons shall prevent 
any other way of assembling. 

158. In the Bill for continuance of this 
present Parliament, there seems to be 
some restraint of the royal power in 
dissolving of Parliaments, not to take it 



out of the Crown, but to suspend the 
execution of it for this time and occasion 
only: which was so necessary for the 
King's own security and the public peace, 
that without it we could not have under- 
taken any of these great charges, but 
must have left both the armies to dis- 
order and confusion, and the whole king- 
dom to blood and rapine. 

159. The Star Chamber was much more 
fruitful in oppression than in profit, the 
great fines being for the most part 
given away, and the rest stalled at long 
times. 

160. The fines of the High Commis- 
sioner were in themselves unjust, and sel- 
dom or never came into the King's purse. 
These four Bills are particularly and more 
specially instanced. 

161. In the rest there will not be found 
so much as a shadow of prejudice to the 
Crown. 

162. They have sought to diminish our 
reputation with the people, and to bring 
them out of love with Parliaments. 

163. The aspersions which they have 
attempted this way have been such as 
these : 

164. That we have spent much time 
and done little, especially in those griev- 
ances which concern religion. 

165. That the Parliament is a burden 
to the kingdom by the abundance of 
protections which hinder justice and 
trade; and by many subsidies granted 
much more heavy than any formerly en- 
dured. 

166. To which there is a ready answer; 
if the time spent in this Parliament be 
considered in relation backward to the 
long growth and deep root of those griev- 
ances, which we have removed, to the 
powerful supports of those delinquents, 
which we have pursued, to the great 
necessities and other charges of the 
commonwealth for which we have pro- 
vided. 

167. Or if it be considered in relation 
forward to many advantages, which not 
only the present but future ages are like 
to reap by the good laws and other pro- 
ceedings in this Parliament, we doubt not 
but it will be thought by all indifferent 
judgments, that our time hath been much 
better employed than in a far greater 
proportion of time in many former Parlia- 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

ments put together; and the charges execute their malice to the subversion of 

which have been laid upon the subject, our religion and the dissolution of our 

and the other inconveniences which they government. 

have borne, will seem very light in re- 175. Thus they have been continually 
spect of the benefit they have and may practising to disturb the peace, and plot- 
receive, ting the destruction even of all the King's 

168. And for the matter of protections, dominions; and have employed their 
the Parliament is so sensible of it that emissaries and agents in them, all for 
therein they intended to give them what- the promoting their devilish designs, 
soever ease may stand with honour and which the vigilancy of those who were 
justice, and are in a way of passing a well affected hath still discovered and de- 
Bill to give them satisfaction. feated before they were ripe for execu- 

169. They have sought by many subtle tion in England and Scotland, 
practices to cause jealousies and divisions 176. Only in Ireland, which was farther 
betwixt us and our brethren of Scotland, off, they have had time and opportunity 
by slandering their proceedings and inten- to mould and prepare their work, and had 
tions towards us, and by secret endeavours brought it to that perfection that they 
to instigate and incense them and us one had possessed themselves of that whole 
against another. kingdom, totally subverted the govern- 

170. They have had such a party of ment of it, routed out religion, and de- 
Bishops and Popish lords in the House stroyed all the Protestants whom the con- 
of Peers, as hath caused much opposition science of their duty to God, their King 
and delay in the prosecution of delin- and country, would not have permitted 
quents, hindered the proceedings of di- to join with them, if by God's wonder- 
verse good Bills passed in the Commons' ful providence their main enterprise upon 
House, concerning the reformation of sun- the city and castle of Dublin, had not 
dry great abuses and corruptions both in been detected and prevented upon thej 
Church and State. very eve before it should have been exe- 

171. They have laboured to seduce and cuted. 

corrupt some of the Commons' House to 177. Notwithstanding they have in other 

draw them into conspiracies and combina- parts of that kingdom broken out into 

tions against the liberty of the Par- open rebellion, surprising towns and 

liament. castles, committed murders, rapes and 

172. And by their instruments and other villainies, and shaken off all bonds 
agents they have attempted to disaffect of obedience to His Majesty and the laws 
and discontent His Majesty's army, and of the realm. 

to engage it for the maintenance of their 178. And in general have kindled such 

wicked and traitorous designs; the keep- a fire, as nothing but God's infinite 

ing up of Bishops in votes and functions, blessing upon the wisdom and en- 

and by force to compel the Parliament to deavours of this State will be able to 

order, limit and dispose their proceedings quench it. 

in such manner as might best concur with 179. And certainly had not God in His 

the intentions of this dangerous and po- great mercy unto this land discovered and 

tent faction. confounded their former designs, we had 

173. And when one mischievous design been the prologue to this tragedy in Ire- 
and attempt of theirs to bring on the land, and had by this been made the la- 
army against the Parliament and the City mentable spectacle of misery and con- 
of London, hath been discovered and pre- fusion. 

vented; 180. And now what hope have we but 

174. They presently undertook another in God, when as the only means of our 
of the same damnable nature, with this subsistence and power of reformation is 
addition to it, to endeavour to make the under Him in the Parliament. 
Scottish army neutral, whilst the Eng- 181. But what can we the Commons, 
lish army, which they had laboured to without the conjunction of the House of 
corrupt and envenom against us by their Lords, and what conjunction can we ex- 
false and slanderous suggestions, should pect there, when the Bishops and recu- 

127 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE, THE 

sant lords are so numerous and prevalent liament, to be there allowed of and con- 
that they are able to cross and interrupt firmed, and receive the stamp of authority, 
our best endeavours for reformation, and thereby to find passage and obedience 
by that means give advantage to this throughout the kingdom, 
malignant party to traduce our proceed- 186. They have maliciously charged us 
ings? that we intend to destroy and discourage 

182. They infuse into the people that learning, whereas it is our chief est care 
we mean to abolish all Church govern- and desire to advance it, and to provide a 
ment, and leave every man to his own competent maintenance for conscionable 
fancy for the service and worship of God, and preaching ministers throughout the 
absolving him of that obedience which he kingdom, which will be a great encourage- 
owes under God unto His Majesty, whom ment to scholars, and a certain means 
we know to be entrusted with the ecclesi- whereby the want, meanness and ignor- 
astical law as well as with the temporal, ance, to which a great part of the clergy 
to regulate all the members of the Church is now subject, will be prevented. 

of England, by such rules of order and 187. And we intended likewise to re- 
discipline as are established by Parlia- form and purge the fountains of learning, 
ment, which is his great council, in all the two Universities, that the streams 
affairs both in Church and State. flowing from thence may be clear and 

183. We confess our intention is, and pure, and an honour and comfort to the 
our endeavors have been, to reduce within whole land. 

bounds that exorbitant power which the 188. They have strained to blast our 

prelates have assumed unto themselves, proceedings in Parliament, by wresting 

so contrary both to the Word of God and the interpretations of our orders from 

to the laws of the land, to which end we their genuine intention, 
passed the Bill for the removing them 189. They tell the people that our med- 

from their temporal power and employ- dling with the power of episcopacy hath 

ments, that so the better they might with caused sectaries and conventicles, when 

meekness apply themselves to the dis- idolatrous and Popish ceremonies, intro- 

charge of their functions, which Bill them- duced into the Church by the command of 

selves opposed, and were the principal in- the Bishops have not only debarred the 

struments of crossing it. people from thence, but expelled them 

184. And we do here declare that it is from the kingdom. 

far from our purpose or desire to let loose 190. Thus with Elijah, we are called by 

the golden reins of discipline and govern- this malignant party the troublers of the 

ment in the Church, to leave private per- State, and still, while we endeavour to 

sons or particular congregations to take reform their abuses, they make us the 

up what form of Divine Service they authors of those mischiefs we study to 

please, for we hold it requisite that there prevent. 

should be throughout the whole realm a 191. For the perfecting of the work 

conformity to that order which the laws begun, and removing all future impedi- 

enjoin according to the Word of God. And ments, we conceive these courses will be 

we desire to unburden the consciences of very effectual, seeing the religion of the 

men of needless and superstitious cere- Papists hath such principles as do cer- 

monies, suppress innovations, and take tainly tend to the destruction and extir- 

away the monuments of idolatry. pation of all Protestants, when they shall 

185. And the better to effect the in- have opportunity to effect it. 

tended reformation, we desire there may 192. It is necessary in the first place 

be a general synod of the most grave, to keep them in such condition as that 

pious, learned and judicious divines of they may not be able to do us any hurt, 

this island; assisted with some from for- and for avoiding of such connivance and 

eign parts, professing the same religion favour as hath heretofore been shown unto 

with us, who may consider of all things them. 

necessary for the peace and good govern- 193. That His Majesty be pleased to 

ment of the Church, and represent the re- grant a standing Commission to some 

suits of their consultations unto the Par- choice men named in Parliament, who 

128 



GRAND REMONSTRANCE GRANGER 



may take notice of their increase, their 
counsels and proceedings, and use all due 
means by execution of the laws to pre- 
vent all mischievous designs against the 
peace and safety of this kingdom. 

194. Thus some good course be taken to 
discover the counterfeit and false con- 
formity of Papists to the Church, by 
colour whereof persons very much dis- 
affected to the true religion have been 
admitted into place of greatest authority 
and trust in the kingdom. 

195. For the better preservation of the 
laws and liberties of the kingdom, that 
all illegal grievances and exactions be pre- 
sented and punished at the sessions and 
assizes. 

196. And that Judges and Justices be 
very careful to give this in charge to the 
grand jury, and both the Sheriff and 
Justices to be sworn to the due execution 
of the Petition of Right and other laws, 

197. That His Majesty be humbly peti- 
tioned by both Houses to employ such 
counsellors, ambassadors and other minis- 
ters, in managing his business at home and 
abroad as the Parliament may have cause 
to confide in, without which we cannot 
give His Majesty such supplies for sup- 
port of his own estate, nor such assist- 
ance to the Protestant party beyond the 
sea, as is desired. 

198. It may often fall out that the 
Commons may have just cause to take ex- 
ceptions at some men for being council- 
lors, arid yet not charge those men with 
crimes, for there be grounds of diffidence 
which lie not in proof. 

199. There are others, which though 
they may be proved, yet are not legally 
criminal. 

200. To be a known favourer of Papists, 
or to have been very forward in defending 
or countenancing some great offenders 
questioned in Parliament; or to speak 
contemptuously of either Houses of Par- 
liament or Parliamentary proceedings. 

201. Or such as are factors or agents 
for any foreign prince of another religion ; 
such are justly suspected to get council- 
lors' places, or any other of trust concern- 
ing public employment for money; for all 
these and divers others we may have great 
reason to be earnest with His Majesty, 
not to put his great affairs into such 
hands, though we may be unwilling to 



iv. I 



129 



proceed against them in any legal way of 
charge or impeachment. 

202. That all Councillors of State may 
be sworn to observe those laws which con- 
cern the subject in his liberty, that they 
may likewise take an oath not to receive 
or give reward or pension from any for- 
eign prince, but such as they shall within 
some reasonable time discover to the 
Lords of His Majesty's Council. 

203. And although they should wicked- 
ly forswear themselves, yet it may herein 
do good to make them known to be false 
and perjured to those who employ them, 
and thereby bring them into as little 
credit with them as with us. 

204. That His Majesty may have cause 
to be in love with good counsel and good 
men, by shewing him in an humble and 
dutiful manner how full of advantage it 
would be to himself, to see his own estate 
settled in a plentiful condition to support 
his honour; to see his people united in 
ways of duty to him, and endeavours of 
the public good, etc. 

Granger, FRANCIS, statesman ; born in 
Suffield, Conn., Dec. 1, 1792; graduated at 
Yale in 1811; Whig candidate for Vice- 
President in 1836; member of Congress, 
1835-37 and 1839-41; Postmaster-General 
in 1841. He died in Canandaigua, N. Y., 
Aug. 28, 1868. 

Granger, GIDEON, statesman; born in 
Suffield, Conn., July 19, 1767; graduated 
at Yale College in 1787; became a lawyer; 
Postmaster-General in 1801-14. His pub- 
lications include a Fourth of July oration 
and Political Essays. He died in Canan- 
daigua, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1822. 

Granger, GORDON, military officer; born 
in New York City, in 1821 ; graduated at 
West Point in 1845 ; served in the war 
with Mexico. He served under Halleck 
and Grant in the West, and was made 
major-general of volunteers, Sept. 17, 1862. 
He commanded the district of central 
Kentucky, was put in command of the 
4th Army Corps after the battle of Chicka- 
mauga, was engaged in the struggle on 
Missionary Ridge, November, 1863, and 
was active in the military movements that 
led to the capture of Mobile in 1864. He 
was mustered out of the volunteer service 
i n i860; was promoted to colonel in the 
regular army the same year; and died in 
Santa FO, N. M., Jan. 10, 1876. 



GRANGER GRANT 



Granger, MOSES MOORHEAD, lawyer; 
born in Zanesville, O., Oct. 22, 1831 ; grad- 
uated at Kenyon College in 1850; prac- 
tised law at Zanesville from 1853 to 1861; 
served throughout the Civil War in the 
National army with much distinction, and 
received the brevet of colonel. He is 
the author of Washington Versus Jeffer- 
son, and The Case Tried by Battle in 
1861-65. 

Grangers. See HUSBANDRY, PATRONS 
or. 

Granite State, a popular name for the 
State of New Hampshire, because the 
mountainous portions of it are largely 
composed of granite. 

Grant, FREDERICK DENT, military offi- 
cer; born in St. Louis, Mo., May 30, 1850; 
eldest son of Ulysses S. Grant; was with 
his father at various times during the 
Civil War; graduated at the United 
States Military Academy in 1871; accom- 
panied General Sherman on his European 
trip in 1872; was appointed aide-de-camp 
on the staff of General Sheridan with the 
rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1873; took 




FREDERICK DENT GRANT. 

part in the campaign on the frontier 
against the Indians; accompanied his 
father on his trip around the world; and 
resigned his commission in the army in 
1881. In 1887 he was defeated as Repub- 
lican candidate for secretary of state of 



New York, and in 1889 President Harri- 
son appointed him minister to Austria- 
Hungary, where he remained till 1893. He- 
was a police commissioner in New York 
City through the administration of Mayor 
Strong. In 1898, on the call for volun- 
teers for the war with Spain, Colonel 
Grant offered his services to the Presi- 
dent, and went to the front as colonel of 
the 14th New York regiment. On May 
27 he was appointed a brigadier-general 
of volunteers; served in the Porto Rico 
campaign; and after the war was ap- 
pointed commander of the military dis- 
trict of San Juan. While holding this 
post he organized an effective police 
force for the city similar in plan to that 
of New York City. Subsequently he was 
ordered to the Philippine Islands, where 
he rendered such valuable service in 
operations against the insurgents, and also 
as an administrative officer, that on the 
reorganization of the regular army in 
February, 1901, President McKinley ap- 
pointed him one of the new brigadier- 
generals. In August, 1904, he was given 
command of the Department of the 
East. 

Grant, JAMES, military officer; born in 
Ballendalloch, Scotland, in 1720; was 
major of the Montgomery Highlanders in 
1757. He was in the expedition against 
Fort Duquesne in 1758, and in 1760 wag 
governor of East Florida. He led an ex- 
pedition against the Cherokees in May, 
1761, was acting brigadier-general in the 
battle of Long Island in 1776, and was 
made major-general in 1777. He was with 
Howe in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in 
1777. He fought the Americans at Mon- 
mouth in 1778, and in November sailed in 
command of troops sent against the 
French in the West Indies, taking St. 
Lucia in December. In 1791 he was made 
governor of Stirling Castle, and was sev- 
eral years in Parliament. It is said that 
he was such a notorious gourmand in his 
later life that he required his cook to 
sleep in the same room with him. He died 
April 13, 1806. 

Grant, ROBERT, author; born in Boston, 
Mass., Jan. 24, 1852; graduated at 
Harvard College in 1873; later began law 
practice in his native city. He is the 
author of Yankee Doodle; The Oldest 
School in America, etc. 



130 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 

Grant, ULYSSES SIMPSON, eighteenth of the 21st Illinois Infantry. In May, 

President of the United States; named at 1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general 

birth HIRAM ULYSSES, but, through an of volunteers, and placed in command at 

error when he entered the Military Cairo. He occupied Paducah, broke up 

Academy, he was given the Christian the Confederate camp at Belmont, and in 

names which he afterwards adopted; born February, 1862, captured Forts Henry and 




ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT AS LIEUTENANT IN THE MEXICAN WAR. 



in Point Pleasant, O., April 27, 1822; 
graduated at West Point in 1843. He 
served in the war with Mexico, first under 
General Taylor, and then under General 
Scott, taking part in every battle between 
Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico. He 
was made captain in 1853, and resigned 
the next year, when he settled in St. 
Louis. He was one of the first to offer 
his services to the national government 
when the Civil War broke out, but, as no 
notice was taken of him, became colonel 



Donelson. He was then promoted to 
major - general ; conducted the battle of 
Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, and for a 
while was second in command to Halleck. 
He performed excellent service in the 
West and Southwest, especially in the 
vicinity of the Mississippi River, and at 
and near the Tennessee River, in 1863. 
He was promoted to lieutenant-general 
March 1, 1864, and awarded a gold medal 
by Congress. He issued his first order as 
general-in-chief of the armies of the Unit- 



131 



GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON 



ed States at Nashville, March 17, 1864. 
In the grand movements of the armies in 
1S64, he accompanied that of the Potomac, 
with his headquarters " in the field," and 
he remained with it until he signed the 
articles of capitulation at Appomattox 
Court-house, April 9, 1865. In 1866 he 
was promoted to general of the United 
States army. After the war Grant fixed 
his headquarters at Washington. When 
President Johnson suspended Stanton from 
the office of Secretary of War, Grant 
was put in his place ad interim. Stan- 
ton was reinstated by the Senate, Jan. 14, 
1868. In 1868, Grant was elected Presi- 



dent of the United States by the Republi- 
can party, and was re-elected in 1872. 
He retired from the office March 4, 1877, 
and soon afterwards made a journey 
around the world, receiving great honors 
everywhere. 

Towards the close of his life he was 
financially ruined by an unprincipled 
sharper. Congress created him a general 
on the retired list; and, to make further 
provision for his family, he began com- 
piling Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, a 
work that was completed shortly before 
his death, on Mount McGregor, N. Y., 
July 23, 1885. His remains lie in t